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JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

CAROL H. WOODWARD
EDITOR

VOLUME 47

1946

Published monthly by the New York Botanical Garden
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK 58, N. ¥.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

(Exclusive of Notes, Current Literature, and Book Reviews)

anaes we _

:
Seaweed Products and Their Uses in Am C.K. Tseng 1
I. Background of the beni ee in the U.S.A. I
H. Uses in Food an rugs 4
The Banyan Tree of Bandar ’Abbas Mary F. Barrett WU
Control! of Chrysanthemum Diseases . Dimock 14
Broadcast: Molds as Manufacturers Vincent W. Cochrane 15
etters From Readers
On Cocobolo Flutes Joseph F. Burke 23
Rebuttal on Cinchona Review Norman Taylor 23
Fepruary (No. 554)
The Surucucho WH. Camp 25
Seaweed Products and Their Uses in Americ
. In Scientific ee fas: in Tidus CG; 32
The California Big Tree a , New Yor! W.C. Fame 40
Torrey Boone Club anion Tenet len’s Semi-Centennial 43
Marcu (No. 555)
The Shamrock of Ireland—What I. a
Harold N. and Alma L. Moldenke 49
ce Writing and Politi Joseph A, Brandt 59
ore the Blind the ee of Gardening 62
Apri (No, 556)
Introductions of Daylilies in 1946 A. B. Stout 77
Growth William J. Robbins 82
Broadeast—Onions in Education and Research Charles A. Berger 84
Hidden eines ae len Leslie N. Goodding 86
Tafelberg’s Discove: 100
May (No. 557)
A Commuter’s Greenhouse John H. Myers 105
Begonia Literature ie Notes aaa to Library 111
Orchid Society Meets at Garde: 111
Th uanita Margaret Douglas 112
Half-Century of Work at Garden Observed by Josep h W. mith 118
Exhibit of Plants anes Flowers Wins Award toe — Garden 119
Broadcast—Bugs Louis Pyenson 120
June oe 558)
Cushion Plants of the Peruvian Pun: W. H. Hodge 133
Wildflower Sanctuary in a Long Island Garden
Edith sii Johnston 141

Some Notes on the Lens. and Trees in

Audubon’s “Birds of America” 144
Broadcast—Vegetable Sie That Make Fine Soap pa ee 155
African Expedition oh Way 157

Western Collecting Tri 160
y (No. 559)
Garnering Edible Mushrooms te Vitamins
d Minerals Margaret Poo te
Teasel in the Woolen Indust: Fr ed ae hel 1
Something About Australian "Orchids H. Rupp i
Summer Care of the Flower Garden rance ead 181
Holland Bulb Dedication 186
Aucust (No. 560)

The Bur Oak Openings in Southern Wisconsin A. B. Stout 189
A duben Originals on Ls 197
Rose Growers Meet Again at Garden 198
Clinic on Rose Disease es cad Culture 199

ive Graduates Receive Chinas 202
Address to the Gradua James G. Esson 202
Mrs. Andrew Carnegi 208
Plants from Afri 208
Broadcast—Sugar is the Foundation of Afl Life E,. E, Naylor 209

SEPTEMBER (No. 561)
Chrysanthemum Show and ae Oct. 25-27 213
Some Neglected Andean Tuber: W. H. Hodge 214
Plants and Plastics R. V. Williamson 225
Exhibit of Bessa Flower Paintings 232
Herbarium Gift

sd Aa 562)
N ONE
A ae oe Lover in the Caribbee
e Helen of the West fae J. S. Beard 237
ae Gia. Tree of Brazil and the Oil from its Seeds
George S. Jamieson 243
B. O. Dodge

Lesion Nematodes on Roots of Japanese Iris Do 246
Exploration—The Process and the Result
On the Eerie of Botanical Explor: E. J. Alexander 248

On the Identification of Material in the Teta W. HY Cas _ 250
Broadcast—Sixteen Centuries of Tea Drin king (William H. Uker.

ee aoe 562)

nN Two
1 Report of the Director ee eis William J. Robbins 1
Publications of Members of the Staff H.W. Rickett 10
Report of the Treasur arthur M. Anderson 16

Bounical Exploration ro the New York Botanical
Garden 1897-1946 H. A. Gleason 23
New York Botanical Garden Membership~-1945 28
Events of 1945 at the New York Botanical Garden 39

ili

Novemper (No. 563)
Foods from Fermented Soybeans ... As Prepared
in the Netherlands Indies
aohoo, a Cheese-like Substance, and

e Other Products ‘ Gerold Stahel 261
Robert Cine: arper A, B, Stout 267
Wood Displayed in Library Has Sais Properties 269
Ing

Ty
Pi 271
Fastigiate Oak Reproduced from Seed J. G. Esson 275
The Bessa tin 276

Three-Day Show and Program Staged with Eastern

States aes Society 278
“The Gift of G 279
News from ‘Abro a 270

DeceMBER (No. 564)

Foods from Fermente: oa A As Prepared
in the Netherlands In

I]—Tempe, A ee fal “Staple Gerold Stahel 285
Tropical Rain Tre Edwin A. Menninger 296
Dried Plants Used i in Pictorial Compositions 304
Return from Africa 307
Benefit Exhibit 307
Index to Vol, 47 308

COVER ILLUSTRATIONS

1946
Bladder Kelp eens on the Waters of
Puget Sound Robert H. Tschudy January
The Valley of the Rio Mazan, Province
of Azuay, Ecuador W. H. Canip February
sane in Ireland ac the Spot made
Famous by St. Patrick Mrs, Branson De Cou March
Manca a Daylily "De veloped at the
Garden, Being Introduced This Year April
Tulips at sat New York Botanical
arden. Eliner N. Mitchell May
Lilian etn Shown in the Painting
of airie Hens by John James
eke June
Adirondack Scene William F. Afatthews July
Hypericum Moserianum Elmer N. Mitchell August
One of the Many Forms of Stapelia
variegata in the Garden's Collection
of Succulent Plants Elmer N. Mitchell September
London Plane in Autumn William F, Matthews October
From Garden and Farm Elmer N. Mitchell November
ae made with Seed-heads of
o Clematis Species Grace Knox Macfarlane December

JOURNAL

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Vo. 47 JANUARY PAGES
No. 553 1-04 6 1—24

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Carot H. Woopwarp, Editor

Events of the DMonth

URING the current year it is planned to publish in each

ounal a schedule of the month’s events. Announcements

of Members’ Day, Saturday programs, broadcasts, and courses
will be hod this month on the last page of the Journal.

* * *

Intermission Speaker

= event of special interest in February is the appearance of

r. William J. Robbins as the intermission speaker on The

New oe Philharmonic = ony Society’s program to be

broadcast over BC ai i some Sunday afternoon soon.

‘he date is aries set for Rebniacy 10. Dr. Robbins’

address, which will be on the subject of “Growth,” is one in a

series of intermission a by leading scientists, sponsored by the
United States Rubber Company.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

January 1946
BLappER Keir (Nereocystis Luetkeana) FLOATING ON THE WATERS OF PUGET SOUND
Cover photograph by oF alias of Dr. Robert H. Tschudy
ui mette University, Salem, Oregon
SEAWEED Banas AND THEIR Uses In AM .K. Tseng = 1
OUND OF THE SEAWEED eo IN THE U.S.A. 1
IL Ga In Foop anp Drucs 4
Mary F. Barrett 11
A.W. Dimock 1
Broapcast: Motps as MANUFACTURERS Vincent W. Cochrane

Vv. 18

Current LITERATURE AT Harriet K. Morse 22
EADER:

BOLO FLUTES Joseph F. Burke 23

Rep L on CINCHONA bein Norman Taylor 23

January oe AT THE Gar 24

The ts i w York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58,
N.Y. een in oe A a am a eecend Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at Be oe Office
at New Yor shah N. Y., under the Act a sustse 24, 1912, Annual subscription $1, 50. Single copies
15 cents, Free to members of the Gar

JOURNAL

of
THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN
VoL. 47 January 1946 No. 553

Seaweed Products
And Their Uses in America

By C. K. Tseng
Scripps Institution of Oceanography

\ X YHEN we ae the list of things produced with the help of algae,
hese seaweeds seem to be essential to much that we eat, as well as
to Pee from a druggist

y
products which! today
depend at least in part on these long-neglected seaweeds or which consist
HW.

5
a

Co
.8 2 3g
fa fo}
=

fo}

entirely of algae themselves.—

PART I
BACKGROUND OF THE SEAWEED INDUSTRIES IN THE U.S.A.
URING World War I there was a serious shortage of potash in the
pain States, because the net of this chemical, so vitally im-

portant in modern scientific agriculture, then came entirely from Germany.
However, through the co-operation of an United States Cama: with

Contributions from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of
Califor La Jolla, California. New Series, No. 276.

home i pees several domestic sources potash were develop

of these was the California seaweed kno

nas the giant kelp (Macrocystis
pyrifera) he alors of tl bls kelp remained second only
tural brines as a sou American potash (Tressler, 1923)." | During

of
that time, acetone and ee acetate, both needed for the
of smokeless powder, also were derived from Macrocystis through a
unique oe process. Iodine and a oe carbon known as
“kelpchar” wer other valuable ae produc
The Pacific ee industry thus prospere

oe ew years, with as y
as ten factories engaged in

ed for a as man
the production of potash, acetone, kelpchar,
and iodine from ee stis, bu t immediatel
tilties, all of the kel

ably it will never return, since potash a w i obtaine
more cheaply from sources other one prene ut the Pacific kelp
industry has come back for other purposes. Since = late 1920's . has
been engaged in making a total lly different kind of pro

g in ame ae 7 (Phacopl hy-
ceae), especially kelps. ene serving as a source of algin, the Pacific
kelp Macr oS as well as the bull or bladder kelp (Nereocystis Luet-
keana) of the Puget Sou ind region, Wa: cha is dried and powdered

for

peas seaboard, the — Bes
w materials the minaria ae
(honed eyo nd L. scchaine “Croat sn nied 1945-6).

In the recent war, ane

rt [e)
There was however, hor ais a pee important material, AGAR,
which is ai in public “health work. ake is extracted chiefly from
veka and also from other ae of the red Pie ueuetones
Prior to the outbreak “o war

n the P a most of t ‘ar came fro!
oe Although it has been ears ed in this

ev sinc 1919
(Tseng, 1945a), the domestic a: roduction ae to only a small
percentage of x total American consumpti Until ee Ae erica’s
agi ustry s = suc = principally because of the keen Japanes

ee. Sin 941, however, the industry has greatly expanded and
is now able see erenestly a of the essential s of this country.
The aan agarophytes (agar-bearin s) elidium carti

lagineum var. stum (agarweed) from southern California and Baja
California, Mexico, and Gracilaria confervoides fror Beaufort, North
Carolina, and Indi iver, Florida. acific species of Gelidium,
such as G. a

Other P d
rborescens and G. sve (both ial as hair- agar), are
also occasionally used in this relatively new industry.

1See footnote 3 (page 5), also the list of citations at the end of Part III, to
be published next month.

The aes ‘ Trish moss, or carrageen (Chondrus crispus), areas the oldest

seaweed indus a he pea d oe ates. For a century it ie bee Gad oa ae
chiefly for m ae blancmange. Late. ly, a commercially seful
has been ree fon it to serve’as a stabilizer in Thocolat te ae ae pare cinee

soda fountain syrups, cough syrups, tooth paste, ee wee cae other venaned
and tl

sre ont ike industry 3 in America was established on as Massa-

tury ago, for the Sra ering of Irish moss. Botanic-
aly cali Chandra — a member of the red algae, ae moss is also
kno am

in fe trish Fre ree aioe a Until oer Ee the industry amounted mainly to
gathering and preparing the seaweed to sell as a crudely cured and par-
fally bleached “moss. ” The buyer boiled the seaweed, ne served vari-
ous ad ie ncluding anne milk dessert. At nt, besides the
crudely cured ‘ TmOES? for kitchen use, a high! ly pur: vified extract of this
plant, called CARRAGEENIN, is made available in large quantities. Such
t de

produc en reat demand in recent years by the food, drug
other industries in this country. Irish moss is now being processed in
Massachusetts and Main well as in Canada’s Maritime Provinces

especially Prince Edward Island (Anonymous, 1942; Fraser, 1942;
Needler, 1944).

hus, the aes of algin, agar, and oka siete now comprise the
ae pri incipal seaweed industries in Amer: There are, besides, two

maller and ay little known ones, the urple ee industry of
California 2 nd the cae industry of the East Coast, both kinds ne sea-
weed being used for food. Purple laver, which is botanically know
Porphyra, has ee rae by the Chinese residents in California si since
the latter part e last century. The species commonly utilize

are harves
Prior to the sues of war in the Pacific, a moderate quantity of the
California lav as exported to Seer Rey 1931). American dulse
(Rhodymenia ae a) comes most the Canadian Maritime
Provinces especially in the Bay of fs ee (Wilson, 1943).
e basis of the proc pe methods, American seaweed products
of ‘ay may be Benes in the follo ae three groups:

Whole seaweed : Irish moss, purple laver and dulse, which are merely
fee in the sun, ee aly bleached, and are utilized in the form
of whole plants.

. Ground seaweed: Kelp meal and pills, prepared by grinding certain

of the algae.

3. Seaweed extract: Agar, algin and carrageenin, extracted
seaweeds either by water or by alkali. They are hydrophilic colloids, com-
monly but erroneously called seaweed “gums” ; rece term “phycocol-

loid” ae been introduced to designate these sigiae aa 1945c, 1946).
ek ok Ok Ok

Parts II and III of this article will deal in detail with the uses of algae,
first in food and drugs, and second in scientific research and in industry.

* * x *
PART I
USES IN FOOD AND DRUGS

URRENT uses? of these marine ihe the = have extended far

expectations of the ntists of even a generation ago.
This is especially true of the phy oesllonls which i roved their use-
See S$ as ee een emulsifying, thi g, and bi dy-p sa
ng a, ec their unique colloidal ee Ss, they hav und

* Smith (1905) and Tressler (1923) give comprehensive discussions on the utiliza-

ion of American SS aviel products up to that time. This oe - January 1917
ne contains the report of a lecture by the late Dr. M. Howe, former De or
of the New York Botanical Garden and an ou tstanding pee authority on the
algae, on “Some economic uses and possibilities of the seaweeds.”

From west and east coasts, pues laver ve) and dulse (right) are gathered as

occasional items of food. Indians of the Pacift a like the nee (Porphyra per-
forata), and the Chinese use it in their seaweeds oup. ulse (Rhodymenia palmata)
is sold in eastern metropolitan adel: to be eaten raw as a relish.

s well as in scientific and medical laboratories.2 These are in addition
. the uses of certain algae as food in themselves.

Seaweeds as Food

hree species a algae are dried for food in America, though ree are
by no means as popular as these or similar species are in the Or ita ow-
ever, ue seems = be an increasing interest here in seawee eee
recent yea Since the outbreak of the last war, for instance, the writer
has a eee more “inquiries concerning seaweeds for food than = or sae

trial purposes. The species already used.in this country are Irish moss,

carrageen (Chondrus ia aise anor ymenia se a), ae pace
laver Gaia tails . The seaweeds are actually rather poor for
human cons ee becae use of their low digestibility. They

consump
should be pane as an adjunct rather than as an energy-building
substance

3 Among the recent contributions that have been published on the uses of American
seaw — and seaweed products in general are those by Chase (1942), Scheffer (1943)
and Tseng (1944b, 1946). eee cane with specific ee 2 products include
those by Tseng (1944a, 1944c, and 5a) on agar, by Woh (1942) and huis
(1945b) on agin, and by Ausmann “1 1913) ange (i322), aad Needler (1944) o
carrageenin. For full citations see the end of Part

In both Europe and America, Irish moss is scare! the best are

and most ex’ marae used food-seaweed, for s the one employed i

making the een bla ancmange, especially in ee New England ee

The fo nlgiee directions were given by Smith (1905) for its preparation:

“Soak half a cup of a iy moss in cold water for five minutes, tie in a

cheesecloth bag, place in ouble boiler with a aes of milk and cook for
half an hour; add half a espeonta of salt or less, according to taste, strain,
flavor es with a teaspoonful of lemon or vale —.. : ape and pour
into a mold or small ae ‘ve h have been wet water ; pe
berdeane: eat with sugar and cream.”

Dulse is the aes sae food-seaweed utilized in northeastern America.
This one is eaten raw and dry as a kind of salad or relish. It has adopted
on n

summer months it is found occas ee in mar. ee . Boston, Philadelphia
and Vancouve eae at almost any time in New York City. Ce cally
it is employed as a thickener in soups, satices, ae previ
Purple laver is are as a tood article only by the Chinese, so far a:

the information of the writer goes. According - Hodiat (1931), as
much as 300,000 poun a of the fs ied Porphyra were harvested by the
Gane in California in 1929. The oe is used by Chinese restaurants
in America as an ingredient of Pee,

he Indians of the Pacific coast iG use some seaweeds, especially

or the use lo

not offer them on the market. e Japanese in America formerly im-

ported “kombu” or Sone kelp ee japonica) from Japan for

er pace kelps, in gene tral, are not as delicious as the Oriental

ee Moreover, in normal times, fraported “kombu” would be cheaper

n local laminariaceous kelps which have to be harvested and dried with
eee expensive American labor.

As Roughag.

n oe use of the seaweed extract, agar, in the United States is
as roughage. Agar is not digestible in human systems. Therefore, when
ni rm of powder or flake, it serves

accustomed to highly refined food, have to encounter, and agar flakes
successfully take the oo of the coarse eae that their ancestors ate
normally with every m
As Stock Feed
a cet Europe, ae: have long furnished aga -
th

mestic animals. aed hn nter months, and occasionally e
7 ae ee ds of sheep ee other cattle on the coast of ae
wander freely and eat Bos even when grass is still available. Experi-

il,
ents in France, Germany, Norway and Ireland all unanimously point to

the nutritive value of seaweeds, especially the kelps, as food for domestic
animals

In America, whole seaweeds are not commonly fed to animals, but

as stock feeds. Analyses
arious mine ee as well
0

eee ing of. and groun nd kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera).
mcern is de ae entirely to the manuf of
i re

These are oe supplementary feeds to be

with grains a nee “established ratio

rally oe seaweeds should, if oe toto, be rinsed in fresh
ae to leach out the excessive ee which, if taken in oe kr
may have an ae nae the ea of the animals. pe
cad that animals ‘m: eae from a ed days toa oe or
olen ie food ‘abi from an ary ration to ees
seaweed diet. The value of seawee ee as ei feed di fiers with the kind
of Hise ae with, the seas' rvesting, with the different animals
peas on them, and with ae pees preferences of the animals for
he kind of eet offered as food.

In aes Produc

of its moisture- ee ability, agar is extensively used i
raking ae akes. These are generally prepared weeks before hey
ach the consumers, aay a addition of agar helps to keep them in good
conten for long per
In s, both aaa ci algin are used as stabilizers. One of the chief
pele in making icings for layer cakes and sweet yeast dough products,
as buns, is to prevent the adhesion - the sugar saws to wra aa
eer on hum id s ummer days. A

a consi
agar and algin have ee inl
and making it fee che

on sugar crystals. Therefore by th di
tion of such c ae the i i

ad
ee of icings to aici ed often be
aan — sag kept more soft and m
hiffon pies, and both a: and algi

General speaking, where a ved ae is desired,

s preferred if a softer product is wanted.
oe combination of both « oltoids aie the best
Carra ere ae suet been adopted for similar

In Dairy Products

f the phycocolloid production in the United States is serving the
dairy industry. It has been estimated that more than one-half of the fac-

This gigantic bull or bladder kelp (Nereocystis Luetkeana) was photographed on a
dock at Puget Sound by Dr. Robert H. Tschudy. When dried and ground, the plant
is used for making kelp pills is humans and kelp meal for livestock rations.

tury-made ice creams in this country are stabilized with algin. ae
are needed to impart smooth body and texture to can ice ea also

prevent coarsening of the product ples storage f mat of
i rystals. e cream mixes made with saat pete whip

ice creams show a smooth clean
meltdown without erum

bout ten ae ago, it has been rated by most experts as a better
material than gelat

Until very oy ange and lemon ices have been stabilized almost
exclusively with are gi cessfully used here as well.

Algin also fills the role more a in ieee sherbets, cre
the more costly aie which required a higher temperature to dissolve it,
eater a was w

Carrageenin es bee introduced as a see for all these frozen
cen sure s used more extensively in chocolate milk.

In cream ee of ie Senne type Gl redues the t tendency of this
ee to exu eS,

mproves slicing qualities,

and produces a firmer bo a wees is ae ae to such dairy drinks as

malt ed milk and aadbphile. milk.
Algin is he into cream cheese and cheese spreads and also whipping

creams for decorating fancy cakes, to es serum drainage. In milk

puddings, ee serves as a gelling agen

In Sweets and Other Foods

Agar is widely used in making confectioneries, chiefly in jelly candies
and marshmallows. Algin and carrageenin also serve as fillers to give body
o candy ba: a tions.

to cand: rs and similar conf
In making jelly desserts, eons oids are very tse ful. In fact, agar
was originally introduced to ee countries and America to serve

ae gelatin Rao in oles jellie algin and carrageenin are

used i aring various kinds oe Rg aessngs, aspic salads, and
desserts, fee fruit butters, ae and pre
Aga: asa

and as a gelling agent in the canning

powders. These phycocolloids also appear sometimes in ae casings.
In Pharmaceutical Emulsions, Ointments and Jellies

ell-know: neat - hae in a aaa igaiaes preparation is in making

trolatum-a; uch prep rations does not serve as

a asative as “the aa is ee . believe since this colloid is Lie in too

concentration, generally less than 1.5%, to be effective. It serves

Seman as an emulsifier and helps to make the preparation easier to take.

In England gaat is used in similar petrolatum preparations and
n cod- = er ay emulsi

“Dec n Cho: ae a epared from carrageen is probably the best
known Diyence colloid giaracetal emulsifier. The National Formulary
recommends a 3% Chondrus solution for the “Mucila ago Chondri,” which

is used by itself as a lerieeat and frequently as a vehicle for other
medicame:

Bec f its chemical reaction, algin is not generally employed as an
saaaeee but i is useful as an auxiliar:

eaweed colloids have bee vas occasionally i in emulsions to carry
medicinals such as vitamins and sulfa-drug compounds. Algin is especially
valuable as a base for greaseless, oaees soluble ointments and lubricating
jellies, oe tragacanth and other gums, because it is compatible with
most of the ede achee in the official eae las. In making sulfanilamide
ointments for surface wounds, algin is employed in emulsifying the petro-
latum base.

Agar serves as a vehicle for lactic acid to combat toxicogenic bacteria
in the intestines. Irish moss, when employed as the base of cough medi-
cines, is said to give the medicine body a to produce a slight soothing

t. t in Iri in New

is soaked in whisky and the ao liquor offered t trons as a
remedy. aes helps to make smooth pone jellies for Ee
nds.

In Medicinal Pills and Tablets
An interesting use of agar in medicinal preparations is in the so-called
seal-ins” for pills, a type of coating Maes regulates the rate of solution
of the capsule and penne the timing of its opening. The agar is
added i in aoe eat ba pecans in the waxy eee of the coat-
ing. By of its r absorption, aes eae in the de of the
coated edie eens in the desired place. eos is used in the
coatings of certain gen ntian violet capes enplye d i ues treatment
eae with Oxyuris vermicularis. s also a ean eer n a prepari
tion for the treatment of Coccidioides talon in chickens.
pace ee and sodium alginate are both useful as alerts sian
uch pr epa arations as ae irin tablets. _ These allo’ oe also incor-

ones tablets Fae oad . supply certain mineral ated res needed by
human system h Macrocystis ae and Nereocystis Luetkeana
are dried and Ree for this purp

(Part [IT will follow in the February Journal.)

The Banyan Tree of Bandar ‘Abbas
By Mary F. Barrett
“The usual amusement of [the city of] Bandar ts to walk wider the tree of the
ae von have little collations there.’ (Translated from Jean-Baptiste Tavernier,
eventeenth century traveler.)

en se the ee sun had shone aes a cloudless sky fee ue nar-

w Strait of Ormuz, at the m of the Persian ian on
the bare re nd the betas ee of the coastal tow: of oe
’Abbas, (formerly Gombroon or Gamron), which then, in the 7th century,

was an important trading pare of Persia as it is today for Iran. The heat

radiating from sea and land was increased by the hot wind hae ed:

appeared He ci ene and made the city unbearable.

party of m and mules rode through the narrow — reet: — e

the flat- or can ae houses with their viel towers for connie.
past the palaces of Persian officials, the bazaar, the mosques and syna-

gogues, the French, Dutch and English “ “actories" ere gaat es a
nee seeking the most oa uaa n the vicinity.

grove about three miles from tow: Her ahi ndant oe provide “d a

cooler shade, and wells contained ae es than that found in the city.

people wandering under the long horizontal branches or leaning against
e great tree trunks; but the members of the party at first paid them

little attention, for they were attending a business men’s picnic, given by
local merchants to celebrate the end of the trading season. The guests
were ship masters and agents from the vessels which crowded the road-
stead and exhibited the flags . almost all = maritime nations of the

ith them were a few caravan leaders whose cam mels had brought

d spi T

ere s

cargoes, which would
soon be loaded upon protesting camels and would start on land journeys
to various parts of Asia.

e company first partook of a collation—an elaborate meal of local
fish, mutton and game, as well as ea fruits and wines brought in
y ship and caravan. Most enjoyed by many of the guests were the coffee
and — the latter being drinks of ol water flavored with fruit
juices. While they were eating the men discussed the weather. The English
“factor” henna d to ewcomers that because of the intense heat all resi-
dents of Bandar ne betook themselves for the six months of summer
to the mountains which could be seen in the distance. The city then was

abandoned to es and to caretakers who spent most of their time in
“ditches” or tubs of water, in the attempt to keep cool.

It can not be a that the feast was enjoyed equally by all aoe of
the group. Some of them were Scone (or ve ans) from the ara-
tively near-by region . West India, who were considered r ce
sociable because their re ee forbade the ea ae of animal food and Me
drinking of red wine, which resembled the blood of animals. Their name,
or nen was derived from the Sanskrit word vanriya and the Hindu
title BUNYA or BANYA, meaning merchant or clerk. It had come to have

n iis connotation among the other ieee since it was applied

to men who had a bad reputation in nae: ng. Fryer, 1698, characterized
them as “a £ Common of the grea est Cheat in ae World, the fittest to
make Brokers and Merchants o
fter the meal the Lae strolled through the grove, commenting as
what they saw. The m a ing thing to the Europeans was the g
Bee which was Geae. a of many trees, but of a single tree. Maay
ars previous : this oe e they learned, an Indian fig-tree had bezn
oe nted there. It had g with astonishing rapidity in height and

diameter and ey pr a. numerous cord-like ane really air-roots,
from its branches. When these had reached the ground they had rooted

lengthened br: s.* This explanation, support y observation of dif
aa pies in poke ier of the secondary trunks, disproved the theory
of s of the any that the branches had bent down of their own

om a had 1 root a
There existed no rec ee of the origin of the slip which had produced

this giant. However elderly Persian merchant recalled a Portuguese
name, bE Goa, for hie partials tree, and stated that he eae it ne be
apart of a famous old tree of the e kind which used t 0 grow the
city of Ormuz on the islan d of eta name across re Strait fro m Be nee
*Abbas. Ormuz had been captured in 1514 2 the ene adv enturer
Albuquerque, who had come to it from Goa in Portuguese West India and
sian had ies a ue plant with him. It was native to many parts

India, but n that of Persia. The old ia reminded the
hr that the ees of ae y ae uildings in sauees Abbas had a ee

r from the ruins of Ormuz after Shah Abbas, with the help of t
English, ie conquered the island from the Portuguese in 1622 and
laid waste the ee He thought that a slip of the ol had a ea
across the Strait at the same time, and en in ies epee

Bar ne master from ean of ean aan on 2 the
Kabir Bar, or Cubbeer Burr, a celebr ey Ae tree of the e kind, which

mas Herbert, who saw this tree in 1628, reported that it had ac fi
of “00 paces and could shade several hundred men. ae

13
rew on the bank of the Narbada (Nerbudda) River in the Surat district.

d ed t Kk: th
potential ones and could shelter an army o thousand men. He said
that in ee of flood people woe "ake to cf branches of this tree in
company with ee bats and - rds. Some of the group seemed skepti-
cal of hee delaiuan and the story-teller felt much insulted when he
overheard someone ask under his cor h whether they always could dis-
tinguish the people from ea monkeys

To appease ae Indian oe figures on the size of the tree have been
r y seve

traders ja erected there, “to adore and adorn” with silk streamers as they
did at home in In undeme ath this same species of trees. The English
ane eee to of his c i aude that it was just as well fia it
was too dark to see ne images in the temple.

me the men a other names for the great tree.
The Persians liked to call it LUL, nee Portuguese and the Dutch preferred
their own equivalents for ROOT-TREE; but the En nglish a and the French de-
clared that they uae . use he nae BANYAN, since the plant had such
ders

Today hs name BANYAN : ey lied not only to this common Indian
tree ae Linn n 1753 called both Few indica and Ficus bengalensis
ae Sat: jeer but to other species of fig-trees

which have the same habit of aerial roots.

REFERENCES
Chardin, John. Voyages en Perse et autres lieux de !’Orient 8: 506-519. 1811.
(Earlier Engli ish editions were not seen by me.)
aaa cia Faso memoirs 1 24-28. o plates. 1813
Fryer, Jol ount of East Indies and Persia, being nine years travels
1672-1681, Wm. C Cooke “edition 1: 265, 1909. 2: 78, 107. 1912.
Herbert, Thomas, Travels in Persia 1627-1629. Sir Wm. Foster edition pp. 41-49.
1928.

Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste. Les six ie da de Jean- ore Tavernier—en Turquie,

en Perse, et aux Indes 1: 613-622. pl. bef age
Valentijn, Francois. mie en Nieuw Gait “Indién ae $1: 202, 267. 1
Valle, Pietro della. De’ gi di Pietro della a : pellegrino 1663. Trapt

as oe ue vels of Pietro della Valle in India [in 1623]. Printed for the Hakluy
Soci : 35. 1802.

seis ge. A dictionary of the economic products of India 3: 343-346. 1890.
wae "Henry & Burnell, Arthur C. Hobson-Jobson 63-66. 1903.

Control of Chrysanthemum Diseases

By A. W. Dimock, Cornell University

HE FOLLOWING SUMMARY
taken from a alta aeas oe re red
a ai the Chrysa m Show

i
Tacks either the special iteledt or the time for the more complete program.
r (B) is sais 7 the chrysanthemum hobbyist or specialist who can and will

othe:
give more time t

PROCR U A

For the gardener who lacks the time and
equipment ps sist spraying, te
tal tre nt of the plan

1. not attempt to grow varieties
which are highly poe tnene He verticil-
lium wilt unless they hav ee a me ne
r varieties in this cate a ut
p i definite ‘ert
oo at flowering time s ee sate
ions will not be taken front in

2. After the tops have die the
fall, cut off all stems at the ae a
and remove all plant debris from
beds. It is on this material ie
disease and nets pass the
winter.

organisms
3. If divisions are ae in te spring,
clean them up ver. y

ae eae: sed He

Be e that
are thoroughly cleaned up.
4. As plants

- not too.

ely.

5. Keep on the lookout for chry-
santhemum rust an ilde nd apply
a good ting sulfur or wettable sulfur
spra: he earance of either
disease. Repeat ee once a

week until good control is
The above program will, duri
season, give good control of
the common and serious ’mum
diceusce but may fall down in an ex
cessiv ely wet season.

Y of oe ater control practices
oc,

PROGRAM B
the chrysanthemum hobbyist or com-
OKC real grower who wants near-perfect
disease sae regardless of weather—

and oS is e and eine ee ide
co

nae Ll prac

1. Rog cillium-infected
plants at ete ie Diseased plants
will yield ane cuttings, and adequ:
roguing cai t be done in spring -
ea: jailer”

h ake a thorough garden clean-up
in the fall, removing all old stems and
plant debris.

Carry stock plants for propagation
either in frames or the aia ae or at
ast make provision for g
petetion prior to aa

(Te mpora
ce) para fined cheesecloth
le to serve the purpose.)
a i an
use ex-
foliage

Y pos-

4. Tha .
for the Ba pans
treme care in Wateing:
must be kept as dry as is humanly
sible.

5. Spray the developing foliage of the
shoot gr tow with either 2-2-50 Bordeaux

mixture, or, er, with Fermate at 1
lb. per 100 gal., at least r 3 times
before propagating. The lower leaf sur-
face must be red.

is}

Do not use runners
eres only
t propagate until lon gor-
ous ho ae are ilable, re take: aly
short tip, eu nes from these, If earlier
propagation is neces. sary give the stock
plants some heat and use electric lights
to prevent budding.

or divisions for
rooted peice

merse the cuttin, ngs in Ss

9. Subirrigate the propagating bench
if possible.
10. Again immerse
Fermate suspension,
prior to potting u

11. Set new plantings on new areas
each year so far as possible.

the plants .
roots ay ae ju
r plas

12. Spray during the growing season
with ener % 2-50 nee eaux or Fermate
Ib.

(1 Ib. na =e i ), making applications
often en keep all new cont
covered an ee so as a a co

age of the lower leaf surfac

13. a ne mulch (1 2
inches ns on the soil of tn ee seit
for a second season jand of a

d) o but is still a good
idea for Pednc ite ae controlling
weeds and conserving soil moisture.

14. Watch for the appearance of
powdery mildew and use a sulfur dust
or add wettable sulfur to the spray (1
Ib, per 100 gal.) if and whien this disease
appears.

In a acquiring a material, reject
eased. We now

important
and diseases ime a ee a as loner
any excuse e distribution of in-
fected mater

If the above program is adopted it
doula be possible to come irouee ee
wit

any eee wet a ry, alm

no disease dev vlc he re i

diseases “verticilliamn, "wilt and chrysan.

themum yellows (the same insect-carried

virus disease as aster yellows), which

cannot be completely conéroled | in garden
ny practical Soil

would eded ca these. ieee:
however, the former a ge
tacks only a few. garden varie oS an a

tive t 100 per cent
canitrolied by the te advocated.

BROADCAST
By Vincent W. Cochrane

Me LDS are able to manufacture cer-
ain shit ts better than man has
ever ie able to do

to by chemical means.

na radio program given ov YC

by the New York Botanical Gorden Sept.
incent W. ane of the

ederle Laboratories (n the Depart-

ment o lant Pathol t the Con-
hae ee Experiment Sta-
tio ee bed a ie of these products

hem from specific fungi The paragraphs
ee represent excerpts from his talk,
Aan are used a:
re typically raieroscopic
ey ‘like ohare oe in appear-
ance to the green mold on bread or on
the white Coens mol

duced by her

Probably most important of the neds
made commercially by ee is citric
acid. Ever since this method was de-
ean 30 years ago, the prods ct that is
Se flavorin: rinks, and confec-
tonery. an ae chiefly from the fungus
vr. It is also e i

i. great

citric acid, such as citrate of magnesia.

Citric acid is made from Aspergillus

niger in much the same manner as other
ds d other ki

acids ar ther kinds o
mold. You start with a sugar solution—a
sort of weak syrup—in a shallow alumi-
num pan. ou seed this by sprinkling

e black spores of Aspergillus over the
surface of the solution. These spores

minate and grow into a mature mold,
consisting of many fine white threads
os : bear pase ene bodies. As it
gro the gy from the sugar is

used up, and the — gives off its
end- produer into the re This product

is citric ac which is chemically intial
with the acid found and
Ss

fone pro-

duced ie molds are lactic, eaake and
allic

Gallic acid comes generally from the

galls on oak trees (sometimes same

but it takes a fui pou s to produce it.

these galls are picked and piled up a
ft for a le, th wi me:

ies the
r tannin aa is sterilized ‘and
3 under ci

fac ink, gallic sed a:
cae ingretient, alone with “he ron
salts and the dye.

ecessary also
used in medi iGne, partic ay if the
treatment of skin dis
which ex! ely c
le abtances piadue ed all. livi
cells, and hich bring about chemical
changes without undergoing change
selves, are als times eat aeatenten
by fungi. e com est and
most useful os these is DIA i hic!

medicine,
of mold diastase is anothe of
Aspergillus group, ‘Aspergillus, veraae:

large number of commercial diastas
preparations are manufactured in this
country. The partially purified enzym
has a wide variety of uses: (1) in medi-
cine for relie certain gastric <lis-
turbances; (2) i the clarification of
fruit it ices; (3) in ee sizing from

3 (4) in the
mana ture

rv, diastase “from fungi could
be ee ‘© replace malt in the preparation
of industrial alcohol, but it would be
unsuitable ee t beverage alcohol because

of its ae gee In this country
neither molds mold diastase has
been used, but i tt both Asia and Europe
mold ucor group, called
“Chinese yeast,” has been used in the
roduction of alcohol. In this case the
old i to replace both the malt and
the yeast i nventional methods.

used in es hair from rawhides, in
the aes ure of glue, in removing
gums k fibers before pinging,

ormer.

er is originally firm enough to be
dai ipped. Th

sae of the

enzyme conver of the

present wn more ible ae net
ect to pa partial or coniplers

of originally a a

after the hee late on the

mol
dict, but th ety

cals elaborated by molds guarantees that
there will be progress. Son @ compounds
that are synthes: a by fans i have not
yet been made by man in the la bora ee ry;
others are manufactured only at high cost
or oe nel difficulty. a = likely that

day are a

to probably o t the be-
ginning Pot our use of m mils as manu-
facturers.

Notes, News, and Comment

see Subseripti tion. Beginning Jan
1, 1946, the price of ine anntal sub
Script on to the Journal of the New
ceria Garden

e the end mt ieee mae be

entered at the former rate
the year.

tion. Pierre Jay, Honorary
a of the Fiduciary Trust Co.
resigned from the Board of Managers

o i New York Botanical Garden No-
sft He was Beery to the Board
Sct r 16, 1938, to fll the vacancy
left by the cath of ne vane ee
President, Henry W. de Mr.
Jay ser ved on the ee Bitola com-
1940 to March 1943;
mittee from January
1938 before oe elestion : the board,
untif his seiner en and on the pension
ittee fro miber “i9i0 also un-
ry will remain
e Corporation of the New York
Botan a of which he had been
member since 1935.

Vis Dr. Y. Carmon of the Agri-
eile Research: Station a Rehovoth,
esi ae oe Gar No
te sul F “Se

ir, Mar peat of ce eee
of “Cochatt in ee spent ale
days at Garden mid-Novembe
studying ie ee on potato varieties.
Dr. Cardenas did me of his firs
botanical work with Dr H. H. Rusby in
Bolivia in the early 1920's.

Other otal visitors have included
ner 2 coe

maz

Haskins, auiice o “The in” and
other books ; Gece C. vane of Révue
Horticole, $3 enry oe!

Brooklyn and Surinam; Fath hilip

a :
of rae and Surgeons;
hrysle: utge: ersity.

study bie for a few days.
topped in on his way

Volunteer. Charles Beall, was a
Brown oo student ake enter-
ing the mee services thie years ago,
wo eric a volunteer in the plant

pathology laboratory, assisting Dr. B. O.
Dodge in his studies of the pink bread-
mold, Neurospora. He plans to resume
ie studies in mycology at Brown next

Conference. The December conference
of the Garden’s scientific staff was de-
voted to a talk on “Cinchona Populations
ee Southern Ecuador” by Dr. W. H.

gs. Dr. William J. Robbins at-
te big meetings - me ie aise ae -
sophical Soc Natio:
‘Academy of Scenes in Pilinetpia a
Washington in November.

Lectures. Joseph F, Burke spoke on
“Early Days of the New York Micro-
scopical Society” = a eting . the
group . E. Naylor e

at the Nature Center ‘at Julia Richman
His 1 Dec. n “Bulbs for Mid-
ri “Dr me H. Cam
lescribed experiences xplorer in
Ecuador before the Men's Caden Club
of New York Dec. 5,

Foreign Periodicals. Scientific bulletins
published abr ee sale ich have been held
up since early in war, are beginning
to arrive from fore Se countries, Among
the first to reach the library of the New
York Botanical Garden are three series
rom nee di fro id 1940:
Bulletin du Muséum Pairs d'Histoire
Naturelle, i Soci Bo-
tanique de France, ne “Bulletin de la
ied Mycologique de ae the last

hich is illustrated in color.

Current Literatu The column en-
titled Cu rrent iterate re at a Gla
which has ba aad Degas in
Journal for the past 14 baedes Pe be
prepared, begin his b
Harriet K. M
author of “Gardeni ing in te Shade”
(1939) and 7 Scribner ane oe es

day programs and i
Anril 1943 she "contacted an euicie to
the Journal on “Gardening in the City.

Notices and Reviews of Recent Books

None publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The New
York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the Library.)

12,000 gies ad cup). Strictus is assigned its classical
; ca, oy 1
Used in a pisrods tanical meaning ot strict is erect. Adia
Ler OK OF > tun and aphyllous are not Latin y cords
da SAMES AND. TERMS. mainand
Cc. Jaeger. ges, illustrated. except by adoption. The — atin prefix
Charles C. hotaes Springfield dis- 1s given only one of its meanings,
1944, $3. d that the least common; hed cua

al
Biological names and terms have al- is separately treated, the prefix ni
ways been the delight ae the biologist plained; -ant is called an English Sufi;
(unlettered as he often is) and the 50 it is, but the Peale is od French.
: : fade

despair of his students. The appearance Stramineus ao ae t
of a “source-book” of these words is Ovi ae a botanical. usage refers
therefore an event of some importance. cae 7 abr Diploid is a derived
When one recalls that the words are de- from ‘Gaek dipl- and New Latin -oid,
rived chiefly from classical Latin and but oe diplo- + -id. The classification
Greek, with frequent recourse to - of into “p: ”’ and “suffixes
Saxon, Arabic, Sanskrit, Japanese, and has got nie thor into troubl ah
taw, t the author which he calls a p: has forgotten
1 work must have an impressiv ror rds a: arch, mesarch, wh
philologica To Professor the arch might conceivably be called a
eger has given us “full i ele- x, but is the principal root of
ments from which scientific biological the wo e treatment of this im-
names ter the ort er two headings (as if
are given their Greek, Latin, or ge ere were two such words) is ae
origins and — concise meanings, ing; its nie Aa are all deri
gether with numerous examples of there from oe prin meaning,
use in scientific nomenclature.” In other It is s etiines hatd to find one’s way
words, this is not a lexicon of biological in this jaaele of roots and stems; it
words, but a list of ae “elements” would perhaps have been better if roots
from which such words have been made. were Cefinitely treated as such and dis-
@ defnition of each is “strated Be tinctively printe: instance, the
Gaines and ae derived from common roo’ kk), meaning a point,
sometimes by a small drawi i rrectly given as the sou uch
Considering hat a st pend is task as ute, acicular; it acer is
this is, the author has done a remarkable not included, being separately treated;
b t 56 es mi rrel ough under acué- we are ref
cut the etymology of such historical ac-

‘U
wisters as) Mesembryanthemum and fae old ies oe of “conn
©

th 5, u in quotations “trom is
“That some errors and omissions may International Fates ie polanio al Nom
tho:

have inadvertently crept in is beyond lature. Like the au s of that rh
doubt.” ether or not an omissi Jaeger p eee does noe ealize that the
is likely to “creep in,” there are cer- 0 i ich combination. atropurpureus
tainly some error: tent even to o and rubigino-tomentosus is not an ace
innocent of philology as the present re- vowel but part of the stem of the

e r instance. oe al i ne in moniliform, on the other et

d5 i

ed : correctly designated as

cup but a covering: it has “heen coniused i ae ve cee
with the Latin, calix, from whi ch w Suche talogue of errors is offered

chalice, and , largely in ae to the author’s ex-

19
sed wish, and nor as a detraction from
oH

another di a Book
oy ne we

fro: Cte ek
ertain couse of trouble

It is well kno
Ba From creek
and

but if y

é ©) e. In my
pinion, anyone capable of using such a
ook is also capable of learning the Greek
letters. Then one could perhaps make i:
clear that tov (ion) is the same word a:

Viola, the digamma (vau foe ‘been

lost, and ‘that, Vaccinium is similar

lat ed to bandos (Hyacinthus).
H. W. Rickert.

in Hum

MI MEAL OE
Manual

Fungi n Dis
nie. ae ALS—
cup

a
"Medical Sciences of the
Council. 348
ee Ww. B.
anuladerey
3.50

an
Conant, Ma rtin, mit ith, sake and

Callaway, in = ook “Manual oF Cli

Mycolo it by Ne

‘ory in m making a diag-
y helpful hints

tance of the ee

nosis is stre Mand

as to fecnniaue "are giv
The material is presented in a clear

and concise les nner, with numerous i

iustratons will be a decided help

ie worker . this fiel ie

Depa bane OOF ein
Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center.

Writings on Natu
THE BOOK soe NATURALIST!
Edited by en eee 499 ages.
Alfred A. Knop: ork,
3.50.
Beebe is well qualified to prepare
a ‘edit an anthology of natural history.

He has succeeded in his purpose of pro-
viding for the readers of this book a
aa section of the growth and devel

Imost without exception, well written,
or: and interesti A. brie
biographical note precedes each one.

ciate almost all a phases o
fatal history. or readers
particular in their interests,
may Hae ve as an eau
who have been oe

nw HERVEY,
Evander Childs — School.

ee Plants

ea
are listed.

are according
bel is scale ey of eurface-t formations
nd land-types are included.
ARTHUR CRONQUIST.

On Photosynthesis
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RELAT.
. Vol. 1. Bugene ars
699 pages, indexed,
Interscience Publishing Co., 1945,
$8.

ae is a first volume of a

parts:

ced
on the theories of the ee

ess, This book should be in the
libra of al who no Mee ay of the

many aspects of photosynthe
W. par

ee ee for Carden.
GROWTH.
ee 203 pages,

glossary, index.
Press, Lancaster,

This book lives up to title—

filled ath “information on re rowlh
and written especially
ee th

L. Baw.
iilostwations,
Ja aques Cattell
Pa. 5. =

read, and

i jects discussed range from the

fundamental ae of plant such
and 0 ce

given on 1 whether to mulch or
prepare a ee pile, what

other items

13
gardening “Hasiness, ‘has
ond the seed catalogue

requirements

wth,
book both Gaterestints and

E. E. Nayior.

Your Forests
YOUR FORESTS: Martha Bensle ey

creased emphas nt
ood and wood pee ra “ole
Forests fae taken on a new importance.
his is po ed oS in ie volume, which
oO pres the cardinal features
re cur woodlands came
. kinds of ee
d

som top
which the ee eae ke Bees 40
discuss, and does. But there are also

chapters on forest products such as

ae Lens including rayon and nylon,

for areers and opportunities—"Men

Who "Work in He ee ae the out-
look for the fut

of the ee interesting ae

ions UNeis to Catch Wind’—

d erosion,

imple, straightforward, lucid style, in
eee that Jack and Mary can un-
Epwin B, Marzxg,
Columbia University

Hardy Woody Plants

TREES, SHRUBS, AND VINES
FOR THE ETH TERN
UNITED STATES. George Graves,
267 pages, 68 arte fore

K, 1945.

University Press,
$3.

This neat little book i . ane =
ready reference guide to se

faved species and varieties of

plants. It is a carefully lecte

a a

n-
nd-cover, will do it to
ae with a little help in getting

The author follows Rehder’s “M. I
of Cultivated Trees and a pe
edition, in Me mai
In the case

Shick
Por opriate
ven for most
plants, which * should esc those who
are scared of botanical names. Follo owing

listings in different eateecris foe book
concludes with brief chapter: ay
to Shop for Trees, Shrubs, ‘and Vines”
a “The Problem of Pru uning
Besides being a handy reference, this
book should stimulate interest in a wider
vey of woody plants than is usually
our communities
Hen

NRY E. Downer,
Vassar College.
Camellia History in Color

CAMELLIAS. G. G. Gerbing. 42
pages, 8 by 12 inches, 37 of whien

nat 1 ¢ol rept
Ger F ina, Grae, Sioa,
$10.

his ee a of camellias is
substantial
of

and it is his worthy

to make
complete history of came aaellias which will

be valuable for Seas and ae to non-
growers. The book is good to look at. If
the col a typographical errors
give evidence of wartime difficulties in
ie it is sil a unique and beauti-
ful link in the in. This is the second

able at $15. r Getbing ercc to pub-
lish piel of s for the loose-
leaf volun in re is e autumn

opening of ‘the camellia seaso

Eva Nose,
Seles. Fla.

alice Plants
N AND GARDEN.
215 pages, illus-
sylvania Press, Philadelphia,
$2.50.
This new book describing the weeds of

the eastern temperate region of Nort!

flowers,

weeds:
underground systems;
and seeds; and

stems, and leaves; fruits

the all-important means of dispersal
which scare atone their eventual
establish: y flor:

emphasis to

but others: have been recognized
The list of plants classified as weeds

is eee and the aia le
ot te the parts such

not graphic, indic:

eds, roots, stolons, etc., which
effective in distribution. The inclusion
of “tree weeds” i not ob-

ser eer ao ane
value es
desiabie

ensive treatise of un-

ie eE G. Fis
Sta a aa Anat
New Jersey Agreed meas

Orchard Cro die

THE ENCYCLOPED:
BERRIES AND a Co
TO GROW THEM. Wilkin-
gon, ae Bag ee ilhueteied 1 by. Tabea
Hofmann. Blakiston, Philadelphia,
1945, se.

IA OF FRUITS,
HOW

This book 7 divided into two parts,
the first ee a list of fruits and
nuts

d the con-
and diseases affecting
Of the lesser known fruits and nuts,

any items
are of doul

oh
matter pertaining to
including a spraying eae
all this, it is not a very convincing book.

DWIN BECKETT,
Middletown Farm,
Red Bank, N. J.

Current Literature*
At a Glance
By Harriet K. Morse

Light as an Ecological Factor. Ex-
periments in the control and seers
ot het ee shade as they apply to plant
rowth a under discussion in ae PB o-
tanical Res sided for November ie The
icle i

ig uw
tation by attention to light has enormous
possibilities in the future. Hardy L.
ey os ne aha Bie State College
of For riten these arti
ppeieas a a tieceaie of 168 items, show-
ing the vast extent . the literature per-
al is subje

owing Holly. Dr. Charles H. Con
s has writen in the simplest possible
tects an 8-page ilystrated bulletin on

how to raise ee holly (lex

paca) from seed or front tirsery gro
stock, in New ey Agricultural Experi-
ion Bulletin 493 ultural
directions are given in full detail Sa
non. iting are carefully ee plained

‘Orr easu ug)

Sen on Roses. ne interest

he rosarian is Professor Alex Laurie’s
composite report on ri work re

meetin. ilwaukee, Novem , 1s
pu he Florists Exchange,
Nov ssor Laurie discusses

110, Profes
here: the latest findings on such sie as
gravel culture, matic
eff i

ests at Cornell have sho
ros es have greater keeping quality wae
afternoon cutting is practised.

Those ea

Mor:
Lor tw cepreciation vot
the great explorer who, has contributed so
richly and horticultural
Quart erly of the

introductions. She quotes thon from

~* AN publications mentioned here—and many
éihere-—may be consulted in the ‘Library ef the
Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin:

FE
of the native ed

is writings in which he Mere ers —
scribes the primroses as he firs
them growing in the wilderness.

Effect of Mi n Soil Proper
Soil ieee ‘Glas 1945) Hibs one af

interesting conducted by
Oregon eae tati (Technical
Paper 441) to dined the effect of
straw, trash and other mulches on mois-
nutrient supply, and 1
uctur Six plots were under dif-
fac treatment over a period of three

years during which ane the results were
ee recorded.

Jefferson. In two illuminating

Peo entitied Ne ciel Jefferson: His
Interest in Plant Life as Revealed in his
Writings,” Ede nd H. Fu ve ne evaluates
efferson as among the first in the
orld to attempt to raise pene

third article in the series is yet to
lished.

Plants Neglected in Landscape Use.
In a stimulating article, N. R. Elliott,

Professor of Landscape Architecture of
the University of Kentucky, makes a plea
or the greate of comparatively little
own pla hich deserve great
popularity. ig ‘ommendations
iven in the American Nurseryma ‘O-
vem 1, are the J Ae yrs ;
American yellowwood, m, winter-

y (Berberi : alos) ie
and climbing bi sae meee,
with numerous oth

ante 's are Back-

€ f
‘olding = map “showin the location
at

half of a stat

Indias other ni
an ae mes, often corr oted, I

in this interesting 20-pa, “0 o clned

io en 60 books of value to the

LETTERS FROM READERS

On Cocobolo Flutes
To the Editor

WAS interested in your account in
the Journal of the investigations in
for e

connection with wood allergy, I ha
had a good deal of experience in the
last two years with Sere flutes. Some

ly so. My
eeusiivenes:
seems ore acute in the spring of the
ar.

The flute maker who is using cocobolo
does not appear to hae ee red by ha te
ling and worki t a second mak

could no ndl i - used foeewood
and mahogany instead. I understand the
maker’s s become sensitized; in
player it is usually the lips and the chi
One know complained when usin,
a mi so there may be al-
lergies to other woods. The first symptom
seems to dryness of the lips, Bi an
itching ae lip or chin at so pot. It
is the wood of the cocoel flute

that is borhersonie:

raw cocobolo and red cedar come ‘onl-
tac the lower lip causes itching and
then eruption on two separated spo
where the unfinished cocobolo rests, The
nished upper surface, that comes in con-
tact with the upper lip, does not seem to
cause tr The Seek is some kind
of varnish. he offenders are

T der:
flutes made of cocsislo containing a great
deal - the yellowish resin in the wood
A white clo im me in swabbing
che ore of cu e will come o
aa d yellow.

e in a long while have I run
nes.

ivy preventive after playin

effective if any slight chines were felt,

Half-inch lengths cut from the fingers
d

This has eroded Been ently effective
preventive. These rubber mouth-

. eloud be washed frequently with
water and dusted with talcum

ae
estic inatrnent, bot
tone, in my opinion.

JoserH F. Burke.

in workmanship

Rebuttal on Cinchona Review
To the Editor:

VER since Jussieu egiae col-
lected Sasa ona in *
ermine

Sep’ ember .

those grow! normal
times, commerdally regligi le.

n Dr, Fo: sberg’s. “Colombian Cinchona
Manual” (2nd edition, Bogota, 1944) he
rightly uses quinine su tel fat

of De value, foll He

at my boo! gen

medical schools,
and state depart-

given

private investigators

ments of. health.
NormMan TAYLor.

JANUARY EVENTS AT THE GARDEN
Haale ie

pm. The Working Technique of a Taxonomist
rthur Cronquist
The ae of this opening program of the new yea: o demonstrate to
members and their guests the menos used by a botanist in ident ying
aie partial rly when a large and complex group, such as the com-
rc dais i i seudied. ist i

work, also classed as “eystematic botany,”
the New York Botanical Garden is built. Petes the world aro
look to the Garden for authentic identifications of plants, parade. a
North pas ag aa aes part of South America, and adjacent
regions, t their own botanical research.
Saturday ee onane.
m. each Saturday
Jan. 5 Travelog of French North Africa wrence C. Cur
Connecticut Agee! Espiner Seared
Jan. 12 Explorer in the Galapagos Islands von Hagen
Author of “South Aue “alle d Them
Jan. 19 In All the World
A motion picture showing vacation scenes in Glacier National Park

Jan. 26 The Pineapple Industry Ralph H. Cheney
Long Island University and Brooklyn Botanic Garden
* # &

Radio Programs
3:30 p.m. on alternate Fridays over WNY
Jan. 11 The Story of Quinine, from a to Pharmacy W. H. Camp
Assistant Curator
Jan. 25 Vegetable Oils That Make Fine Soaps orgia Leffingwell
Author of “Soap, Its Industrial and pies Uses”
sok &
Courses
Two-Year Science Course for Gardeners
General me ote I, E. E. Naylor, Instructor, commencing Jan. 7, 8 p.m., and

meetin; ly.
Sad anes Botany ges Arthur Sonat and Frances E. Wynne, Instructors.
g Jan and meeting weekly. ;

Gis: Course in he ae
Outdoor Flower Gardening, Ache ‘King, Instructor, co
and meeting on alternate Thursdays. mmencing Jan. 10, 8 p.m.
ek ®
aarti: Even
mbers’ Da’ ci 6, “My Garden of Myomycetes” by Mrs uth
eae programs: Feb. 2, ee ulent Plants, E. J. ‘Alexaidée: Feb, 0 vice. te
MeVeigh; Feb. 16, Trees in Winter, Arthur Se Radio Proera ms: eb. 8,

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

JosepH R. Swan, siden:
Henry ve Forest Barpwi Vice. president
oun L. RRILL, Aedae ie ew
ArtHur M, ANDERSO

Henry DE La Monta GNE, See

Elective Managers
WIL1aM FELTon Barrett Mrs. Eton Huntincton H. Hosart Porter

Epwin De T. BECHTEL Hooker Francis E, Powe t, Jr.
Henry F, pu Pont Mrs. ArzertD. Lasker Mrs. Harotp I. Pratt
MARSHALL Freun Crarence McK, Lewis Wii . RogBins
Rev. RopertJ. Gannon, E. D. Merrie Percy SAUNDERS
S.J. Rosert H. MontTcoMERY Stoney J. WEINBERG

-Officio M Gane

Witiiam O'Dwyer, Mayor of the. City of New York
Mary E. ies LLON, Preside of he Board or Eaucanon
OBERT Mos: ke Commission

A ce Managers
By the Torrey Botanical Club
H. A.

LEASO:
By Columbia University
N T. Bocerr Marcus M. RHOADES
ee W. Ba.rarp Sam F. TRELEASE
ee STAFF

Wuiam J. Rogsins, Pu.D., Sc.
H. A, Greason, Px.D, Assistant Director and oe
HENRY DE LA MonTAGNE Assistant Dace
Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc. D. Head Curator
A. B. Stout, oe ae Curator of Education and Laba: fitories
Bernarp O. Donge, Px.D. Plant Pai ek
Joun HENpDLEY “BARNHART: A.M., M.D. Bibliographer Emer

. W. Rickett, Pa Bi ieece.
Bassett MaGulire, Pu.D. to}
Harotp N. Moipenke, Pu.D. cla road
ELizaBETH “a a A.B., B.S. Lib Hoe
Exmer N. Pho. i ah
E. J ALEX ANDEE "BS S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Habs

Came, Pu.D. - eee Curate

Po E AWenKE Pu.D. t Curator

E. Naytor, Pu.D. pre ‘urator
Artuur Cronguist, Pu.D a nie 2

AVANAGH, Px.D

Setma Koyan, B.S. Techutes? reine
ROSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant
Inpa McVetcu, Px.D. Technical Assistant
Mary STEBBINS, M.A. Technical Assistan
Carol 0 p, A.B. Editor of the J.
Tuomas H. Everett, N.D. Horr. Horticulturist

L. Wr x, A Custodian the Herbari
Orto D Collaborator in Hawatian Bota

J. Grout, Pu.D pao) idan os of Mosses
Inez M. Harine Assistant Honorary Curator of Mos:
JosepH F. Burke Honorary Curator of i Diatomacene
B. A. Kruxkorr he Honorary Cur _ tof Economic Bot lany

Erset on = PecKHAM
A.C. Pra Cee of. piles and Grounds

ach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park
Bouev ard station; use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the
Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New
a ra Bark . the Botanic ical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to
ar!

stati

otanical G

SMembership in
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
and what it means
TO THE INSTITUTION, men berue means support of a program that
reaches several nundied: oh eae ands of persons annually.
Briefly, this ogram mprises (1) horticultural display, (2) education,

(3) scientific re see and ) eee exploration. To furt the er this work and
ape plant life to the public, the Garden issues
Tar, a sen ures, p

to Seater ane useful information
books and p spdleniey pe pate popular, and presents lectures, programs.
io b a b of s eh in gardening and botany. he laboratories
£ Lene ry ser in its research educ al
work, while the extensive aes at the Garden give oS public vistas of beauty
to enjoy the r aroun he public is also free to he Botanical Garden’s
library, and. under ion, to consult the herbarium.
THE INDIVIDUAL, membership means, beyond the personal gratification

of aiding such a program, these privileges:
Free enrollment in courses up to the amount of the annual member-
ship fee paid.
As pbeeribher to the Journal pe to Addisonia.

Admission to Members’ Day programs and use of the Members’ Room
also at other times.
share of plants when mde available for distribution. (These
plants ae include the Garden’s new introductions into horticulture.)
onf ces with staff members, upon request, on problems
related to botany and horticultu
Ff announc of special displays, lectures, broadcasts, pro-

la n ali from ane Garden’s large collection, under
established regulations for such loan
bership card which serves as identification at special functions
ie Botanica Garden and also when visiting similar institutions in
aie cit
*”
Ga net clubs may bec ae pees of the New York Botanical
arder thus receive Sa privileges for the club as a unit and others for
individ members. Information on Garden Club Affiliation will be sent upon

D
5
ea
o
oD

s firms may become Industrial Members of the New York Botanical
eae ate nation on the classes ol Induced Membership and the privileges
of Be eoente will be sent aes req
* *
ses of membership in the New York Botanical Garden in addition to
eae Memberships are:

Annual Single

Fee Contribution
Annual Member $ 10 Member for Life $ 250
Sustaining Me mber 25 Fellow for Life 1,000
Garden Clu Peneeyon 25 atron 5,000
Fellowship Membe 100 he oe

ntributions to Ae Garden may be deducted from taxable
on pee to the Garden are Beacnible 4 in computing eile aa New
York estate tax
A legally Stoel form of bequest is as folloy
i ees bogus ath to The New Yo ee Botanical Gane incorporated under
the Laws ah oe ork, Chapter 28 of 1891, the s of
Gifts made subject to a reservation ai ncome from the gift property
for the een eet the donor or any designated beneficiary during his or her
lifetime.
All requests for further information should be addressed to The New York
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, N. Y.

JOURNAL

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

FEBRUARY
19 4 6

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor

FEBRUARY EVENTS AT THE GARDEN
Members’ Day

Feb. 6 3:30 pm. My “Garden” of Myxomycetes Mrs. Ruth N. Nauss

nla pag Programs
3 p.m. Saturday

2 Succulent Plants for Indoor Gardens E. J. Alexander

se Curator

Feb. 9 Vitamins from Vegetables cVeigh

Téchinical vein t

Feb. 16 Trees in Winter Arthur Cronquist

Assistant Curator
Feb. 23 Floral Emblems of ca Nations, and
State Flowers of the U.S. A.
Two motion pictures in color by Russell T. Pansie
Radio Programs
3:30 p.m, on alternate Fridays over WNYC

Feb. 8 Maple-Sugaring in New England Harold C. Kimball
President, Southern New York Fish & Game eet
Feb. 22 Sugar is the Foundation of All Life E. E. Naylor
hee "Curator
Courses
Nature Study
E. E. Naylor. tructor, commencing Feb. 6 p.m. and ending June 12.

Alertness a arranged for New York sity teachers.
Forthcoming Events

Members’ Day, March 6 Commuter’s Greenhouse” by John H. Myers. Saturday
programs: *March 2, Diatoms, ea of the Sea, J. F. Burke; March 9 > Papermaking,
Floyd E. Carlson; March 16, Romance of the Hybrid Orchid, a motion picture in cofor
b . Zinner. Radio Programs: March 8, Lesson in Lan scaping, Mary Deputy
Lamson; March 22, Plant- Huntin ng - Mexico’s Mountains, E. J. Alexander. Courses:
Outdoor Gardening Practice, April 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FEBRUARY 1946

THE VALLEY OF THE Rio Mazan, Province or Azuay, EcuaDoR
Cover photograph by W. H. Camp

THE SuRuUCcUCHO W.H. Camp 25
SEAWEED Propucts AND Tuuir Uses In AMERICA

III. In Scientific RESEARCH AND IN INDUSTRY C.K. Tseng 32

Torrey BoranicaL CLus Ogsserves GARDEN’S SEMI-CENTENNIAL
Notices aNnD Reviews oF RECENT Booxs 44
CurrENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Harriet K. Morse 47

oTes, News, AND COMMENT 48

The Journal i is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, w York 58,
N. Y. Printed in U. S. A. Entered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at ae Peet Office
at New York, N. Y., under the Act a fades 24, 1912, Annual subscription $1.50. Single copies
15 cents. Free to members of the Gar

JOURNAL

of
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Vo. 47 Fesruary 1946 No. 554
The Surucucho
By W. H. Camp
OLD, bleak ee ns by incessant storms, and with
much of it 1 twelve f and feet in elevation, the Paramo des
Soldados lies ee the t eee crest of the western cordillera of the
Andes exactly 3 degrees south of the equator in the province of Azuay, in

oo Rain falling on this $ paramo, or the water piite its hasan
rst gathers in a series of moraine-bound lakes, rem of a

e pie ition, which are draped like a ragged ae ee al its

margin

The waters from the westernmost of these lakes come together and form
such streams as the Rios Balao ie huir pee Patul. Tumbling over the
of tl n ‘thes e deep bosom

of acific. TT. ing
another story—and quite a different | journey. Let wu = follow one of them
So

e of the des Soldado:
form the Rio Surucucho; this joins the Mazan—both of them roistering
mountain streams—and together they make up the Seay (the as
The Matadero is an pia ae cap in its calmer moments,
Fe hae when angry and in

n its way, the nt a scurries past the small farms
of ne eae ae os in the valley, pausing aaa with an obscene
chuckle to tickle the bare legs of the brown-skinned women who stand in
it as they beat their laundry on its spray-wet ae Then, lightly mocki
and sometimes a little Sieprenes it hurries past the ecclesiastically pious
city of Cuenca with its nearly thirty cathedrals and churches. Soon it is

cucho ee compound name, sURU standing for Chusquea, the gia
erie grass which often forms impenetrable thickets at the higher eleaeeas
eeualieut - “Andes, regions, and CUCHO meaning a corner, cleft, or narrow canyon
Hence: Sur othe canyon where the bamboo-grass grows.

ENTRANCE TO THE VALLEY OF THE SURU!

CUCH
it was evident that the valley was U-shaped and Spay aac formed,”
The large transverse moraine ay dams the valley may be in the middle dis-
tance. The uate 7s of tl to én enter the valley from then over a series of
cascades and dala Sonins coh those of the Surucucho in a ile floor, they
form the Rio Matad

joined by the pagan Yanuncay and once-bloody Tarqui. oe r these
become the Paute. At first os is a rapidly pra Ss of white
water while it gathers momentum; then, twis ting an ing

wa. he Pa ute ain writhes its tortured way down through the black
and somber gorges of the eastern cordillera . . . only to find its way once
more blocked.

Exhausted by its Boke the Paute is picked up and carried along by
the eager and less weary waters of the Upano and Zamora tt the Zamora
rises far to the outs in the mountains back of the town of Loja; the Upano
northward among the melting snows near the crest of the ae es ng and
explosive volcano called Sangay). Together—as the Namangoza—they

make sho. f the last nee ploughing straight trough between
the ends of the detached ranges called the Condor and the Cutuct. And
there, stretching ahead in its vast flatness, seemingly for interminable

orested plain.

What is the catalog of rivers si there? The Namangoza aaa the
pee i (a papi swings 1a the south to ee ae ne nm; and,
afte when it seems a ‘duite certain which aes the
Mieshon finally finds the Rio Solimées which, dallying ee the low-
land jungles ie ever trending eastward toward the Atlantic—is lastly

called the Am:
Eastward oo the crest of the Paramo des Soldados, it is two thousand
miles in an Lore route to the Atlantic (and well along toward three

n if one were lo fo)
Westward a the same place on that paramo, it is a mere thirty-five
i i reas of Ama:

River this one i the farthest from its mouth; its distinction lies, I
think, in being a one eee to the Pacific.

* * * *

below the equator, the Andean oe of southern Ecuador
were soeten with winter last July. , having collected on its
margins previously, I had wanted to oa - ee ihe ieee des Soldados

to investigate the cold-weather flora. It probably would oe hs particularly
rich, but possibly might contain some few items of inte Negotiating
the transportation necessary for a dash onto this omens be made by
relays eed along ue line—took some time Cael ees a man

willing to rent mules the last part), but was finally accomplished and
our trip was sedled for the = of July.
Saturday the 14¢! a beast of a day; | aes the 15th was worse—

and J wished more eee once that I could call the thing off. But there was

no way of finding the man who was bringing the nara for the last part
so that i pi = cancelled. Nor did it seem the least bit auspicious

en we set out in the pre-dawn darkness on the morning of the 16th. I
had on full- fae apes underwear, a heavy lu alee ae a fleece-
lined jacket, and a eshed wind-breaker. Even cold seeped
in aroun nd i edges ie A Paik more properly say that - ite elevations
the air is so ee ted and forms © poor a “blanket” in the interstices of
Aen that the heat ie from the body i is often A siege aaa normal bodily
oxidations can replace it; men and animals often die on those paramos,
not from freezing, but from excessive heat loss and the lowering of bodily
temperature below that of normal function).

Tr raveling westward from Cuenca we arrived at the little village of
Sayusi, picked up our fe = sc before 7 a.m. and started the real

climb toward the cre It t long pee we came to the last of the
valley cabins. At one - a as said that he had crossed
one part of the paramo a few days before a that he had encountered

snow most of the ec Arms . iis nat on the ground, but that he had
been in snowstorms much of the And there ahead of us we could
see the clouds—black and ee ee on the crest. A little

f it had been only a problem of sticking to the trail and driving ahead
over the paramo it is likely we would have pushed on, but I had wanted to
have our party spread out and thus be a sage to pick uP the pcan

which might be present. Frankly, the m gave us more than

“cold a Although the boys Mes e bund eae up in several ee “of

aa hey did not have the clothes I did and already I was beeenicg
o feel insidious symptoms of a altitade heat on Gi t is different

on being just Rsiraniee cold; apparently it affects me co-ordination

quite as much a e physical system). At best, the ling. treeless and

usually eee paramo is a place where it is easy to get lost. Anda

ae pone Gisele with his job and watching close by oe first
me plant and then another—and over there a li ttle way yet another—can

is ni
tious. Riding along with occasional glimpses of what was ahead, I cer-
tainly was not relishing the prospect of the re peneibility of trying to keep
the party together; also a compact group doesn’t ine enough plants;
and, besides, who wants to collect plants in a snow:

At an elevation of about 10,000 feet we i a ee valley and our
guide said he thought there ought to be a trail going up it. Also, it looked as
if it wo a

if i be somewhat protected from the es which occasionally
aa angrily down off the heights a oes The guide’s guess
s to the trail proved correct and so, with some relief on my part and (if

fi could judge by their pes) a tee on the parts of my boys, we

left the main trail, crossed the Rio rate sg ducked up _ valley of the
Surucucho, penetrating it for hee After twisting a bit, the
aspect of the valley changed and assumed oni 7 a box-canyon
(only I couldn’t see the head t ae pie in). Then through the and
rain it was evident that the valley was U-shaped aa typ icie alc
formed. Farther ae ng we came a a high Mes of unassorted rock
earth—1 noth ing but a giant moraine—and back of the moraine was a oon
of a glacial lake in as wild and picturesque a ae as I saw anywhere
i a? ae

We booted the horses over the moraine and slid down the san side
through Hes tangled thickets and forest which cove ae it, entering a

veritable garden Fine collector’s Lahn Soon the fire was goi ee and
some coffee was inside us. e group heh ee Soniie spe
occasionally to ee notes or to dash back to the welcome aroma of

the coffee pot (the guide kept it going, saw that the ire didn’t ee
and also that they didn’t begin to browse on the piles of specimens be-
inni e fire

It was, I assure you, a rather queer ‘feeling working around that lake,
in the nearby forest, on the eeu cae or out on the meadow, for

up above us hat snow-storm still churned around the surrounding peaks.
I say that it gave one a queer feeling, one which seemed other-worldly, to
see the snow whirling up there and then to reac out—knowing t that you

were at a little better than 10,000 feet See gather in another

. for a few brief moments the cliffs were tipped with golden light.”

armload of variegated white and pinkish-mauve and aL
orchids, or to climb one of the gnarled trees and dislodge a colon

epiphytic lycopods, its filmy-threaded and eutiees branched hy
hanging down as much as a meter long, or to ae across ‘hat squashy

e whole setting—the peaks, the snow swirling tie ‘the beetling
ia the aera up canyon walls, the lake and its flower-strewn
eadow—yes the

ee and eee hee plants I had studied in our own Rockies, Sierras,

Cascades aaa oar coastal sees that a feeling aa 4 br
assailed me. It made doubly so when, from far up cliffs, I

heard a sti aoe “ening 7 G all the WE rid of the eae a our own

moun of t Beale enaal beautiful black and white

more like a fal h

and .possibly even more ce pene to the eagles. An ordinary
cotton-tail rabbit scurried out from under my feet, and later, adding to
the feeling I had, I looked across io lake and saw a deer bounding over
the meadow.

But this feeling of being back in the scenes of other and earlier collecting
days was quickly dispelled by the massed epiphytic ferns and lycopods; the

shimmering orchids ; the thick-stemmed and almost arborescent pipers; the
clumps of roseate and purplish peperomias ; the gnarled and patriarchial lau-
raceous trees with me 1r aromatic leaves; the eres ppiieaee found not
only as herbs and shrubs but aiso as trees and e as great ropy lianas
cling over trees ; ‘he various is oddme ent! . ae fe bee group so com-
he mn, o be hidden in the grass, -
and knotty- stemmed vine ee all of sixty feet; the
pees eee ‘of melastomes, some with flowers so deeply magen' nta a
they appeared to be black, or other nie of this same apr ates
confusing family with sprays of foamy white flowers, some of th
veritable trees; dainty purplish bog-violets oe hbase Gee
way aroun nd the dank margins of o sed ae t heaping mounds of
e

not blue or violet as one would sae bub a cn and brilliant crimson ;
the frizzly-leafed hypericums, their flowers a brilliant nian: Cae
the highly variable and almost unreal forms of the arboresc

MAK (Arali e) ; the clumped and frot SSeS ibe sane i
the cascading trusses of golden-flowered barberries; and, scattered here
and there, seemingly a aloof from the rest of this wild oe of high-
mountsned jungle in their stately grace, the enormous trunks of the

e-fern, which, forsaking the eee heat of the warmer regions thousands

‘ f be h t ries, some dan immunity
to the cold and ventured up to the very edge a ae bleak and bitter paramo.
Any slight disappointment at having failed to reach our ele objective
was easily forgotten in the work of collecting on more than 550 specimens

we roped onto the backs of the pack-animals at ey a of that ay.
t

a a out ae behind the peaks with its ever-surprising meres an

ess. rT
aoe slo oe nd cautiously among the treacherous rocks. Pausing for a
moment I looked back. Far above, a thin moon glistened wanly over the
paramo. Behind us—only a black cleft in the mountains—lay the valley
of the eee dark and mysterious amid the mists and shadows of
the And

Em
The valley of the Rio Mazan in the Province of Azuay, Ecuador,

On wer.
like ne i en neighbor, the Surucucho, was scoured out of the very ancient volcanic
A origi

izes
rolling. Later; the Rios Mazan and Surucucho unite to.form the Mat:

Seaweed Products
And Their Uses in America

C. K. Tseng
Scripps Institution of Oceanography

akg I and II of this article, which were published in the Journal

or January, first gave a brief survey of the American industries
a on kelp and other ee then dealt with specific uses of the
three main products of the algae: acar, derived from several species of
Gelidium, cin, from Laminaria da te L ia a. d crocystis
pyrifera; and CARRAGEENIN, from the hondrus crispus.
Their use in feed and eae aaa ee and other sweets,
and in item: ght at th pills, capsules, ointments, and such—

were ene as well as their uses by themselves as food, roughage, and
me icine.

In this concluding part the products from alage, as they are used in
scientific research, in aia dentistry, and photography, and in
a cosmetics, varnishes and paints, as well as their important place in

other industries, are oe A list of references appears at the end

PART III
IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND IN INDUSTRY

In Microbiological Culture Media
of agar for bacteriological culture media is well eile for
are employed in biological laboratories everywher They
ula ple, by public he

pathogenic and non-pathogenic Haan as well as fungi such as Penicil-
lium notatum, and other molds, the solid medium used is invariably
agar gel, to which are added various cae to encourage the growth
of these organisms.

Agar is valued for these solid culture media, because of several unique
eee A one percent agar gel is solid at 37°C, the temperature at

agar used in American biological laboratories comes mainly from these two

The
aren seaweeds, Gracila he confervoides (left), used in the East (though also found
n West Coast waters), and Gelidium cartilagineum variety robustum, the agarweed of
California (tight). Agar is also bad used today i food and other industries.
(Gelidium photograph by courtesy of U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service.)

which most pathogenic eee eee be ee i = same ase a-
uid.

ture, gelatin, which was used, is nm, agar i rela-
tively inert subs ; - vi ble ak mos bain ae S geiatin is
readily digested a lique ganisms. ar
d t,” as do all hydrophilic ie ae oe of ae is ee

great enough to pecree ith the enumeration of colonies on the culture
plate and with the iso ae tion of pure eae Other gelling substances,
be media if it were

paras loop or needle. Moreover, — r is nearly cena and is
utral in reaction. At present ees and even young stages of orchids,
as ol as micro-organisms, are grown on: agar media

In — Research
n bio He ee agar is used as an embedding agent for small
or oe objects. = re cau recommended for plant materials which
i be sec Be the freezing microtom
ant pi eee use agar as a vehicle ee carry test solutions in the
santa Avena method for the quantitative aeons of plant growth
one. In the analytical laboratory, agar is useful as a coagulant for
a sulfate, since the addition of mere aoe of the colloid causes

oo of an ordinary analytical precipitate of barium sulfate in a very
shor

In colloid research, agar is one of the classical materials. Much of o
present bane oe the behavior of hydrophilic colloids has

tudies of a
Sodium ae is earlnved by scientists working with sex hormones.
In Agriculture

Bea rae ae bacteria are prepared by cians ee
agar si to and protect the granules. These a:

with eel fertilizers : be in area nto fe soil for “providing a

good supply of these beneficial soil micro-organisms. Ther the

market several commercial agar cultures of certain rare ‘strains of
soil bacteria such as Rhizobium species for prom tyes Top produc’

Agar and algin have bee oak in agricultural sprays, in whi - aes
activate - eerie to a noteworthy degree and greatly reduce the
necessary amount of the Foe eal
As Impression Materials

e outbreak of the war, when agar was frozen b
ard a!

y th
e media, about 75,000 pounds a oS were used to make ir
for dental plates. A substitute was soon found in another seaw duct,
algin, and this, with the proper cen and fillers added to give -the
aan toughnes and resistance, is probably now used as a base as
much as
Algin- er dental materials do not produce as accurate molds as do
the agar-based ones. They are, however, more co n u

ient ince
the dentist has only to add warm wate he commercial mixture, stir and
our the resul ing paste into the oral cavity, and ut t 1 s the

necessary mold is obtained. For general purposes the algin mixtures are
therefore used. Agar materials are preferred for critical inlay and fixed
bridge works, where great accuracy is necessary.
In beatae Preparations

ycocolloids are variously employed in the cosmetic industry as
anes emulsifiers, gel-formers and bodying agents. Irish moss is a
regular ingredient in many tooth pastes. A thick mucilage rageenin

of
astes. erves as the base of sulfo er oil curling
jellies. It is also an ingredient of compact powders

and rou
gin is probal e most useful se: i cosmetic
industry. Its value lies in its ability to aes standard preparations of
controllable consistency, which trans

ost
odorless. Ordinary preparations made with kar: raya gums have a gr ayish-
brown color, and those made with tragaeanth are quite opaque. Another

advantage of algin preparations is the wide range of banibene Bgee

effected by the addition of calcium ions to sodium alginate solutions. The

prepa arations may either be at ed to creams or on inte jellies,
added.

of its unique nce algin sed in a ae pau of
cosmetic preparations, such as glycerine hand j jellies, beauty milks, creams,
outh washes, hair pomades, hair fixatives, and lotions for enna

Ete
In Varnishes and Paints
rrageenin and algin are employed in making water paints. Casein

paints stabilized with carrageenin are easily applied and adhere to the
aoe while drying. Recently sodium alginate has been ae eee used

n the preparation of vehicles for resin emulsion varie he oe in ing
as an nee rae ium alginate dove shellac to form a which
drie: ough, tenacious film. Treatment with ‘dilute aoe or calcium
sete pres pare this film insoluble, hence useful as a waterproof

THREE SOURCES OF ALGIN, A SEAWEED DERIVATIVE

e broadleaf kelp (Laminaria saccharina) and the horsetail kelp (L. digitata), at
he left and pone both or es ich are found along the East Coast, and the seawee! a =
the right, a very ng of Macrocysti e
ee. by iat from mid he the phycocolloid ALGIN can is lager ane is used ae suc ich

educts' ae. fro : a
agen mai sreriels: wel ee s in many industries. Ceci eee Fs courtery of
William Randolph Taylor the left and right pictures by courtesy also of the Scientific
Monthly.)

arnish, Coated over asphalt paints for steel plates and insulated wires,
es alginate he elps to prevent the painted surfaces from adhering to

A
retarding compound has been dev ee ee of finely ground fire-
retar’ oe chemicals dissolv and suspended i aqueous sodium or
nium alginate solutio Best results are oot with mono-
ammonium phosphate as the ie me es although satisfactory prepara~
tions are also made from a mixture of borax and boric acid.

As Coating Materials
Recently ammonium alginate has been adopted for coating dentures

made of acrylic resin to take the place of bea Sie ee not been
available foe this purpose because of the = of the
alginate ee are igraaeee with a ae to a — eae s when these
are still warm from the wax removal. When dry, these are immersed i
calcium chloride ree and thus oo im situ into insoluble calcium
alginate ara It is believed that the use of alginate in coating dentures

will be continued because of the greater ease and uniformity with which
it is ap oh ed.

cae useful ee ene made from algae is called triethanola-
mine sree which is red A ee na eae rae to be ic acid.
This results in a oe su and h ste, which produc ooth,
soft, exible and strong film aly. Sue | in ciel nae Pe olube in +
and sae It is strongly eee and may be used to coat solid
faces su cheese, meat, and even metals, plasti cs and various pee
articles. gran e some of the other rene it is not readily attacked by
molds and other micro-organisms.
In Cenene of Latex

An important use of algin is in the paces une vee it acts as
a pian i agent io separate the rubber from the rubber-free
lower layer. Formerly Irish moss and other hy deopnilie cis were used
for this purpose. In recent years ammonium poe and, t lesser

een the princip

agen
small amount (about rae of the phycocolloid is safbcient to suid
about the separation of rubber
In Photographic Films

Though agar alone is unsuitable for use in certain photographic ma-
terials because of its tendency to stick to gelatin and its insolubility in
organic solvents or in alkaline solutions, the esters of agar are soluble i
a number of organic solvents and can therefore be employed as coatings

ocean near Laguna Beach, California, this kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera,

Out
parent see reurface of the water with a mosaic of bright brown. Besides being one of
the sources of algin, this abundant seaweed is used in making kelp meal for stock feed
and kelp pills, containing certain minerals and vitamins. (Photo; raph by courtesy of
U. §. Fish & Wildlife Service.)

or backings for photographic films, from which they may be later removed
by means of alkaline solutions. Backings are required to keep the films
flat and, to some extent, to carry colored materials for minimizing hala-
tion.

In Liquor Clarification

Before liquor prohibition in the eae States, one a the most tm-
portant uses of carrageenin was in the fining of beers
stages of b td

natural slow setting or rapid fining with the help of a clarifying agent.
Carrageenin has the ability to pete with the tannin of hops to form a
ec mass, which oS. ha pagis ay aan Rs caus
flocculent mass is easily rem t while
ni is S stil being used in ie fae adacey, ra ‘ee gone eee
replaced by other chemical finings.

Algin finds use for the purification of beet i in sugar manufacture.
sie sete is added to the aide aa upon subsequent acidification,
forms the insoluble alginic acid. The suspended impurities adhere to the
colloidal inicellae, which settle in a para gelatinous mass, ca the
liquors are thus clarified.

As ariarid Lubricant

In the hot- Page of t ungsten wires for electric lamps a lubricant is
a At present the lubr' icant is _an agar gel in which powdered
i indu se

an expensive material known in the trade as Bena a-da, ag,” he urable on ly
imited sources. The agar- o

inexpensive and easily procurable but also more efficac The agar gel
is able to hold in suspension larger particles which, within certain ranges
of size, provide more complete and uniform protective covering on the
exterior of the wire.

In kaa Water Treatment
modern steam alae the elimination of hosed salts in boiler
fet water is is of utmost importance. Crude algin is now extensively used
n the wa oa Its value lies in - rection with the calcium and
shige se ea metallic i ions in hard w: The precipitated calcium
alginate forms globular flocculent masses a ee s other sediments to
give a ae pasty rae most of which can be blown out of the boiler at
regular intervals. Being

thus scale formation may be avoided. Alginate also appears to interfere
with crystal growth, which | in Gea is a long step toward scale prevention.

In Leather Finishing

ts
stiffness. It is principally used in the ae of Bone grains and
grain upper leathers. Carrageenin solutio: rushed on the leather,
which is then glazed by rubbing with glass ones. This mucilaginous
ee: smooths and cee down the tiny rough projections on the
surface of unfinished le
In inner soles, ca ee is is sed as a filler to import stiffness and body
to a. Its use also helps in the waterproofing of very heavy leather.
W! i oli eenin se )

store the finish to worn ies d leather. According to Chase (1942) one
shoe manufacturer in New Engla ad alone used to import acnivelly about
12,000 pounds of Chondrus crispus from Ireland solely for leather fin-
ishing.
Miscellaneous Use:
There are still more industries which use the products of algae. A mere

enumeration of some of them is all that can be presented here. For example:

Shredded agar may be incorporated in small amounts in tobacco to
retard excessive evaporation of moisture.

In hectograph duplicators, agar is used to make the gelatinous rolls.

rice is reported to be used in the manufacture of submarine storage
batteri
A oe e of ee compounds with an inert siliceous substance and

eee sulfuric acid, after heating and washing free from eae acid,
makes an efficient clorabsorbing material in seer oe

eee is reported to be used as a binder in cartridge primers. mt is also
employed in oil-well drilling are to seal off porous oo ns, in can
ae compounds, as a medium for separating plates in manufacture af
storage batteries, and as a ces for printer’s ink.

Algi d carrageenin both a ea in ae g calico printing pastes.

gin and car
Recently great gee has fe cee in certain “ lginic fibers as possible
textile materials. Chromium and beryllium alginate fibers are of special
interest because of their strength and their fire-retarding properties, a
e United States patents for their manufacture have already bee
ted.

ae
=o
REFERENCES
NN USES OF meena PRODUCTS IN seveeey
Anonymous. 1942. Sea n Mai Fishery Market News, 4(5):
Market or Ir ash moss in ihe Eastern Tnited ae Com-

Bonnot, Paul. 1931. Callfornia seaweeds: “Calif. Fish and Game, 17(1):
Chase, F. Meier. 1942. Useful algae. Paleo Rept. for 1941: pe 4, a 1-9.
Fraser, M. J. 1942. The Irish moss industry of Massachusetts. ‘y Market

Howe, M. A. 1917, Some sconce uses and possibilities of the seaweeds. J. New
York Bot. Gard., 18: 1-15, pls. 189-190.

Needler, A. W. H. 1944. ithe “Tris hh moss industry of the Maritime Provinces.
‘Atlantic Biol. Stat. Circ. G-3, 9 py Galineomrashed):

Scheffer, V. B. 1943. The Commercial aaporenee of seaweed gums in the United
States. Fishery Market News, 5(6):

om - 1905. The utilization of es in the United States. Bull. U. S.

Tressler, D. K. 3. “Marine products of commerce. 762 pp. Reinhold Publishing
Co., New Y

Tseng, C.K. 1944a. Agar: a valuable seaweed product. Sci. Monthly, 58: 24-32.

Tseng, C. K. 1944b. Utilization of seaweeds. Ibid., 59: 37-46.

Tseng, C. K. 1944c. A seaweed goes to war. Calif. Monthly. 52: 10-11. 35-3

Tseng, C. K. 1945a. America’s agar industry. Food Ind., 17: 10, 11, er ve 141,
230, 232. 234. 258, 259. 356, 358.

Tseng. C. K. 1945b. Colloids from kelp gives rise to a unique process industry.
Chem. and Met. Eng., 52(6) : 97-100.

Tseng. C. K. 1945c. The terminology of seaweed colloids. Science, 101(2633):
597-602.

Tseng, C. K. 1946. Phycocolloids: useful seaweed polysaccharides. In Jerome
‘Alexander, Colloid Chemistry. ee S Technology and Applications. Reinhold
Publishing Co., New York Cin

Wilson, Ethel. 1943. Dulsing at Dark “Harbour. Nature Maaazine, 36(3): 127-128.

Wohnus, J. F. 1942. The kelp resources of southern California. Calif. Fish &
Game, 28(4): 199-205.

The (alifornia Big Tree at Aurora, New York
By W.C. Muenscher, Cornell University

N May, 1923, while on a field trip, accompanied by Dr. A. S. Foster:
my attention was called to a California Big Tree (Sequoiadendron
rowing i

ae even within the last year several
inquiries have been as abou

The tree was killed in the severe ne of 1935, but it was not until
1945 that I obtained ion ission from the present owner to fell the tree?
This note, Saag its ultimate fate, will shed some light upon the age

of the specimen. At the time of its death in 1935 this tree was ee
sates > fet in gs ne 50 inches in diameter at its base. s 48
inches one foot above the ground level a . = oe in
oe ter oo) es Pt the ground. sev ral attempts my part to

germinate seeds from this tree ee to apes it by nae “aile d. So far
. I have been able to determine, attempts by several others to root cuttings
likewise did not succeed.

Along the ee near the tree, sometime between 1925 and 1935,
New York historical marker was erected bearing the following eeceaten:
“SEQUOIA, CALIFORNIA REDWOOD, PLANTED IN 1826, BY PETER SMITH.”
This marker proved of much interest to passing tourists and others and
helped to perpetuate the local tradition that the tree had been planted on
this site = tween 1820 and 1830 after it had been brought by boat from

Californ:
The bona interested in this tree finds two faults with the above in-
aaa (1) The tree was a California Big Tree and not a California
ood (Sequoia sempervirens s). (2) Tf this particular See tree
been planted in n 1826 it would mean that New York State had a Cali-
a Big Tree growing in it more than 20 years before io botanical
aaa a the Big Tree in 1852. Of course this is not an impossibility

1 Muenscher, W. C., A Sequoia tree far from its home, Vol. 30: p. 617, 1924.

21 am indebted to my assistant, Miss Babette I. Brown, for eee _ ‘ling the
tree, preparing the oe and ¢ eons the growth rings. acknowl-
edge the co-operation o Kenyon of Aurora, New Yo ae os pantie
permission to fell the tree and to eee such parts as were necessary to determine
its age.

shows
decayed, The last ring was aid down in 1935. From the outside ae the center,
each of the first six white dots delimits ten rings. The space between the two dots near
the center contains two rings. (Photo by W. R. Fisher.)

ut it appears highly improbable. The species was not botanically de-
scribed and named until 1853. A few white men—mostly immigrants,
e rospe: i ee ing in the

Sierra Mountains prior to 1852. It seems highly improbable, however,
that any of these trees were transported to eae where they could
have been loaded on ships for transportation as early as 1830.

Aurora tree was felled on oo 7, 1945, ten years after its death.

a ne time the upper 30 feet of the crown had been broken off by the

wind. Much of the sapwood o the remaining 35 — me trunk left fae

ing had aaa eat but yas was sound e a 2 ae the de-

termination e growth rings. The hea: ees till sound but

heavily SR, near the oe The bark, about ie ae thick at
ottom e tru i

act.
From independent ce nist along several nn on cross-sections
of the base of the tree (less than one foot above the roots) the number of
growth rings was established as 67. In this latitude a climate there is

growing 67 years, it appears to have been planted after 1868 unless
we assume that : was less fs one foot in height at the time it was trans-
planted to the Aurora ce oes As ae oe oe of the tree at the time
of transplanting are not know: e been transplanted uae
several years after 1868. gos st ae of. a he eet tings leads to the co
cision that this saa tree lived not less th an 70 years and at the ae
t more than 75 yea: aera that it lived 5 years before it attained a
Height not to ee
Since the tree died i in 1938 after having lived less than 75 years, it is
obvious that it could not have been transplanted in 1826. If it had been
ead on that cau date it would have been at least 109 years old
oe me of its dea
itical examination of this tree’s own record does not support the
Rie explanati ion of its early adventurous sea voyage from California
to New York in 1826. A more plausible papas is that it may eae
been one of many seedlings that were grow: the decade of 1860 in
nursery in Rochester, New York. A ae er of these seedlings were
planted in various places in the northeastern United States and Ses
In 1924 I could find aa of only two large California Big Trees in the
northeastern United States, the Aurora tree, and another in the Painter
a rbo retum, near Philadelphia, In 1931 I saw a number of them about
he sai e in botanical ole in pues Edinburgh and Prague
a in iene places in betwi Those planted in Europe, for some
reason, seem t o have fared fetes than rae in i: eastern United States.

le:
ones of this tree and also a cross-section of its trunk taken 414 feet
above the ground have been deposited in the herbarium of the Department
of Botany at Cornell University.

Torrey Botanical (lub Observes
Garden’s Semi-Centennial

ere ATION of the fiftieth anniversary of the New York Botani-
to a conclusion January 8 with a
d

Prece by a luncheon served club an
f the Garden staff, the program consisted of addresses by Dr. L. C. Petry
of Cornell University, Dr. Ja Schra: of iversity of
Pennsylvania, and W. Sinnott, oe of the Sheffield

Scientific School at Vale and a member of t arden’s Corporation.*

. Seaver, retiring President of the Torrey Botanical Club, opened the

occasion with a brief address in which he spoke of the appropriateness of the ve

uw use it was the room in which for many yea
< . Small = Percy

r .
ir, an ia hee Ha club in plea which resulted in cee Torrey
€ anical Garden.
m J. Robbins, Dr, oe poke on “The Plac

After a few nae oe oe Will
m on “Objectives
ith

which botany is a part,’ he said, “should become the synthesis of all scientiae
ght.”

. Sinnott discussed the relation between the study of physics and bio-chemistry
and of botany, ae ularly as they concern understanding of the structure and
pro s y

composition of toplasm, of respiration, photosynthesis, morphogenesis, enzymes,

light, erat and * ” ele ineral nutrition of plant also
referred to antibiotics, experi ental evolution, viruses, phylogeny, to ec: colo logy an

bec distribution in their relation to Sard Eek to the subjects of growth, the

cand electrical systems vg

an 7 Rees ee of fu otany should “be fel es in the direction of the

newer fields of the ie said, ae ig also that aie ee be trained

b ething e, but as some-

to think philosophically, ae taking their botany as so!
thing vitally affecting life. Among his examples he te ede rece! ently increased
respect of medical men for the science of botany, read ses of penicillin and

er botai Lica oe

The Torrey Club’s day of celebration was continue
dinner at the Men’s Faculty Club at Columbia ‘Univers, when Dr. ia Brandt,
President of Henry Holt & Co., ae on “Sci pee and Politi
ing which follow: ce * Dr P. W. Zimmerman of

At the club’s annual meet: ich ed
the Boyce Thompson Institute was elected Predict eo ae Dr. Seav

* Dr. Sinnott has since beem elected. to the.Garden’s Board of Managers.

ork Botanical Garden or may be puri

Notices and Reviews of Recent Books

ce publications mentioned here may be consulted ii

the Library of The New
rchased on ae through the Library.)

Vegetation of the Far
Described For sia he oe
PLANT LIFE THE PACIFIC
WORLD. | Elm Pp. Merrit, 208
es, illustrations, glossary, index.
acmillan, New York, 1945. $3.50
Most ae the eae things resulting from

so complicated, en wi tik y

whet! they are really od or not.
“Plan ife of the Pacific orld” is,
however, a result of the war that is pure
gain of the

logical consequence

presence in se Pacific e la: ee ae

hundreds of thousands of me he

of the botanists teres ted in nie Racine

flora was eae to take time out and
his ledge of

aan ast know. this
fascinating flora aid vegeta ion. his is
ag significant since he is the
world’s ack ov ee pees on the
plants of ee a Too often
those whos ree ae eal never get

around to w riting do awn : general picture

After a chapter - summarily disposing of
the peeeey perils moa ae of the
cal jungle, and

for th besinncés. on Slant classics i
Merrill tal up the m vegetational
formations t seen in the islands. The
strand formation, the one likely to be seen
first and by mo: ple, is discusse
first. Then foll he mangrove, the
seco! y forest, nally the primary
forest, the wonderful climax Vegetation
of the opie with its unbeliev com-
plex ee The common me ~ vious
gen an nde species in the e for.

Fatiene are discussed and wa eee
by over simple De good 1 e-draw-
ings. There are so many spec in the
primary forest that it is practically im-

area. idere
but only a small scattering. The diptero-

carps and rated are especially men-
e ean of the awa.
at high altitudes ae

aes are ae out

Spec cte s of tropic
ae interesting and 6 curious gee of
eeds, cultiv ated Plants and food

given attention. It is made
obvious here is little need to starve
in the jungles of the Old World Tropics
for ee with a little knowledge of the
plan

uF tur: rally, ee the most Bs
a oras

oF
O48
Da
5
oan
5
2

Go are pro-

‘ded to Clarify these discussions. The

one sng that leaves reader
r

obvi ous close rw. . $

fpr int feature of insular floras

(and. Gauhe) that Hep weigh ie in
nal c tion of the subject

onsidera
it pee diseuccion of ine names
follows, based mainl hose of th

tial to a study i hee floras, directions
for preserving and sending in specimen:
and a

ns,
short ican: of botanical terms
canalee the “bo ok,

shows signs of

ne)
Ea

temporaneous discourse had

orded and sent, without further ado, to
the aS Certain botanical flaws have
ee ch as the assigning

a on one page to fl
on the seco
page Y towne (100) to the Actinidi-
One misconcept deserves note. In

the ter:

the discussion of endemism the terms en-
demic ice haiede are ad sted as
oppesiies when endemic

ually,
species is aiemstically ale edieaa.
The alter a ve pee uild have been wide-

= or wide eres
us fea ook is its
inte: Pee eis A belief
tae one aay perhaps fostered by
ala: aa writers whose stock

errill’s Kk. I detected not a s
sentence oO h writing; there are no
wasted ei jose

enoug more infor ° ‘ac-
tual natu: All that is required to be
able to this book rudimenta
intellectual curiosity.

In his introduction Merrill says, “This
work has not been prepared for the pro-
fessional, botanist. . . .” The reviewer,

iowever, though perhaps one of the
small ee mis Longoen!
familiar wit under

‘oac! mn quality m-
ation and presentation, an eminent
atlas to ee s weil as popu-
lar science will have been made.

F. R. Fospere.

Flax and: plddcrinrae

RY OF LINEN.
102 pages.
Co., Brooklyn,

Willi
Chemical

Fr Theegete
1945.

Publishing
75,

This book makes
i everybody, even though y
t d faintest
oe

mighty good reading
ou may start
interest in

nd
pa 3 dent to he rents, and will be-
to you--for the man shines

through every page. The student of
fibers will sca anes that a lifetime of
discerning research lies back the his-
torical data included. e layman will
oy oa eeliesticn of how

n parallels civil-
zed davanecient in ce Ids.
Ber

nice S. BronNeER,
Tertile Toohnslogiet

ss Grass
ITER LAWNS. Howard B.
Sprague. 205 pages, illustrated, in-
dexed. American Garden ee and
Doubleday, Doran, New New
edition, 1945. $2.
This is a well thought out treatise on
ve dag maintaining and general up-
However, 90

satay If thi ture is used on a law
that had previ been t:
arsenate of lead for Japanese beetle

oe (as lawns should be), burning may

"steal beatae, oe I would*
e the book a wor a aoe

B. Jac
Superintendent, Gleig Esa,
Mt. Kis ¥.

Desert Wocodies
OF SOUTHWESTERN

Th y
pages,
ity

1945,

Although intended primarily
“semipopular” guide to the Nie Plant
of our southwestern deserts— eally
complishing this in an ex err ‘pane
ce -ahere is nothing the looseness in
the text ee Sa experience has taught
technical” works.

qu:

general habits 0

two-color distribution ead
and the 0

Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico
and Texas (and by inference the adjacent

desert_areas in northern Mexico), this
a conspicuous

text fills oe has been
eed among our regional eee : A
thaps unfort tunate ee a boo his
size and quality is available ra
paper bi india ae
W. H. Camp.

Wine from One’s Own Grapes

GRAPES AND WINES FROM
nOME VINEYARDS U.P. Bede

pages, ated, ne Ox-
fora University ress, oo Tr.
1945, $3.50.

subject matter of this volume is
indated by the chapters as follows: Part
e Vine yard with chapters on

Called eCiates: rape Plant;
Propagation ; Climates, Sites, and Soils ;
Planr oi or ms d; Plantin

or)
&

hn
e of
= Wie
arious are presented
cle aay ee thority and in
n interesting m

ture grapes
states. Part II e devore d to the mai a ing
of wines in the

A. B. Stour.

Plant Collecting in Brazil

BRAZIL: ORCHID OF THE TROP-
ICS. Mulford and Racine Foster.
314 Presa a usira ted. Jaques -
tell Pre: Penn,

This is ae an account of several
expeditions of two enterprising vee col-
lecto D of t

‘ors into various parts sada
and western Brazilian jungle eae
nah wilderness. The Fosters ‘specialized

0:
in bromeliads, and it is eet

that
this field their collecting w: both ps
trem aly xtensive ae entrar dinarily
complete. r degree, they were

To. a les
also engaged i in the. collection of orchids

and other epiphytic flora. Their travels,
as covered by the book, ranged from Rio
Sao Paulo to the hinter-

Bahia, Espirito Santo, and Minas

eraes, among othe: tes. It did not
include Para or azon region.
The ane is s ly and realistic

d emphasis sometimes found in books
of this kind. It is primarily a travelogue,
and bromeliads and orcl , though ex.
tensively treated, enter in specific relation
to the stor. - — rt ae ion.

One of t rming features of
the book is ie Nilas ations There are
four truly beautiful aoe photographs of
bromeliads, and a wealth of black-and-
white photoate Most the latter
are excellent In a of them,

“hue
e,
“for exa

ocelot

more dangerous
perhap s this is what is in-

ae
fay

her, the book is worth reading

Union College,
Siheaiaty, N.

Current Literature*

Ata

lance
By Harriet K. Morse

By last October, it is aug

a ne clipping service ie pile on
20,762 items on
truth behind these, the Famuary “is nae
-to-

ae
av

of Fortune magazine contain

date, illustrated report on the fine ings
regarding th’ rst-rate insecticide—its
effectiveness, failures, toxicity, and

hods of application.

s by Thomas Church. Modern
n landscape Ev architecture is skill-
fu ily, “faterprete ed by one of the leading
California landscape architects in The

ity, informality, usefulness, a
ae pk keep.
ugh the

economy
ae design is deftly Geta

ae Ae stone, stucco,
a ood ie he companiment of Ne
selected plan aateriale Excellent idea:
may ei ee ae - ae ‘liustrations
‘which accompany t

For Lily Enthu eae ae Lily Com.
mittee ot the Amer: Hort icultural
Society ee published an informative bul-
letin of reports from member

ps 11
States, Canada, and overseas. he ar-
ticles discuss new varieties, latest cul
tural theories, disease control, hybridiz-
ing, and other t S. is bulletin, als
rep: lily articles from the =
tional Horticultural Magazine, ma

e non-members of the society
a small fee collected for the Lily
Cantnitee

Recommended Vegetables. Of great
interest to the vegetable gardener is a
series of five articles on disease-resistant
ey hardy oo written by Victor

. B . S. Department of
Hee

19.

evaluates cabbages,
corn vafieties; the third (October), cu-

* All publications mentioned here—and many
others ay be ee in the Benes or the
Botanical Garden, e Mus uildin,

cumbers, melons, squashes, and pump-
kins; the fourth Naud en the

solanaceous vegetable “fruit” crops such
as eggplant, peppers and fomatnes The
concluding article is scheduled for
April 1946.

ril

Care of Fruit Trees. The following
Lanes are ie hes interest to those
grow fru ae uni

ta. eee Cir-

for Fruit Tre

other fertilizer is ie to he as J efiective
for the maintenance of desirable growth
and yield of fruit trees as one contain-
ing nitrogen, pi articularly i in readily avail-
able form,” Mis ssourt Agric. Exp. Sta.
Bulletin 489).

Shall The 31-pag
Sone by “his. ae ane ne vari-
ous nade of farm selection, budgeting,

and ssible returns. It suggests also
how to study such types as vegetable,
AR livestock, and dairy farming (N.
Agric. Exp. Sta. Bulletin 719 9).

as. “Your alates for suc-

than with any other flowering house-

plant,” writes 3 i olley in the
Flower Grower for Decemher. He dis-
cusses soil, exposures, eens tempe: era.
ture, “teding, troubles, propagation, cand
summer Sixteen the most
opular gael flowered varieties are

liste ae and a few double orci sug-
gest

ahlias. Three experts have selected
the best dahlia varieties for 1946 and
provided a rating table for the East,
Mid-west,

and Pacific Coast in the
Flower Grower for December.

Mak a Herbarium. The Herb So-
ciety of teers has publis fel a 10-page
penohle of suggestions for the colle ct

ng, preparation, and m
slant materials,
for the aoa’ or as a possible garden

ae a i. N

York B 1930 pub-

cal in M:
lished istrocton oe preserving herbar-
jum spec

Notes, News, and Comment
tion

r ars ae
len, especial ly

in Ecu lant: ew vork
Botani a Garden isplayed cotton
textiles in which the design was intro-

duced by tieing and dyeing the yarn be-
fore weavin

The horticultural exhibit of the day
featured plants that he te : sent back
from the expedition. them were
species oe Teopaeolutn, Gratis, Begonia,
paras) Cobaea, Solanum, Trades-

nee of o
‘0 be found when ie
ae o

er living parts shi Fed
Foe ae flowered tthe
Garden’s greenhou

At anuary, "Meniee Day
c ms

Pol olypor US “Sulphusreus, an
edible Hae which had aay in the
greenhouse. Numerous or chids d other
plant a

3 haracteristic
ae of plants, in a naturalistic setting
h sand, stones, and examples of ani-

mal life. The me was originally on
ea at the Interrational Flower Show
w York,

vation Commi of the Garden Club
of America,

A second miniature desert scene pro-
vided ne ae eds and originally dis-
played i as later set up in a
Specs cae Glas house at the Royal

Botanic Gardens at Kew, Englan
Mrs. Hoyt’s major interest was preser-
ia tive desert plants, and she

Conehaton League,
around 1930, It bale largely een a
d enthus:

n
Joshua Tree Natio onal ie as mie
lion-acre tract n Twenty-Nine Palmns,
Calif., set aside by the Federal Gov-
ramet ang 35,
Mrs. How

was also active in musical
: reles, ond. =

"founder of the Music
rts Association of Pasadena, as

Well as president a fe old Los Angeles

Sym phon ry Orches'

Visi

s. Dr. ae O "Cenéz, Argentinian
plant pation hom Buenos Aires,
spent the at the New Yor! tanical
Garde Dec odor Mist of Notre

n The
Dame Unnenig: Editor of The Amer-
tcan dled Naturalist se of Lloydia,
and Cla: E. Kebusk of the a old
Ari ore ae
poe "Wiliams, botanist at ie Chi-
eum of Natural History, with
ed was at the Garden for
he last week in December.
r recent visitors have been

: 1!

Ims in the herba: Jan. 17 and e
Ralph W. Chaney, Berkeley, Cal.: Cla
ence J. Hylander, ane has been zopointed
editor of sient bans rt Macmillan
John D. Dw oN.
cere ] of “ ii Pineanple

Afpany wait
Co. gford, Lennoxville, Que-
bec Arde, amateur mycolog’ ist
of ‘Philadintia4 Mr. and Mrs. ee
Linton, Foes an nd W. E Roeve

Oved ou wage and Miss E. H. Lane
man of the Burpee Company, Doyles-

town, Pa.

dee an i Greg an
resse e Garden Clul h
0 . 15 on “The ee Ze of “Plant cas

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Officer
Josep R. Swan, ie:
HENRY DE ce a ae Vie weston
es ae MErR’ esident
RM.
ere 2 LA Mowricn Pcie q

lective Managers
Wits Ferton BArrett Mrs. ae Huntincton H. Hosarr Porter
Hoo: Fr.

Epwin De T RANCIS E. Powe t, Jr.
Henry F, pu Pont Mrs. re BERT D, Lasker ae ae I. ee
TLLIA op
ARSHALL Crarence McK. Lewts " Perey S\uNDERS
Rey. Rear Gannon, E. D. Meramy Epmunp W. SINNOTT
S.J. Rogert H. Montcomery Sipney J. WEINBERG

E
Wiuiam_ O'Dwyer, Mayor of the City of New York
Mary E. Poeea Presiden Hs a the Boar ‘d of Education
T Moses, k Comimissione
ppointive Managers
By the oe ae Club

LEASO
By Columbia University
Marston T. Bocerr Marcus M. R#oapes
Cuartes W. Batrarp Sam F. TRELEASE
THE STAFF
Witniam J. Rossins, Px.D., Sc.D.
H. A. Greason, Pu.D. Assistant Director and Ges ‘or
Henry pe 1, MonTacNe Assista es Dir oe
Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. ‘urator
\. B. Stour, Pu.D. Curator of Education and Laboratories
ERNARD a ae PD. Plant Pathologist
oun HEN y BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Bibiogrpher Emeritus
I. W. Roeser, 3 Pxu.D. Lass
ASSETT Mac Pu.D. ‘urd
Tarotp N. Moroes, ans D. slssociate Ge
ELIZABETH C. , B.S. Librarian
ELMER N. oe Photographer
E. J. oe S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the ee Heriarwm
N. HH. CAM , PH Assistant Curator
E, Nay oe PAD. oe ant Curator
RTHUR Cronguist, Pu.D. Assistan trator
AVANAGH, Pa.D. Assistant Curator
ELMA Koyan, B.S. Technical Assistant
Rosavie WEIKERT Technical Assistant
Ito, McVeicuH, Px.D. Technic ssistant
Mary Stespins, M.A. Technical Assistant
“aRoL H, Woopwarp, A.B. Editor o rnal
wHomas H. Everett. N.D. Horr. Horticulturist
x. L. WItTTRock, “AM. Custodian of the Herbarium
Tro DEcENER. M.S. Collaborator in Hawatian ee
\. a apes ee D. giles Curator of . OSS:
In Har Assistant Fee Curator of Mosse.
ete F. Beans Honorary Curator of the Diatomaceae
B. Kru Honorary Curat tor r oF Economie “Botany
Erven Assos 3 PeckHam Hi “y Iris
ALC. Pra Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds

To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway Ls Bedford Park
Boulevard station; use the Bedford wan penlevata exit and walk e Or take the
Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street "station, the New
York Central to the Botanical Gard “statio ion, or the Webster Avenue surface car to
Bedford Park Boutleva:

PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Books, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal

An Illustrated Flora of the ence United States and Canada, by Nathaniel
ord Britton = eee son Brown. Three volumes, eae des criptions and illustra-
tions of 4,666 cies. Second Baler EoaRe eda)

of ae rales Bites lees e Conee hatte ee by P. A. Rydberg.
969 hide and 601 figu 32. Price, $5.50 postpaid.

1 ama Flora, . See Hose Britto: be Charles Frederick Millspaugh.
695 pages. nee ptions of the s ee pterid aprtesl ryophytes, an
pee of en Bahamas, with "hess oe on explorations and collections,
bibliography, and index. 1920. $6.

North Car by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates
of Carex aad ‘elated plents "be Harry C. Creutzburg, with a cescir en of each
species. Indexed. 1940. Two volumes, 1034 x 1314 inches; bound $17.50; un-
bound $1 a,

Keys to the North American Species of oes by K. K. Mackenzie. From
Vol. 19, opt 1, of North ee Flora. $1.

ood and Drug Plants of the North American Indian. Two ee articles
by vee A. & G. L. Wittrock in i ae for March 1942.

Vegetables ane Fruits for the Hom den. Four authoritative ay. reprinted

from the Journal, 21 pages, ilidecedceat Baie al by Carol H. Woodward. 1941. 15 cents-
The Flora ee Unicorn Tapestries by E. J. Alexander and Car
ae ae pages, illustrated with photographs and drawings; bound with pe 1941,

alog of Hardy Trees and Shrubs. A list of the woody plants being grown
Rr at the New Hows Poreacal Garden in 1942, in 127 pages with notes, a
map, and 20 illustrations.

Succulent Plant of Net and Old World Deserts by E. J. Mleranecs 64 pages,
indexed. 350 eecies eated, 100 ileal Bound in paper. Second
edition 1944. 50 cents.

Periodicals

dae sonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by
popular descriptions of flowering plants: eight plates in each number, thirty-two i
ach volume. Now in its twenty-seco snd olan Subscription price, "$1 10 a volume
(four years). Not offered in exchange. e to members of the Garden.

ournal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, ae hay book

eviews, ane non- Sonus a ee on bot sa aud ene Subse B Oa
ae Be copies 15 cents. Fre member e Garden. Now in its Perth volume.
cologia, oe illu ee in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi
aban a chens, conta pine, Feeboicall articles and news and notes of general in-
terest. a year tle copies $1. each. Now in its thirty-eighth volume.
Twenty- ne Year it dey volum

Britto A series of botanical papers published in co-operation with the
American care i Spat dec Subsc aan tee price, $5 a volume ($4 to
members of the Society). Now its fifth volur

American Flora, Destion of ts wild plants of North a
cui ie the West Indies, and Central America. 94 parts now issued.
offered in exchange. Prices of ie Bee “parts on request.

Contributions from The » York B a Gar A series of technical
papers reprinted from TAs ae than ee ie 7 ue each, $5 a volume.

Memoirs of The New York Bolen ed sees A collection of scientific
papers. Contents and prices on requ m

° $3

JOURNAL

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor
MARCH EVENTS AT THE GARDEN
American Orchid Society

March 19 1 p.m. Trustees’ Annual Meeting in the Members’ Room
Members’ Day
March 6 3:30 pam. 4 Commuter’s Greenhouse John H. Myers
Paaeaecie eee Programs

ach Sat
ek 2 lay Jewels of the Sea J. F. Burke

Honorary Curator
March 9 Pare Making—
short motion picture ee a talk by loyd E, Carlson
w York State Colleen of Forestry
March 16 hoe a the Hybrid Rielle
A motion picture in color by A.M, Zinner
Mareh 23 aes in the City t K. Morse
Author of oe eat in ake Shade”
March 30 Medicinal Plants—Their History and Folklore A. H. Gr
Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Radio Programs
3:30 p.m. on alternate Fridays over WNYC

March 8 Lesson in Landscaping Mary Deputy Lamson
Landscape Architect
March 22 Plant-Hunting in Mexico's Mountains E. J. Alexander

Assistant Curator
Forthcoming Events
Members’ Day, April 3, “Report on Mexico” by E, J. Alexander. Saturday P.

grams: April 6, Lilies for Garden Beauty, by A. B. Stout: April 13, Wild Flowers Seca
on Springtime Walks, Walter Shannon: "Apri 20, Plants Pat the Bible, Harold N.
Moldenke; April 27, Realm of the Wild, a motion picture in sound from the UV. S$.
Department of Agriculture: Radio Pieaane April 5, Little Gardens of pee York City,
Mrs. Garret Smith: aut ae Bugs, Beware!, Louis Pyenson. Cou rere
Gardening Practice, April 1 . Field Botany, Apr il 20; Garden Contactor: April 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS
MARCH 1946

SCENE IN IRELAND NEAR THE SPOT MADE FAMOUS BY ST.
Cover phoogr he ae Branson De Cou

HAMROCK OF IRELAND—W4uat Is It? rold N. & Alma L. Moldenke 49
ScreNcE Writinc AND Potitics Joseph A. Brandt 59
TEACHING THE BLIND THE ART OF GARDENING 62
Notices AND Reviews oF RECENT Booxs 66
Lisrary Girts
Current LIiverATURE AT A GLANCE Harriet K. Morse 72
Notes, News, AND Cone ENT

¢ Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 5
N. ™ pond BL ve S. A. Entered as Second. Cart ee January 28, 1936, at the Post Othe:
at New 4 or ‘k, Y., under the os of August 24, . Annual subscription $1.50, Single copies
15 ¢ . Free . members of the Garden

JOURNAL
of
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Vow. 47 Marcy 1946 No. 555

The Shamrock of Ireland—What Is It?
An Investigation of the Probable Plants Involved
By Harold N. and Alma L. Moldenke
“Sing a song of Ireland,
Blue lakes and sparkling rills,
Gray rocks and misty moorlands,—
hi

Of shamrocks and green hills.”

PEAKING of Ireland, a popular ballad says:
“The angel oe ae i with star- ua ee to ie the Shamrock
find it wher LL go.

The compose
of sons and ae OF Erin and ae e
world. To the i

grows nowhere else in the world except on the Emerald Isle.
ally there is no basis for this belief. There eae could be, when

oe tu
no one knows what the shamrock really is. While there has been con-
aderhie argument as to the identity of the “true” shamrock, the only
that it is one or more

point upon which all botanical investigators agree is
of a small group of ee leaved satel wi pee in = British as
nd common throughou of Europe. Sev tal of t ae ading
c ee ery eaion
of the United States as well! This statement will be ard condemned
vile canard by all true Wearers of the Green, but it is true

s a base an
nonetheless. t us der the botanical and hi ee ie of oe case.
ccording to leading linguistic authorities!" the “shamrock” is
derived f lic mRaG and Irish szamRoc (a i or scent over
the 0), a diminutive form of SEAMaR, the generic term for “trefoil,
clover, honey Stic ei ”” or for just “clover.’ re ome Pcie state ‘tat
“thre ved”

Gaelic nee AMRAG etymologically signi lea
applied originally to any plant with pelenirg ice of fe Teaflets, Bio

pre

this daha form the word had evolved already in the 16th century to the
ent-

shamrock.” Other forms of the word in the 16th century
17th

were SHAMROTE, SHAMROCKE, SHAM-ROKE, and SHUM-ROKE. In the

HE ie ar OF ANCIENT AGES
A portrait, of nen n Saint of Ireland holding a He valgh leaf, from a
woodcut in € abs al Lee of St. Patrick” by Rev. James ‘Oe,

D.D., sixth ae 1882, lent by courtesy of the tibsary of Notre Dame
Universit ty.

century it had evolved to SHAMROOT, SCHAMROCK, SHAMROOK, SHAMOCKE,
SHAMROGH, SHAMROGTH, SH GUE, and CHAM
ROCH; and in the 18th cen cae . to SHAMMOCK, SHAMROQUE, SHAMROGGE,
SHAMBROGUE, and SHAMBROGH. In both the 17th and 18th centuries we
find the forms SHAMROG and SHAMROGE in use

Irish seas tells us that ae Patrick (38 92-461), patron saint of
Ireland—who, by the way, was not an Irishman by birth, but either French,
Scottish, a or voces pai after oe e ieee in oo stab-
ish :

> S
un
mq
>
=
a
$s
wn
g
>
iS
a

i County M: Dur rs n de-
livered in the open air on oes Hill of Tara 5 to ee curious Druid 7 mene
he stooped and pea a ae Me es leaflets from some small plant grow-
ing in the green sod at his the open hillside. With ae trifoliate
leaf he aicupied to oe te deste rine of the Holy Trinity, and so ably
did he preach and so apt and easily aries ndable was his illustration tat
the members of his pr caper considerable audience we: ted t
ages on the spot. This faeces is unre ceded a ieee
rea: that the shamrock was adopted as the national emblem of
Teland There is no valid reason for ees that the sermon on the
Hill of Tara was preached on the 17th of March, now celebrated as St.
Patrick's Day. Rather, that date was a ae of St. Patrick’s death. On
the 17th of March true sons and dau s of Erin the world over are
expected to wear a shamrock, or, aoe Rae a leaf ie a shamrock,
or Taking even that, some ae
the shamrock was gen ae egarded as the i symbol of Ire-
ea as the ee ( Onopordum icine is the symbol for ear
and the rose for England, is Bae illustrated by the ae proposed eh Oliver
Wendell Holmes in 1856:7 “We drink a triple health— Rose, the
Shamrock, and the Thistle, ” and, even earlier, by Steele i in ee when
he paar of “the Scotch Thist le, aah eee Shamb brogue
old English belief maintai he name “shamrock” was ape
to aa worn to commemorate ne Patri ck, to oe him as a sham
rock in contradistinction to Peter, who is the ock uw which
the Church is founded.® This, of course, is a al falas aa one
suspects, malicious inte erpretation 0 of the origin of t d. Queen ae :
(1819-1901) placed the trefoil in her royal dade in Hien of the Fre
fleur-de-lis. The shamrock is now side by side with the rose and ne
thistle in the national badge of the United Kingdom
Up to about the 17th century Irish peasants were accustomed to using
sEAMROG for food, ae this plant has as quite certainly identified as the

purple or “red” clov + (Trifolium pratense). This spe cies is still fre
quently called eipneyecele” Ten ued 0 as ckles” by
farmers in England and the United States,’ and is pro e bly he pla nt re-

ferred to by authors wie claim that sEAmRoc originally aed to “trefoil,
clover, honeysuckle.”

Among the earliest Seehaee san on this form of shamrock is one
1571, when his history of Ireland! says “Shamrotes,
Water-cresses, Roots, ee other eee they feede upon.” Other 17th
ces us shamr i

feed willingly upon mush ts an 12 “Feeding upo:
Wi $ses, es, mushromes, shamrogh, butter tempered with oate

ie n no more cloathing than a mantl e; eed on Sham-
rootes as the Irish doe.”4* “They willingly e earb Shamrock.”
“Whilst all the Hibernian Kernes in Multitudes Did feast with Shamerags
stew’d in Vsque-bagh.”1© “Their fare being many times shamrookes,
oaten-bread, beanes and uae aalke! vt 1 “Butter, new ch d

er eese, an
curds shamrocks, are the food of the meaner sort all, this rece
Gerarde in his famous fae ” of oe definitely identifies this e
shamrock ed Trifolivm pratense when he says ““Medow Trefoile is pete

n Irish shamrockes.” In this identification en concurs in 1699
by Seying eee rically,°° “Their shamrug is the common Clov

addition to ue tea Me the name to he red ae er, there
ee *1 that it pplied also to the wate s (Nasturtium oF
ficinale), a species of ee which does not ee “rifoliat te leaves.
1577, for instance, Stanyhurst sige this comment :*? ‘“Water-cr esses,
which they terme shamrocks, ro and other herbes ed feed upon,
and Spenser in 1596 tells that WE they founde a plotte of water-cresses
or sham-rokes, ther re the ey flo cke as to a ae for the ae Holland in
h 2

wat ss WI
a the Iri oh oe are a kinde.” Yet it is al-

1611 pa los i 13 quoted in the oe bce a seem definitely

a pee the shamrock separate Hu the n listing articles of

food of the natives. That this ents was oa with relish seems to

be indicated by a passage from Te in 1643-°5 “Some Bookes also of
Trish Rebellion were devoured as they had been shamroys Laas

The wearing of the shamrock as an emblem or badge on St. Patrick’s

Day was first mentioned in literature® in the year 1681 when Dineley

wrote: “The 17th day of March yeerly is St. Patricks, an unmov: ee
feast, when ... the vulger spray ied poeta 3 leav’d gra
From that time on the mention of s < as a food tere decline,

and we hear more about the pot. ae oie ae um),
nutritious a aple food. A native of the temperate Andes of ieee noe was
to) rt T

d ed ‘ such an mealies that the species is even today called
the “Irish potato” and m are who erroneously believe ie the
white potato is an ae go Treland.

From the 18th century on, the references to shamrock incline toward its

White ees aes repens), one of the numerous plants whose trefoil leaves
Hae it a can e for the title of the true shamrock of Ireland (Photograph by -
W. Bro a).

emblematic use. For instance, a poetically disposed writer in 1741 8
unburdened sae at this opera a little shamrogge, ais adorn My
pretty Flavia’s breast this morn 1775 Sheridan * tells us: “I put a
a shammock in ‘his hat this eee and in 1781 Jo ee ‘ recounts

shamroque

(Laurus nobilis) was employed by Greeks and Romans to crown their
heroes, is further indicated by the lines from the Irish poet, Thomas Moore,

rifolium frepen th

Re ee ele Herc To these possibilities the other author-
tie: red clover (Trifolium pratense), the water-cress (Nas-
ae um wos 7 ie nee yellow hop clover (Trifolium minus), and
the bird’s-foot “refoil (Lotus corniculatus). ‘All these species, now com-

mon in Ireland, eae see hoes claims ae aa thus associated with
the national emblem ress, however, has the least claim, for
the application of the name “ a mrock” to ny non-trifoliate plant was
doubtless very local, applied, if at all, only to the edible form. Because of
its affinity for cool running water, it could not have been the plant aa by

St. Patrick, and the eg ieee certainly has not survived. The wood-
sorrel, black medic, red c' white es and y cae hop clover are
widely sold *! all over oe oe today a “true’ @ ex-

ock and a
ported in large quantities to the Un ited ate and pres countries ieee
loyal Hibernians will pay fancy prices for a spray to wear on St. Patrick’s

Micgueyd to the Oxford oa Dictionary, raed pee and
r recognized source-books,” 3? 33 the name “sham st
ate oe d in England to Trifolium minus foten aa as only
a variety of T Makara sii this is the plant most frequently worn
there on St. Pat tric ck’s Day new Internat coal En cyclopedia agrees &
that ] ee “is the gen a accepted one shamrock.”

e that the identificatio tion of the shamrock are be asso-
ce with “the story of St. Patrick on the Hi i of Tara, then, in spite of
the conclusions of Brande and Bentham,®* the wood-dorsel: can be pee
from the running at once. ne wood-sorrel grows only in the dense shade
of cold damp woods. Even in such a wet ore as ae it — ee
be found oa on an pee hillside such a: h St.
Patrick is generally ehiptae he rile Mente bis Tamous& sermon. The
clovers and black m other hand, only found along
roadsides, in fields, = a7 ures, an oF ee ae Mout of them—with the
Largan a of the red sates which ge iseiders requires a jess rugged
and exposed positio on— rin dae ian been present at his feet. Nicholson,

who ee i voted qi 0 this subject,’ concludes that the white
or Dutch clover (Trifolium ee and the small yellow hop clover (T.
dubium) are the two most likely candidates for the honor of having fur-
i he two e e

nished a leaf to St. Patrick, and, of the two the latter is the more probabl
since it is most a in poor mae gro such as found on the Hill
of Tara. Also, some botanists maintain that T. repens is not truly native

in nee and was not introduced eee until long after the time of the
Sai
ia na 1 Nathaniel Colgan, a member of the Royal Irish Academy, issued
an appeal to all parts of Trela nd for plants of the “true” s
of the 3 ed
24 specimens, T. dubium by 21, T. pratense by 2, and Mediage Papaind

oe is interesting to note in this connection the divergence of opinion
among well-known botanical authorities as shown by the species to which

they apply the name “shamrock” = their floral lists. It is Laren 2
Oxalis acetosella by Britten & Holland? Britton & Brown, Blan
Henkel,* Lyons,? Sudell,28 Webel, 7 and 4 Griffith. 40 The last- mentioned
in fact, makes a special comment to the effect Ne this is the “Irish s|

k.” Tt is listed for Trifolium minus ple itten & Holland a -
“Standardized Plan a ames.”41_ The lat en reduces T. minus to the
category of “a hort. of T. repens.’ ” Britten & Holland * apply it
also to - pratense; ne & Brown 1° aud Webel to T. repens; and
Britto: on Brown,” Lyons,3" Brenchley, and Stuhr“ to Medicago
lupuly oe closely ae Tift ‘dium Peale a is

—. “shantock” es Jep 45 “true shamrock” by Bri

&B n,?° and “true s ees o . 1 nd” by Lyon: ea Lyons alle T.
fae white pete and Webel °° designates T. ee var. purpureum
oS eae shamrock.” the eight species of Trifolium and O-alis listed
by S art & Corry * from northeastern Ireland, only Trifolium repens
is Pete as ae ” while Mackay 4” says of this species: “It is

the tip, making it somewhat cordate in outline, is Oxali 1 Caudoxalis) Bowieana,
photographed in the Thompson Memorial Ro: ns "Gard

the plant which I have observed, for the last me yrs., to be worn as the
shamrock on Patrick’s Day.” He lists the name “shamrock” hea eC
r m

n
that the ager ent shamro ck as old authors say it

sed
heartedness and eee 3448 As a her: alae ic ee Ft marks the Kingdom
of Ireland, and also St. Patrick, who is represented in the habit of a bishop
holding a generalized trefoil, “most often a stylized oxalis leaf?

of a. shamrock on St. Bes s Day. In ae are a pean
to say of this custom, to wit: “Trifoliu n by the

Seamar-oge, they often commit ce _ Liquor, which is not a right
keeping au of the Lo Hn Suc and to the point are these ne
items from t pas mdon “Daily Telegrph for March 22, 1888,
March 18, oe respectively : “An Trishm on Saturday last aoe
to drown the shamrock i in the orth ae fas fon "The opportunities for
a he law.

he word “shamr adjective and as a
prefix or na eerie For instance, in the British Empire “Sham-
rockshire” i a eouas | name for Ireland. This, was so even as far back as
1689 when an author © — on the factors “which ... Make Wit so
scarce in Shamrogeshire” a: n 1724 when Moffet 54 ators us Anns

wn ¢

origin of the first settlers of the towns of Shamrock in Florida, Missouri,
eee Pennsylvania, and Texas!

adjective we find i Pa as far back as 1581 when Derricke ®

says : My soule dooeth ee their eae oe manners.” It is fre-

quently found as a modifyi ing or defi ord in the common names of

oO he tr
shamrock. Thus, the “native sue of Morris 53 in Australia is Lotus
australis; the “Australian shar ae is oe Suavissina 3+ “water
shamrock” is Afe res wrifoli 86, 37, 40, 43:55 “blue-flowered sham-
rock” or “shamrock=pta” 5 Parc cnas conumunis ;°% 7 “Cape shamrock”

Coins issued in Ireland presumably about 1643 show St. Patrick with mitre and
crosier holding a shamrock in one hand. Known as ue hab! Newby coins,” these
pieces of mon oe were brought to America and used in New Jersey in the middle 17th
century. (Reproduced by courtesy of the American Numiwmane Society).

: para bowiei; #8 and “Indian shamrock” is Trillium cernuum and

‘um. 3t 43, 55,58 Tn the horticultural trade almost ae aa
ee pee is offered to the ee public as “shamrock” on St. Patrick’s
Day, most especially any species of Oxalis, Ionoxalis, Belboeis Caudox-
alis, or Xanthoxalis, And yet,

There's a plant the Irish hold dear, “Tis a native, same as the hills,
No other like it we're knowing; The Shamrock, in Erin long growing.

On the Cover

St. Kelvin’s Church at Glendalough, Ireland, shown in the cover photograph by
Mrs. Branson De Cou, is in eastern Ireland, near Tara Hill, where St. Patrick is
fica to have preached his ano sermon, using the shamrock to represent the
Trinity. (Photo from Black Star).

bate)

FOOTNOTES
1 Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, edition 5, p. 914. 1943.
2 Oxford English Dictionary, vol. 9, p p. 622, 623. 1933.
aC. Nicholson, Gardeners’ nronicle. Tendon, vol. 89, pp. 205, 206. 1931
a ’

of the Christian Chu 1. 4, pp. 45, 46, and 48. 1886; John Healy, The Life and
Writings of a ‘Batre, “1908 ; ‘and Williston Walker, & History of the Christian

te A nee

ealy in re “The Life and Writings of Saint Patrick” (1905) claims that as
ee °F sermon could as Well be the Rock of Cashel in County Tippera ae s Tar:
Hill in County Meath. He states, further, that there is no trace of this story in ihe
early works on the life of the Saint, “still it has caught the popular imagination iad
made St. Patrick's shamrock the immortal le of Ireland’s faith and nationality.”

a International Encyclopedia, vol. 20, p. 786. 19
r Wendell Holmes, For Meeting B cre Club, p. "52. 1856.
tse "Richard Steele, The Spectator, no. 455, paragraph 2. 1712.

Mary Pirie, A Popular Book on the Flowers, Grasses and Shrubs, pp. 252, 253,
tone [n.d.].

10 oe Lord Britton & Addison dee An Illustrated Flora of the Northern
United States, Canada and the British Possessions, vol. 2, edition 1, p. 276 (1896)
and cain 2, p. 355 (1913).

11 Edmund Ca ‘ampion, A historie of Ireland. 1571 [ed. Ware, part 1, chapt. 6, p. 18.

1633
12 Philemon Holla nd, Camden’s Britannia, or a chorographical description of Eng-
land, Scotland, and Ir eland, cat a) p. 147. 1610.
13 ‘John Speed, The theatre of the empire of Great Britaine, part 4, chapt. 1, p. 138.
1611.
‘i 14 George Wither, Abuses stript and whipt, part 1, chapt. 8 1613; Juvenilia p. 61.
633.

15 Fynes Moryson, An itinerary, chapt. 3, p. 163. 1617.

16 John Taylor, Sir Gregory Nonsence his newes from no place. 1622 [Works, part
2, p. 4. 1630]. This quotation is dated “1620” by the Century Dictionary.

it oe Taylor, An armado, oe nauye of a hundred and three ships, vol. 100, chapt.
Ib.

18 Piers Descr. West-Meath. 1682 na oo p. 121].
19 John Gerarde, The herball, or ral historie of plants, book 2, chapt. 477,
p. 1018, 1597.

20 E, Lhwyd. 1699 [Phil. Trans. vol. 27, p. 506. 1712].
ie Encyclopedia ear Me a ue 686. oo
22 Richard Stanyhurst, ntayning and perfect description of
Ireland, 1577 [in Raphael Auoieahed “The fut Caste) onus of the chronicles of
En: ngland, Son and Irelande, chapt. 8, p. 28, 1577].
S: , A view of the present state of iene 1596 [Works, ed. Globe, p. 654.
ec

24Philemon Holland, Xenophon’s one part 1, chapt. 1, p. 4 margin. 1632.
25 John Taylor, Preter-pluperfect, Dp. eo
27 The “potato” carried from Santa F . “En, ngland by John Hawkins in 1563 is
thought to have been the sweet-potato gas batatas).
26 Thomas Dineley, Journal giving some account of his visit to Ireland. 1681
fin, Jeune of the Kilkenny aaa ae ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 183. 1858].
he Gentleman’s Magazine, vol. 11, p. 741.
Richard Brinsley Sheridan, St. Patrick’s nee art 1, aoe . 1775.
w ae Johnston, The history of John Juniper Esgq., vol. am 28. 1781.
mas Moore, Oh the Shamrock!, p. 16. 1813.
32 is ia & Robert H. Holland, A Dictionary of English Plant Names. 1886.
. 5549. 1889.

Some Irish tokens of the last , acne with various forms of the shamrock.
(Courtesy of the A m Numismatic Society)

34 Cordelia Harris Turner, The Floral Kingdom, pp. viii, 274. 1876.
35 Neltje Blanchan, Nature’s Garden: Wild Flowers, adapted by Asa Don Dickin-
son. 1886.
ee Alice Henkel, Wild Medicinal Plants of the ee States. 1906,
B. Lyons, ‘Plant Names Scientific and Popula:
28 Richard Sudell, New Illustrated oe Encyclopedia. 1933.
59 AL ebel, German-English T: cal and Scientific Dictionary. 1930.
40 R. a Griffith, Lae Botany. C
t Names.

: eeds 0 iE 1920.

43. E. T. Stuhr, Manual of Pacific Coast Drug Plants. 1933.
44W. L. Jepson, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Cali aoe nia. 925.
nde W. Robbins, ace ee hale oe eT in NCotoo a 1940.

46 Samuel Alexander Ste Hughes , Flora of the North-East

of Ireland, pp. 36, 37. 1888.
47 James Townsend Mackay, Flora Hibernica, pp. 58 & 77. 1836.
48 George H. O’Neill, Message of Flowers or their Floral Code and Dictionary. 1917.
49 Caleb Th pee Synopsis stirpium Hibernicarum alphabetice dispositarum,
s.v. Trifolium.

50 Irish rar ee p. 80. 1689.
: William Moffet, Hesperi- ae 1724 [ed. 1755,

52 John Derricke, The i ima; lande: a poem. 1581 ted. 188s, p. 8].
ee Pine ard E. Morris, Aust aie EA ai sh a dictionary of Australasian words, phrases,
ani
«Toseoh H. Maiden, The useful native plants of Australia, p. 143, 1889.

F. Sievers, American Medi oe ae of Commercial Importance. 1930.

ts Willian Miller, - dictionary of English names of plants, p. 124. 1884.
5? Liberty Hyde Bailey, Cyclopedia he Foricultite: 1925.
58 Alice Henkel, American Root Drugs. 1907.

Science Writing and Politics
By Joseph A. Brandt

Excerpts from an address delivered by the president of Henry Holt @ Company,
publishers, at the annual meeting of the Torrey Botanical Club, January 8, 1946.

F all the ables sciences, pee has always seemed nee me to be the most

humane, the the most necessitous. Plant life is as indis-

and a ears of his

solubly interwoven in man’s one as ae white
blood stream, as necessary a: and w
Ofc een of botany i in the Pae possible way. His-
torical botany was always a science conceived of as directly in the service
earthy and a humane science. The earliest oo of botany
concerned a ‘vith those plants medicinally useful t And while
rn botanists a of their science along the aoe lines,
: ‘lieve ine average layman, thinking of botany, remembers such direct
nefits as eet plant hybridization, and other aspects of
sped bot
Is pes "t you will permit such a broad and catholic conception of

your science, you will find that you have less for which to 0 apologize than
d

any other scie:
by conquering energy, and m

Science is now the capital word of

ene - peak Yet, tts modern

cientis! grown na’ of the

th im. He has conducted his

a laboratory a
=

ety has b F
Now, it may become an angry term "of
reproach.

ae agai Naas to the atomic
bomb, Dr. ate continued :

aes ete ret of nature
without comprehending the seul which
nature exacts from tho o cannot
ne in harmony Historical

with hee
accounts of what

cord is replete with ac
we would al “enlzation” which have
oo because of disharmony. The

ved ion the jungle a bril-

ant ealiaton ine before ae

Rock and Harvard Universi The
of

rmony with nature! Perhaps
botanist, or his more modern

ay
tifi t ilization of today, could
m s of steps untaken by man
to counteract that decay. Howe ver tn
une we may think science has
to nature’s la nature still is a “iowa
able, atl pervs force. Politics
the science of living with fellor
n; and pu mce in the service of
society should be, therefore, the applica-
tion of science and nature to man’s living
together so ee e residue of nature

to another aa air
*

The

Suan!

capitulation of Ger and the
of ae brought Tittle real
5 oe instead

er, a é

families, among indi-

This, all happened at the time science

reached its a

of atomic e
ion

cation ad ae eed in almost unbe-

nice in the Hy box which the physical sciences opene
att

Hevable triumphs, such as world-wide
instantaneous communication ane spread
literacy, the greatest of mass
ation, the world gr
and ett grasped at the
other

Doe oe ‘this mean ae to the scien-
sea in oe wor

es. It ans, ie ‘se m

straw of an-

are

the
necpe speaki ing for the people, leading
he people.

agree with Professor Harold C.

The actio: ie nie
Urey, like Paul B. Sears of y own

a newspaper city editor's desk was
firmly imbued the idea that it was
dangerous to set up the world of learning

an aristocracy, set apart fr t
lesser people whom the learned thought
could never ie omprehend what
they were

I must ee that while I did not

urrender, I found it ee ni more
difficult, the longer I stayed in academia,

doi far too many instances, a

seine choles would reply: “Oh,

cou sa eA He of doing g anything porti r.
uld ritin the profes-

8Z2

x ok *

Sometimes the youngsters were ready
to go ahead but were held back. I well
remember one very brilliant young his-
torian who had written a beautiful dis-

sertation which, with some modifications,
would have reached a considerable audi-
ce. The tions that I suggested

es “ee were simply concerned
with lus sserta
whi tad beck “assembled to satisfy the
vanit a . jury. With these
modifications, the university could pub-
a pay him a rather ni

alty. insisted upon the
dissertation, “which was ieee for no
audience, he ee have a fair
‘to Tr publics
he young scholar agreed heartily with

of suggestions. “There’s
aii tt to do, however,” he

“T think I should talk this over
with my professor who directed my
toral work.”
“Weill,” I replied, “I know what the
nsw is. Either you were trained to be

e all right,
idn’t quarrel with it-as a commercial
1 Ss

w :

the. mi ut the

torian had better publish just as he had
a th

written the dissertation, je reason?
“You may want to ge in some
other university some aay.” the profes-

sor told the young man. “You'll ha

to show some department ee that you

know ow to do research. may not
get the job i

th you oo publish your

Gaereuen as you wr
n that narrow arn on ate viciously

aan social plane, have we conducted the
business of highe: lucati T
on Americal

erely a super-employment service in the
interest of tao but not in the in-
terest of society.
r hand,

I will remember

o my office and without prelimin-
aries, said, Foe, how would you like to
publis! h a book called ‘Deserts on the

arc
Paul | Sears had seen what man was
doing to nature. He had pursued his

research He the point that now he kne
had

he do something for society.
e in fear of the awful
calamity of witnessing daily ions of

in harmony

per
ook, as Tt ‘of
scientifically correct.
high school education
understa aa rt

tu know,

ome O.

't the reco

n like Sears, however, remained
Saree until the atomic bomb arte
wren” even the most unsocial of the
scents to the ore that he was
art a olitics as well as of a learned

ea eres
x *

So a scientists like Professor Urey,

turne te itics. The ve at last
assumed tl res ibilit: f citizens
which they have shirked in the past. And
I thin! y o longer turn back

exclusively to the laboratories or n-
nt themselves with writing | ed ab-
stracts for their society journals. Time

Ss a short.
sae Rus ourselves or
anyon _ ae Ae we've
got 6 ha in of man
is assume ae responsibilty in a the new
which science created.
Tha education has . be . two-fold,
It mos o oe to Boe people as rapidly
and by y

wise, civilization is walking its last mile.

Teaching the Blind the Art of Gardening

hae and women can become eee ee ba
cols they can learn to dig and rake an eeds,

weed and pee their gardens, and to ome “their ee S eee

or flower

Dr. Hugh Findlay, who for a score of years directed work in landscape
architecture at Columbia aa ae has been devoting himself since
shortly before his retirement to the teaching of gardening to the blind.
Tools which he has designed now are eae in forty places in the United
States and in Canada - Cuba. Every week he goes eae his home in
Englewood, N. J., to eae Hospital in Philadelphia, where, under
his aria oe some unded, blinded oo are learn-
ing to “see” by using fingers, is i. Ris arms, feet and gai in panes ‘
ne tools and the soil and mn with which they w
gaining health and new interest in life, too; and Dr. Aine an a
stories of their pride and excitement in the gardens they are making.

For many years he has had this hope of working with te blind. "Whi
on ie battlefields of France during the first world on ee *“]
dreamed of these blind boys being a to come close to a to

now its healing happiness. As Frank Eyre, bli ne ee _ dene once
re ‘I should rae to insist on the value of gardening as an occupation
for the blind. msider it one of the best and era) ways of finding
’ abundant life.’
When our boys started to come back from the battlefields of the second
war with the light of day shut out = their eyes, I found a way to have
i then

Dr. Findlay expresses his ae to a number of teachers of the

blind, and quotes one of them, who has said: “Gardening is an especially
aneaa aaa because it takes ine out into a ae and overcomes
endency to stay indoors and miss out on proper ex

ercis

Tei is Sie ee adapted to their eo. senses ar needs. It provides:
the feel of the soil and of plant textures, the smell of the oe a various
flower fragrances, the sound of windblown foliage. And, because garden-
ing is never easy, it offers a challenge ; eel compllehnent aan
a ae over odds and helps build confidence, assurance, and inde-
penden

Dr. Fi ndlay’s first work — the blind was at the Institution for the
Blind in the Bronx several y ago. Last summer he demon str ated his

mu
orted. ‘With no further caseaictle seas use ane sar successfully.”

Dr. Fi ndlay finds that his blind gardeners ca a furrow oe
sow seeds in it with skill, thin their plants ee . measuring betwee:

‘TIVE HANDS OF BLIND
GARDENERS

rde sh ing the 0 € fre
a partly closed hand. In the garden the an sower lets the tips of his fingers follow a
wire which has been set ane over furr

The five pictures of soil t hey i een studied under Dr. Findlay at the
Naval Hospital in Phila delphia are rr he (5) leafmold, (6) clay, (7) muck soil,
and (8) garden loam, ready to receive seed.

them with their fingers, and, through their sense of touch, quickly de-
termine top and bottom of a bulb that they are planting.

ee 5 & Aes — |

. A furrow hoe, made by attaching a discarded blade of-a mowing mac! hine to an
iron vod which in turn is attached to the handle. The wire clip is attached to this are
poe the mowing machine blade is welded a rod with two sola attached, one at each

ise with shoes attached to a bent rod for udaetes in worl working ‘wo sets of
or the pa screws by which the rod is held to the blade provide for Ete different

3. The sade. has a gauging rod with shoes that may, be adjusted to dig a hole from
two to eae jae dee,
4, ae rer ial sweden ee : valuable in destroying weeds and in cultivating
plan Ate oe clip is attached to a wire uning close to the
plants and the bey is - see i eae
. The rake is a sie with a clip anached to a wire which runs the length of the
a to be raked. The height of the wire gauges the depth of the raking.

ing dist Aor whi ch
the “eeding Ganlen
3. Rai in along the Pe of th
4. Maki nee a furrow for seéds “ith a
speci fe.

1. A wire to guide the implements is a necessity. a blind gardener is being
shown how to force a tee ted into the _ aoe ‘eran it i tighten the wire. Some-
times a tool is attached to the wire by a clip. other times the gardener uses the
wit guid i

7, a mts to the first b is
measured “oh ae hand. The weeder is ‘i ipbed to the wire and the movable rod is set
in such a that the roots of the plants will a be touched by the prongs of this
fmplenent =

3. This shows how the rake is guided ou the soil by means ‘of the wire to which
it is clipped. Blind gardeners quickly to handle a rake properly and find that
Preparing ine soil in this manner is one o: ah pleasantest aspects of gardening.

Ankle and hoe alike are guided by the wire. Although the finely ae soil covers
de ‘shoes attached to this hoe, the shoes determine the depth of furr

ve
a
9
a
a
a,
®
o
"S
-o.&
ha
8
5
%
she
a
a

to, set.

wire,

Notices and Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The New
York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the Library.)

Dutch Science
In the Malaysian Islands

SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS IN
THE NETHERLANDS INDIES.

tz
8
5
2
3
E
ra
o
2
nm
e

Surinam and Curagao,

New York City, 1945. pehronce
Botanica Co. Waltham 64, Mass.]
$4.

This large octavo of 500 pag’ of
such varied content that a eae
review of it is ae to compress into
a few brief par. ag S,

One might e: s title an or-
derly, system matic ere of science in the

utch Indies. Instead, it comprises some

9)
ie
3
Db
BS
ae

Di
as varied as the them-
selves emis: i
ology, topography, geology, mineralogy,
paleon y, ropo! zoology,
ey es stry, agricu ulture, medicine.
her: i the volu lume, and

T
the individ ontributions would be ef-

fectively buried were i t for the de-
tailed table a ae filling five of the
preliminary p;

Presum: re ar wees will be
ticularly iterated in the ae OF the

book relating to plants. The essays on
agriculture include discussions of botan-
ical plant-pathological investigations
of tea, rubber, and of cinchona. Sot
oO most interesting botanical Peat
are extracted fro ks of t

. Wa . G.
Fairchild. ‘There are essays on phyto-
chemical research by D, R. Koolhaas and
on paleobotanical research by O.

humus. Other botanical contributions

en:

history of ppotany in Netherlands
Indies, by F. Went; and an

account of the flora ‘of ‘Tjibodas, by

Docters van Leeuwen.

the editors of this volume, its
preparation was doubtless a labor of love
and a tribute to their Fatherland, and in
its execution they deserve nothing but
praise. To its publishers it was probably
ething el The Boar Dutch
oni specifically disclaims respon-

opinions es , yet the critical mo-
ment of i earance leaves little room
for doubt that, e rd, this
book is important as political propaganda.
It presents th hout, clear and con-
vincing e e that Dutch control of
their East Indian colony has conferred

een utterly impossible
under native rule

Joun Henpiry BARNHART

Southern Viewpoint
On ee vation

ING BY THE LAND. John C.

Ginora: 139 pages, iNustrated, in-

dexed, Glade aang Coral Gables,
Florida, 1945. $2.5

Dr. Giffo rd i very much in earnest

about the ureency of a belated conserva-

tion of the things which make the earth

‘ood and beautiful, particularly forestry.

also believes that the one-family home-
solution of eco-

ee is one wa: proper

the author.

n viewpoint, and a
ally designates Florida,
United oe hig the Gane. egion
“the Tro
Hhe ae s of s book are really
atticles on diverted subjets. The pur-
pose of the boo a broad

to)
ser all
o further readi the subject. ae
ee tee are typical scenes in Flor
Eva BLE,
es "Fle.

Handling the Shears

In South and West
HO TO PRUNE bi bordlama yt
s S. R. Sanford pie
pi s, illustr: b Dachioe!
ea & Gee, Ine., “Hotlyivood,

Drawings accompanied by arrows and
pr tinted. Ta een Filaeaate instructions
in the text for he pruning of about 75

ead kinds of shrubs that are culti-

vated the West. The — sigeees
onition, “Have "your
identify yor plant ae Tent eal be

ur s,
whuspered to the author, who seems to
have one some Rae with what he ied

spell or ieenaith two related plants,

Continued on page

On this, the first occasion whe
advertisers, the

en this Journal has been o

ope
w York Botanical sans is glad to welcome i

distinguished names which appear on the following pages.

MAX SCHLING eae

vailable now
pe ble May

Spring Catalog
Advance Bulb List
summer Biennial &

ids:
Perennial Seed List,
Peonies, Iris etc.

Available June

General Fall Bulb
Catalog Available September
Write for these now. We wil
me on our mailing

for one

MAX SCHLING SEEDSMEN, Inc.
618 Madison Avenue
New York 22, N. Y.

Wholesale
Seeds

Imported Grasses

Lawn Mixtures

Seaboard Seed
Company
Philadelphia 47, Penna.

YOUR TREES...

More than 700 Davey Tree Surgeons have been in the

armed forces, (an abnormal percentage out of 1,000 men).
Gradually they are coming back. They are good men.
Soon they will be able to render expert healing service to
thousands of fine trees, neglected during war years. The
entire Davey organization is getting back to its pre-war
stride. It will not be very long until your trees may once

more have the reliable service of Davey Tree Surgeons.

DAVEY TREE EXPERT COMPANY - KENT, OHIO
MARTIN L. DAVEY, PRESIDENT
TWO GENERATIONS OF TREE SAVING SERVICE

and the drawings seem to give the ere
a nae ae of what to do and wi
and w

HOW TO PRUNE FRUIT TREES.
R. Sanford Martin, 90 pages, illus-
trated by the author. Murray &
lywood, Calif., 1944.
nd,

A a
especially in the Sow

s for
manner of pruning ae diferent nds
of fruit-bearing trees and shrubs.

cig hal ee
THE AN
AMERICAN. NATURALIST. Pianeld
B. Sumner. 298 pages. The Jaques
Cattell Press, Lancaster, Pa., 1945.

$3.
A professor of bio

ortance in
his education and oe

Send for your copy of our

é Spring Catalog. Enclose
= 10¢ to cover mailing and
ndling.

FLOWERFIELD BULB FARM « Dept. 210 + Flowerfield, Long Island, N. Y.

Storied Background

GRE. 4) e Dorrance.
187 pages, Doubleday, ores & Co.,
Gard City, New York, 1945. $2.

To the person ee in botanical
history _and the tales xplorations

rugs
important plants,
sal book le an entertaining back--
gro

While the professional botanist, to

matter little, for here is an inviting
troduction to a sub hich might wit
pleasure be further pursued. bibli-

ography offers adie
additional readin,

suggestions for

Heren M. Woopwarp.

Flowerfield’s

GEMS OF THE GARDEN

ind Bulbs,
ied Plants and Sede are ve cael ae
trated in field’
Catalogs. See the new
“Clarion” ($2.50 e:

46 Spr
ink Hemeroeallie
ae Flowerbel Ad's 1945

he stunning new

soft powder blue * “Dimooneathe” ($1.50
each). See‘ beautiful “Wanda” ($1.50

doz.) a -yellow sport of Picardy, that

stardiest of Gl Gladiolus. Fine Tuberous: rooted

plant for deep shade that may be planted
indoors now.
10 selected Mixed tubers, $2.50

Library Gifts

t gifts to the Garden’s
some present y the
y

signific: f notes on these

are given below.

SINCE 1828

have one the sa ee

of Am
Latoaibone for os ality
Purity and Germination

VEGETABLE SEEDS
FLOWER SEEDS
GRASS SEED
BULBS AND SETS
Ask your dealer for Buist’s Seeds
write for
1946 Garden Guide and Catalogue

ST ts

rena Ga.

Philadelphia 5, P-
Box 417 Box 35, Sta. E

e Lost Woods by Edwin Way Teale,
326 pages, illustrated with 200 of the
author’s own Rv eae we indexed, pub-

Cur of
Myxomycetes at the New York Botnical
Garden.

Lista Preliminar de
Salvador by Salvador ene and pal
le

C. Standley. 450 pages. Seas ey
1941, ‘wenty ee ators from insti-
tutions in the Uni States have con-

Rees to this ae the first

a paragraph of chformation
lant. Commonly cul-
ded. Two supple.
mentary fists the original one,
and the book concludes with a section of
posthumous writings of Dr. Calderén.
The gers pega by -Raphael
Vv. sso. 286 es oth maps and
many ohoter ane”
the

Founder and President of the

STRAWBERRIES reo” SEED

A delightful surprise for any gardener w.
plants can

for dutdoor or gree

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ripen red ies about four times the si:
the same de ui: ver vom S su:

licious fla
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wi
an bata Pataca Serr wate "plants can ae used as owt favors, or your guests,
at se 5 $1.

ds, 25c

n various stages of development from tiny pale green
it fi times the size

who has not previously grown a <
be successfully grown by
in

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ones to fully

til well into aie
. providing the

ae Ganienng Msrted a now ae. oe color plates.
ee ue.

mailed fre

on req

NEW CAGO 6
47-49 et 0%? Unuighanh SeodStorn. 601-609 a Jackson Blvd.

Eeedoron eet Chamber of Com-
merce in New York. Dr. Lasso is also
eit of the tagazine Ecuador. He

his ae Pai a chapter on the

ens
peers phy untry; then come
pales historia chapter Moilowed by
s Government, Language,

Att, Dine oe Clim; Prod-
ucts, Industries, ai ers. In one long

I n
chapter, ean “facts are given about
each provin
Peis otdnica Zapoteca by Blas Pablo
154 pages, sbi 7 illustrations and
Froiece showing the Zapotecan god
flow: love usic,, and dance.
Ne rly M40 pa ges of teresting text pre-
cede the lo doo tiv: - ph: oe
list of Zapotecan plan be eginnin:
with apa, the oes aiid * eidinge with

T maes
the native na

Les Pipérales by Henri one
pages, rineaiorear Published as part of
he Flore Descriptiv ae dati les Fran-
Mr A is a Col-

Botanical
sent other

cross-references to

he
has one recently.
ent the Gar

a Catalogu
rhs pr ad. “with

Duss, of his own author

ever Plants by Roger P. Wode
245 illustrated, indexed,
‘onica Botanica Co., Wal-

respiratory system.
did some of his graduate wore at

the
New York Botanical Garden, is now

SEED COLLECTORS

We are interested in purchasing

Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds

Correspondence invited

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22 Ibs. $2.20 10 Ibs. $ 8.00
5 ibs. $4.25 25 Ibs. $19.00
100 Ibs. $72.50
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Use 1 Ib. for a new lawn 10x20 ft.—
half ane for renovating old.
WRITE FOR INFORMATIVE
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Suburban stores
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Stamford, Conn,

Associate tga of Research in Al-
rT ies.

he troublesome
len. A glos-
raphy precede
will abe reviewed in
an early number of the Journal.

bs om)

Current Literature*
At a Glance
By Harriet K. Morse

Patents. The U. S. Patent Office lists
ue its uestem hae the following:
carlet- nm} hard,

pants s

paten:
dating from 1931, with full descriptions
and colored plates. To date the collec-
tion contains 670 items.

Three Cereals. The story of rice and
methods 2 rice farming in the Old
World presented, with needa es
in Natural Bistory ‘for January.
wild rice . America, though of a ait

Iso discussed.
paras he ri

ana of different eivilizatic ns.

From England. “Answers to Growers”
is the "title oF a new bulletin ai issued
y the John Innes Hovticultural In-
stitute in London. Articles of ,special in-
terest in No. 1 are based on the questions :
“What is the use o
seedling treatment affec
“What is the best leaf- vid

* All publications mentioned ‘here—and m:
others—may be consulted in the Library of the
Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin;

Food from Woo A good tein
feed for cattle can. ne prep oer te rom
sawdust and other wood waste, accord-

be ver is Amazing Crop.” Other
wood products discussed include ethyl
aleohol. "plastics, soil conditioners, and

artificial flavorings.

sanist’s a A lively account
7

been continu ing his
tor in Hawaiian Bua a “the
Life of William Curtis. The bic enten-
a of the bith of ~ great “natural-
celebrated in
England j in Fancy oF this on and the
an. 5 of the British magazine,
articles to him

‘al
mental
435 magnificent coisk ae

Aphid Resistance. How to tell at an
ay stage whether or not a plant will
be resistant to aphid infestation is de-

i in sta ee edity for
December, in a repor periments at
the Texas Agricaltural “Experies nt Sta-
tion. “This hod,” says, an based
on the fact ie if * phids are placed on
the emerging first true leaf a = Sus-
ceptible plant, in a very short time the
leaf petiole bends as and_ the
young leaf begins to c Such effects
are not produced in resistant plants.’

Root Studies. Ina ae of

recent ahs ons ‘ath a
f the i i

Sata cee

°
and his co-workers.

DRICONURE

contains
chemicals. It’s a natural fect
izer and soil improver. cae
asy-to-use, ee
Sey by nurserymen, “pe
fessional growers and hom
gardners.
Large 50 Ib. (2 bushel) bags
at leading gerd supply stores,
or write direct.

ATKINS & DURBROW, Inc.

165 John Street New York 7, N. Y.

Notes, News, and Comment

Annual Meeting. E. J. Alexander and
W. H. Camp Saari the annual meet-
Co: Board o

ne een collect: Le
back home, and Dr. es conti: the
story from there to the final identiScation

ake eir — be

published i the ual Re

issued i pring.
Dr. nd W. Sin mott, Sterling Pro-
SO ny at Yale University and

een a mem-
from aon! 29, 1933,
when he went to Yale.

sme front January

o
o

Previous to that

to December 1932—he had been a
Seer Director of the Garden.

Board “ast April), Mrs. Hugh Peters
cian Doscher (new members

Be ae visory Council).
All officers oo re-elected for the year,
and the seven board members whose

ms were expiring were re-elected for
another three-year term. ey are
Henry de Forest Baldwin, William
Felton Barrett, Edwin De Bechtel,
Henry F. du Pont, Rev. Robert I. Gan
non, S.J., Mrs. Harold I. Prati, and
ae R. Pee
J. Henry Harper, who is As-
sistant to the President 4 in Bie Manhattan
of the New York Botanical Garden,

ae on ae in the campaign
for funds, and Mrs. Robert H. Fife gave
p enn of the

isory Council. Ir. m J. Rob-
bins presented the iin to his

>
2

velopment,

free

5a0 ROSE

Yiola Purple ae

Perennial and Fruits.
quest.

VIOLA Purple Heart

HUGE FLOWERS - PROLIFIC BLOOM

Huge velvety,

flowers ar in

tand-

deep vi violet.

“blue
bountiful succession ftom early spring through Pall
presentative

of the out:

and tine Pyte
we
J.

JACKSON & PERKINS CO.

WORLD'S

LARGEST ROSE GROWERS

LANE NEWARK, NEW YORK

: Colossal and
K Chrysanthemum.
Flowered

Many Gorgeous

A glorious array of
rich paseels and ay
oe ant aa apri.
Prather te
ors cream, "buf ye ellow,

ome in
fascinating two-tone harmonies,
petals
chrysanthemum-like. Sturdy plants,
3 ft. tall, casy to grow anyw putas
a re?

Send Dime a
see
Burpee’s Seed! w. ATLEE BURPEE co.

ale FREE} 973 Burpee Building, Philadelphia 32, Pa.
[[] Send 2e-Pkt. Burpee’s Big Zinnias

al color.
nebes plewer (No. 3235) postpaid. Enclosed is 10¢

Hope apa te

Chints

W. ‘Atlee Bu

973 BURPEE BUILDING
PHILADELPHIA 32, PA.

annual report as Director. The ‘complete
report will be published as a section of
urnal,

the Jou:
To Chicago. Dr. Frances E. ip
who had been Assistant Curator on

taxonomic staff since September 19
ie the tea edge 4 to be married
Wi Hillier, a lawyer recently

i ue “he:
studies fale mosses for North
American Flora, using the facilities of

the Gos cee of Natural History.
Much of her tim et

os _ edited

the Ta.ronox uri of the
time that see oe away
from the Gin and for a time was
Acting Editor of T. ryologist, to
which she al: ibuted several p; oe

published in the a ee = ervey
Botanical pee ib and eé “A Life
Story o e Mo voses”™ au edt r her

Hees in this Journal for April ‘1944.
She ae previously lectured on mosses
at the Garden and last year took part
in the series of Saturday programs in

the as on “The Great Groups of
Plants. r. Wynne assisted in several
of the ie classes given in the
Garden’s Science Course for Gardeners
and also taught a class at Hunter Col-
lege.

John R. Brinley. A man whose name
was often associated hee the New York
Botanical Garden i arly days died
in Morristown, N. J., Ges l. He was
John R. Brinl civil engineer a

ae Bie ary ‘190
Le
dea

ndsc
ntil oe 1931.
va 84 years old at the time of his

Garden Lectures. A series of four in-
yvitation lectures on oe subjects
has been sponsored t winter by the
Women's Division of Carden operat
ing through the Manhattan office. Held
at . Jo

t the home of Mrs. hn Sloane, the

opening lecture took place Jan. 17 with
a H. Everett speaking on “Gardening

ficiently. Hi receded by Dr.
Willen

questio:

tt,
Patronesses sponsoring
William C. Breed,
Charles Burlingham,
i, Sherman Haight,
ie Huil, James - oa O'D.

n ame

G. Me ell Harold R. Mix-
sell, Frederick Moseley, Harry T. aah
Reeve cane John Sloane, and Myr

Subsequent lectures were: “Planning
and ae a Bae Garden Upkeep”
by H. Dow: with Edwin Beckett
and Fri sicaek © Pi

ing questions ; oWhote New in the
Garden” by J. H. noe with George H.
Gillies and F. F.

and “That Constru oti
A. C. Pfander with Henry
Carl F, Wedell assisting.

B. Aul a

In Providence the evening
of oo "6, pe Rhode spe oe
tural Society s as 's 20-m

mo’ Picture Sire, “Play aad cas life
of’ Man,”

William ‘J. Robbins on Hae a sorance
of Plants Harold N.

Moldenke bddeaed a ae of garden

bs in New Jersey on orn of
Adaptation Among our Plants”
Jan. 23, and on Feb. 8 s sioke ae the
Garden ub of Eagteo aod on “A
Naturalist in Florida.” Elizabeth C.
Hall talked to the Scarsdale Women’s
Club ga len section on horticultural
literatur: On Jan. 6 she ad-

Jan
ressed “lemiae of Ambler School .
Horticulture for as on

Library of the York Botinical
Garden. and its Readers, "BL J. Ale
described his Mexican expedition at
annual meeting of the Garden’s Advise
Council Dec. 10.

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Officer.
JosepH R. Swan, ee
a Bre Fcc Bau ee Ve ein
n L. Merri, e- president
Mera M. eee Treasurer
Henry pe La Montacne, Secretary

ective Managers
Witiiam Frerton BARRETT Mrs.

ea Huntixncron H. Hopart Porter
Epwin De T. Hoox: acer E. oe Jr.
Henry F. pu Pont Mrs. Av + D, Lasker M eg
MarsHALL Fierp CLARENCE Mek. Lewis WV pee [. Ronn
Rev. RogertI. Gannon, §E. D. Meraiy nae MUND W. SINNOTT
S.J. Ropert H. Montcomery Sipney J. WEINBERG

ee i ieee: ers

Witiam O'Dwyer, Mayor of th ‘y of New York
Mary E, Dasox, President of Lies oa: ee of Education
Rozert Moses, Park Comunissioner

By Coluiibia Tienes

praeaiae T. Bocert Ma eS M. Ruoapes

CHARLES W. BALLARD Sam F. TRELEASE
THE STAFF

noe J. pe Pu.D,, Sc.D.

Director
AG. N, Pu Assistant Director and Curat or
ENRY DE i ee Assista ee Director
Frep J, Seaver, Px.D., Sc.D. urator
. B. Stout, Pu. Curator of Education and Taboraione:
BERNARD QO. Doce, Pu.D. Plant Pathologist
OHN eae Barnuart, A.M., M.D. eg Ate Enert tus
H. Ric Pu.D. rapher
Basserr Maciine, .D. vator
Haroip N. MES Pxu.D. wlssociate Curator
Euizazetu C. Harz, A.B., B.S. pp rarian
Eimer N. Mitce

Photographer

E. J. oo BS . Assistant Curator and Curator of the oe os bari T0801

W. H. Camp, Pa Assistant ae
E. Nay , Px a ctssistant Curator

ARTHUR Crosguisn, ae sistan

Custodian of the Herbarium
Collaborator in Hawaiian Te any

onorary Curator of Mo

Assistant Honorary Curator o. Mos
Hoa Curator of the Diatomaceae
Honorary Curat. or of Se Botany 0

Erne: Anson 8 PeckHam Ff
A.C. Pra

Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds

reach the Botanical Garden. take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park
Reaevard station: use the Bedford fark Boulevard ae and walk east. Or rake the
Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden Bate 00th Street station, the New
Cen t

York tral to the Botanical Garden station, or the Wel he ter Avenue surface car to
Redford Park Boulevard.

airy Avenue fac tO Lne Huranical wal

York Central the Botanical Garden statio

THE OREO uE CL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

h t
the State of New York in “1801. The De of Incorporation aaa among other things, for
a_self- perpetuating body of icotDorsect who meet annually to elect members of the Board of

Managers. They also elect new members of their own body, the present roster of which is
e Advisory Council consists of more women who are elected by the Board. By

y are also elected to the eee on. Officers are: Mrs. Robert H. Fife, Chairman;

Elon Huntington st Vice-Chairman; Mrs. William A. Lockwood, Second Vice:

Hooker, Fir.
. Nelson B. Williams, Recording Secretary; Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Corresponding
and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasurer.

Arthur M. Andersot

Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson
Mrs. 6 Ge Arents, Jr.
George Arents, Jr

E. C. Auchte:

Dr. Raymond F. Bacon

1)
5
~ 2
3

dwin De T. Bechtel
Be

Prof. Marston T. Bogert
Prof. William J. Bonisteel
George P. Brett

Mrs. ie ard de Wolfe Biixey
Dr. Nicholas

Mrs. Andrew cae

Miss Mabel Choate

Miss E. Mabel Clark

W.R. Co

- Coe
Mrs. pats W. Coon
Mrs. Henry S.

Fenimore =

Mrs. W ili im Redmond Cro:
Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise

Mrs. Thomas M. Debevoise

Mrs. Henry J. Fisher
Harry Harkness Flagler

Mrs. CaN Fox
Childs
Rev. Robert I. Gannon, S.J.
Dr. H.

A. Gleason

Archer M. Huntington
Pierre Jay

Mrs. Walter Jennings
Mrs. Alfred G. Kay

Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg
Mrs. Warren Kinney

Mrs. William A. Lockwood
Dr. D. T. MacDougal
Mrs. David Ives Mac!

- H. Edward Manville
Parker McCollester
Miss Mild eae
Louis E. McF;

. John R. Meine

Mrs. Roswell Miller, Sr.
S_ P Mill le

George Vane
H. de Ja Monta

Col. Robert H. ee
M H

rs. Robert H. Montgomery

Barrington Moore

Mrs. William H. Moore
B. Y. Morrison

Mrs. Augustus G. Paine
Mrs. James R. Parsons

Rufus L. Patterson

Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham
Mrs. George W. Perkins

Ts. ey Peters
Howard ee
ee Plat

bart Porter
Francis E. Powell, a
Mrs, Harold I. Pra

Mrs, ae Procter
Mrs, Henry St. C. Putnam

Joseph R. Swan
Jo:

Arthur S. eee

John C. Wister
Richardson Weis

JOURNAL

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Vou. 47
No. 556

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Carnot H. Woopwarp, Editor

APRIL EVENTS AT THE GARDEN
ee Day
3:30 p.m. Report on Mexico E, J. Alexander

Sard Raat Programs
3 p.m

each
April. 6 vile a Garden Beauty A. B. Stout
April 13 ild gia s Seen on Springtime Walks

odachrome. ‘Iustrati ions Walter Shannon
April 20 Plane ee the Bib Hen N. Moldenke

April 27 Realm of the rile

A motion picture in sound from the U.S. Department of Agriculture
Radio Progra
3:30 p.m. on ae Fridays over ana

Apa 5 Little dni of New York City

Hon y President, tee Gas Club Mrs. Garret Smith
April 19 Bugs, ea

State oe of Agriculture on Long Island Louis Pyenson

Courses of Study

Outdoor ei Practice, Arthur King and George H. Gillies, eer starting
April 18, 7 p.m. Part of the Two-Yea: r Course in Practical Garden

Field Baas G. Wittrock, Sas starting April 20, 1:30 p.m. Tdeaaneaeen
of wild flowers, ee shrubs, and fer

Garden Construction, A. C. Pfander, tte: starting April 30, 7 p.m. Actual,
supervised work in the building of garden fixtures.

Per hcomane he
Members’ Day, May 1, Comments on the Living Plants Displayed, by T. H. Everett.

Saturday Paaae. Nay 4, Plants a Tropical Regions, with Scenes from Nassau, by

Otto Degener: May an } Journey to Ecuador, with a motion picture, “Down Where the

Bee: a ins,” by mp; May 18, Mushrooms and Other Useful Fungi, by

TABLE OF CONTENTS
APRIL 1946
Mancnu, A DAYLILY DEVELOPED AT THE GARDEN, BEING INTRODUCED TH

Is
Cover anak
is CTIONS OF DaYLILIEs IN 1946

tout 7

William ]. Robbins 82

pete Charles A. Berger 84
A ibis. BOTANICAL GARDEN Leslie N. Goodding 86
rs, News, AnD COMMENT 97
TAFELBERG’S DISCOVERER 100
OTICES AND Reviews or RECENT Books 101

ete Jouroat is published monthly by The New York Rotanical Garden, Rronx Park, New York 58.
inted in U1. S, A. Entered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, - “the Me Office
. New” York, N, Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1.50, Single
13 cents, Free to melee of the Garden,

eer

JOURNAL

of
THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN
VoL. 47 Aprit 1946 No. 556

Introductions of Daylilies in 1946
By A. B. Stout
W! TH the ten new daylilies here named and described, the number
of horticultural clones of Hemerocallis named by the writer reaches
fi e total number of pedigreed seedlings have been grown
and studied in “this breeding project is about 100,000; so the oe
of name ections is ab i ade the

ie
"

Journal of the New York Botanical Ga rde en in January 1941 aon
with ee - ae ms of daylilies a ve well to the
ss cates that a w given horticultural nam

Asa tule a Se i is ol observed over a period of at least se

years. oo y' fir
a plant reaches its full stature and habit of growth. Only then can ae
quate evaluations be made, based on critical iene with other
seedlings and with named clones of the same type or class.

he past five years have been difficult ones for ree propagation and
hence there is only limited stock of these new daylilies for distribution by
the ae ‘arr Nursery Company, which propagates these plants for distribution
to the trade.

of t
iehces a species ee ae "oa peat ey pare Peta after ake
hybridization. In the descriptions of the rae oe references are made to “Color
Standards and Color Nom caclatare” by Ridgw: o the first volume of the “Horti-
cultural Color Chart” dy Sie by ihe Royal Horticultural Society, and
to the plate of colors i e “Garden Dictionary” edited by Norman Taylor and
published by Houghton Tiffin an Conese

“Tt has already a reported to the readers of this Journal (February 1931, page
32) that the New York Botanical Garden does not propagate the daylilies either for
sale or general oe tion. This is done by the Farr Nursery Co. All of the
ie ose described sees hie under observation agen real bias during

veral yea < OF propagati in the nursery of this co lose records on

Hen one oa vigor and hardiness: and on other imiportant characteristics = these

scion have been cores in deciding on introductions and in for ing the
riptions here presented.”

BRILLIANT COLORS IN NEW i aes
HEMEROCALLIS CLONES... :

1, Firebrand, rich crimson-red with orange throat.
2, a ae Hooker, brick red with a throat of light cadmium.
3, ust Orange, rich coloring with numerous flowers on branching scapes.

Numerous gardeners visit the i sa dia of daylilies at -
Som

pale — — tan ae Garden once mn of flowering.
me t mes in one s ae nie ‘the choice = seedings
by thes peer is d on oeeeal preferences in regard t or of

There has, however, been a growing apprecia ation of ae various
eee ae of daylilies a of their comparative values

gardens. The great diversity now existing in beter makes such evalua
tions necessary. The writer bse records of many selections which nae
gardeners have made. One such evaluation is noted in the description of
the Firebrand Daylily.

Several somewhat Sean daylilies are included in the a here
described. None closely duplicates ae clone already na med. Some of the
readers who have visited the experi tal plots in recent este wil note

(Early D
and Candelabrum) are not ae ted in these aes A
eeu number of selections these eee was made in 1945
and these will be critically mel as well as propagated during the next
five years. These selections include several of the pink-flowered type, the
e: ich wi r, aad a several ome
with crimson-red flowers, one of which will be name - bat rtha Strong.
years bot : ron 0: McL. Turner
have been active in the sele ction of a days oF have shown
special interest in the progress of the breeding. Mrs. S
member of the aie i]

1931. M a
member of the Advi oe a from April 1925 and of the Corporation

death on 27, 1945.
new ie of daylilies here named and described for the first time
are as follow:

August Orange Daylily: This daylily Mrs. ee Hunt tington Hooker
blooms in August. The flowers are rich (Blanche Ferry rae in whose honor
orange and are larger and more con- this ovily is named, has been a mem-

spicuous than vie a Ay pupaeetin ber of the C Corporation ae the New Yor!
which is one of the ents. scapes Botanical Garden since 1933, a member
are about 3 feet tall an ae iabieteey of the Advisory Council ane. 1931, its
The plant is dormant in winter and will chairman from 1934 to 1941, and a mem-
probably be hardy throughout northern ber of the Board of Managers since
United States. joe 8, 1934,
Blanche Hooker Daylily: — Visitors Caprice Daylily: For it son
Hs gee fated this plant as fesse in Tate Ma y and early June the
e “best red” of all the numerous seed- Caprice Daylily is a distinctive and some-
ae in blo ‘ew York Botanical what new type. The flowers are rela
Garden during the last ten days tively small (about 2% inches in sg; ),
There is also a second rather profuse full, cup-shaped and rich brownish red
The ave a border or margin of
period of ering in September and cadmi hich is the color of the throat
October. The flowers have a spread of The buds are dark brownish red,
about 4% inches; the color of the throat scapes are usually about 2 feet long and
is near deep chrome or light cadmium the flowers are min, with or some-
(a de of orange), an es a: vhat surmounted by the tips of the foli-
near brick red (Ridgway) and slightly 28° bl The ae of the pl: rongly re-
more intense in the midzone. e scapes Sod es isthe me 4 arent he oll
: : n
reach a height of about 3 feet. The foli- par ‘as a complex hybrid which had
age is evergreen and there is some winter jn its parentage H. flava, H. fulva clone
injury at New York. Eur

a and H. Middendorffii,

Fantasia Daylily: The widely spreading pigmentation gradually increases towar d
petals and sepals, usually much twisted, the tip of the petals ee | Spun
Th

with pale and rather faint dull red tints burnt sienna. us the: wo-toned
over greenish yellow, give ine flowers of distal color pattern. The seit ee nee
this plant dine tive char: The red red than the petals. In well

ju) /, ROSE. AND RED TONES
a IN NEW DAYLILIES

4. Rose Gem, with old rose coloring.
5. Caprice, a smaller flower of brownish-red with cadmium throat and sepal margins.
6. Fiftieth Anniversary, a handsome large fever of orange-red, the petals marked with

oxblood red, the throat tinged with gre

Viking, a red.
i Fantasia, she twisted petals showing faint red tints over een yellow.
Geo’

9. orgia, an unusual pastel combination of pale rose

plants the scapes stand above the foliage

and reach a height of nearly 4 feet. The

foliage is evergreen and there = been

j ork

during severe open ae hen. plants
iven no protectio:

Fiftieth Anniversary Daylily: The rich
ed coloring (orange-rufous) of
jades, d mi

orange throat of the
give outstanding character to
ae flowers are rt and about $ ee
in spread and t ee iod o
besins in late
quot 3 Sn ain d showing o:
flowers has been sale auras the past
8 ee The plant has an evergreen

RECENT
DAYLILY DEVELOPMENTS

EVERGREEN LEAVES a

Hl plant with good foliage; the flowers orange-~

and buff.

habit. The year 1945 marked the fiftieth
anniversary of ae New York pogee
Garden. ae members of
Garden taft, a ing the ie
at in he selection and naming
of this plant.

rebrand Daylily: This daylily has a
aan ‘eimsonered coloring (near Morocco
: Wi hc

when it was admired and its selection
peau y Mrs. aur Pinchot. The

capes stand erect eo a height of 3%
ae ring per begins in late

Tan The foliage is eee

corns abode This ely is some-
Dayli

the "throat

green but the plants have suffered little

winter injury at Ne ork. A
well grown plant st: fro: to 4 feet
tall. At New York the period of flower-

owers
peach colors—a estore which suggested
the name Georgi

Manchu Daylily: In comparison to the
ad Daly, this has a narrow, arch-
ing but pro’ 1s.

3 feet
tall and tees Pe os slightly —
the mound of leaves. The perio

flowering is in late June and early

Rose Gem Daylily: This plant has a
iorote habit i; growth with a fine
mound of evergreen foliage and scapes

Growth

‘oadcast over work,

to 4 feet

. The flowers are medium large
and full with a ser

read of nearly 6 inches.

he general color of the flower is near
old rose ieee ee ere is some
eye-zone 0 a darker shade the petals

icuous, especiall hen the flowers are
vo a dista n som ters
at the plant suffers some

Yor!
ee ais "but the recovery in summer
is very complete and the plant makes a
fine ae of flowers during July and
early Augus

Viking Daylily: The scapes of this
richly as pa a aes ne a
a stiff and well bra:

foliage is See li age eer ue
standing, and it holds its form and dark
green colo it th

Or
hence it is cleane

nd the throat is greenish chrome. The
plant has an excellent vere nd a com-
Handiie appearance. ew York

Botanical Garden the peried of bloom
has been from mid-July to mid-August.

By William J. Robbins

A talk —— during the Philharmowic-Symphony United States Rubber Company
CBS Net 10, 1946

(copyricHTen 1946—vnNITED

n. We

, Or W)
do more than w ee Few attempt to
and why—or to answer of the

H isa cae of Sais to all of us.
nay wond

Sunday, February
STATES RUBBER COMPANY)

It is a personal subject.

s, how it o
other fundamental cee we might

ask about this process which we all experience

What is growth? ae people would
probably answer by sa that when
anythi ing Beds it gets heer But this
is pee all et he mean by the
term tha ‘A dog eke ose ely an
enlarged puppy; a Bs n e than
gnified infant, and an ok ie is ance
As an

ian

simplest living creatures it is sntmately

associated with increase in siz

ost living ee es as a single
ze and derived

cell, microscopic

from the parents "This ere bit of
protoplasm, or living material, s—
that is, it divides and multiplies, until
the mature individual — if it on

of the larger s—contains
ee cae - oe oe ay of cells, al Sens
fro inal one. rage-
sized on ae as you may are eaten
for dinner, has betw d bil-
lion ae As these

they arge; and they also change in
character, ee organized into tissues
—that the:

with each kind of living thing frog’
egg always grows i frog, and never
into a chicken or a peony. Our nose al

i 2 it
carries on a eer series of
chemical reactions and physical processes

“ee
ean

ee result in the characteristic struc-
an of the indiv idual.

more the size of the
The pahde o Pharaoh’s serpent dee
e kind of material of which the cone
ae le. To use g
pom wder will not do. mus mi
. The behavior of the ash

a se
cer ree also are necessary to get
e desired result.

us We conceive _. growth of a

mature individual.
constitution of living protoplasm | is, of
ou exceedingly complex, the
chemical reactions and physical eee:

are infinitely numerous and

say growth takes place by a

re pone giving
but the hace jutline of grow This
important, bec:

e mical
sential for the growth of bacte
prob!

ann ae Rice ihe the

‘e need
to know not only 4 ihe details ‘of the way
in which cells divide and how they are

arranged in ae and organs; we need
of the chemistry and

tions, y other highly techincal
matters.

One of the things we should like to
know is how to control growth. Many
of the diseases which plants and a

ndure are results of the growth

on their bodies. For example, athlete’

moni
growth of certain bacteria in the lungs.
revent 0: the:

ev cure these diseases we must
prevent o p the growth of the parasite
in the h The rotting of fruits and
vegetables, the decay of lumber, and
ne of cloth are caused by the
growth of bacteria or molds in or on the

material affected.
As human_ beings and
hat ane i ore oe dad
Do all living things age? Is
a fountain of youth? These are
questions en cae — ie

e matured and
sed to ly change ae
aaa ane begin to grow ra
do not

ordered place in the ching of cells
but become unruly m mbers these pa
rou;

—change f

condition to a opal Crowne form, and
how can they be induced to return to
their normal and harmless condition?
If we

knew enough about growth we

sco answer these questions aa many
other:

0 £ interesting and hopeful

thi: e have learned is that growth is

an nimals, as it is in man.

periment more easily and freaky with
these less omelets forms life,
though the final test, of course,

wth in plants, in-

pidly. or some other lowly things than in man
a consequence they Leen ate himself,
Ey

BROADCAST

By CHARLES A.

BERGER, S.J.

N ROOM and laboratory, onions

Dr. Cha: . head of the bi
descri ‘bed hie eign of cells in the ro
Botanical Garden’s broadcast over station

answers to some of the questions he was asked over the air are given her

EARLY all biologists have at some
time ‘used the onion for study, because
in working’‘on cell structure and be-

CLASS
to aed both He and sctentists in their sty
A. Berger, S. J. ol

from a nearby grocery-store are helping
tudies of cells and ees le
dham University

WNYC October Fa hag Berger's

havior, they generally find the largest
cells i - the tips of the onion roots.
To provide a bit of background first:

are ‘microscopic in size, Growth con-
sists of the constant dividing of thes
cells a h ae becomes two; each o
thes s two, making ; these

e bec fou
divide ‘again . ‘hs, with geometric
have a complicated
ts : moss or on
yes, or even an animal. ry hum
being began life as oe single cel, which,

just like the first cell of a growing onion,
divided and divided ecame diff -
tiated until an embryo was formed with
recognizable pi The * fa ct that a
living structure and growth depend upon
micro ae cells and their behavi
make: tudy of the cell important.

10 Years a Cell Si

arliest pe s of cell structure

scover the

onions are
to buy at any neh ened
older they are, the better
ies
In s, in our own ieee
a on “ham University and in many
er institutions too—biologists vbave
bet treating the growing onion root t
with various chemicals d drugs ane

josed ese
these artificially
new information is obtained about t
normal process of cell division.
From Research to Applic

Pure science research is eae con-
cerned with increasing man’s knowledge

a.
kn
esonsibie re heredity.

and not with applying the newly found
information to particular uses
plication of _ biological

itt made by medicine, agr:

y. For example, ae

chemicals applied to onions have the ef-
fect of “doubl bling a oe e the cells.
eae foes hort: ae

ital

mormal grow’

the microscope.
Chromosome Investigati

own special field ae research with
the onion = the chromosomes that are

in the
When en os “cell is ready to
wo cells, each Sey:

Ww ‘Mm of them
soon ie ae large as the parent cell, and
iar ‘ae turn to divide in the process of

oe not until ne 7 1880
vior of the

s first noted and verified by scientists.
A cell bees - microscopic in size, and
the chrom es are so m
that

oe. _that the
eo!

the

contain ihe ‘cisterial that

cA Hidden Botanical Garden

Planted eed oe Nature, Sycamore Canyon in aint Arizona
Yields ees a Plants from Distant ae
pence Raritie:

By Leslie N. Goodding

care to wander down to the southern border of Arizona, following

ie unsurfaced road cores on the sketch map here, you will find, in

a neglected nook called Syc e Canyon, a remarkable botanical garden
lanters. In this na

unct i e
along the road), then turning almost due west on the main road (unpaved
a — traveled) to tae a little “Mexican” village. From that point

oad leads almost due south a short distance and then, worried by

7 ees winds aimle ab toward the hills to the south. The old
adobe walls and ruined buildings of ae he somewhat famous mining
camp of Oro Blanco are passed and finally the more recent mining town
of Ruby—until lately a oo producer sve Ruby is left behind on
the traveler’s right, and the road grows poo: To one used to mountain
roads of the West, ee i is still a Sod ner Five miles over hills

r m Ruby br 0 h

From the highway, if it may be called such, in the very bottom

w, a dim road leads to cas This ends abruptly a short
a a

Two sights will assure you tl ae arrived at the heey site.
First of these is several trees - Salta taxifolia.t You must tra’
miles from here to see another of ae trees. A specimen or ot is et
away eee of Tucson, a few occur on the Santa Cruz east of Nogales,
a few in the San Rafael Valley eat of the Huachuca Mountains. For

1 This writer has tee entirely on “Flowering Plants and Ferns of Arizona”

ore, you must jump into the southwestern tip of New Mexico. Salix
taxifolia is unique among willows, at least in the United States. The leaves
are small, narrow and silvery, the twigs small in the extreme, and the tips
form perfect canopies. Incidentally, the branches are pruned just cow

: : : : t

andmark has some historic significance. It is the remains of
the aaa a aa, Only an old adobe corral nee a few broken-down
adobe walls of buildings remain of this once ee ca ranch. Here
on April 28, 1886, Apaches attacked the ranch and tw n were wounded.
Most fal the story revolves about two ten-year-old ee as ran the Indian

To Tucson--26 miles
a

Continental
1l miles

Arivaca Junctilon

25 miles

Arivaca

A small corner of southeastern Arizona, showing the location of Sycamore Canyon.

en to warn women and children at a nearby sees and also the
n Oro Blan Many weird see are told.

woven
hidden treasure, for holes hav

ome must b
n excavated in fe corners of the

If you explore the
shade of a widely spreading oath oak (Quere
ili i i virtues should be ex
ur ae are tasty.

S tree is not peculiar to this
egion, but covers a areas in New Mexi

The
xico, Arizona and Mexico, where,
southwestern ranges, its forests reseble vast — ds.
During the acorn season hundreds of In dia ns and Mexicans move to the
ommon in season in ie
The gateway to the aie is little mor
emerges from the sands during the rainy season and even in the driest
years small seeps of water are ae be found occasionally. In spite of the
shifting gravel and the total pair oais of the water for lon,
during dro yee the seeps are alw: e

e than a wash, though a stream
a

g distances
teeming with fish, the Lier of which
m more than three inches in length.

Almost ime below you park, the wash begins to narrow,

nd as you rw it pee a a ae you get the first ae of what
may eee be called the gate to the garden—: aad r pinnacles of rock,
perhaps one hundred feet hi ie approa a this gate there are
Populus gente), ash (Fraxinus
i bonplandiana var. oaaas oh), which in siz
and beauty are beyond oe commonplace

is poi yields at least sed relatively rare
plan cassava ae oes its roots between
which pane r ble kud
one 0

; a ae ease with

a:
moment to recall that the butterfly
oo of Virginia, and n

a gr the
e in his right mind would accuse it of b a
we r of g been brought to this spot an. Just as sidelights
The beans of the Metcalf bean ar ie large as large a are elicious
to eat: ou, Ss

hough tr
rodent competition is too keen The m anihot
unknown to Co:

. me other it
carries probably lethal amounts £ hydrocyanic sare a dee like ae as
it can pro ably be made safely edible with prope
In th

ent.
main wash, slightly below your last ea on aa steep west bank

General view of the entrance to Sycamore Canyon.

a rare passion vine (Passiflora aes cg the sloping rocks. The
flowers are typical passion flow nch in diameter with white
petals and purple crowns. The eae ot the small fruit i is edible—in case

rods Rancens (from this point on you may designate the wash

as a stream) you view a rugged canyon to your right. This is well worth a
detour, ae the climbing grows tough. Mee boulders and brush ob-
struct the way. Junipers - nd oaks are most abundant. Perhaps this can

be classed as site Al for the low, much branched Toumey oak (Quercus
toumeyi). While this a oy its small, shiny, dark-green leaves, is not
o in southern Arizona, it is probably unkn eee n to most of our reader

he north-facing pa of this can: yon is a riot _ Mae pas Tias
(Ecler rusbyi) cling to the crevices in the rocks. Mim rahami
ar. lemmoni happens a just the right place to i a bit of ae vf blood
as you attempt to climb the slope. Tight against the i of the cliffs are
banks of Choisya mollis with their waxy white and exceedingly fragrant
flowers. It would be a prize in any man-made garden, but it seems to pine
away in captivity. In spots are encountered thick brambles of blackberry
(Rubus oligospermus) in thickets of mulberry (Morus microphylla) and

hoptree ae angustifolia). In case you are rae the blackberries,
while delicious, are so small that it ee a few to fill a cavity in your teeth.
The alee is an excellent wild-life and ne cone uo plant, easy to
propagate and hardy. The “fly in the ointment” is that the birds beat you
he berries and e seed aaa extremely expensive. I h-
western folk-lore, thickets of hoptrees were favorite places for the whites
to hide the es es of the eee in mn Indian wars. Why? Perhaps even the

Below the ramble and = eon are vie shrubs, one of which i in
some regions is a v Eve e the tips of its branches twist crazily
the air. This shri i ee ra. aaa ra var. en should have s tayed

rupicola, These plants are crue ce both are hosts of the most hideous
disease affecting junipers. In aces alo anyon ca:

bar! ni
monosperma), and the Pinchot juniper (Juniperis pee i).
oe these are beautiful specimens—perverte
up this canyon is an awful scramble. Ladies, wear your slacks,
sa Scotch Highlanders, better don a pair of overalls. Perhaps the prize
of your trip, i perchance ) you are lucky, will be a beautiful little fern,
a ed eee 7 a ult Kearney a Peebles’ “Flowering Plants
= ae of Ari * to get an appreciation of it — a eee of the
Hima Meaaais en thus far, judging by written records, found in the
United States in only two places, and in each of these places Raia by
bi

An ae detour from the main canyon can be made by crossing

numerous deep, small canyons extremely diffic ah to eerie The writer

owes his life to a a od hat ae thick skull o: e of his trips through
this bit of coun Wom ould stay out, 3 men should go in pairs,
for aaceies a have pia ee . ae ins yo S bones should you fall,
befo r friends could find yo such a side trip might

uu
well be Pie woe yids pea eae ash (Fraxinus

2Tf the reader is disappointed at the omission of some of his favorite genera, the
writer begs forgiveness, for, although they may occur in the canyon, this paper is
intended only to stimulate interest in this little known region, and not to give a
complete catalog of its plants.
3 J. G. Lemmon oaae the first collection, in the Huachuca Mountains. So far as
he knows, the writer is the only one to have ‘collected this fern from Sycamore Canyon.

greggii), a truly béautiful and rare tree or shrub; the Texas muhly
(Muhlenbergia texana); a tiny iver (Polygala glochidiata), a

relative which ted in the Southwest nia this region only, but
which is a ce bed in 1 the American t
ut rather than attempt this dan Sine pe you may return to our

side canyon with all its dives vegetation. ieee south facing slope is
strangely different from ioe north He much of the slope ae
the cliffs is covered by a carpet of amolle oe Schottii). With care
and good heavy shoes oa can work your way through the dagoer ike
vegetation. By the way, the roots a es a are used the same as yucca
oots as a substitute for soap i ea They are potent. ee ae
slope two Acanthaceous plants occu abundan One n
over wide areas of southern ney but fica pveriooked is s Tetra,
merium hispidum, and the other—much rarer but more widely distributed—
is Elytraria imbricata. The latter is truly oe The closely oe
cated leaves give it the appearance of a club-m e flowers are som

hat showy but so evanescent that they are som seen.

e
be found. One is an indigo (Indigofera sphaerocarpa) con cae to south-
ern Arizona and northern anne perhaps it is better to say “known
only from this region,” for it is quite abundant within a mile ie the New
Mexi xico line in Cochise County, Azo, i do ube tless — not recognize
the state boundary. The other plan rare species of dalea (Dalea
lagopus) ; at Pie it is rare in the United States, ae been ae es
but this one locality. Elsewhere it is reported from southern Mex
ie ntral America. Perhaps our eel friends will explain this, little

— may be of interest to note in what has gone before ie what will fol-
low, the number of plants from the tropics which have found a oo
in Sycamore Canyon. It will be equally interesting . ee plants fro
more northern regions. In no sense of the word does this region toca
a tropical aaa The general aspect of the region is that of central or
northern Ari

here are no eat defined trails down the canyon. From the ent
es pass the ee finger-like eae on a side of the ae e othe
upper end of the ei ou na real canyon for miles. The sides are
precipitous in ee pla kp ac a sal heath pi to the steep
slopes. It is possible . mes through the canyon but going in
several places is t ; razing animals aoa n - aes without
extreme per i entrance, h rT, a cany

r' suasion. A mile o below th n owev
opens in from the east through which cattle and horses pass from the Bear
Valley ranch. The stock, however, cannot climb the precipitous slopes

GATEWAY TO THE “HIDDEN BOTANICAL GARDEN” IN ARIZON.

At the see an ee spire of rock seen around the bend in the wash by ion one
enters the can’ m foot. At the right, a view looking west from the entrance.

except in a few places and the overgrazed condition so prevalent in many
places in the Southwest is ape! absen
On the floor of the canyon, as well as on the slopes and on the benches
ee oi rat Carica basis pungens) is frequent ue in spots

shr ould be

relaed _ al a an cana site. Per! aps no more oa perfect
specimens can be found any place. At least one specimen the writer en
needs is no — than 15 feet high with an even = of 25 ae in all
directions from the center; a perfect cone, the outer limbs tight to the
ground and well rooted. The dense, almost ae trable panes of
manzanita so common in many parts of central Arizona are, however,
a in this re

t you te i wonder about the reason for the name Sycamore

Canyon, clewane (Platanus wrightii) are common along the fale but
ore so tha

no m an in hundreds of canyon: ne hee in the Sow
In parts of California there is a species of Dichondra eal ee
green Ce that is cultivated quite ex! tensive as a ground-cover in shaded
Sycamore Canyon there is a ted plant with small silvery

spots. In
leaves which forms a dense natural gro is -cover in at least one spot.
While widely distributed in tropical America, this plant (Dichondra repens
var. oo has apparently been reported within the United States only

n this regi

In eee in the canyon a lotus of exceptional habit (Lotus alamo-
aa. occurs along the stream banks, where it ie close stands like bur-
clovers. Its ele are glabrous and shiny, an the flowers rather showy.
Here again is a plant known in the United eee ae Be caress
a Pos ssibly it is common in Sonora and Dur:

In early summer a dark red lobelia (Lobelia een is a ane
along ee stream banks. This is a common plant in many parts of the coun-
try, but a second one (Lobelia ee var. ne which is a later

bloomer in the canyon and a t per omer in cultivation, is
found i nited Bites aa in ene n. ae plant is now we
established as an plies 1 at the Thompso on Arboretum near Superior,
Arizona, at the Soil Conservation Service Nursery at Tucson, Arizona,

at a few See in Tucson.
* *

see es not claim all the rare lees in the canyon, so, to digress

for a t, experience with an unusual snake * will be described.
With his ae Mrs. Charlotte Rede the writer one time encountered
an extremely curious snak king in a low will It wa: st

e baskin; ow tree was at lea
six feet long an nd so slender that it could not have exceeded three-quarters
of an inch in the thickest portion. The tail for a length of two feet was not
thicker than a lead pencil. The head must have been six inches long, taper-
ing from the thickest sare into a slender snout. It was not in the least
pla by our presence. In a it eee us to handle it, pulling :
from one eee to another. At e had it protru uding at lea
three feet straight out in the air. There it nen dieing out like es
ean straight. The chief evidence of life was the constant protruding
and threatening movements of Me tongue.

* x
The ball-moss ( peiade! recur) is cea ae Florida to es
and in tropical cute ca. In Arizona it appears to be no

Cruz County ; i arden it is ee ndant on oe an
The diiey dows: currant (Ribes aureum) is comparatively rare in
southwestern ranges and commonly occurs a relatively high altitudes. In

4For a further discussion of this exceedingly rare snake (Oxybelis micro-
phthalmus) refer to “Field Book of Snakes” by Schmidt and Davis.

FOR AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENTERS

siete are shown cassava roots, approximately
d,

five pounds on a single plant, grown at Bar
Ce from seed of Manihot shee: an
unexploited species, collected amore
Canyon.

FOR MYCOLOGISTS
t is shown one of ¢ the distorted
t to

mn,
eae are to be found ther

Sycamore Canyon it seems peculiarly out es ee hugging ag oes - ts
cliffs. It is not abundant and is confined to one small area.
of the rocks above it are tufts of the relatively rare fern, ee
auriculata.
Ina canyon leading into the main canyon from the east, the flor:

ppears a bit baa Here one of the liver eae ee ae
is al seen robably this occurs in every mou range rizona,
but most seals including the writer, ee the eee a mosses.

This, however, is so striking in ie ee condition that it is hard to over-

A view in Sycamore Canyon.

ook. Much stranger is the appearance of a - syne (Amelanchier

mormonica). Here the altitude must not be tl ie t, wher
the usual habitat of this species is in hoe mountains We n Arizona
to Wyoming at see over 6,000 feet. Another pei in this site
is the apparent absence of Gymnosporangium on the leaves or fruits of this

serviceberry, despite te association of Sania junipers.

7 ieee ae a nein to say ieee ie the grasses of this region.
others are ra mall clump of gama grass
eS lanceolata) bss ina ee trek by two Soil Con-
servation Ser TS ago. The ey gathered a box of the roots
and carried hee ae wo a a half miles through the rocky can
These were Gai plaatel in the Soil Conservation Service ee :
Tucson. This grass is interesting, not alone because it is da in the United
States, occurring only in Cochise and Santa sees Counties in Arizona, but

ity. Though it : a seers it cannot wit Head grazing, as sto aos
it too closely. e Mule ae untains in Cochise County, on the
slopes of the ii achuca Mountains, and i in a Canyon it grows Me
a Lies so rough that cattle cannot reach it. other grasses which
on on the aa ee ak norther: eae re ae Santa Cruz Count:
ae “incidental ly into Sycamore Canyon. They have only recently been
mentioned in Sie tables put ae a the U. S. Forest Service and
the Grazing Service. These are the crinkle-awn (Trachypogon montufari)
and Elyonurus barbiculmis. Three muhlies are abundant in the canyon.
i d M. paucifio Ss

a . paucifiora.
common is M. dumosa, a handsome cane grass with slender solid stems.
Rare species are the curious little annual, M. tn and the somewhat
es perennial, Af. xerophila

Space will hardly permit a discussion of the grama grasses eae

of as page are seven or eight species in the canyon and on its slopes.
Ther a or five species of Panicum. Poa, Pecuen Se:
clgr a on, Sita , Koeleria, Sphenopholis, Lycurus, Stipa, Aristida,
Hilaria, Cynodon ey inteodced ), Chloris, elec en Setaria,
ropogon, and Het fad on also are all r ted her:
Not all a nents plants in this ee can ne mentioned, but two
more seem to be of special interest. Huisache or sweet acacia (Acacia

ane is
because of its fragrance and supposed medicinal value. It is reputedly rare
in pay fae i is, however, quite abundant on the slopes of ne
Syc Canyon r the Mexican border. It may be aaa
a that | it is oer on the upper slopes ‘at perhaps 5,000 feet on he
east slopes of the Baboquivari Mountains in Arizona. The o ae ‘lant is
inges

Arizona, but is abu ndant i in Sycamore Canyon r the Mexican border
The de Vicate 1 racemes of white flowers of this oe are beautiful and
aie ee aed ant.

s this botanical garden. Any time you visit it you can expect
to nae an iene one ed plant— if, of course, you are willing . pay the price
in sweat. This garden is guaranteed to please—any botan

sie News, and Comment

Arizona Author. As a botanical col-
oo fn n western and southwestern states
exico, Leslie Gooddin, ng,
author of “A Hidden Botanical Garden
appearing in this issue, has contributed
herbarium of the New

years wa! Government Service as
forest pathologist and botanist in th
western ted States and in British
Col: rt

Beq will of Mary Thurston
Cog ft "of New “York City and Sauga-

been ab Annual

Tnvitation Lectures. A second series of
invitation | the Women’s
Hie of the Garden’s Manhattan office

has been ova during the past month at
the home of Mrs. Arthur Pata “A
Botanical Garden and What I
the subject of Dr. William os Robbins
Mar. 7. eae ae H. ae spoke on “Plant
Ex athe s in Ecuador” Mar. 14; Eliza-
beth C. “Hall on “The ‘Tira and its Ser-
. 28, ai

of Mm mes. aS
Lloyd Derby, Ro
Fineke, Coe Iselin, Grafton H. Pyne,
ne Philip B. Weld. Patronesses wer e
incent Astor, Louis Aen Bissell,
Neville Te Booker, Donald B: ee d-
low Bull, Henry Fenimore Car De
Coursey ee Hen: A G. Fone Ellery Ss.
James, Henry Jame: hur Lehman,
Tohn J. M oCloy P Rufu.
L. Patterson, Harold I. an Harry Pel-
ham Robbins, Nelson A. Rockefeller Mor
Straus, John
B. Whelpley, Sid-
ney Weinberg, end Kaight Woolley and
Miss Mabel Choa
Graduate Students. Two candidates’ for
advanced degrees are aia at the
New York Botanical Garden. Hassan

Mohamed mac’ has come from Alex-
andria, Egypt, where he was le ae in
botany at Farouk I University to study
or a Ph.D. d of

Grai
from the Ss.
a at the University ¢ tig
obtained his B.S. in 1940,
sudyng taxonomy Big pe net eres iiider
rs. Camp and Stout.

Microscopist. Joseph F, Burke, the Gar-
den’s Honorary Curator of as ae
has been elected President A e Staten
Island Microscopical Socie!

ean Conference. Two Antillean
have contributed articles to

agri-

culture and forestry, held in Trinidad in

January. Henri Stehlé, pias of the

School of Agriculture see voli, Martin-
nt

of Forests at Port of ae Trinidad, the
British West Indie.

Visitors. Mustafa Bey Barbary, who is in
America to attend Ls neds en
fornia at rkeley, he
Garden . 13,

R. Hi oldr idge, forester, who has just
returned oan erat iti and other co
ed at the den Feb. 20

regions, stoppe Gar
I ‘ay to ae where he plans a
ndertake work in botany.

Elisa Hirschhorn of the University of
La Plata, spent two days at the Garden
ly March, just be ny ae to
tina. Dr. Hir: schhor who is a my-
has b oO years
staying at Minnesota, Washington and

ard Universities.

ae . Harry K. Phi of Yale Uni
versity has been diadying algae at the
Garden for aries tis under a Ther-
esa ae fellow:

ip from oe including N.

Zz chores and A. Alpatiev, here in this
country to obtain seeds of tropical Stake
Si the New York Botanical Garden

ar. 7.

The Beauty, Dignity and Inudispensability of Trees

@ Trees are Daas far
ae price.
id be cat without them
trees, once lost, leave a
great void. They should be
cared for ... by reliable experts
efore it is too late. Davey
Tree Surgeons are outdoor men
who are thoroughly trained .. .

n existence
wo

who love trees...
ate their beauty

and appreci-
, their dignity
ean RTS More
than seven hundred of these
Davey men went to war. But
now they are coming back to
their profession of saving trees.

ow their expert service is avail-
able to you once more.

DAVEY TREE EXPERT Schad deta KENT, OHIO

MARTIN

L. DAVEY, PRESID

TWO GENERATIONS OF TREE ae SERVICE

her visitors of recent eek oe

Geet Reid V. Moran of con I, F. R

laa of the U.S.D.A., eee "Stoke of
olyoke, eae — Mrs ial

sere (Jean nn) of N

William T. Tes of Paadelehia. Gone

mander Edward Steichen e Ridgefield,

Conn., who hed charge of n val ‘photog-
raphy during the war, and Mr. and ‘Mrs.
af North

Alan Macneil, lily growers
fi ho

e authors of a
nounced by the Oded ‘University Press.

Lectures. E. J. Alexander talked a
the Garden Club of aie Feb. 14 o

Dodge at a meeting of the
Garden, Ch Club of Mt, Vernon, an oy eb

18. Dr.
troubles of roses, Hela Techy oodles
African violets, and
Dr. Harold N. Moldenke lectured Mar.
5 to ie pee rden Club of We: stfield,
reasures of our Hills” an
Mar, 4 46 the oe ie Center of
Elizabeth on the Bis
. AL . ae Ba on
fh

Fun;
Elizabeth C. Hall ener on the pro-
Shale o me aan ye - ie ae

sylva
Philadelphia "Feb. 9, “atk “bout “book

ing

ee Platt, a member of the Gar-
den’s Corporation, spoke on “Art Forms
in Nature” before the Torrey Botanical
Club at ras Bees Leathe a ae
ing his subje his own ome:

Tyler Arboretum. The 70-acre hate a

"Tyler Arbor pas
ow

ago "the | and. once

SEED COLLECTORS

We are interested in purchasing

Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds

Correspondence invited

HERBST BROTHERS

92 Warren St. New York 7, N. Y.

Wholesale
Seeds

Imported Grasses

Lawn Mixtures

Seaboard Seed
Company
Philadelphia 47, Penna.

100

Startling New

DAHLIAS

aes ieaeegieaie

Perf Formal Dec-

orative type
di

aa ae er
Lavender

oll wo ROYAL COLLECTIONS

n E—5 roots, 1 each of

inne colors, (Value $5. ) $4.50

Collection F—10 roots, 2 each of
above colors, (Value $10.)
nesta Novelty
REGALIA

iy Decorative Type

‘or the first
9 in. across i

time. Blooms in. ac in
lively, intense Ag Sturdy bushes,
4% 5 ft. ie Wonderful for

$3.50 saree a0 for $31.50

limped LaheB

132-138 aes St., Dept. BO N. Y. 8
Subur Englew: oot NJ.
White Plaine. N. ry. Newark, N. J.

Stamford, Conn. Hempstead, LI.

peti was Hager ia to the Tyler
Ore

been mi

r e Corp
York Botanical Garden, has been ap-
Lonny Director of the newly enlarged

A fiilia The John Burroughs Garden
Sra bea Yonkers has become an Affiliate
of the New York Botanical

Tafelberg’s Discoverer

first white man ever to see the
tablelan Tafelberg in
ich was i th

Netherlands, y
adventure briefly in a letter received last
nth by Dr. Maguire. Commenting on

Maguire’s article on Tafelberg in
The Cerne Review of last October,
Dr. Pull

t white man who
imb the

n car
your Fig. 4.* The moment my pat oa
i was covered by
um and De Kock
would not believe my story until they
saw ue Epcaas el their own eyes the
follow:
“Tt tae pe ways "hee my desire to set
my foot on that tleteak some day, and
ae a war has prevented me from do-

“Earlier j in the letter he remarked: “We
have resumed our work immediately after
the war but are still working unde: ler ex-
tremely trying circumstances,”

*Th same photograph as the
one appearing fon mare 284 of the Journal
for Decemb 194

101

Notices and Reviews of Recent Books

(AU publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of T.
York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the pa

ugar too, the book notes, is an im-

Sources and Uses of oe Ss ;
First Discovered in Plan portant source of glycerin through
7 fermentation. In 1858 Pasteur found
pce pty ie, Indstal ana that approximately one-thirtieth of the

Le! gw and Milton <A. Lesser.

59 Lear indexed. was Pub-

1
- Rad a Brooklyn, 1945. $5. : F ‘li
tl mprehensive survey
eae of aon and. paral number Nature Ss Own erti izer
tr utilize it

Scheele obtained glycerin by mixing olive ‘
il with i i fessional growers and

ig. s)
e gardners,
seuss 50 1 2 bushel) bags

tasting substance which
evaporation of ae fat a asa vee Large b. (
heavy liquid. Con is experi at leading a supply stores,
or write dire

ments, Scheele i in 1784 obtained this ame,
= unfamiliar, sweetish substanc ie
almond oil. Sul bsequently he found it
ould also be obtained from tard and ATKINS & DURBROW, Inc.
m butter, thus confirming its presence New York 7, N. Y.
in eae vegetable and animal! fats and oils.

165 John Street

A delightful surprise for any gardener who has not previously grown them, excellent
for outdoor or greenhouse culture. Those Plants can be successfully grown by any home
gardener. They have deep gr ay glossy aacae about 1%4 inches in diameter, pretty white
rio ti

used as table

the same delicious flavor. Gro 7

ij room and will be lovely and useful until well into winter.
hee oan ener een little _Blants oo be favors for your guests, providing the
uch. of about 300 seeds, 25¢; 5 pkts for $1.00.

will be mailed trace on | eae

NEW YORK 7 aioe CHICAGO 6
47-49 Barclay Steet SeodStone. 601-609 W. Jackson Blvd.

. signed Illustrated 1946 n eady, 250 color plates.
Ac

102

HUNTER
Florists of Distinction
1055 PARK AVENUE

NEW YORK

reed Telephone
AT water 9-3797

For All Books

(Including a wide selection of

garden books)

Shop At

526 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK 19
BRyant 89-5700

‘WASHINGTON - HARTFORD - eeeua
PARIS - LOS ANGELES - HONOLU!

sugar, transformed under ordinary cir-
cumstances in the fermentation of grape
juice and smiles liquors into alcohol and
other substances, becomes converted into

of - world’s supply of gly-

bec major issue, studies have shown
that the “germination of oats is stimulated

by the of dilute ee of glycerin,
the pies: bei eee rated by two to
nine days, and sometimes. increasing the

ther winter

ment.

stimulation of plants by small amounts of
glycerin may have important uses during
transplantation periods.

Wittam F. Leccetr.

Bd baat pate for Cactophiles
HAND-
BOOK,” T. Craig. 390
pages, iMustrated, indexed. Abbey
frien Press, Pasadena, 1945.

hat o r nowedge of the Cactaceae is
i s evidenced by the mea
dee oted in its entirety to
single genus of this interesting family of
rent It is also evident iene ed must look
o California for mon hic work of
this nature, as climatic eronditions there
are favorable for outdoor growth which is

103

necessary tor al f

of this _ type. Bee material is of
little record in the Cactus
family, where | growth-form and_ general

the plants both taxonomically and Soe
inrcltrally.

Craig has produced a monumental er 2
oe on this second largest genus of the bowers of Distinction

keys. y
muddled points of eae ave been HARRY MEYERS
cleared, and the

way is pointed out for

take sufficient notes and obtain living F LORIST, Inc.
terial from little known areas for farther
study. i

The s and succulent world must

again acknowledge a debt of patitade 40 667 MADISON AVENUE
the Abbey Garden Press for its oe B 60th & 61st S
made-up and well illustrated books NEW YORK

difficult succulent ereue ps. No cact ophi ‘le
would dream of not having this handbook
for his reference library, and no taxono-
mist of this group can afford to ana with-
out it,

Phone REgent 4-2660-1-2

E. J. ALEXANDER.

Where Research Can Be Done

q : No.
edited by Fra Verdoorn, Wal-
tham, Mass., the “chronica motanlca A E | N A
<i New York City, G. E. Stecher
Co,, 1945. $2.50,

Au seful guide to centers of botanical PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., INC.

a egal mane the ae i 305 EAST 47th STREET
i tic t NEW YORK 17, N. Y

ipment, living facilities,
and research at Motogical stations. In the
list, the location, equipment, ae ppp OE
tunities of each station are giv

7 MAKERS OF
Se PRINTING PLATES

RE HO!
GULTURISTS. aN. EARLY TENAS.
eiger,

Stas 1 Moot . 100 pages, PROCESS BENDAY
log: ia in dex. Southern
Methauise i niveraity Press, Dallas, LINE & HALFTONE

Texas, 1945. $1.50.

In Part I, historical notes from the
Lone Star State cover more than a cen-
ry of horticulture, chiefly as it con-

erns the growing of fruits, “The earliest

104

SINCE 1828

have satisfied the most iain
Sowers of Ameri
needa for Quality
Purity and Germination
VEGETABLE SEEDS
WER SEEDS
GRASS SEED
BULBS AND SETS
Ask your sees for Buist’s Seeds
r write for
1946 Carden Guide and Catalogue
ROBERT BUIST COMPANY
eedsmen for over a Century
Philadelphia 5, Pa. Atlanta, Ga.
Box 417 Box 35, Sta. E

MAX il PUBLICATIONS
Spring Cat:
Advance ty List

Available now
Available May
dsummer Biennial &
Perennial Seed List.
Peonies, Iris etc.

Available June
General Fall Bulb
Catalog Available September
Write lg these now. We
me on our mailing
for yea
MAX SCHLING SEEDSMEN, Inc.
618 Madison Avenue

New York 22, N. Y.

se (3821-27) brought w: with
a tradition of ie growing,”
i Pauthoe

wild fruits as

, beginnin

t II : ve coed ociashe
long list of Texas horti+
ealtae

New ucts

IENER’S ALMANAC,

Kea od oe a book first issued

1939 we a Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society. Suggestions are given
month by month for different types of
plants, with o occasional separate directions
for the South. Some extremely ugly
dwait s are used to illustrate the seasonal
gardening practices recommended.

For the Very Youn

tory et

Irma

Mustrations in
aes jam

colar
RB. Sco’
Inc. 944, $1.25.

The story oF eds a how

fur and clothing, and by other

USEFUL PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
illus-

Glenn O. Bough. 36 pages,
trated po scons . Row, Peterson &
Co., Evi Ti., 1945. 32e.

eee oaeaaiaes to applied
Bislo oe children who are reading

their fir:

Ocean-Dwellers
A LIST OF MARINE BACTERIA
Including Descriptions of Sixty aay
Species, Claude E, Zobell & Ha
C Upham, 33 pages, citations, index

to genera and species. University of
California Press, Berkeley, Calif.,
1944. 50c.

Nearly 50 species are described here,
a oe derived from laboratory cul-
ure presented about each one. While
ene ss es, the author point out, are
known to be of economic aap
none are known to be pathogenic for man.

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

JoserH R. Swan, Presiden
HENRY DE — BaLpwin, Vice-president
jJoun L.
ART fue M. An NDERSON, Treasurer
HENRY DE LA MontTaGNE, Secretary
Elective Managers
WicuiaM Ferton Barrett Mrs. Eton Huntincton H. Hoparr Porter

Epwin D : EC H Francis E. Powe, Jr.
NRY u Pon Mrs. Avpert D, Lasker a ome Pratr
7 JTLLIAM OBBINS
Maveiart ELD LARENCE McK. Lewis A _ eneny
Rev. RosertI. Gannon, E. utes DMUND W. SINNOTT
S.J Roserr H. Montcomery Sipxey J. WEINBERG

Ex-Officio Managers
Wutam O'Dwyer, Mayor of the ae of New Yo
Mary E. a Pr eer ee io Board of pee
1 Moses, Commissioner
A ppointive Manage:
By the Torrey Botanical oa
H. A. Gieason
= Columbia aries

Marston T. Bocer cus M. re

CHarLes W. Baa rr TRE
a STAFF

WiuiaM J. Rospins, Px.D.,
H. A. Gieason, Pu.D Assistant Director and hh
Henry pe LA MontTaGNE Assistant Divectr
Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. ead Curator
A. B. Stout, P a Curator of Education and Labo ratories
Bernarp O. Donce, Px.D. Plant Pathologist
Joun HEenpbLey BAaNnane, A.M., M.D. Bibliographer Emeritus
H.W. Rickett, Ps.D. Bibliographer
BassEIT Macurre, Pu.D. a
Harotp N. Morpenxe, Pu.D. sae Curator
carats \e pene AB., B.S. Librarian
ee R N. M Photographer

EJ. ACs bes 8. S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium
W. H.D. alssistant Curator
E. E. Naytor, Px.D. Assistant Curator
ArTHUR CrongutsT, Pu.D Assistant Curator
FLW. Ka . P.D. Assistant Curator

Technic ‘ssistant

ssisi

Technical Assistant
ae Bak Le Technical Assistant
Editor of the Journal

Horticulturist

Custodian of the Hey che

G. L. Wrrrrock, A.

OrTo Dae MS. Collaborator in bashes coe ty

A. J. Grout, Pa.D. Holo vy Cure of Mo.

Tnez M. Hartne Assistant Honorary Gage of Move

Josern F. Pee Honorary Curator of the Digtomaceae
A. KrukorF Honorary Curator of Economic Botany

Erne ANSON 5. PeckHAmM Hf

A. C. PFANDER Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds

To reach the Botanical Garden. take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park
Rontevard station: use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the
Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New
York Central to the Botanical Garden station. or the Webster Avenue surface car to
Teas Park. Baulevard.

Avenue Elevated to the “Botanical G

Membership in
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

and what it means

THE INSTITUTION, membership means support of a program that

reaches several hundreds of thousands of perso nnually.
riefly, this program comprises (1) ho eaealaeal display: (2) education,
(3) scientific research, and (4) botanical exploration. o further this work and
to disseminate useful information about plant life to the public, the Garden issues
ooks and periodicals, both scientific and popular, and presents lectures, programs,
radio proadeaste, and courses of study in gardening and botany. The laboratories
rge i i : he s i H

to enjoy the see “around. "The eeulte is also free to use the Botanical Garden’s

of aiding such a ipuceram, these privileg:
Free enrollment in courses up ae ine amount of the annual member-
ship fee pa a
A subs scription to the Journal and to Addisonia.
Adm mission to ue mbers’ Day programs Hen use of the Members’ Room
also at oes time:
e of ate when made available for distribution. (These
plants may einclnae the Garden’s new introductions into horticulture.)
Personal conferences ee staff members, upon re serene on problems
related to botany and horticulture.
Free a ncements et special displays, lectures, broadcasts, pro-

ev ae
se of lantern slides from ne Garden’s large collection, under
entgbbahed eeu aucns for such loar
member card which serves as identification at special functions
at e Botan Garden and also when visiting similar institutions in
other cit

Garden clubs may become Syke ate rs of the New York Botanical
Garden, and thus receive certain privileges for the club as a unit and others for
individual members. Information on Garden Club Affiliation will be sent upon
equest.

Business firms may become Industrial Members of the New York Botanical
Garden. Information on the classes ale ee strial Membership and the ae
of membership will be sent oes req

* *
lasses of eee in the New York Botanical Garden in addition to
reehetea Memberships

Annual Single
Fee Contribution
Annual Membe $ 10 Member for Life $ 250
Sustaining Men 25 Fellow for Life 1,000
Garden Clu A ation 25 atron 5,000
Ai ta ee nbe 100 Benefactor

tions to ahs Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes.

Contebitions to the Garden are deductible in computing Federal and New
York estate

A Tegal Ren form of bequest is as follov

I hereby beaut to The New York Bo aise Guus incorporated under
the cou of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of

Gifts may be ne subject to a reservation of income from the gift property
heen ee bene fit of the donor or any designated beneficiary during his or her
i

MIL quests for further information Peart ve addressed to The New York
Botanical One Bronx Park, New York 58,

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JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Carnot H. Woopwarp, Editor
MAY AND JUNE EVENTS AT THE GARDEN

Rose-Growers’ Day

June

All-day meeting, with F. F. Rockwell as speaker in the morning, followed
in the afternoon oy a aime and demonstration on rose diseases and
e. Registration fre

leeds Days
May Comments on the Living Plants Displayed T. H. Everett
June : Painting Wild Flowers in Westchester County Eloise P. Luquer

ne Afternoon Programs
m, a Saturday
Plants of ahaa Regions with scenes from Nassau Otto Degener
Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany
May 11 Journey to Ecuader—With a motion picture,
“Down where the North Begin. W. H. Camp
Assistant Curator
May 18 Mushrooms and other Useful Fungi aver
Head Curator

Radio Programs

3:30 p.m. on alternate Fridays over WNYC

3 Wegetables for Late Spring Planting orge H. Gillies

Head ee Mace Field Estate

May 17 The Worlds First gent Crops Major LaVerne V. Johnson

May 31 ae Centuries of Tea-Drinking William H. Ukers

Editor, Tea and Coffee Journal

June 14 Your 230-Acre Garden elvin Sawin
Member of Advisory Council, New York Botanical Garden

June 28 Sugar is the Foundation of All Life ‘aylor

Assistant Curator, New York Botanical Garden

TABLE ae ama

TuLtps AT THE New York eae “Canney, ae
open by Elmer N. Mitchell!
Prins Carnaval, of 60 varieties on view, all presented by the people of the
Netherlands, through the Associated Bulb Growers of Holland, as a mark of
gratitude for their liberation.
A ComMMuTER’S GREENHOUSE John H. Myers 105
Breconia LITERATURE cae ae oe To LIBRARY 111
oe So peas Meets at Gari 111
Margaret Douglas 112

Hae eee oF Work at GARDEN OBSERVED BY JOSEPH W. SMITH 118
EXHIBIT OF PLANTS WitHouT, Flowers Wins AWARD FOR ca ae cnn 119
Broanc. ance Beware! Ey eae 120
Notices anp Reviews oF RECENT Books

CurRENT Deane AT A GLANCE Harriet K. Morse 127
eta eee 129
Notes, New: D CoMMENT

The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York
N.Y. Pemted 4 7 me = ac , Snitered as Second aryese Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Ces
at Ne new York, under the Act of August 24, 1912, Annual subscription $1.50. Sin, ingle copies
1 8.

JOURNAL
of
THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN

VoL. 47

May 1946 No. 557

cA Commuter’s Greenhouse

By John H. Myers

H HAT is a greenhouse?”

This was the es question in the informal talk on “A
Commuter’s Gre given by Mr. John H. Myers of
White Plains, a pei of the Garden for many years, at the
Members’ Day program March 6. He answered his own ques-
i Ows :
tis primarily a cae enclosed building; in the case of th
amateur it may perhaps be better defined a. eae “noose
room. e glass allows the light and heat ae 7 n to ente
and at the same time retards ibe eae of heat a within
the greenhouse to the great outd
“The equipment a a verenhonse consists of some too
supely of water, a source of heat, containers 7 the ee
ich the plants cat ee the medium itse
e article below has been adapted from He be Illustra-
tions show the plans and equipment of his own hou

S a student and a young engineer, I was oe more tease in
seeing the wheels go round than I was in a garden. How when

T eventually acquired a aie in White Plains and became Hs oie in
pal a its grounds, I began, probably unconsciously, to acquire an
ocation—an interest in gardening.
ome walks, a patch of grass and a driveway, then a vegetable and

iting garden a came into being, my avocation took a stronger hold

105

106

on me and I began to ean oo ee he eae only about
no

seven-twelfths of the Where the idea ot know, but
egan to think al ie i (pce ‘vegetables in a Coe
rubbered, I asked questions, and, a much scheming and planning, ay
waiting for igh prices ae orld War I to subs 2 T plun
© bein

the hi

As a result, in the fall of 1921 a greenhouse came int

To use a apres term, the eee was
ee corner of the dwelling, opening o of its cellar. It was heated
by hot water oie through pipes ane under the side benches and

coming first from a coal- aadies boiler in a pit below th
dwelling at a time was heated by a similar but independent plant. Since
then an oil burner has fen oie which furnishes hot water heat for
dwelling a gr enh with thermostats gov erning each independently.

At the start I experienced much difficulty in acquiring knowledge about

to quote tw
obscure places.
became my guide and mentor, but the scale of it had
the needs of an amateur. Outdoor gardeners at that t oe is, the
amateurs—knew next to suet about gardening ae glass. The men
id know were those who operated large Roe ee on private

garden

Garage C Drive pgm
eg

»
$ Vey egelable an:
Cutting sha |

30.40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Scale of Feet

ea a

Plan of the Property, showing the position of the greenhouse in relation to dwelling,
garden, and law’

Plants in Pots

i 7 : tA
TI L X\ Raised ducts
1

Cellar
of
Dwelling

Scale of eer
4 O/ 234 § 6783910

Three inches

old
in a center where sweet peas and: ee are grown fe cutting, with smaller
Blane along the edge and a faneine shelf from age side for an extra row of potted
plants. The carnation bench at the end is removable so that in summer the outside door
is iable

cross-examined them and everyone else who seemed to eee ay of the
information I was after. So slowly but surely : pees som
For a few

ng.
seasons vegetables were forced, lettuce and aoe in the
fall, tomatoes and English Sipe in the sp cine Perhaps I should be
careful about using the plural number because there were none too many

em. And I ee as season succeeded season that while any num-
of people could get an eyeful of beauty from an — Baldy oe
eg of well grown flowers, by no means could the same, or e a les.
number, get a stomach full of fresh vegetables from ae house which ——
duced the bo ouquet. = ie heen is now used to grow flowers,
patos h in spring a few mbers are sometimes ripened
t an - plants of pees ae ae ee are grown, to fruit later in
ne fee garden.

Tools, Pots, Flats, and Benches

sort of equipment is used in operating a rane e?

house tools are diminutives of garden too’ el sub-
stitutes oe the Sates or shovel, the hand aes for ce fee On and a
scratcher does the e work as a three- or five-prong cultivator in the
gar

rden. They are ea in the right hand whereas the use of the garden

tools requires both hands and sometimes, in addition, the right foot. A
ee bib in the greenhouse generally furnishes the water. The source of
heat is very often a hot water boiler, and if the amateur’s greenhouse

107

108

Rear of the house showing how the one-room greenhouse has been attached, opening

out of ee cellar and connected with it lee a flat roofed passageway which serves
as a potting shed. In the foreground are the author’s coleise ‘ames, which supplement the
fee iie in starting plants for the outdoor pe

which I have defined as a glassed-in room is sae to garage or dwelling,
their heating plants may also serve the greenhouse. Pipes through which
the hot water ae are generally placed ae walls or under raised
benches.

Containers for the growing medium (which for the amateur is generally
good suitable soil) are clay pots, flats and benches. Flower pots need no

lant
always, or you lose caste. Day, “Two flats of ees “A flat of chry-

ns.

nches need somewhat more description. They may be divided into
two kinds, solid and raised. The solid bench consists nF soil laid on the dirt
floor of the greenhouse and often confined by a low curb. Or the curbs
may take the form of walls a 2 feet 6 inches high and the space between
ae except for the top 12 or 14 inches, may be filled with broken brick,
pieces 0

le The
wood, preferably eee like ae flats. The boards of its top are separate
by % or % inch to afford drainage od around its edges are boards about

109

6 inches high to retain soil or to keep pots from being pushed off and
broken.

Selecting the Plants to be Gro
he question is often asked, on set be grown in the small green-

house ? a] e answer is, almost any plant that can get along with a night
temperature of 50-55 and a day te Seen of 60-70. Plants of fine
fol oliage or fruit and plants with attractive flowers may b wn in pots.
: way, is what our grandmothers did before the introduction of
steam heat robbed the air of ow € eal
dm ing-room window looking to the south was, during w:

a little prin in itself. Often displayed there were beautiful a
mens er age and flowering plants. Grandmother tenderly cared for
her oat and on severe nights drew the curtains or even moved the plants
away fon the gla:

Another use to ie the small Seana lends itself is the sce
of cut flowers. Many people are fond of bouquets eae ing-r

and on occasion derive pleasure from sharing their flowers with feeds
who from age or ee may be shut-ins. The flowers oe by florists

culty.

A small Pes. may, in the early part of the year, also furnish
seedlings of vegetables or annuals for setting in the garden where their
fruits and aden will mature. Plants grown from seed sown in the

wed hose whi seed
sion of vegetables and flowers. Bulbs may be made a
bloom i ina ngreen sn — they open outdoors in the spring. faci
satura and, used together, they ene
and soe out the sane of garden:

Warning Word for the Beginner

Without meaning to pose as an expert, a few words of advice to the
amateur, ae d from my own experience as one of them, may not be out
1 Wi 4 ee

who has th n
eae as a any o other work, o reep ay ie or she can
ke a

e am en! :
nature supplies the light, heat and moisture, while indoors she furnishes
only the light and during the short dull days of winter often not too much
of it. Gardening under glass is an entirely different operation, as I dis-
covered when I began some twenty years ago. And while I now grow

| Looking down the. right rd
propagating cases at the farther end
2. A closer view of the ae foie cases

that are essential in the greew

Toc
LOU. ie.

Two flats for. raising seedlings and
sarvecy with home-made devices for
straight furrows in them

etting “plan ts’ or seeds a

some plants ie all of the groups which I have referred to above, I by
means did this when I ie oe I have expanded my operations Tittle
by little over a ee

If my experience counts for eae the beginner is likely to have
rather vague notions as to what use he wishes to make of his greenhouse.
So my advice to him : not to bite off more than he can chew, and to make
an easy start in the fall of the year by procuring ae friend or florist
a few potted plants which will Been in the greenhou: Then let him pot
a few King Alfred narcissus bulbs and bury them in his garden pee a
the proper interval, into the greenhouse a pot or two of t
time. And, when sprin at hand, let him sow seeds ees onl
flowers and a few ears say lettuce and tomato. The chances are

110

111

that when the hierdie fall arrives he will be eager to start another cycle
the

oid errors made

of growing, t

what the s ee Of his 0 eo Thu
to put his fae and, as
erfects his technique, he will derive more and more satis-

realize to what use he wishes t
season, and he pe

e@ pr evious season and to

n some-
s in time will i d himself and
season succeeds

faction and pleasure from gardening under glass

egonia Literature and Notes
Bequeathed to Library
ORTY-FIVE notebooks containing a
Ith of material a ns one hav
become a ine erty of ary of
the New York Botanical Gx den through
the wi wie Albert H. Gere of
Me Pa. The collection, which as-

value for reference work

the notebooks, 42 quarto-size vol-
“umes contain photographic Fie Loe aet
pies of ature of

copie: lite e a
Begonia ee an varieties uding
poe luctions o plates

from oat s ‘Botanical ‘Magazine and of

six fro m Addisonia; qe descriptions of
Begonias: as contained in the Transactions
of the Linnean ociety: the Proceedings
of the American Academy of Science, the
Philippine Journal of Science, Botanical
Cabinet, Paxton’s Magazin otany,
and other publications; photographic re
s

of “Die ao Be vga 7 Albert Porsche

and of “Begoniaceen-Gattungen und

Arten” by H. Klot tzch.

additi one leather-covered note-

pase an ate to all the’ ma-
al the 42 quarto-size

a eiving the © a mtents of each book

habet

on as chet is reproduc ed. The
o other notebooks contain citations to
the. iteratice on beecnias: arranged alpha-
betically according to species or variety.

Orchid Society Meets at Garden
f the American Orchid So-

he New York Botanical Garden March

for the annual trustees’ meeting.
uncheon provide y Mr. an Mrs,
Rodne ox Jones was served to 65

in the embers’ where others
joined the group for the meeting which
took place in the afternoon.

Immediately following lunch, the group
inspected orchid apts and publica-
tions of the Garden e library, and
after the meeting they ees taken on
tours of ne building and of the main
conservator!

‘rom arden’s propagating house
about 75 o chid species ti Seta to
me Cisplaved. in the Member: Fif-

color paintings
y Olivia Embre

ie Fo rida
ore cechide y Lay were also
shown.

Aion the guests
R. H. Gore,
M

of the day were
Fort Lauderdale,
Clint M

Essex Fells,

Mr. Jon is President of the
American Grad: Society, has been a
member of the New York Botanical
Garden since 1919.

112

The Huanita
Rare Fragrant Tree of Mexico Found Blooming
In the Courtyard of a Ruined Chapel
By Margaret Douglas

a N before we entered the gate to the courtyard of the old sar neruaees

n the little Mexican town of Santa Cruz de las Flores, which w
ja come to the State of Jalisco especially to see, the fragrance of
flowers from within the is all rea $ n overpowering
scent. Inside there grew a gnarled old tree, ie although the trunk
was hollow, still had sufficient vitality to produce a crown of foliage and
flowers. The shiny leaves of a clea Sassy reseed those of a young
citrus tree. It was in full bloom when we there in January. The

clusters of flowers were snow white and grew ihe way apple oo do.
he buds were white and waxy-looking, like those of orange blossoms, but

the texture of the open er was not as heavy, and the five petals had a
ph ieed crinkled edge, reminiscent of a crepe-myrtle. The custodian
gat red flowers for us, and later as we left the gateway a passing Mex-

on seeing head in my ca stopped and remarked, “That tree is very
rare.”

An old priest, seeing us there, came to invite us into his house beside the
present church. That was just at the moment when the Mexican spoke to
us, and the priest listened with astonished interest, as he had never heard
the legend, while the villager told us the story of the tree

The Legend of the Flowering Tree

Hundreds of years ago, he said, a pilgrim was passing through this town,
carrying a crate with two little pots init. He was very weary and as he had

his
age. The only thing he asked was as i. would pour some water into

the crate occasionally, but not open it. This she did, and watered the
plants faithfully for ee Ba prim never returned, cag ne day when
a heavy perfume issued f he bee she decided to open [Thies were

two beautiful plants, ee with white bloom. She ae them to the
church a ted Hee one on each side of the entrance. ey

for years, then finally one died. The Lease who had become super-
stitious a oe ee fast tree, attempte: take pons also to grow
plants eas seeds, but none ever succeeded. hs ars ago, when repairs
had to be made to the wall around the church, a tong. on was evidently cut
thro a yy the workmen, and to everyone’s surprise, a shoot started up
about ten feet from the tree!’

113

shoot has grown well aay the villagers hope that it will live. I took
ome “ali ips and I dipped them in hormodin, and they did sprout four small
leaves, but unfortunatly the a was tipped over a the roots dried before
T discovered the acciden
to the fend who drove us to see the hospice, for any particu-
lars she cou aes about the unusual flowering tree. Below I am quot-
ing her

Report from Mexico
“Sefior Cornejo, Director of the Library at the University of Guadalajara, and
a most serious student on Hispanic and pre- - Hispanic periods in pecewee Seaetr ila
by admitting that practically nothing of authenticity is known here he subject.
In ie extensive perusal of old books and manuscripts, he has oud ee rence to
this tree other than the legend we heard of when we visited Santa Cruz

ti
ing hospi nt . sense

house was 01 Chatally ended for the accommodation of officials and priests traveling
from the main foes establishiment at Tlalcomulco to the outlying convents
throughout Nuevo Galicia.

“The legend of the tree as fostered by the Spanish rae is this*: An image of the
Virgin Mary was shipped from some unspecified pi in Spain, cradied against

i “th in the

g PI
breakage with thin branches of an unfamiliar tree. pon the arrival of figure
at the hospital, a botanically Se ‘priest placed the the pe where one took
root to become the tree w Subsequent attempts ‘to propagate the tree in this

manner ne fale, the rooting - this branch is considered a miracle due to its
positio mn over the heart of the of the Virgin.

‘Sefi hele ° calle to we We ention a significant and most interesting fact. The
village j is now kaiow s Santa Cruz de las Flores, supposedly from the fact that the
tree is still in full blossom a the third day of May, which is the jou of the Holy
Cross, ut this village was known in Hispanic times as Santa Cruz Xuchitlan,
Xuchitlan being the Spanish corruption of the gee ec ae ve the village,
Xoel itlan, We know “hat in the Nahuatl tongue eant ‘flower’ and TLAN

e
place of.” Seftor Cornejo mentioned ss ee en Toe the Indian ee

i Vt incall a
of the aguacate, et cetera. Therefore, he believes that when the Indians gave this
oe se name of ‘Place of the Flowers,’ it w
enomeno 0; ich

phen nm occur there w no mon the surrounding
There ite fior ni ah ie oo ee interested in the su concludes
that this tree, with t w, is the sole remain ample in this
village of a tree et cndienons to this art of the world and certainly pre-
spanic. He believed that the subsequent stories came into b ot earlier than
he 18th century, 1 - eCO rare oe to have its origin
questioned, and ponder ard reports of others of its kind in
different parts ee Moxa but caliiouih fe hee teed to find the rae location of these
spe — has a oe o discover their whereabouts. There is no record of

the tree in Grad
Identification me the Tree

From a small branch which I sent to Dr. Robbins, Dr. H. A. Glea
identified the tree as the HUANITA, known in most botanical ee ci as

*The legend here is slightly different from that related by the Mexican villager.

The huanite, rare flowering’ tree of Mexico and southward, as depicted in W. B.
Hemsley's “Biologia Centrali-Americana” published in London in 1888.

115

Bourreria ae but more properly called, he said, by the one Geis
name of huanita. It belongs to the Borage family and is native to southern
Mexico, Geni a and Et Salvador, but is © apparently 3 always excessively
rare. Mos es faa acta have been taken from cultivated trees.t £
Paul C. i and Shrubs "of Mexico” (Vol. 23, part 4,
page eee fe ae hie brief description of the ae
“Shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, petiolate, entire; flowers rather large, white
ater ‘cory like cymes; calyx eoeaniane 2 to 5-4 iobate, in ‘Tobes ene
corolla erform, the limb ale a a styles 2-cleft, the stigmas flattened ;
fruit a a ontaining 4 bor:
At the end of Stan eee i ot ten cies species of Bourreria, B.
li 2 ae as a “doubtful species.” This is because no specimen was
the author from Mic oe the nee locality. Yet he gives a
nu ache of vernacular names ae the plant, a aS HUANITA Ge c Hane
IZQUIXOCH and DE PEC (Oaxaca), YAGA
GUIEXOBA (Cae. Zao) s B ne is identical ee B ene
as seems likely from the des , then, according to informants
New is Botanical ae te tree should be ree is its earlier
of B. huanita; or, perhaps, if international rules are to be strictly
followed, the spelling should be in the original form of Beurreria, or

+A specimen in the herbarium at the New gs Botanical Garden, collected in
August "1938 by George B. Hinton at Acahuato in the district of Apatzingan,
Michoacan, came from a spreading tree 15 meters Cok 45 feet) high. It was ae
in the plaza, of the tow wn, and a notation on the herbarium sheet states that ‘
other exists in the region.”

A letter in the a for the species - the puedes gives some additional informa-
tion about anothe eee 2 the tree. Addressed to rae oe Britton, May 23,
923, it is written by Sylvester Baxter vet Malden Mas ess man and writer
who did some botanical Paes while in Mexico. vee ae writes :

“Tt was in April, 1899, that I went to Uruapam. had picked up in a curio-shop
in Querétaro a history of the Bishopric of Michoacan, in Spanish, . . It was printed

i apa: an ae a rem:

but that trees from three ¢ ings stence, one in the garden ov-
T" i a ],

lowe:

oe perfume. The ioe es seemed serene like an orange. sent cuttings

o Prof. Sargent, ee es ae m the mail; “also some seeds. but Dawson could
make then germinate. flowers I’ sent for on area were referred
to Dr. Goodale at eae Probl the aed name ne ee

“Tt should be worth while for some botanical explor nee got
and get cuttings, = possible. “April is aa the ‘best | time, for a eee then be
in full bloom, It would be a misfortune for such a rare and beautiful thing to be
lost to the world.”

The tree described by Baxter, if alive oy stands within range of the dust
falling from the newly ae volcano Paricutin

E. J. ALEXANDER.

+In a later work eel Woods, 1931), Standley accepts the name of Beureria
huanita, as made by Hemsley

116

even Beureria.* The change to an o was authorized by de Candolle in the
Prodromus, Vol. 9, page 504.
sive article on the huanita in the Axales Instituto de

Biologia, 1931 (Universidad Nas e Mexico), A. R. Laguna describes
gen hich he Beurreria, as containing only . s and shrub

piesa: to the extra-tropical regio Ameri The huanita itself, he

says, was famous medicinally for many years in rans

medi has a as ing, astringent, and a perfume. In delving into

the history of the tree, Laguna cites the mo ale ork of Francisco

Heaaadc. physician n to Philip II of Spain, “Rerum vee Novae
Hispa ania e Thes aurus,” published in Rome in 1649, where there is a
ith a magni

zouixocuitL. This agrees, in large part, with the plant in question.
The same description of the plant appears with slight variations in an edi-
tion of the work entitled “De Historia Flapiaran Novae Hispaniae,” pub-
lished in 1790. Laguna writes further

“Worthy of special mention is the first nen in Spanish of the ‘yzquixochitl,’
published in Mexico in 1615, in the work entitled, “Cuatro Libros A la Nee
y virtudes medicinales de las ‘lan ntas y animales de Nueva Esp: y
Francisco Jiménez, Dominican friar, who made the translation of he riginal Nae =
of Dr. Francisco Hern ae enriching it with numerous personal obsera ons before
i Rom

n ab don Pablo de la Llave and don Juan oaraee entitled,
‘Novorum eget sa Ge oeae first saw public light, and in this was fou ind
the first botanical description of the ‘huanita.’ This Neco ae: done in Latin by
such illustrious ane is found in the first chapter of the w a bo in it the

i o av. and ee is gi # to

octor don ere Leén published in the Gaceta Oficial del site erno ad Estado
Poo y Soberano de Michoacan, in 1866 two eae Haas this important plant, the

ae the first article, Dr. Leén says that he tried to find the plant that eee and
arza were studying, but he was only able to find out that it w pee: nd n 7a
ae capital of San Pedro, in the district of the same name, in the ¢ of Ure
and grafted to 2 _cherimoya, and that it had died ney years ago for. Tek of life “be
cause of old a Farther on he says that he had seen two indiv se ls of this plan
‘one in the house of the estimable seiiora dofia Loe rda Izazaga de Cano,’ and the
other on the place called ‘la cineraria’; he adds that both ey are notable for

Ambrosius Beurer (2 Mr 1716—27 Je 1754), for whom this genus was

apothecary o uremberg.” He spelled the genus-name Bourreria; in the index,
however, it appears as Beureria, which suggests that someone may “have called his

attention to his wrong spelling.
Jacquin took up the name in 1763 ; his is the first legitimate publication. He spelled
% Eat pemeee Beurreria, correcting t the first vowel but retaining the double r.
ould be possible to regard this as an unintentional pHnoeraphic error and change

: e Baers

De epas had no business changing it to Bourrer ia in any ¢ The name is
certainly Bourreria; it may be Beurreria or Beureria as one inierpiels the inter-
naienal ae T should favor the later, since the original intent is clear.
“H.W. Rickert.

117

their development and that they exceed the designation of ‘shrub’* that was giv
them by de la Llave and Lexarza; that he had news | another example at pee a
size existed in the village of Tacdscuaro, and that in the Ess ten village of ‘Los
there were also several. Finally, he points out that Tarascan name of the
village of Jiquilpan, which i is “Vanimba; signifies ‘place iE Sadan itas, which might
indicate that in this place there existed at ae aa some mae of the plant in
question, and that notwithstanding its Tar ame, considering its rarity in
a ichoacan, it is believed that this plant is Sor Gndigcious there, but imported.”
wonder if any of the one eae fifty eed a the Garden Club
of ae who Fated Uruap see me in 1936 saw any huanitas in
the Botanic Garden there. It was the season ve bloce m1. Sori years ag
we ee President elie at seas He is a great lover of flowers

and plants, and had I only known about the huanita at that time, might
have ane re it there, an much helpful nue fa him,

In Mixteca the huanit ta is called YTAYUCUINE, h means “Flower of
the Tiger M pal according to artinez yee o says that

g to Dr. a,
YUCUINE of TEHUANTEPEC means “Mountain of the Tiger, t
place is the cea native habitat. In ancient times the historian week
called the huanita FLOR DE yucUAMA, surely a corruption aa he
YUCUINE—a type of change which often occurs when a name is difficult
to pronounce
Genesis of a War
Historians consider this plant as the cause of a bloody war between two
of the oldest and most powerful villages. It took place in Tehuantepec in
Saiaprerd 1496, when an army of Mexicans, sent by the King of
Mex Ahiutzotl, were vanquished at 2 gola by the Zapotecas and
Mines allies, under the command of ae of Zaachila, Ay coca
The Mixtecas, subdued by the King of ae on the retur: the
campaign in the marae of a area er a tree ons ‘eth bea.
tiful and fragrant wh s, kno e Mexicans as ¥z HITL,
The Mixteca eae eeu te in i gardens an ee oe eshed
himself with the beauty and aroma of the flowers. He felt proud to pos-
sess tie ve ee to the hot country, ei reminding hie of the lovely
f Tehuantepec, for which reason he named it, in the Mixtecan,

UCUINE.
When the new king of Mexico, Moctezuma II, heard of it he craved to
possess it, and in the second year of his reign, therefore, sent a commission

to the Mixtecas to secure by peaceful means the object of his desires. But
the can bassadors were haughtily mee by M: cae oe
Cacique of Tlaxiaco, who refused to give 7 es XU!

started the war—the troops of Moctezuma with r greater units bgeden
the territory, and were victorious. Mallinalli a ‘the Cacique of Achiutla

*The t Santa Cru in altitude of about five thousand feet, is
more fees cae ae high eon hour Gane en inches in diameter, although described
as a shrub of about three feet high, in some other states!

118

taken prisoners, their towns burned after practically all the in-
are were sacrificed. Then in the end, the Bae ey the
precious tree with great care to the gardens of Moctez at Huaxtepec,
near Seba nue sees in Morelos, where plants of all peanees seem to flourish.
Some India n monarch said of this tree that the fae are not to be
found ee where, the solitary specimen having dried out on the road to
oi as rden. Ot her authors affirm that seeds of this ate tree were care-
wn and cultivated by Moctezuma, and were studied there in the
ae of the 16th century by Hernandez and Fray F. Jiménez
E>
Half-century of Work at Garden mere hand ‘on families ere
Observed by Joseph W. Smith remember oe the new Bo-
aes

: ica. most people, a
ona to Joseph W, Smith, gardener, Jong trip with horse and carriage, with

on the 50th anniversary of his em- a picnic lunch packed under the back seat.
ae at the New York Botanical Joe Smith has personally watched the
arden, a purse of more than $200 was growth of a large number of the plan
given to hi March 21. Presented that ie been cultivated in the Garden’s
during th m hour in the palm house conservatory since the bu ilding was
of Conservatory Range No. 1, it repre- erected in 1900, A sugar palm that he
as contributions ee oc entire as planted grew quince to the top of the
cane e Garden’s employ who, 90-foot dome; eventually flowered, died,

ae of friends fron “ouside the. Sta and was cut down in 1934. A seedling
all attended the brief, informal ceremony. Lon ae tree has already shot wu
i
ie on to brief talks given by Dr.
new Botanical Garden was opened in wits He s and T. H. Everett,

G anical e
Bronx Park, he sought a job there and the anniversai ceremony included pres-
began working March 21, 1896. It was entation of a Hate ole painting, show-
about five years bef e conservatory, ing Mr. Smith in the palm house, made
where he lias sp f his half-cen- by one of the younger gard
tury at Garden, replaced the wil aiid bo
cherry trees and mountain laurel that had staff and | employ
no the old pasture north o “the Members’ Day poe gram May 1,

am University. He can remember when Mr. Smith was pea with a resolu.

a the apartment-covered one of is tion ae congratulation from the Board
day’s populous borough of Bro: of Manager:

-. iS POWER Pec

— NOMLEDGE \ [es on

AM ie wenkd couse - if vsclealy Ht 008

: ew ;
Te

Seis sseg00

119

Exhibit of Plants Without Flowers
Wins Award for Botanical Garden
GOLD MEDAL was awarded to the New York Botanical Garden

for its exhibit of “Plants Without Flowers” presented at the Inter-
national Flower Show at Grand Central Palace March 16 to 23. This was

e war.
xhibit featured seaweeds, yeasts, molds, and bacteria.

q
of the exhibit and.a decorative border was made of some of the most
ornamental specimens of algae from the Garden’s Herbarium.

ultures of various molds, yeasts, s, and bacteria were shown in four-foot

conservatories occupied tables at either en
staff of volunteers recruited by the Garden’s Manhattan office served
at the Flower Show each day, and a member of the staff was also present
to answer technical questions. Along with announcements of the Garden’s
oe b

literature—-were distributed to all who stopped to view the plants without

The exhibit is now temporarily placed on the main floor of the Museum
Building.

The New York Botanical ay) Gold Medal Exhibit of Plants Without Flowers
at the International Flower Show. ‘arch 1946.

Tarery MINUTES
ANOTHER WORLD

4 1. We On i
BILLIONS FROM YEAST

oN ereld wo we in 280
Feast: Aden ~ySame

120 .

| BROADCAST

| By Louis Pyenson |

Bugs, Beware!

Cc oe

Pye
New Yor a “Bot tanica ai
on which his talk was based is given here

Grubs

About the first pests that the gardener
will run across while digging up his plot
are the white, fat, half curled grubs that
represent the immature s tag _ oy: such
bactles as a Jpn bee” the Asiatic
garden beetle, and the Jun e@ be etle. Re-
d of what | beetle “they

into, they all
damage ie feeding ¢ on “the ee a se e-
tables and lawn grasses. Some law
like a carpet because ihe

grubs have chewed off the roots about
an inch below the ground.
If you find numerous in
garden a that you are ding up,
ix up 2% tablespoonsful of ethylene
dichloride emulsi eacl

nl
rate of 1 gal-
lon per square yard. Water the garden
wal afterwards. The same method may
be used on turf i

0%
© of 5 pounds al
1, po08 square feet, qaetibe it in well afte
wards. The kill is spectacular, as the
ee ae to the surface of the ground

yin,

Canker Wor

ore Recaie known as inch worms,
these pests are beginning their annual
shrub

destruction tree and foliage
now. hey can be easi i of,
however, if you are fortunate enough to
have a good sprayer. Eith sen-
ate or DDT can be used, but DDT ap-
fears to be the more effective material.

foliage for canker worm using
on the trunks of the trees in much the
way as tanglefoot. Apply DDT

ch MEASURES for a dozen common

n pests were given by Dr. esd
on
The ane

+ WNYC April 19.

o the tree trunks with sprayer or brush
a 3- to 6-foot band in the proportion
SORE on of 50 percent
T ee

ass

le abo
to get the fall canker w
about the middle of Februa
spring canker worms as they crawl up
the trunks to lay their eggs on the twigs.

Worms
nother early bird in the garden is the
‘m. ae h

oil. Thes
mil containers
a extensive creage, poiso
eci
be. scattered over eld few
before planting.

Flea Beetles

Nearly as quick on the trigger as the
cutworms are the minute black flea
beetles, which appear about the same
i Ss t

Pp
tiny ho can
plan ots with nae Foliage in a
aaless somethin done
them, Pyreth ru a oO
dust can be used effectively but a con-
nous. Palm on the foliage is neces
during the period of beetle abundance.

121

Aphids

Nearly every vegetable, fruit, and
ornamental appears to have a species of
aphid that nd

is particularly fo: f it
an vin oul at all aphids can
us numbers, They

are biological wonders, as they go through

another in the

tf . at oe eo plete absence of

males. trees and s| S you must

get them early or you don’t get them

at all, since they are quite well protected

fr rays in the eae d on z age. The

fairly Be DINITRO sprays s under a

U1 f trade mame ae excellent pe
killing aphid eggs on tre

the 1 fonds open.
it is too late are no i pine sul-
fate is stil the bel naaterial ae

aphids beyond a egg stage on shrubs,
trees, and vegetables.

Cucumber Beetles

An uncanny judgment to when to
come ott of ‘hibernation scene to be pos-
sessed by t r beetles,

melon plants, and simply ca them to
disappear by Monday. E ey don’t
estroy the plants, they may affect them
with one of two bad diseases—cucumber
wilt and cue x mosaic. The beetles
should be kept entirely away the
plants if you wish to keep the plants
healthy. That means dusting from the
time ng ne em until len
ing r cryo-

time with a rotenone-copper
lite- Sonne combination dust.

Boxwood Leaf-miner

One of the rst pests that the box-
wood grower hae ‘had to comet with is

finally on the verge of being conquered,
ven wiped out. m referri ing to the
oxwood Haran eee pine =
very difficult to kee out c

n the grounds o:

ric
pplied
all, sides of the “oliage a prior to any
adult emergence (generally early in
May) will desiray Ae rangle fly coming
out of the foliage for the entire emer-

gence period ae 2 to 3 weeks. Rains do
not impair effectiveness as
suitable aude are used in the spray.

Mexican Bean Beetle

lways ure ne
that will with us in the garden—the
exis ean beetle. The beetles come
t of hibernation about the time the
earliest planted are getting their
second or third s Both t
nd their spiny y arvae do con-

s ello
siderable damage ot bean foliage.
still neve to rely on pyrethrum or rotenone
dust to keep these
ir

—and remember, the under-
side . ‘the eae must be hit.

Chinch Bugs

In Jun of our once beautiful
lawns will beeia. to shew brow:
those ¢ inch bugs a;

pounds
square feet an in well ” should
nearly eliminate chinch bug trouble.

Corn-Borer
We also hav new chemicals
nlp — the cron corn-borer
ich tacks nearly all succulent
t n.,

chem known DDT, used
; Tr

gives better colitral than rotenone.

Slugs

any gardens in damp aes or in
damp loc he are troubled slimy,
gray, spotted ee that come "oie only
after dark eed on vegetables and

flower eee and
slim ails
nee ee go
flashlight and Honen your
will see them all o
are present. ma,
poison bait
Hise at eo hi
effectively curb these night prowlers.

in addition ent

plants.
ver the foliage: if hey
ae

Japanese Bee

We must not peice the Japanese beetle,
which is sure to be with us again in July

122

appears edible. So far the best protection
a foliage has been ieee with the
oO

e of DDT, which will n miy kill
the seel to keep hen away
from foliage coated with it. DDT tends
o stay effective for about three weeks,
so that one application in early July and
nother thr
ive ample protection to foliage for the
season. Remember, DD a poison and
hould not ed on its or vegetable

rts that to be e ruit trees can

fruit is not to be harvested until twe
and August, chewing on ev erything that months later
Em

York Botanical Garden or may be pur

Notices and Reviews of Recent Books

ae publications mentioned here may be consulted in

the Library of The New
rchased on order through the Library.)

Nine Experts Solve ae
For the Home Garden

GROUNDS | FOR LIVING. Edited by

Van gham and Richard ra
ena Hd pages, Sees illu:
trated by George Bactehold,
Rutgers

Berar "pre
$2.50.

ah gay pap of this was ne
its first attra pe ae coe ing the enclosed
aged oe room ee is Beet” to
I never understood

a wl

with ardens for

was pleasant to find my
privacy, even slig

foe e htly
xy Charles H. Connors, the

ution of the many
problems besetting : small home owner
who is eager to use his limited grounds
to the best aavantane

most welcome even to hose of us who
have done much reading and given much

thought to this cee subje
seen good S Ls et ‘of on
ent

t and college
bulletins available i i we are apt to
overlook sources of information so
easily available to us. Landscaping in
miniature—lawns, shade trees, flowers,

getables, fruits, soil and outdoor con-
struction a: bly covered. The chap-
er on a how is particularly good, en-

pleasure w. derived
ftom the outdoor “Tsing! pres will tun
gall and w
‘a was suprised, | in ge section on fruit
trees, that their b
is not more stres:

Roce tha t

ges
Se oe the poor householder hours of
tiresome toil which could better be

123

devoted to relaxation or other pursuits.
Was it ei io Romans who used overflow
f £ thei

bath wa a irrigation o eir
grou bi le, with a turn of the
wrist, to attend i this most irritating of
summer chores, is a dream r
nine experts had pi e ae se on ee

ing to come true! ent

installation of some coe should not te ‘0
difficult of realization these

im :
in spite of this lack, e than

books! t st being, bee having
i read an at ie a it, ordered
to add t

to mine, jana suo ie irk oo
: its pages for solutions to my ow:
dilemmas.

KatHERINE G. FENIMORE Cooper.

Nutrition from a New Food
THE US

s Lager is er in nutritional
Jee and in poe eae new foods to
the public. In this book she has given a
hrief history of soybeans and their uses,
Especially striking is oe description of
their fi

nutrition are backed ie
‘acts coming from some of t

ee laboratories and nutrition oe
She gives facts concerning the pr Hea
i 1 eans.

8
oe
Be
a

f si ae
teaae i in ‘industry. She ae 350 recipes
for preparing soybean “

Loa McVEIGH.

Manifold V:
Of ae F orestry
BEHOLD OUR GREEN MAN-
SIONS, Richard car D. papa

313 pages, illustrated, dexed.

The University of North Carolina

aie Chapel Hill, N, C. 1945. $4,

A endium of useful facts about
forestry in ie United States, “Behold Our

ansions,” is written in a manner to

ee a pa aes both = the nage

sional fore: and the lay reader. One
impre — ‘ariuary by the “thoroughness
with very phase of forestry is

treated and the reliability of the statistics
esented.

xcellent photographs illus-

be labeled “The Blowed Lands,” instead
- tue Mountain Lake.” rane faue of the
photographs on the fe h page im-
meal following page 78 should be

tran: ae
enumerates the many ways
ich He forests of this country and
their products contribute to the national
Next, forest d their de-

economy. fires and their de
structiveness and ee for forest re
creation are covered well. The discussion

wild life management is
comprenensive,
The book is Particularly thorough in

w, soil conservation and flood control.
yf ie weiue

careful to point out, is not a cure-a’
A thorough d ll forest prod
ucts, with considerable ces informa-
on regarding production, is contained in
the chapter on lum nd it:

ore
a most interesting picture of the
livestock history is given of the West in
atio: ee : restry, with especial ales
of what ern ment control has m-
Deas in the
he author points ae os need
toes grazing and t:
the Northeast. He oat ave em
phasized more strongly how detrimental
es ing is to farm woodlands in this
region.

of co-or-

The relation of the farmer to forestry
and the importance of farmlands in pro-
i est crops for bo

ducing forest cr th local use and
for sale a rought out rather well, and
the aut points how farmers can and
should support forestry.

n the chapter on “Fire, the Destroyer”
it is stated on page 149 that one fire in New
York State i n

ingle
A brief but sexcellent SORT i is 5 gi ven
° anet enemies and tree diseases, par-

cularly the chestnut bark disease and the

124

white pine blister rust among the tree dis-
eases, eatin with a brief Nae of
wood r gi al and o ther:

The a author he lead-
ership of the Federal govern! an for-
foe taking a a eae deal of ‘his eal

m the so-c Cc

eland Report 2
Joint

He shows an appreciation of the fact that
the burden of responsibilitv for aaa
n all but Federal lands lies upon

maple chapter is devote the
forest problems of the South, seed the
out is particularly important

arO!
community forests and the pens of
ae ‘type of forest to American com-
uni ies.
the last chapter covers economic fac
tors in private pubes The author ici
ae privately ist forests cannot me
future de mers. ot imber crops. He
co ommend the i jicreasing of publicly ewned
forests from the dees 196,000,000 acres
‘o 315,0 s. It appears that he is
10n

nforcement wit

ederal Supervision? *—a ae cont

with ahich: ee oesteae and timberland
owners will a:

wr TLIAM G, Howarp.

Director, Lands and Forests

N.Y. State Conservation Dept.

at ieee Handboo.

This is an ceil lent fanaieok a. the
trees indigenous to the region south of the

Mason and. Dixon Line, the Ohio River,
f the Mi

to the western limit

luctory een ine t
of nomencla ur
trated nee S of terms employed, and a
ve -page key leading sometimes ay genera,

metimes to individual speci ce eb
h

a key to aes included ae the generic
deci ription. mmon names, as well a:
alee names sand authori rities, are pels

st cases
one ements concerning the habit, leaves,
flo See fruit, twigs, bark, habitat, distribu-
tion, and economic importance. There has
long been a need for such a book as t

N. Movvenxe.

Beneficial Bacteria
MICROBES OF MERIT. Otto
Rahn, 277 pages, illustrated, in-
arya Fa Tess,
19 $4.
It is indeed high time ree someone
called a attention to the fact that not all
microbes is

in this ee His

ly one out of
every 30,00! i Hi

types ¢ neficial ones, not fe ing the
yeasts and molds, in such a simple manner
tha t anyone can understa nd him. His a

worthy ote ; t
add greatly to ae eae “and ‘clarity “of
oe of them are really
fascinatin,

n ae “of its simplicity, however, this
book is remarkably complete and accurate,

ence © students of high

scho

interesting to sci
ol age.

E. Conn,

JEAN
New Haven, Conn.

125

ine tetas Tale

Of a Century Ago
THE pice CAROLINA RICE
PLANTATION as revealed in the
papers of Robert F. W. Allsto:

Edited by J. H. Easterby. 478 Danse:
indexed hakyred of Chicago
Press, Chicago, 1945. $5.

Mr. Easterby has given us a painstak-
ing, intligent study of rice planting in
the low cow of South Carolina, more
i the Ger icna district,

5 three divisions :—firs
fifty fase, a Tees account of t
life Robert F. W. Allston, Me
of West Point, engineer, lawyer, gov-
ernor of South Carolina, but above all
tice-planter.
‘wo hu indred pages of an on Iston

family letters follow, then come an
two hundred pages of overseer Aone
slave documents and factors’ correspond-
rt

At one time Robert Allston owned
seven tice daira ie all situated in the
ida’ Georgetown di t

tidal swam f the Georgetown distric
that lies sone: the neck of land between
e Peedee and Waccamaw rivers. Rice

a
planting was big business. ie of the
ae plantations one hae ees a

of 20,000 bushels of ri

“The documents show and wom
doing anaes a diet lt Sve day o
day, yea year—a far cry ‘from the
romance of ie legendary South, or the
pigsties of “Tobacco Road.”

We should be Spe to Mr. Easterby
for a job well don

Thien saa
Rock Hill, South Carolina.

Conifers for Cultivation
RIENDLY EVERGREENS.
mlien. 230 pages, indexed,
D. Hill Nursery Com.
indee, Ill. 1946. $6.
sa ae ti fee apa volume,
‘of : ine eo the library o

Ku
i jinsirated,
Du

pruning, diseases, insects, landscape uses,

soils,

fertilizers, francplantine, propaga-
tion and other opic:

relevant to:
E. i. FuLLING,
Editor, The Botanical Review.

Chromosomal ale oul View

GENETICS. Alten

452 pages, “luted indexed:
Henry Holt & Co. ew ‘K,
18 Ae: $3. 30°

felt. of genetics It pee aE sabes
primarily fro om the chromosomal p mnt of

mosome behavior and the tiewerel
basis of Hered than do most elemen-
tary text very helpful innovation is the
aclision. es a brief summary at the end
of each chapter, which. should i as of

are numerous problems, which will 55
serve - increase his understanding of the
ee

y of the figures are new and some,
Aotabhy phila
on eee 194-195, are interesting and in-

f this sort can include every~-

sion of the
in physiolo ogical ‘genetics “whic h have been
Neuros,

ar chiens is h have thrown a good
deal - light on the oot basis of de-
velopmental problem: general,

the
chapter on develonmnent seems a little lim-
ited. The introduction of the student to the
hromé

chromosomal and

he has studied the genetic facts is perhaps
not as good pedagogy as taking AA ne
as ism 1 fist and passing from it the
al basis of inheritance. This, ‘to ow-

wi
long been done with * Drosophila. With
Plants this sometimes results in rather

eofa oar rticular

iv
definite letter symbol for every pair of
alleles,

e minor points, however, and
g :
t should prov ble addition to the
list of books available to baie teacher of
introductory courses in gen
Epm DW. Sin

Yale University,

126

A Pioneer hai Again
re

On Begonia Cultur
Sania 0
THEM. Bessie Raym ona” Buxton,
163 pages, illustrated, indexed, Is-
sue under th spices of the
Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety. Oxford Univer: es!
New York. 1946, $2.25.
1939 the author published a book
under this same title and it answered a
long-felt need and reawakened lively

interest in begonias.

ok embodies ae of bs
is it is not exactly a

n old one with additions. "New

pp ane describes the
ae

This bo ok male subtle appeal to the

home grower; here Ties one of its hig! é

values. It is so designed as to make

Sh iiee hobby Sad for the many

ing, as 1
begonias under Pest: ases. Also
one learns from e nd from

see contradictory plant among
beg The reviewer questions the
wisdom “of suc labels as “‘a difficult plant
to gr and “the result is a sickly
plant.
With a wealth of good material scat-
d through its p , its usefulnes:

particular field i
im wh the author is an ow utstanding
pioneer.

For those who have come further alon
the road, one eee for the more technical
b wh es down defini
? stich tee fe
result of fst seehone research.

ALPH P. Sis
Hopkinton, R 7.

/ :
ews
TO ATTEND THE ANNUAL
FESTIVAL OF ROSES
to be held
June 15 to July 15
at the Rose Capital of America

'W the new Mo
& PLD

PRE
ae by the
RE the 0 diff

Roses developed a

dern
partment of Plant Research

of Ros

erent varieties

Bae in our display gar

Jackson & Perkins Co.
Werbats Mpg sy Rose Growers

NEWARK,

NEW YORK

127

Current Literature*
At a Glance
By Harriet K. Morse

Fuchsia Book
by the

Fuchsias in Color. The
for Rts published last year
Am Fuchsia Society, contains 22
handsome illustrations in color. A de-
sana check list varieties introduced
since 1934 is of great interest, as is oe ne
oF nurseries aie on true-to-m
stock.

Germination. The Missouri Bo-
sie Garden Bulletin for March 1946
me 150 garden

nui s required for thei
germination. adishes aa eee in two
days wh ile among the ~ e Glox-
ita and ay (21 day.

Delphini fro nold
Zurawski, switihe in the 048 jabucuian
f merican Del inium

d
cronietne” articles also appear
book.

welty Tomatoes. nae isa — about
‘O-

matoes a: WW

Home Gardening tort the South,
1946) ee ie ne and com-
ments on thei: s food and decora-
tion. Aiiong tien oe red ond yellow

* All publications mentioned here—and many
others—may be consulted in the Library a the
Botanical Garden ¢ Museum Buildi:

pear tomatoes, plum, cherry, strawberry,
peach, persimmon, green gage and apple
: y are age uit and

- she the com-

ae ot en-

the title, “Rubber,

rubber from the 16th century on, wher

the early Spanish explorers in Americ:
st sent back reports of this curious

milky substance found in trees. The his-

tory is brought up to date with a descrip-
tion of current production problems, in-
aa o. control, in different parts
of the world.

Postage Stamps. In Frontiers magazine
for February, stamps o
bee t

id Post-

“Things
Apothecary — : Postage Sianips: ” Amer-
Druggis

can av 1940; “Agriculture

n Stamps o es Pan American Repub-

Ties." Bu letin of th American
Union, March 1939,

COSTA’S

Penthouse Landscapers

BArclay 7-0764

196 Greenwich Street

New York 7, N. Y.

Plan head for Your Trees

, many trees have
become war casualties. Injuries,
diseases and insects have made
headway during years when ex-
pert care was scarce. More than
700 Davey Tree Surgeons have
been in the armed services. Now
they are coming back to the
work they love. They are good

men—skilled, reliable, diligent.
Soon the Davey organization
will be well along toward its
ptewar ability to serve you. Plan
now to have our local represen-
tative examine your trees. Let
Davey Tree Surgeons minister
to their needs . . . restore their
health and vigor.

DAVEY TREE Bar ere COMPANY - KENT, OHIO

Two Sear aicN

Lk ae ei
5 s

AVING SERVICE

For the Blind, In a for his
brochure, on “arden foe “Vealth and

Happiness,” Hugh Findlay, the au-
thor, says, Thi ook is prepared pri-
marily for the blind who love nature and

vegetables to the world’s great store-
ouse.”” [ is Ny cen little book
will, it is , be produced in braille,

that ae bree a read for: themselves
how to become vegetable eee

Orchid Magazines. The Ore: Digest,
spring ie Bars by the Ord Society
of Califor ae sts six periodic: on a
orchid in ish, besides one in Por
guese 6 oe in Spanis

Em
Library Acquisitions

Some of the Library’s lately arrived
purchases are briefly described here.

Two early works on the Caran have
been reprinted by ae A. Mc a a of
very IL

oor in an English translation ei

1838; the other, “New Ic T
the Camellias” by Alexandre Verschaf-
felt (1848-1860), translated from the
rench by Mr. enny lf. Only
he s of thes i
not the illustrations.
ioneer Settlement in Asiatic

Tropics by Karl J. Pelzer." aaa in

land utilization and agriculture in south-

eastern sia. merican Geographical

Society Serial Publication No. 29. 1945.

Darwin on Humus and the Earthworm,

with an introduction by Sir Albert
. 194! ion

Obse servations on their

Five illustrated volumes of Flora
Agaricina Danica, dated 1941, have been
received from ee agen. Prepared
by J. E. Lan they are published by
the Royal Vegan and ‘Agrcatuival
College, Department of Plant Pathology.

Several volumes of the ie
Flore Géneral de Il'Indo-Chine have
lately arrived from abroad.

129

Startling New

DAHLIAS

L_ MINIATURES

a. on diminutiv e plants ts. Beautiful
colors—lovely for: room decoratio n.

White—Y ellow—Blue—Bronze—

Lavender
pian ean iraagegeei ge
Colle: ots, 1 each of
araae eal. Walon $5.) $4.50
Collection F—10 Deen . each of
above colors, (Value $10 $8.50
Sensational ae
ae REGAL!

lively, intense pink. Sturdy bushes,
4% to 5 ft. hi e Wonderful for
garden and cutt:

-50 each; 10 for $31.50

Seasalings

132-138 Church St., Dept. BO i Yy.8

Suburban Stores: Englewood, N_J.

White Plains, N.Y. Newark N.J.
Stamford, Conn. id, LT.

Notes, News, and Comment

e ee of _

wy Spain’ and by erat

cuador.

ork Botanical Garden ated 7 is
i ee a

ea.
sented a detailed — an “Distribution
and Variability in Teosinte.” These were
all of the A

aed he “Comparative
Studies on the B-Vitamin Content of

Wholesale
Seeds

Imported Grasses

Lawn Mixtures

Seaboard Seed
Company
Philadelphia 47, Penna.

130

Trisomic and Disomic Maize,” represent-
ing work ie t she did while at Yale Uni-
Na

t Garden,
sented “A Diccussion of Pytogeoeganhy
ae ne as of North and Sout!

mel

Chai

Dr. W. H. Camp
elected. scbaitiniet of the ore ee
the B ° eric:

no clatur th merican Society
of Plant Sresaesey and was elected
a member of munittee for drafting a

constitution for. “the newly organized
ee for the Study of Evolution.

ae Bassett Maguire went
to yieeees arch 19 oe address
the Dartmouth oe Club M 20 on
his exploration, of Table

Club
Building March a and the Science

at Colne oe Apri

Dr. Dai ‘went to Boston last
month oe address the Chestnut Hill
Ga sas Club April 2 on “Lilies for

- EL verett spoke before the John
nee Garden Club of Yonkers, an
Affiliate of the New York
Garden, April 17 on “Garden Soils

Composts.”

r. William J. Robbins addressed the
Greenwich Gar en Club AP vil 16 and
gave aera enh on The Botanical

spects of Penicillin = Similar Sub-

N. Moldenke talked on “Tre:

Bedford Township April 11 to hear a
alk by Elizabeth n “The New
York Botanical Garden’s Library and its
Services.” Miss Hall illustrated her

lecture with books, boolclets, i a
and other materials from the libra

131

On his return from St. Louis, Dr.
W. H. Camp on April 1 addressed a
group at pee State University, where

au ‘or s before join-
ing the Caan staff in 1935, speaking
on “Wartime Experiences of a Botanist.”

Field Work. Marjorie J. French of
Amherst, re a raduate of Oberlin
and a stu
eee

faical ee
last month cing: library Seen as
part of the field work required in her
course.

Solidago. Dr. Arthur Cronquist worked
in the National Hertarnn in Washing:

dur par Fe

ee ee of Solidago,
he returned from the St. Louis ene
the first of

April he stopped at Notre
Dame and Ohio State Universities te
ino “additional specimens of Com
posites.
Coaieuieee Staff eerie who at-
tended the meetings of the American
esate ao fie

s the las
March Pre the * monthly conference

of scientific staff and oe
Bares £ the ie April 1 The ey
were a ‘amp, Ar ae Cron

quist, Ww. Kavanagh, Iida McVeigh,

and H. ew. Ricket
— the Fie ies March 13,
. H. A. Gleason spoke 2 “Trying to
Me aintain some e wn Names”
and Dr. H. N. Moldenke on Some Little
Known Genera of Verben

M. Truman Fossum, Assistant

mo:
Im. Among other groups
have recently made guided tours
of the Ga: Se are a Boy Scout troop
ronx and a sixth grade class

Visitors. Dr. Albert Zeller of Basle,
who is workii ing on a nutrition project

for the Swiss government, visited the
New York Botanical Garden in early
March. He Nie oie interested
in Dr. Robbin: ork nutrition in
which a! are ae as the experimental
material.

udd E. See of Coker College,
Hietvilte S.C. came to the Garden
last month to consult with E. J. Alex-
ander on his collection of South Carolina
plants.

Jeannette E. Graustein, Professor of

Pla hology at the University of
Delaware, spent part of her spring vaca-
tion worki the Garden’s library on
a era oo in the correspondence
of ae hn

ichard A. cee who as recently
been released from service with a

‘med Fo: gia came to New Yor k fro

ie Gray Herbarium and worked April
a 13 in the ae here on the flora
£ the West Indies.
Among other visitors of recent weeks
have heen Henry Teus che er
den

California Insane of Technology : Ruth
| of

atrick, grea hnes eee Horti-
culture at Ambler; Edgar T. Wherry
from the Universit: Pennsylvania ;
Robert lausen, Cornell; C. V.
orton, Smithsonian Institution; A.
Grout, on his way lorida to Ver-
mont; George a f a former
pee gardener o has been serving
h the Marines i a Mike Pacific and who
1 ae returning to his nursery busi
in California ; ee M. O'Sullivan,

ie University.

Conference. Research carried on in
the Archivo General de la Nacién in
Mex: durin,

work of this grou ee

£ bo-
tanists was therefore lost, until Sessé

132

and Mocifio’s works were published in
Mesico near the end ws a 19th century.
ie expedition, how resulted * in
important botanical collections, now de-
7 ested in Madrid; of value in
SEED COLLECTORS our know. ie ee bonny. Dr.
Rickett deciphered and eanelated all of

ie correspondence and ae as abe
|

= ae eee ex: ae ay ns which
bs loc exican archives; for
the fee tie detailed dates and nea
are interested in purchasin of their travels are available. The com-
eee P : plete story wie be published in a special

: issue of Chronica Botanica.
Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds
re-war crowds invaded the

Correspondence invited abundance both outdo:

on : than 7,000
visited the Easter display in House 6 of

H E R B S T B R 0 T H E R S the Main Conservatories. Among the

fl ed_ there a6

were Darwin tulips, marguerites, butter-
oe, Wetter St: New York 7 Mote fly-flowers (Schizanthus hybrids), ciner-
arias, azaleas, and showy African daisies
of several genera.

Outdoors, the late flowering cherries
were at the peak of their bloom. ee
first of the poet's narcissus
nas to blend with the earlier valle

ffodils, which had remained in prime

serie eee the long cool weeks
since ed te on ae re were one
of

gnoli: gree he edge
PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., INC. wi wondionds | in thes southeast cance of Ha
grounds, and the many dogwoods gave
305 EAST 47th STREET promise of flowering in aoe week.
NEW YORK 17, N. Y. The first of the massed azaleas were
: ahs ng color, and at the entrance to the

on the S pr is, many hundreds

MAKERS OF ot eee Bales tl ee of pe

mulas. iums, grape hyacinths an

PRINTING PLATES other anal “bats violas, aegis blue-

bells, moss net subulata) of

PROCESS BENDAY oe colors. pel-cress oe

tuft, the ‘lilac ac flowers of ne

PINE ACETONE Genta - fe eae of Daphne Cason,
and m

In me a a iy, beds adjacent to
ae conservator arly varieties had
come into bloom,

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Officers
JoserH R. Swan, Presider
HENRY DE Fears BAe ou Vice “president
eet Pe MERI Vice- - pre.
aa = SON, tree gee
aiid e La MonTaGNE , Secretary

Elective Managers
WILLIAM FeLTon BarreTT Mrs. ELon Huntincron anes E. Powe, Jr.

Epwin De T. ak EL Hooker Haroun I. Prat
s. ALBERT D, LAsKer ie J. Ropesins
ae anre he ] Lewis A. ae SAUNDERS
ARSHALL F; Eomunp W. Stnxott
Rev. Roszert I. GANNon, Ronert H, Monneeny c rae scey STILLMAN
SJ. H. Hosarr Porter DNEY J. WEINBERG

Ex-Officio io Managers
Wiuiam O'Dwyer, Mayor of the City of New York
Mary E. Chee Presider 1¢ of the Board of Pdueation
T Moses, Park Conissioner
ee Managers
By the fee Botanical Club

EASON
By Columbia University
Marston T. Bocert Marcus M. RHoapDEs
Cyarres W. Battarp Sam F. TRELEASE
THE STAFF

WitLiaM J. Rosarns, Px.D., Sc.D. Director
H. A. ear Pu.D. Assistant Director and Curator
Henry A MonTacNe Assistant Director
Frep J. “SEAVER, Pu.D., Sc.D. “He ad Curator
A. B. Stout, Pu.D. Curator of Education and Laboratories
Bernarp O. Dopce, Pu.D. Plant Pathologist
Joun HenpLey cares A.M., M.D. Bibliographer ses
H.W. Ricxetr, Pu.D. Bibliographer
Bassett Macuire, Pu.D. Curat or
Haroun N. Monpenke, Px.D. eee rebut
ELizaApeTH C. ee A.B., B.S. rian
eR N. MitcHe Pho vapher
E, J. ALEXANDER, B 5, Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local He cobain
H. Camp, Pr Assistant Curator
E. Na Pu.D Assistant Curator
ArtHuR Cronguist, Pu.D Assistant Curator
AVA a, Px.D. Assistant Curator

Setma Koyjan, B.S. hnic sh
Rosatie WEIKERT Technical Assistant
Ton McVeicH, Pu.D Technical Assistan
Mary Stepeins, M.A. Technical Assistant
Caro. H. AU Gon We AnD: AB. Editor of the Journal
Tuomas H. Everetr. N.D. Horr. orticulturist
G. L. Wirtrocr, A.M. Cust todian of the Herbarium
Otto Drcrner. M.S. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany
A. J. Grout, Pa.D. Ena ‘ary Curator o Osse.
Tnez M. Hartnc wlssistant Honorary Curator of Mosses
JosernH F. Burke Flonorary "Curator of the Diatomaceae
R. A. Krukorr onorary Curato of Economic Botany

Eruet ANSON S. PeckHamM He Mae Hecti
A. C. Pranner Superintendent of Buildinas and Grounds
the taneal an den, take the Independe: nt Subway to Bedford Park
Beaeoar Meanont | te Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the

e
Third Avenue Elevated - the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New
York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to
Redford. Park. Boyleward... _-.----

Third Avenue Elevated | to > the “Botanical Gar

PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Books, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal

2 Illustrated Flora of the Northern Upson Dee and Canada, by Nathaniel

Lo As Britton ae ellos Brown. Three volumes, giv g descriptions and illustra-
uons of 4 cies. Second edition, Bearinte ed. $13.50.

ee ne leas ed Plains el Central noon America, by P. A. Rydberg.
969 sie and 601 figu 1932. ce, $5.50 postpaid.

The Bahama noe ie Nathaniel ah Britton i Charles Hredente Rens
695 pages. Descriptions of the sp ania) wel seE ee bryophytes, and
thallophytes of the Bahamas, with ee explor rations ne ea

$6.25

bibliogra a and index. 1920.
an Cariceae, by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates
ef Cares me related Hens by Harry C. Creutzburg, with a description of acy
Index 1940. Two volumes, 1034 x 13!4 inches; bound $17.50:
Seidl $15.50
Keys to the North American Species Ae les by K. K. Mackenzie. From
Vol. 19, Part 1, of North American Flora
Food and pie tees a he North ‘ges Indian. Two pe articles
by Marion A. & G. n the Journal for March 1942.
Vegetables and Fruits ne the Home Garden. ae authoritative articles “eprinted
from the a 21 pages, illustrated. Edited by Carol H. Woodward. 1941. 15 c
e Flora of the Un n Tapestries by E. J. Alexander and Carol H. Wo “el
ward, 28 sagen iieceateel an Ae aa drawings; bound with paper. 1941.

log of Hardy Trees and Shrubs. A list of the woody plants being grown

nailer at the New Yor e Boe pie Garden in 1942, in 127 pages with notes, a
map, and 20 illustrations.

Succulent Plants of New and Old World Deserts by E. J. Alexander. 64 oe

indexed. 350 ce treated, 100 illustrated. Bound in paper. 1942. cond

aon 1944. 50 c

Periodicals

{ddisonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied hy
popular descriptions of Teueane plants; eight plates in each number ae two in
h volume. Now in its twenty-second eens Subscription price, "$10 volume

Gear years). Not offered in ehiees e to members of the Garden.
Journal of The New York Botanical e den, monthly, containing news, book
reviews, and non- technical articles on botany and horticulture. Sen ae tion, $1.50 a
year: single copie . Free to members of the Garden. Now in its 47th volume.

Myc baer Pimone ae illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi.
eediae ue net containing teclinical, eu and news and notes of general in-
‘ar; single copies $1 ach. Now in its thirty- ahi "ohne
eae ae Nice ear Index volume $3.
Brittonia. A es of botanical papers publis hed in co-operation with the
American Society a “Sect. Taxonom ts. sy ee scription price, $5 a volume ($4 to
members of the Society). Now its fifth

North American leu eee of the an Pa o North America.
ine Peale West Indies, and Central ae arts now issued.
Not offered in exc ae Prices of the separate parts on pre

Contributions from The New York Botanical oe den, A series of techie
papers reprinted from journals Gunes than hee sous 25 cents each, $5 a ume.

Nees of The New York Botanical Git. A collection of ae
pape Contents and prices on request.

JOURNAL

THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Wow, 2Y/ J U N E PAGES
358 1-9 4 6 133—160

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Carot H. Woopwarp, Editor

JUNE BLOOM AT THE GARDEN
Roses
ue great Rose Garden on the east side of the sroung largely contributed by th
firm of Bobbink & Atkins, contains 7,000 or mo e plants in some 800 varieties and
species which will be at their peak the first half of June.
To reach the Rose Garden by automobile, turn into the grounds at the second gate
n
rear of the poate Building, then east and south to the Rose Garden. By subway,
e nearest route is by way of the White ae Road line on the East Side IRT, walk-
ing westward rs the Pelham Parkway Station.
Peonies
A collection of 240 varieties, including the ee Sayed at the north end of
the Main Conservatory, will be in flower in early Jun
Rhododendrons
Starting in late May, the Garden's large collection of rhododendron hybrids will
continue to flower during the early part of June.
Daylilies
Late June and July is the peak season for daylilies, to be seen in the Experimental
Garden on the east side of the grounds.

Pad

Garden
While the peak of the season comes in May, many attractive flowering plants will
give pleasing color and pattern during June.
JUNE EVENTS AT THE GARDEN
cagagiGs Day

June Painting Wild Flowers in Westchester County Eloise P. Luquer
Rose- Gron ers’ Day
June
An ee -day program starting a - ae with an inspection of the Rose Garden.
F. F. Rockwell, Editor-i -in- “Chief oft e Garden, _ speak at 11:30 on “Roses

for the Beginner.” A picnic lunch ay feller and at 2 p.m. there will be a clinic
and demonstration on roses diseases and culture.

Radio Programs

30 p.m. on alternate Fridays over WNYC
June ra Your 230- dee Ga (ie len Melvin Sawin
r of Hoy Council, New Yori’ Botanical ee
June 28 Sugar is the inaaien of ae Naylor
Assi Mee Curator, New York Botanical Garden

TABLE hae ie

Lihum superbum (with greatly me on oe in the painting of prairie hens
by John James oe dubon Cover illustration
CusHION Puan 6 THE ew RUVIAN Puna WwW. odge 13
WILDFLOWER SANCTUAR RY IN A Lonc IsLaND GaRDEN Edith Farrington Johnston 141
SoME ae on as OWERS a TREES IN
ie :

s “Bir F AMER Helen M. Fox 144
Nevers oon ‘REVIEWS ior Recent oe 152
ope LITERATURE AT A Harriet K. Morse 194
BRoApcasT—“ VicEeantr One Teas Make Fine Soar” Georgia Lefingwell 155
AFRICAN EXPEDITION UNDER 157
Notes, News, AND eae 158
WESTERN COLLECTING TRIP 160

note Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58,

Y. ponte’ ip Se ee ae i ntered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Office

x New York, un t of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1.50. Single copies
cents,

JOURNAL

of
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Vo. 47 June 1946 No. 558

Cushion Plants of the Peruvian Puna
y W. H. Hodge
Illustrated with photographs by the a

FEY COU: eee can compare with Peru in the variety of plant
formations. ne u can find a eae chr of lowlands, either
wet or dry, of wi a rain-forests or m dry thorn-forests, of
deals ae ‘and cold, and also of the alpine and the en the arctic and
the tropics, plus all the ta she bet
Perhaps most unusual of a! on eae areas which the Peruvians
call the puNa—a formation churacterisi of the highest Ande s and to

= 4,000 et) in the Wes H phe
and interesting as the site o the Inca civilization, one of the eel
civiliz wale autochthonous to the New World.

The Peruvian puna, which technically is that portion of the altiplano
lying above the 14,000-foot limit of cultivation, has its northernmost
limits at about 8 degrees south latitude in the beautiful snow-covered
range of the Cordillera Blanca, which begins just south of the ancient
Incaic city of Cajamarca. From this ae on the flanks of Peru’s high-
est

peak—Z3,000-foot Huascaran—it ends without interruption, but
with many an irregular ae ae the lofty ean of a
western Andes to southern Peru and Bolivia, where it

ands to for
its ae display on the high. valley country ene the ee

the snowy eee of Ecuador is apparently due to the rather pro-
nounced reduction in elevation of the Andes in northern Peru, where
the cordilleras average considerably less than 4,000 meters, as compared
to is 4,000—5,000 meter average of the true puna. This notable break

e Andes—located in the Cordillera de Piisuranasiaey lying west of
he pet bend of the Marafion River—has been the key obstacle to the

Dr. Hodge is ane Professor, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional,
Medellin, Colombia

133

THE PERUVIAN PUNA
1D ITS :
TERISTIC PLANTS

AND

por

bal

Photographs by W. H. Hodge

Tola ey (Lepidophyllum) on the Pampas de Arrieros, dried and stacked to be
used as

Boos. ee the bunch grass and the puna mat formations, in the vicinity
of Huito in cohen Peru. The cushion plants are ae rae 2 sony or rocky
areas such as the slope in the background, where the heat-abso pow a he
rocks raises the soil temperature so ithe it can better suppor t a plas

Scattered cushions of Opuntia lagopus and O. floccosa growing amid unch- “grass

@ ero, This is a favorite grazing round ibe lamas and alpacas.
Ichu pees on the pampas near Lago de Salinas, east of Arequipa, at an elevation
of 15,0 eet,

corsa Sa a variety of plants crowding together to share the moisture which is
more abundant under the big compact cushions.

135

cole pan age not ie of high Andean plants but also paielipn
puna animals. Thus, puna plants, and especially the cushion for.

not en eae ed in Bont north of 8 degrees south latitude; but aon of
that ae ects a different type of formation called locally the JaLca, or
PARA which is superficially similar to the puna. Except for the

ee ‘of the curious FRAILEJON (Espeletia) the jalca, or north Peruvian
paramo, is apparently more = the paramos of Ecuador and Colombia

n Per
e puna has an ae ana the Peruvian describes as “triste,”
a somber.” If such a description is just it
probably stems from the feeling give n by the dull a pesca
of the vegetation of t these high prairies and rock-fields. n humid
places one seldom sees fresh vivid greens, and instead . pevennal wiry
grasses have a drab yellow-green or gray-green hue, shared by companion
plants and bird life. The year TO und this color changes little, even during
the Januar ry to April “winter’ pee eee squalls of rain or sleet or ae
are in season, offsetting somewhat the overbearing influence of the lon,
dry season.

Except for the wet, poorly ces ene the puna is a region of
drought to its plant inhabi tants. onditions are brought about by a
number of factors common i ee regi of igh: alt titude.

dessicating power, is earns tremendously ~ the thinness of the air;
and wind movement, working in gine on with the preceding agents
as a shee uae is particulary Si tive oes - its freedom of
movement i gion lacking + indbreakin: e-holding and
shading Dropetes. - trees. Ma Ae mp to alleviate ae dry condi-
tions, for the perature often drops the freezing point , an ad what
little ‘soil water may la then Ley locked in an icy form which
is useless to a thirs

Thus the puna is . ce a » desert, a cold desert, and probably the highest
desert in the world. In ce ee places—for instance, in areas high above
and to As east of Arequipa—it can be as barren and devoid of plant life
as the most arid stretches of bes owland desert, but more often it sports
the Gaede semi-desert aspect—a meager woe a ae nts u — m1
stony, bouldery, or a soil with nowhere, save in
solid = Be vegetatio:

The arance of the puna varies from place to place depending upon

uch oe TS as. age ion, ex ea , soil, drainage, and whether the
particular area n the western entral Andes. On those okaed
prairies borderin: i spon the tillable on of the altiplano, tufted bun

grasses called IcHU are most common; brook margins and those ex-

*See Fosberg, F. R.. El Paramo de Sumapaz, Colombia. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
45: 226-234. October 1944.

136

pansive ie poorly drained basins into which flow the snow-waters from

the glaciers and snows of the higher peaks are covered with a rich green
ieee oes in whic h flat mats of Distichia muscoides of the
Juncaceae are dominant; while at the ee exposed elevations which

extend up to online at 16,500 to 17,000 feet one encounters most fre-
quently ne — of the puna lot, the ‘cushion plants

The des onditions mentioned abov ve placed ‘their imprint on
the flora of ne: puna in a definite sort . as ie nearly all the plants ,
are c ials, war i i

hi
and flowers oe to the soil, as though fearful as to what the elements
might be able to do if these parts were raised t see above the ground.
Actually this pee of growth enables puna aoe not only to hoard froietaee :
ae ae to ne to the full the ee heat absorbed by the soil as a
of the intense solar radiation at high altitudes. All plants have
cert minimum temperature oe ee ha soil heat which must be
order to permit normal growth. If it were not for the increased
inslaton which makes the soil temperature ae the high Andes almost as
warm during Se pnae as ane soils at sea level, many of the puna case
would be unable to grow at su ae elevations where air temperature:
cool. Untonnatdly much of the warmth absorbed by the ae in
dayli i hours is rapidly aisipated at night, but the loss of heat stored by
pois and stony ground is not so rapid. For this reason, at the highest
elevations in the Andes, = aie are ae absent on areas of soil,
but on boulder-strewn or rocky —where the soil temperature aver-
ages higher over a Dehoae day ‘period—aseitions of plants can still

To a certain degree, most ras cae are cushion plants; that is, they.
possess the general shape of a cushion, though exhibiting great variety,
extending from rosettes and flat plate-like cushions through alae
convex ee to the exploded cushion or tufted plant represented by t
bunch grasses

The tallest plant s of the puna are the grasses, but so extreme are the
xerophytic co ease of the region that the stiff leaf-blades of even such

pate Seana he grayish-green ichu grasses (Festuca orthophylla

and F. escens, “alemsgreti species, and Stipa ee ae generally
See aes isture. The ichu grasses, especially the widespread
Stipa ichu, are he mo sat Se economic plants of the ie a, for they
serve as the principal food for wandering flocks of sheep, llamas, and
alpacas, and so as ee onivera “hath the huts of the Peruvian sierra
In ngiee ae ichu hold-over from the days of the
Inca en ae gal oe zCO cm bales of massive stonework said

to have been etched with ichu gra

FLOWERS OF THE PUNA
IN PERU

6. Astragalus uniflorus, with ean Selanne blossoms on nearly subterranean stems.

7. Hedyotis filiformis, whose fine e flowers are commonly seen along the road
between Ja ma, where Hs Astragalus also grows.

8 ee in ia ignated mat meee with ae een of ies

a
°

Yellow blossoms of the cactus, Opuntia lagopus, nearly hidden by the felted mass
of the enormous cushion, photocraphed on a ceene de Crucero, in the Depart
ment of Puno in southern Peru, at 15,000 feet.

Bunch grasses have a wider distribution than the other ae associa-
tions of the high Andes. The monotonous appearance of a nena:

growing ichu grasslands belies the comparative wealth of the
hi

ushion flor
that often accompanies them. Wandering among the nore eee

138

grass clumps and looking closely at the gr ne one ae ah ane many a

delightful botanical surprise by discovering some of t er cushion
and rosette plants in such genera as Calandrinia, nose ae nthus,
Hedyotis, a eae peep ugly Hypochaeris, or Lia pecies of
Arena d Dr ind one of the Northern Hemisphere, as do also
the lavender flo curious rosette-fo: legume, Astragalus unt
ape but the cushiony forms of stich iliar genera as G ma (found

sedifolia) and Verbena (in V polystachya), are characteristic of
i puna.
In the western Andes of ane Peru, and at ee ieee o
wherever soil moisture decreases and desert conditions bec
tense), the bunch grasses ath out to give way to the Gucaiy e the iow
cushion-forming plants. This is the realm of the so-called puna mat, a
plant association whose variegate appearance is caused by the yellow and
green colors of its constituents. Spectacular in aspect, it is ri i
species fnaa any of the several other puna associations, for besides the tiny
Pp insignificant cushion-former ef

of the wonders of the cushion-plant world—notably the small grayish
Merope aretioides growing with the bright green Azorella yareta. Theirs
is a close and curious community life, for despite the many b: p 0
wee soil that are mek available, giant cushions, tufts of grass and
pigmy rosettes crowd together, often growing one o
though : shelter, shade, ar via alike all available soil moisture.
Azorella, which the Peruvians call YARETA, Or LLARETA,*
important element of the flora of the puna mat, and is a do:
over extensive areas, especially in southern Peru, where it is abundant in
the high cold desert regions [ the Departments of Ta quequa,
Aree: and western Puno. Its average nea distribution i in com
general region runs between 4,000 and 4,800 meters, but y:
Ww a: ete

eta is ein acaulescent,
but as it matures the original short stem becomes highly Bike nched. Th
branches are crowded together in such a

as to i 2 highly- com-
pacted, tumorous, convex mass.

This is a cushion which in outward

*See Rusby, H. H. Liareta, a Strange Fuel. Jour. Bot. Gard. 33: 54-57.
oe en In yet aie Dr. Rusby refers to Az cet Tape a different
cies use

139

appearance is for all the world like a gigantic, irregular cauliflower head;
and the compacted branches beneath appear like a Fee head of that
vegetable. So tightly packed is the yareta plant person can walk
across its hard surface without damage to the ae ei the multitudes

es.
Besides offering a minimum of evaporating surface to the dry environ-
ment, cushion plants with a form like yareta are vegetable sponges which
n absorb for thei ‘ that may come in the form

precipitation. In the period of maximum rainfall, Hote to ae the
cushions are verdant green, but this color hae during the longer ae
season to an earthy shade matching the rocks of the habitat aa makin,
somewhat difficult for the casual observer to differentiate between ee
and plant.

Flowers of the yareta, like those of most puna ae re not $
but are rather tiny, insignificant, greenish-white affairs which ney
each cushiony lump with the oe petal sana characters ee umbelli-
ferous genera. I have noted flowering Rea ent of
o duri mi om Ma

canny on the surface of the plant a the last months of the year.
e seeds are alee blown by the wind until they reach a spot suit-
able for their germinat

The stems a:
probably aids the plant conserve stored water. This may be the sie
undoing, - in high ieee areas, where it has long thrived, ordinary
firewoo absent, and yareta has been the only siete available. I
is an oe ee -hitter, ee as the cushion dries, nous material
oozes from it, making the plant highly aaa pee ee indians
have long used the resins ‘obtain d from burning the green yareta as
astringents aa absorbents their home medicine, while the ashes are

ts has been shown to
an enormous am f heat with the production of little or no smoke.
Yareta are ace - thus proved to be a good thing not only for the
puna herdsman—who annually collects en ae of the cushions three
months before needing them, stacking th o dry like cordwood outside
i also for big busi i i i i

railroad: i-
pefian bakeries, appreciative of an intense heat-producing fuel, prefer
smokeless yareta to all Ste arenes the railroads also, especially
the Chilean line running from Arica to the Bolivian capital, have demanded
ates have used : = lesale as a locomotive fuel. pies

and to some extent tora (Lepidophylium), another puna plant, are
tanita sights as high. along the tracks at trans-Andean pines stations.

Yar abounding in Azorella ie are fast disappearing,
apeeealy ao od within reach of the railroad. A good YARETAL has
from 10% to 15% of the ground covered with yeas eres a rate of

GENERAL VIEW OF ee PUNA FORMATION EAST OF AREQUIPA
RU

Elevations here, in the vicinity Pe Pati on the road aan ae and Puno, average
between 15,000 and 16,000 feet. Tes ne ae fe plan of the cushion or rosette-
for type.

— 70 plants per hectare. Re the present time a heen and richest
rea of yaretales is in the western cordillera near the Chilean-Peruvian
frontier, where there are an ae 500, ene - plants. Harvest-
ing takes place during the dry season and the plants are handled like peat.
Fortunately, the Peruvian Government, nena e fact that without
some sort OF control this slow-growing plant may ee oe point of ex-
tinction, has fies steps to guard against the heretofore unbridled ¢
ploitation of it. After more is een about the growth habits of Aievalle
control a eventually lead to the production of yareta on a sustained
yield bas

Like many another iueloes desert, the puna has - cacti bee: ee
to their picturesque and grotesque cousins of the lowlands, are and-
ing oddities among their ce plants. The ae genus Bae

is most commonly seen, and is probably the most stratosphere-minded of

141

the ee ais clan. Species of Opuntia may be found fide often
sn wline at 16,500 feet, in widely separated regio th
Peru arene the flanks of Huascaran in the Cordillera Bianca:
at ee reached ‘Tcl pass, 85 miles east of Lima in the Western
Cordillera of Central Peru; and neers. in the Andean Cordillera of
Carabay: ra lying es of Lake Titi

ecies of cushion cacti like. Onn tia ignescens, fraternize

ate on the high prairie ee es. These areas, which are the favorite
grazing grounds of the alpacas and vicufias, are subject to frequent flurries
of snow Dian often ngs in ae ed patches. At such times cushion
cacti an nd s patches are almost indistinguishable, for the two com-
monest react ae 0 puntia ee and O ai aa are covered
with snowy- flee woolly hairs, as the specific names indica Opuntia
ae appears to be a cactus only in its tiny ene ie cactaceous
flowers, which ae se the real ee wool of the cushion.
Otherwise sp an aber: member of its family, — with
branches mee as lol into its high, convex, woolly cushion as are the
‘branches of the Azorella. One en eae stand pe this firmly ey

cushion, but if you ere nk that mat is soft the touch, bewa
Opuntia cushions with their ae ae es are more ae plant pe
they are plant pin-cushions! O. floc and O. lagopus are close epee

on the puna prairies, but although eae: in shape and in color of flow
O. floccosa forms smaller cushions, in which the individual hairy ae
more loosely packed.

vella and the companion species of Opuntia constitute an unusual
ne pile represents the acme of the cushion-forming plants high in the
Andes where atmosphere is thin.

Wildflower Sanctuary
In A Long Island Garden
By Edith Farrington Johnston
Published with the aid of the Olivia E. and Caroline Phelps Stokes fund for the
preservation of wild flowers.
A WILDFLOWER-CONSERVATION project on a small but im-
pressive scale is the aes of Mr. and Mrs. S. LeRoy King of East
Hampton, Long Islan r. King is a carpenter by ae but for man:
years he has devoted all his leisure time to the collecting, raising and

142

propagating of the vanishing wildflowers native to lower Long Island.
Mrs. King is an ardent collaborator in the en ines and does much to
keep eee dogs and rabbits away from their treasu
On a lot some 50 by 300 feet the Kings have a small cock garden; a lawn
with a magnificent old sycamore and several American cedars; two cot-
tages and a garage; a panies ed pool with wl head, meadow-beauty,
purple loosestrife ce oad-leaved arro ee = oun nd its eae fish and
frogs—raised by M ae from the waters; a row of rose-
red mallow; and ber after bed a ee es ail behin d iow wire fenc-
ing, because the rabbits, too, are great flower-fanciers, particularly fond
of — and orchids.
e is a bed overflowing with red- pie columbine interspersed
a ee in-the-pulpit, several trilliums and the yellow lady’s-slipper.
Across the lot from this, tmder the pines, isa cae of cauiae arbutus, with
checkerberry, ae tain eee $ pine and moccasin-flower. Here,
where the ground slopes ie He ool, is a great clump of lavender-
blue monkey- — three na et high. Further back, in the borders,
are Joe-Pye weed, purple oe “(Ophela's “long purples”), ironweed,
and = Tonks s- one lilies, sometimes bearing more than sixteen blooms to

the
Natural Orchid Hybrids
In the center of the grass-plot stands the crowning glory of the place:

a large sunny oval bed of wild orchids, mainly those of the Habenaria
clan. The two chief parents are the yellow fringed orchis ne the white

There are yellows with an orange fringe, pale cr
white fringes, anda deep creams with white upper petal. All are thriving
gloriously and most of them acquire a acer ape esis er 7 blossoms to
the scape that is unusual in wild specimens. In r. Kin ng has
tried an experiment in esthetics by planti ing aes snow- nao specimens
together an nd the e nchanting.

is truly eee peas than yellow—, and whites less snowy than the white
parent. pur

Nea pen bed, but in the sort of shadowy glade t that it prefers, the
aaa ringed orchis eee a beneath dark al hones: Mien
na dappling of shade and sun, the little crested orchis gro a dee
ae box Bhs andy loam fr om its native thickets. oe a hybrids with
the white rane orchis but it is not easy for the layman to distinguish its
offspring from some of the gr: ee eee of the icy fringed orchis.
Around the nee of the a wie ane there is an heirs
pei of grass-pinks, Aret orchis and rose pogonia, and outside
that again, a mat of aa car dias oe now rapidly eae

143

their living-space.
Kings only
sending up lusty flower-spikes.

A Conservation Practice

Mr. King h
devastating the noel bea
pumas over riod o
ev

These latter are from seed collected and sown by the
winter before last, but several of them last autumn were already

as acquired this unique collection ii pe wildlings not by
Z ae He pur: a ed

ing a policy of
eryon cee the roads and

e
e by-ways on Long ele are — eae ood. graded and

ie improved,” from the viewpoint
with five Sia sons and a daughter who are

of the naturalist. Mr. King, w

all familiar with every aspect of Long Is
th

of the motorist if not from that

land life, is te to learn a all such

projected improvements before the scrapers start their deadly work on the
roadsides. In his little jeep-like car, Beelzebub, he cee Bees aie road
at about thirty miles an ra herever he sees one of his favorites
within the zone of prospective operations he stops and with a on pitts
spade cuts out a large block of the earth containing the

roots are never osed, nor are they shocked by bein, ng ee eee

found a owing. Losses run

first, before he discovered the rabb

if the cool twilight he sets hee out in their

holes in his garde en, choosing or creati

appointed
abitat in which he
1

rabbit-damage to the flower-scapes was heart-breaking.

ere have been other disappointments gees The first purple
fringed orchises throve for a few years serein ae the moccasin-
flower refuses to set seed; the habenarias are subject to an occasional

on aped.
But the effect of the pan care bestowed on the plants i in this private

wildflower sanctuary i of lov

eliness and perfec’
paradise that has non Bie from scraper and cemen

tion in a small earthly
t.

Here is a list of the wildflowers being grown in the Kings’ Long Island sanctuary:

Prince's pine—Chimaphila | umbellata
‘yprip caule
aberrant a emer
Monkey- ca wer—Mimulus ringens
Joe-Pye weed—Eupatorium maculatum
Turk’ ‘cap eam superbum

He ellus
—Pogonia ophioglossoides
Cardinal” Mower 1 obelia Cardinalis

Turtle-he ae lone glabra
Meadow-bea: Rhea virginic
Purple losestrife—Lythrn Salicaria
Broad-leaved arrowhead—Sagittaria lati-
folia
Columbine—Aquilegia canadensis
Jack-in-the- a pete Fea
a —T.
grandi, flor T. oo
Yellow _ = Elie Cypapateonn parvi-
florum pubescens
eben groulue_Epiode repens
Checkerberry—Gaultheria Poona
Spotted ine green—Chimaphila
aculata

144

Some Notes on the Flowers and Trees
In Audubon’s “Birds of -America”
By Helen M. Fox

The Audubon plates shown here = on the cover are reproduced by courtesy of the
American Museum of Natural Histor
HEN a ee looks at the pictures in “Birds of America”
by John Jam udubon he is struck with the surpassing charm of
the flowers that Ree ny the birds. Sometimes the plants are more
ae ee the birds, as in Plate 64, where a swamp aa is show:
mid big green leaves and half-hidden blossoms of May apple, or on PI ie
5. wher Soe s fly-catcher is secondary in interest to the conical red
fruit and large glossy leaves of a branch of Magnolia grandiflora.
n = ork between the he 1826 and 1834, Audubon drew birds and
cat invariably against the bare white paper, though he often
aise lly filled-in for eee nd of stream or thicket. During the next
few years, a when he was ene Sanaa water birds, he fre-
quently painted in the sky as well as a background of a or distant
hills, perhaps because he saw his ae S i immning t the er or diving
from the sky. He also showed beaches and oceans, rivers pie ng through
grassy meadows, and once in a while on a distant shore there would be a
log cabin or farm house with smoke lazily curling from its chimney. On
Plate 231 the city of Charleston in South Carolina is shown along a stretch
of water behind long-billed curlews and on Plate 269 the fort and town of
St. Augustine form the background to a long-legged greenshank. But
when throughout ae Liew he depicted birds a nd plants without back-
ground, the birds were always so well placed and he leaves and branches
a ven such an airy oe that the observer could imagine sky or forest
es.

‘i his “American Ornithological Biography, which appeared in Edin-
burgh from 1831 to 1839, Audubon published his field notes about each
i birds, then ¢

plate. First he

plants, interspersing the first three volumes with brief narratives and

descriptions of the American scene. ae es in this article has been
n fr nd fro:

The note eae Plate a pies pee pi nme grous,” or prairie hens,
against meadows wit ground of low hills and with a picture of
Lilium eee to one arene ays:1 “This beautiful plant, w! hich grows
in swamps and moist copses, in the Northern and Eastern States, as far

1 Spelling, capitalization, and wording are reproduced here exactly as they appear in
the Ornithological Biography.

145

as Virginia,® as well as in the western prairies, attains a height for four to

five fe a makes a poled appearance with its numerous large droop-

ing a ae ae ometimes amount to twenty or even thirty on a single

sten wa: ced to reduce the stem, in nedee to introduce it into my

drawing the tk ‘ground of which is an attempt to represent our eee
ster

di a was = bot an artist aa a scientist. ae oe he went up to
ome i t

ae
bon is where each = was native from his own observation

ud
fon consultation of sa nies of Pursh, Willdenow, and Michaux,
hich he refers in his note “To achieve artistic effects, he said, “The
ee plants or portions of trees which are attached to the principal

objects ae e been mae oe pei ae in oe cone of which the

bi te nd, and a s some persons have ai the trees or

plants po which they save fea or perch.” Such was the case in Plate

ae where two Canada jays are shown disporting ee amid leaves

f the white oak in autumnal colors. _Althou ugh this species of oak is not
bon di

Meneia in Maine,” says Au where the Canada Jay chiefly occurs,
T have em ployed it in my drawing on aed . the rich colouring of its
fine ees during the aw eis onths. in Louisiana, where it is
plentiful, that one must see it, to judge 7 ie grande which it attains
under favourable circumstances. I have often seen these oaks spreading
their nae : anches amid the tops of Magnolias fully one hundred feet
above und...

One f the eens. observers of nature to travel in pean ieee bon
eye what ritin sae well as painting. He was eighteen
when a left eae in 1798, he had be een ae he was a aid. to
return to America, land of his ce th. He always spoke with a French
accent er revealed a French aes in his writing, in the choice of

ords and expressions, as also in the constant use of the article “the.” In
his passionate love of nature he reflects the Romantic spirit of his time

2 This lily is hardy to New Brunswick and sometimes grows eight feet high.

PLATR, CLORE”

ve bird, Bachman’s nia is deptcted with a rare shrub, the “‘lost” ails
identified on the plate (No. 1 es s Gordonia pubescens. The drawing of the plant
was made by Maria Martin, sister- eee w and second wife ss oe Reverend John ies
of Charleston, friend of ‘Audubon and discoverer of the

147

ioe Bs his ile onataneege the French writer Chateaubriand, and the
Am n, James Fenimore Cooper, as the following quotation shows:
Every “dividual ere he sound se t, teas with a to the
love notes of woodland warble He asts a glance upon ee
lovely forms without proposing : his a ae ous them
does he look on the trees which they frequent or the flowers over which
they glide, wit chou ete thei ea or delighting in their sweet
odours or their brilliant

Of one of his travels i wrote: “The aspect of the oD, reer =
tracted my mind from those ae that are the occupation of m

the tall yellow poplar, os hilly ground, even the red cla ay 7 ene at with
amazément.” Besides plants and birds he seed all o wild animal
: : ;

order o n the frontiers, Indians and vo ya, as way S
as lum ] me

eralbolege: th : ae a sae source material for folk lore of

early nin neeenth century America, west to the Mississippi, south to Florida,
and een ough Hoy eastern states to Labrador

To quo’ aes some of his notes on flowers, of the great mullein,

ne Thapsus, where only flowering ae are shown on Plate 113,

he writes, ‘““This plant, which is well known in Europe, is equally so in

hi
the latter country, I not say.2 At present there is hardly an old field
or aban caies piece of ae on the borders of the roads that is not over-
own The flowers are used i een for catarrhs, and a
ceostion a the leaves i is employed in ae thew:
the sassafras on Plate 114 says, The sane of its foliage
a " oles al properties render it one of our most interesting trees.”
Of Helenium oe ntatum, on Plate 145, he writes, “It is often gath-
ered and burnt, to prevent the musquitoes from entering houses.” Of th
Labrador ee ee Ledum groenlandicum, on Plate 191, he writes, “T
was informed that fishermen and Indians frequently make use of it inst =
tea

” While eres oe habits of Hire ape ee ee thev ate and
at the same time saw other anim
spans show on Plate 25 . el See one ee them about to

spider, he says, “Huckle-berries form a portion of the food of
many birds, as fa as of various quadrupeds. Of the former,
mention in particular the Wild Turkey, several species of Grouse
Wild Pigeon, the Turtle Dove, some Loxias and several Thrushes. Amon

S a5
REE

3 Verbaseum Thapsus was introduced into America from Europe.

148

the latter, the Black Bear stands pre-eminent, also Raccoons, Foxes, Op-
possums, and others destroy great quantities. When _ the season is favour-
able, these

0 thickl
gathered in large quantities, and as they become ripe, numerous parties
resort to the grounds in which they are es by way of frolicking and
end the time in a very agreeable man:

He notes that animals like to eat the one ts of Vitis aestivalis (raccoon .
grape), oie on Plate 111. “The gr: sane are small, a and very acrid,
until severely bitten a frost. The a and winter, racoons, bears,
Oo: sums: = m i hem.”

ne, in all s ecluded places as are frequented by the Spotted Grous,
are eagerly ere its ae . The berries are ovate and of a scarlet
our.

Sometimes Audubon mentions wild trees which were planted in gardens,
for example, Prunus caroliniana (wild almond), ee with blossoms
and fruit with cardinals on Plate 159. “Many are planted around ae
tation i aeese or ae as ns of our southern bone on account of the
beautiful appea: The fruits are greedily devoured by many ane
of bir ut

the
Robinia pseudacacia, shown in bloom with chipping sparrows on Plate
04, Audubon says, ‘Although abundant in the aa state, it is now
planted around farms and plantations, on account of the great value of
its timber. It is besides a charming ornament of our avenues, either in the
cou ae or in the streets of villages and cities.

e note et briar, Rosa Ue hina — ee Plate 137 with

plow eae eae: one of the males feeding a worm e female ia
whic a s place ed amid aie a of deta ae a white r

is revea ae of Audubon’s romantic sentim “Th eet Briar is ver .

e Sw

gen fied eee throughout the United oe I i found it from

the extremities of Nova Scotia along the Atlantic coast, and
as ae the interior . have travelled. The delicious odour of its leaves
never fails to gratify the person who brushes through patches of it, while
the delicate tint of its flowers reminds one of the loveliness of female
beauty in its purest and most blooming state. Truly a ‘sweet home’ must
be de. nest that is placed in an eglantine bower, and happy must be the bird
se in the midst e fragrance i is cheered by the warble of her ever loving

"182 6 Audubon went to Europe to raise money for the Hames of
As Gat batch of drawings, a feat which he had been unable to accomplish
in the United States. With flowing locks framing his narra te his

149

Baltimore orioles in the branches of a tulip tree (Plate 12) brought high praise to
Audubon oe. the Duc d'Orléans, when Redouté took Audubon to visit the future
King of F

ure clad without intentional conspicuousness in leather-fringed frontier
clothes, the portfolio of drawings under his arm, he presented letters from
scientists and statesmen in America to the wealthy ae scientific people

150

a Scotland, aes and France. In his diary on September 20, 1828,
notes meeting the great French flower painter asic is ae apie
had oe pleasure ve pies old Redouté this morn:
painter par excellence. reading Le Sueur’s ge to ce ener ve
years ago, he looked pee me o axedly y; a said, “Well, si r
to ‘become acquainted with you,’ and es fu ee mony he showed
s best works. His flowers are grouped with p mre taste, al drawn
re precise in the eva and colo 2 ce a pure ee ten vis
nature incom par rably better than I ever saw it before. Old R a
a all that is not oe alone; he cannot bear either the —— of
tuffed birds or of resin and ee a strong. desire to see a work
Ghee nature was deline: in an animated manner.’
Redouté was in the abi | visiting the Duc d’ Orléans, ee aa
later King of Sie once a week, and took Audubon with him
of the hour’s ‘The portfolio was at last opened, an wh en hie held -
the plate of io Gass ‘Orioles, with a nest swinging amongst the tender
I

“

twigs of the yellow poplar, he ne ‘This — all I have seen, an
am not astonished now at the eulogiums of Redouté!’ ”
The note on the tulip-tree, or yellow p oplar (Liriodendron tulipifera),
in Plate 12 in the Ornithological Biogr: ae is as follows: “This tree is
one of the most beautiful of those indigenous to the United States, and
i i v, or even a ap feet. The flowers

and upwards of three inches
in dia . It is gener: ae cated, aa pr ine rich soils. .. . The
wood is oe eter but easily wrought, and is employed for numerous
purposes, ae y in the ene of houses, and for charcoal. The

Indians often form He canoes of it, for which pur
the trunk being of great length and dia ameter, and the wood light. In dif-
ferent parts of the United States, it receives the names of Poplar. ae
Wood, and Cane Woo a”
Much has — written about the “lost tree,”
snail ha, G. pu ubescens, or Franklinia alatamaha. John Bartrai
e first time in| oe on the banks of the eee River (spelled Ala-
ee at that time), when a his son William, who it
again in 1790; a it it has never since bee n growing wild. The
trams brought cuttings home with he m cay it is thought that all Hee “Of
Franklinia alatamaha now gro ardens oe from those anna
It is surprising to find a Eoodicton of the plant under the name of
Gordonia pubescens as a background for Bicker! i
manii, on Audubon’s Plate 185, made in 1833. i rt
the drawing of the shrub was made by Miss Maria Martin,
and the second wife of the Reverend Jo chman, a keen natal and
w:

called either Gordonia
m saw it for

ohn Ba
friend of Audubon, who lived in Charleston, and for whom the
med. Later the two collaborated on the “Quadrupeds of nee. ” The

151

branch of the Franklinia came from the botanical garden of a French
gardener, ae a. pas situated at Romney village, then a =
miles outside of the c part of the city of Charleston. Audubon
notes on Plate 185 f toll ae

“My friend Bachman has the merit es having ae bed pretty little
species of ‘Warbler , and to him I have the pleasure of a 7 dging ae
enceae for the pair which es will ss repr ee in the plate

nied with a figure of one of the most beautiful oe our ae
eee a Sees drawn by ae friend’s acer Miss Martin. I mysel
have never had the good fortune to meet with ane ee of this inter-
esting Sylvia, respecting which little is as yet kno’ its discov verer having
.

le to fin
nest. The first obtained was found by him a few miles from Charleston,
in South ae in July 1833, while i was rambling over the crags of

‘ood of young.
s to the shrub are given from Willdenow and ae and it is
lo : :

Ss
attains a height of more ira fifteen feet. Its leaves are obovato- lanceolate
deep green, downy beneath, and its large white flowers, with their numer-

On the branch, open flowers as well as rounded, pearly-like buds are
shown, and a few of the pee are Pen typical - this late-flowering tree
io ea turns a ee red while some of the flowers are still in bloom.

other member of the family, Gordonia es us, is drawn on Plate

18 ‘with = “forked. ite re -catcher, Muscicapa savana, perching on the

branch. Audubon notes: ‘The a. ae aes ona a peak grows
ter.

ful small tree is met with j in Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida, in moist

garden of Mr. Norserre, who liberally afforded me all the aid in his pow

for embellishing my plates. The leaves are evergreen, lanceolato- ee

shining, and leathery ; the flowers white, of the size of the common garden-

rose, and placed on long peduncles; the caps sules ae a acuminate.”
Audu

Among other plates drawn by Bachman’s “sister” for bon were
pie a tistiaanaae oe with Swainson’s ae on Plate 198. “If I
rites Audubon, ene f the objects represente
this ie hs eve x figured before. me Le terflies
are from the pencil of Miss Martin. also a large orange-
1

flowered trumpet-creeper. Bignonia ed eerie on Plate 184

152

accompanying a ie eS bird, resplendent with throat of “velvet-

lack and emerald-gre “For the beautiful drawing aoe which this
plant has ae engra on ‘Lam indebted to Miss a Ser dubon.

Evidently Au fbn himself also sk eel plan fro e Noisette
garden, for es rites of the lovely pink-flowered Peoee pre me (P.
pubens) on Plate 165 with Betane nch: “This shrubby tree grows on
the banks of rivers, and near swamps in Georgia; but the twig represented
in the Pl as from a tree in the beautiful meee ra di M
NolseETTe, a few miles from Charleston, in South :

rolin

Among A Audubon’s finest a portraits are S$ ee alacaieaaean,
various magnolias, and graceful delineations of-pines, larches, hemlocks,

and cedars, generally with ee fruits and always complementing the colors
of the He a are pecking at the cones, uttering over them, or perching

n the bra

ln shor ie a eee of the flowers in Audubon’s “Birds of America” is a
visit to the loveliest of native American plants throughout the seasons and
seen under the best possible auspices

Notices and Reviews of Recent Books

First Edition of a Manuscript Curiously, no reference appears to the
656 Years Old work of Albertus eae written not
At GHORBAT. Oe RU RINDS long before. No other commentary is
Edited by Lyan Thorndyke, as- nee on the diffi culty in communication
sisted by Francis S. Benjamin, Jr. OF, kr owledge occasioned by the lack of
476 pages, indexed. University printin Rufinus’ own work shared the
of Chicago Press, 1945. $5. ommon fate, and although copied at
Herbals are still being published. We least tae passed into an unmerited
have just had, in nae te os edition a obliv
a work written a 1290; long w: ‘o oa modern aa ae Line
for any auttior. ieee ng a Cac on of old and discarded c ae
doctor,” pena of the Archbishop ae nents is of smal le
os ate ye had earlier studied astron- historian and even to the oe
Bologna an aples, turning (who must on occasion be a historian)
thence: 16 medicin ne and herbs. His herbal, it is an event of importance, ufinus’
De wirtutibus saa contains in its 118 descriptions do not, it is true, always fix
olios a vast number of simples, mostly the identity of the species as we conceive
ut not all herbs, tanec in more or them; but they are largely original a
less alphabetical order. Most names are scriptions, not lacking in par
followed by quotations from Dioscorides, identity a the herbs can usually be
from Macer Floridus, and from con- traced; the ene Tolan

temporary authorities; the work is a names a terminology will be > a
compendium of current information. value in the interpretation of the general

153

body of old herbals, upon which all our
nomenclature is ultimately based. For
mple :
“Ninel Hot and dry in the third

rade. herb Pi ich forms a stout stem
ike roe of fennel and minute leaves like
those o “fennel, ar forms violet flowers
he

hich issues a fruit, and
the fan a are eeleed na seeds. This
herb is called also ame Nigella.”

Even in the 1 ntury synonynt:
a probl (th our horticulturists
think it is something invented by moder

axonomy! “Millefolium is called also
ambrosia and eyebrow us, and also
certonium minus ; i m Ww.

For some descriptions and m: of the
oe proper a anaes ny ‘hie col-
ing the u

leagues, 1 mixture of fact

and fan ney had as ae written
‘medie mixture,” but very dif-

erent tay. ug certain, herbalist told
that t about a

all

“<

he s day
old each h branch puts forth 2 an azure leaf,

and in ee aay day of the moon each
product small azure leaves, ... and
th pe multiply for 15 days.

If any one drink a drachma of the jui ice

fg leaves, I found that even if he
ae years old he would return to
the. = of 30.”
But even in his medicine, and despite
his use a authority, he relies very largely
nce.

of
inslans on eutor
other thoes he ae a hee
ie ies oneicon a a abrades the
silent o

intestines, I a
This ofa, appears wi ae —
care of Dr. Lynn Thorndy’ kee wal know!
for his studies bE the medieval period.

ber 0 ful indexes is too bad
that because of current conditions the
work had appear on wretche Marae _
assuredly w a far ahorer

li
Perhaps ch the
for

‘0
vith
the original ‘manuscript
fut hope an editi

worthier (in this respect) of the original ;

also for a translation into a modern
language of Rufinus’ corrupt medieval
Latin.

H. W. Rickert.

ae oe and eile Botany

Wheats of Classical An-
ee a former staff writer for
the Division of Statistics and Historical

esearch, United States Department
Agriculture, | has brought segether the
rather i

In
Gas

This study deals only with the Mediter-
ranean region. he classical period is
lefined a. e 500 nd

yea
he style of presentation is rather tech-
nical, reader, however, can see by

been reached. The author reveals incon-
tancy in Pa ritings, and concludes
that, most historians have based
their ses cn Pliny, this work nee
to be re ined for misconceptions.
An item a interest is the supposed
derivation of oe ain hee - Pilea

viticum, Var: of the
agricultural writers “ntorprefed he iord
in Ne bee ved fro 0 (to bea

€
his work should be welcomed by all
ae have an interest in the subject

Grait O, Fernwoon.

Cooking out of the Garden
THE GARDENERS’ BOOK.
wea w. Senlumpr. ie aoe: in-
illustra y Edith Cole-
SS,

mation such as Te Nice to Know,

154

Cuts of Meat to Buy and How to een

: ese $
explanations of cooking techniq and
the way the pean are nae ae “tort
recommends this volum those be-
ginning to cook.

A serious defect in a Gardener’s Cook

and Lp an Be ye

for pee balls of cottage hee
ere is of course some use of mint ai

goo a
viol d mint leaves, ae
anise, oregano and sage, sed
in n cookery and ‘all ee 4B grow,

recipes are given seem to depend almost
entirely on a well advertised brand of
hot_seasonin;

e book Per.
haps some Poe te proceeds as ec sale
will ee Sra to golep a herb garden
the

Marcta GARRICK,
lam Mill Far ae
New City, N. Y.

Dersnnes of Many Kin

PICE HF. BOOK. J. W.
foamed 240 pages, illustrated, in-
oes aguas 1 tye Co.,

ly: i 1945, $6.50

The Spie ce Ten dbool d as
guide for eee oad’ ee
to whom it should prove very valuable.
Amateur herb fanciers may also find it

al interest, especially as dried
The book
sa

ue one may
, herb s season-

Spc
f sp car terest to the spice trade
are the Peto ns which refer - fig Federal
Pure Food Laws and Stan
EnoirH va
Food eee
New York Sun.

Current Literature*
At a Glance
By Harriet K. Morse
xican ads Thomas MacDougall,

a Pi
south ae Mexico, has written on
Observations of Se Pacific Slope Or-
chids” in the American Orchid Society
Bulletin issued March 1. The article
ert one of his earlier trips in the

tal of Oaxaca.

Orchid Culture. Detailed pata
or the use of
ture are being given in a series of aricles
running in the fee rican oe pian
Bulletin. in June of Meee
with illust irections for me
secdine ae of the series appeared
ary covering the repotting of
cal 7

New Zealand Alpines.
rock gardeners
n

Of interest to

booklet on “New Zealand Alpines in
eld and Garden” by W. B. Brockie.
ig attractive small Late de-

mon;
ibed il

Ranunculus, Myosotis, Hebe,” NT eanane,

and H elichrysum, besides M fazus outed

which is blished in many Americ:

rock garden:

tory of the tagua
ao ke "prot et ne the cae
hytelephas
before | the

ee Nuts.
, the pgs

Li
ngton, March 1
ae nut is commonly known as vegetable”

Gardening. Helpful ey

often assum:
in the January-February ee of the
American Rock Garden Soc

* All publications mentioned here—and m
others—may be consulted in the Library of ‘the
Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin;

155

tiles Through History.

M. Cc.
Gated author of “Art “of he ‘Ane

al December 1942, ha:
written “ ears of Fibers and
Fabrics’—a 34-page, illustrated _hand-

ook to se ie exhibition at the Brook-
Mus

Vanilla Leaves. So sensitive to light

are the leaves of aa van that in
jominica, where vanilla is wr com-
mercially, the size, shap coloring of
the leaves are used we as indi-
cators of light conditi ow ye

rodny i eas Bulletin
of the American Ockia
bist Blight. Fear for the chestnut

of Italy, where the European

be with t

ports that he chest blight which’ has
robbed America of its trees a lately
invaded Italy to a serious degr

Prospective farmers

a
in Connecticut are told what to yee
for, what to expect, and where to
additional information in Bulletin in

f the University of Connecticut Ext
i torrs.

ts)
sion Service at

lango Culture. With the purpose of
meet ta e culture of the mang
lorida, the tkins Insti-

go.

s from the press of the Stuart
Pap “News in "Florida and is priced at
a

Southern Gardening. Of special Led
in Dheckerk Lawrence 3 bo oe t, “Garden:
of the South,” issued b
of North Carolina Press
lists of as
of intere’
— ys ict cha: fe a ‘nfo
ardening. The a 1943
open on the Herbert Metal precited

(5c » are
os of soap ren ha
uthern garden A

by the American Amaryllis Society. Her
beck “A Southern Garden” was published

Plant: Fishes. “Your Aquarium” is
an iastreted nents on the care of fish
and a abe of ie aquarium. Concise
an on nt, this primer is of real

S
oe is oe ae ave author is William
of the Aquari

Innes, past president of the Aquarium

Society, Phila phi ah author of other

works waria. (In Zoblshing
Cocmainy Philadelphia 7, "Pa. ic.)

oisonous Pest Plants. In Farmers’ Bul-
let tin 1972 of the U. S. Departm

and Sum:
Poisoning. (10c.) i Sunt. of
Documents, Washington 25, D.

BROADCAST

By Georgia Leffingwell

“ EGETABLE OILS Tha

all the continents to get the right
materials its produci—the “right
materials’ generally being fine quality

ha i
also included a brief history vi the use
soap.

Soo appearance of genuine
n the stage of history is re-

Sean ” is now believed to have referred to

156

a preparation of weak lye, perhaps mixed
with fuller’s earth, and used mail inly for

Animal Tallow First Used

The earliest known soaps were made
not ee vegetable oils, but from animal
fats; but they were scarcely worthy o
the name of s The ninth century,
after the emer-

Dark Rees dee the
gence of soap as a plant produ

ap ct, wi
olive oil used instead
WV. _

ihe Saiiie

still quite crude, e fi for
the past eleven ee years have been
made at least in part from ot ble oils,
and olive oil was st of t ai For
centuries, olive oil had most
prized of all unguents for skin a hair ;
chief ingredi f£. the perfumed oint-
ments of th ladies of Rom
chosen for the pe chrism of ne
cient priests and kir

Today the olive is Saini ‘cultivated and
olive oil expressed i : — much the same

way as when, in times, Ulysses
adventured on hes He fark ea “in tle
ee of the lands”——which still lead t

orld in the production of olives, and

the oil from there still is used in making
oap.

Coconut and Babassii
But many other oils are also used today,
and of these oo oil is the ae im-
portant. It is nothing for ve oil for a
cake of soa on travel 5,000 miles ce
nore ro the Philippine Ten to the
United =
t is ek ding ea coconut oil, or

fat or oil for one pound of importe
tropical oil. Our North American soap-
makers would welcome a domestic fat

or oil endowed with the quick- lathering
properties of the lighter tropical oils, but
nature, b y of climate, has thus far
denied us thi oon. During the war,
hen the Philippines could do no ship-
ping, we u what substitutes we could
The country was already employing o

with Brazil by which three-fourths of all
the babassi nut kernels from Ns country
would be shipped he: eriod of

e Amaz re
iHbabitants i centueies Hage used the
nuts for food, as a cooking oil, for il-

jumination, and in a Runber of other
ways, while they have used the shells for
fuel and ae a. eet and its leaves for
countless pi
There are re Spabaes plantations as
yet, bi me day, if they can be estab-
lished, babassd oil m se ee important
ticle of commerce between the two
ae resent, ia ere ae

natives who gathered the s from the

ild is by Chand with
S. at is no easy job,
bass oe one of the largest
and toughest and hardest shells known
Palm Oils ee _

Two other ant oils which must
be br oucht ee sdistances to ath
ap palm

crushing, the
kernel. Si is one jon the kernel
wae this fru

= ral s that the

Oap

United States, but most o

rown in the southern states, and e
es

these must be oe eee the lig! vite
tropical oils. Cotto ‘own, for ex:
ample, for the cottonseed. von which Z
very useful; also soybeans, peanuts, and
corn; likewi . pe, which is a relativ
£ cabbage and turnip and paca anil
hich has a very oily seed. These do-
mestically grown oils have essentially the
ne fathering qualit tallow,
en suds quickly and also t

to meet
today’s demand for a soap that will react
in cold or in hare. se t must be
blended with
comparatively light ait
obtained in the tropics.

ach as can

157

African Expedition Under Way

L. J. Brass iS dhe tee se apres Garden
In

L Uy BRASS left New York by
¢ American Airways May 8, 0
rst leg of a trip to Nyasaland iS col-

See Trave nee way ew-

near ie ua’ t elgian Cae if
where he woul a on ag
while waiting for to take

yre, uaa is to be
yasaland, ae

The es plete party ‘for the Vernay

Nyasaland eee incl Harold
E. Anthony, Chairman of the Mammal
Department "at the once Me seum of

Natural History, Guy C. Shortridge, Di-
rector of the ate Museum i or King
Williams Town o Cape,

and Arthur S
Vernay, leader of the cocnellition.
pai £ th

of the plants from are center
at the New York ee arden.

1941 the Garden published in Brittonia
the botanical results of the ee

ting a a to yee Bur
ar Brass, who has been else al-
ost con’ atin ee since 1925 in New
Cae a the Solomon Islands, is

the America: use! aintains
a_ biological satan ‘at. Lake Placi
Florida, where he has been making a

botanical survey during the past winter.
His first botanical work was as assistant
in the Queensland Herbarium in Het
After a period of ranching in Austra’

in 1925 he started on his first expedition.

Sar; then Direc!
Piet to the aon Islands is - 7 1932.
33, was also made for the Arnold

o Nyasaland

Arbor sats t trips New
Guinea in 93 11935- 34, nee a aan ‘ose. a

a 3;
uinea trip are ae at the New
York Botanical oe

n Africa his collecting will
eral, covering as many as possible of the
20 to 30 major plant communities that

special attention to the hig

on Bs side of the Great “Rift ae i

These mount ee run about 10,000
heir u

les at lower levels,
shores of oer Nyasa. The itinerary te
anned

season, which beens in April and dade

in Novem
Little collecting has been
d the -

the high mou

Imperi: orestry Institut Oxford
but so far as is known, ue other oe
tant collections have been made

por
this region of mountain, jungle, oe
ion whic!

h i
photographs. Motion pictures also will
be taken during the expedition.

158

Notes, News, and Comment

T. A. Wes The Associate Editor
of the Florists Exchange and Horti-
face Trade World, T. A. Weston, died

in New York May 5 at the age of 68
His home was in Hriltsdale,

plant vanes He was the originator

the CHRONICA BOTANICA Co.

International Plant Science Publishers

Catalogues sent on request

WaLTHAM -:- MASSACHUSETTS

AETNA

PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., INC,
305 EAST 47th STREET
NE ORK 17, N. Y.

MAKERS OF
PRINTING PLATES
PROCESS BENDAY
LINE & HALFTONE

of Viola “Jersey Gem” and h
troduced a Aig are bie RY epoca
hich

ybrid, o a oe ay
stock a display in the "New i Bo
tanical Garden's ee

ure” pub-

Born in London, Mr. Weston came to
this country in 1920. For the past 11
he has ekly column,
“One an’s Garden, ee the New
York Herald Tribune. He is the author
—“Practical Camatien oe
” and “Bulbs That Bloom in
a

Edward ’R. Steichen at “Ridges Conn.
e@ as cele oreman is being
s Pecora, who has re-

rned to the Garden after 3% years of
Giic with the U. S. Army Air ae
When Mr. Pecora ee in ‘Aug ust 1942,
he was a student gardener.

ouis Polit, who. alco came back fro
age ts spring, has ees returned “

s for! ae s Arboretum Forem:

a chief jee ieee t to ihe
horticultur a

harles Mam Acting Arboretum

man during his absence. left the

is Denne her residence to

sylva
Mem Day. Among the plants dis-
be e ane ana Day program of
Everett, speaker for the

day selected "35, exhibited them ine
vidually, and commented on each ont
They included plants ck

‘rom ae

er:
" Some had been recently ‘collected
by the Garden’s own explorers and w

159

tified. Some

t, others represented: ne
ebiained fon different sources
botanical fr worn collectors in n distant

ee . world, from private grow

seed exchange with other in-

Gatutions ind from the wild in various
se 2 the United "states. The majority
re plants only slightly known

to fan eae ers. Eacl ember
att was presented with two
specimens Of the pickaback plant,

Tolneia Menziesii.

Le s. The Torrey Botanical Club
heard an ees Be Dr. William J.
‘y me Notes on the

Medicine” was the title of a talk on the
Botanical Garden’s exploration in South
America, given by Dr, H. Gleason

betore the Greenwich Garden Club May

“Four other Affiliates of the Garden
fn cheese lectures by staff member
during the past few weeks, as follow
Stout spoke before a
Garden Club" of pavatuees ay 6 on
“The Origin and I ae vement ae ae
vated Pla nts.” H. ON. denke
a ve. vels in Adaplation
ai Plants” April 29 be-
ib of

3
ad
a
ia"
5
2
»
a
a
5
re
a
a
a
a
in
io}
4
a

Car
the Short Hills
Affiliate, Apri

r again before the
fee Shor Were serving for the Botanical
Garden at the Flower Show in March.

Radio. Co-operating with the American

Women’s Maren Patines in pre-
senting tw broadcasts on
gardening, he ea mean Botanical
arden was represented by Arthur

f Mt. Kisco over Station WW: in
ueens May 8 in a program entitled
“Fundament f Gardening for
Production” and is being represented a
Francis Paterson of Huntington, Lon

Island, over WNYC June 7 on “Summer
Care of the Flower Garden
rold N. Mol enke was

B
“Botanical Aspects of Easter Aroun
World.”

The winter series of lec!
troduced over the air in a tad “falle is
Carol H. ave odward on the program
“This is our Town” over WMCA.

National Park
Illustrative of
Plants and Customs of the South Seas
'y Otto Degener
ey Flora Hawaiiensis)

Plants of Hawaii

primar to Hawaii, this book

Devoted
draws attention to te South Sea cee as
hol _

Botanical “Garden, Bronx Park,

SEED COLLECTORS

We are interested in purchasing

Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds

Correspondence invited

HERBST BROTHERS

92 Warren St. New York 7, N. Y.

160

rd Member. Chauncey Sulaes

Boa
architect, of 230 Park Avenue, N

held eee oe i fill a

the class of 1

vacancy in

Visitors. Dr. Stanley A. Cain of the
Universit: a Tennessee, just “returned
from eight nths overseas as Dean o
the Selene School at the American Uni-
versity ie ad at Biarritz, prance was
a visitor at the Garden May

Seren of the Forest ey

ril. Kenn Wagner of De Pau
Ur ty, Greencastle, Indiana, studied
W.E

eS, A ronomy in
i e Ma 6.

ed Gunder-
son of the Brooklyn ‘Botanic Garden;
Josiah L. Lowe from the New York State
College of

Juan B. of Santurce,
Rico; Me Laz rela Schwarten, Librarian
at the Arnold Arboretum; Dr. Hanns
Ross! of the Department of Forestry,

Lima, Peru, with his ape aals poe
Rossl, and Paul Kuehn, also of Lima

Em
Western Collecting Trip
TARTING on the sixteenth summer
of plant collecting in the Intermoun-
tain Region of the West, Dr. Bassett

nearl
State College at Logan, where the work
was initiated 1931,

ia River basins
in southern Idaho, eastern Oregon and
Nie on. He expects to be back in

a Yo marae 1.
is is la: maining unit to be
covered in this area vot a third of a mil-
m squa: iles. oe approxi-
mately one-eight! the entire United
States, the Interm oa ntain Region is ex-
pected to yield aly than 5,000 species
of plants—a region of greater floristic
diversity than eae ‘oth er part of the coun-

try, with the possible exception of Cali-
fornia.
To carry on these studies, the results
which ie pone - pablenet
jointly by New nical
Garden and Utah State College 100,000
ee mens have already aoe ae
It is expected that “30,000 im will be
ay hee the lot this y

in ing speci
tion to ecolo ogy ond is nt di
making a photographic record of the
various sections where collecting has been
done.

COSTA’S
Penthouse Landscapers
BArclay 7-0764

196 Greenwich Street

New York 7, N. Y.

‘THE NEW YORK BU
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

sie
Joseru R. Swan, Presiden.
Henry ve Forest BAe, Vices itik
N
Henry pe La Montacne, Secretary

ective Managers
WILLIAM FEeLton Barrett Mrs. Eton HUNTINGTON ae 1s E. Powe, Jr.

Epwin De T, BecuteL Hooxer Haroto I. Pratt
Henry F. pu Pont Mrs. ALBert D. Lasker Waa J. Ropsins
. oe McK. Lewis A. Percy SAUNDERS

Marsuatt FIeLp E. MERRILL Epmunp W. SINNOTT
Rev. Rogert I. GANNoN, ed MonxtcomMery CHAUNCEY STILLMAN

S.J. H. Hopart Porter SIDNEY J. WEINBERG

nagers
mu O’Dw ayor of the City of New ¥

WILLA ork
ANDREW G. Cason, Th ce sere of the Board of Laie
Rozert Moses, Park Commissioner

eintive Manager
By the Torrey Botanical Club
HLA. G

LEASON
By Columbia eae
Marston T. Bocert Mar M. Ruoap
Caries W. Battarp Sam - TRELEASE
i STAFF
Bees x Poche Pu.D., Se. or
Px.D. Assistant Director and ee
Hex ee = MonasGne Assistant Director
Fann. Js Gags tae D., Sc.D. Head Curator
A. Curator of Education and a es aa
Sen 6. "Don a .D. Plant logist
JoHn Hen Serene A.M., M.D. Bibiogreper ‘Emer
W. Roa PH.D. bliographer
Bassett Macurre, Pxu.D, Curator
Haron N. Motpenke, Pu.D. Associate Curator

EvizabetH C. cae A.B., B.S. ibrarian
Evmer N. Mitcu Photographer
E, J. ALEXANDER, B S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the wee ebatian
W. H. Camp, Pu ssistant Curator
E oe 4 r
ArtHur Crongutst, Px.D Assistant Curator
F. W. Kavanacu, Px.D. Assistant 7
Setma Kogan, B Technical istant
Rosatie WEIKERT Technical Assistant
Iva McVeicuH, Px.D Technical Assistant
Mary Stepptns, M.A. Technical Assistant
Caro H. Woopwarp, A.B. Editor of the Jou ih

Tuomas H. Everett, N.D. Horr. Hrorticultw
G. L. Wittrock, A.M. Custodian of the Herbarton

Otto DrcEeNner, M.S. Collaborator in seat Bot
A. J. Grour, Px.D. ae Cura Mosset

Inez M. Haring Assistant Honorary oo ‘or on Mos.
JosePH F. Ee Honorary Curator of the Divionacea
B. Krukol Honorary Curat tor of Economic Botany

Ernr Anson 8 PEcKHAM
A. C. Pra Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds

To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent paths to Bedford Park
Boulevard station; use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and w: east. Or take the
Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Givece station, the New
York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to

ord Park Boulevard.

York Central to the Botanical Garden station
Redfard Dac aulawaed

THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW ORE BOTANICAL GARDEN

The New York Botanical Garden was ine ted special acts ioe the Legislature of
the State of w York in 1891, The! Act at Tagore rage provides ong other ‘tere, for
a_self-pi erpetuating body of scosporatars , who neces annually to elect “members Gh the Bond of
Managers They also elect new members of thei body, the present roster of which is
ia “the” ie Council consists of 12 more who are elected by the Boa’

custom, they Pope also elected to the Corporation. Oneene are: Mrs. Robert H. Fife
Elon ntington Hooker, First Vice-Chai aman ee William Lockwood, eee Ke
Chairman: Me Nelson B. Williams, a eeoLeane Se ; Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Corresponding
ty; and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasure
Arthur M, Anderson Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham
Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Childs Frick Mrs. George W. Perkins
Mrs. George Arents, Jr. Rev. Robert I. Gannon, S.J. Mrs. Hugh Peters
George Arents, Jr. Dr. H. A. Gleason Howard Phipps
E. C. Auchter Mrs. Frederick A. Godley Rutherford Platt
Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Mrs. William F. Hencken . Hobart Porter
Prof. L. H. Bailey rs. A. Barton Hepburn Francis E. Powell, Jr.
Stephen Baker Mrs. Elon H. Hooker Mrs. Harold I. Pra
Henry de Forest Baldwin Mrs. Clement Houghton Mrs. Rodney Procter
Sherman Baldwin Archer M. Hunting: Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam
Charles W. Ballard Pierre Jay La
Mrs. James Barnes Mrs. Walter Jennings Stanley G. Ranger
William Felton Barre: Mrs. Alfred G. Kay Johnston L. Redmond
Mrs. William Felton Barrett rs. F. Leonard Kellogg Ogden Mills Reid
Edwin De T. Bechtel Mrs. Warren Kinney Prof. Marcus M. Rhoades
William B. Bel Mrs. Lee Krauss Dr. William J. Robbins
Prof. Charles P. eee H. R. Kunhardt, Jr. Prof. A. Percy Saunders
rof. Marston T. Bogert Mrs. Albert D. Lasker Mrs. Melvin E. Sawin
Prof. William J. Bonisteel Mrs. Barent Lefferts John M. Schiff
George P. Brett Clarence McK. Lewis Mrs. Henry F. Schwa'
Mrs. Richard de Ane Brixey Mrs. William A. Lockwood Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott
- Nicholas M. Butler Dr. D ‘acDougal Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner
Mrs. Andrew Co Mrs. David Ives Mackie Mrs. Townsend Scudder
Miss Mabel Choa Mrs. H. Edward Manville Mrs. Samuel Seabury
Miss E. Mabel Clark Parker McCollester ts, Guthrie Shaw
W.R. Miss Mildred McCormick Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott
Mrs. ae W. Coombs Louis E. McFadden Mrs. Samuel] Sloan
Mrs. nry S. Fenimore Cooper Mrs. John R. ieee Edgar B. Stern
Mrs. William Redmond Cross D. Mer: Nathan Straus
Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise John L. Merrill Mrs. Theron G. Str
Mrs. Thomas M. Debevoise Roswell Miller, Jr. Mrs. Arthur H. shee
Edward C. Delafield Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. Joseph R. Swan
Mrs, ae Ross Delafield Mrs. Roswell Miller, Sr. Mrs. Joseph R. Swan
Julian F. Detmer S$. P. Miller Prof. Sam F. Trelease
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey George M. Moffett Arthur S. Vernay
rs. Charles Doscher H. de la Montagne Mrs. Antonie P. Voislawsky
Mrs, Walter Douglas Col. Robert H. Montgomery Manfred Wahl
Mrs. John W aper MrauR oberciiaontcomers Allen Wardwell
Henry F. du Pont Sidney J. Weinberg
Barrington Moore
ts. Moses W, Faitoute Nels Vell
Marshall Fiel Mrs. William H. Moore Nein x
William B. O. Fiel Hs Yo Nikeuat rs. Nelson B. Williams
rs. Robert H. Fife e. Augustus G. Pain Mrs, Percy H. Wii
Mrs. Henry J. Fisher Ars. James Parsons John C. Wister
Harry Harkness Flagler Rufus L. Patterson Richardson Wright

JOURNAL

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Vou. 47 J U L Y PAGES

No. 559 il 9 4 6 161—188

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor
MIDSUMMER EVENTS AND DISPLAYS
Century Plants to Bloom

ULY, it is expected, will see the flowering of one of the Garden's largest century
plants, a specimen of Agave neglecta, ape a pare ane At the time of
hi

eas to press, the flower stalk was reaching s 8 fee the glass roof of the

conservatory, from which pane had een eae Meme a smaller specimen,
believed to be Agave hipicels with whitish erage oe its leaves, is due to bloom within
the pues of the glasshouse about the same This plant was started from
seed in 1923.

Plants Outdoors

H¢ OLLYHOCKS will be flowering in the Advisory Council border in July, and in the

ool of hardy waterlilies, the East Indian lotus (Nelumbium Nelumbo) will start
its long season a loom. The * ‘catalog border” of perennials reaches the peak of its
season in midsummer. pee, i trees in the model garden, tuberous begonias are
making a show: ste "atten

Late June bloom shou ihe a Saat into early July among the Japanese iris and in the
vivid Collection on Pacific hybrids of delphinium.

The demonstration vegetable garden and the border of perennial herbs nearby a
flourishing, while the seedlings of the annual herbs across the path give promise of later
interest in this planting. e first signs o color on the newly set out annual flowers ae

Conservatory.

Radio Programs
Alternate itis 3:30 p.m, WNYC ae on the dial)
July 12 Sixteen Centuries el Tea Drin he
U
Editor of the Tea and Coftee’ Trade Journal
(This program was postponed on ee 31 because of the City’s broadca
of the proceedings of the United Nations assembly at Hunter Colle; ay
July 26 City Parks for Summer Pleasure
Francis Cormier
Senior Landscape Architect, New York City Park Department
Aug. 9 Daffodils io Plant This Fall

David Platt
hee President, Max Schling Seedsmen, Inc.
Aug. 23. Poisonous Plants of Suburban Byway. ine Fike

State Seed Analyst, New Jersey Agricultural ree Station
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ULY 1946

ADIRONDACK SCEN Cover illustration
From a crayon sketch by William F. Matthews, selected from a ou ction of
Mr. Matthews’ drawings on exhibit in the Museum Building this summe

nae eae cae MusHROOMS FOR VITAMINS

D MINERA Ma poser 161

Tene IN THE WooLen INDUSTRY echel 168

SOMETHING ABOUT AUSTRALIAN ORCHIDS upp 172

Summer Care OF THE FLoweR GARDEN Francis Paterson 181

Notices AND RevIEWS OF Bee? Booxs 183

DEDICATION OF ae tae 186

Notes, News, AND Com ee 187

The Journal is published monthly by The w York Botanical Garden, Bro: ‘k 58,
N.Y. Printed in - o. A. ae as Sond. Class Matter, Tae "28, oe, ae he Post "Oiee
at ne oe Tk, under the Act of August 24, 1912. ‘Annual subscription $1. 50. Single copies

JOURNAL

of
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Vou. 47 Jury 1946 No. 559

Garnering Edible Mushrooms

For Vitamins and Minerals
By Margaret McKenny

CIENTISTS say es although mushrooms are not the “vegetable
beafsteaks” they once were thought to be, they do contain a moderate
measure of ae ein a Ge oe ae a Saale content provides appre-
ciable amounts of iron and The iron is of a significance, for
ar ani a ey are ae in this a elem
Moreover, the meadow mushroom (Ageri ig as has been
cd by laboratory tests* to be an excellent source of a number of
rtant vitamins, notably fie B vitamins, oe acid (or niacin) and

fai ce, as well, of in B: (thiamin), vita (asi c
acid) vitamin K. 1 ssential amino acids are anne
present, and the 2.67% of protein conta’ in Agaricus campestris “com-
pares alge with that of many fresh vegetables

Why, then, do we not avail aa more of this pleasant form < nour-
net is so easily obtained? We visit nutrition classes to learn
what we should eat, and we ae and budget our mar rketing pee
yet we ignore ae re packed mushrooms growing wild in fields and
woods—a food without oe sien hac be eaten aoe cooked or raw and

also oad or dried for

We can, of course, bn ci mushrooms from the market, but
during the summer and fall they are expensive, if obtainable, and that is
the season when our eee is bursting with the succulent growth of
oe which seem to appear as if by magic after a few soft warm

* Anderson, E. E., and C. R. Fellers. The Food Value of Mushrooms. Published

the Proceedings of the American Horticultural Society, pages 301-30: e

+ Fitzpatrick, William H., William B. Esselen, Jr., and Edith Wei Comp osition
and Nutritive value of Mushroom Protein. Published as Contri ibation | No. 321 from
the Mass. Agric. Exp. Sta. in Journal of the American Dietetic Association, pages
318-323. April 1946.

161

162

Margaret McKenny is the sais of Gstaad a Field and Wood”;

i
ae oo “A Book of Wild Flowers,” “A B of Garden Flowers,” and “A
Wayside Fruits,’ all illus ee in te by ies Faeranin Johnston
G aut, ee f “Wild Flower ae ry in a Long Island Garden” which ap-
peared in last month’s Journal) ; and of “Trees of the Covntrasde” and “Your

City Garden,” the last in ee with E. L. D. Seym

TYPICAL AMANITA

Flecks of the veil on top of the ite gills, a ring und the stem, and a cup o
bulb at the base characterize the esis of oa desde le group of a
(Photograph by Rutherford Platt).

163

Learning the Poisonous Species

The inevitable question, ““How can I tell a mushroom from a pee ae
always proves a stumbling block to the uninitiated. The first
remember is that only in the popular mind is the word eee tinked

with ay and t oe with edibilit
ith no more effort than we put into making o out our daily menus in
the face - shorta, ae we may learn the ene ee of the poisonous
mushrooms which we must avoid. Next we must learn to know the few
ee species—those which are so easily distinguished from the ae
€

that they may ie gathered with perfect confidence—and we mu
ee oes age to these few.

ever exper Go th a scientific expert the first few times

nd let this ies examine every mushroom that you put into your

basket or bag. If a poisonous one gets into the container by mistake, the

g.
entire lot must be sacri But ll means do not let fear keep ee
from this fascinating form of hunting which you m: ay pursue on foot
n yo , b dsides, and i r
I eadly mushrooms—that is, all those at een known to

All the d
science—belong to one family, the Amanita family. Learn to distinguish
the earmarks of this family and, though some of its members are not
poisonous, give the whole cla’ al nick th.
rue mushroom plan of ite threads called the
MYCELIUM, which ramifies na a * soil or ae rotting wood.

these thre:
gradually ey in mushrooms of the manita ae they an me r
covered with a white veil ¢ alled a

the veil, leving on in ae naa the form of a cup and carrying
ak into oe a ne ae

r half u urface to bre
The gills, or the radiating pie on ane underside o

e@ pure white, yellowish, brownis i or greenish. The gills are always
an e cap is cut from the stem and laid on a piece of
rs as he be a deposit of pure white
roductive dies of the plan .
The deadly amanita Cee falotes), the pure white form of
which is called the destr is w ,
occasionally it may venture ee iS a ae edge of shady lawns or meadows.
Learn it well and avoid it, for it contains a poison for which we have
ote

no anti

164

other member of the Amanita oe the fy mushroom (Aman:

muscri), is well known in bares and Asia, where its ee content
has long been used as a pois aes fies. It also occurs in Am Its
ee underground is similar to t of the deadl eee oe
that the base of the stem is bulbous and the enveloping veil breaks up
into fluffy scales, half of them ringing the bulg' in concentric
rows, the on half eing carried up on the cap in the shape of fluffy

anded cap is yellow or ea be may have a pire

f five or six ee The fl y mushroom ale oods, very r
being found | in the open. Often groups o a aes or fifty of this ad
beautiful plant may be seen in birch or pine woods. It contains a poison
for which atropine is a partial antidote.

Seeking Meadow Mushrooms

Knowing these two ae ane an types of poisonous mushrooms, you
may now gather up y rage and your basket and venture forth on
one of the most deli ghtful ae ts in the world—the search for meadow
pile paged Pethaps it is the end of August, and oe mak see several
gentle rain. he mushroom aie recognizes it aaa
season, ta ae interlude between stmmer and a Tee ose
attuned to nature can almost ne ie rustle a stir =) oe ee
the sod.

The meadow mushroom always grows in the open, never in the wood-
land. So out we go to the open pastures, where the lake mist is just rising
from the grassy slopes. And there, and there, and there, and far be-
yond, the close-cropped grass is he with the creamy ne What a
feast ae have for today’s aca . will be a feast for a gourmet as

well as a feast of vitamins and minerals—for in ancient Rome mush-
rooms were so highly prized that ne were prepared only by nobles and
served in special golden dishes

his toe is the same species t that we buy at the market—but oh,
how different in flavor and consistency when we get it fresh from lawns
and pastures! The young fruiting bodies of the meadow mushroom, as
they grow et the tangled mass of threads beneath the soil, are not
surrounded with a ny veil. They push through the a in the
rm, ee cream- ae but bates soft and silky to the touch as rain-wet skin.

only a parti ich

e
is cut from the stem and laid on a piece of white paper, there
will 5 oan be shown a purple-brown spore-print. This is a valuable dis-

TWO UNMISTAKABLE EDIBLE MUSHROOMS
Left: The morel BC alatdan, hace ay colored, spongy cap appears in - woods in
spring. Right: The meadow ree m (Agaricus campestris), frequently found in
grassy places in te summer and The pinkish aie urn purple- Swe as the
ushroom matures. eee by Rutherford Platt).

tinguishing mark, for the eee mushrooms of the Amanita family
always have as _ Tes

Now e drop the pink and as setae into our
baskets. wot rartuay oe days we may e market
basket full— = for a meal for ruta ee and our Pend bee a
quantity to c: rv dry. You may be of one thing: after one success-

an an
ful mushroom trip you will be oe pheenad a devotee of ae sport—
all through the year spotting favorable hunting grounds and ene their
location a precious secret, only to be disclosed to the chosen few.

Morels in Springtime

In many parts of the country there are people who think no mushroo
equals the morel or ee mushroom (Morch ella). Unlike ‘al
growin g meadow it appears only in the spring, often
in open seers or on oe orchards. In the South the colored “folk

166

call it “hickory chicken” and search for it under the fallen leaves of
0

hickory trees. It often springs up after a forest fire. mg ago in
Europe some of the peasants so loved it that they used to set fire to the
woodlands in order to re a bountiful crop, until laws were passed to

The morel may be cream-white, tan or brown in color, and it has an

indented, sponge-like surface and t has no cup he base of the
stem, bot ae are hollow, and the spores are borne in the d
pressions of t rels have never been cies d, but have ae a
de ian ee ie ee that in parts of the ntry where they a
$ d reservoirs i Ohio, camping ties as-
a every year to gather them in quantity to dry for the winter. Th
o found in great patches in the far , and oft a forest

fie eae of pounds may be gathered by those who are “in the know.’
Two Kinds of Coprinus

Other choice morsels for the gourmet are the shaggymanes idles TUS
comatus) and the inkycaps (Coprinus atramentarius). The shag:

nky
them in the early stages, _ we t firm, and cook them immediately as
they are delicious then but n deteriorate. They generally grow in
rch soil in the open or in Deal uae by the sides of roads or near lakes
ich muck soil.
"The inkycaps are more rounded or oval in ae leaden-gray in color,
with very short stems. They often spring up in the open on the edge
of lawns, in parks, or by ae roadside. Sonict mee ther

one of the most delicately flavored mushroom dishes that can be found
Puffballs, Large and Miniature
growing in the same fields with the meadow mushroom puffballs
can be found, and large or at they are all — edible. The giant
puffballs (Calvatia gigantea) ranging from a few inches to great globes
two feet in diameter, often weighing 25 pounds, can ‘e confounded with
isonous species, Care i i

the
smaller species (of the genera re hig and hacia 7) not to mistake
the button of a poisonous amanita for uffball. If a puffball is sliced
in two, there is nothing to be seen ae solid ie while in the amanita
may be seen the outline of stem and cap hates : should be gathered
while they are pure white an fe, or, as the spores begin to ripen, the
flesh gradually turns yellow, then brown, and bone: bitter in flavor.

167

Yellow Shelves on Rotting pees

Al time during our stro he summer or fall we may come
upon the sulphur polypore (Paypors spare), great wavy masses of
a shelf-like growth edging a rotting stun r log. The caps are bright

orange above and sulphur-ye' lo ben oath. "The s fre oy grow on
rotten woo od in the forest, but often may be found in the open. In Con

is one of the most beautiful aaa and if you once learn it you can
ever mistake any other for If gathered tle young and gently
cooked in butter, there is no beers which equals 7 for consistency
and flavor. It is like the white meat of chicken, but al ways moist and
tender. As it grows older it acquires an acid flavor, ae gives it a tang
greatly relished by some people.

Oyster Mushrooms in Quantity

Last but not least of our easily eae bvecig aut is the oyster mush-
room (Pleurotus ostreatus). It far from bei ing last in bulk, for.
although the pees ae are ae if you once locate a log where

oyster mushro are ing, by watering it ey and ee
the caps pick a as are tes you may prolong the fruiting season for
mber of weeks and harvest many pounds.

The oyster mushroom alw: ways grows on ans logs, in the open or
in the woods. The caps vary in color from white to brownish tan. They
are gama stemless and are attached at ie side. The gills beneath the
caps are pure white. They may be found any time during the summer or
fall a occasionally in spring. They are tender, delicate in flavor, and
can not be confused with any other species.
Cooking and Serving the Mushroom Feast :

All mushrooms should be cooked as simply as arte They may be
cooked in butter, the juice slightly tl aig seats cream added i

cook gently and handle with the care that food of such nie ity de-
he meado shroom a . h ore ious

raw in a salad. Let them stand with a small quantity of French dressing
half an hour, nas mix them lightly “with watercress or celery or both.
turdy shoes a asket on

Now eady h
the fields a nee for the delectable, vitamin- and mineral-filled mush-
rooms which spring up by the thousand in late summer and early fall.

168

Teasel in the Woolen Industry
By Fred Noechel

ACHINERY and equipment of the twentieth century have not yet
been able to equal in combined st ae th and fineness the delicate

see on ida heads of a teasel plant for raising the nap on woolen
oods. No r brus t been found which will a ee com-
aren to ee aciened by “the tie in softening the tex a fabric.
This thistle- — plant which ears grew wild in ike ae of
the English co ee ame is used ioday as it was centuries ago in the gigging
process in the woolen and wi er ind ee ry. The date when it was first
used is a matter of ceric history. Possibly some clever woman of
the time, ae nt on creating a better home-made woolen fabric than her
neighbor, chanced aa the fact that the dried heads of oe Mee ie

the texture of a heavy garment by raising a nap on the cloth.

have happened a very ee time ago, for the nee ais in A bese
before the English language as we use it had evolved, and it ‘s hoeeere
related to the w ease—not in

the later sense ne sas but referring

The ee cee eel is known as ei sylvestris. With Scabiosa,
and a few r known groups s forms the Dipsaceae or Teasel
family, w! ane ores Tescinbics: = Thistle family. It has the character-
istic tightly packed head of flow th d

bracts which link it at oe a ae t re familiar thistles.
In the wild form, the minute barb on the tip of each b the flo
head i i exible. th el ok rbs, 0
the cultivated teasel, after it has matured and dried, that make the plant
of in the napping or gigging process in the finishing of woolen
fabrics.

The cultivated form of the plant has assumed a name of Dipsacus
fullonum and is cor pee called ecw s teasel, the gigging or

bec:
napping operatio mill is dor ee the one of the fuller,
who supervises the ‘fulling or ce of the fabric
The first extensive cultivation of the teasel plant aioe in ee ee
rt of France. In the United States, re first planting of teasel for
ir kaneateles, New Yor I

then in cultivation. Later, a member of the same family that in
the teasel plant to Skaneateles went to Oregon, imported oe from France,

Mr, Noechel is el of Physical Laboratories for the Botany Worsted Mills”
at Passaic, New Jer.

Heads of wild teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris) in full bloom.
(Photograph by L. W. Brownell)

170

d grew a large aan of a superior type of teasel. These two sections,
See N. Y., and M on eae are still supplying the bulk of the
teasels used i n the United Sta

nt sizes of teasel ae coated teazle) are reaped pee Gee cae
ain Medit

rows on the m
sels grow on branches off the main stem, and butto (sales ese
takes fte

but for best result d ce
and climate for strong barbs for blankets, eal a moist climate for develop-
r s.
dried and then sorted into their categories oa as kings, mediu and
buttons. ing iefly
and other heavy fabrics. Mediums are used for fine fabrics, and are the
most valuable teasels grown.
e gigging process, in which the teasel heads function, brings a nap or
pile to the cloth by gradually easing, or teasing, the surface fibers out of

the yarns, thereby eras a oe ae material and at the same time
softent a the outline of the pattern and effecting a more subtle blending

of colors. In the general ae ss called moist gigging, the cloth is im-
mersed in water and the fibers are raised while in the moist state.
The teasels for gigging are first treated with hot water or steam for
five minutes and allowed to dry. Thus softened, they are then set tightly
ba

by hand in two or three rows in iron slats or frames, with - rbed bracts
ot the eae all facing in the same direction. These frames are mounted
ao which revolve at approxima ely 100 r tions per minute. The

evoluti
clot abe poss or gigged is then brought lightly into ae ae the
a produce the faced hee the contact is gradually increased
until the ee Siaee has been achieved.
a fibers are first disentangled a then out, for it is important
t they be raised gradually rather than tor: Teasels whose points
a been dulled and softened are used in he fe steps of the process.

FULLER'S TEASEL AS IT IS USED IN THE WOOLEN INDUSTRY
(On the opposite page)

The upper picture shows the dried heads of Dipsacus fullonum with their finely
barbed bracts. At the left are used heads, dried and brushed clean for further use.
To the right a this is a group of badly worn ireauie pe in — as they are
removed from the slats (pictured below). Some of these can be reused at the beginning

B. I. Bertelsen)

171

FULLER'S TEASEL

AS IT IS USED .

IN THE

For description, see the opposite page.

172

These are gradually replaced by new or sharper ones until required
nap or pile is achieved. When the teasels iecanie filled with wool fibers
and have bea ome nee by the moisture, they are dried and brushed
clean for re-u If the teasels are worn out on one side of the frames,
the frames are ae Badly worn teasels are meanwhile replaced by
some which are still in fairly ae ae For this replacement it is
necessary to sort teasels according to the degree of wear. That is, new
teasels should never be mixed wi en ‘older ones; if they are, streaks will

ach length of cloth is run several times over the teasels, the number
depending upon the type of fabric mae gigged. As the cloth haat over
the teasels, the cylinders revolve in the direction, except e first
pair of cylinders, the first one - which revolves in the reat tion i the
‘lot h and the second one in the sie direction. After this, the cloth
= over these cylinders at a slower rate than the speed of the cylinders.
mple: The cylinders revolve at 100 revolutions per minute and
os doth i is fed over the cylinder at ten yards per minute. In this manner
the ager - - a are given an opportunity to lift and comb the
fiber e time, always starting with worn teasels and gradually
eatie eee new ee
Since the raised fibers will vary in length, the cloth after gigging has to
be passed over a shear which cuts the protruding fibers at a predetermined
eae thus assuring a uniform length of nap for the type of finish
desired.*

he author Pee valuable assistance given by H. C. Templeton, A. J.
Mallen and L. J. Gre

Something About Australian Orchids
By H. M. R. Rupp

T is a novel experience for an Australian, well past the meridian of
life, to be invited by the editor of a New York journal to tell its,
i i g en

ted me eve:
in the southern State of Victoria, I used to eas “spiders” and “double-
be the bush-lands ee bie father’s hom
ralian orchids fet o fancy prices. Most of them are very
ae members of the ae fom to ares they belong. In the cope

173

north of our continent, hundreds of leagues from where I write, we have
some noble and beautiful species of Dendrobium, and a few others of like
calibre; but these are a small company, and my knowledge of them comes
from friends in the far north, or ses ener growers—I have never
been beyond Brisbane in that dir

But orchids are orchids, a os belong to the flamboyant bat-
talions of cattleyas, cymbidiums, oncidiums, and their associates, or to the
odestly cla 0 i i

é erial
plant from Queensland which means as much to me as me latest giant
eymbidium does to the pea, It a four wee flowers, pure white,

with a delicate uti age they opened at 9 a.m., me i. 3 p.m. their
brief life will be But xt week et will be some more; and this
goes on for abo ae six non "The re is no common name for this little gem,
but it is known to botanists as Thrixspermum album
The number of known Australian orchids is aioe 500; but there are
st areas in our tropics se robably several hu ndr ed more await
pari w Sow

ad North in Opi one woul
oer epiphytes predomin: oe decreasing in numbers as one travels south.

hus i e 2,
Victoria 5, and Tasmania 2. There are none either in South Australia
or in the southern portion of ie Australia: the northern parts of the
last-named state are terra incognita to the orchidologist.

The majority of our orchids, then, are obviously terrestrials. It has
always puzzled me why orchid growers despise most of the terrestrials. Not
that I regret their attitude; for it means that many of our most charming
wild flowers have a chance of survival in their own domains. But I feel

tions, it i t ee good form among growers for an orchid to have
i ts i groun é
Phaius Tankervilliae, now fess exterminated — n New outh hei
nsla: id
fav vourable conditions e pos seven feet in he ight. Its large, aspidistra-
ha:
flowers, each sometimes four inches in diameter. They are white outside,

mottled or clear Se nside, wit! ee — purple or nein labellum.
Phaius grows in swamps near the coa’

174

Australia can probably claim to possess the two most oe
orchids in the a for they are, lit iene aes ranean. One ind
at Corrigin in Western Australia, and the rt two thou isand aie eae
the continent at Bullahdelah eee pat -a-deela) in New Sou
Wales.

Of the Western are plant I have no first-hand knowledge; it was
described by the late Dr. R. S. Rogers in the Jour: og ie the Royal Society
of Western Australia in Oct ober, 1928. But as my privilege to

describe and name the Bullahdelah plant, ee was

dney, at the foot of ive outcrop of alunite known as the Alum
Mountain. I had lived there for ne young man
by chance dug up the first nee they w ent to me as a curiosity.

Subsequently, a grant from a Science Assouation enabled me to visit

the scene of the pai and the local doctor and I succeeded in digging

up six good specime: We established the fact that the flowers of this
neath t

the soil, They are ee ned massed together in heads at the tops of the
thick rhizomes, which are not unlike stout aaa shoots, more or less
covered with white te ae Soon after exposure to light the plant
gradually turns dingy pur The ees Rhizanthella Gardneri and
the eastern Elie nies aa differ so stra Hah iy all other orchids,
that a new tribe had to be erected to ser ita ae
certain structural affinities and their common ane habit, they

so erie from one another that each had to be made the type of a new

pe ong the most beautiful of our terrestrials are the “sun orchids”
(Thelymitra), so called because most of them expand their flow wers only
on warm, sunny days. Some are

racemes of fairly large star-shaped flowers. Colours range from blue,
pink, and purple to yellow. The labellum in the sun orchids is only very

TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS OF NEW SOUTH WALES
(On the opposite page)

Upper left: is venosa, a lilac or bluish-grey orchid with dark veins, is known only
on the plateau ee ates Tops at 3,000 fee altitude. The insets show enlargements
of (A) ae ao from ee e and (By column from the front. Upper right:

7 :

* ast um,
Archeri, all seine Y% natural size. Lower left: The “Snderground orchid”
of Bullahdelah, which was named by the author Cryptanthemis Slateri. It grows and
h hi —

front, bov
ight: The largest of the Atv greenhoods,” Pterostylis Baptistit, a ale green
orehid with bands of, dark bro The enlarged drawings show (A) the labellum from
above and (B) the labellum and: column from the side.

175

TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS OF NEW SOUTH WALES

176

THE SPIDER ORCHID AND THE DOUBLETAIL

The ana spider orchid of the south and west of Australia is Caladen'
extremel

southern Queensland t to Victoria, is Pterostylis Wools The flowers are pale green,
often tinted with red.

177

ey ia from its tn character as the third petal. The ma-
of the species are Australian, but the genus is represented in New
Zealed, New Ca ledonia, ae er the Philippines.

Almost exclusively ea time are the eae oe most of
+ which the lateral sepals hang down like pecies occurs
in Java. There are some ance beautiful pte TS a ne enus. Yellow

ith brown markings is the pre edominant ae hi there are lilacs and
purples also. One of the species ae ated (D. venosa) occurs in myriads
on the plateau of Barrington Tops in New Sou h Wal at an altitude
of 5,000 feet; yet the most eat icuiine i failed > discover it in
any other local it ity.

The genus Caladenia, with upwar rds of 70 species, includes a bewildering
sade of ex ee attractive flowers, in which I think almost every
known colour is represented. Caladenias are most strongly developed in
the are parts Of eae Australia, and a whole article could

S But the

om
oO

nities nted in the meee states too. The larger species are popularly

pider orchids,” from their long slender sepals and petals.

Pies a ne Ree ten inches across from tip to tip of the sepals.

s the common name implies, the “greenhood orchids” Cia
labellum

hoods, such as P. Woollsii, a pas am meee long lateral sepals, have a
very ee appearance, and a ore curious than ioe autiful. qe - bel-
lum in all species except two tice are over 60) i In
some, it springs sharply back against the column at t the lightest touch “This
action of course is connected with the capture of pollinating ;

The pee of all Australian ate Heats is Prasophton with
upwards of 80 known species. Roughly speaking, we may divide it into
two sections, the large prasophylls | fe ore called the “little

rassies. Many of the aged are tall and robust plants with a es

leaf like that of an onion e flowers are relatively small, in
less dense ae of green or ae shades ; a few are ned with Scie:
colours, and some ha ave a white labellum. a all species the flowers are

reverse ed by a er in the ovary during fae. so that they come
out ae dow:

To me, by ts £ ite most pases ee ie the Bas are the little
pace ee ng to the on GEN These are all rather
dwarf, extremely ee Shae ane a een eee Penny the stem

178

cept for a very short free lamina high up towards the flowers. The
ee are so diminutive that a a power rful magnifier is essential for examin-
ing the structural details. Even with this aid, correct determination of th

species is often very difficult: one of my friends es me he would either

have to give up trying, or qualify for an asylum! Yet when one of these
tiny flowers is placed under a strong magnifier, he observer 8 fail to
be astonished at the beauty of colour and form and the complexity of
structure which een developed g sp oe in i Nes South
Wales, where thirty species ee ina aaa ees ere are some in
every Australian state, and 0 also occu a Zealand. One
needs the am Bay eye” han Gee elusive tie pene of the orchid
world; but o u know aa t to look for, the rch becomes quite

fascinati ting. "They. eae chie fly in summer ae autumn, and _ their
favourite haunts are moist places in open forests or on heathlands.

with a

vals. t popular of these is the “Cooktown orchid” of North
ee Beads bium Phalaenopsis. The flowers are' large, bright
mauve with a deep purple throat. The genus pec re hea ae a
the whol Siena ‘ eastern Australia, and on occurs
Tasmania. The most widely — of mee bes a aoe Te
“rock- lily” —a misnomer, since it is no a lily, and grows on trees as
freely as on rocks. It is a large ane bulky Bees and oat bear as many
as 100 racemes, from ten to twenty inches long, each with numerous yellow,
cream, or white flowers. iis large clump of this reid in full bloom is a
sight not easily forgott

But m beautiful ne the rock-lily is ig a orchid,” D. fal-
oe asian to certain highlands South Wales and
outhern Queensland where there are free _ a Antarctic beech
wv othofagus a Hees Althou ugh the beech orchid grows on several other
, it has found outside these beech forests. Tt i is a large
ae and a pee Stores I once had a specimen with 103 racemes,
seis about 14 flowers each. These are oe an inch in diameter,

snowy white eek for purple specks on the Tabellue and with a powerful

SOME GROUND- AND Hee DWELLING ORCHIDS OF AUSTRALIA
(On the opposite page)

Upper left: The orange-blossom o rchid, aga ilus falcatus, found on trees in coastal
id, Den

>
€
&
8
-
2
S
wo
3
a
g
ae
oe
5
Fy
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3
2
8
§
°
om
z
4
=
Le
ac)
be
a
i.)
2
5
a
o
a
£
=
a
g.

in New he igh
ane blue, Lower right: This Blac to Hide sable orchid, Diuris punctata, is foun
all the Australian He except Tasmania and Western Australia.

SOME GROUND- AND TREE-DWELLING ORCHIDS
OF AUSTRALIA

180

THE ALUM MOUNTAIN AT BULLAHDELAH, NEW SOUTH WALES

subterranean orchid, Cryptanthemis Slateri, was discovered just behind the trees

he
at a back of the old church.

but Gs aaa perfume, which is exhaled only during the warmer hours
of the day
Even more lovely than our dendrobes are some of our species: of
Sarcochilus, vera gems of the bush. The finest of these is the “ravine
orchi oa re aldii, which scrambles over ae rocks in deep gorges.
Its nu ee rs are white with deep crimson blotches and spots; one
variety oe pea ‘ee crimson with darker red ma: ene Smaller, but
rivalling it in beauty, is the “orange- cee orchid,” S. falcatus, with
white flowers mated h purple and orange on the labellum. It is eg
very sweetly scented, ou one variety occurs with an objectionable odou
Although ~ ce are mostly showy-flowered plants, as a group
they era little more than a quarter of the 500 orchid species growing
in Australia

For
desea . the flora of his native land, he has specialized on the an ds, a ae is the
author of an official ene of the N National Herbarium at Sydney, “Orchids of
New South Wales.” eve the first volume of a projected series on the flora of
that Australian stat "Rupp js an honorary member of the staff of the New
South Wales National ee rium.

181

SUMMER CARE OF THE FLOWER GARDEN

This art

icle has been adapted from a broadcast Cee by Francis Paterson, Super.

0
ihe. at Dain

intendent of the estate [ Mrs. A. G. Milbank (Panfield
ong Island, over June 7. Mr. Paterson, who has ae severa Pan eke
gardening for the New a pee Garden, app. e en's representa=
tive on tins program, which wa. t of a series being peed by the pie
Women’s Voluntary Services.
Cultivation soil is ight or gravelly. Mulching, like
One ca the first essentials of success cultivating, helps to conserve the moisture
in the fl ef garden is diligent ea in the soil and make it available to the

for it will dining weeds, conse!
ture for the plants, and promote eee:
rapid root growth.

he question is frequently asked, “How
often should I cultivate?” The answer is,
“As oft his will

bi ten days the active
rowing period of early summer, but less
often as the plants devel nd their

expanding leaves smother the weeds in
g beneath eae

the ground eal
aaa xe) flat hoe and
a ot andled cu tivator with from
0 five claw- mae iones: Regular
Gleaner should b ntinued through-
t er, especially in dry weather,
as it will t the soil becoming
hard top and cracking. It will also
make a dust mulch on the surface which

ne the soil : sash

to oy: the growing roots ma

Mulching

wer garden mulching is not

flo

ac’ , partly because it may
become unsightly and partly because, as
flowering plants levelop, ya a all
a natural pro

while. se growers also recom-
mend mulching plants aati hee in
hot, dry weather, especially where the

plant when it is most needed.
seas

y well-meaning suburban garden-
ers Ain what could otherwise be beau-
tiful ee beds Bes ecause they carry

out ail practice of
Sori inking the Hoven: a 2 Tittle abate day.
a method of watering is to be deplored,

t penetri

the:
easily knocked

Sallow-rooted plas = are
ind o ut of the soil

ashed of

a vane rain.

It is ont he: atering is properly
done i eneficial to flowers. When
dry weather prevails and the plants need
water, “they should by all means have it,

ut they be more than merely
sprinkled, ind should be given

thor: oaking to a depth of several

an
orning or evening is the time

hen water will be most Penepeil not
Henne the heat of the day.

Feeding
Many gardeners ask whether feeding
of pian is advisable during the sum-
mer. The tall, fast-growing “plants such
chrysanthemums, and del-
among others, will respond

dahlias,
Shinums

182

agreeably to feeding during their ane
ering. Porae Any garden fertilize
a 5-8-5 analysis—that is, 3%

itr sei, "3% phosphorus, ae a potash
—can be recommenced, usi cup-
ful to every three plants ae ap She g it
just before rain a lage it Mell into
the roots wi Care should be
taken to ke ce fect ilizer away —

the aoe
done. A tiandtul of aa fertilicer is
- three gallons of water and
pplied t ro e es Fe er-
thing Should be discontinued as soon
s the flower buds show color

once a plant is bent down even an expert
can’t s it u look like its natural
growth. The t supportii

near the pla:
we from the garden

ind of twine supplied by seedsmen
$

The art of staking is
simply the knack of “ealibe stake and tie
almost invisible.

Dividing

Early fall is an excellent time to divide
sucht perennials as lox, peonies, and
others that have passed t ir bloomin
erio' Pulling them apart carefully,
leaving at least one eye or bud to each,

ary ca

n to ten years before they need
dhiding. eB lower: -growing nian do not
require moving as often. If the dividing

is not done in the fall, it can frequently
be oe just as effectively in early
pri

Pest Control
Effective control of pests and diseases
nto Sago the various
Some insect : often

and these must be combatted with fe spray
which will po 2 ie ie Bats contact with
their bodies. ostly beetles and

nicotine, roten Ane, or pyrethrum is i
applied according to the manufacturer’
direct

th a poison base is eee nich ae
arsenate of lead. there is objection
to the use of poison in the ga , there

ever $
rotenone or pyrethrum ne also quite
effective against tee pes
The control of ee on flowers su
as delphinium and phlox can be vested
of a

by the use spray with a copper
base, h r r re. This
spray is va i

many other fungus diseases also. Dusting
with 1 owdered I will
similarly check the growth of fungi on
leaves.

The best a ie rose spray is a mix-

mended. ll sprays should be diluted
according to the manufacturer’s direc-
tions.

Gladiolus thrips are ses trouble some

and hard to control.

gar

gallon of water. All parts of the
Alan should be sly sprayed, pre-
ferably in the morning

183

REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF RECENT BOOKS

seca tt A pproaele to Soi

RT. ‘arming and tae
ine with Composts. J. I. Rodale.
242 pages, bibliography. Devin-
Adair Co., New York, 1945. $3.

ee soil
1:

when preparing our soils
fter reading it we can in no large
way disagree with anything that ‘is
written .
tea greed has been
largely responsible for soil Papas
1 we belie is the duty the

cal theories, and "orwat aoe
conception of soil fertility. t
it may, there is no doubt that the subject

it today that i

we can deny o1 cali es the use oe oe
when penne palates or DDT to spray
thei eir haulm

Dir a book that will—or
Para ce reading eee to
thought and to experimen

s G, Esson,
Editor, The Gardeners!
Chronicle of America

Designs for Planting
OU. Edited by
. 160 pages,
ilustrated._ Robert a McBride &
Co., New York, 194
lan tors garden build-
c B Donel editor of “A
calls this new contri-
tion to ae itereture: Its chapters
are written by a dozen experts in various

An all-t -roun

fields of horticulture and landscape art

esthetic Gewpoint than that of prac-
tical dirt g ae

Garden fe and ornamentation are
treated, plants nae various seasons, spe-
cial and color schemes

ted by v
Tr San
profusely illustrated and
much interes ting material but
Ss work is poor and there is no

ote of
contains
the pres.
index
Rut N. WETZEL.

Touring ha ans Past
To the Pre:

AND HOMES
SENICO. Cora M. Oneal.
illustrated.
& Company,
$3.75,

Beginning
discoveries in

set
Banks bases
Dallas, Texas,

with recent archaeological
the Valley of Oaxaca, at
al tells

toy
fy
‘B
P<
8

ban.
Crafts series, "should be read
by aia traveler:
neal a quotes
fas sscinating writings of Mrs
Me archaeol
Nut

from the
s. Zelia a
ologist, botanist, and histori

tall” had such Paes Hageehle
Taeviece on these subjects, that her

184

death before her book could be published
has been a oe t loss. One is glad to
see that so much of her annie
Pan on to thé Ga rden Club of Mex:
part of M . Oneal’s_ book,
e descriptions
3 Ghedern tots i in
teresting, one is likely
ae the aut eatoms,
habit of carrying bouquets
sions and p ae rare ones 10
ae Mocte tez
meal. rdevates two chapters t
the Se condiiest gardens of which feces
exist today. Rereading the stories et all
i one a nostalgic

to prefer feadie fe
such as the
on all occa-

craving ins cnet ee
octumiless eae flower-bordered

templating fro the Valley

excoco, where = aid out superb
gardens ar here botanists still come
rom far coimtries to study the trees—

ul Ww

especially the wonderful square enclosure
of taxodium, called El Contador.

Bobbink & Atkins

NURSERYMEN
N.
PLANTSMEN

Most of the unusual Roses, Trees and
Shrubs not obtainable —— will
real

zr
tay

Peas ; que is the
Annals of Aine rican Hote

Visitors Always Welcome
Catalogue Upon Request

Bobbink & Atkins

Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J.

he final chapter (VIII), on Orchids
a Orchid Hunting, tells of seeing these _
flowers on the famous Pueblo Highway,
but they are probably tillandsias (Brome-
liads), with the ir, bright scarlet nes—

sometimes called “pine orchids.” It might
be added that, while the descriptions in
oe ; . ae Ss Ol
exico, e, some

of the tells ie ‘botanical oe
are regrettably inacc!

y. It is to
author has passed Puebla by with Sicily
ni s Bee pal atio ahaa of the
ort

n sum Oneal has sup-
plied us a information of great in-
terest, but if o ight be
c

aes en i Id be ar-
anged i zi more geographical and con-

lective equen ice.
MarcareT Dovuctas.

From Vegetable Oil
To Insecticide
SOAP IN INDUSTR Georgia
Tae neces: and Milton A. Lesser.
es, indexed. Chemical Pub-
lishing Co., Brooklyn. 1946. $4.
This practical treatise acquai
chemists, manufacturers, technicians and
ot s with ae utilization of s

acu ring processes reveals in a etn
ae "iver the place filled in modern
industry by this familiar itera, ae
hin getable oils are such an im-
portant ingredient.

ne the peculiar arene of soal
that makes it useful in
of manufac

n many OCcessi
roducts soap "functions Y sdvaniac ously
for other than aioe baat ie to
s efficiency as Se agent
wie range of emulsio: oan
el of as a wetting
agent Shee ot its ability to lower sur-
face tension, it is pointed out in the

185

book, accounts for its extensive use as a
“spreader” in various types of insecticidal
life. Soa

sprays useful in guarding plant

100, aS a Ss eacive perdi nt, fed
quently forms an ficient insecticide
against a vari of Pleat pests, espe-

ety
cially for small plantin;
standard, frequ ently ec sans
may made

spray, it is pointed out,

S
tender plants such as young cabbage or
auliflo in seed beds, garden

caulil € se , on peas,
or on g beans, as it ma: ect the

ves, half strength soap solution
will suffice for such plants, but for use
on hardy plants the a oO
be increased to kill 1 i

Both the ee spersing a: ing prop-
erties of soap are called “i Ht play in
preparing Gaesticidal emulsions based
on oils or ance Included are a num-
ber of indicative formulas of specifi
interest, as for cxam le one recommended
for newl tched scale in-
sects on hardy shrubs, and another, forti-
fied h sro su hi su
gested protection of ornamental
bushe:

Wituram F, Leccert.

Two New Volumes
On Botany and Chem

vid Goad:
Font. a Sees. indexed. Binion
iladelphia. 1945. $9.

agnt — a this

tion. he

ciples = Physical Chemistry” would s

long more properly in a teviboole ‘of
chemistry. The ction

Molecules” would interest any-

one who works with the structural as-

ies of protoplasm

“The Respiration of
R. Goddard in-
Bae the student to ie ‘modern ideas

of respiration and the utilization of the
energy which can be secured by the de-
‘b I

gradation of carbohydrates. is to be
ped that this section, in an ex: d
form, can be made availabl ‘a

pan

can be le as a Separate

publication which could be used in teach-

ing students ie pleat physiology the ele-
meni ae of resp

ost of the ner seems to have

eae Cae in 1942.

John t Edsall, eres pages, seeing
Academic Press, Inc. New
1945, $6.50.

another book of reviews of cer-

hors a:
quality of the reviews.
might interest botanists are:
Chemistry of the Peas: The Micro-
oe Assay of Acids; The

Amino Acid Composition of Food Pro
teins; Wheat Gluten: X-Ray Difraction
ae Protein Structure ; and The Copper

rote:

Amino

F. W. Kavanacu.

rid Famous
etd TUERCEX hpseety
of the Dutc

Specially selected for
dications clientele

Newest creations
Tulips, ere bie
and m re species

Magnificent List of Botanical
Tulips
Exclusive U. S. Agents

Write for catalogue

THE BARNES, IMPORTERS

536 Willow St., Lockport, N. Y.

irector; Walter Roozen of

Holland Bulb Dedication

eae

land tulips at the New York
Gar nies was dedicated the afte m of

in avited guests were seated outside the
ne Pie near the borders

were to C
itera and ae the path acing to
the Museum peace ae roughout the
spring, eee ther bulbs, al so part of the

gift, n shown in ae ‘ain Con
servatory. ‘The oT ges from
Holland Pause ae rie ane

a
United States, They tae on pee

Haar rer

186

Helland

and Margar et Herbst of
New Tok, both representing the Associated Bulb Growers of Holland in New York.

from bulb growers by means of small
contribuliens made by the people of

liberation of their country. The money
was raised by a national
working under the title,
terpret Netherlands
oe were part of a larg
so the New York P. epartment
oe ree American war cemeteries for
rue oy, The Committee is ae
ted here by the office oe ne Ass
ea Bu ab Growers of Hol

eet - which Joseph R.
en e Ga oe ae
ce _G

en
van Swi peeren Acting Gi the
ae) in New York; Dr. Eelco N.
Kleffens, Prime Minister of the
Netheraide ond Dr. William J. Robbins,
the Garden’s Director. Miss Margaret

187

Herbst, representing the Bulb Growers,
then presented a Le =a of tulips to rae
Robert H. ee i an of the Garden’
Ace Cow

After an inspection of the tulip beds,
the Garden's guests were entertained at
tea x ee Feepeee Building. Among
those pre: e Walter Roozen, of the
Associated Bulb iCiouene - Robbert Faile,
A. M. van den Hoek, Edith G. Fricke,
T. van Staveren, Mrs. Grafton H. Pyne,

‘ n :
Mrs. J. S. Ten Eyck, Mrs. Edward J.
Prest, Miss Viola Fox, es James
Fox, Peter Vandermeyden, s. Sa
Trelease, E. ~ Seymour, Dorothy :
Jenkins, G. van Marx, V. vai
Marx, Mrs. “John G. Winchester, Mrs.

Charles Burlingham.
Em
Notes, eas and Comment

nm Club Day. Garden clubs of the
vicinity, "Of we York nae the au
den cd;

arranged by the Garden’s Manhattan of-
ce, with Mrs, Reginald Fincke as chair-
an, Mrs. G. Eustis Paine, Mrs. Grafton
H. Pyne, and Mrs. Philip B. Weld as vice-
chairmen, a committee of
the en
The ning hour was occupied with
a jecture oy r. W. H. Camp on “Plant
Pelee and in the afternoon Dr.
H. W. Rickett served as com entator f

and ae buses carried the v ee
ol e and cue

the ee t hrough ie
Rock Garden, aes and Mu-
seum Building.

husiasts. Rose-Growers’ Day
bruh rend re people to. ae oe
June Because of th

of the roses there,
afternoon, after the program was over

and the sun had appeared. A m

ple bs report of the day's cen weil ihe

given in the next issue of the Journal.
Har, T a half

yea ter his retirement from th

tanical rden, fessor Robert
arper, formerly head of the Botany De-
par t at Col 1

career will be published i in an early
ber of the Jou

acific Conference. Otto Degener at-
ten rd the Pacific Science Conference of
the National Research Council in Wash-
ington, D. C, June 6-8 Dr. ben ie

of the aicton “of
- sciences.

mbers. Howard Bayne of

40" Wa and Charles B. Harding of

14 1 St. were elected to the Board

of None of the New York Botanical

ee - meeting of June 10. Both
will s in the class of i948.

SEED COLLECTORS

We are interested in purchasing

Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds

Correspondence invited

HERBST BROTHERS

92 Warren St. New York 7, N. Y.

Bryophyte Research. Dr. Margaret
Fulford, Associate Professor of Botany
at the University of Cincinnati, arrived
at ie pecs ve ae io t June to one
the mer wo! in American
of oe an rs. nee
Haring of Poughkeepsie came June 11 to
spend two oS omnes on the Garden’s
collection

National Academy. William J.
Robbins and Dr. B. O. Dod € guended
a meeting of the National Academy of
aaa in Washington, D. C., ‘April
~24,

oe A model of the a aia

‘w York co-operated, at
are Central Pale May 4 to 11.
showing scenes

m of Detroit as part of a pic-
torial es of ene Doran
cal gardens of America, early in April.

AETNA

PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., INC.
305 EAST 47th STREET
NEW YORK I7, N. Y.

MAKERS OF
PRINTING PLATES
PROCESS BENDAY
LINE & HALFTONE

Grou,
and colle e

le
in charge. ace Botanical Club
met in _the lecture hall May 15.

oe Philadelphia and the Irvington
Garden Club, ork, were shown the
Gar ewe short. Im, “Plants and
the Life of Man,” had lunch in the Mem-

Conservatories, and other displays. r
recent visitors have been a school gro
from elbyville, Del.; another f
eachers’ College of oe Univer-
sity; one from the School ne eras
Ne ork Univer: Bios
Se the Bro

The biology pe me three New Jersey
schools—Hasbrouck sical Se anion
P; > id Em

as.

pe month, besides Girl scouts from St.
Albans and a class from P. ar-
ranged by the School Nature League.

Staff miber:
a oe for Garden Club eles
and oe groups in recent weeks include
Dr. ae N. ie Watchung

May “Grasses”; Eliza-
beth Cc. Hall, Rye Ce. ee Jom 4,
“Garden Book . Old and
H. W.

New Can: Ga ae
Club June i “The Plant Kinedonn': Dr.

amp, Greenwich Garden ‘Ctub

(at ite, heciee Jane 12, “Exploring
and E. Naylor,

auP ane lec a8 ci tor
with the Garden’s full-len motion

at Farmingdale, iss
spoke before the Flushing Garden Club
tame a on “Garden Books for Summer

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

ers
Joseru R. Swan, President
Henry pe Forest Barpwin, V ie lama
Joun L. Merrux, Vice-pre.
aes M. ANDERSON, Trea. sini
Henry ve La Montane, Secretary

lective Managers
sseapees Heel Barrett Mrs. eel Huntincton Francis E. Powe, Jr.
Hoo:

Howarp Bay rs. Harotp J. Pratt
aan De T. eons Mrs. Aum D, Lasker Witu1am J. Ropsins

Henry F. pu Pont CLaRENcE McK. Lewis A. Percy SAUNDERS
MARSHALL FIELD R no W. Sinnorr
Rev. Rozert I. GANNON, ma

af Ronen H. MonTGOMERY es eae
Crartes B. Harvinc H. Hogart Porter y J. Wer

Ex-Officio Managers
Wiiiam O’Dwyer, Mayor of the City of New York
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THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUGUST 1946

ee Moserianu Cover photograph by Elmer N. Mitchell
R Oak OPEN _ IN SOUTHERN WISCONSIN A. B, Stout 189

ae Oucninie: On VIEW 197
Rose Growers Meet Acain AT GARDEN 198
Cuinic on Rose Diseases AND CULTURE 199
Fwe oo RECEIVE is IFICATES 202
ADDRESS TO THE GRADUA James G. Esson 202
Notices a REMEWE = "Recent Booxs 205
Notes, News aNnD Com 206
Mrs. ANDREW ChaNeGE 208
PLANTS FROM AFRICA 208
Cover Picture 208
BROADCAST E. E. Naylor 209

ne Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58,
a peat ng U. 7 a Phen as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Omics
cn New oe ar der t of August 24, 1912, Annual subscription $1. 50. Single copi
}

24, 1¥12. Annual sudseription 31.90, Single co

JOURNAL

of
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Aucust 1946 No. 560

Voi. 47

The Bur Oak Openings
In Southern Wisconsin By A. B. Stout

ee article has been condensed from a paper of 20 pages pubbehed in

he here te of the Wisconsin Academy of = ae and

leer, Volume 36, pages 141-161, 1944 (issued Jan. 2: ae

e parts omitted include a discussion 0

(a) Early records for Dane County and Rock ©

(b) The or openings in Selatan to the native es of Wis-
con

{c) The re records of the second growth

(d) The natural range and variations ‘of the bur oak.

(1 Literature cited.
pla = oe reproduced were provided by the Wisconsin Academy
Letters, from the author’s pies bie
the appearance of the original ee official i t has been
pres n of the Babcock Oak Ope ening “escibed bee

In a letter recently sent to au hoe
ment Botany, University of Wisconsin, says:
B ck Grove has con:

h hasis which y no’
vinced both the Natural Acres Committee and the Arboretum Committee
that that place should be very high in our Conservation Department
Remarking that Id c under the Arboret Committee, he writes
further, “Administration would probably consist of maintaining fences and
hiring a local farmer to keep an eye on the pla hin e region
should continue to be lightly pastured. Light pasturing is what has kept
it as a good oak eavy pasturing woul an trimental, and
om!

oak openings,
of

i
with no ae it would
lication o me study of the bar
s mple of a nearly extinct type
a

of the
steps nay he taken to preserve thi
natural woodland in America—C.H

A nes Oak Opening
openings were the principal timbered lands over a ee
d about one

part of southern Wisconsin when this region was poten teade
hundred years ago. Today only a few remnani numerous
One of these, pare 30 acres in extent and

natural parks still survive.
189

View looking westward across a section of the eee ae sea Opening near Albion,
Wisconsin. Photo in 1941 by

still in good preservation, is situated a ne a to as abs of the village
of Albion in Dane County. similar gro maller area,
located about a mile to a sou ee The ‘thuste ee from photo-
graphs taken in this grove in 1941, ane = stately grandeur an the
rugged beauty of natural oer of this t of tree growth.

In this particular oak opening the ee are, I believe, all bur oak:
(Quercus macrocarpa Michaux) ; but in some of the other oak open
of the iy and especially on the belt ‘as moraines there were trees of the
white 0: Saha us alba L.). These oaks are all broad-topped and so
t

one hundred years. Between the trees there is the firm turf of native
grasses that has never nis disturbed by cultivation. The entire area
of thi ‘

ch
that lie adjacent to the grove and which continue for some distance
coat east and the northeast. But many of the openings of t
region wi the more rolling and as ee A small, a
low, and ee sluggish stream S Saunders Creek) flows close to the south
of this oak opening, and along its banks, both above and below the grove,
there are flat marshy grasslands that t are often of considerable extent and
ecru there are areas of tamarack swamp. These lowlands and their
r-table are, as a rule, only slightly below the general level of the

190

191

uplands. Marshes are abundant throughout much of the prairie-oak open
ing area es was glaciated and on which the drainage is peclggically
still your

Oak an in Wisconsin
The Babcock Oak Opening as it stands today is typical of the groves
which once ties eda poate art of an extensive area in es isconsin.
This region ended ac the es southern boundary of the state.
Northward i ae h ae re to west decreased, with irregu a ae
limits, until it terminated near Rush Lake. Row ughly Ae entire area in
Wisconsin comprised about 5,000 s square miles and it formed a broad-
based wedge that projected perieye into and almost eae a wide belt
of more ee forest growth in which oaks were, and still are, the
eal species
e Cou iunty, in ie sega corner of which is the township of.
ce is situated near the center of the area of oak openings. Rock
County lies pa artly saiccent to Dane County and south of it. These two
counties were quite typical a hia best developments of the prairie-oak

opening vegetation in: Wiscon:

The Vanishing of the Prairies and the Oak Openings in Wisconsin

The fertile prairie lands were ready for the plow of the settlers. But
on many of the homesteads in Dane Cou nes ane . ee ube counties
sie acreage was mostly oak openings and many o were removed
or at first merely killed by girdling to provide a to “alt oo For
a tee some of the oak openings were utilized as pasture lands for cattle,
horses, and sheep, especially if there were no lowland aa ows in a farm.
Between the scattered trees of the oak openings the native grasses flour-
ished and provided excellent grazing land.

se aes to 1900 many public oe on ies holidays as Decora-
tion Day and Fourth of July, and commu: cnics were held in an oak
opening where the chee fae of a Ree contributed much to: the
comfort of all. But the extension of cultivated farmland steadily reduced
the area of the oak openings. To some extent the needs for timber for
building homes, ae the construction of rail fences, and for firewood con-
tributed to the removal of the grand old trees of oe oak and white oak.

Natural Reforestation by Second Growth
ile the bur oaks were rapidly being decimated and the areas of oak
openings were disappearing in the region about Albion, as elsewhere in
southern Yee ae was a most remarkable spread and increase
of new or “second growth” stands of “black oaks.” This noteworthy and
conspicuous nat cere eforestation entirely chan nged the character of the
arboreal population in ne particular area during the years between 1850

192

1890. Here this hanes ae ie almost entirely composed of
and

Quercus a Q. coccinea Muench
This cee of re appeared a as seedlings which were often
in such pee that they formed thickets over many upland areas that

were not cultivated or heavily pastured. Often the me) growth invaded
oak openings and filled in about the old trees of bur oak and Ne oe
As a result, in a span of some 40 fas s, nearly aie) farm i

about Albion ats at least one “woodlo oF Bean ee
oaks” ee oe any were no more tan 12 ene in diameter at the level

und.
hus i second- agi oak forest composed ae the so-called black a
became the prin cipal natural association of tree growth about Albio
where ne oak opening: shad merly eae abundant. Perhaps - nee
acreage of this second growth was in existence here about 1880-1890.

Scattered through aed S the mee cere oods there were, and stili
are, towering monarchs of white oak and a lower tre the bur
oak whose gnarled tru he were usually from three to four ane in ante
These had existed here when the site was an oak opening. In these trees
ee red-tailed hawks build their nests. The larger oe ca ne are

n hollow and in such cavities the screech owls nest e abundant
copiers and the less ee and more secretive ae haa make
their homes.

The writer can attest that in these woods near the village of Albion, as
well as in the oak openings, he has rarely observed, about one of the bur
oak trees, any ee yee that could have grown from its acorns. How-

ever when second-gro oods were cut over and not severely pastured a
ree growth” re aa often eee some seedling reproduction

f bot! nd white oak and bur oak.

The Ecological Status of the Bur Oak Openings
ral features of the oak openings in Wisconsin are characteristic
rr

tree-like stature; (b) the trees a ttered o ane a park or
orchard-like dis cagaes with dense sod of grasses between them; and
(c) there has been for many years no 2 epredation nee seed of the trees

and no invasion by Shee woody sp
ms trees in these bur oak ee judging from those now in the
beock ae date back to about 200-250 years ago, a rather short and
sa period of time when the entire ee of the post-glacial history
of th sidered.

Various sae have pia the view frequently expressed from
early date and a referred to in this article, that the e prairie fires of
the Indians were an important a in destroying tree growth in the belt
adjacent to the para and that one result of this was the development of

193

the oak openings. Pee has supported this view and described the
probable process as follow
“The fires destroyed eins trees at the west margin of the forest, prevent-
ing further advance in that direction. It is doubtful if they penetrated far
into the forest, but by destroying the undergrowth and killing the more sus-
ceptible species, te eee reduced the forest to the park like condition
known as oak o
According to ae view the oak openings in Wisconsin and in neighbor-
ing states were remnants of an earlier and more dense marginal forest of
re ve older of the bur oaks and white oaks withstood eas
by fi
a n the Babcock grove the character of Le grove has remained quite
eee since the last prairie fires swept the area. During “ time in
the area of this grove there continued t oe eed reproduction of the
Le oaks san ae re; but there was ee daily little ae of
oaks and w! eu: over the entire a
W ecame . all the acorns Eas this Babcock grove during
the past one hundred years? From the general evidence at hand, especially
summarized and presented by Korstian,? large numbers were eaten by
rodents and weev ils ; perhaps a few germinated and had even a chance to
live in pene ae the a and fi nally it may be that eee of the
bur oaks and of any invading woody species were destroyed in the brows-
ings of cattle, nee and sheep. It would seem that the i cts in situa-
tion, as well as those for the decided selective reproduction of black oaks
over white oaks, could yet be ican by direct pee and experi-
mentation, and also that the matters of reforestation warrant such study.

t may be noted that ‘be ee sae dense sod of grasses with a

cattering tess of trees is a somewhat Eeeble and obligate re-
lationshi hip. merease in the stand . the trees will eliminate the grass
be neath the canopy © of ae branches. e dense sod of grass roots and

or seedlings os faery to ae caebltche d.
e rather robust ea a of the bur oaks in the oak openings of
Wisconsin is no doubt due to the fact that the trees iG oa aise

Illinois.
fall has in recent time become favorable to fo oe pee and the oal

m. t
of considerable width. ak-hickory portion of the cak forest belt
overed (a) much of the Ae ae land of Ohio and ana (b) portions

1 Gleason, H. The vegetational history of the Middle West. Annals Ass’n.
Am. Coe 12: 39-85. 1923,
2 Korstian, Clarence F., Factors controlling germination and early survival in oaks.
Bull. No. 19, Yale School of Forestry. 1927.

194

of southern Michigan and southern Wisconsin, (c) parts of ee
Iowa and Illinois, and (d) portions of other states to the southwes

The nan ] eeties

Under terr pening” Webster’s New . International ee
aoe fin 1934, Printing of 1942, pee the following defini
“Opening 3. A thinly wooded a without undergrowth, in the midst of a
forest or grove; as, oak “abe min US")

But the bur oak o in onan were not in the midst of a
forest ; they were aie ae surrounded by or boda on prairie grass-
land.

In ee, Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1900) there is the following

in the United States, a tract over which there is a deficiency of ee —
iz i i over the surface as com-

oak, and obtusifolia,s post oak, are the most cera eee such

openings are often designated as oak- Sin Similar cts in the more

southern States, especially in Kentucky, are called Bea ad oak-barrens.”

s novel, The Oak Openings, in

hich there is mention of the bur oak. The two species of Quercus men-
in the quotati

area in Texas and Oklahoma, but neither = ales in the extensive oak
openings in Wisconsin nor is now found in

It appears that the term “oak orchard” — yed “ Chamberlin ® has
had rather limited use in the ee of oak o penings, and that the terms
“park” and “grove” have rather wide applica tions which include other
types of tree growth. The term chaparral ® is especially applied to broad-
leaved woodlands of the southwest which range from “an Lagunalnne
thicket of low shrubs to open oak stands” some of which may so
resemble the oak openings of Wisconsin but are entirely eee -
different ans

Since oak openings of Wisconsin constituted a somewhat ee
= of can grassland and oak forest association in which the bur

as more abundant oo the white oak it seems suitable to apply the pe
bur oak openings.’

3 = Quercus mar ee Muench,
4— Quercus stellata Wan
5 Chamberlin, Ts C., Geotoxy of Wisconsin, 2, Par nae (The map of the
native vegetation of Wisconsin, Plate No. II A, bears te a 882.)
6 Shantz, H. L. and Raphael Zon. Atlas of American ee Part 1. Section
E. (Note Selly Figures 6 and 7.) 1924

View near the border of the Babcock Bur Oak Opening, looking eastward across an area

of former prairie. In the distance ae 7 odland of second growth is in sight. Photo in
1 by the author.

A Commemoration of the Oak Opening in Literature
The bur oak openings esis special mention and distinction in the
Balan novel The Oak Open which was written by James Fenimore
ooper n 1848. The scene of a beginning of the story in the year 1812
was ina ie oak opening on the banks of the Kalamazoo River in Michigan.
The description is as follows:
‘T i med ‘rolling,’ from some fancied ane

wit!
that air of negligence that one is apt to see in grounds, where rt is
t

and tl he

have obtained the name of ‘openings,’ the two terms combined giving their
ae - ae particular species of native forest, under the name of
‘Oak Open:

“Thes: ears so peculiar to certain districts of country, are not altogether
without ye irene though possessing a general character of sameness.
The trees were of very uniform size, gz
they resem able a good deal in form; and having trunks
feet in diameter. The variety is produced by. their Sebo In places
they stand with a regularity resembling that of an orchard; then, agam,

195

196

e more scattered and less formal, while wide ee of the land are

they ar
occasionally seen in which they stand in copses, Vay ant spa eee a bear
It affinity to ae jee lawns, being covered w erdure ASSES
are supposed to be owing to the fires lighted sane by ae ioe in
order to clear ce ee -grounds.”

This excellent description of an oak opening was based entirely * ‘on .
evidence of documents” furnished to Cooper by the “bee hunter”
an important character = the novel, and-later a well-known pee a

ichigan, General Benjamin Boden

In the concluding chapter of the no The Oak Openings, se
of his journey during the summer of 1848 from his home n
to N. Y., to Kalamazoo. This, he states, was “an an se ae

tru

oe. he portion of this journey from roit to Kalamazoo
was by railr a and of the natural scenery Cooper makes comment as
follows:

“The whole country was a wheat-field, and we now began to understand how
3)

tl ay, e€ ind them un ndergoing the chan, hich are incident to the
p ge of civilised men. As the periodical pee “had now ceased for many
years, underbrush was ing in lieu of the natural gr i

in lie ni ass, and in so mucl
hose groves are less attractive than formerly; but one easily comprehends
the reason, and can picture to himself the aspect that these pleasant woods
mi orn in times of old.”

At Preceuaee Cooper found ae “Those who had laid out this village,
some fifteen years since, had the e to ech most of the trees” and
that the hone nd grounds were ee ‘o the eye, on account of the
shade, and the rural features they preset i i ar of 1848
Cooper evidently saw few surviving trees of the bur oak openings that
existed in the area ee the Chateau au ” Mie 1 36 years earlier and evi-
dently Md did not ae tee sizable area of the oak openings still in a natural
conditi But e there were thousands of acres of such oak
ie in nena

In regard to the present status of bur oak trees in the area about Kal:

eal stand of bur oaks in this vicinity. Scattered trees are found
throughout eh aise the oe oo nye that of ight or ten
Formerly groves of bur oaks were found near

ate ee a large ee near Osten on route U. S. 12.”

The bea area of the prairies and of the oak a in southern
Michigan was relatively small in comparison to the area in southern Wis-
consin oe ev _ ye the donee of the bur oak ae was quite the
same in both r

197

Concluding Remarks

The early records are particularly complete and accurate for the main
ae erie the character, location, and extent of the bur oak openings

n Wisc . Their relations se ae ecological eae in the so-called oak-
ckory ik whic constitutes western margin of the extensive eastern
forests of North America are now well recognized.

For perhaps a sie ee ee aan the advent of ee ne eae into
southern Meech ing-prairie associati what
static feature in the mide cea region where ther ae d te Gaon
changes in per plant migrations. Both the prairie and ee forest
are decidedly static and self-sustaining and the two tend to be mutually
exclusive. In the bur oak Sank these two sharply contrasted types of
vegetation are combined i what balanced and static relationship

But the coming of the white man spelled the ap oom of the oak openings.
The land they oc fee was fertile, there was sufficient timber for the

exi
Of these the Babcock grove now bal about fifty acres ees) is still in an
excellent ne of preservation. It e memory of the grandeur and the
beauty of the extensive groves, of mee this is a = nant, that has
Sear this epitome which ag may be considered an obituary of
the bur oak openings in Wiscon

Do <aam
Audubon Originals on View june Joural ‘Birds of America’,” in the
une urna.
NAL water cole made by Fox has touched upon a very
John James Audubon for his "Birds deterestne anal of Audubon’ . aon and
of America” may be seen i. exhibition one which could be extended some time to
at the New York Historical Society’s es the various insects, “shells, Pass
building, 170 Central Park West (at 76th ecessories which occur in his
St.) between Sept. 3 and 14. ane drial designs: ie writes, saying further,
F hel- “The original water colors for the ‘Bi se
Hones oucs © of America’ have been here in our

‘orma’ nes from Donald A.

ley, Curator of Paintings and Sculpture cession since 1863. These originals
for the Society, as a result of reading the will be on exhibition here until Sept. 14
article by Mrs. Mortimer ‘ox, “Some (except during August when our building
Notes on the Flowers and Trees in closed).”

198

Rose Growers WMleet Again at Garden

Fo the fourth successive year, amateur and professional gardeners
gathered at the New York Botanical Garden on June 12 for the annual
Rose-Growers’ Day in co-operation with the second district of the
American Rose Society.
Although the day opened with rain, necessitating having the program
in the ae hall in the es Building, nearly 200 persons attended.
Frese, Editor of F. Crier mn magazine and chairman of the
staan Reet t of the penclon » Rose Society, presided during the morn-
ing session, at which F. F. Rockwell, Editor-in-Chief of Home Garden
magazine, talked informally on oS for the Beginner” ny answered
many questions from the audience. Preceding the program on roses,
the Garden’s short colored motion picture, “Plants and the Life of Man,”
was shown.
The picnic lunches were eaten in the members’ room and class room
in the oS Building.
afternoon session, which consisted of a clinic and demonstration
on rose pea and culture, J. W. Johnston, Horticulture Editor of the

PROMINENT FIGURES AT THE FOURTH ANNUAL pete ene DAY
AT W YORK BOTANICAL GA

Left to right: Sidney B. Hut of Conard-Pyle Co., hae W. Eisenbrown of

Bobbink & Se Arthur Her se on, William J. Robbins, Lambertus C. Bobbink,

iat
. Dodge, A. iker, ee of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin,
and P. aul r Frese, Editor 2 Flower
dis tice. American Rose Soc

Grower magazine and chairman of the second

199

New York Herald Tribune, ie as moderator. Questions from the

audience were answered by Robert W. Eisenbrown, of the firm of Bob-
bink & Atkins; James G. Ess oir of the Gardeners’ Chronicle of
America, Head Gardener on ae of Mrs. Roswell nos idge, and an
instructor in practical gardening aie Garden’s Educ al pone

tion ram
C. C. Hamilton, Chief erate nd P. P. Pirone, Plant Pai atholoit
both at the New Jersey State cus of Agriculture; and D . Oz.

oe ae. s Plant Pathologist

red in time for the annual eee - the Rose

a S ake ae at the conclusion of the clinic. In former years the
guided tour of the garden has always preceded the imoraing oe Led
by Lambertus C. Bobbink, patron of the Rose Garden and donor of the
Beers of the 7,000 or m roses growing there, a crowd of rose
enthusiasts walked among the beds and borders, commenting on new and
old roses as they de tare At one side of the garden, Dr. B. O. Dodge
conducted demonstrations of the sae use of sprays and dusts with
and- and mai ar mala a equipment. He was assisted by Florian
Hines and John ath, who were surrounded the rest of the afternoon

with a crowd ee rose penne eager to on the technique of disease and
pest control.

At the entrance to the Rose Garden a display of new rose varieties
attracted much attention. Totty’s of Madison, N. J., exhibited Bountiful,

i i n & Perkins o

; and Martin R. Jacobu
new hybrids— a et ‘pillar roses, one a salmon-colored cross between
Mary Wallace and Herbert Hoover, the other Mary hihsatse oe eee
Talisman, and the offspring crossed aor with Autumn; and an unnamed
eae pink climber, created out of New Dawn ae Crimson Gen:
to be introduced by Bobbink & Atkins
Below are given the answers to some . ae principal questions asked
during the clinic on rose pli and cultu

CLINIC ON ROSE DISEASES AND CULTURE

Suckers carefully (and there are practically only
How do you distinguish a rose sucker two kinds being used on a large scale,
ion the tru inet and then what do Rosa multiflora in the East and Ragged
ou do about 4 Robin on the West Coast) suckers
te the a “de-eyes” his stocks seldom occur. If they do, the Rosa

200

multiflora produces a ears small
leaf, a light, sickly gre oft-

times showing seven janes “How ve

the number of leaflets is not always a
sure guide. Simply cut ite sucker off
close to the oe ith a sharp knife;
sometimes it ca off with a
aac jerk - stot allowed to remain on-

te in the and while the leaves are
a little larger than on R. multiflora, -
flower produ is a reddish-mag
color and is sin

the early and fate fall season,
what are sometimes ea for suckers
luscious Bie shoots of
Fer ‘om way cae
he b - ae plant, and these

below ud or knu a Sout
able produce

Blooms 3 noOeebe: and dete should
ever be moved. Naturally, when
one sees their large leaves and stout
stems, there is no aes aed e the real
variety and not No perso
with any rose eepcticnce would ever

think of removing them.

Planting Losses
at causes loss of dormant roses

when aoe .
The question has been asked hundreds
of times ae it is eS the home gardener
two dozen roses at

: ey
stay dormant so long ee ey must even-
T am

ing for a di

z:,
&

rect ae that would
amateur rose grower.

Comparing this behavior with human
life, — a few losses ‘on time to
time may not be so unusual. It 2 ame
that doruant 6 roses, from the ve: nute
they are harvested in the ued ‘he Ad

may be o:

or two the
cause or’ which Tiswnened: mois

before. It may be claimed the rose has

ie of the fact is shown ; it is too
e to do ee prow it and conse-
wen th

Watered after they are

feels it is not necessary to protect them
w sunshine; right then and

there a fe ments posure does

severe damage to the roots. Then there

kindness to a new

4
2
B
oOo

23
2
3
g

e1g.
iene planters know this
“plant goat and, while the
ill send o e |

the doctor to give u
a wile lot of rich food as soon as we
report sick or indisposed?

Soil Cultivation
How deep can roses be cultivated with-
out damaging surface roots?
eee ie we
and t

Cl
paratively dee aoe.
said ans written about a permanen
ficial . soil cultivation, ce I
is no substitu’ r the
h e

o
gf
°
=]
8

PD! 2
lowed to remain packed a Is
pe that keeping the vgoil, realtivated

uch better practice than applying a

201

ae ae as peatmoss, buckwheat hulls,
rly summer with the idea that
ar ‘eulivation troubles and weeds will
be eliminated.

Rogert W. EISENBROWN.

Fermate
ou recommend Fermate for roses?

most prevalent fungus
diseases of rose-leaves, namely black spot
ildew. Within the past few years

de na

of Ferm:
feat ae also proved to is a excellent
ecg ide for roses, fruit t and other
plan

ois repare three gallons of Fermate
spray, Tirat add a erg ey of a suit-
Dreft or

[ an and ona ery thor-

ughly, for Finally pour
this mixture “tac Hie. ve ‘water-spreader
mixture and the spra: eady for ap-
lication.

The Fermate spray should be used
ae as uae as ar a one .
nely eek

ee - the principal advantages of
Fermate over the older sprays is that it
a ses Bie yeh Copper

ys in if c wet weather
Ps liowe thelr application ae sulfur com-
pounds often damage a ee if the
temperatures are abov 85 degrees at the
time of application.

te rmate is a black powder and when
used on a Pass it tends to leave
blac ki sh,

It oe tble le oF other fungicides
and insectices commonly used on orna-
mental plan An excellent combination
spray that vill control most insect pests,

except aphis, as well as ee eee and
is made up as f oe

mildew i

D To 1% tablespoonfuls
Wettable sulfur
4, tablespoonfuls
These ingredients should be added, as
eae above, to three gallons of

P. P. Prrone.

Rooting Cuttings
How can cuttings of hybrid tea roses
be roote oe
ings may be rooted-under glass
growths. Pull

ill
This is usually spoken of as “taking a
cutting with a heel.”
The soil in which the cuttings are
rooted should be of a sandy nature and
pr e or

four cuttings m: es r the same
jar. They should be inserted firmly in

soil medium at least three inches
leep. A cutting about six inches long is
most desirable. Le: on the ie es t
is to be in the soil

should be
Place the aes dae oe te eating and
refrain from exam them by r
hi

r
Rg
<8

ing
even though th
the stems remain green they are ‘ikely to

Cut itting-wood taken from growths that
ale just finished fovea is at the best

tage of growth for this noe eee
pas When the woo od is very young
it is much more difficult to handle suc-
cessfully.

ae ed ponds slowly.
n new wo a is ee ed 4 it is like! iy
that roots have been made. "Transplant:
ing then to richer sot . agate om ce
from strong sunshin

202

Five Graduates Receive Ca

He mbers’ Room the even:
William J. Robbins, Jam

FE VE graduates in the New York Botanical Garden’s
courses for gardeners rece hee at exercises conduc
ing 0 oy: e 27. Pe

two two-year
ted in the
a ief ane by

Edito Gardeners’

G. Ess of t
Chronicle a) mere and a aus of he first a in on gave the

address of the evening.

Those r

ing were Clara R.

Mrs. ay ae Newman Quigg of cana
Course f te

of Rona, ve ss., W. who s a tempo

from September 1944 a last March, n
of the x, whi also bee

Mr. Esson’s address is given ee

Refreshments were served to
their families an friends, and members of the
'wo-Year Course in

the graduates,
staff who attende
Practical Garden,

y gardener since aes
a Mone: ial Rock Garden

Address to the Graduates

a Bas first — in a garden-

reer, it ms that the

Peg is “filled with “harsh, despotic
gmas, We are told this plant requires
constant moisture, that one requires a
s other must be fed at

can explain aa while the flowers or
fruit eae be colorful, there is often an
albino

We ue upon the experienced gardener
who told us some of these things as a kind
ee ee ok forward to the day
when oo, can do the a

things ce imagine he can do.
ioe ie / handles plants and seems to
i

ardene:
do seem to have the ability to uceeed
with “plants iat a new to them, suc-
ceeding in wha to the uninitiated a
surprising way.
But it is only after knowledge and ex-
perience have been well molded that a

By James G. Esson

can with any degree of c

iv Ow
or certain parts of Australia and so ex-

tell him their cultural needs. That,
i

rows in its ive habitat, and
hints as to its ironment will
guide t

Enthusiasm Succeeds
en ere are no born Var oatae as some
ous a ve us believe, Only men born
wit! with usiasm and the desire to acquire
a sin a ee succeed as garden-
why ardener sometimes

rth a plant’ when a less pas-
i il. The gardener Les

seceets Ww
nate one will fa:
ine plants of all kinds and who is

203

nstantly looking at them, mai
whether in the garden, the Tieadow or ie
mountain, is most likely to succeed.

He trains himself in the habit of
observation and very soon will find him-
self uncon: cee looking at plants. So

plants.
s observance of plants

3
=
BS
g

TS. ave kno
ae of such institutions as this.
can think of two who are proof o

t Dp £ what
I have ju. id. e is 1 of en
sias: interest and has e far;
the other after many years can only be
considered dd. a not
having cultivated the seeing eye, and
conseque: ow losing the little Fiterest with
wi may have started.
of pl: and the close

ants

scrutiny of them not only makes a man
good ae it has been the m cas

of his his profession into

practised the great field of
sy.
Pitfalls of Routine

ault with most professional
gardener is they are the slaves of
The practice

were trained to practice i
ee ways have accepted these with-
out questioning wh: he result is tha
they do not seem to have the ability to
apply th raining es of their ex-
perience. If you were trained, for ex-
ample, to nt petunias as the sure flower

pla
for the het summer months and have

been contented to leave it at that, your
usefulness is going be lin ie The
best gardener is tented with the
fact that the petunia is one of the best
hot weather plants. He has observed so

many others tha t can be as useful as

petunias that he will keep on experiment-
ing all his life.

is one way in which botanical and
gavdeniik books are oe useful to
the gardener. Without the use of Bone
you become a dated gardener, able only

. oo that which ae were trained
I have known

copy or araphrase of those that ha
already been published. e all ae read-
that many good gardening books are

d
in i seas They may have excelled as
a single genus.

eurs speci: i: in in;
Wen will agree too, that many books should
vi ublished ; o0ks

tell us what the other fellow is think-

Books

Apart datas sigs the value of text-
books, have you r tried your skill by
‘ ty :

and Experience

sitting dow: ith a os of the Botanical
Magazi d testing your knowledge b:
looking at the colored plates of plants and
telling to w! family be ? The
by reading ue books, you
can, aS someone eloquently said,

has
“Sit down and travel, ” Taine plants from
ev ye corner of the globe are described.
too there are books devoted to one
gens th that ee set to help the a
I

garde: ty ost every impo: rtal

genus ha e books to its edie
Rhododendron, mag: , clematis, ceano-
thus, daffodil, lily and iris are some that
imme come d, These have
been written by experts and all profes-
ne rdeners can benefit by reading

wane by people w
. ee of ae is ae
erou The i
ie soon 1 obs rve wi hich w
those who know and by tae

€ eg
for the aaa Hoole recat in the
gardening, so he should be able to find
al em sae tools that will further

and improve his skill.
Undine Plants

sp of something that can-

ot be ug C dren books. We must
Bite. eae that the experience of
othe ers acquired from the written word

204

e of immense value to all of u
our own iideiene
ps

that a gies plant is more lik ely
to suffer from drought than one that has
its roots tunneling deep into the soil.

n experienced gardener peer also

hint as to the time it s ould. > trans-
plai lf lant has thick fleshy roots
he will guess rightly tha’ before a peas
spell of drought would ad t
Yet we any gar ae ce : _atempting
to tr lant oriental poppies in April
just as they would do witl nannies 3 and
usually if the poppies remain half alive
ft ot account for

e
usually be ved in spring without any
damage at a As a rule, plants may be
move t Vy * provided they are
protecte m drought and cold until
they are again establishe

I have heard it —< that wens may
not be noe ae ween var This is
not how Indee d, Sialeds and

some notes reniidhe thought as to color
combinations are safer planted in
ere are $ li

ea mples. ulbous

pees should usually te ovanted before
iy start a new ‘on’s grow Mis ee
ther oe - Seaching: to be fouw
shod one of them. Matas
he start iS grow soon after the growth
wn. ae squamigera

in early September
ower Pe Ik have died
. At that time we have found that
new root growth will soon begin. These

are a few of the more common examples
and for the as there is an unending
fe Id from which he can gain experience.

Avoid Conservatism
My plea to you of this year’s class is to
No

and action are of

is very Beer yore muc

instances, the:

forget a the gardener must do
things that Sar not ee. —he must
TOW, “the lawn, sweep the paths, prodie
fruit and vegetables as well as flowers
abov are he is expected not to fail
in his aren

Perhaps a Seared that he must
not fail makes him a e to experiment,

and it is rather oben that the con-
eiplicheNe that he can a ae = seats
makes the amateur mor r for
crimen

If the gardener kni of
peoaucine ie fruit, vegetables a flowers
he is hired to pro oduc there is no good
reas

and brace ie usually take the line of
ies tore ine

All o can be converted to an un
ending ares I would only emphasize
A not become conservative, en let, your

ves be governed thus. a will miss so

much that fe. available: rom real ex-
perience, I can aceon the suggestion
I in the beginning—train yourselu He

ook Gi laste and in time throu
study that you will find pleasant and by
reading what others have written, you

will see much that you ae ae to be
blind to today. ae if it is your lot to
produce year oe you will at
least be Paaeded to your choice in art
and science.

NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS

The Botany of
Toxic Pollen aati
k

YFEVER PLANTS. P.
dehouse. 245 eres stlustrations,

Stechert &

1. Wodeh
ae pil a oe
brought us hi
Plants,” fectively cor
scholarly “Pollen Grains.
author’s intent, in

ouse, ue etre student
ene has now
“H

The. acl 40 ects id
been by an ore horeiahiy
studied reported upon than the bo-
tanical a

k consists largely of a descrip-

of pollination are

i
tion of pollen extracts and on their
clinical effica so ical a student
of pollens would have been at in-
ter th informed ler.

The book is well organized and attrac-
tively aay a aes are by
the author, and the drawings

of oe hayfever

An e bibliography shows tl
nee io Hae been familiar with fee
important floristic works of the series

the monographic or revisionary studies,
aa cing the more important hayfever
ups, where available, and a consider-
able amount of current anes largely
by investigators of hayfev
e@ present volume, ae the classic

“Pol rains

from the author’s tt researches, is
ely a ae ion ta fr
numerous _botat works and specific
studies of ee As such, it can b
no more accurate than the sources of in-

formation,
nd fault with the lack

occasionally

error or Y sitisleadting. A few instances,
taket pages dealing w:
floras th: iewer ae most ne

timately, will serve to
or there is no intention oa labor ie

ge 2 one reads that “The com-

extensive slopes domi

of grease’ ae, (
vermis, the range - giv
102) as “throughout the

eee and easter:

ai Oregon,
Washington.

206

Again, Allenrolfia occidentalis (page
102) is said to be “common in salt
marshes in Utah, Arizona, and southern

Elsewhere it a Oo be unimportant
or absent.” ut nrolfia likewise is
abundant in saline areas of shall “
table in Nevada and extends in

into south-
and irrigation ditches
are hardly to be. eee i a flats where
the plant naturally

ee ambigua, aid (pa:
200), “occurs only in sal Pane prin-
cipally along the " No mention is
made of the Te: - *Basin’s cogener, S

More consistent consultation with bo-
ar with the floras of discrete

a
areas might have to some degree ce
suc! inor

the great wealth
portant data provided, and detract ian
preciably from the real value of the book,
which should receive wide use a general
probation
Bassett Macutre.

Native Edible Plants

INDIAN VEST. Wil

Plants of America. Jannetis Me
Lucas. 118 pages, illustrated by
Helene Carter. J. B. ae neott

von ae Philadelphia
ork. 1945, $2

Many plants known to have served the
Indians as food are presen

reed a use and recipes are in-

cluded. The illustrations are really bea
tiful and the re book very attractively
planned. With the amount

which went into i
ce

ing.
meaningless See and dangling con-
ee occur, which make the reading
ough goin,

For example:

“It was not grass leaves, and only in
times of een the roots. which the Indians
used for foo

4 the lilies, summer brought
another plant--or rather several species of

nt—to serve as food for the
Aone altho ough to us they are only a
nuisance.’

wh ether cane or merely grass the
eons of all ae vAmerican grasses ripen with
the mth.’*

“T ne ce eee Bey is no western cousin
of any eastern fruit.”

THERESA RIcKeETt,

Notes, News, and cai

entury Plant.

of its flowers above the roof of
e New World Succulent House July
15. For several s, only the buds in

8 ard the tip of

tall inflores. a

Meanwhile, smaller century plant
(tnace LAS which at confined it-

self within the walls a oof of the
CoH eAaICr ry, had come ne Fall flower.
The stalk of this was 8 6 in. high.

is plant was grown from seed acquired
in 1923 from the botanical garden at
La vo a The age of. the larger
plant is not kno

Staff. Dr. W. H. Camp has been need
Associate Carat tor, effective as of July
He first eae a member of the Ga

taff as t

chi efly on
the ees and his Shee ‘on the con-
cept of the species and on evolution and

207

oe ued he has carried on ex-
uther

ar was abs r three years
for government economic plan
of strategic value.

Student. B. H. Greenwell, a
former ae at the University of
Hawaii and at rd University, cam

‘o study Hawaiian

collaborating with
Otto oases in le writing of Book 5
of his Flora Hawaiiensi

Radio. For the Garden’s radio progra:
of June 14 over WNYC, Mrs. John D.
Beals, Jr., took the place ‘of Mrs. Melvin
Sawin, with whom she is co-chairman of
he ittee, or: zed

ted on the
program, which was entitled ‘your 230-
Acre Garden.”

Visitors. Ady R. da Silva of ee
Brazil, who has been working for the
past two years in the laboratory of Dr.

St University of

y back to
Other Biaalian visitors of re-
cent weeks a of Rio be ew pee
ne ia Th Mrs oe ce
Camp

Rodrig 0)

cousin,

io de Campos Goulard.
From the Hawaiian Islands, directly
a indirectly, have come several other
si diti o Amy Greenwell,
$ ye

wl eG
Seth tia fancier of Hon

Jan
at one time a collaborator "Carl
Skottsberg on Hawaiian botan

Esther Zimmer, former ae and
volunteer worker at the Garden, stopped
i . Californi

o
2g
xy
ca
4.8
RG
o
3
Cem
&
4
2
8
Pe
4
°
3
=

whi
bread- eon Neuorcre. in the labora:

tory of Dr. G. W. Beadle and has just
received an eee degree at Stanford
University. $s going to the Osborn
Botani cal Laboratory at Yale, a she
will work under Dr. E. L. Tat
Thorvaldur ee of the Dominion
ust a Laboratory
and J.

iller of minion
Lees of Plant Pathology at St.
Catherine's, tario, stopped at the

On
Garden after giving papers at a con-
ference at Cold — Harbor in July.
Th. n Eck of the General Agricul-
ae "Experiment aeben es Buitenzorg,
Jey ee ose ee e-h

and one-half years
war So Singapore,
Visited the ‘Garden July 15.

useum ; neon
Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass. ;

nay Yale; jenn D. Dw:
rene

ship student who wo diseases of
delphi ate mder Dr. Dodge ;
ane Edw:

in M. Betts and J. L Edwards
f the University of Virgini

Scholarsh Francoise A. Kelz,
Barnard ae e of 1944 who since then
has been gi Leary assistant in botany at
eas cade the Columbia University
nee of te see has been granted

one-month scholarship this summer to

work on igs and fertilities under
Dr. A. B. Stor

Volunteer. Margaret Vicario, a ane

at the Re: nae in New York and

ght f Carl ot vember f

eek of

voluntee: ork in the plant “pathology

iigetory cee ae B. O. Dodge during
her summer vaca

208

Mrs. Andrew Carnegie

aining contemporary rep-

York Botanical Garden, ndre
Carnegie, died June 24 at the age of 89
When the Act of Incorporati s pre-

minent men were list ed as compri:

or Corporation, ot

ical Garden, Am
Andre

a names was that °

long been a
of the ‘Cocporation a Advisory Council
Ove iod of years, Andrew

Gane conned to make gifts to the
PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., INC.

305 EAST 47th STREET
NEW YORK 17, N. Y,

MAKERS OF
PRINTING PLATES
PROCESS BENDAY
LINE & HALFTONE

ew York Botanical legis presenting
$5,000 to the Science and Education
Fund, besides $1, 250" a five instalments
designated for other special purposes.

always Aer
Life in the New Yor!
since 1926. Prev a she had made
five contributions totaling $950 for spe-
cial funds, n June 1, 1
the Gar den "$1,000 foe
niversary Fund, Mrs.
des of the Garden's “Advisory Council
and of the Corporation ten years

Plants from Africa

the Belgian Congo inclu de Chior rophora
excelsa (called aaa re geen or
Chéne d'Afrique), giving hardwood
construction timber; Rehnaa Gillett,

a ky bark; Newboldia

laevis (PE! sed for ;
Zrathvaphlocu ouineente, the bark of
which is used by ordeal

poison ; and. a ae eS - oS opsis, Swhich
in the Congo is used as an understock
for citrus fruits.

nd cuttings of herbaceous a

fo) a

rovince, until ready to ri eturn.

Cover Picture
the New York Botani-

rianwn is a hybrid
m and A. pat fulum,
developed at Versailles, France, in the
Moser nursery about 1887.

KRAME

BROADCAST
By E. E. Naylor

E of the usual style of con-

been done previously in presenting the
Garden’ oadcasts rh eaders,
the program e: ar is Out

pee ey
spoken over the

Sugar is the Foundation of
All Life

NOUNCER—The New York Bo-
tanical Garden is on the air with one

of its bi-weekly programs on topics
concerned with pl: Bae Today's
sees ba Pee t important

ae oa Thecus accordin:
title announced
tanical Garden,

tion of all life.”

Wy beentice a its dara
ng to the

by the New oe Bo-
) Sugar is the Founda:

ur ker will be Dr. E.

lor, of the Botanical Garden’:
scientific staff. He will be questioned
by Celia Kramer, also an employee
the Garden. But bef h ome to
the microphone, we will have a word
from Carol H. Woodward, Editor of

ani
who has car oar this
program for you. Miss Woodw:

RD—In some i-

R—Miss Woodward, I have
often heard you and Dr. Naylor and

209

others at the Garden say that without

green plants, mankind could not live.

Can ~ explain this statement and
ll me whether it is actually true?

t.
and other meabers of the animal world
ul e

plants,

not
ae ean, ‘ot also for the very
e bre

O you mean to say we could not
raw 7 breath if there were no green
lan
N— that is correct. We would ac-
“a suffocate, if we did not first
to death or

o
oo
o
2

s directly or indirectly

oe didn’t mention sugar in that
of foods, Dr. Naylor, yet it (was es

world.
sugar come into the picture?
N—Well, the answer to your question i
simple enough, for the green plants
make sugar, and green plants are essen-
a to life; bur an oa of the
answer is more complic:
Ku I ae woul ral to Ino ou
u plea lain
eet ane a pee

nts, you see,

Pla are tie miniature
eae

ight.
‘he process of ture is
called photosynthesis—meaning putting

together, or building, with a aid of
ight. You remember some your
chemistry from college, don’t ou
K—Yes, a little of it, at oe
N—Then eae may remember water
2 composed of two parts of sara

of oxygen, and that idan
oxide cond one part of carbon a
two of oxy:

K—Yes; that’s H:O and CO:
N—Correct. Now ordinary sugar is
Hi»Oy That is, there are 6 parts
of carbon, 12 of hydrogen, and 6 of
: at

f “hyd ‘ogen (fro he water), plus

parts xygen r the two
together) t sugar requires only
six of se 18 parts oe n, $0
the rest is set free i r. This
is the oxygen we breathe.

—The oxygen then is He by-product.

Is = right?
and the sun with its energy

ae the motive power in the leaf
factory. is chlorophyll or green ci
oring matter in the plants, helps
transfer ih energy to the hon

5 , out of which the
nded.

K—But how do the leaves of aa Aa
get this carbon dioxide and w:

es the tip of every root is a fine,

fuzzy coating of root hairs. These

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Correspondence invited

HERBST BROTHERS

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re difficult to see when a plant is
puted ee the ground, but they are
e same. The water from

the main root

finally moves out into the green cells
of the leaf.

K—Then ee does the carbon dioxide
come from?

a dioxide travels very

N ciffevent road. This raw mate: eal is
found in the air. You are oe
with carbon dioxide gas, aren't y

K—Oh, Isn’t it the gas au gives
se ate to champagne—and —

soft drinks at the soda fou

an a it is also the gas nae

a rough microscopic openings,
r pores, called 2 a hi are
thousands of thes ores on each
ware inch of lea: eiteee The doors
to these stomata open and shut under
different conditions of ee tempera-
ture, and moisture. Once inside the

leaf, the oe ee Gai with the
water to eak solution of
carbonic acid

And you dow’ t mean carbolic acid.

N— carbonic, with an N. This weak
carbons acid selution moves into all the
cells of the leaf.
wae sugar 7 only in the leaves?

N—No. Some plants, such as the cacti
ae eae ae iu Bye ouarsa have no
tru m the sugar is
made _sirectly | peneath the surface of
the

K—But some ae that I have seen in
the oes have red or brown or

rple

S, ae the beautiful copper
outcry you can oy see
€ there all

7 chloroplasts occur
stly in a special iver of cells di-
ve neath the supper surface of

n is that the reason why

a ery observant
It is within the chloro-
pper side of the i

actually come together, and, with ihe
aid t, form the basic food .

eo again... why do you call sugar
basic?

N— en is basic because from it all

other foods are derived. With a re-
arrang r will ition of
other chemical elements, starches, pro-
teins, fats id oils, and other sub.
stances are built inside the plant. Also,
ugar ishes our bodies with energy.
Lo : as By Ww. a : PS .

it sible

‘And "this energy is ofiginally ook in
the sugar that is made in the leaf.

K—But if I nibble a leaf it doesn’t taste
sweet.

—No. In the first place, a very small
percentage of sugar is present—except
in Ss sugar-cane or such

asa strawberries a

, mi the

ly oavered

into starch and other products.

K—Is the sugar made in the leaves like
the sugar we have on the table?

-—It may or may not be. Many dif-
ferent types of oe are for ried in
re ts. One of the principal kinds is

or grape i gar. The aa

Str ‘ose, OT Feuit sugar, corn etim:

called Hevsose; a fue pelos or
Can S present

in
Feet anne dis pas cially ehisdane
in sugar-cane, sorghum, the sugar
beet, and the ‘sugar maple. This, of

course, is the kind we use on the table.
K—What happens to the sugar after it is

made in the plant?
N—Well, any one of many things may
happen. The sun’s energy contained
red, t of all

plant derives from the sugar it

Some of this energy is used
to eatid up its architectural structure—
like the veins which hold up th

ace of

A very lar. of the plant's
ere as we ie ad, is converted at
If you have taken

you have

K. 4
N—Starch is often stored in large

vegetables, Dp
and at in a such as potatoes,
uch as wheat ar F

converted
stored as fats, or oils, as in gives and
uts.

Starches, fats and oils are made in
the plant from sugar alone, by a series
of chemical changes in this uni ique and
marvelous factory, but proteins are

made from sugar plus certain salts of

Bobbink & Atkins
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212

nitrogen, sulfur, and sometimes phos-
phori

K— Where do these
come from?

other chemicals
d by the root sys-
Dissolved in the

eans.
K—Didn’t you = that vitamins are also

made by plan
—Yes, that’s rig’ ght. You may buy yours
from the drugstore, but they are all
$

initially made by livi plants.

with the other subst ' re
manufactured within the plant by the
combi in

ut I didn’t ieiow helo
ae sugar played such an important
role.

N—Sugar is the basic organic sub-
stance formed in the Hen Sorin
photosynthesis from the water and
carbon di that are drawn i the
leaves. . But I haven't finished yet,
by any means, in felling of ue products
made by and in green plan

K—Then still other things may happen
to the si

N—Oh, yes! You no doubt like the odor
of a rose, or the sweet scent ot the
suckle.

N—Well, the uae of flowers comes
directly from the sugar made a the
green uae a plant. The nectaries
of th alee hold enough oe

to attract bes and other insects. In
addition, the color of flowers and fruits
is made from pigments ¢ that are de-
veloped from sugar.

K—That is very interesting but I
still want to know more Y shout: plans
ee ie sugar as sugar in large

life si
N—

N—Man depends chiefly on only two for
the bulk of his Hee supply. One of

eae is the sugar , a kind of giant
The aint fs “th sugar beet,
r chemically is identical

ith that found in the Ik of t
sugar-cane, ee ugar, es

ae which giv
consume it, also

es as e plant "the Geey with which

a. see.

W—Dr. Ae aylor—I hope you are not
going to overlook the important energy
from ae that is used to run our
factories and to heat our caus and

office buildings in winter

N—That is
ing. .

certainly worth mention-

K—How do you mean...

'— Why, ihe see and
petroleum is the ie den gy run was
stored in pla ants millions of years ago.

hese plants have become cynic and
greatly changed hemical composi-

plants,

a.
ur means of life today .

and he ae ntal ueene in all

a
a

Yes, in the fina

malysis, it _is the

aid of light ica provides both the
i orld with

plant and animal w ith energy
from the sun in a usabl m. It also
serves as the rce of the food that
keeps live, and, as a by-product,
with the oxygen we pee ae Res 7
and other animal loro-
phyll, or green coloring water and
therefore can not produce ir

oxygen, no matter how long

bathe in the sun

So, the next time you a lea
with the sun selining on it, ‘aan a
ite ‘é or
thing Nature’s greatest
and ne Wickens! qictes k.
products are ess
plant, but for
ing pene

ential, not only for the
al! living things, includ-

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Officers
Joseru R. Swan, Presiden
ee me Forest fees Vice-president
ale MERR Vice-pre.
re R M. ea f shee rer
ea bE La Monracne, Secretar:
lective Managers
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Howarp BAYNE OOKER Harotp I. Pratr
Epwin ‘De sab Beane Mrs. ALzerT D, ane Wass z Rogsins

Henry F. vu oh CLARENCE McK. Lew Percy SAUNDERS
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Rev. Roser I. Cceiiins : :
S. Rosert H. MontcoMEry See STILLMAN
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Appointive Managers
By the Torrey Botanical Club
LEASON
By Columbia saa ites
Marston T. Bocert arcus M,. oe

Cuaries W. BaLlarp ae F, Tre
THE STAFF

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JOURNAL

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

SEPTEMBER PAGES
1946 213—236

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Caro: H. Woopwarp, Editor
AUTUMN EVENTS AT THE GARDEN

as Show and Program, Oct. 25-27
r details of the program, see - opposite page.

Radio Progra

Beginning a ee of October, the Garden's radio programs over Station WNYC

(830 on the dial) will be given on alternate Wednesdays at 5:45 p.m
Sept. 6 Food from Field and Forest Milton ng

Science Editor, oe Holt & C

Sept. 20 Some Interesting New Jersey Gardens Nan — Smith
Gardener—Writer, ‘Living ston, N. J.
Oct. 2 Plant Products from Bra José Garrido "Torres
eae Director, Brazilian Giotamene Trade Bureau
Oct. 16 Suitable Trees ier the Home Grounds eale
Superintendent of the Arboretum, Boyce Thompson Tastinite

Fo, Afternoon Programs
3 p.m. each Saturday in the lecture hall. Fre
Oct. 5 “They Said it with Tulips” and “Holland Blooms Again”
Two motion picture films in sound and color
With o t by E. L. D. Seym
Horticultural Bie “American Home
Oet. 12 Exploring in Southern Mex
Illustrated ak Kodachromes
EB. J. Alexander
Assistant Curator
Oct. 19 Wild Flowers of the Jersey Hills Harold N. Moldenke
Associate Curator

Members’ Day Program

ct.
Opening of exhibit of 19th century flower paintings by Pancrace Fey
With comment by W. Rickett
a liographer
Courses
Field Botany, G. L. Wit foes Beak 1:30 p.m. Sep
Nature Study for Teachers, a Instructor 4 pin. eee 18
Plant Pests and Diseases, ons % aa t, Instructor, ie . Sept. 30
Ecology and Plant Geography, Ww. H. Camp, Instructor, m. Sept. 30

Cultivation of Trees and Shrubs, J. i. Beale, aed 8 oa Oct. 10

TABLE an aa

Septem

ONE aye THE MANY FORMS OF Stapelia variegata IN THE GARDEN’S COLLECTION OF
CULENT PLANTS Cover photograph by Elmer N. Mitchell

CHranteu SHow Anp Procram Oct. 25-27
Some NEGLECTED ANDEAN TUBERS Hodge 214
PLANTS AND a. R. y ‘Willisees 225
Exuisit oF Bessa FLo TIN 232
NotIcEs AND Revnwe 6 o aca ee 233
Notes, News, AND COMMENT 235
The Journal is Published monthly by The w York Botani arden, Bronx Park, New York 58,

7 Y. bet in U, os rane as Second. Class Matter, metre 28, 1936, at the Post Office
t New » N.Y. tthe Act of August 24, 1912, Annual subscription $1.50, ome copies
i$ e

JOURNAL
of
THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Vor. 47 SEPTEMBER 1946 No. 561

Chrysanthemum Show and
Program Oct. 25-27

EPEATING the successful autumn event of 1945, the New
a ain ¢

otanical Garden is again co-operating "with the
Eastern States Chrysanthemum Society in presenting a program
on chrys: um culture, combined with a three-day indoor and

own collection of hardy chrysanthemums, which are

d to be at at time.

Representatives of the Garden and of the Chrysanthemum So-
ciety will ara a tour of the Garden’s fate at 11 a.m. the
opening day. A box luncheon, each person bringing his own, will
pre an ae ‘afte NN pro}

8. L Paroclen | Principal eran at the Plant Industry
Station of the U. S. epartment of Agriculture ar gaia Md.,

t n h:
dedicated to Mary MacArthur, daughter of Helen Hayes and
Charles MacArthur. The flower is a creation of V. R. de Petris
of Grosse Pointe Farms, Mich., chrysanthemum hybridizer. The
presentation will be made by Emest bs Scott, President of the
erm tat

Socie
n be served in t Members Room for members of
the two co-operating organizatio:
On Saturday and Sunday, the le bits in the Museum Building
will be open see the public without charge from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m
the Garden’s ae displays will be on view daily until 6: 30% p. ta.

214

Three Neglected Andean Tubers
By W. H. Hodge
Illustrated with photographs by the author

HERE is something about the Andean environment that has favored

u f
that mighty cordillera four important species, representing four different
genera, have been grown by ancient aboriginal ee oe their edible
tubers. One of this quartet, the familiar potato (So - Ricite
a a

This is

three tubers may not merit comparison with the potat = i do vepiacee
flavorsome qualities. And who can tell where these plants might be in the
s esteem had they nese ae ie distribution and selective breed.
ing that has been accorded the

The oca, melloco and afiu are it of the high Andes, ee cea
best crops in the aad zone—that is, at ape lying roughly bet
9,000 and 14,000 fee ee wever, Ha trio lacks the extensive ‘titadioal
range of the potato in South America, and none is to be found for any
great distance south of the Palin ia dare at approximately 20° south
latitude. The three species thus he short daylight hours charac-
teristic of low latitudes, and a aera introduction to north temperate
regions with the long daylight hours that prevail during the growing
season is ee tical.
Relative of the Woo rel

eo these lesser tubers oe oca (or occa)? is the most ieageael species -

with melloco a close runner-up. In several ee rate a area
elie in the Colombian Department of nes at of
Peru) the oca is nearly as important as the pota ost ane
center of oca See known to me is the village of “Cayo Cayo which i

at the head of the Sandia ravine just ¢ of th end of Li
Titicaca. From cae ~Cuyo, which is ae at an ais of 11, 500
feet in the bottom a a narrow, steep-w ae Qt daa or ee ancient

terraces rise in series for ral thousand feet, making an impressive
display on the precipitous tea. They noe that te valley
has long been an important agricultural site. Today ocas are the principal

crop grown on these pes

1 Around Bogota O-alis oe is a wipta, while in the Venezuelan high-
lands of Merida the commonest name is

INCAIC TERRACES ON THE MOUNTAINSIDE AT CUYO-CUYO

These spree ee series of ancient terraces, in the Department of Puno, Peru (only a
portion oe hich can be seen here), are used today, Hick as they were © onal, (oe
e cultivation of the indigenous tuber plants as staple food

216

Oxalis tuberosa is an upright, ce. ee herb, more or less
the size of a potato plant. The species is a ¢ of our weedy species of
is, O 00 re ike them BREE reddish-colored stems.
It has trifoliate leaves and orange-yellow flowers whose pet see are generally
fine pa rplish lines. The plant does not a aed set seed, a
characteristic not uncommon in ae Tong cultivated by m ° Thus like
the potat ie oca is reprodu ced by mi of its tu ae TS, which are cut into
aliens ce t the time of plantin i They average 2 to 3 inches long
iu in inches in diameter, and are iyinanel to eeonae | in shape
a . ae bifurcate. Scale leaves conceal the yes.
Several varieties of oca are recognized by th sel dia
ee form white nen called cyaya-oca, is used to
a dried Ne common in the regions of the ALTIPLANO,
u

marked with

or che ee OF swee
OCA uae yellow to eens tuber:

PEA-oca with grayish anes PAUCCAR and LLUCHCHO-OCA
ie are vedidish. colored; and MESTIZA-OCA ate white ave Hill?
notes that in Bolivia the color varieties are associated with floral differences,
and ae yellow ocas a age ne : flowers; white ones, ate styled
flowe and re

is s pla anted at he cae o e rainy period. At Cuyo-Cuyo this
r September , but elsewhere in the Andes planting

pec
interplanted o: ted in following years with potatoes, mellocos, or
beans ie HABAS 8 (Vicia fa ba). When grown at lower elevations, as in
Ecuador or Colombia, one often s S$ ocas “Bante a with m:

rude hoe: with the preaitiee
oe the ae are mature and
e Indian families, from grandparents to chil-

ry" 0

during April and May
o-Cuyo harvesting the colorful crop.

whol
dren, are seen on the terraces at Cu

2 Hill, Arthur W. The Oca and its varieties. Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew. 169-173.
1939,
CULTIVATING, HARVESTING, AND PREPARING THE OCA
(On opposite page)

gr
isas oS at Cuyo-Cuyo, Peru.
in the brook at C yo. ca tubers from which
i ater immediately after they
of oca Pans in cultivation
ar Concepcién in Central

Upper left: A oe oca plant (Oxalis tuberosa) growing in the Andes near Quito,
: Di as

CULTIVATING, HARVESTING, AND PREPARING THE OCA
(For description see the opposite page)

218

The starchy oca tuber is typical of the genus Ovalis in ener

crystals of calcium oxalate. These are especially abundan hk
bitter variety, and their aa sine it see, to cure
the tubers before they can be en. Mellowing is br aes aa

by placing them in the sun ee ene days, after which the ocas, now
sweet, may be eaten—either raw or, mo ore cerned Lae in stews
e diet. Ocas

placed in the s sun to dry to form a product called cavi, which is cooked
slowly in a ae double boiler and afterwards eaten with honey or
aay cane syrup as a dessert.

Inasmuch as harvests come only once a year, the Indians of the high
Andes must store their tuber crops ae a dessicated form called cuvfo,
i i pi eres as spoiling. Chufio can be made by

Bitter ocas earmarked for chufio are submerged in water immediatly
after harvesting and are left there for three to four weeks, or until the
eyes take on a purplish color. At Cuyo-Cuyo temporary pens

ou en n.
available for about a week, and during ne ae they receive
a freering ee frost at net and drying by t nm during t the day.

of t see dessicated product eee grayish-white in
oe “Ch fio ae red for long periods, but like most dried foods
it has to be ene eee in water before it can be cooked.

Melloco, Rival of the Potato

ext to ocas : importance are the tubers of Ullucus tuberosus. In
certain areas, (notably the Departments of Narifio in Colombia and Cuzco
in Peru) Ulucus is outranked as a crop plant only by the potato. The
species goes under different names in various parts of the Andes, but one
of the most common of these is MELLoco.3

3 Caldas modified the Quechua appe elation, ULLUCU, to give us the generic name,

the names LISAs or PAPA AS are invariably a Nave AS and Rojas are the local
names around Bogota while Pittier (in his “P. “Plat = Wetsles de ee states
that in the Veneinclan: Andes near Merida the species is called ruBA or TIM

THE MELLOCO AS IT GROWS AND IS HARVESTED IN SOUTH AMERICA

Above: A young plant of melloco (Ullucus cele in an Indian a near oe
The species was originally described from this part of Ecuador. Below: One of the
forms of réjas or ces in the Bogoté market.

220

Melloco ee often look like small potatoes, and the casual observer
in an Indian produce market might easily pass them up as just another
: . a

variety with magenta spots—common in Quito. The variants m ay
be found in one of two general shapes: 1) as piece pons -like ioe

plants of both the potato and oca, with which it is usually associated. The
branches are Silay, ee a simple leaves broad and heart-shaped,
ae the insignificant flowers are borne on axillary racemes.

The melloco is popular with the highland Indians for several reasons. In
the ae place, it is more resistant to frost than any other Andean tuber

a Se econdly, any ane ao = a me yield in number of tubers

plant is always fav me Tt does not seem to matter that tubers
are Gai for serranos not eee ssed by “Tare mines tubers, such as
potatoes and ocas ce in smaller quantity. Con pe their
selection of even potato varieties, t ice eee is with those
races which yield abundantly of small tubers typ t com: i
the mark Tub f UW ave t nge of onan uses a!

do potatoes, and like them they can be prepared as dessicated chutio,
which in this species is known as LINGLI. In Quito I have also eaten the
tubers sliced and prepared with vinegar in cucumber fashion

An Edible Nasturtium Tuber

The tubers of the afiu Rana ae those of Oxalis tuberosa. In
fact, so mee alike can forms of these two tubers be with thei ir ne 2
yellowish coloring which is ones a with red, especially o
margins of the eyes, that on one occasion I have had to plant a Ben
one in order to be sure of its oo Ordinarily ae afiu tubers are
ed more pia: than oca tubers. In the fresh state they give off a

what disagreeable rue making it impossible to eat them raw, as is

fe uo cera of the arieties.

The sin to ae familiar garden nasturtium (Tropaeolum
nee eens eae ae the Andes as its native home. In Indian elpie
the two species are sometimes found growing together, one as a crop

4 The Quechua word afiu has the Nahas wage in southern Peru, but MASHUAR
- the name encountered from central Peru uador ae southern Colombia. The

mes APINA-MAMA (in Paucartambo and Ca le a nd safia (an Aymara appelation
ee in the ‘Titicaca basin) are also used in Peru, tou infrequently. At Bogota
the tubers are known as CUBIOS.

221

asa weed. And oe oe like the gardener’s favorite,
tends to be a twiner, clambering and a ring itself on other vegetation by
its tactile petioles, in this way covering ne e area = its growth with its tiny
five-lobed green umbrellas. The orange-red to scarlet ae are smaller
and less showy than those of the h et Troha: colt
a afiu te s never been as important as the other pai as a cro
plant. Nev files: its wee can usually be found in most An es
real ae for ses n be — se ared in the usual boiled form to
e as an occasional sie os a ps Tro ee sais serves
ie highland folk more fee ei cee Indian wom
Quito assured me ae us — tubers are — good - bad liver

Padre Cobo ® state that the Indians ae that the tubers pee anti-
roma lat beret when used as food. However, Garcilaso affirms

BOVE- AND BELOW-GROUND PORTIONS OF THE ANU

Left: Trailing tips of a young plant of amu (Tropaeolum pitas oe in the
hi

ghlands near Bogoté. Right: Characteristic tubers of afiu from Quit

5 Garcilaso de la Vega, Inca. Comentarios Reales. Lisbon,
6 Cobo, Fr. Bernabe. eee del Nuevo Mundo. Seville, oe 1893.

222

that Indian gallants could counteract oe influence by “holding a small
stick in the hand while cating the tuber This magic property of a small.
ee was apparently not known to te Teas soldiery who, according to

were regularly fed this food during campaigns, on the Inca’s orders, :
“that they might forget their womenfolk.’

Ancient History of the Trio

riginal hor me of these three tubers appears to have been in the old
is ar

1 vari gn aa a hee oe of native names are
applied to the three species. Mor , it is this very region which has

plied us with proof of their use in a Colbian ae for Andean
ubers, like many other economic plants, served a ial motifs—

s pic
chiefly on pottery—for the people of the old highland Paes Among
a race which left no written records, such pictograms have been our best
i i e da Iso, fro:

land sites, colored paintings are kno which appear to represent the

otato, afiu, pen oca. Only pictures eh ihe melloco are lacking.

From the highlands of southern Peru, pees Ea a their

wild ancestors, oe cultivated range of the u, and melloc
eda expanded northward. This Ree may i le ee i
pre-Incaic time or it may ane ve coincided with the northerly extension of
Inca arms and - pie? agricultural influence. At the time of,
or very soon after, the Spanish Conquest the three plants were in cultiva-
tion in the fertile ous highlands, northern bastion of the Inca Empire.
However, the ancient Chibcha peoples of he northern es oc-

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highlands of
Colombia and adj acent oe ea where they now are grown, apparently
took place after the Conquest.

What evidence is avai ‘abl e eee distribution of the cays in
years Be acaar following the arrival of the Spaniards comes from tl
writings e chroniclers. Ovalis, Ullucus, and — ae a in
the jee : that order, which | is more or less the order of their
importance as crops. Potatoes were mentioned dre by Oviedo in 1535
four years later Valverde writes of the oca as occurring in the region of
Cuzco; while the melloco and fae do not — ae ea chr i
15827 when they were recorded from Cue n Ecuador ut
indirect evidence of the tubers’ ee ema eerie is presented un-
knowingly in the writings of certain individuals who traveled overland

7 This chronology is taken from Yacovleff, E. and F. L. Herrera. El Mundo
Vegetal de los Antiguos Beane Rev. Museo Nac. 1935, Lima.

i. nt Lani

‘_

Mi %, ‘

yee

PRE-INCAIC PICTOGRAMS OF ANDEAN TUBEROUS PLANTS
(Mustration from Yacovleff and Herrera, “El Mundo Vegetal de los Antiguos Peruanos’’)

These early illustrations from Tiahvanaco, near Lake Titicaca, show that tuber plants
were familiar to the ancient Andean peoples. Upper left: The potato (Solanum
osum

tuberosum). Upper right: Y: ff and Herrera have identified this design as repre-

senting the melloco (Ullucus tuberosus). However, the leaves are not c s in

lucus oto of living plant) and the present ter beli ore

likely represents the potato. Lower left: The afiu (Tropaeolum autheane ), with it

characteristic peltate leaves and conical tubers. Lower ri ht: The oca (Oxalis iuberos),
with trifoliately compound leaves, schematic flowers, and ae yy tuber:

from present-day Colombia to Peru. Cieza de Leon,’ writing in 1553 of
a trip south through the Andes, ne A mention oe lly any of our
trio of tubers oa after his arrival i However, near Ipiales (now
on the Colombian- soon orean fron Ra ‘he records that the people grow

abundance of pot: and ‘otras raizes’.” These “other roots’’ were

h today a
More specific data on distribution come not from the chroniclers but from
Colombia’s famed patriot-botanist, Francisco Tosé de Caldas.® Being a

Cieza de Leon, Pedro: Crénica General del Peru. eeu 1553.
9 Caldas, Francisco José de. El Semanario del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Bogota,
1808-1811.

223

MARK
Left: At ee freshly dae oca tubers are ee in a man’s poncho or a woman’s
LLYCLLA, pena carry-alls of the Peruvian Indians. Right: At Hoancayo j in Central
Peru Indian women sell their tubers in nue famous Sunday market.

native of Popayan in pacar era Caldas presumably was more
than familiar with the op plan of his country, and especially with those

er
undescribed species, so gave it its present Dinca, Ullucus tuberosus.
In commenting upon this species and Be its value to the ier ns of the
Quito region, he lamented that it (as the afiu and oca, which were
also popular in Ecuador) had not oe eae a his ene New.
Granada (now Colombia). Thus, if we are to believe Caldas, our tubers
S oe only as far as northern Ecuador by the end of the 18th

hey deserve a far wider distribution, to this day ues have
ee aes little beyond the region of their origin. We only
speculate on how we might be using ae today, had. these three ses
tubers been submitted to the widespread clvaton sa was accorded the
potato, carried afar from the same native Andea

Al the time of writing this article, Dr. Hodge was Visiting Professor
on the Faculdad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.

§
Plants and Plastics

The Role of Plant Cellulose and Lignocellulose
In the Development of the Plastics Industry

By R. V. Williamson

HEN, just 100 years ago, a practical method was discovered for

m. eae cellulose nitrate by treating cotton with nitric and sulphuric
acids, a plant product became one of the parents of pia stics industry.
This start, He by Spee in Basle, ae erland, was followed by the
epochal span 22 years later by an Amer n, John ae Hyatt, he
combined cellulose nitrate with pila plat ea camp! hor-—and our
modern plastics panes was bor att had produced aah we know
as ce a : id. Growth and ae of our. modern plastics industry
has continued from that day to this, at least from a practical standpoint,

neat cee use of plants or plant products as esse ee sources of de-
rivatives for, or physical components of, plastics ts

astor oil, and

is used in large quantities as upholstery for thea — and car seats.
Pee aaa have been dev i in recent years, such as
Ilulose tate, but e, propionate, and ethyl seliide, wich have
indivi eee cae an a them valuable as plastics for specific in-
ial uses such as steering wheels, instrument panel trim in automo-

nee and for the ae film in safety glas

Cotton, which is a rather pure form of ae is no longer the only

source of cellulose for the production of cellulose plastics 5 have
been developed for the production of high grade cellulose from many dif
ferent plants and trees. The particular plant o r tree that may be used

depends upon ‘many factors, such as convenience and ease of processing

The author ts in charge of the Plastics and Building Materials Section,
Aaa Residues Dicision, at the Northern Regional Research
Laboratory, Peoria, Illinois, one of the laboratories of the Burcau of
Agar aes Industrial Chemistry, oe tural Research Adminis-
tration, U. S. Department of Agricultu

226

by present pulping methods, yield of cellulose, and the economics of col-
lectng the raw material, manufacturing, and distributing the finished

Thermoplas

he ee ne aie Pet ane are classified under the general
plastics classifica’ as TILERMOPLA‘ ae Thermoplastics are
characterized by een fe he on so that they can be

molded under heat and pressure, but they ise “ cooled below the eee
ing point in the mold before the mold is opened and the specimen removed.

Thermosetting Plastics
A ma oe advance was made in the ea nee about 1909 when

Dr. L. H. Baekeland discovered that a resin uct of phenol and
oe when molded under heat and ee ce softened and
then set to a hard, rigid condition in the hot mold, making it unnecessary
to cool the mold before removing aa pao ee of this type are
known in the industry as THERMO PL. cs. These resins could
be eae nto attractiv ve transpar aun ar ticles ne were strong and durable,
but rather exp In order to reduce the cost and increase the ae -
ar posses OF ‘the new resin, experiments were conducted o

e of the resin as a bi eae ie less expensive eaten oo again ae
Bette came into the pic

Phenol-formaldehyde-woodflour Molding Compounds
mbinations of roughly equal parts of finely ground woods and phenol-

d ae i ee production of th Ww ae but very little phenol
ni time and importa

production fro e ovens was expanded greatly. The plastics industry
cea, pee Fae World es Ia ee 2 bas = saa ae ve
War II molded plastics were in eviden and o}
ay of phenol-form: maldehyde- cea hae is had | been “evloped
a high degree by extensive research on both the resin and woodflo
Bees the i possible product from these materials.

Ph 14, Llshwa, ere | 7. oF fl Compounds

Att ttempts s have been mde from time to fine in the past to use various
agricultural residues, such as ground cornstalks, wheat straw, flax shiv
and corncobs in place of woodflour | in phenol-formaldehyde plastics com:

PHENOL ... FURFURAL ... FORMALDEHYDE

Phenol is the technical term for the nes popularly known as
carbolic id. Before being liquefied with w. it occurs as a colorless
r ystalline compound. ne way om roducing it is by the
ieiawe distillation of organic substances such as wood or coal

2.
5

Furfural is a colorless oily liquid, obtained in similar manner to phenol,
by eee of such products as corncobs, bran, sugar, and wood. It
is of p ‘or,

Formaldehyde is a hae gas of unpleasant odor, familiar in the form
of an aqueous sol Originally used chiefly as a preservative and
disinfectant, today it ae ays an important part in the manufacture of
synthetic resins

pounds, but the properties of the resulting ae were inferior to

those made with woodflour. The usual procedure was the substitution of
the agricultural residue flour for the woodflour in a formulation that
produced good results when _ was ae If ae aha were in-

ferior, no speci ial. effo rt was ie o deter whether a for
tion cou a = found that would tae aa penne with, ie eeataea
esidue

ee he oe Regional Research Laboratory at Peoria, orale
was completed and research work started in the early months of 1941,
of the many research projects of the Laboratory was a use of agricul
residues in phenol- iene plastics eee unds. The experi-

mental r ar ts soon showed a marked difference in ee of the different
ceil residues when use a a the same resin binder. This was mae
cially true of corncob flour, which appeared to be so worthle ess in the early
experiments that it was abandoned for a time. Further study of the ade
of different resins on the pro erties of ea ee residue compounds r
ae in the production of corncob c uinds with strength properties

only superior to other aie ae compounds, but super
es to woodflour compounds.

The amount of a ee used in general eties molding com-
pounds ranges from 47 to 50%. Therefore, a serie . compounds was
prepared with six Hee puna residues and 47. of a resin that
produced a a vie rncob flour. Molded sp ecimens | - om these

The results o pen tests are shown in Table ee S.T.M
(American Society for Testing Materials) speck tions: or general-
purpose woodflour phenolic plastics are shown for compariso

228

ee I—Properties of compositions with a phenol-formaldehyde resin content of
47.2% and o agricultural residue content of 50% plus 2.8% of dye, lubricant,

and catalys
Flexural Tensile Water
Agricultural residue strength strength absorption®
Psi Psi Percent
AS.T.M. specifications for general-purpose

woodflour phenolics 9,000 7,000 0.80
Corncob 11,990 10,240 0.49
Wheat straw 10,450 9,080 0.42
Peanut shell J0,200 9,320 0.35
Hemp hurd 9,680 é 0.37
lax shive 9,530 8,730 0.36
Corn stow 9,570 7,600 0.69

a Pounds per square inch.
b Twenty-four-hour immersion at 70° F.

The results in Table I show that all of the agricultural iain aie d
can be used to produce Hette which meet general purpose speci ons.
Considerable difference is shown by the diffe aa agriclaral re resi sds .
strength properties, erobably due to small amounts

h f the peanut shell, h , and flax shive compounds,
which show relatively low water oe The relatively high water
absorption of the corn stover oud is s pro oba ane os result of the
leaves on the cornstalks, eee a various exper s have shown

that the leafy portions of oe behave Ae Anas in ee com-
pounds from the stem, stalk, or trunk.

The war emerge ney prev sates a ape detailed study of the causes of
variations in properties of differen Pe a ural residues in eee cs, as
pied had to be directed toward producing plastics with a lower phenol-
formaldehyde resin content because of the possible shortage of onal and
si de.

nol-formaldehyde resin content of molding compounds cannot
be ee materially by replacing it with an agricultural resi sae ue flour,
because molding properties, strength, and ce eae ea ion are not sa nae

compounds. Theref sea made oa do
organic or inorganic materials that could be eater a the phenol
resin and still meet the specifications for general purpos e molding co
ounds. The various residues did not give best results in Bee ics eae
compounds by simply substituting one oe for another in otherwise the
same formulation. However, it was possible to are compounds with
only 25% pro:

sed, which met the specifications for water ener and gensile and
fel strengths in the case of each residue that was used.

229

Table I] shows the results obtained with seven different agricultural
residue compounds. Each c ompound contained 50% eercanals residue
flour, 25% phenol-formaldehyde resin with organic and inor aes eX-
tenders for the resin, plus dye and lubricant, in some cases. The
positions other than residue a resin are shown in pares to the able

TABLE I1—Properties of compositions with a phenol-formaldehyde content of 25%,
an ie residue content of 50%, plus organic or inorganic extenders,
dye, ‘ant.

lubric:
Flexural Tensile Water
Agricultural residues strength strength absorption
Psi Pisa Percent
Minimum A.S.T.M. ere for general

purpose woodflour nolic 9,000 7,000 0.80
Corncob? 13,100 9,700 0.60
Wheat straw? 10,420 8,100 0.48
Peanut. shelle 9,29 7,180 0.69
Hemp hurdé¢ 10,840 8,350 0.57
FI. ived 9,500 8,200 0.54
Corn stover? 10,580 7,090 0.62
Rice ee 0,800 7,140 43

¢ Pounds per square

> 20. Vinsol, 2. 21% ae chalk, 2.0% Dies dye, a zinc stearate.
€22,5% pre ecipitated chalk, 2.0% black dye, 05 % zinc steara

435.0% precipitated chalk, 10% titanium dioxide.

Ac rison of the results in Table II with pias in Table I shows
that the Eee - the 25% resin compounds i in ae II is superior in

some cases to that of the 47% compounds in Table I, and all of the ve
resin compo} rae meet the minimum specifications ee general p
woodflour phenolics. These results show clearly that eat ne

can be used to produce high ae plastics when properly formulated.

Plastics Based on the Natural Constituents of Plants

ants are eee primarily of three constituents: cellulose, hemi-
cellulose, and ligni

Cellulose is composed of chains of molecules with six carbon atoms.

simple sugar, glucose, also having six carbon atoms. Glucose may be re-
acted with phenol and other oe to form resins, which have poten-
tialities for plastics production. , Although no industrial plastics process
based on these reactions has been dlrs ellulose is, as previously
stated, Gide @ used in plastics in the form a nitrates, acetates, and
butyrates.

Hemicellulose contains pentosans, or five-carbon compounds, that may
be converted to ae ] the action of dilute i Furfural may be
react phenol and other materials to pro resins suitable for

ed with oduc
plastics production, a plastics molding eer of this type are in
commercial production

230

Lignin is considered to be the pian aie ae cements the cellulose

fibers together to form the plant structu Ligni a — ie
the other plant constituents by several different eth It may be

solved and separated in the form of a solution, ae the cellulose as a
fibrous residue, as is done in the Race ins of paper pu ae or the cel-

lufose may be dissolved and se aa in the form of a glucose solution,
leaving the lignin as a gran nular residue. The properties of ligni n depend

inferior and no industrial process has been developed so far in which
oe lignin i is used as the sole binder in plastics compounds.

Scientists have pee ee the possibilities of lignin plastics - many
years because natu seas! ae evidence ie a can be used with
other plant poieee o produce a wide of plants, including
trees, which may be use He as co prince t ae : a ce many ways

t thi
fibers so that the material could = molded into satisfactory products
without the addition of other binder

In 1925 W. H. Mas ere that heating wood chips for a short

time under high- ae steam, and then — Kees the pressure
of the steam, caused the chips to explode a fine fibers =
could be suoueea under heat and pressure he strong sheet o
board. In recent years, improvements in . ee been made so
that boards 4 fet wide and . ae mg can be molded to produce a bla “
strong, high-gloss, water-res roduct. Other simple shapes such a
rods and bars can te molded, ae ihe peadul does not have sufficient Pere c
fae to produce i tricate mold d objects t { the process is

that when the wood explodes the fiber bundles separate at the lignin bonded
surface. When these fiber bundles are molded under heat and a anes
they are welded together again through the lignin bond. The high- ee
sure steam treatment ie converts some of the materials in the wood t
water-soluble produc These products are removed in the sens
process with the ee that a more water-resistant product is produced.
The Forest Products araron at Madison, oe ~ pe
SGasiienitle research on the hydrolysis of wood at moderate stea
sures, in the ie of water alone, water and a small amount of ae
acid, and water and an ae oe ak with ie aa washing
operations, removes water-soluble materials and produces a product with
increased concentration of lignin. in aniline hydrolysis, a ee sibility exists
for a reaction between the aniline and lignin and the aniline and aes
producing pentosans. The hydrolyzed wood products can be used i

231

plastics with a reduced resin content. A paper mill is producing lignin-
enriched wood pulp in sheet form, which when laminated under heat and
cts.

Agricultural Byproducts Laboratory at Ames, Jowa, carried out a
research project on agricultural residues pe to that of the Forest
oduc’ ory on wood. Asa work, plastics meidiee
compounds are being produced commercially by a modified process ie
sugar-cane eee which is the crushed, ae sugar-cane waste fro

the sugar

Thr aa aa saa is mies eee in regard to the
ee of different plants and different parts of the same plant in
plastics. Though we can not yet t de ren Uae a chemical analysis all

of the posite of a plant in plastics, we can determine some of the
possibilities

Table WI shows the ek of several agricultural residues with respect
to ash, lignin, and pent

TABLE IJI—Ash, lignin, and pentosan content of several sa residues.

Agricultural residue Ligi Pentosans

ae ei Percent
Corn stover 8.11 12,60 25.95
Cornstalks 411 15.65 24.36
‘orncob: 1.67 12.48 38.90
Wheat straw 8.94 14.69 31.20
0 5.05 17,40 30.20
Rye straw 4.51 16.38 30.70
Flax shives 3.89 24.93 26.60
Bagasse 3.00 20.50 26.60
Tobacco stalks 10.20 13.68 19,80

An examination of Table IIT shows that corncobs are Seema al
pentosan content, which is just about double that of tobacco stalks.
tosans are the raw materials for furfural manufacture, and fu ae i is
t i r plasti

The Northern andar area nein has ane a Sad
process for converting corncobs alcohol, furfural, and |
one ton of corncobs ee 40 one ns Lae ol, 300 anes “ot
furfural, and 300 pounds of lignin aoe rate oi ced. Indus-
trial uses for alcohol and paces are already - ae research is
under way to find new and more e ae ae uses as lignin. If
this process is successful on an ren scale, the common corncob

will attain new importance as an industrial raw material

232

The ideal goal for the use of phase crops is to find profitable use

for the whole plant instead of o
utilization. of the flax
The s

d. The
layer of the straw he

fine paper ae raw residue

straw is run ee machines which remove the
s used fo

»
a=)
°
4
Ss
3
fe)
Ph
ma
na
a
a
p

ort ee gel cture of ‘igure an
ives, can be used to pro

other
high grade poste as ee by the Bee ene at the coe eal

Laboratory.

wledge accumulates through research, we may confidently expect

to | Denil
crops, which in turn will place

uses for the whole plant in cases o
il an even greater al

Exhibit of Bessa Flower Paintings

RING the 18th and early 19th centuries, yer of distant regions,

pa Bana plants

a to men and women
ands were initiated and many bool

descriptions of exotic ani

of flower painting reached its zenith.

for hortic
of cultu

In France, one of the leading wo:
this i was the “Hackioe Conor de
ma

lA r,’ begun about 1810 by Mor-
dant aay and continued later by
Loiselew slongchamps. Until 1827, the
paintings illustrating these volumes were

ade by ace Bessa, pupil and asso
ciate té, renowned painter of
Tose

S.
The uae made for this work,
r

Tr
ee Garden, Paulo Campos-Porto,
whose possession they have been since
1922.

The New York Botanical Garden
present the first public exhibition of the

d ornamental plants.

ultural tre of paramount
ure in Europe. "8 edit ond to ee
ks and periodicals were devoted to

During this period 7 art

paintings in rth America. Opening
with the Menbes Day program of Oct.

2, the exhibit will continue for six weeks,
One hundred pain

be wn some of ter ‘reproductions
wh : are in the we tanical Gar a
library ; also pages from the original te:

and oter materials of "historical oe

The paintings were originally made by

order of Charles X of Fran
d di

presented to his daug! enue, the
Duchess of Berry, as a New Year's gift
in 18 Duchess, who was the
patromess of the artist, was the sister of
Ter Cristina, second impress of

aL and it was with her that the Bessa

cainting s, along with 60 creme a
nee reached the New World a

233

NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS

The Story of the Quinine ik
FEVER BARK TR)

a L. goles

Doubleday &
N. ¥. 1946.

" 5 pages.
co Inc. Garden City,

old, is
and its relation
T a tale of

nishe
- pees itself to be rid this dread
1 Duran-Reynals has
for fiction; she quite
t the facts ‘the ae

lon;

fortunate to have an author able to bring
the tale together in a highly readable
manner. The story begins not in the
beginning, for that is shrouded i

King of donia, who — qui
mistakably—died of malaria and so los
the worl ich his genius had conquered.
The story ends with the present and t
proble sient s—the stag-
gering problem of m: ig effective anti-
malarial s ‘abstances ae to the ines

hundred million people who today s
from this debilitating and dread disease

greater concern will

“The Botanical Institute of the

Kingdom of Granada” (Chapter vit)

wherein is given an account of the tri: ials
is, who labore

is now Colombia and w!

ee a= called me Beier a “American
. the ies of

rt are told
And through it
all—as a throbbir ing and insistent jungle

drum—will run the sorry history of gov-
freee red-tape and official indif-

the end of the book also bin

millions of poor de vils

rotte id died in he pestilential fever
areas gusta the world,

L world ie —for example

antations
: Cinchona abollte

Shee they we:
sufficiently profitable beca ue the
Dutch were growing the more profitable
alisaya and Ledgeriana in Java. Thus
the estab d and successful Indian
plantations of the red-bark fever tree
were cea in spite of the fact
ie n that

ul an was even then well know
it a

made yu! te)
siderably less cost than that of the single
alkaloid quinine. ver ois vee
gentlemen in the Kina for
somehow

Bur
had been convinced: that only
cn ity bn alkaloids was effective—
ely, It i

4 BL
g
2a
z!

t
which happened to produce this particular
alkaloid : much greater abundance than
the other:

you oe to read of this aed fe)
at the

apte:
same ane Pty betwee the tine in the
light of present political conditions in

‘E2¢
ASE

the pee -Malayasian region, If you

the other
only
e had
foe gui
This re-

r
half-living souls who
malaria—you probably Nill
realize what this is all about.
iewer does.

rally, in book of this type—

=}
ao

en to ch-
nical phases of Cinchona. ere is no
reformer with an axe to grind, but a
historian giving us the facts in a straight-

Bobbink & Atkins

NURSERYMEN
AND
PLANTSMEN

Most of the unusual Roses, Trees and
Shrubs not planes oS will
be found - ie

Ss
& 8
oo

Establishment
nnals

-
of Aime: rican Teale

Visitors Always Welcome
Catalogue Upon Request

Bobbink & Atkins

Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J.

s d besides, it is in-
herefore will be

forward manner.
a written

us concerne

a the problem. And this is as it shou!
be.

W. H. Camp,

een Essenti
HOSPHATES AND SUPERPHOS-
. Gray. 416 pages, in-
Interscience Publishing Co.
York. Second edition,

ATE.
dexed.
New
$7.
Concerned with phosphates for agri-
ee pares this book first covers
briefl Ae he history of the phosphate in-
dustr ach p rodicing country. Results
of the ener analysis = the aks
ae et rocks a Ss ma
7 a og Ge
reserves,

mp
and phosphoric acid. The
he b

O Wi -wide picture o
agricultural essential.
. W. KavanacH.

isu aneey

NCE, Edited by
S00, pages, illustra-
Dublications. ait
‘Caroli lina, pel
$3.

Under the title “Studies in Sci

ee Rate of North Car ‘olina has | ie
sesquicentennial pub-

Mitchell Scientific Society and
ished in the Journal of the

y F, ander Nutritional
st lies a representatives of e gen
n the Saprolegnia ae Wi ffen;
and Revision aE he genus Coleomyces,
parasitic in insect larvae— ae N.
D J. an

235

Notes, News, and Comment

Staff. Robert S. de Ropp has been ap-
pointed to ue scientific staft of the New
York Botanical Garden as sistant

As:
Curator, to: toe rk on growth problems in
the Regia for ay physiology. He
beg: eae

the gies ndor
a Bachelor of oe denies Dr. de opp
nantes iy Ph.D. Eats there in 1940. H

D mperial College of
Science ae Pechnoloay of London,
African Collections. Plants collected
for the Garden ar Leonard J. Brass on
the nay and Expedition num-
bered 3,621 chests: i July 10, after six
i di
n £0)

ha.
Agee amounted t clu d-
ing about 100 aie cryptogame. Ten
days a he wrote that the number had

reached Meanwhile, the mammals
collected b members of the part
totaled 901 ecimel £ 57 species. Col-
lecting has been done chiefly on Zomba
Plateau, Mlanje Mountain, and Chambe
Peak, for which t depot in

ia Gorge was used as the base

Lectures. The Lutheran eae Asso-
ciation of New York Cit: —
by Dr. Harold N olden ing a a me

ing at the ee June 22 on “Plaats
of the Bible.”

At Villa Rosa, the home of Mrs. W.

m a Newport, R. I., Dr.
Saale the New-

ie Lake and Vale Garden Club o:
pone n, N, Y.,

w A ffili = et
the Botanical Garde . wa show
den’s full-length film in
B. Sto uly 8 Anot! liat
the Millbrook Garden Club, of which
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph R. Swan are mem-
bers, heard a talk by Dr. Stout Aug. 15
on “Lil for Garden Beauty.” The
meeting was at the home of Mrs. Charles
C. Townsend at Claremont, N.
oa ’s short motion Pictu e film

n by
wae yee Public School No. 35 of
a ie ion a 21, oie a visit to the
‘ose conse vatory.

Visitors. Among the ae a
to the Garden was Dr. Nor W.

Peis

teacher of horticulture at Midland Ache
corte oe in England. ue Tarver

s also e to Hamilton, Mr. Laking

a de of Ontario ‘Agricultural
Cae and ae pecent years he has
worked at Kew

Others visitors of recent weeks have
eae Richard A. aioe of =
Gra

lic; Rev. John A. Blatchford, tn

AETNA

PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., INC.
305 EAST 47th STREET
YORK 17, N. Y.

MAKERS OF
PRINTING PLATES
PROCESS BENDAY
LINE & HALFTONE

George College, Kingston, Tee
Rafael A. Toro, head of the Biology
Departme yaguez, ae Rico,

. Yang of the National: “Medial Col.
leg ein Sha nghai, China; Noél Robertson
ae the Bet Colonial Seuie: W. V. #H.

Berry, Florida Southern College at Lake-
land; Robert K. Zuck, Biology Depart-
me Drew University ; Elbert L. Little,
U.S. Forest Service; Rolf et
Hat rlow Herbarium os eee
Clausen, Cornell; Robert Hulbary,

Catambi: Lazella bchwvarten, " Librarian
he A! nald F.

a
-
a
2
a

: Si
Co., Weiser Park, Pa.; and D Mrs
Charles Thom, Po se , Long
Island. In addition, present and former

residents of Honolulu ats have lately
been visitors at the ate include Mrs.
J. P. Morgan and her daughter, J.

SEED COLLECTORS

We are interested in purchasing
Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds
Correspondence invited

HERBST BROTHERS

92 Warren St.

New York 7, N. Y¥.

Patricia Morgan (Mrs. Eric) Swenson,
oer Sumner, and oe Cassidy,
of Ca mbridge, Mas:

ond Arbore vate
arboretum of New York ce Senate
esmond ‘bl Newbur;

obtained from Senator Desmond at 94
Broadway, Newburgh, N. Y., or from
the arboretum superintendent, ‘Rudolph
M. Nocker.

The wher is to include all
native eee ie and shrubs which
may prove hardy in the Newburgh cli-

eign trees and shrubs.
started in 1939, now contains 499 spec

Herbarium Gift

En EN hundred specimens of
epee a were collected half a cen-

the estate of William Rocke-
eller, “north Tan en cowe have
w York Botanical

Garde This a le “herbaria im, neatly
bug face oe d ae tl metal

ca ae more than san
Most of the common

species ot pes th
wildflowers native to the region are there,
s the fam ds, with th

as well a: ilia: s, h the
exceptio: “of two whic are com-

nm but which perhaps had not yet in-
vaded t hes e Hieractum

apparently all
den

interesting group
of specimens show: igs of trees and
shrubs in winter condition: collected in the
early part of 1896.
About 20 years ago this private herbar-
ium came into the asean of Crosby
aige, eel producer, author and
Tr, hae ae speci

out :
sp ene Bees of his in-

covers. This
terest in Ho ipaeay he made the New
York eno cal Garden a gift of the

collec!

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

fficer:
R. Swan, Pre

HENRY DE LA MontTacn_e, Secretar:
lective Managers
WILLIAM FELTON BARRETT Mrs. a Huntineton Francis E, Powetu, Jr.

Howarp BAYNE Hoo: Mrs. Haron I. Pratt
Enowin De T, BecHTeL ae “Ataexs D. pee WILLIAM J. Ropsins
Henry F. pu Po: CLARENCE Me K. Lewis A. Percy SAUNDERS
MARSHALL FIELD
Rev. Rosert J. Gannon, mee ee Labels

J. Roserr H. ie ae oe STILLMAN
Cuartes B. Harpinc H. Hopart Porter y J. WEINBERG

cia ed Managers
Wittiam O'D Mayor of the City of New York
ANpbREW G, Cuavsex, Te aro of the Board of Education
OBERT Moses, Park Commtissioner

Appointive Managers
By the Torrey Botanical Club
H. A. Gieason

By Columbia University

Marston T. Bocerr Marcus M. RuoapEs
Cuaries W. BaLrarp Sam F, TRELEASE
THE STAFF
Wi.uraM J. Rossins, Pu.D., Sc.D.
H. A. Greason, Pu.D. Assistant Director and Cas : or
Henry pe LA MontTAGNE aie Director
Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. ead Curator
A. B. Stout, Px.D. Curator of Education eat Tahordlones
ERNARD O. Dover, Px.D. Plant Pathologis
H. W. Rickert, Pa.D. bliographer
AS H. Everert, N.D. Horr. orticulturist
ASSETT Macuire, Pu.D. rane
Tarotp N. Mos, Pa.D Assoc: ator
W. H. Ca PH ae Curator
J. ALEXANDER, B iS. Assistant Curator and Curator of the pe Herbarium
E. Naytor, Pw. ant Curator
. W. Kavanacu, Pe. pps Curator
‘OBERT S, ee Rorp, Px.D., DLC. Assistant Curator
ELMA Kogan, B.S, Technical Assistant
OSALIE Wetreer Technical Assistant
toa McVeicu, Pux.D. Technical Assistant
RY Stepsins, M.A. Technical ae
SLI C. Hatt, A.B.. B.S. ib: in
>AROL ‘oopwarp, A.B. f the Tot nal
x. L. Wittrock, A.M. no the Herbarium
TTO DEGENER, ne Cc ollaborator 1 in Hes atian Bota
cL N. Mitcw rapher
oHN HENDLEY ere A.M., M.D. Bibliographer Emeritus
4. J. Grout, Px.D. orary Curator of eae
nEz M. Harinc Assistant ee ry Curator of Mos.
JosepH F. Burke Honorary Sas ies of the Dintomaceae
. A. Kruxorr Hon orary Cur of Econom ¢ Botan ny
“THEL ANSON S. PeckHamM
A.C. PFANDER Atte of patie and Grounds

To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park
Boulevard station; use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the
Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New
York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to
Bedford Park Boulevard.

THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

abe New York Botanical Garden
the State of ven: York in 1891,

was incorporated by a

a gells perpetuating body of incorpotators, who meet annuall
Man. ne’ mbers of their own bod

They also elect
ane aha low.

The Advisory
Mrs. Elon Huntin
airm: b
Secretary; and Mrs. F.
Arthur M. Andersor
Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson

Hen:
Sherman Baldwin

William Felton Barre’
Mr.

Prof. L Sone Bonisteel
George P. Br

ret

Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey
Dr. Nicholas M. But!
Mrs. Andre ~
Miss Mabel Choa
Miss E. Mabel Clark

- Coe

Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs
Mrs. Henry S. Fenimore Cooper
Mrs. William Redmond Cross
M I. DeBe

&
S

Mrs. John W. Draper
Pon

Mrs. Moses W. Faitoute
Marshall Field

William B. O. Field
Mrs. Robert H. Fife
Mrs. H.

enry J. Fisher
Harry Harkness Flagler

Council consists of 12 or more
custom, they are er elected) ae nee ee
Hool
Nelson B. oWiitnnee ae ae
Mr. onard Kellogg, Treasure

e-Chairman ny eae

Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox

Childs Frick

Rev. Robert I. Gannon, S.J.
. Gleason

Mrs. ee

Mrs. William F.

Pierre

MacDougal
Mrs. David Ives Mackie
Mr: Edward Manville

John L. Merri
Roswell Miller, Jr.
Mrs. Roswell Miller, Ke
Mrs. Roswell Miller

S. P. Miller

Mrs. William H. Moore
B. Y. Morrison

Mrs. Augustus G. Paine
Mrs. James
Rufus L. Patterson

R. Parsons

women
Officers are:
Willia:

; Mrs. To) sameerel Sc ne

e present roster of which

who are elected by the Board. B
Me Roberts Wot, face Chairman;
d Vice:

. Correspondin

Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham
org, Perki

Lady ee

Stanley G. Ran
Johnston L. Redmond
Ogden Mills Rei

5
be
a

Mrs. Melvin E. Sawin
John M. Schiff

irs. Henry F. Schwarz

a
thur S. Vernay

Mrs. Ant
Manfred Wa a

rafters wees

JOURNAL

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

es
eS
Foss ieee ead

VoL. 47 O C T 0) B E R Paces 237-260

IN TWO SECTIONS
No. 562

19 4 6 SEcTION ONE

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editor
EVENTS—OCTOBER AND EARLY NOVEMBER 1946

Chrysanthemum Show and Program
October 25
11 a.m—Inspection of outdoor planti

2 p.m.—tInspection of c competitive exhibits the ar
2:30 p.m.—Address on “Chrysanthemum Brecling’ L. Emsweller
3:15 p.m.—Clinic on chrysanthemum culture and eaneesl bi diseases and pests
4:15 p.m.—Dedication of new chrysanthemum to Mary MacArthur
4:30 p.m—Tea for members

October 25 and 27
Indoor displays open in Museum Building 10 a.m. to § p.m.
Outdoor chrysanthemum displays on view 10 a.m. to 6:30 P. m.
bias Day Progra:
i—“The Compleat a
Exhibit of co petri oe and herbals with address by Albert E. Lownes
ota! A ftern rogram.
Oct. 19—Wild Flowers ee the (ates Hills Harel N. Moldenke
sociate Curator
Oct. ee Gift of Green
new motion ees in sound and color.
Nov. ee Coloratio A. B. Stout
Curator of Education & Laboratories
Nov. 9—Gardens of Canada Dorothea G. Norton
Canadian ae
Nov. 16—Tkhe Art of Paper-Making
dem ae en and exhibit of hand-made paper and its method of
manufactu Harrison Elliott
Stevens-Nelson Paper Company
Radio Programs
Oct. 16—Suitable Trees for the Home Grounds J. H. Beale
Boyce Thompson pares

Oct. 30—Planning a Woodland Garden for next Spring Helen Hull
Garden Consultant and SWaiter
Nov. 13—Books for the Gardener’s Pleasure 0 er, Jr.

nm L.
Member of the New York Botanical “Garde en
TABLE OF CONTENTS
October 1946

Lonpon Sete In AUTUMN Cover he
From a pencil drawing by William . een in an exhibit in the Mus
A Fonest Loven IN THE CARIBBEE ae
elen of the West Indi J. S. Beard 237
THE Orrtcica 8 OF bee ie ae OIL FROMITS SEEDS George S. Jamieson 243
Lesion NEMA’ aa on Ri oe OF JAPANESE IRIs B. O. Dodge 246

ExpLoRraTION-—-THE Pro AND THE tee
n the Revace of TBO cal Explor E. J. Alexander 248
On the adage oe ply in the “Hetbarom . H. Camp 250
BROADCAST—SIXTEEN CEN ae ee William H. Ukers 252
OTICES AND Revawe OF Recean Boo 256
Notes, News, AND COMMENT 258

ie Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58,
™ ae in - S. A. Entered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post "Oies
a pares ork, N, Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1. 50. Single copies
15 cents.

JOURNAL
f

THE NEW YorkK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Voi. 47 Ocroser 1946 No. 562

cA Forest-Lover in the Caribbee Islands

V. The Helen of the West Indies
By J. S. Beard

IE somewhat pretentious title of “Helen of the West Indies” is one
which the inhabitants of St. Lucia, second largest of a British Wind-
ward Islands, like to claim for their island, because she was fought over so
bitterly during the eighteenth century struggles of oe fae English.

uci next island
always the great French stronghold. In taking St. Luc Pees the

length. Thu s St tea did chan: ands many times. The island was
finally made over to Britain by the Te aty of Paris of 1814, but before that
date it had been predominantly in French occupation and had acquired a
French character which persists to this day. All place names on the island
are French, old French law is still in force, and the current language is
creole French, many country people having no English at all. All local
D me o

nich, and to of Franc
will seem very odd: for this PaTors, as it is is called, is not just a French

h a language
pounded of a French vocabulary and a West African syntax, a rathe
interesting hybrid tongue. To a Frenchman | may be familiar, but

not the construction.
It is very difficult to believe from the St. Lucia of today that the island
was ever so bitterly contested. The greater bulk of the au of St. Lucia

are extremely uae including the worst soils in the Lesser Antilles.
Accordingly there are few stretches of the island ie are ae ly
cultivated, most - the land being covered with a dreary and monotonous

secondary bush in which the peasantry periodically ee Gaal patches

237

St. Lucia’s Petit Piton towers straight up from the sea over Soufriére Bay.

and plant food gardens. This lack of agricultural productivity has
naturally sunk the island in a depressing poverty.

Scenically St. Lucia is quite attractive. Twenty-five miles long and
twelve ae it is covered with low mountains not exceeding 1,600 feet
in altitude for the most part. These are geologica ally old, and the original
volcanoes have been so worn away that their hard basaltic cores now
project as Eee eae ee pee = peak . hein PITON locally

i cha The thei necting ridges are
divided : ie and ae cut ee mith See oa at their mouths.

The southwestern corner of the ae chiar the town of Soufriére, is
Se younger and contain striking are including

Gimie (3,145 feet) the tee ‘ oP of this he Sul
ena (a solfatara) and the famous Gros Piton and Pati Piton. These
t i i wri

On such slopes one does not expect to find a very t r dense tree
growth. The forest is, actually, of a dry” type about 20 fet high with

239

many deciduous species. Lonchocarpus iene a is dom-
inant, wi he red-trunked Bursera OMMIER MAUDIT),
Cedrela mexicana (ACAJOU ROUGE or ae se pes prickly Fagara
Moka iae (V’SPINEUX), blue-flowered Cornutia pyramidata (BOIS

ASSAVE), and Coccoloba Le (RAISINIER or wild grape). Coccoloba
diversifolia. becomes dominant at the summit of the Eros Piton. Cloud
conditions here make Sees very high, and the woodland features an
aaaanie abundance of epi Lhe Galen Anthurium Hook
On rock:

er
y places on the slopes there i nteresting ground layer .

na rest. - e surfaces of th e bou ders are ae nsly covered ae mats of a
eperomia, a white- oe orchid ( ooo ciliare), moss, ferns, a
large bromeliad, and t pecies of ee m. The association o such
a hygrophilous aaa ne with a dry ty oe overwood i us one.
Botanical ae show that Juniperus bailed: has bee seallected on
the Pitons but the writer has not been able to find it. This is the sole

oe pre of this species in the Lesser Antilles, for it is now extinct
in Barbados

There is an interesting vegetation around the aaa ae since
only special plants can withstand the poisonous sulphurous gas
off. Closest to the fumaroles appear catend tufts of the aa ia Pit
cairnia alate ia and the sedge Cyperus ligularis growing in

and yellow stratum of rock rotted soft by the gases. Slightly fae an
tate es of Clusia alba ae C. Plukenetii ies their deep green leaves and
pretty flowers. aa around the perimeter are densely covered with
ferns of several sp

To find virgin rain forests one must, as in all these islands, penetrate
the somewhat sea interior. About 15,000 acres ie the interior
remain unsold for agriculture and in theo ios now constitute a Forest Re-
serve. Uatoun unately, only about a third the area ee re n legally
conse? ane there is ae uate control over the remai ee. so that

ti e done by the shifting prea About

10,000 acres carry y good aly rain ages me of it, in the most inac-
cessible parts, absolutely v Ther one eae Forest Reserve

drive of five miles over a very bad road, setting one down at saan
schoolhouse on the very oie ie the forest. From here the old Fre

road across the island may be followed on foot, for it is only a bridle ae
through the forest round the slopes of Piton ps

The southern block of forest may be entered w modern
road crosses the Barre de I’Ile or neues watrshed Che a 200 feet ae
tion). In both directions, north and south, ack follows the top of the

ridge and one soon arrives in virgin foes of Ge Licania type which has

240

The southward trail many a steep climb over Piton

not known the axe.
of the forest. A more

Paes oe continues for miles into the dep

difficult but more interesting lies up the Roseau river. If the course
of this Pee be followed, man’s disturbances are in due time left behind
and the river is seen in the best of its wild beauty between eres forested

banks. One of the ater river bank trees is an endemic of St. Lucia,
Chrysochlamys caribaea (BOIS MANGLE), a stilt-rooted tree at the family
a While not ae beautiful, it is interesting as a botanical

hird approach to - forests is by way of the bridle bees crossing

ie ee from Micoud to Soufriére. It involves a walk of twelve miles

along a i aa ack and : is advi to stop en route at ie res t rest

t at Quilesse. Actually there is Pauw little virgin aS to see on
sh

h vi
this route because of past depredat ms of the hifti ting c cultiv
eae of St Lucia,

deep, porous a ‘Dacryodes- -Sloanea as soci vi
n least favourable sites, exposed t ith compact, badly
aerated red cl il, the Licania-Oxythece association is found. in
intermediate sites, of course a Seeias te, tl floras mingle,
conditions. ma

ting out a more extre: Both types for
ue ne rain ae 90 to 100 or more ee tall. The Licania type gives
wded impre: ae an is less rich in epiphytes, but apart t from
aor the raftecncs are qui
In the Dacryodes-Sloanea ee the chief dominant is Dacryodes ee
(GOMMIER), see followed ee dae caribaea (c aaeng ae i
Sterculia caribaea (MAHOT COCHON). Others less common

RR
this series of agrneee of the Lesser Antilles eae will already be very
familiar with the resin- pec eae an e heavily ee
Sloanea. Sterculia caribae whose ee ue a useful fibre
cordage. The other fn men hea are oe timber trees. ae
is ee a rai pee tree ne showy flowers—huge, white, magnolia-

di rarely’ sees fa

t fa 4 how off to bes Av

but smaller tree a forest is Tapura pes a ey with a tobed

and fluted he The palm Euterpe globosa- ( eae bie, he bulk

of the lower storey pee with | stilt ted mita Recs

(PALETUVIER) and Swartzia caribaea (CASSE Ther are numerous big-

leaved Males pial to aan Phiodoudeon and Carludovica.
rchid

e Li icania- fn yied ce hg ee is quite differently composed. Euter a
globosa is still often very common in the lower layer and so is Tovomita,

241

i several ie ee trees og! ues them. The chief dominan’
now Licania ternaten. MAS.

Ss (BO: sE) and Oxythece pallida

Ca aa. ane is sill “fairly common but Sloanea almost
disappears. icinia nor Oxythece yields timber of any value
'ypical associated re ts in eee Protium attenuatum (L’ENCENS),
Ternstroemia olig (MERISE), Micropholis chrysophylloides

phylio
(FEUILLE DOREE), “Manilbara eer (Batata) and Guatteria caribaea
(CoROSSOL MARRON). Of these eight iat mentioned, two secrete
an aromatic gum and three a latex. r Dac ae itself thes:
peculiarities are uncommon in the ae feed Epiphytic vegetation
is scarce but includes the unusual climbing fern Blechnum volubile. A

The dense growth of giant epiphytes, mostly Anthurium Hookeri, at the base of Gr

Piton is shown at the left. Beside it is a boiling mud pool, surrounded by bare ihe

encrusted a which forms part of the Sulphur Springs. At the top is a sad sight all
too common in the interior—forest destroyed by peasantry for vegetable gardens.

rain forest high up o peas Dominant ae are ete oligantha and
Micropholis Re shellodee with Anthurium on the und,

species of Smilax is among the common lianes and trails its prickly tendrils
ae es a to the peril of the bare-legged intruder. Its patois name

po ome in ears ing rare plants in ve St. Lucia forests besides the Chryso-

chlamys along rivers include the tree Dussia martini ace (POMMIER),
sole species of an aml “anil eae and the shrub Exostemma
paca Luciae (QU Ors) wi huge heads of purple flowers

most fuel a ae eee is pel locally as a febrifuge. There
es a Saal ae palm, an Aiphanes, which is probably endemic but so
far undescribed, and two new paca recently collected He the writer,
Miconia lnciona, Case and Licania oligantha A. C. Sm The latter
becomes ee : in the dwarfed rain forest at ae tops of oe and high
ridges, as oa mple at the top of La Sor
The St. Lucia ae has been relatively hay ihead and undoubtedly
a number o novelties still await discovery.

243

The Oiticica Tree of Brazil
And the Oil from its Seeds

By George S. Jamieson

NE of the South ets trees most recently to be exploited is the

amieson, the country’s authority on oil-producing plants and their
roducts, here tells bik the story of the oiticica tree and its useful
a ‘bearing seeds—C. H. W.

HE OITICICA TREE, which is indigenous to the interior region
of northern Brazil, is a tropical member of the Rose family, cass

as Licani id ge numbers e trees are growi: ild in the
states of Ceara, Piaui, Paraiba, and Rio Gra do Norte—that is, eral
the “ ” of hich pushes eastward into ic. The

most extensive sta nds of them are along the banks of the Jaguaribe and
Acarahti rivers in Ceara, and of the Assi, Apody, Piranhas, and Ipenema
in we Grande a Norte.

A considerable portio mn of the country in which the oiticica is ne -
eeciany Ceara a, is semi-arid and subject to long periods of dro

c
higher. ee on toed periods, ae ae foliage i is nee the ci ee
milar to mango

vegetation see r general ay ance is sim

Since ae s the dense th ade of these pete trees ee ‘bee n
greatly eed both by man and beast. In later years, much use was
.made of oiticica lumber for carpentry purposes by the natives; however,
for some years now it has been unlawful to cut the trees

As early as 1860, some attention was given to extracting the oil from
t or making t the disagi e odor of the oil, which
persisted in the soap, discouraged further foal tion for many years.
oo ian followed several further attempts to produce the oil
on a small c

mercial scale, she chief idea of converting it into
se but one were also unsuccess
y 1918, chemists had found es was a strong drying oil, and

244

Oiticica trees resemble mango trees in appearance, their breadth often equaling t
ate Che and - ge ah ae ae ee Paiee are reproduced by corey ]
entific S of tl Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Associ
experiments began to be made in order to find how to use it for making
paint, then varnish. After much time and effort had been pie eee

tory methods were Saale Panes the oil fee these purpos:

ever, it was not until 1927 that the oil began to be successfully os

in commercial quantities. By i 31, its producti on had iner — so that

some of the oil could be exported to the United States and Europe. Since

1939, following years of large seed crops the annual uae of oil has

at times amoun ted u up to near ly 15 ,000 ah tons. It should be mentioned,
i

e th

Oiticica ae blos. luring A’ ioe a September. The fruits are
collected from December to March and Berane rted to the oil mills, the
majority of which (Fourteen or more) are located in i. state - . ara.
The matured fruits are oval, varying in length from 1.2 to 2 i s and
from 0.5 to 0.75 ee in diameter at the middle. They consist oe ay
friable thin shells in which is e saa a single seed or kernel of a more
or less reddish-brown color throughow They constitute pe about 65

075 Laura . the weight of the ae The average weight of the seeds
examined was 3.7 grams and the oil content of different lots of seeds
varied from 35 to 62 percent.

245

A characteristic of the oil is its ee shortly after expression.
2 order t wate it permanently liquid for convenience in handling and
ing it, oil is heated to 210-. 220° C. for oon 30 minutes. As wit
other ie drying oils, in order to keep it in good condition until used,
i ks.

ablish:
studying the propagation of these trees. As a result of conga there,
thousands of seedlings are now being budded ee ee taken from high
yielding mature trees, for ing out in plantati Many of the trees
begin to ‘o blossom two bie os buddin: ng, ane ee not budded,
in many instances, do not blossom until nine years old or more
ae sie dure is i. oO being ex eae! used in the establishment of
the newer tung treé plantations in our southern aa southern plea
and pice by now elsewhere, thus eee for the trees uniform bi
ing characteristics, ae could not be obtained from seedlings not budde a
It appears probable na few more years the crops from budded speci-
mens will supple: a ey a notable extent the seeds collected from the wild

e8,

view of the value of the oil for manufacturing paints ee other pro-
tective coatings, the possibility of growing the tree in the southern part
of Ilorida was suggested some years ago. At that time one nee was

The nut-like fruits of the oiticica tree, which grow up to 2 inches long, consist of a thin
shell enclosing a single seed, or kernel, with an oil content of around 60 percent.

246

made to aie it there, but without success. Somewhat later, Brazil passed

a law which prohibits sending any oiticica en to other countries. This
will have little ees ues ver, on produc in other countries, for
prior to this decree, ee € percent of the ay ay ae or to England
could be germin ated. These experiences show the obvious need of getting
seedlings instead of — from Brazil for plantings a be established in
other countries, on any commercial scale.

som )
Lesion Nematodes
On Roots of Japanese Iris

By B. O. Dodge

OR nearly twenty years the cause of the death of Us aaa iris ss

een a repeated puzzle. Time after time, as cultures have bee
made from the rhizomes, we have thought we had the answer, a the
result e never quite clusive. Now, again, we th w at

aoe one of the basic causes, and it is an agent previously unsuspected
ase

t was back in 1928 that Professor R. A. Harper first asked me to ex
amine his Japanese iris planting at Ridgewood, New Jersey. The a
in many clumps were dying out after having grown beautifully for some
years. The leaves of some plants gradually setige rusty brown prematurely
during the summer months. In many faa the whole clump had died out
or was doomed. We found that the ee s Sclerotium Delphi, along
with some species of Fusarium, Neth developed on rhizomes kept
in moist chambers. Thrips were are frequently foun working in ee leaf

he: i nd m maggot:

sheaths. Since we fou ore consistently m s of fe small fly
Chaetopsis fulvifrons infesting the ee of leaves, it hes Sip ae that sae
babl: ble f uch of injury.t

i G.
sgt aseaaie oa Brooklyn Botanic Garden, had rs eee ee same
ly in S.
oe yee ed. 0 a Poe of rhizomes, the leaves from which were
brown, and kept them in damp chambers for several weeks. On most of
them new os os to develop. When these rhizomes were planted out
os ag sent out some roots, good plants were forthcoming the follow-
Professor Harper also found that if he Seer his dying
ore. iene vie off oe replanted seen in a new plot, they usually
recovered and flowered again for a few
A t time eee: iris in our own limited plantings at the Botanical
Garden suffered some infestation by thrips, but the fly was not often foun
During the past two or three years we es noticed that our Japanese iris in

1 Dodge, B. O. Notes on some iris troubles. Jour, N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 5-10, 1929.

247

more recent plantings were not doing very well. Although some small
ly stunte

ere rusty b his summe ring June and July it

found he plants in some of the clumps either were dying or

were already dead. We found ad heey thrips, the sclerotium disease,
nor the nisi ae could . oe

of the all r att: rane a were thoroughly washed. The
short ‘ay cated pee joes much like those of our boxwood which
Dr, G. Steiner at Beltsv: sets Md., had found were badly ia with two
new species of meadow n matode. na se perhaps nematodes were
also injuring these iris pants, t Dr. Steiner specimens from three
different gardens from which ouble had ae poet He found meadow
nematodes badly infesti ting the roots ach, and ge out that the
— of nematode on iris was ae Fegan: on the roots. He had
previously written me that the meadow nematodes in the ss of boxwood
usually infest ed “the t tips of cee roots, thereby not causing lesions.

Ni
been ie to the lesion nematode, ae primarily to “the chaetopsis fly or to
thri

ee and Young? have shown that when soil infested with the lesion

2 Godfrey, G. H. and P. A. Young. Texas Agr. Exp, Sta. Bull. 628: 16. 1943.

Roots of two Japanese iris plants, the leaves of which had turned brown ci di ed,
shown at the left. The ee or matted rootlets are characteristic of 1 ieee
with the lesion nemai mode: af the larger ond more turgid roots a “he qed

le ms cause hea At the “pe is a root on which most of the rootlets

have been kil led. by nem Mae ‘infestation. I left in hale garden, plants like this will die

completely. Nematodes are now believed to ie the cause of some iris troubles previously
misunderstood.

248

nematode is properly fumigated swith tear gas (chloropicrin), the araeee
at

are se killed. It
of Japar se iris are infes

ted by the

when iris is infected w
out in soil tha
fumigant

t is therefore epee
es

ith scle
t has been sterilized with tear gas or some other effective

Exploration

The Process and the Result

O ADDRESSES printed below were aban by two of the head

E TW
if members who had r
i hh

sta; recently returned from extensive botanical expeditions 6
opical America, at the Annual Meeting of the poration of the New ee
Botanical Garden 2. They are published in this number of the Journal in order

to accompany the Annual Report, being issued as Pat ‘wo of the October number.
distributed without extra charge to mbers of the Garden and to others who

the
nay be interested in following the year’s activities at the institution.

ON THE TECHNIQUE OF
BOTANICAL EXPLORATION
E, J, Alexan
ARLY collectors in Latin America

did not make advance preparations
other studying maps

der

This,

of course, must still be done, but now
it is desirable to learn in advance, on the
basis of the collections of the early ex-

objec-

m. ain-

botanical and
o kno

a W
‘materials might be found. This sala
sitated long study in ‘he ae, tak-
ing copious notes for field

quested in person immediately upon ar-

rival. Since Latin Americans never do

anything at a fast pace, it is not possible

to t the permits upon short notice,

and it may be d weeks, or

cases, months ae they arrive. Fi

dried specimens, live plants and seeds,
needed apa on the Departments

of Agriculture and Forestry, as well as
letters to their fi ae oc in the area:

iit whieh I esne ted t go. With the
id of U. » Embassy officers, I obtained
these in ten da

dee arrival a center, it is

i
well present
Dredge ie Oe and
who know the Benda ea
1) wor) nd a

ry,
available for Ik, ai illing to
ndertak ssistants ar Shien chosen
from tho 0 present themselves, al-

S ta
a new line to them

and hunters by tra ade, Latin American

249

helpers must be made completely ac-

quainted a ae oe is’ doing, in de-
tail, an hey have great
difficulty understanding why one does

things a which there is no financial

. of
allow them + 1 es of tl
work in order to retain their good-will
and loyalty requent ese are
held, for the natives kno eir seasons

and ‘conditions of growth: ne tan give
advi what areas to visit and
ben. tt - to this native knowledge
that I must give credit for the large
quantity of seeds obtained, as well as
many rarities, both horticultural and
botanical.
oe Problems
ssibility of places and ways
transportation thereto and back. are aise
imbortan' s honey-

ections where trai

some he le s

is necessary. In one place, on Cerro

Guiengca a siping Raat was
side | the sae but

it a eco . toc oh ail

down the othe ae
comple traverse of “this “ine topped
ee Sin ese mo ra:

e thes uitains rarely
Me it ae also enue = 10. ey a
Hee of that, in additi o food, camp-
ing and collecting equinment. In fact,
this carrying of essary all
over Mexico in the Wine an except
in a few areas. Often we had to hite
a horse or burro with its ner for

ow
heavy ‘or long oe
t When too

trails are eep,

carry the equipment tions out.
O e trip over th res Cruc
to the Pacific coast of Oaxaca, we used
he collecting assistants, s ee : pina
man at each village to carry

terial to the next one, thus ee Hee

so hen we came out at Miahuatlan
it was all waiting in a hotel room. T!
letters and ca rom the official
ae a in Comitan near the
Guatem: a bord r, where the local for-

le
ester de with us himself as guide to
insure us the courtesy of the natives for

tas and lodging. In the Cafion de Ja
Mano Negra near ates, in Guerrero the
“Vice- Mayor” an armed deputy
along to act as sian, carrier and guide.
Collecting Te
In collecting, it always advisable
no gather parts for herbarium speci-
mens without first going over an entire
colony in order to select representative
material. This should be gotten into
sae as s s possibl Notes
also be taken of flower and fruit

Iso b
color and texture, odor if present, size,

general appearance ae type of plant,
habit, habitat, and uses any. i col-
lecting seed, clean mai ature seed is always
selected, and for plants, ood fealty
ropagating material: must be chosen.

re - m cee ae wrapping are best cone on
1 1

avoid future n
Athentieatng herbarium __ speci mens
ould de from

n the sam
c

ee, i ‘i a - e in identifiable ae
ition. Sin experienced botanist
can nee “identity _ the field a plant

flow fru to family, raid
Frequently to ens it is possible

-
to have a pare nably idea as to
what group a plant belones when only
seeds are present. This must o course
b ¢ from seed and
st ene ull
identity as to species is rarely possible
in the field.
After the Plants are Gathered
Drying of herbarium specimens is one
a bee most tedious of the field-collector’s
tasks. Each evening after the
ae er collecting, every one of the speci-

meng must be gone over, carefully ar-
ranged in the position in which a : de-
sired a dry, all surplus ote

ved,
ach a ced in
presses between newspaper shea for the
ee drying. A stove for supplying arti-

jal heat is usually carried along for
fala work, in order to speed the drying,
which often takes two or ys
in d i

ter
as a center, the rainy season was on,
and artificial heat was needed.

250

After all the day’s specimens are
which usually takes until
“later, it is then necessary
to write up the day’ s notes, alae and
records, and plan for the next day.
Seeds must be washed nee of feshy ma-

terial to avoid rotting, and lai
out to dry, and ue ants mst be heeled
into sand i: dr. ‘hus
. often tw ees o'c ce in ce morn-
ing red cae gets to bed, to be up
again at daylight. Four or five hours

of sleep were the most we usually ha
in the Rela, after a heavy day’s collect-

all nae ee are finished, dried
eeds must then be packed

shipped
final clearing job

ecessary to clean all the

weight. Dried Hving specimens must be
sorted and also cleane facilitate pass-
age through the Jant Quarantine
Stations and thus avoid delay reach-
ing destination. Then permits were again
required for shipment, each permit
taking about k to obtain, Il of
these tasks d a surprising amount
of time and tediw on ust
imsel

he collector ns and awaits
the arrival of the Sienna Next comes
the work of identification, rounding u
of reports, and analyzing the results
obtained. This usually takes the fences
time of sometimes years ially
as one mu Iways wait for plants
seed to reach identifiable

Some of the results which may be
reasonably Reina from | this particular
Mexic e briefly:

Intro od ction to horticulture of ma
new or rare subjects of Gemamenul 6 of
Soe value.

Some of those which
pecial promise are a fine red-

offer

eebaas lobelia twelve feet tall; a golden-

wered tree pent elia; an exceptionally
Hae Sees rsimmon; a fine pure
white day-blooming epiphyl lum ; several

fine morning-glories with royal purple,
lilac, Tose pales and buff-yellow towers
‘tra: agrant vote ae lowered, rubby
eupatorium ; ‘a ric h blue- flowered shrubby
ue a fine d shrub-
by rnonia; a thistle-like plant with
Haine red flowers; an intensely orange
marigold-relative; a passion-flower ie
highly ornamental red fei t; an oran
yellow thistle-like shrub; a_ be atta

a
goilden-flowered, fragrant, ai
pe bignonia ; and the famous hand-flowe!
tre

Ther be expe ae cd fair
tpeeeeata ge of ae new to renee, rare
plants of which the instation ihs no

s a aeaey import: ant ran: tension: *

new collections of little known
Gedes besides much learned of the flor:
of Mexico, periculatly some little visited
sections, all o h will serve towards

a future round ing-up of our knowledge
the flora of our neighboring republic.

o
Em
ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF
ATERIAL IN THE

W. H. Camp
war there were numer-
phe exact Ra from
ing great
farticularly
ribution and
Lad ie

DE Sa
Saenee eee concern:
variety of puaiee plants,
regardin istri
abu a a
ished at once, but, as in man:
elds, we were peer “in my opinion
lai

tirely at the door o cuatsts
themselves; rather, it is because the field
is so large and the ers so few.
onically enough, had ev half the
it spent ing th r emergency

sary fumbling without essential

this
data could have been saved.

251

Furthermore, although we might easily
disregard the dollars lost, we cannot

medical supplies and matériel. This war
demonstrated as er before that the
amer 0) pla: —the systematist—in his
herbarium is not an “ivory tower” scien-
tist but an ingore ant cog in our civiliza-
tion.

the problems of a civilization

at en ie no less than one at war.
It therefore would seem advisable that
we continue the work a
our knowledge of th =
iabotion bare “availability of eee with
all the energy at our command.
From Mountainside to Printed Page

Of the various things which heppen
between the time a plant is growing o
some distant moun ntain: nside and the time it
becomes officially ee ay two

which happen

eve y
He fellow Y gystematists), For the
explorer and systematist ie may be
aed oft - are one and the e person),
es e two operations—the collecnne and
publication are only a small part of the
Let us, therefore. for a brief
ea consider ae what happens be-
tw he ti i received
in the herbarium ond nite day it has an
official Latin (botanical) name attached
to it.

Con rary to popular supposition the
wae land surface has not been ade-
quately covered by reais. of mai Is,
floras, or even lists. So much has yet to
be dealt with in an organized manner
that, for the most part, the systematist
working over the material brought back

inj
by the latest expedition has almost liter-
we to dig out his identifications as best

Co nfron ted with a specimen, the sys-
tematist must first make a tentative iden-
tification as to the family. This rarely
presents any great problem, but there

are cases where Pe comules Say

ment occurs. If flow

or several of the
sks

€
bo
as to be made once cae pliable and a
bring the parts back to something of thei!
u A

normal shape. en : wers must i
dissected under l lenses of
special ee determine the

number of parts and their arrangement.
a aeely ge ve position, so far
famil

“For bes n es pee ae identification as
to g and species—the levatemtict 2
conde hiniseli indeed lucky if ther
is anything ap a
graph of the

tha take his specimen into the
herbarium and _ be e laborious and
rt onsuming p of “matching.”

one of the ies nee such
as that of the otanical

arden, he may be Tate enough to
match his specimen a thers previously
Srey and es hopes) correctly

beled. If the group to ee ich the plant
ae longs is pelubvely a nee usually
is at ae trouble d the matching is
don relative! ely shor time ; i
large— ty several hundred species
already oe ae that general part
of the world—then all he can do is grind
wn through the bebanuny species after
species and - ter case, until he
chances upon match. When

one recalls that this matching often i
to be done with the aid of a magnifier
microscope it is easy to envision the ay
it a takes to identify a single
specimen. On ae ot
is eepecially tru
from one of the: ies as
the Ara isa great likelinood that
he is unable tch it; if so, his troubles
have Ha nee

earch through the herbarium

Vv
that an
check ‘he available literature “pertaining
o this group of plants a ascertain what
thee species not in the herbarium ae
been previously desctibed from the sam

252
gion. If so, then he goes into the
fibea digs out the literature and care-
fully. “transla tes the cripti

ca one imself lucky. does not
find a suitable description he yet is not
positive that he n species and
must go through the literature in ever-

cles and along natural lines

ere still is no pe le description,
then ne an even more Pens ie
of work. No serv.

through the more recent literatu e, Cov-
ering possibly the last five years nd
when one remembers that there about
1,200 journals whi ublish botanical
material, me can envision the task cor
fronti the re earcher who does not

lesire t rature further
2 ee duplication of described

ng the work of identifying a single
, sometimes so much eas
to be d

n the average,
the mateal at the rate
spe

literature and its ev:
of the ¢ollections present is sucl tash
it ns aay proce nsiderably

t a more rapid rate usually results in ]

visions are a ral outcom
identification of materials from the lesser
known parts of the world; they are per-
haps the most valuable immediate results
obtained.

Thus it is that months or even years
after it is collected—and after a long and

ten tedi cess 0: against
collections in the herbarium as well as all
the liter: eee available—there appears in
print in ical journal the de-
scriptio Cf a a “ pecies”—new only

mn known to the scientific wor!

BROADCAST

By William H. Ukers

EA MANUFACTURE and consump-

y
‘s, Editor of the Tea
& Co. Fae a ade Tournal, ee Saeed of
“All Abou “All Abo t Coffee,”
and ‘ Rone: of Tea The para-
graphs below hae en ne from his
script, which was entitled:

Sixteen Centuries of Tea Drinking

ee et course have no way of telling

w long Ne people of China and
couse drinking
But w that they have
ion using ot for at least 1,600 years,
for from the year 350 A.D., when we
have the first reliable literary reference
to tea, we have Fe oma: story of its
cultivation an

The Earliest Reference

nes

Be ie mention of tea

in ictionary an centae ted
by ‘the celebrated “Chinese as Rue
Po. Tea define dt

formation is As led
from the leaves by bo

tionary it is called x1a; Sut later it be-
came cH’a, which in the dialect of Amoy

253

was ee Some countries—
Is
an
ord for tea from the cu’a of the
fess dialect. Others ive taken it fon
h and thus

the Amoy, e get in several
familiar languages, s s French and
erman, a word that sounds like “tay,”

botanical name o te $
different sort of derivation erman
botai fer, in cen-

Thea, ose classical name which
would sound a uch as possible like
the Oriental name. When Linnaeus, from
hom al oder botanical names ar

: firs
cause it represented the barbarian fame
- he ae it), and also because it was
i ee be ee for godd
ie ch man

particular ‘plant might
divi

conceive to be
pada rrane Ori,
The birthplace : ea is believed to
se in “south pala Asia, occupying Yun-
in China, of Indo-China and
f

It is very mountainous there,
ag the best teas come from mountainous

a was brought a oo from
its home in a or
hi tory. Fro
first Chinese even reference to

—350 A. we know that tea was fae
grown i ats e Yangtze valley, and from
Bae it eradually moved eastward to the

An Ancient Publicity Stunt

Another book about te: ared in the

ven-

awakened and my spirits exhilarated xe
if with wine.”

Althou; the Chinese tea growers
hoped to sees their methods a Sane
the p: Devine eyes of the

it
Shs tea book of Lu Yu which gave

the information bs foreigners who
anted to learn h yw tea in the:
ain countries.”

gr oe the
ese Tea Celemony.

The Formal Drinking of Tea

eremony, as it is practised in the
oe social nana is like this:
After the

£ the
sol emit, abe At to his es with both
hands y dignified fashion. The

his gullet with a distinct sucking noise,
attest his great delight with the

aught.

Tea Ceremony was originally

As _ the
practised, the chief guest takes a sip

first, then the teabowl is passed to the
next pe i in turn passes i und
uni it reaches the host, who drinks last.

e next guest has a
which to drink.
t has finished drinking,

pass out, receiving their
pea and farewells with many
bows and obeisances.

254

oo of course, does not go on every
time that one uses tea in Japan, for the
cnlire are ion drinks it almost con-
oy ith

oe a very ordinary tea

le on 6 rse, cheap leaves. It is

only for special oo that the cere-
mony is brought into play.

Tea in Meek and America

Tea made its way from the Orient
into Tae about 1650. v

It was very
expensive then, costing from six to ten
pounds—that i dollars—a

tea. About this time a quantity of tea
was sigs ies to England from the Nether-
lands, ere the serving of this drink
already ov bee social elegance

tea-gardens

ing
concerts, even opportunity for
I

“in publiqu

reat Britain in the 18th
century who talked against it. No less a
figure tl the o Wesle
Saas tea to ts ful to 0

e
Wesley late in a ie “became a tea
even is sa are us ales

ndon at reals. and he wo

anothe ho of drin
ing tea has made its influence felt
pottery, painting, and poetry.

Making Black and Green Tea

Several different kinds a can be

in American stores, among them
plain green and black tea. fea a
can be obtained from the same lea’
After plucking, if bl: fe

pores a

he second step is rolling by hand or by
machine, to break ge the cells of the
ea juices

leaf aS a the are stored.
This t be deie without tearing the

he third process is fermentation. As
soon the juices produ are exposed
o the air, oxidation starts and the leaf
assumes a brig! per color. During
fermentation the leaves are spread out

t t floor t

‘h tes step in producing black tea
is dry: ring, ” which may be done

or firi
in baskets eas charcoal fires or in tea-
firing machin

desired, ahaa

steamed in revol orated cylinders
In China, Japan, a ‘ori poate a
and manufacture is more , the

n
leaves are tossed about by hand i in aan iron
vessel built into a charcoal st As

to crisp, when they are put ey and
tnoroueh yt dried oc slow ‘oal fi

In the fi
which i s haliw.
leaf is ie a light w
slight ferment, a which i
and rolled by h and and the
ee ais shaped” bamboo baskets over

oal fire:

The Meaning of “Pek

Pekoe ond oe nee are names for
the housew to conju
Heated ae ie with or:
uit, is it a particular r
ee Ot fe The term was originally
applied to a tea in China scented with

255

orange blossoms, s later broadened
to cover a more or Tess. wall twisted leaf,
Generally speak-
which results

grade, slower than Beane
08, aaa eeaults from sifting.

A Choice of Tea
kind of tea to use depends

en
each of these classifications there
many different grades, and eieatelly

‘a to suit his

o like the K
hina, which is black, and I find
the mountain-grown Ceylon hard to re-

How To Make Good =

The bes tea is to use
freshly drawn, *slehtly se or Fate
hard oe water from the faucet. Bring

it to a bubbling boil. Allow one rounded
a standard “exspoanta of tea for each cup
tea i ro oy ered

ted

in, or gla oe

meee use the leaves a second

of the Pacific

dna rich plant life found o
descriptions must be brie!
vegetation is presented

295

pages

“Stimulating, informative,
and well worth reading.”

PLANT LIFE of the
PACIFIC WORLD
by Elmer D. Merrill
Director of the Arnold Arboretum

This remarkable book, prepared by the leading authority on the flora
c region, is the first to cover in ae 1 ext

m the Paci
, but a fees over- “a es of the luxuriant

256 drawings
The Macmillan Company, 60 Fifth Avenue, New York 11

—-The Journal of the
N. Y. Botanical Garden.

volume the
islands. Necessari

Price $3.50

256

NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS

Root Disease Fungi
ROOT DISEASE FUNGI. S. D. G
rett. 177 Adelie jp coonanien
Chronic:
“GE.
Stechert & Co., New York, 1944.
$4.50,
on is book was written by a mycologist
who had himself made extensive studies
and control of so

ae to the plant,
fungus is necessary. On
there a are many situations w!
plant would not find the ma
available ae an ee then “sickens
and dies. a uch an env!
that the at Te
present, ener out the necessary chem:
cal changes so that the plants peas
erie amounts ne euaee foodstuffs
a rer thrive. Ti mn of
the €

affirmativ he
when is there a He call for arta
assistani

Among the aes fue discussed
we ae et of soil environment, espe-

cially as it per bain t the read of root
Hiseaces. » Gapbade welleae tomato and
flax ae and the Gibberella oe
blight © wheat are favored by high soil
ae nion smut,

tobacco Fost
rot and stem canker of potato are favored
by low temperatures. One is at first sur-

rised to find that the euler age aa
seedling blight of wi
hi

ceptibility te initial cee under high
and low ie temperatures.

More than 20 diseases favored by high
soil ce ais are listed. ee
hi —

them w of corn, pineapple

wilt, and ee Of cereals, Of the

. diseases favored by low on moisture
e find 10 are smut diseases of

cereals: em ee for this, the author
points out, is that the initial infection
by smuts is poy favored by the
better aeratio drier soils.

The author ae es very clearly
those dieaess pe by, light soil as
contrasted with heavy soils, and those

tho us
varied to meet such environmental condi-
tions. Some root rot diseases of plants
are favored by applications of organic
matter, while other diseases like “take
of wheat, and cotton roo are
controlled by applying organic m aa

vary his methods of control where plana:
tion crops are grown in ean pr as
contrasted with crops in old plantations.

e book is of the type ee will be
found especially eae i ie younger
plant pathologists who eed of a
coerrehensive ree ° that oe of
plant pathology about which they are

Kk less well ar _ especialy

likely to be
as the book deals in general where
methods of control involve ‘Sacie prin-

ciples widely cn able.
i raphy of about 400 titles
e general and author

soil-borne organisms.
. O, Donce.

iseases caused by

257

As Tom Barbour Lives On
NATURALIST’S SCRAPB

he omas Barbour. ane te

trated, indexed,
sity Press, Cambri (aces Mass.

$3.

n Thomas Barbour’s “A Naturalist’s
Seragtock, Me publi a oy months after
in;

A Many-Faceted Garden

ITHIN MY GARDEN V LS.
Georgia Squires Whitman. 156
pages, indexed, illustrated he
Tool Shed ess, edford, Y.,
1939. Distributed by Wim. S. Hein-
man & k 10, N. ¥. $1.

tanical and sa names, and with the
making of garden,
the author includes

man all over the wor! n search o The |
specimens to enrich the collections of iS ras garden 9 h
his “beloved. museu e book is many smaller gardens devoted to the
growing of certain plants. The book de-
ch scribes these ous gardens in detail
and interesting experiences connected To the beginner or those who can devote
with his long years as Director of the only a small t of time or moi
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Har- the book is confusing and discouraging.
ard and Director of the Peabody Mu- | The pick: rden is a good sugges-
seum at Salem a a the Boston Museu tion, ay be gathered there
e gave his ti to these museums Without ier Binet Baas
La for the lov - the work. nae appeals to those who love to be out o
ple with independent means eve doors, yet Sees the time to cultivate
as much as he did to us young scien- many flow
Lerge Bizzet. Hunter.

Grove

SEED COLLECTORS

We are interested in purchasing

Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds

Gard
called him o
Correspondence invited

a
d picked up on the Tamiami

gratef ul that Tom

HERBST BROTHERS

92 Warren St. New York 7, N. Y.

in the years
ELeanor F. MonTcomMeEry.

women

258

Plants of Primitive Use

ETHNOBOTANY bad WESTERN
W. INGTON, a Gunther. th i=
versity of Washington. Publications
in ees 10:1-62. 1945. $1.

materials they
seem to have
little ne except as psycho-palliatives ;
conversely, a oo number either are
art of our copoeia today or are
closely related spi nace s which may be pre-
sumed to contain at least slight amounts
of similarly useful substances.

For the anne
Herb ce rden
RY ccna HERBS. Helen

Whitman Unpaged. The Tool Shed

Bedford, yy ¥., 1942.
tributed by Wm. S. Heinman
New aed $1.

This book is useful to those who are
staring to study or grow herbs and are

PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., INC.
305 EAST 47th STREET
NEW YORK I7, N. Y.

MAKERS OF
PRINTING PLATES
PROCESS BENDAY
LINE & HALFTONE

pg in

botany as
ing. e information is ie Sef aa aie
by

scription of ‘the p ant. The e page devsiel
to personal experience with each kind
is eee A ee keeping of records of
herbs i arden.

An excell ty book, even allowing for
errata at the end. ‘The title is excep-
tionally well chosen.

ETHE BizzeLL HuNTER.

Phetoyerher ss in Simple Terms

color,
Evans maton Ti 1944,

This of the Basic Science Edu-

cation deflew’ prepared by scientific au-

thorities on the staff of the Laboratory
f t

The bookle lls photo-

nthesis in ae =< t ng minds
can easily understanding of
this funeamental proces The forma-
tion of sugar rch in the living

very attractive feature of the p ublica-
tion is the numerous ot illustrations
yy Matilda Brewer, The ing pro:
fessioil should welcom me al “he
botanical subjects in this serie:
E Nive

Notes, News, and Comment

nual Report. The Annual Report
New York Botanical Garden is
ue

to read it may obtain a copy r ithout east

by writing to the editor. This x's

publication, in addition to the anal oh

ports of the Director and the Treasurer,

the titles of papers published by staff
i ration a " i

tions sponsored by the erie a 21307.
Nearly 250 collecting trips are recorded.

259
Fifteenth Trip. When he returned from

the West i in early September, os Bassett

Region. iis woe this year with Pro fes.

sor A, H. Hol olmgren, Utah Si © College,
wa: s largely in Oregon, wie Bar and
Baker as headquarters. He also worked

out te ro Idaho, during late June
and early July.

To Georgia. D ra Cronquist,
who had been a mem the scientific
staff New Yo ic Bean ical te

at the
since ag 15,

University there.

Staff. Marjorie Anchel has been ap-
pointed Research Associate at the New
York Botanical Peg tbats effective Oct. -
Dr. Anchel ( erbert Rackow) w
working until recenty on the chemistty

of penicillin at the Squibb Institute for
Medical Research in New be
She obtained her ae deg: at the
Physicians’ & Surgeons’ Hospital of
eee University, warldie unde the
late D: Schoenheimer. Later she was
hee a with H. Wa elsch.

‘or a while id organic chemical
research at Queens College. At the

g done on
antibiotics and nutritio

act ors. Dr, G. Ledyard Stebbins, Jr.,
ay Se of Genetics at the University
‘Glioma, who is in New York to

lectures are being given on Tuesday
$ pm, starting Oct. 15 cae concloding
Nov. 26. Stebbins’ a “Vari

in Plan

tion ai ese olution i
Dr, Lulu ais pee ster Uni-
ersity, Ham ton, Ontario, spent the last

of August ae the esas working on the

cytology of Lia

ae a aaa of plant
n of Ghent,

an American Educational Foun-

Dr. Shuh-wei Hwang spent three weeks
during ool a ming acquainted
with w in the physiology and plant
patholos ae pusce beiere she returned
to ina,

Pe Me m D, Valleau, University He

entucky, visita d the Garden and
ee Sept. 20.
Lunsingh fag wed of The
Government Adviser for
Pe Re f

were visitors at the G
Dr. H. S. Re

California, autho:
of the Plant Sciences,”

Garden Sept. 20.
_ Other visitors of recent weeks have
included José Vera Santos of the botan:
Perea University of the Philippines ;
K. L. Yang, National Medical College,
Shanghai; Elizabeth Buell, biolo: de-
astern ois St tate Teachers’

. Forest Servic ice; Harry
Iowa State Co Wlege; A. Lwof, Institut

Bobbink & Atkins

NURSERYMEN

PLANTSMEN

Most of the unusual Roses, Trees and

Shrubs not obtainable elsewhere will
be found growing in this great
Establishment . one unique in the
Annals of American Hor euliare

Visitors Always Welcome
Catalogue Upon Request

Bobbink & Atkins

Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J.

260

Pasteur, Paris; M. A. Donk, of the
Herbarium at Buitenzorg, Java; Thomas
D, Grieve, cae nburgh, Scotla nd; Arne
Miuntzing,

ew s; Gen ayre,
oniae ee ee we Cc sa

ing Wen-yu echw:
Chinas Elizabeth A, Valentine, Tniversity

Ivania; Harry K. ry, Chi-
as Nenival Histor. eee i D
Padwick, mycologist, of London, for-
merly of India; F. Hyl: and E. C.

ene botany department, University of

s for Pacific Islands. Through
eae eae the 1 York Botanical
Garden is assisting Navy Depart-
ment in selecting nine plants foe the
oe islands of the Pacific. Stimu-
lated b s four articles entitled “Tropi-

“the ks rid Around” published

in the Jou Lin 1945, Captain W. F.
Jennings, ‘Assistant Chief of Naval Opera-
tions (Island Governments) wrote to Mr.
Degen or further information. The
reply took the form of ist of more
than a mdred names, with brief de-
scriptions, lants recommended for soil

‘ood on the
islands where much of the native vege-
tation has been aa by bombs. T!
list was prep; in co-operation a

Amy Greenwell

Ker tain wrote
ie

mh
2.5

to the ar oe used at the Schoal’ >
Convocation, Dr. W:

was invited this

for the openin

University Sept. 25. He spoke on “The

Challenge of Science.

a. Notes from the diary of L. J.
ra. who is eee in Nyasaland,
southeastern Africa, for

° ica _ the
spent lecting on
Nchisi mourn the last of July and
first of August, then about two weeks

n Nyika, which is a high plateau prac-
tally unknown botanically, At

which .stands some 6,
level, on the dee of the western escarp-
ment of the Great Rift Valley, roxi-
mately one-third the plants, he re-
ports, are of the same species found on
the lower plateau of Zomba, while the
remainder are new. At about 5,000 feet
the mountain is covered with brachy-
stegia woodlands.
ofilm Reader. The Garden has
acquired a microfilm reader i the Li-
rary, and is having films made of some
its own books : id of ae Ais ee
uae t 2 does not posse It i

med to contin 7 he aving oid aod rare

Work photographed, ur to use ne oe

rather than ae ks for reference, in

or and wn ron irrepla lace-

able mes. Whenever a book has been

miratied, the card catalog will bear
tion.

be ae

rthday. aries ee es ve
of aes the dean of
ists, who has boone cherished frend
of every bot fro i United Stat
who co pllec
iis

m1 em rs of the staff of the

New York Botanical Garden, reco:
nized the occasion with letters of re-
membrance. A_ biographical note and
else ae of Professor Conzatti, writ-
. H. Camp after his ale

fon Lie appeareal in this Journal
in May 1937.

Storm in Missouri. In a letter thank-
ing i Garden for ee living specimens
cted on Table

did severe dam the Gar
“Although approximately 1350 tights
roken the

were nhouses,” he

the
The Srouns jooked like a a bane:
after a heavy artillery fire.

hail.
field

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

cers
Joseru R. Swan, Presiden
Henry ve Forest BALpwIn, Vice president
ae a L. MERRILL, Vice-pre siden
HUR M. ANDERSON, ribbed
pane DE LA MontacGNE, Secretary

lective Managers
ILLIAM FELTON BARRETT Mrs. co Huntineton Francis E. Powe t, Jr.

Howarp BAYNE H Mrs. Harorp J. Pratr
Epwin De T. BrecuTe. Mrs. ae D. Lasker ae J. Ropsins
Henry F. pu ot CiarENcE McK. Lewis A. y SAUNDERS
MARSHALL FIE ED
Rev. Rosert I. Cannae oa PERILL: i

SJ. Rosert H. aa iaiaga CHAUNCEY STILLMAN
Cuartes B. Harpine H. Hosart Porte SIDNEY J. WEINBERG

Ex-Officio Managers
WiiaM O'Dwyer, Mayor of th 'y of New York
Anprew G, — AUSON, Te Pisin oe i: Boor i, are

OBERT Moses, Park Commissioner

Appointive Managers
By the Torrey oe Club
. A. GLE
By Colinbia University
Marston T. ee Rcus M. Ruoapes
LEASE

Cuaries W. BAL me F. Tre
THE STAFF
ILLIAM J. asta Pu.D,, Sc.D, Director
H. A. Gieason, Pu Assistant Director and Curator
HENRY DE LA Mee Assistant Director
Frep if Seaver, Px.D., Sc.D. ead Curator
B. Sto Pu.D. Curator of Education Ga fae ories
ERNARD O, Donce, Px.D. Path logit
IcKETT, Pu.D. "Ribli rapher
HomaS H. Everett, N.D. Horr. Horticulturist
ASSETT Macuire, Pa.D. Cur
Tarotp N. Moripenxe, Pu.D. Associate Curator
W._H. Camp, Pu.D. Associate Curator
J. ALExaNner, B.S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium
E. Naytor, Px.D. Assistant Curator
VANAGH, iS Assistant Curator
OBERT S. De Ropp, Pu.D., D.I.C ini t ih tor
Marjorie ANCHEL, Px.D. Research Associate
ELMA Kogan, B.S. Technical ‘Assistint
OSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant
ae peri Pu.D. Technical Assistant
RY STE s, M. Technical Assistant
Lieanait c. Hatt, ‘AB. B.S. ibrarian
eee AB. of the Journal
x Ly o Wire *K, A.M. edie wy ue Herbarium
ITO Dace 7 Collaborator in Haz - ie
<LMER N. MitcHE Pho rapher
oHN HENDLEY "BaRwans, A.M., M.D. Bibliog vapher eee
\. J. Grout, HG onorary Curator of pans
NEz M. Haste Assistant Honorary Curator of Mos.
JosrpH F. Burk: Honorary Curator of the Diatoniaceae
. A. Kruxor Honorary Curat tor, of Economic Botany
<THEL ANSON S. PeckHAM H Ni
A. C. PFANDER Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
lent Subway to Bedford Park

e Botanical the Indepen:
Borers tiation: tee "the Baler pee Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the
Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden at the pace Street *mation, the New
York Central to the Botanical Garden station, the Webster Avenue surface car to
Bedford Park Boulevard. Speemiceen
Third Avenue Elevated | to fhe ‘Botanical Garder

Membership in
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

and what it means

O THE INSTITUTION, membership means support of a program that
reaches several pees of dhomenmils of per
Briefly, this comprises (1) horticultural display, 2) education,
(3) scientific See an a (4) botanical exploration. To further ie work an
to beets useful information about plan t life to the SanLe the Garden issues
books and periodicals, both scientific and naealee and presents lectures, programs,
radio eee and courses of study in gardening and botany. The laboratories
and large herbarium and library serve the staff in its research and educational
ore while the BN plantings at the Garden give the public vistas of beauty
t joy the year around. The public is also free to use the Botanical Garden’s
esiee and, under ais ction, to consult the herbarium.
TO THE INDIVIDUAL, membership means, beyond the personal gratification
of aiding such a program, these privileges:
Free enrollment in courses up to the amount of the annual member-
ship ie paid.
subscription to the Journal and to Addisonia.
Admission to Maen Day programs ona use of the Members’ Room
also at oe

shar ie Sih nts when made avadanle for distribution. (These
plants may anaes the Garden’s new introductions into porte ae
ersonal conferences with s Non mbers, upon request, on problems

related to botany and Honicenares
Free announcements of special displays, lectures, broadcasts, pro-
grams, anil other events.
se of lantern slides from ae Garden’s large collection, under
opened: eater for such loar
membership card which serves as identification at special functions
the Botanica Garden and also when visiting similar institutions in
ce cit

clubs may become Ge iate ene of the New York Botanic

Garden
Garden, and thus receive certain privileges for the club as a unit and ee iS
Seinen members. Information on Garden Club Affiliation will be sent upon

Busine ss firms may become Industrial Members of the New York Botanical
Garden. Information on the classes of Tada trial Membership and the aes
of membership will be sent Hig reque.
*
Cla of memb cenit) in the New York Botanical Garden in addition to
Tee Menibershies are

Annual Single

Fee Contribution
Annual Member $ 10 Member for Life $ 250
Sustaining Member 25 Fellow for Life 1,000
Garden Club erlietion 25 Patron 5,000
Fellowship Mer Benefactor on

0
Consens to the Garden may be deducted from taxable inco
Contributions to the Garden are deanenies in computing alia ana New
‘ taxes,

A legally approved form of bequest is as follow:
ereby bequeath to The New York Botan Ball eatin incorporated under
the ee of New York, Chaves 285 of 1891, the sum of
Gifts may be made subject to a reservation of income from the gift property
es ne benefit of the pie or any designated beneficiary during his or her
ifeti

requests for further eine should be addressed to The New York
ee Cidee Bronx Park, New York 58, N. Y.

The Fiftieth Anniversary Daylily

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR
FOR 1945

Pineihsses d, Joly haved hart of

The Journal of the New York Botanical Garden

VOLUME 47 * NUMBER 562 + OCTOBER 1946 + IN TWO SECTIONS: SECTION TWO

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ANNUAL Report oF THE Director FoR 1945
William i Robbins

BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS .
LIVING PLAN COLLECTIONS AND DISPLAYS .

a
vator
Labels, Acceso, aa Records
Seed Ee cha:
ae Disribtion

PLANT DISEASES
LIBRARY 2
BIBLIOGRAPHIC WORK .

PUBLICATIONS

a
°
3
3
a
Fc]
5S
i
ae
<
WDA MMAONNNN A itiiinitin fb Spe

EDUCATION
SCIENTIFIC WOR
PUBLICATIONS OF nen OF THE cane

. W. Rickett 10

REPORT OF THE TREASURER — Arthur M. Anderson. 16
Bias ORATION FROM THE NEw YorxK Bo-

CAL se 1897-1946 — H. A. Gleason 23

ie ie BoTANIcAL GARDEN MEMBERSHIP — 1945 28

N THE COVER
HE FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY DAYLILY, shown

ith a xblood red in the petals and
throat. The plant is evergreen in habit. hile this daylily is now being
eae oy the Farr Nursery Company, it has not yet nes distributed

JOURNAL

OF
The New York Botanical Garden

OCTOBER 1946
VOL. 47 NO. 562
SECTION TWO

ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE DIRECTOR FOR 1945
William J. Robbins
T= year 1945 has been envaae a oe cae of our 50th anniver-

sary. Ine ‘orporated i in 1891, the New York Botanical Garden began
activ ve operations in. 1895+ and celebrated its 20th anniversary in 1915.
e New

the hopes of its dey and bears the publi ic and Libis support it has
received. As Mr. y de oes aoa in so aptly said during part of ag
Fiftieth ee Celeb “We are no to Bae a speculation. An
vestment in the New York Beans Garden i is a sound and mee ae
ment.”

This is not the place to detail the eagle . this institution. For
50 years its grounds and displays have ere place of resort for

hi
are interested in the variety and extent of the plant ee Through the
labors of its staff it has established a reputation for scientific work of high

w York Bota al Garden n might well trace = en to the Elgin Botanic

time. Dr. Marshall A. Howe i in an article published in 1929 referred to the New York
B of a i: in Botanic Garden.

When the his y to understand the statement.
vi vi Hosack, pel of 8 Elgin Cae n, was ee ae - Soeey and Materia
ici lumbia College. He hoped that his garden would become a well Supported
plc jnetiention comparable to the Jardin des Plantes in
“Hor s Elg inensis” published i in 1811 he stated that as bag i the Reg ents of the Uni

versit ie p e garden he intended to
brea an American Botany or Flora e United States, “ich was to be illustrated.
Nathaniel Lord Britton, eae was ena in founding ew York Botanical

den, was Professor of Botany in Columbia College. He had es the Royal Botanic.
Ww is idea O i i
Small and Plath as well as the ambitious North American Flora which is still to be
completed,. the New Yo rk B otanical Garden has largely accomplished the Flora of the
United States which Dr. i

Further p:
Seeond if

New
terial d d f the Elgin Botanic Garden.

(1]

Intad

caliber and t library, herbarium d collecti £ tender and

hardy plants hict udents from this coun-

try cn pode Its popular and technical publications, amoun ting ae more
000 pages,

and anaes Former students and b £ its staff have atilized the

experience gained here to play ata roles in other it ere Its

living cllections Rave served el rough the years as a sow of mat sa al for
other institutio taken 1early 250

Hee
various parts feat this country a ne De os the world. Its service in
daa: authoritative information on plants has steadily increased. In
short, the New York Botanical Garden in 50 years has developed into an in-

situton of saree and canes palais e and played its part in pre-

erving, disseminating and int n’s knowledge of plants and in en-
patel the eon to enjoy ie bestest the etl value of plants
and their culture.

This record was made © by age a) men and women who founded the
Garden, mulated its policies, and were responsible
ee its accomplishme ents. Many of them are gone from us deel nae
have made their contribution and have retired from active service ; some
laborin ing elsewhere; few of the old guard are still on duty. Those of us more
rec Bee associated with the eee and others who will come afte
have an eceaiin make the next 50 3 years as fruitfu 1 in public service, in

the - of beriewibire and in the science of botany as the last 50 years have

beer
Completion of plans made by the Board of Managers for strengthening
and expanding our — eee and ho dena work and, in co-
operation with the Depar of Parks, for impro the grounds and
buildings, will give the Carden iter ae ae more oppor than it
has enjoyed in the past. An o: zed effort to obtain the funds needed to

Weare
r employees have already returned from s with the armed
ae but: it will take time to re-establish our pee aris ee to return all
status.

inhliched 1 ¢ 1 KS.

be st spring the Boa yp
Industrial Meatectin the purpos I bri i i d
with plants or plant products int closet P reltionship with the New York
mutual benefit. Industrial M

arin ip list

artly in connection with the 50th anniversary and partly independent of
int the pa: ng . A special program and
display fort the Red Cross in March, a at Rockefeller Center
and the 50th Anniversary Garden Week in May, Rose-Growers’ Day in

June, a folk apa festival for the New York National War Fund in Sep-
tember, and a t o-da y meeting of the Eastern States Chrysanthemum So-
ci ety in Octob reg ular monthly Members’ ay programs
and a continuous stream special visitors, including Sir Alexander Fleming,
the discoverer of penic

Dr. Mo. pee resume his duties after “nearly three years’ absence on
rahe Dr. Cami ned from Ecuador with 26,000 herbarium specimens
in nearly 6, 000 n ee 1s besides a number of aie living plants ;
reir returned from eleven months in Mex: Aas an in addition to

‘about 1,200 numbers of herbarium specimens in an average of five sets, he
collected seeds or b Bros gaae reas of about 1,000 ‘kinds of plants. Dr.
P mmer collecting in the Great Basin and Dr. Cronquist in
the Mi st est. We ave oes for the spring of 1946 in conjunction with
the Am n Museum of Natural History an expedition to Nyasaland, our
first to re eater of Africa. This is made possible through the generosity
of Mr. Arthur Maen! a Life Member of the Garden and a member of the
pivieain who wi

Other no’ pele bees of the past year ere the deposit at the New
York Botanical Garden of the Princeton Herbarium estimated at 50,000
specimens ; the gift of 24,000 tulip bulbs from i Associated Bulb Caos
of Holland ; and gifts to the library of i approximately 22, 000 items, a record

ially noteworthy were a
collection ef eee 15, 000 reprints donated a Dr. R. - rns the eee
library of the lai f m Mr.
Sturtevan ee an a interesting ae of ik. aH pales pa
ing peaicl gardens of the world from Mr. Clarence Lew:

I regret to report the death on meee 22, 1945, of Mr. Robert Hagel-
stein, 3 for many years was Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes at the
Garden, and on March 13, ate = ut Robert s. Williams, who was ap-

1899

Mr.

e Garden has suffered she es during the year in the death of Dr.
ei ge He nuary 9, and of Mrs. Harold McL. T urner, .
27, both for mar rs members of the Corporation, and also e death
Doar 19 of nae Little, superintendent on the esta i - pee
t H. Montgom vee who had taught a number of classes in practical

‘ seen at the Gar

“ ring the year ren z M. Haring was named Assistant Honorary
: pees of Mosses; Dr. a McVeigh and Mary Stebbins pe made Tech-
nical Assistants in the laboratory of plant physiology, and Dr. F. W. Kava-

nagh, sist: a Curator there.

Ti ard members were appointed during 1945: Mrs. Albert D.
ae end didn ney J. Weinberg, while resignations were accepted from Dr.
E. C. Auchter and Pierre Jay. New Saran elected to the Corporation in
ee included William H. Bell, Mrs. Melvin E. Sawin, Manfred Wahl,

in C. White, and Mrs. Lee Krauss.
[3]

BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS

Under the supervision of Mr. A. C. and the walk along the lower Bronx River
Piander, seg tigen of Buildings and was repaired and reinforced. The area on
Grounds, and his assistant, Mr. George which the propagating houses are located
Moran, a program of painting was insti- was fenced, Much of the h ane damagi
t r the conservatory and other build-

h : : was cleared away. Vandalism and nui-
whi Wi L tas. «

7 eaaat b
and add materially to their life span, An "OO" y the ci
emergency steam line from the power police force supplemented by our own em-
house to Ran ie ‘ as aoe Te as ployees. In addition, assistance for various
Card ee ae ee a)

hi Parkw: undar
paired and cies ‘by ae “addition. Pal of available labor, and minor repairs were
pipe lines were laid for the azalea garden made as general upkeep.

LIVING PLANT COLLECTIONS
AND DISPLAYS
The living collections and displays were much favorable attention. The plants in
id

maintained under the direction of Mr. the trial border were supplied b Totty’
. H. Everett, fa iphacniane : aancees to Madison, N.J.; Bristol
loss by resignati of ‘onn. Cona:

report the Mr. mn.; The d-Pyle Company, est

Joseph Ww. Tansey, who had i nin our Grove, a F Styer Nurseries, Con-

employ for 10% years, and of Mr. Harold oe oe ta Inc., Gross
i ad bi i Poi

r: .
r. Tanse hio ; and th Roy Mo:
Assistant to the Horticulturist. Mr. Erich Iowa. The irises did well. Five beds (2,440
ats trich was eigiha Greenhouse Fore- square es were lifted, divided, and re-
hles assumed planted. We are indebted to Mrs. . W. H.
charge of labeling "The disruption o Peckt
the war, general _ varieties.

unsettled conditions, and extra duties re- Spring bedding in the Conservatory

quired of the Horticulturist and his staff Courtyard included 4,100 myosotis plants,

have resulted i in some deterioration of the 1,100 pansies, 60 doronicums, tu-

li le summer bedding consisted of

: 1,200 specimens of Phu go ca; 1,

Outdoor Plantings unnemannia fumariaefolic, 200 Helio-

The main features have been retained, ‘opium, 160 Lantana Camara, and 35 Gre-

Replanting the Advisory Council Border ee Ae i addition, the beds flank-

was again postponed though 800 annuals g the mservatory entrance were

and 600 tulips were set out. The Perennial planted wit with 1, 595 plants of a variety of in-

Border Beds were maintained as estin, 7 eae penn Lu, fa | cylin
usual, Approximately 730 de! Iphiniy ium a rica,

plants in eight
display. Dahlias, some 728 plants in ne ee Annual Border ae a fine display
varieties, did poorly because of hea during the summer and fall months. It ac-

qd
a
a
e
4
a
“J
a
=
&
2
>
®
=
7)
BY
o
B
iJ
°
5
He
"
»
4
i
i)
4
a
Lo}
&.
=]
a
a
~~

sown in situ

rangement attained as high a standard as species and varieties. The Peony and Lil

heretofore. On the other hand, the chrys- Border was forked over and fertilized with
4 i rieti mi dis Pies ered ar Garden

Pp v
were excellent and a trial border cone was very good. ee 33 out of 44 stand-
ing 420 plants in 127 varieties attracted ard roses were completely ‘killed in spite
[4]

of protection with salt hay

paper, other 1 Sumbere!

plants. Bobbink an i
aniecaiet

and building
only 139

curred in a Thomp:
plants ae 2
0 individuals i

@
s
Ba

to the American Red Cr Toss. It consist ted of
a ical Red Cri

262 specimens of the azalea “S ” The
plants were provided by Bobbink and At-
kins, Rutherford, N.J. An Easter display
included 564 plants in 33 species and varie-
ies. ring th his r 3,594 plants in 308
species and vari ietie exclusiv ive © 369 o or-

igaea repens, Polygala ifolia, and chids in

Cornus can sis, The display ye
was less extensive than usual because of
lack of attention to changing soil for the

ardy varieties and the loss of many of the Labels, Accessions, and Records
tropicals because of the failure of the heat-

The Few li f time required

Demonstration \ G y this f the Garden. In
tinued and ee coer of edible produce 1945 more than thre an-years were de-
were obtained. On th leaf crops voted is wore 5 n e including the rec-
did better than the root crops. Annual ords and files kept by the secretary or the

d Perennial Herb Borders proved to rdeners in removing and in-
satisfactory features. The amount of new Hing or on occasion making incidental
lanting in the Arboretum was smaller labels. In 1945 there were 2,244 new Jabels

an previously; 739 plants were set out, laced in the outdoor collections, 1,075
51 in the Azalea Ga 417 as hedges, 21 inc labels made, and 45 ca fea lead

ns, labels installed in the Conse: y. New
general es c Hh

wer ved and 1, ‘960 anh added to the
rsery.

Indoor Plantings

A considerable strain was placed on the
propagating houses because of changes in
personnel, the reception of considerable
quantities of new material from the collec.

tions of Alexander, Camp and Maguire,
and increasing demands from various
sources for en ic or orna.

mental value no

ailab!
The Hortcultrist ‘has been engaged in a

with interesting and encouraging results
on a variety of items. No success has been

e
ae ieee
portion of the propagating pee

Main Conservatory

The only major ‘flower « exhibit was a Red
Cross Show

TV
to the Salle doa Grnbeed

Seed Exchange

The 1945 seed pees e was sent to
380 correspondents and 4
f diff

4
5 specimens 5 esilecte d for the her
barium of cultivated plants.

Plant Distribution

egu

mbe: crs: nat which 206 individuals re-
eived plants of Oxalis Ortgiesii, ns ide
num cis ni, and Pelargonium “Chiorinda.”
More items were given e ieee
versities aie colleges,
an = other institutions, "and to various com-

ercial concerns.

Giits and exchanges were received ans
87 individuals and institutions.

[5]

HERBARIUM

Accessions to a herbarium aatee the
year were as follow:

Phanerog:
General ‘hetenad 20,341
Oriental herbarium 2,630
22,971

Cryptogams (not including es

Pe a 1,167

Al, 3,645
Mos 11,903
Hepaties 2,11

18,833

otal number of specimens in the
most note-

in ag’
ceton University on indefinite loan.
This aaa amounts to about 50,000

PMore t han 10,000 specimens were lent
aah the year to 37 iain eheuone

In addition to routine dut iv. Fre
Seaver, Head Curator, Gilabenied with

r. aterston, oe sa for the
Bermuda ‘Department of Agr: abr
final s
continued his researches
cetes. He served also a:

as Managing Editor o'

leason,

and Cur continued work on th
“itsrated ‘Flor ra (of the Northeastern
Stat ions was carried
on cea the year . Mr. Walter Graham,
Mary Content Easton, , Anne Rogelberg,
and Natalie Harlan D Day:

Dr, oes Res are "Curator, spent
from May 7 oO}
teenth fi

tio
clin made in British Guiana an
Sur:

Dr. H. N. Moldenke, Associate Curator,
returned to active duty and has resu
work on the Verbenaceae, Avicenniaceae,
and ee as well as a number of

other pro
Dr. W. oe mp, Assistant Curator,
ent the first modes of 1945 in Ecuador
in search of wild stands of Cinchona for
e Foreign Economic Administration
Commerci: Company) o!
United States Government and fr a

south-central Ecuador. In addition to liv-
we af 4 ceed han 26 OND

barium specimens were brought back for
study and exchange.
rv. E. J. Alexander, Precicrti pte

of the
xico. He ps oe
with extensive na of a plants
—— es rbar material.

SG a ist, Assistant Cura-
nena his studies on ae Sapota-
ae and ee d — es on the Com

Two months

devoted the major por

eoaue e spent collecting
in the Mi idle “Wes 4
ir. nces E, Wynne, Assistant Cu
ay assisted with the secret of the
1

ext for the “Illustrated Flora’
ae ed research on mosses.
Mr. G. L. Wittrock, Custodian of th
f

and con-

, Technical Assist-
ust sual services in the

tto Deg seas "Collaborat ‘ator in Ha-

watian m Botany, — his studies cen-
tering on the of Hawaii, Fiji, and
ges parts of the a

ir, A, J. out, Honorary Curator of
Mo ose, an a Mrs Ines M. Haring, Assist-
static i.
oseph F, Bur

ko.

reat ith th

Monachino, continued research on 1 group
of economic plants,

med

PHOTOGRAPHY
The Garden Photographer, Mr. E. N. 3,112 prints and enl ts, and 112 lan-
haere in addition to taking 300 feet of tern slides.
kodachr e film, made 1,221 negatives,

MEMBERSHIP
Membership in the Garden remained at is
approximately | the s same pate a as i 1944 ar)
The total Cem- +» 110
Ta Mustrial. wiicnasanaaet ce seni aeas:
ber 5, 1945, as follows: wae
Total : 908
MUSEUM

cs By

le- in Nature Garden Science,
yoted part of his time to revamping the and in co-operation ae Miss Carol H.
oe museum. Progress on this program Woodward, cee the Saturday after-
is slow because of limitation of funds. In noon lectures a
addition, Dr. Naylor served as docent, con-

PLANT DISEASES

r. B. O. Dodge co-operated with Dr. terest. However, very little damage to
M. Massey on the control of black spot lawns or ha foliage = other ete
. ith

of mate wit! was Gar
both tale and dusting sulfur as carriers. . beetles in 1948. Few Shbe were aunt in in
Fermate gave good control of black spot the ground.
a ane i In

but left i the Plant eae reported
Disea a new disease of pachysandra caused by a
‘iderable attention. ae co- balay with species of Pseudonectria. oe insects
Dr. G. Steiner and his associates, the pres- | were thought to open the way for invasion
ence of two species of nematode has a by this parasite. Spraying pachysandra
found to be associated with bronzed oi with a dormant 1 to 16 oil spray, follo
wilted boxwood. Dr. Steiner helicre: that at intervals during summer with Bor-
se new nematodes which he has dis- ixture as fungici nd 40%

ide ai
e mary cause of many nicotine sulfate as an insecticide, seems to
boxwood troubles formerly attributed to have given good control.
ilt, ca ‘ungi, or winter injury. Infestation re cotoneaster with lace-
fo:

£ ob }

ematodes ave bugs was no
been fairly well controlled in the past by Black Leaf 40
fumigating the soil each spring with for- An unide with leaf- ae ctrl on,
maldehyde and taking cuttings from unin- Japanese iris is being studied in

fested plant tion with Mr. Brayton se of th ie Zoo-
nicotine sulfate helps to prevent the nema- logical irae
Study

7 Tat delnhi
leaf to leaf. Apids are controlled in the he t ntings. The
same way. soil was treated with tea with no
bl { the f t damage to adjacent shrubs. case of
4 ott

f sclerotium rot was ae during the
af the grubs of eee pee Tee rests summer though some dosti t one end of
of this treatment will be watched with in ium rot.

[7]

LIBRARY

Miss Elizabeth C. Hall and her assist~
a

o1
h a leather

dressing was given to a considerable por-
tion ee ae feather bound books.
During the year 21,314 unbound volumes

d 666 bound volumes
were added to the ee which now con-

tains 51,935 bound volumes. The periodi-

cals and continuations received amounted
to 399; addi he main catalog were
9,288 and tl a oe files 1,

. Flower ani
fruit prints, totaling 783, were borrowed
from the picture collection by artists, ad-

blishi: gar-
den ‘clubs, public bases, art departments,
pharma ceutical ¢ and designers of

hibits here and elsewhere, in which books,

illustrations, and other materials were
shown.
Nearly 22,000 items from over aa do-

ors were received during ach
gift has been acknowledged ender

BIBLIOGRAPHIC WORK

H. W. Rickett edited Brittonia and
No. aa American Flora, taught in our Edu-
cational Program, and edited the Bulletin

0; it - Torrey

of A
his own researches and the
routine Gis of his position.

FINANCES

Th lete fi ial report of the Garden is printed on pages 16-22.

PUBLICATIONS

Two spt of Ia Mirae : a

No. 4 of V e 5 — edited by
ickett, were satay These oe Ne
pages and include eight articles, three by
taff of the New York

£ th
lates by Mi dr ed E. Mathias and incall
pages.

Yi ork Botani-

e Journal of The New

cal i edited by Carol H. Woodward,
[8]

was published in 12 numbers and totaled
380 ae including two supplements —
the Annual Report and a Garden Week
Report.
number of Addisonia— No. 3 of
ae 22 — edited by Mr. E. J. Alexan-
der, appeared.
The ean Sra of Mycologia, cael

by Dr. d J. Seaver, appea sl
numbers i amounted to 0 BE 15 p
to th numer-

us popular and scientific articles were
published by members of | the staff, as may

EDUCATION

The educational program was continued
ae the supervision of Dr. oul

me an nd Dr. E. E, Na ylo lor, with Ae ie

and eka who have co-operated with the
Gar

The following table summarizes the
subjects taught in 1945:

‘egistration
Number or Average
of Meetings Attenda:
Like -YEAR SCIENCE COURSE FOR GARDENERS
“1 YA Systematic Botany (A. Cronquist) 12 25
= ic General Botany I (H. W. Rickett) 12 21
oe Breeding (A. Stout) 12 23
nomic Botany L, Wittrock) 12 19
TWO-YEAR COURSE IN PRACTICAL GARDENING
2A Fundamentals of Gardening (T. H. Paces 6 (2 hrs. each 37
2E Cultivation se re ede aber Plants (J. W. Tansey) 6(2brs.each) 26
2¥ Indoor Gardening Practice (E, Beckett) 8 (2hbrs.each) 15
FIELD BOTANY ie L. Wittrock)
° anaes 7 (2Zhrs. each) 24
7 @hrs.each) 20
[ATURE GARDEN SCIENCE (Nature Study for Teachers)
ae phe (E. ra Bete E. C. Hall, M. M. Brooks, oe O. Dodge) 15 (2hrs.each) 24
# (E. E. Naylor, M. M. Brooks, G. L. Wittrock) 18 (2hrs,each) 22
FREE SATURDAY AFTERNOON LECTURES
Winter 8 141 (average)
Spring 8 136 (average)
Autumn 10 144 (average)
tudent, Mrs. Annette cad reg- by Miss Woodward

motion picture reel were made to various
groups.

Guba groups totaling 1,197 indi-
v the

super-

sera two radio ropa: “areanged

were presented as a
NY!

1 preset
four students wh eang successfully com-
lete ed the Two- Ye ear Sci cience Course for
= Two-Year Course in
- Mr, P. JY mbt sry the

arena wo ‘te

at
entation of the scientific a of te Gar
den,

of some of the staff

ducted ‘coin sae its establishment
ist so fai can

st
have been referred to ‘elsewhere i in this re-

fications which are oe of the im-
cts of the sci sci

ee activity cana be overemphasize d, It

at Ie at +f
tiltc

Card
ation always i in-

roles expense beyond ah Ne poder

tates more or less independent financing.
Th spite of this handicap the Garden has

of the flora of the earth, the esas .
information on the medical and other
of plants, incidental geographical discov-

eries, and invaluable am pce Ey for

the men who participat

In concluding this report may I express my appreciation for the i
received from many people within ar without the Garden organization.
would be impossible to carry on without the devoted and loyal support of i
employees and without the help of eadun ers of the Board of Managers, the
Advisory Council and the Corporation, and from the many friends of the
Garden.

PUBLICATIONS OF MEMBERS OF THE STAFF
And Others Associated with the Garden During 1945*
‘ Compiled by H. W. Rickett

Alexander, Edward Johnston (Editor of Apprsonia)
A new genus in Cactaceae. perm & Succ. ah 16:175-178, f. 161-163. D 1944.
Gerardia acuta, Addisonia 22:33, 34. pl. 721. 4 Ap 1945.
Rubus linkionus. Double white bramble. Kadi 22:35, 36. pl. 722. 4 Ap 1945.
Gentiana linearis. Addisonia 22:43, 44. pl. 726. 4 Ap 1945,
Habranthus andersonti, Bronze fairy-lily. Addisonia 22:45, 46. pl. 727. 4 Ap 1945.

Barnhart, John Hendley
Robert S. Williams. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46: 146, 147. 3 Ji 1945.

Burke, Joseph Francis
Robert Hagelstein. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46: 288-290. port. 26 D 1945.

Camp, Wendell Holmes (Editor of the Taxonomic InnEx)

Vaccinium hybrids and the development of new male ron ears materials. Bull. Torrey
Club 72:1-21. f.1,2, 29D 1944, (With Geo E McMitzan Darrow.

The North American blueberrie: groups of Vacciniaceae. Brittonia
5: 203-275. f. 1-30. 9 Mr 1945.

A river is named. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46: 144, 145. allust. 3 J1 1945.

Cro Arthur

The pas pen of Minnesota: a floristic study. Am. Midi, Nat. 33:244-253. “Ja”
[Mr] 1945. (With Cart Orro RosENDABL.)

Studies in the Sapotaceae—I. The North American species of Chrysophyllum. Bull.
Torrey Club 72 aera pa Mr 1945.

Notes on Compositae of ortheastern United States, I. Inuleae. Rhodora 47: 182-
184, 14 My; II. Hetanthese and Helenieae. 396-403. 18 D 1945.

A new Aster from Yukon. Madrono 8:97-99. 7 Au 1945,

=e eh a Sapotaceae, ITI. Diph olis and Bumelia. Jour. Arnold Arb. 26: 435-471.

Studies in the Sapotaceae—IV. The North A i ies of Manilkara. Bull. Torrey
Club 72: 550-562. 27 N 1945,

A fi ticl stted ¢; 1
b

f th ff published 41 reviews, short notes,

.. Degener, Otto
me mnaed eriocarpa » pallida Degener & Sherff m. Jour. Bot, 32:210-212. 13
: ap oe [In: Ear Epwarp SHerrr, Some additions : ae genus Dodonaea L. (fam.
'< Sapindaceae
Frontal plants the world around. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1, 2 My;
eel 0-125, illust. 7 Je; 132-143. illust. 3 Ji; 158-167. “dese af Ji Tas. [Modi-
f the world” in Am . Eagle 4026: 1, 3,4. 18 0;
4027:1, 3,4. 28 O; 4028: 1, 3, 4, Coe
A botanist leaves Hawaii. Torreya bee 8 S 1945.
ae o the “Cheng-Ho.” Am. "Ragle 4 029; 1, 4 4. 8 N 1945. [Modified from Jour.
it, Ga: 7

Plants of Hawaii “National Park illustrative of plants and customs of the South Seas.
i-xv, 1-314. f. 1-45, pl. 1-95, 2 unnumb. maps. Seer edition, revised, of “Ferns
and flowering plants ee Hawaii National a 1930.] Photo- lith., Ann Arbor
Mich. 1945. [The “plates” occupy n niibier ed pages.]

terminology. Mycologia 37: 360-369. 11 Je 1945,
Farther fear on mycogenetic terminology. Mycologia 37: 629-635. 10; 784-791.
1
Inheritance of factors involved in one res of heterocaryotic vigor. Proc. Am. Phil.
Soc, 89: 575-589, i cae tables 1-5. D 1945. (With Mary yeaa Bartley
ScuMitr and Anrra APPEL.)

: t, Thomas Henr:
oF, aren drummondii. "Gard. Chron, Am. 49:25. Ja 1945.
ce that benefit from early indoor sowing. Home Garden 51:70-74. illust. Ja

wo yellow d Epimediums, Gard. Chron. Am. 49:53, F 1945.
Cymbalari li. = Ag Chron, Am. 49:85. F 1945

Perennials from winter-sow: Home Garden 52: 74-76, “F” 1945,
_ Preparations for piauine. pits Garden ! 5 740-45. illust. “Mr” 1945,
Fritillaria pudica. ae a a 38, Ue 723. 4 Ap 1945.
Kalanchoé grandiflora. Addiso: 22: 41, 4 c L. 72. fe ae 1945,
| Sedum Cheyirihan” ‘Gard. Ciro no. Am. haocite 1945,
Bedding plants for summer garden: Home Garten a : rae p 1945.
Grow your own hard-to-get ‘perennials Home Gard awe ” sliust. Je 1945.
Basic soil i amey verment. oe Men’s Gard. Club yen 1945 : 36-39. [Je] 1945.
Biennials. ome e Garde 6. J119

Bongardia R wolf. Gard c hron, Am. 49:221. Au are
mt your iadoor s ‘soil indoors. Home Garden 63: 44, 45. 945,
ial border. Home Garden a: 366. illust. S 1945.
The alpine flax. Gard. Chron, Am. 49:277.
Darwin tulips. Home Garden 64:89. O 1945. Anonymous.)
Some dont ee Beng Chri ere Am, 49:305. N 1945.

Plant portraits. 12, Wig illust. Ja; 40, 41. illus:
illust. ie 100, 101. To yee 130, 131. illust. My; 160, Ter Saar ig: “186,
187. 4 Th 219, ae illust. Au; 236, 237. illust. S; 264, 265. illust. ‘0; 292,
293. He 4
e ees Dee Barger 105 (seme . 9 S; (360994): 8.16 S;
(361064) : 8. 28 S; (3 361134) : 10. 30 ee (361204) :9. 7 O; ee 274):9. 14 O;
(361345) : 8. 3 (361415) :9. 28 O; (361485): 10, 4 N; (361555) :9. 11 N;

(361625) : 9, is N: acre a a N; (361765) 10. 2 D; Cae1838 10.9 D;
: D; (36
A guide to eee lowers. a. ih Racine, Wis.

1945.
A gnide to wild flowers. Field flow 3-60. illust. Racine, Wis. 194!
A guide to wild flowers. Woodland ‘flowers. 3-60. illust. Racine, Wit * 4945,
[11]

Fulling, Edmund Henry (Editor of Tae BorantcaL Review; co-editor of AMErr-
CAN JOURNAL OF Botany)
Thomas Jefferson
Club 72: 248-270. 9 My 1945.

lif led in his writings—II. Bull. Torrey

Gleason, Henry Allan ae editor of Nort AMERICAN FLora; associate editor of

th
On Blakea Topobea Bah Torrey Club 72 : 385-398. 3 J1 1945.
Some ec of Colombia. Ball Torrey Club 72: 472-479. 5 S 1945.
A botanist looks at a rose. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46: 215-220. 1 O 1945,

Grout, Abel J of THe Brvo.ocis
Two new species o Dearan es Tex xas. Bryologist 48: "5 26, 23 Mr 1945.
A abe of ie eer ne Ane rican species of me icanep anes ‘and en a descrip-
Bryologist 48: 60-69. 25 Au 1945.

Hall, Elizabeth Cornelia 4
The 1944-1945 review of garden books, Libr. Jour. 70:235-240. illust. 15 Mr 1945.
Book shopping notes. Fl. Grower 32:539. “N” [OJ] 1945.

Hervey, Annette (Hochberg)

A survey of some wood-destroying and other fungi for antibacterial activity. Bull.
Torrey Club 72: 165-190. a ae tables 1, 2. 13 Mr 1945. (With Wr ge Pies
Rozsins, Ross Watiace D. N, Roperta Ma and Wititiam Curnton R $.)

Kavanagh, Frederick Walker
On the toxicity o! of streptothriin Am. Jour. Le aa 210: 61-66. Jl 1945. on
Grorrrey Rake, Dororay HAMRE, WALTER L ER and RicHarp Donovicx.)

ear EVENTS, AND ee
ROMINENT DURING 1
(On the opposite page)
PORTION ae ae CROWD which attended the Sproat cere-
the New York Botanical Garden, Sunday afternoon, May
i sary

a bbink
the first annual Chrysanthemum Show at the ‘Garden, in company with
Arthur Herrington ‘lef t) of Madison, New Jersey, and Dr. B. O. Dodge,
the Garden’s Plant Pathologist.

[12]

Log con oe =
> 3 A es |

CROWDS, EVENTS, AND PERSONALITIES PROMINENT DURING 1945

Krukoff, Boris Alexander
The genus tit gestae in Venezuela. Darwiniana 7:185-193. 15 D 1945. (With
Josepa MonacuHIno.)

i Longmuir, Stuart Neilson
Plants for damp soil. Home Garden 55: 61-63. My 1945,

Ma, Roberta Mohli

A survey of es e woud. destroying and other fungi for antibacterial activity. Bull.
Torrey ae 72: Sarre a i+4, tables 1, 2. 13 Mr a (With Witi1am Jace
Rossins, ANNETTE [H RG] Hervey, Ross Watiace Davipson and WIL
Cirnton Rogeins.)

Maguire, Bassett
Nee a the geology and geography of Tafelberg, Surinam. Geog. Rev. 35: 563-579.
The first botanical exploration of Table Mountain in Surinam. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard.
46: 253-272, illust. 14D; 277-287. illust. 26 D 1945.

Moldenke, Harold Norman Sa of Paytotocra)
Vital vegetable oils. eae s [London] 24:113-117. ilust. 1944, [Repr.
from Nat. Hist, 53 :231-237.]
soeaiens to the Fee “of extra-tropical South America VI. Lilloa 10: 363-385, 29

PLANT bide rer SPONSORED BY THE GARDEN
AND SOME OF THE RESULTS
(On the opposite page)
OME OF THE LIVING PLANTS sent back from Mexic
e.

the uppe it. Foreman Erich Deitrich is showing a pot ymeno~
callis bulbs to Assistant Foreman Michael Griffin in the Garden’s prop-
gating house. Below, at the right, is one of ymenocallis bulbs
which flowere few months later. To the left of thi. a flowering
bra) f Spi a fragrans collected in Mexico b: homas Mac-
Dougall, who Mr. Alexander’s companion on the Mexican expedition
0 f three species of Tro (th to which the
garden nasturtium belongs) acquired b: p during his
sojourn in Ecuador. With flowers of on orang ne en Hee

{13]

ds ] d vernacular for members of the Verbenaceae.and
Avicenniaceae. Phytologia 2: 65-89. “D isa" [7 Ja snee

The recorded common and vernacular names of Verbenaceae and Avicenniaceae ar-

Phytologia 2: 89-123. “D 1944” [7 Ja oor

aarti notes on the Eriocaulaceae, Avicenniaceae and Verbenaceae of Tex
Phytolog’ pene cy eae YP Ate 194

A stort to our knowledge wer an cultivated flora of Florida—I. Am,
Bes ene 32: 529-590. CN ie Fe 1945].

members of the Verbenaceae and Avicennia-
cea o Sup plement 2. “Bot ee 106: 158-164, “*D all [Ja 1945].

ee ‘inows Tistribution of the members of the Verbena: and Avicenniaceae, supple-

nt 3. Castanea 10: 35-46. Je 1945.
A ye to a cowie of the wild and cultivated flora of Maryland—I. Tor-
‘9-92, S 194.

hic distributi the members of the Verbenaceae and Avicennia-
ceae: = Supplement 4. Am. Jour. Bo 32:609-612,. D 1945.

Monachino, bbe

A revision of L ja, and a transfer of Zschokkea (Apocynaceae). Lloydia 7 :275-
302. “D 1944" 98 aA 1945

A Te taal 1 ara Gere inclusive of Neocouma (Apocynaceae). Lioydia 8: 109-130.
“ye?

Jussiaea wraguoyensis a oon aie New York. Rhodora 47: 237-239. 6 Au 1945,

a Lear Strychnos in Venezuela. Darwiniana 7:185-193. 15 D 1945. (With

nip een els, Kaus KOFF,

Naylor, Ernst Elliot
a pins and their erobieas of survival. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46:55-65. illust, 29

et cians William (Editor of the Torrey Botanical Ciub; managing editor of
Brittonia ; co-editor of NortH AMERICAN FLORA
New combinations i in Cornus. Bull. Torrey Club 72:223. 13
Crataegus egglestoni, Eggleston’s_ thorn, Addisonia 22: 47, e a 598 4 Ap 1945,
Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46 (5452) : 19-23. (Anony-

i)
Con m, Flora 28B : 297-316. 28 D 1945,
Bibhocephy: aan 28B. N. Am. Flora 28B : 317-374. 28 D 1945.

_, Robbins, William Jacob

f. 1, 2, tables 1-5. 29D 1944.
moe he anti-malarials. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46 (541): cover. 29 Ja 1945. (Anony-

Ph Bull. Torrey Club 72 : 76-85.

re some wood-destroying and other fungi for antibacterial activity. Bull.
Torrey ¢ Cut 72: Homan f. 1+4, tables 1,2. 13 Mr 1945. (With Annette [HocH-
ERG] Hervey, Ross WALLACE Davinson, Roserta Ma and WiLi1AM CLINTON Ros-

Annual My 1945, of the director for 1944. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46 (5452) : 1-18. illust.
Phat and their si \f Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46: 170-173. 24

J) 1945. “
Se P the foundation of all life. Cubelet Press 10 (14):2 unnumb. p. illust. 9 Au

[14]

phytes. Am. Jour. Bot, 32: 509-523, f. 1-8,

ia Wes te oo" iN -
ees in: Som ee a the Sugar Research Foundation, Inc. and its Prize
Award Program: “7 rr O 1945.

Seaver, Fred Jay (Editor of Mycotocta ; co-editor of Nort America Fiora)
is a herbarium, and why? Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46 (547): cover. 24 Jl 1945,
Photographs and descriptions of Cais epecrirs : Ar new Helotu tum. Mycologia
ae we -269. 7 1. 6 Ap; “XXXIX” [XL]. 333-
9 5 7
Myc ophag z tees 55:10, 11, 76-78. ilust. My 1945
Arthur Ef enry Reginald Buller. Mycologia 37: 5. 277, “po ort. 11 Je 1945,
Sclerotima bifrons. Mycologia 37: 641-647. f. 1 (frontisp.), 2. 10 D 1945.

Stout, Arlow Burdette
The bur oak openings in southern Wisconsin. Trans, Wis. Acad, 36:141-161. pi. 1, 2.
Inactivation of incompatibilities in tetra a progenies of Petunia avillaris. Torreya
4:45~-51. fF. a — ie ei J 194,

Dayle: old ai ort. ae N.Y, i 9,
Better plants ih erg arte it. NY. Bot. Gard 4 5 (548: ee a 22 Au 1945,
‘Classes and types of i in ras ice cific incompatibilities. Am. Nat. 79:481-508. N to4 5.

ae on seeds of the lily-of-the-valley. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gaia 46:205-214, lust.

nade Carol Helen (Editor of the Journat or THe New York Boranicat

Ga
sim a ancy: Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46:25, 26. 26 F 1945. [Intro. to Longevity of

New atk Botanical Garden’s fiftieth i Parks & Recr. 28: 149-153. illust.

L; C. Bobbink honored with medal at rose-growers’ program. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard.
46: 168- Wa illust. 24 jy pane page

Garden Week report. Jou t. Gard. 46 (5482) : 1-36. - illust. 24 Au 1945,
sete
get gardeners receiving Holland bulbs this fall. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46:220-

222. 45. ene
Latta rye Plants of the Surinam coastland. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46:229,
ried
Thousands vies mum shoe tl New York. ats = Recr. 28 : 361-364. illust. D 1945.
The New York Botanical Carden: In: Rebecca B. Rankin, ed., New York advancing,
251-254, tllust. 1945, (Anonymous.)

Wynne, Frances ete
Studies ies an ’ Drepanocl Taxonomy. Bryologist 47:147-189. maps 1-5. “pi.”
1-10. “D 1944” [2 Ja aS ast,
sees in Sa iene us. ry Phytogeography. Am. Mid]. Nat. 32:643-668. maps
Ja 194

oe os in heuaees National Park. ca Potomac Appal. Trail Club 14: 5-9,
ies “Ja” 1945. (With Irma SCHNOOBE
Drosera filiformis. Addisonia 22: 39, 40. PL. 724, 4 Ap 1945,

= ies in Calliergon and related genera. Bryologist 48:131-155. maps 1-5. 290

The iis of Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. Bull. Torrey Club 72: 506-
520. 27 N 1945. (With Irma ScHNOOBERGER. )

REPORT OF THE TREASURER

Arthur M. Anderson

THE NEW YORE BOTANICAL GARDEN

Exhibit I1— BALANCE SHEET

ASSETS
JUNE 30, 1945
Permanent Fund Assets
Investments at c - a ara at time of ac-

quisition, havin of $3,037,441 based
on ain une 30, i98, paitiag a esi

$2,637,052.79
a aoe investment . 37,693.59
——-——— $2,674,746.38
Current and Working Asseis:
For general purposes $ 21,787.02
For special purposes :
Cash in banks . $72,707.16
U.S. Government securities at cost t (ola
ged interest $72.92) 20,590.92
—_— 93,298.08
Accounts receivable :
ity maintenance woe ee eee $44,931.88
Employees and hee Ke dete oes cd, ans wee 63.95
oo 44,995.83
spe and dividends receivable on invest-
of permanent funds (Exhibit ITL) . 18,608.50
Prepaid insurance premiums, ete. 1,650.17
—————_ 180,339.60
$2,855,085.98
To THE Boarp oF MANAGERS OF
Tue New York BoranicaL GARDEN
We have examined the balance sheet of The New York Botanical Garden as of Jun
30, 1945, the fiscal wear then ende dd. Our examination

with gener ally

cir-

cumstances, and eluded ae ie of the accounting records and other ee evi-

[16]

Exhibit I— BALANCE SHEET
LIABILITIES
JUNE 30, 1945
Permanent Funds ( ee we
Restricted endowmen: $ 285,513.16

Unrestricted endowments, including bequests set
axe by the Board of M
‘unds :

2,389,233.22 :
$2,674,746.38
Current es and Special Funds:
Current lia
ccounts ee $ 12,366.83
see a oe V):
income of danas pene
+» $18,261.26
oe pee) pune designated ba ai
cific purpose: 75,036.82
_ 93,298.08
Deferred income credit :
Subscriptions and memberships paid in ad-
VAG: og a ee a 29.50
Working fund:
Balance at June 30,1944 . . . . . . $74,391.17
Add—Excess of unrestricted income over
expenditures for the aes ended time 30,
1945 (Exhibit II) 254.02
——. 74,645.19
——— 180,339.60
$2,855,085.98

In our opinion, the accompanying balance sheet (Exhibit I) and related statements
‘Exhibits II to V, inclusive) | present fair! rly = positi ion o of The New a rk Botanical
zarden at June 30, 19:

Price, WATERHOUSE & Co.
6 Pine Street,
Yew York 5, N.Y.,
Vovember 20, 1945.

[17]

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Exhibit II— STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS,
UN.

RESTRICTED FUNDS

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1945

ome
Income fi t of p fund $ 98,825.24
Contribuitions :
City tenance : 264,641.65
Other ‘ 815.00
Membership dues: :
Annual : 6,970.00
Sustaining, garden clubs etc. 1,625.00
Su ee : 3,565.31
D 2,885.47
Total income . $379,327.67
Expenses:
ae heii
Sal i - $144,416.18
- 32,121.57
Plants, seeds, supplies, etc. 2 10,626. 68
———_— $187,164.43
Botanical science:
Salaries . $ 33,223.77
Supplies, research, publications, ‘ete. 1,150.89
. 34,374.66
Salaries . 2. 1. . . $ 35,432.20
Instructions, lectures, etc. : 6,007.66
———_ 41,439.86
Administration :
Salaries . -§ rei 933.39
Stationery, telephone, postage, ete. . 794,47
= eae ————.__ 36,727.86
Leela 5 « $ 41,997.25
Fuel, material, supplies, etc. . - 27,918.95
———___ 69,916.20
Equipment purchased . . . 56.50
Special retirement allowances . 9,394.14
$379,073.65
Excess of income for the year os eas o wee carried to
working fund (Exhibit!) . $ 254.02

[18]

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Exhibit ITI — SUMMARY
FF

General Funds:
Bonds

Stocks :, :
Preferred
Common .

Sage Fund:
ae a

Sto
Breterred_
Com

S; bien Endow-
Fund:

hae

Stocks :
Preferred

Com

John D. Rocke-
Gast Jr,

Socks:
sae
Com:

Recaption
types of

Preferred
Comm

PERMANENT FUNDS

value
par value
at book

value)

$ 450,000.00

40,830.00
163,648.00

$ 654,478.00

$ 399,000.00

181,255.00
134,769.00

811,641.09

$ 715,024.00

$ 396,000.00

“$ 157,000.00

153,500.00
81,778.00

$2,282,069.00 $3,035,441.00

$1,402,000.00

427,085.00
452,984.00

JUNE 30, 1945

Book value,
representing

Approximate
quoted value

$ 503,811.00

50,486.00
297,166.00

$ 851,463.00 $

$ 453,895.00 $

226,432.00
287,322.00

$ 967,649.00 $

$ 408,085.00 $

$ 159,541.00 $
251,731.00
190,280.00

$1,525,332.00

618,860.00
891,249.00

$3,035,441.00

cost or ap-

Praisal at date
of acquisition

$ 452,659.86 $ 3,756.14

43,080.00
259,051.21

754,791.07

423,073.95

190,739.47
197,827.67

387,932.71

65,533.00
105,260.77

158,392.82

186,162.51
167,338.82

$1,422,059.34 $12,983.00

485,514.98
729,478.47

$2,282,069.00

OF INVESTMENTS

Ave:
Accrued annisal a eta
interest. and
dividends
June, 39,
%

3.10

4it
278.25 3.55
$ 4,034.39 3.32 3.74

$ 4,038.96

663.75
2,014.75

3.48

$ 6,717.46

$ 4,036.03

350.00
600.00

$ 1,151.87

1,243.75
475.00 3.

2,257.50
3,368.00

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Exhibit IV — STATEMENT OF PERMANENT FUNDS

SHOWING CHANGES DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1945

Balance
June 30, 1944
Rectricted a t ang 8 pw
Endowment for science and education . ie 89,115.49
Addison Brown Fund . . 21,149. 31
John Innes Kane F ‘und . : 41,347.63
Maria aay Jesup F: ‘und 25,000.00
Olivia E. ann ete Phelps Stokes Fund | §,030.63
ha aie ‘and . 755.04
7 Hi Memorial Fan 5,000.00
‘Aewsider P. Anderson aa Lydia Anderson
Research and Fellow: ‘und . 25,000.00
Students’ Research Pu ng 12,074.50
greet str t for the publication of “Myco-
10,000.00
Nathaniel Lord Britton ‘and Elizabeth Ger-
trude Britton Fund 48,057.20
Elizabeth Gerride Britton F und | GO Ow, Os 1,883.36
$ 284,413.16
eee Gali
lowment ~ oe + + + $ 248,005.07
David Lyd uae Ge tiy oh “asl de ah 34,337.86
William R. Fund . : 10,000.00
Darius Ogden Mills Fund 48,099.17
Henry Iden Fund. ,
Fanny Bridgham Sane 30,000.00
Frances Lynde Ste n Fund 25,000.00
Russell Sage and Morgue Olivia ‘Sage | Me-
morial 784,575.48
Frances Griscom Parsons Fund | eat ee 2,304.67
Special Endowment Fund . $78,090.83
John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Fu ind. 497,747.29
The Cha te Patrick Daly and Maria Lydig
aly 19,636.34
a Tames. "A. Scrymser and. Mary c Serym-
33,908.82
The — e N. Best Fund | Se eh 3,000.00
The Mary Strong Shae Fund | ae cae 3,916.11
$2,328,621.64
$2,613,034.80

Net Balance

additions June 30, 1945

89,115.49
21/149.31
4134763
5,030.63
"755.04
5,000.00

25,000.00
$ 100.00 12,174.50

1,000.00 11,000.00

48,057.20
1,883.36

$ 1,100.00 $ 285,513.16

$ 7,554.43 $ 255, sts :

29,554.02 814,129.50
2,304.67

4,521.38 582,612.21
18,981.75 516,729.04

$60,611.58 $2,389,233.22
$61,711.58 $2,674,746.38

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Exhibit V — SPECIAL FUNDS
STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF
FUNDS AN

D SPECIAL FUNDS DESIGNATED FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1945

Receipts
Face 00. ~ berene. _Rajendis, Jame 30:
eee ermanent funds: Te” and income) _ tures 1945 |
is ang and educ:i
oa ublic c 's and ins’ traction uae
and publicati ions ‘ . $ 6,247.17 $ 3,325.00 $ 3,358.91 $ 6,213.26
Addison Brown Fun

Publication of “Addisonia” dG 3k. e 110.48 = =1,565.66 1,546.70 129.44

John Innes Kane Fund:
pda of living plants and related
1,809.40 1,543.00 1,026.92 2,325.48
lise De Witt Jesup Fund:
Hgenice collections 931.00 927.85 3.15
Olivia E. and Caroline Phelps "Stokes
Fun
Investigation and asian of native
plants 187.00 186.84 16
Charles Budd Robinson Fund:
Exploration . eae 28.00 27.45 55
ae H. Memorial Fund:
Development of model gar 186.00 186.00
Nee P. ale and od “Ander-
on Researc! : an ao ellowship Fund . 1,167.87 931.00 1,372.75 726.12
Se

Students? Researcl
Scholars! ips and prizes . . . . . 1,578.22 453.00 275.00 = 1,756.22
Mycologia
Publication. “Gf “Mycologia” 2,892.53 5,832.87 4,541.89
Transfer to Mycologia Fund (Exhibit 3,183.51
Iv 1,000.00

Nathaniel Lord Britton and” Elizabeth
Gertrude Britton Fun
Research, exploration, publication, pur-
chase of plan 1 bo ae specimens, etc. 4,207.53 1,791.00 2,075.16 3,923.37
sere ieeiaige le Britton Fund:
Wild so : 70.00 70.00

$18,013.20 $16,843.53 $16,595.47 $18,261.26
S; Abs -_ designated for specific

a be eo garden cae a 2,237.30 $ pa $ 173.78 $ 2,278.52
Contributions oe scienitibe fund 1,045. 12 324.48 820.64
Contribution towards ae) for (specific im-

provements and sg! elopi 10,000.00 10,000.00
Conabution of Mrs. E, an ntin:

ooker :
Exploration and other ye ey . . «= 11,500.00 1,500.00 10,000.00

Gatny tion of Mr. J. R. Swan

Explorat a ~ . « + 5,000.00 5,000.00
Dr. Robbins’ Res sear rch, Fund ane . 3,286.22 2,520.52 525.98 5,280.76
Fiftieth eaniversary 3,351.00 3,351.00

Expense fund for Fiftieth anniversary
000.00 24,234.43 23,765.57
4,935.78 is 493.12 3,888.57 19,540.33
$38,004.42 $72,679.64 $35,647.24 $75,036.82

$56,017.62 $89,523.17 $52,242.71 $93,298.08

eee

Expendi-

tures Balance
BY FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION:
Ree Adal and income) :
Inc investments of permanent funds. . . . . . $10,645.00
Contrib
eye ae & 16,719.58
For ae of Fiftieth anniversary campaign « eg : 48,000.00
__ Biftieth anniversary fund es ea ok = oe 3,351.00
Pe, ais aS yey fa. i 2,000.00
Say sales, fees, etc. hohe te He iy abe 894,29
Subscriptions and sales of publications ee ee ae ee ee 7,913.30
Total per statement by funds. . . . . 1... . $89,523.17
etiiaak
orticulture
Ae es $e A ME es Se eA ge Te > 256.00:
Plants, seeds, supplies Me elie Gay <a. dhe. EOP ae BS . 1,481.88
Architects’ fees. Se be ee oe a eS gh, ee 1150000.
——__—- $ 3,237.88
eee science:
Sal ee oe ler Gore dens Be . . . $4,695.25
Specimens, supplies, Ste ee et, coe cet ee de 14,828.92
———- _ 19,524.17
Pub! id ti struction d inf ti
sere tdaad lectures, at e ‘ eee 3 4,246.23
Expenses of Fiftieth ae campaign:
Salaries : ~ oe . ss « $ 4,522.90
Supplies, publicity, Cte ea ke Oh aren Oh es ts ee dee a 19,711.53
——— 24,234.43
Total expenditures . $51,242.71
Amount transferred to Mycologia Endowment Fund ‘(Exhibit IV) 1,000.00
Total per statement by funds. . . . . . 2... $52,242.71
Excess of receipts for the year ended June 30,1945. . 2 |. $37,280.46

[22]

BOTANICAL EXPLORATION FROM THE
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
1897-1946
Compiled by H. A. Gleason

HE infor. a ee below has been obtained from reports and
[ news items e Journal of the New York Botanical Garden and
m official se by the Director of the Garden in his a re-

: t :

orts, 11;
neither source gives a complete record. For the earlier years of the Garden,
the chief function of the Journal was the current history of the institution,
144 fate ataft Bon a gaa ft ace

each expedition was followed by an official report to the Director, while the
Director made a similar formal report to the Board of Managers. Less atten-
tion has been given to such details in the later volumes of the Journal. The
report of the Director has also been condensed and details of expeditions are
often lacking.

The oe to which the Garden has been officially concerned with aie
tions also va: It may
of the clr, or only fractions of either or both of these items. As a

m of e , the Garden may have contributed only the collecting saan

e Gard
persons s under our sponsorship only and oa financial cost It has been

sorship, except a foes wi vith which the lie is personally familiar.

One of the sare expeditions from which the Garden Hea ee extensive col-
lections, now in the Herbarium, was that o as H. Smith to Colombia, hs
before the end of the century. No record seems to exist, however, ie ae gard

lished i in the Garden’s periodicals, none of which had been setcbllshed fe fae
time of the trip
Tn the list below, 248 separate expeditions can be counted.

97 1900
P, eerie to Montana. Funds from uC T MacD 1 - Tdaho
Verne M. A. Howe to Bermuda
M. A. Howe to coast tof New eae
1898 C. C. Curtiss to western Wyoming
A. Ets Heller and Mrs. Heller to Puerto F. E. Lloyd and S. M. Tracy to coast of
o (Funds from Cornelius Vander- Mississippi and Louisiana
W. W. Clute to Jamaica

: 1899 1901
ce Henshaw to Puerto Rico for living J. BS Small and G. V. Nash to southern
lorida

[23]

tines Henshaw to West Indies for living
lan

. Vv. Na sh to Kew for bie oem
D. T. MacDougal to Mon
ni ood and O. - Cook to

A. Howe. to Nova Scotia and New-

f undlan

Percy Wilson to East Indies for museum
material

N. L. Britton to St. K:!

.L. M. Underwood to ee

. T. MacDougal to Arizona and Sonora

r S. Earle to western Texas and New
Mexico
Percy Wilson (and A. W. Evans) to
Puerto Rico
A. Howe to Florida Keys
F, S. Earle to Jamaica
Percy Wilson

to Honduras
R. S. Williams . Bolivia (18 months)
ilton to Cuba (“commissioned”

y the Gar
Albert de Taeenee to Peru (“commis-
sioned” by the Garden)

1903
L. M. Underwood, E. W. D.

er to
N. L. os “Mrs. Britton, ‘s ‘A. Shafer

N. .. Britton, Mrs. Britton, Percy Wilson
to Cuba

R. S. Williams to the Philippines (25
months)

J. K. Small to southern Florida

Arthur Hollick to Alaska (probably not a
Garden expedition

D. T. MacDougal to Jamaica

1904
F. S. Earle to Cuba
D. T. MacDougal to Lower California

N. L. Britton, Mrs. Britton, M. A. Howe .
c nd C. F. Millspaugh) to Florida a

Bahamas
G. V. Nash, Norman Taylor to Bahamas
J. K. i all, Percy Wilson to Florida
(sprit
a - Small to Florida (autumn)
an sa Britton, L. J. K. Brace

1905
N. L. Britton, ae Britton, M. A. Howe,
C. F. Millspaugh to Bahamas

W.A. Murrill, S. Earle to Cuba
. F. Cowell to Panama
D, T. MacDougal to Arizona
Saas arate : Jamaica
Rydberg to Utah
Nash, Nout Taylor to Haiti
L. Britton, Mrs. Britton : Bermuda
. A. Murrill to Main
j. K. Brace to Bahamas ee trip)
. N. Rose to southern M
. J. K. Brace to Bahamas (aa trip)

1906

N. L. Britton, Mrs. Britton, M. A. How

J. F. Cowell, Delia Marble to face

ico

7 mn to Costa Rica
Cc. B. 'R eee to Nova Scotia (possibly
0, Mr Britton, L. M. Under-
J. X Small, 7. 7 “Cart ter to Florida
Norman Taylor to eastern Cuba
L. J. K. Brace to Andros Island of the

Bahamas
Arthur Hollick to Atlantic seacoast of

eastern states
J. N. Rose to Mexico

ae
M. A. Howe to Jam:
N. L. Britton, Mrs. ‘Britton, C. F. Mills-
-paugh to ea

M. A. Howe, Percy Wilson to Bahamas
J. A. Shafer to nae
N. L. Britton, Britton to Jamaica

to ‘Atlantic seacoast of
eastern states

1908

. Williams to Panama
. Britton, | Mrs, Britton, Arthur Hol-

2n
Wate

nm to Jamaica

1909

. Shafer to Cuba
. Britton, Mrs. Britton, M. A. Howe
Ja naica
E
Vv

Ba
Sa

. A. Howe to Cuba

be at to Bahamas

K , J. J. Carter to southern
a.

ao
33
Me

Eggleston 2 pease: Kentucky
furrill to rs Agalachan
owe, Mrs. eae to Pana:

. Eggleston to ieee ee

M oe sed southern Mexico

. Brown ‘muda
Norman se - Santo Domingo

1910
N.L. ton, Mrs. Britton, Percy. Wil-
son, F S. Earle to Cuba
N. L. Britton, Mrs. Britton, S. Brown to
Bermuda
N.L. Britton, Mrs. Britton, C. S. Gager to
Cu 7

H. Rusby to Mexico (probably not
fe by the Garden
W. A. Murrill to Virginia (probably on

doi
rt to Bahamas
A afer to. paral Cuba (early

Bee Wilson, Brother Leén to Cuba
J. A. Shafer to eastern Cuba (second ae
- Rose to sou estern states an
"northwestern Mexie

911
, Mrs. Britton o

N. L. Britton,

Jj. K. Small to southern Flor

C. F, Millspaugh to Bahama

J. N. Rose to Lower California
J. A. Shafer to Cuba

P. A. Rydberg to Utah

W.A. — to Oregon, Washington and
Californ
Percy Wilson to western Cuba

1912
oe L. Britton, Mrs. Britton, J. F. Cowell
‘0 Cuba

W. x Murrill to Adirondacks (July)

W. A. paring: ieag aad (October)

N. L. Britton, Stewardson
a tah (August, Septem-

N. L Britton, Mrs. Britt S. Brown,
. J. Seaver age Bermuda (cena)
J. A. Shafer to
J. K. Small (and Hugo de Vries) to
southern Florid:

1913

N. L. Britton, Mrs. Britton, J. N. Ros
J. A. Shafer, vie Marble to Paes
at lands

1914
N. L. Britton, Mrs. Britton, J. F. Cowell,
F ae Lu tz to Puerto Rico

Florida

5
Britton, Mrs. Britton, S. Brown,
= i Cowell to Puert to Rico
Flori

Ww. x Moret to Aue nd:
J. ae Rose to eastern ar aia Argen-

Wilson to Delaware County, N.Y.
1916

. L. Britton, Mrs. Britton, Percy Wilson
to Cuba oH Isle of Pines

[25]

S Florida (January)
j.K. canal to Florida ee 1)
F. L. Stevens to Puerto Ri

W. A. Murrill to Catskill ‘Mountains
W. A. Murrill to southern Appalachians
Jj. N. Rose to Venezuela

1917
H. H. Rusby, F. W. Pennell to ae
oli: ed by Dr Britton)
J. K. Smail to Florida (Apuil, May)
“J. K. Small to se (Dece:
F. WwW. i nell
Flor:
A.B. er through several eastern states

mber
o Georgia and northern

1918
J. K. Small to Florida (July)
J. K. Sma : to Flo se (December )
J. N. Rose to Ecu

1919
J. K. Small to southeastern states (Feb-

: . Smal! to Florida esi bee
L. Britton, eae? ae mn, J. K. Small

(De
A. S. Hitchcock . British Guiana

1920
‘on, Mrs. Brit Ba ae

Ma
south-central states
ia K. “Small = Florida (autumn)

1921
N.L. Britton, Mrs. Britton, F. J. Seaver
to Trinidad
H. A. Gleason to British Guiana
H. H. Rusby to Bolivia (no financial sup-
oe
W. E. Broadway to French Guiana
J. K. Small to Florida

1922
P. C. Standley to Guatemala and Salvador

N. L. Britton, Mrs. Britton, Margaret S.
Brown to Puerto Rico

F, W. Pennell, E. P. Killip, T. E. Hazen
to Colombia

J. K. Smal! to Florida (sp: el

J. K. Small to Florida (December)

G. ucher to eastern Cuba Coal
not sponsored)

1923

N. L. Britton, Mrs. Britton, F. J. Seaver

Bie zuela
mall to Fi May)

ern Cuba Tey not
" sponsor

A K. Small to Florida (summer)
Agnes Chase to Brazil

F. W. Pennell to Peru and Chile (prob-
ably not sponsored)

1925
B. Stout to Florida
L. Britton, Mrs, Britton, K. R. Boynton
to Puert to Rico
Ss sas, Texas
A.

aml
Hert to southern agers

A.
N,
J.K.

J. K. Smal! to southern coastal plain

N. L. Britton, ee Britton to Puerto Rico
uerto Rico

P.
E. P. Killip, is Cc pute Colombia

1927
N.L a ar m, Mrs. Britton di Puerto Rico
jJ.K.S to Florida (spring)

J.KS atl to Florida Cal t)

[26]

1928
. Britton, Mrs, Britton to Puerto Rico
ree to Florida (winter)
mall to Florida Gage)
1929
ritton hy Puerto Rico

1930
N. L, Britton, Mrs. Britton to Puerto Rico
J. K. Sma tT ‘e Pina atl (3 trips)
W. Y. Chun to Hainan, Chi

1931
J. K. Small, E. J. Alexander to Louisiana
A. N. Steward to Anhwei Province, China
W. Y. Chun to Hainan, China

1932
G. Proctor ey 3rd, to West Indies
Baie kad
Y. Chun to gn China
1933
AC oe ie Fiji Istands
T. H, Everett, E. J. Alexander to southern
Apalachians for snes an eeds
W. Y. Chun to Hainan, Chin:
1935
Otto Degener to Koolau Range, Oahu,
T.H,

W. H. Camp to southern Appalachians
T. i ae E, J. Alexander to Rocky

Otto ee to Oahu, T.H.
A. C, Smith to British Guiana

. Camp to southern Mexico
Otto Degener to Waianae Range, Oahu,
T.H.

1938

F. J. Seaver to Bermuda
Otto Degener to Oahu, T.H.

1939
Otto Degener to Haleakala, Maui, T.H.
W. H. Camp to Florida and the Carolinas

1940
H. A. Gleason, J. D. Dwyer through north-
ee states
F, J. Seaver to Bermuda
Otto Degener to Kauai, T.H.

1941
Otto Degener to Fiji Islands

942
F. J. Seaver to Mt. Desert Island, Maine
Otto Degener to western states

Bassett Maguire, ig Holmgren to
Intermountain regio:

1944
Bassett Maguire to Surinam and British
Guiana
E. J. a aca MacDougall, to
southern Mex

1945
W. H. Camp to Ecu:
Bassett Maguire, ae Holmgren to
Intermountain reg: ion
Arthur
and Virginia

western states

1946

s to Nyasala nd
e, Arthur Holmgren to

[27]

NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

MEMBERSHIP —1

BENEFACTORS
*Edward D, Adams *James B. Ford
*Mrs. Fanny Bridgham *Daniel Guggenheim
*N. L. Britton rry Guggenheim
‘Addison Brown *Edward S. Harkn
*Andrew Carne) age John Innes Kane
Columbia University Mills

D. O.
*Charles P. Daly 7 "Pierpont Morgan, Sr.

PATRONS
Oakes Ames s. W. Bayard Cutting
*Mrs. Alexander P. Ander- “Charles Deerin;
son enry W. de Forest
*Alexander P. Anderson area W. de Forest
Arthur M. Anderson ary A. Dill
Arnold Constable & C *William E. Dodge
*George F. Bak Marshall Field
Wm. Fulton Barrett *Josiah M. ke
oward Ba: *William B. Ford
*Samuel R. Bett *Mrs. John A. Forster
*Catharine A. Bliss Childs Frick
mil C. Bondy ‘George J. Gould
*Mrs. George Whitfield *Mrs, Esther Herman
ollar rederick Trevor Hill
*Mrs, Louisa Combe ‘lon Huntington
*James ML Constable Hooker
— Deceased.

ynde Stetson
Sa Vanderbilt
peiictas M. Huntington
C. Ins’
James Foundation - New
ork

pens S. Ken:
s. Mary 7. "Ryland ;
ic S. Lee

*Lowell M. Palmer

‘he opposite page)

sent to the New

tr a FROM SURINAM
(On

THE CENTER are some of the sawarie nuts (Caryocar See)
rk B Surinam last

Yo:
Gerold Stahel, Director

the ni

ously undescribed rece of M alasxis, and No.

that h flow
ers 1

ar by Dr.

of the Agriculture Experiment Station at Para-
who furnished assistance to Dr. Bassett Maguire on his 1944 ex-
le Mountain, i

1, Periateria pendula.

[28]

TREASURES FROM SURINAM

IN THE MAIN CONSERVATORY

PATRONS — continued

Harold I. Pratt +Jam rs, F aoa Aes oe a
ailica Rockefeller ‘Mrs, a i "Shepard “Ww. Gilm:
*William R. Sands *Samuel Sioa .K. Vande er! aie
*William C. Schermerhorn *F. K. Sturgis pes . George Whitney
*Mortimer L. Schiff Mrs. "Joseph - Swan *Mrs, aud tte Eno
*Mrs. James A. Scrymser Joseph R. Sw Woo

FELLOWS FOR LIFE

J. E. Aldred *Mrs. a P. Dodge *Morris K. Jesup
“John D. Archbold 7 F. duPon *John Innes Kane
Armour os Fahnestock re W. Kellog:

see DeForest meas HS Guggenheim s. John See Ken-

a a T. Bechte! “Wit Halls, Jr. edy

*George N. Best s. Edward S. Harkness *Edw, ard V. Z. Lan

“Eizabeh Billings ne Stephen Harkness sJacob a

*Geo: Mrs. William L. Harkness ee

‘Mrs, nN. - a on Barbara Ferry Hooker rs. John R. cn

Mrs. Andrew Cake *Thomas H. Hubbar ae McLea:

*James W. Cromwell *Mrs. Robert Hunter *William J. vane
dward C. Delafeld . P. Huntington *Ogden Mills

*Mrs. George B. deLong *David B. Ivison Mrs. Sen . Moore

*Cleveland H. Dodge *Mrs. D. Willis James Mrs. Lewis R. aida
Mrs. M. Hartley Dodge *Mrs. Morris K. Jesup Elizabeth z Mor:

*— Deceased.

IN THE MAIN CONSERVATORY
(On the opposite page)

E GARDEN’S FIRST OYEE t
ious service was Joseph W. Smith, who was s honored by “his aie
£ ci e here

Everett, Horticulturist, Patrick J. Connolly, For of Ra (the
main conservatory), and Dr, William J. Rob Director. The framed
watercolor, which also was presented to Mr. Sm was painted by one

Iso presen

of the temporary gardeners, Marjorie Tobin.

Below, Mrs. Elsie Phillips, a temporary gardener, is shown with a
a “a Crasvula argentea, a South African succulent plant wich. is

mmo! cultivat

this size cbt T gr reenhouse conditions

At the right is ite Helen Scott, secretary to the Horticulturist, with
a specimen of the giant squill (Urgi nea mari tima) fr = ae the Garden

ble t g e United vane

Government for the produc ction of an impor rtant t rte and dru;
supplies of which had been cut off because of the

[29]

ELLOWS FOR LIFE — continued

F
*Francis Griscom Parsons Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner
Mrs. George W. Perkins *Will D. Sloane
*George W. Per! Caroline Phelps Stokes
eels ‘Olivia E. Phelps Stokes
*Mrs. Henry O. Taylo:
meee R Pyne Mrs. Walter Teagle
ELA. ard rs. John T, Try
_ *Mrs. John aS Roebling *Charles G. Thompson
*Edward Rus F, F. Thom

*Leon Schinasi

F. B. Adam
7 elix Adier
‘A. G. Agn
“Mrs 2 ames Seen Al-

*Richard H. Alten

S. T. Armstrong
Edward W. C. Arnold

*Mrs, Hugh D. Auchin-
_ closs

*Samuel P. Ave

*Samuel P. yeaa ‘

*Samuel D. Babcoc!

*George Vv. a "Balin
ra F, Bar

Courtlandt D. "Bar

hn Hendley Behe
George D. Barron
Aurel Batonyi *Witliam “Colga
stay Baumai eorgette T. ‘ Collier
nry Rogers Benjamin *Mrs. William Combe
William G. Bibb - E, Connor
Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss Mrs. William Henry
*Mrs, William T. Blodgett Conroy
*J. O. Bloss *Mrs, F. A. Constable
*George Blumenthal *William L. Conyngham
C. Bobbin! ‘Theodore Cooper
*George C. Bold *S, Wilbur Corman
*G. F. Bonne *Alfred J. Cr:
Mrs. es C. Brady *Zenas Crane
*Robert S. B: ter Mrs, = ay Cranford
Miss Louise Britton Mrs. F. B. Crowningshield
*Frederic Bronson Mrs. Chaves Suydam
*Mrs. Addison Brown Cut

* — Deceased.

*Samuel Thorne

LIFE MEMBERS
*J. Hull bg
*Matilda Bru

rs, Charles * Burlingham

Charles Burlingham
*Joseph Bushnell

Dr. Otis W. aoe
*Hugh N. Cam

J
*William F. Cochran

[30]

Tiffany & Co.
ais C. Tiffan
a nm Post

*Felix M. Warb

ca)
. Wi
Harold H. Wee
a Tanchouae “Wile
jams
+Em nil Wo 1 ff
*Mrs, William H. Woodin

*Melville C. Da

*Mrs, John Dwight
Thomas Dwyer

*Newbold Edgar

no
John F. “Erdmann

Edward J. Farrell
*William C. Ferguson
Edwin A, Fish

Hari ry Harkness Flagler
*Andrew Fletch

Charles “Flint

*De Lancey Flord-Jones

*Eugene G. Foster
Mrs. John a
Erwin U. Fre:

wea Fri a
Mrs. rs. Reginald Fricke
Mr. Reginald Fricke

s. Williai
‘ane J. Goodwin
Ee . M. Grosvenor
Bernard G, Gunther
*Franklin L. Gunther

*Robert Hagelstein

Crosby Gai;
fs Thesdere Kane ee
S. m P, Gilm

oo Higginson

*Adrian Iselin

ae . Columbus O’D, Iselin
s. O'Donnell Iselin

ged F, Jackson

d Jam

*Annie B. Jen
Mar John C. “ein
*Walter R. T. Jon

*Mrs, Delancey Kane
Mrs. David J. Kelley

* — Deceased.

LIFE MEMBERS — continued

r. Samuel ye Lambert, Jr.
“Clare Lani

wid Lydig

*C, W. McAlpin
Mrs. Charles W.

e
*Emerson McMillan

*George N.
a “Roswell Miler, Jr.

‘A c ‘Mill

illi m F. Milton
chell

Newtoia Morris
vi P. Morton
‘Sigmund aeobary

*George M. Olcott
Mrs. Charles Tyler Olm-

William Church Osborn
Mrs. Eustis Paine

[31]

*Henry Parish
+Georne Foster Peabody

ae! Hall Penfold
W. B. Penick, Sr.

Florence E. Quinlan
*George W. Quintard

Stanley G. Ranger
Mies ot ee
*Joh

au
a

Mrs, ae i ne
bi inald H.

cat C. Sel ne fer
= August Schermerhorn
*Jacob H. oa
*Grant B. Schl
Mrs. Morton L Schwartz
Edith

ye!
D.
*Anson Phelps Stokes

LIFE MEMBERS — continued

*Ellen J. S Oswald W. Uhl *W. Seward Webb
Mrs. Pheron ¢ C. Strong ‘ Sidney Weinberg
Anna Murray Vail porate Peabody Wetmore
Alber a T. - aa Dr, Francis M. Whitacre
* _ anderbilt *Mrs. Joseph M. White
ae Thad Arthur Stannard Vernay *Violette S. ae
*Phoebe Anna Thorne Manfred Wahl Joa Da
*William Thorne Henry Freeman Walker *Mrs, Anna Woerishoffer
Time, Inc. ies Donald J. Warner Mrs. Willis D. Wood
*William Stewart Todd Rawleigh Warner *Charles T. Yerkes
ohn C. Traphagen *John I. Waterbury 4 ee,
*Spencer Trask *Emily A. Watson *Jeremiah L. Zabriskie
*Susan Travers S. D. Webb

FELLOWSHIP MEMBERS

Mrs, Harold Fowler H. Harvey Pike Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz
Mrs, Willard E, Loeb

SUSTAINING MEMBERS

Mrs. Winthrop W. Aldrich ae V. C. Hawkes Mrs, William a
Boudinot Atterbury George M. Hockin; Mrs. J. E. he
Stephen B . Walter Ewing Hope pee

Lawrence P. Bayne Mrs. Alfred G. c Bays “Suleberge

Mrs. Harold Brown Francis Kennan Robert T.
John A. Callender homas Lewis ouisine P. a heen
Paul H. Cheney Mrs. Charles F. MacLean Mrs. Will Cc. T
Charles T. Allan Marquand Samuel
Mrs. Robert J. C George Grant M: Mrs. Carll Tucker

rs Crowninshield Anne Morgan ll Tucker
Mrs. Suyda tt William Church Osborn Barend Van Gerbig
Mrs. Henry W. de Forest S. Barksdale Penick ‘ite
Mrs. Cleveland H. Dodge Mary Stuart Pullman Mrs. Joseph Wilshire
Mrs. Hugh J. Grant Mrs. John D. Rockefeller,
Miss Julia M. Grant Jr.
William B, Harris John M. Schiff

ARDEN CLUB AFFILIATE

Bronxville Women’ s Club Lake & Valley ee Club Seay Garden Cl a
of Cooperstow: Ridgefield Garden Club

Connecticut Hort. Soca: Little Gardens ub ea i -on-Hudson Gar-
Englewood Garden Club Mamaroneck Garden Club den Club

*lushing Garden Club Millbrook Garden Club Rye Garden Club
sreenwich Garden Club Morristown Garden Club Short Hi tls Garden Club
rvington-on-Hudson Gar- Mt. — Garden Club Watnong Garden Club
den Club New Canaan Garden Club Working Gardeners of
Larchmont Garden Club Noe Couatey Garden Club Bronxville

— Deceased.
[32]

ANNUAL MEMBERS

Dr. Hug!
Peene J. Auslander

Hillman M. Bish
Mrs, Elliott Averett Mrs, Louis G. Bisee

. Louis G. Bissell
A. Axelrod Corwin Black
harles F, Ayer rs. Emmons Blaine
Sidney H. Blaw
B Mrs, E, Blauvelt
oan as pan D Pie

arnes Foundati ston T. Bogert

Mrs. Courtlandt D. Barne: mma Bohling

rs. James Barnes
Dr. David P. Bar rei rick T.

‘y F. Barrett s. L. W. Bonney

Mrs. William Felton Bar- a Sidney C. Borg

re owden.
John D. Beals, Jr. rs. Perrine Bowman

s. John R. Bradley
Baward an Bratter
eitenbach
[33]

Miss Luella Otis B jeaman
Mrs. Edwin De T. Bechtel
Mrs. Walter Beck

8. Frederick 7. Bonham Mabel Choate
onhai

A Raymond H. Becker Frederick F. Brewster
{rs. T. ae ae Miss. Dor. othy C. Beers Dr. eeranie ill
E. A Walter Beinecke Richard H. B
rs. M. Add sell Mrs. Louis V. Bell Mrs, Richard | deWolfe
rs. Charles Frost Aldrich Walter B. Bell Brix
rs. W. H. Aldridge A. Beller Tobias Brody
ir uiglas Alexander rs. August Belmont Bronx Artists’ Guild
rs,-Nellie B. Allen Mrs. Jules Belmont ella Brooks
rs. ae Seward Allen Alexander Beneck Aneita D. Brown
‘alter rs. Hertha A. Benjamin Mrs. Stanley N. Brown
hla Franklin Benkard Louisa Bruchman
drs. Hugh Al arles J. Bensley rundage
firs. Arthur M. Anderson Bruno Benzige: Mrs. ‘Susanna Bixby
drs. Harold Andrews Barnett Ber B
rs, Ernest Angell Berman fa T Bryce
. Ansbacher ry C.B It {rs, Clara Bry
rs "George Arents, Jr. Dr. Alice R. Bernhei avid Todd Bulkley
eorge Arents, Jr. Henry ef ussell E. Burke
euben Arkush Mrs, Isaac J. Bernhei: rs. F. A, Burlingame
. ae Mrs. Richard C. Berresford’ bare S. Burlingham
irs. David W. ane Hug! nee ‘s. Wendell T. Bush
Anions | B. Arno! Alice idle
amuel E, Q. Asi ileg Georgina Biddt c
A. S. Askin Mrs. Samuel H. Bijur
H. A. Astlett Cecil Billington Mrs, Ina Campbell
Mrs. E. = Auchincloss Mrs. John F, Birch rs. William C. Cannon
h Auchincloss Mrs. Mary Caprea

ary C. Cas
Wn. M. Chi urne
Arthur A. C

Mrs. Cha: rles Merrill

s. A. O. Choate
Y. Chubb

Ge ete Club
F, Ambrose Clark

Mme. ee Clayburg

Albert Clayburgh

ess Clinton . Julian Francis Detme
{rs, James I. Coddington Mrs, W. B. Devereux, Jr
fr rick W. C Mrs. Bertha O. Dic’
rs. Henry S. Coffin Mrs. Charles D. Dickey
rs. Julius H. Cohen Herbert L. Dill
rs. Rufus Cole L. Diskind
harles B. Colebro: Mrs. Cleveland E. Dodge
(rs, Edward M. Cal Jr. Donald D. Dodg
rs. Richard C. Col rs. Henry L. Dokel
lice V. Conklin rs. Gayer G, Dominick
rs. William H. Conroy rs. W. F. Dominick
Jerome W. Coombs Alexander L. Dommerich
H, Fenimore Cooper W. Dommerich
per rs. John W. Donaldson
rnell Mrs. J, H. Donohue, Jr.
loris Cortright Miss Rose H. D
{rs. Robert H. Cory Anne Dorrance
frs, Frank A. E. Cot Mrs. Charles Doscher
{rs, Thomas Riggs Cox Mrs. George Doubleday
fary C. Cr args Mary Dowling
eorge A. Crocker, Jr. Mrs. Robert W. wba
rs. W. Redmond Cross Mrs. te m P. Dray
Homer D. Ss. tes ibben
Ars. Moses Cry stal 3. E, aes Dudley
aS aps M. Cudahy Dr. Vinin C. Dunlap
Edward G. Curtis Pierre S. du Pont
Mrs. Donald Durant
Mrs. Edward J. Durham
Lilly Daché Alice M. Dustan ©
Frederick A. Dallett Mrs. Olga Dutc
Mrs, Arthur D. Dana Mrs. Winthrop Dwight
Mrs. nison D, Dan: Mrs. Pearl W. Dye
Anthony D’Attilio
A. M. Dauer. E
M. Davido: Mrs. Lucius R. Eastman
Preston Da Robert W. Ebeling
rthur V. Davis Leola Eckler
ts. Harvey N. Davis Pharon J. Eder
rs, Pierpont V. Davis Dr. S. W. Edgecombe
rs. Henry P. Davison Alice Edgerly
rs. Dorothy aa John A, Egan
rs. C. I, DeBevoi: Mrs. Ernest F, Eidlitz
rs. Thomas M. Debevoise Elsa Eimer
arquis de Cuevas Mrs, Roswell Eldridge
enry L. de Forest Mrs. Henry H. Elias
Johnston de Forest Mrs. Douglas L. Elliman
John F. Degener, Mrs. Duncan Ellsworth
Mirs. Carlos M. de Heredia Miss H. C, Ellwanger
vs idney Gilder de Kay . Page Ely
George T. Delacorte, Jr. na \ Villiam Dean Embree
William Adams Jano Julia T. Emerson

Italia De Napoli

Thomas C. Desmond

r
Cc. Temple Emmet

ANNUAL MEMBERS — continued

Mrs. cae B. Emmons

Ni
Exp. Stn. Hawaiian Sugar
Planters Assn.

F
thur S. Fairchild

Ar
Farr Nursery Company
Max Farrand

FF
rs, Philip Ponce
a Fox

e nC. Foy
rs. opal Frederick
Tr E. G. Freeborn

r. CN
rs Childs Frick
n Clay Frick
] a "Isadore Friesner
Ars. Ang ae W. Frink
het R. F
sina Frits.
i ae Frost
ng

G
Mrs. E. V. Gabriel

i ANNUAL MEMBERS — continued

enry J. Gaisman Mrs. Morgan Hamilton Eleanor Hufeland
ugenio Galban George F. Handel Huggin
enry pin Ferdinand cceae Willard L. Hults
Ars Raa Gamble William A. Har amuel Hand H
ev, ert I. Gannon Aaa Hale : Harines Francis Welles Hunnewell
en: arper s. Guy Hunte:
is = th Garden xove B. Harrington rs. Joel Hunter
D. Gardiner Mrs, Basi! Harris Paul = Hutchison
ng E. Gardner zeorge L, i James H. Hyde
farcia Garrick ohn Randolph Harrison
‘arl Gerdau frs. Emil Harrma I
firs. Louis C. Gerry Mrs. Lee S. Hartman
{rs. Harvey Dow Gibson Edna Ferrell Haskins Mrs. Sydney R, Inch
Henrietta Gilberg . Louis Hauswirtl reuse ae Tozz0
lice M. Gilli (rs, Theodore Havemeyer Arthur
{rs, Bernard F, Gimbel oe C. Haynes Ge corgine “Seen
{rs, John L. Given s. E. John Heidsieck
R. Glass: Jacob Hekma
Mrs, Henry S. Glazier Mrs. W. F, Hencken Frederick W. ee
hn M, Glenn Mrs. E. C. oe Mrs . Robert Jaffrey
rs. Frederick A. Godley Aen Hen r ee eet Jat
15. Norma e firs. J oa a Mrs. Ellery S. James
rs. M. L, G ie rs. A. Barton Hepburn ais aig B. James
rs. David M. Goodrich Hector Herrera ae eae
arles F, Jenki
alter L. Good: ne H. Hershey Mrs. Walter ae iri
Morris Gordon arl T. Heye Mrs. Har: ry A. S Jin
Mrs, Edwin Gould Mrs. ord B. Heylman George S ae hson
Albert H. Graf . B 2 Th et 2
eodore R. Johnson
aaliott J; Caraniamn Winona a Hib Mrs. Edith F, Johnston
d oe William Steele Gray, Lig cane v. Hickox Mrs. Robeliff V. Jones
Ernest W. Greene Mrs. R. Hill pas ieee
Amy Greenwell R. Hill : : .
‘ary M. Greenwood Anne Hi
John Wyatt Gr ir. Beatrice Hinkle
Victor Gr lara S. Hires Mrs. Otto H. Kahn
Mrs. Edward S., Griffing eorge , Jr. n S. Karge
Edna Gri arold K. Hochschild s, Lewis B. Kaufman
rs. Frederick C. Hodgdon Tiltie ote
J. ‘y, Grullemans rs. ph M. Hoedso:
William C. Grune rs. Bernard Hoffman Mrs. William W. Kelchner
Mrs. L. E. Guild ary U. Hoffman Nicholas Kelley
Archibold A. Gulick rs. William W. Hoffman Mrs. F, Leonard Kellogg
Mrs. R. M, Gunnison rs. Jerry J. Holecek Edward J. Kenn
H rs. ead . Kennedy
H Arthur H. Holste Mrs. Arthur L. oe
Viola Hafner harles W. Holto: Mrs, Francis Kin,
Ernest K, Halbach Dr. J. Gardner Hopkins Rufus Kin
Jol = H. Hall ie F. Houst alter W. King
‘s. John H. Hall, Jr. Nalter B. Howe arren
Bes L. H

alloc!
‘obert J. Hamerschlag irs, ‘Anne Huber : Gu stave 4 Pesct

a
>
fat)
a
a F358
gE
ag
og
gE

D. Emil Ktein

na ae Koffler

Ts. Lan
Hildegarde T. Kras'
M reissel

s. John L, Kuser, Jr.
L
ur F. Lafrentz

venstein

Lehma:

Lenox Garde b

Tenry M. er

Margaret Bispham Levey
iL —

ack Li

Mrs. Elizabeth S. Lickman

Tr ries C. Lieb

r, Sven H. Liljestrand
ohn W. Little
Anne P., Livings’
Mrs, Willia oe Tockovood
Mrs. Janet C.
Ernest K. in

M:
Mrs. Roger L, Lyo:
Mrs. Henry M. Ts

Ars. David Ives nag
larold L. Lar

()

Mrs. Susan Delano Mc-
elvey

ving aaa

ieee D. Merrill
i
ank
Jeremiah Milbank

Montreal Botanical Garden
Barrington Moore

oore

Mrs. "William H. Moore
Miss ee M. Moran
Rev. B. S. Morris

Mrs. ee Hennen Morris
Mrs. A. Henry Mosle

Mrs. K. K. Mosle
Dr. Charles R . Mot
Mrs. J. Tanya Moca
ae uhl fe!

Ray sais

Joh

Fatian s. preci

36]

ANNUAL MEMBERS — continued

N
National fg Board of
Pharmac:
Mrs. Elsie M. ey
Mrs. R. W. N;

Mis s Anne Deanne Novick

Dorothy Oak
Mis:

rs. S. B. Olney
Mrs, Malcolm Ormsbee

P
Mrs. Emma Pag
Ars. Harold Pag e
firs. Augustus C. Paine

Mrs. Sheffield Phelps
M. icker

eth L. Pierrepont
Mrs, Herman G, Place

ANNUAL MEMBERS — continued

Rutherford P
Mrs. Arthur eee Louis Sach:
rs, Maurice Polla! S. Sac .
William L. Poulson Mrs. Henry W. Sage, Jr.
rancis E. Powelt rs. J. T. Salman ,
s. Addison Strong Pratt Georgiana W. Sargent
rs. Frederick R. Prat Anton Sarovec
rs. George D. Pratt Valentino Sarr
irs. John T. Pratt erbert L. Satterlee
frs, Clarence Price rs. Melv: Ee Sawin
rinceton Garden Club Henry A. Sc
{rs, . Proffitt Mrs. J. Louis Schacter
(rs. Henry St. Clair Put- py sw. Sel
nam Herman Schae:
Mrs. Percy R. Pyne Benjamin Schare
Mrs. Berry Schifling
Max Schling, Jr.
< : Rudolf Schlumberger
rege ae ietiaes Mrs. Frederick Schluter
Mrs. walsky A. P. Schmidt
pee R aa Maxwell Schubert
irs, F. F, Randolph Joan Setace
: avid Sach Mrs. Anthony Schulte
atherine Rau Dr. Otto Schu
fagdalen Rauch ara . ae
{rs, Norman 2 Ream Me ‘ ara hwab
obert C. Rea Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz

sere Reid Mrs. Townsend Scudder
firs. a Er. ennel Mrs, Samuel Seabury
(rs. Junius A. Richards (Ta jeorge H. mk
\nne S. Richardso: . erie

id Mrs. J. Kenneth

Mrs. Alfred Seton

. Bayard Ri Walter S. Shannon
eorge Roberts + rs. Guthrie Shaw
(rs. John W. Roberts Robert L. Shaw
everley R, Robinson M.A neffer
. Robinson Albert M. Shelby
Ida Sherman

ts, John D. Rockefeller,

Mrs Nelson A. Rockefeller FS Shumaker
Mrs. Alden K. Si ibley

oller S. HL Siegel
Mrs. Margaret H. Ross Marion G, Sierm
oseph Roth S a GS
adeline Rothstein Lawrence
Mrs, Stanley M. Rumbough Mrs. Walter ‘sinn ay n
fate L, Russell rs. George
artha M. Russell

Skak.
Mrs. Roswell Skeel, Jr.
{37]

Mrs. Samuel aa
gle K.

Dr. J.
Mrs. Catherine Smith

Mrs. Edw: ard W. ae
Ethel D wale
Haren

aes
s. Gin foe ranza
Win in Sperling
T. Stanley
fine Lou Stansbury
aes A. ae
d W. Sta

a M. Stei:
Ars. Sigmund Stein
ylvia Stein

te:

{rs. Robert D. Sterling

Mrs sare Phillips Stern
Telen wart
rs. W. ey

i Li
Mrs. Myron Ta ylor

Daniel G. Tenney

Mrs. Howard L. Thomas
R. T as

Mrs. Oakleigh Thorne

Victor C. Thorne

Sherman Thursby
Walter E. Thwing

r. Arthur C. Tiemeyer
Neil E, Tillatson
Louis B. Tim

74 M. Titefsky
Emi ‘opp

Mrs. Kalt Treadway
Mrs, John B. Trevor
Charles pial

Joh

U
Susie Uhrinchks
A. Harry Ulrich

Mrs. Ste phen G. Van Hoe

Willian Van Jahnk
Mrs, Edwin Van

Mrs, Er nest G Victor

ANNUAL MEMBERS — continued

William von P;
Mrs. Bee *yoachals
C. R. Vos

WwW
Dewhirst W. Wade
Mrs. Dudley Wadsworth
Burnett Walker

Miss Mariam D. Walker
M:

Mrs
H.
E. S. Webster:
rs. F. Webster
Se . aie

r C. Wei
ve eins Webers
Mrs. Matthew

Mrs. oa West

. iulkens
Mrs. Frances R. Williams

[38]

Ars. nee Bib jams
Ars. Langbourne Williams
Ars, Nelson B. B. Williams
Ars. Percy es a
a Will
rm

. Thornton

even. Win:

Irs. Roy T. W:
toy -
ohn
Mildred

Mrs. L. Dae oath
tend
's. Park M. Woolley
pedis County Hort.
Soc.
Richardson Wright

Louis Yavn

Mrs, H You
Mrs. Mahonri M. Yoke

vA
George A. Zabris
William Ziegler, a
A t Zinss:

Mrs. A. A, Zucker

EVENTS OF 1945 AT THE NEW YORK
BOTANICAL GARDEN

Jan. 16 Annual meeting in the office of President Joseph R. Swan.
Mar. 4 segs of Sceeaatis display for the benefit of the Ameri-
n Red Cro ae ang ay lasting nats a month and at-
focus 100,000
May 10 Presentation of ace holly trees to Rockefeller Center.
May 13 Rededication Day, inaugurating the Fiftieth Anniversary
Garden Week celebration.

May 14 to 20 i Dike including
and Members’ Day — May 13
ae Day — May 16

moration Day — May 20
(A complete report of Gard ie Week was issued as Section
2 of the Journal for August 1945.)

May 24 seine of Honorary Degree of Doctor a Science to Dr.
m J. Robbins by Fordham Universit:
May 31 Industrial Memberships created by action.of the Board of
Managers. :

June 13 Third Annual Rose-Growers’ Day.

June 21 Graduating exercises for students in the Garden’s Two-Year
Courses, with P. J. van Melle as speaker.

Aug. 2 Visit of Sir Alexander Fleming, discoverer of penicillin.

Sept. 30 International Folk Dance Festival for benefit of the New
York National War Fund.

Oct. 26 to 28 pies ene Chrysanthemum Show and Program in co-

on with Eastern States Chrysanthemum Society, ac-

sean by an rues of paintings of chrysanthemums
by Wang Chi-Yua

[39]

THE CORPORATION OF THE
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

The ya special act of the Legislature of the Sta‘
of orn Wee in ae The ue i Tncerporation pee among other things, for a self- Gerseaetne
body of incarporat tors, who meet annually They also elect

The Advisory Council consists of 120 emore women who are phe i. the Board. By custom, they
. Office: : Mrs, Robert H. Fife, Chairman; Mrs. ae ; Hating
ton Hooker, First Vice- Chairman; ‘Mrs. William A, Lockwood, d Vi

enesing Recording oe Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Corresponding paeeae at
Leo

ard Kellogg, Tre:

Mrs, Arthur M. ae

herman Baldwin

‘harles W. Ballard
fra. James Barnes
Mrs. William poten ee

LR.
rs. Teror :
‘rs. Henry S. eninioge Cooper
rs. William Redmond Cross
D, i

im
Be
BB
a
a

illiam me o Field
Mrs, Robert H. Fife

Ts. Hay J. Fisher
Harry Harkness Flagler

s. Mortimer J. Fox
ils Frick
‘ev. Robert i Gannon, S.J.

n H. Hoo
Ts. ; Cement : Houston

rcher M, ‘ington
ierre Jay

s. Walter S
rs, Alfred G. Kay
irs, F. Leonard Kellogg
rs. Warren sree

gne
firs. ee Montgomery
‘ol, Robert H. Montgomery

Ars. William H. Moore
Y. Morrison

frs. Augustus G. Paine

Irs. James R. Parsons

R nm!
ufus L. Patterson

firs. Wheeler H. Peckham

[40]

firs, George Ae ies

5
a
Ee
ff
BI
et
ti Ee
n
e,

hwarz
ts, Arthur Hoyt Scatt
chur H. S

. Swar

am F, Trel
Arthur = Mate
M:

John C, Wi
Richardson Wright

Jos
Henry de Forest Baldwin, vice piesinex
John L. Merrill, vict-presipENT

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
OFFICERS

eph R. Swan, PRESIDENT
seal M. Anderson, TREASURER
Henry de la Montagne, sECRETARY

ELECTIVE MANAGERS

William Felton Barrett Mrs. ea Huntington Francis E. Powell, Jr.
Howard Bayne Hoo! Mrs. Harold I. Pratt
Edwin De T. Bechtel Mrs. ‘Albert D. cpa William J. Robbins
Henry F. a ee anne McK. Lew . Percy Saunders
patel E. D. Merrill Edmund W. Sinnott

Robt. L cata S.J. Robert H. a aaa Chauncey Stillman

Cee B. Harding H. H ona Por

Sidney J. Weinberg

EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS
William O’Dwyer, MAYoR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
Andrew G, a Jr., PRESIDENT OF
+ Moses, PARK COMMISSIONER

APPOINTIVE MANAGERS

CLUB

UMBIA UNIVERSI
H. A. Gleason Charles W. “Ballar d Hie M. Rhoades
Marston T. Bogert Sam F. Trelease

PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Books, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal

An Ittustratep Fora or THE NortHERN UNrrep STATES AND. Canana, by Nathaniel
Lord ae and Addison Brown. Stee volumes, d ill
4,666 s: s. Second ie ition, reprinted. $13.50.

Tan Ban HAMA Flora, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Charles Frederick Millspaugh.
695 Bao of the cpetmatophvtes; pteridophytes, bryophytes, and thallo-
ahve of the Bahamas, with keys, notes on explorations and collections, bibliogr. aphy,
and index. pon nee 25.

ORPH N CarIceaz, by Ken a K. Mackenzie, containing 539 geaee o
Carex and elated vrais by Harry C. Gr re. Bn a Laue oe of = oe spec:
In oes = oe mer 13% inches’ bound $17.50; unbound $15
ares N SPECIES OF CAREX, K.K. ee From Vol. 19,
Pat 1 oy pate Anmsvican Fl Flora, $1.25, .
OA eo. -Book or GENERAL LicHeNnotocy, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 76 plates.
1897, 0.

' Foop anp Druc PLants or THE NortH AMERICAN INDIAN, geet aheratee articles by
Marion A. & G, L. Wittrock in the Journal for March 1942, Se

VEGETABLES AND Fruits For THE Home Garden. Fo
from the Journal, 21 pages, illustrated. Edited by Carol | H. ac aaahe a aH

THE Fiora OF THE Unt CORN TAPESTRIES,, by E. J. Alexander and Car ard.
28 pages, ill awings ; bound with paper. oNaal, te =

Cat. or Harpy TrEEs AND SuHruss, A list of the woody plants being grown out-
pea - t the New aoe Botanical Garden in 1942, in 127 pages with notes, a map, and 20
illustrations. 75 ce

SuccuLentT ee nts of New ann OLp Wortp Deserts, by E. J. Alexander. 64 pages,
casing 350 species ected: 100 illustrated. Bound in paper. 1942. Second edition 1944.
0 cents.

Periodicals
DISONIA, annually, ted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular
decree ns of flowering phi eight plates in each ee thirty-two in each volume,
Now in its twenty- “second | volume. Sree price, $10 a volume (four years). Not .
e Garden.

oe or THe New York sss Garoen, monthly, containing news, book re-
WS, eae non- Series seliegee on aoa and horticulture. Paraee tion, a als 50.a year;
singe ies 15 c mem of the Garden. Now ts 47th v olum
fea mon ie ly, ae a color and otherwise aa ted to ane including
pee Conan technical articles and news and notes ae Pattee interest. $7 a yea!
vali es $1.50 each. Now in its thirty-eighth volume. Twenty-four Year inde

A. A series of botanical papers published in co-operation with the American
eae Plant feats se = ubscription price, $5 a volume ($4 to rnembers of the
Society). Not in its fi: :

ORTH AMERICAN Honk eee of the wild f North America including a
fee the West Indies, and Central America. 94 Lest now i d. Not :

ie eee FROM THE NEW GARDE
reprinted from journals other then A ee 23 ce cents.each, —

MEMoIRs (OF Tae New Yo ORK Boranrcat Garpen. A pera ‘Of ‘scientific papers.
Contents

JOURNAL

THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Vor. 47 NOVEMBER Pacers

No. 563 19 4 6 261—284

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor
EVENTS—LATE NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER 1946
History of Paper-

An exhibit covering several thousand years of papermaking, arranged by Harrison
Elliott, ce ee on the Garden's Saturday Eriosn program of Nov. 16, will be
on view on the main floor of the Museum Building until mi ngs Samples of
the earliest bane made in the pioneering countries a ae e, and North America
are shown, with pe labels explaining the p ae nufactur e by hand and

ine. and
exhibit, also some rare fe books pri on paper made from different kinds o
ilebraues Displays
Chrysanthemums and other late autumn- Hoviraipe plants, in addition to the permanent
exhibits. ao daily, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m
esis ees Progra
o of the G sarden's First Eee to Africa

e Vernay Nyasaland Expedition L. J. Brass
Radio Progra

ety Wednesdays at 5:45 p.m. over WNYC (830 on the dial).
. 27—Amino Acids—And You F. W. Kavanagh
Assistant Curator
Dec. 11—Farm and Garden Crops of Colonial America Anne Dorrance
Author of “Green Cargoes”’ ay Veer books
Dec. 25—After-Christmas Care of Christmas Plants e Free

Staff Horticulturist, Home Reis Magne
ey Afternoon re as
3 p.m e hal!

the lectur
Nov. fees Plants i How They Grow E. Naylor
re Curator
Nov. 30—The Romance of the Hudson Mrs. Gordon Wi

Wightman
Hudson River Conservation Society
Dec. 7—Careers yes Cellulos
motion eee in sound and color, with comment by W. D. Turner,
Technical Consultant on Plastics.
Programs to be resumed after the holidays

oO
From GarDEN AND FarmM—Stitt Lire Composition sy Emer N. MITCHELL
Cover photoes pn
Foops ees FERMENTED Soy. As PREPARED IN THE NETHERLANDS IND
I—Tao aan A CHEESE’ cee Sor aNee AND SOME OTHER
Prot ee Stahel 261
Rosser Anca Har . Stout
Woop DisPLayED IN jee Has Porn PROPERTIES
Picture PAMPHLET OF VEGETABLE GARDE

FAastIGIATE Oak REPRODUCED FROM SEED J. G. Esson 25
Tue Bessa Pamntincs : 276
TuHReEE-Day SHOW AND Zoe STAGED WITH Bein STATES

HRYSANTHEMUM Soc 278
THe Girt oF GREEN” 279
Notes, News, AnD COMMENT 279
Notices anp Reviews oF Recent Booxs 281

‘he Journal is published monthly by ork Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58,

Y. Printed in U. S. A. Entered as Second: eee Matter, ppovtee 28, 1936, o oftg Post Office
at Ne New York, N. Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1. . Sin gle copies

24, 1912. Annual subscription $1.50, Single cc

JOURNAL

of -
THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN
VoL. 47 Novemser 1946 No. 563

Foods from Fermented Soybeans...
cAs Prepared in the Netherlands Indies

I—Taohoo, A Cheese-Like Substance, and Some Other Products

By Gerold Stahel

Director, a nae Station,

Paramaribo, Surinam

N East Asia—and here in Surinam too—soybeans are ene ioe seed
production alone, chiefly for human consumption, in contra the
aes uses made of the crop in North America, where much a it is oe
as hay to cattle and a large proportion also oF $s into mee and other
products. ‘Relatively few soybeans are eaten in the United States. pices

a fas the rathe
bitter taste of eae and their failure to cook soft. They have learned
to ferment the soybeans with quick-growing fungi, thus making several
palatable and eon foods.

Most pao - these eee are TAOHOO and TEMPE; also TAOKOAN,
a cheese made aohoo ; TA a ae paste- -like condiment, and
KETJAP, wh: aa is ee sauce. 5 se milk is also made, but without a
fungus, and sprouted soybeans are widely used by orientals.

Sprouts and Milk from Soybeans

In the Netherlands East Indies sprouted soybeans are called TOKOLAN
or TAOGE. They are one of the nares : every

“passar” (market). Even in our Pagani SNe tokolan is Pie cle
for sale every day.*

* Directions for the sprouting of soybeans were published in this Journal for
November, 1943.

261

262

To make soy milk, beans of the yellow variety are soaked in water and
gr a in a mill. The product is ae with water and filtered out
cheesecloth. The milk cen din this way has about the same Br operties
and nearly the same ah aoa and proteins as cow’s milk. In China
it is used in the same s milk. In the United nae too
soy milk is consumed, t jue on a ve . "mite d scale. In the Net iets
East Indies this milk is en slightly known as food, but it is produce

large quantities for the manufacturing of soy cheese, called TaoHoo or
TAHOO.

Cheese-Like Products
Just as in making cheese with common milk, a kind of starter is added
to the warm soy milk, which immediately begins to coagulate. Most of this
curd, or taohoo, is either eaten fresh or baked in oil or lard. In China it
Sse

This cheese, called TAOKOAN, ie color n be shipped abroad.
TEMPE is a typic is un:

ted ical countries. Here in
Surinam, as in othe East ladies, Bee - the soybeans are consumed in this
form. In this Journal I propose to give an account of the preparation
of taohoo, and in the next one, of tempe.
How Taohoo Is Made
After tempe, tachoo is the most common a: of soybean aban eaten
in the Nethe tlands East Indies a China, it is the most important soy
product. Taohoo is manufactured h re a Cane only on a very limited
scale, by a single eg eee “espe close to the Paramaribo market-halls
along the Surinam Riv aed oes 2 and 4 o'clock in the
ee and ger 2 oe yee , he ease ae Ravel of
0 be clock ¢ he next m visited this
ne K che in ae ary in fe early Soe pee Belts in the after-
noon to see ti pro ee
At about e fc) velock i in he nee and evening 5.8 kilograms of nes
are put He ' pail containing about — times this amount of water

at
East Asi e yellow variety is ee this purpose. The black one is
la as sable, a has to be peeled very a erly before milling, other-
wise the a dark c oe oe this reason the yellow soya ‘fetches

higher prices i ee the black

In the beans swell conde oy and after six hours they have a
eee eee and one eae times that of the dry beans. The actual a eS
ture of taohoo then begin

CHINESE a EQUIPPED WITH .IMPLEMENTS FOR
OHOO palace

in the drain of the low a the white ash can be seen flowing slowly

se the bag of ‘cheesecloth hanging in the wouter ‘barrel. At the left, a part of the
use 1 i te .

or coagulation of the

The thoroughly soaked beans, whose water content is now 63.3%
instead of 15.9% as in the dry a are milled in a small stone-mill with
o stones of 50 centimeters diame The upper stone rotates, whereas
lower is fixed an a possesses an allen rou: = drain. This mill comes
from Hongkong, from where others have been sent all over the world,
oe Chinese people live. The w upper s oe . turned by a man with
the aid of a long wooden lever. Every t ime that a ladle with wet soybeans
and oe is pce into the hole in the upper stone, rotation has to be
stoppe ie

ick fluid in the mill streams slowly through the drain into a bag

of dee sae Bes ch hangs in a wooden barrel. A sample of this uid
ved to contain 84.6% water. This means that to seats kilogram of
beans of 15.9% water content 4.6 liters of water have to be added to
obtain a sufficiently fluid pile product. To the 5.8 eee of soy-

Condiments Made with Aspergillus

and KETJAP are soy pro oducts fermented by another fungus,
eee Ory. The first is eaten as a kind of paste, the second is
used in a fluid form, HR is oe throughout much of the world under

intervals. Taotjo must be made in the dry season, because day it

as to be brought outside into sun and air for ho This dish is eaten

n the Eas h the “rijst-tafel.” In Surinam it i manufactured II

he well known soy is mai ast Asia and even

ere in Surinam. -To manufacture ketjap ybeans a: and

after cooling are wrapped in hibiscus leaves, just as with taotjo, but without
mixing in ¢! ‘oasted meal. rmenting two or three days t!

slow boiling. § s and ot iquant materials are added, according to
the aaa se de la maison. These may include galangal, aa cloves,
Jew’s ear fungus, and dried and ground fish and chicken me

eae our Chinese therefore has to add as much as 26% liters of water.
ing the age of the oe ae is boiled in a = liter hile
mailing | is finished, the barrel is brought close to . Then the hot
water is ade in the a ag with bean residue, which is ae ie eae on-
pees by pulling and s . it to hasten Nae After the pan is
mptied and Te aeeee ns, the bag is placed on a gra’ . above the
bare 1, the free part being ae and faa tightly in this way. The bag
nae ae essed firmly to separate the milk as completely as possible from
the
are now about 75 liters of milk in the Co Ras me are
aed ta into the pan and 25 go in a pail placed n the n the
h. When the temperature of the milk reaches ae. i le oid it is
eae back to the barrel and ee e 25 liters of milk in the pail
are poured into the pan to be heated. At ae 45 liters of water of about
28°C are added now to the hot milk in the barrel. By now the 120 liters
of milk may hav a temperature of 65- 2 C.
Then the eae consisting of one liter of a 12% solution of salt and 15
cubic centimeters of ey acetic acid, is Eatiea to the fluid, which is con-
ea stirred with a ro
Almost immediately ve white color changes into a greyish one and flocks
of curd appear floating i in the fluid. When the curd begins to settle a hand-

265

basket with fine meshes is held in the whey and the clear fluid which
filters into it, is ladled into pails and thrown away. When most of the
whey is removed in this way, the wate ery cae is oe eine toa ees
lying crosswise over a loose wooden frame of 2 fee Fauna and 12 ¢
meters we and placed on a square ace eae on all sides the fluid ae
away and our Chinese tries to hasten the pei by aia the corners
of the cloth unuenes back over the the four corners
of the cloth are placed over the curd and ne efit in the frame
is put on the ae nd loaded with a pail eansining = ae of water. To
prevent the sticking of the plank to the rame of very thin
wooden laths is placed eee them. When sie a se no further
fluid drips out, the plank is removed agai and the corners of the ae ese-
so that a i

clo
ard pail are replaced and Sieg on : curd for several

The ie is now about one inch high, and contains oF weer It
is cut into 100 pieces, each - ae square. Those made in the early
canes. are sold after 6 o’clock in the morning as white soft curd. At
the same time those of the afternoon of the previous day are sold as cakes,
baked during the night in lard.

Pieces of fresh taohoo, four-fifths natural size.

266

Freshly baked taohoo, four-fifths natural size.

here are two kinds of waste products in the manufacture of taohoo, one

re filter-residue and the a the whey. The first pr t may be fed
to pigs as a concentrate; the second is ee and is thro way.

In China, 50 grams of aan pas of Paris is ne ~ start
coagulation ‘of th e same quantity of soy mille The whey fro:
be used in agriculture as a t thin li a manure, ae whey ee eit
will be harmful for this purpose in the lon:

The tabl low shows the. output

ble below s of an “hi erent aaa resulting
from the processing of 5.8 8 eigeranie of soybeans into tachoo

Water content es sland Protein , Fat
lo kg. % kg. Yo
5.8 kg. soybeans 15.9 484 — 19 _ 08 _—
114 he a 84, 37.5 11 §5 0.6 75
120 1. 3 1.04 22.2 0.3 15 0.02

99.1
10.2 fim filter- residue 81.5 1.89 40.3 0.6

More than half of the protein and 34 of the fat present in tee $ go
into the taochoo, whereas about 1/3 of the protein and % of the fat are

267

found in the ae age The age contains only 1/7 of the protein and
almost no ‘fat at all. the whey are found most of the soluble carbo-
hydrates, such as eae Rea ee other:
‘aohoo is occasionally manufactured in an United States for the
Ginee restaurant trade.
A list of references to the literature on soybean food products will appear at the
end of the second and concluding article, to be published next month.

Robert Almer Harper
By A. B. Stout

fl Gece pea of Robert Almer Harper on Bes 12, a cee

ears of which nearly 50 yea ere 0 bot:
After ee the degree of ee of je from Obert ie. in
1886 he ies os

in Nebrasl a part of the hee of 1888-1889 in botanical
study ‘at a aoe University. For the next two years he was
instructor in — at Lake Forest ae in Illinois. He received t
degree of Master of Arts from Oberlin College in 1891. From ol
until 1808 he was Poles of Botany and Geology at Lake Forest College.
ye this period he spent two years in eee cal studies and research
t the Univer: ae of Bonn, Germany, where he studied under the celebrated
Beanet Eduard Stash reer and received i degree : hae tor of Phil-
osophy in 1896. m 1896 until 1911 Dr. Harper was Professor of

years of service, he ret ce ie full gene at Colt: umbia Univer rsity but

remained as Professor Em He continued in various relations both
at Columbia University aes a New York Bonne Gas until 1938

ane the family aes 2 i dford; Virginia. Here he spent his remain-

ing hate ai Mrs 1 Sherman Harper, their son a ert, their

daughter-in-law, and pe eir Saat nm Robert LeRoy Harper

plantation a about 435 acres situated in an area of era Piedmont

ery.

3
ic

At Wisconsin University especially, and the lectures of the introductory course.
also at Columbia University, Professor He gave personal attention to the ad-
Harper organized progressive and inte- vanced courses, especially to cytology, to
grated courses in botany for “the : our the seminar which he conducted for all
years of academic study and for further advanced and postgraduate students, =
postgraduate study. He niniselt présented to the research by candidates for degree:

ROBERT ALMER HARPER
1862-1946

Profess Harper an inspiring
teacher ; his Knowledge oo otany was
authoritative and extel oe his evalua-
and of re sala

This
e dive
e extent of his

eee and his perception in sesienine
problems of interest to his studen
t

Early in his tenure Wisconsin Uni
versity, as probably also in his earlie
teaching, Professor Harper organize
eld trips for his students and associates.
These re even pleasant comrade-
ship ll as s of stimulating
an appreciation of plant life. My fi
acquaintance with Professor Harper was

in this connect:

specimens to Professor ‘Harper
for identification and soon the Devil’s

Lake area became a favorite spot

at least on eld day each’ year. ‘he
diversity and. richness of the flora in the
wild IS immediately

and within the survey of a le day
are almost beyond belief. SSOr

arper’s delight and appreciation of the
natural e contagious; his ac-

ig.
plant life and many te)
cation, relstionship, erolor ical status, and
life Be Spee, especially of the
fungi, were en for the ee or
for study. er coming to Columbia
University, Professor Harper’s eathiusi:
asm for field trips continued. ed facili-
tate these he purchased a lar;

Panhard eae in which ai

with ¥
merely an important means for a better
u Ss anes of living sie in Nature’s
xperimental Ja abor: ory.
net researc

cal_ methods,
study ok a m,
analytical cousidetation of the Va-
tions. ae See of his pee on
cytology a models of execution in pen
and ink dra winks.
In ie peri as peas 1911 and 1920

ly of the
ie or pseudo-star acter tl
oecuts “especially in the hybrids chesined
en

s betw sweet c and flint,
jent, 1 ur and ean rns, ii arch
was started in ie experimental ing

and later continued 0
Professor and Ha
in New Jersey. During this period g

269

tics was the chief topic of discussion in
quent co’

the frequent nversations which the
writer rofessor Harpe
results and conclusions of this study
were publ ae 920. his paper p
sents in a ea oncise manne
his critical a ee of Mendelian data
and doctrines. Especially did he doubt
the validity of the doctrine of unit fac-
tors and of the purity of germ cell
for such factors especially after hybridi-
t

aft inters:
as do the sugar and starchy types o:
and
e Reese to obtain rela-
ely pure of ie i ie
Professo: tr Har r question
m odiing
factors of fe values, to
in such factors. To Hi the

interaction in the complex process of
ours maturation and union of
gam

Long Service to the Garden
ropriate t Professor Har-
per’s "lone and ice service ~ the
New ale Botanical pata ae saree
Journal. He

for the records of this

as a euibee of Board of Manger
from 1911 to ’ was Chairman of
the Scientific Directors from February
1918 to April , which is the date
when this body w eee and its
functions otherwis igned. Thus Pro-
fessor Harper was ene identifi ed sath

of the

is as the Ro A. Harper Re-
pri ion. Pro: arper was
chiefly responsible for o installation and

e equipment for to combat

* Inheritance of sugar and starch characters in
corn, R. fe ee: Bull. Torrey Botanical
Club 47: 137-186. 1920.

insect pests and fungous diseases in
and for the ania

sympathetic relationships with
nical Garden.

and
administration of the Bota

=e
W ood Displayed in Library
Has Fluorescent Properties

oe E fluorescent ilies one by
ee has ontact with
certain ae ds a ner generate
by a small Sint in the Garden’s library
uring the f: chalice mi ‘om
ood of ocarpus indica from the
hilippines was filled with water. After
several hours, when e water was
poured into a beaker, a pale but definite

water evaporated over several days, the
fluorescence became more pronounced.

Chalice from the Philippine wood know’

as ‘lignum mech onenta which gu a
ia quality to water il which
t has come in conta

inspired by

demonstration was

The
Sones McK. Lewis,

pone “Lignum nephriticum—its h
ry and an ac the remarkable

fluorescence of usion”

Safford in the taal Re epore of the

that one woods which bore the
name of “lig im nephriticum” was pos-
sibly the kind vealed * ‘red narra” in the
Philippines (‘‘vermilion ” in the
Americ: le), and Naiowine that th
woodworking shops of th hilippine
Railway Company at Iloilo on the Island
of Pa had a su of this wood
(which used for ties and also some-
times ae flooring and furniture), he
wrote to the Philippities to ask whether

two Chalices iment be made for him out
of n: cae
e tw wo Sepia arrived, ap-

cad one of these. was brought
ie fa "New York Botanical Garden for

Kinds of Nephritic ¥ ood
Pterocarpus indica which is a large

tree belonging i

TH of

Two

re seemed
out the true source
marvelous wood,
Dr. oe opens his 28-p; paper by

remarkable
thienehode
seventeenth, and
htee

nc nephriticum is a
wood ue was celebrated
n the sixteenth,

the early. part of the eighteenth centuries,

not only for its reputed medi see virtues
ut on accouni th ‘ange color

phenomena displayed Py its “afsion in

spring water. Cups t ror yere

ea fit gift for Gnneron and be Ned
hi

e water drunk from these cups, or

from bowls in which a few chips were

emain, was ared k

marvellous cures; and its beautiful opai-
ence and changes in sunlig! ad
hadow were the subject of investigations
yy the most celebrated physicists of that
period. Strange to say, scarcely a frag-
ment of this wood is now t £ in
A ms or ee oo Its very

modern

shee fade oe taahies Had leneyelopediae: and
is botanical Se has remained ee
until the present day. ak ent
Tape Ip oe to show that Dine a wae
wood cme from two distinc sources,
from trees of disti

b
ments on the fluorescence of ie
bom)

News from Abroad

he correspondence received at

he Garden from Camillo Schneider,
German botanist and horticulturist, since
before He a reaches Ww r Ic
7. Writ rom Berlin Aug. 23, it tells
of seiviies at San Souci, the famous
ick the Great in eae

erie of Freder:
outside B

ju erlin. “Each we
ce r ouci,” Mr. S jneidee
writes, “where I have to deal with Rus-
gad professors of the Academy of Science
at Moskau, which has established a de-
partine t of botany at Sans Souci. The
castles and gardens are still intact but
resent. The

the park is not well kept at pre:
aed of Po Fear sha as been entirely de-
yed by bombs.”
Me Schne: fe who has done notable
work in dendrology and who oo nes
plantings on mber state

he war t the outbreak of the first
world war he was in nited States,
nd. remair ere, working at the Arnold

spent some time at

also
Cool Universi ity.

PICTURE PAMPHLET OF VEGETABLE
GARDENING

OME food aun: has not decreased in importance with the con-
clusion of the Gardeners who have been raising their own table
i it ad

beans, will be ahead in the game of gardening for food if they start prepar-
ing their soil this fall

it is a well cay fact among gardeners that the most successful
A ‘ :

The first step in digging is to mark the limits of the first trench with
a string pulled tightly between two stakes, then dig the soil out evenly to
the entire depth of the spade. For convenience in pie the job, the
soil removed should be hauled to the far end of the garden
This time to put in manure or other organic en mixing it
well into ante bottom of the trench with a spading fork.
hen the second trench is dug, the. i from it is pele into the
trench. p i ays
trench carefully with stakes and string, until the end of the garden is

t n
reached. There the soil from the first trench will be iat to throw into
. the last. A dose of lime spread over the top is beneficia

In spring, attificial fertilizer may be added the surface. A good
anes then puts the soil i at the ey aie “good tilth.” It is
then ready to receive the seeds and see

Illustrations of the pee of the soil appear on the following page.
in the two subsequent pages are shown methods of sowing seeds, setting
out seedlings, and seeing the garden through the summer.

of these illustrations were used in the New York gee ea booklet
ae Victory Gardens of 1942 and 1943,” which is now out of p

EREPARING- THE SOK 3 VEG) Fd

PREPARING THE SOIL FOR VEGETABLES

1. Marking the edge of the trench to be dug. 2. Throwing the soil from a second trench

into the first. 3. Adding manure to the sub-soil. 4. Forking over the bottom of the

trench. 5, Addi ing commercial fertilizer to the soil’s surface in spring. 6. Raking the
be oil fine and smooth to make it ready for the seeds.

272

273

SOWING OF SEEDS AND PLANTING OF SEEDLINGS

@ 8. Two methods of making furrows for seeds. The stake heing eure along

the string at the left is V-notched i. hold it in place. ee Rett seeds. 10, 2

. Late March, sowing peas in a tre ae and covering them oil, then ee oo
on pests with ¢ Hicker wire, 13 @ 15. Setting out ee eotinee in early Jun
16 & 17. Planting young leeks in ae made with the top of an old spade hi gale

Sites

abla li
ee

SOWING OF |

_. SEEDS: AND
‘PLANTING: OF -
“SEEDLINGS

LAIRD OU ILVILIN

SEEING THE sae eae THE SUMMER

18. Tall strong stakes for tomatoes. 19 @ ‘0 tools for es between rows
of plants—a hoe are - tas ‘altar. (Phowogap ae ty Ewing-Galloway). 21 &
22. s and lettuce—two of first 1 Laying the tops of onions: flat to

Carrot
induce ripening of bul bs. 24. Picking the Gee ae a Harvesting ee wae
the size of a golf ball. 26 & 27. Some of the Garden's crops in midsummi

274

Fastigiate Oak
Reproduced from Seed

By J. G. Esson

an woody plants include within the limits of a single species a
mber of forms. One may have pendulous br a another
natrae or variegated leaves, yet another may have stems that grow erect
and close together ; still SS may have fruit of a different color from
that of the recognized s
None of these forms ee been considered by the propagator as likely

A simp ent with t
Quercus Robur fastigiata, that is 63 feet high and growing at Great Neck,
Long Island, produced two ordinary English ea with paeee branches,
while the third was a reproduction of the p plan

The s were collected in the fall of fot and ae immediately.
The a fastigiate form is now 34 feet tall

In the center is a fastigiate English oak in All Saints Church cemetery at Great t Neck,
Long Island, and at the left and m1 rahe oo tw a vi its seedlings grown from acorns
pla: in 19

THE BESSA PAINTINGS

THE reproduction above is of crape-myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica). On the opposite
page are shown Gentiana acaulis, CLs mar ai Ne indicum (under the name of
Anthemis aitenisaefolia) Tiboucht na holosericea {under the name of Rhexia), and
Tulipa Gesneriana var. ‘Henry IV.”

These represent five of the 572 watercolor paintings rchment made by Panc
Bessa in the first quarter of the 19th century, for eae the fist eight calatnes =
the French serial, the “Herbier Général de |'Amateur.” One hundred of these were on

277

278

exhibit at the New York Botanical Garden i six weeks, beginning with the opening

Members’ Day program of the season, Oct.

. Flora

ni
meetings in Boston Dec. 26-30

roup of paintings is to be

_ They have been Pitas to the United

uehe of Paulo Campos-
ntings and accomp g parchment text,
e two Beane were among

reat Noid the A.A.A.S.

Three-Day Show and Program Staged
With Eastern States Chrysanthemum Society

DOOR See . pa heat raat at the York

ree Gar
and program preset ee
Chrysanthemum Soc

d test
In the museum the society s

there were entries in 48

artistic arrangem

for appraisal an

Duplicating its success of last year, the
Garden Club of Mamar re won the
Scott award, presented by Dr. Er

cor ae

i Sit - one en-
lding, consisted of a garden
planting of chry sa

On the o} pposite side of the door was
an eas eee of Seiad ited in
many v. ae

2
fal

lection aks ne esmums from Totty’s
of Madison, N. J.

Oth eshinils in the rotunda included
two. chrysanthemum aa arranged by
Elsie A, Kiaz nafly, N. and
Marie J. ese. Ie ee ich, Con
and a group of potted plants from the
t the far

is developing the Blue Star Drive on

r best for the second a

tory and mu ‘
taged a etitive exhibit in which
for

classes for feedeiiest specimens and ten

Route 29
memorial.

Three specimens of the chrysanthemum
“Mrs. H. E. Kidder” Wo Bred ‘sh tricolor
F I

in New Jersey as a war

award in horticulture t humaker
vice-pr page ft ciety.
Six flower arrangements were show
vieden in shadow- bs — sgaitat
the ces eee le lars in the unda. Ex-
a tor:

Mrs, "Georg ge J. Hirsch, New Sate
N. rst prize and _ tricolor;
Christian ‘Agderson M.

adison, eae

N. J., first e; Mrs, Bernard E. Farley,
Scarcdsle, and ‘Mrs. William
eras Mamaroneck, N. Y., second
prizes; and Mrs. H. Herbert Johnson,
Leonia, N. third prize. non-com-

petitive composition also was arranged
by Mrs. Johnson.

The p en for the opening day be-
on with an address b 5S. L, Emsweller,

eeding. ois is tak
s planned, will he. published i ina later
sees of the Journal.

H. Everett then conducted a ae
on chrysanthemum culture and dise

279

and pest control. With him on the plat-
‘orm, to help in answer ing questions
from’ the audience, wer Emsweller,

e
ge, the Garden s Plant
Lon, id

; and F. F. aan
Bator “ie Chet of Home Gorden ma

ne new Cad alla develop

by
of Gro

and Charles MacArthur, by Dr.

Scott
and was christened in hee honor.

the two co- operating

t
organizations.
the Saturday and Sunday imme-
Beara s the indoor displays
to tl oy from 10 a.m.

and the ib mn
ae It is estimated that 18,000 persons

‘osse Pont Farin,
Mich., ve “Aher presented Mary visited the Garden during the three-day
MacArthur, daughter of Hele A Hayes show.
ES

“The Gift of Green” —Garden’s New Film

EMBERS of the New York Botani-
cal Garden were invited to ie
official showing of the Garden’
sound and color motion picture film, “The
Gift of Green,” the fourth floor
studio at the fale
Oct. 18, Four suc

the Advisory Council,
oa £ Manag:

y 7
. E. Naylor, n large part re-
sponsible for aie sen ee the
picture briefly the assembled. p:

“The Gift - ia hia! ie aay
of photosynthesis—that is, how
plants function in the prestnce °
to manufacture, in their cells, sugars
which are converted into other substances

Tr sugars) a transported to
other parts of the plan

Produced by oan “Flaherty, under
the anmediate. direction of his brother,
David Flaherty, the film contains scenes
made in en Arizona, Florida, as
we as the New Yo

pictures ma the
microscope, to show the “tetailed” atic:
of a plant; lapse-time photographs

wing and flowers open-

Fossils photographed at

the American Museum alan ral His-
tory are incl male “drawings
show the chemical fedctione that take
place when s ar is 1 ithin a

tec Dae

* The Sug: tch Foundation, Inc.,
which ioe Grated the making of this
film for the Garden, cae acquired 100
vailable with-
it

5 charge of the film’s distribution.
Eo
Notes, News, and Comment

dvisory Council. Eight women who
have tas active

tober a mes
Brady, s. Sidney G. De Kay, Mrs.
Coane ae fe ie Junius AL
ich: ity, Mrs.
Charles “Burlingham of New York and

Ridge ae cy mn,
of

Isla Mrs ice

York and Bernardsville, 'N. * ad Mrs.
Philip B. Weld of Hastings~ -on-Hudson,
N.Y.

280

Library. Mrs. Elsie Phelon Phillips,

garde he New York Botanical
Gar and who received a certi €
re bal 5 age for Garden:

t Jun added to the

ban staff me ascictant. e coameneing her
work there November 1.

oard of Managers, A. Percy Saunders,
retire ee a onery at Hamil-
to a ie n, be VY: wide! ly
tee i ee nies, resigned
ee ie Bosal Py Mew sas Me
He was _ elected ees ee 939,
succeed Raymond H.

Hybrid Grapes. Dr.
as N.Y,

working with Xpe:

ment Station there on the new seedless
grapes with which he has been con-
cerned for many years. He reports 309
new seedless grapes developel. One
ee is now under test in commercial

taken Seedless.” Vines

ntings is being Haar AS ch
be made
available to growers as soo om s possi able

SEED COLLECTORS
We are interested in purchasing
Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds
Correspondence invited

HERBST BROTHERS

92 Warren St. New York 7, N. Y.

through the New York State
tive Fruit Testing Association.
number will be distributed nex

Co-opera-
A lirnited
t year.

Lectures. Ze at the Garden Oct.

21, the Advisory Council heard a repeti-
tion of the tall given by Dr. H. W.
Rickett on ete Day Oct. 2 for the
opening of the exhibit of original te
cen he ine of flow rs by. Pan

Bes:

Dr. W. w Camp addressed ile cae
conference of the Garden ee of
- oe

State,
bee

Conn.,

e a er at the
Horticultural Society of nO York Oct.
His lecture, which on house

talk ed oH ae gi to the teachers ‘of Julia
Richman High School in New York Oct.
23.

ae eld ae During late summer and
utumn Moldenke se numer-
ous Feld ins “for the Torrey Botanical
es nie

ne Chimney
ry and Mounts
Wi
necticut and Massachusetts

- Visitors. Dr. Carl Epling of the Uni-

versity of eos at Los Angeles,
who is spending his sabbatical leave in.
the East, is working both at the New

York Eas Garden and at Columbia
Unive
gi Fenaroli, head ] Ae Agri-
ment Statio
e

jai
=
[=a

E
thei
e Mr. Mu lligan, capac at
he Royal "Flovteutora ay s Gardens
t Wisley, paw and, to become super-
intend nt of t i arboretum of the Uni
versity of Was

281

Stanley J. Smith of Cornell worked at
the pene in oy ae on his Ph.D.

thesis on the g Trilliua
Eli rn Kelner ses ‘Editor £ the
Rochester (New York area ens
‘ame 2 the ae eos
ork to ve

the fede ae
horticultural activity Pe eeniel by the
New York State Federation of a ae

Clubs at its snl meeting Oct.

Am othe: sitors who ae 12a
at the Gade oi fecent eeks were Scott
Haselton of oe editor of

Cactus and culent
F.

mor “Wiycologist of
E. Eg cee of Nor-
.2 Cy Athi Wastes
Ridge; Jy;
Roslyn, Long Isla:

of Glen
and Milton Hopkins of
nd,

roadcasts. Since the city’s radio
iC sting all
Nations
Botanical
scheduled
45 p.

8 F

arden’s bi-week ly * program,
Ha paving esata at
ey

air wi e Garden’s program is due
are Page Monroe R. Birdsey
let Conn., is registered for
Be ie at ie "Garden - mor pholog: gy and
taxonomy under amp, as a
graduate student 7 Pee Univers! ty.

Another Agave. The summer of 1946
was the summer of
Sep

previous specimens of
nal for August),
when thi ce) ne
nese on the third, Agate ee a plan
whi ch had been received from the Ne

ray ae

Powering procee

few rows opening cack It was
estimated that the stalk rer "1,500 in-
Vv flo:

dividual ers—inconspicuaus in the
mass, but each” . me ractive in itself,
with petals of ender-rose

color,
and stamens, hefore they opened to expel
eir yellow pollen, of a slightly darker

Meetings. Going to Philadelphia Oc-
tober 17, Dr. William J. Robbins at-
ded the three-da: eeting of the
erican Philosophical Society. Dr. B.
. Dodge followed him there for the
gathering of the National Academy of
Sci rece aber 20 to 23. On Sep
27 30 Robbins also attended a
growth conference at Princeton Uni

NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS

A Starter in Pelar, ee Stu
R.

GE UMS. goniums for
Wi a ‘Garg 8. Helen
Van Pelt Wil 248 pages, in
dexed. illustrated with watercolors
and line drawings by Natalie H:
Davis, also with ka De M.
Bar & Co. York, 1946.
$2.

Miss Wilson writes well. x books

are a pleasure to read, not one peener

they give good descriptions of charming
a with knowledge of the needs
of plants, but because there is a ay
bon in the telling. enjoys
the different fowers, ther
growth, us situations, hey color, their
fragran
or this “new book, I not ¢
of this ease. Here one pre not lip: he
pily through the story of the geraniums,

282

we sO firmly call them. The reaso:
a evident. It is a tough story. Anyon ae
aa it must olen teel like a person

ying to accomplish Ajax’s task. The
eee eight of the rock impedes.

t is o see why this i It i
because of the pelargoniums’ amiabilit

in South here y tumble
over every wall and rock on slan
of ma Helena, they hy! bridize easily.
This carries on when they are transplanted
to northers | al bodes They have been
loved so long that thei: nie nd-
less, and nay, ee = them Te been
given differ And io can
see the cee nie - m all correctly?
In writing this for a Botanical Garden
Journal, one cannot quite dismiss the sub-
ject ng. =
that the story Even

among this Botanical yeas 60 pelar-
gonium plants, there are many not in-

the East and in the West and quae th

mes she has seen. She ny de-
lightful suggestions of color combinations
and numberless_situatio! r sun an

partial shade. She has an extremely good
chapter on the e plants in
an amateur greenhouse, doors under

colors are given
to the Horticultural Colour
Chart of the Royal Horticultural So-

Plants of Hawaii National Park
Illustrative of

Plants and Customs of the South Seas
y Otto Degene
(Author, Flora Ses

flor:
ee natives. cae sibs
trate
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park,

rom author,

ciety, which is planned in accordance
with Ridgway, the Répertoire de Couleurs,
and Ost
There are charming little color sketches
and leaf shapes oe a por abl ies
nt be used. Man

h
people will rea i 16 Kk

te) wit sleaduite.
identify their own plants, and forget
that it is not and c ald tee according
to present knowle a he com mple te.
SaraH V. Coomss.
History and Horticulture
In a Gardening Town
OLD SALEM GARDENS. 71 pages,
illustrated, indexed. Published by
the cub, Salem,

is a small ooklet full of his-

fine art of garden:
er of owners of these beautiful Pad
Saimion: in days and ways long since
“gone with the ce Hg

e little booklet

also contains much
plants which thrive in
aie uld be an ins i
ot di al

ull of “nostalgia and charmingly
aren with pencil drawings of plants

This ok is obtainable from
Henry R an hnson, 376 Lafayette Me
Salem, Mas

Mrs. GuTHRIE SHaw.

Rice Economy of the World

RICE IN THE WESTERN
SPHERE: Wartime: Developments
and Postwar bles

izer. a Fix War-Pea

phlets 7, Food Speen oTne
stitute, sStanford Sarid Cali-
‘ornia.

ee grain of China and
Sane "Pacific Asia otk

cal Chinese Emperor, Shen-nung,
sumed gre S importance during the recent
world In fact, its role had so

magnified hat it occupied the serious

283

attention of many governments and seo g
has become the
ublishi

f hee stwar adjusting nt.
was not over when this pam-
aie ne ‘peblished. hence the carne
. ate problems, western hemisp! a
prospects, utlook for
Asiatic ee and the timing ae re-
dj Ss more shor the standpoint
han from a vie

and, there is a satisfying

amount oF taal Eee and statis-

tics employed 7 a Ai study of actual war-
prod ‘

time on and its flow from
new si They serve also clarify
nd Sl in the nece sary phage

ntry such
-non- Asiatic countrie which in t
have been so dependent t on the ae ie three
of rice production—Burma, Thailand and
Indochina.

One comprehends ihe eae of
India ich, while free of - actual
devastation of phys ee arfare, is one
of tess countries "desperately hit by t ‘the
war and in need of c iy
pala stocks: built up ii
the world. Five pe Ok its ow
of vice must be supplied from the outside.
When this was a ae ae loss was
sufficient to cause ami

It is equally eee e e to what

e ee Latin- “America par-
Mexico

nce ng
have been ea to ale one
and Chile since 1941 has become a con-
sistent exporter.

The ie that the United oe. is te
the

Ys
when compared t
rice eel ge available Siro Monsoon
Asia, and falls far short when it- is

considered that the recent (1944) c¢
shels (900,000

of 70 million bu: 900, ict
tons, cleaned basis) ly about three-
fourths of the average peter on
the Island of Formosa es n 1935-36
1939-40, and that Formosa ais — -

and

the smallest eirplis predi

southeastern Asia.
Witriarp M. PorterFiecp, JR.

as Side Prim

RENEWED, William 8.
Bdward H. Graham.

108 pages, ingtratea. Oxford Uni-

versity Press, New York, 1946. $2.

the source of all our food,

vay
t is the ending of

the chapter on

Ploods 7 ee Land a newed,” writ-
n b of the best soil experts in
this county. - “simple one this
ook y complicated subject
with “iltastravons. that are actual photo-
mirably depicting the various

foe the intelligent
farmer is only protecting his
soil from that insidious et erosion,
in-

but actually m aking and
creasing his income at the. wane time.

Bobbink & Atkins

NURSERYMEN
» AND
PLANTSMEN
Most of the unusual Roses, Trees and
Shee not eas faphiees will
be found gro this great
ae ae nique in the
Annals of ‘American “Hotedne,
Visitors Always Welcome
Catalogue Upon Request

Bobbink & Atkins

Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J.

284

like particularly the chapter on Field
ders beca

Borders because while protecting crops in
the fiel e planting of s, i
color is beautiful in bloom in midsummer
wit lavender flowers. also im-
proves the soil and feeds quail and other
native birds, and is equally valuable as a

wind screen in the on growing like
a four-foot h al
In the r on Demo n Ac
tion, the Paes of establishing ‘oil con-
servation farm districts is explained. The
Jast two paragraphs give all Americans
it depen

cot as much

“This eat movement to improve
American ‘and has been ee way for
less than ten years, but alr it in
volves more than half the agricultural
land of the United Stat 1 th
ten years possibly all farm and ranch
land will be in districts, and

ncouraging words of the author, an

the very last sentence of nee Saphenes
little easy-to-read conservation
says, “Freedom, like he. “soil, ea “most
appreciated where it is ne red.”
E B, FRANCKE.
Boca Long Island.
Flower Arrangement and Therapy
PLEASURES AND PROBLEMS IN
FLOWER ARRANGEMENT. Emma
Mog een Sosa Gece Leean aaee
trated, dex: nd
194d. 52.

This little booklet, subtitled “A tef-
erence work for flower arrangers,” was
presented to the Biot by Mrs. oon
P. Stevens in appreciation
courtesies which she and her

niversary. roceeds f e sale of
this booklet, see is obtainable at 114
Prospe ct St, Passaic, N. J., go to further

the’ work in en therapy carried on
by the Garden “Department of the Monday
Afternoon Club.

Physalis
peruviana

of the Pacific region, is the
dinarily rich
description
vegetation is presente’

plant life found

295 pages

“Stimulating, informative,
and well worth cane

3 PLANT LIFE
PACIFIC WORLD
by Elmer D. Merrill
Director of the Arnold Arboretum
This remarkable book, prepared by the leading acne on ae —

: on the Pac Ne
s must be a but a clear, seal Se of the luxuriant

256 drawings
The Macmillan Company, 60 Fifth Avenue, New York 11

— The f the
N.Y. aan Garden,

of the

olume the or-

islands. poe

Price $3.50

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Henry pe La Mont AGNE, Secretary

Elective Managers

WILt1AM Fevton Barrett Cuartes B. Harpinc H. Hopart Porter

Howarp Bayne Mrs. Eon Hao Francis E. Powe, Jn.

Epwin De T. BecHren Toor Mrs. Harotp I. Pra:

Henry F. pu Pont Mrs. ALBERT D, Lasker WuuaM J. a a

MaRSHALL FIELD oe McK. Lewis Epomunp W.

Rev. Rozert J. GANNon, D. MERRILL HAUNCEY pane
S.J. Hoes H. Montcomery Sipney J. WEINBERG

pane artisans
Wittiam O’D x of th 'y of New York
Anorew G. Cage co eens, of in * Roard of Education
Ropert Moses, Park Commissioner
Appointive Managers
By the Torrey Botanical Club
H. A.

GLEASON
By Columbia University
Marston T. Bogert Marcus M. RuHoaves
CuarLes W. BaLLarp Sam F. Tre.ease
THE STAFF
ILL1aM J. Roggins, Px.D., Sc.D. Director
H. A. Gieason, Px.D : Assistant Director and Curator
Henry pz La MontAGNE Assistant Director
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IN THE NETHERLANDS InpDI
II—Tempe, ns Teoriear ee Gerold Stahel 285
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JOURNAL

of
THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Vor. 47 DeceMBER 1946 No. 564

Foods from Fermented Soybeans...
As Prepared in the Netherlands Indies

1I—Tempe, A Tropical Staple
y Gerold Stahel

Director, Agricultural rai Station,
Paramaribo, Surinam

Bee ING the war, hers were sent to New Guinea by the United

Since the Papuans, the eae i New Stale do not use _ Soybeans
i 01
broken with other Indonesian ‘lands

01 te fr
here it was known to be in use by Javanese people living there. The
ni ‘ :

pure cultures and quickly dried tempe cakes a ew Guinea by

plane in a little more than a z le then w to use

he ample stores of American soybeans by making their fariliar and well
7—C.HLW.

liked tempe cakes. The story is told on page 28

N the more tropical countries where soybeans are grown for human

anaes, the principal food that is made from aes is called re.rr.
Unknown in China and nee cooler countries where soybeans form
important ae t of the diet, tempe is a food p tie eet of the
Netherlands East Indies, and is also used a: re places where natives

285

a tempe, wrapped in the large leaves of monocotyledonous
nts, being offered for sale in the Paramaribo market.

of this region have settled. It is in daily use 4 millions of people. Here
in Surinam, most of the soybeans abe consumed in this form.
Tempe can be made only in a tropical ¢ . because the fast-growing
fungus (Rhizopus Oryzac) used for ae i boiled beans will
function only in a tropical climate.

287

Our experiments to ie aaa tempe in Paramaribo came as a
direct result of an ae eal for to furnish cultures of the fungus to
New Guinea. Tempe was proba ably manufactured there before the war,
ae from soybeans eee from Java. But when imports stopped

n 1942, tempe-makin g also had to be stopped. Inoculation of each new
ee of t an is ses omarily made from a piece of the previous batch.
Therefore, when tempe-making ceased, the fungus eed to the product
was lost.

In January 1945 I had a letter from Dr. Honig of the Economic,
Financial Pe Shipping Mission of the Kingdom of the unas a in
New Se pee me to send inoculation Sutin of the tempe

as quic s possible to New Guinea. There the Netherlands pee
Civil peat aan (Nica) had acquired a fair aes - soy! a
from the United States, but there was no tempe fungus, im-

s cultures and some nage se cakes arrived in
New Guinea by plane from Paramaribo, and in April, Dr. Honig informed
me, the Nica-kitchens all over the Ne the antes Ter rritory started with
tempe making. Now this pleasant food is daily consumed in New Guinea,
made from U.S. soybeans ae ae cultures of the Surinam Rhizopus.

possible for these people to use the beans for food. In Witte more eh a
week the pur

Experimenting with Tempe
When I isolated the fungus for New Guinea I tried to make tempe
myself, an having no success, I started further experiments

after a second cooking, and a Rhizopus growth was insuf-
ficient or lacking, apparently becatse ae al the carbohydrates had Mes
washed out by this treatment.

Native Method of Manufacture

After these preliminary and disappointing trials I eee the bah
peasant woman Sinem near Lelydorp to study her method of tempe
one Every day she en ee some 80 tempes ion sale. i a
them, she first a about 6 oa ge of the yellow es one hour in
about four times much w The beans swell t o and one-half
times the original ae yeas cooling they are an into a basket

1 Lockwood, Ward and May, as reported in reference GP listed at the end of the
article, pale found that - haan ares breaks dextrose down to lactic acid. ow-~
ever, in soybeans, primarily at o dextrose is present About 30% of the dry

ht of i ns,

a
.. carbol pared for 7
day after inoculation there was still 6.2% of carbohydrates, but after two days the
vigorous fungus growth had reduced them to 0.3%. Since well made tempes taste
slightly acid, lactic acid may be present

288

and trod by feet or—with smaller quantities—kneaded by hand to remove
the seedcoats as completely as possible. Not more than just enough
water to cover the beans is then added. They are now left to ferment for
me is ren gues that after this time the Pecnne beans 2

tl i i

un milk. Afte
a da tn the ae being oe the beans are boiled again to ie
Cuan ion. Then, after removing the water, they are poured on a
andanus- mat to cool for thr ree to four hours. The beans now are more
sft and a han mealy, decidedly different from the hard beans leached in
running’ w'
asked co “Why do you leach and ferment the boiled beans for a

i r yo *t boil them for the second time im-
mediately after the seedcoats are trodden away and washed out?”
inem answer! ing so, the tempes would taste bitter.”

That explains why, in our own trials, the tempes made with unfermented
beans showed a less vigorous fungus growth and had a less eae taste
than those made with fe Lape oa ns. There was not a bitter, but an
unpleasant, somewhat rancid tas

Now a well made tempe ne is sade S the heap of fermented beans,
one tempe to every 5 pounds of bea: is aera cars several pieces

and mixed with the heap. About 1, or 7 hours lat ne e pieces at the
inoculating tempe are removed. After renewed mixin a e beans, which

iow contain about 60% water, are ready to be packed ae leaves for
ee ng.”
oo the Tempes
this a the inoculated beans are wrapped in big nee
Pee leaves. In Surinam we use the leaves of Musaceae, such a MS
and Heliconia, Be also of the Meg such as Ise chines, which
is the most convenient leaf for making tempe packages
Thirty to forty grams of the soft, Coen beans are put in the center

21 repeated this procedure with permanently us results. ee aie was
done in a sterilizer, instead of an open fire. a ead of tempe it was easier for me
to use young, pure cultures of the Rhizopus f ee The beans are softer after a
longer fermentation of 2 to 3 days or after being poled for 2 or 3 hours. Soft

tempes may also be obtained after steaming the ‘beans for a short moment ent
pressure - ae Still softer are the beans boiled during a half to one hour at 120.
125°C, made with etch «peas are sometimes overgrown by yeasts and

bacteria, which “fully pata Caden growth, but when the Rhizopus growth is
successful, such tempes ai } alatable, at least to my own taste. The avanese
eople, however, are accustome ed the more crisp tempes of a one-day fermentation

If the (eae: wherein the growing tempe is packed are pierced hy an awl, or if
they close insufficiently, or if mice or ants make a hole through them to reach the
tempe, the places in diced contact with the air appear to be black and covered by
Rhizopus sporangia. a perfectly and closely packed tempes show the clear white
fungus all over the cak

289

: Tempe with a luxuriant growth of Rhizopus Oryzae, as it sold the

Above:
paint arket. Below: Tempe grown under conditions of aiaeaee oxygen pe te
wing a horseshoe-like distribution a fungus. Both pictures- about four- fifths
1 size.

290

of the leaves, eel two, sometimes three sa es, one on top of the other 4]
This quantity of ee ns may be taken just by one grip. They are spread

in a layer 1 to 1% cm. thick over the ies
Now the a oe s of the leaves are folded over = oe nee the
right ones. The ends are folded too and the whole is tied w rice

stalk or with rafia. On the right as well as on te a small ee some
very slow ventilation is possible between the leaves, but on the left side the

mad Ss instance, with e the quantity of beans in the sar

package—they mold imperfec The oxyg in th kage

and the small amount diffusing from outside between the leaves to the beans
not s 1 mal S gr the er quantity of
x re fungu wth rs in a horseshoe-like distribution,

ae
the center of the left side of the pe which is entirely closed, showing
o fungus g all.

The same bes h appened to the beans that were leached in running
water and were short in carbohydrates, even when the normal quantity
of pa was packed.

I tried diffe an substitutes for the big leaves, such as parchment paper,
cloth eee ith paraffine, oilcloth, and tinfoil. In parchment paper
the cakes dried out too edly and molding was very poor. With the ae
env ae ag cee the beans had first to be wrapped in a thin white

ag these envelopes the tempes were never as well developed

et c sm: from ves. e a rer a
conan difference between the cakes wrapped in the two kinds of envelope
te) fluow ter was pre between the leaves and

ve
the tempe. The inside surface of the leaf was only slightly wet. In the
three other types of packages, the white paper and the envelope were
covered by big drops of water, apparently Sine water.

Forty-eight hours after packing the inoculated beans, the cakes are
covered with a clean, white, luxuriant eee growth. A well made tem
shows beards of fungus threads on the thre alee Lees margins a
the cake. Here the fungus auth for some distance between the leaves.
Sometimes these beards are bla 2 - ecause the Pree er ote con tent’
an the formation ot spor;

The tempe is now ready to be ae into strips and fried in coconuts er
or bee Tt has a ae ee of 55 to 60%.

Rapid Deterioration

hen the package is 214 days old, the tempe begins to ie This”

is noticed first by a aes in smell. Later ammonia vapors emanate in
Saceeee amounts. haat tempes are poi Wher oe Pacis,
however, opened after 2 or 2% days se ae near fe had the oppor

tunity to en slowly ne to the air, the tempes may be eaten even two

“291

days later. Such full- ae oy tempes remain clear vie No sporangia
are formed as in unripe s, when exposed to the a

If the cakes are se molded, about 40 hours s afte inoculation

the temperature rises 4°C. above that of the

surrounding air. If the packages are stacked one on the ce ea tempera-

ture rises quickly as much as 10 or 12°C. pe tempes deteriorate much
ickly. Ther pele the Javanese women who manufactured tempes
to spread the packages ae the very beginning as

tic!
are very anxious
The ee have to be brought to the market. in_

airily as on

edie and cross sections or tempes from the pena market, the lower ones
wapped in banana leave

292

baskets, but as soon as they arrive there, the baskets are emptied and the
contents spread over the floor or over

I studied te eee of Rhizopus in a well made
(tices between the beans appea ne to be filled tightly with ae ae
ee a ie ie ae The fungus never penetrates into the

sue of the seed-lobes. It remains restricted to the spaces between the
one and to the surface of the tempe.
Quantities Measured

It may be nee to have some knowledge about the output of tempe
Lacuna rom a known sa a of soybeans. For this purpose ali

eights have to be reduced to dry weight.

The weight of the seedcoat is al on exactly 10% of that of the beans.
oe the initial pes about 7% we matter is ae out, mostly carbo-
hydrates, but also coloring matter, etc. If these beans are ape
fo one ay in running water and boiled. again, — is a further loss of

quantity of water, only 11% of the carbohydrates are lost. It is un-
coabiealy this bigger loss in running water ie eels the poor x Rhizopus
gro

wth on the beans prepared in this way. As already mentioned in

Ten laboratory-made tempes, seven of which show the imprint of the midvein of the
Ischnosiphon leaf used fe making the packages, as shown at the right.
(The ruler shows centimeter graduation.)

293

footnote 2, fermented and boiled beans, according to Boorsma, contain
912% of carbohydrates at the moment of inoculation, a quan tity which
fully ccs after two days of molding, when the tempe is ready for
consumption.

The matter a out during one day of fermentation contains, besides

the sede ite nly 5% of protein and 1/3% of the fat, which means
2% of the total protein puree of the beans and still less of the fat. Tempe-
making, therefor ore economical way of processing soybeans into

food than, “for ene taohoo-making,? where 15% of the protein is
ae with the whe

s shown in the e calculation below, the output of tempe results in a pro-
729 of the Apeae weight of the dry soybeans.

11% dry matter lost after one day of leaching and subsequent boiling.

28% total loss of dry matt
‘o check this, I prepared ae lots of tempe, one with 600 grams and
the other with 400 grams of beans. The first, which was boiled for a
short Ages at 120°C, had an output of 71.2%; the second, one hour at
100°C, had an pa of 72.3%. Apparently only a limited quantity of
carbon dioxide is formed.
Large Tempes for Festive Occasions
There is still another method of tempe making. Instead of filling many
packages with 30 to 40 grams of beans each, a big cake is made containing
as much as 1 kilogram of beans. To do that, the Setter of a flat Javanese
bamboo basket is covered with three layers of monocotyledonous leaves,
on which the inoculated beans are spread in a layer 1 to 1% cm. thick,
Ac abo hi i

forming a cake of about one foot diameter. The beans are covered again
ve three layers of leaves. Now two pans of different sizes are placed
le dow: the leaves to p the: ent a too li

ventilation Such tempes contain 25 to 30 times as much bean mixture

ent in one small p ag . tem s less work in maki
the big pets s, but the small packages are easier to handle and to sell
When, however, for festivities coset ie of tempe are needed,
the big tempes are more convenie

Directions for Making Tempe
Fr rom the preceding we learn vet the principal factors in tempe making
are
1. The fermenting and leaching of the boiled and ait beans ee a small
amount of water for an a day to extract m of the ‘unpleasant-
tasting material, but only of the carbohydra

3A ose aes of the making ‘of taohoo from oe was given in the Journal
for November.

294
2. The tight wrapping of the inoculated beans in monocotyledonous leaves
to ensure a limited ventilation for the proper growth of the fungus.
ing ee article it might be useful to give brief instructions on how

En
o make ter
aoe not ead Soybeans are boiled in an even, oe gan ¢

, just enough fresh w: added t

ing. fluid for .one hour.
left to cool in a basket or on a a for 3 or 4 hours. They fee
i y for inoculation. Longer fermentation
ee softer.
esh or a dried tempe, or

After oe the beans are ess ted. A f
of the fungus oybeans in poetic n of 1:80 or 1:100

pure cultur
may be added. The whole oe S te mixed thoroughly.

A large tempe, one foot in diameter, cultured between Ischnosiphon lea
@ flat ba mboo basket c ‘alled a “tampa.” atte

Making a tempe package with Ischnosiphon leaves.

About two hours eae the inoculating material is ues and the
beans are mixed agai make them rea y an Hiei ng. The unt of
beans ele ae pekage is 5 30 to 40 gram r three ee
leaves have to be wrapped ca Silly ae sly a the cake to allow
sabe a aoe pelea for the enclosed bea
y beginning the pac ckages nee to be spread as airily as
ae . ee an pee mal rise of eee followed by a prema-
ture deterioration and poisoning of the tempe.
Exactly two days after packing, the cee is ready and can not be kept

half a day cl
Unpacked, however, and allowed to dry in full air, tempes do not
deteriorate and be as me ao a they may be eaten even two days

after unpacking w! t dange
After the second being a he beans, hands and oe to be used
in Sala ee eans have to be cleaned careful

With nen a a cubism four ate idual cakes of tempe
totaling iz grams (4 x 38) may be m we bee dry matter is: 85 grams
of mee a 61 grams ve x 15% an ae mpe.

Whereas taohoo may ay be ma: nofectured in the United States, and
is ee predic ced there on a lim: scale for the Chinese restaurants,
tempe may be difficult to alte: ee of the tropics. The chief trouble is

not so much a matter . Rane rature, as the : . of big monocotyledonous

v ich I w mable to find a table substitute. This is
ae indeed, ee tempe is more cuecie and tasty than ee

list of references to the literature on food products made from soybeans, -see
the following page.

296

LITERATURE ON FOOD PRODUCTS MADE FROM SOYBEANS
1. Donath, W. F. De voedingswaarde der sojaboonen en enkele daaruit bereide
specifiek Indische voedingsmiddelen. Landbouw, Vol. VII, 1932, Kedele-nummer.
From here are cited the analyses of P. A. Boorsma.
2. Grove, E, W. Soybeans in the United States. Techn. Bull, No. 619, 1938,
. S. Dept. o

‘ Heyne, K. De nuttge ee van Ned. Indie, Vol. II, Buitenzorg 1927.
Lockwi ‘ood, L. B., War and May, O. E. Physiology of Rhisopus Oryzae,
Jour ie Research, et $5, Fase page 849.
5. e, W. J. and Carter, J. L. Improvement in Soybeans. U.S.D.A. Yearbook

of Agro 1937,
tewart, C. L., Burlison, W. L., Norton, L. J. and Whalin, O. L. Soybeans and
soybean products. Bull. 386, Univ ersity of Tlinois, 1932.

Tropical Rain Trees
By Edwin A. Menninger

CATTERED as the tropics a oak su in — na there
are trees of various kinds which a ara rair ” because
drops os moisture fall . the ground a eath them: en elo like
a show This phenomenon has fascinated many observers. A few
writers ie attributed the “rain” under these trees to a condensation of
dew, but oo majo rity of scientists who have s ane os matter have proved
that the “rain” is generally a liquid secreted on insects which are sometimes
present in ai enormous numbers that they tal Paes a shower
under the tree while the sun ee eae all arou
One of the earliest records omenon was s reported in 1889
in the Journal of = coe Society a ie Rev. R. Baron in his “Flora
of Madagascar” when he
eee eee is a oe wooded tree, from the trunk and branches
of which, at certain seasons of the year, there is a ceaseless dropping of water:
sufficient indeed to keep the ground quite damp. a is caused by a number
of hemipterous insects crowding together in a slimy liquid. May this afford
an explanation of the sinilae well-known phenomenon exhibited by the
Tamai-capsi,* or Rain Tree, of the eastern Peruvian Andes
the best known “rain tree” of the tropics is Pithecolobium
(Pitesti), ue - a Macmillan’s ‘‘Tropical Planting and

8, says of i
nos — leaves, ae hh form a canopy of shade in the
time, close up at oe ee during a een of drought a patch of green
grass 1 ath, while the soouiie = ground is parched and

brown. This led 1 i ie supposition tha t the tree mysteriously produced rain
at night; and hence the name Rain-tree.

* Efforts to identify this tree have get soavaling
+ More recently designated as Sar

297

Paul C. Standley in “Flora of the Panama Canal Zone,” page 196, says:
“The leaflets are said to fold together during cloudy weather, hence the
name raintree.”
Referring to'this passage, Dr. David Fairchild writes:
“I have noticed they fold here (Florida) at night. I think the idea of the
tree raining is erroneous. The nearest I ai role to seeing a tree rain was
i lark strand t anted to Tamarind trees
(Tamarindus indi i) and in the evenings thelr ie eit he
were always dripping a salty water. It was the condensed fog from the sea.”
ooke, in eo ae Marv ee of eae Life or Cinoness of
Vegetation,” page 15, mentions “rain” falling m P saman, and adds:
“A glance upwards showed a multitude of a sucki the juices of
and quirting for len

raining under its branches. The ejections of
i this.”

for :

Harold N. Moldenke, Associ Curator at ae w York ee
arden, notes that wills, ener -leer, (page 11 in the ait editio on, a
the third) points out that the leaves con monly nee ish-like smears
of sticky io A ee of aphids which eS on che ee and

continues
“The insect bores holes into the tissues, sucks their juices, and ejec
drop of honey-dew on an average once in half-an-hour. In passing Re a
irae ee ted with aphids one may sometimes feel the drops falling like
he cain
Otto Degener, Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany at the New York
Botanical Garden

asks:
“Have you fot eae felt droplets of moisture on your face when
walking ‘inder a tree? I ha I then traced it to the honeydew of aphids.”

“A Rain Tree a Bolivia’ ect
Woods” for 1926 by Dr. H. H. Rusby, then Dean of the College of
Pharmacy of the City of New York and an honorary staff member of the
Botanica) Garden. He wrote:
of the strangest phenomena observed by the members of the Mulford
clonon party of 1921 was that of a rather copious rainfall from the
a nid-day in al clear weather and in brilliant

in ;

road, and with few other trees abor

steady. and its pattering was like that ofa 2 mil one of our summer

lays. It was sufficient os et one’s clothing in a a tea Mcmieut. if standing

beneath the tree. The of the tree was about that of a large wild-cherry

cauze of the shower

of the e where covered by nests. No ope enings in the bark could be
Mapua vith the naked eye, and the party had no time for an investigation

298

of the mechanism of the procedure. The tree was in flower-bud at the time,
and the specimens secured prove it to be a hitherto undescribed species of
Vouacapoua (family Fabaceae).”
Macmillan, in the in
supporting reference ne
of the Canary Islands. In thie connecti
Museu Municipal do Funchal, in Nodera, ene
“The genus Oreodaphne belongs to the Lauraceae
is peculiar to Madeira as well as the Canary Islands. The nam
to have taken the place of Oreodaphne in all the — modern books.
why it might be called rain tree, I cannot give any satisf.
have never heard Ocotea foetens aes anything pet Til in ie
it is the sieaeciae name. ‘Rain or it is quite new to me.”
With reference to the species, Jom enna writes in “A
Botanist in oa ern Africa,” page 6 (1946):
“So 1, indeed, is the vegetation to the water supply that there is an
ieee story about a celebrated rain tree on the island of Hierro, the most
te: the Canaries, Although the Canary Archipelago was probabl

x to ee Planting and Gardening,” withou
o the ses naan as the “rain tree”
I. Maul, director of the

and the species aes
e Ocotea seems
ne to

them, in which he ene a tree from which water was obtained. The
particular tree of Hie is supposed to ne : been Oreodaphne foetens
Nees, a of the awe. a aly: Lauraceae. grew in a hollow i
-and whilst in the heat of the day it fier in the night time it condensed
enough water ae phe oo to supply the whole island. Beneath me
precious ace a ae s built to conserve the at a e Spanish
name for as El "Gan ‘So Stamens was this tree at the beginning of the
Seat, centary that’ pictures of it were used as doe in con-
temporaneous herbal:

Hutchinson repro ces two of these: one from Bauhin and Cherler’s
“Historia Plantarum Generalis” reo and one from Duret’s “Histoire
Admirable” (160

Audas, in “Native Trees of Australia,” page 212, writing of Glochidion
ferdinand ‘of the Euphorbiaceae, records the common aes “rivulet tree,
rain or eeping tree, the last because of the curious effect of insect asso-
clations: a species of ‘frog-ho opper’ live on the sap of aa softer parts of
the tree and ae oo by ants in search of moisture, causing a dropping

of fluid fro

C. T. Whit eGovernment Botanist at the Botanical Garden at Brisbane, |
writes in ae conne

“The ‘Rain Tri ie is given to Glochidion ferdinandi on account of
the mioletire: adel by the larvae of frog-hoppers or spittle insects. It
appears that the larvae of these insects suck the of the tree and excrete
it in the form of froth. After losing some of its included gases the froth
falls from the tree as a clear liquid. If a file of the Kew Bulletin is avail-

* This species was later described by Dr. Rusby as Lonchocarpus pluzialis in the
Memoirs of the New York Botanical Gaiden: Volume 7.

299
able to you, you will find a reference to this by Mr. Francis in the issue for
No. 3 of 1931, page 156.”
But perhaps all of the showers do not come from insects after all. Britton
& Wilson, in “Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands,”
e re r

lume 6, page 178, record the common - of “rain tree” ie Brunfelsia
ameri D er no explanation. In onnection, Edw:
Horticulturist of the United elias : Depart of Rogen’ s Experi-
ment Station at Mayaguez,
“On the origin of the common name ge Tree’ for iat Wa americana,
T can find s to the reason of this ae The follow.
ing has been suggested: (1) That the corolla, tube hangs dow n a pendula nt

is
manner either during or just prior to rains, (2) that the Fraps is more
pronounced during or just prior to rain, and (3) that the pan is so prolific
1 7 hen th wers fall it aj h

shower’ and this name is Bo commonly
y the natives of the hills for this particular plant.”

Most of the showers from tropical rain trees, however, are aul by
ee ea de species 8, Bea cicadas, or frog-hoppers—as is
evidenced b on species 0 ane Pilhecolbion, We (not

y repor
necessarily Ca, and Glochidio

NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS

Farm Management Theories decline in the price structure. The size of
UNEASY MONEY. Ea the national co Rea Federal
Faulkner, a Bases, Cniversity wt budgets and o1 credit, and in-
i aa Norman, terest rate policies, ead one to bates ne
$l: that we shall be lucky indeed

This we by the author of “Plow- prices from rising. The chief interest
man’s Folly” is addressed to the larger of this book, however, lies not

field of economics. r, Faulkner's bos author’s ideas on economics but | in his

is that if the United "States is to com- suggestions on how farming as a business

pete in the post-war world markets, can be made m ient and more p

“drastic Aenea ue elting oS ” ss to the farmer.

or Amer nec is first recommendation is that farm-

proposes rm initiate “this wecneral einen ere Should adopt better methods of

in prices by lowering the cost of farm handling the soil, substituting for contour
products, iroush more efficien : peed plowing the mixin organic matter
ae He anes ig with in the surface of the soil. TI hor

‘ood S, we have lower eas has modified somewhat his views of the

and wih lower ages “Tower prices of iniquity of the plow as set forth in

ig engin rticles, all without affect- “Plowman’s Folly,” but insists that great-
ing the standard of liv ly increased yields of wheat and corn
This reviewer doe age believe that may be obtained by surface tillage, with-

there is much likelihood of a general out the use of chemical fertilizers. He

300

also sugge a re-appraisal of current
notions on he usual Lees ee hay ro-
tation, which he belie ible
or much of the over-producton of wheat
and corn. He ue 1

should be grown near
labor costs and that asimal
should be used solel:

‘Yy
m to cut
manures
eadows and

to b ace by th e of green
manures disked into the soil. ‘or corn,
he a es using rye and vetch; for
wheat, soybeans, ¥ uckwheat, lespedeza,
and even young corn. With better pas
tures, he intimates that prime beef mig!
again be cae eted direct from the pas
ture, eliminating the 1
feeding.

Far: ae sare urg ne acquainted

ed to becon
with recent dev conned in chemurgy and

its e a on the demand for farm prod-
ucts, such as soybeans, a and swe
potatoes. He suggests that t crops
be grown on part of the acreage formerly
ccupied by wheat and n, the income
from which can be used to offset thi
lost through lowered prices o

farm products.

Mr. Faulkner's views on farm man-
agement are ee Said should have
a wide audienc

ove B. Harrincton
Katonah, N. ¥
“By Their
FRUIT KEY TO NO: Ye a
TREES. William M. Harlow.
pages, HOR eee Published ie
author (284 Kensington Pl, ae

cuse, N. T 1946. 50 cents.

Although primarily designed for be-
4.

ginning “students of lendrology, this
ooklet will be of great assistance 1
others gece to identify the more com
mon species of trees in the rth-
eastern States solely by their fruits.
Certain of the more complex gener

the thermore, in these
genera the epeeilie Sel Seas usually are
to = fou a cha other than
those of t i ae rt is a handy
hook! oy als a dehnite niche in. this
oup of publications,

. H. Camp.

International Review
ADVANCES

r ENZYMOLOGY,
Vol. 6, Edited by F. F. Nord, 563
ator Pu ublishers,

Volume six oe ‘he Pages! Pane
eleven excellent reviews of

maintained

w
sary
=
®
7)
ma

d
op pics “discussed are:

a Russia
Th ino Decarboxylases

by opal FP. Gale
Enzyme Problems in Relation to Chemo-
therapy, “Adaptation”, “Mutations, Re-
sistance, and Immunity, G. Sevag
Peete Sica ons "vetween aes
ally Related Comp: by w.
Woolle

Adenosinetriphosphatase Properties of
Myosin by V. A. Engelhardt
of Aitered Metabolism in Diseases

mical Changes
a by Ath iter aa ate seat
th

Wheat and Their Signi-
in aa and’ Baking Tech-
by W. Geddes
Tocopherol Tnterrelationships by K. ©. D.
Hickman ane P. L.
KavaNaGH.

From the Pacific Northwest

ted, Publis hed “py the “Society,
N. 38th Ave., Portland 13,

946, 1.5
With one eye on winning pe ribbons
at the fall shows, a dozen members of

mae and

cific Northwest ainate
ow to ates these big blooms is
covered step step in the first a
articles and although, individual metho
vary, there erable duplication
here, Cultural practices are meticulous,
particularly in the matter of selecting the

301

ee el will yield a prize flower, and
is is done is fully explained and

and it happened to be opened at random

by ae avails the ae of the
D id not be i

ilvstrated. M.D., it woul nediately put
Growing aie in pots in the eee down. or er ie heel-cooler gardener
for final bloom indoors has more east- or not, the book mpt him to look
em application in lea come of the other it through and to read the captions of
articles, and in six pages the methods me of ils illustrations and perhaps a
and advantages of this system are fully fue : if oO her here of its text.
covere paper i quality, its
Peculiar! rly, only in J. G. Bacher’s article fin fs is pleasing, the illustrations are
on Small Varieties is there any discus- many au clear, ona the type, as this
sion of chry: uenen varieties, and reviewer's old eyes can testify, is excel-
his list contains many kinds that are lent. ‘Altho ugh as an amateur he has
popular in the East. operated a greenhouse for a ie while,
The only technical article is one on he was refreshed by ding
disease control by Drs. Frank McWhorter ne book describes the castrcton of
and A. W. Dimock; another writer covers greenhouses from foundation to finial.
pest control ts opening chapter, ate it titled." eneral
Pau F, Frese, Survey” gives the raison aire of the
types,

Editor, Flower Grower. greenhouse, describes the various

Building and Equipping sketches its r and evolution, a
Crone owing this is chapter explaining in
detail what the author terms “sash beds”

i ; _ —that is, coldframes, hotbeds and similar

69 pages, illustrated. Giakee Suda, structures. This chapter is followed by

ew York, 1 $2.50. two on the greenhouse proper which

enho
discuss location, arrangement, size, pitch
E

re this book found lying ee a table
and style o roof, Structural Material,

We
in the waiting room of a doctor’s office,

Everyone enjoys
PLANTS IN THE HOME
and this Cae book by Frank K. Balthis

contains hundreds of suggestions for growing
house ee successfully. r. Balthis, for-
merly a culturist at Garfield Conserva-

aes t

dows. He tells you how to grow all the o
many new ones. This book

ing plants indoors. Beautifully illustrated.

From your bookstore or from

The Macmillan Company, 60 Fifth Avenue, New York 11

302

Framework and Methods of Erection,
Glazing and Painting, bce and
Ventilating Machinery, Beds, Benches aud
Jalks, are treat ir five hes

methods and machinery for heating gr
houses. Chapters on Water Supply and
rigation, Concrete oe Plar
and Estimates complete the volur
k coul studied aa arofit

y an ssional or amateur, wh

contemplates the acquisition of a green-
house, or who age Reve one.
Wi ile it is concise, the

e samc
complete and i to — as its
1 aT eating and auto-
tatie control of ventilation indicat
t ts to be regretted that > Pia which
may Aira be used for reference h

a minor ratte er.

Joun H. Mye
White Plains, N. ¥.

Bobbink & Atkins

NURSERYMEN

PLANTSMEN
st of the unusual Roses, Trees and
Rina not obtainable elsewhere will
be found growing in this great
are ra) ique in the
nnals_ of Atledcan Horticulture.
Visitors Always Welcome
Catalogue Upon Request

Bobbink & Atkins

Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J.

The Lore of the ae ae
TREES IN BRITAIN
Brimble. 352 pages,

acmillan,

Fr
‘ldsteatea, in-
London, 1946,

As a companion and supplement to his
pana in Britain,” Mr. Brimble pre-
en a

a pee work it general
review of the ane era an the
principles of classification; and the suc-
ceeding chapters deal with he’ ood
plants according to their families. The
notices of individual species include short
running descripti s on origin and
distribution,
The book is
ae colored sued t
ional excellence by
- nui ee of Te portraits by Arcli-
deacon Lonsdale Rage.
been pues: as a marriage
and oe but industry and a ee oral
have been more directly im-

“Trees in Britain” is designed for the
use of “botanist and amateur alike; Ls
it can be recommended Pate only
the latter class. Ther ae len
book on the trees of Brita tain ty i
Johns (often quoted by Brim)
era Boule have done
reissue is as 1. stispect, i
of pri i

t C. Barneny,
es falls, N.

Research in Holland
MODERN DEVELOUMENT OF
CHEMOTHERAPY. Havinga, H.
i e feta & K. Cc.

Elsevier,

1946, $3.
as is number four of Monographs
on the Progress of Research in Holland
Durie the War, of which — have been
2 onographs on a
wide of plantas” zoological,
plsical hence, and technological top-

ics. volume under
pen pare h tl
pharm nacology ot s

‘ ndica’
ess of the Dutch in conducting re-
eayel under adverse conditions existing

303

in an invaded country. Part of the work
was seriously oo by the lack of
gas and electric:

. W. Kavawacu.

Review of wal
Farm Hist
ARMS 4 AND FARMERS. The Story
William
pe pie illustrated,
e & Co., Boston.

This is an easily read rehash of the
cad recessions of American

ntil the soil had b
ie joint at which chemistry sa plant and
anitial’ breeding are atid able a main-
tain eal of the things
said here have been a more aoe
oe ‘at they can not ue said too often.
VirceNE KavaANaGH.

Foundation for Beginners

ABOUT FLOWER AR-
RANGEMENS, Winifred Teele. 51
pages, illustrated. Published by the
author. (Mars. Arthur P. Teele, add
Walnut Place, Brookline 46, Mass.]

$1.

1946.
This booklet offer: wide range

of ideas ae the _prinintes or mechanics
of low: anger Written in
simple, see ee it Pre an er
undation r beginners. The

aedina yy plant ee bizarre not
being necessary to win peor

y A. JENNISON.

Essays on Biochemist
CURRENTS 1 IN BIOCHEMICAL RE-
. Green, editor.
tae eee TTatereciones Publishers,
w York, 1946. $5.
ay one short essays vari-
ous aspects'o of biochemical peceireh are
by authors who hi
contributions to the topics they disc
The book opens with a Gene and
Biochemistry” by G. W. Beadle and closes
with “Organization — Support of Sci-
ence in the “Unite ss”? by L. unn.
hs interested in Feeney will find
arly every chapter worth careful read-
he.

F. W. KavanacuH.

Text Book in a New Edition

w.
. j Philadelphia, and
h edition. $4,

Although this book contains much

0 it is capsulated stype

f bacteria that fo a icoid colony.
om ge state that “apparently penicillin
administered without sensitizing

the Sahject " and that “some organisms
may become penlin-resttant = aa uch
organisms generally Re irul-
ence.” In the light cent in
vestigations on Shis ae “tt would

appear that these statements are of doubt-
ful validity.
Pure! of oe inaccuracies of = res-
= great advancem mad
a pe 7 “the collection of “Floating
particles of and the “American
Societ c cteriologists.”
‘The general caliber of this book is
uch that it ee oa be recommended
for a school t
Mary STEBBINS.

Technical ak
Freshwater Max E. Bri
presents in a ron Sloe of Illinois Algae”
a check list containing species in
This 177-page book pub-
todd we. i

versity, Evanst

Joseph Ewan,
the Put of Plant

mportan a.
this gen

304

Dried Plants Used in Pictorial (Compositions
Now on Exhibit in Museum Building

WO hundred pictorial Rane made entirely of dried plant
pea are on exhibit at the New York Bot a] calae and will
remain on view in a tee Building through Dec
originator of these unique designs and pictures is es Grace oe
veers who has developed the art ce, the past five years out o
a lifelong habit of observing the aaah of plants, particular ly around ne
farm at Salem Center, N. Y., along the roadside, and in nearby fields,
and of bringing home and pressing specimens whi ch a appea ealed t o her

[ aa scenes. One of her most effective scenes shows a family of
—agegressive father, solicitous gees and a flock of littlé ones—
ail oe from immature milkweed pods, swimming on a lake whose shore
is bordered with sturdy evergreens made a yarrow leaves. Grasses, weeds,
— sections of fruits aie vege sara as well as garden flowers and the
e familiar wild flowers, have been used. All are mounted on colored
oe which brings out sffeively the ee tones of the dried ae
Mrs. Macfarlane was the guest of the New oe Botanical Garden
the opening of her exhibition on i Senucay . 23. Here is the
of her work, as she tells it herself.

305

Rabbit-foot rae against a ee of soft yellow, has inflorescences

quarters curling around the ed,
grass, form the dea at the right.
flow

“Danbury, oe ve my birth-
place. I married areas aes He
City st Pee is ae 0,
we cami 0 Sal a Caner: a gall village
‘in forthe Werke ter. Here I

able to satisfy my ate bu wild flow rs
and a garden: As child I
Halways been toto! or and es

Pbut ea never had. the onportanty to take
7 lessons in art or painting.

out five ago, however.
oe my collectio on a aan _
was taking two co that
‘spring, down - i ead foe ee ae

exercise. The green was just be-
ginning to hoe and “T gath Pad what-
ever took my Ai uite im-

q
‘pressed by the be eauty <a and thought what
a pity such Tovetness cue last only
a short time. Then thought came,
lid, rae =

‘Why not press some a f di ey
day if continued bringing in aad
other plants and blossoms final T “had

collected quite a iety. inally, one
day I began peounine peu of the pressed
flowers on colored papers. I glued t eae

ges . the mat. Swirled heads
in the opposite a is a tray
e7S Z Queen Anne's lac

of bai
of Panicum, a comm
made entirely of the

and, because they were very fragile,

coat Paes frames

never 0

te ‘ot oe a few more pretty ones

carried me along.

“My first idea was not to make ar-
rangements but to 5 i

parts of the flower and stages of de-
yelopment in the plant. Finally, ane
with cut realizing it, I beg: makin;
design

the material I have found

in learning Bout the man:
Giiercae kinds of cach.

“For equipment, I use folded news-
papers, and for weights, as many heavy
books as IT can find, plus several ol
one. flatirons. handle the material
with pins while am arranging and
glueing it

“One of the most interesting parts is

Pee:

selecting the mounts, since some back-

rounds seq

| in all, it is fascinating but time-
eae however, e hours simply
ly while I am workin,

arlane was

Against black paper, the white leaf rosette
and flowers of Antennaria are

with flowers io the pearly
which grows wil

everlasting

Swans of immature mildweed pods swim
ina Eke which : bordered by evergreen
tree. a made of the finely cut leaves of
yar

*
The above article and er Mapai illus-
nica Seduding the Clem
he cover) are publishe d with the
mie of “he es ee for the preservation
of the native flora
i, an)
Notes, News and Comment
Sound Projector. For showing its new
motion picts film, “The Gift o
and other sound films,
Bot taniéal Gar
millimeter sound
ee ader the Gas spon-

onference. Professor G. Ledyard
such of the Bebe of California
e Garden’s confe

Polyploid Sieics of
rasses for California Livestock Ranges.”

307

Radio. Mrs, John L. Kuser, Jr., is
representing the New York Botanical
Garden on ne Modern Farmer Saat on

Cc D eee 17 between 6 and 7

She S ben interviewed_ oi See
the public en use aie enjoy the Botanical
Garden. Car re Woodward s

the Garden’s tree and shrub ae
on the eae. fae on October 29.
Lectures. W. H. Camp addressed
the Academy fat Sciences 2 brane
Nov. 25 on “Distributio: oe ans and
the Problems of Dis sper See
Plants.”

The Greenwich Garden

Club heard 2

e the usu Gar

of ato! ov. 19 ooks for

gardeners. Dr. H. N. Moldenkee lectured

- ce of the Bible _ the South
e Garden Club Nov. 13.

msburg Program. During ie lee

talks on 18th century gardens of the
gion al er ents, and the
e gardens

restoration and care of thes
today.

Do Fir, News of “the largest
Douglas fir tree ever felled by man”
has come to the New York Botanical
Garden through a letter from Herschel!
H. Bradford of Salem, Oregon. he
trunk of the tree, which was felled in
ae forests southw of Mt. Ranier,

asures 12 feet 9 inches in diameter.
The tree was 586 years old.

Major Albert

noted autho rity on

Visi Pam of Eng
land, in Amnarylli-

of some

the S recuhouces Meelecting
to England.

some time in
plants to take back with him

Begonia Society. A New York suburban
branch of the American Maia Society
was oF cet 24, The bal
is Mr. Louis J. Kuester,
the Garden ice L. tan
Beoutiful magazine, another Ga: rden mem-
ber, was named representative to the
board of the parent society.

Return from Africa

‘turned

€

himself, emay returned with Dr.
‘Anthony several oes earlier, and had
already left the city.

Benefit Exhibit
Paintings by Winslow Homer will
be shown in an oe for the
of the New Yo:
New be rk, for a month, from F
. 21,

to be manned by a corps ot Tolunteere

SEED COLLECTORS

We are interested in purchasing

Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds

Correspondence invited

HERBST BROTHERS

92 Warren St. New York 7, N. Y.

ae indicate illustrations.
or arately

-tinual R t, which is s
Journal i. October.

of the index.

A. A, A. 3. 130
Acacia ae
S

Accession: ies RS

Acer

Addisonia

Advisory ca 279, 280

Aeschynomene americana 91

African Paaeiee m 157, 208, 235,
260,

Aga 7

Agaricus 164
campestris 161, 165*

agave 281
filifera 281; neglecta Jl cover,
206, 281; rpicola Jl cover,
206, 281; oe ttt

Agropyron 9

Ahles, a

Aiphanes 242

Alexander, E. J. r, Ap, S
covers; 48, ie peeks 102;
(footnote) 115; R6, R8, R10,
R13
On the Technique of Botanical

Exploration 248-250

Algae
1-10; 32-39

Algin 2, 32, 35

Alpatiev, A. 97

Amanita 162*
bhalloides 163; muscaria 164

Amaryllis 48

Amelanchier mormonica

American of hate
History 144, R

American Bhs ie Society
279

American Rose Society 198

Anchel, Marjorie 259

pate Arthur M.

Report of oe Treasurer R16-22
Andropogon
Annual Metin
Annual Repo 8,
Annual to of ae a aeease
for 1945 (William J. Robbins)
R1-10

308
INDEX TO VOLUME 47

“RY? b

we lette: ef ore
which «a

Antennaria 306
Anthemis artemisacfolia 277*
ainthoceros laevis 94
Harold E. 157, 307
40, 242*

Aquilegia canadensis
Arctosta Bast misaene oe
Arenaria 13
risaema triphyllim 143
Aristida 96
Aspergillus niger 15; Oryzac 16,
264
pee exiguum 9

fas Ms nee ie 138
pte er, E.C.

a dubon, a a 144-152,
197 7

Aul, Henry B. 76

Australian orchids* 172-180

niel . 160

Azalea calendulac 151
Azorella 134*, ae , 139, 140, 141
diapensioides 138; yarcta 138

Bachman, John

207
Baldwin, Henry de Forest 74, R1

rbary,
arber, Edith M. (rvw) 154
Barneby, Rupert C. (rvw) 302
Barnhart, John Hendley R10;
w)
arrett, Mary F.
The Banyan Tree of Bandar
Abbas 11-13
Barrett, William Felton 74
jayne, ae ard 187
Beale, S, O covers; 76
eat oae V7
ou John D., Jr. 76, 97,

nel j. 8.97

ged a was issued as Sec
Books ts are alphabetized by the authors’ names at

a page number refers to the
tion Tao of the
the end

Forest-Lover
te id:

in the Caribbee
is V. The Helen of the
t Indies* 237-242
"Ragin De T.

pare : 74
Beckett, ae ie R9; (rvw) 21
Begonia 48,

Begonia iieake and Notes

Bequeathed to Library 111

Bell, William
Belonanthus 138
Benham, Rhoda W. (rvw) 19
Bequests (Cockroft) 97; (Gere)
Berger, Charles
Onions in See and Re-
search
Bertelsen, B. I.
Bessa Paintings 232, 276-278"
Beureria huanita 114*, 115
Beurreri 5, 116
ibliographic worl
Bifrenaria aurantiaca R28*
Bignonta ndifio
irdsey, Monr ae 1
icchnum volubile 1
Blind (Teaching i. art of gar-
deni: 62. 65*
oard of imi 16, 74, 160,
187, R3,
. bink & yee 198,
obbi nk, Lambertus C. ee 199,

ere
Bolboxalis 57
Bomarea 48
Bomhard, m 48
eee Exploration from the

New York re Garden

(H. re cee -27
Botanical Society of pean ee

Bourreria formosa 115; huani
115

Riley 96

Brady, . James 76, 279

Brandt, pee A.
Science Writing A Politics
-61

Brass, L. J. 157, 208, 235, 260,
307, N cover
Brassavola
i idge, Some Ae
inley, Joh
Betton, Phan ae Rl

Broadcasts (Vincent W. Co
rane) 15-16; (C . Ber-
; Pyenson)

212; William H. Ukers) 252.
255
Bromus 9
Bronner, Berice - (rvw) 45
Brooks, M.
Brown, ae o op
Brownell, L.
eta ites americana
Bug: ware! eae oa
tobe 22
Buildings ine Grounds R4
Burke, Joseph F. Mr cover; 97,
R6, Ri o
On Cocobolo Flute:
Burlingham, Mrs. eae 97, 279
Bur Oak oe enings in Southern
Wiscon:
B Stout) 189-197
Bursera simaruba 239

Cain, Stanley A. 160
bet ti 173, 177

California ae Tree at Aurora,
: Y* Ww. Cc. Muenscher) 40-

on pitlchellus 143

raha gigantea 166
Camp, W. H. 17, 24, 48, 74,
130, 131, 206, R3, R6, Rid

R13; My, S covers; (rvws) 45,

233, 300

On the Identification of Ma-
terial in the Herbarium 250-
2

252
The Surucucho* 25-31
Campos{Porto, Paulo 232
diflora 151

: Carhudovica 240,

309

on, Y. 17

Carnegie, Mrs. Andrew 208
Carra; bi
Panne mciferm R28"
Catas

is)

Cheton Hi

Cheney, R:

Chimaphila rE on aumbel-
fata 1

Chloris 96

Chlorophora excelsa 208

rop:
Choisya mollis 89
Chondrus crispus 3*, 5, 10, 32,
Chrysanthemum diseases 14-
ices meee 277°
Chrysanther id
"7

alba 239; eee 239
Cobaca 48
Coccoloba oe 239
Cochrane, Vine
Molds as Manuinctier 15-16
‘ockroft, ae Thurston 97
ole

Cocobol eS
(Jose; ark
Commuter’s Green’
John H. Myers) 105-111
yl a. 1
Conferences (Staff) 17, 131, 306
Conn, ¢ ies

Jean E. (rv
Connolly, ee ck J.
Conservatory R29*; csi) R5
Constance, Lincoln
Control of Chr seat Dis-
eases
(A. W. Dimock) 14-15

Conzatti, ae 260

Cooper, Kather G. Fenimore
(rvew) 122

Coprinus atramenterius 166;
comatus

Cormier, Francis Jl cover
Cornman, John F. 281

Cornus canadensis oe
Cornutia Hara

‘orpor: of the ae 74, R3
Costus eg

ourses of stu ; Ja, F, Ap,

Au, S covers; arene 202

9g
ry
§
$
ae
&

20
argentea R29*
crag Arthur F cover,
8, R6, R9, R10, ae

He
pee rear Slateri 174, 175*,
180

‘umming, Alex 213
Current Taterature aoa t
Morse) 22, 47, 72, 127,
Lawren nce C.

Curti 24
Cushion Plants of the Peruvian
Pun:

CW. = Hodge) 133-141

Cynod

Cyperts ligularis 239

Cyphomandra 4:

Cypri oa acaule 143; parvi-
forum 143; pubescens 143

acryodes 241, 242*
excelsa 240
Dalea lagopus 91

Daphne Cneorum 132; Genkwa
ao 2
la Silva, Ady 207
Davi, Natalie ee R6
‘ou, Mrs. Branson Mr cover

Mrs, ee G. 279
oe 173, 178
ae ‘ostrum 178, 179*; Phai-

Desmodium
Desmond oe 236

ai sericea 93
rich, Erich R4, R13*
ock,
‘Control of Chrysanthemum Dis-
eases 14-15
acus fullonum

ipse 168,
ae 168, 169*
Displa’

171*;

132, ee R4-5 Au, N covers;
See also Exhibits

Distichia muscoides 136
Diurts 173, 177
179*; venosa 175%,
Dodge, B. O. 188, 198*, 199, 213,
R7, R9, Ril, R12, 279; (rvw)
256
Lesion Nematodes on Roots of
Japanese Iris* 246-248

Dracaena 208
Dried Plant Compositions*
06
Dunwoody, Henry W. 202
du Pont, Henry F. 74
Dussia martinicensis 242
us: 307

tan, Alice L

304-

Eastern States Chrysanthemum
Society 213, 278

Bsenbrown,,

ais on Rose Diseases and
199-201

lent RS
Erythrina Gillettii 2
aig
aes let
on, a. G. 76,
“Tes

um guincense 208
35
199; (rvw)

Address to the Graduates 202-
204
Clinic on Rose Diseases and
ulture 201
Reproduced
om Seed* 5

310

Eupatorinm maculatum 143
Euterpe ~ osa 240
Events of
Everett, T. o 48, 76, 158, 213,
R4, ag Ril, R29*,
Baits tie flower pale:
2; (Detroit Department
Parks an a ecreation) a
(Drawings of trees) Jl cover;
(Florida pe aan ee
(History makin;

er; (Red Cross)

Exostemma sanctae-Luciae 242

ee R13.
46) R?

2
5
¢
gc
R 2;
2

a (Intermo: dabin region)
160, 259; (Mexico) 248; (Ny
asaland) 157, 20% 260

E ee =6 Process and
the Result (W. H. Camp) 248-
50; (E. J. Alexander) 250-

5
Eyre, Frank 62
Eysenhardtia polystachya 90, 270
Fagara martinicensis 239

Fanshawe, D. B. 160
Company

Farr Nursery
Fastigiate Oak Rep ‘h
a G. ma on)

ve
ee ae 90
Fernwood, Grail O. 97; (rvw)
153
Ferreira, Flora de Campos-Porto
Castafio 207, 232, 278
Festuca 9
orthophylla 136; rigescens 136
Ficus bengalensis 13; indica 13
Fife, Mrs. puis 74, 76,
Fiftieth iversary
Week eas R13*
Finances R8&
Fineke, Mrs.

Garden

Reginald 97, 187.

Findlay,
Te: ie 7 ee the Art of
Gardening* 65

278, My

Field, Mr. & Mrs, Marshall 278

Fisher, W. R. 41

Fiske, Jessie G. J! cover; (rvw)
21

Flaherty, David 2
Pilea ae Ae
Fluo wood* . te,
ods r Fer d Soybeans
As Prepared in ee “Netherlaods
Indies* feed Stahet) 261-
267; 28.
Forest-Lover Cari
Islands V. The an of tie
We st Indies* (J. S. Beard)

237-242
pare erg, F. R. (rvw) 44
Foster, A. S. 40
Fox, Helen M. (Mrs. Mortimer
J.) 197

Some Notes on the Flowers and

Trees in Audubon’s “Birds
- _America’ - a
alatamaha

Previn stad 90; etn 88

e, Montague N

oo Maro Jy i
Frese, Pau - 198"; (rvw) 300
Fritz, Clar: 202
Fulford, ae 130, 188
Fuling, E. R12; (rvw) 125
Fusarium 26
G

naa Crosby 236

, Lulu O. 259
Cie. parviflora 236
Ganngn, Robert I. 74

Garrick, Marcia (rvw) 15.
Gauitheria procimbens 143
Geaster

arborescens 2; cartilaginewm

vobustum 2, 33°; nudifrons 2
Geutiana acaulis 277*; sedifolia
138
Gere, Mrs. Alb H. 111
Gift of Green a 306
Gifts R3 (books) ee (her-
— 36. also Be.

Gillies, George H. 76, 278, Ap,
M

ork Botanical aa
Bice: ion 5 ade
Goo mT Leslie N. a

ae Botanical Garden* §86-

Go: aes alatamaha 150; Lasian-
thus 151; are ane 150

Goulart, Rod: de
Campos 20 is ba

Gracilaria cenieeveiges 2, 33%

Graduate student

Graham, Walter Ri

rau , Jeannette E.

Graves, Mr cover
Greenwell, Amy B, H. 207, 260

regory, L. J. 172

Gro wth ie ‘ as 82-
84
Guatteria caribaea 241
Cuiaecan 95

Speciosum 94*

Habenaria
Hokeuinn 143; ciliaris 143;
cristata 143; ae codes 143
Hagelstein, Robert
Half- pane ury of ‘ree t Garden
Observed by Joseph oF Smith
Hall, Elizabeth C. 97, R8, R9,
R12
Hamilton, C. C. 199
Ek ine "Charles B. 187
Haring, Inez M. 188, R3, R6

(rvw) 46

‘orm
*gvaidenatin 147
tenutfolit
Heirs co
Heli 288

311

toe ‘opium R4
mere

‘acallis 77-84" ees
rei 79; a 39; Mid
dor fit ‘nor 79; sae
flora 7
erbari

m1 cee al Gard

Lesl. "Goan a 96
Hues pratense

Hilaria 96

heed brocerum R5
Hirschhorn, Elisa 97
Hedge, WwW.

H.
ate Plants a the Peruvian
133-1

Thee, "Need Andean Tub-

ers* 214.
Holdridge t
Holland Bulb Deion 186-187
Holmgren, Arthu: ir 160, a 250
7 S co

235
ward, William G. aes 123

Hove Marshall A. R1

Hoy can A. Sherman 48
nee * (Margar

neue
Huanita uruapensis 115
Hull, Helen S. O cover

et Douglas)

umm, Harol i
Hunnemannia fumariacfolia R4
Hunter, Lethe Bizzell (rvw) 257,

258
Hutton, Sidney B. 198*

Hwang, Shuh-wei 259

Hylander, Clarence J. 48
Hymenocallis Ri3*
Hypericum, calycinum 208;

anim 208, Au cover;

Hy eae ts 138

Indigofera sphacracarpa 9
Intermountain region oieraies

ee Flower Show 119
intr ae of Daylilies in
x B. Stout) 77-84
se) 246-248

(lap
eae 288, 294*, 295*

Iselin, hae O'Donnell 97, 279
Tonoxalis 5

J
Jack, James B. 76; sc 45
Jackson & Perkins
Jacobus, Martin R. Fe
Jamieson, George
The Foviees Tree of Brazil
e Oil from its Seeds*

a3
S

a. te
ears Pierre 16, R3
Harry A. R7;
r
Johnson, LaVerne V. My cover
Johnston, Edith elie
WwW. dower Sanctua:
ot d Garden “a 143
Fohinaton: j.
Jones, Ro ee ee 111
Journal R&
es barbadensis 239; mono-
spernia oe pachyphioca 90;
Pincha oti 9!
Just, Theodor

Kavanagh, F. W. 13 3, Ri2,
N cover; oe ie ie 234,
300, ie
Kavanagh, Virgene nae 303
Keiper, "Elisabeth 2

Kelz, Francoise A. oe

Kenyon, O. H. ie

Kimball, Harold C.

Kinard, Lee Wicker peas 125

King, thur 24, 76, 159, Ap
cover

King, Mr. and Mrs, S. Le Roy
141

Kobuski, Clarence E. 48

cleria 96
Kramer, Celia 209
Krauss, Mrs. Lee R3
Krukotf, B. A. R6, R13
oe 307

. J.
| Mrs. John L. Jr. C cover,

L
Labels ania Rs
Peer ‘oemia ind: 276*
Laking, Leslie 238°
Lominaria seeds 2, 32, 35";
japon 6; saccharina 2, 32,
*

Lamson, Mary Deputy Mr cover

ntana Camara R4
aris, Thomas 207
Lasker, Mrs. ae D. 74, R3
Laurus nobilis
Olivia abe

orchid paintings) 111i
Leary, Marie J. 2!
Lectures (Manbattan office) 76,

(Florida

Ledum groenlandicum 147
Leffingwell, Georgia 24
Vegeta ils that Make Fine
Soap 155-156
Leggett, ” William F. (rvw) 101,
ia

Japanese Iris* (B
246-248
Letters from Read
Lewis, aoe McK, a 270
Liabum

Library ee (Acquisitions) 129;
(Gifts) 70-72

Licenia eis 242* igida
243, ae 245*; uate

239, 240, 241
Lignum es im 270
Lilium superbum 143,

cover
Lippia ligustrina 96
Little, Thomas R3
aden tulipifera 140*, 15:
ete eae jons and a

144, Je

‘a hee 93,
flora angustifolia 93

143; laxi-

Louchocarpus caribacus 239, plu-
vialis 298
ape albiflora dumosa 90
ongmuir, Stuart 158, 213, R4,
ey 279
Lotus alamosanus he australis
se; corniculatus
, Albert E. a cover
rhe eases R4
YC ee P. My, Je covers
sober
Tveuvas 96

Lythrun ease 143

M
Macfarlane, Grace Knox 304
McKenny, Margaret
Gamering Edible Mushrooms
for is amins and Minerals*

312

McVeigh, Ilda F cover, 130, 131,

3 (rvw) 123
Ma, Roberta R13
MacArthur, Mary 213, 279
ee Dougall, Thomas R13
Macrocystis "pyri rifera 2, 7, 10, 32,
35", 37
Magnolia grandifiora 144, 145
Maguire, Bassett 100, 160, R3,
R6, R13, R28, 259; (rvw) 205
Maheshwari, R. 207
Malaxis R28*
ie ji
Mam: eck ie Club 278
rane harles 158
Manhattan Office (Lectures) 76,
97; (Report)
Manihot cngustiloba 88, 94*
Manilkara bidentata 241
Massey, L. M. R7
Mathias, Mildred E.
Maton, Jacques 259
Matthews, William F. Jl, O
ver

Matzke, Edwin B. (rvw) 20

Ms dal (‘Plants without Flow-
rs”) 119

Aedioagn peers 53, 54, 55

Mell, C.

i i os 4

Members’ Day Programs Ja, F,
Mr, A, My, Je, S, N,
covers; (W. H. Camp) 48;
(T. H. Everett) 158; (Bessa
Paintin; 276-278

Member: R7; Ce, R28-38

Mensothes det

Merope

Merrill a

Miconia In

Microfilm re: 260

Micropholis er acniiliods 241,
242*

M: ‘rank 202
Mimosa grahami ees 89
va ringens
peat Elmer a ae My, Au,
N covers
Molden, eee a 131, R3,
O covers;
Moldenke, ai N. & Alma L.
The Shamrock of ITreland—
Wha 49-5)

Molds as Manufacturers (Vincent
W. Cochrane) 15-16
aie Joseph R6,

yen non Eleanor i pe

Moran, George R4
Morchella 165*
Morelosia hnanita 116

a orris, Robert T. R3
arriet K. 17, Mr cover
oe ent Literature 22, 47, 72,
127, 154
ee microphylla 89
Mi
Machcthien: aw fe OH
California Big Tree at Aurora,
N. Y.* 40-42
ee, dumosa 96; emer-

ae Pang ‘ora 6 haan
ata s 96; t a 91;
ee

Moen Toba 2 Mr cover; (rvw)

‘ Commuter's Greenhouse*
105-111

eas aa 52, 53
tion eS ademy of Sciences

ee oie Varnish & Lac-
quer eee ion, 244, 245
hN. Fc

Sugar is "the Foundation of
All Life 209-212
Nelumbinm Nelumbo Jl cover
iiss on Iris* 246-248
Nereoe is Luetkeana 2, 8*,
Pines
ioe Jae’
New York apes ea 197
Nieren bergi eral
a eae _ Hs
oble, Eva (rows) 21, 66
pon
Tea:

N
°

sel in ‘he Woolen Industry™
168-172
North American Flora R8
Norton, Dorothe: oe ‘s cover
othofagus asecere
Nototriche
Notre D.

wa
oo

ame University Library
50

Nyasaland exploration eae 208,
235, 260, 307, N co

oO
Oak Openings* 189-197
Oca* 214-218

Zi
* (George S.

Jamieson) 243- 246

ecosa 134%, 141; ignescens
1413 wee 134*, 141
Orchid Society Meets at Garden
li
Oreodaphne aa 298

& 55, 56; -
ana 55*; Origiesii R5; tuberosa
op 216, 217*, 220, 222, 223*,

224*

Oxythece 240
pallida 241

Pacific Conference 187

Paine, Mrs. - Agate 187
Paixao, José 1

Pam, uh Be

Panicum ee

saat oa T. F cover
Park Association of New York

Parochetus communis 56
jum 96

Paspal:
Passifio 8

bryoni rs 89
Paterson, Francis 159

Summer Care of the Flower
Garden 181-182

eckham, Mrs. ‘ R

et a Charle:

elargontw ae
eniciliven notatuin 32
eperomia 239

eristeria dase R28*

eri (Pun: ane 133-141
eters, Mrs.

etry, L. C. oa

ler, A. C. 76, = cover, R4

haius Tankervilliae 173
hohevophicbia auficuiaes 94
haseolus metcalfei 88; ritensis

Philadelphus microphyllus 90

Phillips, Elsie Phelon 202, R29*,
280

Philadendron 2 242*

Phinney, Harry K. 97

313

Phlox subulata
Phyllitis eins ne 158
Photography R7
Pinckneya pubescens (p. pubens)
152
Pirone, P. P, 199
Clinic on Rose Diseases and
Culture 201
Pitcairnia Gaia 239; auda
260

Pithecolobium saman 296, 297

Pittier, H. ee

Plant diseases 199

Plant distbton 159,

Plant mists,
of 130

"RS
American

Plants and Plastics
(R. V. Witla) 225-232
wers’* 119

wrightii 93

Ss ostreatus 167

ee capensis R4

ae OW a ophioglossoides 143

Politi, Le

Polycycnis R28

Po ae ala a ees 91; pauctfolia

ae sulphuretts 48, 167

Populus arizonica 88

Porphyra perforata 4, 5*, 6
Paulo Campos 278

Porto, Pa m1
Potenza, Gilda R8
Prasophyllum 177

cuminatum 175"; — Archeri

175"; trifidum 175*

ratt, Mrs. Harold I. 74, 76
Princeton rium R3, R6
Protium attenuatum 241
Prunus caroliniana 148
Pseudonectria R7
Ptelea angustifolia 9
Pterocarpus indica 269, 270
Pterostyl 7

Bapti 174, 177; Weolstt

176".

Publicati

Pebliations ee Members of the
taft ee ae Rickett) R10-15
a ale
Paenopttivon a
on, Louis pe cover 213, 279
Bugs, Beware! 120-122
Pyne, Mrs, Grafton H. 97, 187,
279

Quercus alba 190
coc

cinea 192; emoryt
90*, 195* ae
194; » 5 blongifolia 88;

eee rubra 1925 stellata 194;
toume 89
Quigg, “Josephine Newman 202

Radforth, Norman W.

Radio 207, 281, 306; Te - Mr,
Ap, My, Je, JI, Au, S,
N, D covers. See also Broad.

asts
Ravenolia
Records ae RS
Reed, H. S. 259
gern of the Treasurer (Arthur
M. Anderson) R16-22
ia 277"

hexi

virgin: 143
Rison ome 174
Rhizobium

Rhizops igre ae 262, 286-292

Rhodymenia Pana a 4, 5%
Ribes aureum
Richards, Mrs. de A. ar

Rickett, H. Ww 97, 130,

S cover, R14; (footnote) He

(rvws) 1
Members of

the Staff R10-15
Rickett, Theresa (rvw) 206
Riker, A. J. 198*
Roi binia pseudacacia 148
W:

se ins, ‘illiam Ja er,
, 76, 97, 186*, 188,
on ae Rid, R29, 260, 279,
307
Annual ae of the Director
for 19 1-10

Growth ae

Rockwell, F. F. Je cover, 76,
198,
Roever, 7 160

Babee Z, ‘Anne Ro
ocozen, Walter he
Rosa ee 148

Rose diseases - culture 199-201
OSE aes ‘Ss y Je , 187,

198-199
Rubus aa &9
Rupp, H.
So: ane po Australian
Orchids* 172-180

aia ee 143
cia* 237-24:
See angustifolia

ae tavifolia 86-87

Samanca saman 296

— oe name 179"; Fitz-

sss ia R9; Ja, F,

, 8, O, a one
Pere:
ee an Je

ing a Politics

use] AL reas 59-61
Scientific Monthly
s tific 4

Scott, R29*

Bs
See: xchange R5
eae coer (Celebration 43
equoia sem
Sequiadendron ne 40-42

Shamrock o pean is
ite*
oe rold N. & Alma L. Mold-
Sana ter Ap cover
Shelley, Donata A. 197
Shortridge, Guy C. 157
Simaruba amara 240
Singer, Rolf 16
Sinnott, Edmund W. 43, 74;
r 125
Sisson, Ralph P. (rvw) 126
Sitanion 96
Sixteen Centuries of Tea Drink-
ng (William H. Ukers) 252-
5

wg #
mn

314

aie ne John 76

as 131

Smith, Mrs. Garret Ap cov

Smith, Joseph W. 118, R29*

Smith, Ruzicka Au,
covers

Smith, See J. 281

Solanum

aa 52, 214, 223*

Solidag 31

Some Notes on the Flowers and
Trees in Audubon’s ae of
Rater: (Helen Fox)
144-152

ee about Australian Or-

ids* (H. M. R. Rupp) 172-

oybear 61-267; 285-296
preder ick 76
boli

wn
BEBE
Ss

Fermented Soy-
As Prepared in
261-267;

beans
Netheriands Indies*

pti varicgata
G. sae b 289, 306
Stig bear R3; (ryw) 303
Ste 97
ae & a
Stereulia
Stewartia Ronen 15.
Stillman, Chaunecy 160
Sti ti, oe

shes a 14t, 306
t, A. B. Ap, O, BR cuvers,
a RS, 280; (rvw) 46
Bur Oak Openings in Southern
Wisconsin*® 189-197
Introductions of
1946* 77-84

Daylilies in
rt A. Harper® oon
arpus 158,
vant, Robert a
s fe Fourdation of All
ife (E. 209-212
Sugar Research Foundation 279,
307
Summer Care of the Flow:
den (Francis ee
2

Naylor)

181-

182

Surucucho* (W. H. a 25-31
Swan, Joseph R. 74,

Swartsia caribaea 240

Sycamore Canyon* 86-96

T
Table eee cone 100;
(orchids)*
Talauma dorcel 240
R4, R9

Rel ue ee on » Cinchona Review
ere William Randolph 3, 35
Teaching the Blind the Art of

deni

(Hugh Findlay) 62-65
Teasel in the Woolen Industry*
(Fred 8-172

Templeton, H. C.

Ternstroemia oligostemon 241

Tetramerinm hispidum 91
73, 174

e Ne; Sia eee aed
a W. H. Hodge) 2
Thrixspermum ae
Tibonchine Totnes aie
and. a 93

Bee

olmeia Menziesti 159

Toro, Rafael 236

Torres, José G Ss

Torrey Botanical Clul S

ib Obst
Garden’s Semi-Centennial 43
Totty’s 199, 278
Tovomita plumieri 2

Trachypogon eee 96
radescantia
Trichachne 9

Trichophyton mentagrophytes, a
Trifolium dubium 53, 54,
m da 54, 55; pratense Be

minus 53,
52, 5. - 55% Maas mbes 54;
a . 54, 55,
Trigonclla snavissima -
Trilliim cernuum 57, 143; erec-
tum 57, 143; grandiflorum 143;
48; sessile 143

Jum 48, R13*
5 ae

sen. ea H. 8
Tseng, C. K.
Seaweed Products and Their
Uses in America* 1-10; 32-

39
Tufts, Marie S. 207
Tulipa pean var. “Henry
we

Turner, Mrs. Harold McL. R3
Turner, W. D. N cover
Tyler Arboretum 99

U
Ukers, William H. My, Jl covers
Sixteen Centuries of Tea-Drink-

ing 252-255
Ullucus tuberosus 214, 218, 219%,
20,222, 223", 224
ish & Wildlife Service
»
U. S. Rubber nie 82
Urey, Harold C.
rginea maritima aoe

Vv
Vaccinitun frondosum 147
Valleau, William D.
van Eck, Th. 20:

an Kleffens, Eeleo N. 186*
van ae P. 7 an
Swind G. 186*
Vd Gaideaiea® oe 74
Oils that Make Fine

Vegetable
Soap (Georgia Leffingwell) 155-
156

Verbascum Thapsus 147

Verbena polystachya 138

Vernay, Arthur R3, 74, 157, 307
Vernay yasaland Expedition
157, , 235, , 307, N

Vois! nage ae P, 279
Voluntee:
gen, "vito Wy. 24

My Race 29:

w
Wagner, Kenneth 160
Wahl, Manfred R3
Waterston, J.
Wedell, Carl F.
Weikert, Rosalie
Weinberg, Sidney J. 74,
me n Mrs, Philip B. - oe

315

aay aes Trip 160
We: , T. A, 188
Wet, meth N. (rvw) 183

ees cover
bene Sees ina
arden
: i ae Jolinston)
41-1

wim, Llewelyn 48

Williams, 17
WwW ieee Robert 3
Williamsburg Program 307
Williamson,

Plants and Plasties 225-232
Wi ane aan » R4
er sin ‘Academy of Sciences

W: nn John C. 100
Wittrock, G. L. Ap, S covers,

R6, R9

Woodward, Carol H. 209, R7,
R8, R9,

Woodward, Helen M. (rvw) 69

Wynne, Frances E. 76, R6, R15

Nauthoxalis 57
Y
Yousef, Hassan Mohamed 97

Zacharevich, N

a PW
Zinn A. M. 2 cover

BOOK REVIEWS

Allston, Robert F. W. The South
Carolina _ Plantation 125

Altenburg, Edgar

Anson, M. &]
Advances in Proea Chemistry
185

Barbour. aes A Naturalist’s
Scrapbook 2

Bateman, (See Rudolf
Hober)

Beebe, William,

Naturalists 19

Ben: an Lyman & Rob Dar.

A Man ual of ance

ern oo Trees and Shrubs
45

The Book of

ingham, Marjorie T. Flora of
akland County, Michie .
H.

and Animals 1

Brimble, L. J. | Trees in
Britain 302

goer Martha Bensley. Your
For 20

Buxton, Bessie Raymond, Be-

gonias and How to Gtow Them
126

Clark, William H. Farms and
Farmers 303

Coker, W Studies in Sci-
ence 234

Craig, rt The Mammil-
laria Handbook 102

Cyphers, Emma Hodkinson.
Pleasures id oblems in
lower Arrangement 284
rrow, Robert. ( Lyman
Benson)

Dorrance, Anne. Green Cargoes
69 ; :
eS cue M. L. The Fever

ree 233
Pint a T. (See M. L. An.

Fai ae Richard B.
Wie

(See Van

Edward I. The
Almanac 104
ard H. Uneasy

Rudoif

Fenn, W. O. (See
2]

Fogg, J. M., Jr. Weeds of Lawn
and Garden 21

Foster, Mulford ard Racine.

Brazil: Orchid of the Tropics

Frank, Orlin D. (See Bertha M.
Parker,

Garrett, S. D. Root Disease
‘w

ingi 256

Geiser, Samuel Wood. Horti-
culture and Horticulturists in
Early Texas 103

Camellias 21
Living by the

Gerbing, G. G.

Gifford, John C,
Land 66

Goddard, David R.
Hober

Graham, Edward H.
: RV:

(See Rudolf

(See Wil
iam R, Van De
Graves, George. Trees, Shrubs,
and Vines e the Northwest-
ern United States
Gray, Phosphates and
Su i csnatbinte 234
Greaves, Joseph yn O.
Elementary ee o
David E. Currents in
Research 303
Enthn pei

to Southern Trees 1
Havinga, E. Julius,
H. Veddst: . Winkler
Modern perme of
Chemotherapy 302
Hedrick, U. P. Grapes and
Wines from Home Vineyards
46
Hiteheock, D. I.
Héber)
Héber, tee & D. I. Hitchcock,
J. ateman, David R. God-
Physical

(See Rudolf

dard, -
Chemistry of aie on Tissues
185

Honig, Pieter & Frans Verdoorn,
ee and Scent in the

etherlands Indies
artis Van Wie & Richard B.
Grounds for Liy-

ing eg

Jack, Homer A. Biological Field
Sian the World 103

316

Jaeger, Edmund C. A Sour
Book of Biological Names ie
Terms 1
sny, Ni, The Wheats of

See E. Havinga)

Kunlien, Friendly

vergreens 5 125

r, Mildred. The Useful Soy-
bean 123

Leffingwell, Georgia & Milton A.
Lesser. ee 101; Soap
in Industr 18

Leggett, Wiliam F. The Story
f Linen

Lesser, ane A. (See Georgia
Leffingwell)
ucas, Jannette

May. Indian

Sanford. How to

wd, vances in Enzy-

mology

O'Donnell, Thomas C. A Garden
For You 183

Gardens and

Homes oe Mexico 183

arker, Bertha M. Ortin D.
Fran oe in
Simple T

Parry, V The Spice Hand.
book 1

Eugene I. Photo-

synthesis and Related Pro-
cesses, Vol. 19
ahn, Otto. Microbes of Mevit

Rodale, J. I. Pay Dirt 183

Salem en Club.
Gardens 282

Schlumpf, Mildred W. The
Gardeners’ es rite 153

Old Salem

Sprague, Howar B. Better
Lawns 45
Sumner, Francis B. The Life
istory of an American Natur-
alist 69
Teele, Winif Facts about

red.
x Arrangement 303
The Herbal

Flowe:
Thorndyke,
of Rufinus 152

— ori C. (See Claude
Van Dersal, William R. Eq-
wa Graham. Conserva-
tion Primer 283
Veldstra, H. (See E. Havinga)
Verdoorn, Frans. (See Pieter
Honi

Webber, Irma E. Travelers All
04
eee Georgia Squires. With-
Garden Walls 257
whim, Helen M.
ing Herbs 258

Try Grow-

Wickizer, Rice in the
Western Heniabe 282

Wilkinson, er . 7
cyclopedia of oa

Berries

and Nuts and How to Grow
Them 21
Wilson, Helen Van Pelt. Geran-
iums 281
Winkler, K. C. (See E. Hav-
inga
usa Roger P. Hayfever
Plan
W: we . J. Greenhouses 301
, L. Edwin. Plant Growth
20
Zobell, Claude E. & Harvey C.
Upham. A List of Marine

Bacteria 104

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Officers
JoserH R. Swan, President
. MERRI Vice-pri
ArTHuR M. ANberson, Treasurer

Henry ve ta Montacne, Secretary

Elective Managers

Wit.i1AM Fe.ton Barrett CHartes B. HaRpING H. Hogart Porter
Howarp Bayne Mrs. Eton Huntincton Francis E. Powe, Je
Epwin ve . BECHTEL Toor Mrs. Haroip I. Pra
Henry F. pu Pont Mrs. Abert D, LAsKER Wretraa J. Rosaine
MARSHALL Tins Ciarence McK. Lewis EpmMun . SINNOTT
Rev. Ropert!. Gannon, E, D. MERRILL CHAUNCEY STILLMA
S.J. Rosert H. MontcoMery Sipney J. WEINBERG

Ex-Officio pelniehs
WILLIAM ve dgae! Mayor of th
ANprew G. N, yr, President a ie ie OF Eaaeatt
poe Moses, Park Commissioner
Appointive Managers
By the Torrey oe Club

By Columbia Oa psy

Marston T. Bocert Marcus M. ee
Cuarnes W. BAvtarp Sam F. Tre
as STAFF
ILLIAM J. Soar Pu.D,, ect
H. A. Gre Pu.D. Assistant Director and rs ‘urator
HENRY DE i Mont ‘AGNE Assistant Director
Frep J. SEAVER, Pu. Sc.D. ead Curator
A. B. Stout, Pu.D. Curator of Education and Labo ratories
ERNARD O. Donce, Pu.D. lant Patholog
1. W. Rickert, Px.D. iographer
Tuomas H. Everett, N.D. Hort. t
SETT Macuire, Pu.D. ‘urator
TAROLD oF Pe Pu.D. Associate Curator
N. Associate Curator
ak Aurea, B. S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium
. E. Naytor, Px.D. Assistant Curator
mie Kav ane H, Pu Assistant Curator
TS. De Rorp, Pe D., D.AI.C. Assistant Curator
fanyons eee PD. Research Associate
LMA Kogan, B. s. Technical Assistant
EAL Technical Assistant
Loa McVeicn, Pu.D. Technical tant
Mary Srepsrns, M.A. Technical Assistant
SLIZABETH C, Hatt, A.B., B.S. arian
‘aRoL H. Woopwarp, A.B. of i Hues
x. L. Wrrrrock, A.M. Cus. bie 07 f the Herbarium
tro Decener, M.S. Collaborator in Hawatian Botan
LMER N. Mitc Photographer
oHN HenoLtey Barnuart, A.M., M.D. Bi apher Emeritus
\. J. Grout, E : Honorary Curator of Mo.
nez M. Harine Assistant Honorary Curator 0}
OSEPH F. ea Honorary Curator of the Dictomaceae
B. A. Kruxoi Honorary Curator of Economic Botany
<THEL ANON 8 PeckHamM Hf iN
A.C. Pranve Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds

cal Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford
Ronevan Matton: roe ‘“ Bedford "park Boulevard exit an ast. Bet take am
Third Avenue Elevated to a Botanical Nena or. the oboth Srcet “station. the New
york aaa to the Bosnical Garden station, or the Wehster Avenue surface car to
a Prtaubaylusecdac enue 2
Thi i Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Ga de

THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

The New York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a special act of the Legislature of
the State of New York in 1891. The Act of aeereee provides, among other rbingss for
a_self-perpetuating body of incorporators, who meet annually to elect members of the ard of
Managers. They also elect new members of their own body, the present roster of ee is
given below.
The Advisory Council consists of fOr women who are elected by the Board. By

custom, they are also elected to the ete rat Officers are: Mrs. Robert H. Fife, Chairman;

ts. Elon Huntington Hooker, First Vice- ee Mrs. William A. Lockwood, Second ve
Chairman; Bae Nelson B. Williams, ae ging: Secretary; Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Correspon
Secretary; and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Tre

Arthur M. Anderson Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham
Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Childs Frick Mrs. George W. Perkins
Mrs. George Arents, Jr. Rev. ats Gannon, S.J. Mrs. Hugh Peters
George Arents, Jr. Dr. A. Gleason Howard Phipps
E. C. Auchter Mrs. Frederick A. Godley Rutherford Platt
Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Mrs. William F. Hencken H ‘orter
Pr H iley Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn Francis E. Powell, Jr
Stephen Baker Mrs. Elon H. Hooker Mrs. Harold 1. Pratt
Henry de Forest Baldwin ts. Clement Houghto: rs. Rodney Procter
Sherman Baldwin Archer M. Huntington Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam
Charles W. Ballard Pierre Jay Lady Ramsey
Mrs. James Barnes Mrs. Walter Jennings Stanley G. Ranger
William Felton Barrett Mrs. Alfred G. Kay Johnston L. Redmond
Mrs. William Felton Barrett Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg Ogden Mills Reid
Edwin De 1 Mrs. Warren Kinney Prof. Marcus M. Rhoades
William rs. Le ‘auss Dr. William J. Robbins

Prof. Charles P. Berkey H.R. Kunharde, Jr. Prof. A. Percy Saunders
Prof. Marston T. Bogert Mrs. Albert D. Lasker Mrs. Melvin E. Sawin
Prof. William J. Bonisteel Mrs. Barent Lefferts John M. Schiff
George P. Brett Clarence McK. Lewi Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz
Mrs. Richard S Wolfe nee Mrs. William A. Lockwood Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott
Dr. Nichol . But! Dr. D. T. MacDougal Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner
Mrs. Andrew ee Mrs. David Ives Macki Mrs. Townsend Scudde:
Miss Mabel Mrs. H. Edward Manville Mrs. Samuel Seabury
Miss E. Mabel Clark Parker McCollester Mrs. Guthrie Shaw
W.R. Coe Miss Mildred McCormick Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott
Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs Louis E. McFadden Mrs. Samuel Sloan
Mrs. Henry S. Fenimore Coope: Mrs. John R. McGinley Edgar B. Stern
Mrs. William Redmond Cross Dr. E. D. Merrill Nathan Straus
Mrs. C. I. DeBey John L. Merrill Mrs ron G. S
Mrs. M. Debevoise Roswell Miller, Mrs. Arthur H. Sulzberger
Edward C. Delafiel Roswell Miller, Jr Joseph R. Swan

ts. John Ross Delafield Mrs. Roswell Miller, Sr. Mrs. Joseph R. Swan
Julian F. Detmer S. P. Miller Prof. Sam F. Trelease
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey Seorge M. Moffett Arthur S. Vernay
Mrs. Charles Doscher H. de la Montagne Mrs. Antonie P. Voislawsky
Mrs. Walter Douglas Col. Robert H. Montgomery Manfred Wahl
Mrs. John W. soe Mrs. Robert H. Montgomery alan Weniealll
Etsagy He dy Barrington Moore Sting Jp Watthae

‘3. Moses W. Faitoute Nelson M. Wells

Marshall Field Mrs. William H. Moore Ala . Ra
William B. O. Field (1) B. Y. Morrison Mrs. Nelson B. Williams
Mrs. Robert H. Fife Mrs. Augustus G. Paine Mrs. Percy H. Williams
Mrs. Henry J. Fisher Mrs. James R. Parsons John C. Wister
Harry Harkness Flagler Rufus L. Patterson Richardson Wright

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