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ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 
ieee 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


ROYAL SOCIETY 


NEW SOUTH WALES, 
1880. 


agers 2) 


a’ & Es PR aa a a d 


| EDITED BY 
PAR Wn we, A. LIVERSIDGE, 


Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy in the University of Sydney. 


THE AUTHORS OF PAPERS ARE ALONE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE STATEMENTS 
MADE AND THE OPINIONS EXPRESSED THEREIN. 


AGENTS FOR THE SOCI 
Messrs. Triibner & Co., 57, tae Hill, London, BX. 


SYDNEY: THOMAS RICHARDS, GOVERNMENT PRINTER 


1881, 


ae 
Seed 


NOTICE. 


Tue Royat Society of New South Wales originated in 1821 
as the “ Philosophical Society of Australasia”; after an interval 
of inactivity, it was resuscitated in 1850, under the name of the 
“ Australian Philosophical Society,” by which title it was known 
until 1856, when the name was changed to the “ Philosophical 
Society of New South Wales”; and finally, in 1866, by the 
sanction of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, it assumed 


its present title. 


ART, 


Art, IX, 
Art, X. 
Art. XI. 


ART, 


Art, XITI.—On 


ART, 
Arr, 
Arr. 


. I.—ANNIVE 

Vice- Eecdant (Diagr 
og: | BE 

John apes 


Jupiter. oy » ePe Tebbutt, F. me AS. 
. V.—Some new penne Stars, marks upon arene 


. VI.—The Orbit 
Goma By John rapeg F. R.A. 


CONTENTS. 


VOLUME XIV. 


. L—List or Orricers, Ruues, and List of Members...... 


RSARY ase by Charles Moore, F.L.S., 
m) 


—On the Longitude of the Sydney Observatory. By 


sition and Magnitudes of Uranus and 


Binaries. By H. C. Seen A RAS. (Two dia 
Ae 


Elements of Comet I, "a (Great Southern 


VIL.—A new method of printing: soe and other 
Curves. By H.C. Rael Be, F.R.A.S. . 
VIII.—Sliding Scale correcting Baro ter Readings 
By H. C. Saar Bea. F.R.A.S., (Diagram) 

—On Thunder and Hail Storms. By H. C. Hilesell. 
B.A., F.R.A.S. et am) 


.—On som t changes the surface of Jupiter. 
By H. C. Seni E B.A,,. F. RAS. — diagrams) ...... 
—Remarks on the ee of ao en Belts, and so: 
changes observed thereon Opposi ition of 1880, 
By G. D. Hirs 
XII. —A ‘tangs of ante collected during Mr. Alexr. 

Fo. xploration of North-west Austra- 
lia in 18) 879. By Baro: Focinand von Miieller, K.C.M.G., 
M.D Ph.D, PRS. ies 
and its Effects. By W. E. Abbott 
XIV. ss on ‘9 Fossil Flora of Eastern Australia and 
Tasmania. By Dr. Ottaker Feis Mv ccctsssunainsv icons 
XV.—On the hail of the Native Currant. By E. H. 

ie, M.A., B.Sc. 


XVI.—On Piturie. By Professor Liversidge................ i 


xii 


CONTENTS. 


Arr, XVII.—On Salt bush and Native Fodder Plants. By W. 


ART. 


Arr. XIX. 
Arr. XX, 


ART. 
ART. 


REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS 


. XXIV. 
Coals. By Professor Livers: 


A. Dixon, F.C.S. 
XVIII.—Water from a Hot Spring, New Britain. By 
Professor Liversidge 
on from a Hot Spring, FijiIslands. By Professor 


I jiversidg 


_—The composition of Cast-iron acted upon by Sea- 
water. “of Professor Liversidge 

XXI.—On t. o Comp of sone Wood enclosed in 
Basalt. By Professor Live 
XXII. "haOe tpnattisini lees eimecsone By Professor 
Liversidge 


XXIII.—The Inorganic hee ose of the Coals of New 
South Wales. By W. A. Dixon, F.C.S.  .........:eeeeeeeeees 


—On the a, ery ‘Z some New South ee 


nage 
some New South Wales Minerals. By 


. XXV.—On 
PrOtembe TEV G Sis ocnk ss ei ckk cbs ctiecd setee bensyenseset 


XXVI.—Notes on some Minerals from New Caledonia. 
By Professor Liversidge 


XXVII.—Notes on a Collection of Snover Se teal. 

Rocks of New South Wales y R. Etheridge, junr. 

F.G.S. (Plate) : 
son between the Prospect and Kamp 


XXVIII.—A Com 
Ginr Schemes of AWater Supply for Sydney. By F. B. 
pps 


wee ee eee werner 


XXIX.—On oe Liverpool Plains. By T. K. 
ADDO PME. 1 Mah ai hE Sec eied sevens esos 
XXX 


Ppnacernimwerad 


XXXI.—Appirions To THE LIBRARY 


¥ PRESENTATIONS MADE BY THE ROYAL 
Somer o OF mae SoutH WALES 


PAPER READ BEFORE THE MEDICAL SECTION. 


The Causation << Prevention of Insanity. By F. Norton 


Manning, 


APPENDIX: Abstract of the e Meteorological Observations at the 


Sydney Observatory. H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S. 


RarnFaut Map for the year 1880. H. C. Russell, B.A., FRAS. 


List oF Pusuications 
Inpex 


aerate cas mt E ST ROR ME EE ane ECE i i file we a . 
ee a eee ee ey ea Re mE ences NE, Sere Bae Ee IAT ny ee ee et a mE NTN eT eS aeeny Pre nee Tees eae es 


Pe as * 
= 
ae » 
| JOURNAL 
— PROCEEDINGS 


ROYAL SOCIETY, 


THE AUTHORS PAPERS ~ SS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE STATEMENTS 
: ti AND THE OPINIONS EXPR ESSED THEREIN. 


AGENTS FOR THE 80 CIETY : * 
Messrs ‘Tritbner & Co., 57, Ludgate Hill, London, 


SYDNEY: THOMAS RICHARDS, 


“1861. 


NOTICE. 


| Donations presented to the Society are acknowled, 
letter, and in the printed Proceedings of the Socie 
S 2 tte weg 


a 


DonaTIons TO THE BuILpINe Fonp, 
Original List. 
Abbott, Thomas R.... ies is a hes me ee 
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». MLA. oe 
Clarke, Rev. W. B., M.A., F.B.S., bi "ye ae ies 
ristie, W. ... ea ih ae 
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Have Be ped ove . . 
Holt, lt, The Hon. Thos., M.L.C. ce sae ee 
H Rev. Thomas eee ; 


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Ses, 
Knox, Edward S. 
Leibius, Adolph, Ph.D. 


ehan, 
Liversidge, Archibald, F.C.S., F.G.S., Ke. 
MacDonnell, Whosny 
erat ae "John, F.G.S. . 

anning, Fre derick N., M.D. 
Martin, Rev. George 
M 


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Moir, Jam 
Moore, Sharlen. F.L.S. 
Morehead, 
Mullens, Josiah, FB R. ok... 
urray, W. G. 
Myles, OF, “a 
Norton, J. so 4 
Oeil, a W. J., M.D. 
h 
Rolleston, Christopher, €. M. G. 
LL. , R.A, 


rei The Hon. J., C.M. G,, M. D., LL.D. 


-, -Bulith Robert, B.A. 
-Suttor, W. 


8 
: C.8., 

“Woolrych, F B. W. 

- ae rian ©. S. A., M.R.OS.E. 


1880, 
‘Bassett, W. F., MRCS. .., 


. Brodubh, WA. 
Po : Brooks, 3 cit ation“) 


S ee 
Daintrey, FE. ... oO 
Darley, C. W. 3.3 0 
Dixson, Dr. he ot = ng be 1 0 
Dixson, Dr. oe a yes 0 
Dixon, W. A (total donation, £4 ‘4s. * ia alate ae Oe 
Du Faur, E. . x “¥ 6 
Evans, Geo ee 3 3 0 oe 
Fraser, seach pn Bg | in 
e, Herm Bc 0 
Heron, Henry (tote tal donation, : £17 12s, ) 56° 0..0 
Hum K. (total donation 5s.) y ice: aie 
Hunt, "over (total donation, a 6s.) 0 
In nglis, 0 
Séiociaara. J. st (total donation, 4 ‘£4 4s, ) 0 
Latta, G. J. es ie 0 
Lattice Oye ie He otk alt Mae 
Liversidge, Professor | oa sas he ie ered ee Oar 
MacPherson, Rev. P., M.A. on ae ae sete eer cad 
Markey, James, M.R.C.S i 1 0 
ae n, Right Rev. Dr ies 0 
Moore, Chas., F.L.S. ie Br 0 
Morehead, R. te A. Sauer donation, £15) “sf sre teeter + aie | ete. 8) 
Mullins, IF = ar Vay 5 
Parrott, T. a 0 * 
Pittman, Edward F 0 
re ag o s 0 
ae 3-3 0 
Cuitk, aad: D. Placid _... sa bei bee 9.2 
Roberts, John ae Bese 
Russell, H. C., B.A. - (total d ‘donation, £13 8 8s.) .. ee 
Soe Charles : 2k ares ae ’. 
< pee 
we rae Pye i @ mp = 
Wilshire, J . F. : eee he ED. s 
Woolrych, B “B. W, (total donation, Sbjoi. e  t ee 
Wright, H. G . A, M.R.C.S. ae pe en 
Young, L. H WG. oe a ye ae be eee 
£108 3 0 : ae 
: “e “> oa = on me, 
2 Dixon, W. A. (total donation, £5 5s.) eo ee oe 
E. Ross Fairfax = — 231 1010 0 : 
Griffiths, F. C. 5 5 0 
i rk oe 
Hunt, Robert (total ‘donation, £7 7s. ) 1 6 
Leibius, Dr (total donation, £7 bei 0 
ersidge, Professor (total sage £12 2s.) je ae a. 
Moore, Charles (total poe ae iF 0 << 
Smith, degre J.,C.M.G.,M.D. (total donation, £6 10s. ) iO iP 
S. (to total donation, £ a hiaky0 
Wright, H. G. A., M.B.C.S.E. (total donation, £778.).:.. 11 0 
4 0 


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Annual Subscriptions promised. 
Dixon, W. A., F.C.8, = . 
FYiirst,.G. De: x. see ‘ of 
Hunt, Robert, F.G.S ey ‘ AS os 

ius, Dr. a : 

Liversi e, Professor. os wee one ae 
Moore, Charles, F.L.S. ... igs as ae 
Russell, cae 


Wright, H. G. A., M.R.O.S.E. 


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— 


The Aopal Society of Hew South Hales. 


OFFICERS FOR 1880-81. 


HONORARY PRESIDENT: 
HIS EXCELLENCY Tue Rr. Hon. LORD AUGUSTUS LOFTUS, 
C.B., &c., &c., &e. 


PRESIDENT: 
HON. J. SMITH, O.M.G., M.L.C., M.D., LL.D., &o. 


VICE-PRESIDENTS: 
CHARLES MOORE, F.LS. 
H. OC. RUSSELL, B.A., F.R.AS., F.MS., &e. 


HONORARY TREASURER: 
H. G. A. WRIGHT, M.RB.C.S,, E. 


HONORARY SECRETARIES: 


PROFESSOR LIVERSIDGE. | Dr. ADOLPH LEIBIUS. 
COUNCIL: 

DIXON, ‘ye A., F.CS. MONTEFIORE, E. L. 

HIRST, G. D ROLLESTON, C., C.M.G. 

HUNT, ROBERT, F.G.8. Wil LKINSON, CO. 8, F.G.S. 


ASSISTANT SECRETARY: 
H. WEBB. 


INDEX TO RULES. 


Annual General Meeting... 
ual Re 


Annual Report ; 
Auditors and ‘Audit ‘a eran 
ce from Council Meetings... 
Alteration of Rules Fai ‘ae 
Admission of Visitors a 
Si of Members 
Annual Subscription ee ei Hi ov sie oe 
” in arrears em nis ew eee eee 
when due 5 
Ballot, iiecliak by, ie i a Pisuaeti 
Desineen, Dike : - ‘ 
Branch Societi ie 
Cabinets and Collections .., 
Contributions Society ve 
Corresponding bers ... 
Council, Electi ms : i, i 
»  Membersof . a . 
, Vacancies in eo: we 
» ti . ee “* eee oe eee 
”» ” nuorum —_ ee ven — . 
Candidates for Admission : bat ce - 
Committees or Sections e ee : 
n of ‘o ae tie 
Tibianesis ee ‘ Se ‘ = 
»  Notificationof ..  ... bee . : 
Entrance Fee. as : 
Expulsion of Members... —<e si ‘ ‘s “ 
of ae s = ss ‘ a 
ees ae ies ie & hie “ay ‘ 


Governor, Ho: eect a nRS noe me tee 
Grants of Money .. see eee woe oes eee vee 
eesti Mediben ot on 


oni Gro Genwal se x oe ‘ toe 
fas Annual 


» fee toe eee ooo scion 


Members, Honorary 


me rresponding 

‘s Resignation of 

» Expulsion of 

e to sign Rules 

Admission of ... 
Money Grants 
Object — 4 Society 
ce- 


President ... 


Paapenty of sis Sosy 


Rules, yee tion of 
Scrutineers, Appointeent of 
Sections, Membership of .. 
Secretaries, Hon., ei of 
» Assistant... 
of Solio ae 
sameenel 


XV 


. 
- 


Sanwor 


ew 
eh ow 


bo 
— 
RES RERSY 


RULES. a 
(Revised October 1st, 1879.) a 


Object of the Society. 

I. The object of the Society is to receive at its stated meeting 
original papers on Science, Art, Literature, and Philosophy, and : 
especially on such subjects as tend to develop the resources of 2 
Australia, and to illustrate its Natural History and Productions. | ; 


~ Honorary President. 
II. The Governor of New South Wales shall be ev es : 
Honorary President of the Society. “ 


Other Officers. 

ITI. The other Officers of the Society shall consist of as 
President, who shall hold office for one year only, but 8 be 
eligible for re-election after the lapse of one year; two Vice- 
Presidents, a Treasurer, and one or more Secretaries, who, with 
six other Members, shall constitute a Council for the management ( 
of the affairs of the Society. a 


Election of Officers and Council. : 
IV. The President, Vice-Presidents, Secretaries, Treasurer, 


by ballot at the General Meeting i in the month of May. 

V. It shall be the duty of the Council each year to prepare 
list containing the names of members whom they recommend f 
election to the respective offices of President, Vice-President 
Hon. Secretaries and Hon. Treasurer, together with the 
of six other members whom they recommend for election 4 
ordinary members of Council. 

The names thus rec ded shall be proposed at one meeting 
of the Council, and agreed to at a subsequent meeting. 


XVil 
Such list shall be suspended in the Society’s Rooms, and a copy 


shall be sent to each ordinary member not less than fourteen days 
before the day appointed for the Annual General Meeting. 


VI. Each member present at the Annual General Meeting 
shall have the power to alter the list of names recommended by 
the Council, by adding to it the names of any eligible members 
not already included in it and removing from it an equivalent 
number of names, and he shall use this list with or without such 
alterations as a balloting list at the election of Officers and 
Council. 

The name of each member voting shall be entered into a book, 
kept for that purpose, by two Scrutineers elected by the members 
present. 

No ballot for the election of Members of Council, or of New 
Members, shall be valid unless twenty members at least shall 
record their votes. 


: Vacancies during the year. 
VII. Any vacancies occurring in the Council of Management 
during the year may be filled up by the Council. 


Candidates for admission, 

VIII. Candidates must be at least twenty-one years of age. 

Every candidate for admission as an ordinary member of the 
Society shall be recommended according to a prescribed form of 
certificate by not less than three members, to two of whom the 
candidate must be personally known. 

Such certificate must set forth the names, place of residence, 
and qualifications of the candidate. 

The certificate shall be read at the three Ordinary General 
Meetings of the Society next ensuing after its receipt, and 
during the intervals between those three meetings, it shall be 
suspended in a conspicuous place in one of the rooms of the 
Society. 


Xviii 
The vote as to admission shall take place by ballot, at the 
Ordinary General Meeting at which the certificate is appoint 
to be read the third time, and immediately after such reading. 
At the ballot the assent of at least four-fifths of the members — 
voting shall be requisite for the admission of the candidate. 


Fees. 
IX. The entrance money paid by members on their admission 
shall be Two Guineas; and the annual subscription shall be 
Two Guineas, payable in advance ; but members elected prior to 
December, 1879, shall be required to pay an annual subscription of 
One Guinea only as heretofore. 
The amount of ten annual payments may be paid at any time 
as a life composition for the ordinary annual payment. | 


New Members to be informed of their election. 

X. Every new member shall receive due notification of his 
election, and be supplied with a copy of the obligation (No. 3 im 
Appendix), together with a copy of the Rules of the Society, 2 
list of members, and a card of the dates of meeting. 


Members shall sign Rules— Formal admission. 

XI. Every member who has complied with the preceding : 
Rules shall at the first Ordinary General Meeting at which he 4 
shall be present sign a duplicate of the aforesaid obligation in @ C 
book to be kept for that purpose, after which he shall be presented 
by some member to the Chairman, who, addressing him by name, — 
shall say :—“In the name of the Royal Society of New South ; 
Wales I admit you a member thereof.” - 


Annual subscriptions, when due. a 
XII. Annual subscriptions shall become due on the Ist of 
May for the year then commencing. The entrance fee and first 


year’s subscription of a new member shall become due on the 
day of his election, 


xix 


Members whose subscriptions are unpaid to enjoy no privileges. 

XIII. An elected member shall not be entitled to attend the 
meetings or to enjoy any privilege of the Society, nor shall his 
name be printed in the list of the Society, until he shall have 
paid his admission fee and first annual subscription, and have 
returned to the Secretaries the obligation signed by himself. 


Subscriptions in arrears. 

XIV. Members who have not paid their subscriptions for the 
current year, on or before the 31st of May, shall be informed of 
the fact by the Hon. Treasurer. 

No member shal! be entitled to vote or hold office while his 
subscription for the previous year remains unpaid. 

The name of any member who shall be two years in arrears 
with his subscriptions shall be erased from the list of members, 
but such member may be re-admitted on giving a satisfactory 
explanation to the Council, and on payment of arrears. 

At the meeting held in July, and at all subsequent meetings 
for the year, a list of the names of all those members who are in 
arrears with their annual subscriptions shall be suspended in the 
Rooms of the Society. Members shall in such cases be informed 
that their names have been thus posted. 


Resignation of Members. 

XV. Members who wish to resign their membership of the 
Society are requested to give notice in writing to the Honorary 
Secretaries, and are required to return all books or other property 
belonging to the Society. 


Expulsion of Members. 

XVI. A majority of members present at any ordinary meet- 
ing shall have power to expel an obnoxious member from the 
Society, provided that a resolution to that effect has been moved 
and seconded at the previous ordinary meeting, and that due 
notice of the same has been sent in writing to the member in 
question, within a week after the meeting at which such resolution 
has been brought forward. 


xx 


Honorary Members. 

XVII. The Honorary Members of the Society shall be persons 
who haye been eminent benefactors to this or some other of 
the Australian Colonies, and distinguished patrons and promoters 
of the objects of the Society, Every person proposed as an 
Honorary Member must be recommended by the Council and 
elected by the Society. Honorary Members shall be exempted 
from payment of fees and contributions: they may attend the 


meetings of the Society, and they shall be furnished with copies 


of the publications of the Society, but they shall have no right 
to hold office, to vote, or otherwise interfere in the business of 
the Society. 

The number of Honorary Members shall not at any one time 
exceed twenty, and not more than two Honorary Members shall 
be elected in any one year. | 


Corresponding Members. 

XVIII. Corresponding Members shall be persons, not resident 
in New South Wales, of eminent scientific attainments, who may 
have furnished papers or otherwise promoted the objects of the 
Society. 

Corresponding Members shall be recommended by the Council, 
and be balloted for in the same manner as ordinary Members. 

Corresponding Members shall possess the same privileges only 
as Honorary Members. 


The number of Corresponding Members shall not exceed 4 
twenty-five, and not more than three shall be elected in anyone 


year. 


Ordinary General Meetings. 

XIX. An Ordinary General Meeting of the Royal Society, to 
be convened by public advertisement, shall take place at 8 py 
on the first Wednesday in every month, during the last eight 


months of the year; subject to alteration by the Council with 
due notice. 


; 


xxi 
Order of Business. 

XX. At the Ordinary General Meetings the business shall be 
transacted in the following order, unless the Chairman specially 
decide otherwise :— 

-1—Minutes of the preceding Meeting. 

2—New Members to enrol their names and be introduced. 
3—Ballot for the election of new Members. 
4—Candidates for membership to be proposed. 
5—Business arising out of Minutes. 

Communications from the Council. 
7—Communications from the Sections. 
S8—Donations to be laid on the Table and acknowledged. 
9—Correspondence to be read. 

10—Motions from last Meeting. 

11—Notices of Motion for the next Meeting to be given in. 

12—Papers to be read. 

18—Discussion. 

14—Notice of Papers for the next Meeting. 

Annual General Meeting—Annual Reports. 

XXI. A General Meeting of the Society shall be held annually 
in May, to receive a Report from the Council on the state of 
the Society, and to elect Officers for the ensuing year. The 
Treasurer shall also at this meeting present the annual financial 
statement. 

Admission of Visitors. 

XXII. Every ordinary member shall have the privilege of 
introducing two friends as visitors to an Ordinary General 
Meeting of the Society or its Sections, on the following con- 
ditions :—  - 

1. That the name and residence of the visitors, together 
with the name of the member introducing them, be 
entered in a book at the time. 

2. That they shall not have attended two consecutive 
meetings of the Society or of any of its Sections in the 
current year. 

The Council shall have power to introduce visitors, irrespective 
of the above restrictions. 


xxii 
Council Meetings. 
XXIII. Meetings of the Council of Management shall take ‘ 


place on the last Wednesday in every month, and on such other — 
days as the Council may determine. 3 


Absence from Meetings of Council.—Quorum. 

XXIV. Any member of the Council absenting himself from. 
three consecutive meetings of the Council, without giving a satis- 
factory explanation in writing, shall be considered to have vacated 
his office. No business shall be transacted at any meeting of 
the Council unless three members at least are present. 


Duties of Secretaries. 
XXYV. The Honorary Secretaries shall perform, or shall cause — 
the Assistant Secretary to perform, the following duties :—_ 

1. Conduct the correspondence of the Society and Council. 

2. Attend the General Meetings of the Society and the 
meetings of the Council, to take minutes of the pro- c 
ceedings of such meetings, and at the commensal 4 
of such to read aloud the minutes of the p 
meeting. | 

8, At the Ordinary Meetings of the members, to announce 
the presents made to the Society since their last meeting; 
to read the certificates of candidates for admission #0 : 

_ the Society, and such original papers communicated £0 | 
the Society as are not read by their respective authors, 4 
and the letters addressed to it. 

4. To make abstracts of the papers read at the Ordinary : 
General Meetings, to be inserted in the Minutes and : 
printed in the Proceedings. | 

; 

5. To edit the Transactions of the Society, and to psn 
the making of an Index for the same. ‘ 

6. To be responsible for the arrangement and safe custody 
of the books, maps, plans, specimens, and other propel’? 
of the Society. 


XXiil 


7. To make an entry of all books, maps, plans, pamphlets, 
&e., in the Library Catalogue, and of all presentations 
to the Society in the Donation Book. 

8. To keep an account of the issue and return of books, 
&e., borrowed by members of the Society, and to see 
that the borrower, in every case, signs for the same in 
the Library Book. 

9. To address to every person elected into the Society a 
printed copy of the Forms Nos. 2 and 8 (in the 
Appendix), together with a list of the members, a copy 
of the Rules, and a card of the dates of meeting; and 
to acknowledge all donations made to the Society, by 
Form No. 6. 

. To cause due notice to be given of all Meetings of the 
Society and Council. 


i 
=) 


— 


. To be in attendance at 4 p.m. on the afternoon of 
Wednesday in each week during the session. 


po 
bo 


. To keep a list of the attendances of the members of the 
Council at the Council Meetings and at the ordinary 
General Meetings, in order that the same may be laid 
before the Society at the Annual General Meeting held 
in the month of May. 

The Honorary Secretaries shall, by mutual agreement, divide 
the performance of the duties above enumerated. 

The Honorary Secretaries shall, by virtue of their office, be 
members of all Committees appointed by the Council. 


Contributions to the Society. 

XXVI. Contributions to the Society, of whatever character, 
must be sent to one of the Secretaries, to be laid before the 
Council of Management. It will be the duty of the Council to 
arrange for promulgation and discussion at an Ordinary Meeting 
such communications as are suitable for that purpose, as well as 
to dispose of the whole in the manner best adapted to promote 
the objects of the Society. 


Xxiv 
Management of Funds. 

XXVII. The funds of the Society shall be lodged at a Bank 
named by the Council of Management. Claims against the 
Society, when approved by the Council, shall be paid by the 
Treasurer. 


All cheques shall be countersigned by a member of the Council. 


Money Grants. 

XXVIII. Grants of money in aid of scientific purposes from the 
funds of the Society—to Sections or to members—shall expire on 
_ the Ist of November in each year. Such grants, if not expended, 
may be re-voted. 


XXIX. Such grants of money to Committees and individual 
members shall not be used to defray any personal expenses which 
a member may incur. 


Audit of Accounts. 

XXX. Tw Auditors shall be appointed annually, at an 
Ordinary Meeting, to audit the Treasurer’s Accounts. The 
accounts as audited to be laid before the Annual Meeting m 
May. 


Property of the Society to be vested in the President, §¢. 
XXXI. All property whatever belonging to the Society shall 
be vested in the President, Vice- Presidents, Hon. Treasurer, and 
Hon. Secretaries for the time being, in trust for the use of the 
Society ; but the Council shall have control over the disburse- 
ments of the funds and the management of the property ol the 
Society. 


SEcTIONs. 
XXXII. To allow those members of the Societr who devote 
attention to particular branches of science fuller opportunities 
and facilities of meeting and working together with fewer formal 


xXV 


restrictions than are necessary at the general Monthly Meetings 
of the Society,—-Sections or Committees may be established in 
the following branches of science :— 
Section A.—Astronomy, Meteorology, Physics, Mathematics, 
and Mechanics. 
Section B.—Chemistry and Mineralogy, and their application 
to the Arts and Agriculture. 
Section C.—Geology and Palxontology. 
Section D.—Biology, z.e., Botany and Zoology, including 
Entomology 
Section E.—Microscopical Science. 
Section F.—Geography and Ethnology. 
Section G.—Literature and the Fine Arts, including 
Architecture. 
Section H.—Medical. 
Section I.—Sanitary and Social Science and Statistics. 


Section Committees—Card of Meetings. 

XXXIII. The first meeting of each Section shall be appointed 
by the Council. At that meeting the members shall elect their 
own Chairman, Secretary, and a Committee of four ; and arrange 
the days and hours of their future meetings. A card showing 
the dates of each meeting for the current year shall be printed 
for distribution amongst the members of the Society. 


Membership of Sections. 
XXXIV. Only members of the Society shall have the privilege 
of joining any of the Sections. 


Reports from Sections. 

XXXYV. There shall be for each Section a Chairman to preside 
at the meetings, and a Secretary to keep minutes of the pro- 
ceedings, who shall jointly prepare and forward to the Hon. 
Secretaries of the Society, on or before the 7th of December in 
each year, a report of the proceedings of the Section during 
that year, in order that the same may be transmitted to the 
Council. 


xxvi : 
Report g 
XXXVI. It shall be the duty of me President, Vice-Presidents, 
and Honorary Secretaries to annually examine into and report to My 
the Council upon the state of— 
1. The Society’s house and effects. 4 

2. The keeping of the official books and correspondence. — 
3. The library, including maps and drawings. 
4. The Society’s cabinets and collections. 


Cabinets and Collections. 
XXXVII. The keepers of the Society’s cabinets and collet 
tions shall give a list of the contents, and report upon the 
condition of the same to the Council annually. 


ents, 

XXXVIII. The Honorary Secretaries and Honorary Troseunt § 
shall see that all documents relating to the Society’s property, 
the obligations given by members, the policies of insurance, and : 
other securities shall be lodged in the Society’s iron chest, the | 2 
contents of which shall be inspected by the Council once in every di 
year; a list of such contents shall be kept, and such list shall be 
signed by the President or one of the Vice-Presidents at the 
annual inspection. 

Branch Societies. 

XXXIX. The Society shall have power to form Branch So 

cieties in other parts of the Colony. 


= Ni =n: 
ERE Te ae a a ee ed 


- Labrary. 4 

XL. The members of the Society shall have access to, and 2 

shall be entitled to borrow books from the Library, under oun 
regulations as the Council may think necessary. 


Alteration of Rules . 

XLI. No alteration of, or addition to, the Rules of the Society | 

shall be made unless carried at two successive General Meetings 
at each of which, twenty-five members at least must be pr 


Xxvil 


THE LIBRARY. 


1. During the Session, the Library shall be open for consul- 
tation and for the issue and return of books between 4 and 6 
p-m. on the afternoon of each Wednesday, and between 7 and 10 
p-m. on the evenings of Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, and 
during the recess (January to end of April) on Wednesdays, 
from 4 to 6 and 7 to 10 p.m. 


2. No book shall be issued without being signed for in the 
Library Book. 


3. Members are not allowed to have more than two volumes 
at a time from the Library, without special permission from one 
of the Honorary Secretaries, nor to retain a book for a longer 
period than fourteen days; but when a book is returned by a 
member it may be borrowed by him again, provided it has not 
been bespoken by any other member. Books which have been 
bespoken shall circulate in rotation, according to priority of 
application. 

4. Scientific Periodicals and Journals will not be lent until 
the volumes are completed and bound. 

5. Members retaining books longer than the time specified 
shall be subject to a fine of sixpence per week for each volume. 

6. The books which have been issued shall be called in by the 
Secretaries twice a year ; and in the event of any book not being 
returned on those occasions, the member to whom it was issued 
shall be answerable for it, and shall be required to defray the 
cost of replacing the same. 


xxvii 
Form No. 1. 


Royat Soctrety or New Sourn WaAtEs. 


Certificate of a Candidate for Election. 
Name 


Qualification or occupation 
Address 


being desirous of admission into the Royal Society of New South Wales, “< 
the undersigned members of the Society, propose and recommend himas@ 
proper person to become a member thereof. - 


Dated this day of 18. ag | 
From Persona KNowLepGE. From GENERAL KNOWLEDGE. 
— a 4 


eee 
Signature of candidate ia 
Date received gee 


*,* This certificate must be signed by at least three members, to two of whom the a 
candidate must be personally known. Z 


Form No. 2. 

Royat Socrery or New Sourm Watzs. 
The Society’s House, : 
Sir, Sydney, 18° ee 
T have the honour to inform you that you have this day been elected 8 
member of the Royal Society of New South Wales, and I beg to forward 
you a copy of the Rules of the Society, a printed copy of an obligation, 4 = 
of members, and a card announcing the dates of meeting during the present 
According to the Regulations of the Society (vide Rule No. 9), you 
required to pay your admission fee of two guineas, and annual a 

of two guineas for the current year, before admission. You are also rege 
to sign and return the enclosed form of obligation at your earliest convenient 
T have, &e., 


Se Hon, Secretary- 


Form No. 3. Z 

Royat Socrery or New Sour Wass. tog 
T, the undersigned, do hereby engage that I will endeavour to promote 
the interests and welfare of the Royal Society of New South Wales, and 
observe its Rules and By-laws, as long as I shail remain a member t 


Aaa Signed, 
Date 


Xxix 


orm No. 4. 
Royat Society or New Sourn Wates. 
The Society’s House, 
Sir, Sydney, uf. Vial 
I have the honour to inform you that your annual subscription of 
for the current year became due to the Royal Society of New South 
Wales on the Ist of May last. 
It is requested that payment may be made by cheque or Post Office order 
drawn in favour of the Hon. Treasurer, 


I have, &c., 


To Hon. Treasurer, 


Form No. 5. 
Roya Socrety or New Sovurn Watzs. 
The Society’s House, 
Sir, Sydney, 135% 
Tam desired by the Royal Society of New South Wales to forward to 
you a copy of its Journal forthe year18 _, as a donation to the library of 
your Society. 

I am further requested to mention that the Society will be thankful to 
receive such of the very valuable publications issued by your Society as it 
» may feel disposed to send. 

I have the honour to be, 
Sir 


Fg 
Your most obedient servant, 


Hon. Secretary. 


Form No. 6. 
Royat Soctery or New Sourn WaALtgs. 

The Society’s House, 
Sir, ydney, . 
On behalf of the Royal Society of New South Wales, I beg tc acknow- 
ledge the receipt of and I am directed to convey to you the 
best thanks of the Society for your most valuable donation, 

I have the honour to be, 
Sir, 
Your most obedient servant, 


Hon. Secretary. 


xxx 


Form No. 7. 
Balloting List for the Election of the Officers and Count | 
Royat Soctery or New South WALES. 


Date.... seneeeeseees 


Batzotine List for the election of the Officers and Council. 


a 
4) 
4m 
i 


Present Council. Names proposed as Members of the new snl 
President. 
Vice-Presidents. 
errs _ 7 


Members of Couneil: 


the printed pba none 


as ee . * 


NOTICE. 


Members are particularly ted t icat 


eal 


LIST OF THE MEMBERS 


Boval Society of Hew South Wales, 


P Members who have contributed papers which have been published in the Society’s 
ns or Journal ; papers published in the Transactions of the ctr gee Society 


Téaveastie 
are ~ included. The te Count indicate the number of such contributio’ 
+ M cil 
Lit 


er rer la 
Members 


P4 


apes J ain ‘Kings dead Court, Elizabeth-street. 
Abbot as Kingsmill, P.M., Sus unnedah 
Abbott. We E., _Giak si Wine 
Ademos, Francis s, A. = 8. Bank, se sa 
Adams, P. F., Surv pg General, Kivnibilli Point, St. Leonards. 
Ale re Geor ge M., 48, Margaret -street 
Alger, J nes ri Ait stree 
Allen e Hon. Sir Geo — Wi , M.P., Speaker of the 
Gicsaletion Assembly, 124, Blisabeth-strect North. 
Allerding, F., Hunter-street. 
oe H. R., Hucentak 
oan Rey. Canon, B.A. Cantab., Vice-Chancellor, University 
of Sydne ney, Woollahra. 
pape on Wilson, M. B. Edin., Mast. Surg. Edin., 455, Pitt- 


Anderson, = W., Oriental Soaks Sydney. 
Anderson H.C. L., M.A, Sydney Grammar School. 
Office. 


Arnheim, E. H., Royal Mint, Sydne 

Atchison, Cunningham Archibald, C. i, North Shore. 

Atherton, Ebenezer, M.R.C.S. Eng. = O’Connell-street. 
usten, Henry, rralira street. 


Backhouse, rere . Ithaca,” Elizabeth Bay 

Backhouse, Alfred P., M.A., “ Ithaca,” Elizabeth Bay. 

Baker, Hon. E. A., Minister for Mines, Mining Department. 
Balfour, James, Union Clu 

ey oot Wm . James, Lic. R. Col. Phys. Lond., M.R.C.S. Eng., 


‘we Wonaeis Lindsay, 130, Pitt-street. 


1876 


1 
1876 


La] 
bo 


ge | 


Xxxil 


Barraclough, William, 2, Yurong-street. 

Bartels, W. C. eK Union Club. 

Bassett, cated MR.CS., te Bathurs 
Bayley, George W. A., Pe pepatenit, P , Phillip-street. 

Beattie, Jou ¥3 Lic. om rare’ Coll. Phys., Irel., ae RCo 
Sur., Zrel., Parramatt 

Bedford, W.J. ; MRCS. Eng., Staff Surgeon. 

Beilby, BE. ALS, Pitt-street. 

Mag are Thomas B., M.D. Edin., M.R.C.S. ng, 


Belfield ‘Algernon H. SMa yd agent 

Belisario, John, M.D., Lyons’ Ter 

Benbow, Clement a 24, College- tres 

nsusan, 8. L., ange, Pitt-str 

pene bern F. “OM M.Z8., Too ine Queensland. 
s, H. M. Customs, Sydney. t 

Bostic iwi ‘Henry, L.R.CS., Zrel., L.R.C. P., Edin., Arthurs — 

leigh-te 


Papal f Ree ott 
Soe we PES or r 


Black, Reginald ‘James, Bank of New South Wales, Sydney. 

Black, Morrice A., F.1.A., Actuary, Mutual Provident at 

Blackman, C. H. E., 267, George-street. 

Bladen, ‘Thomas, William m Henry street, Ultimo. 

Bolding, H. J., P.M., Newcastle and Un te n Club. 

— Albert, Bell’s Chambers, Pitt-str 
i i vribilli Point, North Shore. R 

Bree Andrew John, Lie. x i Q. Coll. Phys. Irel., Lic, 

ae Sur. Jrel., Lyons’ Terrace 
Brazier, John, C.M.ZS., Corr. M.RS., Tas., 82, Wi ndmill-stresh 
Brereton, John L as Gay, M.D. St. hee he L.R.C.S, Edin, 


+ 
4 
Brindley, ‘Plicomias; Mipdat Cottage, Bourke-street, Redfern. 
Brodribb, W. A., M.L.A., F.R.G.S., Double Bay. | 
Brooks, Joseph, F.RGS , Hope Bank, Nelson-st., Woollahra: a 
Brown, Henry Joseph, Newcastle. 
Brown, ras Studd, Dubbo. ; 
Brown mas, Es kbank, Bowenfels, and Australian Club. 
Bumis W. C., Australian Club. 
Burn, James Henry, 93, Palmer-street, Woo he 
Burton, Edmund, Land _ Office, Rekareer's P Nort 
y O 
: 
i 


Burnett, Robt. H., "CE, Railwa Departmen 
ac te Hon - William, MLO. Pe Redleaf, * South il 
Oa 


Bus' “Thomas 6a; Gas haben Sydney. 
Butterfield, sens? Survey Office 


Cadell, Alfred, Vegetable Creek, New England. 
Cad adell, Th thle oa ga, East St. Leonards. 


a George C., Tillingetone, “Qcoailatiabts Woollahre, 
ampbell, Allan, LR. P., Glasgow, Y¥: 


i 


sll Re a a ta 


XXxili 


Campbell, The Hon. Alexander, M.L.C., Woo 

Campbell, ao a Charles, M.L.C., Clunes, Sout ith K ingston. 

Campbell, T n. John, M.L.C., Clunes, South Kingston. 

Cameron, J ey urveyor, Barringun, id Bourke. 

Campbell, Revd. Joseph, B.A., “« Bdgarville,” Botany-street, 
8 Hill 


Cane, Alfred, 110, Victoria-stree 
Cape, Alfred J., « Torfrida,” iilizabeth Bay. 
18 : 


d; 3.8. eyor, Armidale 
Chatla Wilim, 2, Pitt-street. 
holm, n, , S., L.S.A., 2 se 


istie Wai, LS. ge, 

Clarke, William, E. 8. & A. C. Bank, Pitt- seen 

Clay, William French, M.A., Cantab., "M.D. Syd., M.R.O.8. Eng., 
Fellow of St. Paul’s Cal. North Shore 

Clune, Michael Joseph, M.A., Lic. K. & Q. Coll. Phys. Irel., 
Lic. R. Coll. Sur. Jrel., 12, Colleges -street. 

Codrington, John Fredk., M. R. S., E.; Lic. R.C. Phys., L.; 
Lic. R.C. Phys., Hdin., Oran 

Collie, Revd. Robert, The repent Wellington-stroot, ra 

Colquhoun, George, 3, Mona-terrace, Rushcut 

Colyer, Henry Cox, M.A., Clinton, Liver seinen 

: ney: 
hts. 


enry, ML. C., Mudgee, and Union 
a hers 4 


Cox, M.D. Edin. C.M.Z.S8., F.L.8., Hunter-street. 
Cri E. ee , Superintendent of ‘Telgaoha Telegraph Office, 
Geo 


Creed, 7 M Mildred, pene Eng., Scone. 
Croudace, Thomas, Lambto 
Cun ningham, Andrew, serait" Queanbeyan. 


Daintrey, Edwin, “ ” Randwick. 

Dalgarno, John V., Telopaph Of e, George-stree 

Dansey, George Frederick, M.R. C. ‘8. London, Oleveladd- street, 
Redfern rn. 


Dangar, Frederick H., “ anw aiels tel Darlinghurst. 
a Cecil —_ Kew 
Darley, F. M., 


the Club, Syd 
Sete Sites, “Adelaide, South Atralia 
Dean xander, J. an Elizabeth-stre 
Deck, Fok n Field, M , 251, 


tee er pt 
Deffell, George Hi; Daye, Woolwich Road, Hunter’s Hill. 
e Lissa, k- 
De Solis, The Hon. Eaopeld Fane, M.L.C., Cuppercumbalong, 
se 
De Salis, L. W., junr., Strathmore, Bowen, Queensland. 
Dibbs, George R, MP., 131, Pitt-street. 
Dight, Arthur, Richmond. 
Cc 


rz 


see on ase 


XXXiV 


Loner: os F.CS., Fellow and — Inst. of 
f Gt. B tain and 


ixso’ mas ; 
Docker, Ernest, M.A. Sydn., Car’ 


la co-atrest, oollahra 
ke, William Hedley, Ss of the Inst. ‘of Bankers, 
Colonial Bank of Zealand, Ne a n, N.Z. 
Du Faur, Eccleston, F.R. RGS, Lands Office. 


Eales, John, Duckenfield Park, Morpeth. 
Egan, Myles, M.R.C.S. Eng., 2, Hyde Park Terrace, 


street. , 
Kichler, Charles F., M.D. Heidelberg, M.B.C.8. Eng, : 
street. 
Eldred, W. H., 119, Castlereagh-st 
Ellis, Thomas Augustus, ©.E., City Engineer, Newcastle. 


Evans, George, Como, Darling Poi Por 
Evans, Owen Spencer, M.R.C.S. Fag. ., Darling-street, © 


Hache, ane a Cleveland ar ee 
Fai R., 177, Macquarie-stre 

Herald ce, Hunter-s street. 
Ferguson, James W., 35, Rialto Terrace, ‘Darlinghurst. 


‘ V: 251, M treet 
i jenna; 251, uarie-s' 
Fi 4 é D. t L 8 a Gosarala Office. 
Flav: George- 
Forbes, Alexr. Leith, M.A., oe Public Instruction 
, G., M.B. Lond., F.B.C.S., F.L8., 1 


F. 
Foreman, J M.R.C.8. Lond., LEP. E 


Frazer, Hon. John, M.L.O., York: st street. 
Fuller, Francis John, Market Buildings, Hunter-street 


bogs: 


dg 


P2 
PI 


XXXV 


Gabriel, C. Louis, care of Dr. J. J. Hill, Lambto: 
Gardiner Rey. Andrew, M.A., Rensdale, Pyeopat Bridge 
Road. 


Garnsey, Rev. C. F., Christ Church Parsonage, Sydney. 
Garran, Andrew is D., Sydney Morning Herald Office, Hunter- 


street 
Garvan, J. P., East St. Leonards. 
Gales, ‘Charles es ** Hastbourne,’ ere Point. 
George, Hugh, Sydney Morning Hera ld Office 
Geo: fG bra 360 George-stree 
Gera: ee of Tandd Office 
Giblin, wincone Ww. ustralian Joint Stock Bank, Sydney. 
Gilchrist, W. O., eerie Potts’s Poi 
Gilliat, J Henry Alfred, Australian Clu - 
illman, Thomas Henry, B.A., O.M., M.D., Queen’s Univ. Jrel., 
Mast. Surg. Queen’s Univ. Irel., ‘Cason Terrace, Wynyar rd 
uare. 
Gipps, “ B., 134, Pitt-street 
Goddar illiam C., The Exchan ge, New Pitt-street. 
Godlet, John H., ee ae Te 
e, ‘George ; M.D., M. Ch., Trin. Coll., Dud., Enfield 
House, Oendel 
Graham, Hon. Wm. M.L.C., Stratheam House, Waverley. 
Greaves, W. A. B » Armida le. 
Griffiths, Frederick . Shia Sees 
Griffiths, G. Neville, The Domai 
Gurney, T. jen a8 ‘antab., ee Follow vo St. John’s College. 
Cambrid ssor of Mathematics and Natural P Phi 
losophy, Givonity of Sydney. 


Haege, Hermann, 127, Pitt-street. 
Hale, pk em Gresham 
a ets vi care of W. H. Quodling, Esq., Public Works 


Halligan Gera 1 eA C.E., Marrickville 
9c J., Hun 

ae eo ec = 3h 4, Upper William-street. 
{Harrison, L. M., Mac Place 
Hart, ar Fcabs Wenryas en: "ihiaicietans 
Haviland, E. tes 15 Bridge-street. 
Hawkins, ‘HL. 8., M.A., seam mt 

y, The Hon. Sir John, K.C.M.G., M.L.C., A.M. Aberdeen. 

“Precidint of the Legislative Council, Rose Bay, Woollahra. 
. H., Town ntry Office, Pitt-street. 


Heaton “ 

Helsham, Douglass, Rentin, Homebush. 

Henry, James, 754, George-street. 

Herborn, E. W. L., “ recone Glebe Point Road. 


H 
Heron, Mary, solicitor, 49, Bante street. 


Pt 


XXKX¥V1 


Hewett, Thomas Edward, The 2 sac Sydney. 
iggins, lifford, "Potts’s Poi 
Hills, Robert, Blizabeth Bay 
Hill, Jno. Jam ae LROPE., L.F.P., and 8.G. 
tt 

se Jou i Giekee yD, Univ. Brussels, F.R.C.S., Bdi 
ington, Glenmore Road. 

Hitehins, Bdwd. Ly rig sae Victoria-street, Darlinght 
n, Lawrence, Excha ange oo am gs, Pitt-street. 

{Hint ee D., 379, George-street 

Hodgson, Rev. E. G., M.A. Aaa §.C.L, Vice-Warden 


Holt, The Hon. ey ‘MLL. C., Sydne y: 

Holroyd, Arther Todd, M.B. Cantab, M.D. Edin, FI 
F.2Z8., F.R.GS., ’Master-in- Equity, Sherwood el 
Parramatta. 

Horton, Rev. Thomas, Ina Terrace, Woollahra 

Houison, Andre w, B.A., M.B.C.M., 128, Phillip-street. 

Hum Ome 8 i ie iia Cot ttage, Yass 

+Hunt, "Robert; F.G8., Associate of the Royal Schoo: 1 of 

ndon, Deputy Master of the Royal Mint, Syaney. 


Ieely, Thos. R., Carcoar. 

Inglis, James , Redmyre. 

Innes, Sir J. George L., “Knt. , Darlinghurst. 
Tredale, Lancelot, A.F., Goolhi, Gunnedah. 


Jackson, Arthut Tay ett, Government Printing Office. 
Jackson, H Ry: Valen Me M.R.C.S. Eng., Lic. 3 C. — 
130, Phillip ip-street, 


Jac kson Robert, 89, Pitt- street North. 
ae Rev. A, Milne, Univ. Council, Edin., Scots” | 


Jer, er. Jane LL.B., “The Retreat,’ Newtow?-_ 
J d Lewis, M. R.C.8., Nepean Towers, 


Sochaae P. A., Sir, K.C.M.G., Edgecliffe cm be olls ; 

Jennings, W. E., B.A., Mining Department, S kage 

Jones, James Aberdeen, Lic. R.C. Phys. Edin., Boot 

Jones, Richard Theophilus, M.D. Sydn., L.R.C.P- Hdiay 

Jones, P. Sydne D. gay F.B.C.S. Eng., College 

Jones, Ed Lloyd, 3 345, George-street, Sydney. 
athurst: 


A al 
: 


Jones, James 
Jones, Griffith Evan oar B.A, Syd., 382, Cro 
Surry Hills. ) 


1874 
1872 


Pil 


Pil 


P 21 


XXXVii 


Jones, John Trevor, 356, Liverpool-st reet. 
Johnson, James W., “ Brooksby,” Double Bay. 
Josephson, J * Bet Frey, F.G.8., District Court Judge, Enmore 


Foxe, z. bs Assoc. Mem. Inst. C. E., 258, Macquarie-street 


J wabenk: N uma, Noumea. 


Keele, Thos. Wm., Harbours and Rivers Department, Phillip- 
street. 


pace: righ Rage. cosiay Leichhard 
as, St. Mark’s Parsonage Darling Point 
Kennedy, een B.! ny ‘Oxon Registrar of the Sydney Univer- 


King Philip G., M Avago et Double Bay. 
Kinloch, John. hn, M.A., ner ici Ashfield. 
Knaggs, Saml. eA DLN a 

Knox, George, M.A., Ca he 7 ing tree. 


Knox, Edward, jun., si Fiona, ie ” Double Bay. 

Kopsch, G., Telegraph Department. 

Keotechtiann: —; care of Mr. Moss, Hunter-street. 

Kyngdon, F. B. er 1, Darlinghurst t Road. 

Eyngiened Fred. H D. Aberdeen; L.8.A., L.; M.R.C.S., £. ; 
C.M., hore 


Langley, W. E., Herald Office, Sydney. 

Latta, G. J., Hawthorne, Petersham 

pes pe Thos., M.D. Surg. Univ. Paris, 138, Castlereagh- 
Leask, John L., M.B.C.M. Edin., “Terra Bella,” Pyrmont 


+Leibius, Adolph, Ph. D., Heidelberg, F.CS.; Fel. 
Chemistry of Gt. Brit. an nd Irl.; Semior Assayer| to the Sydney 
i Secretary. 


\ . Soc. of Fra Che 
Mineralogy i in her ‘Uaiverdty of Syne, Hon. ro 
Union Club. 


| Merriman, James, Miller’s Point. 


XXXViii 


Living, John, Marsaloo, North Sho 
Lloyd, George Alfred, F.R.G-.S., “ Seottforth, ” Elizabeth 
—— — Bxeeleney ae Right Hon. Lord Augustus, 


&e., &e., H 
tock The Hon. sel ML CO, i Shore. 
Lord, George Lee, Kirketon, D Darlin ngton. 
Low, Hamilton, H.M. 
Low, Andrew S., erry lasts, 5 eecaville: 


M‘Carthy, W. F., a Lee too onl 

M‘Culloch, A. i. ., 165, Pitt-sti 

M‘Cutcheon, John Rakog, Assayer to to thé Sydney Branch of 
Royal Mint. 


Mac Dor mald, Ebenezer, Oriental Bank, it i 
MacDonnell, William: 312, George-stree 

MaeDon nell, William J., FRA. "Goanne-stite 
Macticnnelt Samuel, 312, George-strect, Syan 
M‘Kay, Dr., Church Hi 


y 
M‘Kinney, Hugh G., Assoc. Mem. Inst. O.E., “ Seaton, 
Piper Road, Paddi - 


MacLaurin, Henry Norman, M.A., M.D. oe Edin, | 
Coll. Sur. Edin., No. 55, Macquarie-st 
Mer Patie, M.A. 241, Carlingford 


t, § 

Mockensic 3 Joke. ae bor S., Examiner of Coal Fields, New 
Mackenzie, W. F., M.R.C.S., oe 2 Lyons ” Terrace. 
Mackenzie, Rev. P. j Mlle Friendvill ,” Paddington. 
Mackenzie, R., The Exchange Corn 
Mackellar, Chas. Kinnard, M.B., C.M., Glas., Lyons’ 
Maitland, Duncan Mearns, j junior, “ Afreba,” Stanmore | 

i E., Berrima. 


anfred, Edmund a Montague-street, Goulburn. 
Mann, John, Neu tral Bay. 
Manning, James, Milson's Point, North eas 
Manning, Frederick Heston MD. Univ. St. mats 
Eng. Gladesville: 


ree 

Marklove, Robert J., 52, Pitt-street. 
Marano, G. V.,M.D. Univ. Naples, Clarendon Terrace, 
Marsden, The Rev. Dr., Bishop of Bathurst, B 
Mar sn, 3. M., i Road, WwW ) 

,, George, M.D. Univ. Glas., Lic. B. Coll. 8- 
Martin, Rey, Parramatta. : 
Masters, Ed a Ea a ar 
‘Mathews on 


shri * 


A ma 


XXxix 


Meslée, E. Marin de la, apd General’s Office. 
Metcalfe, Michael, Biches cise 
Milford, M.D. aiieag. “MRB.OS. Eng., 3, Clarendon 


de Par 
eat oi Henry Shaw, “aeepaag Grammar School. 
sso 


ir, James, M 
*Monttore mo L., Mac peeve 
onte fiore, Octavius r, Belgian Consul, Sa ret street. 
Char Bo 


PSs Fo-seeee ge soa Ss. ., Director of the tanic Gardens, 
resident. 


Botani 
Moore, Fred. H., We Buildings. 
Morehead, R. A. A., 30, O’Connell-street 
Sones. Cosby William , M.D. Brussels, : ‘R.C.P. Lond., New- 


eons Reeder: M.R.C.S8. ie ., Lic. Mid. Lic. R. Coll. 
Phys. Edin, Ashenhurst, Burw 
Morgan, T. C., L.R.C.S. Edin., MK. rm Coll. Phys. Ireland, 
55, 2 Castlereagh-stroct 
Morre , C.E., Pitt-stree 
oo got alae F. ’P.S. Glas. rs F.R.M.S.L., 5, Carlton Terrace, - 
Wyn yar Square, Sydney 
Moses, David, “ Aurovida,” Fated mates 
Mountain, Adrian C., City Surveyor, Town Hall. 
{Mullens, Josiah, F. R.GS eee Hunter ieee t: 
Mullins, John, FL. M.A., ., 211, Macquarie-street. 
rs M. E., Eisenfels, Wetiai 
y, W. G., 52, Pitt-street. 
Myles Chas. Henry, Wymela, Burwood. 


Neill, William, City Bank, Pitt-stree 

Neill, W. J. Walter, soak Bank, ie street. 

Neill, A. L. P., City Bank, Pitt-st 

Newman, W., care of Weiss “Davi 5 cat & Co., George-street. 
“di io 


Nowlan, J a, Union Club and West Maitland. 


1875 


Oakes, Arthur 
~ Chiswick,” Ocean- 
O’Connor, Dr. Maurice, 223, Victoria-st 
Ogilvy, “tga L. ana Bank, Sydney. 
acob 


Olley, Rev 3 
O'Reilly, We: pi are , MC, , Q. Univ. Irel., M.R.C. 3.5 
Liverpool-street. “= 


Paling, W. H., “ Wonden,” Cambridge-street, F 
Assembly. 


Palmer, J. H., 


Thones 8. CE., Ashfield. 
eat Hugh, junr, 


xi 


W., M.B., O.M., L.R.C.P., a ad 
street, Woo ollahra. 


islative 
, Pitt-street, 


229, Macquarie-street. 
, Union Bank, Pitt-street. 
lerest,” 


Pedley, P Alexander, MD, M.A., es Hil Stanmore 
, Percev n uare. 

enry peeked ta ~ -street, Balmain. 
Phillip, H., Pacific pan 


Pockley, Thos a 
P F., Colonial Sugar Refining Co., Bridge-street. 
Potts, J. H., V : 

, ‘ge- 


Quaife, Fredk. Harrison, M.D., Mast “7 
-street. 


)P1 


P3 


P6 


P 21 


Pt 


ili 


tRamsay, Edward, F.L.S., Curator of the Australian Museum, 
Cc a ae street. 

tRatte, F., G.P.O., Sydney. 

Read, Renal Bligh, = ROS, Eng., Coogee. 

Rend, Sees M.D., 

Readi gE Mem. aout hes ‘allied, Castlereagh-street. 

Reece oD urveyor General’s ffi 


Reid, ‘George ., M.L.A., Barrister, Elizabeth-street. 
Renwick, priors ; Ml = tin, B.A. Sydn., F.R.CS, E., M.L.A., 
295, Elizabeth 


Riddell, C. E., Union “Club. 
Robe rts, a; George- -street. 
Roberts, Alfr ed, M. loos oe - Eng. ., Hon. Mem. Zool. and Bot, Soc. 


R am, eu parent Club. 

Robertson, Thomas, solicitor, 91 Pitt- 

+Rolleston, Christopher, C.M.G., Au = hee , Geese: Castlereagh- 
street. 

et epi tite Club. 

a m Club. 
Ross, J. oa 24, Bridge-street. 

Rowling, Dr., Mudgee. 

ie Henry C., B.A. Syd., F.R.A.S., F.M.S., Hon. Mem 
Aust. Inst., pe ore Astronomer, Sydney Observatory, 

Vice- Presiden 


Sahl, Charles L., German Consul, Consulate of the German 


Empire 
Saliniere, Rev. E. M., Gle 
Samuel, — Hon. Saul, OM LG., M.L.C., Gresham-street. 
Sandy, Jam, « Rothgael, - Croydon Road, Ashfield. 
Schuette, Rudolf, M.D., Univ. Gottingen, Lic. Soc. Apoth. Lond., 
0, College-street. 


Scott, ‘Rev. es M.A. Cantab., Hon. Mem. Roy. Soe. Vic., 
rsonage, Queanbeyan 
Serivenes, ‘Charles Robert, Berlin Cottage, Fotheringham-street, 
Ss 
Sedgwick, Wim, Baek at M.R.C.8., Eng., Newtown 
Selfe, Norm is MLO. Beskbiaks Balmain. 
lifto maw d, Yass 


Sheppard, Rev. G., ee _ =~ 
Skinner, J. H., B.A zy sacra School, Sydney. 
Slade, G. P. , solicitor, “Bridge -street. 


ttery, Thien , Premier Terrace, 169, William-street, Wool- 
loo. 


Elected. 
1877 
1852 


P5 


Ri 


ri 


tg 
© 


mepes s ene Evans, ey: Liverpool-street. 


ee re Tre 


Smith, John, The Hon C.M.G., M.D., LL.D., Aberdeen, 
Tos, ‘Hon. Mem. Roy. Soc. Vic., Professor of Ph 
Chemistry in the University of ‘Sydney, 193, Mae 
street, President. 


Smith, Marshall, a Glanville, So i—<€ a 
cito ring-stree 


‘Garvie, Hw 
h, R. 8., Surveyor General’s Office a 
Smit h, E. E, Fevyereaux, Roslyn-street, Upper William-s ee 
North. i 


Southey, H. E., Oaklands, wget 

Spry, James Monell, Uni 

ape! na Milner, B. = 7. oe S., Mem. Geol. Soe. 

r. Mem sna ee Ree Dresden; F.E 

Chae iene Eamon t Bridge Road. 

Stephen, § Se timus, South poorer 

Stephen, Alfred F. H Nef hoarse rein Road. 

Stephens, William John, M.A. O 233, Darlinghurst 
ice, Anon rJ., Surv: eyor Gene ral’s Office. 

Street, John Rendell, Birtley, Elizabeth Bay Road. 

Strong, Wn. Edm und, M.D., Aberdeen, M.R.O.S., Zing. 

a 


Bi 

uart, Alexander, M.L.A., Sydne 
sae Clarendon, Upper » Williams: Street oc 
Sut ttor, Wm. Henry, M.L.A., Cangoura, Bathurs' 


rrant, Harman, M.R.C.S., Elizabeth-street. 


Tayler, William George, F.R.O.S., Lond., 219, Pitt-sh 
Tebbutt, John, F.R.A.S., Observatory, Windsor 
Tennant, E. G., M R.OS., org: We Dubbo. 
Thomson, Dug = Place. 


Thompson, Thos. James, Pitt-street, poe 
Thomas, H. Arding, Narellan. 


oe fee 
Trebeck, gear N., Geo 
Trebeck, ret Streets. — 
“area F, HA George an pcs ot ome 
{Tucker, G. A., Ph. D., Superintendent, Bay 


Elected. 
1875 


1875 


xliii 


Tulloh, W. H., “Airlee,” Greenwich Point Road, ae Shore. 
Turner, G., 3 Fitzroy Terrace, Pitt-street, Redfern 


Voss, Houlton H., J.P., Goulburn. 


hibroeoe. H. O., Australian General Assurance Co., 129, Pitt- 


street, Sydney. 
Pace John Leo, B.A. Cantab., M.A. Syd., 121, Elizabeth- 
Waterhouse, J.. M.A. Syd., ‘“ Waima,” Cavendish-street, 
atson, C. Huss M.R.C.S., Eng., Camden Terrace, Newtown. 
As Road. 


Welch, Edward om hy sg Morning Herald Office, Pitt-street. 
Ww menagune er 


, &.C., so 
Weston, W. J., Union 
TWhitfield, Lewis, a ee Univ.), op -womnd School. 
wane Rev. James L.D., Syd., Go Fe pope 


1875 


xliy 


Wise. , Has vie Bank, Barrack-street. 
Wood, Harrie, Under Secretar for rer Department oom fi 


— 
Woolrye ch, F B. W., Wilson-street, Newtown. 
tWright, Horatio G. A, M.B.CS., Eng., Wynyard Squar 


yeasurer. 
Wright, Rev. Edwin H., St. Stephen’s, Bourke. 


Young, John, Town Hall, aaa ag 
Young, Lamont H. G., F.G8., . B.S. Mines, Oa 
Mittagong. 


Honorary Members. 

Limited to Twenty. 

seers Dr., Hon. Secretary, Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobs 
own. 

Barlee, His Excell F. P., C.M.G., Governor of B s 

— 8..V.P.LS.,O.M.G., The Royal Gi cr 


Bernays, Lewis A., F.L.S., F.R.G.S., Brisbane. . 
Cockle, His Honor Sir James, late Chief Justice of Quee 
M.A., F.R.S., London Ge 
in, Dr. Charles, F.R.S., M.A., F.GS., F.LS., & 
Beckenham, on 
De Kéninck, Prof., M.D., Lidge, Belgium 
re feo wg te ERS. F. are Government 4 
Gregory, Aegustes Charles, CM.G., FRGS, csail 
yeyor, 
Dr. dla von, Pb. D., ssa ¥.6:8,, Prof 
eology, terbury Coll Director 
hurch, New Zealand. 
Hector, James, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S., Director of 
Museum and Geologi y of Director of (Hf 
Hooker, Sir tthe Peiaden KOSL, a C.B. F. 


mh 


a gamaoe 
M:Coy, Frederick, sr Hon. Fe cuan | 
Palacntalogist, ji Director of the National Museum 
Mueller, Baron Ferdinand yon, K.C.M.G-, M.D., Ph.D» 
elbourne. : 


¥-LB. Gove CRaee DOs. LLD., F. 
V.PZS, ke, &, The British Museum, London, 


xlv 


Elected. 
1875 sae esi Dr., Director of the Botanic Gardens, Adelaide, 
South Lin: 
1878 Walker, Thomas, Yaralla, Concord 
1875 Waterhouse, F . G., F.G.S., C.M.Z. S., Curator of the Museum, 


lia, 
1875 | P9| Woods, Rev. Julian E. Tenison-, F.G.S., F.L.S., — Mem. Roy. 
oc., Victoria, Hon. Mem. Roy. Soo, Tasmania, Hon. Mem 
Adelaide Phil. Soc., Hon. Mem. New Zealand Institute, 
Hon. Mem. Linnean Soc., N.S.W., &c., Union Club, Sydney. 


CoRRESPONDING MEMBERS. 
Limited to Twenty-five. 


1880 | P1| Clarke, Hyde, V.P. Maange", E73 Institution, London 
1879 | P2 Etheridge, Robert, junr., F.G.S., &c., The British Museum 
1880 Ward, Sir Edward, K 0; M.G., "Major-General, R.E., Cannes, 
rance. 
1880 Miller, F. B., F.C.S., Melbourne Mint. 
OxitvaRry, 1880. 
1869 Bode, Rev. G. C. 
1876 Freehill, Bernard Austin. 
1859 test ey dward 8., C.M.Z.S. 
1874 
1873 eee 3, Rev. Edward, Rural Dean. 
1874 Vessey, Leonard A. 
1861 Paterson 


AWARDS or tHe CLARKE MEDAL, 
Established in memory of 
THe tate Revp. W. B. CLARKE, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., &e., 
Vice-President from 1866 to 1878. 

To be awarded from time to time for meritorious contributions to the 
Geology, Min neralogy, or Natural conga of Australia, to men of science, 
whether resident in Australia or elsewher 

1878. Professor Richard Owen, C.B., F.R.S., The British Museum. 
1879. Mr. George Bentham, C.M.G., F.R.S., The Royal Gardens, Kew. 
1880. Professor Huxley, F.R.S., The Royal School of Mines, London. 
1881. Professor F. M‘Coy, F.R.S., The University of Melbourne. 


ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 


By Mr. Caries Moors, F.L.S., Vice-President, 
Director of the Botanic Gardens. 


E [Delivered before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 12 May, 1880.] 


In addressing you this evening, I am happy in being able to 
congratulate my fellow members on the prosperous condition of the 
Society, financially and otherwise, on this its fifty-ninth anni- 
versary, @.¢., if we date from the year 1821, when the first Society 
of the kind was established, by the name of the Philosophical 
Society; or the thirtieth annual meeting, if we consider this Society 
established in the year 1850. The Society formed in 1821, as 
most of you have learned from a former address, had but a brief 
duration, arising mainly from disunion among the few members 
who composed it, of whom, it is sad to state, there is now nota 
survivor. Let us earnestly hope that the same cause will not in 
any way affect us, as it is very certain that if any antagonistic 
feelings should again arise among the members, we should soon 
cease to be useful as a body, and ere long, I fear, die out from 
sheer inanition. Since the re-establishment of the Society in 1850, 
although it has undergone many vicissitudes, and changed its name 
more than once, it has yet been continuous under some form, and 
the members hitherto have always been animated by a unity of 
spirit and-good fellowship, which I sincerely trust will be con- 
tinued. Of those who joined the Society in 1850, Mr. R. A. 
Morehead and myself are now the only members who have not 
severed our connection with it. As will be readily imagined, the 
Society since its establishment has not always been in a flourishing 
condition—it has had its seasons of success and times of depres- 
sion, Until within the last few years its greatest prosperity was 


2 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 


from 1856 to about 1863. The income was then so much gre 
than the expenditure that the Council were able to invest su 
funds in Government debentures to the extent of some hundreds¢ 
pounds, but a reaction took place for which it was difficult 1 
account, and the debentures had to be sold one after the other 
meet current expenses, and when the last debenture had tod 
realised into cash, it was gravely suggested that the best thing ¢ 
do with the remaining funds was to at once pay off all liab it 
and bring the affair to an end. Fortunately this suggestion 
not carried into effect. Better counsels prevailed, and fresh eflor 
were made to attract the attention of the more thoughtful a 
enlightened of our fellow-colonists, and the result has been 
the Society is now in possession of the fine building in which 
are assembled, and a library of no mean pretentions, consisting 
some of the best scientific standard works and scientific perio@e 
literature of the day, as well as the transactions of the 
learned Societies with which we are now in correspondence. 


To what cause are we indebted for this satisfactory state © 
affairs? I state it advisedly that, if not wholly, it is largely 
to the energy displayed by our indefatigable Honorary Sec 
Professor Liversidge and Dr. Leibius, both of whom have ¢) 
a greater amount of time and labour in organising and working ° 
the details of the Society than is generally understood. 
tensive correspondence now carried on is sufficient to occup, 
time of one person, but when, in addition to this, these ge? ae 
have to attend general meetings of the Society and Council, to 
minutes of the proceedings of such meetings, and 10 ) 
abstracts of the papers read at the ordinary general mi 
and to be in attendance here in the afternoon of each Ween 
during the session, as well as the multitudinous matters 
they have to attend to in connection with the sectional Ps 
monthly meetings, a fair idea may be gained of the obligato 
are under to them. 


It is to be regretted that so few papers were read af) 
general meetings during the last session, but let us 


ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 3 


that more vitality will be evinced in that which is now com- 
mencing. The papers read were as follows :—June 4: On the 
“Gem Cluster in Argo,” by H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S., &e. 
June 4: “The International Geological Congress at Paris,” by 
Professor Liversidge, F.G.S., &c. September 3: Lecture on “The 
Geology of New Zealand,” by Dr. Hector, C.M.G., F.R.S., &e. 
October 1: ‘On the Languages of Australia in their connection 
with those of Mozambique and the South of Africa,” by Hyde 
Clarke, Esq., V.P., Ethnological Institution. November 5: On 
“ Photography in its relation to Popular Education,” by L. W. 
Hart, Esq. November 5: On “Description of Fossil Leaf (Ottelia 
preterita),” by Baron von Mueller, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., &e. De- 
cember 3: On “ A Catalogue of Latitude Stars,” by H.S. Hawkins, 
M.A. December 3: Resumé of Paper on “Some remarkable 
Boulders in the Hawkesbury Beds,” by C. 8S. Wilkinson, F.G.S. 
December 3: “ Remarks upon the Wentworth Hurricane in 
January,” by H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S. Several papers were 
also read at the meetings of the Sections. In some of the Sections 
there was an activity exhibited among the members which is most 
creditable to them. The work done, particularly in that on litera- 
ture and fine arts, and in that on astronomical and microscopical 
matters, appears from the records to have been considerable ; but 
very important subjects were also brought under consideration and 
well discussed in the chemical and other Sections; and I venture to 
hope that in all these, during the ensuing session, there will be an 
equal interest taken by the members as that shown by them 
previously. I will make one suggestion, viz., that the work of the 
several Sections should be confined as much as possible to practical 
details and conversational discussion, and that papers on any 
subject, excepting medical science, should be read at the monthly 
meetings, so that the members of the Society generally may have 
the opportunity of discussing their merits. 

IT cannot allow this occasion to pass without referring to 
the conversazione which was held in the hall of the University. 
It will, I think, be admitted by those who were fortunate 
enough to be present, that it was one of the most successful 


~ 


. The interest of that evening was greatly enhanced by an exh 


4 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 


of photographs of New Zealand scenery, given by Dr. - 
C.M.G., F.R.S. These were largely magnified by the li 
and the remarks which that gentleman made as the ph 


expenses which have to be incurred are very considerable ; 
would hope that so long as they do not trench too deeply 
funds that they will be continued. 

Since the close of our last session the great Intern 


particularly to the multitudinous natural and artificial p 
which were sent to the Exhibition, but as some of 
and manufactured vegetable products may hereafter 
of great commercial importance to this Colony as @ 
may be pardoned for drawing attention to a few 
In the Court of Ceylon there were very many most inte 
exhibits of this kind. It is said that on no former © 
was that wonderful plant, the cocoa-nut so well represe 
was here. It would seem as if it produced every ™ 
requirement for man’s sustenance, luxury, and domestie 
Curiously enough, although this tree abounds upon ™ 
joining the eastern and northern parts of this continent, 
never yet, I believe, been found growing on any portion 
excepting where it had been placed by man’s agency. 
planted extensively in Northern Queensland. In this 0% 
in that of Madras, there were some fine specimens of the © 


ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 5 


various kinds of Chinchonas, the genus from which the quinine 
alkaloid is obtained. The Chinchonas are nearly all natives of 
Peru, but are cultivated at such elevations, both in Ceylon and 
Madras, as to justify the expectation that some of the most valu- 
able kinds may yet ‘be grown with success in the warmer parts of 
this country. In these Courts the variety of teas formed a most 
remarkable feature. From the many kinds of these exhibited it 
might have been supposed that they were the produce of so many 
different species, instead of all being obtained from one species and 
its varieties. Although a comparatively new industry in Ceylon, 
the adaptability of the climate for the growth of the tea plant is 
now well established. The cultivation of this plant in India, in 
which country there are at least three distinct varieties, was com- 
menced in 1837, by plants introduced from China ; but the native 
kinds are now largely planted and are known as the “Assam,” the 
“Qachar,” and the “Moinpaar,” named after the districts in which 
they are found in awild state. These, with the China and two or 
three hybrids, obtained by crossing with each other, furnished all 
the splendid exhibits of this kind at the Exhibition. The pecu- 
liarities of these teas as contrasted with those of China are their 
much greater strength and stronger aroma. In both Ceylon and 
India the tea plantations are at heights varying from five to seven 
thousand feet above sea level, where the maximum temperature is 
about 69° and the minimum temperature about 49°, the rainfall 
being about 49 inches. As these conditions are exactly similar to 
those which may be found on our Northern Coast ranges, it may 
be reasonably expected that at no distant period plantations of the 
tea plant will occupy a great extent of the slopes of these mountain 
ranges, and that tea will then become one of our best products for 
home use and one of the most valuable for export. There were 
other exhibits of this description, which it would be most advan- 
tageous to this country to procure. The most noticeable of these 
were—the indigo, the yield of Indigofera tinctoria ; pith, a cellular 
substance obtained from the stem of Aschynomene aspera, and so 
much used in the manufacture of sun or pith hats; tapa cloth, 
which is the prepared inner bark of Broussonetia papyrifera ; and, 


6 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 


in the Japan Court, a fine collection of the seeds of plants empleo 
in that country for agricultural and culinary purposes. This cok 
lection has been secured by me, and their merits will be tested 
during the ensuing season. 7 

I would now speak of what has been done in more scientific 
matters:—At the Congress of geologists, held at Paris last 
year, Professor Liversidge was appointed Vice-President for 
Australasia. On that occasion certain propositions were agreed L 
to, bearing on important geological matters to be discussed in 
the various countries of which there were representatives pre 
sent, and the result of these discussions to be reported to % — 
meeting of geologists to be held at Bologna in 1881.  Professot 
Liversidge, as convener for Australia, endeavoured to arrange for 
a meeting of geologists in Sydney during the late International 
Exhibition, to discuss these propositions, but failed, as it was 
found impossible for the geologists of each colony to meet together 
at that time. Under the auspices of the Paris Congress 4 | 
to the geological and mineralogical collections was published. Me 
Zeiller contributed the notes on the geological collections from 
New South Wales, sent by the Department of Mines. 
Zeiller, judging from the plant fossils, affirms the mesoz0it | 
age of our coal-beds, notwithstanding the occurrence of Glossop 
teris and Phyllotheca in the carboniferous beds, as exhibited ¥ 
specimen 96, which he supposes came from the upper coal measure 4 
but Mr. Wilkinson, F.G.S., our Geological Surveyor, 1 informs ‘a 
that he himself obtained this specimen from the Anvil . 


mentary Formations,” which valuable work was specially decal ated 
to this congress of geologists ; also, in the magnificent couS” 


Other specimens of Glossopteris from the Greta pit were Sn0™ 
which were obtained by the late Mr. Clarke. From this evident 
it is somewhat surprising that M. Zeiller should have called 

question the paleozoic age of the Glossopteris and Phyllothec™ — 


ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 7 


The occurrence of gold in some serpentine rocks, which also con- 
tain veins of asbestos, near Gundagai, was communicated to the 
Society at one of the monthly meetings last session by Mr. Wilkin- 
son, who attaches much importance to the discovery as being likely 
to lead to the finding of workable gold deposits in other localities 
where the auriferous drifts have evidently been derived from the 
disintegration of serpentine rocks. Mr. Wilkinson also brought 
under the notice of the Society the occurrence of some remarkable 
boulders of shale in the Hawkesbury formation. These boulders, 
from their angular shape and the singular manner in which they 
have been embedded in irregular and scattered heaps in the sand- 
stone, suggest that their mode of disposition has been partly due to 
glacial action. Mr. W. J. Stephen, M.A., recently communicated 
to the Linnzan Society of this Colony the result of similar obser- 
vations made by him when examining the Hawkesbury rocks in the 
southern district, thus supporting Mr. Wilkinson’s views. I may 
add that the fossil plants which occur in the shale beds are in an 
exceptionally good state of preservation. It is also gratifying to 
me to be able to state that the late Rev. W. B. Clarke’s valuable 
geological map will be shortly published by the Department of 
Mines. 

In astronomical matters the year now closed has not been 
marked by any great or startling event ; but steady work has been 
done in the Colony by our astronomer, Mr. H. C. Russell, B.A., 
F.R.A.S., and by Mr. J. Tebbutt, F.R.A.S., in determining star 
places, measuring double stars, and observations of the planets and 
the two comets which have appeared ; the last one, of unusual 
brilliance, was almost concealed by clouds, and its great tail, some 
forty degrees long, excited a lively curiosity, which could not be 
gratified because of the impossibility of seeing the nucleus. One 
event has transpired in connection with astronomy since last we 
met which takes us back to the birth of our Society, for the Parra- 
matta Observatory was founded at the same time, and there can, 
I think, be little doubt that it was the presence amongst the 
founders of a Governor known to be a friend of science which in- 
duced them to found the Society. Sir Thomas Macdougall Brisbane 


8 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 


had brought out with him an astronomer (Mr. Charles Ri 
and assistant (Mr. James Dunlop), together with a compl 
equipment for an Observatory ; and very soon after landing, 
November, 1821, he had the building commenced close to his 
residence, so that he might superintend and actually take a share 
in the Observatory work. The building was 27 feet on each side, 
and only one story high, and had a flat roof, sometimes used fora 
place from which to observe. There were two domes, 12 feet it 
diameter ; and the instruments consisted of a 54-feet transit instr 
ment, by easkion a 2-feet mural circle, by the same maker} 
a 16-inch repeating circle, by Reichenbach ; a 46-inch achromatit 
telescope, on equatorial stand, by Banks; a clock by Hardy, and 
another by Bregnet. All these were maittie placed, and a great 
many observations taken, which formed the basis of a catalogue ot 
7,000stars, and several papers published in the « Philosophical Team : 
saction,” 1828 and 1829. Mr. Rumker left the Colony in 182% 
and Mr. Dunlop was appointed in his place, a position which 
held until the Observatory was dismantled, in about 1841. 7 
the instruments were removed the building was allowed to fal 
into decay, and at one time there was a prospect that ev 


during the past year the obelisk, a handsome grained white mare 
one, has been completed under the direction of the woe sf 
pointed, viz., Messrs. J. 8, Farnell, M.L.A., James Barnet, Co 
Architect, and H. ©. Russell, Government Astronomer. 
inscription on it reads:—“An Astronomical Observatory " 
founded here May 2, 1822, by Sir Thomas Macdougall Bris 
K.C.B., Governor of New South Wales, This obelisk was @ 
in 1880 to mark the site of the transit instrument 2 
Observatory.” 

In meteorology the field is so wide that I will not att 
‘a sketch of what has been done generally, Suffice it to 
that in our own Colony a steady advance has been made 
number of observing stations is steadily increased, and 


ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 9 


amounts to 152, and the great majority of additional observers 
are found in the interior, so filling up space which has been a 
complete blank to the meteorologist; and the statistics now 
collected are of the utmost value for the present and future inves- 
tigation of our climate. The rain map for 1879 has added to it a 
diagram showing the state of the inland rivers during the year, so 
that the effect of the rains can be traced in the rivers. I must not 
forget to mention that, owing to Mr. Russell’s exertions, a meteoro- 
logical conference was called together by the Government, and 
met at the Observatory. The report has been published, and con- 
tains important suggestions and arrangements for the study of the 
meteorology of Australia generally. Amongst minor matters 
should be mentioned the completion at the Observatory of a new 
recording instrument, which writes on a small sheet of paper, 19 
inches by 8 inches, a complete record of every change in the ther- 
mometer, the barometer, the direction and force of wind, and the 
rain, in fact it is a complete meteorological observatory in itself. 
To my excellent and most learned friend, Baron von Mueller, 
K.C.M.G., great praise is due for his indefatigable labours in 
working out the botany of this continent. In addition to the large 
share which he had in the publication of the “Flora Australiensis,” 
a work which in itself is a monument of patient industry and pre- 
eminent ability, he has lately published a valuable atlas of the 
genus Eucalyptus, of which six decades have been received by me. 
This is of the utmost importance to botanists, as the elaborate 
plates contain figures of the leaves, flowers, and fruits of the 
species which have been referred to. The sections given of the 
flower and fruit, and the descriptive letter-press, are such as to 
enable any one with slight botanical knowledge to determine with 
ease the particular species described. The Baron has also accumu- 
lated considerable additional material for a continuance or supple- 
ment of the flora. Much of this has been attained by the collec- 
tions made by Mr Alexander Forrest, during his last exploring 
expedition through North-west Australia, and by Mr. John Forrest, 
during that gentleman’s triangulation of the back country of Nichol 
Bay. From this last collection we learn the astonishing fact 


10 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS, 


that out of upwards of 400 species which it contains there is 
single orchid amongst them. The Baron’s report of the forest 
sources of Western Australia, of which there is a copy in the li 
of this Society, is a valuable contribution to our knowledge of 
vegetable economical resourcesof that Colony, and as a labourotk 
that gentleman has published, at his own expense, an index to 
first edition of the “Species Plantarum” of Linnezus. This 
was published in 1753, and is exceedingly rare, and the inde 
be the more valuable as it is from the second edition of that 
lished in 1762 and 1763 that quotations are made in the 
recent descriptive works on botany. I would also refer to 
botanical researches of Mr. Bailey, F.L.S., of Brisbane, who 
done much, under considerable difficulties, in investigating 
botanical resources of Queensland. His works on the grasses 
ferns of that colony are most creditable and highly interesting | 
ductions ; and in an address recently delivered by that distin- . 
guished geologist and naturalist, the Rev. J. E. Tenison-W' 
F.G.S., F.L.S., we learn that Mr. Bailey is now engaged in 
ing up the lower order of the Australian flora. I must also aeV 
to and award my tribute of praise to the ability and research ¢ 
played by Mr. R. D. Fitzgerald, our Deputy Surveyor Gen 
the publication of his work on Australian orchids. When 
considered tat this gentleman, during the time unoccupied by ! 
public duties, has furnished with his own hand carefully * 
accurately drawn figures of the complete plant, and sections 
parts of the flower, and has given an excellent diagnosis of all 
species which he has so beautifully illustrated, some faint 
may be formed of the industry required in carrying out 5° far t 
very valuable work. 
While making this brief and very imperfect referene?” 
what has been and is being accomplished in botanical p" 
_ I may be pardoned in drawing attention to the very 
necessity which now and has long existed of ascertaining thes 
and economic value of the Australian flora. The knowledge 
we possess of the properties of the greater number of the p 
the Colony is most imperfect. How little, for instance, is © 


ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. tI 


the value of what are termed the salt bushes of this country. It is 
believed, and with good reason, that this class of plants possesses 
a medicinal property of great advantage to sheep, which not only 
relish but fatten on this food, particularly in seasons of drought. 
It has not been determined which are the most valuable of these 
plants, a list of which is herewith appended. It is generally con- 
sidered that of these Atriplew halimodes and Atriplex vesicaria 
are the best, but these are only found in certain localities—those 
called cotton bushes, Kochia aphylla and Kochia villosa and also 
Chenopodium nitrariaceum as well as others, afford excellent pas- 
turage, but this is all that is really known of these most interest- 
ing and useful plants. The same remarks which have been made 
respecting these plants may be applied to the grasses of this 
country. -Although the names and affinities of these have been 
botanically determined, we have yet very much to learn as regards 
the comparative nutritive value which these individually possess. 
An attempt has been made by Baron von Miieller to fix accurately 
the percentage of albumen, gluten, starch, gum, sugar, and fibre 
of the best of these, as compared with the best kinds of English 
grasses ; but this attempt has not been brought to a satisfactory 
conclusion, as the different kinds experimented on have not yet 
been obtained at different stages of development and from various 
soils, so that the mean of different analyses may be taken. Thisis 
a most praiseworthy effort on the part of the Baron, and it is well 
worth imitating by some of our practical chemists ; but however 
valuable the information derived in this way may be, we must look 
to the occupants or owners of our sheep and cattle runs to practi- 
cally learn the real value of these plants. Observations of this kind 
should be based upon some intelligent principle, and it should be 
carefully noticed the kind of situation, whether low or high, dry or 
damp, and the nature of the soil in which the — aT suc- 
ceed best, whether early orlate in flowering, and th 

fatten best by feeding upon them. In very many parts of the hai 
particularly on the sheep runs, a good number of the best grasses 
have been entirely destroyed by being too closely eaten down, for 
instance the well-known kangaroo grass, Anthistiria Australis, 


12 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS, 


originally the most generally distributed and most valuable na 
grass, almost wholly disappears on sheep runs, while on ce 
stocked with cattle it thickens and improves in quality. 
the past season I have had collections of grasses sent to me 
the Darling and other partially or wholly unstocked parts 
country. Many of the most luxuriant and nutritive of these’ 
general in former times in the more settled parts of the souwen 
and western districts, but which, from the causes alluded to, 


very few exceptions, the introduced plants of this class have fal 
or only partially succeeded. Of these, so far as I am aware, 
only permanent kinds are buffalo grass, Stenotaphrum g'4 
the couch of colonists, Cynodon dactylon, and perhaps the } 
can prairie grass, Bromus Schraderii, which grows well in all parts 
of the Colony, while the two former will only flourish within ®@— 
coast range. I would also urge on our stock-owners the imp 
ance of making careful observations relative to the value W 
may be attached to other kinds of fodder plants, so that on 
founded grounds the growth of the more durable and fattem™ 
kinds may be encouraged and those of poorer character allowe®” 
die out. : 

For some years back various species of Eucalyptus, gtOW!? 
thickly over extensive areas extending from Camden 80m 
wards, have been dying off, and in a manner s0 regular a8 ' 
appear to have been caused by human agency. From the rept 
examinations which I have made of localities where this sing 
phenomenon has occurred, the only hypothesis which I can ® 
at is, that the trees have been destroyed by fungus at the ro0! 
In this conclusion I am borne out by the fact that the trees do nt 
die over any large area simultaneously, but become affected 1m 
first instance on one particular spot, and gradually die off, uM" 
in a direction from north to south, and in belts of more OF ™” 
width, leaving those growing on either sides of such belts ¢ 
unaffected, for which no reason has yet been satisfactorily a8 
If it be a fungus which thus destroys these trees, the 4 


ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. is 


arises why it does not spread laterally instead of proceeding in one 
direction ; and to this I have no answer to give. It is certain that 
on the roots of the dead trees a minute fungus of a whitish colour 
has been observed, but a similar fungus growth is common on the 
roots of other dead trees which have perished by decay. The 
investigation of this subject is one to be commended to every man 
of intelligence who may have the opportunity of inquiring into it. 


Myattention has of late been frequently drawn to another strange 
occurrence, very different from the last, but almost as difficult to 
explain. Over many parts of the country lying between the 
Lachlan and the Murray River a species of Frenela, Mirb., locally 
called pine, is spreading so rapidly and so thickly as to seriously 
affect the grazing capabilities of station property generally. This 
tree bears cones, having small seeds, somewhat angular in shape 
and hard in substance, but not at all likely to be carried about by 
the agency of birds or animals of any kind. The country over 
which it is spreading so fast and in such profusion has long been 
occupied as sheep and cattle stations, but until the last few years 
no great increase of the tree had been noticed. As this new growth 
cannot have had a spontaneous existence, it can only be supposed 
that the seeds have been lying in the ground for a long and indefi- 
nite period. This is the only explanation which I can offer for 
the very extraordinary manner in which this tree is spreading. It 
is not one, I must admit, quite satisfactory to myself, as, unlike 
seeds of certain Acacias, those of Callitris readily vegetate when 
placed in the earth, nor does it appear that the ground has under- 
gone any unusual change to cause the seeds to germinate. 

As yet absolutely nothing has been done in this Colony towards 
re-foresting any part of this country, and it is no easy matter to 
suggest a practicable plan by which this most desirable object could 
be accomplished. Valuable reserves have been made, however, in 
many well-timbered parts of the country, under the care and super- 
vision of public officials. These reserves will preserve many excel- 
lent kinds of trees from being recklessly wasted, and most useful 
hereafter as a means of supplying seeds and plants of our best 


14 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS, 


kinds of trees for the purpose of planting out future forests in the — 
adjoining or other districts in situations where they may be 
expected to succeed. It is much to be regretted that reserves of 
this description were not made at an earlier period, for, had this — 
been done, we should not have had to lament the loss and destruc — 
tion of a class of vegetation as rich in numbers of species and as : é 
luxuriant in growth as can be found in any part of the world: I~ 
refer to the coast jungle forest extending from Shoalhaven in the — 
south to the northern extremities of the Colony, which for the : 
most part has been cleared. A quarter of a century ago” the 
beautiful district of Iawarra, which is about 40 miles south of 
Sydney, was clothed with a dense mass of trees, shrubs, é&e., with ; 
a foliage as rich and varied in appearance as could be found im — 
any tropical country ; and now, alas! with one especial excepti 
of about 40 acres, nearly the whole of this magnificent vegetation 
has been destroyed, and the country turned into grazing paddocks. 
This especial exception is the property of a coal company, which 
fortunately has preserved the surface in its primitive conditi 
and on which can still be seen gorgeous masses of two different q 
kinds of palms, called, locally, the bangalow and cabbage-tree 
; known botanically as Seaforthia elegans, and Corypha : 
puree: These, with three or four kinds of tree-ferns, Viz : a 
Alsophila Cooperii, Alsophila Australis, Alsophila Macarth 
and Dicksonia Antarctica, and many climbing plants, and a ¢ 
undergrowth overtopped by species of Ficus, Eucalypts, and other 
tall trees, the trunks and branches of which are often clothed ‘ i 
an abundance of stag’s-horn fern (Platycerium Alcicorne) 


the community are due for preserving from destruction this 3 . 
nearly the only remaining portion of the glorious natural vé 


within the last quarter of a century, from natural deca, 
barking and clearing for cultivation, at least one-half 


ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 15 


timbered land of this country has been denuded of its forest vegeta- 
tion. Looking at this fact from the point of view that climatic 
changes are largely affected by adding to or destroying to any con- 
siderable extent the forests of a country, it might have been 
expected that ere this time a very considerable diminution of our 
rainfall would have been experienced, but it is certain that this 
has not been the case, as statistics rather tend to show the reverse, 
nor have our principal rivers been diminished in volume of water. 
In support of this statement, I received from the Colonial 
Astronomer the accompanying diagram non letter :— 

“I send you herewith diagram showing by vertical — the 
rainfall for each year. For instance, the rainfall of 184 48 
inches, and is shown by the line under that year coming an e 4 
inches, so on for each year. The straight horizontal line shows 
the mean of 40 years, and the short red lines show the means in 
periods of 5 years. You will at once see that the rainfall of the 
first 20 years was less than the second 20 years, for in the first 
20 three of the red lines are below the mean, and one above ; 
while in the second 20 three red lines are shove the mean, and 
one below. I have thought of several ways of showing what you 
want, but this seems to be the best. Actual amounts in figures 
are also given. Lake George furnishes a good index of our 
seasons : when found, in 1820, it was very full; then it dried up, 
and now it has more water than ever before. it: you look at page 
182 of my book on the Climate of New South Wales, a copy of 
which I think you have (if not I will send one), you will find 
some notes about Lake George, which will interest you, re changes 

eli 

“ Yours very truly, 

: “H. C. Russe.” 

Our late lamented Vice-President, the Rev. W. B. Clarke, read a 
most able paper on this subject shortly before his death, tending 
to show the good results as regards moisture and temperature 
which had arisen from planting trees in various countries. I am 
not now about to dispute the conclusions arrived at in that paper, 
but as a rule in discussing this matter too little consideration is 
given to the effect of natural agencies. There cannot be a doubt 
that the climate, rainfall, and vegetation of a country are all more 
or less influenced by geographical position. For instance, the 
average thermometer range of Western Australia is very similar 


16 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 


indeed to that of this Colony ; yet how very different is the vege 
tation. Here, within our coast ranges, moist, densely-woodel ; 
jungle forests prevail, in which a great profusion of ferns ant 
several kinds of palms abound; there, for the most part, vey 
little is to be seen but an apparently parched-up small-growing 
description of scrub, in which there is but very little trace of fem 
This remarkable difference in the coast flora of these two countries , 
is wholly due to position and climate, for although the tempers 
ture of both places is almost identical, the rainfall is doublein the 
former to what it is in the latter. The jungle forests, as I under 
stand the term jungle to mean trees, shrubs, and climbing plants, 4 
and undergrowth intermingled into a dense mass, could not ee 
in so dry a country as Western Australia. It follows that there 
are natural laws which govern the rainfall of a country, and 
alter these to any very appreciable extent is beyond the power of 
man. This opinion I know is a debatable one, and I shall be very 4 
pleased if any fellow member will take the subject up andj — 
deavour to prove that I am in error. If the inference which } 


present or future, will not alter to any great degree the rainfall oF 
temperature of this climate. 


I must now trespass"on your patience for some minutes while ' 
say a few words relative to certain views advocated by = : 
illustrious Darwin in his work on “Insectivorous Plants.” 
opinions held by this author on this subject, and so powe 
enforced in the work referred to, have been accepted by VV 
many of the most distinguished naturalists of the present ia 
and it may seem somewhat presumptuous in me to question 
some of the conclusions arrived at; but when any man, howawt 4 
great, ascends into the realm of uncertainty for arguments in ~ 
port of his theory, he cannot be astonished at any effort which may 
be made to controvert them. I am in the unhappy position @ 
being unable to acquiesce in the doctrine that the plants Or 
insectivorous, or those that are said to derive their nourishmet! : 
from animal matter, captured through the agency of their 


ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 17 


were intended by nature to depend on, or benefit by, any such 
means for their support. Darwin does not claim to have origi- 
nated this idea—it is, in fact, a very old one. In some of the early 
illustrated botanic works figures are given representing insects 
caught by the leaves of some of these plants. In the Botanical Maga- 
zine of 1804 there is an illustration of Dionewa muscipula,—the 
Venus fly-trap—showing a fly compressed between the lobes of its 
leaf, and of this there is a sketch on the table. That the leaves of 
this plant are sensitive, and the lobes will close upon each other by 
irritating the glandular hairs on the inner surface, is beyond doubt. 
In early days it was a favourite amusement of mine to test the irri- 
tability of these leaves, and to place flies upon them for nourishment; 
but the invariable effect of this was, if often repeated, to destroy 
the leaf and injure the plant, and of the many similar experiments 
which I have seen reported in the press as tried by practical culti- 
vators, I cannot recollect an instance which had resulted in suc- 
cess. Then as regards the Droseras or sundews, several species of 
which are to be found growing around Sydney, there is no sufficient 
evidence adduced here or elsewhere to show that these plants de- 
rive any benefit from nitrogenous or animal matter under natural 
conditions. It is true that insects are often found caught by the 
tentacles or glandular hairs with which the leaves of these plants 
are clothed, but I have for many years past sought for proof of 
their animal-devouring properties, by examining them under all 
kinds of circumstances and in every possible situation, but all my 
investigations have failed to afford me the slightest grounds for 
believing that they absorb and assimilate nitrogenous matter as 
food. These plants seldom grow far apart, but are usually associ- 
ated in masses, the smaller species on moist banks, and the com- 
paratively large one, Drosera dichotoma, in marshy places ; the last 
may be seen in profusion in the water reserve, and some of the 
former kinds on the North Shore, so that those who are curious 
about this subject have ample opportunities of judging for them- 
selves ; and if any unprejudiced observer will examine these plants, 
he will find, particularly among the smaller species, some with in- 
sects attached, but the great majority without a vestige of animal 


18 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS, 


life about them ; but in either case I can with confidence pr 
that he will not detect any difference in growth. This mays 
a very summary way of disposing of this question, which hash 
so ably worked out by Darwin, who has shown that the glane 
both the Dioncea and the Droseras have the power of secretin 
viscid fluid, which, like the gastric juice of animals, has sti 
digestive properties capable of dissolving raw meat, and that 
ean absorb soluble nitrogenous matter, which is in itself a po 
ful argument in favour of the view that these plants prey a 
insects, It is a plausible theory, but I am convinced a mis 
one. I have been induced to mention this last subject, as it 
one not long since debated at one of the sectional meetings of 
Society, on which occasion very contradictory opinions were 
pressed in regard to the views of Darwin. 


[Diagram. ] 


Seale of inches 


DIAGRAM SHOWING RAINFALL IN INCHES AT SYDNEY FROM 1840 TO 1879. 


PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHED AT THE GOVT. PRINTING OFFICE, 
SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES. 


sas _ “> Nn 2 >) f~] - a mm lo J n ° ~ nv lcd ao 2 Nn r<) 
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itean of 


| Seale each J kears 


Dean of 40 Lears 


5e6-8/ 


Seale of trches 


On the Longitude of the Sydney Observatory. 
By Joun Trssvrt, F.R.AS. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 2 June, 1880.] 


In June, 1878, I had the pleasure of reading before a General 

Meeting of the Royal Society of N.S. W.a paper on a proposed correc- 

tion to the adopted longitude of the Sydney Observatory, and a 

days subsequently I contributed to the Astronomical Section a cores 

8 paper on the same subject. The correction to the longi 
e, 10h. 4m. 45-74s. E., was based on the longitude of my own 

Ohiversicat: derived from ten lunar occultations of stars and the 


m. 15-70s. E., its correction from the ten occultations 

+ 6°84s., the telegraphic difference of longitude + 1m. 28°83s., 
and the concluded longitude of the Sydney Observatory 10h. 4m. 
51:37s. E. East t longitude i is here supposed to be positive. The 
occultations were all disappearances at the moon’s dark limb, and 
e corrections of the moon’s places were derived from the pub- 
lished observations at Greenwich alone. Since 1878 I have been 
enabled to extend my investigation to thirteen additional occulta- 
tions, so that it now comprises altogether twenty-three occultation- 


phases, of which nineteen are disappearances at the dark, and four 
are reappearances at the © righ t, limb. For the occultations down 
to the close of 1875 the corrections of the Nautical Almanac 


io 
ree 25’ 53 0” a 99995576 will, therefore, represent respectively 
the g geocentric latitude and the log. — In 
the sxtjotned table will be found certain data employed in the 


20 ON THE LONGITUDE OF THE SYDNEY OBSERVATORY, 


twenty-three determinations, together with the resulting indiy 

corrections of the longitude of my pastor: * Tt will be 
that the mean of the twenty-three corrections is + 611s, am 
have the derivation of the longitude of the Sydney Ob 
as follows :— 


H. 
Assumed longitude of my a see EN 9 
Correction from the occultati 


Concluded longitude of my Observatory .............++++« 
Longitude of the Sydney Observatory east of mine . 


Concluded longitude of the Sydney Observatory ...... 


T observe in the introduction to the Melbourne ob 

1871-5, recently issued from the press, that a comparison 0 
errors of the moon’s right ascension derived from 

bourne observations in 1874 and 1875, with the erre 


we om 10h. _ 50° Phra E,, a the lo 

atory. erie 

minations in 1803 and 1871-234 the ‘value 10h. 4m 
t between three 


mo 


ON THE LONGITUDE OF THE SYDNEY OBSERVATORY, 


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Note on the Opposition-Magnitudes of Uranus and 
Jupiter. 


By Joun Terssutt, F.R.A.S, 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 2 June, 1880.] 


In a note which I communicated to the Astronomical Section in 
May, 1878, I pointed out the was increase in the Nedesirheces : 
Uranus at each successive opposition, which increase will go o 
till the opposition of 1882, after which the Pore brightness will 
diminish. On the evening of 24th April, 1878, sixty-seven 
days after the opposition, I found the planet to be of: the 54 mag- 
nitude, the comparison being made by means of a small telescope 
with Nu (v) Leonis. The star and planet were seen in the same 
field of view, and were estimated to be equal. On 18th March 
last, or twenty-one days after opposition, I compared the planet 
with B.A.C, 3621 and 3622. The comparison, which was made 
by means of the naked eye and also a small telescope, showed the 
planet to be about equal to the former but superior to = latter. 
The . Catalogue gives 54 and 6 respectively as 
tudes of the stars, so that Uranus may, at the recent Spent be 
safely recorded as a star of the 54 magnitude. Some idea may 
formed of its conspicuous character when it is er 1 that I ae 
mined pretty accurately its distance from Re 

n ordi sextant. I may here a attention ge 
the circumstance that J hlter will, at its opposition in October 
next, be very near its perihelion, ‘and that the planet will in con- 
sequence be a very brilliant object. At each opposition near 
perihelion, which occurs every twelve years, it rivals Venus in 
brilliancy, and may be seen distinctly without a telescope in full 
sunlight. It was a splendid object in September and October, 


Observatory, Windso 
April 27th, ‘Y88o. 


Some New Double Stars and Southern Binaries. 
By H. C. Russe, B.A., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 2 June, 1880.] 


It is known to some of the members present this evening that I 
have for some time past devoted'a A considerable portion of my time 
to the examination of the doub din Sir John reat 
Cape Observations. While a oing this work I have frequent 

peas double stars that he had overlooked ; and I have ooeusiens: 


The number thus recorded has gradually increased until now it 
stands at 252. Of this list many are close doubles, probably too 
ohn He 


difficult for the optical means which Sir J rschel had at his 
command, and which — ras his search. 
Excepting i in the case of tw vee I have not acer rg the 


of the members. In preparing the list I have been guided by the 
requirements of those who have telescopes of moderate power, so 

that some of the doubles are easy, and others very serena in mage 

such as may be used as tests for instruments of higher pow I 


In a study of this kind the greutenk'e care is necessary to 
eel being misled by errors of observation or of accident. I could 
refer to a published list of southern double stars in which several 

set down as binaries, or probably in motion, the change in 
which is not real, but due to the causes mentioned. One curious 

ce in my own experience may illustrate this. On the 6th - 
October, 1834, Sir John Herschel found a pretty double star, 
which is entered in his list as No. 3,416. The magnitudes were 


26 SOME NEW DOUBLE STARS AND SOUTHERN BINARIES. 


both 8, the distance between them 3”, and the angle of position 
126° 1’. Two years later he examined the same star, and found 
the magnitudes the same, but the distance was then 6", and the 
angle of position 128° 7’. Here seemed unmistakable evidence of 
motion, and when I turned the telescope to examine the in 
1870, by accidentally misplacing the telescope, nly the diameter 

of the field of view, I found another star of the same general — 
character, and vik seemed to be Herschel’s star, but the angle 
Boe to be 192", and the distance 23". When exa os th 


ats an elliptical orbit that I felt sure here w was a new bin The 
distance seems large, but it has been proved that there wa be a 
distance of 22” between two stars in an orbital system, and here 
was but one second more. The slight difference in right ascension 
and declination did not attract much attention, because it is not 
uncommon to such errors in the Cape catalogue. Sule 
observation, however, revealed no change in my star, 
searching more carefully I found Herschel’s star, of which ie 
distance proves to be 5”2, and the position peale 125° 38’, nearly 
mean between Herschel’s distances, and about the same 
proving that no appreciable change has taken place in it since ba 


"Of the new double stars which I perpoes to put before you to 
night, 22 are in the constellation Crux, as shown in this map, 
which you will see has in some S ahirced cau the limits of 
the constellation. For the purpose of showing you their relative — 
positions with regard to other stars in that constellation, Ihave — 
had this diagram prepared, which shows, first, the positions of te 
catalogued stars; second, Sir John Herschel’s 25 doubles ; and, | 
thirdly, my own with a black circle round each. The first of thet 
in R. A. 1th, 40m., dec. 57° 20’, is a very pretty double, of vie 
the distance is 5”, both of the 9th magnitude, and yellow: at ll 


general list of 252 new ones, com having some poll 
would make y useful or interesting to to the o “ 
fs gs elgg) 45m., dec. 58° 38’, when first paar in 1874 

Smeg difficult double star, of which the distance was less 


measuring such a y be best conveyed to the non-00%” 
by saying that ina large. telescope (7 inches) the two image 


SOME NEW DOUBLE STARS AND SOUTHERN BINARIES. 27 


the stars of this double, formed in the focus, would spay 54 
separated by a linear space of one four thousandth part of 

The angle and distance of this pair have gradually cas 4 
1874, until now the distance is over 1”, and there is reason to 


sup ; system. 
almost equally difficult is one easily seen by the naked eye: it is 
usc, the second brightest in the little constellation, under the 
divided 


do 
by the large telescope first in April, 1878. The measured di 
is only 0°54, and the angle of position 317° 16. It forms » most 
beautiful object when seen under suitable optical power, and will 
serve as a capital test for defining f ciao Of the other stars in 
preteen unnecessary to speak 'y. They are 
ust a few out of the larger list, and may be interesting. 


Brvary ome 


ay thn Seer ea esacvathion Ae oende Gas petied ck 
the then exi i ions ; e the period of 
a Te 123 oe a second pt reduced it 


eoretical 
dimensions ; but: two wuch-sters forming a binary system 
not one about the other, but about the common centre of 
gravity, which, if the stars are equal, would be a point midway 


28 SOME NEW DOUBLE STARS AND SOUTHERN BINARIES. 


between them, so that this seems to be a well marked instance of 
this curious phenomenon, viz., two immense bodies revolving about 
a point in space, 7.¢., about nothing ; but this implies more, for while 
one star appears to us to be going round the other, both would, if we 
could refer their position to some fixed point, be found to have 
changed their places in proportion to their motion in their orbits. It 
so happens that these stars are now favourably situated for detecting 
such a change with the transit instrument, and they will be regularly 
observed for that purpose. But from an examination of the Cape 
adras catalogue it seems evident that the star taken as the 
fixed one is actually in motion. But the question may be viewed 
in another way ; unless stars are connected in binary systems, the 
only test we have of their magnitude is the amount of light they 
send to us. Now, here we have two stars equal in light and there 
fore theoretically equal in size, and, as we have seen before, 


all the observations go to show that if this is a binary the apparent 
orbit is an ellipse of which one star does not occupy the centre — 
and therefore, though equal in brilliance, one must be larger than 
the other. a 
It was my intention to have placed before you facts relatimg 
to several other southern binary stars, but the pressure of other — 
engagements has rendered this impossible now, but I hope at 20 
distant date to place before you some of the results of my observ 
tions of Sir John Herschel’s doubles, and I may then include 
information I am now obliged to defer. I may say, however, 4 
the number of those which give certain evidence of being bmary 


SOME NEW DOUBLE STARS AND SOUTHERN BINARIES. 


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30 


SOME NEW DOUBLE STARS AND SOUTHERN BINARIES. 


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SOME NEW DOUBLE STARS AND SOUTHERN BINARIES. 31 


Discussion. 


at Madras, in 1840, when the direction of the line joining them 
would be nearly in a parallel of latitude, so that bisecting the image 
tn tha oe ME 4 4 bP - ty Ay | ook oe = Peon bs Poe 


of either star. The observations at the Cape, in 1876, when the 
angle of position had become about 54° show when compared with 
those at Madras that one of the stars had moved 3-1 seconds of are, 
while the other seemed to be fixed, and these observations prove 
that the change is in the preceding star, and therefore the angle of 
position should have been taken on the preceding side; for the 
purpose of the diagram, however, which was merel 

motion, this is not material. Mr. Russell saidhewould like todirect 
attention to one possibility which the diagram reveals, viz., that 
this may not be a binary star at all, but merely one star passing 
another by reason of its proper motion. It will be seen that, 


recent observers ; and a sm 

possibility of which no one would have more readily admitted than 
Herschel himself, would at once place this star out of the list of 
binaries ; already the orbit computed by Jacob has proved too small 
to include the observations, and the period requires to be increased 
as we have seen to 144 years, and the uncertainty attending the 
early observations lends force to the supposition that we have here 
only the effect of proper motion. 


[Two diagrams.] 


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Leama a  t aimeaire Diagram 1. Pt? Russells paper on Double Stars. 


DIACRAM SHEWINC OBSERVED POSITIONS 


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Diagram 2. Mf Russells paper on Double Stars. 


PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHED AT THE GOVT. PRINTING OFFICE, 
SYDNEY,:NEW SOUTH WALES. ee 


@« Russell. 


@ Russell. E : 
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On the Orbit-Elements of Comet I., 1880 (Great 
Southern Comet 


By J. Tessutt, F.R.A.S. 
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 7 July, 1880.] 


Tux comet which forms the subject of the present paper was one 


get a sight of the head, and then for a few seconds merely, be- 
tween clouds. Fort unately the weather was more favourable at 
the Melbourne ptomieren: and Mr. Ellery, and his valued assist- 
ant, Mr. White, succeeded in obtaining observations on the even- 
ings of February 3th, 10th, 14th, 15th, 16th, and 17th, and these 
Mr. Ellery has very kindly communicated to me. On May 21st 
the Observatory for — 1st came to hand, from which I learned 
that communications had reached Englan and from Mr. Gill, of = 
also 


determination of the comet’s orbit. In a paragraph of the same 
— of the Observatory it was also stated that Dr. Gould, of 

the Argentine National Observatory at Cordoba, had observed the 
comet. The following elements communicated by Mr. Hind had 
been computed respectively by Mr. Finlay, Chief Assistant at the 
Cape of Good Hope Observatory, and by Mr. Hind, from an 
observation by Dr. Gould on February 4th, and from rough places 
for February 10th and 15th, sent to England by Mr. Gill. These 
elements, placed in juxtaposition with those computed by Hub- 
sets for the great comet of 1843, appeared in the Observatory as 
ollows :— 


Finlay. Hind. Comet, 1843. 
Perihelion passage -- 1880, Jan. 27°55d Jan. 27 60274 GMT 
Longitude be perihelion Be 280° 16’ 279° 6.8 278° 35-1 
itude of ascending node. . 123 24°5 419 1 206 
Inclination mA ic 75 12 35 39°8 35 38°2 
Perihelion distance lea te 0-008001 0°0059390 0°005511 
Motion Direct Retrograde Retrograde 


Sun’s radius, 0-004664 (gun’s mean distance = =a J). 


system almost grazing the sun’s surface in perihelion, and revoly- _ 
ing in less than thirty-seven years? I confess I feel a difficulty — 
in admitting it, notwithstanding the above extraordinary resem- 
blance of orbits.” It was also stated in the Observatory that, from 
rough places on February 10th, 13th, and 15th, Mr. Hind had — 
previously found elements somewhat different from those which 


communicated. Both sets differed in toto from Mr. Finlay’. e 
The members of the Royal Society of N.S.W. will not fail to 
perceive the utter dissimilarity subsisting between the results 
given by Mr. Hind and Mr. Finlay, but this is not all, for now the — 
Astronomische Nachrichten has come to hand, bringing more 
determinations of the orbit, varying as much from one another as 
those computed by the two astronomers already referred to. The 
following approximate determinations have appeared in that 
periodical up to April 8th, the latest date received :— a4 


: Liais. Copeland. Gould, 
Perihelion passage wt. Feb. 10 to 11 Jan, 26 465d Jan. a7 4185d a 
Berlin M. T. Wash. MoT 
Longitude of perihelion +. 105° 256 9 280° 26° 50” 4 
Longitude of ascending node.. 120 832 46°9 7 50 i mi 
Inclination of orbit ., «i 60 46 25°4 35. 5 Mae 
Perihelion distance .. oy 0°08 to 0°10 07038127 
Me ORE ea te Direct Retrograde Retrograde 


The elements given by M. Liais, Director of the Observa 
at Rio Janeiro, somewhat resemble those arrived at by ! 


without interest to our Society. In the Herald of the 2 

last, T announced that there was between the orbit given 

Hind and the Melbourne observations a sufficient agre® 
as 


ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET I., 1880, 35 


comparison only with o Sculptoris. This circumstance, it will 
be seen, is an unfortunate one. The three adopted apparent 
positions of the comet are as follows :— 

Melbourne Mean Time. R. A. a. PD, 

a, ha, e, 

ren, 2: 9... Fae 

9 14.9 59: 26:7 

ioc wk: 8 we oe 


123° 43’ 43” 
2 5°62 122 21 8 
41 951 120 21 43 


mm 0 
He 
ee 
for) 
3 


Correcting these times and positions for aberration and parallax 
and adopting the ecliptic as the fundamental plane, we get the 
following co-ordinates referred to the mean equinox of the be- 
ginning of the year :— 

Feb. Righchrs Greenwich M. T. A=341° 5'34°1” B= -28° 49’ 39°5” 
boon iy A’=359 36 56 p’=-35 31 01 

- - ane = "= 9 57 70 p’=-37 37181 


The places of the sun have been taken from the British Nautical 
Almanac, have been duly corrected for aberration and reduced to 
the same equinox. The logarithms of the earth’s radius vector 
have been taken from the same source. Assuming now the 
proportionality of the rectilinear instead of the parabolic sectors 
described by the comet to the times of description, I arrived at a 
value of the ratio of the curtate distances of the comet from the 
earth for the first and third observations, which, when Lambert’s 
theorem was satisfied, gave a system of elements differing but 
little from that communicated by Mr. Hin n correcting the 
assumption from which the ratio was derived I obtained another 
system differing considerably from the other. By a comparison 
of the residuals in longitude and latitude for 2 middle observa- 
tion, as derived from these two sys Id 
value of the ratio, which gave finally the kliowig system of 
parabolic elements :— 


Perihelion passage .....,.......++0+5 1880, January 27°56330d G.M.T. 
Longitude of the perihelion ...... 277° 22’ 53”°4 : 

Longitude of the ascending node 358 22 48 °6 M.Equinox, 1880°0 
Inclination of the orbit............ 36 41 41 ‘9 

Perihelion distance 0°0067243 

Heliocentric motion ............... Retrograde 


On recalculating the geocentric places from these elements, I 
obtained the following residuals, in the sense of calculation minus 
observation :— 


Feb. 8 Ad cosB =—- 5" 2 AB=+ 05 
freee AX’ cos 8’ = + 59 °7 Af’ =- 77 6 
” 16, Ax’ cos RB” = + 0°5 Ap’= + 0:'l 


36 ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET I., 1880. 


It will be seen that the first and third positions are not perfec 
satisfied by the elements, but I may state that owing to the. 
perihelion distance of the comet, the exceedingly small are, 
scribed by the comet between the extreme observations, and‘ 
very large anomaly in that arc, the calculation of the orbitis 
attended with great difficulty. I do not wonder at the conflicting 
sets of orbit-elements assigned to this body by be eal com 


tion of the adopted ratio of the curtate distan Ly 
however, to correct this ratio will not furnish resides within 
limits of probable errors of observation. It would 
fore, that the three positions cannot be satisfied on the hy poth 
of parabolic e motion, and that the orbit is elliptic. On comp 
the elements which I have thus deduced with those cot 


- these I now transfer to my paper, in order that the mem» 

y have the opportunity of comparing them with the lis ¢ 
due for the late comet. I have roughly corrected the lon 
or the precession of the equinoxes since 1843. 


37 


ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET I., 1880. 


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38 ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET 1., 1880. 


On looking down the list one cannot fail to recognize the close 
resemblance between the elements which I present to the Society 
and the third orbit calculated by Laugier and Mauvais. Butl 
wish also to draw the attention of the Society to the fact that 
these computers assign a period of thirty-five years in their or 
which so closely resembles mine, and this period it will be observed 
differs only two years from the interval between the appearance of 
the comet of 1843 and that of 1880. To their second orbit they 
assign a period of 175 years, and this it will be seen is commenst- 
rate with that of thirty-five years. Mr. Hind, in his Treatise onthe 
Comets, edition of 1852, says :—“ Several comets have been men 
tioned as probably identical with the great one of 1843, and m 
particular those of 1668 and 1689, which exhibited tails of unusual 
len, it were one and the same comet that appeared in 1668, 
1689, and 1843, the period of revolution could differ but little from | 


good grounds for believing that its whole course cannot be Mt 
ce 4 


March and h " mo year, ViZ., on ie 
arch and the following days. Its brightness was SUC) yg 
reflected trace was easily distinguished on the sea be ce 
when it at length came in sight, was comparatively ne eo i 


ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET I., 1880. 39 


certainty by a careful examination of what is recorded of the older 
comet. Locating on a celestial chart the situation of the head 
concluded from the direction and appearance of the tail, when only 
that was seen, and its visible place, when mentioned, according to 
the descriptions given, it has been found practicable to derive a 
rough orbit from the course thus laid down ; and this agrees in all 
its features so well with that of the modern comet as nearly to 
remove all doubt on the subject. Comets, moreover, are recorded 
to have been seen in A.D, 268, 442-3, 791, 968, 1143, 1317, 1494, 
which may have been returns of this, since the ‘period above men- 
tioned would bring round its appearance to the years 268, 443, 
618, 793, 968, 1143 1318, and 1493, and a certain latitude must 

ways he allowed for aaknown perturbations. But this is not the 
only comet on record whose identity with the comet of 1843 has 
been maintained. In 1689 a comet bearing a considerable resem- 
blance to it was observed from the 8th to the 23rd of a slotiabte 


o is 
this period calculated backwards from 1843-156 will seth us upon 
& series of years remarkable for the appearance of great comets, 
paced of which, as well as the imperfect earings rea we have of 

ir appearance and situation in the heavens, offer t least no 
ais contradiction to the supposition of their identity ‘with this. 
Besides those already m Since as indicated ke the peri mm “e ie 
years, we may specify as probable or possible intermediate 

of the comets of 7 33(2), 1689 above serena") 1559(1) 
1537, 1515, 1471, 1426, 1405-6, 1383, 1361, 1340, 1296, 1274, 1230, 
1208, 1098, 1056, 1034, 1012, 990, 925(0),  858(), 684, 852,530, 121, 

"Should this vie bjec 


pati or oF 247, 180, 158. 
may expect its return about the én of 1864 0 or rlercichad 
of "1865, in which event it it will be observable in the southern 


dnc the ‘‘Cométographie,” a work indispensable to all who would 


40 ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET 1., 1880, 


hemisphere both before and after its perihelion passage.” I have 
made these rather lengthy extracts in order to show the members 
what interest attaches to the comet of 1843. In connection with the 
closing remarks of Sir J. Herschel, I may say that a very fine 
comet did appear in the beginning of 1865, which was o 
only in the southern hemisphere. It was at: first generally sup- 
posed by the colonists to be the comet of which Sir J. Herschel 
speaks, but a determination of the orbit which I published at the 


be identical with it will again be ransacked in order to obtain, if 
possible, further evidence of identity. I am extremely anxioust0 
refer to Pingré’s Cométographie, Carl’s Repertorium der Cometétt 
Astronomie and Cooper's Cometic Orbits, which invaluable works 
unfortunately I do not possess, nor do I think they are to be 

in the library of the Sydney Observatory. And here I would take 
the opportunity of respectfully suggesting to those in authority 
the absolute importance of furnishing that young institution WY 
copies of certain astronomical works in English, F rench, and | 
German, without which no Observatory library can be said to be 
complete. A copious library for reference is as necessary 10° 
practical astronomer as are his transit instrument, clock, and equa a 
torial. I will now take leave of the more technical 7 m 
subject, with an expression of the hope that the orbit-element 
have now presented to the Society may be found to be much 1 a 4 
accurate than any which have yet reached the colony. At a 
events I believe they will be found sufficiently accurate to serve 


provisional elements for the reduction of all the southoens them of 


esting particulars respecting the mee 
orbit which I have calculated. For the linear 


ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET L, 1880. 41 


1849,” viz. 20,923,700 English feet or 3,962'822 English 
miles. It appears now that towards the close of January the 
comet was rapidly approaching the sun from the regi ing 
south of the ecliptic. It proceeded, of course, with accelerated 
velocity towards that luminary, and at thirty-six minutes past 11 
o'clock on the morning of the 27th (Sydney mean time) or just 
twenty-four hours before perihelion, it arrived at a point 9,584,500 
miles from the sun’s centre. At twenty-seven minutes 1 
o’clock a.m. on the 28th it crossed the plane of the earth’s orbit at 
a distance of 1,074,600 miles from the same point. Its course 
now lay on the north side of the ecliptic, and sixty-nine minutes 
later it arrived in perihelion or that point of its orbit nearest to 
thesun. The distance between the sun’s centre and the centre of 
gravity of the comet at this moment according to my elements was 
621,380 miles. The semi-diameter of the sun at the earth’s mean 
- distance, resulting from twelve years’ observations, 1836 to 1847, 
at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, is 16'1’°82. If we adopt 
this value and execute the necessary calculation we shall find that 
at the instant of perihelion passage the comet’s centre was actually 
only 190,480 miles distant from the sun’s. surface. The heat to 
which the comet was subjected at this point of its path in space 
must have been something beyond human conception, and the solar 
orb itself subtended an angle of 88°, or 165 times greater than its 
apparent diameter as seen from the earth. Sir John Herschel says 
that “the comet of 1680, whose perihelion distance was 0-0062, and 
which therefore approached the sun’s surface within one-third part 
of his radius (more than double the distance of the comet of 1843) 
was computed by Newton to have been subjected to an intensity 
of heat two thousand times that of ot iron,—a term of com- 
ison indeed of a very vague description, and which modern 
thermotics do not recognize as affording a legitimate measure of 
radiant heat.” After leaving perihelion the angular velocity of our 
i om the sun 
rapidly increased. At twenty-seven minutes past 1 o’clock in the 
afternoon of the 28th the comet from the north tothe south 
side of the ecliptic, at a distance of 1,473,300 miles from the sun’s 
centre. It thus appears that the comet was only three hours on 
the north side of the plane of the earth’s orbit, and in this brief 
Space of time it of course described an arc of 180°, or just one-half 
of its apparent path in the heavens as seen from the sun. I find 
by a rough calculation that if the perihelion passage had occurred 


comet across the sun’s 
during the interval I have described, was pursuing its path unseen 
from our planet, and it was not till the Ist day of February that 
its huge tail was detected from several parts of the southern 


42 ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET I, 1880. 


hemisphere. On the evening of the 9th it was accurately observed 
at the Melbourne Observatory, but it had then receded toa dis- 
tance of 53,885,000 miles from the sun, its corresponding distance 
from our planet being 62,205,000 miles. On the evening of the 
17th the Melbourne observers obtained their last position, the 
comet having then increased its distance from the sun and 

to 75,293,000 and 69,508,000 miles respectively. This evening, 
July 7th, while Iam reading this paper to the Society, it has 


minor planets. Assuming that our late visitor is the great com 
of 1843 with a period of 37 years, it will ultimately reach its 
aphelion at a distance of 2,052 millions of miles or within the 
orbit of the planet Neptune, and will then commence its retum 
journey towards the sun, and make its reappearance to the earth's 
inhabitants about the year 1917, ; 

Having now given you as much information as lies in my powel, 
T must take leave of my subject. I trust that in the course of a 
few weeks we shall receive from Europe information more accurate 
and detailed than that of which we are at present in possession. 

The Observatory, Windsor, 

June 26th, 1880, 


43 


Note on a New Method of Printing Barometer and 
other Curves. 


By H. C. Russrxt, B.A., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer. 
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 5 August, 1880.] 


THE necessity for a convenient and expeditious method of printing 
barometer curves has long been felt by all who have had to publish 
weather maps, and I have therefore no hesitation in publishing 
what to me at least appears to be one method of meeting this 
“a 

is simple enough. The blanks for the curves containing lines 
at 29:4, 29°6, 29°8, 30-0, 30-2, and 30-4, _and these hee by 


' and serves as a printing surface. The whole of this may be done 
in less time than it has taken to describe it. 

The advan obvious :— 

In the first place, it gives a block which can be printed with 
ordinary type, and has therefore a great advantage over the litho- - 
graph system, in which the curve has to be printed after the map 
is aes complete. 

: As soon as the barometers are reduced the printing 


Fourth: By this system the blocks fume be placed together for 
oo peluting, as shown, so that the change in the barometers 
day to day is seen at a glance. 


44 NEW METHOD OF PRINTING BAROMETER CURVES. | 


It seems hardly necessary to suggest other uses, but no 
sade SGI be dooind for this method of preparing a block 


[One dia: | 
zZram, 
’ 
rf We 
x a 
ij a 
Teg 
Hesiae 
+ : 
1: SPREE mo 3 
Me = 
i 
Neh 
oe 
vd 
a 
; ln 
Did roe ial 4 
jpn 
oe 
pai ks eh ad sB Y 
; . > Seat ties 
ue acti se 


SPECIMEN CURVES. 40 


Curve showing state of Barometer. 
yj @ 
8) <! 3) a] a) =) S)a) S$) S/F) ale) Bol ale 
October 20th, 1880. | s gbonduce 
Generally cloudy. } — SS 


ia all ED 


Curve showing state of Barometer. 


! ‘ pes 
a «| 2] .] x18] |] 8/818 ole|Z]ola[a] | 
8 | ee 
October 21st, 1880. | ™ | Cy | 
Rain general ; wind W l & L | 
: al od _] | 
ex Oe Sn mee ee | | 


Curve showing state of Barometer. 
oO i) 


a Pe oe ee 


LWe me . | Crp wee 
Curve showing state of Barom 


| 


AN 
~ 
las 
~ 
. 


{ 8] <] S| ou] a) E] S| xx) 2/8) 2) al z| El ojala 
4 
* Bs — 
Wind light; weather oo 
- aes. oT 
4 —— 
ie 
October 24th—Sunday. Curve showing state of Baxometer. 
a} < | zl 2 a = n 


|\ | Re 
| 
| 
| || we 
Neg 


S ze 
or TR oe 
October 25th. | 7) a oa ana Neee 
Winds variable. 30°0 = | 
e showing state of Barometer. 
") 


wal $1 S1El ol zl Bl of al 


eh Eqs ae Pos find 


| 


> 
= 
3 


E 
d 
I 
] 
4 
| Go 


October 26th. 
Generally fine and ch 
N. to N.E\~ 
bo 


nd Sle 
Te < 


pti an Hg Beare ta EAT 


REL ee tS og 


an td Meds ity 


47 


Note upon a Sliding-scale for correcting Barometer 
Readings to 32° Fah. and Mean Sea Level. 


By H. ©. Russert, B.A., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 1 September, 1880.] 


Just eleven years since I had the honour of reading before this 
- Society a description of the sliding-scale which I then designed 
and made for the purpose of doing away with the computation 
which had previously been necessary when the humidity of the air 
was required from readings of the dry and wet bulb thermo- 
meters. That sliding-scale has been a useful servant in Sydney 
and other observatories ever since, and has saved an amount of 
time which it would be difficult to estimate ; but it only met one 


temperature and altitude at one in: ion. 
The scale was made by taking a strip of paper and at one end 


—say Bathurst, 
and altitude ; the 0 of the scale was then placed on the table so 


48  SsLIDING-SCALE FOR CORRECTING BAROMETER READINGS. 


barometer or the nearest reading to it was found ; opposite thisa 
mark was made on the scale and “ Bathurst” written on it. Now, 
whenever the same reading is received, the scale being placed as 


before, the marks opposite Bathurst would show the corrected 


reading ; and since the readings in the columns increase at the 
rate of 0-01, any other reading being given with the same tempera 
ture, the same scale would serve to point out the corrected reading 


required. 
The table thus prepared was placed upon a cylinder, so that any 


part of it could be immediately brought up for inspection, and the — 


scales (some forty-six—one for each degree of temperature) were pre 
and promised a very great saving of time; but in 


variation in the atmospheric pressure. The result is the com 
venient sliding-scale represented in the annexed photo-lithograph. 


. 


to begin at 28 inches, in order to reach the high stations. A 


taken, and corrected for index error for the temperature of en ; 
and for altitude; the barometer scale on a strip of pape @ 


“corrected” reading as by computation was found, and 
| made. Exactl 


upon it the corrected readings of the barometer for any ' 


‘ any troublesome extent. The use of this scale 


SLIDING-SCALE FOR CORRECTING BAROMETER READINGS. 49 


into prominence one of the little troubles of a sa ict com- 
puter. Itis this. Suppose this morning Mount Victoria sends 
in a reading of his barometer 26°742, and air temperature 50°, 
— at Sydney the barometer read 30 ‘021, and air temperature 
57°; now the question arises for which of these temperatures, 
or fage what other, shall I compute the altitude correction. 
retically, in computing altitude corrections it is assumed that the 
air is cooler in proportion to the elevation, and therefore the 
mean of the two should be taken ; but in our practice this is foun 
to be incorrect, and all the barometers will agree better if they are 
corrected for altitude at the temperature of Sydney, and the 
corrections are always therefore computed at the Sydney tem- 
perature. You will naturally ask why is theory wrong in this 
instance ; probably the answer would be found in the — con- 
dition of our atmosphere, which is that of having a warm win 


QR 


using the sliding-scale, we follow the old rule of using the Sydney 
temperature, but when the readings are taken on this line, H eek & 
they are affected by the right altitude correction, they are 

by the wrong correction for temperature, for the line is plotted as 
stated before, so that the temperature and altitude correction for 


the thermometer a the station in question. 

It is found impossible to pore for this difficulty in the sliding- 
scale ; but it is met by adding to the reading found, 2} times the 
difference between the thermometers when the u upper thermo- 

meter is lower, and subtracting it when it is higher. It is evident 
that such a sliding-scale will not give the correct to 
0-001 in, but it vill to 0-01, which is more than sufficiently 
accurate for the purpose of daily weather maps; and if the third 
place of decimals is taken by estimation, the readings are found 
sie eat to coincide with the computed readings. 

I should mention here that as Kiandra, one of the meteoro- 
—_ ae is at an altitude of 4,640 feet, it — be necessary 
he scale at 25,000 inches, so ae sliding-scale 


ontesiéioen of 1, 2, or 3 inches were made to the seer of the 
barometers, and the scale plotted accordingly. 


Se 


— 


BS 


x 


= 
dX 
XN 
3 


x = TS 


———— 
” 


Ae 


a 
Soe SS SS SS 


s 


saMonie+ | / 
VIYOLDIA cI / 
VHaNVIN 
saHoNiot 


— —~ ea 


vy 


= 
ss 


SIHINIC + 
— FIvaiwyv 


WONT + 
IS¥NHiVva va 


| 
SCALE 


sPrECeEELerEE 


v 
r 
— 


| 
f 

| nynginog | | 
Ae 
a 


~ HyGaNNnol~| 4 
¢3ayosr | 


EEF EREER 
ih 


x 


: — x 
am 


= 


A 


SLIDING SCALE FOR CORRECTING BAROMETER READINCS 


Se 
a 


<= 
oi 


WONT + 
ae 


x 

X 
AS E= 
oo 


a eet 


VDOWM WOOUMA I~ | 


AYN TV 


SANs eT | 


Ler] 
NINOIMINIG | 


13 ee a ee 


a eo 
i. \ 

\ 

qi: 


——oo 


[— 


Es 


VANYOW { 


Soil 
| EF | er 
‘ | ee ed ‘ _— + 
soe L—| ' = 
’ _— an a‘ oe ee mel _—— Ube ae | i 
orot ea : Lee , ie = a | | 
HIYOMLNIM{~ | ee | ee | | | 
eee | | eee routed | | 
ree 4a ee : ee | a 
Ouse 4 — ie near ' ; | 3 IB a | cp 
FOuU0ID x6 AdVI LEH pengek | 
JLSVOMIN pee ae | i | 
waaa tT] T | | | | | | 
QO eNO ie © AES IN V4 ON 


oa 
rmoOU-O 


Thunder and Hail Storms in New South Wales. 
By H. C. Russenr, B.A., F.R.AS. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 1 December, 1880.] 


call for some precaution against it in the construction of the build- 
ing, and the question was referred to me for an answer. After a 
careful ination of all tl ilabl 1s up to the end of 1878, 
I addressed to the Commission a letter, the substance of which ma 

be here quoted :—“ After a careful examination of the recorded 


ance also with the above, it appears that they are not severe or 
numerous in wet years. As the present year (1879) may be fairly 
classed amongst these, the probability of a severe hail-storm is very 
remote, and would not I think justify the outlay necessary to pro- 
vide special protection for the glass in the roof of the building.” 
The examination necessary to arrive at the answer involved some 


is the great number of storms in the.early of November, or 
when the earth is ing through the November meteor stre 
The first table shows the date, place at which i ( 


line used for thunder-storms was therefore made uniform ; and the 
number. which in. urse of years have occurred op the same 


52 THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. 


day of the month is shown by adding one line to the other ; as for 
instance, for the 10th of February seven storms are on record, the 
line is therefore made over seven spaces in the scale. will 
be seen, is the heaviest record against any day of the year except 
8th December, which has an equal number. The diagram shows 
clearly the preponderance of storms during the summer. 


TaBLe I.—ReEcoRDED Hai. Storms. 


Page. | Year. | Month. | Place. Character. | Coef. 
} {| 1795 | Dees 5 | Hawkesbury .....:......00665 *6 to8 ~ — 10 
62 | 1797 | Nov. 8 | Sydney esis 7 
2 | 1798 | May 14 a pail ci Pint 10 
64 | 1799 | Nov. 15 | Hawkesbury and Sydney..| Seve 5 
67 | 1804 | Dec. 10 prose Not severe 4 
Sep. 24 | Hawkesbury ..............+++.| Severe(night) 5 
2 | 1806 | Nov. 9 ahead Bia aan Seve: 7 
22... 2 Re 2 oe ae eens 7 
aS). 3 are 6 Hawkesbury soncosectnvpapeee! Light 4 
) | 1809 | Sep. 13 | Sydney a 4 
3 | 1810 | Oct. 6 = Sev 7 
| | 1812 | Jan, 17 fe Very sons _ 
1812 | Sep. 12 ” 
isl See et ea Musket balls} 5 
3 | 1813 | Mar. 10 | Hawkesbury ..s....c..c+000 Neverequal’d) 1? 
78 {| 1814; ,, 10] Sydney Very severe 8 
79 | 1814 | Dec. 24 Bunbury Curran .........+0+ Severe 4 
) | 1815 | Oct. 1 | Appin Light 
Mar. 21 | Hawkesbury ...........0.-s0« 2 severe ones 10 
83 | 1818 & 23 
90 | 1823 | Nov. 13 | Wilberforce ............0++ Severe ‘ 
90 | 1824 | Jan. 1 | Sydney 
90 | 1824 | May 6 | Prospect Very severe 1 
91 | 1824 | Dec. 16 | Hawkesbury ..............:0+ ” 
94 | 1826 | Nov. 4] Pe Severe 
100 1829 | Jan. 13 8 ydney ” 
102 | 1829 | Aug. Bullets 
103 | 1829 | Oct. 22 | Parramatta and Sydney ...| Severe 
829| ,, 21 | Hunter “ 
1 1830 | Feb. Zz , a” 1 
107 | 1830 26 | Sydney ” : 
1831 | Feb. 21 ” 
1 833 | April 30 | Bathurst.... ” 
128 | 1834 | Nov. 1 unter ” 
1 ” 20 Bathurst aoe ? 7 
135 | 1837 | Oct. 31 | Maitland .| Very severe , 
135 | 1837 | ,, 28 | Sydney saaa] SOVETE , 
138 | 1838 ” 12 Yous sone 2 { 
1 1838 | Dec. 18 | Parramatta and Hunter ... ” ’ 
139 | 1839 | Jan. 8 | Mameroo...........0.sseeerreees ” eo 
] July 20 ae ” i, Manatee 
142 | 1839 | Aug. 22 | Sydney ...........- istedmeeyg oe - 
——— 


THUNDER AND 


HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. 


TaBLE I—continued. 


53 


Page: | Year. Month. Place. Character. Coef. 
144 | 1839.| Nov. 17 | Richmond .. ..............0.. Severe 10 
144 | 1839 | ,, 14 | Hawkesbury .................. é 8 
144 | 1839 | Dec. 16 alan a 9 
146 | 1840 | Mar. 25 Serer hoe pres cee = es 6 
149 | 1841 ct. 12 | Paterson oa 9 
150 | 1847 | July 2 as o 7 
150 | 1848 | Jan. 30 Brisbane Water ............ a 7 
152 | 1852 | April 5 | Mangrove *” 10 
152 | 1858 | Feb. 2 Brisbane Water ............ Very severe 8 
152 | 1 INOW 1B fo gg RR a eee Light 4 
153 | 1861 | Feb. 16 fo SOB Very severe 8 
153 | 1861 | May 3 ee eee vere 7 
154 | 1862 | Jan. 25 get TSS Oa ight 4 
154 | 1864 | Sept. 15 | Singleton ...............e. 00! Severe 10 
154 | 1864 6-10 | Lochinvel wd Sais at Light 4 
154 | 1864 | Nov. 4 | Singleton vere 10 


TABLE II, ee Nora 


years 1844 and 1548 to 


ened = Thunderstorms and ase? at South Head 


Year. Date. — Hail. || Year. Date. | tounder Hail. 
1844 | Oct. 15 Th. 1850 | Jan 2 Th. 
Seng BS AG at 
1848 | Nov. 15 Th. Feb. 11...) Th. 
. Th. oo a i 
ao i ee Th. 
1849 | Jan. 10...) Th. Mar.) 2 Th. 
»» deer, me (ied 
Feb. 16...) Th. eg? 28 a ae 
% 48 Th. Aprill4 Th. : 
” bier Th. pt. 1 Kk eae Hail. 
eee oes Th. ” 5.. ove Hail. 
Apel 17 33 he 3 ae Hig : 
i hs ae 3 ae 
” ] le 99 14 Th. eee Hail. 
ee ao. PY 15 Th. 
May 19. he Nov. 7 Th. 
Oct. 20 b h. 30 9 Th. 
Nov. 15. h. 3a} Ws eed 3 
oo 50% he Dec, 8. Th. 
2? vee he oe ae Th, 
Dec. 24.) Th; er FE oc ee 
” 3 eee y h. ry 22 se 
2 > - . a, 
» 26::.) Th, 2661 (Jan. 3...) “Th. 
” 2 b be < im ” 15 on Th, 
_ 29... as Th, 16 oo Te, 
SOS 


54 THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES, 


TasLe II]—continued. 


Year. Date. | Thunder. Hail. Year. Date. Thunder.| Hail. 
1861 | Jan. 22...) Th. 1853 | Feb. 7...|| Th. 
aga yore aaa i Th 
Feb. 16....| Th. 
Mar. «34.0. (Eli... wih daeade 
5 G...... Eh. 
ps Dene 
eo a 
yet MS 
pe SES Eh. 
” 27 wee " bh. 
Aprill4...| Th. 
Sept.13...| Th.. ...| Hail. 
= eat “Eh, 
Oct. aba” Th. 
Lo Th. 
ys eed DR. ons Lees . 
agen ae Baad bd ° 
mot. ch. LK, Th. 
oo Mou /Eh, . 
SN Sa Es Hail. . 
vw SEY Th. 
> Se é 
> Th. Th. 
Dec. 8 Th. Th. 
asee’.! Th, ee 
ie ee i 
ij, ee, Th. Th. 
= = So bg Th. 
# Th. 
1852 | Feb. -6 ... sepa 
Mar. 28...|. Th Th. 
April 6...) Th Th. 
Pun SEB. acs, Hail. | Th. 
duly ode. 2)... Tis a 
8 eis vew’ ff Mail, | Th. 
aed Th. el Y 
ne Th. 1855 Jan. 5 ES) Th. 
Oct. - 7 Th. 2 a i a 
a ug. ove 
x Th. Oct 8 | Th. ..| Baile 
Noy. 22 Th. Nov. 5...) Th Hail. 
2? Caer apo eee Hail. ” 28 ... Ti sn he : 
Dec... 8 Th. a 
Te 


————— and the 
Many of these dates may be two or three yale as the returns are woe arms 0 
date — always specified mo e fully than ‘* days’ thunder,” oF : 
two days.’ : 


: : “ 


dtéddd deddddddddddddddddd ‘dddd  dddddd ddddddde 


Gea) SS Seer ee Bee ee es ee eee et ee ae 


Bek pee | 
Se 26 ob OR. SA ee ee ee oe 


Year and 
Date. Aurora. | Thunder. | Remarks. 


| 


Taste Il—continued. 


AAS SAAR prea = 
. . ® 3 


TuunpeErstorms, &c., Sydney. 


THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. 


ont te 

F E 

: : - Ei 3 
iS. 

E dddddddddadae éeea ll I adda | ddédddddd dd ddd ddd 
: She heee & hb o> eae eG fas PEBirigiii: 
E PR Tt Ee SSeS ass hikwet oP ee ub 
iy| g2USRe-teonan "bia HRLR poe ee PRR aresoeaR 
S| “Z522c2282288 Agaadggiaeee geeuusege Ages sEipaieas 


56 


TaBLE I]—continued. 


THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. 


Year and | Aurora. | Thunder. | Remarks. || ¥°™®"4/ Aurora. | Thunder. | Remarks. 
1862. i Th. 
Dec. 8 ee f Phe EU eee ayan, “84 onak Th. 
Dec. 144 one The. oe dean, Of cd Th. 
Dee. 20}. 2233 The: Ue ee ey eF L.. te Th. 
Dee Flt iw j Th, Th. 
Dec. 25 F Phe). (oe yamiidan.: SIF. 2282 Th. 
Dec. 26 Hey The PS Seti Reb: Fb. ae Th. 
Dec. 31 The. ad, eethWeb. 164. ed BR Has bi 
per Th. 
eee Th. 
1 Th, 
Jan. 1 bag Th. 
= eee 2 eee The oe Apr EF Eo: cet Th. 
em 20 eg Th. Aurora? 
Peb: fly Lh Th. cate Th. 
Feb. 25 PRis.: sf ae mer Th. 
cPebs 2Gi  ssciks Th. Th. 
Feb: 27.033 bie, Ee ote iRen, TL ad Th. ...| Hail, large. 
Feb, 23 -i33 Thy, Th. 
Mar 3). 438 fy ene Hales iOck Th. jks Th. 
Mar, 6{ . i234 Th. Th. 
ce LY eee ere Hail Th. 
Aug. 12 v eae) errors Hail j|\Nov. 19] ...... Th. 
ee: ns ne Seria eae | Th. 
Oct, t oa ik Th, Th. 
Oct. 26 ht Thy Th. 
Dec. 9 per te eee Dees: SBP adc Th. 
TRBR eee ee Pe orien, I ek Th. 
Jan 4 et bia pe oe mh an BPE oboe Th. 
an, 10 boc The (bok Saprieb. 10): coe Th. 
Feb. 2 Lo) Thy, a. 
Feb, 7 4} This... Violent n. 
M. 3 2 Th S32 
May 16) act |The (f4 coet eb, 10} sau Te Pie 
Mao 22) Th. vd ne 
duly BP ik sock, (kad Mar. 19] ca hb. 
Bonk Gi toe be Pe Sencad et oo). tae * 
ee. eee Th. ,,...| Hail, re- wis 
Bont rt OE WE Bt ss Th. : 
Ss 2 on The ae a ie ES eee 
Oct. oy wee Th. sch 
Nov... 400 3a 4r Tes Hailalso\Oct. 20} ...... 
Nov: Gly saa Ute ia! 
NOY. 261 i333 Th, 
Dee 2 ee) Phe pe SING ZL eeeeves 
wee 20) 3 ney Ph if 
Dee. 14) wich) Ph: 
Dec. 20 eeeeee Th, ebenre 


THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. 57 


TasLe I1—continued. 


Yeorand ) aurora, | Maunder | Remarks. || ¥"12"4 | Aurora, | Pounder. Remarks. 
1 1 
Nov. 23 oid Th. Jan. te Th, 
eve 2OT ak Th. Feb, 2104 ct Th. 
it ae Ear Th. Feb. 134 ....85 Th. 
Dec. 17. ged ee 8S Hail also||Mar 21] ...... Th. iad 
ug. GOY -<uglt ic 
1867 Sept. 18] ...... Th. 
‘a <) aes Th. Sept. 21] | ....2 Th. 
wees 281 ca Th. Oat, 120 as Th. 
Jan. Tae -otuabe of iy Dec. sbeene Th. 
ee ee Th. Dec: 12}  ...... Th. 
Mar 18)... 2: Th. Dec. 24) we Th. 
meer 23)... Th. Dec. 25 - En, 
Mar. | eee Th, 
Mar. 25| ....:. Th. 1869. 
Mar, 96) .....:. Th. as a et ui 
Mar 27) |. Th. eam 0} atl dy 
Mar 98) 4 Th. ark. SEH ats Th. 
es Th, An. SO ...00% Th. 
Ap Gl ait Th. Heb. 10) ..0% Th. 
Apl. Th. Powder Ma-||Mar. 16] ...... Th. 
Apl. 12 Ty” ee Ae SO cht Th. 
moe TS) si Th. Sept. dS] ...:.: Th. ...|Hail, heavy 
ay. pie y Sept.i27!] -...0: Th. 
May 13/| ...... sins (Oct. 2| Aurora 
red coud id ets: TT ces = Hail 
RY 23 | oi m0 45 Oct Sa: cant 
May 27|}...... ess Nov. 18| ...... Th. 
June 24] |... 25 Nov. 19| ...... Th. 
July 27] | ...... “a0 Nov. 20| ...... Th. 
Sept. 5 saat A Nov. D0  csuik Th. ; 
Sept. 6|) 07” Des. Ul. aaa Th. ...| Hail 
Sept. a Th. Dec, 2.00 Th. 
Sept. 21} 2" Th. Hailalso|Dec. 7| ....s Th. 
Oe. 2) Th. Diet. 8) si Th. ...| Hail 
Ot: GO) us Th. Dec: 10° ...23 Th. 
Ob, Sl ks i Th, Dec: 16} | ...88 Th. 
Oct: SE] sas Th. Pee: ET. ced Th. 
a | eee © Th. eGR Wen | sesidbe Th. 
Nov, 2) os Th. Dec. 25 no Tf oR. 
mer.-20) ; ‘Th, ecici |. scltt ‘Th. 
Dee. Bl an Th. 
Dec. 7 “x 1 Th: 1870. 
Des1E] ii Th. Jan. 8 wp || Th 
Bl uhh Th, “Jan. wer {LB 
1 Feb. 1 Aue 
Mar. 
Jan, 12 ae vg & Dane 3 Hail Mar 2}: 2.200 Th. 
Jan. 16] ...,.. | Th. May &| ~4s Th. 
att eee 7 May 11]... Th. 
Jan. 18| 2". es a Aug. 14| wa Th. 
Jan. 27). 1c | Th. ug. 26| secs Th. 


“BS THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. 


Taste [1—eontinued. 


aeent Aurora. | Thunder. | Remarks. Fone Aurora. | Thunder.| Remarks 
9 Th. 
25) seed Th. 
9 as Th. 
14 Th. 
AH cee Th. 
2H aca Th. 
CN ele Th. ...| Hailalso 
AGH cates Th. 
ast gee Th. 
4 tej Th. 
8) iam Th. 
15} Aurora | Th. 
Gs scat Th. 
17 uro: ‘ 
18 | Aurora} ... 
Gil vce Th. 
ROE dee Th. 
< ASS eee Th. 
Ol hae Th.:- 
ap -/ $a Th. 
‘eat’ ieee Th. 
. ae Th. 
eho (ee Th. 
: SO wee Ths 
OR cuiias Th. 
DOr Gates Th. 

) Th. ; 

i clanat Th. 

cE Soe Th. 
seul Th: 

bic +e Th. 

bl ce The: 

i. Th. : 
jeews Th. i 
oe Th. : 

y Th. { 

Dl ata Th. ; 
ad Th. a 
alll me 


THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. 59 


oe 


Year and Year and 
Date: Aurora. | Thunder. | Remarks. | ate: Aurora. | Thunder. | Remark. 


eeeeee 


teens 


veeeee 


teehee 


teens 


seeeee 


oteeee 


inceda Th. ...| Hailalsd 


60 THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES: 


TasLE []—continued. 


Loma Aurora. | Thunder. | Remarks. bowel Aurora. | Thunder. | Remarks. 
1877. 1878. 
MEY 2B ea Th. ean WS] Wee oy ee 
ourg AB oa Th. Hailalso||Feb. 5] ...... Th. 
Aug 19} xy Th. feb. 1) asl Th. 
Sept. 10} sai. Th.. ...| Hailalso||Feb. 11] ...... Th. ...| Hailalso 
Sept. 12) «a. | Th. peel Sl sages Th. 2 
Sept. 23] 0... Th. Aug. 17) - a6 veces, 
Sept. 25) iw... Th. ...| HailalsojAug. 29] ...... Th. 
et at Th. he Fil: abs Th. 
OE Ot kt Th. OG SS es Th. 
Nov. 21 Th. Yec. 8 Th. 
Naw | ace. Th. Jeo. Fl aes: Th. 
Gt. OT ae Th Jae. Tl weak Th. 
ae | ee Th Jee. 16) aks Th 
Dec. 14 Jeo. 2H aes Th 
Dee. 18 | aK.. Th Jen. FE) an Th 
——$—— 


TABLE III, showing recorded Hailstorms and Thunderstorms in each year, 
from 1795 to 1878. 


ED 
Number | Number Number | Number | ppunder 
of Thunder ot f rs 
Year. Hail- Siento: hte Year. Hail- Thunder- = 
storms. storms. r storms. storms. 
ae 
ply 2 yaa 
795 1 1818 1 
1796 1819 
1797 1 1820 
1798 1 1821 
17 1 1822 
1 ite 1823 1 
1801 1824 3 
on 1825 es 3 
: : 1826 es] 
1804 1 z E 1827 ‘6 s ; 
1805 4 3 3 1828 ose 8 
1806 | 2 ss a 1829 | 4 : 2 
1807 a is os 1830 1 Zi A 
1808 es 1831 1 
1809 1 1832 ape 
1810 1 1833 1 
1811. ves 1834 2 
1812 3 1835 Ave 
1813 1 1836 ie 
1814 2 1837 1 oe 
1815 1 1838 2 ‘ 
1816 pes 1839 4 Se 
1817 a 1 | i 


THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. 61 
TasLE [il—continued. 

— — Thunder oe ee Thunder 
Year. | wail- |Thunder-| With Year. | wait |thunder-| vith 

storms. storms. storms. storms. o 
A.D. A.D, 
1841 g 1860 S 5 1 
1842 1 J e 1861 2 isi 
1843 a ~ 1862 2 ue 
1844 1 3 3 1863 5 2 
1845 1 = a 1864 2 20 1 
1846 7, 7 1865 3 1 
1847 1 1866 4 : 4 
1848 : 2 1867 1 29 1 
1849 21 1868 2 ) ie 
1850 6 21 3 1869 4 3 
1851 4 ai 3 1870 ie ) 3 
1852 3 12 1871 1 ) 1 
1853 1 13 ti 1872 at f x 
1854 1 20 1 1873 1 3 me 
1855 7 3 1874 1 } 1 
1856 2 i 1875 3 j 1 
1857 Sid 1876 1 4 5 
1858 3 12 1 1877 0 ) 4 
1859 1 19 1 1878 1 4 1 


(Diagram. ] 


24,26, 2627 2 


‘ 


Past i} ry 1 } 
oS : | . HH 
wie { | ae 
Pra) : eee anaee 
wn) i} } BCE 
ee = , Se a Sea 
= , ; i EEREEEEAERS 
mal Pepe eee 
O22 z ap elk pe ere Lhe = 
east 1g z + 2 === Snes eee 
a ihe, E Pe : : Prat ya + 
3; 7 4 | 1 Bul TSESSe Pt as 
a3 = +++ 44+ 7, 
A iat : Ps 
; at a a } i HO GD aes BeBe: 
- Zz a ae x ~ —+ DSS ee 
cae oe S505 COREE BEERS BEERS Pee 
~ BARE i Bean Sees SSS. a TTT LL! 
i BESS SSS28 S238 82. | Be Bae ee ome Ss 
‘ a HAG sees Pee es Bae eRe ee 
% I BEER SSRER 2S Bees 2 CHawS Rea 
2 BEREREBAE LEBER oeeee ese i BS SSe8e 2525 
| 1 i BSERSEaSES 
i 1 epic ote 
at | | BER EEE Rinks 
is =====--= 
Notrea rf 
Lil > ee 
fs a} au 2a 08 OS GS ee en oe 
= yeh st | | {| ! ; i ‘on S08 Ok OS on 
wo 2 Sauenn | PO 
Lad | a I Bag BT Is HB a EF SERRA RAES 
BSG REE ia anne roe BHR BRES 
= cect = rrr = 
a a I if |} T i BREE Dah s 
4 PEC = HHH SEE eae : 
rt RUBRSBE 2 
oad of |i} ERRS $ —— }—+—+ coo BS si 
% See eeeee : —_— : —— ———| | 
of Ti Titi i tt ee tT) — aa ZENEEA zm 
y OSee8 Re Ce er ; Pott Coo > 
SIS RBESe ees EGESHE | as La ss Hae EL a TT] i BES ae oo 
4 oo on on eS Ona ee Ses ee ea UES eeee rrr FA | Bae e 2p 4 
= T . | | i + t Bnane8 
BEG me SRE RB EE SEES SSS Sen0805 ee + T 1 +44 
EPESE REESE EREee Bee ee eretneas emer esena — = ean ~ 
1} ++ 
+++ , t T 1 1 ji + 
ptt Boek Tee j | 14 | | Geb sens 
fie pe eee , - 
cm COC 
oe of MASS SR | =———— anon 
at fad COCO oo | ] Por 
oe mr rt => os ne Ss TI a a8 
fs a) RRO S0E C0808 SOR Cee ee ee : C] HH 
Re ee eee Be ae Ce See eee | | aan 
oO: aamame Bes Rene Gee 7 : : 
oe os ee E aan nEe i cl 
oO a 
r=) HBERSHSEEERe ; a a 
ad ' : = 
} i ist =! 
> SEEOS DELS ARCs PEE PORES PE ee ee SEScaa5nE - 
2 HERR EARRRCE = 
. i TI I 
“ eer }_ 4 5! o 
< i j +4 x! 
x - | T a8 e 
I i ; I : 
i } i i i | 
{ j i | =——— — eee 
i t 
a | 
i i ay 
j | 
t | 
nm { | { i 
[a | i 
a i | 
- bad = t T T } } 
me Piittiiiiiiti it 
i =: | TZUSESeoE eee 
et fl + —~ 
bad 2] 
Bees ~t-! H 
eC af 
i. ° 
lil = : 
. oa 
GY: i eeuninden ~ 
w, CCH 2 
2 Varese = 
7 ; Bs 
rd makes ° 
a ters a fi 
oe HERE 
Pr? Ee 
EE Bane sane 
‘hated _ HEESEEBG 
- cot 
“it S Perna ae 
+ ere Cece 
pom ] : Coe 
- Be 
2 oe Coco 
. ZEEE aEGE 
A < TH iene 
[ : —— coer er = 
e+ f ks BaE Rea 
* Py Pies t= 
= rerum Ts Omen PEE 
3 os pitti. i ° 
; +4441 
= | 
3 Poor 
Poe 
= = SS ee 
Bis PEE 
: s5B parks 
a3 P Baas SG8Ea ae 
fat : ick 
os o 2 ie oe Be 1 Beare pra Sn F j 
hae) a ze 4 Z| fe Z| ome se ao Se 4 : ee : an aver 
Az rareiad = =e Preece i i BS (ats 
: i Fa A Se “eee He +H Ht 
- ¥ -— = —t Ol fad = ‘ “ AI stt 2 z > « x > = i = 5 
F nae a 
f Zi 75 Sees el 
e 5 2 A 
a Bs fabey im | 
a = a im [ = a 
iD ba a i | <=“ iw: 
ie ns im i ri f “| 
Se. . Tr im | 
ke +f i it i . 
ms ° ro im i 
ay ” ge if f tf it —— i 
oe < Perret | ae 
BS . | a SS f H * 
‘ fofalzinalcbtalz] fT a 2 
Ba: eg ‘ j J | LI | | Petr | 
BRS 


4. heck, 


SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES. 


JUNE 


| 
{ 
it 
PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHED AT THE GOVT. PRINTING QFFI 


ie SNS 
= 
aS 
ee SD 
ae 
hh c be acer SS ~ 
4 Fy 2 Das Rag waea 
~ aS a ZERSaEReseD ce 
pat: rR ? By 
ey BS me i 
% S 
er? i) 
aan 
ti BSS > Peper: 
Aor aan .- @ ° 
aN aoe 
eT ay = { 
art 
wip me 
(cote 
frie Coos 
eee oi 
Y | » 
nl Errr et ¢ 
aoe 
ap aa 
ac 
Qn 
al 
a) 
q a 
"7 2) 
a fttt “| 
* | a 
paar te 
ipaaal 
= | 12 a ea | 
= EEE 
[eo H it 
2 i 
EE 
| 5 | [ 
T ' 
° | im 
aioe I fa TI + } : 
° 5 ry 5a “td “ 
Pige, e : am Tt a Ty ci 
fe connate Bhalaielals perc « 
fs ealeate fi ER ER eS ‘ i 3 4 
ee ~ j % { 1 1 pe u 
zig @ 2 ete eae sm — o: Signi tata - 
ne i ji e ra * Daa IB 4 - nig aa ee aii fi a a z i ; wal 
& u eet 
joezrire Per 
a <j 
Oe 2 | en a 
nO * : 
tages 2 
3 e 
ai e 
ot - I t——f—t +f jd 4+ |, 
) J tw 
= Ine | ae 
a lalolay ar Po 2 
=] He tt 
at faa 
3] 
3] 7 
=| == i 
Fa fale lelale elm 
3 (Eel 
a] 
=] 
ae §] 
fates 2] 
<<; 
=? ’ 
=: 
omy = : 
° : 
u 6 
» eo 
- » 
uf = 
K, % 
| @ y 14 S$ 9 Z ) 
‘EE PPD2, “SIUNLOZP fo| Lagedryy 
SEE eee } | | | | | ‘SWwaLs TVA ONY Y3ONNHL 
4 AOE eee ee ne ROH ee te ee Cn ae raat r a8 


Recent Changes in the Surface of Jupiter. 
By H. C. Russet, B.A., F.R.A.S., 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 1 December, 1880.] 


gaze. 

The Sydney 114-inch equatorial is well adapted for such purpose, 
and freedom from uncorrected 

colour ; and in May, 1876, I therefore began a series of observa- 


m the sur 
clearly, and Sir W. Herschel saw the planet once in 1793 without 


belts being absent. : 

Cassini and others, judging of the condition of Jupiter from the 
Periods of rotation derived from different markings, came to the 
Conclusion that, since these times differed, the spots used in deter- 
Recht unen, must have a motion of their own, or that they were 


simply 


64 RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 


Sir William Herschel, in 1793, wrote :—“TI suppose that the 
bright belts of Jupiter included between the faint belts are zones 
wherein the ie of the planet is oo densely filled with 
clouds. The faint belts correspond to the regions in w. 
atmosphere is perfectly serene, and allows rs solar rays to reach 
the solid portions of ok planet, via according to my opinion the 
reflection is less. powerful than clouds,” 

Mr. Proctor, who ea made a poy 5) study of the conditions 
under which J upiter exists, thinks that since Jupiter, owing to 
his great distance from the sun, only receives ¢'5 part of the light 
and heat which reach the earth, it is ap that his atmosphere 
should be loaded with clouds as we see it, resulting from sun heat 
alone, and that it is therefore extremely pfobabilé that the giant 


ually enormous masses of clouds to be ga ar 
under the influence of the swift rotation of the giant 
Not otherwise, Mr. Proctor thinks, can one understand whence his 
atmosphere is loaded with vapour masses. ; 
The observed facts which I have to bring before 1 oe 


distance and the many difficulties which the terrestrial 


the detasla upon the surface of Jupiter, owing to his enorme yous 
po piter, § 5 hi re 
trained obser’ 


puts in our way. It is only the most patient and 
ing, aided by powerful telescopes, that enables us to detect - 
minute markings on the planet which are all-important in 


discussion before us. ofa 
There are markings, and even changes, which the possessor 


small telescope may see; but, to study Ju iter to 
r y u y 3 bia jee S 


result of my own observation has convinced me that fen 
think what follows will show that I have some groWl® 


thinking so ai 
Fi ne with regard to the permanence of the belts. Ibn i 
test this point by a careful any : 


a very fie micrometer. At that time the oquston wed 
four red-brown belts, which could be traced 

them was a fainter red colour, sufficient 
as one broad marking on the equator ; this was by n° or colot 
form ; in places the belts were interrupted by white 


-RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 65 


marki and some of these were subject to frequent changes ; in 
addition to these markings my measures included some fainter 
belts in the temperate zones and the polar ca 


to have disappeared, and the remaining two seem much altered in 
density, colour, and position, especially the northern one, which 
often seemed of a brilliant red. 

I selected a time for the measures when the great red spot 
was visible, so that its latitude might be thereby fixed. I was 
not a little surprised, when I came to compare these measures 
with others taken in 1876, to find that the one set might be sub- 
stituted for the other without much error; I then compared other 
measures that I had taken, with similar results, and looked to see 
if I could find older measures. So far I have only succeeded in 


years, and seem to have been very carefully made. They referred 
to the two extremes of each faint belt, which were no doubt the 
best marked features, and I find that they agree with my 


thus ap 
Seventy years, thefour best marked belts of Jupiter were found in the 
Same latitudes, and it is hence a fair inference that they are 
always there. During the four years over which my own work 
has extended, several fainter belts in the temperate zones and the 
Polar caps have remained in the same positions. 

Comparing the made June 2, 1876, and November 2, 
1880, photographed copies of which are attached, no one would at 
first sight think te 


66 RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 


one of the real difficulties that is constantly presented to the 
observer to distinguish one from the other, and so far as my 


constantly recur in the same place will be recognised as fixed, and 
we shall learn to what extent the clouds change the appearance of 
the planet’s markings. the measures given we a the 
division of the planet into zones in a general way corresponding 
ss those on the earth ; we have the equatorial belt, amt two in the 
mperate zones where the trades end; ours of course 
ends with the sun in his course 234 degrees on each side of the 
equator, but in Jupiter the sun’s change of declination is only 
three Serene so er the — — seem fixed or pein 80. 


in the given time; but this ae based as it is upon the 
possible velocity of the terrestrial winds, must be received with 
caution ; because we know that clouds are not always caused 
ut in some cases seem to form or disappear in afew mainutes 
over terrestrial areas so great that it would be impossible for aly 
wind to travel fast enough to form them. I have known 
form in five minutes over the whole of a clear sky, and disappest 
at other times with similar rapidity. Now the le 
which we can place the horizon limited by such 
so that the clouds must form over a spot 80 waa s in 
least in five minutes ; ; and for any wind to do this wo 
velocity of 960 miles in an hour, a speed which we meg 


ould mean & 
the. aes 


such causes of change act upon both planets, or cconal the | # 
peek eS is an interesting question upon W 
to make some remarks presently. 
Turning again to the principal belts eo pian 4 
some of levinigeaae ace taken, being ar 
referred in the preceding remarks. I wish they had 
some years since, but I did not foresee their impo: 


RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 67 


EASURE OF THE EQuaToRIAL Betts. 
Measuring from the south pole of Jupiter to each belt in suc- 
cession. 


” 
South pole to BE 2... ssscccsseees 13°60 1554 15°94 
> blag wag py 20°60 19°71 19°34 
yn dee eRe aes 23°67 22567 2455 
peveeb iste 29°12 31°86 


” %? H 

* The letters refer to the same belts in each year. 

Tt will be seen that these measures F’ and G refer to the two 
equatorial belts which are situated one on each side of Jupiter's 
equator, in latitude 18° north and south ; each is about 4,000 miles 
wide, and very regular in form. In the northern one the air is 
probably clear, and the light that we see it by is very little, as we 
should ex from i 


from all other markings, as if it were above them and made up of 
& number of bright red bars laid side by side, forming round the 
planet a magnificent girdle which has a lustre like si 


18 oltener a warm brown colour, and although nearly as w 
defined as the northern one, it is by no means so striking. : 
Going northwards from the equatorial belts, we find in latitude 
36° to 38° another well-defined but usually faint belt, of which I 
tie more to say presently; and in th th latitud oth 
which in 1876 was clear enough, but is now often invisible, 
Probably because the south pole of Jupiter is turned away from 
sun. On this belt is the now well-known red spot. Besides 


* See diagram, 
H 


68 RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 


Next to the great girdles which encircle Jupiter, “the red 
— is certainly the most remarkable feature me has ever been 
etected upon it; 30,000 miles long, by 8,500 miles wide, it 
covers a surface very much greater than that 2 te whole of the 
earth, and is easily seen with good telescopes, but ina 


red, and why a different red from any other marking, are questions 
not yet answer 

It is generally looked upon as a recent marking, and I have 
been at some trouble to trace its history, and shall I be beable 
to show you that it is much older than many suppose. The 
published account of it is by Mr. F. C. Dennett, in the “ English 
Mechanic” for 1879, page 277 ; he there asks if any one had seen 
a pink-coloured patch on the south temperate zone of Jupiter, 
which he had many times observed, and saw for the first time on 
July 27, 1878. From a letter in the “ Observatory” for Januaty 
1879, it appears that Mr. Pritchett saw the same marking first 
on J uly 9th, 1878 ; since then there have been many letters on the 
subject, but I have not seenany earlier date mentioned thanJuly 9th. 
On referring to my own drawings and notes I find that 1 first saw it 
separated from the belts on July 8th, 1878; it was then a faint 
and difficult object to see, but m drawing gives jt a form | 


recognising it as an old friend that I had re 


with one made November 2 2, 1880. ‘The drawings are all careit 
made, estimating the siz e of each marking compare ~ with 
whole planet, so that ‘east may be put on the paper cl st 
as possible ; and I find, on comparing them, that P they ee 

in accord, so much so that I have mines in the dimensions 


the north side of os spot would be a little more, cm the pe 3 | 


not changed. eee ys comparing the et June 2 bet 
with others, I found I had drawn it in the same pe riod 
11, 1880; and taking the most recent ° value -of shal! jt bas 
rotation, it exactly measured this interval, showing ta" 


RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 69 


changed in longitude. Finding the proof of its permanence so 
looked amongst 


show it in the same latitude and longitude as my own observations. 
The colour is there described as reddish and reddish Jeo. but 
no particular remarks are _— about it. Looking furt. 

found a drawing made by the keen-sighted ar on 27th 
November,1857, in which a acanilta form is depicted, but without 
— its latitude is the same, and the os also ; but too 
much weight must not be given to this, for a small difference in 
the period of Jupiter’s rotation (a rather uncertain quantity) would 
make all the na in such a long period between agreement 

and disagreemen 


groun 
form is no proof to the ential where clouds have so much 
uence upon visible outline, and the changes in form are r 
not great. At present both ends are blunt-pointed ; in 1876 the 
preceding end was round and the following pointed ; and from 
Earl Rosse’s drawings it appears that the preceding end was pointed 
and the following end rounded; and such changes are not important. 
I confess wegen that, before I collated my measures, the impres- 


The colour I have selected by esnia to represent the colour 
of the spot is by day-light of a htiok yellow, and when compared 
With a scale of colour which gives six shades between me and 


@ mar : 
It is worth note that the salle of a spot on 
were uminous this would not be the case. 


Measures oF THE Rep Spor. 

In June, 1876, it was 1380 long and 4”-60 in pee: on 
ber 3, 1880, it was 4”-°35 wide, the length was ot then 
measured ; on October 7, 1880, it was 15”-73 long and vo 28 in 
on October 28, 1880, it was measured again, 15”-00 

and 4” 26 in sre : 
€ writing about the persistent position of this spot, I may 
mention that, _ August 6, 1878, at _ 10m. p-m.; * saw a 
small white spot of striking brilliance, much brighter in fact than 


70 RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 


anything else visible on Jupiter ; it was on the northern side of the 
south equatorial belt, and a little in advance of the red s spot. At 
the time there was a great development of colour — ™” 
belts, and this spot presented a clearly defined disc. It 

again under similar circumstances on October 5, 1878, se peer 
not again until October 11, 1880, when it seemed to have 

into being more brilliant than I had ever seen it before ; it looked 
like some > shining white substance laid on the dark belt, which it 
seemed to cut half in two. With a power of 300 it presented a 
well defined oval shape, the longer axis of which was inclined at 
about 30° to the dark belt, and its north end preceding. 
unusual was it that at first L refused to believe it had an existence 


spot was not visible. I loo ed on Pili arene opportal 


times before clearly ij but I never saw one with a br 


time this spot was seen it had the same relative peat 
There are locaral of these spots on the planet that I a 
watching closely for some time past. They are are all not 
round spots, generally less than a second in diameter. It gi 
an uncommon thing to see their places pene by white + weet 
much larger, and probably of clouds ; and o el novel @ spot 
striking change: it was on September 14, 1878, and es 
seemed to cut the south equatorial ban d alm 
situation was in the same longitude as the following ete 
spot. After I had finished my drawing and was ey oak nd 


disc of the others, and I have never ge it 
believe, because I have not looked at the right time "for 
has the same cloud peculiarities as others where ehich E 5s 

There are some of these cloud-like markings W si eo 
further investigation will prove to be permanent feat 


RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 71 


lanet, and in some way connected with the white spots, for I 
have observed that in four instances certainly, and I think in 
every one, where a spot is visible, there is always to be found on 
the preceding side of it a cloud-like form, which extends into a 
diagonal, the end near the spot being the preceding end; in one 
or two instances the existence of a diagonal in a particular place 


mountains. The is insufficient to convince one, but quite 
enough to make the suggestion, and to lead to the hope that we 
shall know more about it These markings seem much more 


eas 
of their number I may mention, that at ten minutes past 8 p.m. 
on September 19, 1878, I saw no less than five well-defin 
diagonals extending from the south belt towards the north 
one, and one coming from the north towards the south: at 
this time the red spot was just passing off the planet, and next 
night I examined the part before the spot and found similar 

rks extending at least one-fifth of Jupiter’s circumference, so 
that at that time almost the only markings between the belts were 
diagonal 


which it cut half in two; it looked like a mass of cloud, more 
& " 


Tt i easy a Be lar but exceedingl 
difficult to ebbedsse ss CBbabe? i th dark shade. 


72 RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER, 


When the air is favourable the large telescope reveals a 
series of narrow bands upon which darker markings are sometimes 
seen ; those in the north cap are fleeting, and the same may be 
said of a white spot seen there some time since. On the south cap 
there is a dark marking on the edge which has existed for some 
time ; this is about the same longitude as the red spot, and from 


im outline, as if very much disturbed—in fact it 
features to those which mark a great disturbance in the next 
the 


? 
it has for a long time, if not always, been marked by a dark a4 
half the size of and preceding the red spot. The nearest eg 
to the equator on the north side is a particularly interest 
because of the great changes which take place in it. In e “0 
formed one of the f (then) ly equal equatorial belts, aie 
and colour it was inferior to none ; in 1878 it had become papers 
as it is now, and has so remained until within the past few vas 
it has often been quite invisible when the equatorial — saw 
very bright. On the 28th October, at 11 p.m., this yeal than 
that - 


a part of it was enlarged, and much darker in wee . 
usual, and upon ipisaielsilgg hcenihiy I saw two black pes ae 
part, and noticed that just preceding this the belt W® 

right in two by a band of white light similar to the three Wack 
surface. The following night I saw that there were ™ om 
x and that all this belt following them for . distant 
thing like half the circumference of Jupiter was V' and this 
in colour and fully three times as wide as it had been, oe 


for the diameter of the belt had been increased from S! 
hundred miles to 2,000 miles, for a length of 120,000 
short space of a few days. 


-RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 73 


For the two following nights the air was not in a good state for 
observation, and I did not see anything about which I will now 
detain you. I may, however, mention that on November lsta 
great enlargement, about 20,000 miles long, was seen in the belt 
north of thisone. 


On November 10th this belt had become so much enlarged and 
deeper in colour that it was almost as conspicuous as the north 
equatorial belt, and the edge of it was most irregular, the whole 
belt looking as if it were made up of a line of cumulus clouds 


more disturbed. On the 14th, 8h. 15m. p.m., at a spot then in the 
centre of Jupiter, the disturbed belt appeared cut down to its 

inal dimensions, and one-half was the old belt and the other 
the new one, if I may so express it. I found that this point of 
contraction was not in the same longitude as the one before men- 
tioned, but about 120 degrees after it. Since then the appearance 
of this belt has frequently changed, and when I saw it on the 25th 
it seemed to be made up of a series of loops or arches, and was 
more striking than ever. 

I will not longer detain you with notices of any of the many 
other changes I have seen ; but I think you must have noticed, 
in what has been said, that these changes seemed intensified i 
November ; and the reflection is suggested to me that the earth, 
in the same period, has been changing its appearance to an outside 

er. With the t st d earthquakes which have visited 


the northern hemisphere, and in the long succession of cloudy 


hich we have experienced, a distant 
hanges on the : Wea | 


rth passes through the great meteor stream, is a time at which 
ais ; y thunderstorms reach Have these meteors, or some 
external cause, anything to do with the chan which have 


dashing into the sun with a momentary flash stirred the magnet- 
ism of the earth, and recorded itself on the self-recording magneto- 


74 RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 


meters at Greenwich, it would not be safe to say that there is no 
common cause for the changes we have been considering; and I 
am sure this suggestion would have come to you with far greater 
force if you could, with me, have watched, between the terrestrial 
clouds, the many changes going on in Jupiter. Much was missed, 
I know, for I saw many things after they were done, in a glimpse 
as it were ; for instance, after a week of clouds here, I saw on 
November 14 that the whole aspect of Jupiter’s northern hemi- 
sphere, from latitude 36° northwards, had changed from a bright 
surface marked by faint belts, to one mass of belts, in which the 
common ones were lost, and a host of strange markings put m 
their place. Answers to the questions—how, and when, and 
why all this took place, were covered up by the clouds that lasted 
here from November 7th to 14th. 


a 
belt of clouds, shining white in the sunlight, probably almost as 
white as the snow caps ; on the equatorial sides he would see the 
clearer regions of the trade winds, at times marked by pe 


restrial air clear at the same time as own, it 


next to impossible to distinguish forest-covered earth from ocean 5 


ponderous cloud bank, black enough to obliterate ev 
beneath it, and perhaps, most conspicuous of all, wo 
brilliant white cloud ring which generally surrounds the agile 
somewhat broken and irregular in outline though it be. i wil 
ing these cloud features, he would see them travel north am ibe 
with the changing declination of the sun, and wonder whether 
few bright points could be the only fixed things on the 


Just so, I think it is, that we see Jupiter. Our wee 38° 
by the belts. We see on the polar sides of laty change; 
almost uninterrupted bright zones, where there is but i rent 
but from these latitudes towards the equator the case 38” 38° to | 
at one time we find white zones covering everything from time} 
18° on each side of the equator, as we see it at the pee 
at another time all this is changed, and their place 1 
ever-changing light-red-coloured rings as in 1876. 


‘RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 75 


at one time we see the brightest cloud zone on the planet, = at 

another a faint red one, which a that between the terr 

trades is ever chan its fea On each side of this are 

situated the darkest rings to be tual on the planet, and through 

these probably is our only chance of seeing the true surface, 

excepting those momenrenes mountain tops which parting clouds 
reveal, 


[Diagrams. ] 


pretereerret ones) tts htt ae. 
Pad Se EE eh at te ie ee ke dim Call eee 


JUPITER AS SEEN WITH 114-INCH REFRACTOR AT SYDNEY, 


June 2, 1876, eo 2, L880. October 28, 1880. 
10.40 p a SMT. ip. S.M.T. 7.10 p.m., S.M.T. 


5e5-8! 


Measures of Japiters Belts at Sydney 
7.80pm Jane 23577 1876. 


N. 


K 45:78 


Measurements of Juputers Bats at Jydney. 


November 2% 1880 


atti dhetr sg oa enna AT THE =n hahaa ape acy OFFICE. 
SYDNEY, NEW SOUT 


Remarks on the Colours of J upiter’s Belts, and some 
changes observed thereon during the opposition 
of 1880. 
By Geo. D. Hirsr. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 1 December, 1880.] 


T am not able, I am afraid, to add much of interest to the paper 

just read by Mr. Russell. My own observations of Jupiter this 

Opposition have not been anything like as complete as I could wish, 

A long spell of cloudy weather when the planet was in its most 
ae . : 


especial atten 

the colours of the belts and polar regions. For this work tl 

Silvered glass reflector is particularly suitable, on account of its 
mati 


ism. 
The following is a brief review of some of the salient features 
of the planet noted during the last three months :-— é 
North polar shading :——This maintains the fine sea-green tint 
noted by me first in 1876, but the colour is more pronounced. I 
red to 


: light- ; 

siderably in colour, on some occasions appearing almost — 

and very ragged ; a large black spot has been noted on it of an “ 
defined form ; it seems subject to rapid change, as after an Interv: 


78 THE COLOURS OF JUPITER’S BELTS. 


of two revolutions it has appeared so faint as barely to be visible 
in mid-transit, but I have seen it again on succeeding nights as 
conspicuous as before. 
South of the north pole shading, and between it and the 
northern equatorial belt, runs a narrow purple streak; it com- 


occasions vines without tdodiee the separa 
The northern equatorial belt appears fesse as it iat 
year, of a bright brick-red colour. I say generally, for on one or 
— — I have noted the entire disappearance of the re 
h has been replaced sh a dull-brown colour. Two of the 


series of the most astounding Piseeeat oce arial “on a on™. 


position due to the sian of the planet: The portio 

equatorial belt immediately north of the great red spot is oo 

i noticeable for its rapid 2 ati ; I have noted ae 
esembling cyclonic action her 


mixed occasionall with a tinge of crimson lake or s0 et 
colour. These lattes tints aa not eres and co 
seen on a fine night. The rose or crimso enerally runs 
the southern border of the belt. 4 | 
South of the equatorial band is the great red 4 
of a fairly symmetrical shape, both ends being Sightly a af : 
looks larger to me than it did last year, and the colour 18 ie 
undoubtedly brighter ; it appears to be now rather that of th 
red, anyhow its colour is certainly much beac ase bie wing : 
northern equatorial belt. Two _ — 
have been seen on favourable occas bal 
Between the great spot and the et equa mnie 
band has lately come into view ; I am certain 1 ) 
prior to opposition; it is remarkable hoe its reddish bro in of the at 
and appears to me to be an indication of the filling | 
between the spot and the equatorial ban + has for /gowe 
The south pole shading still appears to me, aS? + changes av? 
years past, of a warm grey colour, and no im 


THE COLOURS OF JUPITER'S BELTS. 79 


30th September occurred an opportunity seldom to be met with, for 
about 9h. to 9h. 30m. the conditions for observing were absolutely 
perfect with a power of 500, which the mirror bore with ease ; 
north and south polar shadings were seen to consist of hundreds 
upon hundreds of the minutest belts, but so fine were they and so 
close together that the slightest tremor of the atmosphere sufficed 
to merge them into each other. I tried the experiment several 
times of placing my warm hand against the outside of the tube, 
and the slight disturbance of the air inside caused by this instantly 
obliterated them. It was a beautiful sight, and a fine testimony to 
the excellence of Mr. With’s mirror. 

have confined these few remarks chiefly to the colours of the 
various features of the planet ; in other observations connected with 
it, abler hands than mine have doubtless turned this opposition to 

account. 


81 


A Catalogue of Plants collected during Mr. Alexander 
Forrest’s geographical exploration of North-west 
Australia in 1879. 


By Baron Ferp. von Murnier, K.C.M.G., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 7 July, 1880.] 


species gathered between Nickol-Bay and King’s Sound, as the 
collections, obtained in the further progress of the journey, were by 


have gradually grown so extensive, that now nearly half of the 
whole vegetation of the Australian con : 

Within the boundaries of the vast West Australian territory. 
Further searches will doubtless add still much to the phytographic 


material a permanent footi ere. 

To this list of names rp Se and their localities I have added 
Some data from my unpublished diaries of the expedition of 1855 
and 1856, in which I accompanied Mr. Aug. Gregory, as T was 


twenty-three years for the first time revisited by Mr. Forrest and 
his party, were mostly destroyed on the from Timor to 
Sydney, so that many of the localities now given from my journal 
remained ever since ed. 


82 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N. W. AUSTRALIA. 


This contribution to the phytography of North-west Australia 
may also tend to draw additional attention to the cultural 
resources of the vast region recently explored in so able a manner 


light of geography has so recently been shed, are adjacent to many 
safe and spacious harbours ; and when we reflect, how short a dis 
tance this new country is separated from India, and how easily 
the products of North-west Australia can be rendered also accts 
sible through the Suez-Canal not only to the countries on the 
Mediterranean Sea but also to Britain,—then we may point 
this newly opened part of the fifth continent as one of the most 
promising of any fields for immigration, for the safe and ere 
investment of monetary capital, and for the display of skill 
assiduity of intelligent colonists. 
MENISPERMEZ. : a 
Tinospara smilacina, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soe. v. supp) P 
Ord River, Margaret River; Hooker's Creek, Termination 


Lake (F. v. M.) ais 
NYMPHAEACEZ. ~-whitte- 

Nymphaea stellata, Willd. sp. pl. IL, 1153, Near Mt that the 
noom (F. v. M.). Dr. hae ne para 


Egyptian 1. coerulea of Savigny is specifically 
may here incidentally be observed, that We elumbo 
been noticed near Mt, Elliot by Mr. Fi 


CaPPARIDEZ. Ord Rive | 
Capparis lasiantha, R. Br. in D.C, prodr. 1, 247 jones 
Found as far south as the Gascoyne River by BF 1x, 1 


It 


be united with Gynandropsis, as proj - thar River 

Cleome tetrandra, in Cand. prodr. L, 240, Wie os panesy 
Found as far south as the Comet River by "River. Notie 

owalidea, F. v. M. Fragm. I., 69. Wi cee 

on the Gilbert River by Captain Armit. 


CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 83 


CRUCIFERZ, 
Lepidiwm pedicellosum, F. v. M. fragm. XL, 27. Ord River. 


DROSERACER. 
Drosera Indica, L. sp. pl. 282. Margaret River. 


MALVACEs. 

Hibiscus m microchlaenus, F. v. M. Fragm. IL, 116. Margaret 
River, Ord River; Stirling’s Creek, Termination Lake, F, v. M. 
Noticed on the Triodia sandhills as far south as the vicinity 
of Fowler’s Bay by Mr. Tietkens, who observes that the 
dromedaries delight to feed on this ery 

Hibiscus panduriform rmis, Burm. Fl. Ind. p., 151, t., 47,f,2. Benn 
River (south of Connaught aes near Mount Compton, 
near Depot Poo 

Hibiscus eee F. v. M. Fragm. II., 13. Margaret River, 
Humbert River, near Depot Pool, Wickham River 

Hibiscus Jiculneus, L. sp. pl, 695. Rich fey. country F.0 the 


crane australe, F. v. M. Fra, "16. po aes River, em 
River, Negri River (east of edaoaks Ranges) ; Termina 
tion Lake (F. v. M.). 

Sida corrugata, Lindl. in Mitch. three Exp. IL, 13. Margaret 


Abutilon otocarpum, F. v. M. in Transact. Philos. Soc. Vict. 1855, 
p. 13. Hooker’s Creek (F. v. M.). 

Malvastrum spieatum, Asa Gray in Plant Fendler. 23. Ord 
River ; Termination — (F. v. M.), 

Adansonia Gregorii, F. v. in Hooker's Kew Miscell. IX., 14. 
Wickham River (F. v. ML). 

STERCULIACEX. 

Waltheria Americ na, L. sp. pl., 637. South of Connaught Ranges. 

Melochia pyramidapa, i sp. pl., din South of Connaught Ranges. 

B: achychi ton ramiflorum, R. Br. forsf. Plant Javan. rarior. 


Bruchyehiton sere R. Br. in Horsf. Pl. Jav. rar, 234 
East of Hum 


Corchorus. sidoides, F. v. is Fragm. IIL, 9. _ East of Connaught 


I 


84 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA, 


URTICEAE. 

Trema cannabina, Lour. Fl. Cochin. IL, 562. East of Connaught 
Ranges, near Mt. Compton ; Wickham River (F. v. M.). 
Ficus coronulata, F, v. M. in Journ. Neerl. 1861, 242. East of 

Osca: r Ranges, east of Connaught Ranges. 
BIxacE®, 
Cochlospermum heteronemum, F. vy. M. in Hooker’s Kew Sasi 


Miscellany, [X., 15. Ord River, between ught 
Rudolph Ranges ; Stirling’s Creek (F. v. M.) ; Glenelg River 
i iver). e name of this 


Cochlospermum Gillivrayi occurs on the Endeavour River 
and at Cape Sidmouth (Dr. Curdie), C. Gregoryi on the Nor 
man River (Gulliver). : 
MELIACER. ae 
Melia Azedarach, L. sp. pl., 384, var. australis. North of Oscar 
Ranges ; Victoria River (F. v v. M.). re 
SAPINDACER. 
Dodonaea platyptera, F. v. M. Fragm. I.,73. At sirting’s Or 


and in its vicinit 


ys 
Dodonaea tt F. v. M. Fragm. 1, 74. South of Rudolph 
Ran 


Dataeaie. polyewve F. v. M. Fragm. 1, 74. East of Oscar Ranges 
Negri River ; Sturt’s Creek “(E. v. ’M). 

Distichostemon Aiabedieis, F. v. M. in Hooker's pe Miseell. 
., 306. Hooker’s and Sturt’s Orosks (F. v. Coane 

irk er, Halicacabum, . sp. pl., 366. South vod 

. Austr. L., 463. Ord 

* fen Hotere atu as and Rudolph Ranges, ae P 

Pool ; Sturt’s and Hooker’s Creeks oe v. ee De 


characteris 
EvPHORBIACES. cae 

Adriana tomentosa, Cand. in Ann. Scien. Nat. 1 série mL 

East of Connaught Ranges, near Depot Poo or as! 
Excaecaria Agallocha, L. sp. pl. ed. secunda, 1451, var. PY | 

South of Rudolph Range. Miscell 

dodulars F. v. M. in Hooker's Kew ots 
On Hooker’s Creek and near the sources: 


Si arene ana 


CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 85 


Andrachne a Benth. Flora Austr. VL, 88. Near Depot 
Cree v. M.). Probably perennial. 

Euphorbia Cities F. v. M. in Cand. Prodr. XV, part IT, 20, 
Near Port Darwin. 


Euphorbia eremophila, All. Cunningham in Mitchell’s Tropical 
Austr., 348. Hooker's and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. M.). 


FICOIDEz. 
Mollugo Glinus, A. Rich. Flora ae I, 48. East of Connaught 
nges; Sturt’s Creek (F. v. 
Mollugo Spergula, L. sp. pl. edit. | sec., 131. Near Termination 
Lake (F. v. M.). 


NYCTAGINE. 
Boerhaavia diffusa, L. sp. pl., 3. Margaret River. 
SALSOLACE. 
Salsola Kali, L. sp. pl, 212. Hooker's and Sturt’s Creeks. 
Kochia villosa, Lindl. in Mitch. Trop. Austr., 91. Ord Rive 
Rhagodia nutans, R. Br. prodr., 408. Near Ord River ; Sturt's 
Creek (F. v. M.). 
Dysphania pe Bime eee F. v. M. Fragm. I., 61. Between Con- 
naught and Rudolph Ranges ; ; also at Ni ckol Bay, Mrs. Crouch 
(spike 6 inches long) ; near Wittenoom Mountains (F. v. M.) 


AMARANTACEE, 
Gomphrena canescens, R. Br. Prodr., 416. Margaret Riv 
—- afinis, F. v. M. in Bent h. Flora Austr. Vie 254. "Sturt’s 
eek 
Amarantus Peeters R. Br. Prodr., 414. Sturt’s Creek, F. v. M. 
t may here brpmenee be observ that A. enervis, of 
which A. tenwis seems to be a ariety, is either identical with 
Reacpoccae, Pik pig or Sraate alli it. 
Ptilotus alopecuroides, F. v. M. Fragm. VI.,227. Upper Victoria 
River, Sturt’s and Hooker's Creeks. 
Ptilotus exalia tatus, Nees in Lehm. pl. Preiss. L., 630. ae of 


often d 
ee & Sean, Poiret Piston, suppl IV. 520. Hooker’s and 


s Creeks (F. 
P shi a corymbosus, BrP Br. Prodr., 415. Stirling’s Creek (F. v. M.). 
Piilotus peilotrichotdes, F. v. M. fragm. X1., 94, (Psilotrichum 


capitatum fragm. 238). Near Negri’s River. 
Achyranthes aspera, L. ‘sp. 4 205. Ord River, Sturt’s Creek 
M.). 


° Ve 


86 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 


PORTULACE. 
aa ie oleracea, L. sp. pl., 445. sree in the inland region ; 
uable to travellers as spinage or raw as an antiscorbutic 
herb on account of its pap sale ; variable in its forms and tant 
ticularly in the size of its he 
and on Sturt’s Creek the weber met a variety with foal 
fully red ae as showy as those of P. grandi iflora. 
Portulaca napiformis, F. v. M. in Benth. Flora Austr. L, 169. 
Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. M.). tals never 
emarginate as those of P.,.oleracea. 


POLYGONEZ 
Polygonum plebejum, R. Br. Prodr., 420. Between Connaught 
and Rudolph Ranges. 
Muehlenbeckia Cunninghami, F. v. M. Fragm. V., 91. Hooker's 
and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. M.). 


LEGUMINOS. 
Jacksonia thesioides, A. Cunn. in Ann, Wien. Mus. IL, 74. Neat 
Rudolph Range. 
Jacksonia odontoclada, F. vy. M. in Benth. Flora Austr. IL, 59. 
Near Rudolph Range. 
Mirbelia 7 eeu F. y. M. Fragm. IV., 12. Near Termination 
Lake (F. v. M.). Petals yellow IL 
Bossiaea phy viloclade F. v. M. in Transact. Philos. Inst. Viet 15 
2. Near Mt. Compton. ouiile 
Crotalaria Cunningham’s, R. Br. ps ace to Sturt’s Vent 
Austr., 8. Sturt’s Creek (F. v Mueller 
Crotalaria ‘lintfolia, L. fl. suppl. ee 328, Between M 
sas ange and Ord Rive 983, Bet on Ord 
rotalaria pap scab ‘Willd. sp. pl. IIL, 
iver and eer er Range, Bata Connaught Ranges, nes 
Mt. Coal 179. 
Crotalaria orapat, F. v. M. in peices a bees & ee 


ecurrent stipules ; the specimens small- 
is new for Australia. River, ; 
Lotus gata Andr, Botan. Rep. tab., 624. Fitzroy “ 
of Os r Ranges, Ord River, Humbert River. 
Psoralea canbe F. v. M, Fragm. IV., 35. 
Psoralea plumosa, F. v. M. Fragm. IV, 22. 
(F. v. M.). 


CATALOGUE OF PLANTS-——N.W. AUSTRALIA. 87 


Psoralea leucantha, F. v. M. in Transact. Vict. Institute TIL, 54, 
Margaret River, east of + Connaught Ranges ; Sturt’s Creek, 
(F. v.. M.). 
Psoralea balsamica, F. v. M. in Transact. Vict. Institute IIT, 55. 
r Ran 


East of ges, 

Psoralea Archeri, 7 v. M. Fragm. IV., 21. East of Oscar Ranges, 

enn River. 

Psoralea patens, Lindl. in Mitch. three Exped. II., 9. Near Mt. 
Krauss, between the Connaught and Rudolph Ranges, near 
Depét Pool ; Sturt’s Creek and Termination ae (F. v. M.). 

Indigofera linifolia, Retzius observ. IV., 29. Sturt’s Creek. 

Indigofera monophylla, Cand. prodr, IL, 222. Ord River. 

Indigofera trita, L. fil. suppl., 335. Negri River, Humbert River. 

Indigofera viscosa, Lam. Diction. IIL, 247. Between Mt. Krauss 
and Mueller’s Range. 

Indigofera hirsuta, L. sp. pl., 751. Near Mt. Krauss; Sturt’s 

M.). 


:¥ 
Tephrosia flammea, F. vy. M. in Benth. Flora Austr. IL, 204 
N . 


M. 
Tephrosia coriacea, Benth. Flora yolk II., 204 ; var. velutina 
South of iia sing Ranges. 
Tephrosia uniovulata, F. v. M. Fragm. X1., a Margaret River, 
between Muelle Range an Ord Rive 
Tephrosia rosea, F. vy. M. in Benth. Flora ak IL, 211. East of 


Tephrosia pa Pers. Synopsis Plant IL, 329. Ord River ; 
Stirling’s Creek (east of Connaught Ranges). 
nsona oligophylla, F. v. M. in Benth. Flora Austr. IL, 218. 
East Oscar Ranges. Nearer the equator than any 


congener. 
Mubotas acu aculeata, Pers. syn. pl., 316. Between Connanayt and 
Rudolph Ranges. thence towards Mt. Compto 
simpliciuscula, F. v. M. in Benth. A Ace IL, 2153. 
Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.). nec aie dark-coloured. Upper 
petal with or without dots or red spots. Legumes long, erect. 
Seeds prismatic-oblong, brownish, shining, about 2 lines long. 
aoe beset with small bulbilles. Pa ee 
ma grandi Pers. Syno ickham 
Erytha ight) Benth. in Mitch., Trop. Austr., 218 ; status 
normalis ; Humbert River. Varietas biloba, Ord River. 
Ehynchosia —— Cand. Prodr. II., 380. Between Mueller 


Ord River. 
Canavalia sslanytia a Prodr. IL, 404. vin! hs ret River. 
Bauhinia Leichhardtii, in Transact, Vict. Inst. IIL, 50. 


Margaret River, Ord Fives near Mt. Copii and Depot 
Pool; Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks and Termination Lake 
i ¥, M.). 


88 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA, 
Cassia ange Cand. Prodr. II., 945. Margaret River, Ord 
Rive 


Cassia dirvinta, ¥ . v. M. Fragm. L., 165. East of Oscar i 
Humbert River, Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M 
Cassia ie Ag te F. v. Ser Fragm. L., 166. Between Mueler 
and Ord Riv 
Cassia ‘dealing F. v. M. in Linnea, 1852, p., 389. Margaret 


Cassia mimosoides, L. nis pl., 379. Between Rudolph Rangeand 
Mt. Compton. ced by me southward to the vicinity of 


e 
Acacia Sentis, F. y. M. in Journ. Linn. —_ III., 128. Near the 
Rudolph Range, Sturt’s Creek (F. v. 
Acacia retivenia, F. v. M. Fragm. TIT, 12 3. “Margare aret River. 
Acacia Wickhami, Benth, in Hook. Lond. Journ Bot Eyam 
Margaret River. 
Acacia stipulosa, F. y. M. in Journ. Linn. Soc. IIL, 119. East of 
the Oscar Ranges, Humbert River. 
Acacia pallida, F. vy. M. in Journ. Linn. Soe. IIL, 147. ert 2 


Seeds greyish-brown, not shining, roundis 
quadrangular, compressed, 3-4 lines long ; funicle pale brown, 
replicate near the hilum, but not expanded into a sul 

Acacia rhe aie Willd. sp. pl. IV., 1083. Hooker’s and 
Creeks (F. v. M.). Found at Mt. Hale by Mr. Carr. 


Myrracez. OL 
Barringtonia acutangula, Gaertn. de fructib. et sem. II., 97, t. 1 
- Humbert River, junction of Wickham and Victoria iat 
Eugenia eucalyptoides, F. v. M. fragm. IV., 55. East of Ru 


nge. 
Calycothriz microphylla, A. Cunn. in Bot. Mags 3323. Bast ¢ 
ar Ranges, between Coane yehy = — Rudolph Rae TL, 
Wisin aceon Se i F. v. M. in Transact. Phil. pot Vie 
etween Cobihtight and padalee Range Ru dolph 
Mela Leucadendron, L. mant. plant, 105. Between 
ange and Mt. Compton. 
Melaleuca genistifolia, pe in Trans. Linn. Soc. Ill, cif? Ord 
Pool. 


of Conmaght Ranges ‘Ba 
saat. son pruinosa, Sr in Walp. Rep. IL, O20 a 
Riy 


89. 

Eucah ppt terminalis, F. vy. M. in Journ. Linn. Bee, mi, 2 
s Creek and Stisting’s C Creck (F. v. M.)- Hooke? = : 
Wesigcas rostrata, Schlecht. Linnaea XX., 655. = 
Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. M.). a 


CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 89 


LYTHRACES. 

Rotala diandra, F. v. M. (Ameletia diandra, F. v. M. Fragm. IIL, 
108). M oy River ; sources of Sturt’s and Hooker's 
one v. 

ne oe r an extensive study of the whole order 
of i Geuiet has shown (Sitzungs-Berichte botan 
Vereins der Provinz rb sersapnegss 1877, p. 47-49), that the 
genus Rotala could well be re-es ed, as already conten 


nia as Bergia to Elatine. To the genus Nesaea, in 

the limitation assigned by Koehne, we must now also refer 
Lythrum Arnhemicum, which I separated as a sub-genus 
under the name of Calopeplis (Fragm. Phytogr. Austr. IIL, 
109), its affinity to Nesaea having been pointed out by my- 
self already in 1862. 

Ammannia Indica, Lam. a ., 1555. Between Connaught 
Ranges and Hambért Rive 

Ammannia multiflora, Roxb. Sime Ind. L., 426. Margaret River. 


ONAGREZ. 
Jussiaea suffruticosa, L. sp. pL, 388. Ord River, sources of 
Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. 
moe parviflora, Roxb, flora Ind. L, 419. Sturt’s Creek 
mee CoMBRETACEZ. : 
si Jacquini, Roxb. Plant Corom. J., 2; t, 1. Negri 
River, Margaret rg Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.). 
I erminalia platyphylla, F. v. M. oa ii., 150. Near Hooker's 
and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v M.). 


HALORAGE. 
Haloragis leptotheca, F. vy. M. Fragm. IIL, 32. Fitegerald Range, 
sources of Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v 
I have restored the specific name of this ies because 


text of H. acanthocarpa, so that we are left in soy 
whether it came from an intratropical or extratropical place 
but some of _ other plants figured in the Atlas next to to H. 
species obtained in New South Wales. 
With Z. Pnassvidies all may be forms of one species. 
ialragis ceratophylla, Endl. ‘Atakt., 16; t, 15. Sturt’s Creek 
(F. v. M.). 


90 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 


STACKHOUSIACE. 
Solieeies Pager, Smith in Rees Cyclop., 1819. scr 


PROTEACEE. : 
Banksia dentata, L, fil. suppl. pl., 127. East of the te 
Grevillea aictiex R. Br. in Transact. Linn. Soc. X., 177. 


Vict 

Crevillen ‘Chryadendron, R.Br. in Trans. Linn, Soe es “116. 
Near Mt. Compton. 

Grevillea miosis, R. Br. in Trans. Linn. Soe. X., 177. Ord 
Riv 


Grevillea "Wickhami, Meissn. in Cand. Prodr. ve 
ene ae’ a variety with the outside of eis ea 
the style hai : 

Grevillea Bannack A. Cunn. in R. Br. Prot. nov., 2% 


Grevillea refracta, R. ¢" in Transact. Linn. Soc. X. 176. 
Hooker’s Creck (F. v. 
Hakea arborescens, R. hi in Transact, Linn. Soc. X, 187. 
ources of Hooker’ s and Sturt’s Creeks. 
Hakea lorea, R. Br. Proteacee nove, 25. Sturt’s Creek (F. v. e 


LACEE. ee 
Santalum lanceolatum, R. Br. Prodr., 356. Bie Nicholson 
ins ; ooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. = 
Exocarpus latifolia, R. Br. Prodr., 356. Sources of — 
Sturt 


RUBIACE. gee 
Gardenia resinosa, F. v. M. Fragm. I., 54. Sources of Hooxers — 
and Sturt’s Creeks (E. , ae F. 
Oldenlandia mitrasacmoides Hedyotis mitrasa 
Fragm. IV.,37). Sturt’s Creek, near ear Mt. ec." 


tuldsnaattoues of the Linnea wn Sodiety; 
of tropical Africa III., 53-65. Of A 
hitherto thirteen have been desc 


POSIT. : 
Erigeron sessilifolius, F. v. M. Fragm. XI, 102. 14 
E, australis, Lessing in Linnaea V., 148. Ter 
(F. v. M.). 


CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 91 


Calotis breviseta, Benth. in Hueg. enum., 60. Sturt’s Creek, near 
Termination Lake (F. v 

Pterigeron odorus, Benth. Flora Austr. TIL, 532. Ord River. 

Moonia Sane o Benth. flora Austr. IIL, 540. East of 


scar 
Glossogyne tonisfolia, Cass. in dict. sc. nat. LL, 475. po hee 
Mueller’s Range and Ord River, Sturt’s Creek (F. v. 
Pterocaulon verbascifolius, Benth. in B. and H. gen. aaa 294, 
Hum couse 
Pterocaulon sphacela Benth. in B. and H. gen. plant., 294. 
Eastern branch of | Fitzroy River, north of Nicholson Plains. 
Flaveria Australasica, Hooker in Mitch. Trop. Austr., 118. East 


m, Ca 
Gnaphalium Fadia, gh 8p. p 852. A variety with ipibeler 
mostly terminal flower-clusters ; Depot 
Gnaphalium luteo-album, L. sp. pl, 851. Hetweeti Connaught 
and Rudolph Ranges. 
Los 
Lobelia quadrangularis, R. Br. ameaee 563. Between Connaught 
Ranges and Humbert River. 
APOCYNEE. 
Wrightia saligna, F. v. M. in Benth. Flora Austr. IV., 317. 
Sources of Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. M.). 
arissa Brown F. v. M. ae IV., 45, var. lanceolata. Ord 
ver, between Conna t Ranges ind Humbert River ; 
Hooker’s and Sturt’s ee ia v. M.). 


ASCLEP 

Sarcostemma australe, R. oR wre 163. Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.). 

Cynanchum floribundum, R. Br. Prodr., oe: Between Mueller’s 
Range and Ord River, Depot Creek (F. ape 

Microstemma Dake hee has 2, 58. Southern 
ponder of the Victoria ba bhag from whence I also recorded 


ACANTHACE®. : 
Dicliptera gla a, Decaisne herb. Timor., 55. Ord River. 
Hypoestes aaa R. Br. Prodr., 474. Ord River, Humbert 
Riv 


‘ver. 
Nelsonia campestris, R. Br. Prodr., 481. Depot Pool. 
Justicia procumbens, L. Flora Zeilanica, 19.  Sturt’s Creek 
(F. v. M.). 


a linifolius, L. raope aie sec., «301. Ord River. 
Ppomea hederacea, Sac el ect. L., 124. East of Oscar Ranges ; 
flowers in this case 


92 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 


Ipomea erecta, R. Br. Prodr., 487. ieee: Creek, near Fitz- 
gerald’s Range. 

Ipomea reptans, Poiret Encycl. Méthod., suppl. IIL, 460. Sturt’s 
Creek in many places, extending to near Termination Lake, 
also on Hooker’s Creek (F. v. M.). As regards the dehiscence 
of its fruit this species holds the same relation to other con- 
geners as Limnanthemum to Villarsi 

Ipomea alata, R. Br. Prodr., 484. Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.). 

Ipomea heterophylla, R. Br. Prodr., 487. Sturt’s Creek (E. v. M). 

LIpomea dissecta, Willd. Phytogr., 5t.,2. Near Termination Lake 

F. 


dj eens gracilis, R. a Prodr., 484. Sturt’s Creek, near Termina — 
Lake (F. v. 
ieure, denticulata, “Chey i in Cand. Prodr. IX., 379. Sources o 
the Victoria River (F. v. M.). 
Convolvulus eres, Vahl. Symbol. IIL, 29. Sturt’s Creek 
EF. v 


A Ap sa R. Br. Prodr., 488. Noticed by me as far south 

as Turviivdtion Lake (F. +, : k 
Breweria linearis, R. Br. Prodromius, 488, Sturt’s Cree 
Ry 


(F. v. M.). ; 
peg pannosa, R. Br. Prodr., 488. Seen by the writer as far 
south as Termination Lake. 


SoLan 
Physalis minima, L. sp. pl., 183. + Depot P ool, Lake 
Solanum ee R. Br ’Prodr., 417. Near Termination 1as¢ — 
rf 


GOODENOVIACEZ. ndsta 
Goodenia seaevolina, F. v. M. Fragm. L, 118. Hooker's and suit” 
Creek, near Termination Lake (F. v. M. 
Goodenia lamprosperma, F. v. M. Fragm. L, 116, mere 
Goodenia heterochila, F. v. M. Fragm. iL, of 
Ranges, between the Ord River and ar Ree ‘ig 
gibbous at the base. 
Calogyne pilosa, R. Br. Prodr., heb che te Creek ¢: Mee 


Leschenaultia agrostophylla, F. v. ragm. VL, 8. & 


Near Fitzgerald Range. 


ASPERIFFOLIZ. 
Cressa Cretica, L., sp. pl., 223. Termination 
Heliotropium ovalifolium, Forsk. Flora Aigyptt 


Lake (F. 
saa 


Depot Poo 
Ehretia saligna, R. Br. Prodr., 496. East of Conné 
on Sturt’s Creek far south, not rare (F. v. M.) 
Trichodesma apo R. Br. Prodr., 496. 
nges, Margaret River ; in many places nen 
(F. v. M.). Oldest generic name Pollichia, 


CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 93 


Lasts 
Ocimum sanctum, L. mant. plant, 85, Ord Riv 
hosma ee Benth. in Wall. pl., Asiat rar. IL, 13. 
- Near Connaught Ranges ; near Mt. Wittenoom (F. v. 
oe tae Teac dace, R. Br. Prodr., 503. East of the Oscar 


Mints in North-west Australia. 
Teucrium integrifolium, F. v. M. in Benth. Flora Austr. V., 133. 
Near Mt. Wittenoon (F. v. M.). 


LENTIBULARIES. 

Utricularia chrysantha, R. Br. Prodr., 432. Near Fitzgerald 
Range ; found also by Mr. Thos. Gulliver on the Gilbert and 
on the Norman River. 

VERBEN 

Premna acuminata, R. Br. snl “512. Between Connaught 

Ranges and Humbert River. 
Myoporinz. 

Eremophila maculata, F. v. M., in Papers Royal Soc., Tasm, IIL, 

297. Margaret "River; a alieg aware ghee on Sturt’s 
v. M.). 


Cree! 
Pes ie Latrobes, a y. M, report on Babbage’s pl. 17, var. 
filifolia. 


Ord Riv 
Myoporum ‘enuiflium, 'G. Forster, Prodr., 44. Depét Creek _ 
(¥. v.. ME), 


ORCHIDE2. 
te 2 canaliculatum, R. Br. Prodr., 331. Benn River (Con- 
naught Ranges). 


PANDANEX. 

Pandanus aquaticus, F. v. M., Fragm. v., 40. Stirli ing’s Creek 
(F. v. M.). Fruitlets quite free, 5-7-angled, club-shaped, 
attenuated at the base, outside “ mewha a the 

ac : 


em’s land, 
rved by Dr. Leichhardt. 
height and more slender than that of the pers 


species. 
Pandanus odoratissimus, L. fil. suppl, 424. Near SP atinngkt 
Ranges and Mt. Coniptoa asa near Stitling’s Creek (F. v. M.). 


94 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 


FLAGELL 
Flagellaria Indica, L. sp. pl., 333, "East of the Oscar Ranges, 


Comm 
Commelyna agrostophylla, F. v. M., Brain VIIL,59. Port Darwin; 
sources of Sturt’s Creek, F. v. M. Uni nited by Bentham with 
C. lanceolata, restored as a species by the present monographer 
of the order, C. B. Clarke, Esq., who writes to me: “I find 
e species quite distinct on many grounds, and further be 
lieve that the Commelynas, which have all the ovary-cells 
uniovulate, never vary so as to exhibit any 2-ovulate cells 
I have never found a single instance of variation on this 


Wycliffe. 
CYPERACER. 
Cyperus vaginatus, R. Br. Prodr., 213. Margaret River ; siar’s 
Hooker’s and Depot Creeks (E. v. M.). 
Cyperus difformis, L. amoen. acad. TV., 302. Sturt’s Creek (E 


Comet ts rinervisy Re Br. Prodr., 213. Wiekham’s River (F-veb} 

Cyperus pulchellus, R. Br. Prodr., 213. Wickham’s River ie 

M.); found also at Port Darwin by Mr. Holtze, and at oe 
Palmer River by Mr. Wycliffe. Occasionally fully one 

ha microcephala, R. append. to Tuck. Ngo, , 

Whickham’s River, eae Creek and Sturt’s 

F. v. M. | 

Upper Victoria Rive, 


oe 1 Pygmaen, R. Br., ae 240. 
ear Depot Creek (F. v. so 


v. x) 


GRAM 
Panicum gracile, R. Br. Prodr., 190, Sturt’s Oreck we 
P. m spinescens, R. Br. Prodr., 193. Upper ere 
and Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.); occurs also oD 
Lachlan and Murray Rivers. cs 
Perotis rara, R. Br. Prodr., 172. Laer 
Creek, Termination Lake ¥. 
Erianthus articulatus, F. v. “at Fragm, VILL, 118 Noe 
_ Fitzgerald Ran roria Rive 
ulvus, Kunth enumer. L, 10, oe 


Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. 


CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W, AUSTRALIA, 95 


Erianthus Aree Kunth enumer., I., 479. Southern sources of 
the Victoria River. 

Andropogon iments R. Br. Prodr., 201. Upper Victoria River, 
= the sandstone tableland. A state ly grass, but formidable 

m account of the piercing awns of enormous length. 

Aniinella Nepalensis, Trin. spec. gram. t., 268. Near the 
Fitzgerald Ranges 

pias ti strictus, R. Br. Prodr., 175. Hooker’s Creek (F. 


Trivaphis mollis, R. Br. Prodr., 185. Near Seema Lake, 
where I also noticed a Neurachne, and also a Sporobolus 
_ allied to S. Virginicus, 


Triodia pungens, R. Br. Prodr., 182. On the sandstone table- 
land tow sida the sources of the Victoria River, also on 
Hooker's siet Sturt’s Creek, (F. 


Chloris megeaplee Lindl. in Mitch. Trop. Austr., 33. Sturt’s 


Elusine cruciata, dane Encycl. Méthod. t., 48, fig. 2. Termination 
Lake (F. v. M.). 

Ectrosia Sarna , R. Br., Prodr., 186. Near Fitzgerald es 2 
Sturt’s Creek, wdeaes a delta species also occurs (F. v. M.). 

Poa ramigera, F. v. M., in Transact. Vict. Inst., 1855, p- 45. 
Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.). 

FILices. 
Blechnum orientale, L., sp. pl., 1077. 
of Oscar 

Cheilanthes tenuifolia, Swartz Synop. a abs Hooker’s Creek 
and upper part of Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.). 

ae aionm awectine L., sp. pl., 1062. ee Victoria River 


PosrrioNs SHOWN ON THE Map. 


Ki Moun 

Fitzroy River. Miieller’s Ranges 

Fr Margaret River. 

ollier oe ’s Plains. 

King Leopold’s Ranges. ver. 

Moet Heck rt. Co: — 

Mount Anderson. Rudolph Range 

Hochstetter’s Plains. um 

Mount Tuckfield. Victoria River. 

Mo tt. Depot sg 

St. ’s Ranges. Wickham River. 
= Mount Compton 

Mount Campbell. Cambridge 

Admiralty Gulf 


124 


go __ 
ADMIRAL YT 


127 


et 


M* Humbert 
So 
yoo 
ne Sia 
NS aq < 
a 
Ful ohn 
— Pad 
: Mins 
Sein.” 
es ase 
Noe 
™~ 


§ 
\ 
pre 


a 
AEF 
ngScak7 5 
bott aise 7M 
ee 


——— 


of ir a9 
cr ST.GEORGE Rat 


5 
Mt Krau 


IGES 


hel 
SS 
q mony st 
eee 


© 


"107 Dopot Po. 


yl 
a Mt é. pton 
pe 


J 


(25 (2 ( 


Z 


rea 
(40 23—80) 


ROUTE OF ALEX. FO 


RRESTS EXPEDITION IN 1879. 


97 


Ringbarking and its Effects. 
By W. E. Axssort, Esq., J.P., Glengarry. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 7 July, 1880.] 


. . 
| heredtchtard 


pty 
nao Rr by arguments and opinions drawn from all parts of the 
wor 


_ The two principal objections urged against the new method of 
improving the land were: First, that the creeks and rivers would 


reply, will give my own experience, and 
summary of the effects that have followed from ringbarking in the 


In 1869, after having seen the very increase in the grazing 
capacity of Messrs. White’s runs which followed from ringbarking, 


98 RINGBARKING AND ITS EFFECTs. 


I began on my own run at Glengarry, a is situated on fe 
Page River, about 12 thilen south-east from Murrurundi, and 
about 16 miles from the summit of Liverpoo al Range. 

The greater part of the land ringbarked is about 1,300 feet above 
sea-level by aneroid barometer measurement, though some of the 
ridges rise to a-height of 2,000 feet, and one or two of the highest 
peaks to nearly 3,000. The most of the run and all that which 

is been ringbarked is of voleanic formation, consisting of black 
soil flats and basaltic ridges with white box timber. 

In 1869 and 1870 I ringbarked the greater part of the waa 
shed of two small creeks and the whole of the watershed of a 
third ; each of these creeks being about 2 miles long, - io 
well-defined valleys shut in by high “i of basalt. refer 
to them in this paper as creeks No. 1, 2, and 3. i have a 

inquiries about them as far back as 1850, and find that from that 
date to 1860 they were dry water-courses ‘only holding water for 
few days after rain, and in a few places in the winter months 
always ae up comple — in summer and never running # 

streams at any tim 
rom ay own ienanthess from 1860 to 1870, I Know ae 
te, so 


was done in the 


to that time, nor paid much attention to them, 1 i. 


since. ri 1 4 

No. 2 creek contains about 850 acres, and is ring 4 ' 

same way as No. 1, that is about 300 acres of od Of 
have been left on the head of the creek. The 

No. 2 is narrower and about the same length a 
rallel to and divided from it = a soem 


but the area drained by it does not adjoin 
either of the former. It contain sabout 500 acres, 


seems to be less affected by oneness than either 0 


RINGBARKING AND ITS EFFECTS. 99 


This I attribute to the fact that No. 3 has a rock bottom through 
the whole of its course, while Nos. 1 and 2 have some gravel beds 
under which the water may flow. 

The geological formation of all three creeks is volcanic, there 
being no stratified rocks as far as I can see in any part of them. 
All three began to run in 1871, and have continued ever since to 
run as permanent streams, and in the last drought ending herein 
the beginning of 1878, though the volume of water w 
it usually is, the creeks never ceased running, even up to the third 
year of drought. 

The three creeks that have been ringbarked flow from west to east, 
and there is a creek flowing from east to west on the fe pe side 

1 +e rae at drainaca o 


inches), and I wished, by measuring after a considerable period 0! 
weather, to make sure that I was not over-estimating the per- 
manent annual outflow. 
The average rainfall here since 1875 is just 25 inches, and taking 
the rainfall for the previous five years at Murrurundi, which is 


fall is still within a few points of 25 inches for the ten years. No 
raln-gauges were kept in this part of the country before 1870. 

The water begins to flow in the creeks a short distance below the 
green timber, sothat in comparing the outflow with the area drain : 
I have only taken into the calculation the area of drainage that is 
nugbarked. 


MEASUREMENTS. 
No, 1 creek contains :— 


at 25 for twelve months ... 516,140,625 gallons. 

Permanent outflow at 264 gallons per 

minute for a year... i ... - 13,924,800 gallons. 
or taking 


100 RINGBARKING AND ITS EFFECTS. 


No. 2 creek contains :— 
300 acres green timber, nit 
550 acres ringbarked. ud 
all for year at 25 inches.. . 811,953,125 gallons. 


on 
Permanent outflow at 11 gallon 5 per i 
minute for one year 5,781,600 gallons 
Or about +; of vitwel 


annual rainfa em 
taking at rate of rainfall for pre- 
vious four eeuereigs 88 
No. 3 creek contains 
800 acres shui ed. 


all for year at 25 inches.. . 453; 750,00 gall 
Permanent outflow at 20 gallons per 
minute for one year “ 10. 713.00 


Or about ~; of annual rainfall, or 
oi as a rate of previous four 


ra 


months, 
These cale all do not take into nape the flood-ate 
but only the permanent flow, and the quantity of ape 


passing away during a heavy fall of rain tte be vi 
able, as the fall of the grodad from the heads of the 
river, a distance of 2 miles, is about 500 feet. : 
am unable to obtain the total outflow for a year, but I ti a 
how it could be done, as the rise and fall is — 
“be necessary to attend to it day and night d 
rain was falling. ss 
My experience in reference to the three creeks = 
been repeated in every instance where I have had timber 
barked, and, as far as I can learn, in every part of — yy 
River watershed the result has been the same as in my case 
exception has come under my notice, though of course 
is more apparent in some cases than in others. , 


There can I think be no doubt that, on f ringbaoking = 


was dead and the increase in the number of spring& nee . 
course the first effect mentioned follows from the second he aol! 


ways :— a an 
First, the roots of the trees decaying may gener and aft 
soil drainage, leading the water down into the arses 
wards allowing it to drain off slowly into - ve avant 
om is the only cause, one of the very ge 
barking will be but temporary. 


- 


RINGBARKING AND ITS EFFECTS. 101 


growing trees and evaporated from their leaves is allowed to find 
its way to the creeks and rivers. The fact that the Eucalyptus is 
— the most vigorous growing tree known, and that it has 


to a possible explanation of the anomaly presented by most of our 
Australian rivers. If we compare such a river as the Thames in 
ge with the Hunter in New South Wales, we shall find that, 

ough the area of drainage is not very unequal, the Hunter having 
. er area and the heavier rainfall, the outflow of the Thames 


ad 


not seen any record of the annual outflow of the Thames, and none 

has been kept of that of the Hunter, but I take the fact that ae 
es is navigable for a great part of its course, even to a hei 

of 250 feet above sea-level, and the Hunter scarcely at all, as 

proof that the former must have very much the larger quantity of 

\ water. There must be a reason for this, and though an under- 


‘o our rainfall is, as I suppose, peculiar to Australia, then in look- 
| ard the cause sweat find one that is also peculiar to Aus- 


; y 
“upposing that the evaporation here is greater than in other 
countries situated in the same latitude either north or south of the 
Our forest growth is certainly exceptional, whether the two 
re connected in the way of cause and effect or not. I do 
not know that we have sufficient data to determine the question 


102 RINGBARKING AND ITS EFFECTS. 


either way at present, but if the work which Mr. Russell has 
begun in keeping a record of the outflow of some of our rivers is 
carried on, before the present generation has passed away there 
will be something on which to base an opinion 
A few years ago it would have been deemed the very acme of 
absurdity for any man to destroy the timber on his land for the 
purpose of producing permanent water, and now it is done every 
day asa matter of course. 
That the destruction of the forests will reduce the rainfall is, I 
think, unlikely. 
The theory that the amount of rainfall in any country depends 
on the area of its forests seems to be very generally received, and 
may have arisen from the fact that where there is a large and 
regular rainfall there is pretty sure to be a heavy forest growth, 
but a little thought will show that the forest is the result of the 
rainfall, not the rainfall of the forest. eae 
Indeed it is hard to understand how any forest could come into 
existence if the amount of rainfall were influenced mainly by te 
forest growth, as the forest would have to precede the rainfall 
and yet could not grow without it. Be 
In conclusion, I wish to call attention to a report by Mr 
Draper, Director of the New York Observatory, America, which 
was published in the Scientific American supplement for Janualy 
3rd, 1880, and which bears on the subject of this paper a 


question whether deforestation reduces rainfall, or alters ‘sl 
in any way, is the one which Mr. Draper proposes to himself 2) 
the answer after supplying necessary data is that it does _ 
Mr. Draper shows that neither the rainfall nor the temper” 
of the Atlantic States of America has altered im any apP “states 
degree within the last century, and these, I think, are the 
in which, within the last century, a larger amount of de: peer 
has been done than in any other part of the world. dn i 
Not being satisfied with the length of time over which the 
Paris in France, extending over a period of 190 yeas aa slg 
on examining them that during that time there hail be ae 


h 
ii 


illations 


there must be very much less forest 
was two hundred years ago. 


103 


Notes on the Fossil Flora of Eastern Australia and 
asmania, 


By Orroxar Fersrmantet, M.D., Paleontologist, Geological 
Survey, Calcutta. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 4 August, 1880.] 


{xy 1876 the late very lamented Rev. W. B. Clarke, of Sydney. 
N. 8. Wales, forwarded to me a collection of Australian fossil 
plants for comparison with the Gondwana plants of India, and 


ed 
myself in the German Paleontographica (edited by Dunker and 
Zittel) in 1878, 
In 1878 I received another smaller but nevertheless very 


it is also published in the German Palontographica, 1879, and 
illustrated by twelve plates, and in a few weeks I shall have the 
honour of forwarding these papers on the Australian Flora, together 
with others on the Indian Flora, to Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson. In the 
meantime I think the following notes may be useful as a general 
review of the whole work. E 

flora under consideration belongs to the paleozoic and 
Mesozoic formations, while the few tertiary plants, which were 
also sent, will be described later—perhaps together with some 
more plants with which I may be favoured for description. 

Fossil plants from the mentioned strata are known at present 
from Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania ; 
from all “these districts, except the Colony of Victoria, plants 
lh ew : 

Mr. Clarke’s a i fourth edition of his Remarks, &c., and 
Mr. R. Sehaiiges Cossmanee ar cee Fossils, 1878. 


104 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, 


were represented in the above collections; others were already — 
described before by other authors, and it will, I think, be the best 
to discuss at first the distribution of the plants according to the 
mentioned provinces (beginning from north), from which also the 
classification of the strata will best be seen, and then to give some 
notes on the flora in systematic order. 

Although these notes will at the same time also correct several 
of the misprints which unavoidably occurred in my above work, 
I yet think it necessary to here draw attention to one especially 
since it must appear misleading. 

In the second list given at my first paper on the Australian 
Flora (1878), on pages 124, 125, the last colut containing the 
— of the Australian formations, i is totally misprinted, as the 


tried to correct this list, but after further information 
from Mr. C. 8, Wil ilkinson, the correlation will have to ies 
slightly yet. 


L—QUEENSLAND. 
Literature—Daintree: “ Geology of Queensland” Bo 7 
Geol. Soc. London, 1873). The plants are described by a : 


Carruthers. We find them again in Mr. R. pbs 
—— cecal. 


and re (which app Australe, Carr. Amongst following | 


plants which I had before me there were the fo rhe 
true Teniopteris Daintreei, M‘Coy 
Presl., and an Otozamites (comp. Mandeslohi She 
species are from the Talgai Diggings, and the pe 
new for Australia. with some 
These beds are, as we shall see further on, equivalent 
beds in New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania 


2. Paleozoic coal-beds, with plants and mer ote Gms A 


are found more in the northern po 


FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, 105 


—_ the following genera are mentioned—Glossopteris, 
Schizopteris, and Pecopteris. (See Carruthers in Daintree, l.c.) 

These beds are presumably equivalent with the lower coal-beds 
in New South Wales. There were no specimens from here at my 
disposal. 


8. Devonian, on Mt. Wyatt, Broken River, Canoona River. Mr. 
W. Carruthers described from these beds a lepidodendroid 


IL—NEW SOUTH WALES. 


the numerous papers and works dealing with the geology 
and palzontology of this province, I mention the follo — 
Strzelecki: Physical description of N. 8. Wales and Van 
Diemen’s Land, 1845, with plates. (Fossil Flora described 
by Prof. Morris. 
M‘Coy: On the ‘Fosail Botany and Zoology of the Rocks 
associated with the Coal in Australia. In Ann. and 
Mag. Nat. Hist.; 1847, vol. xx. 1st ser., with plates. 
Dana: United States Exploring Expedition, "Geology, 1849. 
With plates. 
Wilkinson, ©. S.: Mines and Mineral Statistics, &., 1875, 
p. 127, et seg. 
Clarke, W. B. , especially: Remarks on the Sedimentary 
hia mat of N.S. Wales. 4th pope 1878, Besides 


Feistmantel, “Oihkee: : Palsozoische und mesozoische 
" des Ostlichen Australien. Palwontographica, 1878-7 9. 
Also Mr. Etheridge’s Catalogue is to be quoted again. 

The stratigraphical relations are best described by Mr. Clarke 
in his Remarks, &c.; the flora we find in Strzelecki’s (Morris), 
MCoy’s, and Dana’s papers; I myself described also several new 

3 while Mr. Clarke has especially drawn attention to the 
Vertical distribution of certain genera of fossil plants. 

_ The marine fossils waeertelty treated on by Prof. De Koninck, in 

ile : 


his w. iques de la Nouvelle- 
Galles du Sud. Bruxelles, 1876-1877, 

T proceed in descending order— 
1 Mesozoic beds.—Mr. : daseriben in Mines and Mineral 


106 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA. 


were also two specimens from this locality, in which I 
recognized T'eniopteris Daintreet, M‘Coy, and Alethopteris 


y; fr 
beds with the mesozoic = Sea in Queensland and with others in 
Victoria (see further 


Rev. W. B. Clarke discusses these beds, i in the fri 
“Mesozoic or Secondary Formations.” In t tabular list 


iferous”; in both cases they are therefore represented 98 
younger tha the Newcastle beds, which is in 80 mie 
importance as, according to information received from 
Wilkinson (in letters dated 30/9/78 and 25/11/79), certam 
physical characters tend to correlate the Hawkesbury. 
sie a paleontological point of view are not widely ae 
e Wianamatta beds, with the Baodhe Man sand- 
aie in Victoria (see further on), with which h again I have 
correlated from paleontological evidence the eee 


relations have been observed. I shall mention this -_ 
when speaking of the Bacchus pan sandstones. The | 
from these beds hitherto known a ) 


a. Wianamatta beds— 
Fishes': Paleoniscus gracilis, Eg. ; Cleithrolepis ram 
latus, Eg. 


Plants: Pecopteris (Thinnfeldia) “it tay Pa 
(Fstm.); Odontopteris microph fee 
teris tenuifolia, M‘Coy; Macross 
matic, Feistm. (1878). oes 


0. Harkesbury beds— : pe | 
Fishes: Cleithrolepis gr g. (Le); 2 oi, | 
Clarkei, Eg., (ib.)  Thnnflda 2 (bee nee _ 

an aE 


teroides, Fstm.?; Sphenopteris sp-, 

sp. (Both Lib i by Professor - McCoy.) 

 / 

These fossils clearly td that both these rock ee 4 
closest relation to each o 7 , 


Pe ringg! on Sir Ph.): On some Ichthyolites from N. Ss. Wales. 


2 Teil th aso) described and illustrated by 2 eet "Fm 
Wales, the Hoch: sibiny opt 


FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, 107 


3. Upper Paleozoic. Under this heading Mr. Clarke comprised 
several groups :— 

a, Upper Coal Measures or Glossopteris beds, also “Newcastle 

beds.” Thea e beds were by Professor Moy considered 


bette considerin: 
stones, and caught all means as older than the indian 8 § 

beds (Damuda series). The Rey. W. B. Clarke considered 
them palzozoic, and so does Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson, to which 


The best bevmed aes where fossils from these beds were 
collected are Blackman’s Swamp, Bowenfels, Guntawang, Mudgee, 
Illawarra, Mulubimba, aii Wollongong. 

The sani hitherto known ar 

Fishes : Urosthenes A emer Dana (a heterocercal fish). 
Plants : Phyllotheca Australis, M‘Coy (and two other species 
which I think do not differ from this one); Vertebraria 
Australis, MCoy ; Sphenopteris lobifolia, Morr. ; alata, 
; , ¥; germana, 


M'Co lumosa, M‘Coy; flexuosa, M‘Coy. 

Clieioytirte ‘Pcianl: Bgt; Hnearis, Mt wibeiek ; ampla, Dana; 
reticulum, Dana; cordata, Dana; teroides, Feistm. ; 
Wilkinsoni, Feistm. ; parallela, Feistn 

Gangamopteris angustifolia, Moy; Gang. Ci larkeana, Feistm. ; 
Caulopteris(?) A 

Zeugophyllites elongatus, Morr.; Viggerathiopeis spathulata, 

sp. ‘fean stm.); ogg. media, Dana, sp. (Fstm.) 
_Brachyphyilum Australe, sce scales of conifers. 

b. Upper wee beds ; beds with marine animals. 

e. ne al measures ; beds with coal seams and flora, below 

din i animals. Th 


are in so 
Hb dees Glossopteris, and Néggerathiopsis, appear to 
take their origin. 

Acco ccording to ea eek received from the late Mr. Clarke, 
it appears that two dyin | in these may be distin, separ- 
ated had lower marine bed Se ice 

a, higher Levitin arind portion , @ 
look Socal thar Hill, and Wagmond Terrace, &c., 
with the following fossils :-—Phyllotheca, sp., Glossopteria 


108 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, 


Browniana, Bgt., Gl. sor, Fstm, 
GI. primeva, F'stm., OL Clarke Sor "Ol ciagemagal 
Néggerathiopsis prisca, Fst 
Amongst the specimens sent by he late Mr. Clarke there were 
also fragments of a plant which I took to be Annularia, and 
which I named Ann. Australis, Fstm. 
b. A lower group with lower carboniferous plants, at the 
localities—Arowa, Port Stephens, and Smith’s Creek 
(near Stroud), with the following fossils :—Calamites 
radiatus, Bgt., Sphenophyllum, sp., Rhacopteris inequi- 
latera, Gopp., sp., Rh. intermedia, Feistm., Eh, comp. 
Romore, Bek 


Stbg. 

This flora is certainly very interesting, and in tes strongly 
the age of Mountain Limestone (Culm), if not Hoar’s ee 
One circumstance must be mentioned specially, which I was not 
well acquainted with when I wrote my first paper on the A a. 
flora. Professor M‘Coy described, from Arowa, a a 
linearis, together with an Otopteris ovalis, classing consequently 

ocality also with the other localities of Glossopteris beds (ot 
Newcastle beds), The late Rev. W. B. Clarke, ctf sent two 
specimens of Professor Mo 8 Otoptercs ovata trom 
= clearly show that this bas is the sa hacoptens 
nequilatera, from Smith’s Oreek (Stroud), and "that the fete 
Arden has indeed to be classed with this group of beds 
Professor M‘Coy’s observation of the association of 5 
linearis, M‘Coy, with Rhacopteris inequilatera, Gépp» sp 8 of 
correct one, + So this Glossopteris is the oldest re epresentative 
the whole genus, fauna; 
c. Marine Beds ; lower beds with a marine paleozoic Hm 
of the upper palzozoic. 
4. Middle Paleozoic, porcine Beds at Goonoo Goon0o 0 
the Peel River, Back Cree Diggings on the 


do 
by Mr. W. Carruthers, from Queensland, 
of which these beds in Queensland were le De New 
The same can therefore also be said 0 
South Wales. pet 
5. Lower Paleozoic (Silurian.) In Profesor De Koninck’s a 
mentioned work, a plant, Spirophyton (?) ea goad 


quoted from Si lurian beds, at Beton : 


42 me from Austral 
"F Mieetly new fenes; 1 all figured for the first tim b 


POSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANTA, 109 


Ill.—VICTORIA. 

The classification of the plant-bearing beds and the description 

of plants may be found in the following w orks :— 
M‘Coy: Prodromus of the Paleontology of Victoria. Decades 

I-v, 187 4-1877. 
Brough Smyth: Reports of Progress, Geolog. Survey of 
Victoria, 1876, &e. 

i ght on the Geology of Victoria, 1860 (Qu. T.G.S8.) 


The following rocks are a ae — 


1. Upper Mesozoic (Bellarine beds). Near Bellarine, at Cape 
Paterson, on the Wanon River (Coleraine), &c. The fossils 
Australis, 


are, neces Australis, Bgt., Alethopteris is, Morr., 

sp., Teen eris Daintreci, Moy, Zamites + (Podozamites) 

Nk M Coy. .» Zam, ellipticus, M‘Coy, Zam. longifolius, 
y: 


™, , mee 1 1 
pan in n Queensland and are most ite of re urassic age; cere are 
also equivalent with the mentioned mesozoic beds in New 
South Wales (Clarence River), and with the mesozoic beds in 
Tasmania, to be described further 
2. Lower Mesozoic ; the Bacchus Marsh sandstones or Ganga- 
} Beds 8 


e, 
one genus with three species; Gangamopteris obligua M‘Coy, 
woe angustifolia, M‘Coy, Gangamopteris spathulata, 

Oy: 
These beds are of peculiar interest for correlation of the Indian 
and Australian coal-beds. Certain physical relations appear to 


: the 
ve coal formations, which expressed in a formula 
would appear r thus Soin 


Damuda series. 
(Indian rot ten 
machi division. | Bacchus Marsh Sand-| Hawkesbury beds. 
aatir group and Kar. stones. (N. 8. Wales.) 
harbari coal-beds.) (Victoria. ) 
gegen 
ce measures 
a: S. Wales.) 


110 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, 


3. Carboniferous. Avon River sandstones ; beds on the Avon 
River in Gippsland, with Lepidodendron Australe wae 
which species I believe to be different from Le pidod. nothum, 

U. 


ng. 

4. Devonian. Iguana Creek beds, at the Iguana Creek, E. Vietori 
with Sphenopteris Iguanensis, M Coy ; Aneimites Tgwanensis, 
ih Archeopteris Howitti, M‘Coy ; and Conia atl : 
M ‘Coy. 


IV.—TASMANTA. od 7 


The position of the plant-bearing beds in Tasmania 
and Jerusalem basin) is not yet quite clearly er” out, 


Tas 
sentatives of the mesozoic ede: in Queensland, eee re 
of those in N. 8. Wales (Clarence River), and Be 
(Victoria). | 
The fossils from these beds in Tasmania hitherto known ares 
( 


elongata, Carr.; Alethopteris Australis, Morr. 5 Pes: 
asmanica, Feistm.; Zeugophyllites elongatus, Bgt. o 
the Spring Hill, J erusalem basin. 


FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, lll 


“yoorg vuvndy 
oY} UO Speq uBTMOANT 


‘puvpsddry ‘oany uoay 
ay} UO snodeztuOgavy 


‘Bug 
“wnyjou uospuapoprdary 
PIA Speq uvruoAe”y 


spoq ouLreyy 
‘OW Yor) 8. ygiug 043 


TH 


“uy AMET Hd FU CPE 


‘Bu 
‘unyow woupuapopyder 
YA Bpeq uvruoAeg 


XT wan Auoys oy} | “(spfoyywoo wx0y]I0NN) 
WO SEINSVOUT [VOD 19MO'T speq [woo 
‘spoq outmeypy soddg (o1ozomyed) toMory 
speq opysvoMo N 
costo qeoo saoddq 
(‘speq-[voo 8,18q, “souOySspues 
“Ivy pur cae eared) Ysivpy-suyqoovg. omy, 2 
“MOISTAIp Atopey, *Spoeq O10zZOseT 1OMOTT Ainqsoyaepy 
acon ess SC, "pea eames 
*(snooorm ) 
‘UIseq WeTeSNIO, ‘TTTET *(spoq oan ads IOAN] eomereyy aie 
“svupapuor roddq Surg oy} uo vywayg "spoq o1ozoseyy 4 94} UO Speq o10Z0BETT [v0o o1ozoseyy soddq 
a = aa amar are mere cer ane cecum cmeneten eps, nn ‘i 
| “vypuy | “UIUBUISB, BLOPTA | “SOE YINOG MON "puvysuooney 
a ames reer ee ee ee So Me Bee es Pes 


‘(u1oqs4s vUpApuOr) 


UVIPUT OY} 41 OFUT OL, OsTY T) 481] Au[nqL, Burmorfoy oy9 Aq poqvaysniy! oq uvo so#ed FuroSes0y oyy ur pouoruowr sured ONL, 


112 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANTA, 


T shall now add a few remarks on the fossils from the plant and 
coal-bearing beds in Australia (eels of the marine — 
enumerating them in systematical order 


Paleoniseus antipodeus, Egerton. 'Wianamatta beds. 

Cleithrolepis granulatus, Eg. ; the tail of this species not sufficiently — 
distinct. Wianamatta and Hawkesbury beds. 

Myriolepis Clarkei, Eg. Hawkesbury beds. (The tail of this species 
is not known. 


Urosthenes Australis, Dan. ; a heterocercal fish from the Neweastle 
beds. . 


B. Puants.' ‘ a 

i ras scr : 

Phyllotheca Australis, Bgt. (pls. vi, fig. 3; 1, 2; xv, ia a 
This species has in Australia a a distribution be 2 the lower coal 


measures (below the first marine fauna) into the i: a 
beds of Queensland and Victoria. In Europe an and Siberia 
genus occurs in Jurassic beds only ; in — we know it from ; 
the upper portion of the Damuda seri 
——— Australis, M‘Coy. (pl. vi, 1, 2), Systematic a 
t settled with certainty, but most probably ane 
here known from the upper coal measures (New wveastle od 
In India it occurs in the Lower Gondwanas (Talehir . 


Damuda division). - 
Calamites radiatus, Bgt. (pl. via, fig. 1; viia, figs. 3, 4) Fon 
beds at Smith’s Oni Stroud. te ist a 


Annularia Australis, Feistmn. (pl. vii a, figs. 5, 6); 
ae only species described from Aus tralia. B es 

oal measures at Greta, N. 8. Wales. — . : 
Beenchs ste Sp. (pl. ii, fig. 1). Fragmentary, “© 
Port Stephens, N. 8. Wales. OB 


2, Filices. 
ites. east this genus six species are described ty Hor 
ana) from the Neweastle beds. sk Vict 


Sphenaporieguanens M‘Coy.—From the Iguana Ores ot 
Sphenopteris elongata, Car¥.—At first described by Mr. “snd 
from the upper Mesozoic coal-beds in Qu in’ 
by Mr. Crépin from apparently oquivales bes 4 


Jerusalem basin. 
' To those species began | have been ewig ry oF in ee ; 


the ive and fi s will 
plates of the siccnd mantels on. the Australian flora fi oe et 
add to the Roman plate numbers of the secon second memoir 


FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA. 113 


Aneimites Iguanensis, M‘Coy.—Devonian. Iguana Creek, Victoria. 
Archeopteris Howitti, M‘Coy.—Devonian. Locality the same. 
a ae Wilkinsont, Feistm. (pl. via, figs. 3, 4; vii a, 1). 
r coal measures, Smith’s Creek (Stroud), N.S. Wales. 
dsbiopeerts Sp. (pl. iv a, fig. 4).—From the same locality. 
Rhacopteris inequilatera, Cupp. (pl. ii, fig. 3; iii, iv, 1, 23 ia, h 2; 


. belongs 
species. Localities—Port Stephens, Smith’s Creek, Stroud, 
and Arowa, all N. 8. Wales. 
Rhacopteris intermedia, Feistm. (pl. ii, f. 2).—Port Stephens ; lower 
coal measures. 


Rhacopt. comp. Rémeri, Fstm. (pl. iia, f. 2).—Smith’s Creek, 
Stroud ; lower coal m 
Rhacopt. septentrionalis i aha iva, f. 5)—Smith’s Creek, 
Stroud ; lower coal m 
Thinnfeldia odontopteroides, ae Morr. sp.) (pls. xiv, fig. 5 ; xv, 
Seon ter er a, xa, and AS eek ake rris d escribed i in 
Strzelecki’s above-mentioned work, a fossil seid from the 
Jerusalem basin, as Pecopteris odontopteroides, Morr., without 
being however able to justify this determination. Prof. 
M‘Coy placed later the same species with Gleichenites. Mr. 
W. Carruthers quotes it from Queensland again as Pecopteris 
Buiiel aoreat and gave two figures. M. aed with 


considering the beds from which it came as Cad erous. 
d before, on sasdiaacisibdos 
with 5S; ‘phenopteris elongata, Carr., leaves no doubt about the 
opt en are of these Tasmanian beds. I could compare speci- 
me eensland and Tasmania, and also from the 
Wiindiiatta and Hawkesbury beds in New South Wales. The 
comparison has shown that in the ens from all the 
localities there occurs a dichotomy of the frond pretty 
that the venati 


this plant eaaaey from the genus 
ears and it ragacarteer to me that it should best be classed 
with Thinnfeldia, under which name I have described it in 
my above-mentioned oc met for the support of this view I 
quote its great resemblance to Thinnfeldia 
from the Rhetic beds of the Aries Republic.’ 
1 Paleontographica: Cassel, 1876. 


114 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, 


A a Bey | rN Pe oe | Tm pe Ee ee on LL 


as far as known at present, this plant has not been met with below 
the Hae kecieey beds ; it therefore does not ocewr in the Neweastle 
beds. The quotation of it in my first memoir on the Australian 
Flora as being also known from the Newcastle beds, was caused 
mistake with regard to the locality Clark’s Hill, which I ie 
to be in the Newcastle beds while it is in the Wianamatta beds 

In the mentioned memoir I also quoted it as coming dou 
from the lower seri measures, which referred to the occurrence ¢ 
this species in Tasm ; this was before I had sufficient informa-_ 
tion about the pidaition of these Tasmanian beds. 

We know therefore this plant from the following horizons and 


localities :— eden a an 

a. Upper Mesozoic beds. Tpswich (figures in my 
pl. xv, figs. 3, 5, 6), and Tivoli Mines, ris 
Mr. W. Carruther’s figures, lc.) ; Jerusalem basi, 
Tasmania (figures in my first memoir, pl. xv, figs 4 a 
Morris’ original figures, 1845, and the figures i 
Crépin’s paper, 1875). ; 

b. Wianamatta hacks. Clark’s Hill, near Oe New so 

Vales (figure in my first memoir, pl. xvi, fig. 1, and the 


sent for description by Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson feat - 

in my second memoir, pl. x a—xiia 
Oderigaterts macrophylla, Moy, Wianamatt Z 

first memoir also wrongly quoted te the Neweas 


Cyelopteris a da Carr. Upper mesozoic beds, Tivoli Mines 
yl ; 
paso Bing yoo alis, Morr. sp. (plate xiv, Aes, 1, ja 

mesozoic beds a8 Vie iotoris, New 8. W: 5 (Clar 


however, are mesozoic. 

Pecopteris ? voreusfolea, Moy. Wianamatta beds, 
near Cobbity, a doubtful species. 

Gleichenia iden. Feistm. (pl. ne, fig. 8. Wine 
Ap to be rently a Gleichenia, but doubtful as 

Teniopteris Daintreei, M‘Coy (pl. xii a, fig. 5, 5a). =F 
described this species at first from the upper m 1 
Victoria. Later, Mr. W. Carruthers 2 me, 50 
land, but the latter seems to differ from the 
characters, and the identity of these both was 
have however figured a specimen from the 7 
Queensland, which is indeed identical with 


FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, 115 


form. I also could recognize the same species in several 
specimens from the mesozoic beds on the Clarence River, N. 


8S. Wales. 

Macroteniopteris Wianamatte, Feist. (pl. xiii, fig. 2). Wianamatta 
beds. Better specimens would be very desirable for further 
comparison. 

Genus Glossopteris, Bgt. This genus (a single leaf, with a distinct 

midrib and netted secondary venation) is in Australia very 
numerous. ‘This genus was one of the chief reasons of the 


08s 

and consequently considered the pbs beds (including 
the Newcastle beds) as palewozoic. So much is certain, that 
Glossopteris in Australia does occur in certain s below 
marine beds with a paleozoic fauna, and the Neweastle beds 
most probably belong yet to the paleozoic epoch, but in any 
case I should think them m younger than those beds below 
marine fauna. In India it is chiefly known from the Lower 
Gondwana system (and here in the Damuda series), but a few 
— were sr found in the Jabalpir group of the Upper 
Gondwan: sys 

Glossopteris Brownian Bet. (pls. viii, figs. 3, 4 ; me figs. 1, 3-5, 
xi, fig. 1; viiia, fig. 1.) Upper coal m Showers pall 
bei), ~ varius’ lopalities...‘ Laotwer :ecnl arcane at Greta, 

S. Wales. 
Glossopteris bia =e (pl. viiia, fig. 2, 2a.) Lower coal 
measures at Gre 

bia gots primeva, ag (pl. v, fig. 3.) Lower coal measures 
at 

phase’ ogo Clarkei, Feistm. (pl. v, fig. 4.) Lower coal measures, 

N. 8. Wales. 
Glossopteris Browniana, var. precursor, Feistm. ot v, figs. 5-7.) 
N 


form from the coal measures aan Pa i, oe, 
teniopteroides, Feistm. (pl. ix, - aes 
a (pl. ix, fig. 2). Newcastle beds, N. S. Wales. 


116 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, _ 


Genus Gangamopteris, M‘Coy. Can shortly be described as a 
Glossopteris without a distinct midrib. 

Gangamopteris Clarkeana, a (pl XV, ‘ot ®). Upper coal 
measures (Newcastle beds nh 8. Wales 

Gangamopteris angustifolia, M‘Coy. Upper coal al nical 8 
Wales, and the Bacchus-Marsh sandstones, Victoria ; in the 
latter numerous. In the Indian Talchir group and Karharbini 


beds. 
Gangamopteris obligua, M‘Coy, and Gang. spathulata, M'Coy. 
Ba acchus Marsh sandstones, Victoria. Both have rT 


n. 
Sagenopteris rhoifolia, Presl. (pl. xiia, figs. 1-4, 7). New for 
Australia. Upper mesozoic beds, Queensland, Talgai Diggings 
on the Condamine River. 
Rpenasanet) eeestit Feistm. (pl. xv, fig. 10.) Jerasalen 
basin, Tasm: 
3. Lycopodiacee. 
Lepidodendron . Ung. (Carruthers cnet 
1-5; ia, figs, 1, 2.) Queensland (described by Mr. Wr 
ee ; Ne ew a Wales ney and pee wi 
_Devo ods. 


mentioned y Mr. é Vie 
Lepid. Australe, M‘Coy. mannan Avon River, 
I think it different from Lepid. nothum, Carr. 
cones Australe, Feistm. (pls. iv, fig. 3; Vy fig. 1; - es 
ae carboniferous, Smith’s Creek (Stroud). a 
canada me to indicate Prof. Heer’s “ U 
Cylotigma, 7 (pl. i, fig. 6). Another te oocurring ae 
odendron ‘nothum, Ung,, im Devonian ay, 
Gueiekiend and N. 8. Wales. The on i — 
me is not sufficient to decide whether it is ane 
former species or not, eee | 


4. Cycadeacee. 
Zamites (Podozamites) Barkleyi, Moy, fe Leg Sema 
M‘Co Coy, and Zam. longifolius, M bode 
mesozoic beds, Bellarine beds, Victoria. | 
a ie 
1 A drawing of it, from a photograph, was giveD ys ia 
memuir, 1878, pl. v, fig. 2. : 


FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA. 117 


Otozamites comp. Mandeslohi, Kurr. (pl. xiia, fig. 6). This is the 
first Otozamites identified from Australia. From upper meso- 
zoic beds, Queensland, Talgai Diggings, appears very close to 
Otoz. Zone lohi, a Liassic species, to which I refer it for 


the prese 
apeisheitinn: dinpelie Morr. (copy, pl. xiii, fig. 6). Described 
at first from the Jerusalem basin, Tasmania; later, from the 
Newcastle beds. It was, by some authors, compared with 
Schizoneura, also with Néggerathia, but from both it is 
ually distinguished. 
Genus Néggerathiopsis, Feistm. (pl. xvi, figs. 2-4, as Noggerathia, 
and viii a, fig. 3, as V6 éqgerathiopsis, Feistm). Certain 
leaves were described by Prof. Dana as belonging to the 
genus Véggerathia ; they came from the Newcastle beds, an 
this genus was then quoted repeatedly from Australia. Also 
ian c 


the also, which in my first memoir (1878) are 
still quoted as Néggerathia, while x the seco 

already with the new genus Végger agg ial 

\ Barsher comparison n has shown that these se Indian and Australian 
eaves (AG A; Th 

the Kusnezk basin in the Altai; these were also recen 

by Prof. Schmalhausen not to be Néggerathia, nae were placed 
with a new genus i c 
Cycadeacee. These two genera are certainly very <a related. 
The flora of the pate’ basin (Altai) was recently ized to 


‘icles Ae ae ins the Indian lower ‘Gonvanas Fs have aro 
mentioned that Wé. 3 is to be confounded with 
Zeugopheyllites nor with Schizonewra. * The species are :— 

media, Dana, ~ Bal spathulata, Dana. 
— the Newcastle beds, New S. Wales. To one of 
ier may belong the leaves figured by me in the 
’ i ay a xvi, 
Noggerathiopots prise igs WN igh srvit 8-2): Lower 
measures at es at Greta, N.S. Wi 
Cordaits di ts Australis, M‘Coy. Devonian beds at the Iguana Creek, 


118 FossIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA. 


5. Conifere. 
Brachyphyllum penen Feistm. (pl. xvii) ; several specimens of 
a conifer, belonging apparently to the genus Brachyphyllum 
were found in the Newcastle beds at Bowenfels, N. 8. Wal 


e interesting character of this Australian flora i is that certain 


are below marine beds with a paleozcic fauna. These are:— 
igen Bgt., begins in the lower coal measures of Australia 
N.S. s i 


ria. e genu 
pt portion of the Indian coal-beds (Kamthi- Danie 
up) ; numerous species are known from the futsal: 
of | Siberia (Altai Mountains, E. Siberia and Amur countries), 
amongst which one species very close to Phyil. Hers In 
Europe it is known from oY Jesoge Oolite. It is also quoted 
from the Karoo beds in 


Glossopteris, Bet. Known fits ses carboniferous beds (Arowa) 
in N. . Wales and 


mmon in the Karoo beds. 

Nopgerathtenee Feistm, Begins in the lower ner measures 

N. 8. Wales; becomes more numerous in the upper val 

measures [iessuat stle beds), New 8S. Wales. 

in the Talchir and Damuda divisions of = lower Gondw 

system in India, and it has a very clos representative a 

Rhiptozamites, Schmalh., from the Siberian Jura (Mts. Altai 

and on the Tunguska River, Yenissei). 

About the correlation of the Australian and Indian ii at 

necessary remarks were already made on a preceding page 


In conelusion, I beg leave to express my greatest = eds 
to the late Rev. W. B. Clarke, for ony digo G8 


119 


On the Acids of the Native Currant (Leptomeria acida). 
By Epwarp H. Renyin, M.A. (Sydney), B. Se. (London), 
h 


Demonstrator of Chemistry in the Medical School, St. Mary’s 
Hospital, London. Communicated by Prof. Liversidge. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 2 June, 1880.] 


THE intensely acid taste of the Native Currant (Leptomeria acida) 
must be familiar to most Australians. Since, however, so far as 
T have been able to ascertain, no account of any chemical exami- 


cess of sodic carbonate was added, and the whole eva- 
porated to dryness on the water bath. 

A qualitative examination of the residue thus obtained was first 
made in order to ascertain what acid or acids were present. The 
5 ce was dissolved in water, acidified with acetic acid, and 
lead acetate added in excess. The precipitate was filtered off, 
Well washed, suspended in water, and decomposed by sulphuretted 


; pitate, when washed and heated ina test tube with a drop or 
rates dilute ammonia and a crystal of silver nitrate, gave the 


a and acetic acid we n agitation for 
me time a white crystalline precipitate separat ; 
ce ions indicate the presence of a small quantity of tar- 


& Toa third portion was added a cold solution of chloride of 
‘calcium, mixed With a large excess of ammonia (the chloride of 


120 ON THE ACIDS OF THE NATIVE CURRANT. 


calcium had been previously boiled with the ammonia and the pre- 
cipitate of carbonate filtered off), the whole allowed to stand for 
some time, filtered, and then evaporated to a very small bulk. A 
mere trace of precipitate separated, indicating probably a small 
quantity of citric acid. 

d. To the solution from (c), after filtration, a large bulk of 
strong alcohol was added, when a very bulky precipitate was im- 


Portion 1 was suspended in water, decomposed by sulphuretted 

hydrogen, and the acid liquid evaporated to dryness on the water 

. The residue, when slowly heated in a test tube, gave the 
crystalline sublimate characteristic of malic acid. 


Portion 2 was dried at 100°; and here it may be stated that 
in the 


by lead malate. There being some doubt as to the amount of 
water retained by this compound, the mass dried at 100° was fur- 
ther heated at 200° till constant in weight, so that, if lead malate 
it were, it might be converted into fumarate. A weighed portion 
was then converted into lead sulphate with the following result :— 


Weight taken, Found. Calculated for PbC,H,0s. 
829 gramme, "787 PbSO, 
= ‘5376 Pb 
= 64°84 ¥ 64°49 7% 


This seems to prove conclusively that the greater part of the 
acidity of these currants is due to malic aci 


In order to estimate approximately its quantity, 5 grammes of 
PO otis soiihed wih ae 


sulphur- 
that in 


sepa 
large bulk of alcohol added. The calcic malate was then 
off, washed with alcohol, dried, and ignited to convert it into.@ 
bonate. resi ed with a dilute solutiot. 
ammonic carbonate in order to dissolve out any remaining three 
chloride, again filtered, ignited, and then treated two 0% 
times with ammonic carbonate in the ordinary way till n0 


ON THE ACIDS OF THE NATIVE CURRANT. 121 


increase of weight ing produced. In this way 5 grammes of sub- 
stance yielded 1:153 CaCo,=1-983 calcic malate=1‘544 malic 
= 31 per cent. nearly. As the original substance gave off 
12 per cent. of water at 100°, and was found to contain on 
titration about oes Ae cent. of Na,Co, (added in excess), the 
above numbers t be increased considerably ; so that we find 
the quantity of 1 pape acid in the solid residue produced by _ 
neutralising the juice with rag ge of soda and evaporating to 
dryness, to be over 40 per c This is, of course, a very rough 
estimation, and probably boas the truth, inasmuch as it is impos- 
sible to precipitate the whole of the calcic malate by the above 
method ; still it serves to show that the juice of the Native Currant 
is capable of yielding a very large percentage of malic aci 
The filtrate after the chor eae of the calcic malate was not 
very carefully examined, but appeared to contain little else but 
unprecipitated calcic malate and some organic colouring matter ; 
and it is evident that since the sodic malate, water, excess of sodic 
carbonate, sodic tartrate, ash, &c., will ma ake a total of somewhere 
near 70 per cent. of the whole, the residue, after subtracting the 
—— matter, such as gum, colouring matter, &e., must 
very small, and Werciiss it was not thought worth "while to 
pe any further examination. 
ash formed on ignition contained a mere trace of carbonate 
of onstl showing that very little of the acids could have been pre- 
sent as calcium ts. Very considerable quantities of potassium 
carbonate were however found. 


Oe ees 


et 
=, 


= 


Redicytyad t 
bs, 


123 


The Alkaloid from Piturie. 
By Proressor Liversiper, Assoc. R. 8. Mines, F.L.C. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 3 November, 1880.] 


bier: btained from the plant Anthocercis Hopwoodii, since known as 
v. M.), and now named D. piturt by Dr. 
ex. 


a3 

ie Pituri stows about west of the 
ws meridian, the boundary between Queensland and South 
ian territory, and from 22° to 25° south latitude. It is a 


> Ye Ph 
‘ Frag. tograph. x. 20, Baron von Mueller. 
* Pituriand Tobases by Dr. Bancroft, Jour. Queensland Phil. Soc., 1879, 


The  anctoftgives the following description of the piturie plant : 
50 miles east an 


124 THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. 


shrub or small tree about 8ft. high, with a stem at the thickest 
part at times as much as 6 inches in diameter. ood ligh: 
close-grained, So seiared, with a smell of vanille when newly 
cut. — spring up around the tree, from long, rough roots 
spre ear the surface. Leaves 3 to 34 inches long, pointed at 
both ends, e742 inch wide, mid-rib distinct, margin slightly recurved ; 
flower, a funnel-shaped tube, from } to 2 of an inchlong, hie five 
bluntish divisions, spreading to about Ps inch across. 

dish lines run from each division down the throat of the Ps as 
in the genus Myoporum, which latter may be known by having 
four or five stamens of equal length. The pistil of the pituri ex- 
tends to the length of tho two longer stamens. Stamens four, two 
long and two short; anthers, yellow, kidney-shaped, filament 
attached to the concave tile the anther bursting along the convex 
margin ; best seen by examining a flower that is just at the poim 


pocket lens. Ripe berries soon fall off, and should be looked for 
under the tree, as those gathered from the branches are not mature 
enough to germinate.” 

Wilson informs me that the blacks mix the piturie with the 
ashes of the leaves of a particular plant and usually roll the mix- 
ture up with a green leaf into the form of a quid before chewing ; 
the addition of the wood ashes is doubtless made for the same 
reason that lime is mixed with betel by the Malays and others, 
namely, for the purpose of slowly liberating the alkaloid during 
the process of mastication. The quid or bolus is, on cares 


co-smoking; it does not 
blacks “a with which i 
was at one time jeelsted: Asis shed case with other luxuries, it is 
reserved by the older men for their own use exclusively, neither 
women nor young men being allowed to use it. The . 
ed ome it appear to be much the same as those which tt ; 
te people to smoke and in certain cases chew tobacco. 
ve made no attempts to experiment upon the piri 
pe of Aheatieleid, sincethis part of thesubject hasbeen been very fully 
by Dr. Bancroft and ober observers. _ 


THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. 125 


following account of the alkaloid obtained by him from piturie, 
which is the substance of a paper of his read before the Apothe- 
caries’ Society of Vienna :— 

“For the preparation of piturine and pituric acid the branchlets 
and leaves of Duboisia Hopwoodit, F. v. M., were subjected to 
exhaustion by boiling water, the infusion evaporated to hone 
thickness, then mixed with three volumes of alcohol, the resulting 


anal 1 


in water and precipitated by basic acetate of lead. The precipitate 
Separated by filtration, contained a peculiar acid substance, while 
the filtrate, after sufficient concentration and after mixing with an 
excess of caustic soda solution and ether, yielded to the latter the 
alkaloid which was purified by agitating its etherous solution with 
diluted sulphuric acid, thereby forming the sulphate of piturine. 
The aqueous solution of the latter was then again decomposed b 
caustic soda, the pure alkaloid removed by ether, and the solution 
evaporated at a gentle heat. It formed a brownish liquid of oil 
like thickness, heavier than water, of acrid and burning taste and 
acco odour, much affecting the organs of sight and respiration. 
Tt is volatile and forms fogs with diluted hydrochloric acid, is of 
alkaline reaction, and combines thoroughly with acids. 


precipitate is easily dissolved in an excess of this reagent. Piturine 
mixes with every proportion of water, alcohol, and ether. Con- 


solves to a brownish green liquid. The yield was about 1 
per cent. of alkaloid from the dried plant. 

“ Piturine is in some respects allied to nicotine, but more closely 
akin tothe duboisine of Duboisi myoporoides (R. Br.), the latter 
being of lighter colour, of bitter not acrid taste, of fainter odour, 
SS Irritating to the eyes and respiratory passages; its hydrochloride 
11 solution is not precipitated by chloride of platinum, but is so 


solved bya superabundance of that ent. 
A. Ladenburg, Comptes Rendus, 1880, vol. 90, p. 874-876, how- 
ar States that the alkaloid of Duboisia myoporoides is identi 


oe a brillian: y r th gol , fusing 
159°C. Also when treated with baryta it is converted into 
‘ropine and tropicacid, both of eee Iso obtained fr tropine 


1 Metatungstate of soda. 


126 THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. 


The great discrepancy between A. Ladenburg’s account and the — 
Baron von Mueller’s can I think be only accounted for by the 


eren 
January, 1879), state seer plainly that the Duboisia myoporoides 
yields a volatile oily alkaloid, and this is — confirmed by the 
extract ce the Baron’s letter, already qu 
me paper Baron von Mueller ec describes pituric or 
duboisic nati obtained tent: the precipitate given by the piturie 
on the addition of basic acetate of lea 
In the Pharmaceutical Society’s J ournal for April 5th, 1879, 
there is an account of an examination of some piturie made by 
Mons. Petit, of Paris, in which he comes to the conclusion that 
the alkaloid is identical with nicotine ; but M. Petit does not 
seem to have had sufficient material to permit a combustion to be 
made of the alkaloid ; he had to rely mainly upon its reactions 
certain chemicals, and apparently was only able to make one deter 
mination each of the e platinum and chlorine in the platinum salt; 
the amounts of which apparently roughly es with those 
required for the chloro-platinate of nicotine, viz., 4 per cent. 
platinum and 37 per cent. chlorine, the percentages bovis being 
platinum 34: per cent. and chlorin ent. These results 
however cannot be regarded as final, since, as will be shown laterom 
the platinum salt cannot be depended upon, as it is not of uniform 
composition. 
Preparation of the Alkaloid. 
The piturie was extracted with boiling water slightly acidified 
with sulphuric acid, the liquid concentrated by evaporation and 
distilled with an excess of caustic soda, the a 


until reduced to a small bulk; as the residue was of @ 
colour it was once more distilled with caustic soda, the distillate 
eutralized with hydrochloric acid and again cenit ‘it oa 
now nearly colourless, caustic soda was again add , and 
liquid shaken up with ether. 
The ether was next removed by distillation at — “= ” a temper 
ture as — in a current of hydrogen, the hea 
being raised gradually until it sahbd 140°C., a bath “of alphas 
acid being used for this purpose. It was allow 
this temperature for about six hours ; the bath was then 
and the distillation continued at a still higher tem ee 
ked flame, the current of hydrogen being still a 
all the alkaloid, with the exception of a very small pergecone 
cedhian* Dae tion te ernomaae 
During the distillation the thermometer 
temperature between 243° and 244°C, 


THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. 127 


I. 60 grammes of the substance gave -622 grm. of the alkaloid, 
or 1037 {. In this case the alkaloid was not allowed to boil, but 
was maintained at a temperature of 140° C. ina ee of of hydrogen 
for several hours, to remove water and traces of am 

a second experiment 500 grammes of the. vitae gave 
34 grammes of alkaloid, or 2°47 °/, when distilled in a current 
of hy 

The sitcrie did not contain any non-volatile alkaloid. 

The alkaloid when freshly prepared is clear and colourless, but 
with access of air rapidly becomes yellow, and finally brown, 
especially when exposed to the sunlight. In a sealed tube one 

imen has remained unchanged during the past eight months. 

It is soluble in all proportions in water, alcohol, and ether, 
yielding colourless solutions. On paper it produces a greasy 


hich i 

No determinations by weighing have yet been made of its 
Specific gravity, but it is just a little heavier than water, a drop 
of it sinking slowly to the bottom of a vessel of distilled water. 

When freshly prepared its smell is very like that of nicotine ; 
afterwards, when darkened in colour _ thickened in consistency, 
the odour is more like that of pyri 

It is volatile at ordinary decries, its vapour forming a 
dense fog with hydrochloric acid. Its v. vapour irritates the mucous 
reve — es very omar and when working with it induced violent 

c 


The taste i is acrid and pungent, and very persiste 


acetate, sulphate, and hydrochloride all become acid on eyapora- 
tion from the loss of alkaloid. 

Oxalic acid is the only acid which yields a crystalline salt, but 
this is more or less mixed with free acid, from the loss of alkalo id 
by eee lization, an acid salt mixed nd-railide: Leeo free oxalic acid being 


The acetate, sulphate, and hydrochloride, when kept over strong 
am mite acid, dry up into hard, brittle, transparent, varnish-like 


sanding for months. All these compounds are very hygroscopic, 
“specially the sulphate, and are very readily soluble in alcohol. 


ye one acid imparts a slightly reddish colour, and nitric acid turns 


128 THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. 


Platinic chloride does not precipitate an aqueous solution of the 
alkaloid (1:100 aq:) so long as the alkaloid is in excess, but when 
the solution has become neutralised, the addition of another drop 

ent 


platinie chloride. 

All the following tests were — with an aqueous solution of 
1 part of the alk aloid to 100 w 

Mercurie chloride, in the jacaile solution of the alkaloid throws 
down a white cheesy precipitate, insoluble in an excess of the 
precipitant, easily soluble in hydrochloric acid; on heating to 
boiling the precipitate softens, but does not actually melt ; it par 
difficultly ae in boiling water; on cooling it is 
in an amorpho Le. 

A few drops eb mercuric chloride give a white precipitate i F 
solution of the hydrochloride, which disappears on eer os 
when the mercuric chloride is in excess, a W te crystals 
precipitate is thrown down, which is rather easily soluble in 
water; on coolin ng, agen stals in the a sro per oa 


light green precipitate, insoluble in an excess of 
a solution of the hydrochloride the copper sulphate ioe a 
produce any change. ution 
few drops of gold chloride added to the aa shaking * 
give a reddish white precipitate, rae martes idish vaehite 
larger quantity of the re-agent gives a acid with 
precipitate, which is persistent, soluble in “hoch 
‘ops of gol 


fe pa solution of the hydrochloride a few ae 
chloride give a reddish-white precipitate, eo ria 
i eagent gives 


 Tannic acid giv pri ses 7 precipitate se eo ee 
solu ie cay iclitle in hydrochloric acid. : 


THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. 129 


solution of the hydrochloride there is a greyish-white turbidity 

y, which disappears on the addition of hydrochloric acid. 

The double iodide of mercury and potassium (HgI,,2K1) gives 
a heavy white crystalline precipitate in the aqueous solution. 
Under the microscope this is seen to be made up of small plates 
arranged in stellate groups. With hydrochloric acid the pre- 
cipitate becomes yellow and pasty, but does not dissolve in the 
faa readily soluble on heating ; on cooling the solution becomes 
peers 


solves on heating; on cooling, it is redeposited as a yellow 
T. 


: On the addition of a small quantity of an alcoholic solution of 
iodine a yellowish turbidity only is imparted to the solution, which 
1s persistent for some hours; but a greater quantity produces a 


treating the alkaloid with concentrated sulphuric acid and a 

i te in powder, the fluid takes the colour 
of the bichromate ; after a time it changes to a dirty brown and 
then to green. When warm the change of colour takes place 
immediately, 

With manganese peroxide (MnO,) instead of the bichromate, 
no change takes place in the cold; when warm a faint violet 
colour is produced. 

The alkaloid behaves very like nicotine with picric, phospho- 
molybdic and metatungstic acids; the addition of picric acid throws 
down a yellow precipitate soluble in hydrochloric aci 

_ Phosph 
“ipitate, insoluble in cold dilute hydrochloric acid, easily and 
armin 


tine a 
white amorphous precipitate, soluble only in much dilute hydro- 
chloric acid when warmed. 

-fodine.—When iodine dissolved in ether is added to an etherial 
‘olution of the alkaloid the fluid becomes brownish red and 


mother liquor bein. : are easil luble in 

r Ligt g yellow ; these crystals are _ : 
alcohol, yielding a aia red obi ; when the a 
Ys 1S evaporated at the ordinary temperature, indistinc 
Reedles and oily drops are left behind. 


“e 
1 


130 ‘THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. 


When this alcoholic solution is treated with caustic soda in 
the cold, a smell similar to that of iodoform is emitted, not that of 
the alkaloid ; from the nicotine compound nicotine is liberated, 
according to Wertheim (Watt’s Dict. of Chemistry, iv, p. 47). 

The iodine compound of piturine melts at about 110° C., that of 
nicotine at 100° C. (Watt’s Dictionary of Chemistry, vol. iv, p. 47). 


Differences. 


THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. 131 


The average of these eight analyses is— 


arbon 
Hydrogen . 
Nitrogen 14°94 


And the relative proportions when calculated in the usual way 
are— 


Carbon 5°98 
Hydrogen 7°96 
Nitrogen 1:00 


or very nearly 6:8:1. - 
The formula would therefore be C;H.N, which requires— 
Theory. Found. 
Cy = 
Hs = 


76°59 per cent. 76°56 per cent. 
N 8°51 is 8°48 ” 


14°90 


I ll tt 


* 14°94 =, 


94 100-00 99°98 


To confirm this formula a platinum double salt was prepared in 
the manner. The crystals so obtained were orange 


To ensure onaiblé uniformity of composition, the 
platinum salts were always pre from the same portion of 
alkaloid with solution of platinic chloride, and as 


S cent. to 38°40 per cent. ; seven y 
Yielded between 35-35 and 35°55 per cent. Pt. Nine determina- 
Hons of chlorine and they varied from 31°32 to 
36°86 per ce 


ti The platinum salt is therefore clearly not of uniform composi- 
"0 or else very unstable ; it undergoes decomposition with loss 


of ees a , by adding an excess 

hy “te *d solution of mercuric-chloride to a solution of the 

Ydrochloride of the alkaloid, crystallized well in rhombic plates 
M 


132 f THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. 


and prisms ; the double salt was crystallized from boiling water, 
dried at 100° C., and the amount of mercury and chlorine deter- 
mined in it. 
Two analyses eee 
IL. Mean. 
Mercury......... a 26 ice cent. 63°09 = 63°175 
i 4°60 24°64 = 24°620 


The mean results “taiieial in the usual manner come to 1-00 
Hg: 2-1955 Cl, or 5 Hg: 10-9775 Cl, or very nearly 5 Hg: 11CL, 
which would fit to the formula 

(C,H,N).HCI + 5 H;, 
which requires 63°31 per cent. oe and 24°7 2 per cent. Cl, while the 
corresponding compound of nicotine 
10H,4N2,HCl + 5 HgCl, 
would require 64:37 per cent. Hg and 25:15 per cent. CL. 

Besides, nicotine is said to form under the same circumstances & 
double salt containing 4 HgCl, instead of 5 molecules of Hg(l, 
(Vide Watt’s Dictionary of Chemistry, iv., p. 47. 

The above two analyses appear to make it probable that the 

true formula of the alkaloid is (C,H,N), or CHiN ¢ ze. double 
that yielded by its ultimate analysis, but much importance cannot 
of course be attached to such a compound as (Q; H,N),HOl+ 
5HgCl,, in which the amount of alkaloid present is so very small. 


Alkalimetric Power. 
02986 gramme of the alkaloid ppigcan 18°5 cc. py normal 
amount to that required by nicotine, 
to form (CH uNo)o H.SO, ; ; the te By weight of nicotine 
being 162, 00162 x 18:5 = 0:2997 instead of 0- 2986. 
subject of this 
ents are ; 


University Laboratory, for his very <ahiable help in ithe 
the details of this investigation. 


Norr.—The name of this substance has been spelt in ie and 
ways, such as, tehiry,” ‘*‘ picherie,” Pee uri.” To show that 
Thi 


il 


Y ** pi 
‘‘pitury” ; the most usual spelling at present is ‘*pitu 
the final “i” J epee | is not to be pronounced as “1 in pine I have 


133 


On Salt-bush and Native Fodder Plants of New South 
Wales 
By W. A. Dixoy, F.I.C., F.C.8., Technical College, School of 
Arts, Sydney. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 3 November, 1880.] 


In all civilized countries much attention has been directed to the 
composition and value of the various fodder plants grown in them, 


chemical methods. That this should be so is not surprising, 
4 ag the important réle which the cultivation of these plants 


Steater part of the manure required to bring the vegetable food of 

man to perfection. It is, however, somewhat surprising that in 

this country no attention whatever has, as far as I can learn, been 

directed to the native plants, and the more so when perhaps 
h 


what those of to- ldo. It seems reasonable to suppose 
in our peculiar climate, subject to periods of continued 
drought, and having i many cases soil saline, that the 


be more reliable than others devel p 
oe and climate. That many introduced plants do flourish here and 
stow with a vigour never seen in their native habitats is undoubted, 


growth may not be the means of their own destruction. : 
Tt has therefore been thought of sufficient interest to induce 
inni examini fi 


now lay the results before u, accompanying them with a table 
poring the average composition of other fodders of good qu 
omparison. the European plants which are used for 
greatly in composition at different periods of their 
Srowth, and I have selected analyses of hay or straw made of the 
Plant at the period of flowering, when they are at their best. The 


134 ON SALT-BUSH AND NATIVE FODDER PLANTS 


analyses have all been recalculated from the authorities given, so 
as to reduce them to the same method of statement adopted for 
my own work. ‘The analyses of the meadow hay, red clover and 
lucerne, were all stated as containing 15 per cent. of water, which 
1 ade hay ; and the ashes were all, with the 


b 
and in others (the more succulent ones) we state | 
incipient fermentation, which rendered it necessary to dry them as 
rapidly as possible, no water determinations were made, the 
analyses are given on the dried plants. 


first the Continental method. It y erly §] 1 
inorganic constituent, the salts not being in kanes = ‘ 


detected. The greatest variation in th 
amounted to 0-24 over and 0°31 under 1 


OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 135 


“e peeppctty of en ventured to calculate the analyses 

to 100 parts exactly. The ash ana nalyses are stated in two 
tiie the first oe the composition in 100 parts, the 
second on the dried pla 


No. - ee sp. Dwarf salt-bush. 


Sg ‘< (  e 
Sctiaky rakes” = ate es mre --- 40°96 
Aluminoids ... Ce ae a ne -. 14°68 
oody fibre... ae re sh oe soc) A ae 
Ash—CO, __.... ha fn — i Sr 
100-00 
Nitrogen i oe cee a oe 
Woody ee of plant... ah wm ... 37 per cent. 
Edible me 64 .. 63 per cent, 
‘Ask snalysis. Onash. On plant. 
Potash .. : wos avi} ULES 5°47 
a sins ue -. 49°34 12° 
Chloride of sodium See oe ca et “60 
Lim a uae 12°74 29 
cet da: 4°83 1°25 
Ferric oxide... 73 “19 
phuric oxide 4°43 114 
Phosphoric ,, ... 2°80 12 
Silica so 1°64 4 
100-00 25°82 
No. 2. Atriplex sousienmenget Small salt-bush, 
Oil et » 2a. 
Carbohydrates... ee be “ee coy + 43°47 
Aluminoids yee st Ait i yw BOOS 
Woody fibre 18°12 
Ash—CoO, 23°92 
100°00 
Ni i ; sak 1°96 
Woody parts of plant : .. 8 per cent. 
Edible 2 z. re 
Ash analy: Onash. On plant. 
Potash . aes oe a ss 3°25 
eg cee weit See hr 
Chloride of sodi ‘ 35°36 ; 
Lime : oC ; 8°47 i 
Magn ; be $2 2 
Ferric oxide i : 1°83 “44 
Phosphoric ,, 3°80 91 
Silica solubl 2:27 


136 ON SALT-BUSH AND NATIVE FODDER PLANTS 


No. 3. Atriplex sp. Salt-bush weed. 
Carbohydrates... ee nen ie ‘a . 43°19 
Albuminoids ... ae ne ins vs ac tee 
Woody fibre ... gis <= os ere .. 14°88 

ok Ee ee BS 


100-00 

Nitrogen si ee ie a me 2:14 
Woody parts of plant Hid eee ... 4 per cent, 
Edible : a a 96 per cent. 

Ash analysis. Onash. On plant. 
Potash ... ue ee os ZPR1 5°25 
Soda... = Se os ca SS 10°81 
Chloride of sodium... ah ie 7°95 2:10 
ErMe ai ee oes es 14°56 3°96 
Magnesia te oe eh 2a 5:13 1:36 
Ferric oxide *92 4 
Sulphuric oxide 2°57 68 
Phosphoric ,, .. ie ee ne 4°41 LaF 
Silica soluble... re aa ae 3°43 “91 
100-00 26°48 
No. 4, Atriplex sp, 

i wee eee 2°28 
Carbohydrates... Mee ee ae 
Albuminoids ... a ie ee! es .. 1268 
Woody fibre . eee 
Ash— 96 
Nitrogen 
Aeiciky parts of plant 
Edible 26 

Ash analysis, 
Potash je! 


: 
ee 
5 
i) 


eee 


OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 


No. 5. Atriplea sp. 


Ni oul 
Wendy oi of plant. 
Edibl 
Potash ... 
Chloride al sodium 
me ‘ 


Ferric oxide... 
Sulphuric a= 
Phosphori se 
Silica eg ay 


Carbohydrates... 

buminoids 
Woody fibre 
Ash CO, 


Nitrogen 
7 parts of Bat. 


Potash . 

Soda 

Chloride. if eden 

Magnesia 

Ferric oxide ge ‘ 

Sulphuric oxide ce 
RONG to £5: 

Silica soluble 


eee 


wae 


Ash sna 


Ash snalysia 


No. 6. Kochia ee Blue-bush. 


1°56 

38-70 

16°18 

14-48 

29°08 

100-00 

- 200 

48 per cent. 

... 62 per cent. 
On ash On plant. 

26°54 7:72 

32-29 9°39 

6°21 1:80 

14°56 4°24 

6°60 1°92 

1-65 “48 

3°57 1-04 

4°21 1-22 

4°37 127 

100-00 29°08 

2°14 

32°63 

19-94 

8-04 

37°25 

100-00 

i ae 

37 per cent. 

... 63 per cent. 
Onash. On plant. 

12°39 4°62 

34°43 12°83 

26°67 9°93 

8°75 3°26 

7°32 2°72 

1-28 48 

pie “41 

3-98 148 

4-07 152 

100-00 37°25 


137 


138 ON SALT-BUSH AND NATIVE FODDER PLANTS 


No. 7. saab eg numularia, Old man salt-bush. 


= : 
Carbohyirates jibe = yas ant ve 42°85 
Woody f fibre 7°24 
Ash CO, 31°28 
100°00 
Wook parts of peas . ev. ce ... 10 per cent. 
Edible ss ia “ ... 90 per cent, 
Ash snalysi On ash. On plant. 
Potash ... oa = v. =15°69 4:91 
Soda aN sd vt ieee Oe 9-25 
Chloride of sodium... sts as ae 9°47 
Lime... oe ae ee i. Ooo 271 
Magnesia 6°77 212 
¢ oxi 64 20 
commie oxide 3°17 
sphoric ,, ... dpe wie ea AE 1:28 
Sil soluble... cy eh ee ipl 
100-00 3128 
No. 8. Chenolea bicornis. Cotton-bush. 
Casbohydrates wey ies ay bes ... 56°03 
Albummoids 02°50" 3, 2p PUP ee 
Woody fibre ne 
Ash CO, Cader 
100°00 
Nitrogen i lhe ronan 
Woody parts of plant... . — ... 6 per cent. 
Edible ie P ee 
ren aes sis. On ash. On plant. 
Potash ... aera . WB 1731 
. 20°17 1-412 
Chloride of sodium «> 82 ‘377 
% 1 94°33 1-703 
Magnesi ic- Oe - 
Ferric 0 nm ee ba 
Sulphuric oxide . 8 381 
Phosphoric ,, «B44 = 
Silica soluble -° ae pote 
10000 7000 


ae 
No. 4 contained or gave up to ether more ore chlorophyll i 
of the others ; the quantity af this was generally small, a 
from the colour of the solution. ee 
By an unfortunate mistake the whole of the original 9 other 
of No. 6 6 (the blue-bush) was incinerated. In wrt writing hr 


OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 139 


specimen, it was suggested that only the more tender parts of the 


ts 
for the high percentage of ash and albuminoids, which are generally 
higher in immature plants, and the ash would probably be richer in 


shows. Being then in a different stage of 


ot | 7 v 
does not very well bear comparison with those of the other plants. 
Tho ds Spee 1 £414 er eb dicen Ae oh © rms 


was at once shown on charring, as the mass in the crucible slowly 
burnt away after its removal from the fire, and without further 


annijecat 


and more or less smoky flame, which was particularly the case with 
0. 7, diffusing at the same time a peculiar, somewhat fishy odour, 
whilst it exhibited no such peculiarity either as to flame or odour. 


TaBvLaR SrareMenT of the Composition of European Fodder Plants at the 
time of flowering. 


E | g 3 4 
Meadow Hay. Red Clover. Lucerne. Oaten Hay. 
BU Wirbh eet beni 3°29 3°64 2-94 4:34 
Carbohydrates ...| 48-25 43°79 40-95 49-18 
Albuminoids ......| 10-82 16-70 17-06 10°86 
Woody fibre ...... 30°35 17 31-41 24 
“ccmae Se ee 7-29 6°70 7-64 5°38 
ennai 
100°00 100-00 10000 100-00 
On | On 
ash. | p ash. | p ash. | plant./ ash. | plant. 
s+tseeseees] 26°20 | 1°915 | 32°25 | 2°16] | 13°66 | 1-044 | 35-24 | 1° 
ei 3°06| -205} 2°05) 156] 759) * 
Chloride sodium ..| 11 384/257 | 260) 199) 275 148 
eceteeeeeeeese| 13°88 | 1-002 | 38°19 | 2-225 | 62°83 | 4 
pagnesia Bs occbs ee. 4-97 | 362 | 12-04} -806| 4°90) -374) 3°69| “199 
Oxide ....., 46| -033| -74| 050/ 1:03) °078/; ‘61/ 033 
San phorie oxide.| 6-25} -455| 9°77} -654| $15) °623|1028| “553 
Silina  * O™4e--.|_ 5°33} +388} 2°95| -191| 3°90, 298) 2°67| 144 
vais aes 2982} | 2. 2°65) -178| °81| -062| 25°34) 1-363 
No.1. Mean of fifty analyses, representing hay of good quality. Way. 
No, 2 at's Dict. 2nd Sup, p. 530. no 
No, 3, Mann of eleven analyses of hay of good . Way. Loe. 


of a small ber of anal ay. Loe. cit. 
No. 4. One nall number of analyses. y 5 
period of flowering, entire plants. Arndt. Jarsb, Agri. 
Chem, 858-9, p. 24, 


140 ON SALT-BUSH AND NATIVE FODDER PLANTS 


To arrive at the value of a fodder plant, there are many proper- 
ties which have to be taken into consideration, besides the actual 
nutritive value as ascertained by analysis, in determining their 
suitability for grazing, such as the rapidity of growth of the plant, 
ability to withstand drought and constant cropping, and accepta- 
bility in respect to flavour to the cattle. On such points it is 

ond my power to speak, but it appears to me a subject of suf 
ficient importance and interest to induce some of those who have 
the opportunity to make accurate notes on the plants in this direc- 
tion, and publish the results. 

The order in which the salt-bushes proper are considered to 
stand from a grazier’s point of view, are Ist, A. nwmalaria, or old 
man salt-bush ; 2nd, the dwarf salt-bush, the others not being 
so much considered. The cotton-bush is considered to be of 


be judged from the proximate analysis of the immature ee 


arison with the 
shows that the 
regard t0 


An examination of these analyses, and a comp 
examples of well known European fodders given, sh 
whole of these plants stand in a good position with 
nutritive value. 

Like the greater number of the plants of the natural Bee 
Chenopodiace they contain an extraordinary amount of ash, a 
preponderance at once strikes one on looking at ae perme 


of common salt. I can only find one analysis of a plant of” 


same genus, viz., A. verrucifera from the Kergis Steppe see 
specimens 


as high as from 30 to 42 per cent., as determin he EAE 
author,’ and many of these plants were formerly, and ve ee 
— are even now for local use, of much importance 2 ® ©” — 
soda. : ee 
In the following columns are given the ratios in ee the to 
ash, the common salt, and the potash stand in relajoh™” 
1 Gobel, Watt's Dict., 1-474. oe 
2 Watt's Dict. V. p. 176. . 


OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 141 


digestible matter taken as 100, including in that term the ‘oil, 
carbohydrates, and albuminoids. There is also given the average 
of the salt-bushes properly so called, omitting the blue-bush, as the 
analysis was made on a specimen at a different and imperfect stage 
of growth, and the cotton-bush, as it is a plant of an entirely 
different character. 

€ great difference between the salt-bushes and European 
fodders is thus shown conspicuously, and the former are placed 
entirely by themselves, whilst the cotton-bush, as far as the points 
considered are concerned, ranges itself with the latter. 


Ratios of digestible matter of Ash, Potash, and Salt. 


Digestible. Ash. Potash. Salt. 

1 OS AG rear 100 7°417 2 
2. Small salt-bush 100 41 5.607 14°590 
3. Salt-bush weed 100 45 8°952 3°581 
4... 100 47 13°516 5-734 

: ——$_—___,, 100 53 13°751 > 

7. Old man salt-bush............ 100 51 7°986 15°403 
Average 100 47 9°538 7689 
8. Cotton-bush - 400 10 2-541 “847 
Meadow hay . 100 12 3:207 1°604 
clover 100 10 3524 “720 
a ee ee Pe 100 12 1-969 581 
Oaten hay 100 8 3-277 863 


SWE 257A cparnge ee al ce 

These plants being chiefly used for the pasturage of sheep, we 
may glance at what effects might be expected to take place on the 
annals, for there seems little doubt that changes in them must 
Cecur from a diet so very different to that on which they have 
been bred from immemorial time in Europe. Youatt, after 
Speaking of the effect of climate on sheep and their wool, says :— 


Wool is formed must decrease like every other when sufficient 
nourishment is not afforded.” i 

P; in common with other herbivore, appear to require a 
lenge quantity of soluble chlorides, which, by evolving free hydro- 
th. Sri¢ acid in the stomach, or rather in the gastric juice, enables 
- em to digest very considerable quantities of cellulose. Accord. 
ing to Bidder and” Schmidt,? 1,000 parts of the gastric juice of 
= i 
= Ware Dee ta p. 70. 


142 ON SALT-BUSH AND NATIVE FODDER PLANTS 


the sheep contain 9867148 parts of water, whilst out of the 
remaining 13-852 parts 6-0 consist of soluble chlorides and 1-557 
of hydrochloric acid. It is seen that the salt-bushes supply these 
chlorides in large proportion, and we might therefore expect the 
digestion to be active and to effect the assimilation of the nutri- 
tive matter with certainty. 

i} ki ib 4 


Tbe sie 1 4 h} mo | til 4 rape. kee @ 


pound containing potash called “suint.” This substance forms 
about one-third of the weight of raw merino wool and about 14 
per cent. in ordinary wool, and is readily soluble in cold water. 
It is used to a considerable extent as a source of potash in 
where 1,000 tons per annum of potashes are obtained 


to180lbs.,and this would give, as an average yield from the — 


The cotton-bush does not differ much in the matter of 
just considered from ordinary European fod and a piebit cot " | 
owes its value to the high percentage of carbohydrates W which it 
tains, in which it stands above all competitors, and from W""" 
obtains its fattening properties. : 


Roscoe & Schorlemmer’s Chemistry, vol. II. re re 1962, p- 4 : 


* Report on Chemical Products in Internati 


OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 143 


In the following columns are given—lIst, the percentage of 
digestible matter (organic) ; 2nd, the ratio of albuminoids to oil 
and carbohydrates, or of flesh-forming material to fat-forming, the 
former being taken as 100 


| ‘ | 2. | 8. 
1. Dwarf salt-bush 58°58 100 287 
2. Small salt-bush 57°96 100 565 
3. Salt-bush weed 58°64 100 338 
4. 58° 100 362 
56°14 100 249 
6. Blue-bush 54°71 100 174 
7. Old man salt-bush 61°48 100 211 
8. Cotton-b 68°09 100 64 
WE ee os as xa kc 62°36 100 478 
Red clover “1S 100 

cerne. . 60°95 100 256 
Oaten hay 64:38 100 482 


{t will be observed that in every case the total amount of 
digestible matter in the salt-bushes falls below that in the Euro- 
pean fodders, with the exception of the old man and the 
cotton-bush ; but this in all cases is due to the greatly increased 
quantity of ash, as in none of them is the quantity of indigestible 
organic matter so great. The ratios of carbohydrates to albumi- 
noids va ary greatly in the different plants, in some cases ly as 
low as in the leg ose, in some rising as high and higher than 
ses the a The exceptionally low ratio in the case of the blue- 


by examining the plants from the different standpoints alread 
ret eta may enable us to arive at the proper composition of a 
both. plant to produce the best result in wool or mutton, or 


_ conclusion, my thanks are due to Mr. Mair, of Groongal, 
arandera, and to Mr. Wilson, of the ane "Bank, for pro- 
rey a me _— plant specimens ; andto Mr. Moore for naming 


| 


145 


Water from a Hot Spring, New Britain. 


By A. Liversipez, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the 
University of Sydney. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 1 September, 1880.] 


THE sample of water forming the subject of this note was collected 
from a hot spring in one of the islands of the New Britain group, 
by the Rev. George Brown, Wesl missionary, to whom m 


amounts of 
but little information as to the actual quantities contained by the 
Water when freshly collected. 

€ residue left on evaporation to dryness at 100° C. amounted 
to 36,312 parts per 1,000,000, or 2,541-84 grains per gallon, which 
18 about the same as average sea-water. 


Composition of the Residue, dried at 100° C. 


’ Parts Grains 

sc bateuonins roe = gallon. 

a. 200 72°6 5°08 

Alumina and iron sesquioxide...... “440 159°7 11:18 

Calcium sulphate ..................... 1-394 506-2 35°43 

a See 2°240 813°4 56°93 

Magnesium chloride .................. 4710 1,7103 —‘119°72 

Sodium chloride...................... 87°320 31,707°6  2,219°53 
Potassium oi trates SS in 

bined water 3696 1,342°2 93°97 


100000 36,3120 2,541°84 


—_ 
—— 


147 


Water from a Hot Spring, Fiji Islands. 


By A. Liversiper, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the 
University of Sydney. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 1 September, 1880.] 


Wuew at Kandavu, Fiji Islands, in 1876, I heard of the boiling 
springs at Savu Savu, but to my great regret my stay of three or 
four days only at Kandavu was too short to allow me to visit them, 
and I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. T. D. spire R.N., 
for the sample of water forming the subject of this n 

The water was contained in clear glass bottles, “a sini and 
sealed. I mention this because the sample had evidently been 
collected with great care. On more than one occasion I have received 
samples of mineral waters which proved to be worthless for chemical 
irvestigation simply because insufficient care had been exercised 
in collection and bottling ; this was o teas a source of regret to 


of 
stoppered Soe but when stein e there is ae so 
Convenient and suitable as the large half-gallon bottles known as 
Winchester quarts. 
€ water was clear and oclor after the deposition of the 
small amount of matter which it h in suspension, free from smell, 


neutral, or but gd faintly alkaline. On evaporation to dryness 
the filtered water left a very white extremely deliquescent residue, 
be: on ignition fused but did not blacken, thus rode) the 
absence of any appreciable amount of organic matte 


60° F Specific gravity of the water was found to a 10064 at 


ing the residue at 110° O., was found to be 2 8,320 parts, per 


tion, or 582-40 per gallon ; but, after driving off the 
7,813 ed water at a d heat, the residue was red 
6-09 r million, or 546-91 grains per gallon—z.e. it lost 


rarer oe were carefully sought for in this residue by 
of Ws = the spectroscope, but none were found. The total quantity 
we my disposal was but small—some four pints ; perhaps 


148 WATER FROM A HOT SPRING, FIJI ISLANDS. 


a larger quantity would have enabled one to detect their presence. 
Neither iodine nor bromine could be found although carefully 
sought for. 


Composition, 
Parts per Grains 
% in residue. million or 
of water. on. 
Silica, insoluble 1°681 133°3 9-20 
», soluble 074 58 “40 
umina and traces of iron sesqui- 
oxide “534 41°7 2°92 
uminium chloride ...............66 1°646 128°6 9°00 
Phosphoric acid (P,05):............4 traces. .cs.05 55 Cee 
Calon chloride: oh. ie.ci. ck cose. 754 23,6529 255°70 
e RULLNAGEOY. A decease 4°770 372°7 26°09 
Magnesium chloride .................. "154 12°0 “84 
dium Pe ia e e ce ncvevs 42171 3,294°8 230°64 
otassium EN felviesdeccas 17, 1372 9°60 
Carbonic acid traces > wilks 
s 340 2°52 
100000 67,8130 = 546-91 


From the above it will be seen that the salts in solution consist 
of chlorides for the most part, and that the chlorides of poner 
and sodium largely preponderate over the others; the amount 
calcium chloride is unusually large. of 

No mention was made by Dr. Bromlow of the temperature 
the water. 


149 


The action of Sea-water upon Cast-iron. 


By A. Liversivas, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the 
University of Sydney. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 1 September, 1880.] 


THE specimen forming the subject of this note was obtained from 
€ screw of the dredge ‘‘Hunter” employed in Newcastle 
N.S. W. 


Mr. oriarty, the Engineer-in-Chief for Harbours and Rivers, 
tells me that the dredge had not been wrecked as I had previously 
been informed, in fact she is still at work; but that the screw 

me so rotten as to necessitate its removal. He agcounts for 
the rapid decay, and very sufficiently, by the iron having been in 
actual contact with the copper sheathing of the vessel. In the 
Same letter Mr. Moriarty mentions that an old iron cannon was 
taken up from the foul waters at the head of Darling Harbour, 
where it had lain for some twenty years, but the corrosion had 
only eaten its way in to about +; of an inch. 
_Even on the most cursory examination the specimen is seen to 
differ entirely from the original cast-iron, except in form, Been 
Seems j 


of graphite, mixed with brown-coloured oxide of iron and a few 
ice Scattered minute particles of metallic iron; these on 


Tn colour the external part of the i is of a dull 

ithin <4: the specimen 1s Of a grey, 
foll 1s of a rusty brown colour, with darker bands which 
oioW more or less closely the outer contour lines. 


pe friable than the very outside of the specimen ; but even this 
Y contained -04 per cent. of metallic iron; the boss of the 


150 THE ACTION OF SEA-WATER UPON CAST-IRON. 


screw he I understand, only superficially acted upon; the 


examined by me came from one of the blades. On analysis it was 
found to have the oneloneg a 
Carbon we as SOE 
Tron protoxide jes ves tee) oe 
Tron sesquioxide_... ~ ig 1:79 
Iron, metallic... oe os an “04 
Siiiedelces ara ves may ote 62 
Phosphorus ... -_ dae ... absent 
Sulphur oe “ oes “a 
Silicon a see — ne 5-59 


the mixed carbonates of potash and soda, the carbon being burnt 
off by the addition of potassium chlorate ; ‘the residue was ext 

with boiling water, the silica rendered insoluble and d in 
the usual way. — 


It is interesting to note that the phosphorus has been ¢ 
apr ; P 3 d that the jar 
ly present in the 


original cas re 
Several balsas of the effects produced by sea-wat 
Gme coe. his “ Handbook 


Some cannon-balls lying in the sea on the coast of i | 
1692, had retained their form and ve but = _ ee »t, and 
weight, srry to the knife, did no naa Ce fod, 15 

metallic iron Dalene J., Chem. Mey 


THE AOTION OF SEA-WATER UPON CAST-IRON. 151 


Cannon-balls raised at Carlscrona from a sunken vessel, lost fifty 
years previously, were found to be changed through }rd of their 
thickness into a porous graphitic mass, which hecame strongly 
heated when exposed to the air for a quarter of an hour, in f 
80 hot as to drive the water off in steam. (Berzelius Lehrb.) 


Dr. Percy, F.R.S., lately Professor of Metallurgy at the Royal 
School of Mines, in his volume on the metallurgy of iron and steel, 
quotes some instances collected by Henry Wilkinson in his work 
“On the extraordinary effect produced on Cast-iron by the action of 
Sea-water,” 1841. Amongst them he gives the followimg :—“ Many 
of the vessels of the Spanish Armada were sunk off the shore of 
Mull in Scotland, and in 1740 some of the guns of a vessel named 
the ‘Florida’ were raised. These were both brass and cast-iron 
guns, and on scraping the latter which were deeply corroded, they 


a : ose ball 

ave weighed 30 Ibs., were reduced to 19 Ibs, 3 ozs. The S-inch 

¥ 70-Ibs. ones were only 45 Ibs., and although to external appear- 

ance, the same as regular shot, they fell to pieces red hot on 

€xposure to the air.* 

re complete analyses seemed to have been made of the graphite- 
® residues ; hence n comparison could be made between the 

Composition of this specimen from the “Hunter” and that of others. 
Dr. Percy refers to some experiments made by Professor Daniell. 

— of grey cast-iron was acted upon by dilute hydrochloric 


found to consist of a soft spongy substance, but apparently 
peer are beet eres th ere arses 


; Perey’s ‘Tron ” 
+ Poe 5 6 and Steel, igee 147. 5 J ; oF Redinse 
and a <4 uy Steel,” p. 146, quoting from the Journal 


152 THE ACTION OF SEA-WATER UPON CAST-IRON. 


heated and smoked in the course of a minute. In another case 
when a considerable quantity of it had been heaped together it 


undred specimens of cast and wrought iron and steel, as well as 
to test the advantages of various protective paints and varnishes 5 
they also contain the results of experiments made to ascertain the 
protection afforded by zinc, &c., to iron structures in contact with 
water. 


Mallet states that Priestley was one of the first of those a 
observed this conversion of cast-iron into a plumbago-like ee 
mixed oxide of iron and carbonaceous matter, and peat 
residues frequently but not invariably became hot or spontan y 
inflammable on exposure to the air. Mallet states that de 
tain circumstances even the purest malleable iron is conver Te 
Ae ete, 1 RRS OE eS Bind i tos instances. The bt 

d in the a7") 


mentions that some cannon-balls which were foun ee 
the site of the battle of La Hogue had, after an im ia 
years, been converted into plumbago to the depth of an their 
some cases and right through in others ; assum? 3a.lb 
diameter to have been about 6} inches, the usual size depth of 
shot, he points out that the iron had been destroy: pee rapid 
3} inches during the above number of years,—® much mor? isle 
rate of action than he obtained from his special expe? ae 

The foregoing will probably suffice as instances mie Mallet’s 


i 
sea-water, brought about more or less by reage! Mr ‘merely 


THE ACTION OF SEA-WATER UPON CAST-IRON, _ 153 


Mallet found that the approximate depth of corrosion fi clear 
the low: 


sea-water at end of one century would be as follow: 
Welsh cast-iron. Hot and cold blast Gril ol 300 i inch. 
Trish Cold ‘306 _,, 
Mixed cast irons; sen arid Welsh, Trish and } 
Wel uty nl 
Scotch eabit0N. Chiefly hot blast. . 879 4, 
Staffordshire, Shropshire, and Gloucestershire ) 385 
cast-iron. Hot and cold blasts % 


rey cast-iron, mixed. Skin removed by olanin “S59. 5 
Derbyshire and Yorkshire cast-iron. Hotandcold -431_ 
Wrought-iron. Standard bar, No. 2 Dowlais ... 543 , 

In another table + he gives the approximate depth of corrosion 
for the following wrought-irons and steels at the end of one cen- 
tury in clear sea-water, foul sea-water, in ag Ciesla and 
when freely exposed s the weather in Dublin 


Exposed to 

1 sea- | Clear fresh- 
parece iret water. - com 
Red short bar, Staffordshire..| -276 inch. | -644 inch. | 032 inch. | °335 inch, 
Common bar, Shropsh he a Sel =. “484 5, 081"; 540, 
Best bar, Staffordshire......... 316 4, | 423 ,, 039 ,, 361 4, 
Best Welsh bar, Dowlais...... 278 ,, | 638 » | 353 4, 
Low Moor boil ia es “S15. 35 ‘ 035, 332 4 
mmon boiler plate ......... ‘Sing tt DON 1 ee on | ee 
Swedish bar, Danemora o77 | 96 7 1-080 |, || “470° =, 
agote p ectepeeel “ORK 6b BIO tp ORK ay 24 209 ow 
Blister steel bar, soft... | -298 of SR | DIG yy | WL sw 
Sheer steel bar, POG seces 313 ” 676 ” 025 2” 389 » 
Cast s tilted bar, soft 441 ” 559 ” 026 ” ” 
eae 5; ” ” 156 


sciia, t e 
As in the former table the results were obtained from speci- 
mens which had been immersed for 732 days. 

Mallet found that the corrosion of cast-iron, which has had its 


re one, when the coat of plumbago and rust 
cat is removed prior to a second immersion. When the 


and less porous, thus to a greater or less extent it mechani- 
cally defends from co TTOSsion. 
oo 


+ Pitish Association Re 
ports, 1840, vol. at 299, 
Brit. Association Reports, vol. xiii, 1843, p. 53. 


154 THE ACTION OF SEA-WATER UPON CAST-IRON. 


The rapid action of sea-water upon cast-iron and the commoner 
varieties of wrought-iron is probably due mainly to the local gal- 
vanic action set up between the diffused scales of graphite, films 


Where cast-iron is exposed to the combined action of fresh 
water and of sea-water, as at the mouths of rivers, the action is 


hydrogen. 
The action of acid waters in copper and other mines, and of 


means affording a passage for the electric current. 
. h which recently 


of rain, and he states that it takes place much more rapidly le 
case of castings made in “dry sand” or “loam” than in those dry 


sand,” But I am inclined to think that this difference 8 
due in part, if not wholly, to the formation of a film of ee ms 

oxide of iron by the steam from the moisture: the protective & am 
of such a film has long been known, although it was ch “= ty ot 


155 


On the peapenbics of some Wood enclosed 
n Basalt. 


By A. Liversipez, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the 
University of Sydney. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 1 December, 1880.] 


THE specimen forming the subject of this note was found by Mr. 
C. 8. Wilkinson, F.G.S., at Inverell, where the Macintyre River 
has cut through the basalt and formed a river cliff; by the forma- 
tion of this section yan ial fragments of wood and trunks 0 
trees are exposed to vi 

the “ Mines and itso Statistics” published by the Mining 
pr lap in 1875, Mr. Wilkinson gives the following description 


of manner in which the fossilized wood occurs, and on 
Same page ) he iin a diagram showing the position occupied 
by the particular tree which this specimen w ni— 


“ An interesting cliff section of basalt may be seen on Mr. Co lin. 
Ross's oes on the bank of the riveratInverell. The following 
is a sketch of it :— 


— ———— Ss 7 eee ee So 09 an ; . C ; 
Pee. « 
¢ Fossil Lea ep Pee fe Nias Z 


Saaae Rea Nevo “oe 


we 


varying shades of deep red and yellow. This breccia is older than 
st abed, and evidently formed the side of a hill on which plants 
ee at the time of the basalt eruption ; oo at the junction 


a te salt and breccia lies a thin bed of red clay, the former 
of ee in which I discovered numerous stems ©: Sante: Some 


came woo batter but Tittle altered. ese are very ape 
thus 88 proving the viscid state of the overflowing basaltic lava, to have 
ed the small plants without destroying them, and 


156 COMPOSITION OF SOME WOOD ENCLOSED IN BASALT, 


how rapidly it must have cooled. Another interesting relic of the 
newer pliocene period that this section reveals is the trunk of a 
tree, about 2 feet in diameter, imbedded in the layer of basalt 
marked c in the above sketch. 

“The wood, though much changed, yetretains its fibrous structure 
most completely. It somewhat resembles the stringy-bark, and 
may possibly be a species of eucalyptus ; but this is difficult to 
decide without the aid of the microscope. 

“Surrounding the tree is a soft substance 2 inches thick, which 
was probably the bark.” 


bonaceous substance, but quickly burns to a pale brownish-grey 
i i graphite, 


It effervesces with acids, is fragile, and sufficiently soft to - 
scratched with the thumb-nail. 


Analysis. 
Water lost at 100° C.... iad Pier 1254 
Combined water ids ik pet eos vee “46 
NECN Naeem Ae 
35 Bombe ».2. ie ve ae ot 
Carbon ... se 514 
Iron sesquioxide 3 
», protoxide 3 
Manganese. . 
Alumina pity 


Lime 5(16-42,Ca00,) hs 
esia = 4, M co, oe 
eg a aca ca 
Soda 


Sulphur... ote ee ee des o 
Sulphuric acid... pe we owt te 
ar cacid .., a a ri on 


COMPOSITION OF SOME WOOD ENCLOSED IN BASALT. 157 


The lime and magnesia evidently exist as carbonates; a small 
quantity of the protoxide of iron may also exist in combination 
i nic acid, as there is ‘28% of carbonic acid left after con- 
verting all the lime and magnesia into carbonates. The alumina 
and iron probably exist in the form of silicate, as the amount of 
silica is nearly sufficient to form a silicate of the formula R,0,, 
38i0., or if the water also be taken into account, Al,0,3Si0, 
20. 
s it contains traces of sulphur and of sulphuric acid, small 
quantities of iron pyrites are probably present. 
The combined water was determined by heating the powdered 
substance in a combustion tube and collecting the water in a 
weighed chloride of calcium tube, and the carbon by combustion 


filled first, the cell walls were next gradually removed, except those 
portions represented by the small remaining quantity of graphite- 
carbon, and replaced by mineral matter as the decay went on, 
so slowly and quietly that no violence was done to the micro- 
Scople structure of the woody tissue. 


159 


On the Composition of some Coral Limestones, &c., 
from the South Sea Islands. 


By A. Liversipasr, Associate R. 8. Mines, Beck . ee 
and Mineralo ogy in the University of Sydn 


[Read before the Royal Society of of N.S. W., 6 October, 1880.] 


1. Reer Cora, New Hebrides. 
A WHITE crystalline limestone, the fractured surfaces of which 
present all the on of ara onite ; for the most Lee it 


with a thin film of purple-coloured organ anic matter, which burns 
when heated on platinum foil. Before the blowpipe the limestone 
oe ae and falls to pieces like aragonite. 
am indebted to the kindness of the late raggye 
Goatees R.N., for this and the succeeding specimen. This 
tinguished naval officer always took a very lively Se in the 
antes and mineralogy of the countries which he visited, and 
seldom failed to collect and bring back with him re specimens 
which were procurable. 
Lasihite: Island of Vati, or Sandwich Island, New Hebrides 
Group ; from shore at the level of high-water-mar 


Fp a 
Hygroscopic moistur i 26 
Alumina and traces of i iron  sesquioxide 23 
Lime 54°62 
Magnesia 08 
Silica en ee ‘51 
”» soluble oe aie Ses wk 21 
‘Potash ‘ = ie cate ... traces 
um chloride sie Sing 1:02 
Phosphoric acid... ce ue ... traces 
Carbonic acid . <x 4232 
a 75 
100-00 


A second portion from the. interior only contained traces of 
sodiumichloride =... 
2. Rep. REEF Corat,,. New Hebrides. 


Bad a reddish brown colour, intermixed with white, due mostly 
small fragments of coral and shell disseminated through the 


160 CORAL LIMESTONES FROM THE SOUTH SEA ISLANDS. 


mass ; these make the rock look very much like a bone breccia 
from a cave deposit. Differe vi portions vary in composition. 
Contains traces of organic matte 

Site 


i 
Hygroscopic moisture ... avert Oe 
Silica = ee 


soluble oe ab ue Ee 
Alumina and 28] 1°69 
Iron nentfishicids \ fa aH oe { 62 
Lime... ae hi 48°75 — 
Magnesia. 3°36 2°33 
Potash . 15 — 
Soda sad “40 — 
Chlorine ... see we traces ,.. ‘12 
Phosphoric acid ... ae ... traces... traces 
Carbonic acid ... OO ee oc 41°25 
100-53 


The cons in the second column were made upon 
another specim 

The red clad ‘of this specimen is pages due to the presence 
of decomposition products, such as clay, &c., derived from the 
disintegration of lava or other aitae rocks ; this seems to be 
borne out also by the presence of alkalies other than as chlorides, 
as well as by the presence of the silica, alumina, ion, and 
magnesia. 

3. Cora Liwestonz, Duke of York Island. 
This specimen and the following was co 


R.N., of H.M.S. “ Pearl,” from a raised pees on the Duke ls ~ 


sea eve 


“ae > 919 


Hygroscopice moisture 

Organic matter : ee Be Nee... 

Silica er 

Alumina and traces of iron sesquioxide 1-973 

Manganese ... traces 

Lime ape. give Ube a . _ 52-094 wot 

ae : Wee pie 

otash é 

Soda... ; 348 

orin B 


Chl ” pie a oe 
Carbonic acid ie aoe 


CORAL LIMESTONES FROM THE SOUTH SEA ISLANDS. 161 


4. Turr Rock ? 


This specimen was also collected in 1876 by Dr. Messer, 
on the island of Vati, one of the New Hebrides, from what he 
ibes as a raised terrace of coral rock, which crops out above 
Havannah Harbour, at a height of 525 feet sate sea-level, the 
highest point of the island being about 1,500 fee 
The rock is greyish white in colour and sate friable ; but, as 
be at once apparent from the an alysis, ae is nota limestone, 
although it may have been found to contain 
addition of acid it effervesces but pee showing the 
presence of only a small amount of carbonic acid. 


gers 
Hygroscopic moisture, @ 100° C 3°68 
Combined water, ta) gre iss 68 
ic acid a: OS 
ca ‘70 
A et 21:82 / 
aceite wes ees ie i | ee labia ply 
ron sesquioxide ... res i ee 
Lime eae ae : 1°66 
Magnesia ... trace. 
Potash and soda uy S. 
c iv oti ae ..» 56°56 
Alumina ... oy vide ... 14°80 78:18 
Lime bs bee im ... trace. Insoluble in 
Magnesia 6-76 acid. 
06 
100-00 


The combined water was determined by ignition of the rock 
to complete fusion; allowance was made for the carbonic acid 
which was also deren off at the same time. 


5. Turr Rock, New Hebrides. 


Brought by the late Commodore Goodenough, R.N., from the 
shore, Hei high-water-mark, of Port Sandwic h, M coll 


knif grain. 
€. a dull sound when Dare Spenifi gravity, 2° 186. 
Poa “coral sand rock,” but, as will be seen from the 


analysis, it is mainly a silicate of alumina. 


163 


On the Inorganic Constituents of the Coals of New 
South Wales. 


By W. A. Dixon, F.LC., F.C.S., Lecturer on Chemistry, Technical 
College, School of Arts, Sydney. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 6 October 1880.] 


which are thrown aside in actual working. Having the residue of 
hese samples and some others, it appeared that information of . 
Some interest might be obtained from an examination of the ash, 
and it was hoped that some light might be thrown on the insoluble 
constituents of the plants from which the coal has been form 


, in the case of coals whose ash contains little iron, is an 
exceedingly tedious process, so that in some of them it was found 
necessary to determine the residual carbon, and deduct it from the 

ash was then treated by digestion with hydrochloric 


ane te of the Colony naturally divide themselves into three 
and th, namely, those of the Northern, Southern, and Western fields, 
the character of the ash follows, as a rule, the same divisions, 
*xcept that the ash of the coal found at Redhead, eight miles south 
in eweastle, differs from that of the others in its neighbourhood 
fonts much less iron and alumina, and an increased quantity 
Silica. With the coals of the Northern district may be taken a 
a from the Clarence River district, the ash of which was 
ed from a small hand specimen only. 

se whole of the ashes showed traces of alkalies, carbonic acid 
ri of po besides those constituents given, gorep a cenegs “ates 
very minute. T ing are m 

the Nort} lds carey The following yses 

oO 


164 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE 


NewcastLE Coat Company’s CoLLIERY 


Specific gravity of coal, 1-283 ; eee of ash in coal, 4°76; 
colour 


of ‘ash, reddis 
Analysis— 
Alumina... “sd <a oe 
Ferric oxide... ns Rig Ss et 
Lime wie ose owe 1-46 Soluble in acid 
Magnesia... tee rege ey : 43°30 
Sulphuric oxide... ee ‘72 
Phosphoric ,, ove eo oe 
Alumina... co seu. aoe 
Ferric oxide... ‘ed int GOS 
Lime Pe PPP es ‘61 Insoluble in acid 
Magnesia... i ivi 63 f 56°34 
Silica ee oo 45°57 
Undetermined and sal ie 36 | 


AvsTRALIAN AGRICULTURAL Company's COLLIERY. 
Specific gravity ms —~ 1-286 ; percentage of ash, 4 “45 
eddish. 


Analysis— — oni 20 
Alumina... $e wg BSS 
Ferric oxide... tas <<. 1a 
Lime ie ne ... 1:98] gofuble in acid 
Magnesia 0c ne seo, trae 0 A 
Sulphuricoxide ... «. ‘97 
Phosphoric ,, ne a 


Alumina... er year: : 
Ferric oxide... Sau woe traces. Insoluble in acid 


Silica ee ee 56-98 
Undetermined and loss... “20 
—_—_—— 
100-00 


COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 165 


Co-oPERATIVE CoaL Company’s a Plattsburgh, near 
New 


Specific gravity of coal, 1- Ais; 5 verona of ash, 4°20 ; 
colour of ash, reddi 


Analysis— 
Alumina... fet ee 
Ferric oxide... awk a ee 
Lime tie se Oe. S| Solable:in ‘acid 
Magnesia... = wwe 7 SOS 40°43 
Sulphuric oxide... = 72 
Phosphoric ,, tin <n aoe 
Alumina... tea we  O9e 
Ferric oxide... we 317 : : 
RN he cos. a, kp | ee od 
Silica ve §O-32 
Daioheeminad and on ia 69 


100-00 


NeEwcasTLE WaLLsEND COLLIERY. 
Specific gravity = mag 1-347 ; ee of ash, 4°28 ; 
ur of ash, r 
Analysig— 
Alumina... pee ses. eee 
Ferric oxide... uae +? 21:20 
Lime abe ene wo OOO) Bee ee aad 
meine oS 1s 39-78 
Sulphuric oxide out 83 
Phosphoric ,, ee Ee 


Alumina 6-48 
Ferri * ‘ 
ne agmen diekg GOT LT 
32 60-73 
Magnesia ‘41 
Silica “ic Oak 


ri INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE 


New Lampton Ooniiery, near Newcastle, 
Specific gravity of coal, 1-291 ; percentage of ash, 6°72 ; 
red. 


Analysis— 


colo: ur of ash, 
Alumina ... mee ex ere 
Ferric oxide... “vs wee Re Solubledmalidd 
: : oluble in 
Lime ee ou aa eee 38-98 
Magnesia... a oe eee 
Phosphoric oxide ... a ae 
Alumina .... oie ci 
Ferric oxide... ie “kk eae ae 
es . 69 Insoluble in acid 
e “ve oes coe 61:10 
Magnesia 37 
Silica kr ee ao S232 


FernpaLte Couiiery, Newcastle. 
Specific gravity of coal, 1:296 ; percentage of ash, 3° 84; 
h, uff. 


Analysis— 


eulour of as. 
Alumina... et i.) aoe 
Ferric oxide... ae Sea iil 
Lime ad tas ... 2°41} goluble in acid 
Maa = ee 38°96 
Sulphuric oxide... is ‘74 
Phosphoric ,, ue eee 
Alumina... oe a 
Ferric oxide... fe: ac acid 
Tnsol ble in. 

Lime va — i 24+ 61 15 
Magnesia... i <a 23 
Silica <a cae cc OU Ca 

100-11 


COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 167 


WaraTaH COLLIERY. 
Specific gravity of coal, 1-293; percentage of ash, 4°64 ; 
col h, 


our of as. 
Analysis— 

Alumina ae 92:31 
Ferric oxide... eae oe eee 
Lime a i Fes Els 2°41 Soluble in acid 
Mepis . ..  ee 
Sulphuric oxide... “sk 71 
Phosphoric ,, ies vee ae | 
Alumina... ay: ai 8 
Ferric oxide... ses ... 2°31 | Insoluble in acid 
Silica ... 5617 63:07 
Patiesa ccd and eae he 12 

. 100-00 


REDHEAD, near Newcastle. 
Specific gravity of coal, 1-325; percentage of ash, 6-84 ; colour of 
ash, < 
Analy . grey. 


Alumina... ee = 22 

Ferric oxide... a ee yf 

Lime vee wt - 1°96 | gojuble in acid 
Magnesia, ons es 1 23°17 
Sulphuric sashes i ne 45 

Phosphoric ,, : 172 

meme oh ic. 3-5. oes 608 

. Ferric Bere ee ... 1°97 | Insoluble in acid 

Silica > eee 65 


Wodbbscininisd and loss... ‘18 


This sample contained no chlorine. 


168 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE 


Ash of Coal from the Clarence River. 
Percentage of ash in coal, 8-75 ; colour, grey. 


Analysis— 
Alumina... ne ie: OO 
Ferric oxide... 4-01 

ime 1-26 | Soluble in acid 

Magnesia ... om = “48 29°70. 
Sulphuric oxide... ai “21 
Phosphoric ,, 96 
Alumina... 


513) tnsoluble in acid 
70-25 


Silica Ss a 
Undetermined and loss 


100-00 


For comparison with these results samples of 
of the Australian Agricultural Company’s seam were obtained 
from Mr. Gregson, who kindly sent me three samples of each 
Of the roofs two specimens were much alike, and consis 
shaly sandstone containing a small quantity of coaly matter, whilst 


specimens; the remaining specimen was very similar in appear 
ance to that marked Old No. 1 way. The samples were treated in 
exactly the same manner as the coals; the organic matter —_ 
burnt off at a dull red heat, and in doing so both gre 
the roof burnt with a faintly luminous flickering flame, one of 
floor specimens with considerable flame, and the other with none. 


Roof Galley Way. 
Percentage of organic matter and water, 9-97. 
Analysis of residue— 
Alumina 


ia “ee ee 
Ferric oxide... ane oes oy ME he 
Lime ds} See an -42 | Soluble in aes 
Magnesia ... are — ——e 1181 
Sulphuric oxide... ne ‘21 


Phosphoric ,, vee wae “41 | 
Chlorine... eee 


Alumine..: |; w+ 12°31) qpsoluble in acid 

Silica ae ome veo "37°87 

Undetermined and loss 32 
100-00 


COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 169 


Roof Old No. 1 Way. 
Percentage of water and organic matter, 7:70. 
Analysis of residwe— 
Alumina... =a EA hires 


Ferric oxide... 
Lime é 1°61 
agnesi ae ie 93 
Pager oxide... je 37 
Insoluble nee we BTS 
Undetermined ay" 47 
100-00 


As this was evidently very similar to ‘to the last, the analysis was 
not carried into greater detail. : 


Floor Galley Way. 
Percentage of organic matter and water, 30-95. 

Analysis of residue— 

Alumina : 8-26 : 

Ferric oxide... 2-21 ( Soluble in acid 
ime pe 42 11°54 
Phosphoric oxide 65 2 
Alumina... 13-58 ) Insoluble in acid 
Silica 75°12 \ 88-60 

100-24 


Floor Old No. 1 Way. 
a. of organic matter and water, 4°30. 


Analysis of resid: 
a ina = a = ee 
erric oxide: re ey | . . 
— ot a ee 
3] 8-72 
Phar oxide sa 16 


st tan d 
Silica 78-73 Se em 
Undetermined and see vas 12 


170 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE 


On glancing at these last four analyses one is struck with the 
fact that the phosphoric oxide seems to increase with the quantity 
of organic matter, and that the quantity of alumina in the soluble 
portion does not bear the same relation to that in the insoluble as 
it does in the coal ashes. The analyses were not made in expecta 


ratio between the insoluble and soluble alumina in the various 
analyses of the northern coals is as follows :— 


A. A. Company... 1:65 Wallsend ... ... 1:34 
Ware 1 3.48 New Lambton ... 1:27 
Clarence River ... 1 : 4:4 Redhead. .): <1... 2 
Newcastle Co. 1:42 Roof Galley Way 1:05 

0-operative bP: 39 oor: 
Ferndale ... ... 1: 36 ,, OldNo.1 Way 1 : 0-4 


These ratios exhibit a surprising difference, and appear to indi- 
‘cate that the ash constituents of the coal are not derived simply 
from admixture of the material of the floor or roof in an t 
‘State. Unfortunately the whole of the samples had either been 


could not be made. - 
It has been suggested by Dana! that the alumina ps 
at may have been in some measure derived i bre 

tycopodiaceous plants as lepidodendron, which suggestion 
on the iseiiniaaie of Dr. * ‘Aderholdt and Prof. Church on the 
ashes of various lycopodiums. Alumina found in the 
plants is generally 
Aderholdt? found that the ashes of Lycopodium chamee 
: ‘ sa t 


every precaution to remove adherent alumina from F 


cent; 
* and 


* Manual of Geology, J. D. Dana, 2nd Ed., 366 (1874). 
? Ann. d. Chem. u. Pharm., Ixxxii, 111 (1852). 

> Chem, News, xxx, 137 (1874). 

4J. Pr. Chem., xl, 302, 


COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 171 


Solms-Laubach.' The different ratio of soluble to insoluble 
alumina in the coal ashes to that i in aes roofs and floor appears to 
coincide with this view, as if this e ad been assimilated 
by the plants we may readily iain that it would remain more 
easily soluble than that which had not been subjected to such 


Sir Robert Kane’ in some analyses of the ashes of peat gives— 
Alumina sos Ol?” STE Tee 
Sand and iiniabise tiingteible'4 inacids 2°17 2:10 7°68 

a in the first two of these, even if the whole insoluble matter 
as alumina, which is unlikely, the ratio of soluble to insoluble 
ponies be high. Some of the results obtained from peat ashes by 
Messrs. Kane and Sullivan® point in the same direction. 
In none of the published analyses of coal ashes that I have seen 
are the portions soluble and insoluble in acid analysed separately. 
The eres have evidently been made either by direct fusion with 
carbonates (or by treatment with hydrofluoric — or by 
rsecaasin with hydrochloric acid without further examination of 
the insoluble residue. Neither of these methods could show the 


lve, in 
slowness although solution may ultimately be complete. In the 
extensive series of analyses of British argillaceous iron ores 
from the coal measures by Messrs. Dick and Spiller given by Dr. 
Perey, most of which have been made by the double method, it 
is observable that in not a single instance does the soluble alumina 


i r on 
bottom in the deeper parts of the Atlantic and Southern Oceans*, 
Fete seam that the red ‘tae there found is an organic deposit, being 
@ residue of the globigerina ooze from which the carbonate of 
calcium has been removed by solution, and suggests that all or 
Many clays may be of similar o Church, on the other 
hand, r regards this red clay as an oxidation product of glauconite, 
So 2 Sark, d Premidered by Eireabens: te come 
2 TR Ch. Pharm., ¢., 297. 
4he industrial Resources of Ireland, 

* Report on the Nature and Process of coger Fo Destructive Distillation of Peat, 
to the Commissioner for Woods, 1851. 
Netig 4a Metallurgy, Iron and a 210 to 220 (1864). 

. = ‘ Xxili 32 
® Chem. News, xxxi, 199. ue 


172 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE 


the stony nuclei and silicified shells of polythalamie,' and if 
this is correct the organic origin of the clay would only be ante- 
dated. All published analyses of clays being made, like those of 
the coal ashes, for other purposes take no notice of the solubility 
of the various constituents, but it seems probable that an exami- 
nation in this direction might throw some light on the subject, 
and I hope shortly to take the matter up. 

The presence of phosphoric oxide in coal ashes is not noticed in 
many published analyses, but as this substance might easily be 
overlooked and determined along with, and as alumina or iron, 
according to the method of analysis employed, its not being in 
list of constituents does not necessarily imply its absence, unless 
it is noted as having been looked for. Le Chatelier and Leon 
Durand-Claye® have given analyses of French coal ashes, showing 
from 0-2 to 1-5 per cent., and E. Riley® has found in Welsh coals 

m 0-21 per cent. to 3 per cent. of phosphoric oxide in the ash. 


seems unlikely that it could be removed from either source by 
solution and be deposited in the coal. It may be observed, im 


matter present, and that in the floor from the galley way the ae 


that the phosphorus compounds offer very considerable resis ae 
to removal by solution under circumstances which  cagaalll 
analagous to those under which the coal seams were 


deposited. 
ee ei 


1 Jahresb. f. Chem. 1854, p. 885. 

? Bulletin de la Soc. d’Encourag. I’Industrie Nationale, 1873. 

* Percy’s Metallurgy Fuel, p. 352. + itl 
* Knapps’ Technology, by Ronalds and Richardson, vol. 1, P “" 


COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 173 


COALS OF THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT. 
OsBoRNE WALLSEND COLLIE 
Specific gravity of coal, ; “404 ; prentge of ash, 10-20 ; 
colou 


Analysis— ey: 
umina 30°31 ) 
Ferric oxide.. 8°68 
Lime 1:18 ' Soluble in acid 
Magnesi traces, 40-51 
Sulphuric oxide i 
Be eeario a traces. 
umina... 5:24 ont 
Ferric oxide... a oaaa acid 
Silica ai 54-76 : 
100-51 


Innawarra Coat Company, Mount Pleasant Colliery. 
Specific gravity of coal, 1,354 ; percentage of ash, 8°76 ; 
1 rey. 


Analysis— 
Alumina 
Ferric ee ae 
Lime. 


Magnes esia 
Sulphuric oxide 
riba wg ” 
Alum: 

Perio i oxide... 
Sili 


Undetermined and loss 


. traces. 
Di 


34:07 
‘82 | Soluble in acid 
41°75 


es Oe 
. traces. | Insoluble in acid 
51:19 57°69 


100-00 


Buii1 CoLiiery, 
spite gravity of er 1-369 ; ciandeaitebie of ash, 11-28; 
ur of ash, grey. 


Alumina 
Ferric oxide... 
Ma a: 


ee oxide 
pee é 


Silica 


26°84 
7°95 
-67 | Soluble in acid 
3 35-77 


traces. 
7 60 Insoluble in acid 
\ 64:53 


174 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE 


Coa. CLIFF. 
Specific gravity of coal, 1:378 ; sec of ash, 10°80 ; 
colour of ash, greyish white. 


Analysis— 
Alumina ta gee 90675) 
Ferric oxide... ; 5-33 
Lime ; ‘75 | Soluble in acid 
Magnesia ote bak 60 38°84 
Sulphuric oxide... ate ‘31 
oe Riga ‘a ate one “29 
Alumin: ee <2 Ge 
—— oxide! a. ... traces. { Insoluble in acid 
a. 57°41 61-02 
Woe rntncg and loss ’ 
100-00 


BERRIMA. 
Specific gravity of coal, 1-408 ; pacer of ash, 9°40 ; 
colour of ash, greyish w white 


Analysis— 

Alumina ome Bee va IBSIS 

Ferric oxide.. raat ae 4°68 Soluble in acid 
ime ve - 58 34-00 

Sulphuric oxide te 13 

Phosphoric ,, ae ... traces. 

Alumina... ei 82 in acid 

Silica ee 75-05 inl 

Undetermined and loss ‘13 


100-00 


Kato 
With these may be taken the eae coal, as the eee 
of the ash is similar, and differs from the other r Wes tern coals. 
Specific eras ot eet, 1-400; peroeniele of ash, 10-04 5 
of 


Analysis— ash, greyish white. 
Alumina. a eae 
Ferric oxide.. ee ce ‘98 | gotuble in acid 
Lime a me . traces. 37°10 
Magnesia... ‘30 
Phosphoric oxide "56 
Silica we oye 59 58 a 
Undetermined and loss 09 
100-00 


al 


COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 175 


These ashes distinguish themselves from those of the north in 
mite much less phosphoric oxide ; the average of the former 
giving 1-5 per cent., of the latter 0:22 per cent. The ratio of the 
soluble to the insoluble alumina i is greater and the range is also 
greater, especially owing to including the inland coals with those 
of the coast, which by Beaicncies are tolerably uniform. 


The ratios of insoluble to soluble alumina are :— 


Berrima 1 : 21-4 
egy 1 ; 109 
j ee sare. 3 

ena Wallsend Loe 
warra wie oh l : 34 
a. fk, int “si SL j Sia I 


of alumina as these ashes would scarcely be so descri s the 
total al varies in them from 35 per cent. to 40 per cent. 
they are richer in that than almost any fire-clay. It there- 


fore a as 
which 4 1s readily soluble, is Pagan due to an original assimilation 
by the coal-producing plan 


COALS OF WESTERN DISTRICT. 
VALE oF Ciwypp CoLLIERY. 
Specific gravity of coal, 1-328 ; percentage of ash, 9°72 ; 
sh, grey. 


‘ } oe colour of as 

unina 22-91) 
Ferric oxide... 1: 
Lime oe sh ‘81 | Soluble in acid 
Magnesia... ... ~—... traces [ =. 26-03 
Sulphuric oxide... .... ‘17 
Phosphoric ,, 3 59 
Alumina * 14-55 1 
me oxide. oa. traces; | Insoluble in acid 
Silica ee a es P7885 
Undetermined and loss... “12 


176 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE 
EsKBANK. 
Svecific gravity of coal, 1:329 ; sae of ash, 9:88; 
colour of ash, grey. 
Analysis— 
umina ... eas 3T-TS41 
Ferric oxide... oes oo ee 
Lime sae xen ‘oe -78 | Soluble in acid 
O61 “ses ain ices 6 24°61 
Sulphuric oxide A 16 
Phosphoric ,, “DD | 
Alumina ... a poeple & Oy 
Magnesia ... Hr ... trace. { Insoluble in acid 
Silica it ao Redemet Es 75°23 
Undetermined and loss ‘15 
100-00 


Litacow VALLEY 
Specific gravity of coal, 1340 ; percentage of ash, 9 68 ; 
colour of ash, greyish white. 


Analysis— 
‘Aleiatinn fee oe ae 
Ferric oxide... 1-42 Shae 
Lime 74 | Soluble in acid 
Magnes bas ae ‘57 23°72 
Suloborie oxide... on ‘11 
Phosphoric ,, is oes “64 
Alumina ... oA #a2 1602 Je in acid 
Silica. aa 60: a es 
Undetermined and loss 05 
100-00 
The ashes of these coals show a notable increase f ptm ol 
centage of silica, as compared with those of the other solubl nape 
they differ also in presenting a much lower ratio of before, 
insoluble alumina. The ratios, taking the insoluble as 1, a8 
. 15 
Val tO id. ka 
oes — : oor 


Lithgow ss 
The phosphoric oxide is intexmedatek $s 
Hunter River and Southern districts, but, re we roar te mar the a 
ditional quantity of insoluble ash as int troduce 
sources, it would more nearly approach the — 


COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 177 


There still remains to be referred to, the torbanite or kerosene 
mineral, of which New South Wales possesses deposits of incom- 
parable excellence, at Joadja Creek, near Berrima, Hartle 


ing sandstone rock. The following are analyses of the ash of 
each division of the seam 
Top Coal. 
Percentage of ash, 6-71. The ash was slightly pink-coloured 
and very voluminous, i indeed it occupies about once and a half or 
ce the space of any of the other ashes examined, and nearly 
the b bulk of the original coal. 


Analysis— 

— and chlorine ... 4:05 Soluble in water. 
Alum i isi pe BASS 
Wevtin cs oxide rae a eee Re ag nag lot 
Lime id is pre 20 94-43 
Mag 
Pitcaiieie oxide 92 
Alumina... = 9215 
Ferric oxide: enc ... traces. { Insoluble in acid 
Sili = oe ... 48°86 71-01 
Undetermined and loss’... “41 

100-00 

Torbanite. 


Percentage of ar 10-27 ; mati UE, 1,098; 
Analysis— colour of Foxx greyish 
Al . 


umina i w. 14-74 
Ferric oxide. .; oes re ‘76 Soluble in acid 
Lime fee Fie ak oT 16-90 
Magnesia “45 
hk cn acid 65 

Alum PTH, ts BO 
Ferrie 0 iia: ee ... traces. { Insoluble in acid 
Sili 7712 82-51 


Undetermined and te sa 58 


178 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE 
Bottom Coal. 
Percentage of ash, 22°88 ; ash very dense, grey coloured. 
Analysis— 


Alkalies... a ..- 0°85 Soluble in water. 
Lime. 98 | Soluble in ei 
Magnesia ... a — 36 
Phosphoric oxide ... ae “44 
Alumina, --- acs ve 119 Insoluble in acid 
Ferric oxide... on ... traces. 49 
Silica ae x 68°63 

100-23 


The ratios of the insoluble to soluble alumina in these ashes 


Top coal 1 05 
Torbanite Tee ate =e ae 
Bottom coal ... =, a ee 

of the upper coal —— in this respect a great 

difference — all the others ined, whilst the other two are 


ured exactly the same result as before. The ratio with a 
increased solubility would, however, only be 1 : 1, which 
shows a meine difference from all the other coals. 


imilarity in composition of the ashes of the t torbanite t0 


The 
those of the various coals, including the presence of @ 2 a" 
quanti of phosphoric oes does not a ar to = 
ai 2 the ‘nom 


7S 
prot of torbanite the ash ae amounts to ‘10 per cent., 0 ak 
7 per cent. is silica, and we can scarcely think that the 2 cme 

of alumina would suffice for the condensation of so many aa 

own weight of bitumen. It seems probable, rather, th ir 
mineral has been formed like coal deen plants either of @ pe 
kind or under oat conditions. That the conditions, fe 
tion have something to do with it is borne out by the of the 
of Mr. Fell, who has had much to do with the working 


1 Chem. News, xxxi, 16. we 


4 pinay 


COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 179 


mineral in this ae and who informs me that as the “cover” 
increases the mineral becomes denser and passes into a slaty coal, 
which does not yield either the same quantity or quality of liquid 
hydrocarbons on distillation 
{t is curious to note wink a large percentage of ferric oxide is 
required to communicate a decided colour to the ashes, and it 
appears a: pe to judge by appearance of the ins — 
resent. Thus, some of the Newcastle coals with 9 per cent. or 
a little over are “decidedly red, whilst the sir J mea Creek 
coal containing 11 per cent. had only a faint pink colour. Dr. 


there may “ a large quantity of ferric oxide present without 
communi its colour, and ascribes this to its being in the form 
of calcium faerie silicate. In the ashes of our coals there is very 
little lime, and yet the iron does not communicate nearly the same 
colour that it does in other instances, as, for example, in —— 
—. is of a very decided red if it contains 10 per cent. of ferri 

0: 


* Determination of ash in coal, and incineration in general. Zeitschrift 
f. Anal. Chem, xix, p.131, Chem. News, xlii, p. 41. 


Rey ate, 


os Bl 
PT 2g 


an eet 


if 


= 


ae 


at “ 
oe eon 


18] 


Upon the Composition of some New South Wales 
Coals. 


By A. Liversipax, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the 
University of Sydney. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 8 December, 1880.] 


Tue following paper contains the results of an examination into 

the chemical composition of some samples of certain New South 

Wales coals, “kerosene shale,” and of one or two carbonaceous 

minerals which, although they cannot properly be classed with the 
. . pe this. 


upon by me to that Department in 5. e proportions of 
moisture, volatile matter, fix ash, coke, and sulphur 
only were then determined, as information upon these points is 
uite sufficient for all ordina: oses. Shortly afterwards, as 


T had the remains of the specimens, I thought it would be 
desirable to determine the ultimate composition, and to ascertain 


the fuels, calculated from the percentage amounts of carbon and 
hydrogen, correspond with their evaporative powers as determined 


¥ 


te 
ashes were analysed mainly because it was thought that a 
Knowledge of their chemical composition would be of service to the 
Course of great importance to many metallurgists to know the com- 
: coal which he uses, since some of the 
Constituents may have a bad effect upon the products of his fur- 
haces, and in some cases even render the metal useless for certain 


| Methods of Analysis.—I ma h ntion the methods of 
‘pom — y perhaps mention the me : 

analysis followed, since it is sometimes of interest to any one going 

ss ctr be aateen Picasa me BONE 


z 
Annual Report of the Mining Department, 1875, p. 127. 


182 _ NEW SOUTH WALES COALS, 


over similar ground to know what processes were employed ; 
and when it is wished to compare results it is often a great 
advantage to be able to use the same methods The proximate 

were made according to the well known process described in 


se 
Crooke’s “Select Methods in Chemical Analysis,” p. 368, in each 
oal 


y 

The specific gravity was determined upon the coal in the form 

of a coarse powder; the powder was allowed to soak in the specific 

gravity bottle, placed in a warm place, until air-bubbles ceased to 
be evolved, when cool the second weighing was proceeded with. 


dina: 
Calculated calorific intensity and evaporative pea 


lated according to the formula given by the same author, Pp. ate 
On examining the two sets of results, 7.e., the cal ra 
intensity and the calculated evaporative power as determined all 
the calorimeter, it will be at once apparent that they do not he 
cases place the coals in thesame order—there is no doubt that o 
things besides the absolute quantities of carbon, hydrogen, nt 
and ash, influence the production of heat and help to a re 
the value of a coal—we as yet really know very little as to ‘ioe 
the combustible elements are combined in coals, or whether a 
are differences in the mode of such combination in different oat 
—it is most probable that there are—but we do know that there 
considerable variations in the mechanical structure of coals, “gr 
must necessarily influence the rate of combustion and the amoun 
heat generated. vessels 
wet is a well-known fact that many command anes, ond tote 
longing to the Royal Navy, the + Mail Com oe: 
Fitenournal lines ates ccutharn to nertheed coal, mo a 
former tai ash, th lisad tage f the gr the 
of ash is considered to be counterbalanced by the ee: but 
southern coal burns uniformly and does not form a aif orther® 
when it is desired to get up steam rapidly, then the 
is preferred, 


NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 183 


the report’ to the Mining Department upon the theoretical 
evaporative power of certain piers I pointed out that “ these re 

ts represent the theoretical, ca c, or evaporative power of the 
samples, z.c., the weight of water Whisk would be conve 
steam by the complete combustion of one pound of each of the 
various coals respective 

“It must, however, be clearly understood that the actual heat- 
producing or evaporative power of a coa oal obtained in practice, 
— very greatly upon the size, construction, and form of both 

and boiler, as well as upon the method of firing or burning, 
d oe many other equally obvious circumstances ; it will, 


alike, as was oy tke case in the passes trials.” 

Analysis of the Ash.—The ash was prepared for analysis by 
incinerating the powdered coal in a muffle furnace at a dull red 
heat ; in order to obtain the ash as expeditiously as possible from 

a fairly large quantity of coal, a tray 10 x 6 x 1 inch feos. ae made 
out of stout platinum foil, was used for the incineration 


Silica, alumina, iron, lime, &c. ; the alkalies were de 
Separate portions Dr. J. Lawrence Smi rocess, i.¢, by 
fusion with calcium carbon ammonium chlori 


d : 
The phosphoric and sulphuric acids were also determined in 
separate portions of the ash ; as the proportion of phosphoric acid, 
where present, was shown by rth qualitative tests to be small, 
the molybdic acid process was employed, about two grammes weight 
of ash being taken in duplicate in each case 


NORTHERN DISTRICT. 

Waratah COoLuigRY. 
A. coop firm, bright coal, with well-mark ked lines of lamination, 
bright layers preponderate. Fracture fairly even, breaking into 
cuboidal masses. Layers of fibrous ‘¢mineral ¢ arcoal ” or “mother- 
of-coal” in between the bright layers; these are also to be observed 
in nearly all the other coals. 

Specilie gravity, 1-303. 
Proximate Petes 


Moi 2" oe 

Volatile hydrocarbons Sie oe 

Fixed carbon hc 532 Coke, 59°97 percent. 
Sulphur rete 12 

; 100-00 


ROP omg ee ee 
* Report of the Mining Department, Sydney, 1877, p. 207. 


184 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 


Coke.—Good, firm, bright and silvery lustre, well swollen up, 
with small caulits ower-like excrescenses. 
Ash,—Loose and flocculent, reddish colour. 


Ultimate Analysis. 


arbon 81°06 Dried at 100° C. 

Hydrogen 581 
xygen 6°52 
Sulphur. 1°14 
Nitrogen 1°23 
sh 4:24 
—_— 


The calorific intensity calculated from the above is 8,271 units 
According to experiments with the calorimeter 1 Ib. of thse 
would convert 14-3 lbs. of water into steam. 


Analysis of Ash. 

Silica... me = sa oo . doo 
Tron cc neg ee o ai oe 
aay ER Ge: i el . absent 
Magnesia... ae ae one site 30 
Mg oy ie x es ie Mae 
Pacephonts One: :.. oie se ... ‘trace 
Sulphuric acid ea ne ae ee 

Erie: 

Nodular Coal.—A smooth, rounded, nodule of f anthracis ol coal 
h 


than the ordinary coal, in which I understand it was am 

embedded—the rounded form is apparently not due to attrition 

the action of running water ; but appears to be of a concretionary 
nature. 

On being struck with a hammer the massflew to pieces, casi itd 
been in a state of strain or tension; the fragments W nodules 
showed conchoidal fracture surfaces. I believe that these 
are sometimes met with of much larger size. 

Specific gravity, 1-294. 


Proximate Analysis. 
etatys oi by ae 
olatile drocarbons ses ves vee 
Fixed cuticle oe 


Sulphur ~ = vii ecg 


| 
| 
| 
| 
| 


NEW SOUTH WALES COALS, 185 


Ultimate Analysis. 

Carbon ... ee oe ar -- 83°828 Driedat 100°C, 
Hydrogen ane =“ aa 
Oxygen one ie vs <a «. 8236 
Sulphur . wee te i “190 
itrogen .. 530 
h ‘ 1-779 
100-000 


Tt will be noticed that the — of ash i is much less than in 
the ordinary coal from this min 


CARDIFF Weve: LAKE “Meiedeiath 
A bright, firm, and compact looking anthracitic coal; when 
struck emits a clear ringing sound, very unlike the dull sound 
given out by soft and friable varieties of coal. 
Across the joints and planes of seman it breaks with 
a somewhat splintery and conchoidal fract 


ure. 
oes not soil the fingers ; no mother-of-coal or mineral charcoal 
observed. When ree, rect inti somewhat, and burns with 
but a small amount of fi 
A few scattered nacre of yrites were observed in the sample, 
but the total amount of sulphur present, as shown by the following 
statement of percentage dieiphet ti, is below the average :— 


Proximate rue a 
ture 


Hygrosco ~ — a Boe 
Vulatite cis -* ia Sac oles w. 43°354 
Sulphur... io wins ie a “348 
Fixed carbon ma ooh wis ... 49°486 
Ash ... oe aie aed ove we  4°944 


99-985 


— per cent., bright in lustre, and fairly well 


Ash.—Grey, loose ; contains traces of copper. 


Ultimate Analysis. 
Inclusive of Exclusive of 
moisture. 


on a 80°727 $2°251 
ydrogen 4°303 
Oxygen .... 6'816 6-945 
Nitrogen ... 1 1-028 
Sulphur ’ _ 0°34 
Ash a we ..  — -4°944 5-038 
Hygroscopic micintnre ... “1GOS  nnvnnvees 
100-000. 100°000 
Specific gravity, 1-286. sas ie 


* Report to the Department of Mines, A. Liversidge, 1876, p. ae 


186 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 


The — intensity calculated from the above sees is 
7,857 unit 
Analysis of Ash, 


Silica 38°360 

Copper : : trace 
umina ees ee. we w. 80°53 
re pc is ee ces ee 
anese protoxide na dee <7 ore 
Lime ce eee eee wo. ee 
Magnesia ‘080 
Potash aoe 593 
Soda oe iva ee ae ov “259 
Phosphoric acid... ‘s ee eos “240 
Sulphuric ,,... ai a io ee 
100-296 


ai CREEK. 

Structure laminated, but cee mit not so much mother-of-coal 
present as in that from the Waratah Mine. Breaks into ¢ 
masses. Does not readily soil ahs fingers. 

Specific gravity, 1-323. 

Proximate mhindis 7 


Moistur ts 

Volatile | hydro-carbons ee 

— carbon ene ee £720 coke 56 Toners 
Fae = te 146 


— 


Coke. oe firm, bright silvery lustre, os much swollen - 
Ash.—White. 


Dried at 100° C. 
Ultimate Analysis. 

Carbon ee os i fae 
Hydrogen i ae [= 
Oxygen wee ao bay a 5 pid 
Sulphur He vik ne pee he is 
ee. ee 

10000 


‘Calculated calorific capone 8,009. «bbe coal would | 


By experiment with the calorimeter 1 
pers 12°65 lbs. of eae into steam. 


NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 187 


oe of Ash. 

Silica... * ve 48°70 50°16 
Alumina hee .. 38°84 40°50 
Tron sesquioxide a ne ea 2:00 
Manganese... fie ... traces traces 
om ive es ae = oo 

seen cis iv Sis ‘70 32 
Potash . as is “oe 2°02 
8 ' eo “43 12 
Phos osphoric c acid. ve trace trace 
= acid Se z roe "85 "56 
Loss : ers “44 “22 


100°00 100°00 


The second eee was made upon a specimen from a different 
part of the se. 
RussEiu’s MINE. 
Made up of alternate bright and dull lamine, which merge one 
into the other irregularly, giving the coal a streaky appearance 
quite distinct from the laminated a rance of a coal made up ot 


Specific gravity, 1374 
Proximate oar + 


Volatile hydro-carbons... 
Fixed carbon . a0 25 270 | Coke, 52°65 per cent. 
Sulphur a j ue 


100-00 
Coke.—Good, firm, bright silvery lustre, with cauliflower-like 
€xXcrescenses, 
Ash.—Loose, colour red, but paler than the Waratah coal ash. 
Dried at 100° 
Ultimate Analysis. 


Carbon 77°37 
Hydrogen ion 
Saifdiar 1-43 
Sits 13 
Ash 

100°00 


Calculated calorific intensity, 8,034. 


188 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 


By experiment with the calorimeter, 1 lb. of this coal would 
convert 13°21 lbs. of water into water. 


Analysis of Ash. 


Iron sesquioxide ... er ae ie, 
anganese ... a8 oes nee absent 
ime ... 5°05 

— “49 

otash 1:37 

So aia oh me aes ot 

Pho horie acid... os ete ... absent 

— acid os we ed a 

100°00 
GRETA. 


In appearance very similar to the Waratah coal, but with less 
mother-of-coal. Does not soil the es streaky appearance. 
Fracture conchoidal across the layers 

Specific gravity, 1-287. 


Proximate Analysis. 


Moistu 2°25 
Volatile le iydro-carbons... 39°21 
ge "za | Coke 57°18 pe om 
Sulphur ... . 141 
— 
Coke. —Good, firm, not quite so bright as the former, but 
rougher in in the grain and more swollen up. 
Ash.—Loose, buff-coloured. 
Dried at 100° OC. 
Ultimate Analysis. 
bon a 
Hydrogen we oj 
Oaygen = ee; 
Witvoge 148 
100°00 
——————e 
Calculated calorific intensity, 8, 208. of thi ol 


According to experiments with the calorimeter » 1b. 
would convert 13°21 Ibs. of water into steam. 


Pee eet oe Nears PROT ee a 


‘- 
' 
. 


Bey 


NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 189 
Analysis of Ash. 
Silicia er se Se er ww» 40°14 
Alumina ..., oe ore a I in 
Iron sesquioxide .., oo ites we 4°40 
M. e oe pc absent 
Lime ... 5°95 
Magnesia traces 
Pp. "82 
Phosphoric acid _.,, es oa .. trace 
Saipiiaric-acid 2 6.020 a Ss ee ee 
100°26 
‘W ALLSEND. 


_ A bright coal; laminated structure well marked; breaks into 
cuboidal fragments. Does not soil the fingers readily. 
Contains a little fibrous mineral charcoal, or mother of coal. 
Specific gravity, 1-333. 


Proximate —— 
Moistur ee i 
Volatile | hydro-earbons » FATT 
rae carbon... se ve Aer Coke 61°86 per cent, 
Sulphur .., ee fe a he 
matteo 


Coke.—Much the same as from the Greta coal, but with large 
cauliflower-like excrescences. 


Ash—Of a pinkish shade, being white mixed with reddish 
particles, pe sb 


Dried at 100° C. 


Ultimate Analysis. 
Carbon pie aati 79°96 
Hydrogen 6°26 
Oxygen 7°08 
Sulphur s 1°25 
Ash ... mar: | 
100-00 


Calculated calorific invents 8,323. 
to experi with the calorimeter 1 Ib. of this coal 
Would convert 13-21 -21 Ibs. = water into steam. 


190 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 
Analysis of Ash. 

Silica... “ay sie see avs 39° 
Alumina... evs ie — is See 
Iron sesquioxide ... és ee «26°02 
Manganese ... So a 1°03 
Cis ee 4°35 
Magnesia... ae ae wis ai “30 
Potash we a Ws wi ... traces 

Soda... oS: pee ay ima ee ee 
Phosphoric acid... i se . 12 
Sulphuric acid 3H ie oe ve OE 
100°87 


AGRICULTURAL CompaANy’s Mine, Newcas 
Very similar to the Waratah coal, bat a “hade a bright. 
Breaks into irregular cuboidal fragments Does not soil the fingers. 
Contains films of mineral char 
Specific gravity, 1-297. 


Proximate Analysis. 


Moi $a ae aa 
Volatile | hydrocarbons ve ... 33°60 
Fixed carbon mn BY 32} Coke 62:87 per cent. 
Sakae Seated 
100°00 
Coke.—A good firm ype 3 very large cauliflower-like excrescenses: 
Ash.—Heavy, w 
Dried at 100° C. 
Ultimate Analysis. 
san mcod Sipe ae ee ae pa 
Hydrogen 
xygen 7°28 
Sulphur ‘> 
itrogen 5-47 
100°00 


ee calorific intensity, 8,235. would 
y experiments with the calorimeter 1 1b. of this coal 
convert TD: 92 Ibs. of water into steam 


Analysis of Ash. 

Silica a = ee ee 
Alumina ... re . 2 
Tron sesquioxide . 3 
Lime Soi a A ive ote 00 
a a see tee ove vee v4 19 
ee 
Phos horie acid ... ae seat a 
Sulphuric acid ; via Sole 

100°59 


NEW SOUTH WALES COALS, 191 


WESTERN DISTRICT. 
BowENFELLs. 
ten lustre, rather strongly laminated ; lamine of bright coal 
thin. Does not soil the fingers. Fracture is in parts large 
iechind al, 
Specific gravity, 1:399. 
Proximate Analysis. 


Moisture...... w5$ ~2°36 
Volatile. hydro- carbons... i. wc PBS 
—— arbon is en .. 56°54 
Sulphur 1:35 

100°00 


Coke.—Does not cake; only a loose and incoherent black 
ittecd left. 


—Heavy, white. 
Dried at 100" C. 
Ultimate Analysis. 
le : ee ee ae gt 
ydrogen ? 
Oxygen 9°65 
Sebpiner 1°38 
Nitrogen 93 
ASD ui. 11°67 
100°00 
Calculated calorific — 7,245. 
According to experimen: with the calorimeter 1 Ib. of this coal 
would convert 12°65 lbs. = water into steam. 
Analysis @ iste 
Po. = ° Bi Were pt 
ie ise ce Se 
Iron reaquioxide me : va 
rac 
Mas : se: 36 
oe eee os 
Phosphoric acid (P,O 2). ves tate 
Sulphuric acid (SO,) ee Sat 22 
100-71 


EskKBANK. 
A good compact coal ; soils the fingers ; lustre dull ; lamine 
‘not well defined 
Specific gravity TS35, 


192 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 
Proximate Ana 
saan 


veh ydro-carbous.. 
Fixed ie 


>: 7 
con EE Sa Sages: 93 es Coke, 62:88 percent, 
Sulphur ... 4 
100°00 
Coke.—Fair, but Page tender. 
Ash.— t w colour. 
Dried at 100° C 
Ultimate Analysis. 
arbon cep RE ie 72:30 
Hydrogen 5-43 
som 6°65 
8 — 1°60 
Nitrogen 85 
h 1317 
100°00 


Calculated calorific intensity, 7,426. ii. 
eriment with the calorimeter 1 Ib. of this coal would 


yY exp 
convert 12°65 lbs. of water into steam. 


Analysis of Ash. 
Silica Fe ee y Si of ies ‘a 62°15 
Man sesquioxide.... 1:20 
ganese it ie ’ i 
: ke 
esla 
Posh 2:10 
Soda hits 19 
Phosphoric acid ... ae 
ulphuric ,, ... a 
Loss we . “68 
100°00 
VAL E OF CLwy Peon 3% 
A “compact coal ; sited in on ae whole, the righ 
layers being fairly numerous ; fracture irregular ; a fresh * 


does not soil the sian 
Specific gravity, 1-323. 
Proximate Analysis. 


Moisture 210 
Volatile hydro-carbons 33°35 
Fixed carbon ... —... io 
Am 9°80 
Sulphur... 1°37 
, 100-00 


NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 193 
Coke.—Hard, compact, and fairly lustrous. 
Ash,—Of a very feeble grey tint. 


Dried at 100° C. 
Ultimate Analysis. 


ne -98 69°86 
Hydrogen 5°82 
gen 11°89 
Sulphur . 1°40 
Nitrogen . 1°02 
h 10°01 
100°00 


Calculated calorific intensity, 7,138. 
g to experiments with the calorimeter, 1 Ib of this coal 
m. 


Accordin: 
would convert 12:10 lbs. of water into s 
Analysis of Ash. 


Silica an — oe ae af 59°55 
umina ... $8 os — sea 37°35 
Tron sesquioxide ... 2°00 
ae traces 
e tte 53 
Magnesia ... traces 
eotash = =... ef 
So ‘ * 
Phosphoric ” 
Sulphuric (SO,) 
s 18 
100-00 
Litacow VALLEY. 


Has much the ei mae of the Vale of Clwydd coal. Does 
not soil the fingers 
Specific gravity, 1 329. 
Proximate Analysis. 
i 


Moisture nat che aa 
Volatile hydro-carbons - see a 

Fixed carbon ... sis pe 

‘al = 10" 2 Coke, 62°46 percent. 
Sulphur 


100-00 


ine oke.—Hlard, compact, and fairly Iustrous—about the same as 


194 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 


Ash,—White in colour. 
Dried at 100° C. 
Ultimate Analysis 


‘arbon 69°41 
Hydrogen 6°10 
xygen 11°70 
Sulphur 1-44 
Nitrogen 1-03 
sh 10°32 
100-00 


Calculated calorific intensity, 7,206. 
According to experiments with the eo 1 Ib of this coal 
would convert 12:10 lbs. of water into s 


Analysis of Ash. 
Silica ; ‘ tes 59°10 
Tron oe A “40 
— i traces 
Magnesia ... : 
we os: : traces 
Pudehboete acid (P 0 Gys0 ee ‘20 
Sulphuric acid (SO,)_... far oie 43 
100°23 
SOUTHERN DISTRICT. 
Mount Kemsla. 
coal of medium brightness, with laminated structure, break- 


ing with a granular surface in places; splits readily akin | 
planes of lamination. The bright layers are tender, and 
small pieces with conchoidal surfaces. 
Specific gravity 1-363. 
Proximate bee: 


Moist : 4 
Volatile. hydrocarbons .. oe “ne ae 
Fixed carbon ae 10°72 
Sulphur : bes 
100°00 
——— 
e coke 


Coke.—Coal does not cake, therefore no tu 
dull black fritted mass only is left. 


NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 195 
Ash.—Brilliant white colour. 
Dried at 100° C. 
Ultimate Analysis. 


Carbon 80°67 
Hyd 5°30 
Oxygen 158 
Sulphur “87 
Nitrogen “70 
h 10°88 
100-00 


Calculated calorific — 8,276. 
According to experiments with the calorimeter, 1 Ib. of this coal 
would convert 13-21 Ibs. ot water into steam. 


Analysis of Ash. 


Silica 52°57 

Alumina .., 43 
Tron sesquoixide 95 
traces 

ese 

1°35 
Magnesia “60 
Potash 15 
Phosphoric acid (P,O,) ... ne ie ‘17 
Sulphuric acid (SO,)_... ae aie 79 
100°40 


Movunt Kerra Coan 
Possesses much the same characters as the last, only soils the 
fingers rather more readily. 
Specific gravity, 1-379. 


Proximate Analysis. 
i Moisture... ne a 115 
Volatile hydro-carbons ...  - 2351 
Fixed carbon me ais, : nk 
pts 9-70 | Coke, 74°35 per 
Sulphur 
100-00 


Coke.— and much swollen up, with cauli- 
Pat ike —, Bd, fairly 1 lustrous, muc up 


196 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 


Ash.—Loose, brilliant white colour. 
Dried at 100° C. 
Ultimate Analysis. 


mn 78°82 
Hydrogen 517 
ygen 3°87 
Sulphur 1:00 
Nitrogen 1:33 
oe 9°81 
100°00 


Calculated calorific intensity, 7,983. 
According to experiments with the calorimeter, 1 Ib. of He 
coal would convert 12°92 lbs. of water into steam. 


Analysis of Ash. 

Silica ... on roe a nics ws SOO 

Iron sesquioxide ... Sys wa ... traces 

Manganese ... et ia pa ... absent 

Magnesia... ae at ie cia a 

Potash 10 

Soda wee eee ee eee 

pr al ata si nis ane ... absent 

Su peat +o eve tee see ” 
100°00 


This ash practically answers to the formula Al,O; 2 Sid, 


BERRIMA. 3 
A good firm coal, but more tender than the others. The bright 
ayers present in fair proportion. 
Specific gravity, 1:364. 


Proximate Analysis. 


Moi ie 

Volatile h dro-carbons ic S28 © 

Fixed ca: ae a 5385 | Coke, 64:24 per eB” 

Ash ee ae 10°40 

Sulphur 1:28 
— 


Coke.—Bright and lustrous ; very much ‘uch swollen up. 
Ash.—White. 
Dried at 100° C. 


NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 197 


Ultimate Analysis. 
Carbon i <i we ae 69°92 
Hydrogen 4°55 
en 13°09 
SS) tte 1:30 
Nitrogen 56 
Aah... 10°58 


z 
Es 


Calculated calorific intensity, 6,653. 
ccording to experiments with the calorimeter, 1 Ib. of this 
coal would convert 11-82 Ibs. of water into steam. 


eat of Ash. 

Silica ... ar ae a ss 67°45 
umina Ss ie «ek ok ae 
— sesquio oxide “a ae si = 

anganese rotoxide iat a Pig " 
Lim mip ® wet de ia 15 
Peteade ee “24 
te ie és 18 
foo ang acid a trace 
phuric ,, (SO,) “06 
100°00 


NatTal. 
A hard, compact, lustrous anthracitic coal, slightly stained in 
parts with i iron oxide, which looks as if it had been derived from 


p aD coals ‘ni rally occur in se yea pcre the ge 
measures have been more or less disturbed or changed, i.e 
Places where there is considerable contortion of ‘es strata, "Sa 

where there are intrusive metamorphic or igneous rocks. 
wee. this particular specimen came from a portion of a seam 
ch had been affected by one of the intrusions occurring in the 


Proximate Sioa 


Loss at 100° C. _ a) 3 
Vola e le hydro-carbons oe sa a 

1X nls one a Coke. 92°375 r 
eee a ae .. <a0 
Sulphur we brace 


198 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 


: Ultimate niger 

Gevton “ .. 91°246 

ti we wee . —3°605 

Selpinr am aod nitrogen we PAL .. 0583 

100-000 

Calculated calorific intensity, 8,590. 

The ash of this coal was not analysed. 
Butt. 

The following analysis was made by Mr. Richard Siege os of the 
Metallurgical Laboratory i in the Royal School of Mines, ; 


it has been recalculated to sekcaiind with the others. 
Specific gravity, 1:471. 


Proximate Analysis. 


Wate - 
Volatile hydro-carbons, &e. 23° 
ogg carbon 61°61 
IF TF 
Sulphis “34 
100°00 


_ The theoretical calorific or evaporative ig that is, the weigh i 

of water converted into steam by 1 Ib. of the coal, as dete i 

by experiment with the calorimeter is 19: ‘21 Ibs. A 
experiment gave a like result. 

Ultimate Serta 

ao 

ar | 470 

ore i nitrogen _ pho 

fc oo 

Water” > 

100°00 


The colour of the ash is reddish white. 

When the portion of the powdered coa is heated : 
vessel, the gases evolved burn with a yellow -Tuminos se pee 
smoky flame, and a slightly lustrous coherent 
differs little in bulk from the original coal. cal 

Ihave inserted the following analysis here for OF 2 
since it is too short a matter to publish separately. 


gen 


NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 199 


ALLORA, QUEENSLAND. 
A specimen of coal from near to Allora, a small township on 
the Dalrymple Creek, about 14 miles from Warwick. 
Specific gravity, 1-284. 


Proximate Analysis. 
ine, re a 


Loss at 1 2 os i 5°75 
Volatile hydro-carbons _... ee: .. 44°98 
Fixed carbon ies we ees 40°59 
ABE ccs ad pak vas ste wer U2 
Sulphur ze i aa ws = “66 

100-00 


The coal is bright, with almost a jet-like lustre ; in parts very 
firm and compact ; free from earthy layers; does not soil the 
t 


cally the same as those which appeared in that report, but with 
such alterations as are rendered necessary by the additional 
information yielded by the examination of further specimens. 


LE I. 
NortHern District CoAL.s. 
Proximate Constituents. 


Volatile Fixed 


Name of Colliery. ect phaarp. em: Ash. am Sp. gr. | Coke. 
ag Soc SEL PP Beet 
aueguinde cet eT ee eee 1:95 | 44°09| 4995] 270| 1-41] 1274] 52°65 
WWW doetncs de cei rie: 9-95 | 39-01; 54°41) 272) 141) 1287) 57°13 
yeep, aa 2-21 | 36-70| 5582| 415| 112/ 1303| 5097 
be oa tot ape ae ea o75| s4i7| 57-22| 4:64) 122| 1333] 61°36 
Cardiff Mine... ............ 1°85 | 43°35 | 49°49 4°94 34 | 1286 | 54°43 


A. A. Coy’s Mine, Newcastle.| 2-20] 33°60| 5752] 535 | 133| 1-207| 6287 
tee epee 1741! 4110| 47:90} 780] 1-46} 1323] 55°70 


= ta coals in the above table are arranged in order, according to 
: and the last the largest weight of ash. With the excep- 
Hon of the specimens from Anvil Creek and the Cardiff Mine it is 


200 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 


Speaking generally, the coals which yield a large percentage of 
volatile hydro-carbons may be said to be the best adapted for the 
manufacture of gas. 

It will also be at once apparent that the specific gravity in 
most cases affords a very good indication of the quality of the 
coal. As a general rule, ordinary coals which possess a hi 
specific gravity contain a large proportion of as 


TABLE II. 
WESTERN District CoALs. 


Proximate Constituents. 


_ Name of Colliery. oa “bydro- et a vn Sp. gr. | Coke. 
prea 

Wallerawang .............. 1:95 | 2725 | 61:86 | 8-04 | .... | 1808 | 1 
Do. vets 151 | sa24 | 55-74 | 950 | .... | 2ose | OM 

Vale of Clwydd ............ 210 | 33:35 | 53-38 | 9:30 | 137 | 1323 | 6% 

Lithgow Valley ............ 1-95 | 3418 | 52:34 | 1012 | 1°41 | 1929 | 6246 
Bowenfells ................ 2-36 | 23°35 | 5654 | 1140 | 1-85 | 1309 | None 

Wide | 200 | 33°55 | 49-07 | 1201 | 157 | 1895 | 628 


- is noticeable that the quantity of ash yielded by these western 
coals is much greater than is yielded by the northern ones, also 
that the specific gravity is higher as a rule. 

e ash in all the specimens examined is white and _— 
whereas many of the northern coals yield ashes of a buff or 
tint, which are often quite loose and flocculent. 

It is a common opinion that the relative amounts of _ 
present in different coals can be approximately estimated by al 
redness of the ash—on the supposition that the whole of the 
phur exists in the coal in the form of iron pyrites—but such 
the case ; on referring to the analyses on the Northern ee 
coals, it will be seen that some of the coals which left pure oa 
coloured ashes contained the largest amount of sulphur & 
that others which left red ashes contained the smallest quantity 


of sulphur. in 
Sulphur may be present in coals in vari 8 
combination with iron as pyrites, which is the most io 


w. . ¢ col 
of all—as sulphuric acid in combination with ; potash ; 
stituents of the coal, such as alumina, lime, magnesia, OF 

or it may even exist in the form of organic compounds. 


NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 201 


TABLE ITI. 
SouTHERN District CoALs, 
Proximate Constituents. 


Volatile} ,,-. 
Name of Colliery. Loss at | pydro- | Fixed | ash. |sulphur| Sp. gr.| Coke. 
100°C. serbian: Carbon. 
Nattai. 8-2 87°96 4 a 87 
Mount Keira 115 23°51 64°65 9°70 99 1°379 74°35 
Se en eee 1°70 32°78 53°84 | [10°40 1-28 1°364 24 
Mount Kembla... ............ 150} 19°74] 67°18| 10° 86; 1 none 
Bulli (R. ED ising cca 1-03 61°61 131 54 1-471 74°78 


In order that an opinion may be formed with regard to the coals 


ace. 
On this account a kind of coal called ‘ brasils,’ which occurs in the 
middle of the Tenyard coal in South Staffordshire, is preferred for 
reverberatory furnaces some smelters in Birmingham.”* 
Neither must the quality or chemical composition of the ash be 


Percentage of Ash. 


Minimum. Mean. Maximum. 
Northern Coal-fields of 2-10 ‘aes wit 
seven —. sah 
Sing a boa ee 8°94 10.44 12-91 
aR 
Southern Coalfields of a 
five samples........... 9°70 10-99 3:17 


202 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 


w English aga ee coking coal contains 
pate 0:79 to 2-49 per cent. ash (see Percy’s Metallurgy, vol. i, 
p- 99), and averages 168, The Nottinghamshire contains 34 


Staffordshire coal varies from 1:55 to 6-44, and South Wales 
from 1:20 to 7-18 ; Scotch coals from - a to 6°75; so ese as far 
as the sfetinies of ash is concerned, some of our erm 

ual to the Welsh and Scotch coals, sik but: little 
ns ata the English Newcastle coal. 

A matter to which it is necessary Ne pay careful attention is 
the proportion of sulphur present in a coal. The presence of a 
large amount of this element not only lila the use of the coal 
unpleasant for domestic purposes, but makes it useless for most 
manufacturing and metallurgical operations. 

The quantity of sulphur soar: in the New South Wales coals 
is by no means excessive, and they will in this respect compare 
not unfavourably with those of aie countries. 


Percentage of Sulphur. 


Minimum. Mean. Maximum. | 
Northern Coal-fields... ... ‘34 1:18 Leg 
8 Eee RCT Regen a ey 1°42 157 
Southern me cog ‘91 1°28 | 
vant co (England)! ; ‘BD 97 151 


Playfair and De la Beche found during their investigation for 
the English Government, that the mean pereentage of sulphur 
was as follow: 


wai coal wid site ... 1°42 per cent. sulphur 
Derbyshire 3 bes ae DOL. Heh ie 

cashire _ ne ie ES, oe ” 
Newcastle a ei ti OBR gps a 
Scotland ... i ae ” 


hand, 
i sie id 


Most of the secondary and tertiary coals, on 
contain a larger onary of enn om ily two or three 
sometimes as much as even 5-0 or 6° : 

Composition of the Ashes.—In the table showing the Peat 
composition of the ashes it will be noticeable there are : 
ferences in the amounts of silica, alumina, and of iro 
Some of the ashes, however, in the different groups see 
fairly well together, and although the samples came 
districts, yet it may be that they are from an exte 


(! Vide Percy’s “ Metallurgy,” vol. 1.) 


NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 203 


“same seam. ‘The composition of the ashes as well as of the coals 
may help us to correlate the coal seams of the different districts 
one with the other, 7.¢e., assist in determining their positions in a 
geological section of the whole of the coal measures as developed 
in different parts of the Colony. Judging from the composition 
of the ashes, one would be inclined to say, that not only do certain. 
of the coals in ‘each district come from the same seam, but that 
the western coals from Vale of Clwydd and Lithgow Valley belong 
to the same horizon as the southern coal from Berrima ; but much 
importance cannot be attached to this matter, certainly it would 


different parts of the working face. It would be well to take some 
tons weight of the coal, which should be broken up into pieces of 
moderate size and well mixed. From this heap portions should 


thrown into a smaller heap of a few hundred-weights ; after this 
smaller heap has been well mixed portions should be again removed 
radially and a third time well mixed ; this last could then doubt- 
less be regarded as a true sample and not a mere specimen, as 
a single lump of coal must necessarily be. Too much care cannot 
Possibly be taken over the collection and preparation of samples. 


NEW SOU%.i WALES COALS. 


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205 


NEW SOUTH WAi_S COALS. 


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206 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 


KEROSENE SHALE. 
The name “kerosene shale” is not at all appropriate. The mineral 
does not possess the properties of a shale, 2.¢., it has not the charac- 
teristic lamellar or platy structure of a shale. and specimens 


melting, and emits a luminous smoky flame. When heated in a 

tube it neither decrepitates nor fuses, but a mixture of gaseous 

and liquid hydro-carbons distils over. : 

In colour it varies from a brown-black, at times with a 

shade, to full black. The lustre varies from resinous to dull. The 

fracture is usually broad conchoidal, but the concavities are some 

times very deep in proportion to their breadth, and at times long 
exible concave-convex strips can be detached. When struck it 


emits a dull wooden sound. e powder is light brown to grey 5 
the streak shini It usually weathers to a light grey colour, 


and the ae mE the joints also are often coated with a white 
m. : : 
It is easily cut into shavings. Thin sections under the ee 
scope present a reticulated appearance. The network is blac 
and opaque, enclosing brown and amber-coloured translucent 
particles. ‘ the 
Prof. Silliman has proposed the name of Wollongongwe it ne 
mineral ; but this has not come into general use, neither is 104 
appropriate name, since the specimen sent to him was M! 
Wollongong, but from Hartley. All the Wollongong oil are 
which I have seen are of quite a different character ; eles 
true black carbonaceous shales with well marked lamination, ©. 
often contain fossil ferns, especially the fronds of the glossopter® 
No chemical examination has yet been made of any of ae 
Unless it be decided to give the mineral a new name, : 
suggest that it would be better to call it cannel coal = pa pr 
rather than kerosene shale, since the oil which it yiel ale, and 
bably not kerosene, and the substance itself 1s not a si cS 
moreover it is not very widely separated, either 1D phy or Be 
perties or in chemical composition, from either torbanite 
oals. 


NEW SOUTH WALES COALS 207 


1. From Joadja Creek. 
Black, with a brownish shade ; breaks with a large and well- 
marked conchoidal fracture. 
prone gravity 1°103. 
Proximate Analysis. 


Loss at 100° C. aS és ee ied | 
Volatile hydro-carbons ts aa .. 73364 
ixed carbon ie ae <a ie oat hc) 
Hat 7o 9°175 
Sulphur 536 

100°000 


The ash is of a grey colour, with a slight reddish tinge. 
2. A second specimen had a sp. gr. of 1-054. 


Proximate Analysis. 


Loss at 100°C... ih pa Wes “440 
Volatile hydro-carbons ... ae .. 83°861 
Fixed carbon ie ae ae ae 8035 
tie Wea ies SA i . 7075 
Sulphur _... sa ws na rae 589 
100-000 


Tn this case the ash was practically white. 
tie a“. third specimen from the same locality gave the following 
Tosi gravity, 1-229. 

Proximate Aan 


Loss at 100° C. ees Pe 040 
Volatile hydro-carbons io se ce BIS 
> ew - nm ey ie 
Sulphur Roe rh cere ie ae 

= 


4. A specimen from Murrurundi, of a dark grey, wey, almost black 
colour, but spotted with small et8e of a white clay-like sub- 
stance, gave the following results 


Proximate Analysis 


Loss 00° C. ue, wo EGS 
Volatile hydo-<ains = sie ... 71882 
Fixed carbon Pair ee SY! 
As “i 19-936 
Sulphur a 
99-999 


Dried at 100° C. 


208 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 


Ultimate Analysis. 


Carbon 66°788 
Hydrogen ... 9°712 
Oxygen and nitrogen 2-774 
Sulph fu “555 
h 20°171 
100-000 


5. From the Greta Mine. This also contains small specks of 
white clay. 


Specific gravity, 1-13. 
Proximate Analysis. 
Loss at 100° C. aia isi ae 
Volatile  hydro-carbons bes io + 53°798 
Ash lores) ee sc: . ae > 
Sulphur... pis aie . ‘911 
100-000 


Dried at 100° C. 


Ultimate — 
posts ... 65°610 
Pi aul nitrogen is oe ae 
eae oe rm , 924 
Ash .. 167108 
100°000 

Analysis of Ash. 

Silica a ath ies 8 .. 29°643 
Alaa 8 ot ee 
Iron sesquioxide ... a a a 
Manganese... absent 
i 1°438 
M i ‘250 
Potash “748 
Phosphoric acid “744 


NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 209 


6. Another sample from the Greta Mine gave the following 
ts :— 


Proximate cca 


Loss at 100° C. cae a 
Volatile —— carbons vile oi 
Fixed ¢ 25°13 
13°21 

Fancace 


7. From the central part of a section taken from the a 
seam, where it is m ee from mineral matter. Exhibited a 
the Agricultural Society’s Show, 1873. 

Proximate nese 


Moisture and volatile hye carbons .. 82°24 
Fixed carbon 4:97 
Ash ee ae os * oe 12°79 
100°00 
Specific gravity, 1-052. 
: Ultimate Analysis. 
Dried at 100° C. 
arbon 1 
Hydro eee 11370 
; a d sulphur a 6" 
nye, ™ sie - re a 4 gee 
100°000 


ollowing analyses of Torbanite, Cannel Coal, oal, and Albertite 
were eceraaly made to see how they one in composition with 
the New South Wales kerosene shale 


ToRBANITE. 
ee a Edinburgh. 
es lhe Pele colour, | Seat Ugo inde Oa. BUD Eee 


Scattered over with minute 9 Se particles. 
Specific vity, : 


Proximate Analysis. 

See ie oes eee Po 
tile hydro-carbons, &c. ees : 
Fixed carbon —_.. “ . _9°045 
Ash (white) ; 20°540 

100°000 


Does not form a coke—a black powder only is left. 
“ See “Minerals of New South Wales” p. 37, by A. Liversidge. 


210 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 


CANNEL COAL. 


Wigan, England. 
9. Black, well marked Sheichosdat fracture, eae streak and 
black powder. 
Specific eravity, 1-259. 
_Proximate gaansacer 


Loss 1°464 

Volatile hydrocarbons &e. . i ple a 

Fixed carbon . aes 9 

Aer Rete as here ee ii | 32688 ap 
100-000 


A bright lustrous coke is left, somewhat cauliflower-like in 
rm. 

ALBERTITE. 

ew Brunswick. 
10. Intensely black, highly lustrous with well marked conchoidal 


re. 
Specific gravity, 1°105. 


Proximate ee 
Volatile hydro-earbons, & o . 57°490 
pone arbon : — ~~ 42° 
424 
100°002 


The ash is of a very pale brown colour . 
The coke is highly —, much swollen, hollow, like a bladder 
with smooth outward surface 


TA en No. VI. 


‘“‘ KEROSENE SHALES” COMPARED WITH OTHER HrpR0-Cseeee 
| Os. ific 
: is: | BES | Fixed url SPO 
No. Locality. an 238 carbon. Ash. |Sulphu Gravity 
Sing eeu 
599 | 1064 
2 | Joadja Creek (No.2) ...... 0-44 | 93:961 | 8035 | TOTS | OM) jy o%9 
3 | Joadja he No. > eae: 0-04 | 82-123 | 7°160 | 10°340 Lae? 
7 | Hertey Wiles 00... 2.6. .... | S224 | 407 | 1279 |” eae) 108 
1 | Joadja Croak (MG TN ose 116 | 73°364 | 15°765 | 9175 
—_ br. Perey Mold Flints reve | 2191 6-01 Bere Oe 
CTC) ewes er cicces eee “AQ ors 
+ “een iis | 71382 | 6-467 | 19936 | 0949 - 
_ Torbanite, Torbane Hill (27, ‘ ey 
Howes Hr | mar | 765 | mae fe 
_ Cannel Coal, Scotland (Dr. ose 
P wh .... | OO77 | 1046 | I 
8 | Torbanite, Torbane Hill... 0°720 | 69°695 | 9045 | 2000) 77} an 
- aber Mine 48 | 6118 | 2513 | 18 110 
tite, from Bruns- dete 
yet we. | 57490 | 42086 | O82] cay Hed 
5 Greta ! Mine 1-475 | 53°78 | 27-046 War vies Ve 
9 | Cannel Coal, Wigan........ 1-464 | 45°900 | 45519 Pee 


NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 211 


11. Hypro-carson—WarataH Mine. 

Amongst the specimens in the oe collection is a ho 
of grey-coloured shale containing a curious more or less rectangu- 
lar pipe-like perforation filled with a pices aceous mineral. 

There is no history to this specimen, but it is labelled “over the 
Waratah seam,” hence it doubtless came from the colliery of that 
name, 


The mineral is jet black, highly lustrous, very brittle, breaking 
into long more or ess regular our-sided prismatic pieces. ese 
risms run at right angles to two of the walls of the pipe. 
The cross fracture is conchoidal—the powder or streak is black. 

The powdered mineral is insoluble in alcohol, bisulphide of 

carbon, benzol, ether, ammonia, caustic soda, and odium sul- 
eal but itis partly soluble in boiling nitric acid, yielding a brown 


Readily inflammable, does not fuse, burns with a smoky lumi- 
nous flame and disagreeable smell 


On platinum foil swells up but slightly. 
Specific gravity, 1:30. Hardness about 2. 


Proximate Analysis. 
Loss at 100° C. Me : : 
Volatile hydro-carbons & &e. He ‘174 
Fixed carbon Be, a3 772 Coke, 
M : oe 64'836 pl 
Sulphur ‘ 2380 


The ash is of a rich brown colour, light and spongy. No 
= is found ; the residue is fritted together and slightly alias 


Ultimate —— | 


Moisture at 100° C 3° 
— 70°246 

ydrogen 5 
Oxygen 17°630 
Sulphur 2-380 
Ash 1-064 
100-000 


It does not quite agree with any described mineral, but on the 
whole it seems to resemble albertite more closely than any other. 

5 mposition does not yield a satisfactory formula. It is 
unnecessary to make a new mineral species of this sub- 


R 


212 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 


12. Boe Burren. 
A soft white, somewhat unctuous substance, like fat, = hie. less 
greasy ; inclined t to crumble to pieces when pressed. Probably a 


form of adipocer 
Found bebween Twofold Bay and Brogo. 
Dried at 100° C. 
Ultimate Analysis. 
‘bon “Ses i? a 80° 
Hydrogen 5°618 
Nitrogen 5461 
n 1 
Ash. 6-720 


100-000 


The above results do not afford a satisfactory formula. 


213 


On some New South Wales Minerals. 


By A. Liversipex, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the 
University of Sydney. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 8 November, 1880.] 


ALUNOGEN. 


commonly met with elsewhere in the caves and under overhanging 
ledges of the sandstone rocks of the Colony. 


Analysis. 

Water oP ie mae iis iets) 47°S88 
Matter insoluble in water bins pace Le 
Alumina ... ee gee se sa SASS 
Sulphuric acid ie: wa wv. =84°635 
Soda... te = a woes “931 
Potash a me oa aes me 337 

100-000 


The formula for the above is practically Al,0,3SO, + 18H,0. 
Another specimen from the same place was found to contain a 
hotable quantity of magnesium sulphate. 


Analysis. 
Water by difference on < ... 47°388 
Silica sere a Ore ee 1-908 
Alumina... 13°113 
Sulphuric acid 3-067 
A a opt ah 
100-000 


ANDRADITE—ComMoNn GARNET. 
Found associated with magnetite at Wallerawang ; of a brown 
colour, rather dull. ized in rhombic dodekahedra. Com 
pare the composition of this crystallized garnet with the massive.— 
magnetite from Wallerawang.) 


214 NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS, 


Analysis. 

aemeervs » moisture ... 322 
Car =e ae as 1-982 
Silica asf tsa ae v5 . 34164 
Alumina ... ask its me =a 3°251 
Tron sesquioxide ... se i «oy 20435 
»» protoxide ... ? ee 931 
Manganese protoxide “553 
Lime ey ast we ue ..  28°508 
Magnesia ... ae “= me ... absent 
Potash... = a ike vii “341 
Soda os a Me a i “186 
Loss < ae oe AS ae "532 
100-000 

ATACAMITE. 


Crystallized in radiated groups of small acicular crystals. Dark 
Siberia colour, vitreous lustre, apple-green streak, translucent 
New South Wales ; but exact locality unknown. 


Analysis. 
Water lost at 105° ae vad as 536 
: om emmy direct... ape av. 18956 
Copper o di er 
Copper cl hori ide sai > 1328 
Silica and insoluble matter vou ee 
100°017 
BIsMUTHITE. 


Hydrated carbonate of bismuth, in the form of dull iM 
or white earthy-looking rolled fragments—usu usually about 
size of a pea, but sometimes larger pieces are fo ai 
with a dull earthy fracture. Found with the stream oe 
most parts of the New England tin district. From Ponds 


Hardness = 3 to 4. 


ne 
Silica .. _4°695 
Bismuth trioxide (Bi,O,)... 76-061 
umina a es of iron sesquioxide... 1-983 
Carbine aci eh . ae 
wos he 


Water, age difference 
_— 
a 


vecimen is more or 


ia above ny not agree with the — formula gi 4 
the “hho of the silica, alumina, : : 


aay 


NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS, 215 


CACHOLONG. 


A specimen of opaque porcelain white cacholong — into 
white opal. ‘id ne to the tongue. Hardness 5-6. 
From oe Tumut Riv 


Sp. gr. = 1°884. 
Analysis. 
Water lost at 105°C... st eo aoe 
i it ses OSS 
Silica 88-811 
Alemninis and traces of iron n sesquioxide... 1-206 
e ie . 1134 
Magnesia ve ve ats eit “485 
Loss ... 626 
100°000 


The loss is probably eerie A a to the difficulty of driving off 
the whole of the combined w: 


CHLOROPAL. 


Found in veins in the basalt at Two-mile Flat, near Mudgee. 
= eb pistachio- -green colour—earthy, somewhat fibrous in parts 


powder. Emits an argillace ous odeer when breathed upon. 

Before the blowpipe blackens, does not fuse, becomes magnetic. 

ene eohlorie acid is decomposed, silica being left. Does not 
a = 


Analysis. 
Water lost at xs Op oct ie Ae eee 
>> bin : oe ee a §°224 
Silica re ‘ii re) ... 49°657 
Tron sesquioxide ae ie dt ye {29108 
Manganese es of wet ... traces 
esia cou a oat f 
Soda, 5 
Potash 170 
100°185 
Copper. 
Diffused grains of metallic copper occur in a dark grey porphy- 
~ phonolite near Kiama. 
CHRYSOCOLLA. 


massive specimen, of a bluish-green colour—much darker 

oti than within. Breaks with a somewhat splintery and 

— — Fracture, Brought from rome as a specimen of jasper. 
= 4. Sp. gr. 2°37 to 2-4 


216 NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. 


Analysis. 

Water lost at 120°C. ... re xii 11°92 

red heat ... act See 9 
Copper oxide — a a te 
Tron ie ai Sos trace 
sien a re 43°11 
29 
100-00 


Which does not answer to the usual formula. It is probable that 
some of the silica exists in the free state. 


GROSSULARITE. 


Lime alumina garnet. 
From near Mudgee ; of a rich dark brown colour ; translucent. 
Imperfectly crystallized i in groups of large rhombic dodekahedra. 


tenes | 
Silica ae are es 40°17 
Alumina ... a oi ... sae 
Tron sesquioxide . apuape Re 285 | 
Tron oh se 4G 3165 
een :protoxide ts a a 3°700 | 
ia (it | 
M Te ee dil cae 
C logue Re ee 254 | 
100°072 | 
HALLOYSITE. 


Black ; brittle ; conchoidal fracture ; black streak on zi 

Somewhat greasy feel; does not atten to the tongue. 

readily scratched by nail, leaving shiny ‘ 
Collected by Mr. ©. 8. Wilkinson, F.G.S., from near Berrima 


Analysis. 

Water lost at 105°C... ee ie 
», combined... ne es a 
Silica up sie oe ee 45°99 
oe gay se P ai ee . es 
ee Te 
100°000 

HaMatITE. Oty 

in irregalat 


common in the Hawkesbury sandstone, a noduless 
deposi, crevices, —_ as concretionary masses he sand and 
gives a red streak. Is often more or less mixed 
other impurities. 


NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. 217 


The following analysis was made upon a specimen collected in 


the neighbourhood of Sydney 
Sp. gr. 4:49. 
Analysis. 
Water lost at el Re ee ee 646 
Silica Ss 4°210 
Alumina ... ‘71 
Iron sesquioxide 90° 
3» protoxi 3°632 
Manganese trace 
em ase eal ‘ — 
agnesia .. ae aa ee ia — 
Phosphoric acid ... she ube ... absent 
100-000 


_ The above results show the specimen to be an extremely good 
ore. 


HamatitTE, Brown. 
A massive form, dark ead fe. es black colour ; brown 
streak. Somewhat vesicular in p 
From the neighbourhood of J Lee 


Sp. gr. 3°52. 

Analysis. 
Water lost at 105°C. ... ie 1335 
bined . = ; 11°872 
Tron sesquioxide ... aya ae ne C15 oe 
lumina ... as aE Ae vi 1-232 
is ane: 428 
praia "857 
Maze esia ... me en ape ea trace 
Magn Sts ice ee 
100°786 


HamatitE, Brown. 
In the massive form. Found with the titaniferous iron ore, 
Uralla. 


Sp. gr. 3-611. 
Analysis. 

Water ad = 100° C <a ee 

55 cers by difference . 10°652 
Sica ee as 3°782 
Alumina of sa ste ins "15 
Tron protoxide Soe on = Sy , 3°526 
a sesquioxide .. is fs Lae 
wee seein 
WE er hs ht ae ee 


218 NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. 


HornsiENDIC MINERAL. 

A light grey, sub-translucent mineral, which breaks in places 
something like a very fine-grained quartzite or jade, with somewhat 
conchoidal surface ; in other places there is a fibrous structure due 
to the presence of bright acicular crystals. The weathered por- 
tions are stained brown with oxide of iron, and show the cavities 
left by fossils. It seems to have been highly charged with the 
shells of spirifera. 

Collected by Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson, F.G.8., on the MudgeeRoad. 

Partly soluble in acid. 

Extremely tough. Hardness 6-7. Sp. gr. 3-003. 


Analysis. 
Loss on ignition ... $e si "60 
Silica ie wey as 50°44 
— “it 619 
ron sesquioxide ... 125 
i Si ets gos a rate sie 28°70 
Magnesia ... se iis ae ss 11°14 
Soda eve ia ive wee ae 1°16 
100° 


LIMESTONE. of 
Slightly crystalline, of a grey colour, with a few thin strea ie 
a lighter colour. Small patches of a pale green mineral can 
de in parts, something like glauconite in appearance. notice- 
tains a considerable amount of impurity, and leaves ’ 
able residue when decomposed with hydrochloric acid. 


NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. 219 


From a two-inch band exposed in the Minumurra Creek, 
Jamberoo, 


Sp. gr. 2-679. 
: atin! 
Water lost at 105°C... 2 ix 73 
combined . 2°00 
Silica and dibetainibh iisshable? in wet 13°08 
Soluble silica ion ivi 52 
Tron sesquioxide ... ves a oo 
Pe a za i a is 3°52 
Alumi : ee ae ak aa 46 
time” ast amet “ . ooad 
Strontia ... ai Aus oe ... traces 
Carbonic acid a Ses ie i ede 
Loss a ea: ts ‘70 
100°00 
LIMONITE. 


ety of hematite known as clay band iron ore, from 
tac taken from the uppermost band.’ 
This specimen was taken from the outcrop of the seam, and has 
: probably been subjected to bush fires, since the proportion of 
water i is far less wt . — and moreover the mineral con- 
Sa trace of c iron, a and yields a dark chocolate powder 
instead of the usual pelle ocldeant one. 


Clay Band No. 1.—Wallerawang. 


Analysis. 
Water mes ab i003. ae - 1°31 
mbined is i es 4°17 
Inscluble silica .. fo oe see 3°63 
Soluble __,, See “51 
Alumina ... we es 2°13 
Manganese protoxide ... "60 
Tron .. 52 =60°13 v4 
» sesquioxide metallic iron 
cc .. ih sy 
Magnesia 29 
Sulphur ... 04 
Phosphoric acid traces 
99°87 


———— 


* For analyses of other specimens see Iron and Coal Deposits at Wallera- 
wang, by A. Liversidge. Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., 1874. 


220 NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS, 


Clay Band No. 2.—Wallerawang 
Analysis. 


v7 
Water lost at 100°C. ... 1:35 
. mbined me 10°29 
oe 3°66 
», soluble 
umina... 2 1°38 
Tron protoxide ... = “67 a 
- quioxid ia 78°96 | metallic 
Manganese protoxide ... 2°43 
Lime i Ae ibs 65 
Magnesia ae ee i os 14 
Phosphoric acid... mer a .. traces 
Sulphur nN ie ay Ba ..» «braces 
99°60 
Clay Band No. 3. Berar. 
aap 
Water lost at 100° C. se 9 
+ combine on 706 uc ORT 
ee es 22. ae eas 8°34 
sy ROLL DIG i, re he eis oT 
—— rita oe ‘ei Le a 5446 % 
gs sie soe ps bi is ies i = 04°20 / 
»» Sesquioxide me ss ... 77°29 § metallic iron 
Man, ms ‘protaside ia ow ‘76 
Lim ei ih ‘19 
Phos: vn inal ee: me . traces 
istehas lie ie be eats . traces 
99°83 


Clay Band, Jamberoo. 

Clay band iron ore from Jamberoo o; of a dark reddish bei 
colour ; looks very much like a clay or shale, which in fact 1 
really i is Has a somewhat laminated structure ; breaks with @ 
flat conchoidal fracture, with dull earthy surfaces. 

Sp. gr. 2°73. 


yg Ana _ ie 
ater lost # 105° C ee 452 
san ans a Tie 
Sili d lubl mais oe 
Alumina mati To aan 
Iron sesquioxide ... ei ie . 2 
Mt protoxide..., aa ma ay i 
Lime oy id ‘158 
ric acid traces 
Sulp: —s absent 


NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. 221 


MONITE CONCRETIONS. 

In the form of small peeps nodules, some of which are 
as spherical as marbles, in other cases they are more or less 
elongated ; or two or three of the globular forms may be joined 
together. Some possess a curiously wrinkled or corrugated sur- 


present indications of a radiate fibrous structure also. 
hydrated oxide of iron seems to have been originally ‘iffased 
through an impure carbonate of Eee and pol then to have 
segregated together into these co ae fom occasionally 
the nodules are met with pene sie? in such a mai 

Hardness, 3-4 ; Sp. gr., 3°52. The streak or ribet is yellow. 


Analysis. 
Water a = i ee os ceo eee 
Silica aGe = nice fe geo / BIS 
Alumina ai ee Be ae : 
Tron sesquioxi xide a perme |g: 
a ganese protoxide we So 561 
Magnesia ie er sy “ a traces 
2a eas UE ene OS 
100-000 
MAGNETITE. 

“aah a vein at Wallerawang, where the magnetite is associated 
with a vein stuff or matrix nay composed of a ferruginous 
gamet.? “The following analysis was made upon an intimate 
mixture of the two minerals as they occur in the vein. 

Analysis. 
Water be ee 100 Oe i oe 30 
A) mbined ... ae i i ee 
“eae BY Be as c30 2S 
+ soluble ap oe 
Alumina 1°35 
Tron protoxide 3°67 ‘im = 41°87 , 
» sesqui xide 55°74 tallic iro: 
= hn 
om ee te pe ke ae “62 
Sulph i dee i ... traces 
Phiephori ric acid ... ne a ... traces 
Scare wg oe a cn Ba *b4 
100°00 


<a iret Saal 
» See Jour. Roy. Soc. NSW. 1873, p. 96. 
® See also Tren and Coal praia Wallerawang. Jour. Roy. Soc., 
N.S.W., 1874. 


992 NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. 


The finely divided ore was then separated by means of a magnet, 
the gms and non-magnetic parts then examined separately. 

The portion removed by the magnet amounted to 56%, but as 
will be seen Wy the following analyses it was found impossible 
this means to obtain the magnetite quite free from the vein stuff. 


Analysis. 

Magnetic. Non-magnetic. 
Water lost at 100°C... 26 "21 
2 COMPING... i -.. 169 1:14 
Silica tt i eee 8°61 28°66 
Silica soluble fo 65 3°88 
mina ... Sesto POT 1°13 
Tron protoxide ... ... 6°91 “56 
», Sesquioxide ... ... 70°47 35°91 
Manganese protoxide ... 2°39 1°62 
Zinc-nickel, traces of ... of bs lea 
Lime ee ae 6S 24°44 
Magnesi. i ae 20 1:00 
Phosphoric acid. vs traces... ae 
Su noe red wi .. traces pine 
Carbonic acid... ... absent 1°66 
100°24 100°21 


The non-magnetic part thus answers to the general formula 
for the iron-lime- -garnet, 3 CaO,2 SiO, + Fe,0;, SiO, 


HAUSMANNITE. ? 
compact mineral, with a very mi 
ture ; strikes fire with steel ; fracture euclidean of a 
iron-grey colour. Found in the Wellington district. 
Sp. gr. 6-466 ; hardness, 6°5. 
Soluble in hot strong hydrochloric acid, with evolution of 
chlorine, a residue of white silica being left. 


talline struc- 
. at 


i 


_—- 


ps si a ea ee 
Trap sacantio ve Her ign 
Man rete oor : nee = a 
rand ‘ao 

10 


mineral is one of unusual hardness and specific specific gravity iy for 
one consisting essentially of the oxides of manganese, with 
is probably present merely as an impurity in combination 
the iron and alumina. 


NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS, 223 


MENACCANITE. 
A variety of titaniferous iron ore. From near Uralla; found in 
the river deposits, by miners working for gold; in the form of 
black pebbles, with a sub-metallic lustre. 


Sp. gr. 4:44 
Analysis. 

Silica t sae Zee ie 9491 
umina ... 14°799 
Titanic acid 44°506 
Metallic iron 23°019 

Oxygen ... 81 
ime ee traces 
Magnesia traces 
100-000 


The iron exists in the form of both protoxide and sesquioxide, 
the former being present in the larger quantity. As it is difficult 


metallic iron, and the oxygen estimated by difference. ap 
The alumina and silica doubtless exist in combination as silicate. 


PYROXENE. 
Of a green colour, more or less decomposed, only traces of the 
previous crystallization left. Soft and fragile. From Oberon ; 
collected by Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson, F.G.S 


Analysis. 
Water lost at 100°C. 210 
Silica tee ie 35°319 
umina ... one oes ies oe. 9922 
Iron sesquioxide ... ee yi Sig BO OL 
“5, protoxide... s jis 08 
Manganese protoxide 056 
ime oe ies we ay oe eo 
Magnesia ... a eis ae ... absent 
Potash me mes a! igs aH 378 
Loss and undetermined ... a oes ‘Ti7 
100°000 
Sp. gr. 3-48 
ScHEELITE. 
Massive, with a portion of a crystal showing on one side, of an 
amber colour, lucent, resinous lustre, brittle, splintery 


dness, 4-5 ; sp. gr. 6-097. Associated with a dark 
green chloritic vein stuff. From the Victoria Reef Gold Mine, 
Adelong. 


224 NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. 


The following analysis was made for me by Dr. Helms :-— 


eile 
Loss ae ne heat . ‘ ee food 25 
cid See ee << See 
‘ : e 19°14 
Magnesia... s eae ee 07 
99°57 


The above results correspond to the formula CaWQ,. 


SIDERITE. 
Carbonate of iron. In this specimen the siderite is 
through a oo grey-coloured clay stone. From the cig 
hood of Jambero 
The following neta was made of the whole, as it was found 
impossible to separate the particles of siderite, so as to ascertain 
its value as an ore of iro 


Sp. gr. 2°79. 
Analysis. 
Water lost at 105°C. xi ons sie "932 
EB combi ned . ae one 1] 922 
write and insoluble matter ma eae 
tron protoxide oe uae ee eee 
anganese protoxide se . ae 
agnesia traces 
Potash soda ” 
Phosphoric acid ” 
Carbonic acid 7°816 
Titanic acid 716 
100°433 


TIN-STONE OR CASSITERITE. 
A specimen of dark-coloured, almost black stream tin-stoné, 
from the J mea Mine, Vegetable Creek, New England. 


Analysis. 
Stannic oxide (Sn0,) ... ss = 
Titanic acid (Ti0,)... sg 
Alumina ... Bi se see 80 


Iron sesquioxide ... so ne 


Sp. gr. 6-629. 


NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. 225 


WOLFRAM. 
Of the usual bronzy-black colour, sub-metallic lustre ; opaque ; 
lamellar structure, only traces of crystal faces. Found in quartz 
veins with tin-stone, Inverell. 


Analysis. 
Tungstic acid re ae ee ie ae Oe 
Iron protoxide ... a ae ...  18°760 
Manganese... i Se é oS 4°121 
100°521 


A pink schistose mineral was found embedded in the slates and 
she rocks at the S.E. corner of Rocky Ridge, by the late Dr. 
Thomson, Professor of Geology in the University of Sydney, and 
Mr. eo hea 


tongue ; is Enemies ydrochloric acid with se 
fs ular silica ; yields a very pleasing bright pink-coloured 


ea in a tube it evolves moisture, darkens, but re-acquires its 


original colour on coo g. the incisilesg: is sienerd only a 
non-crystallized decomposition product it is unnecessary to give it 
a name, 
Analysis. 

Water lost at 105° C. ; 1°335 

Silica es 61°951 

Alum ple oe ie is 120 

Tron comets is oa es ee 1°222 

» sesquioxide.. ie Ap ae 3°400 

ee oe ce 

me oe pe 

100°000 


CONE en ee 
a coe wea pened Fields, by Thomson and Taylor. Jour. Roy. 


“ mn — 


227 


Notes upon some Minerals from New Caledonia. 


By A. Liversiper, Associate R. S. Mines, Professor of Geology 
nd Mineralogy in the University of Sydney. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 1 September, 1880.] 


ve yet been able to work upon them ; it is not meant to be a 
general account of the minerals of New Caledonia. 


GOLD. 

Disseminated in fine grains and particles through a mica-schist 
much stained with red oxide of iron ; in parts of the rock pseu- 
domorphous cubical cavities are abundant, apparently left by the 
removal of crystals of iron pyrites ; the red colour of much of the 
schist is probably due to the decomposition of the pyrites, sesqui- 
oxide of iron has been formed, and the gold, which was doubtless 
held by the pyrites, set free. 

The bright red coloured schist is sometimes mistaken by miners 
for red oxide of copper, and for gossan. 

Gold is also met with in a talcose schist with quartz. ; 

~ocality : Fern Hill Mine, Manghine, Diihot River; also in 
auriferous pyrites at Niengneue. 


Copper. 


é 

the joints in rotten and much fissured quartz veins ; most of 

the fissures are about half an inch apart, and more or less at right 

angles to each other ; the metallic copper is accompanied by a 

- amount of the red oxide of copper or cuprite. Balade 
e. 


C Gossan.—Of the usual character, consisting of friable 
earthy red oxide of iron, containing a trace of copper mixed with 
more or less 


e and Sentinelle Mines. 
8 


228 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 


Cuprite—The red oxide of copper, crystallized in the form of 
minute octah ining small cavities in a light brown coloured 
siliceous veinstuff. 

Bouenoumala. Balade and Sentinelle Mines. 

Tile Ore.—This, the earthy variety of red oxide of copper, occurs 
at the Balade and Sentinelle Mines. The specimens received 
from Mr. Pryor are mixed with streaks of the green carbonate of 
copper. 

Tenorite.—The black oxide of copper occurs at the Balade mine 
in the form of a loose black powder intimately associated with 
copper pyrites. 

Sulphate of Copper.—From the Balade Mine, where it is met - 
with on the outcrop of the lode in the form of beautiful pale blue 
crystals—some distinct ; but in other specimens the crystals are 
very small and arranged in mammillated aggregations. . 

Malachite.—The green hydrated carbonate of copper; most of 
the specimens from the Balade mine merely show it as a coating, 
or sparingly diffused through the mica-schist ; some are more 
massive, but friable and more or less earthy, but none sufficiently 


chite. It is also found at Goundolai, Didhot River, as 

with cuprite and other ores of copper. Also Sentinelle : 
Chessylite.—The blue hydrated carbonate of copper ; occurs with 

other copper ores at the Sentinelle mine, Didhot River, situated 

about 2 miles from the Port of Pam, and 17 from the 

Balade mine. Some of the chessylite is in the form of — 


crystallized masses. 

with a white kaolin-like clay, presenting very much the ‘sané 

appearance as the chessylite from the Cobar mine, and apparently 

occurring under somewhat similar circumstances. : 
Redruthite.—Copper glance or the grey subsulphide of passant 

massive, of very good quality, associated with cuprite. 

mine. 


Bornite.—The variegated or purple sulphide of copper res oat 
also occurs at the Balade mine: of a bronze colour, massive 
of good quality. +08 

Chalcopyrites.—This, the common form of copper 7, good 
appears to be very abundant at the Balade mine and of 0" 
quality. It occurs both massive and in the form of 8 om 
layers running through a mica-schist, in much the same hin 8 
we often find layers of quartz under similar ¢ 43 t0 
mica-schist is often very much contorted, and in such @ bas 
present a very pretty wavy silky lustre. aL ining fissures 

The aiatecpyeiten is eres Sscaatomaliy met with I Pest are 
One or two of the specimens kindly sent to me by Me mond with 
fairly well crystallized, the form being in one case the sp: 


” MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 229 


curved faces ; in the other specimens, also from the Balade mine, 
the crystals are smaller but better developed, consisting of groups 
of tetragonal pyramids combined with faces of the secondary prism 
and the basal pinacoid. 

Most of the specimens of chalcopyrites received from the 
Balade mine would be described by miners as peacock copper, on 


Associated with the copper pyrites are the minerals quartz, both 


resembling statuary marble in appearance ; it is very unusual for 
marble to appear under such circumstances ; calcite is however 
very commonly met with in mineral veins. Some of the frag- 


mately the same, and may all therefore be referred to the same 
system of fracture. Another series of joints—merely divisions In 
the rock—occur however, and these dip S. but are not repre 
Sented in the deposits. sag 
To give you an idea of the geological formation of the district, 
I have collected 34 specimens illustrative of the various. meta- 
morphic rocks which are met with in ascending the mountain In a 
N. or transverse direction for a distance of about 24 miles, é.e. from 
ts base near where the deposits of copper crop out at surface. 


230 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 


This chain of hills attains its greatest altitude at this point, 
where it is 2,500 feet above sea- evel, and extends about 30 
iles E. and 10 E. 27° 


necessary reduced sections and diagrams, without which it would 
be difficult to explain them. Garnets with glaucophane, and 
crystals of amphibole, occur abundantly in these rocks, but have 


Leap. 

Galena.—The sulphide of lead ; from Coumac, in masses with 
a finely granular structure, reputed to be highly argentiferous ; 
the specimen given to me by Mr. Rossiter contained but a small 
quantity of silver. 

ZINC. 

Zine blende.—The sulphide of zinc : specimens from Coumac 
and the Baie Lebris, said to be argentiferous, are black in colour, 
massive, with granular structure, and in parts much stained with 
oxide of iron. 

ANTIMONY. 

Antimonite.—The sulphide of antimony ; a fine specimen of = 
massive variety from Nakety, on the East Coast, with coarsely- 
bladed structure like much of the Borneo ore, was contained im 
Mr. Rossiter’s collection. : ti 

© speci is coated in part with yellow oxide of anth 
mony, to the thickness of about half an inch. 
TITANIUM. 
Rutile.—The dioxide of titanium TiO, abad: of 
stallized in incompletely developed prisms, much ga . 
a dark hair brown colour ; in most cases the prisms are muc 


t of measurements being made with the apeanger ites 


MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 231 


NICKEL. 

M. Jules Garnier seems to have been thefirst to discoverthe exist- 
ence of a nickel-bearing mineral in New Caledonia: he first met with 
it as far back as 1864 and made his discovery public in 1867’, 
but he did not, apparently, make any investigation into the 
chemical composition of the mineral in question: afterwards M. 
Garnier placed some of the mineral in the hands of M. Jannettaz, 
mineralogist to the Natural History Museum of Paris. 

In a letter to the “Moniteur de la Nouvelle Calédonie” of 


in his letter. I did ‘not then give the descriptions, waiting for the 
definite work which I could only make in a place where I could be 


for investigation that I lacked in the Colony. It was Mons. 
annettaz, mineralogist at the Museum, who was so good as 


T again wrote :—“ The serpentines and in a general way 
of the rest, all the rocks which accompany them are often covered 
with a coating of beautiful green, which is nothing but silicate of 
nickel, alumina, and magnesia. * * * The nickel in at 
Condition is so abundant that we ought to hope to find one day @ 
Nothing sgt of it.” (Bulletin de Industrie Minérale, p. 301, 

me 


Since my previous analysis of the nickel-bearing minerals from 


: iy Nouv. Cal., p. 85, J. Garnier, 1867. 
5 Jour. Roy. Soc., N.S.W., vol. IX, p. 47. : isan ees 
A new nickel-bearing Mineral from New Caledonia. A. Liversidge. 
Quart. Jour. Chem. Soc., London, July, 1874, Nickel Minerals from New 
edonia, by A. Liversidge, Jour. Roy. Soc., N.S. W., 1874. 


232 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 


large number of specimens from different deposits in New 
Caledonia and especially of the one named NVowmeaite ; the variety 
known as Garnierite does not appear to be at all abundant, nor does 
it appear to be of much importance tothe mineralo 
Both varieties lose a portion of their combined waters when 
heated to 100°C.; the amount is variable in different specimens. 
Noumeaite. —N o crystallized specimens appear yet to have been 


ance of some be regarded as such ; it occurs in massive Leer in 
botryoidal and stalactitic forms, as incrustations with smooth mam- 
millated surfaces, in brecciated masses, as eos cementing mateiitel 
serpentine | breccias, arg as tions, in the massive form with 
the mineral split 
polished concave-convex oben which fit into one another somewhat 
like the petals of an unopened flower-bud ; this kind of structure 
is very often seen in mineral veins of all kinds and in their walls 
also where there is a slickenside or miroir. Occasionally it is found 


sinlachite: in a and effect. At the Paris Exhibition of 8 
Messrs. 


In ostous it is met with of various “shade of —_ from ~ 
very palest tinge, through apple green to a full ri h malachi 
green ; the very pale varieties apparently seem to be > othingwo 
than a , hydrated silicate of magnesia more or less chai 

: not hard, are 


from their great toughens extremely difficult to powder. side 

One specimen of noumeaite from Mont d’Or passes on One 
into a layer of pale green jade like mineral breaking bere “a 
ore 


_ ing fractur con- 
otherwise resembling jade. This layer had apparently been _ ofa 


slickenside. 1 have not yet had time to examine the specimen of 
Some specimens have been found to contain minute trac? 


copper. 
The following analyses, numbered from 1 to 7, were a 
sets of specimens which I nea carefully freed rom the matt ‘a 

oon sets were prepared so as to ascertain how wand from te 
resembling one another in fer eg and a appearance, cs 
same mine, differed from one another in chemical wndertake 
Dr. Leibius, of the Mint, Sydney, was kind enough to 
the analysis of one set of these specimens. : 


MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA, 233 


No. 1. Light green coloured specimens, showing poe: 
; from the Bel Air Mine, Ouailou, East Coast 


Snare 

a. Cc. d, 

Water lost at 100° C 10°01 10" oe 12°38 14°47 
Combined water at 

red heat 8°82 7°81 (by diff) 6°77 
CA... 48°90 48°25 49°36 44°96 
pooner ‘igaeages te 17 56 

umina : : 
Tron sesquioxide ... trace 55 traces 56 
Nickel protoxide ... 14°85 14°60 18°75 14°62 
Magnesia... pate | ie’ 16°40 17°03 17°43 
99-60 Leibius 99°57 Ramiele 99°37 


In } ¢ and d the first portion of the water was driven off at 
105°C. instead of at 100°C. 
No. 2. A pale —— very tgagb, from the same large block. 
ils 


Water lost at 1 
Combined eat as ; 0-36 10: 37 (by difference) 
Sili = Ct 5 "85 "15 
trace ek 
0 PE toce ie rae trace 
Nickel protoxide... ... 11°50 10°20 
Magnesia ... we a eee 17°43 


99°13 Leibius 100°00 


No.3. A dark translucent prittle, botryoidalormammillated 
form from Boa ane page , Kanala. 


Water los 100° ey acct avg 
Co mbined, ye at red heat Sy eS 
Sili oo ee 

ina 85 
Tron sesqui ioxide .. we we ... brace 
Nickel tea ce ae cae! tee ee 
Magnesi De ea cca oe 

99°60 Leibius 
Another aii of this, but of a lighter colour, had the fol-. 

Water lost at 100° C. ie 
eee kes ae oe 
Silica soluble oe ‘70 
Alumina 


8°65 
8°95 
10 
Tron sesquioxide tee A on 
Nickel oxide (NiO) lines aoe 
Maa a 
99°89 


234 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 


No. 4. Ofa rich green colour, intermixed with lighter portions, 
inn and showing a striated and fluted surface next to the 
of the vein, somewhat like a slickenside in ap ce ; the 
specimen of white hydrated silicate of magnesia. (See No, 7) 
formed the boundary wall or casing of the vein. Bel Air mine. 


Analysis. 
Water lost at 100° C. see 
Combined water lost at red ‘heat.. axe ee 
Silica... ae a re oO 
2 Alumina 

na i ce rap absent 
Nickel protoxide ... oes itt --- 20°88 
Magnesia... ee wee 12°93 

99°66 Leibius 


No. 5. Translucent dark green coloured, brittle le specimens, with 
mammillated surfaces, from “Naket ety. 


Analysis. 
- TI. 
bio ied at 100° C. , ao TO 6°44 
ned water lost at 
heat 12:39 11°53 (by difference) 
Silica” dhs se «BO 10 38°35 
= traces ; 
Tron sesquioxide ... ...._ traces 15 
Nickel protoxide... ... 29°10 32°52 
iis << 32°04 10°61 


100°78 Leibius 100-00 


No. 6. A translucent pale green variety from Ouailou. 


nalysis. 

Water lost at 100° C. a ae cae 

Water lost at red heat... a oe 

ili ee ae eee | 48°00 

absent 

m sesquioxide .., say ie cio 

Nickel ide a ee 

Nickel protoxide _ m i 
101-06 Leibius 


—The casing from the walls of a vein in of gee 
noumeaite at the Bel Air m ine, Kanala, consisted of 4 was 
white very tough hydrated silicate of magnesia which pe ae 
quite free from nickel, and in others merely toes with striated, 
green. The surface towards the vein was much grooved, side, 
and polished, and had apparently formed part of a slicke 
_ This mineral very closely resembles meerschaum 1m CO ones 
pices an and in many of its properties. It is, howew ak 
tougher than ordinary meerschaum, being @ s difficult 


MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 235 


apart as rock cork ; it, moreover, presents in parts a more or less 
well-developed petaloidal structure. The specific gravity is 2°55, 
meerschaum being only about 1°3 to 16. There are occasiona 
black dendritic markings within it. 
One specimen possessing a By pale green tinge gave the follow- 
results :— 


ing — 

Water lost at 100 a S ae oe ee 
», combin “i s- 

Silica 51°81 

2 soluble . 
lumina ... so Se ; 

Tron sesquioxide ... Rp of 7 

Nickel oxide (NiO) cv sei me 2°32 

Magnesia ... = oe <a Poy A ber * 37 


Two other nog devoid of any green einige te the fol- 
lowing results 


Analysis. an 

Water lost at 100° C. . 11°77 13°30 at 105° C} 
ev — at red heat... 9°70 8°58 by diff. 
Sili 53°80 53°80 
Biaiiek ie sas ... absent : 

on ... absent trace 
Nickel protoxide . 58 
Magnesia - 24°82 _ 22°99 


100°33 Leibius 100°00 


The above composition furnishes the fo formula :—2 MgO, 
3 Si0,, 5H,0, or 2 MgO,38i0,,H,0, if the water driven off at 
C. be disre 


100° 
The brownish or plum-coloured serpentine with which ~ 
houmeaite is often associated usually contains alumina, iron, ; 
ence (in cases where analyses show the presence of any con- 
siderable quantity of these) it may be, I think, assumed that the 
mineral has not been ca, separated from its gangue, but 


that both have been take tog 
‘he following a: yses eX some of the dark green brecciated 
ores, from which the e had not been wholly re- 
Sai will serve to show 
ater lost at 105° C. sce BGS 8-016 8°65 
Combined, by difference ...  9°034 67550 8-95 
ee 38°108 36°79 
>» Soluble ... aie oe arf on “70 
a SON TIE 2584 5-36 
somniaxide gay ie “157 1°137 
Nickel —: he Ge, ee 31-853 24°72 
Lime a absent trace 
19°083 11°752 14°97 


100-000 100-000 100°14 


236 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 


Another ore gave :— 2% 
Analysis. 

Water lost at 100° C. a 9°46 

‘s sos tomy by difference ... we Tat 

Silica : 2: nl ee 

it soluble ies a 93 

Alumina and iron sesquioxide vas ee 1°31 

Nickel oxide a ise» 

Magnesia .. : me of ee 

— 


The —_—-~ analyses confirm the statement made in 1874 
that the is of uncertain composition ; it from 
stantielig iil pear hydrated silicate of magnesia to what is also 
practically only hydrated silicate of nickel. Some specimens which 
are now being examined quantitatively contain but a very small 
quantity of magnesia. 

Garnierite.—Since the receipt of the first specimen in 1874, I 
have obtained only one or two additional examples of this varity 
of the hydrated silicate of nickel and magnesia, It is ab once 


adherence to the tongue, and by its falling to pieces when 
immersed in water, and (like halloysite) even when allowed to 
It Pos he 


remain adherent to the t tongue | for a mom ment or 80. 


ap een carbonate of copper. I expect this a 
will be found in New Caledonia, but up to the present I have 
seen any authentic specimens. 


CoBaALtT. pee 
Up to the present the only cobalt-bearing mineral from cae 
Caledonia which I have had an opportunity to or obalé OF 
been of one kind, viz, the variety known as earthy ¢o 
asbolite or “wad,” i.e., = impure oxide of manganese ganese contain m1 
cobalt oxide. Ita arently occurs in he form of irre i 


mammillated surfaces, embedded in an unctuous red clay. 

is probably derived from _ decomposition of the 

other — of the distric put. usually 
se nodules are black or bluish-black in beat red 

superficially coated either with the sor ery ei or hen first 

oxide of iron. J understand that they are quite te soft w. 


MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 237 


dug up ; they readily stain the fingers, and yield to the knife at 
ce, cutting like graphite, a, ir. a blue-black shining metallic 
of a grey-blac 
Some of the nodules paesnnk 4 a very vesicular structure, like 
certain kinds of lava. Even the apparently quite compact nodules 
often enclose patches of the clay, especially t a. the centre. 
Many o 


em present a very striking resemblance to the 
manganese nodules dredged up from the depths a the sea vet the 
“Challenger.” I do not feel quite justified in ut any 


ip on aie river Leia. 
Some nodules of the ore from Unia were examined, with the 


following results 


Analyses. 

Specimen No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. 
Water _ a 100’ Os 8°68 10°19 10°54 
Mine cA, oat 9°74 9°83 
Silica... 15°34 15°15 17°20 
Alum 8-70 7°65 
Tron sesquioxide ...........2...0++ 10°41 10°26 5°51 
eke o pea tees ink “BE “87 
- en oxide traces traces traces 
Savant eet peer ee aay 15°67 15°43 13°59 

an, ese eroxide (MnO 11°52 9°57 
Mangan F ee traces traces traces 
Magnesia 20:80 20°46 22°63 


100°67 100°01 99°87 


The following contains but little eee 
Analysis. 


Yysrs. 
Water lost at 100° C. a Se 2°86 
Water combined by difference ... wk ee 
Silica a : 1-06 
Alumina Se. : 11°37 
Iron nioxide eB sus = 52 
C ni ve ‘a aoe 
Mangan se ide M 0. gt Cees -¢ | 
c obalt oxid i petox fu os oleae 
Lim aes : an ne .. absent 
iteaiedia or ee ae oe ad 1-79 


238 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 


The following analysis of a specimen from Baie des Pirogues 
shows the presence of nickel in rather larger proportion than 
usual. 


Water lost at 100° C. wes vei oO Mage 
Combined water, by difference ey, re 
Silica with traces of chrome iron .. 4°476 
Alu i ie oe ws. eee 
Iron sesquioxide ves vis ... 18°396 
Chromium sesquioxi is .-. traces 
Man anganete pero (ind) A ... 277588 
Cobalt o: ese via. y EEE 
ai side 2256 
Lim 3a a 2 Gee oe fe 
Maaciate aif or = $08 Tr 418 
Potash set , tes : ai "123 
Soda... ae oa ae 216 
Phosphoric acid (P,0;) ... 240 
oe 


From the peeaeing analyses it will be seen “that the earthy 
cobalt ore from New Caledonia differs considerably from those 
met with in aha places ; baryta is entirely absent, although 


given by Dana, Descriptive Mineralogy, p. 182 ), but magnesia 
seems to have taken its place in the asbolite from some of the 
New Caledonia: 

Specimen tani’ Unia of poor part 


Water lost at 100° C, ree ck... 
mbined water, by difference .. .. 22-901 

a a silica .. 1 
a oii pen. rt 
Iron 1 sesquioxide ves ave a ... 10°308 
Ceaemeen. sesquioxi xide ... traces 
Manganese peroxide (MnO,.) 16°598 
oe t oxide (CoO a a 
ic ag ge — eee = geet 
M nee laa ea 
oa a3 ish ewan eee em 
Sulphuric oda Shy Oe oe 
1007000 


Tron wd 
Vagnetite.—In theform of call very perfect octohedra di 
through massive granular chlori 
lade mine, i, an : schist, highly 
Red Hematite.—In a red-coloured micaceous on for 
charged with ste of iron, and in consequence often a 


MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 239 


the gossan of a copper-vein ; the iron oxide has apparently been 
formed at the expense of iron pyrites, since much of the schist is 
dotted all over with small rectangular cavities, pseudomorphous 
after iron pyrites. 

Balade mine 


Brown Heematite.—A. ‘specimen from Baie du Sud evidently of 


t 
size of the entire pseudomorph, made up of minute crystals of 
pale green-coloured sulphur, &e. 

Pyrrhotine.—The magnetic variety of iron pyrites (Fe,S,) 
collected by Mr. Pryor at the Balade mine. 

Massive, of a brown-yellow colour with metallic lustre, asso- 
ciated with copperpyrites and transparent quartz, which is diffused 
through the mass, just as is seen in some of the pyrrhotine from 

enmais in Bavari 


S.. 
In the form of fairly well developed cubes, both isolated and 


Chromite.—The deposit of chromite or chromate of iron, 

commonly kn : ‘ 

developed in New C edonia, as well as of extremely rich quality. 

_ The ore is met with in the form of alluvial deposits, as well as 

‘ situ in the serpentine and other rocks. I am informed that 

pi of these alluvial deposits are now being worked on a large 
e. 


240 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA, 


The majority of the specimens are massive, with a 


ular, or lamellar structure ; also in the form of more or less 
distinct lustrous black octahedra, Bias packed gels often 
the ore is however stained with oxide of iron, and mixed with 
more or less —— matter. Some of the specimens i oa as 
much as 66 per of chromium sesquioxide. 

One specimen ae up of rather large impertechiy ares 
iron-gray crystals—some nearly half an inch in diameter— 
found to have the following composition :— 

Analysis. 
Silica and insoluble matter! _... eat .. ot 
ee ie ia — ee 
mium sesquioxide = iad zs ... 66°54 
a protoxide re a ie ... 10°85 
esia ... oh won an ces ... 15°03 
100°47 


The amount of chromium sesquioxide is unusually large; this 
is due to much of the iron protoxide being replaced by magnesia, 
the difference being due to the lower equivalent of the latter. 

The above numbers approximate to the usual formula, RO, R, 


calities: Petit Mont d’Or, Coumac, Tiebaghi, Ouaghi, 
masa! Baie du Sud. 


Non-METALLIFEROUS MINERALS. 
Coal.—A specimen of the so-called anthracite, from 


Noumea, came into my possession some tim 


Torbanite or “ Kerosene Shale.”—A specimen of to 
kerosene shale labelled peso Caledonia,” exists in the | rd 
University collection. I cannot however trace its history, ro 
not know from what part of New Caledonia it is supposed to 


been brought. It has very much the same appearance and by 
physical qualities as the New South Wales mineral mrre” does 
the name of kerosene vert although it is not a shale and does 
yield kerosene, but a m neral oil of another kind. 
Analysis. 
Moisture , 65:17 
aac hydro-carbons me a 3-71 
1B oh ew a 
100°00 
——— 


The specific gravity is 1-238. rere 


1 Free from chromium. 


MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 241 


Quartz.—In the form of fragments of colourless and transparent 
rock crystal, also as vein quartz, both white and tinged with various 
colours from the admixture of impurities, also in the form of 
white pebbles cemented together with brown oxide of iron, and 
mixed with some more or less decomposed mica, similar in appear- 
ance to the conglomerate from the New England diamond drift ; 
collected by Mr. Pryor. 

Chalcedony.—In flat pieces as if set free from fissures, often 
white outside like chalk flints ; in colour various shades of brown 
and grey, also quite white as in carnelian. Collected by Mr. 
Rossiter, from Bouenoumala, Coumac. 

Chert.—Of various shades of grey through brown to black, and 
much fissured, from Pointe Nea (?), near Noumea, apparently 
reaks with the usual square 


system. 
lected by Mr. Rossiter, from near Port la Guerre, which were 
mostly massive cleavage fragments. Mr. Pryor’s collection from 
e Balade mine contained a few specimens crystallized in rhombo- 
hedra, and associated with small quartz erystals, taken from the 
joints of the mica-schist near to the deposits of copper ore. Also 
et apparently from the lode, intimately associated with copper 
pyrites. 


Another variety is of a pure white colour, breaking with a fine 
ine ture, and presenting much the appearance of 
alabaster, apparently derived from veins only a few inches across ; 
where stained with iron oxide resembles somewhat the celebrated 
gerian onyx marble. It apparently forms the vein stuff of 
certain portions of the copper veins. are 
Limestone.—Of a grey or dove colour, suitable for building or 
Pr imental purposes ; from the Baie de Eiyalion’ oumea, and 


a m near Coumac. Collected by Mr. Rossiter. ~ . Pryor - 
me specimens from an outcrop on the Didahot River, near 
the Balade mine Ra: : great extent of this 


949 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 


Ankerite.—A. variety of this mineral of a pale brown colour was 
found by Mr. Pryor, at the Balade mine, associated with quartz 

and copper pyrites; breaks readily into more or less lamellar 
pieces ; contains manganese, as well as iron, lime, and magnesia, 

Magnesite.—In the massive form, white, very dense, hard, and 
breaking with a conchoidal fracture ; somewhat platy structure. 
A qualitative analysis shows it to be * very pure 

A concretionary variety was contained i n Mr. Rossiter’s col- 
lection, labelled ** Barytes from Boudisinili” but on testing 
barium none could be detected; the specimen had the same 
peculiarly reticulated surface and mamm millated form as the mag- 
nesite found on the New South Wales diamond fields. 

Garnet.—In some cases these are very well crystallized in the 
form of the rhombic dodekahedron, varying in size from #5 to § 


e, whilst others are 
of a rich more or less transparent red, similar to the varieties used 
for jewellery. 

The matrix is of two kinds ; the one is a hard and very heavy 
schistose rock, composed of quartz, glaucophane, and some epidote ; 
the other matrix is the rather uncommon variety of hornblende 
known as glaucophane. The faces of the larger rhombic dodeka- 
hedral crystals occurring in the glaucophane matrix are, as it wer® 
built up of plates, so that the eda of the garnets would present, 
if cut through, a step-like sect: 

Usually each face of the garact crystal is covered or in con contact 
with a plate of mica ; these mica crystals sia exte = beyond the 
face of the garnet in ‘one or more directions. the garnet is 
detached, a mould of it isleft, beautifully lined Mer ae 

In some cases the garnets have crystallized in thin red films 
between the plates of mica ; in other places the solid garnet erystals 
penetrate right through the layers of mica. ; : 

An gers of the garnets was made with the following results: 


Sp. gr. 4 


Analyses. 
L I. Mean. 
Silica 3810... 821, ee 
umina 22°09 22°27 a 
DA PROSONIAD ooo Soi crssgsey 21°17 21°35 ert 
anese Gitte ..2s...6.iiecsciis 5°50 5°58 
7°88 768 
Magnesi 4°64 4°84 
Loss on Soudtion icons 0°33 0°29 
99°71 10022 


which gives the following formula :— 


3 (FeO, MnO, CaO, MgO), a 


MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 243 


Mica.—From the Balade mine, in the form of white silvery plates, 
some of which are about half an inch in diameter; but no well- 
developed crystals were et Shee by transmitted light the thicker 
plates present a dull greenish shade. Disseminated through 
of the masses of mica are sitll red translucent crystals of garnet, 
and between ms plates of mica films of garnet have occasionally 
crystallized ou 

Plates of this silvery white mica are also found sparsely scat- 
tered through the glaucophane, especially in the glaucophane 

g the garnets ; in other cases again, the mica is in excess, 
the glaucophane playing a subordinate part. 

On Sear this mica was found to have the following com- 
position Sp. gr. 2:938. 

Analysis. 

The e following analysis was prepared on a very small quantity of 
the material, as it was onl ly possible to collect a very limited amount 
of this silvery w white mica; hence much importance cannot be 
attached to i 


4°31 
Sili 50°60 
Alu 25°28 
Iron protoxide 3°47 
Man, anganese [ protoxide 0°50 
Lime 1 boa 
Magnesia 4° 
Potesh 6°69 
tem 2°49 
Ss 0°76 
100-00 


Neither lithium nor fluorine were present. 
The above results do not quite agree with any published 
analysis, nor do they afford a woe iggn formula; but it is 


Analyses. 

Water, combi 4:50 446 
ai combined ....,. "YT aera ge i ees ee ee i 
NE ie ae i: Reeercee 51:23 

Cee 90: SAL plas vee 

=p protoxide ......... oes. yp) eee 2-60 

Manganese............... Tee ie hs ata 34 

Lime ....... BOS ciccacs SRE SES + 
Mis <2... oe Be hc ocnaeaae 

a eRe ie PE. caine 693...» 693 

. hg eae ow 1-2 

99-25 


The above corresponds to 2 (JRO, } R,0) 3 SiO, + H,0. 
id 


% 
Pa 


244 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 


Hornblende.—In the form of black and fibrous schistose ma 
associated with white silvery mica and minute garnets, the three 
in alternating layers. From the Balade mine. 

yroxene or Augite—A rolled nodule, made up of confused 
masses of crystals. From Tonsjete Bay. . 

Glaweophane.—This rare variety of hornblende seems to be 
abundant in the neighbourhood of the Balade mine, as Mr. 8 
collection contained several specimens some of which differ in 
colour, structure, and general appearance. 

one specimen is crystallized ; the crystals are in the form of 
dark blue-grey silky-looking prisms, seated upon a base of a mica- 
ceous schist, composed of mica, glaucophane, and garnets, with 
some quartz. : 

The prisms are about 4 inch in diameter and from $ to } inch 
long ; they present no distinct faces, both the lateral and ter 
faces being more or less rounded ; the prisms are in fact mere 
pundles of lamellar or capillary crystals. Some of the prisms are 
completely isolated from the rest, whilst others are more or Jess 
interlaced and superimposed. ; 

All the other specimens are massive, with a fibrous crystalline 
structure, of a peculiar violet colour, passing into a dark slaty blue 
on the one hand, and into a pale greyish colour on 
lighter violet varieties have a very beautiful silky Iu 
streak is of a pale bluish grey. Before the blowpipe it fuses, of 
tumesces slightly, colours flame yellow, yields a dark glass; eae 
sodium carbonate yields indications of manganese. Partly solu 
in acids) H=6-7. 3 

This occurrence of glaucophane is of considerable interest, ag 
it has hitherto only been met with in the Island of Syra, one 
the Grecian Islands, and at Zermatt. ; ‘pl 

At Syra it is found associated with garnet, hornblende, 
mica, in a mica-slate. The New Caledonia mineral is also 
ciated with garnet and mica, in fact it forms in some cases ©” 
matrix of these minerals. sen te 

On analysis it was found to have the following composition * 


Analyses. 
L II. er 
MRO ia cea A i scenes 1°42 1:34 52°79 : 
Silica 52°71 5288 gad 
NINA sic i dive daesscrnweyesesee 14:20 14°69 982 
Tron protoxide ........ 0.008 89 9°76 traces 
Manganese «.......:.-.sessenevenee traces traces 4:29 
ime 4°31 421 ne 
Magnesia 11°12 1992 ae 
Potash ...... 95 ns 526 
NS 515 ce ee 
—— 99°98 


Sp. gr. 3:12. 


MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 245 


For the sake of comparison I append the analysis of the mineral 
from the Isle of Syra, Dana’s Descriptive Mineralogy, p. 244 
(Schnedermann, J. pr. ch. xxxiv, p. 238), also an analysis by 
Bodewig of a specimen from Zermatt. 


Analysis 
Syra. Zermatt. 

ts Sais baie 56°49 SD: 4 nade 57°81 
| Seeanigs 12°23 Al.O, 12°03 
Se eee 10°91 BG: oir cacarecayens 217 
— emrberrurtes 50 FeO aan 

yeaa erens 7°97 MoO: avis 
oa Roane tet 2°25 Oo. $i Vices sakank 
SS SE ae aes 9:28 Wa sciskciscecet 33 
se ngeane traces 


100°39 

“to —A rolled nodule—no locality, probably from Tchio. 

ne.—The rock known as ophiolite or serpentine is very 

lasely: Revaloped in New Caledonia, forming in fact mountain 
ranges ; but the mineral known as noble or precious serpentine is 
not common. 

Some of the one = _ a very peculiar plum colour and 
plum-like bloom on its s 

A specimen of the common massive serpentine was found to 
contain 0-78 per cent. of nickel oxide.’ 

Marmolite.—aA foliated variety of serpentine of a green colour, 
translucent, in flat platy fibres, pas sing into an asbestiform variety, 

said to be Siioctated with the chroine j iron ore deposits at Tiebaghi 


Tale.—Of a white silvery or pale green colour, highly lustrous, 
Possessing a schistose structure, and containing long semi-trans- 
parent A neine crystals of actinolite 


Steati ite OE a white colour, translucent, mixed with some ser- 
pentine ; collected by Mr. Rossiter at Yate ? 
green variety from Moira, also at the Balade m 
Chlorite.—In masses of the usual dark olive-green preree break- 
ing with a —— fracture, presenting rosette-like groups of 
; Balade min 
aolin.—From Om abotelia Of a dazzling white colour, very 
fate, with a harsh feeling. A creer examination onl 
made of the specimen on its being found to be practically pure 
hydrated silicate of alumina, with but a trace of sesquioxide of 


With little preparation would probably be extremely well 


roba 
adapted for the manufacture of porcelain of the best quality. 
Pe asa Minerals from New Caledonia. Jour. Roy. Soc., N,S.W., 1874, 


246 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. ~~ 
Allophane.—From a small island to the south of New Cale- 
doni 


nia. 

As an incrustation, of a pale blue colour ; hardness about 3, 
brittle, is readily cut with a knife, yields a shining streak, adheres 
somewhat to the tongue, translucent, resinous lustre, fracture flat 
conchoidal. 

Before the blowpipe it loses colour somewhat and becomes more 
or less white and opaque, splits up, but does not intumesce or fall 
to a powder ; at first it imparted a pale green tinge to flame, infu- 
sible, in closed tube gives off water, and with microcosmic salt a 
skeleton of silica. When strongly ignited with cobalt nitrate a 
blue mass is left. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. 

Halloysite.—Of pale tints of grey, yellow, green, and brown— 
found in the crevices of the rocks at Yate. 


At some future time I hope to examine some of these speci- 
mens rather more in detail; many of them appear to be w 
worth further investigation, but chemical analyses necessarily take 


end Dr. Leibius, 


Senior Assayer of the Sydney Branch of the Royal Mint, for his 
kindness in making for me the seven analyses marked with his 


Notes on a Collection of Fossils fiom the Palaeozoic 
Rocks of New South Wales. 


Part I. 


By R. Erneriner, Junr., F.G.S., &c., Corr. Member Roy. Socs., 
New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 4 August, 1880.] 


INTRODUCTION. 


New South Wales. nforeseen ci stances, of a varied nature, 
have prevented my fulfilling a promise to describe these fossils, 
made to Prof, Liversidge, and I am now only able to partially 
carry this out, a portion of the collection still remaining to be 
worked out. 


or opinion arrived at being either hasty or errcneous. 


Class—ACTINOZOA. 
Genus Ruizopnyitium. Lindstréim, 1865. 
(Kngl. Vet. Akad. Férhandl., 1865, No. 5, p. 287.) 

Obs. Prof. De Koninck has described from the Upper Silurian 
rocks of Rockflat Creek, N. 8. Wales, the internal cast of a coral 
very like that of a Calceola, but which he thinks should more 
properly be referred to the genus Rhizophyllum. This he has 
described as R. interpwnctatum, but from the very nature of the 
— will be at all times difficult to identify other specimens 

It. 

Prof. Liversidge has obtained from near Yass three specimens 
which equally resemble C/alceola with that described by De Koninck. 
They have truncated bases, in one of which is seen traces of 


248 FOSSILS FROM THE PALZOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. 


vesicular structure, so that in all probability our examples are also 
referable to Khizophyllum, although from the much more contracted 
outline of the cone, as compared with L. (?) interpunctatum, I doubt 
very much if they should be referred to the latter. 

One of the three specimens is more Calceola-like than the other 
two, which again resemble Rhizophyllum to a greater extent, and 
remind us very much of &. Tennessee-ensis (Roemer). — 

One of the more pyramidal specimens exhibits several scattered 
tubercules over the convex side of the corallum, representing the 

bo 


broken and scattered bases of rootlets. In both these examples 


the calices are filled with irremovable matrix, but in the more 
Calceola-like form the characters are to a certain extent exhibited. 
The central primary septum is visible, bordered on each side by 
from eighteen to twenty crenulations alternately larger and smaller. 

Taking into consideration the difference in outline between our 
specimens and that of Prof. De Koninck, and the unsatisfactory 


figure of the latter, I am obliged to propose for the pepre ae 
. ‘ 4 1 ; ure 


gathered by Prof. Liversidge a distinctive name. 


Lhizophyllum Australe. Sp. nov. Pl.—Figs. 7 and 8. 


Sp. char. Corallum conical, having an almost semicircular 
section ; the angles formed by the union of the convex and flat 
sides rounded ; tapering to an apex more or less bluntly truncated, 
and slightly curved towards the convex side. incip — 
tolerably well marked, having on each side from aighetae 
twenty other minor septal crenulations, alternately ee ad 


coarsely wrinkled or ridged, with fine sharp lines or strie between 
is visible on the flat face. Structure apparently vesicular. 
Obs. I should have liked to examine the microscopi¢ 8! ue 


_ . came into my hands, 
_ Loe. Yass,—in rocks of Silurian age. 


FOSSILS FROM THE PALZOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. 249 


Class—CRUSTACEA. 
Genus Exorinurvs. Emumrich, 1845. 
(Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1845, 


E. punctatus. Salter. Mem. Geol. Survey, Gt. Brit. Dec. vii, 
1853, No. 4, p. 6 (for general synonomy). 

bs. There are sive pygidia and portions of a cephalic shield 

to belong to this 


species rather than to any other. It has sone been recorded as 
occurring in New South Wales, by Prof. De Koninck.' The best 
of the specimens (a tail) before me ‘possesses all the characters of 
E. punctatus, the numerously ribbed axis, and smooth central 
space only occupied here and there by the tubercules, in this case 
four in number. I find on examining a series of specimens of this 
species in the British Museum that the number of these tubercules 
varies much in different individuals. Some from Dudley have 
: four, as in the epee case, others have five, and again six, whilst 
Salter describes a as seven in Z. punctatus. Furthermore, 
the latter states that ‘aaah tubercule-bearing ring is separated by 
four other rings; but I find that this character also varies quite as 
much as the actual pees of tubercules, two and three separating 
them oo as often as fou 
—Bombala, in a highly fossiliferous shale of Silurian age. 


Class—POLY ZOA. 
Genus PrororreTerors. De Koninck, 1877. 


and size of the meshes. At one point the fenestrules are quite 
oval, at another almost square, and fragments would well pass for 
distinct species. It is probably identical with that fi red 
Prof. De Koninck as sdemate ampla (Lonsdale), but differs 
to some extent from the typical illustrations given by Lonsdale 
Loc.—Singleton, in a light-coloured micaceous sandstone 


S 


ards 
the anterior and posterior margins are convexly rounded, reece < 


r the anterior than the posterior end. Imm 
below th ths tice: line are visible the elongated cavities left the - 
relow the hinge-line are visible the elongated caviith 


Foss. Pal. Nouv.-Galles du Sud. 


250 FOSSILS FROM THE PALEOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. 


In form Anodontopsis Australis is between A. quadratus 
(M‘Coy),' and A. bulla (M‘Coy).? It is however more oblique and 


frons (M Coy). 
Loc.—Near Bombala, in a fossiliferous shale of Silurian age. 
Genus Conocarpium. Bronn, 1837. 
(Lethzea Geognostica. Bd. i, p. 92.) 
Conocardium. » ind. Pl.—Fig. 9. 


from close under the hinge ; in the~present instance it is central, 


representing the gape of the shell, here has a radiating line “t 
each side of it. The produced end of the shell resembles acer 
C. aliforme (Sow.), but the end again differs. It is too mu 
flattened and too heart-shaped for the latter species, and has too 
well-defined a periphery. We have o y an imperfect wos 
specimen, but in all probability this species will turn out to 
new type of the genus. 


of C 

different from our fossil. sire 
Loc.—Bungaralahy, Lake Bathurst. Carboniferous! 
' Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 272. 8 Jbid., p. 271. : 


FOSSILS FROM THE PALZOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. 251 


Genus PLEUROPHORUS. King, 1844. 
(Annals Nat. Hist., xiv, p. 313.) 
Pleurophorus Morrisii. De Koninck. 
Orthonota? costata. Morris. Strzelecki’s Phys. Deserip., N. 8. 
Wales, 1845, p. 273, t. 11, f. 1 and 2. 
Pleurophorus Morrisii. De Koninck. Foss. Pal. Nouv.-Galles 
du Sud, 1877, pt. 3, p. 281, t. 20, f. 5. 

Obs. A small example of this species much incrusted with matrix, 
but with the shell -preserved. ave not seen the internal hinge 
characters, but the general configuration would bear out Prof. 
De Koninck’s reference to the genus Plewrophorus rather than to 
Orthonota. 

Loc.—Wollongong, in sandstone ; Carboniferous, or Permio-car- 
boniferous ? 

Genus APHANAIA. De Koninck, 1877. 
(Foss. Pal. Nouv.-Galles du Sud, pt. 3, p. 302.) 

Obs. One valve of a shell before me (Figs. 3 and 4) appears to 

correspond to some extent with the characters of this genus, 


though not equally so with either of ies 
Aphanaia, by Prof. De Koninck. From A. Mitchelli (M‘Coy, sp ) 
it may be distinguished by the want of the or alate 


of resemblance between our shell and De Koninck’s Mytilus Big sbyt. 
Further specimens are required before this form can be definitely 
determined. 


Loc.—W ollongong, in sandstone. 


Class—G-ASTEROPODA. 
Genus LoxonemA. Phillips, 1841. 
(Pal. Foss., Cornwall, Devon, &c., p. 98.) 
Lowonema suleulosa. Phillips, Pl.—Figs. 1 & 2. 
Melania sulculosa. Phil. Geology of Yorkshire, 1836, ii, p. 228, 
a. 


serricpee sulculosa. Morris. Cat. Brit. Foss, 1854, 2nd ed., 


Sp. Cha Shell elongate-conical, tapering gradually towards the 
te, of at least ek wits & : Is 


Pe 


252 FOSSILS FROM THE PALHOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S. W. 


concavely-curved ridges or costze, which are so disposed that if 
followed in a vertical line from whirl to whirl, assume a zigzag 
appearance, and are separated from one another by interspaces of 
at least three times their own width. 
Obs. The presence of the “ Gilbertson Collection” in the British 
Museum, wherein the type specimen of Phillips’ Loaonema 


only difference I am able to detect consists in the 
raarees more slender form of the Australian variety ; ; the type 


whirl just below the suture and in the characteristic ornamentation. 
n the former point both shells agree with Loxonema cons 
Martin, but otherwise differ. They also resemble L. Lefeboret 
(De Koninck) to some extent, but in the latter the striz or coste 
are very much finer, more numerous, and less bent. f Hall 


i sautheds some time ago and has lately figured several shells from 


the Devonian rocks of North America, which pele a striking 
resemblance to the British and ‘Australia: forms, 
the latter. Loxonema pexata (Hall)' is, indeed, baat lol allied 
to our shell, whilst L. terebra (Hall)? although h generally 
it, is too coarsely ribbed. Again, LZ. delphicola (Hall)’ 1s, oT 
a more slender shell, almost equally near ours as 
forme 0 occur Eecmmecersr in the Leper: Helderberg Hamilton, a 
Chem of the North American Devonian, whilst 
pci (Phill), ), is in England a varboutaats limestone e species 
or the present, it appears to me that the most correct yy 
for the Australian shell will be to the latter, more especially “9 
have been able to make a direct comparison. They differ ope 
T can see) only in the Australian form having a little less 
aspect, and in possessing somewhat coarser ribs. 

Loc.—Bungaralaby Creek, west side of Lake Bathurst. 

In addition to the foregoing univalves there are some other : 
but all in such a sad state of preservation that it is i cy 2 
atttempt an accurate determination. best of these 
internal cast, probably that of tenes subeancellata ted 
from Black Head, Illawarra. The second which may be meh” 

valve, having 

much waterworn example ae a very large ete robability 

somewhat the appearance of a Maclwrea, but is er oe 

a depr Euomphalus bie 
_ Loe. i geacohianced Creek, west af Lake Bathurst, in a dar 


g>' Pal, N. Ae vol. v, atlas, t. 13, f. 17 and 18. 
and 7, 


2 Ibid., 
9 Ibid., t 13, f. 10-5, 


= ae 
= 8 


FOSSILS FROM THE PALHOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. 253 


Class—PTEROPODA. 
Genus Tentacutites. Schlotheim, 1820. 


Obs. The late Rev. W. B. Clarke, F.R.S., &c., determined three 
species of this genus in the Australian paleozoicrocks,' viz., 7. annu- 


noteworthy that Prof. De Koninck did not describe any species of 
Tentaculites in his recent work on Mr. Clarke’s New South Wales 
Fossils. Prof. Liversidge has forwarded to me two handsome 


sing these masses are preserved as sections of the tubes, and not in 
relief, it is difficult to express an opinion as to their identity ; but in 


writers remarks’ of 7. irregularis (Hall)—“ On this same specimen, 
which has a length of five inches and an averag' breadth of little 
more than one inch, more than five hundred individuals may. 
counted ; and the layer beneath for the thickness of a quarter of 
an inch is composed almost entirely of these fossils, giving more 
than ten times as many as can be seen upon the surface. * ¥ drome 
The layers thus covered are known in numerous places over an 
extent of country from thirty to fifty miles, showing the myri 

of these creatures that flourished upon the bottom of the ancient 
sea.” Prof. Nicholson states’ that 7. jissurella of the Devonian 
rocks of America is “remarkable as occasionally occurring in such 
extraordinary profusion as to actually form beds of limestone.” 
Tn the Australian species the form of the shell is an elongated and 
slender one, the annulations are numerous, sharp, and project some 
distance laterally, but I have not been able to determine whether 
intermediate ornamenting strie existed. 

The preservation of this species in limestone has enabled me to 
study the structure of the shell-wall by means of thin sections 
Prepared for the microscope. This subject does not appear to have 

n investigated to any great extent, one of the few writers who 
have described it Dr. Richter of Saalfeld. In a paper on 
bad Thuringian Tentaculites, he states that the structure was not 


18. Gold-fields, N. S. Wales, 1860, p. 286 3 
; Pal. New York, i ate iees 
an. of Paleontology, 2nd ed., ii, p. 52. 


é 


Pia 


te i 
_ determine the systematic position of the genus. For a 


254 FOSSILS FROM THE PALHOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. 


considered, although perhaps simple mineralization may account 
for it.! It will be seen from the following notes on the i 
Tentaculites that the latter of these suppositions is probably the 
correct one. 

The late Mr. J. W. Salter also touched upon this subject ina 
paper on Cornudites and Tentaculites, read before the British Associa- 
tion in 1845. He described a laminar structure as existing at the 
thickened nodes or annulations of the shell, the texture being 
looser here than in other parts of the latter, thus showing & 
transition towards the structure of the genus Cornulites.’ 

The sections of the limestone forwarded by Prof. Liversidge, 

scattered 


from the random manner in which the Zentaculites are 


more crowded together in the annulations or circular coste of the 
shell. These tubuli, so far as I have examined them, do not 


are seen to be densely crowded with these tubuli, which are 
necessarily all of the same length, and in each annulation they 
appear to tend from the upper and lower margins towards 
centre. When any fragment of the shell contained m the — 
mass of the limestone is sectioned parallel to the longer 2x18 © 
tubes are seen as small crowded black dots. Pl—Fig. 10a 
The internal and external walls of the shells, or yee 4 
Tentaculites, correspond with one another, the inner following ' 
outline of the exterior, as will be seen by a glance at the enlal 
figure of a portion of one side of a tube. 
In one or two examples there does appear 


to be a division oF 
the shelly matter into lamine, which would give colour to ¥! 


- Richter’s observations on the presence of the columnar i pid 
-but as it certainly is not present in all, I to ay aS 


do not wish 


much stress on the point. 


years 


1 Zeit. Deuts. Geol. Gesellschaft, 1854, vi, p. 279. 
? Brit. Assoc. Report for 1845, pt. 2, p. 57. 


| 
' 


FOSSILS FROM THE PALZOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. 255 


Tentaculites was looked upon as the shelly case or tube of a 
icolar Annelide, now it is regarded by the best authorities as 

the shell of a Pteropod. 
If the structure exhibited by the Australian Z'entaculites should 
rove to be constant throughout the genus, the following description 
of that of a Pteropod by the late Prof. Queckett will show how little 
e two have in common. In most of the genera of this class the 
shell' “is as transparent as glass, and almost structureless ; but in 
a large species of C'reseis it was found to be composed of two layers, 
the outer opaque and minutely granular, the inner somewhat 


I would propose for it the name 7. Liversidget. : 
. and horizon—Holmes’ Paddock, on the Macquarie, below 
Wellington, in a limestone of Silurian or Devonian age! 


Class—BRACHIOPODA. 
Genus SprriFERA. (Sowerby.) Phillips. 
Spirifera disjuncta. J. de C. Sowerby, Pl.—Fig. 5. 


Be 
S. disjuncta. Davidson, Mon. Brit. Dev. Brachiopoda, p. 23, t D, 
1-5. 


Obs. Prof. Liversidge has forwarded a white sandstone from near 
Wallerawang containing the casts of numerous Spirifers having all 
the appearance and characters of the above species. The hinge 
line of these shells is long, and the whole surface of the valves 


Carboniferous rocks, and of Sp. disjuncta, of the Devonian. 
rds the first it approaches particularly the variety attenuata 
(J. de ©. Sby.), but after consulting my friend, Mr. T. Davidson, 
F.R.S., I think the most appropriate reference will be to the 
Devonian form. 
Spirifera disjuncta was first indicated as an Australian fossil _ 
by the late Mr. T. Stutchbury, who found it at Pallal, as —. in 


‘ Lectures on Histology, 1854, ii 335-36. 
; Parliamentary Blue Book, Dee. 1854, p. 19 (folio, London, 1855). 
Recherches Foss, Pal. Nouv.-Galles du Sud, 1876, p. 100. 


® Sr ey 
re = - 
a i, * hess a 
= es 
oe he 
per 
256 FOSSILS FROM THE PALAQZOIC ROCKS OF N.8.W. 


‘ a 
“On the Iron Ore and Coal Deposits at jet 1 
describes the deposits of iron ore as situated some six miles from 

t place, and near the junction of the Coal Measures vith the 
Upper Silurian or Devonian beds, which there crop out to the 
surface. 

Loc. and horizon—Walker’s Point, Wallerawang, in a white 
_ sandstone of Devonian age. 


Genus ATRYPA. Dalman. 
Atrypa reticularis. Linn. 
Atrypa reticularis Saas ae tetpers Mon. Dev. Brach., p. 53, 
10, f. 3 and 4 


Obs. A small cast of one of the many varieties of this species 
_ occurs in the fossiliferous sandstone of Bombala. It does not call 
_ for any further remar . reticularis had been previously met 
_. with in the Silurian rocks of Duntroon, and the Devonian of Yass 
i = at retin aed N. 8. Wales,’ and in the Devonian series 0 

ata ict 


Lous im horizon—Bombala, in a mudstone of Silurian age. 
A. reticularis. var. aspera. Schlotheim. 
A. reticularis, var. aspera (Schlotheim sp.) Paget ae Mon. Brit. 
Dev. Brach., p. 57, t. 10, £ 5- 
Obs. A single and badly preserved example of this variety 
exists in Prof. Liversidge’s Acorns It “hit interesting ae fro 


Loe. polite i N. 8. Wales. 


Genus StropHomeNa. Blainville. 
Strophomena rhomboidalis. Wilckens, sp. ! 
_ &. rhomboidalis (Wilckens, sp.) Davidson ,Mon. Brit. Sil. Brach., 
= t 39, £ 1-21, t 44, f 1a pe 


1¢ first of these appears to be one of feite 


) the above species, although from its decorticated na aso | 
, th D 8 oT. 5, as 


— R. oe — or Wales for 1874, rap 
MCoy, in in ina as 5 athetg Report, Geol. Survey, Vict., 
‘Coy, loc. cit., p, 158. 


FOSSILS FROM THE PALZOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S8.W. 257 


been kind enough to examine this and he considers the deter- 
mination to be correct, but taking into consideration the state of 

servation it is perhaps better to express the determination with 
a note of interrogation. e specimen is small, about the size of the 
variety fig from Craighead Quarry, near Girvan,’ and some- 
what resembles this. The radiating semi-ribs are numerous and 
crossed by a large number of the fluctuating crenulations seen in _ 
8. rhomboidalis. 2 


ee, 

The species has been met with before in New South Wales, at 
Rock Flat Creek, by the Rev. W. B. Clarke.’ oa 
Loe. and horizon—Bombala, in a mudstone.of Silurian age. “ad 
ot re i] 

1 Monograph, loc. cit., t. 44, f. 1 a and b. if 

* De Koninck, loc. cit., p. 28. oe 
zs 


258 FOSSILS FROM THE PALHOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE. 

Fig. Loxonema sulculosa cue The type specimen contained in 
the Soi bertson Collection. ,” British Museum, from the English Carboniferous 
lim aa for comparison with i ig. 2. 

Loxonema sulculosa ties 8 ? Carboniferous ar Devonian? 
ih oc Creek, Lake Bath 

Figs. 3and 4. Aphanaia? sp. ind. Wollongong sandstone. A much 
berate cast. Fig. 3, exterior of wales Fig. 4, reverse showing Sa 
of hin 


Fig. . Spirifera disjuncta (J. de. C. Sby.) A drawing taken from from several — 
casts of the e — = of the ce — valve. White sandstone of Walker's 
Point, Wallera nia: 

Fig. 6. nods Vagal (R. ieee Pin A characteristic 
specimen of one of the valves. Near Bombala. 

Figs. 7 and 8. state ? Australe (R. thre ies Pec Near Yass. 
hel Fig. 7. the largest specimen, obverse an | the 


broken root-like bases of tubercles, Fig. 8. maller and shorter 
in which the interior of the calice and the septal ridges are well shown. 
Fig. 9. crass ee nd. A mutilated specimen from 
take ‘Bathurst. Ca Poonaterons? “antec. a view of one valve, and the 
truncated and of both valv: 
Fig. 10. —- sp. Doelinn: of the weathered surface of a fact aspeines 
showing the mann which individuals are scattered through 
Near igoanyees 
Fig. 10a. An enlargement of a portion, of one of the walls of re 
showing the ‘tubal clustered at the shell, x 
Figs. lland 12. Encrinurus pitta eee In visi 
of Silurian age. Near Bombala. hich 
N.B,—All the figures are of the natural size except Nos, 11 and 12,1 
are x 14. 


Jour. Roy. Soc. NSW. Vol.14-. 1880 


* 
ae 
3 
4 
oe 
see 
aac rest 
ea 
: . 
* 
‘< 
a 
ae 


259 


A Comparison between the Prospect and Kenny Hill 
Schemes, proposing a high-pressure Water Supply 
for Sydney. 

By Mr. F. B. Grpps, C.E. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 6 October, 1880. 


Tue great importance and the general interest of the question of 
water supply to this metropolis are, I venture to say, a sufficien 


not permit any such error of judgment to prejudice you against an 
impartial and unbiassed verdict on the whole merits of the com- 


commend themselves to an attentive consideration :—l. The area, 
storage capacity, and cost of the storage reservoir, 2. The length, 
character, and cost of the conduits, and their duty. 3. Their com- 
mercial and economical qualifications. 4, Their sanitary influence 
respectively. 


SroRAGE RESERVOIR. 


supply. 

to that level at which the outlet conduit is entered. The depth 
left for settlement of suspended matter must 
circumstances, such as the area of the reservoir or the 
the water supplying it; but it should be carefully estimated, as 
any unnece depth simply implies waste of water. The reser- 
voirs of Philadelphia forcibly illustrate the influence of different 
supply sources on this deposit or settlement, for whilst the supply 
that from the Schuylkill only gives finch annually, that from the 
i inch, ‘The accumulation of mud in the 


not only for any accident which may happen to the supply conduit 
and for the emergencies of different seasons, but aie suse 


260 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 


excessive drought. The eminent hydraulic engineer, Mr, 
Clark,in his Report on the Commissioners’ scheme for water supply 
to Sydney, in recognition of the above essential qualification of its 
storage reservoir, thus alludes to it:—‘The prominent feature of 
the Upper Nepean Scheme is the Prospect reservoir ; it resembles 
the Yan Yean in Victoria, and affords, like it, a very abundant 
artificial storage, so essential in a climate liable to extended periods 
of drought.’ 
Prospect RESERVOIR. 
e physical features of the Prospect Reservoir are thus 
described by Mr. Moriarty, Engineer-in-Chief of the Harbours and 


broad flat basin, bounded on the north-west and south by a semi- 
circular amphitheatre of low hills forming the divisio aquarium 
of Botany Bay, the Hawkesbury, and Port Jackson. Lower 
down, where it is proposed to place the dam, the dn? contracts 

about 1} mile in width.” The area and capacity ied the 


is proposed to draw off only the upper 25 feet of water, 
quantity available for supply would be reduced to 7, 110 million 
gallons, equal to nineteen months’ supply for the present 


tion of Sydney and suburbs, allowing 100 gallons per per 

ay. It would be of about the same superficial area as the Yan 

Yean, but considerably deeper, and would contain a larger 

quantity of water. en the water in the rese rs rae 
- 


stand at 195 feet above sea level, and might be drawn 


bottom of a reservoir—and there is abundant mate i » The 
kind in the neighbourhood for the formation of ened 
_ Prospect dam, as measured, is 7, 904 feet sar and 80 puddle, 
~The cubical contents of its embankment t, inclusive of el memeM 


4 Mr. Moriarty, at £176, 136, inclusive of Dies ee a - 
works. Its base, after removal of the s ‘ £10,400. 
even bed of firmshale. The price of the land nd is valued ® j 


Kenny Hitt Reservoir. % 
The site of the Kenny Hill reservoir is ye the summit of Pet 
western flank of the dividing range of the aren = 
Campbelltown Valley, being the same range W’ canal 
e traverses to the reservoir, a Ne 


canal lin 
enters it nee a og miles from the starting point, in the : 


THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 261 


_ River, and the Campbelltown and Camden Road passes through 
it. In descending this flank towards the Nepean River the 
landscape displays numerous watercourses converging into 
broad flat valley with small swamps in the centre, whilst lower 
down the view embraces a grand panorama of the Nepean Valley, 


f the upper valley in contrast to the steepness of its 


capacious storage lake. The reservoir at. Kenny Hill when full 


would cover an area of 1,048 acres, after deducting 50 acres for a 


long ted 
at 8,549,000,000 gallons, of which 8,110 million gallons would be 
available for supply. Atits highest level the surface of the water 
would be 330 feetabove sea level; when reduced 60 feet, to its lowest 
supply level, it would still have 56 feet higher elevation than 
Paddi gton reservoir, and 129 feet higher than Crown-street reser- 
voir. The bed of the principal valley of the reservoir consists 0: 
1 retentive yellow and red clays, which, from superficial observation, 
appear to vary in thickness from 8 to 12 feet, and to rest 
occur: 


of the reservoir. The as measured, is 6,400 
feet long and 80 feet high. The cubical contents of its embank- _ 
| ment is estimated at 1,736,860 cubic yards, exclusive of 256,000 i 
| cubic yards of clay puddling. Its cost, inclusive of pitching and 


Tospect dam, s 
| probably cost about £7,000. 


ComPARISON OF RESERVOIRS. 


million gallons less ; that its 
the cubical contents are only 


outlet works, in comparison with Mr. Moriarty’s estimate wail ones ar: ie 
P should not exceed £172,000 whilst the land would = 


262 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES, 


cient depth left to provide for settlement of sediment. It cannot 
be termed imaginative in assuming the storage of three thousand 
million gallons unavailable for supply as a great waste of water, a 
under any ci t , such a great depth as 50 feet for settlement 
of suspended matter would be excessive, whilst with a water 
which, by careful analysis, only gives 4-6 grains of solid matter to 
the gallon it is still more beyond the limits of requirement. Sup- 
posing the amount of sedimentary matter at 2 grains per gallon 
and a constant inflow of seventy million gallons daily, it would 
take five years to cover 400 acres with 1 inch of deposit. The 
cost of the construction of the dams and outlet works and the pur- 
chase of the land shows only a difference of £7,000 in favour of 
the Kenny Hill dam and works. Both dams are solid embank- 
ments. The water from the Prospect reservoir is drawn 
through a water tower into a tunnel excavate 
through the hill on which the dam abuts on its eastern end. The 
outflow from the Kenny Hill reservoir is through a valve tower 
into two 36-inch pipes, laid in a tunnel of solid rock, which, enter- 
ing the Nepean side of the dividing range, debouches on the 
Campbelltown side. | 


Service RESERVOIR. zi ie 
Connected with the Kenny Hill storage reserv' ir, forming, in 
fact, a very important accessory to it, is a small supply oF! ie 


ae 
a. 
aily for the ines : 


he 


82 million gallons), it vall | 
next month by a flow of 1,382 m erate million ; ons W 


salt 


: THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 263 
_- be amply sufficient to meet the demands of Waverley and Wool- 


? 
probably be less than £30,000. 
ConDUuIts. 
The next feature in the respective schemes which claims our 
attention is the length, character, and cost of their conduits. 
oting from Mr. Clark’s report, the length and character of the 


3 miles ; pipes, 13} miles ; reservoir, 1} mile,—giving a to 
ce of iles. wei i 


feet fall per mile, of discharging 85 million gallons daily into the 
Cataract River, at Broughton Pass. Shortly below this point a 
i unnel 1 mil 


Nepean River, the supply is conducted by open canal and a series 
ucts 


open 
educt for 7,989 feet, to a small reser- 
pe, 48 inches in diameter and 4,628 


y- 
pensa’ below 
pean, 18 estimated by Mr. Clark 
768, That Mr, Clark regarded these estimates as 


to p one million 
n and 500,000 gallons to Waverley — dail 


264 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 


approximate only may be inferred from the following remark on 
e lined and unlined construction of the canal :—“ To bring these 
poritart uantities into estimate with exactness is impossible, and 


mately ascertained. These surveys and borings could not be com- 
pleted during the period of my visit.” These estimates seem to 
have been based on the inference that most of the shale which the 
canal line crosses is horizontal, and even bedded, and of an imper- 
meable character, gate the lining of the conduit unnecessary. 

But there is much reason to doubt the correctness of such an 
assumption, as though 1 ina a borehole the shale beds might seem to 
ious, there are good reasons 

for distrusting the evidence of sight, First the shales occur on 

ank of a ridge forming an anticlinal axis, whic: 
exposed, — a most decided i of the — - either side; 


so aa unless lined, on = de exposed to the a some ite 


canal enters this shale at Woodhouse Oreck, at 13 miles from 
starting point in the Nepean River, and will probably ine 
for at least 15 miles. The whole of this distance will prot 
side-walls and £2 per cubic yard for bottom pitching, add 
£391,500 to the above estimate, raising the cost of construction 
of the above works to £1,562, 258. 
Conpurr via Kenny HILt. = 
The character hs the supply conduit for 18} miles, where 
rof the K nny Hill scheme, being idem 


enters the se reservoir of t. enn 
tical with the Plendeck con sails needs no further description: 


From this it consists entirely of cast-iron pipes. ae ‘ 


to conduct the supply from the service reservolr 

two 36-inch pipes, which for the first 691 yards are laid ina tunne 

piercing the dividing range of the Campbelltown hao Nepean 

valley 8, and which about 1, 000 yards further on join os 

rt 

reyeen ‘ilo ok: Sa 

having their valve prot ee the centre of one of the 

eastern valleys of the reservoir, arom ate re 

through a tunnel rds in 
ugh a nel 2,500 yards ayn ioht an pre 


pipeline 


in a north-easterly direction till it joins the perth pe 


from Prospect, 84 miles from Sydney. The country” “engineering 


- 
a 


THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 265 


my survey I believe it would cross this spur without any tunnel ; 
but in any case it would only require a short tunnel of about 400 
after which it would descend for over 14 mile—the valley of 

one of the feeders of Bunbarry Curran Creek. At about 4 miles 
m the point of inlet it would cross Bow Bowing Creek, 70 feet 
wide, with steep banks on either side, by another aqueduct 130 feet 
long ; and, halfa mile further on, the pipe-line would cross under the 


which is 180 feet wide, with steep banks on either side, by an 
aqueduct 500 feet long, reaching from the top of the left bank to 
the top of the right bank, at a height of 40 feet above the river 
bed, and about 45 feet above sea level. At this point, owing 
to pressure of time and the dense nature of the scrub, I was com- 


: ge reservoir to Paddington is estimated at 31 miles, 
Whilst that from the supply or service reservoir is estimated at 1 
mile further, giving a total length of 32 miles of pipes. 


Estimatep Cost. or ConDvlitT. 

The estimated cost of this line of conduit is as follows—Tunnel, 
691 yards i i per y 
£10,365 3 tunnel, from reservoir, of 2,500 yards, at £15 per 


running 
first section of 


266 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES, se 


for a double line; lead for joints, £800; trenching and laying, 
; carriage, at 30s. per ton, £2,838; giving a total of £19,409 

per - mile, or of £194, 090 for 10 miles. For the second secti on. of 6 
miles ——— valley of George’s River the thickness of depipel 
would lek increased to 1} inch, capable of bearing a safe head of 
412 feet, or a sdodani of 178-39 Ibs. per square inch, whilst it 
will only be actually exposed to a maximum pressure of 330 feet 


mile ; cost, at £6 15s. per ton, £7,823 5s. for a single line, or 
£15, 646 10s. yt double line of piping, which, with lead at £800, 
laying at £3,000, carriage at £3,476, gives a total of £22,922 10s. 
per mile, or of £1 37,535 for the whole section, For the 
tion of 16 miles to Sydney the —— of the pipes would be i 
inch capable of bearing a safe head of 375 feet, ora “er 
162°38 lbs. per square inch, whilst io maximum pressure it will 
be exposed to is a head 295 feet, or of 127-74 Ibs. per orale 
weight, 1,023 tons per mile ; cost, at £6 15s. per ton, £6, 905 5s. 
for a single line, and £13, 810 10s. for a double line of pipes, whi 
with lead at £800, laying at £3,000, and carriage at £2,558, givesa 
total of £20,168 10s. per mile, or of £322, 696 for the whole section. 
Besides the ‘above sums, at leas ms £500 per — 5 have to be 
added for air and ibn valves, gates, &., nting in all to 
£16,000, also £35,000 for acinianae £10, 000 for or purchas of land, 
and £4, 500 for clearing. The entire cost of the Kenny Hill 
scheme is estimated as follows :—Tunnels and conduit to service 
as per Mr. Moriarty’s estimate, but including a” 
additional sum for 5 miles of lining, £207,906; sent 
, £30,000 ? 


36-inch cast-iron pipes, £654,321; valves, gates, &e., : 
aqueducts, £35, 000 pa of land and clearing, £14,500 ; reservo™ 
at Petersham, £A, 800 ; reservoir at Waverley, — ars 
at Woollahra, £5, 000 ; compensation a 933,392. 
£10,000 ; survey and contingencies, £20,00' ital “21asest 
The ‘above safe-heads for the pipes are quoted from exposed 
tables, and ——— to Humber they can be constantly 


Durty or Kenny Hitt ScHEME. ie 
In an average season the service ees would be a a 
sustain the whole  s supply, whilst Le lie ; 
the pipes would be equal to the delivery a 23 
y to Crown-street, or 19 million gallons to P. ow. | 
million gallons to Woollahra, or 10-07 million gallons 
whilst their minimum duty during a very 


THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES, 267 


drought, when we might suppose the service reservoir reduced to 


341 feet above sea level, and the storage reservoir to 280 _ 
above sea level, would be a delivery of two million gallons dail 
sores one million er" to fecm mane besides seven million 
gallons to Paddington, or 10-4 million gallons to Crown-stre 

The ity actually Seanad for ¢ the pipes is to deliver during 
ordinary seasons, when the supply will joey the demand, two 
million gallons daily to Waverley heights, 325 feet above sea leve l, 
one million gallons to Woollahra, 276 feet aad sea level (which 
one pipe would manage in fourteen hours), and thirteen millions 
of gallons to Paddington, 214 feet above sea level. The surplus 
water from the canal would flow over a weir on the western flan 

of the dam into the storage reserv rvoir. u seasons of drought, 


plied us of the rainfall on the watersheds of the Upper Nepean 
and Cataract Rivers, and of the actual flow of water in those 
Streams, the result of careful observation extending over many 
farm it would be absurd to suppose such a contingency. The 


ying section shows at a glance the actual quantities ¢ 


mpan 
which can be discharged into the various high and low service 
reservoirs in Sydney and suburbs from different levels in the 
supply and storage reservoirs at Kenny Hill. 


CoMPARISON OF Conpuit LINES. 


a in favour of the Kenny Mill scheme at once 
n It is shorter in ce by ney 1 13 miles, and 
therefore so much the Jeon liable to d: i of construc- 


much — time (by at once ea with ae ager, of “the 
Supply reservoir at “ors Hill a supply from the Cataract River 
could actually be delivered in Sydney in two years, as a line of 
Pipes could easily be laid within that time) ; but its great advan- 
*, which far transcends all others, is that it will be able to 

er an ample supply to — Woollahra, the North oso 

in fact to the whole of Sydney and suburbs, by gravitation only. 
‘reas the duty of the Prospect scheme, as elaborated by Mr. 


ya 


268 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES, 


Clark, ensures only a low service supply of twelve — 

gallons daily to Crown-street, of which 1 ion gal 

pumped to Paddington and Waverley, that of the Kenny ll 

scheme ensures a supply of three million gallons daily under 

cirumstances, to Waverley, Woollahra, and the North Shore, and 
i Paddi 


gallons except under the most extraordinary and eer cir- 
cumstances. The advantage claimed for the Prospect. scheme is 
its power of increment, at a much smaller cost. Acco Mr. 
Clark’s report, twenty-nine million gallons are brought within 14 
miles of Sydney. To deliver this quantity into Crown-street would 
require two 36-inch diameter pipes in addition to the ee pro- 
posed works, which, at the same estimate as for the pi ipe-line from 

Kenny ~~ would cost £293,265. But with one additional — 


million gallons to Crown-street, and 21 million gallons to sae 
ton ; so that the actual difference would not exceed £41,895 10s 
Whilst, with a yet larger increment, this difference would be 
reduced toa minimum, as the whole conduit as far as 

would have to be enlarged. That the pipes are equal to to the duty 
accredited to them may be inferred from the fact alluded to in 


that even the static pressure of such a column WO! a 
thickness of over 1} inch to withstand it. of thane wes 
tions seem tome more imaginative than real, as by @ an 38 
application of air momentum, relief and influx ease “ye 
always accompany the laying of a long pipe- large ‘ amply 
sions, the different thickness I have al towed “would ber 


it to overflow and tear away its banks and: de 
beneath it as to cpt ~ an objection to a 
Mr. Clark, in his report on Mr. ning’s L c e. 
carribee scheme, her, woh * anticipated no such ernie: a! 
twice the head and a longer pipe-line was . toc es 
as follows :—“ The better plan in such ‘a system 18°00" 
flow of the water by a sluice placed at or near its w 
the pipe is left entirely open at its lower end. By 


THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES, 269. 


Francisco has 34 miles of large supply piping, whilst in London 
itself some of the mains have a pressure of over 200 feet head. 
Relief valves could be so fixed that in no portion of the supply 
pipe need the pressure under any contingency exceed a fixed 


ing a fracture to occur in the deeper undulations. To 
still further any chance of accident, an escape valve or sluice-gate 
might be fixed at the crossing of George’s River, so that, on any 
ure occurring nearer Sydney, any undue pressure from the 
closing of valves too suddenly might be obviated by allowing the 
water to escape into George’s River ; whilst, by using self-acting 
shut-off valves at the reservoirs, as adopted in the Dublin and 
Liverpool water-works, the flow into the piping from the reservoirs 
would be stopped in a few minutes after the occurrence of the 
fracture. Such ingenuity has been lately exercised in the inven- 
tion of stop-valves that they can be adjusted at a distance by, an 
electric wire, so that any chance of accident to a pipe conduit is 
now very remote. 


CoMMERCIAL AND ECONOMICAL QUALIFICATIONS. 


‘ . : - ‘ . . bl e; 

‘@ power always available by which, with but little trou 
he’can add considerably to his earnings Whereas if water was only 
available for domestic use, as supplied from Crown-street, “te 
gallons a head would be amply sufficient ; if it could be supp 


270 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 


for the above purposes in sufficient quantity delivered at a high 
level, more than sixty gallons a head would be used, reducing the 
rates and adding largely to the income of the Corporation. 


SanrTaRyY INFLUENCE. 


- 
Z 
er 
5 
ct 
a 
i3°) 

.® 
ez 

Fs 
Q. 
E 
® 
=] 
= 
g 
= ae 
Fa 
S 
B 
a 
3 


croscopic 
which would undoubtedly have been pronounced pee 


another fruitful source of disease, which, by wind, rain, From 
wise, may be conveyed into the waters of an opt ‘that 


the observations of M. Miguel and Pasteur, + the aif 
eggs of bacteria and spores of moulds are always present in ® 
in considerable quantities, This is ed by, most case’ 
who adds that a few cubic centim a will, hilst >rofessol 
bring infection into the most diverse infusions 5 ps of warnll 
ey, in detailing his experiences, gives ® BO". 4 calth of 
which should deeply impress all th inter aad use 
this and future generations. He us tha enic fevel 


by what: people not wisely, call germe—egn APT Tie | 
y what people, no ahah by bodies of mee 


THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 271 


ria. They could be cultivated through twenty or thirty genera- 
tions, and then when given to the ox or pig would invariably give rise 
to the characteristic disease. We have no reason even to im 
that any body capable of causing disease by such means could be 
anything but a body having the nature of bacterium. Now, 
teria are just as much plants as mushrooms, cabbages, &c., so that 
we know under what condition they flourish and what they will 
do. Bacteria can be sown in Pasteur’s solution just as easily as 
mustard and cress can be sown in the soil ; in it they thrive, and 
the liquid becomes milky, and there is no knownmethod by which, 
if one drop of Pasteur’s solution was placed in a gallon of water 
its constituents could be estimated. Every cubic inch of such 
water would contain 50 or 100,000 bacteria, and one drop of it 
would be capable of exciting a putrefactive fermentation in any 
substance capable of undergoing that fermentation. For purposes 
of public health the human body may be considered as such a sub- 
ce, and we may conceive such water as pure as may be as re- 
gards chemical analysis, and yet as deadly as prussic acid as 
b d 7 


very advisable to shorten the line of open canal as much as 
possible, in order to preserve the purity of the water, especially 
with the terrible example of the effects of a few germs on the 
population of Lausanne, in Switzerland. The typhoid : fever 
which devastated that town, infecting a quarter of its inhabitants, 


oxydising influences of sun and to filtration through sand, and yet 
produced such deadly results. The shortening of the canal line 


lushing the sewers and in rapidly disposing of any accumula 
imjurious matter in the side drains of the streets. 


Live TREATMENT. : 
unfavourable comparison of the bright sparkling 


: that some Vince of bone disease are due to want or deficiency of 

lime in water, these two facts should i ecessi 

of applying a lime process to any scheme 
on for 


determined Sydney, 


ress on us the n 
of supply which may be 


272 


THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 


RECAPITULATION. 
I have now completed my comparison of the two schemes, and 


it remains only to recapitulate the principal features in an 
ised form, that their comparative merits may be more 
fined. 


mi 
and concisely de 


oy At rvo 
sicailee aires available for supply, 
7,110 million ga ; dam, She 
“e 


constru 
of land and outlet gn £186,536. 


2. Pumping and gravitation com- 
bined deliver 12 million gallons 
_— 1 million of —— is pumped to 
on to tadashi 


Ww. 
service reservoirs ; estimated saat, 
mls 562,268. 

Length of conduit 63 men 
including 102 miles tunuatlin ng, 3 
miles open canal an “rg at 
scene - piping, * _ 7 es re- 

The beyond Pros- 
only 6 eat fall per mile, 
hic at i is insufficient to provide for 
eedinient nd to prevent the growth 
of seen vegetation. Such a long 
of canal is liable to accident 
inati 


Reel 


required for a con- 

siderable distan 

4, An scchdakeh¢ o the dam would 

entail the stoppage of all — - 

the southern line for some 

besides leading to great loss of tife 
and destruction of property.. 


5. Low delivery at Crown- street 
reservoir, necessitatin, pumping sta- 


re clearly 


Kenny Hit. 

1, Area of per impounding re- 
servoir, 1,048 ; storage 
available for psc 2 8,110 million 

eet 


villi 
325 feet ; 1 million allons to Wi 
lahra, 276 feet ; and the 18 million 
gallons to din 214 above 
ea level, at an esti total cost 
of £1,232,3! 
3. Length of seat 50} miles, 
incl es , 


recaution in construction, e : 
“8 ce has shown the safest 
kind of semper 
tion, the m 

A ches acide to the snare 


pe but 


THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES, 273 


7. Owing to want of pressure, this 7. Owing to its high A ressure, this 
scheme would be ineffectual in pre- scheme come offer great advantages 
venting extensive Se it for extinguishing eon! wm the manu- 
enon offer no benefits manufac- facturer and mechanic, for tase 

turers or eaclinn ics, wo would have fountains and npdradilie ee 
barely jafliciont head for flushing motors, and for flushing sew 
sewers. 


In the above synopsis it appears that the Prospect scheme only 
supplies twelve m mage sy sania per ery for a pase 8 expen- 


the eos Hill scheme, its pumping expenses would be in 

by at least £112,235. For true Babe the Kenny Hill sale 
uld be credited with this sum, showing a clear balance in its 

favour of £442,101. By using wrought-iron pipes instead of cast- 


Dmcureie 
— Trevor Joyzs, City eer, in g the discussion, 
said :—The subject of water supply for the ay ty of Sydney is one 
- 2g been before the public for so long a time that unprofes- 
spectators may well be pardoned for exclaiming, “ Eno 
of nee us have a little water, ” and for being a little shy 
on The engineering faculty, both here 


ita distance of 63 miles, are fain to admit that the question has 
been handled in a scientific manner by trained men. eae 
entered on the duties of City lenges although recognising 


talent that had conceived the scheme and the scien scientific manner in 


; f pres- 
capacity might be combined witha greater head of p 
‘Sure than ‘that obtainable by the Prospect scheme, for, notwith- 


274 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 


standing the concurrence of Mr. Clark with the Commission that 
the pressure due to Crown-street is satisfactory, I am of a different 
opinion on that point, being satisfied that nothing short of a head 
of 90 or 100 feet above Crown-street will suffice for the numerous 
requirements of a city like Sydney. The present pressure is insuf- _ 
ficient for extinguishing fires without the intervention of an 
engine—it is insufficient for the actuating of hydraulic lifts, cranes, 
lathe es, pumps, grinding machinery, &c., &e. If 100 feet be added to 
the Crown-strect level, then for all levels up to those of the vine 
Darlinghurst, Surry é, ern, Balmain, Pete 

dington the fire-engine could be dispensed with, be from instead 
of rushing to the fire station, harnessing horses, or raising steam 

and racing dangerously through the streets, onan 

where the: hose-reel would probably be all ready, bronght there by 
their comrades living near the station, attach the hose and at once 
deluge the fire in its. incipient state. 

My examination of the country was brought as far down the 
line of conduit as ee peewee without success, when 
showed me his proposal. In his company I visited the spot, and 
came to the conclusion that, althought it might not turn out so 
it might afford the desired 
Havi ving read that Mr. 


ing his selection of Prospect as a site for a reservoir, 1 
a site were found at a greater elevation he would be i te 
its adoption, I waited on that gentleman, and found that he 
caused a survey of the Kenny Hill neighbourhood to be 
on the face of that he pointed out that the capacity was not 80 eH 
and that the dam would require twice as much earthwork as 
at Prospect, me such other defects as that. I, who had on ee 
. a casual visit to the place, was fain to be content to renee such 
Since that time Mr. Gipps has menetanho the site, and 
alterations and new dispositions—and also discovered a pi than the 
which, being scaled on the plan, is shorter by 12 miles 

course by Prospect—as to make it appear os ee 
might well festow a careful sh on both reservoir rm 
track, as, if proved correct, at least the coveted 100 
pressure would be obtainable, sivas with ample storage wie 
The action of the City Council (wom, have dene deciding 

t) on the previo ’ 

in the Aon not of City Engineer) ne: sade est that 


cause the tie of the scheme to be thoroughly investigat ‘nigh 4 
decided me from any expression of opm any opinit ‘a 
in any way tend to embarrass the inquiry ; a wg hin 

he the value : 


reservoir, contents of dam, or of the leve 
(having only made two brief visits to the 


might express as to the accuracy of the surve, r m0 
spot) when : - 


THF PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 275 


actual survey. I have recently learned that the Department has 
made such modifications as will increase the head at Crown-street 
—I am not aware to what extent; but, as the head at Prospect is 
only 170 feet, and from which must be deducted the necessary 
fall for delivery at a distance of 22 miles, the difference obtained 
must fall very short of the desired 240 feet above high-water- 
mark—in fact it can at most not be 10 feet. Not being able to 
bear testimony to the correctness of Mr. Gipps’s levels or survey, 
I feel bound to state that his estimates give me the impression of 
being cut too low ; but Ido not think it necessary for him to 
a saving in expenditure, as if the scheme is otherwise feasible 

the additional head obtained would, according to Mr. Clark’s esti- 
mate, be cheaply procured at a cost of £150,000 over that of the 
+ scheme, that sum being the present value of the cost of 


] 
In the above I will, no doubt, be held to have subordinated 
the scheme for the irrigation of the county of Cumberland to 


prunary object of the scheme was a gravitation system for 
Sydney ; secondly, that I have from an actual experiment at 
Bacchus Ma. 


all I could to have promoted their views. It has been said that 
the introduction of a higher pressure in the mains would be 
m ing them. This is true with to some of 
the mains laid in ground impre with salt ; the iron in some 
pipes in such localities has been s y - 
kind of plumbago, and the present pressure is ly destroy- 
ing them ; but the general run are the same thickness as 


Pressure obtained in the pipes—viz., the bursting of lead services. 
Y iron abichess al sie attached to the main by a length of 
x 


276 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 


2 or 3 feet of lead piping, and this, instead of having been of 
the weight of 9 lb. per lineal yard, is only 5 lb. and no doubta 
great many of these and some of the iron service-pipes, whicha: 
greatly corroded, will give way. 

I have been told that the public will attach great importa: 
to what I say this evening; I cannot but regret this, as how- 
ever favourable I may to the examination of the claims 
urged, I cannot speak of them professionally, not having laid 
a level or theodolite on the ground, and am here as a agen 


the closest scrutiny af them before it is sanded 

% TUART said he had a resolution to propose W. which wold 
bring the consideration by the Society of Mr. Gipps’s scheme toa 
head, yet without restraining discussion upon the same. 
- Commissioners who recommended the scheme now bein 

ut deserved every credit for the attention they had given to the 

oaljeod and the Government also deserved every credit for having 

tained the services of an accomplished psi engineer 4 
Mr. Clark to guide their counsels on the same subject 
as a scientific man had done his duty, and those at the head of the 
Treasury had done theirs ; but there were two or three ways in 
which an engineer might be employed in determining upon 
merits of a water scheme. There might be three or four schemes 


ela 
Stuart) scarcely thought that justice was done to Mr. J 
ning’s scheme, for although the Government 
assistance, yet he did not have the assistance which was necessary 
Mr. Clark on 


- | ms eee 
tale them which did jook r markabl ausl t 
: YF ned his official yaar 


centuries, and to be of such magnitude 
the es a Society should use its best efforts 


adop Such an undertaking was not one » to hurry over | 


Rene the public might be impatient of the discussion eee 


was causing, there could be no doubt the por wolt® 
benefit of it. He should therefore 


Society of New South Wales, being fully alive to pi a ES 
pi which should provide @ PU = 


of a water service w 


a 


THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 277 


“supply of pure water to the city of Sydney and the rapidly 


creasing suburbs, and at the same time secure to the present and 
future manufactories of the Colony the invaluable advantage of 
hydraulic power, are of opinion that the Government should at 
once proceed to the full examination of the water scheme pro- 
pounded by Mr. F. B. Gipps.” 

The CuarrMan pointed out that, unless the by-law of the Society 
ruling that notice must be given of every resolution were sus- 
pended, he could not receive the motion pro by Mr. Stuart. 

Mr. Stuart then moved that the by-law the Chairman had 
referred to be suspended. 

The CuarrMANn remarked that the discussion on the question of 
water supply had better proceed, and the resolution which had 
pion proposed thereon could be dealt with afterwards. 


well serve many man 
equally well adapted for their establishment. At such places where 


was a matter well worth consideration. The difference in the 
cost of the length of dams and capacity of reservoirs contemplated 
Gipps’s scheme was very satisfactorily met by the great 
economical advantages of his plan. Assuming that it would cost 
twice as much at the outset as the scheme at present accepted by 


a different reticulation of the service-pipes would be required, and 
Probably the renewal of the larger pipes ; but this expense would 


278 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 


water was very objectionable, as he had been convinced by his 
observations in London and elsewhere, for they were open to pol- 
lution by the most offensive matter, which became a i 


to the position of his supply reservoir, or how much the reservoir 
was capable of extension, although for miles around there was @ 


investigati ities having no connection, either 
further investigation by authorities having ae 
concerned in the question. ' se 
Mr. Goodlet and Mr. A. Dean spoke in favour of Mr. Gipps® 
scheme. lessee 
Dr Betarave observed that the adoption of » highpresom 
service would reduce fire insurance premiums to half the present 
rates. Such would be the certainty of extinguishing conta ia 
tions within narrow limits. There would also be fountams imo 


streets by means of pipes much more effectually than Wa" 
now. ‘The tramcars sight be driven as they were ™ Panis 
atmospheric pressure, instead of by the antiquated, meuply bad 
motors ; and in many other respects the high-pressure SPP! 
very much to recommend it. 

Mr. Jones said the ordinary pipes were for 
strong enough to bear a high-pressure stra 
those pipes, which were of very inferior iron, 


were laid down in the early days of the Colony, none ue 
reticulation would have to be taken up if the hig 
were carri 


out. 
Mr. Gipps, in reply, said: I propose 
answer in detail the various objections 


THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 279 


against my proposed modification of the Prospect scheme. It has 
been contended—l. That owing to the side and base of the 


i 
the Prospect. 3. That a gravitation scheme from Bull’s Hill 
reservoir has already been rejected by the Commissioners, owing to 
the expense of iron piping. 

Tn answer to the first objection, I would point out that the 
physical and geological character of the country of the Prospect 
reservoir is nearly identical with that of the Kenny Hill reservoir, 
so that to admit of the correctness of the above deduction we shall 
have to assume that 5 miles of canal will be sufficient for settle- 
ment purposes. But experience in our river system has proved 
that the water in some of those which have as low a fall as 1 foot 
becomes muddy, and at times undrinkable or unfit for any domestic 
purposes, owing to heavy storms 60 or 80 miles higher up the 
stream. Supposing, however, such a desirable condition could be 
guaranteed by allowing the water to flow through an open canal, 
it must then be admitted that the accumulation of sediment in 
the bottom of the canal would necessitate its constant cleansing ; 
and I think it must also be allowed that there is, in a sanitary 


ance. 
thr patient investigations of Professors Krupp, Kolbe, and 
Pettenkofer, that cholera, dysentery, and yellow fever are propa- 
gated through : : bart sania ioe 


alding trefaction of the various 0: 
stances, both animal and vegetable, which it would be ble 
to keep out of an uncovered conduit. In answer to this 


280 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 


to the Commissioners, it seems that the Bull’s Hill reservoir was 
capable of storing only 4,636 million gallons, and that its surface 
level was 260 feet above sea-level. The area would be 539 acres 


Kenny Hill scheme, having its reservoir 110 feet higher, its 4a 44 
feet lower, and its impounding area so much larger, a8 hardly t 
admit of comparison. 


0 

extra outlay would not be large. spension 

Mr. Poolman seconded Mr. Stuart’s motion for the su fe 

of the by-law to allow the original resolution to be put wees 
vote. The motion was lost. ieee 


eg 
pany 


281 


On Wells in Liverpool Plains. 
By T. K. Asszorr, P.M., Gunnedah. 


[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 3 November, 1880.] 


relied upon as permanent in the district in which I reside. I 
regret that I met with but little success at first, and found exist- 


tion I possess. I 
With a view of making the inquiry as complete as possible 
caused to be printed the following paper, which was distributed 

throughout the district :— 
1. Name of station ? 
2. Position of well, parish and portion ? 
3. Size of well? 
4. Character of surface ? [ eel ee a 
5. Notes of all strata passed through, including thickness am 
character to first water ? “+ 
6. Quantity and quality of first water, also remarks on its 
appearance, i.e. how it came—in rock, gravel, or otherwise ? 
: =~ account of strata and water to bottom of well? 
- Dip and amount of strata ? 
nae State instances (if any) which have 2 — knowledge 


ere brackish water having been first stru been 
through and fresh water found ? — at 
10. Instances of the reverse (if any) within your knowledge 


982 ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. 


The object of these questions was to obtain reliable facts as to 
the flow of water beneath the surface of the earth. It is well 
known that rivers taking their rise in the mountains flow for 

many miles and are eventually lost in the lait = it could be 
ascertained beyond doubt that these rivers may be reached by 
well-sinking or boring it would impart confidence in ne per- 
manence of the springs. I believe the area of the watershed of 
which the water passes Bourke, the Darling, Namoi, Barwin, 
Gwydir, and all their tributaries, is about 140,000 square miles 
The average rainfall at and about Bourke wena be 16 inches ; 
thence towards the main range it gradually increases until the 


the Darling at Bourke drains very largely, the all,” Mr. 
Russell says, “ would, I should think, be fully 40 inches.” _ Esti- 
mating however the rainfall throughout at 16 inches, and reducing 
it over this large area in the usual way for evaporation and soak- 
age, and in order to avoid the possibility of error reducing what 
remains by one-half, the river at Bourke should be 200 feet tes 
and 200 yards wide, and flow all the year round! At Bourke 
the — is sometimes nearly dry. Where then does all this 
< Amst 

with a view of assisting as far as I can over a limited area 
‘unis 1a deceit solving this problem that I have undertaken 
the collection of facts regarding wells in this district. T can 
only at gure: supply a paper upon wells in the county of 
Pottinger. The information I possess respecting any 0 other of the 
counties in this neighbourhood is of too meagre @ 
submit. 

I have obtained, by means of the forms I had printed and a 
lated, information pomaling about 100 wells in the distriet 
Gunneda h, and accompanying this paper I have pre 12a 
showing the position of over 90 wells scattered over an an area 
country amounting to upwards of 2,000,000 (two ape ware tt 
Those who have visited Liverpool Plains are of course awa’ = 
the largest and ehaek of the far-famed pasto: ta 
situated in this county. The plains are generally level, te | 
soil; here and there isolated basaltic ridges of no 0 great eat : 
islands of timber and scrub, and sometimes san 
occur. 


The object I had in view in preparing pap 
position of the wells, the general features of the mf 
the schedule attached giving the ret aye strata, and of this! ae 
mation I possess, was to 
thoroughly reliable data—so — it, goes—Upon 
more able than I may build up theories. My muissio® 
only to collect facts. 


ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. 283 


I cannot begin better than by giving a description of one of the 
most remarkable wells in the district, number 20 on the plan. It 
is at Bando head-station, at an elevation, I should say, of 100 or 
150 feet above the plain. The country is basaltic; and immedi- 
ately behind the well rises a range of mountains from 1,000 to 
1,600 feet higher than the myall slope upon which the well is 
situated. The late manager, Mr. W. T. Keene, has obligingly 
furnished me with the following :—“Size-of the well, 7 feet 


the ring-barking, several of the little previously dry watercourses 
are now trickling rills, and convey away from the range, In one 
instance at least, quite treble the quantity of the overflow from 
the well. Whether this remarkable state of things is occasioned 
by the sapping of the timber, or whether it occurs through the 
Operation of natural causes, I am not prepared to state ; but “" 
appears somewhat remarkable that the well should have existed 
for several years and the watercourses retained their no con- 
dition for a period extending over thirty years, only to develop 
into permanent springs and streams when the eucalypt: were 
ved. 


Instances of Salt Water. 

Bearing upon question 9 in the form supplied, although not 
exactly in ee te it, Mr. Keene states :—“I knew of an a 
stance on Colly Blue (Colly Blue is on Coomoo Coomoo Creek, . 
plan) where an old well 65 feet caved in. The water in this we 
was limited and very brackish, and hardly fit for stock. A new 


m Obtained.” This fact ai to me to be valuable, 
would prove that the water below the surface is held in channels 
and may be obtained at very short intervals under widely varying 
conditions. In the well which caved in the water was obtain : 


284 ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. 


only 12 feet distant, water, excellent in quality and 
supply, was obtained at 33 feet. 

Bando head-station, and situated on the side of the same 
range of mountains, there are two remarkable springs called Tam- 
bar. springs are about 100 yards apart, 4 miles from’ 
the plain, and elevated above it somewhere over 200 feet. In one 


65 feet, brackish, limited, and unfit for human use. In thesecond, 
limited in 


* 
dry and stony-looking spot, and flows across the main road from 


flows from the surface. 

At Bomera head-station there is a well, not numbered on the 
plan, only 6 feet deep, where the water almost always remains 
level with the surface, and the supply is practically mexhausub 
This well is distant about 12 miles in a south- esterly direction 
from Tambar, and is situated in a sandstone formation on @ slope 
about 200 yards from a creek, the bed of which is 40 feet lower 
than the water in the well, and this creek is frequently ed 
Some of the land in the vicinity has been cleared, but very 0 
sapped. It appears to me to be similar in character gee 
at Tambar, and the fountain-head must, as in the other case, of 

i : To the north-west 
Garrawilla head- 


enormous quantity of 9,600 gallons per hour. I rod phe 
spring where it makes its first appearance, and ‘was £100 acres, 
find the ground quite hollow for a space of ——- 2 ashi 
and upon listening attentively one could hear the so to be large 
water under foot. In many places there hapy te a 


3 or 4 feet from the surface. A large : washing 
below this spring, and one of the most extensive Sy power : 
establishments in the Colony is supplied with water PY I” fe 


ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. 285 


engines from this dam. The whole area of the valley in which 
the spring arises does not exceed 2, acres, and the yield per 
annum at the rate quoted amounts to nearly eighty-five millions of 
gallons of water. There can be no doubt whatever that the source 
of this spring is far removed from the drainage area of the valley 
in which it occurs. 
On Moredevil Station, near the source of Cox’s Creek, many 
ears ago, a well was sunk to a considerable depth. The exact 


reached, when, as the workmen broke through some hard rock, the 
water rushed in so rapidly that they were compelled to abandon 


from it. This has continued ever since, through all varieties of 
seasons, without cessation. I have obtained from Mr. Williams, : 


I cannot do better than give in own words :—“I have 
measured the rate at which the water rises in both wells. The 
rst is 6 feet x 6 feet, and I think 80 feet deep, and is situated 
within 20 yards of a spring where as a rule the water is on the 


You will see that after taking out about 2 feet of water, the 
water rises much more rapidly than it does at the higher level. 


Pipeclay is I may sa on the surface ; : 
extends I don’t loi but it is several feet. Water rises as 


286 ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS, 
follows: January 5th, took out 2 feet of water; the first 13 
inches rose in 1 hows and 45 minutes; then 2, in ches in 60 


I have given Mr. Williams’ statement exactly as it is written, 
and its value as a record cannot be doubted. My labours would 


mation been as obliging as the late manager at Bando, and 
managers rs of Bomera, Moredevil, and Trinkay. To those ‘gentlemen 


It appeared strange to me that the weather should so much 
wot these wells and springs ; and in turning the matter over In 
mind I thought I had discovered the solution in the fact that 
on id em sunny days the trees must evaporate an enormous quan- 
tity of moisture, which upon dull days would be retained or 
rather not drawn from the earth. In the case of the springs at 
Tambar and Garrawilla, which must have their fountain-head £ 
distant from where they appear, and the wells of which Mr. ' 
liams gives the deseription, a little reflection will show 4% d 
cause of this alternation in the outflow cannot be 
influence of the vegetation. The springs at Tambar - on thes 


ea 4 
BEEERE 


not far from the same watercourse, which makes 
of nearly 7,000 gallons per hour. Coomoo Coomoo d 
be observed by the map, flows out on the plain, 
forms Goran ates e a sheet of water some 25 to 30 


i very ' eee oe 
and sometimes lasts for several years, forms in what one 
a depression in the plain, the borders of which are ® from 
defined by a ridge of sand. The depth of the water weet a 
3 to 7 feet. Several miles to the south-west, Trinkay 80. 
pe ad for its ironbark forest, is situated. — 
loose ; 


able quantity, 


ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. 287 


The well numbered 59 on the plan is situated on greeter 
and as will be seen by the Schedule, flows over the surface. I 
sunk at the base of a conical isolated hill, to a depth of about 60 
feet, and at an elevation above the level ont the plain of 120 feet 
It has continued to flow for fourteen or fifteen years. Well No. 
57 on the plan is about 5 miles from No. 59, in a 
between the latter and the = ain, a about 100 feet lower. This 
well is described as follows :— 6 fee t by 4 feet ; first 100 feet red 
soil, with gravel layers scale ining fossilized bones; teeth of 
diprotodon found at 100 feet; from 100 feet to 150 feet all red 
clay ; then 3 feet of drift containing little fresh water ; 3 feet of 
clay same character, then boulders and gravel ; 3 feet ‘of whitish 
clay strata dipping slightly to the west.” The total depth of this 
well is 159 feet, and as the surface is 100 feet lower than well 
No. 59 this would place the bottom 259 feet below the level of the 
flowing well above described. 

With regard to the possibility of finding brackish or salt water, 
passing through it, and then obtaining a supply of fresh, Fag toe in- 


as ideliown —_ 90 feet cers ; at 50 feet salt water ca’ 
quantities ; at 90 feet unlimited supply of perfectly 
5 feet of sand.” Well No. a . ‘a is esr liustration of the 
same experience. The desc mn given is :— Size of well, 
7 feet 6 inches by 7 feet 6 sahoans 41 fect ded: ; 6 feet of black 
soil ; 9 — blue clay ; 17 feet whitish clay and gravel; 7 feet of 
sand ; 2 feet loose water-worn stones and sand mixed ; first water 
at 25 feet, in clay and gravel ; supply limited ; quality hard and 
kish ; water at bottom fresh ; supply a abundant.” I have no 
information of instances of the reverse, i.e. fresh water being found 
first and brackish afterwards, and most likely for the reason that 
| ceases. 


am abundant and luxurious vegetation. With 25 wells on the 

164 rm watershed Mooki, I find the cabin 13 
feet, and th depth of water in we 

feet. In 40 deep 7 ra wa Cox’s Creek, 


na tia seca averages : 
over nearly 70 miles, 

Depth of well, 70 re es — of water in well, 18 feet. The 
average of 24 wells on the w: watershed of Cox’s Creek is as 


288 ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. 


follows :—Depth of well, 62 feet ; depth of water in each well, 22 
feet. I may here mention that west of Cox’s Creek, at a distance 
of 10 miles or less, loose sandy soil is encountered, and water, I 
am credibly informed, can be obtained almost anywhere at from 
10 to 20 feet from the surface. A sandstone formation extends 
to the Castlereagh, and is covered with perhaps the grandest iron- 
bark forest in the Colonies. Of the 89 wells situated on the west- 
ern watershed of the Mooki and the eastern and western water- 
sheds of Cox’s Creek, the average depth is 63 feet 6 inches, and 
the depth of water for each well is 17 feet 6 inches. From one 
end to the other along Cox’s Creek an unlimited supply of good 
water may be obtained at an average depth of 50 feet. Of the 89 
wells of which I have spoken as lying on the watershed of Cox's 
Creek and the Mooki, I find that 73 bottomed in sand or gravel 
with an abundance of good fresh water. Six bottomed in clay, 
with water brackish or salt ; eight on rock, with water hard to 
brackish ; one in sand, with water bitter; and one in rock, wi 
water good. The average depth of these last 16 wells I find to be 
90 feet ; three of them reaching the depth of 170, 159, and 130 
feet respectively. It will be observed from these facts that water 
may be obtained at a moderate depth in sand or gravel almost any- 
where in the county of Pottinger. Of course I am aware that 
the information I have been able to collect is only a small drop 


many of these 

of the most 
by the name of a “whip” 
oucket to the other, is suspended over the well. by ee 
elevate the 
water. Many thousands of sheep are watered ization 8 


superior value of a small well properly tubed w ; 
ted. I have very little doubt that with boring machine ® 


ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. 289 


16 inches in diameter could be made (and at one-tenth the cost) 
which would supply the place of any of the large wells. In most 
good wells the water shows a tendency to rise to the surface, and 
in some cases does actually rise and flow over. If wells were bored 
and tubed so that the water if it did rise could not escape through 
layers of sand or the fissures in the various strata, the chances of 
ving flowing wells would be considerably inereased. At a any 
rate, in attempting to solve the problem “ Where does our rainfall 
go?” boring machines must be called into requisition, and it may 
happen, when. our store of general knowledge has been added to by 
information similar to that which I have endeavoured to place 
before this sa cep to-night, collected from all parts of the colony, 
the vast interior plains about the Darling may be rendered as pr 
fitable and productive as any other of the more favoured portions 
of this great land. Lieutenant Maury, in his celebrated work on 
“Oceanic Currents,” begins with the startling sentence “ There is 
ariver in the ocean.” It may fall to the lot of some member of 


in the earth,” and, with the assistance of those who are in a 
tion to render it, to indicate their locality, the depth at which sng 
may be found, suk how rendered serviceable to mankind. 


Postscript. rican map which accompanies this paper has_been 
Prepared by is. Gad ein , Licensed Surveyor, msg A. P. D. = Mtevomd 
Land Agent ; $ ie sine may therefore be relied u 


ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. 


290 


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ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. 


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PROCEEDINGS. 


295 


PROCEEDINGS 


‘os 
Te, 


OF THE 


ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 


WEDNESDAY, 12 MAY, 1880. 
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. 
Charles Moore, F.L.S., V.P., in the Chair. 


uring the y, umber of mé 
Society has lost by death is four, by resignation ten, and by 
removal fro 


rs, V1Z, :— 
Mr. George Bentham, FR.S, V.P.LS, C.M.G., &e, the Royal 
Gardens, Kew ; Dr. Charles Darwin, F.R8, M.A. 


€nsington ; Pro: ‘ 5 
V.P. Z.8., &e,, the British Museum ; making the total number 
of honorary members nineteen. Mr. R. Etheridge, jun., F.G.S., 
&c., of the British Museum, has been elected a correspon 


296 PROCEEDINGS. 


this date; after this is paid, a balance of £200 will be left, which 

the Council propose for the present to leave in the Bank asa 

fixed deposit, at 6 per cent. At the Council meeting held on 

April 28, it was unanimously resolved to award the Clarke 

"memorial medal for the year 1878 to Professor Owen, C.B., &e. ; 
G. 


porated with the forthcoming volume. During the year the 
Society has held eight meetings, and the majority of the Sections 
have held regular monthly meetings. The report of the curators 
of the geological cabinet shows that it contains thirty-six specimens, 
and the Society’s microscopical cabinet now contains about 200 
_ slides.” 
-_« The following Financial Statement for the year ending 30th 
April, 1880, was presented by the Honorary Treasurer :-— 
GENERAL ACCOUNT. 
rs ch ees 


58 0 2 


0 
,» Hire of hall and rooms to sundry Societies 1611 0 726 15 6 


£784.15 8 
EXPENDITURE. ere 
By Temporary laying on gas in large Hall of 
University for conversazione .........--- 5 0 0 
» Refreshments for 815 persons at conver- 
eneione 203 Sis. RA I y2 66 
»» Sundry expenses—conversazione .....6+++++++++ 17 5 
»» Furniture and effects ..........sseceseeeseneeeesers 73 5 8 
” or isc ss bi cntvevuns prewepewes™® 42 12 1 
if Printing Sesersbocerebereucee 6:1: 
,, Engraving illustrations for Journal .........-- 2517 6 
», Stationery pipers 1:43:42 


PROCEEDINGS, 297 


EXPENDITURE—continued, 
£ a a. £a d, 
By Book-binding re ge ES 
re eaten rea 25 11 11 
5 sate i ONS ON Papers) ..........eeaes 6 6 0 
» De Brg Hoes Society’s g ois 2 tomembers... 415 6 ? 
»» Petty tage 32 0 0 
»» Freight, sidtaas packing-cases, &c. 1015 3 
»» Insurance - books and furniture ........... ¥. S-@ 
» Gas Accoun 291 6 9 
» , Assistant scemennaes salary to 30th April, 
1880 (12 months) 8 2 
am ae to i 3 30, 1880 eee ities 10 0 0 
rvey examinations ...... Ls 
” Ditto re poahanente at monthly stieetihign 14 4 0 
», Covering and packing exchanges 
ie presentations to ae Societies ...... i = : 
» Exchange on country cheques ... .......sc0000 
eas. vee 553 8 5 
” — — transferred to Building A/c. 47 5 0 
»» Hire 16 11 0 
a began see ONG MBUTANCE ........c00500000 29 1 0 
shanna 19217 0 
»» Balance in Union Bank, 30th April, 1880) ...........40 3810 3 
oe 15 8 


ore. — Vouchers for the — mentioned in the note to last penny 
Balance Sheet have been produced. fy 
a G. A. WRIGHT, Honorary Treasurer. 
W. H. WEBB, Assistant + Secretary. 
Audited— 
R. A. A. MOREHEAD. 
A. S. WEBSTER. 
30th April, 1880, 
BUILDING FUND ACCOUNT. 
RECEIPTS. 
To Amount at ae deposit in Union Bank 200 0 
» Balance in U nm Bank, 30th April, isi9 «6-66 9 
» Rent of hall to Academy of Art ......:c0-+0+++ 200 0 
»» Hire of rooms to sundry Societies ..........++ 16 11 


»» New members’ yma fees, transferred 


eeeeeeeee 


ope ss 1210 0 
£610 16 6 


. 


298 PROCEEDINGS. 


EXPENDITURE. 
= ee aT fa @ 
By ‘City one Gee aL, 8 ARR Ua CR ane 4..1- 9 
», Interest on £2,000 @ “a to 3lst March, 1880. 120 0 0 
;, Insurance on BN ce oesncay, ocskaoees. 5. Dod : 
: ee 129 1 0 
2 t at fi sepa Ist tae 1879. ... 100 0 0 
‘ iy 13th — 100 ie 
n p 2nd Fal ay 9a00 50:08 
a 300 0 0 
, Balance in the Union Bank, 30th April, 1880 ..... ...... 18115 6 
£610 16 6 
H. G. A. WRIGHT, Honorary Treasurer. 
W. H. WEBB, Assistant Secre retary. 
Audited, — 


R. A. A. MOREHEAD. 
A. 8S. WEBSTER. 
30th April, 1880. 


STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES FOR THE YEAR 
ENDING 30rn APRIL, 1880. 


SSETS. £8 4 

To Balance in Union Bank to cr apc wal General Account ...... 3810 3 
5 a id ptions and entrance fees re 34 13 0 
” urniture, painting, books, &c. oe unknown— en ; 

4 ay ia ed “ .. 1,000 0 0 
,, Rent of room due from Sr. Simonetti ERE AALS 13 0 0 
.» Hire of hall due from Sr. Simonetti ............sccceeeeeeeeeeeees 110 
” ” ” Uni agai Musical Society ..scs-n 22 ; 
9 ” ” De. Renwitk 4 skewer es 1 1 0 
2 » ” Mr. H c Dangar .....ssccssessceneees 11 0 
” Barton, M.D. A. ......++esenerrees 1k 9 

” Rooms due for Surv urvey Examination ..........+::1+s0++ 517 
» >» Academy of Art—proportion of Gas Account due from 60 
May, 1879, to May, 1880 ........sssccceseeerteeeereenenress eas 

- ema in Wisshoth-ssresk (cost of purchase) . 3,525 18 
;, Balance in Union Bank to credit of Building Fuad “Account 181 pon 
;, Amount of fixed Reunite — 300 

£5,115 1 9 
ILITIES. : 

” Triibner & Co.—Periodicals ..... ..c.ccceecseenenesenenerssrenent® 47 9 8 
, By Alexander Dean—Bookcases in Library, and es 1a 0 
to building, cog cane deus 000 0 0 
” eB Hee Bank—Loan on mortgage.......-:ccssreecesreneseent® - 2,000 70 

, Balance of Assets pet "Liabilities D ecimacanenss eaese ee 2, 
£5,115 1 9 


H. G. A. WRIGHT, Honorary Treasuret: 
Examined— W. H. WEBB, Assistant Secretary- ‘ 
A; A. —— 
A, 8. WEBST 
30th April, 1880. 
The statement was adopted. 


PROCEEDINGS. 299 


Dr. P. Sydney Jones and Mr. A. S. Webster were elected 
Scrutineers for the election of a = members of Co 

A ballot was then taken, and the followin gentlemen ¥ were 
duly elected officers and members of Couneil for the current year:— 


HONORARY PRESIDEN 
HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HON. ‘LORD AUGUSTUS 
LOFTUS, G.C.B., &c., &e. 


ESIDENT: 
Hon. Proressor SMITH, C.M.G., M.D., &c., &e. 


CE-PRESIDENTS : 
CHARLES MOORE, F.L.S. 
a. £. RUSSELL, B.A., F.R.A.S., &e. 


HONORARY TREASURER: 
H. G. A. WRIGHT, M.RB.C.S.E. 


HONORARY SECRETARIES 
Proressor LIVERSIDGE, F.C.S., F. G. S., &e., &e. 
Dr. ADOLPH LEIBIUS, F F.C.S. 


COUNCIL 
DIXON, W. A., F.C.S. MONTEFIORE, E L 
HIRST, G. D. ROLLESTON, C., C.M.G. 
HUNT, ROBERT, F.G.S. WILKINSON, C. S., F.G.S. 


The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of 
the Society :— 


; MB. CM, Edin., M.R.C.S., Eng., Sydney. 
ydney. 


The ce: 
time, and of for she first time 

~ unced that a number of copies of two works 
by Dr. Sebeeaburek. "of Adelaide, had been received, from t the 

PK for distribution amongst the members upon application, 
Viz. + 


1. “On the Naturalized Weeds and other Plants in South 
2. “On the Urari ; the Death eet Poison of the Macusis, 


an Indian Tribe in British Gui 
Also, that a small apparatus the ‘me of Dr. Urban 
Pritchard, intended to facilitate the preparation of animal tissue 


~ microscopic examination, had been presented to the Society by 
Mr. R. A. A. Morehead. iA 
Three hy and twelve donations were laid upon the table. 


300 PROCEEDINGS. 


The following letters from Mr. Darwin and Professor Owen 
were read :— 
Down, Beckenham, Kent. 
“ Railway § Station, », Canes S.E.R., 
ear S r, 

I be ui to soniye ae the receipt oly t your Poe letter of 
August 7, ic nnounce to me that the Royal Society of New 
South Wates ns eierecred on me the i nour at Tinceie me one of their 
honorary members. I request that you will be so good as to express to the 
Council my plcwiidanente an and thanks for ‘this petite 

I remain, dear 


Yours faithfall and obli 
wipe 
To A. Liversidge, Esq., Hon. Sec. Royal Society. 
My dear Sir, London, British Museum, 27 October, 1879. 
I have been favoured by your obliging letter of August 7th, Rs 
conveying to me ph ets ying terms my election as honorary member 
the Royal Socie ky of New South Wales. This mark of the sense of fs 


— meeting of the sapere of the value of my —— labours I receive 
as an ample reward ; the m tome as coming from the Colony 
from which I have na en pres of the most teria subjects ane 
bours. I return my most grateful and respectfal acknowledgments 


Believe me, faithfully yours, 
rm RICHARD OWEN. 


Professor Liversidge, F.L.S., G.S., &c., Hon. Sec. 

Upon the recommendation of the Council, Sir Joseph Dal 
Hooker, M.D., K.C.S.1., C.B., F.R.8., &c., Director of the fer 
Gardens, Kew, was unanimously elected an hon onorary me: 
the Societ: Ret 

The names of the Se of the different Sections of 
the octets 'y were announced, viz. 

Microscopy. Page ry Dr. Mo rris. Secretary: P. Pedley. 
: H. G. A. Wright, M.R.C.S. ; G. D. Hirst; 
W. Waste: and F. B. Kyngdon. 


Literature and Fine Arts.—Chairman re ieee Ck 
mi : es 
Secretary: Percy E. W om and T 


illiams. 
Fen C.E.; L. W. Hart; A. L Jackson ; 
Jon 


Medical. — Chama: Alfred Roberts, M.R.C.S. Sooo 
rs. Sydney Jones and H. N. M‘Laurin, Ur GA. 
mittee: Drs. Cox, Schuette, Fortescue, and 
Wright, M.R.O.S. 7 
Mr. Cartes Moore, F.LS., V.-P., then read his address. ie 


WEDNESDAY, 2 JUNE, 1880. 
Hon. J. Surrn, C.M.G., V.-P., in the Chair. 


There were about fifty members present. 
The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confi 


PROCEEDINGS. 301 


The following gentlemen were duly elected corresponding mem- 
bers of the Society, viz. :— 
Hyde Clarke, Esq., V.-P., Ethnological Institute, London. 
Major-General Sir Edward Ward, K.C.M.G., R.E., London. 
F. B. Miller, Esq., F.C.S., Melbourne Mint. 
And the following as ordinary members, viz. :— 
Bush, Thos. James, Sydney. 
Haege, Hermann, Sydney. 
Hodgson, Wilfred, M.D., Sydney. 
Willis, Rev. Robt. Speir, Manly. 
The certificates of ten new candidates were read for the second 
time, and of five for the first time. 


hundred (400) members only about one hundred had subscribed to 

the Building Fund ; he said it was necessary members should more 

generally subscribe to the fund, and that if they did so the 

removal of the debt should be an easy matter, as the Government 
agreed to grant a pound for every two pounds collected. 

Mr. CLarenpon Stuart asked whether the President was aware 


that one of the candidates presided at the ballot box at the election 7 


of officers and Council on the 12th May last? 
The Cuarrmay in reply stated that it was part of the business 
_ of the meeting supposed to be presided over by the Chairman of 
the ێvening, but in order that the other business might go on, a 
member of the Council was deputed to preside in place of the 
Chairman at the ballot, which for convenience had to be conducted 
in the library. He saw no impropriety in a member of the 
Council so presiding, even although the same member happened to 
have been proposed as a candidate. : 
Mr. Srvuarr explained that he did not intend to suggest that 
there was any impropriety in the proceedings, and he did not think 
that the results of the ballot were affected in any way. 
Ninety-one donations were laid upon the table, also a plaster 
bust of Humboldt, presented by Herr Kretschmann. 
Mr. Jony Tespurt, F.R.A.S., then read two papers, sont gh 
On the Longitude of the Sydney Observatory,” and on “The 
Opposition and Magnitudes of Uranus and Jupiter.” i 
Professor Lrverstpcr then read a paper by Mr. E. A. Rennie, 
MA, B.Se., &e., London, “ On the Acids of the Native Currant. 
, A H. ©. Russert, BA. F.RAS, then read a paper on 
Some New Double Stars, with remarks upon several Binaries. 
B Some geological specimens were exhibited by Mr. Makin, of 


t 


302 PROCEEDINGS. 


WEDNESDAY, 7 JULY, 1880. 
Hon. Proressor Suiru, C.M.G., V.-P., in the Chair. 

There were between thirty and forty members present. 

The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. 

The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members 
of the Society :— 

Beattie, Joseph A., Lic. K. and ee a Phys., Ireland ; Lic, 
R. Coll. Surg. . Irel., Parram 

Brown, John Studd, Dubbo. 

Cox, George Henry, M.L.C., Sydney. 

Gardiner, Rev. Andrew, M.A., Sydney. 

Tredale, Lancelot Ue, Gunnedah, 

Mackenzie, R., North Sho 

Marano, G. v., M.D., Univ. Naples, Sydney. 

Plummer, J ohn, Sydney. 

Winter, Irving, Carroll. 

The certificates of five new ee were read for the second 
time, and of five for the first tim 

At Professor Huxley’s roams ‘Professor Liversidge apologized 
for the former’s non-acknowled t of his election as a 
honorary member. Professor Liversidge read an extract from 
letter in which Professor Huxley expressed his regret for the delay 
owing to press of engagements, and begged that his best thanks 
- conveyed to the Society for the honour conferred upon him, * 

peor readiness at all times to give his services to f forward 
objects of the Societ : 

Professor Vives then read a paper by Baron Ferdinand 
von Mueller, K.0.M.G., F.R.S, &e., “Ona Catalogue of Plante 
collected during Mr. Alex. Forrest’s Geographical Exploration 
North-west Australia in 1879.” The Orbit 

Mr. Joun Tessurt, F.R.A.S., then read a paper on ° The 
Elements e Comet L 1880, Great Southern Comet, "the same 
being illustrated by a model. 

fessor Uereeeace then read a paper by Mr. W. E. Abbott 
on “ Ringbar and its Effects.” 

Mr. reform: Preetgg and the Prestpent remarked that Mr 
Abbott’s statements were not quite in accordance with the ny | 
of certain other writers upon the subject. 

Dr. Lers1us exhibited one of the cells used by Dr. W et 


WEDNESDAY, 4 AUGUST, 1 es 
Hon. Proressor Surru, C.M.G., fees in n the C 


There were between thirty and forty members present. 
The minutes of the last meeting were read an d confirmed. 


PROCEEDINGS. 303 
The ee gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of 
the Societ 


Finlayson, David, Sydney. 
Forbes, Alexander Leith, M.A., 
Hill, John James, J.P., LR.O. Bates and LEP. and 8.G.L.M., 
Lambton, Newcastle. 
Hill, J “nag Higham, M.D., Univ. Brussels, F.R.C,S. Edin., 
&c., Sydney. 
0a: Robert Sydney. 
es of five new candidates were read for the second 
shinies and diree.f for the first time. 
e Hon. TREASURER announced that a circular had been issued 


Sisto donations were laid upon the table. 
The Prestpent, on behalf of the Council, gave notice of motion 
that, at the next general meeting, a resolution would be moved 
that the n umber of members be limit ed to 


. 8. Wixxrnson then read a paper by Dr. Ottaker Feist- 
mantel, & On Geological Observations made in eae in Queens- 
= New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasm 
C. Russewt then described “ A new ag aS of printing 
Parone and other Curves.” 
tr. C. 8. Winxryson exhibited a piece of flexible sandstone 
Pie at Agra, in India. 


WEDNESDAY, 1 SEPTEMBER, 1880. 
Hon. Proressor Suir, C.M.G., President, in the Chair. 
There were about forty members present. 
The minutes of the last meetin ing were read and confirmed. 
The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members 
of the Socie. iety -— 
gy eae Gerald H., Marrickville. 


Low, Andrew §., Merrylands. 

Mokinwoy. Hugh Giffen, Newtown. 

Manfred, Edmund C., Go 

Oakes, Arthur M.B., Mast. Surg. L.R.C.P. and 


W., 
LR.C.S., Edin. Woo. Tisbrkk 
we certificates of three ar eecaee were read for the second 


304 PROCEEDINGS. 


Twenty-five donations were laid upon the table. 
Tt was moved that the number of members be limited to 500, 


therefore have to be postponed. 

Professor Liverstpcr read a paper on “Hot Spring Waters 
from New Britain and Fiji”; also one on “The Composition of 
Cast-iron acted on by Sea-water.” ‘ 

Mr. H. GC. Russext read a paper on “ A new Barometer Table, 
and said that the table had that day been brought into operation 
for the first time. 

Mr. Russett distributed copies of an improved weather map. 
Professor Liverstpcr described and exhibited a collection of 
minerals received from the Balade and other mines ™ ial 
Caledonia. 


WEDNESDAY, 6 OCTOBER, 1880. : 
Hon. J. Surru, C.M.G., President, in the Chair. 
There were about fifty members present. 
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. i 
The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary mem» 
of the Society :— 
Ferguson, James W., Sydney. 
Jackson, Robert, Sydney. 
Paling, W. H., South Kingston. ee 
The Sobtiiaton of one new calles were read for the seoond 
time, and of eight for the first time. 


elverton, Bournemouth, 9 A 

My dear Sir, ‘ane, infor®- 

I have just received with pleasure your letter of he a ously 

ing me that the Royal Society of New South Wales hav’ iatter mys 
elected me one of their corresponding members. I cannot es 


PROCEEDINGS. 305 


that this high — is my due on account of my scientific attainments, 
nor can I ho any future act of mine to show bakes worthy of it. I 
ee t, _ rab gratefully as a generous recognition of the interest 
which I felt in the infant growth of the Society, and, with pleasure, as a 


cause of science in New South Wales. Will you kindly convey my nag 
to the Royal Society as to an old friend from whom it is a pleas 
receive a favour, an 
Believe me, yours a 
D. WARD 


To A. Liversidge, Esq., Hon, Sec. Royal Society, N. S. Wales. 
Royal Gardens, Kew, 5 July, 1880. 


My dear Sir, 
I have the sage - acknowledging the Pm od of your letter of 
12 May, informing the Royal Society of 


elected me an we Mea eae of their body ; and of requesting that you 
convey to the President and Fellows of the iety my sincere thank: 


ho Z 

society of gentlemen representing so high a scientific position as 
Australia’s oldest Colony has ar to. Their flattering recognition of 
my van e Australia is very acceptable, and I 
them for it.. The volume f ‘the Society’s Journal has safely reached 

my hands, and I find the first article to be spec sees - resting to me. 

eve me ine Sir, most faithtu ours, 
t Jos. DH HOOKER. 


A. Liversidge, Esq., Hon. Sec. Royal Society of N. 8. Wal 

The Presipent remarked that it was cratifying to find that 
the small honours which the Society was able to give had been so 
much appreciated. 

Professor —— — read a paper on “ The Composition of 
Coral Limestone.” marks upon ae same were made 
the Rev. J. E Spicneanaan F.G.8., 

Mr. W. A. Drxon, F.C.8., read a paper sp gag the “ Inorganic 
Constituents « of the Coals of New South Wales. 

Dr. Lerervs read a paper by Mr. F. B. Gres, on “ A com pari- 
son between the Prospect and Kenny Hill Schemes of Water 
Supply for Sydney.” 

It was resolved that the discussion upon Mr. Gipps’s paper be 
adjourned till the next Wednesday. 

_ ‘The Crarrman announced that the Council had decided to give 
in the Society’s Hall a meeting of a different character from the 
form of monthly meeting, and he had been sousen? by t the 


there would be a notice in the newspapers, but it was not the i in- 
tion to send out circulars; those present would tak 
Notice. The — of the Council intended to take upon 


806 PROCEEDINGS. 


beca 
had eter been put to large expenses connected with the 
i ildin 


ancing, 
He trusted there would be a good ee at the age cea 
meeting, and regretted they could not in the ladies, as the 
Society’s rooms would not be large toe ihente 


WEDNESDAY, 13 OCTOBER, 1880. 
ADJOURNED ORDINARY MONTHLY MEETING. 
Hon. Proressor Situ, C.M.G., President, in the Chair. 
stn — about fifty members present. 

The following ORT took part in the adjourned discus- 
sion jibe Mr. Gipps’s paper :—Mr. Trevor Jones, Mr. Clarendon 
Stuart, Dr. Belgrave, Paitesor Smith, Mr. Goodlet, Mr. Alexander 
Dean, ‘and Mr. Poolman; Mr. Gipps replied. 


WEDNESDAY, 27 OCTOBER, 1880. 
SPECIAL MEETING. 
Hon. Prorsssor Smirn, C.M.G., President, in the Chair. 

There were about 100 members present. 

A lecture was delivered before the members of the Society - 
William Lant Carpenter, B.A., B.Sc., F.C. _ ban 
Daily Practical Applications of Electricity in Am 

The President conveyed the thankcs of the Society to Mr. 
Carpenter for his interesting lecture 


WEDNESDAY, 3 NOVEMBER, 1880. : 
Hon. Proressor Smiru, C. a G. 7 in the Chair. 

There were about thirty mem prese: 

The minutes of the last meeting were ae but being incom 
plete were not signed. 

The following gentleman was duly elected an ordinary member 
of the Society :— 

Scrivener, Charles Robert, Middle-street, Marri . 

The certificates of eight new candidates were read for ee 
time, and of five for the first time. 

Thirty donations were laid upon the table 

‘A letter ‘was. roeciesd. fem ties, Aas Count 
thanking the Society for the poe a it had. taken with respect 1 
Mr. F. B. Gipps’s paper upon “The Water Supply for teas “— 

Professor LiversipcE read a paper on “ Some New South by 
Minerals,” and one on ‘ Piturie.” The papers were ill 
specimens and preparations of “ Piturine” and of its salts. 


PROCEEDINGS. 307 


Some remarks upon the latter were made by Mr. Charles Moore, 
F.C.8., and the Chairman. 

Mr. W. A. Dixon, F.C.S., then read a paper on “ Salt-bush and 
Native Fodder Plants.” 

Mr. Russett then read a paper by Mr. T. K. Abbott, P.M., 
Gunnedah, on “ Wells in the Liverpool Plains.” 

Two specimens of serpentine rock from Port Macquarie, pre- 
sented to the Society by Mr. P. N. Trebeck, were exhibited. 


WEDNESDAY, 1 DECEMBER, 1880. 
Hon. J. Surrn, C.M.G., President, in the Chair. 

There were about forty members present. 
_ The minutes of the monthly meeting, held October 6, the ad- 
Journed meeting, October 13, the special meeting, October 27, and 
the last meeting, November 3, were read and si 

Mr. W. G. Murray suggested that the minutes of discussions 
should be limited to the mere record of the names of speakers, but 
resolutions and notices of motion to be entered in extenso. 

The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of 
the Society :— 


Agdie.¥; G: Murray and P. N, Tressck were appointed 
Auditors of the accounts to be laid before the Society at the annual 
tae tty-six donations were laid upon the table, and the thanks of 
Th y ordered for the same. ‘ 
role © Cuatrmay announced that a draft Act of Incorporation had 
Prepared, and would be submitted to the consideration of the 
es at an adjourned meeting. 
i C. Russert, B.A., F.R.A.S., then read a paper on 
“Th Recent Changes on the Surface of Jupiter,” also one upon 
Sg and Hail Storms.” 
;_ G. D. Hirst then read a paper entitled “ Remarks on the 
wus of Jupiter's Belts, and some changes observed thereon 
Tt position of 1880,” h 
ee ha resolved that the meeting be adjourned to = * 


Zz 


308 PROCEEDINGS. 


WEDNESDAY, 8 DECEMBER, 1880. 
ADJOURNED MONTHLY MEETING. 
Hon. Proressor Suitu, C.M.G., President, in the Chair. 
uae certificates of four new candidates were read for the first 


~ ofessor LIVERSIDGE read a paper on “ A specimen of fossilized 
Wood,” from Inverell, N.S. W. 

ome remarks upon the same were made by Messrs. C. 8. 
WILKINSON and W. A. Dixon. 

Professor LiversiperE then read a paper on “ The Composition of 
some New Sout ales Coals.’ 

A erage eens in which the following gentlemen took 
part —Messrs. A. Dray C. 8. Wiikrnson, ALEXANDER 
eciaies, WW. A. enien Hon. E. A. Baker, and the OHAIRMAN, 

e titles * the following papers by Professor LivERSIDGE 
were poi hn 

i. é The Composition and Microscopic Structure of some 
New South Wales Rocks.’ 

2. “The Barratta and Bingera Meteorite 

The draft Act for the incorporation of the ‘Boots was read by 
Professor LiversipGe. 

It was moved by Mr. C. Rotteston, C.M.G., seconded by Mr. 
H. C. Russet, ated duly carried, that the draft as ‘read be approved. 

The proof of a geological sketch map of New South Wales, com- 
piled from the original map of the late Rev. W. B. Clarke, M.A, 
F.R.S., by Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson, was exhibited to the Society 
the Hon. E. A. Baker, Minister for Mines. 

A new electric constant bichromate battery was exhibited by 
Mr. H. ©. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S.; five cells were shown in 
action, these were sufficient to keep six inches of No. 20 platinum 

wire at a white heat. Mr. Russell explained that — 
of the battery is obtained by allowing the fresh solution to off 
into the cells at the top whilst the exhausted solution is drawn 
at the bottom ; the solution is thus kept constantly rene ewed. 


309 


ADDITIONS 


TO THE 


LIBRARY OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 


DONATIONS—1880. 


The names of the Donors are in Jtalics. 


TRANSACTIONS, JOURNALS, Reports, &c. 
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The University. 
ADELAIDE :—Addresses delivered at the eH of the Foundation Stone of 
the South Australian Institute, 7 Nov. 
Annual Report South ig stralian Institute, "1879-1 1880. 
‘overnors, South Australian Institute. 
Transactions and Pro bee ngs and Report of the Philosophical Society 
of Adélaide, South ‘Kebtralio. for 1878-79. 
d Proceedings and Report of the Royal Society ad South 
’ wg ety. 


iy 
& ‘i 


he Progress condition of the Botanic Gaden and 
ne eel Piagpitions ghee the year 1879. 
rr. Schomburgk. 


yr opnceng Observations made at the Adelaide Observatory during 
The the year The Gow bserver. 
Ade Inide University Calendar for the Academical Ye ar r 1881. 
ie The rh agit 7 Ada aoe. 
T second ent’s Report of the Uni ener NP the State os "New Yor 
te -sevent oun ty-aighth: Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth, and Thirty- 
— al Report of the New York State Museum of Natural 


Fitty-cigntd, Fifty-ninth, Sixtieth, and d Sixty-first Annual Report of the 
e New York Sta brary. 
— of the ae eee of pe eer on the Normal School. 
es of the State Library, Albany, New York. 
aarbock van Sire page Akademie van Wetenschappen 
Vera Prost d in Amsterd 1878. 

rhe bear ag rele oo Koninklijke Akademie van Wettens- 
unde Tweede ery Veertiende Deel. 
Thane oo 1 Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam. 

ae of Wiseonain. Vol. IT, 1878-1877. 
accompanying above The Chief Geologist, Wisconsin 
TRL : saith Ber der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissen- 


uy, Angus, Se r, October, N hey, 387% 
Sivaacy, March April, *Misy, poet Angus Tas Academy. 


310 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 


‘BIsTRITZ rte Jahresbericht der Gewerbeschule zu Bistritz in — 
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Vv. The Academy. 
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. 
Vol. XIX, ~ III and IV. 


Memoirs of the Boston Society of Spat px: History. 
Vol. I 


Ill, Part I. Numbers The Society. 
BRAUNSCHWEIG Flea nyr4 sn rs fiir Naturwissenschaft zu 
Braunschweig, 1879-8' The Society. 


rey Bag Sg of the Fiat Society of Queensland, for the 
1879. 
hocose upon Economic Tropical Horticulture in Northern es 
by , ELS. 


L. A. Bernays 
Cazen :—Mémoires de piuaitas Nationale des Sciences, ie ne ie 
Lettres de Caen, 1879. The Academy. 
Caxcutra :—Memoirs - ~ —— Survey of India— 
Vol. XVI. 


Vv. 
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mes 5 ERI” 
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XII. L sa 2. by W 
Scientific Results of ‘the ceo Yarkand Mission Rhynchota pa V6 
Distant. rintendent ef: the Geologient Survey of In dia. 

aie 4” of the aaa Society of Bengal— 
187 


6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. 
Nos. 1, 4, 5, 1880. 
Jeeeial of the Asiatic Bie of Bengal— 
Vol. XLVIII. Part bea ps 2, 4. ples 


3? ” 


iL 
REA Nos. 1 and 3. 1880. 
1880. 


jus 
Extra number to Part i, for 1878. 
Descriptions of new Indian Lepidopterous Insects. Part Te, Bock 


CAMBRIDGE M emanel U.S.A. :—Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative 
Zoology at Harvard College, oy e (Mass). 
Vol. Nos. 3, Any Ay , 9, 10, 15, - oe oa 
and 2, 3, 4, 6; 7; 89s 


Vv 
Annual Re rt of the a, of the Museum, 1879-80. 
The Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the ( United States and - 
atau aia of ae rth Ameri “aie pe 
text and 1 vo pol. plates ae a Cu, Mass waeum. 
fags wy te Cams mologic: 
id ne Nos. 69, 70, cay 13,73, 74, 7, 76, 77 ihe Batt 
Carr a. ses or ae of the South phical Soci 
Vol. I. 1877-80. 
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oan 
ee a 


ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 311 


CasseL :—Bericht des Vereines fiir Naturkunde zm Cassel. 
XXVI and XXVII. The Society. 
seg hse :—Mémoires de la Société Royale des Antiquaires du Nord. 
ew 
Tilleg til abies for Nordisk oldkynighed og Historie. 1866. 
The Society. 
Dison :—Mémories de l’Academie des Sciences, Arts, et Belles-Lettres de 


jon. 
3 Série, Tome V, 1878-9. The Society. 
EN :—Archiv fiir Literaturgeschichte. By Dr. Franz Schnorr von 
Carolsfeld— 
Band VII, Heft 3 — 
VIII, Heft 1 : 
Fihrer durch aie Theme der Kénigl. Sichs. Porzellan-und Gefass- 


ammlun 

Verzeichniss a dce Konigl gn Bibliothek z Dresden. 
Neue Werke, 1876, 1877, 1878. 
Periodische Litera’ atur, 18 

Die ~ sg oferta Ausschmiickung der Albrechtsburg zu Meissen. By 
Dr. elm Rossmann. 

a ber die Verwaltung der Kéniglichen Sammlungen fiir Kunst 

paeacemom + zu Dresden, 1876 and 1877. 

Zeitschrift fiir Museologie und An a: uititenkunde sowie verwandte 
Wissen ok ety Erster Jahrgan, : 

snot von funfzigjihrigen Beobachtungen der Witterung mu 


Mittheilungen aus dem K. Stem ma Museum zu Dresden. Heft II. 
Die Decorative Kunst Beitrage zur Ornamentik fiir Architektur und 
unstgewerbe, by L. Grad er. (Consisting of 10 plates.) 

Die General Direction der Kin iglichen Sammlungen 
enschaft zu Dresden 


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eg K. Sachsischen ae Bureaus— 
IV, 1878, Hef d 4, 
Corres; cet mie 3 =  Gesellschaft— oo eat 
pondenzblatt der Afrikani ri S 
No. 31. 1 April, 1878. The Sooiety] 
Desuay : —Proceedings of the — Trish en ts 
Vol. I. Ser. 2. Nos. 3 to 10 inclusi 
The Transactions of the Royal Trish pent 
Vol. X cience, Parts 9 to 15, inclusive 
9 =e og Literature, 
9 arts 9, 16, Li 
“a XXV. Parts 1 to 9 inclusive The Academy. 
oN : ae some gee of the Edinburgh Geological Society— 
to) 
IE Body art 3. ke The Society. 
E gman ngs of fhe R Royal Society of Edinburgh— The Soci ‘ety. 


Edinb 
Transctions and | Proceedings of the Botanical Society, oe hacia. 


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Hatrrax (Nova Scotia) PE A and Transactions of the Nova Scotian 
— of Natural Science 
vol,’ Vv, Part I. 1878-79. The Institute. 


Hate (A. S.) :—Nova = — C.L.C.G. Nature Curiosorum. 
Vols. XXXIX a: 
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ie i Naturforscher zu Halle, A.S., Prussia. 


HAMBURG :—Mittheilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft in Posy 
Heft II. 1878-79. 


aed A Rarng ia) :—Erster Jahresbericht der Gesellschaft fiir wie 


e zu Hanover, 1880. The Society. 
HARLEM : iiastods Nrlndaines des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles. 
Tome XIV. Liv. 
The Society. 


Archives du Musée ‘heyter. : 

Vol. V. Part The Directors. 
Hosart Town : alee of Tasmanian Salmon Commissioners for 1879. 

The Secretary to the Com 
Towa : ee of the Iowa be papa Service. 
be n. to ye 1878 (in 
an. to April, 1879 (in inel ») 
First Biennial Rep ort of the Central Station of the Iowa Weather 


ice, 
Comparison by Years of Results of Observations made at the Central 
tation, Iowa Weather Service, Soe ary te July, 1880. 


Flag Sign: 
Diveotiana: ee —— Reporters of ae Weather Servi — 
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cience lteter e Re * of Pkened Loomis, re Sig: 
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JENA :—Jenaische Zeitschrift fiir Naturwissenschaft, heransgegeben von der 
Medicinisch—naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu 

, NF VII. Bd. 1, 2, 3, 4, Heft. 4 Natur 

Sitzungsberichte der Jenaischen Gesellschaft fiir Medicin un Society 
wissenschaft fiir das Jahr 1879. The 

enc oer :—Schriften der Physikaliseh-6konomischen Gesellschaft 7 

énigsberg. 
seit ; and 2, veer pein 1877, 1878, 1879. Whe Society. 


les. 
Leiria ete de a Société Vaudoise des Sciences Nature 
ol. XVI. No, The Society 


Vi 
Society 
—Annual Re ore the Leeds Philosophical and Literary ety 
"agg 1879-80. ack The 
z :—Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique. The Society: 


Tome V, 1877-78. 


LILLE :—Société Géologique du Nord. ‘ett. 
Annales VI, ts 70. The 0 


ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 313 


Lonvon :—Proceedings of the Sore porieiy. 
Vol. XXIX. Nos. nny 


, 202, 20 
1, 
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Vol. 164. Pa 1874, 
e . ~ AP 1875. 
» 166. y> em 2 166 


167. 
yy 108. Extra volume. 
» 169. Partsland2. 1878. 
170. z a 2. 1872. 
We 80. 


171. _ 
List of | Fellows, &e. 'D The Society. 
Journal of the Que wr Microscopical Club. 
os. 41, 42, 43, 44 The Club. 
Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. 
Vol. II. Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 74. 
7. Weis eienme The Society. 
Journal of the Royal ‘Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 
7a 31. Pa 
MAL. Part 1 1, 2, 3, 4 The Society. 
TheJ: mate of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 
Vol. IX. Nos. 2, 
The Institute. 
Report of the proceedings “2 the Second International ddgteardiogioal 
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“cosagcae to the Meteorology of the Pacific, N 
oan or Navigator’s Islands. By R. H. Sectt, M 


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Meteorology of the Arctic Regions. Part II. 
ggasi ogical rr tnctarr is at Stations of the Second Order, for the 
878. 
Repeat a of the Meteorology of Kerguelen Island. By Rev. 8. J. Perry, 
3. 


Aids to the Study and Forecast of Weather. By W. Clement Ley, 


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Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects. ae 
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Wien 3, 4, 
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Vol. XLI. 1879. (18 plates. The Society. 
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Vol. f. Nos. 11 i 12. Title and aie a for 1879. ; 
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Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions. 
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Histone’ Sketch of the Progress of Pharmacy in Great t Britain a 
Jacob Bell and Theo. Redwood. The Society 


Journal of the Royal United thi Institution. 
Vol. XXII.” Nos. 1 102, 1 


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Distribution List of Members on Active Service. 1 ie Faskitution. 


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314 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 


Lonpon (continued) 
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List of Feiows, Minbar, Licentiates, &c., of the Royal College of 
Physici The College, 
The J eeriad of the Linnean a 
Zoology—Vol. XV. ; 82, 83, 84. 
pees Mo XVII. Nos. 13, 104, 105, 106, 107, 
VITt. 08. The Society. 
Quarterly Sournal of the Motaceulogical Society. 


ol. VII. Nos , 35. 
List of Fellows of the Meteorological Society. 21 January, 1880. 
The Society. 
Proceedings of = Beige Institution of Great Britain. 
Vol. IX. No. 70. 


No. 71. The Institution. 

Report of the Council ‘of the Royal Colonial Institute. 30 June, 1880. 
Proccedings of te Royal Colonial Institute. 

Vol. XI. 1879-80. Lhe Institute. 


Mareure :—Forty-three (43) Pam: hlets, Medical Theses, &c. 

. ~ . The larry: 

Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft zur Beférderung der gesammten 
Naturwissenschaften zu Marburg, 1878 and 1879 

Zur Ernihrungslehre des gesunden Menschen. ByF, W. Beneke. 4 

Ueber vier Archimedeische Polyeder hiherer Art. By Dr. Edmun 


Hess 
Zur Kereiingis einfacher en und deren Verhiiltniss 
zur Tuberkulose. Dr. Max Schottelius. 
Ueber das Volumen des fate ns, &c., &c. ee F. W. Beneke. 
Ueber die meee — Aorta shioteuciix By F. W. Beneke. ‘ 
—— bani te der Iliacae communes subclaviae und Carotides 


Ase By . Beneke. By Dr 
Der Primitiostreifen bei Vogelembryonen (Hahn and Gans). By Ur. 
asser. 


on a Grip lees f° der gesammten Natur- 
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Quarter ended 31st Dec., 1879. 
> Re ae Mar., 1880 


2? 


He \ 

os Survey of Victoria. ”’No. oT Tapert of Progress, by the 
or Min 

Mineral § Statistics of Victoria, for the year 1879. 

Report of the Chief Inspector of Mines, a or o she Minister of Wie - 


Second Annual Report of the Government Statist of the proceedings of 
Friendly Societies, Victoria, 1879. 
Agricultural Statistics, 1879-80. 
stralasian Statistics for the year 1879. 
Victorian Year Book for 18° 1878, 
Statistical Register of the Colony of Victoria for the year 
Part Vor 


Raligioan Moral, and Intellectual Progress. 


g 
wy i 


Index. 


ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY 315 


MELBOURNE (continued) :— 
Statistical Register ws the Colony of Victoria for the year 1879 :— 
Part Blue Book. 


Population. 
tk” Ean 
IV. Vital Statistics, &e, 
V. , &e. 
ge os at Beit 
VI ommebarn. 
VIII. Accumula 
IX. Religious, "Mees, and Intellectual Progress. 


eo 


Statist. 
Proceedings on laying Foundation racers ~ the Wilson Hall of the 
University of Melbourne, 2 October, 
rhe he Council of en cbt 
Astronomical Observations at Melbourne Observatory, in 1871-2-3 
and 5. Vo The Governiuent ar resales 
— of the Statues and Busts in Marble and Casts, in the Natio: 
of Vic 
Catalogu a the Objects of Ethnotypical Art in the National Gallery 


(The Trustee of the Public Library, Museums - 
‘ational coc itil oe of Victoria. 
Transactions and Proceedings of the oe Society of Vie ays —— 
he 

Oficial Catalogue of 1 of ane Melbourne samersmepgs cies 
Patents and iain (Victoria). Vol. XI. 1876. 
The Registrar General. 
Merz :—Zweiter Jahresbericht des Vereins fiir Erdkunde zu we 205 
Minpxzs: gels, Institute. 
ge er Journal of the Iron and Steel Ins The Institute. 
Mineapout or etin of he Minnesota Academy of Natural parang 

be the ears 1876 and 1877. The Academ 
Mopena :-— Lettere ed ati 
F Memore el della Bagi Accademia di Scienze, The Academy. 
gia ~—Tontyainth Fiat Report of the Natural History Society 

on 
Annuaire de Ville-Mari 1, 2, 3, and Supplement. 

e de Ville-Marie. Vol. Ae a 44” Hugnet Latour, Mf. A. 
Monrrrriier :—Mémoires de la Section des Sciences, Acadé mie i 
et Lettres de Montpellier. Tome IX. 1] Fase. 1877, tithe 


said TRelV.1870 de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscow. 
Moxaouse Ec tin de la Société Industrielle de Mulhouse. 
J October, Nov. —Dec., 1879. 1880. 
an.—Feb, , March, April-May, June-July, Aug-—Sep- ; The Society 
Moycnen : ee ars berichte der Mashienadische eye" Classe der K. of 
er Wissenschaften iinchen. 
, 18 


The Academy. 


316 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 


Naptss :—Mittheilungen aus der et rege Station zu Neapel. 
Band I. Heft 1, sie: 
I Dr. Dohrn, 
~ NEUCHATEL : ee de la sais des ar Naturelles de Neuchatel. 
eX Troisiéme ca 
Premier The Society. 


NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE tle-upon-Tyne Chemical Society. 
General ey Oct: 28, io 2, Dee. 18, 1879. Jan. 22, Feb. 26, 
Mar. 25, Oct. 28, 1 The Society. 


NEWHAVEN :—Transactions i met Connecticut Academy ba Arts and 
Scie mces. Vol. IV. Part The Academy. 
New York :—Proceedings of the American Chemical Society. 
VoL I. No. 1, ss 3, 5. 
2, 3, 4 


” The Society. 
Oxrorp :—Catalogue of Books wre to the ga Library during 1879. 
Radcliffe Observations. Vol. XXXVI. 1876. 
The gedit Trustees. 


Paris :—Annuaire des Marées des Cédtes de France, for the year 
gore e des Marées de la Basse Cochinchine et du Neekin ie the 


1880. 
Hydrographic Notices, South Pacific Ocean, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 
Renseignements Nautiques sur quelques iles éparses of the South Indian 


ea. 
—— des Cartes, Plans, Vues de Cétes, Mémoires, Instructions 
tiques, &e. (by Pitydiogregibte Francaise). 
Notice “Météorologiqne of the Seas between China and Japan (by M. 
J. Revertégat). 
Chart of “The Indian Sea. 2nd Feuille. One chart. 
‘3 The Pacific sae One rece 
Cs Duin Ointedl de 7 Depbt dea Cartes et Plans de la Marine. 
Nouvelles — ae Musée d’Histoire lle. 
Tom 


= 9? ? 
Notice sur la Transportation & la Gayen Francaise et & la Nouvelle 
Calédo 


E Age 
gr, wads le progrés de la Therm papeeuienl de France, par M. 


Situation Economi — et senor de la France, 1879. 
Annuaire de la Marine et des Coloni nica 
Rapport au President [ la République sur I’Enseignement Supériet?, 


Progrés des Etudes relatives 4 ’Egypt et a l’Orient. 
ad itua eg oe inanciére de Commun a 
are sur le Progrés de la Stratigraphie. 
Com ~ en matiéres et en deniers de l’exploitation du Monopole des 
"1874. a des 
Compt -General du Matériel du Département de Ja Marine 
1874. 


, 1878. 
ices Général du ee net la some 7 piaeene Paris. 
Annuaire de la Société Philotechnique, 1876 and 1878. The Society. 
ena de gorge tome Polytech: Tar ‘ Polytechnique 


ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 317 


PuapELPHtA :—Journal of the Franklin Institute. 
Vol. CVIII, No. 648. 
CIX, ,, 649, 650, 651, — 653, 654. 
8 », 655, 656, 657, 658 660. 


C iE The Institute. 
rea he ‘American Solas Society. 
ot VII, a 


and 1 The Society. 
ey of the ‘Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 
Part I. Jan., Feb va 
te ew ch: Peias es 
Ill. Nov. The Academy. 
The Eighth babing Bens of the Board of Directors of the Zoological 
Society of meal Report o 22 April, 1880. The Society. 


Pisa :—Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali. 
Processi Verbali. ig a 8 
»” 1 Gennaio. 14 age 9 Mai. 4 Luglio. . 
v ol. IV. Fase The Society. 
Prymovrn :—Annual Report and Transactions of the Plymouth Institution, 
and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. 
Vol. VIL Part II. 1879-80. The Society. 
RoE :—R. Comitato Geologico d’Italia Bollettino, No. 11 E12, 1879; 
1E2, 3E4, 6 E6, 7 E8, 9 E10, 1880. The Society. 
Atti dat R. Aceademia dei Lincei. Vol. IV. Fasc. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 
6, 7. oL. x Fasc. 1 The ‘Academy. 
Bollettino della Societa Geografica Italiana. Ser. Il. Vol. V. aaa 
1880. Anno XIV. The Soc 
SALEM :—Proceedings of the esas Association for the Advancement ot 
Science. nis 26, 1877. Vol. 27, 1878. The Association. 
itute Histo: ions. ol. XV. 
Bulletin of the Essex Eostitate ute ® : 
The Institute. 


St. Pererssvre :—Bulletin de PAcademie eer des Sciences de 
St. Pétersbourg. Tome XXV. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 


The Academy. 
RT :— Wii 1 1 1 Qotietik und Landeskun' de 
herausgegeb om von dem K. Se Oe copeaapaanbia Bureau. 
1, 2, 4, 5. 
880. Bane Halfte 1. 
1880. Band II. Heft 1. The Bureau. 


= OLM :—Fragmenta Silurica e dono Caroli Henrici Wegelin. 
(Holmiz, 1880) with 20 
Sypw. The Royal Swedish Academy of Science. 
v a ee of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 
0 
es rth 23. The Society. 
of the earner Meteorological Conference held at Sydney, 
R Nov. 11, 13, and 14, 1879. 
of Rain ore River Observations in New South Wales during 
by H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S., F.M. 
Reports ‘overnment Astronomer 
from Trustees of the Australian Museum for ak and 1878. 
— tag Commissao Central Brazileira de Permutacoes Interna- 
: Lieut.-Col, R, Peel Raymond, Brazilian Consulate. 


318 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 


SypNeEy (continued) :— 
List of Papers read before the Philosophical Society of N.S.W. ; also, 
Rules and List aaiigy mbers. 
Report of the Truste dens Free Public Library, for 1879. 
Forty (40) Misce Masoes Pamphlets 
The Principal Librari n, Free Public ey Sydney. 
Annual Report of the Departient of Tas MR 879. 
The Hon. the Minister of Mines. 


TORONTO : hat Coa ee of the weet Institute. 
New Se Part 
The Canadian Journal “of Science Literature, and History. 
Vol. XV. Nos. 7 an The Institute. 


TREVANDRUM Preset" g Weta: Observations. Vol. I. By John 
Allan Broun, F.R.S. The Maharajah of Paap Ge CSL. 


TRIESTE ae oe Societa Adriatica di Scienze N: aie in a 
LV. Noy he Society. 


TRURO utes ae Res Magazine “va Journal of the prt 
Society of Great Sig aa and Irelan 
Vol 


I. Noa: ay 14, 15,16, 17, 18. The Society. 
basil — del Reale ae Veneto di Scienze, Leen ee Arti— 
sesto. Serie quin ispensa Prima, Seconda, T 
Me ore del Re re Tstituto NV enets di Scienze, Lateas ed Arti. 
Vo Par The Institute. 


VIENNA —Sitmngericht der K,. Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathe- 
isch—Naturwiss : Classe 


w Abt: 1. Band LXXVII. Heft V. 
Sere Saeepree Fo m0 25 Mageigmomnnts BE» Pee 2° 
Sys ieee a | i. hi oe 
Eh cap 2 LXX sy de hg a 
a avi” Sy ee 
eee G eV eg iV, ¥. 
Ofer co etgt fy & € 5 Camere pe te 2 Se eg 
oe ED Pp OLAS 1 De 
cp gy ee 
. 2S BVI ake. 
pie ii VIll. ~ 
oR ge Ee oe a 
” - XX. ” ’ > mite "The Ac lemy. 


LXXXI. 
Zeitschrift der Osterrlcischen Gesellschaft fur} Meteorologie. A 
aso “wal Heft ., April, May, June, July, Aug, 
Sept., Oct., hag Dec "1980. . 

Allgemein e Gicechichte des Zinnes. By E. Reye The dae 
Mittheilungen de r K. K. Geographischen Genellachaft in Wien, l 
and 1878, The Society. 

eer ove dlungen der K. K. Zoologisch-botanischen Geacliechse in aba 


Mitthellun en der Anthro logischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 
d x. Nos. “4, 7, The Society. 


Jahrbuch der K. K. Gustin Reichsanstalt. 
Band XX Nos. 3and 4, 1879. 

fos. 1, 2, 3. 1880. 

Verhandlungen der K. K. Geologischen Reichsanstalt. 
Nos. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. 1879. The Sociely 
Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 1880. 


a ee 


ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 319 


Vienna (continued :— 
Jahrbiicher et K. K. Central-Anstalt fitr Meteorologie und Erdmag- 
netismu 
N. F. Band XIV. 1877. 
> XV. 1878. 
= XVI. 1879. The Society. 


TOON : —U. * A i Exploration of the 40th Parallel. Sys- 
tic Geology, 1. 
age of the Chief of Enginee rs, 1878. Parts 1, 2, and 3, 
Map of the Battlefield of ettysburg 3 sheets ts). 


ie lan ampaign (in 5 sheets). _ 
a tlanta, Operations in front of. © 
a Re carvocs 

Res iy ain. 

5. ” Knox 

6. 


ville. 
ee thine of the United States Forces under General Sherman. 
cae The Chief of Engineers, Engineer Department, U. S. Army. 
— of the American Medical Association— 
Vol. 29, 1878. The Association. 
come of yo the War of the —— 


Volume. Part Sec 
Surgeon General, U. S. Arm 
List ~ nce ge of = North, Baltic, and White Seas, &e., corrected a 
ri 


List of Lights oF ‘ine British Islands, corrected to March 30, 1880. 
Telegraphic Determination of Longitude of the East Coast of South 
sai 1878 mere 1879. 
Hydrographic Office, Bureau of Navigation. 
Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1879. 
e Comm sepia 3 -. mee 
_ Researches on the Motion of the Moon, made at th 8. Nav: 
servatory, Washington, by Professor N sec 4 ve 
e U. S. Naval Observatory. 
coe of the U. 8, Geological and Geographical Survey of the Terri- 
es. 
Vo Ma AS Nos. 2, 3, 4. 
> Be 
Citalogne of the Publications of the U. 8, Geological and Geographical 
Survey of the * gar 
Se etree * ona 


U.S. Gerlopeat hide Aaectrebion} Survey of Colorado and adjacent 


- Birds of the Color Vall 
ey (Coues 
Bibliogrs bugetaphy of N oe : paar Paleontology. By Drs. C. 
olson. 


Nic 
‘Tiastraions gpa reas us ona Tertiary Plants of the Western Terri- 
The tories of the United Sta 

Director of the Geologieat st Geographical Survey of the Territories. 
of the eS S. Entomological Commission on the Rocky 
_ Mountain Locust, 18 The Entomological Commission. 

Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1877. ae 
The Institution. 
a the wary hical conciage? of Washington : 
bi 

ber 10, 0, 1872. November fue) _ ; 
Ri Sovenbart 9, 1878, June 1 The Society. 


320 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 


WASHINGTON tone, ued) :— 
ry 0 ih American Pinnipeds. By Joel Asaph Allen. 
parvo of the’ Ues. Geclogiond and Geographical Survey of the Terri- 


Vol. rae No. The Hon. the whiten # 4 the Interior. 
hey of the Chiet Signal Monies War Departmen 
Daily Bulletin of the Signal Service, U. S. A. : 
ovember and December, 1 1874. 


875. 
nu ary, February, and March, 1877. The Signal Office. 
United States Coast Sis urve ey, 1875. 
bene States —— Survey Report, 1876. 
1 Vol. Progr sshsageer 
e U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 
Report of the Commissioner hat Agriculture, for the year 1877. _ 
The Commissi Agriculture. 
WELLINGTON :—Manual of the Indigenous Grasses of New Zealand. By J. 
F.L.S. 


Buchanan, F.L.S. 
Manual of the — Zealand Mollusca. By Professor T, W. Hutton, 
F. 


Palaontology of New Zealand. Part IV. Corals and Bryoza of the 
Neozoic Period in New Zealand. By Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, 
Fifteenth Annual Report of the Colonial Museum and Labora’ 
he Director, Colonial g ae 
Transactions and Proceedings of the New pee Institute, 
Vv 


. 1879. 
Manual of the N Zealand Coleoptera. By C tain Thomas Broun. 
ual of the New Ze Coleoptera. y Cap The tut 


LT; 
WURTTEMBERG a des Vereins fiir Vaterlindische Naturkunde 
in Wiirttemberg, 1 
ZAGREB (Hun, 
Vi 


ngary) :— 
estnik cw ge eek oC Druztva. 
Godina I ee 3, 4 


Irvojesce hrvatskoga’ Pe cc a Druztva za Godina, a ae 
MISCELLANEOUS. 
oe of Donors in Italics.) 
American Mail, Vol. V Howard Te 
Autograph lot from Deine Persons (17) seventeen. H. H. 
Speech on necessity of adopting a Fiscal Policy. John Vickers. 
Etheridge, R., junr., F.G.S. : 
' Notes on the Bivalves in the Gilbertson Collection. 
On an Adherent uctus and if 


Notes on Siluri hire. 
Notice of ——s a of Fests from the Upper Silurian Series 
of the Pen pro ted 
ume" seems tee a cm of the Burdiehouse Limestone 
at Grange Quarry, Burntisland. 


es ae ee oe 


Se oo pene eee Pe ee 


ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. $21 


R., junr., F.G.S.—continued. 
Palzontol Notes, 1 and 2. 
Contributions to British Merrstone sa 
miferous and Post-Ter 
Description of a New Species o: the Giawek Hemipatagus. 
iferous Mollusca, 


ous Polyzoa. 

er Remarks on Adherent Carboniferous Productide. 

On our present Knowledge of the Invertebrate Fauna of the Lower 
iferous or Calciferous Sandstone Series of = Edinburgh 

neighbourhoo 
Description of Paleozoic Corals from Northern Queensland. 
bservations on the swollen condition of Carboniferous Crinoi 

On the Occurrence of a Macrurous Decapod (An secversey in : tie 

Red Sandstone in the South-east of Scotlan 

On the Genus Dithyrocaris in the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland. 


On Ramipora in the Caradoc. The Author. 
Foote, A. E. :— 
Minerals, sony ae of. The Author. 
Gibson, Geo. A. D.Se., Edin 
e Sequence and "Duration of the ve Cardilic Movements. The Author. 
eR aeiden Vo Vol, ti. continued. The Trustees of the Author. 
i es, ‘Mao 
Our Australian Cotictim: The Author. 
Jack, Robert L., F.G.S., 
Report on the Bowen River Coal- 


eld. 
Report on the Geology and Mineral Resources of the District between 
Charters’ Towers Goldfields and the Coast. 
Geological Features of part of the Coast Range between the Dal- 
rymple and Charters’ Towers 
Sketch Map No. 2, of the District a Charters 


lee ee Gold-field and the Coast. author. 
ns wr a Arterial Drainage Laws of Ireland. 
— wa Prof. Liversidge. 
Lamb, H., M.A. : 
Leond ative ont on the ¢ Motion of Fluids. The Author. 
El Pa sto Filooote wae Professor Liversidge. 
aan oeta Filosofo. 775. si dreaestal 
Liversidge, Professor : 
Ree aternatio onal Congress of Geologists. Paris. 1878. 
port upon Museums for Technology, Science, and Art, &e. 
The Author. 
Manuel du Voyageur. Messrs. J. Wurster & Co., Zurich. 
Monthly Bulletin, $l, 2. Nos. and 12. 
| : ee A. B, Foote. 
Mueller, ‘Baron Baron Ferd. v von, E’C.MG. F.RB.S., &e. 


* Descriptive Atlas of the Kucalypts of Australia and the adjoining 

: Sixth, and Seventh Decades. The Author. 
Industsel B oe deserving Calture in in the Colony of Victoria. 

Index login : 

Perfectus ad Caroli Linnzi Species Plantarum. Whe bull 

Ms — aes for gh ba bees whe vols.) 


ve, 


IST to 1 i H. G. A. Wright, MR.CS.L. 


322 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 


Programme and Wood-cut representing the site of yo in Tenens 
the First Sod os ne First Australian Railw: : 
Rath, Professor 
Na farwissenschftliche Carta Erinnerungen an die Pariser Weltaus- 
(Sections étrangéres es. ) The Author. 
Sedgwick, -* Professor, M. ee ri R. 
on a Passage in e President’s Address, delivered at the 
“Ana ross = eeting Py the Geological Society of London, 15th 
Febru rofessor 
Sydney Morning Vierald, from Ist aneene Fag to 31st December, 1880. 
(inclus on. James Norton, M.L.C. 
Sydney Tubeimadionnd Exhibition, 1879 : 
Victorian Court. Official Catalogue of Exhibits. 
Queensland Court. eee 605 Essay on Queensland. 
New Zealand Court. Official logue. 
Handbook of New Zealand, Dy Dr. Hector, C.M.G. 
Reports of the Oamaru Stone Co. Ld. 
A Brief Account of the Natives of Western Aus alias 8 to illustrate 
collection of Weapons, &c., sent to Syaiey Exhibitio 
Joh ea C.M.Z.S. 
Southern Science Record, tag land 2, J. Wing. 


The Australian. Vol. Ill. No. 5. 
is iV. ee. ve 3, 4, 5. 
= Mi “yg L 
2? VI. E. Sou 
ee James The Westerly Winds of Brisbane, May to to September. 
ene rm, Dr. ‘Ose Probenummer Botanisches Contralblatt. ae 1 
The Author 
a Arthur Wiliam, F.G.S. : 
the T amet ryozoa and Polyzoa. 
e Occurrence of Recent Heteropora. The Author. 
Whitaker, “William, m, B.A., F.G.S. : the 
List of Works on the > Geology, Mineralogy, and Paleontology of 
Hamys ire 
Ditto of Cheshire. Bae 
Ditto 0 of Cornwall. Professor Liversidge. 
Woods, Rev. W., Ph.D., F.L.S. : ceto the Flora 


oye on the , Vegetable Kingdom, with special referen 


ia. 
_Biant Todigahans | in the Neighbourhood of Sydney. The Author. 


ward, Henry, F. 
On a New cba Crab from the Tertiary of New Zealand seers 
Dr. Hector). Professor 


PERIODICALS PURCHASED IN 1880. 
American: Journal of Science and Art. 
Analyst. 
Annales des Chimie et Physique. 
es des Mines. 


Curtis’s ee Magazine. 
Dingler’s Polytechnisches Journal. 


FE 
i 
iG 


ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY, 323 


Mechanic. 
— fiir Analytische Chemie. 
the  Chernical Society. 


Sci 
he § Si ety of Arts. 
and Pisin dbions of the Photographic Society. 


re Journal of _ eee ren 
Microscopical Scie 
Science Gossip. 
Telegra American 
phic ournal. 
Zoologist. 


Books PURCHASED IN 1880. 
Aeeepminal Re cot Vols. 16 and 17. 
ustralian H 1 
snl of § Scientific Papers published by the Royal Society, Vols. 


Elements 7 Agricultural Chemistry and Geology, by Johnston & Cameron. 
Encylopedia Britannica, Vol. r 


x 
is’ Ancient Stone oO lements of Great Britain. 

Geikies’ Great Ice . 
Huxley’ 8 Critiques eae 

» Evidence as to M ’s Place i in Nature. 

» Anatomy of Mi teloueet Animals 

» The Crayfi sh. 

” Oceanic H ydro 

” Vertebrate Fos Fos ia from the Panchet Rocks. 

ie ot Comparative Osteolo 
Men of the Time (10th Editze para 
Nautical Almanac, 1876 an 


dl 
ne Society, Vols, 33 and 34. 


& Sens 8 coy bles, 


Sender's le Clogae otory., 1680, ntific ae 1833 = 1876. 
icht der Tec schen Chemie, 1879. 
heme . at? Dichonars BS Chemistry, Vv Vol. VIII., Part I. tg re acho 
nary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines , Vols. 


Je NGRAVINGS. 
“a of “Sage Men, proofs on India paper (16) sixteen, 


As 
ret 25 Portraits of Eminent Men of Science, framed. 


24 


324 


PRESENTATIONS 
MADE BY THE 


ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 


* Exchanges of Publications have been pela from the Societies and Institutions 
distinguished by risk. 


Ix the following List the Publications are indicated by numerals as follows :— 

No. ¥ —Journal of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 1879. 
», 2.—Report of the Council of Education of New South Wales, 1879. 
fe ew of the idinitig Department of New South Wales 
»» 4.—Report of the on Department of New South am 1879, 


also Portfolio of Map 
5. rs Bah by Profemor Livenides upon Museums and Technical 
AMERICA (UNITED STATES). 
Albany.—*New York State Library, Albany. Nos. 1, 2,3, 4, 5. 
‘Annapolis (Md.)—Naval Academy. No. l. 
Baltimore.—John S. Hopkins’ University. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
Beloit (Wis. oe Geologist. Nos. 1, 3, 4. 
Boston.—* American Academy of Science. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 
Swen Society of Natural History. Nos. 1, 3, cos 
Buifalo-— *Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. Nos. 1, 3 
Gale — of Comparative Zoology, en College. 


*Editor of ope yche.” Nos. ° 3, 4. 
Chicago.—Acadainy of Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 
Coldwater.— Michigan Library rene “ba: 1, 3, 4, 5. 
Davenport (Iowa)—*Academy of Natural Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4 
Hoboken N. J. cra “snes Institute of Technology. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5 

i poli Academy of Natural Sciences. Nos. 1, 3; 
Newhaven (Gonn.)"Coneotont Academy of Av, Nos. 1, 3, 4,5 
—s Nos. Wow York. Nos. 1,34 
- atural His 

9” School of Mines, Columbia College. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5: F 
Penikese Island.—Anderson School of Natural History. Nos. }, % 


PRESENTATIONS. 325 


eg embecrcee, Society. OO A 
“ a atins Philosophical age Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 
ye *Franklin Institute. Nos 


*Zoological Society of Philavlelphia. Nos. 1, 3, 4. 
ny (Mass i Patoay preteen of Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 

*Essex Institution. Nos. 1 , 5. 
tiie Academy of Sciences. Heal 1 3, 3, 5. 
ry iis for Agriculture. Nos 

*Dr. F. V. Hayden, Director of Me  iolgia Survey of 


he Territories. os. 1,2, 
9 ydro Office. Nos. 1, 2, 5 
is * tg wert ria, oe 12 3 & oO 
”» War Dep ent. 
” *Chief Si some "Officer aw ar a Dapuetailanik Nos. 1 
» oe of the Mint (Treasury Department), Nos 1, 2, 
” Te: Ser cretary (Treasury Department). Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. 
5 *The Seay (Navy bg artment). Fos, 1, 3, 4. 
a UES : are Coa: yet avy Department). Nos. 1, 3, 4. 
” *B of Navi tie inary Department). Nos. 1, 3, 4. 
” The Secretary iDenarlateath of the Interior). Nos. 1, 2, 
” FU. ae "National Museum (Department of the Interior). 
” Brean of Paucation (Department of the Interior). 
”» sPfhce c dada” ‘Affairs (Department of the Interior). 
” ices cami (U. S. pend Nos. 
” *Chief of Engineers (U. 8. A ei Nes * “,5. 
” ~Philosophical Piecge Nos , 5. 
” *Ameri ee dica fptens me ” Pennsylvania Avenue, 

— 5 

” United States Patent Office. Nos. 1, 3, 4. 


AUSTRIA. 
eue.— _otigiich en Gesellschaft. der Wissenschaften. 
os. 1, 2, 3, 4,5 


Trieste tSaci Ariatica di Scionme Naturale: Moaaya i4 


0. 
” *Geo. fi ithe Reichsanstalt. Nos. 1, ct 
” *Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. art 1, ? 4 4, 5. 
’ ichische Ges ells chaft fiir pgs ig logie. 
*Zoolo gisch- Eatesiashe Gesellschaft. 
” sk ® "Rapala aca fiir Mounecbane: ‘und Erdmagnetismus. 


a BELGIUM. 
os ea des Sciences, des Lettres, et des Beaux Arts. 


1,2,3 4, 5. 
liege.—osit Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 
Sie Sign sis Balague i i, me 4. 
rg. Nos. l, 2,3, 4,5» 


326 PRESENTATIONS. 


GREAT BRITAIN AND THE COLONIES. 


ENGLAND, 
ee ihe Philosophical Society. Nos. 4, 5. 
The eg (Town) Library. Nos. 2, oi 4, 5. 
a The Union Society. Nos. 1, 3, 4 
ys The University Library. Nos a ee 3, 4, 5. 


Dudley.—Dudley and Midland logneat and Scientific Society, Nos. 
1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 


see Bef on Society. Nos. 1, ue 
ollege of Science. Nos. 

4 Jo urnal of Conchology (Office st ros sims ‘No. 1, 3, 4. 
Liverpool.—*Literary and Philosophical Society. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
ew vanes scene cSt anes tre Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 

Editor, P: cience Review. 
pe: *Quekett Mascoasugtoat ee Nos. 1, 3, 4. 


rary. 
The ames General (two copies). Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. 
» “The pological Institute of Great Britain a Ireland. 


™ . 
PF The British Association. Nos. 1. 3, 4, 5. 
a The British Museum (two copies). Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
ly, By-4 5. 
1 


Th . 
»  *The Institution of Civil Engineers. on 1, 3, 4, 5. 
i rah : pase 89 of Naval Architects. Nos. 1, 3, 4. 
n Soci 


“s ren 980 Office. 

» *The al Society. 

» *The ripeioad Rocisty, South Kensie on Museum. Nos. 1, he 4, 
»,  *The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 


1, 3, 4. 
ss *The Royal Astronomical Society. 

e Royal Colonial Institute. Nos. e 3 4, 5. 
»  *The Royal College of Physicians. Nos. 1 1, 3, 4, 
ae The Royal College of Surgeons. Nos. 1, 3, 4. 
ba *The Royal Geographical Society. Nos. 1, 3, 4 
re *The R istorical iety. Nos. 1, 2, 5. 
a *The Ro stitution of Great Britain. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 
- *The Royal Mi ged Nos. 1, 

*The Royal amy — os. 1, 3, 4,5 
. *The Ro ay eo 
. The Royal Sociate of Beets Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 
a gee paca ie oes 
iP e Treasu i + INos. 1, 3) 4,9. 
yy Sie Royal. United Servioe Institution. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5» 
_ 5 ; Nos. 1, 3, 4. 4, 
” sineat T atid te Dept. Nos. 1, 3 
a he Zoological Soe x ; 
Nos. 1, 2. & 


jen 3, 4 
” “The The Library. poe et : Museum, Nos. I, 2, om 
“Pharmaceutical Society. of itain,, Nos. }y-3y4 


PRESENTATIONS. 327 


Manchester—Literary and Philosophical Society. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 


Middlesboro.—*Iron and Steel Institute. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.—Natural er omy o of Northumberland. 
and Du Nos. 1, 3, 4 
- The ce Nos. 1 3, fs 5. 
a *Chemical Society. Nos 1,3, 
” North gece Institute of Mining Engineers. 
Nos, 1, 3, 
= 2, 3, 4, 5. 
» “The Bodleian Tibrar. ‘Nos 2, s, 4, 5. 
» “The Radcliffe Library. Nos. rf 2, 3, 4, 5. 
» “The Radcliffe Observatory. No. 


Penzance,—Geological Society of code ie 1, 3, 4. 
Plymouth.—*Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. Nos. 1, 3, 
phe 


Truro.—*Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devon. Nos. 1, 3, 4 

» *Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Nos. 1,3, 4. 
oC ied ois and Son. Nos. 1, 3, 4 
Windsor.—The Queen’s Library. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 


ScoTLAND. 
Aberdeen.—The University. Nos. I, 2, . 4, 5. 
ca tecical Soe Society. Nos. 1, 3, 4 
cal Soci 


So No. 
ar aw Ency yelopaia 5 Britannica, Messrs. A, and C. Black. 
2, 3, 4 


iio? ogeal Beoleby. No. 1, 3, 4 
*The versity. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, b. 


IRELAND. 
Publin—Geoto, ical Society. Nos. 1, 3, 4 
*Royal Irish A Academy. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 


CarE or Goop Hop 
Cape Town. —*The uation Society. ai 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 


Halit Hr Dominion or Can. ; 
(Nova panies —*Nova Scotian cacnenis of Natural Science. 
> o> & 


Montreal, (Canada West). ~ Scientific Association. ore 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
~Fevlogical Survey of pense Nos. 1, 3. 
Ottawa al Biighoay Hooke iety of Montreal. Ros 1, 3, 4 
Seems of Natural Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 
—*Canadian Institute. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4,5 


328 PRESENTATIONS. 


I 

Caloutta.—*The Asiatic Society of Bong “se é 2, 3, 4. 
o e Geological Museum. 

s “The Geological Survey of India. sy 7 3, 4 


MaovriTIvs. 


Port gs —The Royal Society of Arts and eure Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
4 
1, 


Société d’Acclimatation. Nos. 


New Sovurn WALES. 
eer: —The a Club. 


ae & 
Museum. No. 1. 


“The Free Public Library. 
ue Linnean Society of N.S.W. No. 1 
ie The Mining Department. 
‘s *The Observatory. No 
+ The School of Arts. No. 1 
Pa The Union Club. No. 1 
ne The Univers No 
me ditor, y Mi g a o. 1 
i" Editor, Sydney Daily Telegraph, No. 1 
me Editor, Evening News 

New ZEA 


Auckland.—* Auckland Institute. ark i; 2, 3, 4, 5. 
Christchurch.—Philosophical Society of Canterbnty, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5- 
Otago.—Otago Institute. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 
Wellington.—The Philosophical See gee Hos. 1, 

ra *Colonial Museum. Nos, I, 2, 3, 4, 5. 

is *New Zealand Institute. Nos. 1, 2. 3, 4, 5. 

QUEENSLA 
ge —*The Philosophical Society. eee i i ie 3, 4, 5. 
*The Acclimatization Society. No. 


SouTH hoy sa 
sauonguat Observatory. 1:3, 4. 
*The South Au ny saian E Institute. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 
ae *The University. Nos. 1, 3, 4 
oy *The Government Botanis Nos os. 
a Royal Society of South Australia. Ne. ‘hy By te Be 


TASMANIA. ti 
Hobart Town.—*The Royal pond of Tasmania. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4% 


eae es Government Saline Nea: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 


*The Observatory. No, 1. 
a *The Mining Department. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 
i e Public Library. Nos. 3, 5 
” yal Society of Victoria. Nos. 1 3, 4, 5. 
om *The University. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5 
e ectic Associati Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 
. *The Government Botanist. No. 1. 
“ *The Ragutrin-Geneen Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 


ae Editor, Argus. No. 1 


PRESENTATIONS. 329 


FRANCE. 
Bordeaux,—Académie des Sciences, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
Qaen—Académie des Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 
iion.—* Académie des Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 
Lille.—*Société Géologique du Nord. Nos. 1, 3, 4. 
Montpellier.—*Académie des Sciences et Lettres. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
Paris,—Académie oagh> — es ——— Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 


e Edito: 
a “Depot des Cartes ry Plans de is ‘Marine Nos. 1, 2. 
N 


” e des Mi os. 1,3 
‘a Ecole iaicaite it rate Now 1, y ty 5. 
» “Ecole Polytechniq 1, 3, 4, 5 


decine. 3 
” Faculté des Sciences de la patel Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
” oo Editor Les Mondes. Nos. 14374. 


” Musée d’Histoire Hatnretie. Nos. 1, 3, 4. 

” Société Botanique. No. 

” The Editor Revue des Cours Scientifiques. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4,5. 
Ss N 


t o. 
” Société Fy Pie orcibie No. he 
” Société de Biologie. No. 

” Société de Chirurgie. No. 

” eee = eecemeenet dae V'Industrie Nationale. Nos. 1, 


2, 3, 
” Socises fn a Nos. 1, 3, 4 
ar) Sociéte Entom ologiq ue. Nos. Ay 3, 4, 
i 3 


” *Socié éO. ¥ 
» Société Météorologique de France. pts 1, 3, 4 
” Société Minéralogique. Nos 


oa aan des Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 


GERM ee 
Berlin.—Chemische Gesellschaft. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 
hn *Kinigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
—Natuhistorische Verein der Preussischen Rheinlande und West- 
mn. Nos. l, 
weig. ieee fiir ibisvtesonsthel’ zu Braunschweig. Nos. 
trl —Natarvnecnschafishe — zu Carlsruhe. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 
Pome hate fiir Naturkunde, Nos. 1, 3, 4, 
o*Metarviasenschatitiche Gesellachaft gu Chemnitz. Nos. 1, 


—*Das amare Bureau des Ministeriums des Innern 7 


n. 
” Kiniglih Ge Gleslogiudons Museum. Nos. 1, 3, 4. 


330 PRESENTATIONS. 


Frankfurt a/M.— “Bepckenbergiagte lap toebends Gesellschaft. in 
Freiberg (Saxony): ~~ > Beng aed at Sunil Nos. 1, "2, 

‘ Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Freiberg. Nos. 
Gottigen.— —"Koniatoke alisha der Wissenschaften in Gdttingen. 


A; 2, ? 4, 


Gorlitz. —*Naturforschende Gesellschaft i in Gorlitz. Nos. 1, 3, 4,2 5. 


Halle A.S.— demie 
der Miciusleaedibdraietietie = Ss. eas ne Nee. 1, 3, 4,5. 
corneal eg to erin fir: Naber Gesellschaft in Hamburg. Nos. 1, 3, 4 
et oe Diteehal vane in Ham- 
_ = 


bur, 
Heidelberg. —Naterhistviach meniattiechs Gesellschaft zu Heidelberg. 
» 4. 
Jena.—*Medicin Sa ‘ stir wissene chaftliche Gesellschaft. ‘Nos. 1, 3, 4 
onigeberg.—“Di een Gesellschaft. Nos. 1, 3, 


se! (Saxony) —University Library. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
fiir Erdkunde zu Metz. Nos. 1, 3, 4. 
Mar Tig -Ciaatiehat zur Beférderung < Gosammten Naturwissen- 
earpse in Marburg. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 
- *The University. Nos. 1, = . 5. 
M ran Society. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 
Munthen— a Sane: der Wiens chathec} in Miinchen. Nos. 


2, 3, 4, 
Stuttgart. ~"enighiches gus ie samiies Bureau zu Stuttgart. 
3, 4, 5. 


Wurttemberg.— —— Verein fir eo, gop Naturkunde in Wiirt- 
emberg. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 


HUNGARY. 
Bistritz (in Siebenburgen),—*Direction der Gewerbeschule. Nos. 1, 


, 4, 5. 
Zagreb (Agram).—*Société Archéologique. Nos. 1, 3, 4. 


aw. 
Bolen tower —- Scienze dell’ Istituto. ‘Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 
ersi os. 
Florence.—Societa di Anthropo e di gi We sag No. 1 
Societa Victoonslngien Badia ey No. 

Gusinn “Al eean Civico di Storia Wetbeie. Nos. : 3, 4 
Milan.—Reale Istituto Lombardo di Scienze Lettere ettere ed Arti. Nos. 1) 3) 5: 

Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 
Modena.— —iAgealtenie Rowale des Sciences, Lettres et Arts de Modene. 


tsi —Societa Reale Accademia delle Scienze. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 
*Zoological Station (Dr. Dohrn). No. 1. 13 
Palermo. ——e Palermitana di Scienze Lettere ed Arti. Nos. 1 
a Reale Istituto Technico. Nos. 1 , 3, 4, 5 
—*Societa Toscana di Scienza Naturale, Nos. lL, 2, 3, 4, 5. 


PRESENTATIONS. 331 


_ Sreegen Pontificia de "Nuovi EE oo 1, 3, 4, 5. 
Circolo Geographico d'Italia. Nos. 


2, 
*R. Comitato Geologico Italiano. Nos. 
Siena. —R. Accademia de Fisiocritici. ” Nak ae € 
Turin.—Reale Accademia delle Scienza. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5. 
re Regio Osservatorio della a Regio Universita. No. 1. 
Venice.—* Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 
4, 6. 


JAPAN. 
Yokohama.—* Asiatic Society. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. 
NETHERLANDS. 
Amsterdam.—*Académie Royale des Sciences. Sirs: I, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
Haarlem.—*Société Hollandaise des Sciences. 2 ~ e . 5. 
» *La Bibliotheque du Musée Teyler. wa 
NORWAY. 


Christiania.—*Kongelige Norske Fredericks Universitet. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 
4, 5. 
RUSSIA 


Moscow.—*La Société Impériale des Naturalistes. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. 
St. Petersburg.—* L’Académie Impériale des Sciences. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 


SPAIN. 
Madrid.—Instituto geografico y Estadistico. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. 


SWEDEN. 
Stockholm.—*Kongliga Svenska Ses oy ne ae ea Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. 
The University. Nos 
SWITZERLAND. 
Geneva.—*Institute National Genevoie. Nos. 1 4, 5. 
—*De sg —— Vaudoise des ines Naturelles. Nos. 1, 2, 


Neuchate].—* cas des Sciences Naturelles. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 


— of Publications sent to Great Brita cee 
The Colonies and I India ee ye 


; a ‘Ken ical. - 4 
"i ; Editors of Pesiodicals i. .< 
Tolel seo 3 
The A, LIVERSIDGE, } gon, Secretaries. 
House, Ss, 
Noattys Sydney, 4 LEIBIU 


335 


REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS 
(IN ABSTRACT). 


Sections A, B, 0, D, and F, did not meet in 1880. 


SECTION E.—MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE. 
14 APRIL, 1880. 
Mr. H. G. A. Wricut, M.R.C.S, in the Chair. 

Tae minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed. 
The following Committee was elected for the ensuing year :— 
hairman: Dr. Morris. Secretary: Mr. P. R. Peptey. Com- 

Mittee : Messrs. H. G. A. Wricut, G. D. Hirst, W. MacponnegLl, 

F. B. Kynepon. 
It was resolved to hold the meetings of the Section on the evening 

of the second Wednesday in each month. 
The meeting then adjourned. 


WEDNESDAY, 17 MAY. 

Dr. Morris in the Chair. 
It was resolved that application be made to the General Council 
rag purchase of a microscopical object cabinet to hold 1,000 


Mr. T. E. Hewerr exhibited a series of eighteen (18) slides of 
Entomostraca, fifteen of which were undescribed and new to 


naD® Monnis called the attention of the meeting to Py) slides of 


336 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 


WEDNESDAY, 9 JUNE, 1880. 
Dr. Morris in the Chair. 

Mr. H. G. A. Wricut posers Tolles’ 4th duplex front 
objective, which had been made to his special order. With 
this objective Mr. Wright resolved a haaibel of the most difficult 
diatom test objects, including A. pellucida and NV. oxyphillum in 
balsam. Mr. H. O. WALKER exhibited specimens of Volvoa globator 
from the Botany Swamp. Mr. T. E. Hewert exhibited a piece of 
colonial selenite, a remarkably = specimen, and also drew the 
attention of the mee eeting to improved form of Bramhall’s 
illuminator, with a highly polidhéd silver reflecting surface. Mr. 
Brinviey exhibited a series of polariscopic objects, and Mr. 
PEDLEY a rich and varied collection of aquatic entomostraca. 


WEDNESDAY, 14 JULY, 1880. 
Mr. H. - A, apanescapy M.R.C.S., in the Chair. 


preparation of fossil oms from a recently discovered depot 
near Tamworth, by Mr. TL O. Waxker, and beetle by Mr. F. B. 


as a ceardea insect, badly afflicted with acaride. Mr. G. D. Hirst 

exhibited Prof. Smith’s vertical illuminator, which he recommended 

as a very desirable form of illumination for high-angled immersion 

objectives. The performance of this illuminator on JL. saxonied 
and other difficult test objects was most gratifying. 


WEDNESDAY, 11 ALOUATs 1880. 
Dr. Morgis in the 
Mr. H. Suarp exhibited photographs of 4. pellucida, executed 
by Mr. Tolles of Boston, showing the transverse resolved 
from end to va of valves by 4th and j4th inch objectives of his 
own constructio: 
The Cu rebate exhibited a preparation of Odiwm albicans from 
a patient’s tonsil. This fungoid growth possesses co considerable inte- 
rest from the fact that to the unaided eye it presents a be si 
appearance and may readily be confounded with di phibert 
exudations. Dr. Morris also exhibited a gathering of true 
rhomboides from Manly. Mr. T. E. Hewerr exhibited an inte 
sang collection of mites; and Mr. Pepiey, a number of micro 
Scopic marine crustaceans. 


WEDNESDAY, 7 SEPTEMBER, 1880. 
Dr. Morris in the Chair. 
Professor Liversipce presented for distribution amongst iF 
members of the Section two samples of diatomaceous deposits, 


REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 337 


one from the Richmond River, N.S.W., and the other from 
Santa Maria, California. Dr. Morris read some notes on 
encisted Filaria, found in the flesh of the bullock, and exhibited 
the cyst and portions of the mature and embryo worm under the 
microscope. The cyst is formed of dense white fibrous tissue, 
encased in which is found the mature worm with interlaced meshes 
of tissue corresponding with the folds of the worm. The cyst is 
about the size of a large Barcelona nut, and many contain more 

one mature worm, which worm is completely filled with 
encapsuled and free embryos. It is impossible to ascertain with 
any degree of certainty how many embryotic worms each mature 
- ia may contain, but they may be numbered by hundreds of 

0 S. 


Mr, Pepiry exhibited a number of slides of parasitic Zaxodes, 


WEDNESDAY, 13 OCTOBER, 1880. 
r. Morris in the Chair. 

A donation to the Society’s Cabinet was received from Mr. 
bs E. Hewerr of six slides of insect preparation mounted in glyce- 
mine. Mr. T. E, Hewert read a note on a species of Cyperidivm 
remarkable for showing a phosphorescent light when irritated ; he 
had found this species in Port Jackson, and proposed to call it 
Cyperidium phosphorescens. 

Dr. Morris exhibited a number of slides ofa species of V. rhom- 
ia. He stated that having made 


on the medium used for mounting ; mounted dry, and in 

balsam, the highest angled lenses as Tolles and Zeiss resolved them 
only with the greatest difficulty and but very faintly, whereas 
When using as a medium various combinations of bisulphide of 


i the accuracy of Dr. Morris’s observations by direct com- 
Par 02 Of valves of this rhomboides mounted dry, and in Cee 
, with preparations of the same valves in the medium p) 
Posed by Ty that particularly recommended being bisulphide 
of carbon, oil of cassia, and phosphorus, as safest to work with. The 
ip ctior definition of the markings in this medium was acknow- 
edged by all present, 


WEDNESDA Y, 10 N' OVEMBER, 1880. 
Dr. Morris in the Chair. 


Mr. Pepizy or ali iety’s Cabinet, and 
presented six slides for the Societys ©@ 
‘ported a further donation of two slides from Mr. H. O. Walker. 


338 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS, 


Dr. Wricut called the attention of the meeting to a +; of an 
inch objective of Mr. Tolles’ construction, of 100° angular ar aperture, 
and claimed that no amount of deep eye-piecing could break it down. 
He exhibited a — wes amplified to 2,000 diameters without 
in any way impairing defining power of the objective. 

Dr. Morris oxhilited A. pellucida resolved in ©. 
medium, and also in a preparation of bisulphide of carbon and 
phosphorus 

Mr. BRINDLEY exhibited some slides of local Foraminifera. 

DonaTIONS TO THE Soctety’s CABINET. 

Mr. T. E. Hewert :—Spiracle of larva of moth; antenna of moth; 

ee ovinus ; Sp., caprella ; Limnardia sorida. ; parasite of 
magpie-lar 

Mr. H. 6. WALKER :—Achnanthes longipes ; palate of slug. 

Mr. P. R. Pepiey :—Nervous membrane investing spinal cord 
of cow ; section of human scalp ; section of rush, fungus, spiracles 
of caterpillar, and gizzard of black cricket. 


SECTION G.—LITERATURE AND FINE ARTS, 
INCLUDING ARCHITECTURE. 


FRIDAY, 16 APRIL, 1880. 
Mr. E. L. Monrertore in the Chair. 


The minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed. 
The following officers were elected :—Chairman: Mr. I es 


A. Morrett. 
FRIDAY, 28, MAY, 1880. 
Mr. E. L. Monteriore in the Chair. 
Mr. Monteriore i on the table etchings by Vion, 
Ballin, and others ; ms) landscape 5 
Gainsborough and studies in chalk by Domenico, Pellegrin 


Tebaldi, an A Padoeast 
Rev. "Mr. Horton exhibited : rare German work on Heraldry, 


WwW. Hane produced photo-tpe of the Katoomba Falls, 


REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 339 


Stuart drew attention to a work on “The Bronze Ornaments 
of the Palace Gates from Balawat,” published under the sanction 
of the Trustees of the British Museum. 

It was resolved that the Council should be applied to fora 
copy of the work for the use of the Section. 

Copies of the proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archeology 
were laid on the table by Mr. Sruart. 


FRIDAY, 30 JULY, 1880. 
Mr. E. L. Monteriore in the Chair. 

The Secretary read a letter from the Council declining to accede 
to the application of the Section to procure a copy of the work on 
the Bronze Gates of Balawat, whereupon Mr. Stuart stated he 
would present his own copy to the Section on its arrival from 


The Secretary laid on the table the first number of a work on 
tive Art. 


_ Mx. Monrertorr exhibited some curious and interesting works, 
including an illustrated edition of Butler’s Hudibras, published in 
1709; an essay on Comic Painting, 1788; and fifteen drawings 
by Henri Regnault. 

Mr. Trevor Jones read an interesting paper on “Light and 
Colour, a treatise on some of their properties, physical, and 
artistic,” illustrated by diagrams and experiments. 


SECTION H.—MEDICAL SCIENCE. 


A paper by Dr. Manning on the Causation of Insanity, 
Pay on August 13th, 1880, was recommended for publication im 
Society’s Journal. 
P. SYDNEY JONES, heise: 
H. N. MAOLAU REN f Hem Boece 


2B 


340 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 


The Causation and Prevention of Insanity. 
By F. Norton Mannine, M.D., &e., ce. 


[Read before the Medical Section of the Royal Society of N.S.W., 
10 September, 1880. ] 


Ir is one of the glories of our profession that its members have 
not only been foremost in recognising the importance—but have 
been the chief workers in the field—of preventive medicine, that 
they have discerned that prophylaxis has a higher aim than the 
rapeutics, and that ‘there is a larger and loftier success in pre- 
venting the diseases of communities than in curing the diseases of 
individuals.” In mental, as in physical disease, there is more 
scope for the physician in prevention than in cure, and itis in this 
direction I would ask your attention this evening. The causation 
and prevention of insanity is a subject of such importance that I 
need not apologise for its introduction. 

As a text for my observations, I place before you two tables 
which have been prepared with some care, and concerning whi 
some explanatory remarks are necessary. The first of these shows 
the assigned causes of insanity in 3,077 patients admitted into the 
Hospital for the Insane at Gladesville, from January Ist, 1869, to 
December 31st, 1878, a period of ten years. This table has been 
prepared from the case books of the Hospital, and I have to thank 
my friend Dr. Beattie for placing it in its present shape. The 
causes assigned in the papers forwarded with the patients, often 
conjectural, and sometimes absurd, have been supplemented by 


more important, not only as embracing larger numbers, but - 
based on an improved classification. It sets forth the assigned 


It will be seen that in the Gladesville table there is no cate 
iti in the Eng 


both are found to exist, with a result that the aggr 
total causes, including those unknown, exceeds t e whol 
of patients by exactly 30 per cent. In comparing the auc 


REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 341 


some corrections necessary, o the somewhat different 
, it will be seen that though some causes 


thers 
there is a singular agreement in the percentages. Taking the 
main divisions moral and physical, it appears that in New South 
Wales 16-9 per cent. of the insanity was due to moral, and 57-6 


ditions which results in insanity. The causes lie too deep to be 
g by mere surface investigation, and can seldom be packed 
mto a word or a sentence. A patient accumulation of an 


mereasing knowledge the number classified under these headings 
bi hi Domestic trouble” is no uncommon experience, 
_, mental anxiety” falls to the lot of most men and women, and 
iad circumstances” to not a few. The strain falls on almost 
— the weak give way, and it is this weakness which, in reality, 
‘ the chief cause of the insanity. j 
Je first causes to which I would direct your attention appear 
in the Gladesville but not in the English table. are iso. 


= NWP NEE aS 


thing * I mention the two together because they have some- 
__,o © common. 


342 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 


districts of the Colony. Happily, however, with the increase of 
fencing, and with increasing population, this form of isolation, 
which was formerly a fruitful cause of insanity, is rapidly decreas- 
ing. Isolation in another form was first brought under my notice 
by observing that a large proportion of the patients admitted had 
no relatives or friends nearer than the old country. By a return, 
which I have had prepared during the last few weeks, I find that 
more than one half—1,038 out of 2,036—of the inmates of our 
institutions for the insane on June 30 last were, so far as is 


or relatives in this Colony. This isolation, which is something 
terrible to a new emigrant, and which lasts often for years, is 
kept up by the disparity of the sexes, which at the close of 1879 
stood at 409,665 males and 324,617 females, and to some extent 
prevents marriage ; and it is fostered by the peculiar mode of life 
both of the miner and the bushman, by the shifting from place to 
place with the seasons in search of work, and by the restlessn 


together with the constant change of associates, leads on the one 
hand to a dwarfing of all those better feelings which are fostered 
and flourish in home life, and on the other to the development of 
a miserable selfishness, to a concentration of all thought im one 
unwholesome direction, to a suspicion and distrust of ever-chang- 
ing comrades, and at last to evil habits, to introspection, to 
hypochondriasis, and to the development of delusions of suspicion 
and fear, which are prominent symptoms in this class of cases. 
Isolation is most potent as a cause of insanity, as might be ex: 
pected among men, but it is found among women also, 
whom have landed in this country quite friendless, and a large 
number of whom, in an after stage of life, live in terrible isolation, 

ers, In home- 


lan 
steads in the distant bush, from which their husbands are 


assisted immigration, by which : 

partly at the expense of friends, is decidedly better eo 
regard than one which lands on our shores a number of frien rr 
st increasing population, with less ty ri 


numbers between the sexes, with more settled modes of life, ge 
with the growth of a native-born population, this cause of 

will no doubt lessen and in time disappear. Boe 
Intemperance in drink appears in thé English beg = 
causing a percentage of 14°6, and in the Gladesville the PP 
centage stands at 8-3. It must be remembered that 30 per 


REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 343 


must be subtracted from the former to make these proportions of 
equal value in the two tables. This ill give nearly 10 per cent. 


as the English rate, and represents, I believe, fairly the proportion 


of insanity due directly or indirectly to this cause. LT attach the 
more value to these statistics because they have been collected by 
a number of independent observers, and are therefore free from 
the chance of error due to individual and unconscious bias which 
besets all statistics drawn up by one person. For some years past 


_ LT have read everything I could find to read on this subject, 


and have come to the conclusion that the effect of intemperance 
as a cause of insanity has been largely exaggerated. I put aside 
at once all that intemperance of statement which seems to be 
i m the habitual denunciation of intemperance In 


a ce 
class of mind drunkenness is the root of all evil, and some of our 
i an unconscious 


by the researches of Dr. Grabhan, of the Earlswood Asylum, Dr. 
Bucknill, and other writers. To quote the words of an asylum 
ysician in a neighbouring Colony, “intemperance 18 ® cause 80 
readily seized, so easily packed into a word, 
the notice of a patient’s family, his friends, or the public, that a 
few striking instances engross the mind, and unc 
for many a dozen others, which without obvious cause enter 
Unnoticed into the asylum.” In not a few instances in my 
€xperience, the intemperance stated to be a cause was really 
&symptom—one of the evidences of a loss of self-control—due 
to brain disease manifestly existent at an antecedent date to the 
ee ues 
strongest argument next to that derived from such yes sag 
= I lay before you, that intemperance is not so potent a cause 0! 


TE would ask what is your experience as medic 

the pathological condition of the habitual drunkard, and T. 
“% will answer that such cases die of liver and kidney di 
* apoplexy or of delirium tremens (a very different thing to 
sanity), but that they do not in any considerable proportion g0 
me oc The proliferation of connective tissue 1 one of 


344 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 


prominent pathological changes produced by alcohol in — struc- 
ture of numerous organs where its effects have been carefully 
studied. The brain and nerve structure of lunatics should present 
a corresponding condition if the cause of insanity were drink. 
The post-mortem rooms of hospitals for the insane afford little or no 


frequent if these Pome had been drunkards. The — of 
the drink in which it is taken has perhaps a 

share in the produetini of insanity, at all events in this Colony, 
than the quantity. The quality of the beverages supplied in 
roadside ry ecgene public-houses, and even in Sydney and 
the lar; as I need hardly remind you, abominably bad. 


distillation, direct adulteration is largely practised. Kerosene, 
tobacco, cocculus indicus, and other deleterious substances, are 
freely used, and there can 8h no doubt that these poisons, to use 
the See of the Laurea 
**Confuse the oy St of the blood, 
And tickling the brute brain within the man’ 8, 
Make havock among those tender cells.” 
The system of drinking which is almost unknown in older countries 
has also not a little to answer for. Short and reckless outbursts of 
g, alternate with prolonged and often compulsory periods 
of abstinence. These horrible — on bad liquor may, and no 


sanity. 
believe that the amount "of inomiatty caused by drink 


set down as due to this cause. an 


intemperance in drink. Calculating the cost of pire mm 
our hospitals for the insane at from £150 to £200 per bed, and 
with the high price of labour it has not been much — we have @ 
primary outlay for these 200 cases of from £30,000 to £40,000, 
and an annual maintenance rate of upwards of £6, 000 a-year. 
The prevention of insanity due to drink becomes in ‘oh 
a vast social as well as a medical enlace solution of whi 
is, I ong to be largely found— to 

Ist. In the a of the number of public-houses, 80 48 

lessen unwholesome com 
2nd. 2 the aswell and Serseit inspection of all liquors 


3rd. om ‘ed introduction into common use of sound light apn 
the many forms of effervescent drinks, and more 


ee 
seats 


REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 345 


all of ice. The common use of iced water in America, 
where it can be obtained in every railway carriage and 
in every village, has done more I believe to reduce intem- 


perance than anything else ; 
4th. In better and more wholesome modes of preparing food, 
ee 


other forms of ner ffection, proj 

Lascertained that there was sexual intemperance. In some cases of 
insanity admitted into the Hospital, and especially in elderly men 
with young wives, I have with good reason attributed recovery to 
the temporary and enforced continence. 

Lallemand was the first to point out the influence of seminal 
discharges on certain forms of vesania, and though like almost all 
iali gerated their influence, he did good 
service in showing that hypochondria, moral prostration, and true 
melancholy were sometimes due to this cause. The effects of 


cent. in the English tables, and these rates will doubtless seem 
small to all who have read a certain kind of sensational literature, 

ic cause insanity than the 
practices which it denounces. There is little doubt but that 
Masturbation has been too frequently cited as a cause of insanity 
by. bservers who are without the breadth of view which can only 
re gathered by a complete scientific and medical education. It is 


it to exist in th i 
tamed that it wes not only discarded but regarded with due 
_ Shor after recovery. 


7-7 Hl 
© 
4 
g 
et 
_ 
® 
8 
=4 
ot | 
o 
— 
os 
=] 
ge 
~~ 
° 
= 
® 
“= 
— 
< 
® 
= 
i 
| 


346 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 


A reference to the tables will show you the small amount of 
insanity said to be due to venereal disease—0-4 per cent. in one and 
0-6 per cent. in the other. It has been to me a frequent wonder that 
more cases of insanity were not due to syphilis, and it is certainly 
curious that in 4,000 admissions primary syphilis was only seen 
in three cases. 

Sunstroke, as might be supposed, isa cause of insanity in a much 
greater degree in New South Wales than in England. It appears 
in the English table as causing 1:3 per cent., but it should be 
remembered that this includes numerous cases where the attack 

urred abroad ; soldiers sent from India to the wards for the 
Army Department at Grove House e, Bow ; sailors invalided from 
foreign stations, and admitted to the Hospital for the Insane at 
Yarmout s Bemdin isolated cases sent from hot countries under 


Five per cent. of the total number of cases are accredited to it, and 
I think with good reason. The effect of sun- or heat-stroke in the 


greater care in avoiding exposure, by insisting on a more rational 
head covering for the summer months tha a black stove-pipe hat, 
and by pointing out that after an attack of sunstroke alcohol is an 


—- or injury to the head is mentioned in both tables as a 
cause of insanity. In some cases it is a direct, but it is more often 
a predisposing, cause. It is in cases predisposed by injury that 
sunstroke, intemperance, agree and other causes ‘ 
fire which has been already laid. Where injury to the ae exists 

a caution as to the aaaamea of exciting causes may 0 t_infre- 


uently save from furth da ’ _ During t the year 1872 1 took 
: sa sige cae ieee marks 


may be ~ to put ¢ on record my opinion that sear prolonged 
beyond the ordinary time, or continued by delicate women even up 


REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 347 


ans remov' m 
the encephalon and disorders of the mind. The influence of uterine 
and ovarian affections, disorders of the digestive functions, lesions 
of the stomach and intestinal canal, affections of the liver, heart 


causes P : 
a of mental aberration; and we know to-day that there is 
Ai a single part of the economy, lesions of which may not bring 

out psychical disorder in predisposed subjects. The ascending 


. in zy: : 
ody and brain, and not merely the perturbations of the under- 
| Goiere bem greatly struck with the number © cases admitted 
want of esville with symptoms of dyspepsia, and with what for 
Bangs etter term is designated in the table “Chronic ill- 
| these to and I cannot but attribute a considerable proportion of 
if ela want of varied and properly cooked m I doubt 
i food th 1s any country in the world where with abundance of 

~ “here is less variety or less evidence of civilization 


348 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 


preparation. Salt meat and damper are still a frequent if not the 
continuous dietary of large numbers. Fresh meat is cooked in a 
manner glaringly monotonous ; milk is untasted by a large pro- 
portion of the up-country population for months together, and 
vegetables except potatoes are an infrequent luxury for which 
numbers have to thank the itinerant Chinaman ; whilst tea, black, 
milkless, and often sugarless, is drunk at eve in 
quantities which take away appetite for the more solid and too 
often unappetising viands. 

It is no wonder that women, especially during lactation, break 
down under such a regimen, that men feel a crying, physical, or 
physiological want which drives them to bursts of hard drinking, 
or that the digestive powers fail, and with them the nourishment 
of the brain as well as other organs. 

A bountiful, a varied, and a nutritious diet is in many cases of 
service in warding off threatened attacks of insanity, or arresting 
in its early stages, and this with attention to special symptoms 
denoting bodily ailment is the main agent in the recovery in not a 
few advanced cases. ith better modes of carriage and with 
denser population we shall in time no doubt get a more varied 
dietary, and it is to be hoped that cookery will be taught as 
special and compulsory subject in the projected High Schools for 
Girls, and in the higher classes of our public schools. 

In the Gladesville table epilepsy is given as a factor to the extent 
of 5-9 per cent., but in the English table this cause is grouped, as 
it seems to me unwisely, among other bodily diseases or disorders. 
I find, however, from some statistics given by the English Com- 
missioners in 1876, that epilepsy is credited with 6°5 per cent., 80 
that probably the potency of this affection in the production of 
insanity is about the same in both countries, An intere 


shows its extreme character and potency. In 119 epilepties, pat 


several four or five each. Dr. Gowers, in his Gulstonian ares 
published in the Lancet during the current year, states _ 
out of 1,250 epileptics who came under his care at the National 
Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis, he found distinct hereditary 
influence in 452, or 36 per cent. Mr. Clarke’s researches 


REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 349 


The hereditary transmission of insanity is a subject of the 
most profound interest, both from a medical and social stand. 
point, and to a medical superintendent of a hospital for the 
insane it isa duty increasing in interest with each year’s ex- 


— —_ have little or no knowledge of the family history or 


not + 2 England, where the family history of almost every 
Patient can be tr f 


per cent., or 375 out of 1,072 patients admitted 
Dr. Needham, of York, gives 31 per cent., or 


350 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 


334 out of. 1,029 admissions; whilst in Dr. Thurnam’s well- 
known statistics of the “Retreat,” 153 cases were known to be due 


Esquirol observes, that of all diseases insanity is the most heredi- 
tary, and gives figures showing that in one-fourth of the total 
number of cases coming under his care this influence was ascer- 
tained. Guislain estimates it at one-fourth in Belgium, and 


or about one-fourth. ere is reason to fear that the pro 
portion of insanity due to hereditary influence is steadily in- 
creasing. Dr. Ball, Professor of Mental Medicine at the Univer- 


of the terrible hereditary character of insanity may do something 
to prevent imprudent marriages, but unfortunately it is not with 
the prudent and thoughtful that we have to deal. Itis with the 
wayward, the impulsive, and the improvident, with brains bearing 
subtle mischief in their recesses, and but little likely to look 
beyond selfish gratification. The time has not yet arrived for legisla- 
tive interference. In time to come however, when the liberty of 
the subject is made more subordinate to the welfare of the com- 
munity, it will perhaps be found expedient in the interest. 

future generations to insist on prolonged isolation aries 
interference in the case of all persons who have been afflicted Dr. 
mental disease. In the meantime, to quote the words of ble 
Blandford, “it behoves a physician before whom the tert vi 
results of imprudence in this direction are paraded day by “ya 
hold out a warning and to point out the evils which — if, as 


imprudent union, and the immense amount of insanity 


REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 351 


well as epilepsy, chorea, neuralgia, and other nerve disorders, 
itted from parent to offspring.” It is, in my opinion, not 
too much to say that any person who marries, except under very 
ial circumstances, after such a marked and prolonged attac 
of mental derangement as required hospital treatment, commits a 
crime against posterity. 

Five per cent. of the cases in the Gladesville and 4°8 per cent. in 
the English table are stated to be congenital in origin. Among the 
causes of congenital mischief are said to be a condition of intoxi- 
cation or epilepsy on the part of parents during coition or concep- 
tio; the marriage of near kin; ill health, injuries, persistent 
sickness, emotional excitement, anxiety and fright on the part of 
the mother during pregnancy ; injurious compression of the cranial 
bones and brain from contracted passage or protracted labour ; the 
misuse of forceps ; and suspended animation after birth, the latter 
considered by Dr. Langdon Down to be a frequent cause. As to 
drunkenness or epilepsy during coition or conception as a cause of 
congenital mental defect, I must confess that I am sceptical, and 
the truth must be difficult to prove. 

The effect of the marriage of near kin has been debated at very 
considerable length. Huth, whose elaborate work on this subject 
8 well known, and whose opinions have been widely adopted out- 
side our profession, scouts the idea that consanguineous marriages 
ae harmful, and answers the question whether consanguineous 
marriages give a greater proportion of unhealthy children than non- 

sanguineous marriages with a decided negative, stating that even 
where the marriages of blood relations are habitual, deterioration 
even through the chance accumulation of an idiosyncrasy, practi- 
cally does not occur oftener than in other marriages. Other 
observers have, ho ever, come to a different conclusion, and 1 


i consangui iage. own experience on the 
subject is. linn: guineous marriage pe tt ‘le 
in one family have come under my observation the 
in w i bee spins ee I 
Gt which I have known three children in one family idiotic 
Union of 
ee 


352 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 


more often acted on. It would be well in many cases 
family physician could forbid the banns. 
On the other causes of congenital defect which I have men- 
tioned it is not my intention to enlarge. : 
The influence of modern civilization in the production of insanity 


slavery—when all the physical wants of the slave were atte 
to; when there was no outlet for mental activity, or need for mental 


more 
than eighty out of a population of 800,000; whilst it ca 
from recent asylum reports that there are now more than 8 

insane persons of this race in these two States. 
said that it is better to be civilized and free with even large 


chance of : : 
this ; but the question remains whether the amount of insanity 
due to our modern civilization is not excessive, and to » large 


and higher developments as well as in its manufacture of re 
and struggling classes, and especially in its many ¢ 


fitted to survive and multiply, has caused and is still causing a 
higher percentage of insanity than was known in former times. 


Morbid paychol 


REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS, 353 


Inno epoch has, what for want of a better expression, I will 
term “mental excess,” been more prevalent than in this. News- 
rs, medical and lay, have frequently of late pointed out the 
evils of our present system of stuffing our youth and making all 
boyhood and girlhood one long period of cramming for examina- 
tion. The examinations at the London and other aarp 
and for professions have become almost encyclo their 
range. The whole tina tends to confuse and disteaot the mind, 
to unfit it for the work of the world, to stunt originality, 
and to induce what Mees not inaptly been termed “ brain-fog.” 
Where there is no absolute break-down at the time, and instances 


would have ae unharmed. ow no stronger 

eibesce as to the evil done by overwork at schools and competitive 

ions than that of Dr. Andrew Clarke, who states that he 

has discovered auporary albuminuria in 10 per cent. of the can- 

didates sent to him for examination as to ee health after 
Pasting g the Civil Service examination for I 

- Next — the high pressure, the fever sd fret of professional 

ess life, the haste, competition, and all-pervading 
quiet, which has had no parallel in other times. The over-work 
connected with business, the severe mental labour of the ar 


ta. 
instances it it is oifioalt to tabulate the cause. It behoves us, I 
think, as physicians, to inculcate pause and leisure in life, and 
to encourage the tendency which happily exists in Soe Colony to 
indulge in out-door sports and amusements of every kin 
An the English table 22°8 per cent., and in the Gladesville —_ 
259 per cent. of the causes are set down as “ unascertained.” 
Sreater percentage in the Gladesville table is due to the ‘aehsative 
Means we have for obtaining trustworthy information by ques- 
relatives and —— and to causes which I have already 


‘Be 


. se that the Sasa of insanity generally requires @ 
Sy <iggovaed of several adverse incidents, and that many cases can- 
to be attributed to any one special event. It is better, I think, 
feed hee for a solution of the problem than to set forth a 
to find ge, and it need disturb our complacency but little 
+ wd that the solution of some of the most difficult questions in 
chology is, as yet, beyond us. 


REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 


354 


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0-9 09 | %F | FT | 69 | 98 | TueSsuO: 
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359 


ABSTRACT OF THE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 
TAKEN AT THE SYDNEY OBSERVATORY. 


GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY. 
Latirong, 33° 51’ 41”; Lonarrupg, 10% 4™ 50°81*; Magnetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East. 


JANUARY, 1880.—Genernat ABSTRACT. 


Highest bar ie ges ... 30°141 inches on the 27th, at 12 noon. 
At 32° Faht. dire ees ... 29°147 inches on the 8th, at 6 p.m. 
Mea: a Het aie | OT 1 Oe 
en —— cdaretig? ... 146 Ibs. on the 26th. 
Mea ws OF Ib. 
Raste of. Davi Calm |. 0 
eae Pippen . ENE. 
(Pre iling di im > é% p ding 21 years, E.N.E.) 
Temperature — = i Shade ... 93°1 on the 8th. 
eShade ... 56°6 on the 10th. 
Po ... 23°5 on the 8th. 
Highest in the Sun ... 154°9 on the 8th. 
west on the Grass ... 49°7 on the 10th. 
Mean Diurnal Range ... 13°4 
Mean in the Shade wii gee 
(Being 0-2 greater tk that of th tl Z f tk r di g 21 years.) 
Humidity +. Greatest Amount ... 695°7 on the 17th. 
ae ve we~=88°0 on the 11th. 
Mean ie ee 
(Reine 1-21 at Ce ee ee i © ét 3°. g 21 years.) 
Rain ... +» Number of Days... 10 
Greatest Fall ... 0°528 inch on the 25th. 
0 »» 65 feet above greens 
Total Fall... eee eae 1 126 a 15 in. above ground. 
(Being 2-495 inches less than that of t th n average of the preceding 21 years.) 


Evaporation Total Amount... ... 6°700 inches, 
dzone * «» Mean Amount... peer 

(Being 16 greater pee eee ren ¢ 44 r at. g 21 years.) 
mettcity +» Number of Days Lightning 8 


Sky +* Mean Amount 


; «. 60 
Xu Number of Clear Days ... 0 
ea ng 0 


+» Number observed = 


a Remarks. 
fa enter as been fine and wa pop h a small rainfall, e es at 


Places on an rall 
wees ei coast and high lend eg Rines' the highest shade tempo we 
* Kumsjong Horne d at Til Til 115-8, and the greatest fall o rain was 4°750 inc! 


360 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY. 
LatiTupg, 33° 51’ 41”; LonarrupE, 10 4™ 50-81: ; Magnetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East. 
FEBRUARY, 1880.—GernERAL ABSTRACT. 
Barometer ... Highest Reading... 30° Ke inches ed the 2nd, at 10°'20a.m. 
At 32° Faht. Lowest Reading ... 29° n the 13th, at 5 p.m. 
Mean Height 29° 395 
Wind .. Greatest rere 6°5 lbs. on the 28th. 
Mean P. . O'4 1b, 
Number of pavi Calm ins 
Pre rickcengiaad — Se YP 
73. as g 4h ¢£. 41 p a oT years, S & | 
Temperature Highest in the Shade 79°7 on the 14th. 
Lowest in the Shade 60°7 on the 19t 
est Range ... 4°6 on the 5th 
Highest in the Sun 147-9 on the 19th 
Lowest on the Gras 57°5 on the 2nd. 
Mean Diurnal Range O:1 
Mean in the Shade 70°8 
(B g th PS ae sy k a g 21 years.) 
Humidity ... Greatest Amount .. 1000 on the 12th. 
Least we ye ... 56:0 on the 6th. 
Mean a : 
(Rat: pur + ret peg el oe poe e 4 91 wears.) 
Rain .. Number of Days... 20 rain and 
Greatest Fall ... 0°888 inch on the 9t 
Total Fall 2-216 ,, 65 ft. above ae 
: = 3°565 15 in. above grown 
Evaporation Total Amount 3°492 inches. 
Ozone... ... Mean Amount 
(Pot. o-n +h Poa ae Sa a At g 20 years.) 
Electricity ... Number of Days Lightning 1 
Cloudy Sky... Mean Amoun ios 
Number of Clear ies fe ae 0 
Meteors Number o 0 


Remarks. 
to the averages. 
Pressure and siaipatabiens pre ei have been — "At Syd <a 


abally over the 


rainfall has reached little more than half the average, 

has ual. district north of the se River, = expec 
slopes of the mo’ d abundant peat se enn Maes 

inches at Pangee, and west of the Darling a ma: m of f Gt cate at ain fell, 

but at other places the rainfall was very light and pe t Goonoo Coon00 

and at the other stations in that district very little was reco: 


METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 361 


GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY. 
— 83° 51’ 41”; LoneiruDE, 104 4™ 50-815 ; MAGNETIC VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East. 


MARCH, 1880.—Gernerat ApsTrRact. 


Barometer ... Highest Reading... .... 80-065 inches on the 13th, at 8:40a.m. 
; and on the 20th, at 9.35 a.m. 
~ At 32° Faht. a ens a - pi onan d on the 25th, at 5°15 a.m. 
} (Being 2 vortina in th t ‘ ig years. ) 
Wind... ss Agi Pressure en a : Ibs. on the 25th. 
n Pres 


f 
| 
1h 
I 
; 
f 


ssure 
Ne ofthe of Days Calm res 

Prevaling Direction... N.E. 
th f ding 21 years, N.E.) 


5 


Temperature Highest in the Shade... 82-3 0n 1 31st. 
ade... 


Lowest in the 58°7 on the 14th 
Greatest Range ... 18°4 on the 31st 
Highest in the Sun ..» 140°5 on the 6th. 
Lowest on the Grass ... 53°4 0n the 14th. 
Mean Diurnal Range... 112 
Mean in the Shade oo ED 
(Being 0 tl era eo +h ¢ p ding 21 years.) 
Humidity ... Greatest Amount ... 97:0 on the 30th. 
Least i, ... 540 on the 13th. 
ean icin date 
(Being 2°7 greater than that of tl th ge of the preceding 21 years.) 
Rain ... + Number of Days... ... 17 rain and 3 
Greatest Fall... ... 1'218 inches on as 6th. 
Total Fall 4817 ,, 65 feet ew penal. 
i hed otal Fa. seus’ 2 ae 185. 445 A6in. above ground. 
| Evaporation “Total Amount... ... 2°802 inches. 
ee ae +.» Mean Amount... we ot ee 
rie “Se = 9 stCater Ss E oS 2 
a i alee of oe ren i 


r neha of ( abe Days . ty 


i Re .. Number observed .... 0 


Remarks. 
this m cage were repo orted from several places. At Lismore, eck 


4 ts 5rd 
re very small, as if be seen by the sandy ing ‘table. 
ted fell duri = fot 20 days of the ical ss light showers. Tempe 
barometer are close to the average for this month. 


3862 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 


GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY. 
Latirupz, 33° 51’ 41”; Lonerrupe, 105 4™ 50°81: ; MaGnetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East. 
APRIL, 1880.—Gernerat ABSTRACT. 


Barometer ... Highest Reading... ie ae Sg on the 11th at = 
Lowest aon i n the dth., at 2°50 p 
Mean Hei ae av oe 
(Being 0°011 greater th that th tl g f the preceding 21 years.) 
Wind... .. Greatest romana ... 8°41bs. on the 7th. 
At 32° Faht. Mean Pre oo rib: 
Number of tes Calm... 5 
: Pre ee Direction ... N.E. 
(Pr $32. rey q .. g 41, £. +t r as. ig oT J x W.) 
Temperature Highest inthe Shade .., 83°8 on the 5th. 
Lowest in the Shade ....__ 52°6 on the 26th. 
Greatest Range ... ... 20°1 on the 5th 
Highest in the Sun ... 140°4 on the 5th. 
Lowest on the Grass... vs 5 on the 26th. 
Mean Diurnal Range 
Mean in the Shade of ot 2 
(Being the same as that of the same month on an average of the preceding 21 years.) 
Humidity ... Greatest Amount ... 100°0 on the 2nd. 
Least a as ... 63°0 on the 30th. 
Mean : ave 
(Being 1-0 less than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 21 years.) 
Rain... .... Number of Days... .... 20 rain and 3 d 
Greatest Fall... ite . 253 facie on the a 
65 ft. above ground. 
Total Fall... eee , ome yr aaa if 15 in. above ground. 


(Being 2-455 inches less than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 21 years.) 


— Total Amount ...  ... 2°586 inches. 
Ozone oe a ieee FG ir yg 
Pinte 7 + +} f the preceding 20 years.) 


Electricity .... Number of DaysLightning 6 

Cloudy Sky ... Mean Amount ac oe 
Number of Clear Days ... 0 

Meteors «-» Number observed ee 


Remarks. 


At 
The temperature has been about the ave and the weather seasonable. 
Sydney the rairfall was less than the nverage for this month, but still mace 
In the North-western Districts especially, abundan rains have fallen ; 9 inches 
rted from Gunnedah and nearly 8 from the “ Meadows,” Cobar. 


METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 363 
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY. 
Latrrope, 33° 51’ 41”; Lonarrupe, 10% 4™ 50°81; MaGnetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East. 


MAY, 1880.—Generat ABSTRACT. 


Barometer. ... Highest Reading...  ... 30142 = on the 5th, at 10 a.m, 
At 32° Faht. Lowest Reading ... ... 29°367 ,, onthe 26th, at 435 a.m. 
Sion Height... vee 20-779 
fR, 12. ay kee ete a Pm € 4} at @1 waave § 
Wind... . Greatest obo ... $1°2 Ibs. on the 8th. 
Mean Pre si 9b. 
Number of ‘Days Calm ods 9 
Prevailing Direction Peas 
(Prevailing direction during th for the preceding 21 years, W.) 
Temperature ei in the eee ... 74°7 on the 2nd. 
Lowest in the Sha ... 45°1 on the 30th 
cat n the 21s 
Highest in the Sun ... 116°6 on the 3rd. 
Lowest on the Grass 38°7 on the 30th 
ean Ditcendt Range 14°5 
Mean in the Shade a 8TS 
(Being 0°6 less than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 21 years.) 
Humidity . “ “sgn Amount ... 98:0 on the 21st. 
‘ 50°0 on the 11th. 
a 70°5 
es 5°9 less than “a of ‘the same wauiiae on an average of the preceding 21 years.) 
tse +» Number of Days.. a 2 oe 0 dew. 
Greatest Fall ' pa ue US arty beg the 26th. 
0°317 ,» 65 ft. above ground. 
Total Fall... oe 0586 5 15. in. — ees nd. 
- Being 4397 inches less than that of the same th s P *) 
om Total Amount... ... 2°328 inches 


+». Mean Amount ... v1 
. 149 greater than that in the same month on an asia of the preceding 20 years.) 


Hectricity «.» Number of ee Lightning 8 
Clondy Sky... Mean Am ne BY 
Number of | Olaie Days sie 


Meteors --» Number observed 


a9 


Remarks. 


erate the Colony. 
Th thi d very dry generally over Ui bh 
fall aan has been fine and very vk mest average ghry mga 


al ee Ag ture 
ny Country Stations the average of the Bis dis tempera 


ia 
*he Oth ay A" On the 8 the 8th, 9th, and 10th strong westerly winds prevailed, and on 


364 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 


GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY. 
LATITUDE, 33° 51’ 41” ; LongrrupE, 10 4™ 50°81; MAGNETIC VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East. 
JUNE, 1880.—GernERAL ABSTRACT. 


Barometer ... Highest Reading .. ... 80°169 on the 12th, at 10°15 a.m. 
At 32° Faht. howeet Reading ... ... 29°569 on the 15th, at 3°40 p.m 
sical oie = 1. ZOo03 
Wind... ... Greatest Pressure.. ... 15‘1 Ibs. on the 17th. 
ean Pressure... a. OB Te 
tree er of Days ia. 8 
atthe Dineotion wis) We 
(Pr $13 g ah £ 4} 3: 2 oT y rs, Ww.) 
Temperature Highest in the Shade ... 680o0n ee 14th. 
Lowest in the Shade ... 89°8 on the 20th. 
Greatest Range ... ... 23°2 on the 25th. 
ighest in th Sun 106°1 on the 14th. 
Lowest on the Grass 33°8 on the 20th 
ean Diurna ae : 
— in — Shade sn Be ©. 
(Being 1°7 1 at g 2 43 p 3: oT years.) 
Humidity ... Greatest Amount... ..._ 96°0 on the 5th. 
Least eo me ay 


50°6 on the 16th. 
74°4 : 


o* 
81 less th oS See Bee eS ae £41 3: 91 wears.) 


Rain... .... Number of Days . 6 rain, 14 dew. 
Greatest Fall & es | 350. inches on 5th. 
Total Fall pecs Ee, Mans Stayt tat iS | 
ut oa 19 0-614 15 in. above grou 
(Being Bw inchos 1 +h ok oe os +1 ¢ I di 21 years.) 
Evaporation TotalAmount ..,  ... 1°600 inch. * 
Ozone . Mean Amount “ ... 6*1 inches. 

(Being 0°5 greater tl th ge of the preceding 21 years.) 
Electricity .... Number of one Lightning 6 : 
Cloudy Sky... Mean Amoun re . 

Number of Clear Days ae 
Meteors .... Number observed Cree | 
Remarks. 


At ange seek the the Geaunene has been unusually low, the mean 1°7 less was the 
rature upon the grass fell to 33°8 on the 20th. 


ve in near 0 

Po 30°. At seventy-nine stations the rainfall was less than 1 fick hy and a om 
no rain fell; and at no in the Colony has there been a oe demeet 
—— fall recorded for the month being 3 “3B i inches at Kyamba. At houses 
and other places the cold was so severe at jugs of water placed inside the 

were frozen hard during the night. 


METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 365 


GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY. 


Latiuve, 33° 51’ 41” ; Lonerrupe, 10% 4" 50°81; Magnetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East. 
JULY, 1880.—GerneERrAL ABSTRACT. 
Barometer ... Highest Soa ae ... 80°494 on the 11th. 
At32°Faht. Lo sg Readi : ... 29°589 on the 2nd. 
— Height ae + 29°906 
Wind... =... Greatest in ... 15°7 Ibs. on the 19th 
ean Press 0:4 Ib. 
Number of Days Calm ae 
= erred sree aie | 2 
(Prevailing di th for the preceding 21 years, W. and N.W.) 
Temperature pp sca inthe shade ... 671 on the 27th. 
; i Lowest in the Shade ... 38°8 on the ey 
Groatent ‘Rents 26°1 on the 
Highest in the Sun . 110 Oo on the nth. 
Lowest on the Grass 31°4 on the 29th. 
Mean Diurnal Range ss... 
Mean in the Shade 0) Oe 
Stlntnn 32? 4 ree ee +h an ding 21 years.) 
F Humidity ... Greatest Amount... ... 98°0 on the 13th. 
: Least se ths Les 
Mean ‘ 
q a he po pe ding 21 years.) 
Greatest Fall ote we 0°255 inch on the 16th 
Number of Days ... ... 10 rain an ew 
storfietes§ 0397 inch, 65 ft. above ground. 
Total Fall . ‘ “ee 0-762 ,, Wi in. ied Safe 
Total Amount... wt SOR 
Mean Amount... nee : 
_ of voi Lightning . 


. ean Am ii 
Gombe of Clear Days oe $ 
. Number observed ae 


Remarks. 
At 
weather this month has been cold and dry pomety over the Colony. 
y the rainfall was only 0°762, and this is a fair index ¢ the rainfall in the 
try Stations. 


366 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 


GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY. 
Larirupg, 33° 51’ 41” ; LonarruDE, 105 4™ 50°81"; Maanetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East. 


AUGUST, 1880.—GenERat ABSTRACT. 


Barometer ... Highest Reading ... 80°299 on the 16th, at 9°40 a.m. 
At 32° Faht. Lowest Reading ... ... 29°433 on the 8th, at 2°2 p.m. 
Mean Height... ..  29°854 
(Being 0°087 inch less than that in th th ge of the preceding 21 years) 
Wind... ia peer ey ... 42°3 lbs. on the 10th. “ 
ean ie ee 
Ticker o f Days Calm ... 0 
 escenanden mietwon re. Ee oi Ww. 
(Pr 9° Pais a: g2iy , W.) 
Temperature Highest in the Shade... 79°3 on the 21st. 
Lowest inthe Shade ... 41°4 on the 13th. 
:. ..» 28°0 on the 17th. 
a in the Sun ... 125°8 on the 20th. 
Low: nthe Grass ... 32°9 on the 13th. 
Mean. Diurnal Bitige vee , 
Means in the Shiate ios? hee 
(Being 2°7 greater tl th ge of the preceding 21 years.) 
Humidity ... Greatest Amount .» 93°0 on the 30th. 
Least oe ... 80°0 on the 20th. 
Mean 63°6 
f(D. 2 41 42.4 8 2h. as eit a. 91 wears.) 
Rain... .... Greatest Fall ... ....  0°586 inch on the 2nd. -< 
Number of Days ... .. 2 yYain an , ey 
0°474 inch, 65 feet above 
Total Hall..; ooo 0-612 irich, 15 in. above gro ( a 
(Being OROY tn abe f eres ame +} ge of the p ding 21 years.) * 4 
i Total Amount ...  ... 3°562 a 
sbiij — — ie we Oe a 
rR. Ou = yon pape 4 10 vears.) 


Electricity ... — ber of ~~ Lightning : 


eee Oy Meee Anes a a 
umber of Clear ‘Days es ‘ e3 
Meteors  ... Number observed as a 


Remarks. ay 
temperature this month has been high, 2" see above the foigap ro S aaa 
weather still continues and only 0°612 was recorded at S. ; and it eer 
able fact that in the country districts only  eeorted ak Briers ase ae. 
of rain ; and the greatest fall was only 2°910 inches at Orange. 


METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 367° 


- GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY 
Latrrupe, 33° 51’ 41”; Lonerrupg, 10 4™ 50°81*; Magnetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East. 
SEPTEMBER, 1880.—Generat ABSTRACT. 


a a eer ben Ps ‘312 inches on the 8th, at 9°37 a.m. 
t Reading . na 228 ,, onthe 2lst, at 513 a.m. 

* Mow ean » Height : 29 58 

less than that in th th we of the preceding 21 years.) 

Greatest ——— ... 19:2 Ibs. on the 17th. 

Mean Pre 08 


essu Rr 
Number o f Da ays sCalm ... 0 
— —— ‘Direction wee.” 


Pp ig 21 years, W.) 
ee in the Shade ... 83°3 on the 24th. 
west in the Shade ... 4790n 2 
Grearcet Range ... .» 29°3 on the 24th. 
Highest in the Sun ... 128°7 on the 21st. 
Lowest on the Grass ... 38°8 on the 3rd. 
Mean Diurnal Range ... 129 
Mean in the Shade ice ee 
(Being 0-9 greater than that of the same month on an ayerage of the preceding 21 years.) 
; Fumidity ..» Greatest Amount ... 99:0 on the 15th. 
‘ 1: ... 86°0 on the 24th. 
8 fe ata Wie! Ys ‘0 
_ Being 6-9 greater than that of the sam th average of the preceding 21 years.) 
‘ ... Greatest Fall tie i See a on the 16th. 
Number of Days... cas 7 ~ isi ae 5 
( 4.238 inc * a 
Total Fall... soe “= ) 6-120 goes eps 


oe '2:005 inches greater than that of the same month on an Btls re of a preceding 21 years.) 


Total Amount... ee Oe 
Mean Amount ... eon 
greater than that in tl th on an average of the preceding 19 years.) 


Number of ae Lightning 4 


Mean Amou oe oe 
Wasa of Cine Days ae 
Number observed eae 


: Remar 
ure this month bas been ans above the average, i the ning 
abundant. At Sydney the wage ad was 6°120, or 2°905 er than the 
for this month. In the country districts the greatest fall was ct 73 inches 
uarie. The south-western prvacintc ie ver received little rain, and in 
Places none fell. 


METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 


GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY. 


LATITUDE, 33° 51’ 41”; Lonarrupz, 105 4™ 50°81 ; 


OCTOBER, 1880.—Gerneran ABSTRACT. 
30°160 inches on the 7th, at 9°30a.m,. 
29°052 


Highest poniiitre “e 
Lowest Reading . 
Mean Height... 
(Being 0°056 inch 1 +h shiek tc 4% 


Barometer ... 
At 32° Faht. 


.. 29°778 


24 3s. on 


MAGNETIC VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East. 


» onthe 23rd, at 11'40a.m. 


“~s Bs (—] 


17°4 Ibs. on the 12th. 
0°6 lb. 


0 
8. 


+h £ 


Wind... Greatest Pressure 
Mean Pressure ae 
Number of a Calm : 
aan Direc’ 
Temperature 


Highest in the Shade 
Lowest i had 


Mean Diurna 
Mean in the Shade 


the preceding 21 years, N.E.) 


89°7 on the 30th. 


41°4 on the Ist. 
13°8 
61°1 


Dea? oO 
(being 


= Ea o 


J 


Humidity . Graig Arperh. ..- 1000 on the 21st. 
.. 87°0 on the 2nd. 
‘Moan me Se 69°5 
fas Heat, LL ee Ge a 91 vears.) 
Rain ... .. Greatest Fall... 1: ona inches on ion 21st. 
Number of Days... n an “a's ee groutide 
0°8' 7 inch, eet above 
Total Fall... 2°370 inches, “15 in. above ground. 
(Being 0°442 inal lack th that nt ah g I At. g 21 years.) & 
— Total Amount... 3-720 : 
..» Mean cian 77 
eyesore en tl ge of tl ding 20 years.) 
Electricity ... Numberof DaysLightning 9 
Cloudy Sky... Mean Amount ws os | 
Number of Clear ‘Days oe 
Meteors .... Number observed 1 
Remarks. 
The temperature this month at Sydney has been 2°4 less than the average. — 
rainfall rally was small, but not much below _ average for this month. 


; 
; 


METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, 


GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY. 
LATITUDE, 33° 51’ 41”; Lonarrupe, 10 4™ 50°81; Magnetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East. 


NOVEMBER, 1880.—Generat ApstTRact. 
30°042 “ie - oe — eos 11°35 


pit 


Barome - Highest Reading... 
29°291 jae on nthe vache at 3 "23 oe 
29°759 


Lowest Reading .. 
opera er ight - et 
th verage of the preceding 21 years.) 


ee 
> 


aS ... Greatest Pressure 23°1 lbs. on the 14th and 29th 
Mean Pre 0°9 lb. 


ure.. 

Ame of Days Calm ... 
vailing Direction ... 8. 
mig nS epg Greig ine 0 yee, 


pe sgh in the Shade ... 949 on the 14th. 
Lowest inthe Shade ... 53°3 on the eae 


* 149° 1 on the 14th. 
Lowest on the Grass... 46°5 
a 14" 1 


in the Shade 
(Being 0-2 greater than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 21 years. ) 
Humidity -. Greatest Amount ... 99°0 on the 9th. 
Least be i ... 983°0 on the 15th. 


: : Mean ae : 53 
| (Being 6-0 greater than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 21 years.) 
1232, inches on the 9th. 

and 3 


‘Rain... ... Greatest Fall 

: Number of Days... 13 rain ew. 

a 1-447 inch 65 ft. above ground. 
pee Yes ad 2°560 inches 15 in. above ground. 


= 0-891 inch less than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 21 years.) 
Evaporation Total Amount 4476 
Sn 76 


_ Men Anonnt 
ge of the preceding 20 years. 


th 


Number of ae ees 4 


Mean Am 6 
Number of "Clear Days . 2 


Number observ 


emarks. 
he great majority - observing 
er this month has been very dry, and at t ot g - eet oF th SE. st 


he weath 
ons the rainfall has — much less than 1 ine 
er, had abundant rain. Bodalla reports the greatest Pcmcriat viz., 8° 


870 “METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 


GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY. _ 
LATITUDE, 33° 51’ 41”; LonairuDE, 104 4™ 50-815 ; MaGnetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East. 
DECEMBER, 1880.—Geyerat ABSTRACT. 
Barometer ... Highest ig oe ..» 80°101 inches on the 19th, at 10 a.m . 
At 82° Faht. Lowest Readin .. 29204 ,, onthel5th, at 9°13 p Mm. 
Height ... ... 29°771 


\ o 1 (7 r So a 


(Rat A.N9° Inn} £ 41 32. 1 


Wind ... .. Greatest Pressure ... 33°6 lbs. on the 3lst. 

Mean Pressu eed a eee 

Mamter of Days Calm ... 0 

ie reva —- —— tion ... NE. 

(Pr li ig th for the preceding 21 years, N.E.) 

Temperature Highest inthe Shade ... 88°9 on the 3rd. 

Lowest in the Shade ... 53°9 - the 9th. 

ee 29°3 on the 18th. 

‘ a in the Sun . 151°9 oi ithe 13th. 

Lowest onthe Grass... 

M n Dit: rnal Range ... 146 

Mean i in nine = a 4Oe 


41 Lt 7 
\ > 5 — 5 # iJ - 


Humidity ... eerie Amount... —.... 93°0 on the 4th. 
east ae see 


28°0 on the 138th. 
Rain ... ... Number of “eda > BRain 
Greatest Fall... ....  0°360 inch on the Sth. nil 
Res Fall hose So 0530 ,, 65 feet above gro 


{Rol 711: 1. th. 4h £ 41 


0779 5, 15 in. above oe 
a 91 vears.) 


cova Total Amount ... ...  6°323 
Ozone. ee eee Pinaeced ae fe 
(Being no f the preceding years.) 


Electricity ... Number of Days ae 4 
Cloudy Sky... Mean Amount “4 


5 
Number of Clear Da: 0 
Meteors --» Number observed ye 2 


Remarks. : 
The tem temperature < been ee only 0°5 aucte the orerne’s and the highe _ 
shade less than 90° at Sydney ; t fall 0° ‘779 is less than the average ery he 
inches The majority of the sta 2 ae honk supply ;_but part 
N i had fine est bein 3°870 inches at — 


1 1 — ties: SS : : 
| | 145 146 147 ; $8 1 
@ Beschal : ae 
eee = 
yee Seale of Statute Miles 
: | Y | 
23, 
ei 
si ' 5 9 Dumble . Gundatloui 
oe | ' 5 Caidm 
h ices Eriingonia = 
a, : 
N nA Mogul 
¥ a ‘ 
° Corella ¥ Garacianner he Hill 
° 7% Pwator | 
? > 2 
Sucro le 0 $ < = a 
: o : f Le : 
Tene aos t . Nocoleche A o ry ac, Qe, a. 
$ WS) : ; Y 
Yancannia « sey Ry a3 + 
; N /' ‘ 
jale Boulka Vaniora : N) Ee i Breewarrin in 
30 : . : ? : peo 
Q ¢ West Bourke a or Barwow a 
Torowoin Swunp ourke » : 
<j Salt L. 2 { igett : 
P Gnurniah L. ij Goangra 
Goorimpa 
t : faraie uf Gongolgan 
7 é © 
Winbar 
1] c. — , 
Bercanye 19 9 eons L. — Mena Murtee P . _. — Manilla 
ae Be \ 
a Momba ae on 
aa) S eae 7 
; Rea Onan” 4 
. ME Zurtopesrce Rik we Ge 10 
ag a | : 
« 3 i 3 > 
EMT Murcnigon | | : : a \ ; ae. : : SS : 
@ Poolamacca a | : ae De e ‘ . Dungowa c 
Hoole s Wileannia, 3s Cobare Florida e z o>: ie 4 
zs . Worle ; : a: Sas 
m SA. Poapelloe L et 
aN 0 Gunyutka & Nelyambo ss Thorndaleo fy * Nowendoc 
a = y Caiga 
ge MRobe ; 1 Potiodintnke 7 Z 
Wp) eee £e \ Meadows O- Butheroo C 
F » Ny pndooran 
. pase nee . 
From aide - ~~~ Se Z . ery gowen C b 
SS Bomargald Hill AY. Pant } : oP YY : 3 vf got : B ~ Wing 
Tintinnallagey 4 ® @ [Paddington SHEE arf os -, ae : LP. Shahin ea Fe Ss LPs 
Weinteriga 8 : i : 8 & I : nM crvina ( @ : por Fiovcaster a 
: pe ) } } 7 E. NG : se gs Corto s 
<q 2 S Teryarvreynya L. eS, as hike, (te . a ) uc Ta 
a ‘ r A : RA Oartmout § ‘ : 2 : psy 
Te armndilldge) indée ~. rad oat : a Be. mor * Besa OS “e IeXS are ; 
4s = Ye 4 ale oe 2 
Wettlegoe L ' a) & Ba igen § Martindale : go Gresto Ms ' 
Wy Jumble Plains ; Choe PA R : ee n Ne i: \ f 
a | oe . ey L) aX. eamingtan TON Sugar loaf Pt wii ss 
{ | dan bows " _ Melrose aoe PM aig. \ = Bi Me ¢ ° Bp } ; Mal hoc {White Revolving Taga 
y aro — az ~ : he RZ . i eg Se Sh 4; : ; : 5 Green Fixed rt 
Tandot fa oF | on ane Melnnee Planns % ) fl % ‘ i : - WS are Be 3 oe Warwark AN ey 8 sb aa) : \ hg 
Aq B : oF Burra Burra LAY : 1D ‘Wangravesid, ¢ “Windeyer ere : ae es . ih 
: u : Lf ‘ Q one se ° Se 2 eae RAY R I j 
| gf Netley sire botsford + . & au ; a ! ” : s : AND) Terrac Morna Bay \ 
a | # BS 
| SS * etna 
| a alee oe Red & White 
Kilfera @® a Euabelo dobolne 1 
R =a] ondobolin . rrajongs \ » ( Ophi : 
UR fe >. G,Burrawang sre: arkes J Cooban Lares ar OZ ; ? | ® 
J ; la PA Asie : 
$ Clare ig (om \ Athol G ae ce Tugger ae 
= P ncaira . Toogon ei ‘ ng %, ' Kurra ong ee ees | 
és eS THe CAMGAD: anck % Heights . 4 Tuggeran 
Tarcoola : CT Re / ay Ey os Gosfor 
5 =o TillTile A) i ae ts <i : “ih 
ELSA oF SBI ‘ 
5 H db ae , 3 ec : : on ba ouub & # YES: ‘ee on | LS be onnbi 
& | g” Cowl Gow! Venus BE ) BE. 1 anowindr S ie oar | e au - ‘Broken Bay | 
B ena = ae a My ; / lyndhgst SBsSomers AZo § a OR Gladesfifle dk eae Two Fixed lights é 
8 & burtundy @ Arumpo > Merungie @ \zr2h20 me 3 a a i Eee OV Gareawa AG i i lac pai eer: 2g00n 
. @Culpotaro VY Hooiigat ; : ge ote OL (Ke Ri : Nuurd Curt HE 
©) os am 'g2 <A Narriah Aaa ge ae B : 9 ‘ 3 rat ed oS AN oe i ackson Fixed Light| 
Sugar Le 508 ERO @ WES irae = an em a ce 3 See arbUr Iguis _T4ghe sha 
ad fe 7 A Stet @ : fiena , y : & Fort Detison Ref light * ® 
== Lake Wal 2a ap Per bod “Cook 1 > Botan 
SN Se ce e labjeers Bes B, peak yah es pear & MY eapt Cook: janeiag ct ae ; 4 Boy 
&) pF Wentworth ‘ ‘Mourquong a orang @ South Thonenga Ge Buddigower a KS “Botany Watershed 
» Mourne “ly onga a m3 eS | foul | 
/ = nt Bi u ig oO 
Y «Sol Gol ‘ae Yalyogoring Day: ap | 
& ~  Thelangerin : ah am ’ Cordeaux Rive | 
" M U R R ae roonga go » iver | 
& A 
a | URRU oe SpheySholf ollongong zealigh:tuxed | 
Paika @ Maude e A fics ae thumbs Lagoon. 
SEaUAS Hay ) C ool * \ a 'Sprin field Ps Five. Isiands 
ake Taila’ ake \Yal of Bsus deen R' Murti ee aC leowrarra 
Euston Woerango é RS AS ertson IEE d PtlBass 
Balrana Burrabogie > mundry ossvale, / Jamberoo f Pet¢rborough 
<P © ' AGunjegorg y « a | 
eimby ake Yonga/ / unveiuttam | 
Qui h Jewnee é Jugic | 
ura 
a | , Fi) Po Fixed Harbor Light | 
Tooleybuc 2 Salto Boo an Wallace. 7 : Coola 0 fohunbdola Lagoon 
* an EMA Warwillah ‘Us mipeiewa Wants res : ; xe Gundaroo | 
B5 = ON : o ne es a a pee j 
—— SS #2, vile fe <A ya : é a. - WAGGA Winjard Ae Fe on \ / [See 
“ ua % Sp MY eal 6 Thorrowa. age AD” Lake (eultivell s Sapaac a é vere su es es us {Ca 
langonilla . 0 geativett \S 
ep e ¢ ~* \Tumut > - f Havel 
ZZ Murray Dowps a Neos a ae i & ee 2 fae : . A res aypurans SfGso 
Neue es, ING Oreste C- : e Ulladulla,  . 
Castle Donnington > .., Cooree rilder > any nose apish S) < Burrill hixed ‘a Light. 
e PT By e } Wallinga 
. oie : 4 | 
° | la 3, . $\ f = es Cocks Brus 6 | 
Afakoor . ENILIQUIN ON aie jonga t Upright 
< fe, Lalaltee ; Morven s ligen Wasp l | 
: alama « ; < Tuppal Be: 20 ermanton | ae s Bay 
° 8 AC \ Boomanoomana Sas : = umber A pete 
Vi - ? Mathoura « oS Ae locumwal ry, . « Woomagama ; ae oa ie Kiandr eyBroulee | 
a» "s oi ,, ( pee | 
. “aig B . orlya. | 
Take Moira a is WY” ass a f Moruy. | 
& “ " as inder; < e Moruya Heads R 
% Céllindina : Belvoi ALLA 
: acs: 


2 | = 
| 


? a 
ile egaR. 
iy lathra 
Murrimbula 


SCALE ? | o R 


Port Macquarie 
& 


<y Ai 


NOTE - The diameters (not areas) of Black Spots are roportional to the amounw of rain. | 
Incomplete returns are shown by a Black Crcle. 
For quantities for each month and for the. year see’ attached tables. | 

] | 


Beechal is 25 miles N. of the postion plotted. 


| | i | 
cel) eee ee 3 144 145 146 47 oe i 
Surveyor Generals Office, Sydney NSW 881 


de7-E1 


371 — 


LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 


TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF NEW 
SOUTH WALES, 1862-18 
ContTeENTS. 
On the Vertebrated Animals of the Lower Murray 
and ae = economy, and eon Gerard Krefft. 
ee distrib 
Snakes Sire | in the neighbourhood of pur Gerard Krefft. 
*Geonta tae gaat in four papers, compris 
and Porisms, and complete Wastin Gardiner, C.E. 
Solutions “s pine Patklann Paper 
anes a Rgooe inscribed in other) Martin Gardiner, C.E. 
arches concerning n’gons inscribed in curves of 
the send ¢ aa degree, 8 ies No 4 Martin Gardiner, C.E. 
e8 concerning n’gons inscribed in surfaces 
Ms saan, nd Wiksens Pater Martin Gardiner, C.E. 
On the ange) of a systematic search for, and 
Observation of, variable Stars in the So sine John Tebbutt, junr. 
eee 


=} 


On the Comet of Sentucaber 1862. "No. .. Jobn Tebbutt, junr. 
On the aa of Se mepheanbe r, 1862. No.2. .. John Tebbutt, junr. 
on On hn Tebbutt, junr. 
a Renate o ae ie f vant ceding ‘Paper, made at the) Rev.W.B.Clarke, M.A.. 
: of 7th September, 1864 . ¥.GS., &e., V.-P. 
_ On the tars Temples of India... as Dr. Berncastle. 
On oe mae sand oan antidotes ... Sek ... Dr. Berncastle. 
a Ont ambeyan James Cox. 
_ On the Fibre bake of ‘New South Wales Charles Moore, F.L.S. 
ES oop obtained from New a A. Leibius, Ph.D. 
E Bs the Prospects of the Civil Service under the Lieut.-Colonel Ward. 
<a On perannuation Act of 1864 oJ 
_ Un the Distribution of Profits in Mutual Insurance M. B. Pell. 
On the A C. Rollesto 
2 On the D gricultural Statistios of New South Wales ere Morell, cE. : 
os i .W. : e, Bip: 
: ey raat of Rocks in sides a eae FR.GS. 
the Oolo ; .. E. P. Ramsey. 
ey of Aust dates 


Encke’s Com 
ple relations between treme! G. B. Smalley. 

a a ‘TL tron om omi ‘ an 
‘and the eal i basing G. BR. Smalley. 


bjects_ 
nners and Customs of the Aborigines i Gerard Kreft. 
ux atte a 


372 LIST OF PUBLIUATIONS. 


TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL Sri OF NEW SOUTH 
WALES, 1867. 


Vol. I. 


ConTENTS. 
Inaugural Address, by the Rey. wea an M.A., F.G.S., &e., Vice- 


Article I1—On Non-Linear eee ‘iy the Honorable Chief Justice 
oo ar F.R.S., President of the Queensland Philosophical 


mn the — ang in a cave f the Sydney Mu- 
Gianeeed Tasm seum. 
» IIL.—On the Auriferous see other Metal- ae Ww. 2B. Clarke, 


iety. 
es hea on a paper by S. H. Wintle, a Krefft, Curator 
Esq., 0 


— Districts of Northern Queens 


» IV.—On the re re-appearance of Scurvy i in om E.B rai MRB.CS. 
rvice 
»  V.—Onthe Rates - Mortalit ty and ery. B.A., Pro- 
tion of Life in sip ot Mathema- 
ay “ the University 
agg 
rs Clarke, 


New South Wales, as 
compared with ec and other 
countries 

»  VI.—Note on the itions of the Mary River 


» WiIl.—On the wens ¢ Influence of Clock Pen- } G. x9 “Sule, B. B.A., 
dulum 


TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH 
WALES, 1868. 
Vol. II. 


ConTENTS. 
Opening Address by George R. Smalley, B.A., F.R.A.S., Vice-President. 
Article I.—On the value of Earth Temperatures ... { vg ses gp re 
TL nn... 4..T. x le ee. eT ee gp tot ee 
bbs . fb é i Cura r 
Museums in Europe and Australia j the § dney Museum. 


» IIL—On the — Requirements of) Alfred Roberts, 
sydney ; M.RB.C.S. 
IV.—On the Causes and Phenomena of) Rev. W. B. Clarke, 
Earthquakes, especially in relation to¢ M.A. F.GS., &e., 
shocks felt in Australia Vek. 
V.—On the Water Su ly of Sydney .... Professor Smith, M.D. 
» WI.—Results of Wheat Culture in New South Christopher Rolleston. 
es during the last ten years... J ae 
;; ——— on the _ Earth System Wi ek 
ney. 
» VIIL—On Pauperism in New: Souths Wales—} Alfred Roberts, 
past, present, and future... a ail 


- 
ey 


- 
- 


LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 373 


TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH 
WALES, 1869. 


A ts III. 


~ Opening Address, by the Rev. ‘“ 3. eee M.A., F.G:S., Vice-President. 
a. 


. 7 


K. Holden, Senior 
Article L—Ontl ‘ Pai, ee ee be ce Be fae of Titles, 
N.S. W. 


Article IT. a Solution of SirW. Hamilton 
on the ee of oa Martin Gardiner, C.E. 
any qual 
we AIT. ome Theorem in the Ceoihetie ‘of siz} Martin Gardiner, C.E. 


“Se a | Tsveiition of the American Method of | 
Levelling for ene The supe- | 
riority to the Ae bat “French Martin Gardiner, C.E. 
methods a satel act eld p rc: [ 
ae — wet plotting of the 


Vv; os the Ble t Te 1 ph between En; 
3 ise ae on Ting “4 E. O. Cracknell, Super- 
the Austratian Cnsiaias aie he tele- intendent of ‘Tele- 
hic systems of Europe and| graphs for N.S.W. 


a Vi ican on in tis Geology ‘of the country} A.M. Thompson, Se. D. 
eonsg Goulburn 
» VII.—On t as. and Migrati ions of the 
aie Nation, demonstrating ( poy. Dr. Lang, M.P. 
we irdiscoe ok and progressive settle- 
of t 0 Content of America 
» VII. i tinceved Sot ates roblems = Martin Gardiner, 0.E. 
Trigonometri 
» IX—On ~ Water Suit ok Sidney st Charles Mayes. 
orge’s River an oe few 
»  X.—On the oe of the 
of Wate 


ters for oe Sydney ¢ Profs Smith, M.D. 


Lae Cosi ssion 
» XI—On 2 Henig 6 of Gold by means of ) » B, Miller, F.C.S. 
lorine Gas. 
» ages Apparatus for Reducing A. Leibius, Phil. Doe. 
eel of Bhiver 


» XIII <a on Tables for Caiculating H. ©. Russell, B.A. 
the Humidity of the Air 


TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH 


ee WALES, 1870. 
were Vol. IV. 
ConTENTS. 


ba Opening siden by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, M.A., F. G.S,, Vice-President. 
es Article I—On Post-office Sayings Banks, ei C. Rolleston, Auditor 
i ys Societies, and Government Life¢ General. 
‘issarance vee eee vee bint 


874 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 


Article II.—Remarks on need Report of the Water) 
Andrew Garran, LL.D. 


oe especially with » nse 
o the Ge eae 8 —o chem wh 
as IIT.—On the Botany Watershed ... HE. Bell, M.L.C.E. 
»  LV.—Notes on the Auriferous Slate 
Granite Veins of New South ry se 
»  V~On hat occurrence of the Diamond near 7 By Norman Taylor and 
Mudgee Prof. Thomson, Se.D 


TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH 
WALES, 1871. 


Vol. V. 
ConTENTS. 
Opening Address by Professor Smith, M.D., Vice-President. 
Article I—Remarks on the Nebula around Eta HO Will BA 


rgus . 
II.—Magnetic Variations at ‘Sydne H. C. Russell, B.A. 
a ing ints on the Botany of pete Howe’ iy Wt oe re 
? 


Ty. ee rece a ‘highly promising field 
for settlement and colonization—that 

such an object could be most e ced sc a 

and successfully accomplished ; 


V.—On the Constitution of Matter.. Professor Pell. 


» 


TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH 
WALES, 1872. 


Opening Address by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, M.A., Vice-President. 


pen 

Article I.—On an Improved Method of Separating 
Gold from Argentic Chloride, as sobs} Dr. Leibius. 

tained Pag Seg pe - chlorin no 

»  il.—Remarks on the of a cer a 

pete of Kneeing sakoney Ores me Dr. Leibius. 

m by some Manuals of ying 
IT. Reus on Tin Ore, and what “~ De. Laibius. 
appear like it - sia iets 
TV.—On Anstalina as eden pee Bonet 


PP 


mn .¥-—Astronomics H. C. Russell, B.A. 
VO he Colo “Chasier Stars about H. C. Russell, B.A. 
Kappa Crucis Ss 
VII.—On the Deniliquin Meteorite a cei Liversidge, 
sey dtinge — Review of the Progress of : 
; w Sou Ea {cha Rolleston, Esq. 
il 1862— 


a game in the last ten 


LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 375 


TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH 
WALES, 1873. 
eae bg 
Article ems lary ee pe ‘the Rev. W. B. Clarke, M.A., Vice- 
id 
Il.—Appendix to the saree a Address, by the Rey. W. B. Clarke, 


ice-Pre 
n° th. — ne the Solution e peice? neues: Maxtin Gicdiner OE. 
oblem: > 


” 


IV. —Koea Pesticulars oF the Transit of Venus H.C. R ssell, B.A. 
.—Note on the Bingera Dia = District Arch Lares C.8. 

a aon. our > Coal and Coal ; 3 Mann 

». Vil. Wess vices to “On our Coal and and Coes aie sisal 


» VIII.—On our Coal and Coal Por ; _.. dames Manning. 
» IX.—The Sey als of A and t 
Dideand “Part. “Onaithodel tis Gerard Krefft. 


oe © a: eee 9 OE AE Martin Gardiner, C.E. 


TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH 
WALE : ; 


Vol. VIII. 
ConrTENTS. 
Article I ss sCegrapuy ‘ ... E. C. Cracknell, Esq. 
» I1—Hospital Accommodat A. Roberts, M.R.C.8. 
fg Gieeee —Criinal s ae of Ne ew South wal Chris. Bolleston. 
a LY, —Description of E “new spec at 
Terrestrial an ‘Misra 7 ie trom John Brazier, C.M.Z.8. 
northvenst Aus’ 
” V.—tIro n Pyr di Latta, sat 
” Wi sytnas: Water Supply by Gravitation James a ning, Esq. 
» _VII.—Nickel Minerals fro w Caledon Professor Eivesilies, 
» VITL. ee Soy pi Coal Daposlts at Wallera- Professor Liversidge. 


A. 

» IX, —Some ‘of the Results of the Observation? Russell, B.A. 

fthe Teaiavol Va WRWaed oo 

” X—The eee of Venus as ies ae a ew, Wm. Scott, M.A. 
Ede 


TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY 
OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 1875. 


Vol. IX. 
ConTENTS. 
(Edited by Professor Liversidge.) PAGE. 
fas + I.—List of Officers, Fundame i sare By en ito xxix 
ist of Members =. " exxi to xiii 


_» L—Proceedings . Ss mee ove a 
i Mi—AdiiGorstoLimty.. sc «0 a «(Matta 


376 LISt OF PUBLICATIONS. 


PAGE. 
een ark ee Address, by ne = W. B. Clarke, 
F.G.S., Vice-Pres lto 56 
V.—Notes on “Dear Sea soundings By Rev. W. B. 
ng F.G. 


»” 
e, M.A., ; 57 to 72 
» VI—Fac n Mini : 73 to 86 
ee, fi 3 =Stanniferous Deposits of ‘Tasmania (Utistraed. 
y 8. H. Wintle, Hobart Tow 87 to 95 
tig gk —Pemiment ‘Water r Supply to Bilnay by " @ravita- 
y James Manning 97 to 119 


IX.— -Moteoge olitae Water Ral y- By James Manning 121 to 123 
» Wa “ai nae ply = Sydney by Gravitation (Plans). 


ning 125 to 134 

fear. & —Seientiie ahs By H. C. “Russell, ‘B. Az, * Govern: 
ent Astronomer . 135 to 150 

eae). © 8 i <ceadas 3 ae og Psendo-Crystallization (Illustrated). 
rofessor Foner 152 to 153 

», XLII.—The Minerals of New South Wales. ae Professor 
tivaredge Bis 154 to 215 
» &IV.—Index . 217 to 223 

ig oe —Appendix Meteorological "Observations, ‘Sydne ry. 
y H. C. Russell, B.A., Sydney Observatory ... lto 12 


JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 
1876. 


Vol. X. 
ConTENTS. 
(Edited by Professor Liversidge.) 
PAGE. 
Article I sea: = Officers, S aaarars Rules, By-laws, and 
st of Member i to Xxx 
ye HL—Amivonary ‘Madea , by the Rer: CW. B. Clarke, 
E.RB.S., Vice-President lto 34 
»  II.—Notes on some Remar kable Errors shown by Ther- 
mometers te dong m). By H.C. Russell, B.A., 
os .R.A.S., Government Astronomer to 42 
—On the oa ea Migrations of the Polynesian 
: Nation. By Rey. Dr. Lang 43 to 74 
% V.—On the Deep Oceanic Depression off Moreton Bay. 
ae bebnaee . W. B. Clarke, M.A., F.R.S. 75 to 82 
ome Notes on Jupiter durin, hi ition. B: 
” p g his Opposi y a 
ER: bar se ‘Genos Oienodus. "Parts I 'to IV. (Five 
s.) By W. J. Barkas, M.R.C.S. . to 128 
a, $28 ® Se ‘he Sept ait sy Moss Gold and Silver. 
Archi , Professor of Mine a ae 
in the University 0 of Sydney 125 to 184 
a «x —Reoent SoD tracting Processes. By 8. L. 1c wie 
» X.—On some Tertany Australian Boyz {ney lates. 
. E. Tenison- Woo “ELS 147 to 150 


7 
» XI.—Meteorological Periodicity. (Piewe "he agrams ams.) 
By H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S., sain A 
Astronomer 151 to 177 


LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 377 
PAGE. 
Article XII.—Effects of oo i ae ye onClimate. By Rev. 
W. B. Clar ae: 179 to 235 


~All. —Fossiliferous ‘Silice s Deposit, Richmond River. 
(One plate) ; iad thew: led Meerschaum from 


the Si dhrsontl River. By Professor Liversidge 237 to 239 
» XIV.—Remarkable Example of Contorted Slate. (Two 
pe ates.) 


lates. i Professor Liversi nae ih w. 241 to 242 
» _XV.—Proceeding: ee nik Silo 36 
em AVL. apr . Library igs Se Jee wi Ot to.276 
» &VIT.—Donations ; ie ws 277 to 281 
» XVIII.—Reports from the Sections ... 285 to 314 


PAPERS READ BEFORE SECTIONS. 
1. Macrozamia spiralis. By F. Milford, M.D. 
(Two plates.) . 296 
2. Slow Section of Fang of Human Tooth, 
showing Exostosis. By Hugh THOR). .,. 
3. Notes on two Species of icmthouee Plants 
indigenous to this ming? Bee jo U.C.Colyer 300 
4, Etching and Etchers. By E. L. Montefiore 308 
» XIX.—Appendix: Abstract a ‘the Meteorological Obser- 
vations i at the Sydney Observatory. By 
H. © sell, B.A., F.R.A.S., Government 
ciara i : 315 to 328 
» XX.—Index ve owe 329 


JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 
1877. 


Vol. XI. 
ConTENTS. 
(Edited by Professor Liversidge.) 
PAGE, 
Article astro’ of Officers, Fundamental Rules, i the : 
of Members i to xxxv 
» II. wuaitlinteeeasy Address, b EO. “Russell, B. ‘. Pos 


F.R.AS., F.M.S., Vice-Presiden 
»  I1.—The Forest Vegetation of Central and Northern 
ew England in connection with Geological 
Influences. By W. Christie, Licensed Surveyor. 21 to 39 
Dro i , 


”» IV.— mornis Australis, a new fossil a 
Bird of Australia. By t vy. W. 
S., &e., Vice-President 41 to 49 


» v. —On the ‘Sphenoid, Cranial Bones, Operculum, and 

s of Ctenodus. On the 

Scapula, Coracoid, Ribs, and Scales of Ctenodus. 

y W. J, Barkas, MRCS. 51 to 64 

»  Vi—On the Tertiary bis ta of Australia. By the oes 

Rey. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S cette 65 to 82 

_»  VII.—On some New ‘AutteeBa Polyzoa. (Zwo wo 

- nee JE. Tenison-Woods, ras, 


e ia 83 & 84 
-» VIII.—On tho: oceurrence of "Chalk in the New Britain 
Grou ry “ted sas ghar 8.,F. cea 

E.R. G. Bi; i os 85 to 91 


eee 


878 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 


PAGE, 
Article IX.—On a New Method of seirecting Gold, re and 
other Metals from Pyrit By W. A. Dixon, 
93 to 111 
a X.—The Palwontological “Bvidence of ‘Australian Ter- 
tiary Formatio By the Rev. J. E. Tenison- 
Woods, F ‘G8, FRGS. 113 to 128 
»  xI—A Synopsis of Australian Tertiary Polyzoa. By 
R. Et arremgi junr., F.G.5. .. 129to 143 
a eee —Ctenacsntins, or of Hybodus. By W. J. 
Barkas, M . 145 to 155 


0.8. 
XIII.—A oo of Notation _adapted to explaining to 
= pee s. By the 
°T. Smith, CM LG. M.D., MCL. C. 157 to 163 
EV. see on me Meteo rology, pom History, &e., 
of a Guano Island; and Guano and other 
Phiosphatic Deposits, Malden Island. seri W. 
A. Dixon, F Lio = .. 165 to 181 
»  X&V.—On some ‘Australian Tertia zs “Corals. (Two 
plates.) By. the Rev. J. KE, Tenison-Woods, 


eee F.R.G.S. .. 188 to 195 
» AVIM—On a and remarkable “Variable Star i in the 
Co serio Ara. By J. Tebbutt, F.R.A.S..... 197 to 202 


» XVII.—On a Dental _pecnliarity of the Topidoosenio: 


y W. J.B , M.R.C.S 203 to 207 
yy eV ILL —A-New Fos <l Extinct Species “of Kangaroo, 
enurus minor (Owen). By the Rev. W. B. 
Claske, M.A., F.R.S. 209 to 212 
» &LX.—Notes on some recen t Barometric Disturbances. 
By H. C. Russell, BA, R.A.8 213 to 218 
» &X.—Proceedings .. ar hs 219 to 235 
3 &A1.—Additions to the Libra rary . a a BO tae 
f St —List of Exchanges and Presentations one vw. 245 to 251 
,, XXITI.—Reports from the Sectio. vs .. 258 to 278 


PAPERS READ BEFORE SECTIONS. 
1. Remarks on the faa of the Cape Mul- 
berry. By F. Milford, M.D., &c. 270 


2. Wotes on some ro ‘Sci of Diatomacew. 
By G. D. Hirst 272 
es XXTV.— Appendix Abs dene of the Messrcdagionl Ob- 
servations taken at the eyeey Observatory 
c ll, B.A., F.R.A.S., Govern- 
ment ae ... 281 to 294 
» &XV.—List of Publications — the je Society wee ene 295 to 302 
», XX VI.—Index is) ee, SOR OS 


JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL mage de OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 
1878. 
kee XII. 


ConTENTS. 
(Edited by Prof. Liversidge and Dr. Leibius.) 


Article I.—List mi! Officers, Huntamnentat ames = ss 
and List of Members i toxxxv 


PAGE. 


EEE 


LIST OF PUBLICATIONS, o 379 


PAGE. 
Article IL. Beetle sary ee by Christopher Rolleston, 
Vice- Presiden 1 to 16 
» JiL—Tasm ae eearas ‘their Botany and Economical 
Value e. By Rev J. E. Tenis on- Woods, 4 
L.S. 17 to 28 
IV.—The Molluscan ‘Fauna of Tasmania. By the Rev. 
J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.8., F.L.S... 29 to 56 
oe ‘V.—On some hun ralian Tertiary Fossil Corals and 
P —— — eon ) By the Rev. J. E. 
Tenison- Wood: , F.LS. 57 to 61 
one VL  oeaaed eee — the assumed Longitude 


of the Sydney Observatory. By John Tebbutt, pea 
to 6 
» VIL—On the Meteorology of the Coast of New South 
ales during the Winter Months, with the 
desirability of issuing cautionary Storm relat 
ings, tele t — Port 
the Observatory. By Marshall Smith, Fore 
of the pahip Fay eo 71 to 75 
» VIIl. ae? i on the Co nk of New South Wales. 
oe diagrams “als y H. - ane ll, B.A., 
A.S., Govern Ase 77 to 101 
ee B.S Some, 5 pete about pty — Tidal Wave, May 
1877. ‘ Three diagrams.) By J. P. — 
son, CO. 103 to 115 
” X.—Some Results of an Astronomical bRacparimash on 
the Blue Mountains. (7'wo dia Bae fi By H. 
C. Becel, B.A., F.R.A.S., 117 to 126 
»  XI.—On the ss Manan of Nickel and. Cobalt. By 
xon, F.C. 127 to 132 


XII The i ie on pee B Ww. ra 
2» -—Th ee Well Wate e 
5 bag : ‘TC. a0 3 y .  133to 141 


» XL—N ote on oa Hua 1 Island Guano. By “Ww. A. Dix 
: F.C.S., F.1.C., Lecturer on (ect Fa es 
School of yen 148 to 144 


» XIV.—The Rise and Progress ¢ of i Photography. By 
udovico W. Hart 145 to 164 
” a .—Proceedings on ag pee ce its cio to 187 
” 1.—Additions to the Li brary oe m8 cals 
» XVII.—Donations to the Cabinets aN on OE . 206 
¥ » XVII. —List of Exchanges and oe esentations ea is 213 
XIX. —Reports from the Sectio: ee as 1 oss 


PAPERS READ BEFORE THE SECTIONS. 
1. Note onthe Planet Uranus. By John Tebbutt, 


2. On the Longitude of ‘Sydney Observatory. 
By H. C. Russell, B.A., 2* see “ 

3. — on the Transit (One 
diagram.) By John Tebbutt, F. FRAS. sve 

4. Note on the rw ‘« Brisbane 6183.” wei John 


ries 

y acDonnell, F.R.A.S...- 
6. Clark’s s Companion of Sirius. nes ug Russel 
BA., F.R.A.S. 


aeeeer & 


380 


Art. 


39 
2? 


LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 


7.° The eee as Micrometer. By H. C. Russell, 
B. 
8. Notes on mle during ‘his Opposition, 1878. 


9. On Star-discs, and the separating wer of 
Telescopes. By W. J. Ma ape i poe 

10, Abstract of the Results of t a tranit. 
Venus. By H. C. Russell, BA, FR = 

11. Notes on the Geocentric Conjunction ar Ml 
and Saturn, 1879. By John Tebbutt, 


12. Remarks on the Mounting of. Large “Object- 
glasses. By H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S. 

13. On a New Form of Equatorial Mounting. By 
H. C. Russell, B.A., F. 

14, Note on the Boorook Silver Mine. By A. W. 


Dixon, F. 
15, Notes on the “are of the “Sydney 
ater Mai . Morri 
16 Apology for t qeeia atest. of the Study 
- Sn in our Sch 


bye On} usic. ms. Jules Meilhan... a 
XX.—Appendix: Abstract of the Meteorological Obser- 
a taken at the Sydne orig en By 

H. me ssell, B.A., F.R.A.S., ee 


eiedas 
XXI.—List of Publiations.. 
XXII dex ... i ue 


PAGE. 


269 
281 


297 to 308 
309 to 318 
319 


JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL sro OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 
1879. 


Vol. XIII. 


CoNTENTS. 
(Edited by Prof. Liversidge.) 


Article I.—List me Officers, a — ~~ 


C. a 
Iil.—The Gem” Cluster in in Argo By “H. ©. Russell, 
- 2 Ss 


IV.—The Internatio nal Co: eas ‘of Geologists, Paris, 
1878. By Professor Liversidge, University of 


ydney te 
V. —e Water of Spivey Harbour. By the Rev. W. 


ey Sharp, 
VL—On t the Anatomy 0 f Disti stichopora, with a Mono- 
ph the cane By the Rev. J. 
F.G.S., F. 


guages of Australi in co ection with 
those of the Mozambique and of the South of 
Africa. By Hyde Clarke, V.P.A.L, London 


PAGE. 
i to xl 

1 to 26 
27 to 34 


35 to 42 
43 to 48 


49 to 63 
65 to 80 


81 to 85 


LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 


Article IX. Rest A its relation to Popular Education. 
By 


32 
” 


: Ss _Ottelia pestarite F.v. M. By Baron von Miller, 


M.D., 


P.H.D., 8. 
XI. —Compiled Catalogue a Latitude Stars, ‘Epoch 
H. 8. Ha A. 


ins, 
XII. ee ~ ae occurrence of eee Boulders i - 


the Hawkesbury Rocks 


L.S., F.G. 
XIII.—The Wentworth Hurricane. By E ac. Russell, 
B.A, F.R.A.S. 


—Proceedin, ngs 
'V.—Additions to the Libr rary 
XV —List of Exchanges and Presentations 


PAPERS READ BEFORE THE SECTIONS. 


XVII. pyr treet FROM THE SECTI 
i, 


e SN 


a 


or 


On a new method of panting Star Maps. By 
H. C. Rus sell, B. S. 
Oceultation in 64 Aquarii by fe ore Sept. 
By in Ath 


. The River Darling, the water “which should 


ef p ecoee it. By H. C. Russell, B.A., 


. Notes ae some recent it objectives ‘manufactured 


y . Hirst 
6. Notes upon Tolles amples (am one-tenth 
ampere 


ei orp: bjestivg and 0: cin : 


one-ei, hth (Xo 18), by both oblique or 
enesighth light. B 


7. An improved Dissecting Microscope. ‘By % 
EK. Hew 


XIX, un a ‘pabiientio ae 
XX,—Index. 


. Art Criti sciatb, By E. L. "Montefiore .. 
. The Black chang 8 ne notes Sia a L. 


art during a tour in German, 


. Art Instruction. ‘By . ohn Plummer... 


—— eno at Glade sville. By F. Norton 


ng, M.D... ‘ 
as Abstract of the “Meteorol Jogical 
og se arth bog “sy the SPRAS, cone 


Vol. XIV. 


CoNTENTS, 
Edited by Prof. Liversidge-) 


: ( 
—- Atticle I. —List of Officers, Rules, and List of Members ...-- 


97 to 104 


” 105 to 107 
ao 118 
138 


* 330 . 149 
... 150 to 157 


161 to 226 
163 


213 


229 to 240 


"" 941 to 251 
eee 


JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 
1880. 


382 


Article 


LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 


ay — Anniversay Address, by Char: les Moore, 
F.L.S., Vice-President. ( am 
Tii.—On the Longitude of the roan Observatory. 
B n t, FLR.A.S, 


IV.—On the Opin and M es of Uranus 
a i —— F.R.A.S... 

V.—Some new sete Sti: with remarks upon 
several Binaries. oe sis C. Russell, B.A., 


F.R ms) . 
VI.—The Orbit Elements 4 "Cotnck I, 1880, (Great 
Southern Comet). By J ohn Tebbutt, 


Vik: me new “method of printing Barometer and 
her Curves. By H. C. Russell, B.A., 


Vill. —Sliding Scale for 1 rect Barometer Read- 
ings. bs H. B.A., F.R.AS. 
( m) 


Dia, ee ihe 
IX.—On Thunder and Hail Storms. By H. C. 
Russell, B.A., Pf R.A.8. (Diagram) a 
X.—On some recent changes on the surface of 
year By os C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S. 


(Two Di 
XI.—Remarks on ‘the Colours of Jupiter’s Belts, 
and some changes observed thereon durin 
by tae Hi 


XII—A Catalogue of Plants collected during Mr. 
Ale a Turret 4 Geographical a Bar of 
Nort ustralia in 1879. 
Ferdinand von er, K. 


h.D., F.R.S. (Mf = 3 ae 
XI. On Ringharking tee tts Effects. By W. E. 


XIV.—Notes on ec Fossil Flora “ Eastern Australia 
and T nia. By Dr. er Feistmantel. 

XV. —On the "Acids of as Native Currant. B 
e, M.A., B.Sc. 


XVI.—On Pitarie: ” By pee Liversidge - = 
xXVIT.—On wee ~ Native Fodder Plants. By 


XVIUI. Water fro Pe - Ht Spring, New Britain. By 
Pr 


XIX. eee oss ie te a a Hot Sess Fiji Islands. By 
Professor Liversi 
XX.—The composition of Cast-iron acted ‘upon by 
Sea-w: By Professor Liversidge 
XXI.—On the "Coin ae of some Wood enclosed 
in Basalt. Professor Liversidge 
XXII.—The Compaction of Coral Limestone. By 
Professor Liversidge . 
XXIU.—The Inorganic Constituents of the Coals of 
New South Wales. By W. A. Dixon, F.C.S. 
XXIV.—On the Composition of some hati South Wales 
Coals. By Professor Live 
XXV. sos a * Se South W: Wales: + Minerals, By 
essor Liversidge . 


PAGE. 
lto 18 
19 to 21 
23 


25 to 31 
33 to 42 
43 to 45 


47 to 49 
5lto 61 


63 to 75 


77 to 79 


81 to 95 
97 to 102 
103 to 118 
119 to 121 
123 to 132 
133 to 143 
145 
147 to 148 
149 to 154 


155 to 157 © 


159 to 162 
163 to 179 
181 to 212 
213 to 225 


LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 


fessor Liversi 
to) 


the Prospect am 
ill Schemes of Water Supply’ for 
By T. 


Aboors t, P.M. (Map)... 


XXX.—Proceedin, 
_ XXXT.—Additions to the Librar ary 
XXXII.—List of Presentations made by the 1¢ Royal 
eeny of i South Wales 
from the Sections <4 


PAPER READ BEFORE THE MEpIcAL SECTION. 
Causation and Prevention of Insanity. By F. Norton 


Abstract of the Merete Observations at 
the Sydney Observatory. H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S. 


H. C. cane? B.A., F.R.A.S. 


one ore 


‘yr 


= et 6 
oa - 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 


A 
Abbott, W. E., on ees and 
Abbott, T. x, ?. M., ‘on Wells i in the 


Liverpool _ Se eee ay 281 
Abstract of Siiaserclogicn Observa- 
tions at Sydney 35 
Acan . W. Australia......... 91 
Acids of the Native Currant; by 
E. H. ahem M ra Sen 119 
‘Charles 
Moore, F. L. 8. ,Vioe-Bresident ak 
Albertite, Ne analysis 
of: Li rsidge 210 
Alkaloid from Piturie ..........:...06+ 126 
saa en pig Caledonia ...... 246 


Alumina, ~ap amount of, in kero- 
sene shale as 
Alunogen, een of, Wallerawang 213 
Amarantacer, N. W. Australia ...... 85 
Analysis of cast-iron acted upon by 
water : Liversidge 
“Wi 


Powe rere eenaeee 


osenee 


MN CORES .......<cccevseccsses 
Oras New South Wales Coals... 
. Minerals from New 


on garnet o al- 


: Ankerite “i rw potae ae 
hia 8, - 

. reg sein ala 
rs 


ai pase analysis of .. 
"Coal 


PAGE. 
B 


Barometer and other Curves, a new 
method of shear by H. ©. 
, F.R.A.S 


& 


a ; 
Barometer Readings , Sliding-scale for 
comviiials ; by H. C. Russell, B.A., 


F.R.A. 

Barratta and — Meteorites ; by 
Professor TSIDGE .....0ceeeereeeene 

Basalt petro ‘fossil wood, Inverell 155 

Bedge: ry 0 vr Piturie 132 

Bincsies—Rermarks poe several ; i 
H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A. S...2, 7a 


see ee ee eeneeraenee 


ge cccsah Opn eds C5006: Sighs ees en eeS 


analysis Of .....ceussesseereeeretesseree® 212 
ks purchased in 1880 ......----+-+++ 323 
Bornite from New Caledonia 228 


Cc 


Cacholong, Tumut River, analysis 0 of 215 

Caledonia—New—On a collection of 
Minerals received from e Balade 

- other Mines in; by Professor 
SIDE. .eceservonenserrsrerseenes® 227 
Caloritie intensity of New South 
coals, calcul: 
gan, 


secon bererse ee eee 


386 


ie PAGE 
Ups. bani W.B., F.R.S., on ring- 


cusp ay aps? iron ores, Wallerawang, 
_ analysis of 219 
— Jamberoo, analysis 
Coal, os. salyete of, he Nattai a 
Coal ash 183 
oat aches, coppe 
Coal cannel, Wenn, England, an- 
ays aa Live 
‘oal from Pe wes ‘ha ok an- 
alysis of 199 
Coal from New Caledon 0 
Coal pee fossils, pe 
Coal Measures, Indian, pee 
Au ian i 
Coal Bat apes = taking ...... 
‘Coal, sulphur pre: 
ns = coal ratty entec, an- 


see eee eee 


eee eee 


210 


seer eee eee mene 


Ly. 


pee eenses 


a” se sir rn, analyses ef 
Coals, N rn, Analyses 

Coals of New - South Wales, Inorg 
‘Constituents of ; by W. A 


Coals of New South Wales, Composi- 
nid _ some; by Professor Liver- 


Mts DASCICE oo. oo ssa cs 175 
Cobalt ores. in Bon Caledonia, analy- 


ocoa-nut tree in Queensland 
Collection of Fossils from the Palzo- 

Zoic s of New South Wales, 

as ges on at by R. Etheridge, 


stew e eens 


junr 
Combretacer: of N.W. Aus 
CometI, [S80 (rest Southern Comet), 
The Orbi és of; by 
cee 33 


we teee 


fessor Liversidge 
Composition of some New South 
Wales Coals; by Professor Liver- 


Concretions, limonite, from Bingera 
Diamond me Fists suelo ee Siiers 


221 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Copper aponer pod = nee Caledonia... 227 

Copper in coal ashes «44.6... Fico 185 
een metalic, in porphyrytic 

phon eS ere ee 215 
oaest ores, New Caledonia ......... 
Co oe Limestone—The oonspeniiai 

of ; by Pr csome Sirersiige oe ae 159 

Coral a bed Hebrides... ..s<.:s% 59 

Correc nares r aalia ngs— 


ing 
Slidingecale f for ; by H. C. Russell, 


-B.A., 
Correspo ondin ng Members, new ...295, 301 
Cotton-bush, ana eal OE oscqemeay 138 
Cruciferx, Or 83 


ur. 
the; by E. H. Re 
Curve sore state of Barometer 
urves— w method o f printing 
atom and other; by H. ©. 
Russell, B.A., oe 
Cyperaceze of N. W. Australia.......+ 94 
Cyperidium ar aa 
species, Hewett 


D 
Daniell, Professor, experiments with 
i SCION | .ciis eee ee 151 
arwin, on Insectivorous Plan’ 16 
Devoni 3 of ViCtOTIB © <-cinnceg is: 110 
Diallage from New Caledoni winnie 
Di 38 i sceveastal ee 
Dionea muscipula, near Sydney ...-.- 
Dixon, W. BITRE iy tbush 
and sas Fodder Blan at ae ve 
Inorgani Con 
on th = Coals of ‘New Goeth eS be 
| Dolomite from New Caledonia .....- 
paar to the Ti is cid 


yam: 
ical Cabi- 
SF es Mcrosea seated: 338 


Droseraces, ‘Margaret River, N. W.- 


Drosera ‘ 
Debi gree ee 
E 
Effects of Ringbarking; by W- &. oy 

Abbott eRe hk ee as 
Yat urus from Bombala er 
English gore o asylums ae 4 
Engravings purchased in 1880......-+- 


INDEX, 387 


i 
AGE. > PAGE, 
Eridani, p age showing he Garnier, M. Jules, discovery of 
seured pasion = Sieh ania saksidy tya.s he 33 nickel in New Caledonia by ......... 231 
Et F.G.S.—On Garnierite, analysis of ................- 236 
Galleon. ‘New South Wales Guopraphied eploration of North- 
Palzozoic Fossi Sense erie 247 west Australia in 1879; by Mr. 
- Euphorbiacew of N. West Australia 84 Alexander Forrest ......:c.00c01 se 
o) tive power of New South Geological Observations made in 1876 
Wales 182 in Eastern Australiaand Tasmania ; 
Exploration, act of North- by Dr. Ottaker Feistmantel......... 103 
west Australia in 1879; by Mr. Geologists, Congress of, at Paris...... 6 
Alexander Porbet lg: RL am 81 | Geology of New South Wales......... 105 
Gipps—F.B., A Comparison al 
the Prospect and Kenn 
sere es of Water Troe for 
Sy 
F Gignons hace from New Caledonia, 
i... Gad Dishot River, New Caledonia 227 
“Bei old, Diahot River, New onia 
. “gal Ostratons sana z ee Goodenou gh, R.N., the late Commo- 


or 
eee Watcnsland, Aasome 103 Goo mathe 5 of N. W. Australia... 92 
Ficoidex of N. RC ee 5 | Gramine of N. W. Australia... é 
ji—Hot Spr ; ing Waters aks te Gro malaeite, Mudgee, analysis of ... 216 
f EES aie 145 
Tilatia in the flesh of the bullock, 
‘Richmond River, N. S. W.; 
Morris 337 
of N. W. Australia 95 H 
ae ER. eS va 12 
“oY Australia ...... 94 
Se of Euro- Hail Te ees | by H. C. me 
hers 139 R 
“gree on = bush; by ~ es bo cs 1 in New South 
BSE hse oe 133 on; "Pablo. Of sigs: aciennnsnor ate 
Mr. Sper Mabeyese, Berrima, ser Of as: as 
feiticn. of ots rest Aus- ee Caledonia ficjncecacesoarere 
m 1879 81 laa of Ni W. Aen 
fishes of a wy ix ’ 112 | Hausmannite (manganese ore), Wel- 
ints of Tasmania............... 412 lington — analysis of ......... oH 
in basalt ‘ Hawkesbury beds .......::sesserereerees 
a ats 3 Ee & basal It, aver, an 155 W. J. Stephen, M.A., on the a 
Australian Coal Measure ... 112 | Hematite, Sydney, analysis EES 
from the paosic. s of a brown, Jam a- ee 
shy B. Btheridgs 9 | YS Grails, snalyain ob cunnn 217 
bt Helms, analysis of ae BUtOS vs. steele 223 
Hirst, G. D.—Remarks on the Colours 
of “Tupiters Belts during the ee 
ae ion ro pe betaine as oe ogg 
G Homa pen Madge — ie. 
from New Caledonia 230 Homblende New Colne pk 244 
fom New Caledonia, anaijais | Hot Spring Watersirom New Britis 
gna b ofesor ae 
Wall | (andradite), from Hydrocarbon, aratah Mine, ana- ae 
iin, a 213 eeeeeeeeeenersere porvaerareret Cerrer 


388 INDEX, 
B PAGE, PAGE. 
R I. L 
Immigration, North-west Australia Labiate, N.W. Australia 93 
a field for Ladenb on Piturine 125 
organic Constituents of the Coals vead, native, Gundagai, N.S.W. 218 
of New South Wales; by W. A. Lead ore ew Caledonia ............ 230 
Dixon, F.C.S. 163 | Leguminosex, N.W. Australia ...... 86 
Insectivorous Plants —Darwin 16 | Lentibul N.W. stralia ...... 93 
Insane, Hospital for the, at "at Glades. Library—Additions to the ...........- 309 
vi 340 | Limestone Coral, the Composition of ; 
ity—The Causation and Pre- by P: Sangre Liversidge iplipais fey 
vention of; by Dr. F. Norto n Limestone from Minumurra Creek, 
.S. Ww , analysis OF arcana 219 


Tron, f 


Insanity, nity, Table showing causes a 354 
Dr. Percy, F.B.S., 

effects of sea-water upon < 
Professor 


Sere er rer eee 


ments with acids on ...............0 151 
Robert Mallet, F.R.S., on 

-. effects of sea-water upon .........., , 152 

_ Iron ores in New Caledonia............ 238 


J 


on bon the sition and Mag- 
_nitudes oe Ursa and; by Jo = 

- Tebbutt, 
Jupiter. re some pee changes on 

a surface Pai by H. C. Russell, 


J ce iter’ s Sie Bates on the 
lours of, durin e tion 
of 18: ; by % D. Hirs Naat She ij 
rapsten ibe belts af pikes 63 
clouds . 64 
colour of 65 
—_ measures of the rede spot. on... 69 
K 
Kaolin from New Caledonia............ 
Kenn and Pr aor ch 
of Water itd und for Sip ina—ike 
comparison between the ; by F. B. 
259 
Kerosene shale 206 
Kerosene shale ash, analysis sabi Hogs 208 
amount of 208 
gpm shale from Now Osled Caledonia, 
Ps omctong shales compared with other 
eg heen | og Saher ee oa etna 210 
pews vous’ aaaipa Station ...... 49 
bea gro A 137 
Ryker SRS 


Limonite, clay cg iron ore, Waller- 
awang, analysis Of ...........--eeeeree 
Limonite, peideetae from Bingera 
ields, analysis of 

Literature and Fi 
chitecture, Section Goce 

ins—On Wells in a 
T. K. Abbott, P.M... a8 
cicaep Og Professor, on Piturie.. nada 
n Hot Spring Water from 
_New! Britain 


mn Hot Spring Water from 

as ileus 
on the peng agoiouee of Cast- 
iron weg upon by Sea-water ...... 
a Specimen of fossilized 


sewerteee 
. 


146 
149 


eeeeeee 


eeeetenee 


——— on the Composition of Coral 
Limestone and other Roc 159 
the Composition of some 
” New South Bale: es 181 
e New South Wales as 


227 


ae rae eeeree eee 


poe e ewes eens erererrenar® 


Pocsveceeresseesee 


see renee 


oee 
pes enseeesowosersese ese HOR 


see eeeene 


peneveneree® 


M 
Madras Star Catalogue ..........++++++* Rf 
Magnesite, Hex poh a A ase : 
etite from Wallerawang, 4 
ard: Oa eee 


RCN EAN ry 


INDEX 


tudes and Opposition of Uran: 
Magni pp 


RAS y John Te butt, 
23 
m New Caledonia ...... 8 
Malic acid in 7 native currant of 
few Out Wales ....:.c6.c.cccceseone 
— of N. W. Australia......... 83 
\ ore, hausmannite, Wel- 
di ict, analysis of ......... 222 
Marcasite, New ets ae rreet 239 
Marmolite, New Caledonia ............ 2 
Medical Scien Ge eee pes Hees 339 
Meerschaum in New Caledonia ...... 234 
Meliacez of N ustralia ........: 84 
Members—List 0 Xxxi 
eget iron ore, 
Uralla, analysis of .................06+5 
Meniipatice, Hoke Creek, Ter- 
mination Lak 
Mesozoic beds of New South Wales.. 
—* Upper (Bellarine beds) oo 
109 
— Lower, of Victoria ......... 109 
Meteorological Observations at the 
Sydney Observatory ................5 
Meteorolo ogical Station, Kiandra...... 
ical Science. Section E... a8 
oo Cabinet—Donations to 
338 


Mien Stu Stra ture of some New 

_ South Wales Rocks : by Professor 

| Liversi versidge 

we eee New Sauth Wal ; 

i by Professor Liv Be 

X a Collection of, from 
ew Caledonia by essor 


oo 


Pee eee eee 


1: Copper, New South Wales 
| yitd New Catedoni 207 
oe 


EB. gold idan copper ores ‘ores 227 
ection 

| Macalaiom, by Professor Lives. 

22) 


389 
New Britain, Hot Spring W 
from ; by Professor Peiles tn we 145 
New South Wales Coals, Inorganic 


Constituents of ; by W. A AD ixon, 


New South Wales Coals—On the 
lp te of some ; by Professor 


Liv 
chad South Wales, Geographical Ob- 


rvations ; by Dr. Ottaker “Feist. 
may ntel 03 
- New South Wales, Geology of......... 105 
Paleontology Of..........0++55++ 105 
a South Wales Min 
e; by Professor Liversidge ... 213 
New ~e Waes Paleozoic 
ssils from; by R. Etheridge 
jox,,3 
Nickel in New Caledonia 
North-west "Anatolia Mr. Alexr. 
Forrest’s Ge ographical Exploration 
of, in 1879 St: 
Moummsaksey analysis of, from New 
Caledon 
Nyctaginez af N. W. Australia .. i 
Nym race near M, were Whitte- me 
N. W.A 82 
0 
Observatory, Sydiney.....seccceesereeenes 359 
Observations, Meteorological, at om 
Pi aion so Parramatta ....ccsererees 7 
Officers—List Of ......:..csseseseenee eeeees 
Onagree of N Awe pape 9 
Opal from iat 7 onia en eget si DAE 
Opposition an es 0 
‘aud Jupiter ; re Tebbutt, a 
Ore shidee 3 of x. W, “Au ptrali® ..c.ctice 93 
Orbit Elements of Comet IL 1 1880 
(Grea nga ‘Comet ; by John 
ebbatt, ERAS. 6dr 33 


Paleontology of ae South Wales 
Srcamiy seks New “ooh 
Wales, Fossils poeta ; by &. 


any ; , 108 


ae i Australia....+++++ 93 


Pandanee of N. W. 


390 3 = INDEX, 


AGE. 
‘Rey De., ipa on effects of sa Rennie, E. H., M.A., B.Sc., on the 


vater UPON CASt-IPON .....0..6.2s.se ees 151 ‘Acids of the Native Currant ...... 
Bite Profesor  wbigabees 4 Report, Annual, of the Council ...... or 
Piturie plant, hy Pre VEE Reports from theSe ctions(inahstract) 335 
Piturine, F, von ae “y g tiamicion cis 135 Rhizophyllum Australe, from Yass... 248 
—— Ladenburg oM......s...00.ceteeees 125 bce ganache and its Effects ; by W. 
Liversidge oh pedpenboe of a Abbott 
—— Nears SO. OE cskech eeecn es Rubiacew of N.W. Australia ......... 
Pituri : 132 
Plants collected cuang. Mr. Alexr. oni Index to xiv 
Forrest’s Geographica. al Exploration | Russell, H. C., B.A., F.B.A.S.: cee 
of North-west Australia in 1879; | new Double Stars, with remar 
b ron Ferdinand von Miieller, - upon several Binaries 
Dy, fo Spent | n t of printing 
Plants, Native Fodder and Salt- Barometer and other Curves_..... 
bush ; A. Dixon, F.C.S. ... 133 pon a Sliding-scale for 
arwin on Insectivorous ...... correcting Barometer Readings 
asmania 2 32° Fah. and Mean Sea Level ...... 
— West Australian .............. on Thunder and Hail Storms 
composition of European fod- some —— changes on the 
139 surface of Jupiter ........6.ssccsseeers 
” _Bleatopio orus from Wollongong ...... 251 | Rutile from N ow Caledonia Siatpensaaes 
lygonex of N, W. Australia ...... 86 
_ Portulacese of N. W. Australia ...... 86 
_ Positions of p. ‘Eridani ; 
_ — showing o Salsolacese of N. W. Australia ...... 
‘Presentations made by the Royal Salt-bush and Native Todder agit 
Society of New South Wales ...... 324 by W. A. Dixon, F.C.S 
~~ Proceedings ..... 5 | Salt-bush, Dixon on analysis A eee 
‘Proteacez of N. W. Australia ...... 90 | Salt-water well, Liverpool Plains... 
Protoretepora, from Singleton......... 249 | Sandwich Islands, New Hebrides 
Prospect and Kenn Hill Schemes of eee 4 
Water Supply for Sydney—Com- Santalace. ‘of N. W. pees sage 
parison between; by F. B. Gipps... 259 Bipsielanene of N. W. Australia ...... P 
Pryor, Mr., on Geology of Diahot Savu Savu, boiling springs at ad 
River, New Caledonia ............... 299 Scheelite, Adelong, analysis of 
Publications s—List of.. (Helms): i050 00 cc aeeeeseneccseneonens 223 


371 s 
Pyroxene, Oberon, N.S.W., analysis Schistose pink mineral, analysis of... 225 


bs Sea-water, cast-iron acted upon by ; i9 
Pyrrhotine, Balade Mine, New Cale- by Professor Liversidge......-..---+-+ 
donia 23 Becks: Reports ‘nous the (in ab- _ ash 
Pyroxene, augite, New Caledonia ... 244 | _ StraCt) -....-1-sesseensecze co 
ae serpentine Fi from New Caledonia ...... 306 
ha. e, k Coda ne swekuenee haw ene eer rn 
Q ‘iy Shale Kerosene, ash, large amount 908 
6 Ks > ieee 
Seinen Scr aes Siderite, pram 3 aoamres Se 224 
es Gecloyinal olast vations — Si New South Wales 108 
—o or Feiatenante):..: 198 a. for correcting "Barometer 
> | Readings to 32° ye and Mean . 
R Sea at by H. C. Russell, a a 
Raina etSpiney, trom 16i0t01079. | SokdncacadN W. Austin gn 
(Diagram) thern Comet (Great), Orbit Ele-— 
Red reef coral, New Hebrides......... 159 ments of Comet we — by J. “ 
season from New Caledonia eae 228 Tebbutt, F.R.A.S... Rie 


INDEX. ‘ 391 
PAGE ~ PAG! 
Spirifera from Wallerawang............ Torbanite, from New Caledonia, ana- 
~~ red, on Jupiter, measures of lysis 7 
orban Hill, Edinburgh, an- 
Spring Waters, Hot, from New sr geeks ey ; Livers 
Britain and Fiji; by Professor Tu from New Hiebrides—On 
oo sicns tex ont hnevevare 145, 146 Composition of ; Liversidge......... 161 
Se hniatancs of N. W. Australia.. 90 
ome new Double; by H. C. 
Russell, B.A., F.R. yale uate oa 
Steatite from New Caledonia ......... 245 
Stephen, W. J., M.A. : On the Liaes , U 
Sterculiasom of N. W. Australia... 83 | Uranus and Ju iter—Opposition and 
eWalos he recorded in pt South a7 ee ude of; by John Tebbutt, 
‘ble . 
rms, Thunder _ Bails by H. C. Uitione of N.W. Australia .........- 5 
Russell, BA, F 6a ROS, 51 
Strophomena from eoiete eae 256 
Sih proven in coal -« 202 
; Dionea muscipula near ...... 17 Vv 
— Drosera dichotoma near ...... 17 
om tei Tobit RILA.S.. 19 | Vati, Island of, New Hebrides Group 159 
Sydney—Rainfal at, fr om 1840 t Ve rben of N.W. Au rennet Ae 
1879. (Diagram) 1 Victoria, *cenogia Observations 
JT OLIN) seccracvesecvevesenns made ; by y Dr. Ottaker J * 
T viene Geology of, Feistman mar tel ... 109 
Table of New ponies Stars in the 
Southern 
a, from New ‘Caledoni Eas W 
pon gee - Staton: 
oa ee by Dr. Ottaker Feist- ee Wate ter Supply for pias Sydney: om: 
ee Gis 110 sina rmpet a “ 
Tebbutt, ies ee pete a Keeany Thi Schemes y 
de of Z gcsGhbes eels valcessnegecesseatsee® 
Longitu e of the aes Observa- = Watees, ob i Spring, From =o 
Fait, the Opposition and Magni- ane Rela dir ins cers 145 
~The Oct Honea af © met Sy We edsintrodueed in South Australis, 133 
I, 1880 (Great Southern Co gg | Dr Goboatters Oe aes: 
Tenorite from New Caledonia ........ Wels Oe on ie 3 
entaculi 3 .. 9 Pp. My eseeseeerererss 
Thunder ss Hail § : a H, © oS on Liverpool Plains—Schedule 290 
Russe o ate OE occ isco cena epee ee 
bee pe einai th | Wake ree Ds os 
South janamatta DedS .-----+-srrrnertt 
Bee aoe ioe vlocaig son |, Wolfram with Gaston TOT 95 
oe. from East of Connaught analysis Of ..+..+s+sseersteee 
Ta-stone, Sa a agen Vegetable ar 
Titanium in New ms th beereveseares Z 


tanifen 230 
Titaniferons iron ore, Uralla, analysis a 


Phe eeees 


Zine blende in New Caledonia. ..- 230