ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
ieee
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ROYAL SOCIETY
NEW SOUTH WALES,
1880.
agers 2)
a’ & Es PR aa a a d
| EDITED BY
PAR Wn we, A. LIVERSIDGE,
Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy in the University of Sydney.
THE AUTHORS OF PAPERS ARE ALONE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE STATEMENTS
MADE AND THE OPINIONS EXPRESSED THEREIN.
AGENTS FOR THE SOCI
Messrs. Triibner & Co., 57, tae Hill, London, BX.
SYDNEY: THOMAS RICHARDS, GOVERNMENT PRINTER
1881,
ae
Seed
NOTICE.
Tue Royat Society of New South Wales originated in 1821
as the “ Philosophical Society of Australasia”; after an interval
of inactivity, it was resuscitated in 1850, under the name of the
“ Australian Philosophical Society,” by which title it was known
until 1856, when the name was changed to the “ Philosophical
Society of New South Wales”; and finally, in 1866, by the
sanction of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, it assumed
its present title.
ART,
Art, IX,
Art, X.
Art. XI.
ART,
Art, XITI.—On
ART,
Arr,
Arr.
. I.—ANNIVE
Vice- Eecdant (Diagr
og: | BE
John apes
Jupiter. oy » ePe Tebbutt, F. me AS.
. V.—Some new penne Stars, marks upon arene
. VI.—The Orbit
Goma By John rapeg F. R.A.
CONTENTS.
VOLUME XIV.
. L—List or Orricers, Ruues, and List of Members......
RSARY ase by Charles Moore, F.L.S.,
m)
—On the Longitude of the Sydney Observatory. By
sition and Magnitudes of Uranus and
Binaries. By H. C. Seen A RAS. (Two dia
Ae
Elements of Comet I, "a (Great Southern
VIL.—A new method of printing: soe and other
Curves. By H.C. Rael Be, F.R.A.S. .
VIII.—Sliding Scale correcting Baro ter Readings
By H. C. Saar Bea. F.R.A.S., (Diagram)
—On Thunder and Hail Storms. By H. C. Hilesell.
B.A., F.R.A.S. et am)
.—On som t changes the surface of Jupiter.
By H. C. Seni E B.A,,. F. RAS. — diagrams) ......
—Remarks on the ee of ao en Belts, and so:
changes observed thereon Opposi ition of 1880,
By G. D. Hirs
XII. —A ‘tangs of ante collected during Mr. Alexr.
Fo. xploration of North-west Austra-
lia in 18) 879. By Baro: Focinand von Miieller, K.C.M.G.,
M.D Ph.D, PRS. ies
and its Effects. By W. E. Abbott
XIV. ss on ‘9 Fossil Flora of Eastern Australia and
Tasmania. By Dr. Ottaker Feis Mv ccctsssunainsv icons
XV.—On the hail of the Native Currant. By E. H.
ie, M.A., B.Sc.
XVI.—On Piturie. By Professor Liversidge................ i
xii
CONTENTS.
Arr, XVII.—On Salt bush and Native Fodder Plants. By W.
ART.
Arr. XIX.
Arr. XX,
ART.
ART.
REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS
. XXIV.
Coals. By Professor Livers:
A. Dixon, F.C.S.
XVIII.—Water from a Hot Spring, New Britain. By
Professor Liversidge
on from a Hot Spring, FijiIslands. By Professor
I jiversidg
_—The composition of Cast-iron acted upon by Sea-
water. “of Professor Liversidge
XXI.—On t. o Comp of sone Wood enclosed in
Basalt. By Professor Live
XXII. "haOe tpnattisini lees eimecsone By Professor
Liversidge
XXIII.—The Inorganic hee ose of the Coals of New
South Wales. By W. A. Dixon, F.C.S. .........:eeeeeeeeees
—On the a, ery ‘Z some New South ee
nage
some New South Wales Minerals. By
. XXV.—On
PrOtembe TEV G Sis ocnk ss ei ckk cbs ctiecd setee bensyenseset
XXVI.—Notes on some Minerals from New Caledonia.
By Professor Liversidge
XXVII.—Notes on a Collection of Snover Se teal.
Rocks of New South Wales y R. Etheridge, junr.
F.G.S. (Plate) :
son between the Prospect and Kamp
XXVIII.—A Com
Ginr Schemes of AWater Supply for Sydney. By F. B.
pps
wee ee eee werner
XXIX.—On oe Liverpool Plains. By T. K.
ADDO PME. 1 Mah ai hE Sec eied sevens esos
XXX
Ppnacernimwerad
XXXI.—Appirions To THE LIBRARY
¥ PRESENTATIONS MADE BY THE ROYAL
Somer o OF mae SoutH WALES
PAPER READ BEFORE THE MEDICAL SECTION.
The Causation << Prevention of Insanity. By F. Norton
Manning,
APPENDIX: Abstract of the e Meteorological Observations at the
Sydney Observatory. H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S.
RarnFaut Map for the year 1880. H. C. Russell, B.A., FRAS.
List oF Pusuications
Inpex
aerate cas mt E ST ROR ME EE ane ECE i i file we a .
ee a eee ee ey ea Re mE ences NE, Sere Bae Ee IAT ny ee ee et a mE NTN eT eS aeeny Pre nee Tees eae es
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| JOURNAL
— PROCEEDINGS
ROYAL SOCIETY,
THE AUTHORS PAPERS ~ SS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE STATEMENTS
: ti AND THE OPINIONS EXPR ESSED THEREIN.
AGENTS FOR THE 80 CIETY : *
Messrs ‘Tritbner & Co., 57, Ludgate Hill, London,
SYDNEY: THOMAS RICHARDS,
“1861.
NOTICE.
| Donations presented to the Society are acknowled,
letter, and in the printed Proceedings of the Socie
S 2 tte weg
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DonaTIons TO THE BuILpINe Fonp,
Original List.
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Liversidge, Archibald, F.C.S., F.G.S., Ke.
MacDonnell, Whosny
erat ae "John, F.G.S. .
anning, Fre derick N., M.D.
Martin, Rev. George
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Moir, Jam
Moore, Sharlen. F.L.S.
Morehead,
Mullens, Josiah, FB R. ok...
urray, W. G.
Myles, OF, “a
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Oeil, a W. J., M.D.
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- ae rian ©. S. A., M.R.OS.E.
1880,
‘Bassett, W. F., MRCS. ..,
. Brodubh, WA.
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Daintrey, FE. ... oO
Darley, C. W. 3.3 0
Dixson, Dr. he ot = ng be 1 0
Dixson, Dr. oe a yes 0
Dixon, W. A (total donation, £4 ‘4s. * ia alate ae Oe
Du Faur, E. . x “¥ 6
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Séiociaara. J. st (total donation, 4 ‘£4 4s, ) 0
Latta, G. J. es ie 0
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Liversidge, Professor | oa sas he ie ered ee Oar
MacPherson, Rev. P., M.A. on ae ae sete eer cad
Markey, James, M.R.C.S i 1 0
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Moore, Chas., F.L.S. ie Br 0
Morehead, R. te A. Sauer donation, £15) “sf sre teeter + aie | ete. 8)
Mullins, IF = ar Vay 5
Parrott, T. a 0 *
Pittman, Edward F 0
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Hunt, Robert (total ‘donation, £7 7s. ) 1 6
Leibius, Dr (total donation, £7 bei 0
ersidge, Professor (total sage £12 2s.) je ae a.
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Smith, degre J.,C.M.G.,M.D. (total donation, £6 10s. ) iO iP
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Wright, H. G. A., M.B.C.S.E. (total donation, £778.).:.. 11 0
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Annual Subscriptions promised.
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—
The Aopal Society of Hew South Hales.
OFFICERS FOR 1880-81.
HONORARY PRESIDENT:
HIS EXCELLENCY Tue Rr. Hon. LORD AUGUSTUS LOFTUS,
C.B., &c., &c., &e.
PRESIDENT:
HON. J. SMITH, O.M.G., M.L.C., M.D., LL.D., &o.
VICE-PRESIDENTS:
CHARLES MOORE, F.LS.
H. OC. RUSSELL, B.A., F.R.AS., F.MS., &e.
HONORARY TREASURER:
H. G. A. WRIGHT, M.RB.C.S,, E.
HONORARY SECRETARIES:
PROFESSOR LIVERSIDGE. | Dr. ADOLPH LEIBIUS.
COUNCIL:
DIXON, ‘ye A., F.CS. MONTEFIORE, E. L.
HIRST, G. D ROLLESTON, C., C.M.G.
HUNT, ROBERT, F.G.8. Wil LKINSON, CO. 8, F.G.S.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY:
H. WEBB.
INDEX TO RULES.
Annual General Meeting...
ual Re
Annual Report ;
Auditors and ‘Audit ‘a eran
ce from Council Meetings...
Alteration of Rules Fai ‘ae
Admission of Visitors a
Si of Members
Annual Subscription ee ei Hi ov sie oe
” in arrears em nis ew eee eee
when due 5
Ballot, iiecliak by, ie i a Pisuaeti
Desineen, Dike : - ‘
Branch Societi ie
Cabinets and Collections ..,
Contributions Society ve
Corresponding bers ...
Council, Electi ms : i, i
» Membersof . a .
, Vacancies in eo: we
» ti . ee “* eee oe eee
”» ” nuorum —_ ee ven — .
Candidates for Admission : bat ce -
Committees or Sections e ee :
n of ‘o ae tie
Tibianesis ee ‘ Se ‘ =
» Notificationof .. ... bee . :
Entrance Fee. as :
Expulsion of Members... —<e si ‘ ‘s “
of ae s = ss ‘ a
ees ae ies ie & hie “ay ‘
Governor, Ho: eect a nRS noe me tee
Grants of Money .. see eee woe oes eee vee
eesti Mediben ot on
oni Gro Genwal se x oe ‘ toe
fas Annual
» fee toe eee ooo scion
Members, Honorary
me rresponding
‘s Resignation of
» Expulsion of
e to sign Rules
Admission of ...
Money Grants
Object — 4 Society
ce-
President ...
Paapenty of sis Sosy
Rules, yee tion of
Scrutineers, Appointeent of
Sections, Membership of ..
Secretaries, Hon., ei of
» Assistant...
of Solio ae
sameenel
XV
.
-
Sanwor
ew
eh ow
bo
—
RES RERSY
RULES. a
(Revised October 1st, 1879.) a
Object of the Society.
I. The object of the Society is to receive at its stated meeting
original papers on Science, Art, Literature, and Philosophy, and :
especially on such subjects as tend to develop the resources of 2
Australia, and to illustrate its Natural History and Productions. | ;
~ Honorary President.
II. The Governor of New South Wales shall be ev es :
Honorary President of the Society. “
Other Officers.
ITI. The other Officers of the Society shall consist of as
President, who shall hold office for one year only, but 8 be
eligible for re-election after the lapse of one year; two Vice-
Presidents, a Treasurer, and one or more Secretaries, who, with
six other Members, shall constitute a Council for the management (
of the affairs of the Society. a
Election of Officers and Council. :
IV. The President, Vice-Presidents, Secretaries, Treasurer,
by ballot at the General Meeting i in the month of May.
V. It shall be the duty of the Council each year to prepare
list containing the names of members whom they recommend f
election to the respective offices of President, Vice-President
Hon. Secretaries and Hon. Treasurer, together with the
of six other members whom they recommend for election 4
ordinary members of Council.
The names thus rec ded shall be proposed at one meeting
of the Council, and agreed to at a subsequent meeting.
XVil
Such list shall be suspended in the Society’s Rooms, and a copy
shall be sent to each ordinary member not less than fourteen days
before the day appointed for the Annual General Meeting.
VI. Each member present at the Annual General Meeting
shall have the power to alter the list of names recommended by
the Council, by adding to it the names of any eligible members
not already included in it and removing from it an equivalent
number of names, and he shall use this list with or without such
alterations as a balloting list at the election of Officers and
Council.
The name of each member voting shall be entered into a book,
kept for that purpose, by two Scrutineers elected by the members
present.
No ballot for the election of Members of Council, or of New
Members, shall be valid unless twenty members at least shall
record their votes.
: Vacancies during the year.
VII. Any vacancies occurring in the Council of Management
during the year may be filled up by the Council.
Candidates for admission,
VIII. Candidates must be at least twenty-one years of age.
Every candidate for admission as an ordinary member of the
Society shall be recommended according to a prescribed form of
certificate by not less than three members, to two of whom the
candidate must be personally known.
Such certificate must set forth the names, place of residence,
and qualifications of the candidate.
The certificate shall be read at the three Ordinary General
Meetings of the Society next ensuing after its receipt, and
during the intervals between those three meetings, it shall be
suspended in a conspicuous place in one of the rooms of the
Society.
Xviii
The vote as to admission shall take place by ballot, at the
Ordinary General Meeting at which the certificate is appoint
to be read the third time, and immediately after such reading.
At the ballot the assent of at least four-fifths of the members —
voting shall be requisite for the admission of the candidate.
Fees.
IX. The entrance money paid by members on their admission
shall be Two Guineas; and the annual subscription shall be
Two Guineas, payable in advance ; but members elected prior to
December, 1879, shall be required to pay an annual subscription of
One Guinea only as heretofore.
The amount of ten annual payments may be paid at any time
as a life composition for the ordinary annual payment. |
New Members to be informed of their election.
X. Every new member shall receive due notification of his
election, and be supplied with a copy of the obligation (No. 3 im
Appendix), together with a copy of the Rules of the Society, 2
list of members, and a card of the dates of meeting.
Members shall sign Rules— Formal admission.
XI. Every member who has complied with the preceding :
Rules shall at the first Ordinary General Meeting at which he 4
shall be present sign a duplicate of the aforesaid obligation in @ C
book to be kept for that purpose, after which he shall be presented
by some member to the Chairman, who, addressing him by name, —
shall say :—“In the name of the Royal Society of New South ;
Wales I admit you a member thereof.” -
Annual subscriptions, when due. a
XII. Annual subscriptions shall become due on the Ist of
May for the year then commencing. The entrance fee and first
year’s subscription of a new member shall become due on the
day of his election,
xix
Members whose subscriptions are unpaid to enjoy no privileges.
XIII. An elected member shall not be entitled to attend the
meetings or to enjoy any privilege of the Society, nor shall his
name be printed in the list of the Society, until he shall have
paid his admission fee and first annual subscription, and have
returned to the Secretaries the obligation signed by himself.
Subscriptions in arrears.
XIV. Members who have not paid their subscriptions for the
current year, on or before the 31st of May, shall be informed of
the fact by the Hon. Treasurer.
No member shal! be entitled to vote or hold office while his
subscription for the previous year remains unpaid.
The name of any member who shall be two years in arrears
with his subscriptions shall be erased from the list of members,
but such member may be re-admitted on giving a satisfactory
explanation to the Council, and on payment of arrears.
At the meeting held in July, and at all subsequent meetings
for the year, a list of the names of all those members who are in
arrears with their annual subscriptions shall be suspended in the
Rooms of the Society. Members shall in such cases be informed
that their names have been thus posted.
Resignation of Members.
XV. Members who wish to resign their membership of the
Society are requested to give notice in writing to the Honorary
Secretaries, and are required to return all books or other property
belonging to the Society.
Expulsion of Members.
XVI. A majority of members present at any ordinary meet-
ing shall have power to expel an obnoxious member from the
Society, provided that a resolution to that effect has been moved
and seconded at the previous ordinary meeting, and that due
notice of the same has been sent in writing to the member in
question, within a week after the meeting at which such resolution
has been brought forward.
xx
Honorary Members.
XVII. The Honorary Members of the Society shall be persons
who haye been eminent benefactors to this or some other of
the Australian Colonies, and distinguished patrons and promoters
of the objects of the Society, Every person proposed as an
Honorary Member must be recommended by the Council and
elected by the Society. Honorary Members shall be exempted
from payment of fees and contributions: they may attend the
meetings of the Society, and they shall be furnished with copies
of the publications of the Society, but they shall have no right
to hold office, to vote, or otherwise interfere in the business of
the Society.
The number of Honorary Members shall not at any one time
exceed twenty, and not more than two Honorary Members shall
be elected in any one year. |
Corresponding Members.
XVIII. Corresponding Members shall be persons, not resident
in New South Wales, of eminent scientific attainments, who may
have furnished papers or otherwise promoted the objects of the
Society.
Corresponding Members shall be recommended by the Council,
and be balloted for in the same manner as ordinary Members.
Corresponding Members shall possess the same privileges only
as Honorary Members.
The number of Corresponding Members shall not exceed 4
twenty-five, and not more than three shall be elected in anyone
year.
Ordinary General Meetings.
XIX. An Ordinary General Meeting of the Royal Society, to
be convened by public advertisement, shall take place at 8 py
on the first Wednesday in every month, during the last eight
months of the year; subject to alteration by the Council with
due notice.
;
xxi
Order of Business.
XX. At the Ordinary General Meetings the business shall be
transacted in the following order, unless the Chairman specially
decide otherwise :—
-1—Minutes of the preceding Meeting.
2—New Members to enrol their names and be introduced.
3—Ballot for the election of new Members.
4—Candidates for membership to be proposed.
5—Business arising out of Minutes.
Communications from the Council.
7—Communications from the Sections.
S8—Donations to be laid on the Table and acknowledged.
9—Correspondence to be read.
10—Motions from last Meeting.
11—Notices of Motion for the next Meeting to be given in.
12—Papers to be read.
18—Discussion.
14—Notice of Papers for the next Meeting.
Annual General Meeting—Annual Reports.
XXI. A General Meeting of the Society shall be held annually
in May, to receive a Report from the Council on the state of
the Society, and to elect Officers for the ensuing year. The
Treasurer shall also at this meeting present the annual financial
statement.
Admission of Visitors.
XXII. Every ordinary member shall have the privilege of
introducing two friends as visitors to an Ordinary General
Meeting of the Society or its Sections, on the following con-
ditions :— -
1. That the name and residence of the visitors, together
with the name of the member introducing them, be
entered in a book at the time.
2. That they shall not have attended two consecutive
meetings of the Society or of any of its Sections in the
current year.
The Council shall have power to introduce visitors, irrespective
of the above restrictions.
xxii
Council Meetings.
XXIII. Meetings of the Council of Management shall take ‘
place on the last Wednesday in every month, and on such other —
days as the Council may determine. 3
Absence from Meetings of Council.—Quorum.
XXIV. Any member of the Council absenting himself from.
three consecutive meetings of the Council, without giving a satis-
factory explanation in writing, shall be considered to have vacated
his office. No business shall be transacted at any meeting of
the Council unless three members at least are present.
Duties of Secretaries.
XXYV. The Honorary Secretaries shall perform, or shall cause —
the Assistant Secretary to perform, the following duties :—_
1. Conduct the correspondence of the Society and Council.
2. Attend the General Meetings of the Society and the
meetings of the Council, to take minutes of the pro- c
ceedings of such meetings, and at the commensal 4
of such to read aloud the minutes of the p
meeting. |
8, At the Ordinary Meetings of the members, to announce
the presents made to the Society since their last meeting;
to read the certificates of candidates for admission #0 :
_ the Society, and such original papers communicated £0 |
the Society as are not read by their respective authors, 4
and the letters addressed to it.
4. To make abstracts of the papers read at the Ordinary :
General Meetings, to be inserted in the Minutes and :
printed in the Proceedings. |
;
5. To edit the Transactions of the Society, and to psn
the making of an Index for the same. ‘
6. To be responsible for the arrangement and safe custody
of the books, maps, plans, specimens, and other propel’?
of the Society.
XXiil
7. To make an entry of all books, maps, plans, pamphlets,
&e., in the Library Catalogue, and of all presentations
to the Society in the Donation Book.
8. To keep an account of the issue and return of books,
&e., borrowed by members of the Society, and to see
that the borrower, in every case, signs for the same in
the Library Book.
9. To address to every person elected into the Society a
printed copy of the Forms Nos. 2 and 8 (in the
Appendix), together with a list of the members, a copy
of the Rules, and a card of the dates of meeting; and
to acknowledge all donations made to the Society, by
Form No. 6.
. To cause due notice to be given of all Meetings of the
Society and Council.
i
=)
—
. To be in attendance at 4 p.m. on the afternoon of
Wednesday in each week during the session.
po
bo
. To keep a list of the attendances of the members of the
Council at the Council Meetings and at the ordinary
General Meetings, in order that the same may be laid
before the Society at the Annual General Meeting held
in the month of May.
The Honorary Secretaries shall, by mutual agreement, divide
the performance of the duties above enumerated.
The Honorary Secretaries shall, by virtue of their office, be
members of all Committees appointed by the Council.
Contributions to the Society.
XXVI. Contributions to the Society, of whatever character,
must be sent to one of the Secretaries, to be laid before the
Council of Management. It will be the duty of the Council to
arrange for promulgation and discussion at an Ordinary Meeting
such communications as are suitable for that purpose, as well as
to dispose of the whole in the manner best adapted to promote
the objects of the Society.
Xxiv
Management of Funds.
XXVII. The funds of the Society shall be lodged at a Bank
named by the Council of Management. Claims against the
Society, when approved by the Council, shall be paid by the
Treasurer.
All cheques shall be countersigned by a member of the Council.
Money Grants.
XXVIII. Grants of money in aid of scientific purposes from the
funds of the Society—to Sections or to members—shall expire on
_ the Ist of November in each year. Such grants, if not expended,
may be re-voted.
XXIX. Such grants of money to Committees and individual
members shall not be used to defray any personal expenses which
a member may incur.
Audit of Accounts.
XXX. Tw Auditors shall be appointed annually, at an
Ordinary Meeting, to audit the Treasurer’s Accounts. The
accounts as audited to be laid before the Annual Meeting m
May.
Property of the Society to be vested in the President, §¢.
XXXI. All property whatever belonging to the Society shall
be vested in the President, Vice- Presidents, Hon. Treasurer, and
Hon. Secretaries for the time being, in trust for the use of the
Society ; but the Council shall have control over the disburse-
ments of the funds and the management of the property ol the
Society.
SEcTIONs.
XXXII. To allow those members of the Societr who devote
attention to particular branches of science fuller opportunities
and facilities of meeting and working together with fewer formal
xXV
restrictions than are necessary at the general Monthly Meetings
of the Society,—-Sections or Committees may be established in
the following branches of science :—
Section A.—Astronomy, Meteorology, Physics, Mathematics,
and Mechanics.
Section B.—Chemistry and Mineralogy, and their application
to the Arts and Agriculture.
Section C.—Geology and Palxontology.
Section D.—Biology, z.e., Botany and Zoology, including
Entomology
Section E.—Microscopical Science.
Section F.—Geography and Ethnology.
Section G.—Literature and the Fine Arts, including
Architecture.
Section H.—Medical.
Section I.—Sanitary and Social Science and Statistics.
Section Committees—Card of Meetings.
XXXIII. The first meeting of each Section shall be appointed
by the Council. At that meeting the members shall elect their
own Chairman, Secretary, and a Committee of four ; and arrange
the days and hours of their future meetings. A card showing
the dates of each meeting for the current year shall be printed
for distribution amongst the members of the Society.
Membership of Sections.
XXXIV. Only members of the Society shall have the privilege
of joining any of the Sections.
Reports from Sections.
XXXYV. There shall be for each Section a Chairman to preside
at the meetings, and a Secretary to keep minutes of the pro-
ceedings, who shall jointly prepare and forward to the Hon.
Secretaries of the Society, on or before the 7th of December in
each year, a report of the proceedings of the Section during
that year, in order that the same may be transmitted to the
Council.
xxvi :
Report g
XXXVI. It shall be the duty of me President, Vice-Presidents,
and Honorary Secretaries to annually examine into and report to My
the Council upon the state of—
1. The Society’s house and effects. 4
2. The keeping of the official books and correspondence. —
3. The library, including maps and drawings.
4. The Society’s cabinets and collections.
Cabinets and Collections.
XXXVII. The keepers of the Society’s cabinets and collet
tions shall give a list of the contents, and report upon the
condition of the same to the Council annually.
ents,
XXXVIII. The Honorary Secretaries and Honorary Troseunt §
shall see that all documents relating to the Society’s property,
the obligations given by members, the policies of insurance, and :
other securities shall be lodged in the Society’s iron chest, the | 2
contents of which shall be inspected by the Council once in every di
year; a list of such contents shall be kept, and such list shall be
signed by the President or one of the Vice-Presidents at the
annual inspection.
Branch Societies.
XXXIX. The Society shall have power to form Branch So
cieties in other parts of the Colony.
= Ni =n:
ERE Te ae a a ee ed
- Labrary. 4
XL. The members of the Society shall have access to, and 2
shall be entitled to borrow books from the Library, under oun
regulations as the Council may think necessary.
Alteration of Rules .
XLI. No alteration of, or addition to, the Rules of the Society |
shall be made unless carried at two successive General Meetings
at each of which, twenty-five members at least must be pr
Xxvil
THE LIBRARY.
1. During the Session, the Library shall be open for consul-
tation and for the issue and return of books between 4 and 6
p-m. on the afternoon of each Wednesday, and between 7 and 10
p-m. on the evenings of Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, and
during the recess (January to end of April) on Wednesdays,
from 4 to 6 and 7 to 10 p.m.
2. No book shall be issued without being signed for in the
Library Book.
3. Members are not allowed to have more than two volumes
at a time from the Library, without special permission from one
of the Honorary Secretaries, nor to retain a book for a longer
period than fourteen days; but when a book is returned by a
member it may be borrowed by him again, provided it has not
been bespoken by any other member. Books which have been
bespoken shall circulate in rotation, according to priority of
application.
4. Scientific Periodicals and Journals will not be lent until
the volumes are completed and bound.
5. Members retaining books longer than the time specified
shall be subject to a fine of sixpence per week for each volume.
6. The books which have been issued shall be called in by the
Secretaries twice a year ; and in the event of any book not being
returned on those occasions, the member to whom it was issued
shall be answerable for it, and shall be required to defray the
cost of replacing the same.
xxvii
Form No. 1.
Royat Soctrety or New Sourn WaAtEs.
Certificate of a Candidate for Election.
Name
Qualification or occupation
Address
being desirous of admission into the Royal Society of New South Wales, “<
the undersigned members of the Society, propose and recommend himas@
proper person to become a member thereof. -
Dated this day of 18. ag |
From Persona KNowLepGE. From GENERAL KNOWLEDGE.
— a 4
eee
Signature of candidate ia
Date received gee
*,* This certificate must be signed by at least three members, to two of whom the a
candidate must be personally known. Z
Form No. 2.
Royat Socrery or New Sourm Watzs.
The Society’s House, :
Sir, Sydney, 18° ee
T have the honour to inform you that you have this day been elected 8
member of the Royal Society of New South Wales, and I beg to forward
you a copy of the Rules of the Society, a printed copy of an obligation, 4 =
of members, and a card announcing the dates of meeting during the present
According to the Regulations of the Society (vide Rule No. 9), you
required to pay your admission fee of two guineas, and annual a
of two guineas for the current year, before admission. You are also rege
to sign and return the enclosed form of obligation at your earliest convenient
T have, &e.,
Se Hon, Secretary-
Form No. 3. Z
Royat Socrery or New Sour Wass. tog
T, the undersigned, do hereby engage that I will endeavour to promote
the interests and welfare of the Royal Society of New South Wales, and
observe its Rules and By-laws, as long as I shail remain a member t
Aaa Signed,
Date
Xxix
orm No. 4.
Royat Society or New Sourn Wates.
The Society’s House,
Sir, Sydney, uf. Vial
I have the honour to inform you that your annual subscription of
for the current year became due to the Royal Society of New South
Wales on the Ist of May last.
It is requested that payment may be made by cheque or Post Office order
drawn in favour of the Hon. Treasurer,
I have, &c.,
To Hon. Treasurer,
Form No. 5.
Roya Socrety or New Sovurn Watzs.
The Society’s House,
Sir, Sydney, 135%
Tam desired by the Royal Society of New South Wales to forward to
you a copy of its Journal forthe year18 _, as a donation to the library of
your Society.
I am further requested to mention that the Society will be thankful to
receive such of the very valuable publications issued by your Society as it
» may feel disposed to send.
I have the honour to be,
Sir
Fg
Your most obedient servant,
Hon. Secretary.
Form No. 6.
Royat Soctery or New Sourn WaALtgs.
The Society’s House,
Sir, ydney, .
On behalf of the Royal Society of New South Wales, I beg tc acknow-
ledge the receipt of and I am directed to convey to you the
best thanks of the Society for your most valuable donation,
I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient servant,
Hon. Secretary.
xxx
Form No. 7.
Balloting List for the Election of the Officers and Count |
Royat Soctery or New South WALES.
Date.... seneeeeseees
Batzotine List for the election of the Officers and Council.
a
4)
4m
i
Present Council. Names proposed as Members of the new snl
President.
Vice-Presidents.
errs _ 7
Members of Couneil:
the printed pba none
as ee . *
NOTICE.
Members are particularly ted t icat
eal
LIST OF THE MEMBERS
Boval Society of Hew South Wales,
P Members who have contributed papers which have been published in the Society’s
ns or Journal ; papers published in the Transactions of the ctr gee Society
Téaveastie
are ~ included. The te Count indicate the number of such contributio’
+ M cil
Lit
er rer la
Members
P4
apes J ain ‘Kings dead Court, Elizabeth-street.
Abbot as Kingsmill, P.M., Sus unnedah
Abbott. We E., _Giak si Wine
Ademos, Francis s, A. = 8. Bank, se sa
Adams, P. F., Surv pg General, Kivnibilli Point, St. Leonards.
Ale re Geor ge M., 48, Margaret -street
Alger, J nes ri Ait stree
Allen e Hon. Sir Geo — Wi , M.P., Speaker of the
Gicsaletion Assembly, 124, Blisabeth-strect North.
Allerding, F., Hunter-street.
oe H. R., Hucentak
oan Rey. Canon, B.A. Cantab., Vice-Chancellor, University
of Sydne ney, Woollahra.
pape on Wilson, M. B. Edin., Mast. Surg. Edin., 455, Pitt-
Anderson, = W., Oriental Soaks Sydney.
Anderson H.C. L., M.A, Sydney Grammar School.
Office.
Arnheim, E. H., Royal Mint, Sydne
Atchison, Cunningham Archibald, C. i, North Shore.
Atherton, Ebenezer, M.R.C.S. Eng. = O’Connell-street.
usten, Henry, rralira street.
Backhouse, rere . Ithaca,” Elizabeth Bay
Backhouse, Alfred P., M.A., “ Ithaca,” Elizabeth Bay.
Baker, Hon. E. A., Minister for Mines, Mining Department.
Balfour, James, Union Clu
ey oot Wm . James, Lic. R. Col. Phys. Lond., M.R.C.S. Eng.,
‘we Wonaeis Lindsay, 130, Pitt-street.
1876
1
1876
La]
bo
ge |
Xxxil
Barraclough, William, 2, Yurong-street.
Bartels, W. C. eK Union Club.
Bassett, cated MR.CS., te Bathurs
Bayley, George W. A., Pe pepatenit, P , Phillip-street.
Beattie, Jou ¥3 Lic. om rare’ Coll. Phys., Irel., ae RCo
Sur., Zrel., Parramatt
Bedford, W.J. ; MRCS. Eng., Staff Surgeon.
Beilby, BE. ALS, Pitt-street.
Mag are Thomas B., M.D. Edin., M.R.C.S. ng,
Belfield ‘Algernon H. SMa yd agent
Belisario, John, M.D., Lyons’ Ter
Benbow, Clement a 24, College- tres
nsusan, 8. L., ange, Pitt-str
pene bern F. “OM M.Z8., Too ine Queensland.
s, H. M. Customs, Sydney. t
Bostic iwi ‘Henry, L.R.CS., Zrel., L.R.C. P., Edin., Arthurs —
leigh-te
Papal f Ree ott
Soe we PES or r
Black, Reginald ‘James, Bank of New South Wales, Sydney.
Black, Morrice A., F.1.A., Actuary, Mutual Provident at
Blackman, C. H. E., 267, George-street.
Bladen, ‘Thomas, William m Henry street, Ultimo.
Bolding, H. J., P.M., Newcastle and Un te n Club.
— Albert, Bell’s Chambers, Pitt-str
i i vribilli Point, North Shore. R
Bree Andrew John, Lie. x i Q. Coll. Phys. Irel., Lic,
ae Sur. Jrel., Lyons’ Terrace
Brazier, John, C.M.ZS., Corr. M.RS., Tas., 82, Wi ndmill-stresh
Brereton, John L as Gay, M.D. St. hee he L.R.C.S, Edin,
+
4
Brindley, ‘Plicomias; Mipdat Cottage, Bourke-street, Redfern.
Brodribb, W. A., M.L.A., F.R.G.S., Double Bay. |
Brooks, Joseph, F.RGS , Hope Bank, Nelson-st., Woollahra: a
Brown, Henry Joseph, Newcastle.
Brown, ras Studd, Dubbo. ;
Brown mas, Es kbank, Bowenfels, and Australian Club.
Bumis W. C., Australian Club.
Burn, James Henry, 93, Palmer-street, Woo he
Burton, Edmund, Land _ Office, Rekareer's P Nort
y O
:
i
Burnett, Robt. H., "CE, Railwa Departmen
ac te Hon - William, MLO. Pe Redleaf, * South il
Oa
Bus' “Thomas 6a; Gas haben Sydney.
Butterfield, sens? Survey Office
Cadell, Alfred, Vegetable Creek, New England.
Cad adell, Th thle oa ga, East St. Leonards.
a George C., Tillingetone, “Qcoailatiabts Woollahre,
ampbell, Allan, LR. P., Glasgow, Y¥:
i
sll Re a a ta
XXxili
Campbell, The Hon. Alexander, M.L.C., Woo
Campbell, ao a Charles, M.L.C., Clunes, Sout ith K ingston.
Campbell, T n. John, M.L.C., Clunes, South Kingston.
Cameron, J ey urveyor, Barringun, id Bourke.
Campbell, Revd. Joseph, B.A., “« Bdgarville,” Botany-street,
8 Hill
Cane, Alfred, 110, Victoria-stree
Cape, Alfred J., « Torfrida,” iilizabeth Bay.
18 :
d; 3.8. eyor, Armidale
Chatla Wilim, 2, Pitt-street.
holm, n, , S., L.S.A., 2 se
istie Wai, LS. ge,
Clarke, William, E. 8. & A. C. Bank, Pitt- seen
Clay, William French, M.A., Cantab., "M.D. Syd., M.R.O.8. Eng.,
Fellow of St. Paul’s Cal. North Shore
Clune, Michael Joseph, M.A., Lic. K. & Q. Coll. Phys. Irel.,
Lic. R. Coll. Sur. Jrel., 12, Colleges -street.
Codrington, John Fredk., M. R. S., E.; Lic. R.C. Phys., L.;
Lic. R.C. Phys., Hdin., Oran
Collie, Revd. Robert, The repent Wellington-stroot, ra
Colquhoun, George, 3, Mona-terrace, Rushcut
Colyer, Henry Cox, M.A., Clinton, Liver seinen
: ney:
hts.
enry, ML. C., Mudgee, and Union
a hers 4
Cox, M.D. Edin. C.M.Z.S8., F.L.8., Hunter-street.
Cri E. ee , Superintendent of ‘Telgaoha Telegraph Office,
Geo
Creed, 7 M Mildred, pene Eng., Scone.
Croudace, Thomas, Lambto
Cun ningham, Andrew, serait" Queanbeyan.
Daintrey, Edwin, “ ” Randwick.
Dalgarno, John V., Telopaph Of e, George-stree
Dansey, George Frederick, M.R. C. ‘8. London, Oleveladd- street,
Redfern rn.
Dangar, Frederick H., “ anw aiels tel Darlinghurst.
a Cecil —_ Kew
Darley, F. M.,
the Club, Syd
Sete Sites, “Adelaide, South Atralia
Dean xander, J. an Elizabeth-stre
Deck, Fok n Field, M , 251,
tee er pt
Deffell, George Hi; Daye, Woolwich Road, Hunter’s Hill.
e Lissa, k-
De Solis, The Hon. Eaopeld Fane, M.L.C., Cuppercumbalong,
se
De Salis, L. W., junr., Strathmore, Bowen, Queensland.
Dibbs, George R, MP., 131, Pitt-street.
Dight, Arthur, Richmond.
Cc
rz
see on ase
XXXiV
Loner: os F.CS., Fellow and — Inst. of
f Gt. B tain and
ixso’ mas ;
Docker, Ernest, M.A. Sydn., Car’
la co-atrest, oollahra
ke, William Hedley, Ss of the Inst. ‘of Bankers,
Colonial Bank of Zealand, Ne a n, N.Z.
Du Faur, Eccleston, F.R. RGS, Lands Office.
Eales, John, Duckenfield Park, Morpeth.
Egan, Myles, M.R.C.S. Eng., 2, Hyde Park Terrace,
street. ,
Kichler, Charles F., M.D. Heidelberg, M.B.C.8. Eng, :
street.
Eldred, W. H., 119, Castlereagh-st
Ellis, Thomas Augustus, ©.E., City Engineer, Newcastle.
Evans, George, Como, Darling Poi Por
Evans, Owen Spencer, M.R.C.S. Fag. ., Darling-street, ©
Hache, ane a Cleveland ar ee
Fai R., 177, Macquarie-stre
Herald ce, Hunter-s street.
Ferguson, James W., 35, Rialto Terrace, ‘Darlinghurst.
‘ V: 251, M treet
i jenna; 251, uarie-s'
Fi 4 é D. t L 8 a Gosarala Office.
Flav: George-
Forbes, Alexr. Leith, M.A., oe Public Instruction
, G., M.B. Lond., F.B.C.S., F.L8., 1
F.
Foreman, J M.R.C.8. Lond., LEP. E
Frazer, Hon. John, M.L.O., York: st street.
Fuller, Francis John, Market Buildings, Hunter-street
bogs:
dg
P2
PI
XXXV
Gabriel, C. Louis, care of Dr. J. J. Hill, Lambto:
Gardiner Rey. Andrew, M.A., Rensdale, Pyeopat Bridge
Road.
Garnsey, Rev. C. F., Christ Church Parsonage, Sydney.
Garran, Andrew is D., Sydney Morning Herald Office, Hunter-
street
Garvan, J. P., East St. Leonards.
Gales, ‘Charles es ** Hastbourne,’ ere Point.
George, Hugh, Sydney Morning Hera ld Office
Geo: fG bra 360 George-stree
Gera: ee of Tandd Office
Giblin, wincone Ww. ustralian Joint Stock Bank, Sydney.
Gilchrist, W. O., eerie Potts’s Poi
Gilliat, J Henry Alfred, Australian Clu -
illman, Thomas Henry, B.A., O.M., M.D., Queen’s Univ. Jrel.,
Mast. Surg. Queen’s Univ. Irel., ‘Cason Terrace, Wynyar rd
uare.
Gipps, “ B., 134, Pitt-street
Goddar illiam C., The Exchan ge, New Pitt-street.
Godlet, John H., ee ae Te
e, ‘George ; M.D., M. Ch., Trin. Coll., Dud., Enfield
House, Oendel
Graham, Hon. Wm. M.L.C., Stratheam House, Waverley.
Greaves, W. A. B » Armida le.
Griffiths, Frederick . Shia Sees
Griffiths, G. Neville, The Domai
Gurney, T. jen a8 ‘antab., ee Follow vo St. John’s College.
Cambrid ssor of Mathematics and Natural P Phi
losophy, Givonity of Sydney.
Haege, Hermann, 127, Pitt-street.
Hale, pk em Gresham
a ets vi care of W. H. Quodling, Esq., Public Works
Halligan Gera 1 eA C.E., Marrickville
9c J., Hun
ae eo ec = 3h 4, Upper William-street.
{Harrison, L. M., Mac Place
Hart, ar Fcabs Wenryas en: "ihiaicietans
Haviland, E. tes 15 Bridge-street.
Hawkins, ‘HL. 8., M.A., seam mt
y, The Hon. Sir John, K.C.M.G., M.L.C., A.M. Aberdeen.
“Precidint of the Legislative Council, Rose Bay, Woollahra.
. H., Town ntry Office, Pitt-street.
Heaton “
Helsham, Douglass, Rentin, Homebush.
Henry, James, 754, George-street.
Herborn, E. W. L., “ recone Glebe Point Road.
H
Heron, Mary, solicitor, 49, Bante street.
Pt
XXKX¥V1
Hewett, Thomas Edward, The 2 sac Sydney.
iggins, lifford, "Potts’s Poi
Hills, Robert, Blizabeth Bay
Hill, Jno. Jam ae LROPE., L.F.P., and 8.G.
tt
se Jou i Giekee yD, Univ. Brussels, F.R.C.S., Bdi
ington, Glenmore Road.
Hitehins, Bdwd. Ly rig sae Victoria-street, Darlinght
n, Lawrence, Excha ange oo am gs, Pitt-street.
{Hint ee D., 379, George-street
Hodgson, Rev. E. G., M.A. Aaa §.C.L, Vice-Warden
Holt, The Hon. ey ‘MLL. C., Sydne y:
Holroyd, Arther Todd, M.B. Cantab, M.D. Edin, FI
F.2Z8., F.R.GS., ’Master-in- Equity, Sherwood el
Parramatta.
Horton, Rev. Thomas, Ina Terrace, Woollahra
Houison, Andre w, B.A., M.B.C.M., 128, Phillip-street.
Hum Ome 8 i ie iia Cot ttage, Yass
+Hunt, "Robert; F.G8., Associate of the Royal Schoo: 1 of
ndon, Deputy Master of the Royal Mint, Syaney.
Ieely, Thos. R., Carcoar.
Inglis, James , Redmyre.
Innes, Sir J. George L., “Knt. , Darlinghurst.
Tredale, Lancelot, A.F., Goolhi, Gunnedah.
Jackson, Arthut Tay ett, Government Printing Office.
Jackson, H Ry: Valen Me M.R.C.S. Eng., Lic. 3 C. —
130, Phillip ip-street,
Jac kson Robert, 89, Pitt- street North.
ae Rev. A, Milne, Univ. Council, Edin., Scots” |
Jer, er. Jane LL.B., “The Retreat,’ Newtow?-_
J d Lewis, M. R.C.8., Nepean Towers,
Sochaae P. A., Sir, K.C.M.G., Edgecliffe cm be olls ;
Jennings, W. E., B.A., Mining Department, S kage
Jones, James Aberdeen, Lic. R.C. Phys. Edin., Boot
Jones, Richard Theophilus, M.D. Sydn., L.R.C.P- Hdiay
Jones, P. Sydne D. gay F.B.C.S. Eng., College
Jones, Ed Lloyd, 3 345, George-street, Sydney.
athurst:
A al
:
Jones, James
Jones, Griffith Evan oar B.A, Syd., 382, Cro
Surry Hills. )
1874
1872
Pil
Pil
P 21
XXXVii
Jones, John Trevor, 356, Liverpool-st reet.
Johnson, James W., “ Brooksby,” Double Bay.
Josephson, J * Bet Frey, F.G.8., District Court Judge, Enmore
Foxe, z. bs Assoc. Mem. Inst. C. E., 258, Macquarie-street
J wabenk: N uma, Noumea.
Keele, Thos. Wm., Harbours and Rivers Department, Phillip-
street.
pace: righ Rage. cosiay Leichhard
as, St. Mark’s Parsonage Darling Point
Kennedy, een B.! ny ‘Oxon Registrar of the Sydney Univer-
King Philip G., M Avago et Double Bay.
Kinloch, John. hn, M.A., ner ici Ashfield.
Knaggs, Saml. eA DLN a
Knox, George, M.A., Ca he 7 ing tree.
Knox, Edward, jun., si Fiona, ie ” Double Bay.
Kopsch, G., Telegraph Department.
Keotechtiann: —; care of Mr. Moss, Hunter-street.
Kyngdon, F. B. er 1, Darlinghurst t Road.
Eyngiened Fred. H D. Aberdeen; L.8.A., L.; M.R.C.S., £. ;
C.M., hore
Langley, W. E., Herald Office, Sydney.
Latta, G. J., Hawthorne, Petersham
pes pe Thos., M.D. Surg. Univ. Paris, 138, Castlereagh-
Leask, John L., M.B.C.M. Edin., “Terra Bella,” Pyrmont
+Leibius, Adolph, Ph. D., Heidelberg, F.CS.; Fel.
Chemistry of Gt. Brit. an nd Irl.; Semior Assayer| to the Sydney
i Secretary.
\ . Soc. of Fra Che
Mineralogy i in her ‘Uaiverdty of Syne, Hon. ro
Union Club.
| Merriman, James, Miller’s Point.
XXXViii
Living, John, Marsaloo, North Sho
Lloyd, George Alfred, F.R.G-.S., “ Seottforth, ” Elizabeth
—— — Bxeeleney ae Right Hon. Lord Augustus,
&e., &e., H
tock The Hon. sel ML CO, i Shore.
Lord, George Lee, Kirketon, D Darlin ngton.
Low, Hamilton, H.M.
Low, Andrew S., erry lasts, 5 eecaville:
M‘Carthy, W. F., a Lee too onl
M‘Culloch, A. i. ., 165, Pitt-sti
M‘Cutcheon, John Rakog, Assayer to to thé Sydney Branch of
Royal Mint.
Mac Dor mald, Ebenezer, Oriental Bank, it i
MacDonnell, William: 312, George-stree
MaeDon nell, William J., FRA. "Goanne-stite
Macticnnelt Samuel, 312, George-strect, Syan
M‘Kay, Dr., Church Hi
y
M‘Kinney, Hugh G., Assoc. Mem. Inst. O.E., “ Seaton,
Piper Road, Paddi -
MacLaurin, Henry Norman, M.A., M.D. oe Edin, |
Coll. Sur. Edin., No. 55, Macquarie-st
Mer Patie, M.A. 241, Carlingford
t, §
Mockensic 3 Joke. ae bor S., Examiner of Coal Fields, New
Mackenzie, W. F., M.R.C.S., oe 2 Lyons ” Terrace.
Mackenzie, Rev. P. j Mlle Friendvill ,” Paddington.
Mackenzie, R., The Exchange Corn
Mackellar, Chas. Kinnard, M.B., C.M., Glas., Lyons’
Maitland, Duncan Mearns, j junior, “ Afreba,” Stanmore |
i E., Berrima.
anfred, Edmund a Montague-street, Goulburn.
Mann, John, Neu tral Bay.
Manning, James, Milson's Point, North eas
Manning, Frederick Heston MD. Univ. St. mats
Eng. Gladesville:
ree
Marklove, Robert J., 52, Pitt-street.
Marano, G. V.,M.D. Univ. Naples, Clarendon Terrace,
Marsden, The Rev. Dr., Bishop of Bathurst, B
Mar sn, 3. M., i Road, WwW )
,, George, M.D. Univ. Glas., Lic. B. Coll. 8-
Martin, Rey, Parramatta. :
Masters, Ed a Ea a ar
‘Mathews on
shri *
A ma
XXxix
Meslée, E. Marin de la, apd General’s Office.
Metcalfe, Michael, Biches cise
Milford, M.D. aiieag. “MRB.OS. Eng., 3, Clarendon
de Par
eat oi Henry Shaw, “aeepaag Grammar School.
sso
ir, James, M
*Monttore mo L., Mac peeve
onte fiore, Octavius r, Belgian Consul, Sa ret street.
Char Bo
PSs Fo-seeee ge soa Ss. ., Director of the tanic Gardens,
resident.
Botani
Moore, Fred. H., We Buildings.
Morehead, R. A. A., 30, O’Connell-street
Sones. Cosby William , M.D. Brussels, : ‘R.C.P. Lond., New-
eons Reeder: M.R.C.S8. ie ., Lic. Mid. Lic. R. Coll.
Phys. Edin, Ashenhurst, Burw
Morgan, T. C., L.R.C.S. Edin., MK. rm Coll. Phys. Ireland,
55, 2 Castlereagh-stroct
Morre , C.E., Pitt-stree
oo got alae F. ’P.S. Glas. rs F.R.M.S.L., 5, Carlton Terrace, -
Wyn yar Square, Sydney
Moses, David, “ Aurovida,” Fated mates
Mountain, Adrian C., City Surveyor, Town Hall.
{Mullens, Josiah, F. R.GS eee Hunter ieee t:
Mullins, John, FL. M.A., ., 211, Macquarie-street.
rs M. E., Eisenfels, Wetiai
y, W. G., 52, Pitt-street.
Myles Chas. Henry, Wymela, Burwood.
Neill, William, City Bank, Pitt-stree
Neill, W. J. Walter, soak Bank, ie street.
Neill, A. L. P., City Bank, Pitt-st
Newman, W., care of Weiss “Davi 5 cat & Co., George-street.
“di io
Nowlan, J a, Union Club and West Maitland.
1875
Oakes, Arthur
~ Chiswick,” Ocean-
O’Connor, Dr. Maurice, 223, Victoria-st
Ogilvy, “tga L. ana Bank, Sydney.
acob
Olley, Rev 3
O'Reilly, We: pi are , MC, , Q. Univ. Irel., M.R.C. 3.5
Liverpool-street. “=
Paling, W. H., “ Wonden,” Cambridge-street, F
Assembly.
Palmer, J. H.,
Thones 8. CE., Ashfield.
eat Hugh, junr,
xi
W., M.B., O.M., L.R.C.P., a ad
street, Woo ollahra.
islative
, Pitt-street,
229, Macquarie-street.
, Union Bank, Pitt-street.
lerest,”
Pedley, P Alexander, MD, M.A., es Hil Stanmore
, Percev n uare.
enry peeked ta ~ -street, Balmain.
Phillip, H., Pacific pan
Pockley, Thos a
P F., Colonial Sugar Refining Co., Bridge-street.
Potts, J. H., V :
, ‘ge-
Quaife, Fredk. Harrison, M.D., Mast “7
-street.
)P1
P3
P6
P 21
Pt
ili
tRamsay, Edward, F.L.S., Curator of the Australian Museum,
Cc a ae street.
tRatte, F., G.P.O., Sydney.
Read, Renal Bligh, = ROS, Eng., Coogee.
Rend, Sees M.D.,
Readi gE Mem. aout hes ‘allied, Castlereagh-street.
Reece oD urveyor General’s ffi
Reid, ‘George ., M.L.A., Barrister, Elizabeth-street.
Renwick, priors ; Ml = tin, B.A. Sydn., F.R.CS, E., M.L.A.,
295, Elizabeth
Riddell, C. E., Union “Club.
Robe rts, a; George- -street.
Roberts, Alfr ed, M. loos oe - Eng. ., Hon. Mem. Zool. and Bot, Soc.
R am, eu parent Club.
Robertson, Thomas, solicitor, 91 Pitt-
+Rolleston, Christopher, C.M.G., Au = hee , Geese: Castlereagh-
street.
et epi tite Club.
a m Club.
Ross, J. oa 24, Bridge-street.
Rowling, Dr., Mudgee.
ie Henry C., B.A. Syd., F.R.A.S., F.M.S., Hon. Mem
Aust. Inst., pe ore Astronomer, Sydney Observatory,
Vice- Presiden
Sahl, Charles L., German Consul, Consulate of the German
Empire
Saliniere, Rev. E. M., Gle
Samuel, — Hon. Saul, OM LG., M.L.C., Gresham-street.
Sandy, Jam, « Rothgael, - Croydon Road, Ashfield.
Schuette, Rudolf, M.D., Univ. Gottingen, Lic. Soc. Apoth. Lond.,
0, College-street.
Scott, ‘Rev. es M.A. Cantab., Hon. Mem. Roy. Soe. Vic.,
rsonage, Queanbeyan
Serivenes, ‘Charles Robert, Berlin Cottage, Fotheringham-street,
Ss
Sedgwick, Wim, Baek at M.R.C.8., Eng., Newtown
Selfe, Norm is MLO. Beskbiaks Balmain.
lifto maw d, Yass
Sheppard, Rev. G., ee _ =~
Skinner, J. H., B.A zy sacra School, Sydney.
Slade, G. P. , solicitor, “Bridge -street.
ttery, Thien , Premier Terrace, 169, William-street, Wool-
loo.
Elected.
1877
1852
P5
Ri
ri
tg
©
mepes s ene Evans, ey: Liverpool-street.
ee re Tre
Smith, John, The Hon C.M.G., M.D., LL.D., Aberdeen,
Tos, ‘Hon. Mem. Roy. Soc. Vic., Professor of Ph
Chemistry in the University of ‘Sydney, 193, Mae
street, President.
Smith, Marshall, a Glanville, So i—<€ a
cito ring-stree
‘Garvie, Hw
h, R. 8., Surveyor General’s Office a
Smit h, E. E, Fevyereaux, Roslyn-street, Upper William-s ee
North. i
Southey, H. E., Oaklands, wget
Spry, James Monell, Uni
ape! na Milner, B. = 7. oe S., Mem. Geol. Soe.
r. Mem sna ee Ree Dresden; F.E
Chae iene Eamon t Bridge Road.
Stephen, § Se timus, South poorer
Stephen, Alfred F. H Nef hoarse rein Road.
Stephens, William John, M.A. O 233, Darlinghurst
ice, Anon rJ., Surv: eyor Gene ral’s Office.
Street, John Rendell, Birtley, Elizabeth Bay Road.
Strong, Wn. Edm und, M.D., Aberdeen, M.R.O.S., Zing.
a
Bi
uart, Alexander, M.L.A., Sydne
sae Clarendon, Upper » Williams: Street oc
Sut ttor, Wm. Henry, M.L.A., Cangoura, Bathurs'
rrant, Harman, M.R.C.S., Elizabeth-street.
Tayler, William George, F.R.O.S., Lond., 219, Pitt-sh
Tebbutt, John, F.R.A.S., Observatory, Windsor
Tennant, E. G., M R.OS., org: We Dubbo.
Thomson, Dug = Place.
Thompson, Thos. James, Pitt-street, poe
Thomas, H. Arding, Narellan.
oe fee
Trebeck, gear N., Geo
Trebeck, ret Streets. —
“area F, HA George an pcs ot ome
{Tucker, G. A., Ph. D., Superintendent, Bay
Elected.
1875
1875
xliii
Tulloh, W. H., “Airlee,” Greenwich Point Road, ae Shore.
Turner, G., 3 Fitzroy Terrace, Pitt-street, Redfern
Voss, Houlton H., J.P., Goulburn.
hibroeoe. H. O., Australian General Assurance Co., 129, Pitt-
street, Sydney.
Pace John Leo, B.A. Cantab., M.A. Syd., 121, Elizabeth-
Waterhouse, J.. M.A. Syd., ‘“ Waima,” Cavendish-street,
atson, C. Huss M.R.C.S., Eng., Camden Terrace, Newtown.
As Road.
Welch, Edward om hy sg Morning Herald Office, Pitt-street.
Ww menagune er
, &.C., so
Weston, W. J., Union
TWhitfield, Lewis, a ee Univ.), op -womnd School.
wane Rev. James L.D., Syd., Go Fe pope
1875
xliy
Wise. , Has vie Bank, Barrack-street.
Wood, Harrie, Under Secretar for rer Department oom fi
—
Woolrye ch, F B. W., Wilson-street, Newtown.
tWright, Horatio G. A, M.B.CS., Eng., Wynyard Squar
yeasurer.
Wright, Rev. Edwin H., St. Stephen’s, Bourke.
Young, John, Town Hall, aaa ag
Young, Lamont H. G., F.G8., . B.S. Mines, Oa
Mittagong.
Honorary Members.
Limited to Twenty.
seers Dr., Hon. Secretary, Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobs
own.
Barlee, His Excell F. P., C.M.G., Governor of B s
— 8..V.P.LS.,O.M.G., The Royal Gi cr
Bernays, Lewis A., F.L.S., F.R.G.S., Brisbane. .
Cockle, His Honor Sir James, late Chief Justice of Quee
M.A., F.R.S., London Ge
in, Dr. Charles, F.R.S., M.A., F.GS., F.LS., &
Beckenham, on
De Kéninck, Prof., M.D., Lidge, Belgium
re feo wg te ERS. F. are Government 4
Gregory, Aegustes Charles, CM.G., FRGS, csail
yeyor,
Dr. dla von, Pb. D., ssa ¥.6:8,, Prof
eology, terbury Coll Director
hurch, New Zealand.
Hector, James, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S., Director of
Museum and Geologi y of Director of (Hf
Hooker, Sir tthe Peiaden KOSL, a C.B. F.
mh
a gamaoe
M:Coy, Frederick, sr Hon. Fe cuan |
Palacntalogist, ji Director of the National Museum
Mueller, Baron Ferdinand yon, K.C.M.G-, M.D., Ph.D»
elbourne. :
¥-LB. Gove CRaee DOs. LLD., F.
V.PZS, ke, &, The British Museum, London,
xlv
Elected.
1875 sae esi Dr., Director of the Botanic Gardens, Adelaide,
South Lin:
1878 Walker, Thomas, Yaralla, Concord
1875 Waterhouse, F . G., F.G.S., C.M.Z. S., Curator of the Museum,
lia,
1875 | P9| Woods, Rev. Julian E. Tenison-, F.G.S., F.L.S., — Mem. Roy.
oc., Victoria, Hon. Mem. Roy. Soo, Tasmania, Hon. Mem
Adelaide Phil. Soc., Hon. Mem. New Zealand Institute,
Hon. Mem. Linnean Soc., N.S.W., &c., Union Club, Sydney.
CoRRESPONDING MEMBERS.
Limited to Twenty-five.
1880 | P1| Clarke, Hyde, V.P. Maange", E73 Institution, London
1879 | P2 Etheridge, Robert, junr., F.G.S., &c., The British Museum
1880 Ward, Sir Edward, K 0; M.G., "Major-General, R.E., Cannes,
rance.
1880 Miller, F. B., F.C.S., Melbourne Mint.
OxitvaRry, 1880.
1869 Bode, Rev. G. C.
1876 Freehill, Bernard Austin.
1859 test ey dward 8., C.M.Z.S.
1874
1873 eee 3, Rev. Edward, Rural Dean.
1874 Vessey, Leonard A.
1861 Paterson
AWARDS or tHe CLARKE MEDAL,
Established in memory of
THe tate Revp. W. B. CLARKE, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., &e.,
Vice-President from 1866 to 1878.
To be awarded from time to time for meritorious contributions to the
Geology, Min neralogy, or Natural conga of Australia, to men of science,
whether resident in Australia or elsewher
1878. Professor Richard Owen, C.B., F.R.S., The British Museum.
1879. Mr. George Bentham, C.M.G., F.R.S., The Royal Gardens, Kew.
1880. Professor Huxley, F.R.S., The Royal School of Mines, London.
1881. Professor F. M‘Coy, F.R.S., The University of Melbourne.
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
By Mr. Caries Moors, F.L.S., Vice-President,
Director of the Botanic Gardens.
E [Delivered before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 12 May, 1880.]
In addressing you this evening, I am happy in being able to
congratulate my fellow members on the prosperous condition of the
Society, financially and otherwise, on this its fifty-ninth anni-
versary, @.¢., if we date from the year 1821, when the first Society
of the kind was established, by the name of the Philosophical
Society; or the thirtieth annual meeting, if we consider this Society
established in the year 1850. The Society formed in 1821, as
most of you have learned from a former address, had but a brief
duration, arising mainly from disunion among the few members
who composed it, of whom, it is sad to state, there is now nota
survivor. Let us earnestly hope that the same cause will not in
any way affect us, as it is very certain that if any antagonistic
feelings should again arise among the members, we should soon
cease to be useful as a body, and ere long, I fear, die out from
sheer inanition. Since the re-establishment of the Society in 1850,
although it has undergone many vicissitudes, and changed its name
more than once, it has yet been continuous under some form, and
the members hitherto have always been animated by a unity of
spirit and-good fellowship, which I sincerely trust will be con-
tinued. Of those who joined the Society in 1850, Mr. R. A.
Morehead and myself are now the only members who have not
severed our connection with it. As will be readily imagined, the
Society since its establishment has not always been in a flourishing
condition—it has had its seasons of success and times of depres-
sion, Until within the last few years its greatest prosperity was
2 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
from 1856 to about 1863. The income was then so much gre
than the expenditure that the Council were able to invest su
funds in Government debentures to the extent of some hundreds¢
pounds, but a reaction took place for which it was difficult 1
account, and the debentures had to be sold one after the other
meet current expenses, and when the last debenture had tod
realised into cash, it was gravely suggested that the best thing ¢
do with the remaining funds was to at once pay off all liab it
and bring the affair to an end. Fortunately this suggestion
not carried into effect. Better counsels prevailed, and fresh eflor
were made to attract the attention of the more thoughtful a
enlightened of our fellow-colonists, and the result has been
the Society is now in possession of the fine building in which
are assembled, and a library of no mean pretentions, consisting
some of the best scientific standard works and scientific perio@e
literature of the day, as well as the transactions of the
learned Societies with which we are now in correspondence.
To what cause are we indebted for this satisfactory state ©
affairs? I state it advisedly that, if not wholly, it is largely
to the energy displayed by our indefatigable Honorary Sec
Professor Liversidge and Dr. Leibius, both of whom have ¢)
a greater amount of time and labour in organising and working °
the details of the Society than is generally understood.
tensive correspondence now carried on is sufficient to occup,
time of one person, but when, in addition to this, these ge? ae
have to attend general meetings of the Society and Council, to
minutes of the proceedings of such meetings, and 10 )
abstracts of the papers read at the ordinary general mi
and to be in attendance here in the afternoon of each Ween
during the session, as well as the multitudinous matters
they have to attend to in connection with the sectional Ps
monthly meetings, a fair idea may be gained of the obligato
are under to them.
It is to be regretted that so few papers were read af)
general meetings during the last session, but let us
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 3
that more vitality will be evinced in that which is now com-
mencing. The papers read were as follows :—June 4: On the
“Gem Cluster in Argo,” by H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S., &e.
June 4: “The International Geological Congress at Paris,” by
Professor Liversidge, F.G.S., &c. September 3: Lecture on “The
Geology of New Zealand,” by Dr. Hector, C.M.G., F.R.S., &e.
October 1: ‘On the Languages of Australia in their connection
with those of Mozambique and the South of Africa,” by Hyde
Clarke, Esq., V.P., Ethnological Institution. November 5: On
“ Photography in its relation to Popular Education,” by L. W.
Hart, Esq. November 5: On “Description of Fossil Leaf (Ottelia
preterita),” by Baron von Mueller, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., &e. De-
cember 3: On “ A Catalogue of Latitude Stars,” by H.S. Hawkins,
M.A. December 3: Resumé of Paper on “Some remarkable
Boulders in the Hawkesbury Beds,” by C. 8S. Wilkinson, F.G.S.
December 3: “ Remarks upon the Wentworth Hurricane in
January,” by H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S. Several papers were
also read at the meetings of the Sections. In some of the Sections
there was an activity exhibited among the members which is most
creditable to them. The work done, particularly in that on litera-
ture and fine arts, and in that on astronomical and microscopical
matters, appears from the records to have been considerable ; but
very important subjects were also brought under consideration and
well discussed in the chemical and other Sections; and I venture to
hope that in all these, during the ensuing session, there will be an
equal interest taken by the members as that shown by them
previously. I will make one suggestion, viz., that the work of the
several Sections should be confined as much as possible to practical
details and conversational discussion, and that papers on any
subject, excepting medical science, should be read at the monthly
meetings, so that the members of the Society generally may have
the opportunity of discussing their merits.
IT cannot allow this occasion to pass without referring to
the conversazione which was held in the hall of the University.
It will, I think, be admitted by those who were fortunate
enough to be present, that it was one of the most successful
~
. The interest of that evening was greatly enhanced by an exh
4 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
of photographs of New Zealand scenery, given by Dr. -
C.M.G., F.R.S. These were largely magnified by the li
and the remarks which that gentleman made as the ph
expenses which have to be incurred are very considerable ;
would hope that so long as they do not trench too deeply
funds that they will be continued.
Since the close of our last session the great Intern
particularly to the multitudinous natural and artificial p
which were sent to the Exhibition, but as some of
and manufactured vegetable products may hereafter
of great commercial importance to this Colony as @
may be pardoned for drawing attention to a few
In the Court of Ceylon there were very many most inte
exhibits of this kind. It is said that on no former ©
was that wonderful plant, the cocoa-nut so well represe
was here. It would seem as if it produced every ™
requirement for man’s sustenance, luxury, and domestie
Curiously enough, although this tree abounds upon ™
joining the eastern and northern parts of this continent,
never yet, I believe, been found growing on any portion
excepting where it had been placed by man’s agency.
planted extensively in Northern Queensland. In this 0%
in that of Madras, there were some fine specimens of the ©
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 5
various kinds of Chinchonas, the genus from which the quinine
alkaloid is obtained. The Chinchonas are nearly all natives of
Peru, but are cultivated at such elevations, both in Ceylon and
Madras, as to justify the expectation that some of the most valu-
able kinds may yet ‘be grown with success in the warmer parts of
this country. In these Courts the variety of teas formed a most
remarkable feature. From the many kinds of these exhibited it
might have been supposed that they were the produce of so many
different species, instead of all being obtained from one species and
its varieties. Although a comparatively new industry in Ceylon,
the adaptability of the climate for the growth of the tea plant is
now well established. The cultivation of this plant in India, in
which country there are at least three distinct varieties, was com-
menced in 1837, by plants introduced from China ; but the native
kinds are now largely planted and are known as the “Assam,” the
“Qachar,” and the “Moinpaar,” named after the districts in which
they are found in awild state. These, with the China and two or
three hybrids, obtained by crossing with each other, furnished all
the splendid exhibits of this kind at the Exhibition. The pecu-
liarities of these teas as contrasted with those of China are their
much greater strength and stronger aroma. In both Ceylon and
India the tea plantations are at heights varying from five to seven
thousand feet above sea level, where the maximum temperature is
about 69° and the minimum temperature about 49°, the rainfall
being about 49 inches. As these conditions are exactly similar to
those which may be found on our Northern Coast ranges, it may
be reasonably expected that at no distant period plantations of the
tea plant will occupy a great extent of the slopes of these mountain
ranges, and that tea will then become one of our best products for
home use and one of the most valuable for export. There were
other exhibits of this description, which it would be most advan-
tageous to this country to procure. The most noticeable of these
were—the indigo, the yield of Indigofera tinctoria ; pith, a cellular
substance obtained from the stem of Aschynomene aspera, and so
much used in the manufacture of sun or pith hats; tapa cloth,
which is the prepared inner bark of Broussonetia papyrifera ; and,
6 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
in the Japan Court, a fine collection of the seeds of plants empleo
in that country for agricultural and culinary purposes. This cok
lection has been secured by me, and their merits will be tested
during the ensuing season. 7
I would now speak of what has been done in more scientific
matters:—At the Congress of geologists, held at Paris last
year, Professor Liversidge was appointed Vice-President for
Australasia. On that occasion certain propositions were agreed L
to, bearing on important geological matters to be discussed in
the various countries of which there were representatives pre
sent, and the result of these discussions to be reported to % —
meeting of geologists to be held at Bologna in 1881. Professot
Liversidge, as convener for Australia, endeavoured to arrange for
a meeting of geologists in Sydney during the late International
Exhibition, to discuss these propositions, but failed, as it was
found impossible for the geologists of each colony to meet together
at that time. Under the auspices of the Paris Congress 4 |
to the geological and mineralogical collections was published. Me
Zeiller contributed the notes on the geological collections from
New South Wales, sent by the Department of Mines.
Zeiller, judging from the plant fossils, affirms the mesoz0it |
age of our coal-beds, notwithstanding the occurrence of Glossop
teris and Phyllotheca in the carboniferous beds, as exhibited ¥
specimen 96, which he supposes came from the upper coal measure 4
but Mr. Wilkinson, F.G.S., our Geological Surveyor, 1 informs ‘a
that he himself obtained this specimen from the Anvil .
mentary Formations,” which valuable work was specially decal ated
to this congress of geologists ; also, in the magnificent couS”
Other specimens of Glossopteris from the Greta pit were Sn0™
which were obtained by the late Mr. Clarke. From this evident
it is somewhat surprising that M. Zeiller should have called
question the paleozoic age of the Glossopteris and Phyllothec™ —
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 7
The occurrence of gold in some serpentine rocks, which also con-
tain veins of asbestos, near Gundagai, was communicated to the
Society at one of the monthly meetings last session by Mr. Wilkin-
son, who attaches much importance to the discovery as being likely
to lead to the finding of workable gold deposits in other localities
where the auriferous drifts have evidently been derived from the
disintegration of serpentine rocks. Mr. Wilkinson also brought
under the notice of the Society the occurrence of some remarkable
boulders of shale in the Hawkesbury formation. These boulders,
from their angular shape and the singular manner in which they
have been embedded in irregular and scattered heaps in the sand-
stone, suggest that their mode of disposition has been partly due to
glacial action. Mr. W. J. Stephen, M.A., recently communicated
to the Linnzan Society of this Colony the result of similar obser-
vations made by him when examining the Hawkesbury rocks in the
southern district, thus supporting Mr. Wilkinson’s views. I may
add that the fossil plants which occur in the shale beds are in an
exceptionally good state of preservation. It is also gratifying to
me to be able to state that the late Rev. W. B. Clarke’s valuable
geological map will be shortly published by the Department of
Mines.
In astronomical matters the year now closed has not been
marked by any great or startling event ; but steady work has been
done in the Colony by our astronomer, Mr. H. C. Russell, B.A.,
F.R.A.S., and by Mr. J. Tebbutt, F.R.A.S., in determining star
places, measuring double stars, and observations of the planets and
the two comets which have appeared ; the last one, of unusual
brilliance, was almost concealed by clouds, and its great tail, some
forty degrees long, excited a lively curiosity, which could not be
gratified because of the impossibility of seeing the nucleus. One
event has transpired in connection with astronomy since last we
met which takes us back to the birth of our Society, for the Parra-
matta Observatory was founded at the same time, and there can,
I think, be little doubt that it was the presence amongst the
founders of a Governor known to be a friend of science which in-
duced them to found the Society. Sir Thomas Macdougall Brisbane
8 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
had brought out with him an astronomer (Mr. Charles Ri
and assistant (Mr. James Dunlop), together with a compl
equipment for an Observatory ; and very soon after landing,
November, 1821, he had the building commenced close to his
residence, so that he might superintend and actually take a share
in the Observatory work. The building was 27 feet on each side,
and only one story high, and had a flat roof, sometimes used fora
place from which to observe. There were two domes, 12 feet it
diameter ; and the instruments consisted of a 54-feet transit instr
ment, by easkion a 2-feet mural circle, by the same maker}
a 16-inch repeating circle, by Reichenbach ; a 46-inch achromatit
telescope, on equatorial stand, by Banks; a clock by Hardy, and
another by Bregnet. All these were maittie placed, and a great
many observations taken, which formed the basis of a catalogue ot
7,000stars, and several papers published in the « Philosophical Team :
saction,” 1828 and 1829. Mr. Rumker left the Colony in 182%
and Mr. Dunlop was appointed in his place, a position which
held until the Observatory was dismantled, in about 1841. 7
the instruments were removed the building was allowed to fal
into decay, and at one time there was a prospect that ev
during the past year the obelisk, a handsome grained white mare
one, has been completed under the direction of the woe sf
pointed, viz., Messrs. J. 8, Farnell, M.L.A., James Barnet, Co
Architect, and H. ©. Russell, Government Astronomer.
inscription on it reads:—“An Astronomical Observatory "
founded here May 2, 1822, by Sir Thomas Macdougall Bris
K.C.B., Governor of New South Wales, This obelisk was @
in 1880 to mark the site of the transit instrument 2
Observatory.”
In meteorology the field is so wide that I will not att
‘a sketch of what has been done generally, Suffice it to
that in our own Colony a steady advance has been made
number of observing stations is steadily increased, and
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 9
amounts to 152, and the great majority of additional observers
are found in the interior, so filling up space which has been a
complete blank to the meteorologist; and the statistics now
collected are of the utmost value for the present and future inves-
tigation of our climate. The rain map for 1879 has added to it a
diagram showing the state of the inland rivers during the year, so
that the effect of the rains can be traced in the rivers. I must not
forget to mention that, owing to Mr. Russell’s exertions, a meteoro-
logical conference was called together by the Government, and
met at the Observatory. The report has been published, and con-
tains important suggestions and arrangements for the study of the
meteorology of Australia generally. Amongst minor matters
should be mentioned the completion at the Observatory of a new
recording instrument, which writes on a small sheet of paper, 19
inches by 8 inches, a complete record of every change in the ther-
mometer, the barometer, the direction and force of wind, and the
rain, in fact it is a complete meteorological observatory in itself.
To my excellent and most learned friend, Baron von Mueller,
K.C.M.G., great praise is due for his indefatigable labours in
working out the botany of this continent. In addition to the large
share which he had in the publication of the “Flora Australiensis,”
a work which in itself is a monument of patient industry and pre-
eminent ability, he has lately published a valuable atlas of the
genus Eucalyptus, of which six decades have been received by me.
This is of the utmost importance to botanists, as the elaborate
plates contain figures of the leaves, flowers, and fruits of the
species which have been referred to. The sections given of the
flower and fruit, and the descriptive letter-press, are such as to
enable any one with slight botanical knowledge to determine with
ease the particular species described. The Baron has also accumu-
lated considerable additional material for a continuance or supple-
ment of the flora. Much of this has been attained by the collec-
tions made by Mr Alexander Forrest, during his last exploring
expedition through North-west Australia, and by Mr. John Forrest,
during that gentleman’s triangulation of the back country of Nichol
Bay. From this last collection we learn the astonishing fact
10 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS,
that out of upwards of 400 species which it contains there is
single orchid amongst them. The Baron’s report of the forest
sources of Western Australia, of which there is a copy in the li
of this Society, is a valuable contribution to our knowledge of
vegetable economical resourcesof that Colony, and as a labourotk
that gentleman has published, at his own expense, an index to
first edition of the “Species Plantarum” of Linnezus. This
was published in 1753, and is exceedingly rare, and the inde
be the more valuable as it is from the second edition of that
lished in 1762 and 1763 that quotations are made in the
recent descriptive works on botany. I would also refer to
botanical researches of Mr. Bailey, F.L.S., of Brisbane, who
done much, under considerable difficulties, in investigating
botanical resources of Queensland. His works on the grasses
ferns of that colony are most creditable and highly interesting |
ductions ; and in an address recently delivered by that distin- .
guished geologist and naturalist, the Rev. J. E. Tenison-W'
F.G.S., F.L.S., we learn that Mr. Bailey is now engaged in
ing up the lower order of the Australian flora. I must also aeV
to and award my tribute of praise to the ability and research ¢
played by Mr. R. D. Fitzgerald, our Deputy Surveyor Gen
the publication of his work on Australian orchids. When
considered tat this gentleman, during the time unoccupied by !
public duties, has furnished with his own hand carefully *
accurately drawn figures of the complete plant, and sections
parts of the flower, and has given an excellent diagnosis of all
species which he has so beautifully illustrated, some faint
may be formed of the industry required in carrying out 5° far t
very valuable work.
While making this brief and very imperfect referene?”
what has been and is being accomplished in botanical p"
_ I may be pardoned in drawing attention to the very
necessity which now and has long existed of ascertaining thes
and economic value of the Australian flora. The knowledge
we possess of the properties of the greater number of the p
the Colony is most imperfect. How little, for instance, is ©
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. tI
the value of what are termed the salt bushes of this country. It is
believed, and with good reason, that this class of plants possesses
a medicinal property of great advantage to sheep, which not only
relish but fatten on this food, particularly in seasons of drought.
It has not been determined which are the most valuable of these
plants, a list of which is herewith appended. It is generally con-
sidered that of these Atriplew halimodes and Atriplex vesicaria
are the best, but these are only found in certain localities—those
called cotton bushes, Kochia aphylla and Kochia villosa and also
Chenopodium nitrariaceum as well as others, afford excellent pas-
turage, but this is all that is really known of these most interest-
ing and useful plants. The same remarks which have been made
respecting these plants may be applied to the grasses of this
country. -Although the names and affinities of these have been
botanically determined, we have yet very much to learn as regards
the comparative nutritive value which these individually possess.
An attempt has been made by Baron von Miieller to fix accurately
the percentage of albumen, gluten, starch, gum, sugar, and fibre
of the best of these, as compared with the best kinds of English
grasses ; but this attempt has not been brought to a satisfactory
conclusion, as the different kinds experimented on have not yet
been obtained at different stages of development and from various
soils, so that the mean of different analyses may be taken. Thisis
a most praiseworthy effort on the part of the Baron, and it is well
worth imitating by some of our practical chemists ; but however
valuable the information derived in this way may be, we must look
to the occupants or owners of our sheep and cattle runs to practi-
cally learn the real value of these plants. Observations of this kind
should be based upon some intelligent principle, and it should be
carefully noticed the kind of situation, whether low or high, dry or
damp, and the nature of the soil in which the — aT suc-
ceed best, whether early orlate in flowering, and th
fatten best by feeding upon them. In very many parts of the hai
particularly on the sheep runs, a good number of the best grasses
have been entirely destroyed by being too closely eaten down, for
instance the well-known kangaroo grass, Anthistiria Australis,
12 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS,
originally the most generally distributed and most valuable na
grass, almost wholly disappears on sheep runs, while on ce
stocked with cattle it thickens and improves in quality.
the past season I have had collections of grasses sent to me
the Darling and other partially or wholly unstocked parts
country. Many of the most luxuriant and nutritive of these’
general in former times in the more settled parts of the souwen
and western districts, but which, from the causes alluded to,
very few exceptions, the introduced plants of this class have fal
or only partially succeeded. Of these, so far as I am aware,
only permanent kinds are buffalo grass, Stenotaphrum g'4
the couch of colonists, Cynodon dactylon, and perhaps the }
can prairie grass, Bromus Schraderii, which grows well in all parts
of the Colony, while the two former will only flourish within ®@—
coast range. I would also urge on our stock-owners the imp
ance of making careful observations relative to the value W
may be attached to other kinds of fodder plants, so that on
founded grounds the growth of the more durable and fattem™
kinds may be encouraged and those of poorer character allowe®”
die out. :
For some years back various species of Eucalyptus, gtOW!?
thickly over extensive areas extending from Camden 80m
wards, have been dying off, and in a manner s0 regular a8 '
appear to have been caused by human agency. From the rept
examinations which I have made of localities where this sing
phenomenon has occurred, the only hypothesis which I can ®
at is, that the trees have been destroyed by fungus at the ro0!
In this conclusion I am borne out by the fact that the trees do nt
die over any large area simultaneously, but become affected 1m
first instance on one particular spot, and gradually die off, uM"
in a direction from north to south, and in belts of more OF ™”
width, leaving those growing on either sides of such belts ¢
unaffected, for which no reason has yet been satisfactorily a8
If it be a fungus which thus destroys these trees, the 4
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. is
arises why it does not spread laterally instead of proceeding in one
direction ; and to this I have no answer to give. It is certain that
on the roots of the dead trees a minute fungus of a whitish colour
has been observed, but a similar fungus growth is common on the
roots of other dead trees which have perished by decay. The
investigation of this subject is one to be commended to every man
of intelligence who may have the opportunity of inquiring into it.
Myattention has of late been frequently drawn to another strange
occurrence, very different from the last, but almost as difficult to
explain. Over many parts of the country lying between the
Lachlan and the Murray River a species of Frenela, Mirb., locally
called pine, is spreading so rapidly and so thickly as to seriously
affect the grazing capabilities of station property generally. This
tree bears cones, having small seeds, somewhat angular in shape
and hard in substance, but not at all likely to be carried about by
the agency of birds or animals of any kind. The country over
which it is spreading so fast and in such profusion has long been
occupied as sheep and cattle stations, but until the last few years
no great increase of the tree had been noticed. As this new growth
cannot have had a spontaneous existence, it can only be supposed
that the seeds have been lying in the ground for a long and indefi-
nite period. This is the only explanation which I can offer for
the very extraordinary manner in which this tree is spreading. It
is not one, I must admit, quite satisfactory to myself, as, unlike
seeds of certain Acacias, those of Callitris readily vegetate when
placed in the earth, nor does it appear that the ground has under-
gone any unusual change to cause the seeds to germinate.
As yet absolutely nothing has been done in this Colony towards
re-foresting any part of this country, and it is no easy matter to
suggest a practicable plan by which this most desirable object could
be accomplished. Valuable reserves have been made, however, in
many well-timbered parts of the country, under the care and super-
vision of public officials. These reserves will preserve many excel-
lent kinds of trees from being recklessly wasted, and most useful
hereafter as a means of supplying seeds and plants of our best
14 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS,
kinds of trees for the purpose of planting out future forests in the —
adjoining or other districts in situations where they may be
expected to succeed. It is much to be regretted that reserves of
this description were not made at an earlier period, for, had this —
been done, we should not have had to lament the loss and destruc —
tion of a class of vegetation as rich in numbers of species and as : é
luxuriant in growth as can be found in any part of the world: I~
refer to the coast jungle forest extending from Shoalhaven in the —
south to the northern extremities of the Colony, which for the :
most part has been cleared. A quarter of a century ago” the
beautiful district of Iawarra, which is about 40 miles south of
Sydney, was clothed with a dense mass of trees, shrubs, é&e., with ;
a foliage as rich and varied in appearance as could be found im —
any tropical country ; and now, alas! with one especial excepti
of about 40 acres, nearly the whole of this magnificent vegetation
has been destroyed, and the country turned into grazing paddocks.
This especial exception is the property of a coal company, which
fortunately has preserved the surface in its primitive conditi
and on which can still be seen gorgeous masses of two different q
kinds of palms, called, locally, the bangalow and cabbage-tree
; known botanically as Seaforthia elegans, and Corypha :
puree: These, with three or four kinds of tree-ferns, Viz : a
Alsophila Cooperii, Alsophila Australis, Alsophila Macarth
and Dicksonia Antarctica, and many climbing plants, and a ¢
undergrowth overtopped by species of Ficus, Eucalypts, and other
tall trees, the trunks and branches of which are often clothed ‘ i
an abundance of stag’s-horn fern (Platycerium Alcicorne)
the community are due for preserving from destruction this 3 .
nearly the only remaining portion of the glorious natural vé
within the last quarter of a century, from natural deca,
barking and clearing for cultivation, at least one-half
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 15
timbered land of this country has been denuded of its forest vegeta-
tion. Looking at this fact from the point of view that climatic
changes are largely affected by adding to or destroying to any con-
siderable extent the forests of a country, it might have been
expected that ere this time a very considerable diminution of our
rainfall would have been experienced, but it is certain that this
has not been the case, as statistics rather tend to show the reverse,
nor have our principal rivers been diminished in volume of water.
In support of this statement, I received from the Colonial
Astronomer the accompanying diagram non letter :—
“I send you herewith diagram showing by vertical — the
rainfall for each year. For instance, the rainfall of 184 48
inches, and is shown by the line under that year coming an e 4
inches, so on for each year. The straight horizontal line shows
the mean of 40 years, and the short red lines show the means in
periods of 5 years. You will at once see that the rainfall of the
first 20 years was less than the second 20 years, for in the first
20 three of the red lines are below the mean, and one above ;
while in the second 20 three red lines are shove the mean, and
one below. I have thought of several ways of showing what you
want, but this seems to be the best. Actual amounts in figures
are also given. Lake George furnishes a good index of our
seasons : when found, in 1820, it was very full; then it dried up,
and now it has more water than ever before. it: you look at page
182 of my book on the Climate of New South Wales, a copy of
which I think you have (if not I will send one), you will find
some notes about Lake George, which will interest you, re changes
eli
“ Yours very truly,
: “H. C. Russe.”
Our late lamented Vice-President, the Rev. W. B. Clarke, read a
most able paper on this subject shortly before his death, tending
to show the good results as regards moisture and temperature
which had arisen from planting trees in various countries. I am
not now about to dispute the conclusions arrived at in that paper,
but as a rule in discussing this matter too little consideration is
given to the effect of natural agencies. There cannot be a doubt
that the climate, rainfall, and vegetation of a country are all more
or less influenced by geographical position. For instance, the
average thermometer range of Western Australia is very similar
16 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
indeed to that of this Colony ; yet how very different is the vege
tation. Here, within our coast ranges, moist, densely-woodel ;
jungle forests prevail, in which a great profusion of ferns ant
several kinds of palms abound; there, for the most part, vey
little is to be seen but an apparently parched-up small-growing
description of scrub, in which there is but very little trace of fem
This remarkable difference in the coast flora of these two countries ,
is wholly due to position and climate, for although the tempers
ture of both places is almost identical, the rainfall is doublein the
former to what it is in the latter. The jungle forests, as I under
stand the term jungle to mean trees, shrubs, and climbing plants, 4
and undergrowth intermingled into a dense mass, could not ee
in so dry a country as Western Australia. It follows that there
are natural laws which govern the rainfall of a country, and
alter these to any very appreciable extent is beyond the power of
man. This opinion I know is a debatable one, and I shall be very 4
pleased if any fellow member will take the subject up andj —
deavour to prove that I am in error. If the inference which }
present or future, will not alter to any great degree the rainfall oF
temperature of this climate.
I must now trespass"on your patience for some minutes while '
say a few words relative to certain views advocated by = :
illustrious Darwin in his work on “Insectivorous Plants.”
opinions held by this author on this subject, and so powe
enforced in the work referred to, have been accepted by VV
many of the most distinguished naturalists of the present ia
and it may seem somewhat presumptuous in me to question
some of the conclusions arrived at; but when any man, howawt 4
great, ascends into the realm of uncertainty for arguments in ~
port of his theory, he cannot be astonished at any effort which may
be made to controvert them. I am in the unhappy position @
being unable to acquiesce in the doctrine that the plants Or
insectivorous, or those that are said to derive their nourishmet! :
from animal matter, captured through the agency of their
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 17
were intended by nature to depend on, or benefit by, any such
means for their support. Darwin does not claim to have origi-
nated this idea—it is, in fact, a very old one. In some of the early
illustrated botanic works figures are given representing insects
caught by the leaves of some of these plants. In the Botanical Maga-
zine of 1804 there is an illustration of Dionewa muscipula,—the
Venus fly-trap—showing a fly compressed between the lobes of its
leaf, and of this there is a sketch on the table. That the leaves of
this plant are sensitive, and the lobes will close upon each other by
irritating the glandular hairs on the inner surface, is beyond doubt.
In early days it was a favourite amusement of mine to test the irri-
tability of these leaves, and to place flies upon them for nourishment;
but the invariable effect of this was, if often repeated, to destroy
the leaf and injure the plant, and of the many similar experiments
which I have seen reported in the press as tried by practical culti-
vators, I cannot recollect an instance which had resulted in suc-
cess. Then as regards the Droseras or sundews, several species of
which are to be found growing around Sydney, there is no sufficient
evidence adduced here or elsewhere to show that these plants de-
rive any benefit from nitrogenous or animal matter under natural
conditions. It is true that insects are often found caught by the
tentacles or glandular hairs with which the leaves of these plants
are clothed, but I have for many years past sought for proof of
their animal-devouring properties, by examining them under all
kinds of circumstances and in every possible situation, but all my
investigations have failed to afford me the slightest grounds for
believing that they absorb and assimilate nitrogenous matter as
food. These plants seldom grow far apart, but are usually associ-
ated in masses, the smaller species on moist banks, and the com-
paratively large one, Drosera dichotoma, in marshy places ; the last
may be seen in profusion in the water reserve, and some of the
former kinds on the North Shore, so that those who are curious
about this subject have ample opportunities of judging for them-
selves ; and if any unprejudiced observer will examine these plants,
he will find, particularly among the smaller species, some with in-
sects attached, but the great majority without a vestige of animal
18 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS,
life about them ; but in either case I can with confidence pr
that he will not detect any difference in growth. This mays
a very summary way of disposing of this question, which hash
so ably worked out by Darwin, who has shown that the glane
both the Dioncea and the Droseras have the power of secretin
viscid fluid, which, like the gastric juice of animals, has sti
digestive properties capable of dissolving raw meat, and that
ean absorb soluble nitrogenous matter, which is in itself a po
ful argument in favour of the view that these plants prey a
insects, It is a plausible theory, but I am convinced a mis
one. I have been induced to mention this last subject, as it
one not long since debated at one of the sectional meetings of
Society, on which occasion very contradictory opinions were
pressed in regard to the views of Darwin.
[Diagram. ]
Seale of inches
DIAGRAM SHOWING RAINFALL IN INCHES AT SYDNEY FROM 1840 TO 1879.
PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHED AT THE GOVT. PRINTING OFFICE,
SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES.
sas _ “> Nn 2 >) f~] - a mm lo J n ° ~ nv lcd ao 2 Nn r<)
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| Seale each J kears
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Seale of trches
On the Longitude of the Sydney Observatory.
By Joun Trssvrt, F.R.AS.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 2 June, 1880.]
In June, 1878, I had the pleasure of reading before a General
Meeting of the Royal Society of N.S. W.a paper on a proposed correc-
tion to the adopted longitude of the Sydney Observatory, and a
days subsequently I contributed to the Astronomical Section a cores
8 paper on the same subject. The correction to the longi
e, 10h. 4m. 45-74s. E., was based on the longitude of my own
Ohiversicat: derived from ten lunar occultations of stars and the
m. 15-70s. E., its correction from the ten occultations
+ 6°84s., the telegraphic difference of longitude + 1m. 28°83s.,
and the concluded longitude of the Sydney Observatory 10h. 4m.
51:37s. E. East t longitude i is here supposed to be positive. The
occultations were all disappearances at the moon’s dark limb, and
e corrections of the moon’s places were derived from the pub-
lished observations at Greenwich alone. Since 1878 I have been
enabled to extend my investigation to thirteen additional occulta-
tions, so that it now comprises altogether twenty-three occultation-
phases, of which nineteen are disappearances at the dark, and four
are reappearances at the © righ t, limb. For the occultations down
to the close of 1875 the corrections of the Nautical Almanac
io
ree 25’ 53 0” a 99995576 will, therefore, represent respectively
the g geocentric latitude and the log. — In
the sxtjotned table will be found certain data employed in the
20 ON THE LONGITUDE OF THE SYDNEY OBSERVATORY,
twenty-three determinations, together with the resulting indiy
corrections of the longitude of my pastor: * Tt will be
that the mean of the twenty-three corrections is + 611s, am
have the derivation of the longitude of the Sydney Ob
as follows :—
H.
Assumed longitude of my a see EN 9
Correction from the occultati
Concluded longitude of my Observatory .............++++«
Longitude of the Sydney Observatory east of mine .
Concluded longitude of the Sydney Observatory ......
T observe in the introduction to the Melbourne ob
1871-5, recently issued from the press, that a comparison 0
errors of the moon’s right ascension derived from
bourne observations in 1874 and 1875, with the erre
we om 10h. _ 50° Phra E,, a the lo
atory. erie
minations in 1803 and 1871-234 the ‘value 10h. 4m
t between three
mo
ON THE LONGITUDE OF THE SYDNEY OBSERVATORY,
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Note on the Opposition-Magnitudes of Uranus and
Jupiter.
By Joun Terssutt, F.R.A.S,
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 2 June, 1880.]
In a note which I communicated to the Astronomical Section in
May, 1878, I pointed out the was increase in the Nedesirheces :
Uranus at each successive opposition, which increase will go o
till the opposition of 1882, after which the Pore brightness will
diminish. On the evening of 24th April, 1878, sixty-seven
days after the opposition, I found the planet to be of: the 54 mag-
nitude, the comparison being made by means of a small telescope
with Nu (v) Leonis. The star and planet were seen in the same
field of view, and were estimated to be equal. On 18th March
last, or twenty-one days after opposition, I compared the planet
with B.A.C, 3621 and 3622. The comparison, which was made
by means of the naked eye and also a small telescope, showed the
planet to be about equal to the former but superior to = latter.
The . Catalogue gives 54 and 6 respectively as
tudes of the stars, so that Uranus may, at the recent Spent be
safely recorded as a star of the 54 magnitude. Some idea may
formed of its conspicuous character when it is er 1 that I ae
mined pretty accurately its distance from Re
n ordi sextant. I may here a attention ge
the circumstance that J hlter will, at its opposition in October
next, be very near its perihelion, ‘and that the planet will in con-
sequence be a very brilliant object. At each opposition near
perihelion, which occurs every twelve years, it rivals Venus in
brilliancy, and may be seen distinctly without a telescope in full
sunlight. It was a splendid object in September and October,
Observatory, Windso
April 27th, ‘Y88o.
Some New Double Stars and Southern Binaries.
By H. C. Russe, B.A., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 2 June, 1880.]
It is known to some of the members present this evening that I
have for some time past devoted'a A considerable portion of my time
to the examination of the doub din Sir John reat
Cape Observations. While a oing this work I have frequent
peas double stars that he had overlooked ; and I have ooeusiens:
The number thus recorded has gradually increased until now it
stands at 252. Of this list many are close doubles, probably too
ohn He
difficult for the optical means which Sir J rschel had at his
command, and which — ras his search.
Excepting i in the case of tw vee I have not acer rg the
of the members. In preparing the list I have been guided by the
requirements of those who have telescopes of moderate power, so
that some of the doubles are easy, and others very serena in mage
such as may be used as tests for instruments of higher pow I
In a study of this kind the greutenk'e care is necessary to
eel being misled by errors of observation or of accident. I could
refer to a published list of southern double stars in which several
set down as binaries, or probably in motion, the change in
which is not real, but due to the causes mentioned. One curious
ce in my own experience may illustrate this. On the 6th -
October, 1834, Sir John Herschel found a pretty double star,
which is entered in his list as No. 3,416. The magnitudes were
26 SOME NEW DOUBLE STARS AND SOUTHERN BINARIES.
both 8, the distance between them 3”, and the angle of position
126° 1’. Two years later he examined the same star, and found
the magnitudes the same, but the distance was then 6", and the
angle of position 128° 7’. Here seemed unmistakable evidence of
motion, and when I turned the telescope to examine the in
1870, by accidentally misplacing the telescope, nly the diameter
of the field of view, I found another star of the same general —
character, and vik seemed to be Herschel’s star, but the angle
Boe to be 192", and the distance 23". When exa os th
ats an elliptical orbit that I felt sure here w was a new bin The
distance seems large, but it has been proved that there wa be a
distance of 22” between two stars in an orbital system, and here
was but one second more. The slight difference in right ascension
and declination did not attract much attention, because it is not
uncommon to such errors in the Cape catalogue. Sule
observation, however, revealed no change in my star,
searching more carefully I found Herschel’s star, of which ie
distance proves to be 5”2, and the position peale 125° 38’, nearly
mean between Herschel’s distances, and about the same
proving that no appreciable change has taken place in it since ba
"Of the new double stars which I perpoes to put before you to
night, 22 are in the constellation Crux, as shown in this map,
which you will see has in some S ahirced cau the limits of
the constellation. For the purpose of showing you their relative —
positions with regard to other stars in that constellation, Ihave —
had this diagram prepared, which shows, first, the positions of te
catalogued stars; second, Sir John Herschel’s 25 doubles ; and, |
thirdly, my own with a black circle round each. The first of thet
in R. A. 1th, 40m., dec. 57° 20’, is a very pretty double, of vie
the distance is 5”, both of the 9th magnitude, and yellow: at ll
general list of 252 new ones, com having some poll
would make y useful or interesting to to the o “
fs gs elgg) 45m., dec. 58° 38’, when first paar in 1874
Smeg difficult double star, of which the distance was less
measuring such a y be best conveyed to the non-00%”
by saying that ina large. telescope (7 inches) the two image
SOME NEW DOUBLE STARS AND SOUTHERN BINARIES. 27
the stars of this double, formed in the focus, would spay 54
separated by a linear space of one four thousandth part of
The angle and distance of this pair have gradually cas 4
1874, until now the distance is over 1”, and there is reason to
sup ; system.
almost equally difficult is one easily seen by the naked eye: it is
usc, the second brightest in the little constellation, under the
divided
do
by the large telescope first in April, 1878. The measured di
is only 0°54, and the angle of position 317° 16. It forms » most
beautiful object when seen under suitable optical power, and will
serve as a capital test for defining f ciao Of the other stars in
preteen unnecessary to speak 'y. They are
ust a few out of the larger list, and may be interesting.
Brvary ome
ay thn Seer ea esacvathion Ae oende Gas petied ck
the then exi i ions ; e the period of
a Te 123 oe a second pt reduced it
eoretical
dimensions ; but: two wuch-sters forming a binary system
not one about the other, but about the common centre of
gravity, which, if the stars are equal, would be a point midway
28 SOME NEW DOUBLE STARS AND SOUTHERN BINARIES.
between them, so that this seems to be a well marked instance of
this curious phenomenon, viz., two immense bodies revolving about
a point in space, 7.¢., about nothing ; but this implies more, for while
one star appears to us to be going round the other, both would, if we
could refer their position to some fixed point, be found to have
changed their places in proportion to their motion in their orbits. It
so happens that these stars are now favourably situated for detecting
such a change with the transit instrument, and they will be regularly
observed for that purpose. But from an examination of the Cape
adras catalogue it seems evident that the star taken as the
fixed one is actually in motion. But the question may be viewed
in another way ; unless stars are connected in binary systems, the
only test we have of their magnitude is the amount of light they
send to us. Now, here we have two stars equal in light and there
fore theoretically equal in size, and, as we have seen before,
all the observations go to show that if this is a binary the apparent
orbit is an ellipse of which one star does not occupy the centre —
and therefore, though equal in brilliance, one must be larger than
the other. a
It was my intention to have placed before you facts relatimg
to several other southern binary stars, but the pressure of other —
engagements has rendered this impossible now, but I hope at 20
distant date to place before you some of the results of my observ
tions of Sir John Herschel’s doubles, and I may then include
information I am now obliged to defer. I may say, however, 4
the number of those which give certain evidence of being bmary
SOME NEW DOUBLE STARS AND SOUTHERN BINARIES.
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30
SOME NEW DOUBLE STARS AND SOUTHERN BINARIES.
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SOME NEW DOUBLE STARS AND SOUTHERN BINARIES. 31
Discussion.
at Madras, in 1840, when the direction of the line joining them
would be nearly in a parallel of latitude, so that bisecting the image
tn tha oe ME 4 4 bP - ty Ay | ook oe = Peon bs Poe
of either star. The observations at the Cape, in 1876, when the
angle of position had become about 54° show when compared with
those at Madras that one of the stars had moved 3-1 seconds of are,
while the other seemed to be fixed, and these observations prove
that the change is in the preceding star, and therefore the angle of
position should have been taken on the preceding side; for the
purpose of the diagram, however, which was merel
motion, this is not material. Mr. Russell saidhewould like todirect
attention to one possibility which the diagram reveals, viz., that
this may not be a binary star at all, but merely one star passing
another by reason of its proper motion. It will be seen that,
recent observers ; and a sm
possibility of which no one would have more readily admitted than
Herschel himself, would at once place this star out of the list of
binaries ; already the orbit computed by Jacob has proved too small
to include the observations, and the period requires to be increased
as we have seen to 144 years, and the uncertainty attending the
early observations lends force to the supposition that we have here
only the effect of proper motion.
[Two diagrams.]
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Leama a t aimeaire Diagram 1. Pt? Russells paper on Double Stars.
DIACRAM SHEWINC OBSERVED POSITIONS
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PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHED AT THE GOVT. PRINTING OFFICE,
SYDNEY,:NEW SOUTH WALES. ee
@« Russell.
@ Russell. E :
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On the Orbit-Elements of Comet I., 1880 (Great
Southern Comet
By J. Tessutt, F.R.A.S.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 7 July, 1880.]
Tux comet which forms the subject of the present paper was one
get a sight of the head, and then for a few seconds merely, be-
tween clouds. Fort unately the weather was more favourable at
the Melbourne ptomieren: and Mr. Ellery, and his valued assist-
ant, Mr. White, succeeded in obtaining observations on the even-
ings of February 3th, 10th, 14th, 15th, 16th, and 17th, and these
Mr. Ellery has very kindly communicated to me. On May 21st
the Observatory for — 1st came to hand, from which I learned
that communications had reached Englan and from Mr. Gill, of =
also
determination of the comet’s orbit. In a paragraph of the same
— of the Observatory it was also stated that Dr. Gould, of
the Argentine National Observatory at Cordoba, had observed the
comet. The following elements communicated by Mr. Hind had
been computed respectively by Mr. Finlay, Chief Assistant at the
Cape of Good Hope Observatory, and by Mr. Hind, from an
observation by Dr. Gould on February 4th, and from rough places
for February 10th and 15th, sent to England by Mr. Gill. These
elements, placed in juxtaposition with those computed by Hub-
sets for the great comet of 1843, appeared in the Observatory as
ollows :—
Finlay. Hind. Comet, 1843.
Perihelion passage -- 1880, Jan. 27°55d Jan. 27 60274 GMT
Longitude be perihelion Be 280° 16’ 279° 6.8 278° 35-1
itude of ascending node. . 123 24°5 419 1 206
Inclination mA ic 75 12 35 39°8 35 38°2
Perihelion distance lea te 0-008001 0°0059390 0°005511
Motion Direct Retrograde Retrograde
Sun’s radius, 0-004664 (gun’s mean distance = =a J).
system almost grazing the sun’s surface in perihelion, and revoly- _
ing in less than thirty-seven years? I confess I feel a difficulty —
in admitting it, notwithstanding the above extraordinary resem-
blance of orbits.” It was also stated in the Observatory that, from
rough places on February 10th, 13th, and 15th, Mr. Hind had —
previously found elements somewhat different from those which
communicated. Both sets differed in toto from Mr. Finlay’. e
The members of the Royal Society of N.S.W. will not fail to
perceive the utter dissimilarity subsisting between the results
given by Mr. Hind and Mr. Finlay, but this is not all, for now the —
Astronomische Nachrichten has come to hand, bringing more
determinations of the orbit, varying as much from one another as
those computed by the two astronomers already referred to. The
following approximate determinations have appeared in that
periodical up to April 8th, the latest date received :— a4
: Liais. Copeland. Gould,
Perihelion passage wt. Feb. 10 to 11 Jan, 26 465d Jan. a7 4185d a
Berlin M. T. Wash. MoT
Longitude of perihelion +. 105° 256 9 280° 26° 50” 4
Longitude of ascending node.. 120 832 46°9 7 50 i mi
Inclination of orbit ., «i 60 46 25°4 35. 5 Mae
Perihelion distance .. oy 0°08 to 0°10 07038127
Me ORE ea te Direct Retrograde Retrograde
The elements given by M. Liais, Director of the Observa
at Rio Janeiro, somewhat resemble those arrived at by !
without interest to our Society. In the Herald of the 2
last, T announced that there was between the orbit given
Hind and the Melbourne observations a sufficient agre®
as
ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET I., 1880, 35
comparison only with o Sculptoris. This circumstance, it will
be seen, is an unfortunate one. The three adopted apparent
positions of the comet are as follows :—
Melbourne Mean Time. R. A. a. PD,
a, ha, e,
ren, 2: 9... Fae
9 14.9 59: 26:7
ioc wk: 8 we oe
123° 43’ 43”
2 5°62 122 21 8
41 951 120 21 43
mm 0
He
ee
for)
3
Correcting these times and positions for aberration and parallax
and adopting the ecliptic as the fundamental plane, we get the
following co-ordinates referred to the mean equinox of the be-
ginning of the year :—
Feb. Righchrs Greenwich M. T. A=341° 5'34°1” B= -28° 49’ 39°5”
boon iy A’=359 36 56 p’=-35 31 01
- - ane = "= 9 57 70 p’=-37 37181
The places of the sun have been taken from the British Nautical
Almanac, have been duly corrected for aberration and reduced to
the same equinox. The logarithms of the earth’s radius vector
have been taken from the same source. Assuming now the
proportionality of the rectilinear instead of the parabolic sectors
described by the comet to the times of description, I arrived at a
value of the ratio of the curtate distances of the comet from the
earth for the first and third observations, which, when Lambert’s
theorem was satisfied, gave a system of elements differing but
little from that communicated by Mr. Hin n correcting the
assumption from which the ratio was derived I obtained another
system differing considerably from the other. By a comparison
of the residuals in longitude and latitude for 2 middle observa-
tion, as derived from these two sys Id
value of the ratio, which gave finally the kliowig system of
parabolic elements :—
Perihelion passage .....,.......++0+5 1880, January 27°56330d G.M.T.
Longitude of the perihelion ...... 277° 22’ 53”°4 :
Longitude of the ascending node 358 22 48 °6 M.Equinox, 1880°0
Inclination of the orbit............ 36 41 41 ‘9
Perihelion distance 0°0067243
Heliocentric motion ............... Retrograde
On recalculating the geocentric places from these elements, I
obtained the following residuals, in the sense of calculation minus
observation :—
Feb. 8 Ad cosB =—- 5" 2 AB=+ 05
freee AX’ cos 8’ = + 59 °7 Af’ =- 77 6
” 16, Ax’ cos RB” = + 0°5 Ap’= + 0:'l
36 ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET I., 1880.
It will be seen that the first and third positions are not perfec
satisfied by the elements, but I may state that owing to the.
perihelion distance of the comet, the exceedingly small are,
scribed by the comet between the extreme observations, and‘
very large anomaly in that arc, the calculation of the orbitis
attended with great difficulty. I do not wonder at the conflicting
sets of orbit-elements assigned to this body by be eal com
tion of the adopted ratio of the curtate distan Ly
however, to correct this ratio will not furnish resides within
limits of probable errors of observation. It would
fore, that the three positions cannot be satisfied on the hy poth
of parabolic e motion, and that the orbit is elliptic. On comp
the elements which I have thus deduced with those cot
- these I now transfer to my paper, in order that the mem»
y have the opportunity of comparing them with the lis ¢
due for the late comet. I have roughly corrected the lon
or the precession of the equinoxes since 1843.
37
ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET I., 1880.
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38 ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET 1., 1880.
On looking down the list one cannot fail to recognize the close
resemblance between the elements which I present to the Society
and the third orbit calculated by Laugier and Mauvais. Butl
wish also to draw the attention of the Society to the fact that
these computers assign a period of thirty-five years in their or
which so closely resembles mine, and this period it will be observed
differs only two years from the interval between the appearance of
the comet of 1843 and that of 1880. To their second orbit they
assign a period of 175 years, and this it will be seen is commenst-
rate with that of thirty-five years. Mr. Hind, in his Treatise onthe
Comets, edition of 1852, says :—“ Several comets have been men
tioned as probably identical with the great one of 1843, and m
particular those of 1668 and 1689, which exhibited tails of unusual
len, it were one and the same comet that appeared in 1668,
1689, and 1843, the period of revolution could differ but little from |
good grounds for believing that its whole course cannot be Mt
ce 4
March and h " mo year, ViZ., on ie
arch and the following days. Its brightness was SUC) yg
reflected trace was easily distinguished on the sea be ce
when it at length came in sight, was comparatively ne eo i
ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET I., 1880. 39
certainty by a careful examination of what is recorded of the older
comet. Locating on a celestial chart the situation of the head
concluded from the direction and appearance of the tail, when only
that was seen, and its visible place, when mentioned, according to
the descriptions given, it has been found practicable to derive a
rough orbit from the course thus laid down ; and this agrees in all
its features so well with that of the modern comet as nearly to
remove all doubt on the subject. Comets, moreover, are recorded
to have been seen in A.D, 268, 442-3, 791, 968, 1143, 1317, 1494,
which may have been returns of this, since the ‘period above men-
tioned would bring round its appearance to the years 268, 443,
618, 793, 968, 1143 1318, and 1493, and a certain latitude must
ways he allowed for aaknown perturbations. But this is not the
only comet on record whose identity with the comet of 1843 has
been maintained. In 1689 a comet bearing a considerable resem-
blance to it was observed from the 8th to the 23rd of a slotiabte
o is
this period calculated backwards from 1843-156 will seth us upon
& series of years remarkable for the appearance of great comets,
paced of which, as well as the imperfect earings rea we have of
ir appearance and situation in the heavens, offer t least no
ais contradiction to the supposition of their identity ‘with this.
Besides those already m Since as indicated ke the peri mm “e ie
years, we may specify as probable or possible intermediate
of the comets of 7 33(2), 1689 above serena") 1559(1)
1537, 1515, 1471, 1426, 1405-6, 1383, 1361, 1340, 1296, 1274, 1230,
1208, 1098, 1056, 1034, 1012, 990, 925(0), 858(), 684, 852,530, 121,
"Should this vie bjec
pati or oF 247, 180, 158.
may expect its return about the én of 1864 0 or rlercichad
of "1865, in which event it it will be observable in the southern
dnc the ‘‘Cométographie,” a work indispensable to all who would
40 ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET 1., 1880,
hemisphere both before and after its perihelion passage.” I have
made these rather lengthy extracts in order to show the members
what interest attaches to the comet of 1843. In connection with the
closing remarks of Sir J. Herschel, I may say that a very fine
comet did appear in the beginning of 1865, which was o
only in the southern hemisphere. It was at: first generally sup-
posed by the colonists to be the comet of which Sir J. Herschel
speaks, but a determination of the orbit which I published at the
be identical with it will again be ransacked in order to obtain, if
possible, further evidence of identity. I am extremely anxioust0
refer to Pingré’s Cométographie, Carl’s Repertorium der Cometétt
Astronomie and Cooper's Cometic Orbits, which invaluable works
unfortunately I do not possess, nor do I think they are to be
in the library of the Sydney Observatory. And here I would take
the opportunity of respectfully suggesting to those in authority
the absolute importance of furnishing that young institution WY
copies of certain astronomical works in English, F rench, and |
German, without which no Observatory library can be said to be
complete. A copious library for reference is as necessary 10°
practical astronomer as are his transit instrument, clock, and equa a
torial. I will now take leave of the more technical 7 m
subject, with an expression of the hope that the orbit-element
have now presented to the Society may be found to be much 1 a 4
accurate than any which have yet reached the colony. At a
events I believe they will be found sufficiently accurate to serve
provisional elements for the reduction of all the southoens them of
esting particulars respecting the mee
orbit which I have calculated. For the linear
ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET L, 1880. 41
1849,” viz. 20,923,700 English feet or 3,962'822 English
miles. It appears now that towards the close of January the
comet was rapidly approaching the sun from the regi ing
south of the ecliptic. It proceeded, of course, with accelerated
velocity towards that luminary, and at thirty-six minutes past 11
o'clock on the morning of the 27th (Sydney mean time) or just
twenty-four hours before perihelion, it arrived at a point 9,584,500
miles from the sun’s centre. At twenty-seven minutes 1
o’clock a.m. on the 28th it crossed the plane of the earth’s orbit at
a distance of 1,074,600 miles from the same point. Its course
now lay on the north side of the ecliptic, and sixty-nine minutes
later it arrived in perihelion or that point of its orbit nearest to
thesun. The distance between the sun’s centre and the centre of
gravity of the comet at this moment according to my elements was
621,380 miles. The semi-diameter of the sun at the earth’s mean
- distance, resulting from twelve years’ observations, 1836 to 1847,
at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, is 16'1’°82. If we adopt
this value and execute the necessary calculation we shall find that
at the instant of perihelion passage the comet’s centre was actually
only 190,480 miles distant from the sun’s. surface. The heat to
which the comet was subjected at this point of its path in space
must have been something beyond human conception, and the solar
orb itself subtended an angle of 88°, or 165 times greater than its
apparent diameter as seen from the earth. Sir John Herschel says
that “the comet of 1680, whose perihelion distance was 0-0062, and
which therefore approached the sun’s surface within one-third part
of his radius (more than double the distance of the comet of 1843)
was computed by Newton to have been subjected to an intensity
of heat two thousand times that of ot iron,—a term of com-
ison indeed of a very vague description, and which modern
thermotics do not recognize as affording a legitimate measure of
radiant heat.” After leaving perihelion the angular velocity of our
i om the sun
rapidly increased. At twenty-seven minutes past 1 o’clock in the
afternoon of the 28th the comet from the north tothe south
side of the ecliptic, at a distance of 1,473,300 miles from the sun’s
centre. It thus appears that the comet was only three hours on
the north side of the plane of the earth’s orbit, and in this brief
Space of time it of course described an arc of 180°, or just one-half
of its apparent path in the heavens as seen from the sun. I find
by a rough calculation that if the perihelion passage had occurred
comet across the sun’s
during the interval I have described, was pursuing its path unseen
from our planet, and it was not till the Ist day of February that
its huge tail was detected from several parts of the southern
42 ON THE ORBIT-ELEMENTS OF COMET I, 1880.
hemisphere. On the evening of the 9th it was accurately observed
at the Melbourne Observatory, but it had then receded toa dis-
tance of 53,885,000 miles from the sun, its corresponding distance
from our planet being 62,205,000 miles. On the evening of the
17th the Melbourne observers obtained their last position, the
comet having then increased its distance from the sun and
to 75,293,000 and 69,508,000 miles respectively. This evening,
July 7th, while Iam reading this paper to the Society, it has
minor planets. Assuming that our late visitor is the great com
of 1843 with a period of 37 years, it will ultimately reach its
aphelion at a distance of 2,052 millions of miles or within the
orbit of the planet Neptune, and will then commence its retum
journey towards the sun, and make its reappearance to the earth's
inhabitants about the year 1917, ;
Having now given you as much information as lies in my powel,
T must take leave of my subject. I trust that in the course of a
few weeks we shall receive from Europe information more accurate
and detailed than that of which we are at present in possession.
The Observatory, Windsor,
June 26th, 1880,
43
Note on a New Method of Printing Barometer and
other Curves.
By H. C. Russrxt, B.A., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 5 August, 1880.]
THE necessity for a convenient and expeditious method of printing
barometer curves has long been felt by all who have had to publish
weather maps, and I have therefore no hesitation in publishing
what to me at least appears to be one method of meeting this
“a
is simple enough. The blanks for the curves containing lines
at 29:4, 29°6, 29°8, 30-0, 30-2, and 30-4, _and these hee by
' and serves as a printing surface. The whole of this may be done
in less time than it has taken to describe it.
The advan obvious :—
In the first place, it gives a block which can be printed with
ordinary type, and has therefore a great advantage over the litho- -
graph system, in which the curve has to be printed after the map
is aes complete.
: As soon as the barometers are reduced the printing
Fourth: By this system the blocks fume be placed together for
oo peluting, as shown, so that the change in the barometers
day to day is seen at a glance.
44 NEW METHOD OF PRINTING BAROMETER CURVES. |
It seems hardly necessary to suggest other uses, but no
sade SGI be dooind for this method of preparing a block
[One dia: |
zZram,
’
rf We
x a
ij a
Teg
Hesiae
+ :
1: SPREE mo 3
Me =
i
Neh
oe
vd
a
; ln
Did roe ial 4
jpn
oe
pai ks eh ad sB Y
; . > Seat ties
ue acti se
SPECIMEN CURVES. 40
Curve showing state of Barometer.
yj @
8) <! 3) a] a) =) S)a) S$) S/F) ale) Bol ale
October 20th, 1880. | s gbonduce
Generally cloudy. } — SS
ia all ED
Curve showing state of Barometer.
! ‘ pes
a «| 2] .] x18] |] 8/818 ole|Z]ola[a] |
8 | ee
October 21st, 1880. | ™ | Cy |
Rain general ; wind W l & L |
: al od _] |
ex Oe Sn mee ee | |
Curve showing state of Barometer.
oO i)
a Pe oe ee
LWe me . | Crp wee
Curve showing state of Barom
|
AN
~
las
~
.
{ 8] <] S| ou] a) E] S| xx) 2/8) 2) al z| El ojala
4
* Bs —
Wind light; weather oo
- aes. oT
4 ——
ie
October 24th—Sunday. Curve showing state of Baxometer.
a} < | zl 2 a = n
|\ | Re
|
|
| || we
Neg
S ze
or TR oe
October 25th. | 7) a oa ana Neee
Winds variable. 30°0 = |
e showing state of Barometer.
")
wal $1 S1El ol zl Bl of al
eh Eqs ae Pos find
|
>
=
3
E
d
I
]
4
| Go
October 26th.
Generally fine and ch
N. to N.E\~
bo
nd Sle
Te <
pti an Hg Beare ta EAT
REL ee tS og
an td Meds ity
47
Note upon a Sliding-scale for correcting Barometer
Readings to 32° Fah. and Mean Sea Level.
By H. ©. Russert, B.A., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 1 September, 1880.]
Just eleven years since I had the honour of reading before this
- Society a description of the sliding-scale which I then designed
and made for the purpose of doing away with the computation
which had previously been necessary when the humidity of the air
was required from readings of the dry and wet bulb thermo-
meters. That sliding-scale has been a useful servant in Sydney
and other observatories ever since, and has saved an amount of
time which it would be difficult to estimate ; but it only met one
temperature and altitude at one in: ion.
The scale was made by taking a strip of paper and at one end
—say Bathurst,
and altitude ; the 0 of the scale was then placed on the table so
48 SsLIDING-SCALE FOR CORRECTING BAROMETER READINGS.
barometer or the nearest reading to it was found ; opposite thisa
mark was made on the scale and “ Bathurst” written on it. Now,
whenever the same reading is received, the scale being placed as
before, the marks opposite Bathurst would show the corrected
reading ; and since the readings in the columns increase at the
rate of 0-01, any other reading being given with the same tempera
ture, the same scale would serve to point out the corrected reading
required.
The table thus prepared was placed upon a cylinder, so that any
part of it could be immediately brought up for inspection, and the —
scales (some forty-six—one for each degree of temperature) were pre
and promised a very great saving of time; but in
variation in the atmospheric pressure. The result is the com
venient sliding-scale represented in the annexed photo-lithograph.
.
to begin at 28 inches, in order to reach the high stations. A
taken, and corrected for index error for the temperature of en ;
and for altitude; the barometer scale on a strip of pape @
“corrected” reading as by computation was found, and
| made. Exactl
upon it the corrected readings of the barometer for any '
‘ any troublesome extent. The use of this scale
SLIDING-SCALE FOR CORRECTING BAROMETER READINGS. 49
into prominence one of the little troubles of a sa ict com-
puter. Itis this. Suppose this morning Mount Victoria sends
in a reading of his barometer 26°742, and air temperature 50°,
— at Sydney the barometer read 30 ‘021, and air temperature
57°; now the question arises for which of these temperatures,
or fage what other, shall I compute the altitude correction.
retically, in computing altitude corrections it is assumed that the
air is cooler in proportion to the elevation, and therefore the
mean of the two should be taken ; but in our practice this is foun
to be incorrect, and all the barometers will agree better if they are
corrected for altitude at the temperature of Sydney, and the
corrections are always therefore computed at the Sydney tem-
perature. You will naturally ask why is theory wrong in this
instance ; probably the answer would be found in the — con-
dition of our atmosphere, which is that of having a warm win
QR
using the sliding-scale, we follow the old rule of using the Sydney
temperature, but when the readings are taken on this line, H eek &
they are affected by the right altitude correction, they are
by the wrong correction for temperature, for the line is plotted as
stated before, so that the temperature and altitude correction for
the thermometer a the station in question.
It is found impossible to pore for this difficulty in the sliding-
scale ; but it is met by adding to the reading found, 2} times the
difference between the thermometers when the u upper thermo-
meter is lower, and subtracting it when it is higher. It is evident
that such a sliding-scale will not give the correct to
0-001 in, but it vill to 0-01, which is more than sufficiently
accurate for the purpose of daily weather maps; and if the third
place of decimals is taken by estimation, the readings are found
sie eat to coincide with the computed readings.
I should mention here that as Kiandra, one of the meteoro-
—_ ae is at an altitude of 4,640 feet, it — be necessary
he scale at 25,000 inches, so ae sliding-scale
ontesiéioen of 1, 2, or 3 inches were made to the seer of the
barometers, and the scale plotted accordingly.
Se
—
BS
x
=
dX
XN
3
x = TS
————
”
Ae
a
Soe SS SS SS
s
saMonie+ | /
VIYOLDIA cI /
VHaNVIN
saHoNiot
— —~ ea
vy
=
ss
SIHINIC +
— FIvaiwyv
WONT +
IS¥NHiVva va
|
SCALE
sPrECeEELerEE
v
r
—
|
f
| nynginog | |
Ae
a
~ HyGaNNnol~| 4
¢3ayosr |
EEF EREER
ih
x
: — x
am
=
A
SLIDING SCALE FOR CORRECTING BAROMETER READINCS
Se
a
<=
oi
WONT +
ae
x
X
AS E=
oo
a eet
VDOWM WOOUMA I~ |
AYN TV
SANs eT |
Ler]
NINOIMINIG |
13 ee a ee
a eo
i. \
\
qi:
——oo
[—
Es
VANYOW {
Soil
| EF | er
‘ | ee ed ‘ _— +
soe L—| ' =
’ _— an a‘ oe ee mel _—— Ube ae | i
orot ea : Lee , ie = a | |
HIYOMLNIM{~ | ee | ee | | |
eee | | eee routed | |
ree 4a ee : ee | a
Ouse 4 — ie near ' ; | 3 IB a | cp
FOuU0ID x6 AdVI LEH pengek |
JLSVOMIN pee ae | i |
waaa tT] T | | | | | |
QO eNO ie © AES IN V4 ON
oa
rmoOU-O
Thunder and Hail Storms in New South Wales.
By H. C. Russenr, B.A., F.R.AS.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 1 December, 1880.]
call for some precaution against it in the construction of the build-
ing, and the question was referred to me for an answer. After a
careful ination of all tl ilabl 1s up to the end of 1878,
I addressed to the Commission a letter, the substance of which ma
be here quoted :—“ After a careful examination of the recorded
ance also with the above, it appears that they are not severe or
numerous in wet years. As the present year (1879) may be fairly
classed amongst these, the probability of a severe hail-storm is very
remote, and would not I think justify the outlay necessary to pro-
vide special protection for the glass in the roof of the building.”
The examination necessary to arrive at the answer involved some
is the great number of storms in the.early of November, or
when the earth is ing through the November meteor stre
The first table shows the date, place at which i (
line used for thunder-storms was therefore made uniform ; and the
number. which in. urse of years have occurred op the same
52 THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES.
day of the month is shown by adding one line to the other ; as for
instance, for the 10th of February seven storms are on record, the
line is therefore made over seven spaces in the scale. will
be seen, is the heaviest record against any day of the year except
8th December, which has an equal number. The diagram shows
clearly the preponderance of storms during the summer.
TaBLe I.—ReEcoRDED Hai. Storms.
Page. | Year. | Month. | Place. Character. | Coef.
} {| 1795 | Dees 5 | Hawkesbury .....:......00665 *6 to8 ~ — 10
62 | 1797 | Nov. 8 | Sydney esis 7
2 | 1798 | May 14 a pail ci Pint 10
64 | 1799 | Nov. 15 | Hawkesbury and Sydney..| Seve 5
67 | 1804 | Dec. 10 prose Not severe 4
Sep. 24 | Hawkesbury ..............+++.| Severe(night) 5
2 | 1806 | Nov. 9 ahead Bia aan Seve: 7
22... 2 Re 2 oe ae eens 7
aS). 3 are 6 Hawkesbury soncosectnvpapeee! Light 4
) | 1809 | Sep. 13 | Sydney a 4
3 | 1810 | Oct. 6 = Sev 7
| | 1812 | Jan, 17 fe Very sons _
1812 | Sep. 12 ”
isl See et ea Musket balls} 5
3 | 1813 | Mar. 10 | Hawkesbury ..s....c..c+000 Neverequal’d) 1?
78 {| 1814; ,, 10] Sydney Very severe 8
79 | 1814 | Dec. 24 Bunbury Curran .........+0+ Severe 4
) | 1815 | Oct. 1 | Appin Light
Mar. 21 | Hawkesbury ...........0.-s0« 2 severe ones 10
83 | 1818 & 23
90 | 1823 | Nov. 13 | Wilberforce ............0++ Severe ‘
90 | 1824 | Jan. 1 | Sydney
90 | 1824 | May 6 | Prospect Very severe 1
91 | 1824 | Dec. 16 | Hawkesbury ..............:0+ ”
94 | 1826 | Nov. 4] Pe Severe
100 1829 | Jan. 13 8 ydney ”
102 | 1829 | Aug. Bullets
103 | 1829 | Oct. 22 | Parramatta and Sydney ...| Severe
829| ,, 21 | Hunter “
1 1830 | Feb. Zz , a” 1
107 | 1830 26 | Sydney ” :
1831 | Feb. 21 ”
1 833 | April 30 | Bathurst.... ”
128 | 1834 | Nov. 1 unter ”
1 ” 20 Bathurst aoe ? 7
135 | 1837 | Oct. 31 | Maitland .| Very severe ,
135 | 1837 | ,, 28 | Sydney saaa] SOVETE ,
138 | 1838 ” 12 Yous sone 2 {
1 1838 | Dec. 18 | Parramatta and Hunter ... ” ’
139 | 1839 | Jan. 8 | Mameroo...........0.sseeerreees ” eo
] July 20 ae ” i, Manatee
142 | 1839 | Aug. 22 | Sydney ...........- istedmeeyg oe -
———
THUNDER AND
HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES.
TaBLE I—continued.
53
Page: | Year. Month. Place. Character. Coef.
144 | 1839.| Nov. 17 | Richmond .. ..............0.. Severe 10
144 | 1839 | ,, 14 | Hawkesbury .................. é 8
144 | 1839 | Dec. 16 alan a 9
146 | 1840 | Mar. 25 Serer hoe pres cee = es 6
149 | 1841 ct. 12 | Paterson oa 9
150 | 1847 | July 2 as o 7
150 | 1848 | Jan. 30 Brisbane Water ............ a 7
152 | 1852 | April 5 | Mangrove *” 10
152 | 1858 | Feb. 2 Brisbane Water ............ Very severe 8
152 | 1 INOW 1B fo gg RR a eee Light 4
153 | 1861 | Feb. 16 fo SOB Very severe 8
153 | 1861 | May 3 ee eee vere 7
154 | 1862 | Jan. 25 get TSS Oa ight 4
154 | 1864 | Sept. 15 | Singleton ...............e. 00! Severe 10
154 | 1864 6-10 | Lochinvel wd Sais at Light 4
154 | 1864 | Nov. 4 | Singleton vere 10
TABLE II, ee Nora
years 1844 and 1548 to
ened = Thunderstorms and ase? at South Head
Year. Date. — Hail. || Year. Date. | tounder Hail.
1844 | Oct. 15 Th. 1850 | Jan 2 Th.
Seng BS AG at
1848 | Nov. 15 Th. Feb. 11...) Th.
. Th. oo a i
ao i ee Th.
1849 | Jan. 10...) Th. Mar.) 2 Th.
»» deer, me (ied
Feb. 16...) Th. eg? 28 a ae
% 48 Th. Aprill4 Th. :
” bier Th. pt. 1 Kk eae Hail.
eee oes Th. ” 5.. ove Hail.
Apel 17 33 he 3 ae Hig :
i hs ae 3 ae
” ] le 99 14 Th. eee Hail.
ee ao. PY 15 Th.
May 19. he Nov. 7 Th.
Oct. 20 b h. 30 9 Th.
Nov. 15. h. 3a} Ws eed 3
oo 50% he Dec, 8. Th.
2? vee he oe ae Th,
Dec. 24.) Th; er FE oc ee
” 3 eee y h. ry 22 se
2 > - . a,
» 26::.) Th, 2661 (Jan. 3...) “Th.
” 2 b be < im ” 15 on Th,
_ 29... as Th, 16 oo Te,
SOS
54 THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES,
TasLe II]—continued.
Year. Date. | Thunder. Hail. Year. Date. Thunder.| Hail.
1861 | Jan. 22...) Th. 1853 | Feb. 7...|| Th.
aga yore aaa i Th
Feb. 16....| Th.
Mar. «34.0. (Eli... wih daeade
5 G...... Eh.
ps Dene
eo a
yet MS
pe SES Eh.
” 27 wee " bh.
Aprill4...| Th.
Sept.13...| Th.. ...| Hail.
= eat “Eh,
Oct. aba” Th.
Lo Th.
ys eed DR. ons Lees .
agen ae Baad bd °
mot. ch. LK, Th.
oo Mou /Eh, .
SN Sa Es Hail. .
vw SEY Th.
> Se é
> Th. Th.
Dec. 8 Th. Th.
asee’.! Th, ee
ie ee i
ij, ee, Th. Th.
= = So bg Th.
# Th.
1852 | Feb. -6 ... sepa
Mar. 28...|. Th Th.
April 6...) Th Th.
Pun SEB. acs, Hail. | Th.
duly ode. 2)... Tis a
8 eis vew’ ff Mail, | Th.
aed Th. el Y
ne Th. 1855 Jan. 5 ES) Th.
Oct. - 7 Th. 2 a i a
a ug. ove
x Th. Oct 8 | Th. ..| Baile
Noy. 22 Th. Nov. 5...) Th Hail.
2? Caer apo eee Hail. ” 28 ... Ti sn he :
Dec... 8 Th. a
Te
————— and the
Many of these dates may be two or three yale as the returns are woe arms 0
date — always specified mo e fully than ‘* days’ thunder,” oF :
two days.’ :
: : “
dtéddd deddddddddddddddddd ‘dddd dddddd ddddddde
Gea) SS Seer ee Bee ee es ee eee et ee ae
Bek pee |
Se 26 ob OR. SA ee ee ee oe
Year and
Date. Aurora. | Thunder. | Remarks.
|
Taste Il—continued.
AAS SAAR prea =
. . ® 3
TuunpeErstorms, &c., Sydney.
THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES.
ont te
F E
: : - Ei 3
iS.
E dddddddddadae éeea ll I adda | ddédddddd dd ddd ddd
: She heee & hb o> eae eG fas PEBirigiii:
E PR Tt Ee SSeS ass hikwet oP ee ub
iy| g2USRe-teonan "bia HRLR poe ee PRR aresoeaR
S| “Z522c2282288 Agaadggiaeee geeuusege Ages sEipaieas
56
TaBLE I]—continued.
THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES.
Year and | Aurora. | Thunder. | Remarks. || ¥°™®"4/ Aurora. | Thunder. | Remarks.
1862. i Th.
Dec. 8 ee f Phe EU eee ayan, “84 onak Th.
Dec. 144 one The. oe dean, Of cd Th.
Dee. 20}. 2233 The: Ue ee ey eF L.. te Th.
Dee Flt iw j Th, Th.
Dec. 25 F Phe). (oe yamiidan.: SIF. 2282 Th.
Dec. 26 Hey The PS Seti Reb: Fb. ae Th.
Dec. 31 The. ad, eethWeb. 164. ed BR Has bi
per Th.
eee Th.
1 Th,
Jan. 1 bag Th.
= eee 2 eee The oe Apr EF Eo: cet Th.
em 20 eg Th. Aurora?
Peb: fly Lh Th. cate Th.
Feb. 25 PRis.: sf ae mer Th.
cPebs 2Gi ssciks Th. Th.
Feb: 27.033 bie, Ee ote iRen, TL ad Th. ...| Hail, large.
Feb, 23 -i33 Thy, Th.
Mar 3). 438 fy ene Hales iOck Th. jks Th.
Mar, 6{ . i234 Th. Th.
ce LY eee ere Hail Th.
Aug. 12 v eae) errors Hail j|\Nov. 19] ...... Th.
ee: ns ne Seria eae | Th.
Oct, t oa ik Th, Th.
Oct. 26 ht Thy Th.
Dec. 9 per te eee Dees: SBP adc Th.
TRBR eee ee Pe orien, I ek Th.
Jan 4 et bia pe oe mh an BPE oboe Th.
an, 10 boc The (bok Saprieb. 10): coe Th.
Feb. 2 Lo) Thy, a.
Feb, 7 4} This... Violent n.
M. 3 2 Th S32
May 16) act |The (f4 coet eb, 10} sau Te Pie
Mao 22) Th. vd ne
duly BP ik sock, (kad Mar. 19] ca hb.
Bonk Gi toe be Pe Sencad et oo). tae *
ee. eee Th. ,,...| Hail, re- wis
Bont rt OE WE Bt ss Th. :
Ss 2 on The ae a ie ES eee
Oct. oy wee Th. sch
Nov... 400 3a 4r Tes Hailalso\Oct. 20} ......
Nov: Gly saa Ute ia!
NOY. 261 i333 Th,
Dee 2 ee) Phe pe SING ZL eeeeves
wee 20) 3 ney Ph if
Dee. 14) wich) Ph:
Dec. 20 eeeeee Th, ebenre
THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. 57
TasLe I1—continued.
Yeorand ) aurora, | Maunder | Remarks. || ¥"12"4 | Aurora, | Pounder. Remarks.
1 1
Nov. 23 oid Th. Jan. te Th,
eve 2OT ak Th. Feb, 2104 ct Th.
it ae Ear Th. Feb. 134 ....85 Th.
Dec. 17. ged ee 8S Hail also||Mar 21] ...... Th. iad
ug. GOY -<uglt ic
1867 Sept. 18] ...... Th.
‘a <) aes Th. Sept. 21] | ....2 Th.
wees 281 ca Th. Oat, 120 as Th.
Jan. Tae -otuabe of iy Dec. sbeene Th.
ee ee Th. Dec: 12} ...... Th.
Mar 18)... 2: Th. Dec. 24) we Th.
meer 23)... Th. Dec. 25 - En,
Mar. | eee Th,
Mar. 25| ....:. Th. 1869.
Mar, 96) .....:. Th. as a et ui
Mar 27) |. Th. eam 0} atl dy
Mar 98) 4 Th. ark. SEH ats Th.
es Th, An. SO ...00% Th.
Ap Gl ait Th. Heb. 10) ..0% Th.
Apl. Th. Powder Ma-||Mar. 16] ...... Th.
Apl. 12 Ty” ee Ae SO cht Th.
moe TS) si Th. Sept. dS] ...:.: Th. ...|Hail, heavy
ay. pie y Sept.i27!] -...0: Th.
May 13/| ...... sins (Oct. 2| Aurora
red coud id ets: TT ces = Hail
RY 23 | oi m0 45 Oct Sa: cant
May 27|}...... ess Nov. 18| ...... Th.
June 24] |... 25 Nov. 19| ...... Th.
July 27] | ...... “a0 Nov. 20| ...... Th.
Sept. 5 saat A Nov. D0 csuik Th. ;
Sept. 6|) 07” Des. Ul. aaa Th. ...| Hail
Sept. a Th. Dec, 2.00 Th.
Sept. 21} 2" Th. Hailalso|Dec. 7| ....s Th.
Oe. 2) Th. Diet. 8) si Th. ...| Hail
Ot: GO) us Th. Dec: 10° ...23 Th.
Ob, Sl ks i Th, Dec: 16} | ...88 Th.
Oct: SE] sas Th. Pee: ET. ced Th.
a | eee © Th. eGR Wen | sesidbe Th.
Nov, 2) os Th. Dec. 25 no Tf oR.
mer.-20) ; ‘Th, ecici |. scltt ‘Th.
Dee. Bl an Th.
Dec. 7 “x 1 Th: 1870.
Des1E] ii Th. Jan. 8 wp || Th
Bl uhh Th, “Jan. wer {LB
1 Feb. 1 Aue
Mar.
Jan, 12 ae vg & Dane 3 Hail Mar 2}: 2.200 Th.
Jan. 16] ...,.. | Th. May &| ~4s Th.
att eee 7 May 11]... Th.
Jan. 18| 2". es a Aug. 14| wa Th.
Jan. 27). 1c | Th. ug. 26| secs Th.
“BS THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES.
Taste [1—eontinued.
aeent Aurora. | Thunder. | Remarks. Fone Aurora. | Thunder.| Remarks
9 Th.
25) seed Th.
9 as Th.
14 Th.
AH cee Th.
2H aca Th.
CN ele Th. ...| Hailalso
AGH cates Th.
ast gee Th.
4 tej Th.
8) iam Th.
15} Aurora | Th.
Gs scat Th.
17 uro: ‘
18 | Aurora} ...
Gil vce Th.
ROE dee Th.
< ASS eee Th.
Ol hae Th.:-
ap -/ $a Th.
‘eat’ ieee Th.
. ae Th.
eho (ee Th.
: SO wee Ths
OR cuiias Th.
DOr Gates Th.
) Th. ;
i clanat Th.
cE Soe Th.
seul Th:
bic +e Th.
bl ce The:
i. Th. :
jeews Th. i
oe Th. :
y Th. {
Dl ata Th. ;
ad Th. a
alll me
THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. 59
oe
Year and Year and
Date: Aurora. | Thunder. | Remarks. | ate: Aurora. | Thunder. | Remark.
eeeeee
teens
veeeee
teehee
teens
seeeee
oteeee
inceda Th. ...| Hailalsd
60 THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES:
TasLE []—continued.
Loma Aurora. | Thunder. | Remarks. bowel Aurora. | Thunder. | Remarks.
1877. 1878.
MEY 2B ea Th. ean WS] Wee oy ee
ourg AB oa Th. Hailalso||Feb. 5] ...... Th.
Aug 19} xy Th. feb. 1) asl Th.
Sept. 10} sai. Th.. ...| Hailalso||Feb. 11] ...... Th. ...| Hailalso
Sept. 12) «a. | Th. peel Sl sages Th. 2
Sept. 23] 0... Th. Aug. 17) - a6 veces,
Sept. 25) iw... Th. ...| HailalsojAug. 29] ...... Th.
et at Th. he Fil: abs Th.
OE Ot kt Th. OG SS es Th.
Nov. 21 Th. Yec. 8 Th.
Naw | ace. Th. Jeo. Fl aes: Th.
Gt. OT ae Th Jae. Tl weak Th.
ae | ee Th Jee. 16) aks Th
Dec. 14 Jeo. 2H aes Th
Dee. 18 | aK.. Th Jen. FE) an Th
——$——
TABLE III, showing recorded Hailstorms and Thunderstorms in each year,
from 1795 to 1878.
ED
Number | Number Number | Number | ppunder
of Thunder ot f rs
Year. Hail- Siento: hte Year. Hail- Thunder- =
storms. storms. r storms. storms.
ae
ply 2 yaa
795 1 1818 1
1796 1819
1797 1 1820
1798 1 1821
17 1 1822
1 ite 1823 1
1801 1824 3
on 1825 es 3
: : 1826 es]
1804 1 z E 1827 ‘6 s ;
1805 4 3 3 1828 ose 8
1806 | 2 ss a 1829 | 4 : 2
1807 a is os 1830 1 Zi A
1808 es 1831 1
1809 1 1832 ape
1810 1 1833 1
1811. ves 1834 2
1812 3 1835 Ave
1813 1 1836 ie
1814 2 1837 1 oe
1815 1 1838 2 ‘
1816 pes 1839 4 Se
1817 a 1 | i
THUNDER AND HAIL STORMS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. 61
TasLE [il—continued.
— — Thunder oe ee Thunder
Year. | wail- |Thunder-| With Year. | wait |thunder-| vith
storms. storms. storms. storms. o
A.D. A.D,
1841 g 1860 S 5 1
1842 1 J e 1861 2 isi
1843 a ~ 1862 2 ue
1844 1 3 3 1863 5 2
1845 1 = a 1864 2 20 1
1846 7, 7 1865 3 1
1847 1 1866 4 : 4
1848 : 2 1867 1 29 1
1849 21 1868 2 ) ie
1850 6 21 3 1869 4 3
1851 4 ai 3 1870 ie ) 3
1852 3 12 1871 1 ) 1
1853 1 13 ti 1872 at f x
1854 1 20 1 1873 1 3 me
1855 7 3 1874 1 } 1
1856 2 i 1875 3 j 1
1857 Sid 1876 1 4 5
1858 3 12 1 1877 0 ) 4
1859 1 19 1 1878 1 4 1
(Diagram. ]
24,26, 2627 2
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SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES.
JUNE
|
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PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHED AT THE GOVT. PRINTING QFFI
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SEE eee } | | | | | ‘SWwaLs TVA ONY Y3ONNHL
4 AOE eee ee ne ROH ee te ee Cn ae raat r a8
Recent Changes in the Surface of Jupiter.
By H. C. Russet, B.A., F.R.A.S.,
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 1 December, 1880.]
gaze.
The Sydney 114-inch equatorial is well adapted for such purpose,
and freedom from uncorrected
colour ; and in May, 1876, I therefore began a series of observa-
m the sur
clearly, and Sir W. Herschel saw the planet once in 1793 without
belts being absent. :
Cassini and others, judging of the condition of Jupiter from the
Periods of rotation derived from different markings, came to the
Conclusion that, since these times differed, the spots used in deter-
Recht unen, must have a motion of their own, or that they were
simply
64 RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER.
Sir William Herschel, in 1793, wrote :—“TI suppose that the
bright belts of Jupiter included between the faint belts are zones
wherein the ie of the planet is oo densely filled with
clouds. The faint belts correspond to the regions in w.
atmosphere is perfectly serene, and allows rs solar rays to reach
the solid portions of ok planet, via according to my opinion the
reflection is less. powerful than clouds,”
Mr. Proctor, who ea made a poy 5) study of the conditions
under which J upiter exists, thinks that since Jupiter, owing to
his great distance from the sun, only receives ¢'5 part of the light
and heat which reach the earth, it is ap that his atmosphere
should be loaded with clouds as we see it, resulting from sun heat
alone, and that it is therefore extremely pfobabilé that the giant
ually enormous masses of clouds to be ga ar
under the influence of the swift rotation of the giant
Not otherwise, Mr. Proctor thinks, can one understand whence his
atmosphere is loaded with vapour masses. ;
The observed facts which I have to bring before 1 oe
distance and the many difficulties which the terrestrial
the detasla upon the surface of Jupiter, owing to his enorme yous
po piter, § 5 hi re
trained obser’
puts in our way. It is only the most patient and
ing, aided by powerful telescopes, that enables us to detect -
minute markings on the planet which are all-important in
discussion before us. ofa
There are markings, and even changes, which the possessor
small telescope may see; but, to study Ju iter to
r y u y 3 bia jee S
result of my own observation has convinced me that fen
think what follows will show that I have some groWl®
thinking so ai
Fi ne with regard to the permanence of the belts. Ibn i
test this point by a careful any :
a very fie micrometer. At that time the oquston wed
four red-brown belts, which could be traced
them was a fainter red colour, sufficient
as one broad marking on the equator ; this was by n° or colot
form ; in places the belts were interrupted by white
-RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 65
marki and some of these were subject to frequent changes ; in
addition to these markings my measures included some fainter
belts in the temperate zones and the polar ca
to have disappeared, and the remaining two seem much altered in
density, colour, and position, especially the northern one, which
often seemed of a brilliant red.
I selected a time for the measures when the great red spot
was visible, so that its latitude might be thereby fixed. I was
not a little surprised, when I came to compare these measures
with others taken in 1876, to find that the one set might be sub-
stituted for the other without much error; I then compared other
measures that I had taken, with similar results, and looked to see
if I could find older measures. So far I have only succeeded in
years, and seem to have been very carefully made. They referred
to the two extremes of each faint belt, which were no doubt the
best marked features, and I find that they agree with my
thus ap
Seventy years, thefour best marked belts of Jupiter were found in the
Same latitudes, and it is hence a fair inference that they are
always there. During the four years over which my own work
has extended, several fainter belts in the temperate zones and the
Polar caps have remained in the same positions.
Comparing the made June 2, 1876, and November 2,
1880, photographed copies of which are attached, no one would at
first sight think te
66 RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER.
one of the real difficulties that is constantly presented to the
observer to distinguish one from the other, and so far as my
constantly recur in the same place will be recognised as fixed, and
we shall learn to what extent the clouds change the appearance of
the planet’s markings. the measures given we a the
division of the planet into zones in a general way corresponding
ss those on the earth ; we have the equatorial belt, amt two in the
mperate zones where the trades end; ours of course
ends with the sun in his course 234 degrees on each side of the
equator, but in Jupiter the sun’s change of declination is only
three Serene so er the — — seem fixed or pein 80.
in the given time; but this ae based as it is upon the
possible velocity of the terrestrial winds, must be received with
caution ; because we know that clouds are not always caused
ut in some cases seem to form or disappear in afew mainutes
over terrestrial areas so great that it would be impossible for aly
wind to travel fast enough to form them. I have known
form in five minutes over the whole of a clear sky, and disappest
at other times with similar rapidity. Now the le
which we can place the horizon limited by such
so that the clouds must form over a spot 80 waa s in
least in five minutes ; ; and for any wind to do this wo
velocity of 960 miles in an hour, a speed which we meg
ould mean &
the. aes
such causes of change act upon both planets, or cconal the | #
peek eS is an interesting question upon W
to make some remarks presently.
Turning again to the principal belts eo pian 4
some of levinigeaae ace taken, being ar
referred in the preceding remarks. I wish they had
some years since, but I did not foresee their impo:
RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 67
EASURE OF THE EQuaToRIAL Betts.
Measuring from the south pole of Jupiter to each belt in suc-
cession.
”
South pole to BE 2... ssscccsseees 13°60 1554 15°94
> blag wag py 20°60 19°71 19°34
yn dee eRe aes 23°67 22567 2455
peveeb iste 29°12 31°86
” %? H
* The letters refer to the same belts in each year.
Tt will be seen that these measures F’ and G refer to the two
equatorial belts which are situated one on each side of Jupiter's
equator, in latitude 18° north and south ; each is about 4,000 miles
wide, and very regular in form. In the northern one the air is
probably clear, and the light that we see it by is very little, as we
should ex from i
from all other markings, as if it were above them and made up of
& number of bright red bars laid side by side, forming round the
planet a magnificent girdle which has a lustre like si
18 oltener a warm brown colour, and although nearly as w
defined as the northern one, it is by no means so striking. :
Going northwards from the equatorial belts, we find in latitude
36° to 38° another well-defined but usually faint belt, of which I
tie more to say presently; and in th th latitud oth
which in 1876 was clear enough, but is now often invisible,
Probably because the south pole of Jupiter is turned away from
sun. On this belt is the now well-known red spot. Besides
* See diagram,
H
68 RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER.
Next to the great girdles which encircle Jupiter, “the red
— is certainly the most remarkable feature me has ever been
etected upon it; 30,000 miles long, by 8,500 miles wide, it
covers a surface very much greater than that 2 te whole of the
earth, and is easily seen with good telescopes, but ina
red, and why a different red from any other marking, are questions
not yet answer
It is generally looked upon as a recent marking, and I have
been at some trouble to trace its history, and shall I be beable
to show you that it is much older than many suppose. The
published account of it is by Mr. F. C. Dennett, in the “ English
Mechanic” for 1879, page 277 ; he there asks if any one had seen
a pink-coloured patch on the south temperate zone of Jupiter,
which he had many times observed, and saw for the first time on
July 27, 1878. From a letter in the “ Observatory” for Januaty
1879, it appears that Mr. Pritchett saw the same marking first
on J uly 9th, 1878 ; since then there have been many letters on the
subject, but I have not seenany earlier date mentioned thanJuly 9th.
On referring to my own drawings and notes I find that 1 first saw it
separated from the belts on July 8th, 1878; it was then a faint
and difficult object to see, but m drawing gives jt a form |
recognising it as an old friend that I had re
with one made November 2 2, 1880. ‘The drawings are all careit
made, estimating the siz e of each marking compare ~ with
whole planet, so that ‘east may be put on the paper cl st
as possible ; and I find, on comparing them, that P they ee
in accord, so much so that I have mines in the dimensions
the north side of os spot would be a little more, cm the pe 3 |
not changed. eee ys comparing the et June 2 bet
with others, I found I had drawn it in the same pe riod
11, 1880; and taking the most recent ° value -of shal! jt bas
rotation, it exactly measured this interval, showing ta"
RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 69
changed in longitude. Finding the proof of its permanence so
looked amongst
show it in the same latitude and longitude as my own observations.
The colour is there described as reddish and reddish Jeo. but
no particular remarks are _— about it. Looking furt.
found a drawing made by the keen-sighted ar on 27th
November,1857, in which a acanilta form is depicted, but without
— its latitude is the same, and the os also ; but too
much weight must not be given to this, for a small difference in
the period of Jupiter’s rotation (a rather uncertain quantity) would
make all the na in such a long period between agreement
and disagreemen
groun
form is no proof to the ential where clouds have so much
uence upon visible outline, and the changes in form are r
not great. At present both ends are blunt-pointed ; in 1876 the
preceding end was round and the following pointed ; and from
Earl Rosse’s drawings it appears that the preceding end was pointed
and the following end rounded; and such changes are not important.
I confess wegen that, before I collated my measures, the impres-
The colour I have selected by esnia to represent the colour
of the spot is by day-light of a htiok yellow, and when compared
With a scale of colour which gives six shades between me and
@ mar :
It is worth note that the salle of a spot on
were uminous this would not be the case.
Measures oF THE Rep Spor.
In June, 1876, it was 1380 long and 4”-60 in pee: on
ber 3, 1880, it was 4”-°35 wide, the length was ot then
measured ; on October 7, 1880, it was 15”-73 long and vo 28 in
on October 28, 1880, it was measured again, 15”-00
and 4” 26 in sre :
€ writing about the persistent position of this spot, I may
mention that, _ August 6, 1878, at _ 10m. p-m.; * saw a
small white spot of striking brilliance, much brighter in fact than
70 RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER.
anything else visible on Jupiter ; it was on the northern side of the
south equatorial belt, and a little in advance of the red s spot. At
the time there was a great development of colour — ™”
belts, and this spot presented a clearly defined disc. It
again under similar circumstances on October 5, 1878, se peer
not again until October 11, 1880, when it seemed to have
into being more brilliant than I had ever seen it before ; it looked
like some > shining white substance laid on the dark belt, which it
seemed to cut half in two. With a power of 300 it presented a
well defined oval shape, the longer axis of which was inclined at
about 30° to the dark belt, and its north end preceding.
unusual was it that at first L refused to believe it had an existence
spot was not visible. I loo ed on Pili arene opportal
times before clearly ij but I never saw one with a br
time this spot was seen it had the same relative peat
There are locaral of these spots on the planet that I a
watching closely for some time past. They are are all not
round spots, generally less than a second in diameter. It gi
an uncommon thing to see their places pene by white + weet
much larger, and probably of clouds ; and o el novel @ spot
striking change: it was on September 14, 1878, and es
seemed to cut the south equatorial ban d alm
situation was in the same longitude as the following ete
spot. After I had finished my drawing and was ey oak nd
disc of the others, and I have never ge it
believe, because I have not looked at the right time "for
has the same cloud peculiarities as others where ehich E 5s
There are some of these cloud-like markings W si eo
further investigation will prove to be permanent feat
RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 71
lanet, and in some way connected with the white spots, for I
have observed that in four instances certainly, and I think in
every one, where a spot is visible, there is always to be found on
the preceding side of it a cloud-like form, which extends into a
diagonal, the end near the spot being the preceding end; in one
or two instances the existence of a diagonal in a particular place
mountains. The is insufficient to convince one, but quite
enough to make the suggestion, and to lead to the hope that we
shall know more about it These markings seem much more
eas
of their number I may mention, that at ten minutes past 8 p.m.
on September 19, 1878, I saw no less than five well-defin
diagonals extending from the south belt towards the north
one, and one coming from the north towards the south: at
this time the red spot was just passing off the planet, and next
night I examined the part before the spot and found similar
rks extending at least one-fifth of Jupiter’s circumference, so
that at that time almost the only markings between the belts were
diagonal
which it cut half in two; it looked like a mass of cloud, more
& "
Tt i easy a Be lar but exceedingl
difficult to ebbedsse ss CBbabe? i th dark shade.
72 RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER,
When the air is favourable the large telescope reveals a
series of narrow bands upon which darker markings are sometimes
seen ; those in the north cap are fleeting, and the same may be
said of a white spot seen there some time since. On the south cap
there is a dark marking on the edge which has existed for some
time ; this is about the same longitude as the red spot, and from
im outline, as if very much disturbed—in fact it
features to those which mark a great disturbance in the next
the
?
it has for a long time, if not always, been marked by a dark a4
half the size of and preceding the red spot. The nearest eg
to the equator on the north side is a particularly interest
because of the great changes which take place in it. In e “0
formed one of the f (then) ly equal equatorial belts, aie
and colour it was inferior to none ; in 1878 it had become papers
as it is now, and has so remained until within the past few vas
it has often been quite invisible when the equatorial — saw
very bright. On the 28th October, at 11 p.m., this yeal than
that -
a part of it was enlarged, and much darker in wee .
usual, and upon ipisaielsilgg hcenihiy I saw two black pes ae
part, and noticed that just preceding this the belt W®
right in two by a band of white light similar to the three Wack
surface. The following night I saw that there were ™ om
x and that all this belt following them for . distant
thing like half the circumference of Jupiter was V' and this
in colour and fully three times as wide as it had been, oe
for the diameter of the belt had been increased from S!
hundred miles to 2,000 miles, for a length of 120,000
short space of a few days.
-RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 73
For the two following nights the air was not in a good state for
observation, and I did not see anything about which I will now
detain you. I may, however, mention that on November lsta
great enlargement, about 20,000 miles long, was seen in the belt
north of thisone.
On November 10th this belt had become so much enlarged and
deeper in colour that it was almost as conspicuous as the north
equatorial belt, and the edge of it was most irregular, the whole
belt looking as if it were made up of a line of cumulus clouds
more disturbed. On the 14th, 8h. 15m. p.m., at a spot then in the
centre of Jupiter, the disturbed belt appeared cut down to its
inal dimensions, and one-half was the old belt and the other
the new one, if I may so express it. I found that this point of
contraction was not in the same longitude as the one before men-
tioned, but about 120 degrees after it. Since then the appearance
of this belt has frequently changed, and when I saw it on the 25th
it seemed to be made up of a series of loops or arches, and was
more striking than ever.
I will not longer detain you with notices of any of the many
other changes I have seen ; but I think you must have noticed,
in what has been said, that these changes seemed intensified i
November ; and the reflection is suggested to me that the earth,
in the same period, has been changing its appearance to an outside
er. With the t st d earthquakes which have visited
the northern hemisphere, and in the long succession of cloudy
hich we have experienced, a distant
hanges on the : Wea |
rth passes through the great meteor stream, is a time at which
ais ; y thunderstorms reach Have these meteors, or some
external cause, anything to do with the chan which have
dashing into the sun with a momentary flash stirred the magnet-
ism of the earth, and recorded itself on the self-recording magneto-
74 RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER.
meters at Greenwich, it would not be safe to say that there is no
common cause for the changes we have been considering; and I
am sure this suggestion would have come to you with far greater
force if you could, with me, have watched, between the terrestrial
clouds, the many changes going on in Jupiter. Much was missed,
I know, for I saw many things after they were done, in a glimpse
as it were ; for instance, after a week of clouds here, I saw on
November 14 that the whole aspect of Jupiter’s northern hemi-
sphere, from latitude 36° northwards, had changed from a bright
surface marked by faint belts, to one mass of belts, in which the
common ones were lost, and a host of strange markings put m
their place. Answers to the questions—how, and when, and
why all this took place, were covered up by the clouds that lasted
here from November 7th to 14th.
a
belt of clouds, shining white in the sunlight, probably almost as
white as the snow caps ; on the equatorial sides he would see the
clearer regions of the trade winds, at times marked by pe
restrial air clear at the same time as own, it
next to impossible to distinguish forest-covered earth from ocean 5
ponderous cloud bank, black enough to obliterate ev
beneath it, and perhaps, most conspicuous of all, wo
brilliant white cloud ring which generally surrounds the agile
somewhat broken and irregular in outline though it be. i wil
ing these cloud features, he would see them travel north am ibe
with the changing declination of the sun, and wonder whether
few bright points could be the only fixed things on the
Just so, I think it is, that we see Jupiter. Our wee 38°
by the belts. We see on the polar sides of laty change;
almost uninterrupted bright zones, where there is but i rent
but from these latitudes towards the equator the case 38” 38° to |
at one time we find white zones covering everything from time}
18° on each side of the equator, as we see it at the pee
at another time all this is changed, and their place 1
ever-changing light-red-coloured rings as in 1876.
‘RECENT CHANGES IN THE SURFACE OF JUPITER. 75
at one time we see the brightest cloud zone on the planet, = at
another a faint red one, which a that between the terr
trades is ever chan its fea On each side of this are
situated the darkest rings to be tual on the planet, and through
these probably is our only chance of seeing the true surface,
excepting those momenrenes mountain tops which parting clouds
reveal,
[Diagrams. ]
pretereerret ones) tts htt ae.
Pad Se EE eh at te ie ee ke dim Call eee
JUPITER AS SEEN WITH 114-INCH REFRACTOR AT SYDNEY,
June 2, 1876, eo 2, L880. October 28, 1880.
10.40 p a SMT. ip. S.M.T. 7.10 p.m., S.M.T.
5e5-8!
Measures of Japiters Belts at Sydney
7.80pm Jane 23577 1876.
N.
K 45:78
Measurements of Juputers Bats at Jydney.
November 2% 1880
atti dhetr sg oa enna AT THE =n hahaa ape acy OFFICE.
SYDNEY, NEW SOUT
Remarks on the Colours of J upiter’s Belts, and some
changes observed thereon during the opposition
of 1880.
By Geo. D. Hirsr.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 1 December, 1880.]
T am not able, I am afraid, to add much of interest to the paper
just read by Mr. Russell. My own observations of Jupiter this
Opposition have not been anything like as complete as I could wish,
A long spell of cloudy weather when the planet was in its most
ae . :
especial atten
the colours of the belts and polar regions. For this work tl
Silvered glass reflector is particularly suitable, on account of its
mati
ism.
The following is a brief review of some of the salient features
of the planet noted during the last three months :-— é
North polar shading :——This maintains the fine sea-green tint
noted by me first in 1876, but the colour is more pronounced. I
red to
: light- ;
siderably in colour, on some occasions appearing almost —
and very ragged ; a large black spot has been noted on it of an “
defined form ; it seems subject to rapid change, as after an Interv:
78 THE COLOURS OF JUPITER’S BELTS.
of two revolutions it has appeared so faint as barely to be visible
in mid-transit, but I have seen it again on succeeding nights as
conspicuous as before.
South of the north pole shading, and between it and the
northern equatorial belt, runs a narrow purple streak; it com-
occasions vines without tdodiee the separa
The northern equatorial belt appears fesse as it iat
year, of a bright brick-red colour. I say generally, for on one or
— — I have noted the entire disappearance of the re
h has been replaced sh a dull-brown colour. Two of the
series of the most astounding Piseeeat oce arial “on a on™.
position due to the sian of the planet: The portio
equatorial belt immediately north of the great red spot is oo
i noticeable for its rapid 2 ati ; I have noted ae
esembling cyclonic action her
mixed occasionall with a tinge of crimson lake or s0 et
colour. These lattes tints aa not eres and co
seen on a fine night. The rose or crimso enerally runs
the southern border of the belt. 4 |
South of the equatorial band is the great red 4
of a fairly symmetrical shape, both ends being Sightly a af :
looks larger to me than it did last year, and the colour 18 ie
undoubtedly brighter ; it appears to be now rather that of th
red, anyhow its colour is certainly much beac ase bie wing :
northern equatorial belt. Two _ —
have been seen on favourable occas bal
Between the great spot and the et equa mnie
band has lately come into view ; I am certain 1 )
prior to opposition; it is remarkable hoe its reddish bro in of the at
and appears to me to be an indication of the filling |
between the spot and the equatorial ban + has for /gowe
The south pole shading still appears to me, aS? + changes av?
years past, of a warm grey colour, and no im
THE COLOURS OF JUPITER'S BELTS. 79
30th September occurred an opportunity seldom to be met with, for
about 9h. to 9h. 30m. the conditions for observing were absolutely
perfect with a power of 500, which the mirror bore with ease ;
north and south polar shadings were seen to consist of hundreds
upon hundreds of the minutest belts, but so fine were they and so
close together that the slightest tremor of the atmosphere sufficed
to merge them into each other. I tried the experiment several
times of placing my warm hand against the outside of the tube,
and the slight disturbance of the air inside caused by this instantly
obliterated them. It was a beautiful sight, and a fine testimony to
the excellence of Mr. With’s mirror.
have confined these few remarks chiefly to the colours of the
various features of the planet ; in other observations connected with
it, abler hands than mine have doubtless turned this opposition to
account.
81
A Catalogue of Plants collected during Mr. Alexander
Forrest’s geographical exploration of North-west
Australia in 1879.
By Baron Ferp. von Murnier, K.C.M.G., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 7 July, 1880.]
species gathered between Nickol-Bay and King’s Sound, as the
collections, obtained in the further progress of the journey, were by
have gradually grown so extensive, that now nearly half of the
whole vegetation of the Australian con :
Within the boundaries of the vast West Australian territory.
Further searches will doubtless add still much to the phytographic
material a permanent footi ere.
To this list of names rp Se and their localities I have added
Some data from my unpublished diaries of the expedition of 1855
and 1856, in which I accompanied Mr. Aug. Gregory, as T was
twenty-three years for the first time revisited by Mr. Forrest and
his party, were mostly destroyed on the from Timor to
Sydney, so that many of the localities now given from my journal
remained ever since ed.
82 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N. W. AUSTRALIA.
This contribution to the phytography of North-west Australia
may also tend to draw additional attention to the cultural
resources of the vast region recently explored in so able a manner
light of geography has so recently been shed, are adjacent to many
safe and spacious harbours ; and when we reflect, how short a dis
tance this new country is separated from India, and how easily
the products of North-west Australia can be rendered also accts
sible through the Suez-Canal not only to the countries on the
Mediterranean Sea but also to Britain,—then we may point
this newly opened part of the fifth continent as one of the most
promising of any fields for immigration, for the safe and ere
investment of monetary capital, and for the display of skill
assiduity of intelligent colonists.
MENISPERMEZ. : a
Tinospara smilacina, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soe. v. supp) P
Ord River, Margaret River; Hooker's Creek, Termination
Lake (F. v. M.) ais
NYMPHAEACEZ. ~-whitte-
Nymphaea stellata, Willd. sp. pl. IL, 1153, Near Mt that the
noom (F. v. M.). Dr. hae ne para
Egyptian 1. coerulea of Savigny is specifically
may here incidentally be observed, that We elumbo
been noticed near Mt, Elliot by Mr. Fi
CaPPARIDEZ. Ord Rive |
Capparis lasiantha, R. Br. in D.C, prodr. 1, 247 jones
Found as far south as the Gascoyne River by BF 1x, 1
It
be united with Gynandropsis, as proj - thar River
Cleome tetrandra, in Cand. prodr. L, 240, Wie os panesy
Found as far south as the Comet River by "River. Notie
owalidea, F. v. M. Fragm. I., 69. Wi cee
on the Gilbert River by Captain Armit.
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 83
CRUCIFERZ,
Lepidiwm pedicellosum, F. v. M. fragm. XL, 27. Ord River.
DROSERACER.
Drosera Indica, L. sp. pl. 282. Margaret River.
MALVACEs.
Hibiscus m microchlaenus, F. v. M. Fragm. IL, 116. Margaret
River, Ord River; Stirling’s Creek, Termination Lake, F, v. M.
Noticed on the Triodia sandhills as far south as the vicinity
of Fowler’s Bay by Mr. Tietkens, who observes that the
dromedaries delight to feed on this ery
Hibiscus panduriform rmis, Burm. Fl. Ind. p., 151, t., 47,f,2. Benn
River (south of Connaught aes near Mount Compton,
near Depot Poo
Hibiscus eee F. v. M. Fragm. II., 13. Margaret River,
Humbert River, near Depot Pool, Wickham River
Hibiscus Jiculneus, L. sp. pl, 695. Rich fey. country F.0 the
crane australe, F. v. M. Fra, "16. po aes River, em
River, Negri River (east of edaoaks Ranges) ; Termina
tion Lake (F. v. M.).
Sida corrugata, Lindl. in Mitch. three Exp. IL, 13. Margaret
Abutilon otocarpum, F. v. M. in Transact. Philos. Soc. Vict. 1855,
p. 13. Hooker’s Creek (F. v. M.).
Malvastrum spieatum, Asa Gray in Plant Fendler. 23. Ord
River ; Termination — (F. v. M.),
Adansonia Gregorii, F. v. in Hooker's Kew Miscell. IX., 14.
Wickham River (F. v. ML).
STERCULIACEX.
Waltheria Americ na, L. sp. pl., 637. South of Connaught Ranges.
Melochia pyramidapa, i sp. pl., din South of Connaught Ranges.
B: achychi ton ramiflorum, R. Br. forsf. Plant Javan. rarior.
Bruchyehiton sere R. Br. in Horsf. Pl. Jav. rar, 234
East of Hum
Corchorus. sidoides, F. v. is Fragm. IIL, 9. _ East of Connaught
I
84 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA,
URTICEAE.
Trema cannabina, Lour. Fl. Cochin. IL, 562. East of Connaught
Ranges, near Mt. Compton ; Wickham River (F. v. M.).
Ficus coronulata, F, v. M. in Journ. Neerl. 1861, 242. East of
Osca: r Ranges, east of Connaught Ranges.
BIxacE®,
Cochlospermum heteronemum, F. vy. M. in Hooker’s Kew Sasi
Miscellany, [X., 15. Ord River, between ught
Rudolph Ranges ; Stirling’s Creek (F. v. M.) ; Glenelg River
i iver). e name of this
Cochlospermum Gillivrayi occurs on the Endeavour River
and at Cape Sidmouth (Dr. Curdie), C. Gregoryi on the Nor
man River (Gulliver). :
MELIACER. ae
Melia Azedarach, L. sp. pl., 384, var. australis. North of Oscar
Ranges ; Victoria River (F. v v. M.). re
SAPINDACER.
Dodonaea platyptera, F. v. M. Fragm. I.,73. At sirting’s Or
and in its vicinit
ys
Dodonaea tt F. v. M. Fragm. 1, 74. South of Rudolph
Ran
Dataeaie. polyewve F. v. M. Fragm. 1, 74. East of Oscar Ranges
Negri River ; Sturt’s Creek “(E. v. ’M).
Distichostemon Aiabedieis, F. v. M. in Hooker's pe Miseell.
., 306. Hooker’s and Sturt’s Orosks (F. v. Coane
irk er, Halicacabum, . sp. pl., 366. South vod
. Austr. L., 463. Ord
* fen Hotere atu as and Rudolph Ranges, ae P
Pool ; Sturt’s and Hooker’s Creeks oe v. ee De
characteris
EvPHORBIACES. cae
Adriana tomentosa, Cand. in Ann. Scien. Nat. 1 série mL
East of Connaught Ranges, near Depot Poo or as!
Excaecaria Agallocha, L. sp. pl. ed. secunda, 1451, var. PY |
South of Rudolph Range. Miscell
dodulars F. v. M. in Hooker's Kew ots
On Hooker’s Creek and near the sources:
Si arene ana
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 85
Andrachne a Benth. Flora Austr. VL, 88. Near Depot
Cree v. M.). Probably perennial.
Euphorbia Cities F. v. M. in Cand. Prodr. XV, part IT, 20,
Near Port Darwin.
Euphorbia eremophila, All. Cunningham in Mitchell’s Tropical
Austr., 348. Hooker's and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. M.).
FICOIDEz.
Mollugo Glinus, A. Rich. Flora ae I, 48. East of Connaught
nges; Sturt’s Creek (F. v.
Mollugo Spergula, L. sp. pl. edit. | sec., 131. Near Termination
Lake (F. v. M.).
NYCTAGINE.
Boerhaavia diffusa, L. sp. pl., 3. Margaret River.
SALSOLACE.
Salsola Kali, L. sp. pl, 212. Hooker's and Sturt’s Creeks.
Kochia villosa, Lindl. in Mitch. Trop. Austr., 91. Ord Rive
Rhagodia nutans, R. Br. prodr., 408. Near Ord River ; Sturt's
Creek (F. v. M.).
Dysphania pe Bime eee F. v. M. Fragm. I., 61. Between Con-
naught and Rudolph Ranges ; ; also at Ni ckol Bay, Mrs. Crouch
(spike 6 inches long) ; near Wittenoom Mountains (F. v. M.)
AMARANTACEE,
Gomphrena canescens, R. Br. Prodr., 416. Margaret Riv
—- afinis, F. v. M. in Bent h. Flora Austr. Vie 254. "Sturt’s
eek
Amarantus Peeters R. Br. Prodr., 414. Sturt’s Creek, F. v. M.
t may here brpmenee be observ that A. enervis, of
which A. tenwis seems to be a ariety, is either identical with
Reacpoccae, Pik pig or Sraate alli it.
Ptilotus alopecuroides, F. v. M. Fragm. VI.,227. Upper Victoria
River, Sturt’s and Hooker's Creeks.
Ptilotus exalia tatus, Nees in Lehm. pl. Preiss. L., 630. ae of
often d
ee & Sean, Poiret Piston, suppl IV. 520. Hooker’s and
s Creeks (F.
P shi a corymbosus, BrP Br. Prodr., 415. Stirling’s Creek (F. v. M.).
Piilotus peilotrichotdes, F. v. M. fragm. X1., 94, (Psilotrichum
capitatum fragm. 238). Near Negri’s River.
Achyranthes aspera, L. ‘sp. 4 205. Ord River, Sturt’s Creek
M.).
° Ve
86 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA.
PORTULACE.
aa ie oleracea, L. sp. pl., 445. sree in the inland region ;
uable to travellers as spinage or raw as an antiscorbutic
herb on account of its pap sale ; variable in its forms and tant
ticularly in the size of its he
and on Sturt’s Creek the weber met a variety with foal
fully red ae as showy as those of P. grandi iflora.
Portulaca napiformis, F. v. M. in Benth. Flora Austr. L, 169.
Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. M.). tals never
emarginate as those of P.,.oleracea.
POLYGONEZ
Polygonum plebejum, R. Br. Prodr., 420. Between Connaught
and Rudolph Ranges.
Muehlenbeckia Cunninghami, F. v. M. Fragm. V., 91. Hooker's
and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. M.).
LEGUMINOS.
Jacksonia thesioides, A. Cunn. in Ann, Wien. Mus. IL, 74. Neat
Rudolph Range.
Jacksonia odontoclada, F. vy. M. in Benth. Flora Austr. IL, 59.
Near Rudolph Range.
Mirbelia 7 eeu F. y. M. Fragm. IV., 12. Near Termination
Lake (F. v. M.). Petals yellow IL
Bossiaea phy viloclade F. v. M. in Transact. Philos. Inst. Viet 15
2. Near Mt. Compton. ouiile
Crotalaria Cunningham’s, R. Br. ps ace to Sturt’s Vent
Austr., 8. Sturt’s Creek (F. v Mueller
Crotalaria ‘lintfolia, L. fl. suppl. ee 328, Between M
sas ange and Ord Rive 983, Bet on Ord
rotalaria pap scab ‘Willd. sp. pl. IIL,
iver and eer er Range, Bata Connaught Ranges, nes
Mt. Coal 179.
Crotalaria orapat, F. v. M. in peices a bees & ee
ecurrent stipules ; the specimens small-
is new for Australia. River, ;
Lotus gata Andr, Botan. Rep. tab., 624. Fitzroy “
of Os r Ranges, Ord River, Humbert River.
Psoralea canbe F. v. M, Fragm. IV., 35.
Psoralea plumosa, F. v. M. Fragm. IV, 22.
(F. v. M.).
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS-——N.W. AUSTRALIA. 87
Psoralea leucantha, F. v. M. in Transact. Vict. Institute TIL, 54,
Margaret River, east of + Connaught Ranges ; Sturt’s Creek,
(F. v.. M.).
Psoralea balsamica, F. v. M. in Transact. Vict. Institute IIT, 55.
r Ran
East of ges,
Psoralea Archeri, 7 v. M. Fragm. IV., 21. East of Oscar Ranges,
enn River.
Psoralea patens, Lindl. in Mitch. three Exped. II., 9. Near Mt.
Krauss, between the Connaught and Rudolph Ranges, near
Depét Pool ; Sturt’s Creek and Termination ae (F. v. M.).
Indigofera linifolia, Retzius observ. IV., 29. Sturt’s Creek.
Indigofera monophylla, Cand. prodr, IL, 222. Ord River.
Indigofera trita, L. fil. suppl., 335. Negri River, Humbert River.
Indigofera viscosa, Lam. Diction. IIL, 247. Between Mt. Krauss
and Mueller’s Range.
Indigofera hirsuta, L. sp. pl., 751. Near Mt. Krauss; Sturt’s
M.).
:¥
Tephrosia flammea, F. vy. M. in Benth. Flora Austr. IL, 204
N .
M.
Tephrosia coriacea, Benth. Flora yolk II., 204 ; var. velutina
South of iia sing Ranges.
Tephrosia uniovulata, F. v. M. Fragm. X1., a Margaret River,
between Muelle Range an Ord Rive
Tephrosia rosea, F. vy. M. in Benth. Flora ak IL, 211. East of
Tephrosia pa Pers. Synopsis Plant IL, 329. Ord River ;
Stirling’s Creek (east of Connaught Ranges).
nsona oligophylla, F. v. M. in Benth. Flora Austr. IL, 218.
East Oscar Ranges. Nearer the equator than any
congener.
Mubotas acu aculeata, Pers. syn. pl., 316. Between Connanayt and
Rudolph Ranges. thence towards Mt. Compto
simpliciuscula, F. v. M. in Benth. A Ace IL, 2153.
Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.). nec aie dark-coloured. Upper
petal with or without dots or red spots. Legumes long, erect.
Seeds prismatic-oblong, brownish, shining, about 2 lines long.
aoe beset with small bulbilles. Pa ee
ma grandi Pers. Syno ickham
Erytha ight) Benth. in Mitch., Trop. Austr., 218 ; status
normalis ; Humbert River. Varietas biloba, Ord River.
Ehynchosia —— Cand. Prodr. II., 380. Between Mueller
Ord River.
Canavalia sslanytia a Prodr. IL, 404. vin! hs ret River.
Bauhinia Leichhardtii, in Transact, Vict. Inst. IIL, 50.
Margaret River, Ord Fives near Mt. Copii and Depot
Pool; Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks and Termination Lake
i ¥, M.).
88 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA,
Cassia ange Cand. Prodr. II., 945. Margaret River, Ord
Rive
Cassia dirvinta, ¥ . v. M. Fragm. L., 165. East of Oscar i
Humbert River, Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M
Cassia ie Ag te F. v. Ser Fragm. L., 166. Between Mueler
and Ord Riv
Cassia ‘dealing F. v. M. in Linnea, 1852, p., 389. Margaret
Cassia mimosoides, L. nis pl., 379. Between Rudolph Rangeand
Mt. Compton. ced by me southward to the vicinity of
e
Acacia Sentis, F. y. M. in Journ. Linn. —_ III., 128. Near the
Rudolph Range, Sturt’s Creek (F. v.
Acacia retivenia, F. v. M. Fragm. TIT, 12 3. “Margare aret River.
Acacia Wickhami, Benth, in Hook. Lond. Journ Bot Eyam
Margaret River.
Acacia stipulosa, F. y. M. in Journ. Linn. Soc. IIL, 119. East of
the Oscar Ranges, Humbert River.
Acacia pallida, F. vy. M. in Journ. Linn. Soe. IIL, 147. ert 2
Seeds greyish-brown, not shining, roundis
quadrangular, compressed, 3-4 lines long ; funicle pale brown,
replicate near the hilum, but not expanded into a sul
Acacia rhe aie Willd. sp. pl. IV., 1083. Hooker’s and
Creeks (F. v. M.). Found at Mt. Hale by Mr. Carr.
Myrracez. OL
Barringtonia acutangula, Gaertn. de fructib. et sem. II., 97, t. 1
- Humbert River, junction of Wickham and Victoria iat
Eugenia eucalyptoides, F. v. M. fragm. IV., 55. East of Ru
nge.
Calycothriz microphylla, A. Cunn. in Bot. Mags 3323. Bast ¢
ar Ranges, between Coane yehy = — Rudolph Rae TL,
Wisin aceon Se i F. v. M. in Transact. Phil. pot Vie
etween Cobihtight and padalee Range Ru dolph
Mela Leucadendron, L. mant. plant, 105. Between
ange and Mt. Compton.
Melaleuca genistifolia, pe in Trans. Linn. Soc. Ill, cif? Ord
Pool.
of Conmaght Ranges ‘Ba
saat. son pruinosa, Sr in Walp. Rep. IL, O20 a
Riy
89.
Eucah ppt terminalis, F. vy. M. in Journ. Linn. Bee, mi, 2
s Creek and Stisting’s C Creck (F. v. M.)- Hooke? = :
Wesigcas rostrata, Schlecht. Linnaea XX., 655. =
Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. M.). a
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 89
LYTHRACES.
Rotala diandra, F. v. M. (Ameletia diandra, F. v. M. Fragm. IIL,
108). M oy River ; sources of Sturt’s and Hooker's
one v.
ne oe r an extensive study of the whole order
of i Geuiet has shown (Sitzungs-Berichte botan
Vereins der Provinz rb sersapnegss 1877, p. 47-49), that the
genus Rotala could well be re-es ed, as already conten
nia as Bergia to Elatine. To the genus Nesaea, in
the limitation assigned by Koehne, we must now also refer
Lythrum Arnhemicum, which I separated as a sub-genus
under the name of Calopeplis (Fragm. Phytogr. Austr. IIL,
109), its affinity to Nesaea having been pointed out by my-
self already in 1862.
Ammannia Indica, Lam. a ., 1555. Between Connaught
Ranges and Hambért Rive
Ammannia multiflora, Roxb. Sime Ind. L., 426. Margaret River.
ONAGREZ.
Jussiaea suffruticosa, L. sp. pL, 388. Ord River, sources of
Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v.
moe parviflora, Roxb, flora Ind. L, 419. Sturt’s Creek
mee CoMBRETACEZ. :
si Jacquini, Roxb. Plant Corom. J., 2; t, 1. Negri
River, Margaret rg Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.).
I erminalia platyphylla, F. v. M. oa ii., 150. Near Hooker's
and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v M.).
HALORAGE.
Haloragis leptotheca, F. vy. M. Fragm. IIL, 32. Fitegerald Range,
sources of Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v
I have restored the specific name of this ies because
text of H. acanthocarpa, so that we are left in soy
whether it came from an intratropical or extratropical place
but some of _ other plants figured in the Atlas next to to H.
species obtained in New South Wales.
With Z. Pnassvidies all may be forms of one species.
ialragis ceratophylla, Endl. ‘Atakt., 16; t, 15. Sturt’s Creek
(F. v. M.).
90 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA.
STACKHOUSIACE.
Solieeies Pager, Smith in Rees Cyclop., 1819. scr
PROTEACEE. :
Banksia dentata, L, fil. suppl. pl., 127. East of the te
Grevillea aictiex R. Br. in Transact. Linn. Soc. X., 177.
Vict
Crevillen ‘Chryadendron, R.Br. in Trans. Linn, Soe es “116.
Near Mt. Compton.
Grevillea miosis, R. Br. in Trans. Linn. Soe. X., 177. Ord
Riv
Grevillea "Wickhami, Meissn. in Cand. Prodr. ve
ene ae’ a variety with the outside of eis ea
the style hai :
Grevillea Bannack A. Cunn. in R. Br. Prot. nov., 2%
Grevillea refracta, R. ¢" in Transact. Linn. Soc. X. 176.
Hooker’s Creck (F. v.
Hakea arborescens, R. hi in Transact, Linn. Soc. X, 187.
ources of Hooker’ s and Sturt’s Creeks.
Hakea lorea, R. Br. Proteacee nove, 25. Sturt’s Creek (F. v. e
LACEE. ee
Santalum lanceolatum, R. Br. Prodr., 356. Bie Nicholson
ins ; ooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. =
Exocarpus latifolia, R. Br. Prodr., 356. Sources of —
Sturt
RUBIACE. gee
Gardenia resinosa, F. v. M. Fragm. I., 54. Sources of Hooxers —
and Sturt’s Creeks (E. , ae F.
Oldenlandia mitrasacmoides Hedyotis mitrasa
Fragm. IV.,37). Sturt’s Creek, near ear Mt. ec."
tuldsnaattoues of the Linnea wn Sodiety;
of tropical Africa III., 53-65. Of A
hitherto thirteen have been desc
POSIT. :
Erigeron sessilifolius, F. v. M. Fragm. XI, 102. 14
E, australis, Lessing in Linnaea V., 148. Ter
(F. v. M.).
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 91
Calotis breviseta, Benth. in Hueg. enum., 60. Sturt’s Creek, near
Termination Lake (F. v
Pterigeron odorus, Benth. Flora Austr. TIL, 532. Ord River.
Moonia Sane o Benth. flora Austr. IIL, 540. East of
scar
Glossogyne tonisfolia, Cass. in dict. sc. nat. LL, 475. po hee
Mueller’s Range and Ord River, Sturt’s Creek (F. v.
Pterocaulon verbascifolius, Benth. in B. and H. gen. aaa 294,
Hum couse
Pterocaulon sphacela Benth. in B. and H. gen. plant., 294.
Eastern branch of | Fitzroy River, north of Nicholson Plains.
Flaveria Australasica, Hooker in Mitch. Trop. Austr., 118. East
m, Ca
Gnaphalium Fadia, gh 8p. p 852. A variety with ipibeler
mostly terminal flower-clusters ; Depot
Gnaphalium luteo-album, L. sp. pl, 851. Hetweeti Connaught
and Rudolph Ranges.
Los
Lobelia quadrangularis, R. Br. ameaee 563. Between Connaught
Ranges and Humbert River.
APOCYNEE.
Wrightia saligna, F. v. M. in Benth. Flora Austr. IV., 317.
Sources of Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v. M.).
arissa Brown F. v. M. ae IV., 45, var. lanceolata. Ord
ver, between Conna t Ranges ind Humbert River ;
Hooker’s and Sturt’s ee ia v. M.).
ASCLEP
Sarcostemma australe, R. oR wre 163. Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.).
Cynanchum floribundum, R. Br. Prodr., oe: Between Mueller’s
Range and Ord River, Depot Creek (F. ape
Microstemma Dake hee has 2, 58. Southern
ponder of the Victoria ba bhag from whence I also recorded
ACANTHACE®. :
Dicliptera gla a, Decaisne herb. Timor., 55. Ord River.
Hypoestes aaa R. Br. Prodr., 474. Ord River, Humbert
Riv
‘ver.
Nelsonia campestris, R. Br. Prodr., 481. Depot Pool.
Justicia procumbens, L. Flora Zeilanica, 19. Sturt’s Creek
(F. v. M.).
a linifolius, L. raope aie sec., «301. Ord River.
Ppomea hederacea, Sac el ect. L., 124. East of Oscar Ranges ;
flowers in this case
92 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA.
Ipomea erecta, R. Br. Prodr., 487. ieee: Creek, near Fitz-
gerald’s Range.
Ipomea reptans, Poiret Encycl. Méthod., suppl. IIL, 460. Sturt’s
Creek in many places, extending to near Termination Lake,
also on Hooker’s Creek (F. v. M.). As regards the dehiscence
of its fruit this species holds the same relation to other con-
geners as Limnanthemum to Villarsi
Ipomea alata, R. Br. Prodr., 484. Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.).
Ipomea heterophylla, R. Br. Prodr., 487. Sturt’s Creek (E. v. M).
LIpomea dissecta, Willd. Phytogr., 5t.,2. Near Termination Lake
F.
dj eens gracilis, R. a Prodr., 484. Sturt’s Creek, near Termina —
Lake (F. v.
ieure, denticulata, “Chey i in Cand. Prodr. IX., 379. Sources o
the Victoria River (F. v. M.).
Convolvulus eres, Vahl. Symbol. IIL, 29. Sturt’s Creek
EF. v
A Ap sa R. Br. Prodr., 488. Noticed by me as far south
as Turviivdtion Lake (F. +, : k
Breweria linearis, R. Br. Prodromius, 488, Sturt’s Cree
Ry
(F. v. M.). ;
peg pannosa, R. Br. Prodr., 488. Seen by the writer as far
south as Termination Lake.
SoLan
Physalis minima, L. sp. pl., 183. + Depot P ool, Lake
Solanum ee R. Br ’Prodr., 417. Near Termination 1as¢ —
rf
GOODENOVIACEZ. ndsta
Goodenia seaevolina, F. v. M. Fragm. L, 118. Hooker's and suit”
Creek, near Termination Lake (F. v. M.
Goodenia lamprosperma, F. v. M. Fragm. L, 116, mere
Goodenia heterochila, F. v. M. Fragm. iL, of
Ranges, between the Ord River and ar Ree ‘ig
gibbous at the base.
Calogyne pilosa, R. Br. Prodr., heb che te Creek ¢: Mee
Leschenaultia agrostophylla, F. v. ragm. VL, 8. &
Near Fitzgerald Range.
ASPERIFFOLIZ.
Cressa Cretica, L., sp. pl., 223. Termination
Heliotropium ovalifolium, Forsk. Flora Aigyptt
Lake (F.
saa
Depot Poo
Ehretia saligna, R. Br. Prodr., 496. East of Conné
on Sturt’s Creek far south, not rare (F. v. M.)
Trichodesma apo R. Br. Prodr., 496.
nges, Margaret River ; in many places nen
(F. v. M.). Oldest generic name Pollichia,
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA. 93
Lasts
Ocimum sanctum, L. mant. plant, 85, Ord Riv
hosma ee Benth. in Wall. pl., Asiat rar. IL, 13.
- Near Connaught Ranges ; near Mt. Wittenoom (F. v.
oe tae Teac dace, R. Br. Prodr., 503. East of the Oscar
Mints in North-west Australia.
Teucrium integrifolium, F. v. M. in Benth. Flora Austr. V., 133.
Near Mt. Wittenoon (F. v. M.).
LENTIBULARIES.
Utricularia chrysantha, R. Br. Prodr., 432. Near Fitzgerald
Range ; found also by Mr. Thos. Gulliver on the Gilbert and
on the Norman River.
VERBEN
Premna acuminata, R. Br. snl “512. Between Connaught
Ranges and Humbert River.
Myoporinz.
Eremophila maculata, F. v. M., in Papers Royal Soc., Tasm, IIL,
297. Margaret "River; a alieg aware ghee on Sturt’s
v. M.).
Cree!
Pes ie Latrobes, a y. M, report on Babbage’s pl. 17, var.
filifolia.
Ord Riv
Myoporum ‘enuiflium, 'G. Forster, Prodr., 44. Depét Creek _
(¥. v.. ME),
ORCHIDE2.
te 2 canaliculatum, R. Br. Prodr., 331. Benn River (Con-
naught Ranges).
PANDANEX.
Pandanus aquaticus, F. v. M., Fragm. v., 40. Stirli ing’s Creek
(F. v. M.). Fruitlets quite free, 5-7-angled, club-shaped,
attenuated at the base, outside “ mewha a the
ac :
em’s land,
rved by Dr. Leichhardt.
height and more slender than that of the pers
species.
Pandanus odoratissimus, L. fil. suppl, 424. Near SP atinngkt
Ranges and Mt. Coniptoa asa near Stitling’s Creek (F. v. M.).
94 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W. AUSTRALIA.
FLAGELL
Flagellaria Indica, L. sp. pl., 333, "East of the Oscar Ranges,
Comm
Commelyna agrostophylla, F. v. M., Brain VIIL,59. Port Darwin;
sources of Sturt’s Creek, F. v. M. Uni nited by Bentham with
C. lanceolata, restored as a species by the present monographer
of the order, C. B. Clarke, Esq., who writes to me: “I find
e species quite distinct on many grounds, and further be
lieve that the Commelynas, which have all the ovary-cells
uniovulate, never vary so as to exhibit any 2-ovulate cells
I have never found a single instance of variation on this
Wycliffe.
CYPERACER.
Cyperus vaginatus, R. Br. Prodr., 213. Margaret River ; siar’s
Hooker’s and Depot Creeks (E. v. M.).
Cyperus difformis, L. amoen. acad. TV., 302. Sturt’s Creek (E
Comet ts rinervisy Re Br. Prodr., 213. Wiekham’s River (F-veb}
Cyperus pulchellus, R. Br. Prodr., 213. Wickham’s River ie
M.); found also at Port Darwin by Mr. Holtze, and at oe
Palmer River by Mr. Wycliffe. Occasionally fully one
ha microcephala, R. append. to Tuck. Ngo, ,
Whickham’s River, eae Creek and Sturt’s
F. v. M. |
Upper Victoria Rive,
oe 1 Pygmaen, R. Br., ae 240.
ear Depot Creek (F. v. so
v. x)
GRAM
Panicum gracile, R. Br. Prodr., 190, Sturt’s Oreck we
P. m spinescens, R. Br. Prodr., 193. Upper ere
and Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.); occurs also oD
Lachlan and Murray Rivers. cs
Perotis rara, R. Br. Prodr., 172. Laer
Creek, Termination Lake ¥.
Erianthus articulatus, F. v. “at Fragm, VILL, 118 Noe
_ Fitzgerald Ran roria Rive
ulvus, Kunth enumer. L, 10, oe
Hooker’s and Sturt’s Creeks (F. v.
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS—N.W, AUSTRALIA, 95
Erianthus Aree Kunth enumer., I., 479. Southern sources of
the Victoria River.
Andropogon iments R. Br. Prodr., 201. Upper Victoria River,
= the sandstone tableland. A state ly grass, but formidable
m account of the piercing awns of enormous length.
Aniinella Nepalensis, Trin. spec. gram. t., 268. Near the
Fitzgerald Ranges
pias ti strictus, R. Br. Prodr., 175. Hooker’s Creek (F.
Trivaphis mollis, R. Br. Prodr., 185. Near Seema Lake,
where I also noticed a Neurachne, and also a Sporobolus
_ allied to S. Virginicus,
Triodia pungens, R. Br. Prodr., 182. On the sandstone table-
land tow sida the sources of the Victoria River, also on
Hooker's siet Sturt’s Creek, (F.
Chloris megeaplee Lindl. in Mitch. Trop. Austr., 33. Sturt’s
Elusine cruciata, dane Encycl. Méthod. t., 48, fig. 2. Termination
Lake (F. v. M.).
Ectrosia Sarna , R. Br., Prodr., 186. Near Fitzgerald es 2
Sturt’s Creek, wdeaes a delta species also occurs (F. v. M.).
Poa ramigera, F. v. M., in Transact. Vict. Inst., 1855, p- 45.
Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.).
FILices.
Blechnum orientale, L., sp. pl., 1077.
of Oscar
Cheilanthes tenuifolia, Swartz Synop. a abs Hooker’s Creek
and upper part of Sturt’s Creek (F. v. M.).
ae aionm awectine L., sp. pl., 1062. ee Victoria River
PosrrioNs SHOWN ON THE Map.
Ki Moun
Fitzroy River. Miieller’s Ranges
Fr Margaret River.
ollier oe ’s Plains.
King Leopold’s Ranges. ver.
Moet Heck rt. Co: —
Mount Anderson. Rudolph Range
Hochstetter’s Plains. um
Mount Tuckfield. Victoria River.
Mo tt. Depot sg
St. ’s Ranges. Wickham River.
= Mount Compton
Mount Campbell. Cambridge
Admiralty Gulf
124
go __
ADMIRAL YT
127
et
M* Humbert
So
yoo
ne Sia
NS aq <
a
Ful ohn
— Pad
: Mins
Sein.”
es ase
Noe
™~
§
\
pre
a
AEF
ngScak7 5
bott aise 7M
ee
———
of ir a9
cr ST.GEORGE Rat
5
Mt Krau
IGES
hel
SS
q mony st
eee
©
"107 Dopot Po.
yl
a Mt é. pton
pe
J
(25 (2 (
Z
rea
(40 23—80)
ROUTE OF ALEX. FO
RRESTS EXPEDITION IN 1879.
97
Ringbarking and its Effects.
By W. E. Axssort, Esq., J.P., Glengarry.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 7 July, 1880.]
. .
| heredtchtard
pty
nao Rr by arguments and opinions drawn from all parts of the
wor
_ The two principal objections urged against the new method of
improving the land were: First, that the creeks and rivers would
reply, will give my own experience, and
summary of the effects that have followed from ringbarking in the
In 1869, after having seen the very increase in the grazing
capacity of Messrs. White’s runs which followed from ringbarking,
98 RINGBARKING AND ITS EFFECTs.
I began on my own run at Glengarry, a is situated on fe
Page River, about 12 thilen south-east from Murrurundi, and
about 16 miles from the summit of Liverpoo al Range.
The greater part of the land ringbarked is about 1,300 feet above
sea-level by aneroid barometer measurement, though some of the
ridges rise to a-height of 2,000 feet, and one or two of the highest
peaks to nearly 3,000. The most of the run and all that which
is been ringbarked is of voleanic formation, consisting of black
soil flats and basaltic ridges with white box timber.
In 1869 and 1870 I ringbarked the greater part of the waa
shed of two small creeks and the whole of the watershed of a
third ; each of these creeks being about 2 miles long, - io
well-defined valleys shut in by high “i of basalt. refer
to them in this paper as creeks No. 1, 2, and 3. i have a
inquiries about them as far back as 1850, and find that from that
date to 1860 they were dry water-courses ‘only holding water for
few days after rain, and in a few places in the winter months
always ae up comple — in summer and never running #
streams at any tim
rom ay own ienanthess from 1860 to 1870, I Know ae
te, so
was done in the
to that time, nor paid much attention to them, 1 i.
since. ri 1 4
No. 2 creek contains about 850 acres, and is ring 4 '
same way as No. 1, that is about 300 acres of od Of
have been left on the head of the creek. The
No. 2 is narrower and about the same length a
rallel to and divided from it = a soem
but the area drained by it does not adjoin
either of the former. It contain sabout 500 acres,
seems to be less affected by oneness than either 0
RINGBARKING AND ITS EFFECTS. 99
This I attribute to the fact that No. 3 has a rock bottom through
the whole of its course, while Nos. 1 and 2 have some gravel beds
under which the water may flow.
The geological formation of all three creeks is volcanic, there
being no stratified rocks as far as I can see in any part of them.
All three began to run in 1871, and have continued ever since to
run as permanent streams, and in the last drought ending herein
the beginning of 1878, though the volume of water w
it usually is, the creeks never ceased running, even up to the third
year of drought.
The three creeks that have been ringbarked flow from west to east,
and there is a creek flowing from east to west on the fe pe side
1 +e rae at drainaca o
inches), and I wished, by measuring after a considerable period 0!
weather, to make sure that I was not over-estimating the per-
manent annual outflow.
The average rainfall here since 1875 is just 25 inches, and taking
the rainfall for the previous five years at Murrurundi, which is
fall is still within a few points of 25 inches for the ten years. No
raln-gauges were kept in this part of the country before 1870.
The water begins to flow in the creeks a short distance below the
green timber, sothat in comparing the outflow with the area drain :
I have only taken into the calculation the area of drainage that is
nugbarked.
MEASUREMENTS.
No, 1 creek contains :—
at 25 for twelve months ... 516,140,625 gallons.
Permanent outflow at 264 gallons per
minute for a year... i ... - 13,924,800 gallons.
or taking
100 RINGBARKING AND ITS EFFECTS.
No. 2 creek contains :—
300 acres green timber, nit
550 acres ringbarked. ud
all for year at 25 inches.. . 811,953,125 gallons.
on
Permanent outflow at 11 gallon 5 per i
minute for one year 5,781,600 gallons
Or about +; of vitwel
annual rainfa em
taking at rate of rainfall for pre-
vious four eeuereigs 88
No. 3 creek contains
800 acres shui ed.
all for year at 25 inches.. . 453; 750,00 gall
Permanent outflow at 20 gallons per
minute for one year “ 10. 713.00
Or about ~; of annual rainfall, or
oi as a rate of previous four
ra
months,
These cale all do not take into nape the flood-ate
but only the permanent flow, and the quantity of ape
passing away during a heavy fall of rain tte be vi
able, as the fall of the grodad from the heads of the
river, a distance of 2 miles, is about 500 feet. :
am unable to obtain the total outflow for a year, but I ti a
how it could be done, as the rise and fall is —
“be necessary to attend to it day and night d
rain was falling. ss
My experience in reference to the three creeks =
been repeated in every instance where I have had timber
barked, and, as far as I can learn, in every part of — yy
River watershed the result has been the same as in my case
exception has come under my notice, though of course
is more apparent in some cases than in others. ,
There can I think be no doubt that, on f ringbaoking =
was dead and the increase in the number of spring& nee .
course the first effect mentioned follows from the second he aol!
ways :— a an
First, the roots of the trees decaying may gener and aft
soil drainage, leading the water down into the arses
wards allowing it to drain off slowly into - ve avant
om is the only cause, one of the very ge
barking will be but temporary.
-
RINGBARKING AND ITS EFFECTS. 101
growing trees and evaporated from their leaves is allowed to find
its way to the creeks and rivers. The fact that the Eucalyptus is
— the most vigorous growing tree known, and that it has
to a possible explanation of the anomaly presented by most of our
Australian rivers. If we compare such a river as the Thames in
ge with the Hunter in New South Wales, we shall find that,
ough the area of drainage is not very unequal, the Hunter having
. er area and the heavier rainfall, the outflow of the Thames
ad
not seen any record of the annual outflow of the Thames, and none
has been kept of that of the Hunter, but I take the fact that ae
es is navigable for a great part of its course, even to a hei
of 250 feet above sea-level, and the Hunter scarcely at all, as
proof that the former must have very much the larger quantity of
\ water. There must be a reason for this, and though an under-
‘o our rainfall is, as I suppose, peculiar to Australia, then in look-
| ard the cause sweat find one that is also peculiar to Aus-
; y
“upposing that the evaporation here is greater than in other
countries situated in the same latitude either north or south of the
Our forest growth is certainly exceptional, whether the two
re connected in the way of cause and effect or not. I do
not know that we have sufficient data to determine the question
102 RINGBARKING AND ITS EFFECTS.
either way at present, but if the work which Mr. Russell has
begun in keeping a record of the outflow of some of our rivers is
carried on, before the present generation has passed away there
will be something on which to base an opinion
A few years ago it would have been deemed the very acme of
absurdity for any man to destroy the timber on his land for the
purpose of producing permanent water, and now it is done every
day asa matter of course.
That the destruction of the forests will reduce the rainfall is, I
think, unlikely.
The theory that the amount of rainfall in any country depends
on the area of its forests seems to be very generally received, and
may have arisen from the fact that where there is a large and
regular rainfall there is pretty sure to be a heavy forest growth,
but a little thought will show that the forest is the result of the
rainfall, not the rainfall of the forest. eae
Indeed it is hard to understand how any forest could come into
existence if the amount of rainfall were influenced mainly by te
forest growth, as the forest would have to precede the rainfall
and yet could not grow without it. Be
In conclusion, I wish to call attention to a report by Mr
Draper, Director of the New York Observatory, America, which
was published in the Scientific American supplement for Janualy
3rd, 1880, and which bears on the subject of this paper a
question whether deforestation reduces rainfall, or alters ‘sl
in any way, is the one which Mr. Draper proposes to himself 2)
the answer after supplying necessary data is that it does _
Mr. Draper shows that neither the rainfall nor the temper”
of the Atlantic States of America has altered im any apP “states
degree within the last century, and these, I think, are the
in which, within the last century, a larger amount of de: peer
has been done than in any other part of the world. dn i
Not being satisfied with the length of time over which the
Paris in France, extending over a period of 190 yeas aa slg
on examining them that during that time there hail be ae
h
ii
illations
there must be very much less forest
was two hundred years ago.
103
Notes on the Fossil Flora of Eastern Australia and
asmania,
By Orroxar Fersrmantet, M.D., Paleontologist, Geological
Survey, Calcutta.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 4 August, 1880.]
{xy 1876 the late very lamented Rev. W. B. Clarke, of Sydney.
N. 8. Wales, forwarded to me a collection of Australian fossil
plants for comparison with the Gondwana plants of India, and
ed
myself in the German Paleontographica (edited by Dunker and
Zittel) in 1878,
In 1878 I received another smaller but nevertheless very
it is also published in the German Palontographica, 1879, and
illustrated by twelve plates, and in a few weeks I shall have the
honour of forwarding these papers on the Australian Flora, together
with others on the Indian Flora, to Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson. In the
meantime I think the following notes may be useful as a general
review of the whole work. E
flora under consideration belongs to the paleozoic and
Mesozoic formations, while the few tertiary plants, which were
also sent, will be described later—perhaps together with some
more plants with which I may be favoured for description.
Fossil plants from the mentioned strata are known at present
from Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania ;
from all “these districts, except the Colony of Victoria, plants
lh ew :
Mr. Clarke’s a i fourth edition of his Remarks, &c., and
Mr. R. Sehaiiges Cossmanee ar cee Fossils, 1878.
104 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA,
were represented in the above collections; others were already —
described before by other authors, and it will, I think, be the best
to discuss at first the distribution of the plants according to the
mentioned provinces (beginning from north), from which also the
classification of the strata will best be seen, and then to give some
notes on the flora in systematic order.
Although these notes will at the same time also correct several
of the misprints which unavoidably occurred in my above work,
I yet think it necessary to here draw attention to one especially
since it must appear misleading.
In the second list given at my first paper on the Australian
Flora (1878), on pages 124, 125, the last colut containing the
— of the Australian formations, i is totally misprinted, as the
tried to correct this list, but after further information
from Mr. C. 8, Wil ilkinson, the correlation will have to ies
slightly yet.
L—QUEENSLAND.
Literature—Daintree: “ Geology of Queensland” Bo 7
Geol. Soc. London, 1873). The plants are described by a :
Carruthers. We find them again in Mr. R. pbs
—— cecal.
and re (which app Australe, Carr. Amongst following |
plants which I had before me there were the fo rhe
true Teniopteris Daintreei, M‘Coy
Presl., and an Otozamites (comp. Mandeslohi She
species are from the Talgai Diggings, and the pe
new for Australia. with some
These beds are, as we shall see further on, equivalent
beds in New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania
2. Paleozoic coal-beds, with plants and mer ote Gms A
are found more in the northern po
FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, 105
—_ the following genera are mentioned—Glossopteris,
Schizopteris, and Pecopteris. (See Carruthers in Daintree, l.c.)
These beds are presumably equivalent with the lower coal-beds
in New South Wales. There were no specimens from here at my
disposal.
8. Devonian, on Mt. Wyatt, Broken River, Canoona River. Mr.
W. Carruthers described from these beds a lepidodendroid
IL—NEW SOUTH WALES.
the numerous papers and works dealing with the geology
and palzontology of this province, I mention the follo —
Strzelecki: Physical description of N. 8. Wales and Van
Diemen’s Land, 1845, with plates. (Fossil Flora described
by Prof. Morris.
M‘Coy: On the ‘Fosail Botany and Zoology of the Rocks
associated with the Coal in Australia. In Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist.; 1847, vol. xx. 1st ser., with plates.
Dana: United States Exploring Expedition, "Geology, 1849.
With plates.
Wilkinson, ©. S.: Mines and Mineral Statistics, &., 1875,
p. 127, et seg.
Clarke, W. B. , especially: Remarks on the Sedimentary
hia mat of N.S. Wales. 4th pope 1878, Besides
Feistmantel, “Oihkee: : Palsozoische und mesozoische
" des Ostlichen Australien. Palwontographica, 1878-7 9.
Also Mr. Etheridge’s Catalogue is to be quoted again.
The stratigraphical relations are best described by Mr. Clarke
in his Remarks, &c.; the flora we find in Strzelecki’s (Morris),
MCoy’s, and Dana’s papers; I myself described also several new
3 while Mr. Clarke has especially drawn attention to the
Vertical distribution of certain genera of fossil plants.
_ The marine fossils waeertelty treated on by Prof. De Koninck, in
ile :
his w. iques de la Nouvelle-
Galles du Sud. Bruxelles, 1876-1877,
T proceed in descending order—
1 Mesozoic beds.—Mr. : daseriben in Mines and Mineral
106 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA.
were also two specimens from this locality, in which I
recognized T'eniopteris Daintreet, M‘Coy, and Alethopteris
y; fr
beds with the mesozoic = Sea in Queensland and with others in
Victoria (see further
Rev. W. B. Clarke discusses these beds, i in the fri
“Mesozoic or Secondary Formations.” In t tabular list
iferous”; in both cases they are therefore represented 98
younger tha the Newcastle beds, which is in 80 mie
importance as, according to information received from
Wilkinson (in letters dated 30/9/78 and 25/11/79), certam
physical characters tend to correlate the Hawkesbury.
sie a paleontological point of view are not widely ae
e Wianamatta beds, with the Baodhe Man sand-
aie in Victoria (see further on), with which h again I have
correlated from paleontological evidence the eee
relations have been observed. I shall mention this -_
when speaking of the Bacchus pan sandstones. The |
from these beds hitherto known a )
a. Wianamatta beds—
Fishes': Paleoniscus gracilis, Eg. ; Cleithrolepis ram
latus, Eg.
Plants: Pecopteris (Thinnfeldia) “it tay Pa
(Fstm.); Odontopteris microph fee
teris tenuifolia, M‘Coy; Macross
matic, Feistm. (1878). oes
0. Harkesbury beds— : pe |
Fishes: Cleithrolepis gr g. (Le); 2 oi, |
Clarkei, Eg., (ib.) Thnnflda 2 (bee nee _
an aE
teroides, Fstm.?; Sphenopteris sp-,
sp. (Both Lib i by Professor - McCoy.)
/
These fossils clearly td that both these rock ee 4
closest relation to each o 7 ,
Pe ringg! on Sir Ph.): On some Ichthyolites from N. Ss. Wales.
2 Teil th aso) described and illustrated by 2 eet "Fm
Wales, the Hoch: sibiny opt
FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, 107
3. Upper Paleozoic. Under this heading Mr. Clarke comprised
several groups :—
a, Upper Coal Measures or Glossopteris beds, also “Newcastle
beds.” Thea e beds were by Professor Moy considered
bette considerin:
stones, and caught all means as older than the indian 8 §
beds (Damuda series). The Rey. W. B. Clarke considered
them palzozoic, and so does Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson, to which
The best bevmed aes where fossils from these beds were
collected are Blackman’s Swamp, Bowenfels, Guntawang, Mudgee,
Illawarra, Mulubimba, aii Wollongong.
The sani hitherto known ar
Fishes : Urosthenes A emer Dana (a heterocercal fish).
Plants : Phyllotheca Australis, M‘Coy (and two other species
which I think do not differ from this one); Vertebraria
Australis, MCoy ; Sphenopteris lobifolia, Morr. ; alata,
; , ¥; germana,
M'Co lumosa, M‘Coy; flexuosa, M‘Coy.
Clieioytirte ‘Pcianl: Bgt; Hnearis, Mt wibeiek ; ampla, Dana;
reticulum, Dana; cordata, Dana; teroides, Feistm. ;
Wilkinsoni, Feistm. ; parallela, Feistn
Gangamopteris angustifolia, Moy; Gang. Ci larkeana, Feistm. ;
Caulopteris(?) A
Zeugophyllites elongatus, Morr.; Viggerathiopeis spathulata,
sp. ‘fean stm.); ogg. media, Dana, sp. (Fstm.)
_Brachyphyilum Australe, sce scales of conifers.
b. Upper wee beds ; beds with marine animals.
e. ne al measures ; beds with coal seams and flora, below
din i animals. Th
are in so
Hb dees Glossopteris, and Néggerathiopsis, appear to
take their origin.
Acco ccording to ea eek received from the late Mr. Clarke,
it appears that two dyin | in these may be distin, separ-
ated had lower marine bed Se ice
a, higher Levitin arind portion , @
look Socal thar Hill, and Wagmond Terrace, &c.,
with the following fossils :-—Phyllotheca, sp., Glossopteria
108 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA,
Browniana, Bgt., Gl. sor, Fstm,
GI. primeva, F'stm., OL Clarke Sor "Ol ciagemagal
Néggerathiopsis prisca, Fst
Amongst the specimens sent by he late Mr. Clarke there were
also fragments of a plant which I took to be Annularia, and
which I named Ann. Australis, Fstm.
b. A lower group with lower carboniferous plants, at the
localities—Arowa, Port Stephens, and Smith’s Creek
(near Stroud), with the following fossils :—Calamites
radiatus, Bgt., Sphenophyllum, sp., Rhacopteris inequi-
latera, Gopp., sp., Rh. intermedia, Feistm., Eh, comp.
Romore, Bek
Stbg.
This flora is certainly very interesting, and in tes strongly
the age of Mountain Limestone (Culm), if not Hoar’s ee
One circumstance must be mentioned specially, which I was not
well acquainted with when I wrote my first paper on the A a.
flora. Professor M‘Coy described, from Arowa, a a
linearis, together with an Otopteris ovalis, classing consequently
ocality also with the other localities of Glossopteris beds (ot
Newcastle beds), The late Rev. W. B. Clarke, ctf sent two
specimens of Professor Mo 8 Otoptercs ovata trom
= clearly show that this bas is the sa hacoptens
nequilatera, from Smith’s Oreek (Stroud), and "that the fete
Arden has indeed to be classed with this group of beds
Professor M‘Coy’s observation of the association of 5
linearis, M‘Coy, with Rhacopteris inequilatera, Gépp» sp 8 of
correct one, + So this Glossopteris is the oldest re epresentative
the whole genus, fauna;
c. Marine Beds ; lower beds with a marine paleozoic Hm
of the upper palzozoic.
4. Middle Paleozoic, porcine Beds at Goonoo Goon0o 0
the Peel River, Back Cree Diggings on the
do
by Mr. W. Carruthers, from Queensland,
of which these beds in Queensland were le De New
The same can therefore also be said 0
South Wales. pet
5. Lower Paleozoic (Silurian.) In Profesor De Koninck’s a
mentioned work, a plant, Spirophyton (?) ea goad
quoted from Si lurian beds, at Beton :
42 me from Austral
"F Mieetly new fenes; 1 all figured for the first tim b
POSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANTA, 109
Ill.—VICTORIA.
The classification of the plant-bearing beds and the description
of plants may be found in the following w orks :—
M‘Coy: Prodromus of the Paleontology of Victoria. Decades
I-v, 187 4-1877.
Brough Smyth: Reports of Progress, Geolog. Survey of
Victoria, 1876, &e.
i ght on the Geology of Victoria, 1860 (Qu. T.G.S8.)
The following rocks are a ae —
1. Upper Mesozoic (Bellarine beds). Near Bellarine, at Cape
Paterson, on the Wanon River (Coleraine), &c. The fossils
Australis,
are, neces Australis, Bgt., Alethopteris is, Morr.,
sp., Teen eris Daintreci, Moy, Zamites + (Podozamites)
Nk M Coy. .» Zam, ellipticus, M‘Coy, Zam. longifolius,
y:
™, , mee 1 1
pan in n Queensland and are most ite of re urassic age; cere are
also equivalent with the mentioned mesozoic beds in New
South Wales (Clarence River), and with the mesozoic beds in
Tasmania, to be described further
2. Lower Mesozoic ; the Bacchus Marsh sandstones or Ganga-
} Beds 8
e,
one genus with three species; Gangamopteris obligua M‘Coy,
woe angustifolia, M‘Coy, Gangamopteris spathulata,
Oy:
These beds are of peculiar interest for correlation of the Indian
and Australian coal-beds. Certain physical relations appear to
: the
ve coal formations, which expressed in a formula
would appear r thus Soin
Damuda series.
(Indian rot ten
machi division. | Bacchus Marsh Sand-| Hawkesbury beds.
aatir group and Kar. stones. (N. 8. Wales.)
harbari coal-beds.) (Victoria. )
gegen
ce measures
a: S. Wales.)
110 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA,
3. Carboniferous. Avon River sandstones ; beds on the Avon
River in Gippsland, with Lepidodendron Australe wae
which species I believe to be different from Le pidod. nothum,
U.
ng.
4. Devonian. Iguana Creek beds, at the Iguana Creek, E. Vietori
with Sphenopteris Iguanensis, M Coy ; Aneimites Tgwanensis,
ih Archeopteris Howitti, M‘Coy ; and Conia atl :
M ‘Coy.
IV.—TASMANTA. od 7
The position of the plant-bearing beds in Tasmania
and Jerusalem basin) is not yet quite clearly er” out,
Tas
sentatives of the mesozoic ede: in Queensland, eee re
of those in N. 8. Wales (Clarence River), and Be
(Victoria). |
The fossils from these beds in Tasmania hitherto known ares
(
elongata, Carr.; Alethopteris Australis, Morr. 5 Pes:
asmanica, Feistm.; Zeugophyllites elongatus, Bgt. o
the Spring Hill, J erusalem basin.
FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, lll
“yoorg vuvndy
oY} UO Speq uBTMOANT
‘puvpsddry ‘oany uoay
ay} UO snodeztuOgavy
‘Bug
“wnyjou uospuapoprdary
PIA Speq uvruoAe”y
spoq ouLreyy
‘OW Yor) 8. ygiug 043
TH
“uy AMET Hd FU CPE
‘Bu
‘unyow woupuapopyder
YA Bpeq uvruoAeg
XT wan Auoys oy} | “(spfoyywoo wx0y]I0NN)
WO SEINSVOUT [VOD 19MO'T speq [woo
‘spoq outmeypy soddg (o1ozomyed) toMory
speq opysvoMo N
costo qeoo saoddq
(‘speq-[voo 8,18q, “souOySspues
“Ivy pur cae eared) Ysivpy-suyqoovg. omy, 2
“MOISTAIp Atopey, *Spoeq O10zZOseT 1OMOTT Ainqsoyaepy
acon ess SC, "pea eames
*(snooorm )
‘UIseq WeTeSNIO, ‘TTTET *(spoq oan ads IOAN] eomereyy aie
“svupapuor roddq Surg oy} uo vywayg "spoq o1ozoseyy 4 94} UO Speq o10Z0BETT [v0o o1ozoseyy soddq
a = aa amar are mere cer ane cecum cmeneten eps, nn ‘i
| “vypuy | “UIUBUISB, BLOPTA | “SOE YINOG MON "puvysuooney
a ames reer ee ee ee So Me Bee es Pes
‘(u1oqs4s vUpApuOr)
UVIPUT OY} 41 OFUT OL, OsTY T) 481] Au[nqL, Burmorfoy oy9 Aq poqvaysniy! oq uvo so#ed FuroSes0y oyy ur pouoruowr sured ONL,
112 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANTA,
T shall now add a few remarks on the fossils from the plant and
coal-bearing beds in Australia (eels of the marine —
enumerating them in systematical order
Paleoniseus antipodeus, Egerton. 'Wianamatta beds.
Cleithrolepis granulatus, Eg. ; the tail of this species not sufficiently —
distinct. Wianamatta and Hawkesbury beds.
Myriolepis Clarkei, Eg. Hawkesbury beds. (The tail of this species
is not known.
Urosthenes Australis, Dan. ; a heterocercal fish from the Neweastle
beds. .
B. Puants.' ‘ a
i ras scr :
Phyllotheca Australis, Bgt. (pls. vi, fig. 3; 1, 2; xv, ia a
This species has in Australia a a distribution be 2 the lower coal
measures (below the first marine fauna) into the i: a
beds of Queensland and Victoria. In Europe an and Siberia
genus occurs in Jurassic beds only ; in — we know it from ;
the upper portion of the Damuda seri
——— Australis, M‘Coy. (pl. vi, 1, 2), Systematic a
t settled with certainty, but most probably ane
here known from the upper coal measures (New wveastle od
In India it occurs in the Lower Gondwanas (Talehir .
Damuda division). -
Calamites radiatus, Bgt. (pl. via, fig. 1; viia, figs. 3, 4) Fon
beds at Smith’s Oni Stroud. te ist a
Annularia Australis, Feistmn. (pl. vii a, figs. 5, 6);
ae only species described from Aus tralia. B es
oal measures at Greta, N. 8. Wales. — . :
Beenchs ste Sp. (pl. ii, fig. 1). Fragmentary, “©
Port Stephens, N. 8. Wales. OB
2, Filices.
ites. east this genus six species are described ty Hor
ana) from the Neweastle beds. sk Vict
Sphenaporieguanens M‘Coy.—From the Iguana Ores ot
Sphenopteris elongata, Car¥.—At first described by Mr. “snd
from the upper Mesozoic coal-beds in Qu in’
by Mr. Crépin from apparently oquivales bes 4
Jerusalem basin.
' To those species began | have been ewig ry oF in ee ;
the ive and fi s will
plates of the siccnd mantels on. the Australian flora fi oe et
add to the Roman plate numbers of the secon second memoir
FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA. 113
Aneimites Iguanensis, M‘Coy.—Devonian. Iguana Creek, Victoria.
Archeopteris Howitti, M‘Coy.—Devonian. Locality the same.
a ae Wilkinsont, Feistm. (pl. via, figs. 3, 4; vii a, 1).
r coal measures, Smith’s Creek (Stroud), N.S. Wales.
dsbiopeerts Sp. (pl. iv a, fig. 4).—From the same locality.
Rhacopteris inequilatera, Cupp. (pl. ii, fig. 3; iii, iv, 1, 23 ia, h 2;
. belongs
species. Localities—Port Stephens, Smith’s Creek, Stroud,
and Arowa, all N. 8. Wales.
Rhacopteris intermedia, Feistm. (pl. ii, f. 2).—Port Stephens ; lower
coal measures.
Rhacopt. comp. Rémeri, Fstm. (pl. iia, f. 2).—Smith’s Creek,
Stroud ; lower coal m
Rhacopt. septentrionalis i aha iva, f. 5)—Smith’s Creek,
Stroud ; lower coal m
Thinnfeldia odontopteroides, ae Morr. sp.) (pls. xiv, fig. 5 ; xv,
Seon ter er a, xa, and AS eek ake rris d escribed i in
Strzelecki’s above-mentioned work, a fossil seid from the
Jerusalem basin, as Pecopteris odontopteroides, Morr., without
being however able to justify this determination. Prof.
M‘Coy placed later the same species with Gleichenites. Mr.
W. Carruthers quotes it from Queensland again as Pecopteris
Buiiel aoreat and gave two figures. M. aed with
considering the beds from which it came as Cad erous.
d before, on sasdiaacisibdos
with 5S; ‘phenopteris elongata, Carr., leaves no doubt about the
opt en are of these Tasmanian beds. I could compare speci-
me eensland and Tasmania, and also from the
Wiindiiatta and Hawkesbury beds in New South Wales. The
comparison has shown that in the ens from all the
localities there occurs a dichotomy of the frond pretty
that the venati
this plant eaaaey from the genus
ears and it ragacarteer to me that it should best be classed
with Thinnfeldia, under which name I have described it in
my above-mentioned oc met for the support of this view I
quote its great resemblance to Thinnfeldia
from the Rhetic beds of the Aries Republic.’
1 Paleontographica: Cassel, 1876.
114 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA,
A a Bey | rN Pe oe | Tm pe Ee ee on LL
as far as known at present, this plant has not been met with below
the Hae kecieey beds ; it therefore does not ocewr in the Neweastle
beds. The quotation of it in my first memoir on the Australian
Flora as being also known from the Newcastle beds, was caused
mistake with regard to the locality Clark’s Hill, which I ie
to be in the Newcastle beds while it is in the Wianamatta beds
In the mentioned memoir I also quoted it as coming dou
from the lower seri measures, which referred to the occurrence ¢
this species in Tasm ; this was before I had sufficient informa-_
tion about the pidaition of these Tasmanian beds.
We know therefore this plant from the following horizons and
localities :— eden a an
a. Upper Mesozoic beds. Tpswich (figures in my
pl. xv, figs. 3, 5, 6), and Tivoli Mines, ris
Mr. W. Carruther’s figures, lc.) ; Jerusalem basi,
Tasmania (figures in my first memoir, pl. xv, figs 4 a
Morris’ original figures, 1845, and the figures i
Crépin’s paper, 1875). ;
b. Wianamatta hacks. Clark’s Hill, near Oe New so
Vales (figure in my first memoir, pl. xvi, fig. 1, and the
sent for description by Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson feat -
in my second memoir, pl. x a—xiia
Oderigaterts macrophylla, Moy, Wianamatt Z
first memoir also wrongly quoted te the Neweas
Cyelopteris a da Carr. Upper mesozoic beds, Tivoli Mines
yl ;
paso Bing yoo alis, Morr. sp. (plate xiv, Aes, 1, ja
mesozoic beds a8 Vie iotoris, New 8. W: 5 (Clar
however, are mesozoic.
Pecopteris ? voreusfolea, Moy. Wianamatta beds,
near Cobbity, a doubtful species.
Gleichenia iden. Feistm. (pl. ne, fig. 8. Wine
Ap to be rently a Gleichenia, but doubtful as
Teniopteris Daintreei, M‘Coy (pl. xii a, fig. 5, 5a). =F
described this species at first from the upper m 1
Victoria. Later, Mr. W. Carruthers 2 me, 50
land, but the latter seems to differ from the
characters, and the identity of these both was
have however figured a specimen from the 7
Queensland, which is indeed identical with
FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, 115
form. I also could recognize the same species in several
specimens from the mesozoic beds on the Clarence River, N.
8S. Wales.
Macroteniopteris Wianamatte, Feist. (pl. xiii, fig. 2). Wianamatta
beds. Better specimens would be very desirable for further
comparison.
Genus Glossopteris, Bgt. This genus (a single leaf, with a distinct
midrib and netted secondary venation) is in Australia very
numerous. ‘This genus was one of the chief reasons of the
08s
and consequently considered the pbs beds (including
the Newcastle beds) as palewozoic. So much is certain, that
Glossopteris in Australia does occur in certain s below
marine beds with a paleozoic fauna, and the Neweastle beds
most probably belong yet to the paleozoic epoch, but in any
case I should think them m younger than those beds below
marine fauna. In India it is chiefly known from the Lower
Gondwana system (and here in the Damuda series), but a few
— were sr found in the Jabalpir group of the Upper
Gondwan: sys
Glossopteris Brownian Bet. (pls. viii, figs. 3, 4 ; me figs. 1, 3-5,
xi, fig. 1; viiia, fig. 1.) Upper coal m Showers pall
bei), ~ varius’ lopalities...‘ Laotwer :ecnl arcane at Greta,
S. Wales.
Glossopteris bia =e (pl. viiia, fig. 2, 2a.) Lower coal
measures at Gre
bia gots primeva, ag (pl. v, fig. 3.) Lower coal measures
at
phase’ ogo Clarkei, Feistm. (pl. v, fig. 4.) Lower coal measures,
N. 8. Wales.
Glossopteris Browniana, var. precursor, Feistm. ot v, figs. 5-7.)
N
form from the coal measures aan Pa i, oe,
teniopteroides, Feistm. (pl. ix, - aes
a (pl. ix, fig. 2). Newcastle beds, N. S. Wales.
116 FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA, _
Genus Gangamopteris, M‘Coy. Can shortly be described as a
Glossopteris without a distinct midrib.
Gangamopteris Clarkeana, a (pl XV, ‘ot ®). Upper coal
measures (Newcastle beds nh 8. Wales
Gangamopteris angustifolia, M‘Coy. Upper coal al nical 8
Wales, and the Bacchus-Marsh sandstones, Victoria ; in the
latter numerous. In the Indian Talchir group and Karharbini
beds.
Gangamopteris obligua, M‘Coy, and Gang. spathulata, M'Coy.
Ba acchus Marsh sandstones, Victoria. Both have rT
n.
Sagenopteris rhoifolia, Presl. (pl. xiia, figs. 1-4, 7). New for
Australia. Upper mesozoic beds, Queensland, Talgai Diggings
on the Condamine River.
Rpenasanet) eeestit Feistm. (pl. xv, fig. 10.) Jerasalen
basin, Tasm:
3. Lycopodiacee.
Lepidodendron . Ung. (Carruthers cnet
1-5; ia, figs, 1, 2.) Queensland (described by Mr. Wr
ee ; Ne ew a Wales ney and pee wi
_Devo ods.
mentioned y Mr. é Vie
Lepid. Australe, M‘Coy. mannan Avon River,
I think it different from Lepid. nothum, Carr.
cones Australe, Feistm. (pls. iv, fig. 3; Vy fig. 1; - es
ae carboniferous, Smith’s Creek (Stroud). a
canada me to indicate Prof. Heer’s “ U
Cylotigma, 7 (pl. i, fig. 6). Another te oocurring ae
odendron ‘nothum, Ung,, im Devonian ay,
Gueiekiend and N. 8. Wales. The on i —
me is not sufficient to decide whether it is ane
former species or not, eee |
4. Cycadeacee.
Zamites (Podozamites) Barkleyi, Moy, fe Leg Sema
M‘Co Coy, and Zam. longifolius, M bode
mesozoic beds, Bellarine beds, Victoria. |
a ie
1 A drawing of it, from a photograph, was giveD ys ia
memuir, 1878, pl. v, fig. 2. :
FOSSIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA. 117
Otozamites comp. Mandeslohi, Kurr. (pl. xiia, fig. 6). This is the
first Otozamites identified from Australia. From upper meso-
zoic beds, Queensland, Talgai Diggings, appears very close to
Otoz. Zone lohi, a Liassic species, to which I refer it for
the prese
apeisheitinn: dinpelie Morr. (copy, pl. xiii, fig. 6). Described
at first from the Jerusalem basin, Tasmania; later, from the
Newcastle beds. It was, by some authors, compared with
Schizoneura, also with Néggerathia, but from both it is
ually distinguished.
Genus Néggerathiopsis, Feistm. (pl. xvi, figs. 2-4, as Noggerathia,
and viii a, fig. 3, as V6 éqgerathiopsis, Feistm). Certain
leaves were described by Prof. Dana as belonging to the
genus Véggerathia ; they came from the Newcastle beds, an
this genus was then quoted repeatedly from Australia. Also
ian c
the also, which in my first memoir (1878) are
still quoted as Néggerathia, while x the seco
already with the new genus Végger agg ial
\ Barsher comparison n has shown that these se Indian and Australian
eaves (AG A; Th
the Kusnezk basin in the Altai; these were also recen
by Prof. Schmalhausen not to be Néggerathia, nae were placed
with a new genus i c
Cycadeacee. These two genera are certainly very <a related.
The flora of the pate’ basin (Altai) was recently ized to
‘icles Ae ae ins the Indian lower ‘Gonvanas Fs have aro
mentioned that Wé. 3 is to be confounded with
Zeugopheyllites nor with Schizonewra. * The species are :—
media, Dana, ~ Bal spathulata, Dana.
— the Newcastle beds, New S. Wales. To one of
ier may belong the leaves figured by me in the
’ i ay a xvi,
Noggerathiopots prise igs WN igh srvit 8-2): Lower
measures at es at Greta, N.S. Wi
Cordaits di ts Australis, M‘Coy. Devonian beds at the Iguana Creek,
118 FossIL FLORA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA.
5. Conifere.
Brachyphyllum penen Feistm. (pl. xvii) ; several specimens of
a conifer, belonging apparently to the genus Brachyphyllum
were found in the Newcastle beds at Bowenfels, N. 8. Wal
e interesting character of this Australian flora i is that certain
are below marine beds with a paleozcic fauna. These are:—
igen Bgt., begins in the lower coal measures of Australia
N.S. s i
ria. e genu
pt portion of the Indian coal-beds (Kamthi- Danie
up) ; numerous species are known from the futsal:
of | Siberia (Altai Mountains, E. Siberia and Amur countries),
amongst which one species very close to Phyil. Hers In
Europe it is known from oY Jesoge Oolite. It is also quoted
from the Karoo beds in
Glossopteris, Bet. Known fits ses carboniferous beds (Arowa)
in N. . Wales and
mmon in the Karoo beds.
Nopgerathtenee Feistm, Begins in the lower ner measures
N. 8. Wales; becomes more numerous in the upper val
measures [iessuat stle beds), New 8S. Wales.
in the Talchir and Damuda divisions of = lower Gondw
system in India, and it has a very clos representative a
Rhiptozamites, Schmalh., from the Siberian Jura (Mts. Altai
and on the Tunguska River, Yenissei).
About the correlation of the Australian and Indian ii at
necessary remarks were already made on a preceding page
In conelusion, I beg leave to express my greatest = eds
to the late Rev. W. B. Clarke, for ony digo G8
119
On the Acids of the Native Currant (Leptomeria acida).
By Epwarp H. Renyin, M.A. (Sydney), B. Se. (London),
h
Demonstrator of Chemistry in the Medical School, St. Mary’s
Hospital, London. Communicated by Prof. Liversidge.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 2 June, 1880.]
THE intensely acid taste of the Native Currant (Leptomeria acida)
must be familiar to most Australians. Since, however, so far as
T have been able to ascertain, no account of any chemical exami-
cess of sodic carbonate was added, and the whole eva-
porated to dryness on the water bath.
A qualitative examination of the residue thus obtained was first
made in order to ascertain what acid or acids were present. The
5 ce was dissolved in water, acidified with acetic acid, and
lead acetate added in excess. The precipitate was filtered off,
Well washed, suspended in water, and decomposed by sulphuretted
; pitate, when washed and heated ina test tube with a drop or
rates dilute ammonia and a crystal of silver nitrate, gave the
a and acetic acid we n agitation for
me time a white crystalline precipitate separat ;
ce ions indicate the presence of a small quantity of tar-
& Toa third portion was added a cold solution of chloride of
‘calcium, mixed With a large excess of ammonia (the chloride of
120 ON THE ACIDS OF THE NATIVE CURRANT.
calcium had been previously boiled with the ammonia and the pre-
cipitate of carbonate filtered off), the whole allowed to stand for
some time, filtered, and then evaporated to a very small bulk. A
mere trace of precipitate separated, indicating probably a small
quantity of citric acid.
d. To the solution from (c), after filtration, a large bulk of
strong alcohol was added, when a very bulky precipitate was im-
Portion 1 was suspended in water, decomposed by sulphuretted
hydrogen, and the acid liquid evaporated to dryness on the water
. The residue, when slowly heated in a test tube, gave the
crystalline sublimate characteristic of malic acid.
Portion 2 was dried at 100°; and here it may be stated that
in the
by lead malate. There being some doubt as to the amount of
water retained by this compound, the mass dried at 100° was fur-
ther heated at 200° till constant in weight, so that, if lead malate
it were, it might be converted into fumarate. A weighed portion
was then converted into lead sulphate with the following result :—
Weight taken, Found. Calculated for PbC,H,0s.
829 gramme, "787 PbSO,
= ‘5376 Pb
= 64°84 ¥ 64°49 7%
This seems to prove conclusively that the greater part of the
acidity of these currants is due to malic aci
In order to estimate approximately its quantity, 5 grammes of
PO otis soiihed wih ae
sulphur-
that in
sepa
large bulk of alcohol added. The calcic malate was then
off, washed with alcohol, dried, and ignited to convert it into.@
bonate. resi ed with a dilute solutiot.
ammonic carbonate in order to dissolve out any remaining three
chloride, again filtered, ignited, and then treated two 0%
times with ammonic carbonate in the ordinary way till n0
ON THE ACIDS OF THE NATIVE CURRANT. 121
increase of weight ing produced. In this way 5 grammes of sub-
stance yielded 1:153 CaCo,=1-983 calcic malate=1‘544 malic
= 31 per cent. nearly. As the original substance gave off
12 per cent. of water at 100°, and was found to contain on
titration about oes Ae cent. of Na,Co, (added in excess), the
above numbers t be increased considerably ; so that we find
the quantity of 1 pape acid in the solid residue produced by _
neutralising the juice with rag ge of soda and evaporating to
dryness, to be over 40 per c This is, of course, a very rough
estimation, and probably boas the truth, inasmuch as it is impos-
sible to precipitate the whole of the calcic malate by the above
method ; still it serves to show that the juice of the Native Currant
is capable of yielding a very large percentage of malic aci
The filtrate after the chor eae of the calcic malate was not
very carefully examined, but appeared to contain little else but
unprecipitated calcic malate and some organic colouring matter ;
and it is evident that since the sodic malate, water, excess of sodic
carbonate, sodic tartrate, ash, &c., will ma ake a total of somewhere
near 70 per cent. of the whole, the residue, after subtracting the
—— matter, such as gum, colouring matter, &e., must
very small, and Werciiss it was not thought worth "while to
pe any further examination.
ash formed on ignition contained a mere trace of carbonate
of onstl showing that very little of the acids could have been pre-
sent as calcium ts. Very considerable quantities of potassium
carbonate were however found.
Oe ees
et
=,
=
Redicytyad t
bs,
123
The Alkaloid from Piturie.
By Proressor Liversiper, Assoc. R. 8. Mines, F.L.C.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 3 November, 1880.]
bier: btained from the plant Anthocercis Hopwoodii, since known as
v. M.), and now named D. piturt by Dr.
ex.
a3
ie Pituri stows about west of the
ws meridian, the boundary between Queensland and South
ian territory, and from 22° to 25° south latitude. It is a
> Ye Ph
‘ Frag. tograph. x. 20, Baron von Mueller.
* Pituriand Tobases by Dr. Bancroft, Jour. Queensland Phil. Soc., 1879,
The anctoftgives the following description of the piturie plant :
50 miles east an
124 THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE.
shrub or small tree about 8ft. high, with a stem at the thickest
part at times as much as 6 inches in diameter. ood ligh:
close-grained, So seiared, with a smell of vanille when newly
cut. — spring up around the tree, from long, rough roots
spre ear the surface. Leaves 3 to 34 inches long, pointed at
both ends, e742 inch wide, mid-rib distinct, margin slightly recurved ;
flower, a funnel-shaped tube, from } to 2 of an inchlong, hie five
bluntish divisions, spreading to about Ps inch across.
dish lines run from each division down the throat of the Ps as
in the genus Myoporum, which latter may be known by having
four or five stamens of equal length. The pistil of the pituri ex-
tends to the length of tho two longer stamens. Stamens four, two
long and two short; anthers, yellow, kidney-shaped, filament
attached to the concave tile the anther bursting along the convex
margin ; best seen by examining a flower that is just at the poim
pocket lens. Ripe berries soon fall off, and should be looked for
under the tree, as those gathered from the branches are not mature
enough to germinate.”
Wilson informs me that the blacks mix the piturie with the
ashes of the leaves of a particular plant and usually roll the mix-
ture up with a green leaf into the form of a quid before chewing ;
the addition of the wood ashes is doubtless made for the same
reason that lime is mixed with betel by the Malays and others,
namely, for the purpose of slowly liberating the alkaloid during
the process of mastication. The quid or bolus is, on cares
co-smoking; it does not
blacks “a with which i
was at one time jeelsted: Asis shed case with other luxuries, it is
reserved by the older men for their own use exclusively, neither
women nor young men being allowed to use it. The .
ed ome it appear to be much the same as those which tt ;
te people to smoke and in certain cases chew tobacco.
ve made no attempts to experiment upon the piri
pe of Aheatieleid, sincethis part of thesubject hasbeen been very fully
by Dr. Bancroft and ober observers. _
THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. 125
following account of the alkaloid obtained by him from piturie,
which is the substance of a paper of his read before the Apothe-
caries’ Society of Vienna :—
“For the preparation of piturine and pituric acid the branchlets
and leaves of Duboisia Hopwoodit, F. v. M., were subjected to
exhaustion by boiling water, the infusion evaporated to hone
thickness, then mixed with three volumes of alcohol, the resulting
anal 1
in water and precipitated by basic acetate of lead. The precipitate
Separated by filtration, contained a peculiar acid substance, while
the filtrate, after sufficient concentration and after mixing with an
excess of caustic soda solution and ether, yielded to the latter the
alkaloid which was purified by agitating its etherous solution with
diluted sulphuric acid, thereby forming the sulphate of piturine.
The aqueous solution of the latter was then again decomposed b
caustic soda, the pure alkaloid removed by ether, and the solution
evaporated at a gentle heat. It formed a brownish liquid of oil
like thickness, heavier than water, of acrid and burning taste and
acco odour, much affecting the organs of sight and respiration.
Tt is volatile and forms fogs with diluted hydrochloric acid, is of
alkaline reaction, and combines thoroughly with acids.
precipitate is easily dissolved in an excess of this reagent. Piturine
mixes with every proportion of water, alcohol, and ether. Con-
solves to a brownish green liquid. The yield was about 1
per cent. of alkaloid from the dried plant.
“ Piturine is in some respects allied to nicotine, but more closely
akin tothe duboisine of Duboisi myoporoides (R. Br.), the latter
being of lighter colour, of bitter not acrid taste, of fainter odour,
SS Irritating to the eyes and respiratory passages; its hydrochloride
11 solution is not precipitated by chloride of platinum, but is so
solved bya superabundance of that ent.
A. Ladenburg, Comptes Rendus, 1880, vol. 90, p. 874-876, how-
ar States that the alkaloid of Duboisia myoporoides is identi
oe a brillian: y r th gol , fusing
159°C. Also when treated with baryta it is converted into
‘ropine and tropicacid, both of eee Iso obtained fr tropine
1 Metatungstate of soda.
126 THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE.
The great discrepancy between A. Ladenburg’s account and the —
Baron von Mueller’s can I think be only accounted for by the
eren
January, 1879), state seer plainly that the Duboisia myoporoides
yields a volatile oily alkaloid, and this is — confirmed by the
extract ce the Baron’s letter, already qu
me paper Baron von Mueller ec describes pituric or
duboisic nati obtained tent: the precipitate given by the piturie
on the addition of basic acetate of lea
In the Pharmaceutical Society’s J ournal for April 5th, 1879,
there is an account of an examination of some piturie made by
Mons. Petit, of Paris, in which he comes to the conclusion that
the alkaloid is identical with nicotine ; but M. Petit does not
seem to have had sufficient material to permit a combustion to be
made of the alkaloid ; he had to rely mainly upon its reactions
certain chemicals, and apparently was only able to make one deter
mination each of the e platinum and chlorine in the platinum salt;
the amounts of which apparently roughly es with those
required for the chloro-platinate of nicotine, viz., 4 per cent.
platinum and 37 per cent. chlorine, the percentages bovis being
platinum 34: per cent. and chlorin ent. These results
however cannot be regarded as final, since, as will be shown laterom
the platinum salt cannot be depended upon, as it is not of uniform
composition.
Preparation of the Alkaloid.
The piturie was extracted with boiling water slightly acidified
with sulphuric acid, the liquid concentrated by evaporation and
distilled with an excess of caustic soda, the a
until reduced to a small bulk; as the residue was of @
colour it was once more distilled with caustic soda, the distillate
eutralized with hydrochloric acid and again cenit ‘it oa
now nearly colourless, caustic soda was again add , and
liquid shaken up with ether.
The ether was next removed by distillation at — “= ” a temper
ture as — in a current of hydrogen, the hea
being raised gradually until it sahbd 140°C., a bath “of alphas
acid being used for this purpose. It was allow
this temperature for about six hours ; the bath was then
and the distillation continued at a still higher tem ee
ked flame, the current of hydrogen being still a
all the alkaloid, with the exception of a very small pergecone
cedhian* Dae tion te ernomaae
During the distillation the thermometer
temperature between 243° and 244°C,
THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. 127
I. 60 grammes of the substance gave -622 grm. of the alkaloid,
or 1037 {. In this case the alkaloid was not allowed to boil, but
was maintained at a temperature of 140° C. ina ee of of hydrogen
for several hours, to remove water and traces of am
a second experiment 500 grammes of the. vitae gave
34 grammes of alkaloid, or 2°47 °/, when distilled in a current
of hy
The sitcrie did not contain any non-volatile alkaloid.
The alkaloid when freshly prepared is clear and colourless, but
with access of air rapidly becomes yellow, and finally brown,
especially when exposed to the sunlight. In a sealed tube one
imen has remained unchanged during the past eight months.
It is soluble in all proportions in water, alcohol, and ether,
yielding colourless solutions. On paper it produces a greasy
hich i
No determinations by weighing have yet been made of its
Specific gravity, but it is just a little heavier than water, a drop
of it sinking slowly to the bottom of a vessel of distilled water.
When freshly prepared its smell is very like that of nicotine ;
afterwards, when darkened in colour _ thickened in consistency,
the odour is more like that of pyri
It is volatile at ordinary decries, its vapour forming a
dense fog with hydrochloric acid. Its v. vapour irritates the mucous
reve — es very omar and when working with it induced violent
c
The taste i is acrid and pungent, and very persiste
acetate, sulphate, and hydrochloride all become acid on eyapora-
tion from the loss of alkaloid.
Oxalic acid is the only acid which yields a crystalline salt, but
this is more or less mixed with free acid, from the loss of alkalo id
by eee lization, an acid salt mixed nd-railide: Leeo free oxalic acid being
The acetate, sulphate, and hydrochloride, when kept over strong
am mite acid, dry up into hard, brittle, transparent, varnish-like
sanding for months. All these compounds are very hygroscopic,
“specially the sulphate, and are very readily soluble in alcohol.
ye one acid imparts a slightly reddish colour, and nitric acid turns
128 THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE.
Platinic chloride does not precipitate an aqueous solution of the
alkaloid (1:100 aq:) so long as the alkaloid is in excess, but when
the solution has become neutralised, the addition of another drop
ent
platinie chloride.
All the following tests were — with an aqueous solution of
1 part of the alk aloid to 100 w
Mercurie chloride, in the jacaile solution of the alkaloid throws
down a white cheesy precipitate, insoluble in an excess of the
precipitant, easily soluble in hydrochloric acid; on heating to
boiling the precipitate softens, but does not actually melt ; it par
difficultly ae in boiling water; on cooling it is
in an amorpho Le.
A few drops eb mercuric chloride give a white precipitate i F
solution of the hydrochloride, which disappears on eer os
when the mercuric chloride is in excess, a W te crystals
precipitate is thrown down, which is rather easily soluble in
water; on coolin ng, agen stals in the a sro per oa
light green precipitate, insoluble in an excess of
a solution of the hydrochloride the copper sulphate ioe a
produce any change. ution
few drops of gold chloride added to the aa shaking *
give a reddish white precipitate, rae martes idish vaehite
larger quantity of the re-agent gives a acid with
precipitate, which is persistent, soluble in “hoch
‘ops of gol
fe pa solution of the hydrochloride a few ae
chloride give a reddish-white precipitate, eo ria
i eagent gives
Tannic acid giv pri ses 7 precipitate se eo ee
solu ie cay iclitle in hydrochloric acid. :
THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. 129
solution of the hydrochloride there is a greyish-white turbidity
y, which disappears on the addition of hydrochloric acid.
The double iodide of mercury and potassium (HgI,,2K1) gives
a heavy white crystalline precipitate in the aqueous solution.
Under the microscope this is seen to be made up of small plates
arranged in stellate groups. With hydrochloric acid the pre-
cipitate becomes yellow and pasty, but does not dissolve in the
faa readily soluble on heating ; on cooling the solution becomes
peers
solves on heating; on cooling, it is redeposited as a yellow
T.
: On the addition of a small quantity of an alcoholic solution of
iodine a yellowish turbidity only is imparted to the solution, which
1s persistent for some hours; but a greater quantity produces a
treating the alkaloid with concentrated sulphuric acid and a
i te in powder, the fluid takes the colour
of the bichromate ; after a time it changes to a dirty brown and
then to green. When warm the change of colour takes place
immediately,
With manganese peroxide (MnO,) instead of the bichromate,
no change takes place in the cold; when warm a faint violet
colour is produced.
The alkaloid behaves very like nicotine with picric, phospho-
molybdic and metatungstic acids; the addition of picric acid throws
down a yellow precipitate soluble in hydrochloric aci
_ Phosph
“ipitate, insoluble in cold dilute hydrochloric acid, easily and
armin
tine a
white amorphous precipitate, soluble only in much dilute hydro-
chloric acid when warmed.
-fodine.—When iodine dissolved in ether is added to an etherial
‘olution of the alkaloid the fluid becomes brownish red and
mother liquor bein. : are easil luble in
r Ligt g yellow ; these crystals are _ :
alcohol, yielding a aia red obi ; when the a
Ys 1S evaporated at the ordinary temperature, indistinc
Reedles and oily drops are left behind.
“e
1
130 ‘THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE.
When this alcoholic solution is treated with caustic soda in
the cold, a smell similar to that of iodoform is emitted, not that of
the alkaloid ; from the nicotine compound nicotine is liberated,
according to Wertheim (Watt’s Dict. of Chemistry, iv, p. 47).
The iodine compound of piturine melts at about 110° C., that of
nicotine at 100° C. (Watt’s Dictionary of Chemistry, vol. iv, p. 47).
Differences.
THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE. 131
The average of these eight analyses is—
arbon
Hydrogen .
Nitrogen 14°94
And the relative proportions when calculated in the usual way
are—
Carbon 5°98
Hydrogen 7°96
Nitrogen 1:00
or very nearly 6:8:1. -
The formula would therefore be C;H.N, which requires—
Theory. Found.
Cy =
Hs =
76°59 per cent. 76°56 per cent.
N 8°51 is 8°48 ”
14°90
I ll tt
* 14°94 =,
94 100-00 99°98
To confirm this formula a platinum double salt was prepared in
the manner. The crystals so obtained were orange
To ensure onaiblé uniformity of composition, the
platinum salts were always pre from the same portion of
alkaloid with solution of platinic chloride, and as
S cent. to 38°40 per cent. ; seven y
Yielded between 35-35 and 35°55 per cent. Pt. Nine determina-
Hons of chlorine and they varied from 31°32 to
36°86 per ce
ti The platinum salt is therefore clearly not of uniform composi-
"0 or else very unstable ; it undergoes decomposition with loss
of ees a , by adding an excess
hy “te *d solution of mercuric-chloride to a solution of the
Ydrochloride of the alkaloid, crystallized well in rhombic plates
M
132 f THE ALKALOID FROM PITURIE.
and prisms ; the double salt was crystallized from boiling water,
dried at 100° C., and the amount of mercury and chlorine deter-
mined in it.
Two analyses eee
IL. Mean.
Mercury......... a 26 ice cent. 63°09 = 63°175
i 4°60 24°64 = 24°620
The mean results “taiieial in the usual manner come to 1-00
Hg: 2-1955 Cl, or 5 Hg: 10-9775 Cl, or very nearly 5 Hg: 11CL,
which would fit to the formula
(C,H,N).HCI + 5 H;,
which requires 63°31 per cent. oe and 24°7 2 per cent. Cl, while the
corresponding compound of nicotine
10H,4N2,HCl + 5 HgCl,
would require 64:37 per cent. Hg and 25:15 per cent. CL.
Besides, nicotine is said to form under the same circumstances &
double salt containing 4 HgCl, instead of 5 molecules of Hg(l,
(Vide Watt’s Dictionary of Chemistry, iv., p. 47.
The above two analyses appear to make it probable that the
true formula of the alkaloid is (C,H,N), or CHiN ¢ ze. double
that yielded by its ultimate analysis, but much importance cannot
of course be attached to such a compound as (Q; H,N),HOl+
5HgCl,, in which the amount of alkaloid present is so very small.
Alkalimetric Power.
02986 gramme of the alkaloid ppigcan 18°5 cc. py normal
amount to that required by nicotine,
to form (CH uNo)o H.SO, ; ; the te By weight of nicotine
being 162, 00162 x 18:5 = 0:2997 instead of 0- 2986.
subject of this
ents are ;
University Laboratory, for his very <ahiable help in ithe
the details of this investigation.
Norr.—The name of this substance has been spelt in ie and
ways, such as, tehiry,” ‘*‘ picherie,” Pee uri.” To show that
Thi
il
Y ** pi
‘‘pitury” ; the most usual spelling at present is ‘*pitu
the final “i” J epee | is not to be pronounced as “1 in pine I have
133
On Salt-bush and Native Fodder Plants of New South
Wales
By W. A. Dixoy, F.I.C., F.C.8., Technical College, School of
Arts, Sydney.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 3 November, 1880.]
In all civilized countries much attention has been directed to the
composition and value of the various fodder plants grown in them,
chemical methods. That this should be so is not surprising,
4 ag the important réle which the cultivation of these plants
Steater part of the manure required to bring the vegetable food of
man to perfection. It is, however, somewhat surprising that in
this country no attention whatever has, as far as I can learn, been
directed to the native plants, and the more so when perhaps
h
what those of to- ldo. It seems reasonable to suppose
in our peculiar climate, subject to periods of continued
drought, and having i many cases soil saline, that the
be more reliable than others devel p
oe and climate. That many introduced plants do flourish here and
stow with a vigour never seen in their native habitats is undoubted,
growth may not be the means of their own destruction. :
Tt has therefore been thought of sufficient interest to induce
inni examini fi
now lay the results before u, accompanying them with a table
poring the average composition of other fodders of good qu
omparison. the European plants which are used for
greatly in composition at different periods of their
Srowth, and I have selected analyses of hay or straw made of the
Plant at the period of flowering, when they are at their best. The
134 ON SALT-BUSH AND NATIVE FODDER PLANTS
analyses have all been recalculated from the authorities given, so
as to reduce them to the same method of statement adopted for
my own work. ‘The analyses of the meadow hay, red clover and
lucerne, were all stated as containing 15 per cent. of water, which
1 ade hay ; and the ashes were all, with the
b
and in others (the more succulent ones) we state |
incipient fermentation, which rendered it necessary to dry them as
rapidly as possible, no water determinations were made, the
analyses are given on the dried plants.
first the Continental method. It y erly §] 1
inorganic constituent, the salts not being in kanes = ‘
detected. The greatest variation in th
amounted to 0-24 over and 0°31 under 1
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 135
“e peeppctty of en ventured to calculate the analyses
to 100 parts exactly. The ash ana nalyses are stated in two
tiie the first oe the composition in 100 parts, the
second on the dried pla
No. - ee sp. Dwarf salt-bush.
Sg ‘< ( e
Sctiaky rakes” = ate es mre --- 40°96
Aluminoids ... Ce ae a ne -. 14°68
oody fibre... ae re sh oe soc) A ae
Ash—CO, __.... ha fn — i Sr
100-00
Nitrogen i oe cee a oe
Woody ee of plant... ah wm ... 37 per cent.
Edible me 64 .. 63 per cent,
‘Ask snalysis. Onash. On plant.
Potash .. : wos avi} ULES 5°47
a sins ue -. 49°34 12°
Chloride of sodium See oe ca et “60
Lim a uae 12°74 29
cet da: 4°83 1°25
Ferric oxide... 73 “19
phuric oxide 4°43 114
Phosphoric ,, ... 2°80 12
Silica so 1°64 4
100-00 25°82
No. 2. Atriplex sousienmenget Small salt-bush,
Oil et » 2a.
Carbohydrates... ee be “ee coy + 43°47
Aluminoids yee st Ait i yw BOOS
Woody fibre 18°12
Ash—CoO, 23°92
100°00
Ni i ; sak 1°96
Woody parts of plant : .. 8 per cent.
Edible 2 z. re
Ash analy: Onash. On plant.
Potash . aes oe a ss 3°25
eg cee weit See hr
Chloride of sodi ‘ 35°36 ;
Lime : oC ; 8°47 i
Magn ; be $2 2
Ferric oxide i : 1°83 “44
Phosphoric ,, 3°80 91
Silica solubl 2:27
136 ON SALT-BUSH AND NATIVE FODDER PLANTS
No. 3. Atriplex sp. Salt-bush weed.
Carbohydrates... ee nen ie ‘a . 43°19
Albuminoids ... ae ne ins vs ac tee
Woody fibre ... gis <= os ere .. 14°88
ok Ee ee BS
100-00
Nitrogen si ee ie a me 2:14
Woody parts of plant Hid eee ... 4 per cent,
Edible : a a 96 per cent.
Ash analysis. Onash. On plant.
Potash ... ue ee os ZPR1 5°25
Soda... = Se os ca SS 10°81
Chloride of sodium... ah ie 7°95 2:10
ErMe ai ee oes es 14°56 3°96
Magnesia te oe eh 2a 5:13 1:36
Ferric oxide *92 4
Sulphuric oxide 2°57 68
Phosphoric ,, .. ie ee ne 4°41 LaF
Silica soluble... re aa ae 3°43 “91
100-00 26°48
No. 4, Atriplex sp,
i wee eee 2°28
Carbohydrates... Mee ee ae
Albuminoids ... a ie ee! es .. 1268
Woody fibre . eee
Ash— 96
Nitrogen
Aeiciky parts of plant
Edible 26
Ash analysis,
Potash je!
:
ee
5
i)
eee
OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
No. 5. Atriplea sp.
Ni oul
Wendy oi of plant.
Edibl
Potash ...
Chloride al sodium
me ‘
Ferric oxide...
Sulphuric a=
Phosphori se
Silica eg ay
Carbohydrates...
buminoids
Woody fibre
Ash CO,
Nitrogen
7 parts of Bat.
Potash .
Soda
Chloride. if eden
Magnesia
Ferric oxide ge ‘
Sulphuric oxide ce
RONG to £5:
Silica soluble
eee
wae
Ash sna
Ash snalysia
No. 6. Kochia ee Blue-bush.
1°56
38-70
16°18
14-48
29°08
100-00
- 200
48 per cent.
... 62 per cent.
On ash On plant.
26°54 7:72
32-29 9°39
6°21 1:80
14°56 4°24
6°60 1°92
1-65 “48
3°57 1-04
4°21 1-22
4°37 127
100-00 29°08
2°14
32°63
19-94
8-04
37°25
100-00
i ae
37 per cent.
... 63 per cent.
Onash. On plant.
12°39 4°62
34°43 12°83
26°67 9°93
8°75 3°26
7°32 2°72
1-28 48
pie “41
3-98 148
4-07 152
100-00 37°25
137
138 ON SALT-BUSH AND NATIVE FODDER PLANTS
No. 7. saab eg numularia, Old man salt-bush.
= :
Carbohyirates jibe = yas ant ve 42°85
Woody f fibre 7°24
Ash CO, 31°28
100°00
Wook parts of peas . ev. ce ... 10 per cent.
Edible ss ia “ ... 90 per cent,
Ash snalysi On ash. On plant.
Potash ... oa = v. =15°69 4:91
Soda aN sd vt ieee Oe 9-25
Chloride of sodium... sts as ae 9°47
Lime... oe ae ee i. Ooo 271
Magnesia 6°77 212
¢ oxi 64 20
commie oxide 3°17
sphoric ,, ... dpe wie ea AE 1:28
Sil soluble... cy eh ee ipl
100-00 3128
No. 8. Chenolea bicornis. Cotton-bush.
Casbohydrates wey ies ay bes ... 56°03
Albummoids 02°50" 3, 2p PUP ee
Woody fibre ne
Ash CO, Cader
100°00
Nitrogen i lhe ronan
Woody parts of plant... . — ... 6 per cent.
Edible ie P ee
ren aes sis. On ash. On plant.
Potash ... aera . WB 1731
. 20°17 1-412
Chloride of sodium «> 82 ‘377
% 1 94°33 1-703
Magnesi ic- Oe -
Ferric 0 nm ee ba
Sulphuric oxide . 8 381
Phosphoric ,, «B44 =
Silica soluble -° ae pote
10000 7000
ae
No. 4 contained or gave up to ether more ore chlorophyll i
of the others ; the quantity af this was generally small, a
from the colour of the solution. ee
By an unfortunate mistake the whole of the original 9 other
of No. 6 6 (the blue-bush) was incinerated. In wrt writing hr
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 139
specimen, it was suggested that only the more tender parts of the
ts
for the high percentage of ash and albuminoids, which are generally
higher in immature plants, and the ash would probably be richer in
shows. Being then in a different stage of
ot | 7 v
does not very well bear comparison with those of the other plants.
Tho ds Spee 1 £414 er eb dicen Ae oh © rms
was at once shown on charring, as the mass in the crucible slowly
burnt away after its removal from the fire, and without further
annijecat
and more or less smoky flame, which was particularly the case with
0. 7, diffusing at the same time a peculiar, somewhat fishy odour,
whilst it exhibited no such peculiarity either as to flame or odour.
TaBvLaR SrareMenT of the Composition of European Fodder Plants at the
time of flowering.
E | g 3 4
Meadow Hay. Red Clover. Lucerne. Oaten Hay.
BU Wirbh eet beni 3°29 3°64 2-94 4:34
Carbohydrates ...| 48-25 43°79 40-95 49-18
Albuminoids ......| 10-82 16-70 17-06 10°86
Woody fibre ...... 30°35 17 31-41 24
“ccmae Se ee 7-29 6°70 7-64 5°38
ennai
100°00 100-00 10000 100-00
On | On
ash. | p ash. | p ash. | plant./ ash. | plant.
s+tseeseees] 26°20 | 1°915 | 32°25 | 2°16] | 13°66 | 1-044 | 35-24 | 1°
ei 3°06| -205} 2°05) 156] 759) *
Chloride sodium ..| 11 384/257 | 260) 199) 275 148
eceteeeeeeeese| 13°88 | 1-002 | 38°19 | 2-225 | 62°83 | 4
pagnesia Bs occbs ee. 4-97 | 362 | 12-04} -806| 4°90) -374) 3°69| “199
Oxide ....., 46| -033| -74| 050/ 1:03) °078/; ‘61/ 033
San phorie oxide.| 6-25} -455| 9°77} -654| $15) °623|1028| “553
Silina * O™4e--.|_ 5°33} +388} 2°95| -191| 3°90, 298) 2°67| 144
vais aes 2982} | 2. 2°65) -178| °81| -062| 25°34) 1-363
No.1. Mean of fifty analyses, representing hay of good quality. Way.
No, 2 at's Dict. 2nd Sup, p. 530. no
No, 3, Mann of eleven analyses of hay of good . Way. Loe.
of a small ber of anal ay. Loe. cit.
No. 4. One nall number of analyses. y 5
period of flowering, entire plants. Arndt. Jarsb, Agri.
Chem, 858-9, p. 24,
140 ON SALT-BUSH AND NATIVE FODDER PLANTS
To arrive at the value of a fodder plant, there are many proper-
ties which have to be taken into consideration, besides the actual
nutritive value as ascertained by analysis, in determining their
suitability for grazing, such as the rapidity of growth of the plant,
ability to withstand drought and constant cropping, and accepta-
bility in respect to flavour to the cattle. On such points it is
ond my power to speak, but it appears to me a subject of suf
ficient importance and interest to induce some of those who have
the opportunity to make accurate notes on the plants in this direc-
tion, and publish the results.
The order in which the salt-bushes proper are considered to
stand from a grazier’s point of view, are Ist, A. nwmalaria, or old
man salt-bush ; 2nd, the dwarf salt-bush, the others not being
so much considered. The cotton-bush is considered to be of
be judged from the proximate analysis of the immature ee
arison with the
shows that the
regard t0
An examination of these analyses, and a comp
examples of well known European fodders given, sh
whole of these plants stand in a good position with
nutritive value.
Like the greater number of the plants of the natural Bee
Chenopodiace they contain an extraordinary amount of ash, a
preponderance at once strikes one on looking at ae perme
of common salt. I can only find one analysis of a plant of”
same genus, viz., A. verrucifera from the Kergis Steppe see
specimens
as high as from 30 to 42 per cent., as determin he EAE
author,’ and many of these plants were formerly, and ve ee
— are even now for local use, of much importance 2 ® ©” —
soda. : ee
In the following columns are given the ratios in ee the to
ash, the common salt, and the potash stand in relajoh™”
1 Gobel, Watt's Dict., 1-474. oe
2 Watt's Dict. V. p. 176. .
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 141
digestible matter taken as 100, including in that term the ‘oil,
carbohydrates, and albuminoids. There is also given the average
of the salt-bushes properly so called, omitting the blue-bush, as the
analysis was made on a specimen at a different and imperfect stage
of growth, and the cotton-bush, as it is a plant of an entirely
different character.
€ great difference between the salt-bushes and European
fodders is thus shown conspicuously, and the former are placed
entirely by themselves, whilst the cotton-bush, as far as the points
considered are concerned, ranges itself with the latter.
Ratios of digestible matter of Ash, Potash, and Salt.
Digestible. Ash. Potash. Salt.
1 OS AG rear 100 7°417 2
2. Small salt-bush 100 41 5.607 14°590
3. Salt-bush weed 100 45 8°952 3°581
4... 100 47 13°516 5-734
: ——$_—___,, 100 53 13°751 >
7. Old man salt-bush............ 100 51 7°986 15°403
Average 100 47 9°538 7689
8. Cotton-bush - 400 10 2-541 “847
Meadow hay . 100 12 3:207 1°604
clover 100 10 3524 “720
a ee ee Pe 100 12 1-969 581
Oaten hay 100 8 3-277 863
SWE 257A cparnge ee al ce
These plants being chiefly used for the pasturage of sheep, we
may glance at what effects might be expected to take place on the
annals, for there seems little doubt that changes in them must
Cecur from a diet so very different to that on which they have
been bred from immemorial time in Europe. Youatt, after
Speaking of the effect of climate on sheep and their wool, says :—
Wool is formed must decrease like every other when sufficient
nourishment is not afforded.” i
P; in common with other herbivore, appear to require a
lenge quantity of soluble chlorides, which, by evolving free hydro-
th. Sri¢ acid in the stomach, or rather in the gastric juice, enables
- em to digest very considerable quantities of cellulose. Accord.
ing to Bidder and” Schmidt,? 1,000 parts of the gastric juice of
= i
= Ware Dee ta p. 70.
142 ON SALT-BUSH AND NATIVE FODDER PLANTS
the sheep contain 9867148 parts of water, whilst out of the
remaining 13-852 parts 6-0 consist of soluble chlorides and 1-557
of hydrochloric acid. It is seen that the salt-bushes supply these
chlorides in large proportion, and we might therefore expect the
digestion to be active and to effect the assimilation of the nutri-
tive matter with certainty.
i} ki ib 4
Tbe sie 1 4 h} mo | til 4 rape. kee @
pound containing potash called “suint.” This substance forms
about one-third of the weight of raw merino wool and about 14
per cent. in ordinary wool, and is readily soluble in cold water.
It is used to a considerable extent as a source of potash in
where 1,000 tons per annum of potashes are obtained
to180lbs.,and this would give, as an average yield from the —
The cotton-bush does not differ much in the matter of
just considered from ordinary European fod and a piebit cot " |
owes its value to the high percentage of carbohydrates W which it
tains, in which it stands above all competitors, and from W"""
obtains its fattening properties. :
Roscoe & Schorlemmer’s Chemistry, vol. II. re re 1962, p- 4 :
* Report on Chemical Products in Internati
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 143
In the following columns are given—lIst, the percentage of
digestible matter (organic) ; 2nd, the ratio of albuminoids to oil
and carbohydrates, or of flesh-forming material to fat-forming, the
former being taken as 100
| ‘ | 2. | 8.
1. Dwarf salt-bush 58°58 100 287
2. Small salt-bush 57°96 100 565
3. Salt-bush weed 58°64 100 338
4. 58° 100 362
56°14 100 249
6. Blue-bush 54°71 100 174
7. Old man salt-bush 61°48 100 211
8. Cotton-b 68°09 100 64
WE ee os as xa kc 62°36 100 478
Red clover “1S 100
cerne. . 60°95 100 256
Oaten hay 64:38 100 482
{t will be observed that in every case the total amount of
digestible matter in the salt-bushes falls below that in the Euro-
pean fodders, with the exception of the old man and the
cotton-bush ; but this in all cases is due to the greatly increased
quantity of ash, as in none of them is the quantity of indigestible
organic matter so great. The ratios of carbohydrates to albumi-
noids va ary greatly in the different plants, in some cases ly as
low as in the leg ose, in some rising as high and higher than
ses the a The exceptionally low ratio in the case of the blue-
by examining the plants from the different standpoints alread
ret eta may enable us to arive at the proper composition of a
both. plant to produce the best result in wool or mutton, or
_ conclusion, my thanks are due to Mr. Mair, of Groongal,
arandera, and to Mr. Wilson, of the ane "Bank, for pro-
rey a me _— plant specimens ; andto Mr. Moore for naming
|
145
Water from a Hot Spring, New Britain.
By A. Liversipez, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the
University of Sydney.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 1 September, 1880.]
THE sample of water forming the subject of this note was collected
from a hot spring in one of the islands of the New Britain group,
by the Rev. George Brown, Wesl missionary, to whom m
amounts of
but little information as to the actual quantities contained by the
Water when freshly collected.
€ residue left on evaporation to dryness at 100° C. amounted
to 36,312 parts per 1,000,000, or 2,541-84 grains per gallon, which
18 about the same as average sea-water.
Composition of the Residue, dried at 100° C.
’ Parts Grains
sc bateuonins roe = gallon.
a. 200 72°6 5°08
Alumina and iron sesquioxide...... “440 159°7 11:18
Calcium sulphate ..................... 1-394 506-2 35°43
a See 2°240 813°4 56°93
Magnesium chloride .................. 4710 1,7103 —‘119°72
Sodium chloride...................... 87°320 31,707°6 2,219°53
Potassium oi trates SS in
bined water 3696 1,342°2 93°97
100000 36,3120 2,541°84
—_
——
147
Water from a Hot Spring, Fiji Islands.
By A. Liversiper, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the
University of Sydney.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 1 September, 1880.]
Wuew at Kandavu, Fiji Islands, in 1876, I heard of the boiling
springs at Savu Savu, but to my great regret my stay of three or
four days only at Kandavu was too short to allow me to visit them,
and I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. T. D. spire R.N.,
for the sample of water forming the subject of this n
The water was contained in clear glass bottles, “a sini and
sealed. I mention this because the sample had evidently been
collected with great care. On more than one occasion I have received
samples of mineral waters which proved to be worthless for chemical
irvestigation simply because insufficient care had been exercised
in collection and bottling ; this was o teas a source of regret to
of
stoppered Soe but when stein e there is ae so
Convenient and suitable as the large half-gallon bottles known as
Winchester quarts.
€ water was clear and oclor after the deposition of the
small amount of matter which it h in suspension, free from smell,
neutral, or but gd faintly alkaline. On evaporation to dryness
the filtered water left a very white extremely deliquescent residue,
be: on ignition fused but did not blacken, thus rode) the
absence of any appreciable amount of organic matte
60° F Specific gravity of the water was found to a 10064 at
ing the residue at 110° O., was found to be 2 8,320 parts, per
tion, or 582-40 per gallon ; but, after driving off the
7,813 ed water at a d heat, the residue was red
6-09 r million, or 546-91 grains per gallon—z.e. it lost
rarer oe were carefully sought for in this residue by
of Ws = the spectroscope, but none were found. The total quantity
we my disposal was but small—some four pints ; perhaps
148 WATER FROM A HOT SPRING, FIJI ISLANDS.
a larger quantity would have enabled one to detect their presence.
Neither iodine nor bromine could be found although carefully
sought for.
Composition,
Parts per Grains
% in residue. million or
of water. on.
Silica, insoluble 1°681 133°3 9-20
», soluble 074 58 “40
umina and traces of iron sesqui-
oxide “534 41°7 2°92
uminium chloride ...............66 1°646 128°6 9°00
Phosphoric acid (P,05):............4 traces. .cs.05 55 Cee
Calon chloride: oh. ie.ci. ck cose. 754 23,6529 255°70
e RULLNAGEOY. A decease 4°770 372°7 26°09
Magnesium chloride .................. "154 12°0 “84
dium Pe ia e e ce ncvevs 42171 3,294°8 230°64
otassium EN felviesdeccas 17, 1372 9°60
Carbonic acid traces > wilks
s 340 2°52
100000 67,8130 = 546-91
From the above it will be seen that the salts in solution consist
of chlorides for the most part, and that the chlorides of poner
and sodium largely preponderate over the others; the amount
calcium chloride is unusually large. of
No mention was made by Dr. Bromlow of the temperature
the water.
149
The action of Sea-water upon Cast-iron.
By A. Liversivas, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the
University of Sydney.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 1 September, 1880.]
THE specimen forming the subject of this note was obtained from
€ screw of the dredge ‘‘Hunter” employed in Newcastle
N.S. W.
Mr. oriarty, the Engineer-in-Chief for Harbours and Rivers,
tells me that the dredge had not been wrecked as I had previously
been informed, in fact she is still at work; but that the screw
me so rotten as to necessitate its removal. He agcounts for
the rapid decay, and very sufficiently, by the iron having been in
actual contact with the copper sheathing of the vessel. In the
Same letter Mr. Moriarty mentions that an old iron cannon was
taken up from the foul waters at the head of Darling Harbour,
where it had lain for some twenty years, but the corrosion had
only eaten its way in to about +; of an inch.
_Even on the most cursory examination the specimen is seen to
differ entirely from the original cast-iron, except in form, Been
Seems j
of graphite, mixed with brown-coloured oxide of iron and a few
ice Scattered minute particles of metallic iron; these on
Tn colour the external part of the i is of a dull
ithin <4: the specimen 1s Of a grey,
foll 1s of a rusty brown colour, with darker bands which
oioW more or less closely the outer contour lines.
pe friable than the very outside of the specimen ; but even this
Y contained -04 per cent. of metallic iron; the boss of the
150 THE ACTION OF SEA-WATER UPON CAST-IRON.
screw he I understand, only superficially acted upon; the
examined by me came from one of the blades. On analysis it was
found to have the oneloneg a
Carbon we as SOE
Tron protoxide jes ves tee) oe
Tron sesquioxide_... ~ ig 1:79
Iron, metallic... oe os an “04
Siiiedelces ara ves may ote 62
Phosphorus ... -_ dae ... absent
Sulphur oe “ oes “a
Silicon a see — ne 5-59
the mixed carbonates of potash and soda, the carbon being burnt
off by the addition of potassium chlorate ; ‘the residue was ext
with boiling water, the silica rendered insoluble and d in
the usual way. —
It is interesting to note that the phosphorus has been ¢
apr ; P 3 d that the jar
ly present in the
original cas re
Several balsas of the effects produced by sea-wat
Gme coe. his “ Handbook
Some cannon-balls lying in the sea on the coast of i |
1692, had retained their form and ve but = _ ee »t, and
weight, srry to the knife, did no naa Ce fod, 15
metallic iron Dalene J., Chem. Mey
THE AOTION OF SEA-WATER UPON CAST-IRON. 151
Cannon-balls raised at Carlscrona from a sunken vessel, lost fifty
years previously, were found to be changed through }rd of their
thickness into a porous graphitic mass, which hecame strongly
heated when exposed to the air for a quarter of an hour, in f
80 hot as to drive the water off in steam. (Berzelius Lehrb.)
Dr. Percy, F.R.S., lately Professor of Metallurgy at the Royal
School of Mines, in his volume on the metallurgy of iron and steel,
quotes some instances collected by Henry Wilkinson in his work
“On the extraordinary effect produced on Cast-iron by the action of
Sea-water,” 1841. Amongst them he gives the followimg :—“ Many
of the vessels of the Spanish Armada were sunk off the shore of
Mull in Scotland, and in 1740 some of the guns of a vessel named
the ‘Florida’ were raised. These were both brass and cast-iron
guns, and on scraping the latter which were deeply corroded, they
a : ose ball
ave weighed 30 Ibs., were reduced to 19 Ibs, 3 ozs. The S-inch
¥ 70-Ibs. ones were only 45 Ibs., and although to external appear-
ance, the same as regular shot, they fell to pieces red hot on
€xposure to the air.*
re complete analyses seemed to have been made of the graphite-
® residues ; hence n comparison could be made between the
Composition of this specimen from the “Hunter” and that of others.
Dr. Percy refers to some experiments made by Professor Daniell.
— of grey cast-iron was acted upon by dilute hydrochloric
found to consist of a soft spongy substance, but apparently
peer are beet eres th ere arses
; Perey’s ‘Tron ”
+ Poe 5 6 and Steel, igee 147. 5 J ; oF Redinse
and a <4 uy Steel,” p. 146, quoting from the Journal
152 THE ACTION OF SEA-WATER UPON CAST-IRON.
heated and smoked in the course of a minute. In another case
when a considerable quantity of it had been heaped together it
undred specimens of cast and wrought iron and steel, as well as
to test the advantages of various protective paints and varnishes 5
they also contain the results of experiments made to ascertain the
protection afforded by zinc, &c., to iron structures in contact with
water.
Mallet states that Priestley was one of the first of those a
observed this conversion of cast-iron into a plumbago-like ee
mixed oxide of iron and carbonaceous matter, and peat
residues frequently but not invariably became hot or spontan y
inflammable on exposure to the air. Mallet states that de
tain circumstances even the purest malleable iron is conver Te
Ae ete, 1 RRS OE eS Bind i tos instances. The bt
d in the a7")
mentions that some cannon-balls which were foun ee
the site of the battle of La Hogue had, after an im ia
years, been converted into plumbago to the depth of an their
some cases and right through in others ; assum? 3a.lb
diameter to have been about 6} inches, the usual size depth of
shot, he points out that the iron had been destroy: pee rapid
3} inches during the above number of years,—® much mor? isle
rate of action than he obtained from his special expe? ae
The foregoing will probably suffice as instances mie Mallet’s
i
sea-water, brought about more or less by reage! Mr ‘merely
THE ACTION OF SEA-WATER UPON CAST-IRON, _ 153
Mallet found that the approximate depth of corrosion fi clear
the low:
sea-water at end of one century would be as follow:
Welsh cast-iron. Hot and cold blast Gril ol 300 i inch.
Trish Cold ‘306 _,,
Mixed cast irons; sen arid Welsh, Trish and }
Wel uty nl
Scotch eabit0N. Chiefly hot blast. . 879 4,
Staffordshire, Shropshire, and Gloucestershire ) 385
cast-iron. Hot and cold blasts %
rey cast-iron, mixed. Skin removed by olanin “S59. 5
Derbyshire and Yorkshire cast-iron. Hotandcold -431_
Wrought-iron. Standard bar, No. 2 Dowlais ... 543 ,
In another table + he gives the approximate depth of corrosion
for the following wrought-irons and steels at the end of one cen-
tury in clear sea-water, foul sea-water, in ag Ciesla and
when freely exposed s the weather in Dublin
Exposed to
1 sea- | Clear fresh-
parece iret water. - com
Red short bar, Staffordshire..| -276 inch. | -644 inch. | 032 inch. | °335 inch,
Common bar, Shropsh he a Sel =. “484 5, 081"; 540,
Best bar, Staffordshire......... 316 4, | 423 ,, 039 ,, 361 4,
Best Welsh bar, Dowlais...... 278 ,, | 638 » | 353 4,
Low Moor boil ia es “S15. 35 ‘ 035, 332 4
mmon boiler plate ......... ‘Sing tt DON 1 ee on | ee
Swedish bar, Danemora o77 | 96 7 1-080 |, || “470° =,
agote p ectepeeel “ORK 6b BIO tp ORK ay 24 209 ow
Blister steel bar, soft... | -298 of SR | DIG yy | WL sw
Sheer steel bar, POG seces 313 ” 676 ” 025 2” 389 »
Cast s tilted bar, soft 441 ” 559 ” 026 ” ”
eae 5; ” ” 156
sciia, t e
As in the former table the results were obtained from speci-
mens which had been immersed for 732 days.
Mallet found that the corrosion of cast-iron, which has had its
re one, when the coat of plumbago and rust
cat is removed prior to a second immersion. When the
and less porous, thus to a greater or less extent it mechani-
cally defends from co TTOSsion.
oo
+ Pitish Association Re
ports, 1840, vol. at 299,
Brit. Association Reports, vol. xiii, 1843, p. 53.
154 THE ACTION OF SEA-WATER UPON CAST-IRON.
The rapid action of sea-water upon cast-iron and the commoner
varieties of wrought-iron is probably due mainly to the local gal-
vanic action set up between the diffused scales of graphite, films
Where cast-iron is exposed to the combined action of fresh
water and of sea-water, as at the mouths of rivers, the action is
hydrogen.
The action of acid waters in copper and other mines, and of
means affording a passage for the electric current.
. h which recently
of rain, and he states that it takes place much more rapidly le
case of castings made in “dry sand” or “loam” than in those dry
sand,” But I am inclined to think that this difference 8
due in part, if not wholly, to the formation of a film of ee ms
oxide of iron by the steam from the moisture: the protective & am
of such a film has long been known, although it was ch “= ty ot
155
On the peapenbics of some Wood enclosed
n Basalt.
By A. Liversipez, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the
University of Sydney.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 1 December, 1880.]
THE specimen forming the subject of this note was found by Mr.
C. 8. Wilkinson, F.G.S., at Inverell, where the Macintyre River
has cut through the basalt and formed a river cliff; by the forma-
tion of this section yan ial fragments of wood and trunks 0
trees are exposed to vi
the “ Mines and itso Statistics” published by the Mining
pr lap in 1875, Mr. Wilkinson gives the following description
of manner in which the fossilized wood occurs, and on
Same page ) he iin a diagram showing the position occupied
by the particular tree which this specimen w ni—
“ An interesting cliff section of basalt may be seen on Mr. Co lin.
Ross's oes on the bank of the riveratInverell. The following
is a sketch of it :—
— ———— Ss 7 eee ee So 09 an ; . C ;
Pee. «
¢ Fossil Lea ep Pee fe Nias Z
Saaae Rea Nevo “oe
we
varying shades of deep red and yellow. This breccia is older than
st abed, and evidently formed the side of a hill on which plants
ee at the time of the basalt eruption ; oo at the junction
a te salt and breccia lies a thin bed of red clay, the former
of ee in which I discovered numerous stems ©: Sante: Some
came woo batter but Tittle altered. ese are very ape
thus 88 proving the viscid state of the overflowing basaltic lava, to have
ed the small plants without destroying them, and
156 COMPOSITION OF SOME WOOD ENCLOSED IN BASALT,
how rapidly it must have cooled. Another interesting relic of the
newer pliocene period that this section reveals is the trunk of a
tree, about 2 feet in diameter, imbedded in the layer of basalt
marked c in the above sketch.
“The wood, though much changed, yetretains its fibrous structure
most completely. It somewhat resembles the stringy-bark, and
may possibly be a species of eucalyptus ; but this is difficult to
decide without the aid of the microscope.
“Surrounding the tree is a soft substance 2 inches thick, which
was probably the bark.”
bonaceous substance, but quickly burns to a pale brownish-grey
i i graphite,
It effervesces with acids, is fragile, and sufficiently soft to -
scratched with the thumb-nail.
Analysis.
Water lost at 100° C.... iad Pier 1254
Combined water ids ik pet eos vee “46
NECN Naeem Ae
35 Bombe ».2. ie ve ae ot
Carbon ... se 514
Iron sesquioxide 3
», protoxide 3
Manganese. .
Alumina pity
Lime 5(16-42,Ca00,) hs
esia = 4, M co, oe
eg a aca ca
Soda
Sulphur... ote ee ee des o
Sulphuric acid... pe we owt te
ar cacid .., a a ri on
COMPOSITION OF SOME WOOD ENCLOSED IN BASALT. 157
The lime and magnesia evidently exist as carbonates; a small
quantity of the protoxide of iron may also exist in combination
i nic acid, as there is ‘28% of carbonic acid left after con-
verting all the lime and magnesia into carbonates. The alumina
and iron probably exist in the form of silicate, as the amount of
silica is nearly sufficient to form a silicate of the formula R,0,,
38i0., or if the water also be taken into account, Al,0,3Si0,
20.
s it contains traces of sulphur and of sulphuric acid, small
quantities of iron pyrites are probably present.
The combined water was determined by heating the powdered
substance in a combustion tube and collecting the water in a
weighed chloride of calcium tube, and the carbon by combustion
filled first, the cell walls were next gradually removed, except those
portions represented by the small remaining quantity of graphite-
carbon, and replaced by mineral matter as the decay went on,
so slowly and quietly that no violence was done to the micro-
Scople structure of the woody tissue.
159
On the Composition of some Coral Limestones, &c.,
from the South Sea Islands.
By A. Liversipasr, Associate R. 8. Mines, Beck . ee
and Mineralo ogy in the University of Sydn
[Read before the Royal Society of of N.S. W., 6 October, 1880.]
1. Reer Cora, New Hebrides.
A WHITE crystalline limestone, the fractured surfaces of which
present all the on of ara onite ; for the most Lee it
with a thin film of purple-coloured organ anic matter, which burns
when heated on platinum foil. Before the blowpipe the limestone
oe ae and falls to pieces like aragonite.
am indebted to the kindness of the late raggye
Goatees R.N., for this and the succeeding specimen. This
tinguished naval officer always took a very lively Se in the
antes and mineralogy of the countries which he visited, and
seldom failed to collect and bring back with him re specimens
which were procurable.
Lasihite: Island of Vati, or Sandwich Island, New Hebrides
Group ; from shore at the level of high-water-mar
Fp a
Hygroscopic moistur i 26
Alumina and traces of i iron sesquioxide 23
Lime 54°62
Magnesia 08
Silica en ee ‘51
”» soluble oe aie Ses wk 21
‘Potash ‘ = ie cate ... traces
um chloride sie Sing 1:02
Phosphoric acid... ce ue ... traces
Carbonic acid . <x 4232
a 75
100-00
A second portion from the. interior only contained traces of
sodiumichloride =...
2. Rep. REEF Corat,,. New Hebrides.
Bad a reddish brown colour, intermixed with white, due mostly
small fragments of coral and shell disseminated through the
160 CORAL LIMESTONES FROM THE SOUTH SEA ISLANDS.
mass ; these make the rock look very much like a bone breccia
from a cave deposit. Differe vi portions vary in composition.
Contains traces of organic matte
Site
i
Hygroscopic moisture ... avert Oe
Silica = ee
soluble oe ab ue Ee
Alumina and 28] 1°69
Iron nentfishicids \ fa aH oe { 62
Lime... ae hi 48°75 —
Magnesia. 3°36 2°33
Potash . 15 —
Soda sad “40 —
Chlorine ... see we traces ,.. ‘12
Phosphoric acid ... ae ... traces... traces
Carbonic acid ... OO ee oc 41°25
100-53
The cons in the second column were made upon
another specim
The red clad ‘of this specimen is pages due to the presence
of decomposition products, such as clay, &c., derived from the
disintegration of lava or other aitae rocks ; this seems to be
borne out also by the presence of alkalies other than as chlorides,
as well as by the presence of the silica, alumina, ion, and
magnesia.
3. Cora Liwestonz, Duke of York Island.
This specimen and the following was co
R.N., of H.M.S. “ Pearl,” from a raised pees on the Duke ls ~
sea eve
“ae > 919
Hygroscopice moisture
Organic matter : ee Be Nee...
Silica er
Alumina and traces of iron sesquioxide 1-973
Manganese ... traces
Lime ape. give Ube a . _ 52-094 wot
ae : Wee pie
otash é
Soda... ; 348
orin B
Chl ” pie a oe
Carbonic acid ie aoe
CORAL LIMESTONES FROM THE SOUTH SEA ISLANDS. 161
4. Turr Rock ?
This specimen was also collected in 1876 by Dr. Messer,
on the island of Vati, one of the New Hebrides, from what he
ibes as a raised terrace of coral rock, which crops out above
Havannah Harbour, at a height of 525 feet sate sea-level, the
highest point of the island being about 1,500 fee
The rock is greyish white in colour and sate friable ; but, as
be at once apparent from the an alysis, ae is nota limestone,
although it may have been found to contain
addition of acid it effervesces but pee showing the
presence of only a small amount of carbonic acid.
gers
Hygroscopic moisture, @ 100° C 3°68
Combined water, ta) gre iss 68
ic acid a: OS
ca ‘70
A et 21:82 /
aceite wes ees ie i | ee labia ply
ron sesquioxide ... res i ee
Lime eae ae : 1°66
Magnesia ... trace.
Potash and soda uy S.
c iv oti ae ..» 56°56
Alumina ... oy vide ... 14°80 78:18
Lime bs bee im ... trace. Insoluble in
Magnesia 6-76 acid.
06
100-00
The combined water was determined by ignition of the rock
to complete fusion; allowance was made for the carbonic acid
which was also deren off at the same time.
5. Turr Rock, New Hebrides.
Brought by the late Commodore Goodenough, R.N., from the
shore, Hei high-water-mark, of Port Sandwic h, M coll
knif grain.
€. a dull sound when Dare Spenifi gravity, 2° 186.
Poa “coral sand rock,” but, as will be seen from the
analysis, it is mainly a silicate of alumina.
163
On the Inorganic Constituents of the Coals of New
South Wales.
By W. A. Dixon, F.LC., F.C.S., Lecturer on Chemistry, Technical
College, School of Arts, Sydney.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 6 October 1880.]
which are thrown aside in actual working. Having the residue of
hese samples and some others, it appeared that information of .
Some interest might be obtained from an examination of the ash,
and it was hoped that some light might be thrown on the insoluble
constituents of the plants from which the coal has been form
, in the case of coals whose ash contains little iron, is an
exceedingly tedious process, so that in some of them it was found
necessary to determine the residual carbon, and deduct it from the
ash was then treated by digestion with hydrochloric
ane te of the Colony naturally divide themselves into three
and th, namely, those of the Northern, Southern, and Western fields,
the character of the ash follows, as a rule, the same divisions,
*xcept that the ash of the coal found at Redhead, eight miles south
in eweastle, differs from that of the others in its neighbourhood
fonts much less iron and alumina, and an increased quantity
Silica. With the coals of the Northern district may be taken a
a from the Clarence River district, the ash of which was
ed from a small hand specimen only.
se whole of the ashes showed traces of alkalies, carbonic acid
ri of po besides those constituents given, gorep a cenegs “ates
very minute. T ing are m
the Nort} lds carey The following yses
oO
164 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE
NewcastLE Coat Company’s CoLLIERY
Specific gravity of coal, 1-283 ; eee of ash in coal, 4°76;
colour
of ‘ash, reddis
Analysis—
Alumina... “sd <a oe
Ferric oxide... ns Rig Ss et
Lime wie ose owe 1-46 Soluble in acid
Magnesia... tee rege ey : 43°30
Sulphuric oxide... ee ‘72
Phosphoric ,, ove eo oe
Alumina... co seu. aoe
Ferric oxide... ‘ed int GOS
Lime Pe PPP es ‘61 Insoluble in acid
Magnesia... i ivi 63 f 56°34
Silica ee oo 45°57
Undetermined and sal ie 36 |
AvsTRALIAN AGRICULTURAL Company's COLLIERY.
Specific gravity ms —~ 1-286 ; percentage of ash, 4 “45
eddish.
Analysis— — oni 20
Alumina... $e wg BSS
Ferric oxide... tas <<. 1a
Lime ie ne ... 1:98] gofuble in acid
Magnesia 0c ne seo, trae 0 A
Sulphuricoxide ... «. ‘97
Phosphoric ,, ne a
Alumina... er year: :
Ferric oxide... Sau woe traces. Insoluble in acid
Silica ee ee 56-98
Undetermined and loss... “20
—_—_——
100-00
COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 165
Co-oPERATIVE CoaL Company’s a Plattsburgh, near
New
Specific gravity of coal, 1- Ais; 5 verona of ash, 4°20 ;
colour of ash, reddi
Analysis—
Alumina... fet ee
Ferric oxide... awk a ee
Lime tie se Oe. S| Solable:in ‘acid
Magnesia... = wwe 7 SOS 40°43
Sulphuric oxide... = 72
Phosphoric ,, tin <n aoe
Alumina... tea we O9e
Ferric oxide... we 317 : :
RN he cos. a, kp | ee od
Silica ve §O-32
Daioheeminad and on ia 69
100-00
NeEwcasTLE WaLLsEND COLLIERY.
Specific gravity = mag 1-347 ; ee of ash, 4°28 ;
ur of ash, r
Analysig—
Alumina... pee ses. eee
Ferric oxide... uae +? 21:20
Lime abe ene wo OOO) Bee ee aad
meine oS 1s 39-78
Sulphuric oxide out 83
Phosphoric ,, ee Ee
Alumina 6-48
Ferri * ‘
ne agmen diekg GOT LT
32 60-73
Magnesia ‘41
Silica “ic Oak
ri INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE
New Lampton Ooniiery, near Newcastle,
Specific gravity of coal, 1-291 ; percentage of ash, 6°72 ;
red.
Analysis—
colo: ur of ash,
Alumina ... mee ex ere
Ferric oxide... “vs wee Re Solubledmalidd
: : oluble in
Lime ee ou aa eee 38-98
Magnesia... a oe eee
Phosphoric oxide ... a ae
Alumina .... oie ci
Ferric oxide... ie “kk eae ae
es . 69 Insoluble in acid
e “ve oes coe 61:10
Magnesia 37
Silica kr ee ao S232
FernpaLte Couiiery, Newcastle.
Specific gravity of coal, 1:296 ; percentage of ash, 3° 84;
h, uff.
Analysis—
eulour of as.
Alumina... et i.) aoe
Ferric oxide... ae Sea iil
Lime ad tas ... 2°41} goluble in acid
Maa = ee 38°96
Sulphuric oxide... is ‘74
Phosphoric ,, ue eee
Alumina... oe a
Ferric oxide... fe: ac acid
Tnsol ble in.
Lime va — i 24+ 61 15
Magnesia... i <a 23
Silica <a cae cc OU Ca
100-11
COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 167
WaraTaH COLLIERY.
Specific gravity of coal, 1-293; percentage of ash, 4°64 ;
col h,
our of as.
Analysis—
Alumina ae 92:31
Ferric oxide... eae oe eee
Lime a i Fes Els 2°41 Soluble in acid
Mepis . .. ee
Sulphuric oxide... “sk 71
Phosphoric ,, ies vee ae |
Alumina... ay: ai 8
Ferric oxide... ses ... 2°31 | Insoluble in acid
Silica ... 5617 63:07
Patiesa ccd and eae he 12
. 100-00
REDHEAD, near Newcastle.
Specific gravity of coal, 1-325; percentage of ash, 6-84 ; colour of
ash, <
Analy . grey.
Alumina... ee = 22
Ferric oxide... a ee yf
Lime vee wt - 1°96 | gojuble in acid
Magnesia, ons es 1 23°17
Sulphuric sashes i ne 45
Phosphoric ,, : 172
meme oh ic. 3-5. oes 608
. Ferric Bere ee ... 1°97 | Insoluble in acid
Silica > eee 65
Wodbbscininisd and loss... ‘18
This sample contained no chlorine.
168 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE
Ash of Coal from the Clarence River.
Percentage of ash in coal, 8-75 ; colour, grey.
Analysis—
Alumina... ne ie: OO
Ferric oxide... 4-01
ime 1-26 | Soluble in acid
Magnesia ... om = “48 29°70.
Sulphuric oxide... ai “21
Phosphoric ,, 96
Alumina...
513) tnsoluble in acid
70-25
Silica Ss a
Undetermined and loss
100-00
For comparison with these results samples of
of the Australian Agricultural Company’s seam were obtained
from Mr. Gregson, who kindly sent me three samples of each
Of the roofs two specimens were much alike, and consis
shaly sandstone containing a small quantity of coaly matter, whilst
specimens; the remaining specimen was very similar in appear
ance to that marked Old No. 1 way. The samples were treated in
exactly the same manner as the coals; the organic matter —_
burnt off at a dull red heat, and in doing so both gre
the roof burnt with a faintly luminous flickering flame, one of
floor specimens with considerable flame, and the other with none.
Roof Galley Way.
Percentage of organic matter and water, 9-97.
Analysis of residue—
Alumina
ia “ee ee
Ferric oxide... ane oes oy ME he
Lime ds} See an -42 | Soluble in aes
Magnesia ... are — ——e 1181
Sulphuric oxide... ne ‘21
Phosphoric ,, vee wae “41 |
Chlorine... eee
Alumine..: |; w+ 12°31) qpsoluble in acid
Silica ae ome veo "37°87
Undetermined and loss 32
100-00
COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 169
Roof Old No. 1 Way.
Percentage of water and organic matter, 7:70.
Analysis of residwe—
Alumina... =a EA hires
Ferric oxide...
Lime é 1°61
agnesi ae ie 93
Pager oxide... je 37
Insoluble nee we BTS
Undetermined ay" 47
100-00
As this was evidently very similar to ‘to the last, the analysis was
not carried into greater detail. :
Floor Galley Way.
Percentage of organic matter and water, 30-95.
Analysis of residue—
Alumina : 8-26 :
Ferric oxide... 2-21 ( Soluble in acid
ime pe 42 11°54
Phosphoric oxide 65 2
Alumina... 13-58 ) Insoluble in acid
Silica 75°12 \ 88-60
100-24
Floor Old No. 1 Way.
a. of organic matter and water, 4°30.
Analysis of resid:
a ina = a = ee
erric oxide: re ey | . .
— ot a ee
3] 8-72
Phar oxide sa 16
st tan d
Silica 78-73 Se em
Undetermined and see vas 12
170 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE
On glancing at these last four analyses one is struck with the
fact that the phosphoric oxide seems to increase with the quantity
of organic matter, and that the quantity of alumina in the soluble
portion does not bear the same relation to that in the insoluble as
it does in the coal ashes. The analyses were not made in expecta
ratio between the insoluble and soluble alumina in the various
analyses of the northern coals is as follows :—
A. A. Company... 1:65 Wallsend ... ... 1:34
Ware 1 3.48 New Lambton ... 1:27
Clarence River ... 1 : 4:4 Redhead. .): <1... 2
Newcastle Co. 1:42 Roof Galley Way 1:05
0-operative bP: 39 oor:
Ferndale ... ... 1: 36 ,, OldNo.1 Way 1 : 0-4
These ratios exhibit a surprising difference, and appear to indi-
‘cate that the ash constituents of the coal are not derived simply
from admixture of the material of the floor or roof in an t
‘State. Unfortunately the whole of the samples had either been
could not be made. -
It has been suggested by Dana! that the alumina ps
at may have been in some measure derived i bre
tycopodiaceous plants as lepidodendron, which suggestion
on the iseiiniaaie of Dr. * ‘Aderholdt and Prof. Church on the
ashes of various lycopodiums. Alumina found in the
plants is generally
Aderholdt? found that the ashes of Lycopodium chamee
: ‘ sa t
every precaution to remove adherent alumina from F
cent;
* and
* Manual of Geology, J. D. Dana, 2nd Ed., 366 (1874).
? Ann. d. Chem. u. Pharm., Ixxxii, 111 (1852).
> Chem, News, xxx, 137 (1874).
4J. Pr. Chem., xl, 302,
COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 171
Solms-Laubach.' The different ratio of soluble to insoluble
alumina in the coal ashes to that i in aes roofs and floor appears to
coincide with this view, as if this e ad been assimilated
by the plants we may readily iain that it would remain more
easily soluble than that which had not been subjected to such
Sir Robert Kane’ in some analyses of the ashes of peat gives—
Alumina sos Ol?” STE Tee
Sand and iiniabise tiingteible'4 inacids 2°17 2:10 7°68
a in the first two of these, even if the whole insoluble matter
as alumina, which is unlikely, the ratio of soluble to insoluble
ponies be high. Some of the results obtained from peat ashes by
Messrs. Kane and Sullivan® point in the same direction.
In none of the published analyses of coal ashes that I have seen
are the portions soluble and insoluble in acid analysed separately.
The eres have evidently been made either by direct fusion with
carbonates (or by treatment with hydrofluoric — or by
rsecaasin with hydrochloric acid without further examination of
the insoluble residue. Neither of these methods could show the
lve, in
slowness although solution may ultimately be complete. In the
extensive series of analyses of British argillaceous iron ores
from the coal measures by Messrs. Dick and Spiller given by Dr.
Perey, most of which have been made by the double method, it
is observable that in not a single instance does the soluble alumina
i r on
bottom in the deeper parts of the Atlantic and Southern Oceans*,
Fete seam that the red ‘tae there found is an organic deposit, being
@ residue of the globigerina ooze from which the carbonate of
calcium has been removed by solution, and suggests that all or
Many clays may be of similar o Church, on the other
hand, r regards this red clay as an oxidation product of glauconite,
So 2 Sark, d Premidered by Eireabens: te come
2 TR Ch. Pharm., ¢., 297.
4he industrial Resources of Ireland,
* Report on the Nature and Process of coger Fo Destructive Distillation of Peat,
to the Commissioner for Woods, 1851.
Netig 4a Metallurgy, Iron and a 210 to 220 (1864).
. = ‘ Xxili 32
® Chem. News, xxxi, 199. ue
172 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE
the stony nuclei and silicified shells of polythalamie,' and if
this is correct the organic origin of the clay would only be ante-
dated. All published analyses of clays being made, like those of
the coal ashes, for other purposes take no notice of the solubility
of the various constituents, but it seems probable that an exami-
nation in this direction might throw some light on the subject,
and I hope shortly to take the matter up.
The presence of phosphoric oxide in coal ashes is not noticed in
many published analyses, but as this substance might easily be
overlooked and determined along with, and as alumina or iron,
according to the method of analysis employed, its not being in
list of constituents does not necessarily imply its absence, unless
it is noted as having been looked for. Le Chatelier and Leon
Durand-Claye® have given analyses of French coal ashes, showing
from 0-2 to 1-5 per cent., and E. Riley® has found in Welsh coals
m 0-21 per cent. to 3 per cent. of phosphoric oxide in the ash.
seems unlikely that it could be removed from either source by
solution and be deposited in the coal. It may be observed, im
matter present, and that in the floor from the galley way the ae
that the phosphorus compounds offer very considerable resis ae
to removal by solution under circumstances which cagaalll
analagous to those under which the coal seams were
deposited.
ee ei
1 Jahresb. f. Chem. 1854, p. 885.
? Bulletin de la Soc. d’Encourag. I’Industrie Nationale, 1873.
* Percy’s Metallurgy Fuel, p. 352. + itl
* Knapps’ Technology, by Ronalds and Richardson, vol. 1, P “"
COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 173
COALS OF THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT.
OsBoRNE WALLSEND COLLIE
Specific gravity of coal, ; “404 ; prentge of ash, 10-20 ;
colou
Analysis— ey:
umina 30°31 )
Ferric oxide.. 8°68
Lime 1:18 ' Soluble in acid
Magnesi traces, 40-51
Sulphuric oxide i
Be eeario a traces.
umina... 5:24 ont
Ferric oxide... a oaaa acid
Silica ai 54-76 :
100-51
Innawarra Coat Company, Mount Pleasant Colliery.
Specific gravity of coal, 1,354 ; percentage of ash, 8°76 ;
1 rey.
Analysis—
Alumina
Ferric ee ae
Lime.
Magnes esia
Sulphuric oxide
riba wg ”
Alum:
Perio i oxide...
Sili
Undetermined and loss
. traces.
Di
34:07
‘82 | Soluble in acid
41°75
es Oe
. traces. | Insoluble in acid
51:19 57°69
100-00
Buii1 CoLiiery,
spite gravity of er 1-369 ; ciandeaitebie of ash, 11-28;
ur of ash, grey.
Alumina
Ferric oxide...
Ma a:
ee oxide
pee é
Silica
26°84
7°95
-67 | Soluble in acid
3 35-77
traces.
7 60 Insoluble in acid
\ 64:53
174 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE
Coa. CLIFF.
Specific gravity of coal, 1:378 ; sec of ash, 10°80 ;
colour of ash, greyish white.
Analysis—
Alumina ta gee 90675)
Ferric oxide... ; 5-33
Lime ; ‘75 | Soluble in acid
Magnesia ote bak 60 38°84
Sulphuric oxide... ate ‘31
oe Riga ‘a ate one “29
Alumin: ee <2 Ge
—— oxide! a. ... traces. { Insoluble in acid
a. 57°41 61-02
Woe rntncg and loss ’
100-00
BERRIMA.
Specific gravity of coal, 1-408 ; pacer of ash, 9°40 ;
colour of ash, greyish w white
Analysis—
Alumina ome Bee va IBSIS
Ferric oxide.. raat ae 4°68 Soluble in acid
ime ve - 58 34-00
Sulphuric oxide te 13
Phosphoric ,, ae ... traces.
Alumina... ei 82 in acid
Silica ee 75-05 inl
Undetermined and loss ‘13
100-00
Kato
With these may be taken the eae coal, as the eee
of the ash is similar, and differs from the other r Wes tern coals.
Specific eras ot eet, 1-400; peroeniele of ash, 10-04 5
of
Analysis— ash, greyish white.
Alumina. a eae
Ferric oxide.. ee ce ‘98 | gotuble in acid
Lime a me . traces. 37°10
Magnesia... ‘30
Phosphoric oxide "56
Silica we oye 59 58 a
Undetermined and loss 09
100-00
al
COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 175
These ashes distinguish themselves from those of the north in
mite much less phosphoric oxide ; the average of the former
giving 1-5 per cent., of the latter 0:22 per cent. The ratio of the
soluble to the insoluble alumina i is greater and the range is also
greater, especially owing to including the inland coals with those
of the coast, which by Beaicncies are tolerably uniform.
The ratios of insoluble to soluble alumina are :—
Berrima 1 : 21-4
egy 1 ; 109
j ee sare. 3
ena Wallsend Loe
warra wie oh l : 34
a. fk, int “si SL j Sia I
of alumina as these ashes would scarcely be so descri s the
total al varies in them from 35 per cent. to 40 per cent.
they are richer in that than almost any fire-clay. It there-
fore a as
which 4 1s readily soluble, is Pagan due to an original assimilation
by the coal-producing plan
COALS OF WESTERN DISTRICT.
VALE oF Ciwypp CoLLIERY.
Specific gravity of coal, 1-328 ; percentage of ash, 9°72 ;
sh, grey.
‘ } oe colour of as
unina 22-91)
Ferric oxide... 1:
Lime oe sh ‘81 | Soluble in acid
Magnesia... ... ~—... traces [ =. 26-03
Sulphuric oxide... .... ‘17
Phosphoric ,, 3 59
Alumina * 14-55 1
me oxide. oa. traces; | Insoluble in acid
Silica ee a es P7885
Undetermined and loss... “12
176 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE
EsKBANK.
Svecific gravity of coal, 1:329 ; sae of ash, 9:88;
colour of ash, grey.
Analysis—
umina ... eas 3T-TS41
Ferric oxide... oes oo ee
Lime sae xen ‘oe -78 | Soluble in acid
O61 “ses ain ices 6 24°61
Sulphuric oxide A 16
Phosphoric ,, “DD |
Alumina ... a poeple & Oy
Magnesia ... Hr ... trace. { Insoluble in acid
Silica it ao Redemet Es 75°23
Undetermined and loss ‘15
100-00
Litacow VALLEY
Specific gravity of coal, 1340 ; percentage of ash, 9 68 ;
colour of ash, greyish white.
Analysis—
‘Aleiatinn fee oe ae
Ferric oxide... 1-42 Shae
Lime 74 | Soluble in acid
Magnes bas ae ‘57 23°72
Suloborie oxide... on ‘11
Phosphoric ,, is oes “64
Alumina ... oA #a2 1602 Je in acid
Silica. aa 60: a es
Undetermined and loss 05
100-00
The ashes of these coals show a notable increase f ptm ol
centage of silica, as compared with those of the other solubl nape
they differ also in presenting a much lower ratio of before,
insoluble alumina. The ratios, taking the insoluble as 1, a8
. 15
Val tO id. ka
oes — : oor
Lithgow ss
The phosphoric oxide is intexmedatek $s
Hunter River and Southern districts, but, re we roar te mar the a
ditional quantity of insoluble ash as int troduce
sources, it would more nearly approach the —
COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 177
There still remains to be referred to, the torbanite or kerosene
mineral, of which New South Wales possesses deposits of incom-
parable excellence, at Joadja Creek, near Berrima, Hartle
ing sandstone rock. The following are analyses of the ash of
each division of the seam
Top Coal.
Percentage of ash, 6-71. The ash was slightly pink-coloured
and very voluminous, i indeed it occupies about once and a half or
ce the space of any of the other ashes examined, and nearly
the b bulk of the original coal.
Analysis—
— and chlorine ... 4:05 Soluble in water.
Alum i isi pe BASS
Wevtin cs oxide rae a eee Re ag nag lot
Lime id is pre 20 94-43
Mag
Pitcaiieie oxide 92
Alumina... = 9215
Ferric oxide: enc ... traces. { Insoluble in acid
Sili = oe ... 48°86 71-01
Undetermined and loss’... “41
100-00
Torbanite.
Percentage of ar 10-27 ; mati UE, 1,098;
Analysis— colour of Foxx greyish
Al .
umina i w. 14-74
Ferric oxide. .; oes re ‘76 Soluble in acid
Lime fee Fie ak oT 16-90
Magnesia “45
hk cn acid 65
Alum PTH, ts BO
Ferrie 0 iia: ee ... traces. { Insoluble in acid
Sili 7712 82-51
Undetermined and te sa 58
178 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE
Bottom Coal.
Percentage of ash, 22°88 ; ash very dense, grey coloured.
Analysis—
Alkalies... a ..- 0°85 Soluble in water.
Lime. 98 | Soluble in ei
Magnesia ... a — 36
Phosphoric oxide ... ae “44
Alumina, --- acs ve 119 Insoluble in acid
Ferric oxide... on ... traces. 49
Silica ae x 68°63
100-23
The ratios of the insoluble to soluble alumina in these ashes
Top coal 1 05
Torbanite Tee ate =e ae
Bottom coal ... =, a ee
of the upper coal —— in this respect a great
difference — all the others ined, whilst the other two are
ured exactly the same result as before. The ratio with a
increased solubility would, however, only be 1 : 1, which
shows a meine difference from all the other coals.
imilarity in composition of the ashes of the t torbanite t0
The
those of the various coals, including the presence of @ 2 a"
quanti of phosphoric oes does not a ar to =
ai 2 the ‘nom
7S
prot of torbanite the ash ae amounts to ‘10 per cent., 0 ak
7 per cent. is silica, and we can scarcely think that the 2 cme
of alumina would suffice for the condensation of so many aa
own weight of bitumen. It seems probable, rather, th ir
mineral has been formed like coal deen plants either of @ pe
kind or under oat conditions. That the conditions, fe
tion have something to do with it is borne out by the of the
of Mr. Fell, who has had much to do with the working
1 Chem. News, xxxi, 16. we
4 pinay
COALS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 179
mineral in this ae and who informs me that as the “cover”
increases the mineral becomes denser and passes into a slaty coal,
which does not yield either the same quantity or quality of liquid
hydrocarbons on distillation
{t is curious to note wink a large percentage of ferric oxide is
required to communicate a decided colour to the ashes, and it
appears a: pe to judge by appearance of the ins —
resent. Thus, some of the Newcastle coals with 9 per cent. or
a little over are “decidedly red, whilst the sir J mea Creek
coal containing 11 per cent. had only a faint pink colour. Dr.
there may “ a large quantity of ferric oxide present without
communi its colour, and ascribes this to its being in the form
of calcium faerie silicate. In the ashes of our coals there is very
little lime, and yet the iron does not communicate nearly the same
colour that it does in other instances, as, for example, in ——
—. is of a very decided red if it contains 10 per cent. of ferri
0:
* Determination of ash in coal, and incineration in general. Zeitschrift
f. Anal. Chem, xix, p.131, Chem. News, xlii, p. 41.
Rey ate,
os Bl
PT 2g
an eet
if
=
ae
at “
oe eon
18]
Upon the Composition of some New South Wales
Coals.
By A. Liversipax, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the
University of Sydney.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 8 December, 1880.]
Tue following paper contains the results of an examination into
the chemical composition of some samples of certain New South
Wales coals, “kerosene shale,” and of one or two carbonaceous
minerals which, although they cannot properly be classed with the
. . pe this.
upon by me to that Department in 5. e proportions of
moisture, volatile matter, fix ash, coke, and sulphur
only were then determined, as information upon these points is
uite sufficient for all ordina: oses. Shortly afterwards, as
T had the remains of the specimens, I thought it would be
desirable to determine the ultimate composition, and to ascertain
the fuels, calculated from the percentage amounts of carbon and
hydrogen, correspond with their evaporative powers as determined
¥
te
ashes were analysed mainly because it was thought that a
Knowledge of their chemical composition would be of service to the
Course of great importance to many metallurgists to know the com-
: coal which he uses, since some of the
Constituents may have a bad effect upon the products of his fur-
haces, and in some cases even render the metal useless for certain
| Methods of Analysis.—I ma h ntion the methods of
‘pom — y perhaps mention the me :
analysis followed, since it is sometimes of interest to any one going
ss ctr be aateen Picasa me BONE
z
Annual Report of the Mining Department, 1875, p. 127.
182 _ NEW SOUTH WALES COALS,
over similar ground to know what processes were employed ;
and when it is wished to compare results it is often a great
advantage to be able to use the same methods The proximate
were made according to the well known process described in
se
Crooke’s “Select Methods in Chemical Analysis,” p. 368, in each
oal
y
The specific gravity was determined upon the coal in the form
of a coarse powder; the powder was allowed to soak in the specific
gravity bottle, placed in a warm place, until air-bubbles ceased to
be evolved, when cool the second weighing was proceeded with.
dina:
Calculated calorific intensity and evaporative pea
lated according to the formula given by the same author, Pp. ate
On examining the two sets of results, 7.e., the cal ra
intensity and the calculated evaporative power as determined all
the calorimeter, it will be at once apparent that they do not he
cases place the coals in thesame order—there is no doubt that o
things besides the absolute quantities of carbon, hydrogen, nt
and ash, influence the production of heat and help to a re
the value of a coal—we as yet really know very little as to ‘ioe
the combustible elements are combined in coals, or whether a
are differences in the mode of such combination in different oat
—it is most probable that there are—but we do know that there
considerable variations in the mechanical structure of coals, “gr
must necessarily influence the rate of combustion and the amoun
heat generated. vessels
wet is a well-known fact that many command anes, ond tote
longing to the Royal Navy, the + Mail Com oe:
Fitenournal lines ates ccutharn to nertheed coal, mo a
former tai ash, th lisad tage f the gr the
of ash is considered to be counterbalanced by the ee: but
southern coal burns uniformly and does not form a aif orther®
when it is desired to get up steam rapidly, then the
is preferred,
NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 183
the report’ to the Mining Department upon the theoretical
evaporative power of certain piers I pointed out that “ these re
ts represent the theoretical, ca c, or evaporative power of the
samples, z.c., the weight of water Whisk would be conve
steam by the complete combustion of one pound of each of the
various coals respective
“It must, however, be clearly understood that the actual heat-
producing or evaporative power of a coa oal obtained in practice,
— very greatly upon the size, construction, and form of both
and boiler, as well as upon the method of firing or burning,
d oe many other equally obvious circumstances ; it will,
alike, as was oy tke case in the passes trials.”
Analysis of the Ash.—The ash was prepared for analysis by
incinerating the powdered coal in a muffle furnace at a dull red
heat ; in order to obtain the ash as expeditiously as possible from
a fairly large quantity of coal, a tray 10 x 6 x 1 inch feos. ae made
out of stout platinum foil, was used for the incineration
Silica, alumina, iron, lime, &c. ; the alkalies were de
Separate portions Dr. J. Lawrence Smi rocess, i.¢, by
fusion with calcium carbon ammonium chlori
d :
The phosphoric and sulphuric acids were also determined in
separate portions of the ash ; as the proportion of phosphoric acid,
where present, was shown by rth qualitative tests to be small,
the molybdic acid process was employed, about two grammes weight
of ash being taken in duplicate in each case
NORTHERN DISTRICT.
Waratah COoLuigRY.
A. coop firm, bright coal, with well-mark ked lines of lamination,
bright layers preponderate. Fracture fairly even, breaking into
cuboidal masses. Layers of fibrous ‘¢mineral ¢ arcoal ” or “mother-
of-coal” in between the bright layers; these are also to be observed
in nearly all the other coals.
Specilie gravity, 1-303.
Proximate Petes
Moi 2" oe
Volatile hydrocarbons Sie oe
Fixed carbon hc 532 Coke, 59°97 percent.
Sulphur rete 12
; 100-00
ROP omg ee ee
* Report of the Mining Department, Sydney, 1877, p. 207.
184 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS.
Coke.—Good, firm, bright and silvery lustre, well swollen up,
with small caulits ower-like excrescenses.
Ash,—Loose and flocculent, reddish colour.
Ultimate Analysis.
arbon 81°06 Dried at 100° C.
Hydrogen 581
xygen 6°52
Sulphur. 1°14
Nitrogen 1°23
sh 4:24
—_—
The calorific intensity calculated from the above is 8,271 units
According to experiments with the calorimeter 1 Ib. of thse
would convert 14-3 lbs. of water into steam.
Analysis of Ash.
Silica... me = sa oo . doo
Tron cc neg ee o ai oe
aay ER Ge: i el . absent
Magnesia... ae ae one site 30
Mg oy ie x es ie Mae
Pacephonts One: :.. oie se ... ‘trace
Sulphuric acid ea ne ae ee
Erie:
Nodular Coal.—A smooth, rounded, nodule of f anthracis ol coal
h
than the ordinary coal, in which I understand it was am
embedded—the rounded form is apparently not due to attrition
the action of running water ; but appears to be of a concretionary
nature.
On being struck with a hammer the massflew to pieces, casi itd
been in a state of strain or tension; the fragments W nodules
showed conchoidal fracture surfaces. I believe that these
are sometimes met with of much larger size.
Specific gravity, 1-294.
Proximate Analysis.
etatys oi by ae
olatile drocarbons ses ves vee
Fixed cuticle oe
Sulphur ~ = vii ecg
|
|
|
|
|
NEW SOUTH WALES COALS, 185
Ultimate Analysis.
Carbon ... ee oe ar -- 83°828 Driedat 100°C,
Hydrogen ane =“ aa
Oxygen one ie vs <a «. 8236
Sulphur . wee te i “190
itrogen .. 530
h ‘ 1-779
100-000
Tt will be noticed that the — of ash i is much less than in
the ordinary coal from this min
CARDIFF Weve: LAKE “Meiedeiath
A bright, firm, and compact looking anthracitic coal; when
struck emits a clear ringing sound, very unlike the dull sound
given out by soft and friable varieties of coal.
Across the joints and planes of seman it breaks with
a somewhat splintery and conchoidal fract
ure.
oes not soil the fingers ; no mother-of-coal or mineral charcoal
observed. When ree, rect inti somewhat, and burns with
but a small amount of fi
A few scattered nacre of yrites were observed in the sample,
but the total amount of sulphur present, as shown by the following
statement of percentage dieiphet ti, is below the average :—
Proximate rue a
ture
Hygrosco ~ — a Boe
Vulatite cis -* ia Sac oles w. 43°354
Sulphur... io wins ie a “348
Fixed carbon ma ooh wis ... 49°486
Ash ... oe aie aed ove we 4°944
99-985
— per cent., bright in lustre, and fairly well
Ash.—Grey, loose ; contains traces of copper.
Ultimate Analysis.
Inclusive of Exclusive of
moisture.
on a 80°727 $2°251
ydrogen 4°303
Oxygen .... 6'816 6-945
Nitrogen ... 1 1-028
Sulphur ’ _ 0°34
Ash a we .. — -4°944 5-038
Hygroscopic micintnre ... “1GOS nnvnnvees
100-000. 100°000
Specific gravity, 1-286. sas ie
* Report to the Department of Mines, A. Liversidge, 1876, p. ae
186 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS.
The — intensity calculated from the above sees is
7,857 unit
Analysis of Ash,
Silica 38°360
Copper : : trace
umina ees ee. we w. 80°53
re pc is ee ces ee
anese protoxide na dee <7 ore
Lime ce eee eee wo. ee
Magnesia ‘080
Potash aoe 593
Soda oe iva ee ae ov “259
Phosphoric acid... ‘s ee eos “240
Sulphuric ,,... ai a io ee
100-296
ai CREEK.
Structure laminated, but cee mit not so much mother-of-coal
present as in that from the Waratah Mine. Breaks into ¢
masses. Does not readily soil ahs fingers.
Specific gravity, 1-323.
Proximate mhindis 7
Moistur ts
Volatile | hydro-carbons ee
— carbon ene ee £720 coke 56 Toners
Fae = te 146
—
Coke. oe firm, bright silvery lustre, os much swollen -
Ash.—White.
Dried at 100° C.
Ultimate Analysis.
Carbon ee os i fae
Hydrogen i ae [=
Oxygen wee ao bay a 5 pid
Sulphur He vik ne pee he is
ee. ee
10000
‘Calculated calorific capone 8,009. «bbe coal would |
By experiment with the calorimeter 1
pers 12°65 lbs. of eae into steam.
NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 187
oe of Ash.
Silica... * ve 48°70 50°16
Alumina hee .. 38°84 40°50
Tron sesquioxide a ne ea 2:00
Manganese... fie ... traces traces
om ive es ae = oo
seen cis iv Sis ‘70 32
Potash . as is “oe 2°02
8 ' eo “43 12
Phos osphoric c acid. ve trace trace
= acid Se z roe "85 "56
Loss : ers “44 “22
100°00 100°00
The second eee was made upon a specimen from a different
part of the se.
RussEiu’s MINE.
Made up of alternate bright and dull lamine, which merge one
into the other irregularly, giving the coal a streaky appearance
quite distinct from the laminated a rance of a coal made up ot
Specific gravity, 1374
Proximate oar +
Volatile hydro-carbons...
Fixed carbon . a0 25 270 | Coke, 52°65 per cent.
Sulphur a j ue
100-00
Coke.—Good, firm, bright silvery lustre, with cauliflower-like
€xXcrescenses,
Ash.—Loose, colour red, but paler than the Waratah coal ash.
Dried at 100°
Ultimate Analysis.
Carbon 77°37
Hydrogen ion
Saifdiar 1-43
Sits 13
Ash
100°00
Calculated calorific intensity, 8,034.
188 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS.
By experiment with the calorimeter, 1 lb. of this coal would
convert 13°21 lbs. of water into water.
Analysis of Ash.
Iron sesquioxide ... er ae ie,
anganese ... a8 oes nee absent
ime ... 5°05
— “49
otash 1:37
So aia oh me aes ot
Pho horie acid... os ete ... absent
— acid os we ed a
100°00
GRETA.
In appearance very similar to the Waratah coal, but with less
mother-of-coal. Does not soil the es streaky appearance.
Fracture conchoidal across the layers
Specific gravity, 1-287.
Proximate Analysis.
Moistu 2°25
Volatile le iydro-carbons... 39°21
ge "za | Coke 57°18 pe om
Sulphur ... . 141
—
Coke. —Good, firm, not quite so bright as the former, but
rougher in in the grain and more swollen up.
Ash.—Loose, buff-coloured.
Dried at 100° OC.
Ultimate Analysis.
bon a
Hydrogen we oj
Oaygen = ee;
Witvoge 148
100°00
——————e
Calculated calorific intensity, 8, 208. of thi ol
According to experiments with the calorimeter » 1b.
would convert 13°21 Ibs. of water into steam.
Pee eet oe Nears PROT ee a
‘-
'
.
Bey
NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 189
Analysis of Ash.
Silicia er se Se er ww» 40°14
Alumina ..., oe ore a I in
Iron sesquioxide .., oo ites we 4°40
M. e oe pc absent
Lime ... 5°95
Magnesia traces
Pp. "82
Phosphoric acid _.,, es oa .. trace
Saipiiaric-acid 2 6.020 a Ss ee ee
100°26
‘W ALLSEND.
_ A bright coal; laminated structure well marked; breaks into
cuboidal fragments. Does not soil the fingers readily.
Contains a little fibrous mineral charcoal, or mother of coal.
Specific gravity, 1-333.
Proximate ——
Moistur ee i
Volatile | hydro-earbons » FATT
rae carbon... se ve Aer Coke 61°86 per cent,
Sulphur .., ee fe a he
matteo
Coke.—Much the same as from the Greta coal, but with large
cauliflower-like excrescences.
Ash—Of a pinkish shade, being white mixed with reddish
particles, pe sb
Dried at 100° C.
Ultimate Analysis.
Carbon pie aati 79°96
Hydrogen 6°26
Oxygen 7°08
Sulphur s 1°25
Ash ... mar: |
100-00
Calculated calorific invents 8,323.
to experi with the calorimeter 1 Ib. of this coal
Would convert 13-21 -21 Ibs. = water into steam.
190 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS.
Analysis of Ash.
Silica... “ay sie see avs 39°
Alumina... evs ie — is See
Iron sesquioxide ... és ee «26°02
Manganese ... So a 1°03
Cis ee 4°35
Magnesia... ae ae wis ai “30
Potash we a Ws wi ... traces
Soda... oS: pee ay ima ee ee
Phosphoric acid... i se . 12
Sulphuric acid 3H ie oe ve OE
100°87
AGRICULTURAL CompaANy’s Mine, Newcas
Very similar to the Waratah coal, bat a “hade a bright.
Breaks into irregular cuboidal fragments Does not soil the fingers.
Contains films of mineral char
Specific gravity, 1-297.
Proximate Analysis.
Moi $a ae aa
Volatile | hydrocarbons ve ... 33°60
Fixed carbon mn BY 32} Coke 62:87 per cent.
Sakae Seated
100°00
Coke.—A good firm ype 3 very large cauliflower-like excrescenses:
Ash.—Heavy, w
Dried at 100° C.
Ultimate Analysis.
san mcod Sipe ae ee ae pa
Hydrogen
xygen 7°28
Sulphur ‘>
itrogen 5-47
100°00
ee calorific intensity, 8,235. would
y experiments with the calorimeter 1 1b. of this coal
convert TD: 92 Ibs. of water into steam
Analysis of Ash.
Silica a = ee ee
Alumina ... re . 2
Tron sesquioxide . 3
Lime Soi a A ive ote 00
a a see tee ove vee v4 19
ee
Phos horie acid ... ae seat a
Sulphuric acid ; via Sole
100°59
NEW SOUTH WALES COALS, 191
WESTERN DISTRICT.
BowENFELLs.
ten lustre, rather strongly laminated ; lamine of bright coal
thin. Does not soil the fingers. Fracture is in parts large
iechind al,
Specific gravity, 1:399.
Proximate Analysis.
Moisture...... w5$ ~2°36
Volatile. hydro- carbons... i. wc PBS
—— arbon is en .. 56°54
Sulphur 1:35
100°00
Coke.—Does not cake; only a loose and incoherent black
ittecd left.
—Heavy, white.
Dried at 100" C.
Ultimate Analysis.
le : ee ee ae gt
ydrogen ?
Oxygen 9°65
Sebpiner 1°38
Nitrogen 93
ASD ui. 11°67
100°00
Calculated calorific — 7,245.
According to experimen: with the calorimeter 1 Ib. of this coal
would convert 12°65 lbs. = water into steam.
Analysis @ iste
Po. = ° Bi Were pt
ie ise ce Se
Iron reaquioxide me : va
rac
Mas : se: 36
oe eee os
Phosphoric acid (P,O 2). ves tate
Sulphuric acid (SO,) ee Sat 22
100-71
EskKBANK.
A good compact coal ; soils the fingers ; lustre dull ; lamine
‘not well defined
Specific gravity TS35,
192 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS.
Proximate Ana
saan
veh ydro-carbous..
Fixed ie
>: 7
con EE Sa Sages: 93 es Coke, 62:88 percent,
Sulphur ... 4
100°00
Coke.—Fair, but Page tender.
Ash.— t w colour.
Dried at 100° C
Ultimate Analysis.
arbon cep RE ie 72:30
Hydrogen 5-43
som 6°65
8 — 1°60
Nitrogen 85
h 1317
100°00
Calculated calorific intensity, 7,426. ii.
eriment with the calorimeter 1 Ib. of this coal would
yY exp
convert 12°65 lbs. of water into steam.
Analysis of Ash.
Silica Fe ee y Si of ies ‘a 62°15
Man sesquioxide.... 1:20
ganese it ie ’ i
: ke
esla
Posh 2:10
Soda hits 19
Phosphoric acid ... ae
ulphuric ,, ... a
Loss we . “68
100°00
VAL E OF CLwy Peon 3%
A “compact coal ; sited in on ae whole, the righ
layers being fairly numerous ; fracture irregular ; a fresh *
does not soil the sian
Specific gravity, 1-323.
Proximate Analysis.
Moisture 210
Volatile hydro-carbons 33°35
Fixed carbon ... —... io
Am 9°80
Sulphur... 1°37
, 100-00
NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 193
Coke.—Hard, compact, and fairly lustrous.
Ash,—Of a very feeble grey tint.
Dried at 100° C.
Ultimate Analysis.
ne -98 69°86
Hydrogen 5°82
gen 11°89
Sulphur . 1°40
Nitrogen . 1°02
h 10°01
100°00
Calculated calorific intensity, 7,138.
g to experiments with the calorimeter, 1 Ib of this coal
m.
Accordin:
would convert 12:10 lbs. of water into s
Analysis of Ash.
Silica an — oe ae af 59°55
umina ... $8 os — sea 37°35
Tron sesquioxide ... 2°00
ae traces
e tte 53
Magnesia ... traces
eotash = =... ef
So ‘ *
Phosphoric ”
Sulphuric (SO,)
s 18
100-00
Litacow VALLEY.
Has much the ei mae of the Vale of Clwydd coal. Does
not soil the fingers
Specific gravity, 1 329.
Proximate Analysis.
i
Moisture nat che aa
Volatile hydro-carbons - see a
Fixed carbon ... sis pe
‘al = 10" 2 Coke, 62°46 percent.
Sulphur
100-00
ine oke.—Hlard, compact, and fairly Iustrous—about the same as
194 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS.
Ash,—White in colour.
Dried at 100° C.
Ultimate Analysis
‘arbon 69°41
Hydrogen 6°10
xygen 11°70
Sulphur 1-44
Nitrogen 1-03
sh 10°32
100-00
Calculated calorific intensity, 7,206.
According to experiments with the eo 1 Ib of this coal
would convert 12:10 lbs. of water into s
Analysis of Ash.
Silica ; ‘ tes 59°10
Tron oe A “40
— i traces
Magnesia ... :
we os: : traces
Pudehboete acid (P 0 Gys0 ee ‘20
Sulphuric acid (SO,)_... far oie 43
100°23
SOUTHERN DISTRICT.
Mount Kemsla.
coal of medium brightness, with laminated structure, break-
ing with a granular surface in places; splits readily akin |
planes of lamination. The bright layers are tender, and
small pieces with conchoidal surfaces.
Specific gravity 1-363.
Proximate bee:
Moist : 4
Volatile. hydrocarbons .. oe “ne ae
Fixed carbon ae 10°72
Sulphur : bes
100°00
———
e coke
Coke.—Coal does not cake, therefore no tu
dull black fritted mass only is left.
NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 195
Ash.—Brilliant white colour.
Dried at 100° C.
Ultimate Analysis.
Carbon 80°67
Hyd 5°30
Oxygen 158
Sulphur “87
Nitrogen “70
h 10°88
100-00
Calculated calorific — 8,276.
According to experiments with the calorimeter, 1 Ib. of this coal
would convert 13-21 Ibs. ot water into steam.
Analysis of Ash.
Silica 52°57
Alumina .., 43
Tron sesquoixide 95
traces
ese
1°35
Magnesia “60
Potash 15
Phosphoric acid (P,O,) ... ne ie ‘17
Sulphuric acid (SO,)_... ae aie 79
100°40
Movunt Kerra Coan
Possesses much the same characters as the last, only soils the
fingers rather more readily.
Specific gravity, 1-379.
Proximate Analysis.
i Moisture... ne a 115
Volatile hydro-carbons ... - 2351
Fixed carbon me ais, : nk
pts 9-70 | Coke, 74°35 per
Sulphur
100-00
Coke.— and much swollen up, with cauli-
Pat ike —, Bd, fairly 1 lustrous, muc up
196 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS.
Ash.—Loose, brilliant white colour.
Dried at 100° C.
Ultimate Analysis.
mn 78°82
Hydrogen 517
ygen 3°87
Sulphur 1:00
Nitrogen 1:33
oe 9°81
100°00
Calculated calorific intensity, 7,983.
According to experiments with the calorimeter, 1 Ib. of He
coal would convert 12°92 lbs. of water into steam.
Analysis of Ash.
Silica ... on roe a nics ws SOO
Iron sesquioxide ... Sys wa ... traces
Manganese ... et ia pa ... absent
Magnesia... ae at ie cia a
Potash 10
Soda wee eee ee eee
pr al ata si nis ane ... absent
Su peat +o eve tee see ”
100°00
This ash practically answers to the formula Al,O; 2 Sid,
BERRIMA. 3
A good firm coal, but more tender than the others. The bright
ayers present in fair proportion.
Specific gravity, 1:364.
Proximate Analysis.
Moi ie
Volatile h dro-carbons ic S28 ©
Fixed ca: ae a 5385 | Coke, 64:24 per eB”
Ash ee ae 10°40
Sulphur 1:28
—
Coke.—Bright and lustrous ; very much ‘uch swollen up.
Ash.—White.
Dried at 100° C.
NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 197
Ultimate Analysis.
Carbon i <i we ae 69°92
Hydrogen 4°55
en 13°09
SS) tte 1:30
Nitrogen 56
Aah... 10°58
z
Es
Calculated calorific intensity, 6,653.
ccording to experiments with the calorimeter, 1 Ib. of this
coal would convert 11-82 Ibs. of water into steam.
eat of Ash.
Silica ... ar ae a ss 67°45
umina Ss ie «ek ok ae
— sesquio oxide “a ae si =
anganese rotoxide iat a Pig "
Lim mip ® wet de ia 15
Peteade ee “24
te ie és 18
foo ang acid a trace
phuric ,, (SO,) “06
100°00
NatTal.
A hard, compact, lustrous anthracitic coal, slightly stained in
parts with i iron oxide, which looks as if it had been derived from
p aD coals ‘ni rally occur in se yea pcre the ge
measures have been more or less disturbed or changed, i.e
Places where there is considerable contortion of ‘es strata, "Sa
where there are intrusive metamorphic or igneous rocks.
wee. this particular specimen came from a portion of a seam
ch had been affected by one of the intrusions occurring in the
Proximate Sioa
Loss at 100° C. _ a) 3
Vola e le hydro-carbons oe sa a
1X nls one a Coke. 92°375 r
eee a ae .. <a0
Sulphur we brace
198 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS.
: Ultimate niger
Gevton “ .. 91°246
ti we wee . —3°605
Selpinr am aod nitrogen we PAL .. 0583
100-000
Calculated calorific intensity, 8,590.
The ash of this coal was not analysed.
Butt.
The following analysis was made by Mr. Richard Siege os of the
Metallurgical Laboratory i in the Royal School of Mines, ;
it has been recalculated to sekcaiind with the others.
Specific gravity, 1:471.
Proximate Analysis.
Wate -
Volatile hydro-carbons, &e. 23°
ogg carbon 61°61
IF TF
Sulphis “34
100°00
_ The theoretical calorific or evaporative ig that is, the weigh i
of water converted into steam by 1 Ib. of the coal, as dete i
by experiment with the calorimeter is 19: ‘21 Ibs. A
experiment gave a like result.
Ultimate Serta
ao
ar | 470
ore i nitrogen _ pho
fc oo
Water” >
100°00
The colour of the ash is reddish white.
When the portion of the powdered coa is heated :
vessel, the gases evolved burn with a yellow -Tuminos se pee
smoky flame, and a slightly lustrous coherent
differs little in bulk from the original coal. cal
Ihave inserted the following analysis here for OF 2
since it is too short a matter to publish separately.
gen
NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 199
ALLORA, QUEENSLAND.
A specimen of coal from near to Allora, a small township on
the Dalrymple Creek, about 14 miles from Warwick.
Specific gravity, 1-284.
Proximate Analysis.
ine, re a
Loss at 1 2 os i 5°75
Volatile hydro-carbons _... ee: .. 44°98
Fixed carbon ies we ees 40°59
ABE ccs ad pak vas ste wer U2
Sulphur ze i aa ws = “66
100-00
The coal is bright, with almost a jet-like lustre ; in parts very
firm and compact ; free from earthy layers; does not soil the
t
cally the same as those which appeared in that report, but with
such alterations as are rendered necessary by the additional
information yielded by the examination of further specimens.
LE I.
NortHern District CoAL.s.
Proximate Constituents.
Volatile Fixed
Name of Colliery. ect phaarp. em: Ash. am Sp. gr. | Coke.
ag Soc SEL PP Beet
aueguinde cet eT ee eee 1:95 | 44°09| 4995] 270| 1-41] 1274] 52°65
WWW doetncs de cei rie: 9-95 | 39-01; 54°41) 272) 141) 1287) 57°13
yeep, aa 2-21 | 36-70| 5582| 415| 112/ 1303| 5097
be oa tot ape ae ea o75| s4i7| 57-22| 4:64) 122| 1333] 61°36
Cardiff Mine... ............ 1°85 | 43°35 | 49°49 4°94 34 | 1286 | 54°43
A. A. Coy’s Mine, Newcastle.| 2-20] 33°60| 5752] 535 | 133| 1-207| 6287
tee epee 1741! 4110| 47:90} 780] 1-46} 1323] 55°70
= ta coals in the above table are arranged in order, according to
: and the last the largest weight of ash. With the excep-
Hon of the specimens from Anvil Creek and the Cardiff Mine it is
200 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS.
Speaking generally, the coals which yield a large percentage of
volatile hydro-carbons may be said to be the best adapted for the
manufacture of gas.
It will also be at once apparent that the specific gravity in
most cases affords a very good indication of the quality of the
coal. As a general rule, ordinary coals which possess a hi
specific gravity contain a large proportion of as
TABLE II.
WESTERN District CoALs.
Proximate Constituents.
_ Name of Colliery. oa “bydro- et a vn Sp. gr. | Coke.
prea
Wallerawang .............. 1:95 | 2725 | 61:86 | 8-04 | .... | 1808 | 1
Do. vets 151 | sa24 | 55-74 | 950 | .... | 2ose | OM
Vale of Clwydd ............ 210 | 33:35 | 53-38 | 9:30 | 137 | 1323 | 6%
Lithgow Valley ............ 1-95 | 3418 | 52:34 | 1012 | 1°41 | 1929 | 6246
Bowenfells ................ 2-36 | 23°35 | 5654 | 1140 | 1-85 | 1309 | None
Wide | 200 | 33°55 | 49-07 | 1201 | 157 | 1895 | 628
- is noticeable that the quantity of ash yielded by these western
coals is much greater than is yielded by the northern ones, also
that the specific gravity is higher as a rule.
e ash in all the specimens examined is white and _—
whereas many of the northern coals yield ashes of a buff or
tint, which are often quite loose and flocculent.
It is a common opinion that the relative amounts of _
present in different coals can be approximately estimated by al
redness of the ash—on the supposition that the whole of the
phur exists in the coal in the form of iron pyrites—but such
the case ; on referring to the analyses on the Northern ee
coals, it will be seen that some of the coals which left pure oa
coloured ashes contained the largest amount of sulphur &
that others which left red ashes contained the smallest quantity
of sulphur. in
Sulphur may be present in coals in vari 8
combination with iron as pyrites, which is the most io
w. . ¢ col
of all—as sulphuric acid in combination with ; potash ;
stituents of the coal, such as alumina, lime, magnesia, OF
or it may even exist in the form of organic compounds.
NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 201
TABLE ITI.
SouTHERN District CoALs,
Proximate Constituents.
Volatile} ,,-.
Name of Colliery. Loss at | pydro- | Fixed | ash. |sulphur| Sp. gr.| Coke.
100°C. serbian: Carbon.
Nattai. 8-2 87°96 4 a 87
Mount Keira 115 23°51 64°65 9°70 99 1°379 74°35
Se en eee 1°70 32°78 53°84 | [10°40 1-28 1°364 24
Mount Kembla... ............ 150} 19°74] 67°18| 10° 86; 1 none
Bulli (R. ED ising cca 1-03 61°61 131 54 1-471 74°78
In order that an opinion may be formed with regard to the coals
ace.
On this account a kind of coal called ‘ brasils,’ which occurs in the
middle of the Tenyard coal in South Staffordshire, is preferred for
reverberatory furnaces some smelters in Birmingham.”*
Neither must the quality or chemical composition of the ash be
Percentage of Ash.
Minimum. Mean. Maximum.
Northern Coal-fields of 2-10 ‘aes wit
seven —. sah
Sing a boa ee 8°94 10.44 12-91
aR
Southern Coalfields of a
five samples........... 9°70 10-99 3:17
202 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS.
w English aga ee coking coal contains
pate 0:79 to 2-49 per cent. ash (see Percy’s Metallurgy, vol. i,
p- 99), and averages 168, The Nottinghamshire contains 34
Staffordshire coal varies from 1:55 to 6-44, and South Wales
from 1:20 to 7-18 ; Scotch coals from - a to 6°75; so ese as far
as the sfetinies of ash is concerned, some of our erm
ual to the Welsh and Scotch coals, sik but: little
ns ata the English Newcastle coal.
A matter to which it is necessary Ne pay careful attention is
the proportion of sulphur present in a coal. The presence of a
large amount of this element not only lila the use of the coal
unpleasant for domestic purposes, but makes it useless for most
manufacturing and metallurgical operations.
The quantity of sulphur soar: in the New South Wales coals
is by no means excessive, and they will in this respect compare
not unfavourably with those of aie countries.
Percentage of Sulphur.
Minimum. Mean. Maximum. |
Northern Coal-fields... ... ‘34 1:18 Leg
8 Eee RCT Regen a ey 1°42 157
Southern me cog ‘91 1°28 |
vant co (England)! ; ‘BD 97 151
Playfair and De la Beche found during their investigation for
the English Government, that the mean pereentage of sulphur
was as follow:
wai coal wid site ... 1°42 per cent. sulphur
Derbyshire 3 bes ae DOL. Heh ie
cashire _ ne ie ES, oe ”
Newcastle a ei ti OBR gps a
Scotland ... i ae ”
hand,
i sie id
Most of the secondary and tertiary coals, on
contain a larger onary of enn om ily two or three
sometimes as much as even 5-0 or 6° :
Composition of the Ashes.—In the table showing the Peat
composition of the ashes it will be noticeable there are :
ferences in the amounts of silica, alumina, and of iro
Some of the ashes, however, in the different groups see
fairly well together, and although the samples came
districts, yet it may be that they are from an exte
(! Vide Percy’s “ Metallurgy,” vol. 1.)
NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 203
“same seam. ‘The composition of the ashes as well as of the coals
may help us to correlate the coal seams of the different districts
one with the other, 7.¢e., assist in determining their positions in a
geological section of the whole of the coal measures as developed
in different parts of the Colony. Judging from the composition
of the ashes, one would be inclined to say, that not only do certain.
of the coals in ‘each district come from the same seam, but that
the western coals from Vale of Clwydd and Lithgow Valley belong
to the same horizon as the southern coal from Berrima ; but much
importance cannot be attached to this matter, certainly it would
different parts of the working face. It would be well to take some
tons weight of the coal, which should be broken up into pieces of
moderate size and well mixed. From this heap portions should
thrown into a smaller heap of a few hundred-weights ; after this
smaller heap has been well mixed portions should be again removed
radially and a third time well mixed ; this last could then doubt-
less be regarded as a true sample and not a mere specimen, as
a single lump of coal must necessarily be. Too much care cannot
Possibly be taken over the collection and preparation of samples.
NEW SOU%.i WALES COALS.
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205
NEW SOUTH WAi_S COALS.
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206 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS.
KEROSENE SHALE.
The name “kerosene shale” is not at all appropriate. The mineral
does not possess the properties of a shale, 2.¢., it has not the charac-
teristic lamellar or platy structure of a shale. and specimens
melting, and emits a luminous smoky flame. When heated in a
tube it neither decrepitates nor fuses, but a mixture of gaseous
and liquid hydro-carbons distils over. :
In colour it varies from a brown-black, at times with a
shade, to full black. The lustre varies from resinous to dull. The
fracture is usually broad conchoidal, but the concavities are some
times very deep in proportion to their breadth, and at times long
exible concave-convex strips can be detached. When struck it
emits a dull wooden sound. e powder is light brown to grey 5
the streak shini It usually weathers to a light grey colour,
and the ae mE the joints also are often coated with a white
m. : :
It is easily cut into shavings. Thin sections under the ee
scope present a reticulated appearance. The network is blac
and opaque, enclosing brown and amber-coloured translucent
particles. ‘ the
Prof. Silliman has proposed the name of Wollongongwe it ne
mineral ; but this has not come into general use, neither is 104
appropriate name, since the specimen sent to him was M!
Wollongong, but from Hartley. All the Wollongong oil are
which I have seen are of quite a different character ; eles
true black carbonaceous shales with well marked lamination, ©.
often contain fossil ferns, especially the fronds of the glossopter®
No chemical examination has yet been made of any of ae
Unless it be decided to give the mineral a new name, :
suggest that it would be better to call it cannel coal = pa pr
rather than kerosene shale, since the oil which it yiel ale, and
bably not kerosene, and the substance itself 1s not a si cS
moreover it is not very widely separated, either 1D phy or Be
perties or in chemical composition, from either torbanite
oals.
NEW SOUTH WALES COALS 207
1. From Joadja Creek.
Black, with a brownish shade ; breaks with a large and well-
marked conchoidal fracture.
prone gravity 1°103.
Proximate Analysis.
Loss at 100° C. aS és ee ied |
Volatile hydro-carbons ts aa .. 73364
ixed carbon ie ae <a ie oat hc)
Hat 7o 9°175
Sulphur 536
100°000
The ash is of a grey colour, with a slight reddish tinge.
2. A second specimen had a sp. gr. of 1-054.
Proximate Analysis.
Loss at 100°C... ih pa Wes “440
Volatile hydro-carbons ... ae .. 83°861
Fixed carbon ie ae ae ae 8035
tie Wea ies SA i . 7075
Sulphur _... sa ws na rae 589
100-000
Tn this case the ash was practically white.
tie a“. third specimen from the same locality gave the following
Tosi gravity, 1-229.
Proximate Aan
Loss at 100° C. ees Pe 040
Volatile hydro-carbons io se ce BIS
> ew - nm ey ie
Sulphur Roe rh cere ie ae
=
4. A specimen from Murrurundi, of a dark grey, wey, almost black
colour, but spotted with small et8e of a white clay-like sub-
stance, gave the following results
Proximate Analysis
Loss 00° C. ue, wo EGS
Volatile hydo-<ains = sie ... 71882
Fixed carbon Pair ee SY!
As “i 19-936
Sulphur a
99-999
Dried at 100° C.
208 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS.
Ultimate Analysis.
Carbon 66°788
Hydrogen ... 9°712
Oxygen and nitrogen 2-774
Sulph fu “555
h 20°171
100-000
5. From the Greta Mine. This also contains small specks of
white clay.
Specific gravity, 1-13.
Proximate Analysis.
Loss at 100° C. aia isi ae
Volatile hydro-carbons bes io + 53°798
Ash lores) ee sc: . ae >
Sulphur... pis aie . ‘911
100-000
Dried at 100° C.
Ultimate —
posts ... 65°610
Pi aul nitrogen is oe ae
eae oe rm , 924
Ash .. 167108
100°000
Analysis of Ash.
Silica a ath ies 8 .. 29°643
Alaa 8 ot ee
Iron sesquioxide ... a a a
Manganese... absent
i 1°438
M i ‘250
Potash “748
Phosphoric acid “744
NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 209
6. Another sample from the Greta Mine gave the following
ts :—
Proximate cca
Loss at 100° C. cae a
Volatile —— carbons vile oi
Fixed ¢ 25°13
13°21
Fancace
7. From the central part of a section taken from the a
seam, where it is m ee from mineral matter. Exhibited a
the Agricultural Society’s Show, 1873.
Proximate nese
Moisture and volatile hye carbons .. 82°24
Fixed carbon 4:97
Ash ee ae os * oe 12°79
100°00
Specific gravity, 1-052.
: Ultimate Analysis.
Dried at 100° C.
arbon 1
Hydro eee 11370
; a d sulphur a 6"
nye, ™ sie - re a 4 gee
100°000
ollowing analyses of Torbanite, Cannel Coal, oal, and Albertite
were eceraaly made to see how they one in composition with
the New South Wales kerosene shale
ToRBANITE.
ee a Edinburgh.
es lhe Pele colour, | Seat Ugo inde Oa. BUD Eee
Scattered over with minute 9 Se particles.
Specific vity, :
Proximate Analysis.
See ie oes eee Po
tile hydro-carbons, &c. ees :
Fixed carbon —_.. “ . _9°045
Ash (white) ; 20°540
100°000
Does not form a coke—a black powder only is left.
“ See “Minerals of New South Wales” p. 37, by A. Liversidge.
210 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS.
CANNEL COAL.
Wigan, England.
9. Black, well marked Sheichosdat fracture, eae streak and
black powder.
Specific eravity, 1-259.
_Proximate gaansacer
Loss 1°464
Volatile hydrocarbons &e. . i ple a
Fixed carbon . aes 9
Aer Rete as here ee ii | 32688 ap
100-000
A bright lustrous coke is left, somewhat cauliflower-like in
rm.
ALBERTITE.
ew Brunswick.
10. Intensely black, highly lustrous with well marked conchoidal
re.
Specific gravity, 1°105.
Proximate ee
Volatile hydro-earbons, & o . 57°490
pone arbon : — ~~ 42°
424
100°002
The ash is of a very pale brown colour .
The coke is highly —, much swollen, hollow, like a bladder
with smooth outward surface
TA en No. VI.
‘“‘ KEROSENE SHALES” COMPARED WITH OTHER HrpR0-Cseeee
| Os. ific
: is: | BES | Fixed url SPO
No. Locality. an 238 carbon. Ash. |Sulphu Gravity
Sing eeu
599 | 1064
2 | Joadja Creek (No.2) ...... 0-44 | 93:961 | 8035 | TOTS | OM) jy o%9
3 | Joadja he No. > eae: 0-04 | 82-123 | 7°160 | 10°340 Lae?
7 | Hertey Wiles 00... 2.6. .... | S224 | 407 | 1279 |” eae) 108
1 | Joadja Croak (MG TN ose 116 | 73°364 | 15°765 | 9175
—_ br. Perey Mold Flints reve | 2191 6-01 Bere Oe
CTC) ewes er cicces eee “AQ ors
+ “een iis | 71382 | 6-467 | 19936 | 0949 -
_ Torbanite, Torbane Hill (27, ‘ ey
Howes Hr | mar | 765 | mae fe
_ Cannel Coal, Scotland (Dr. ose
P wh .... | OO77 | 1046 | I
8 | Torbanite, Torbane Hill... 0°720 | 69°695 | 9045 | 2000) 77} an
- aber Mine 48 | 6118 | 2513 | 18 110
tite, from Bruns- dete
yet we. | 57490 | 42086 | O82] cay Hed
5 Greta ! Mine 1-475 | 53°78 | 27-046 War vies Ve
9 | Cannel Coal, Wigan........ 1-464 | 45°900 | 45519 Pee
NEW SOUTH WALES COALS. 211
11. Hypro-carson—WarataH Mine.
Amongst the specimens in the oe collection is a ho
of grey-coloured shale containing a curious more or less rectangu-
lar pipe-like perforation filled with a pices aceous mineral.
There is no history to this specimen, but it is labelled “over the
Waratah seam,” hence it doubtless came from the colliery of that
name,
The mineral is jet black, highly lustrous, very brittle, breaking
into long more or ess regular our-sided prismatic pieces. ese
risms run at right angles to two of the walls of the pipe.
The cross fracture is conchoidal—the powder or streak is black.
The powdered mineral is insoluble in alcohol, bisulphide of
carbon, benzol, ether, ammonia, caustic soda, and odium sul-
eal but itis partly soluble in boiling nitric acid, yielding a brown
Readily inflammable, does not fuse, burns with a smoky lumi-
nous flame and disagreeable smell
On platinum foil swells up but slightly.
Specific gravity, 1:30. Hardness about 2.
Proximate Analysis.
Loss at 100° C. Me : :
Volatile hydro-carbons & &e. He ‘174
Fixed carbon Be, a3 772 Coke,
M : oe 64'836 pl
Sulphur ‘ 2380
The ash is of a rich brown colour, light and spongy. No
= is found ; the residue is fritted together and slightly alias
Ultimate —— |
Moisture at 100° C 3°
— 70°246
ydrogen 5
Oxygen 17°630
Sulphur 2-380
Ash 1-064
100-000
It does not quite agree with any described mineral, but on the
whole it seems to resemble albertite more closely than any other.
5 mposition does not yield a satisfactory formula. It is
unnecessary to make a new mineral species of this sub-
R
212 NEW SOUTH WALES COALS.
12. Boe Burren.
A soft white, somewhat unctuous substance, like fat, = hie. less
greasy ; inclined t to crumble to pieces when pressed. Probably a
form of adipocer
Found bebween Twofold Bay and Brogo.
Dried at 100° C.
Ultimate Analysis.
‘bon “Ses i? a 80°
Hydrogen 5°618
Nitrogen 5461
n 1
Ash. 6-720
100-000
The above results do not afford a satisfactory formula.
213
On some New South Wales Minerals.
By A. Liversipex, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the
University of Sydney.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 8 November, 1880.]
ALUNOGEN.
commonly met with elsewhere in the caves and under overhanging
ledges of the sandstone rocks of the Colony.
Analysis.
Water oP ie mae iis iets) 47°S88
Matter insoluble in water bins pace Le
Alumina ... ee gee se sa SASS
Sulphuric acid ie: wa wv. =84°635
Soda... te = a woes “931
Potash a me oa aes me 337
100-000
The formula for the above is practically Al,0,3SO, + 18H,0.
Another specimen from the same place was found to contain a
hotable quantity of magnesium sulphate.
Analysis.
Water by difference on < ... 47°388
Silica sere a Ore ee 1-908
Alumina... 13°113
Sulphuric acid 3-067
A a opt ah
100-000
ANDRADITE—ComMoNn GARNET.
Found associated with magnetite at Wallerawang ; of a brown
colour, rather dull. ized in rhombic dodekahedra. Com
pare the composition of this crystallized garnet with the massive.—
magnetite from Wallerawang.)
214 NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS,
Analysis.
aemeervs » moisture ... 322
Car =e ae as 1-982
Silica asf tsa ae v5 . 34164
Alumina ... ask its me =a 3°251
Tron sesquioxide ... se i «oy 20435
»» protoxide ... ? ee 931
Manganese protoxide “553
Lime ey ast we ue .. 28°508
Magnesia ... ae “= me ... absent
Potash... = a ike vii “341
Soda os a Me a i “186
Loss < ae oe AS ae "532
100-000
ATACAMITE.
Crystallized in radiated groups of small acicular crystals. Dark
Siberia colour, vitreous lustre, apple-green streak, translucent
New South Wales ; but exact locality unknown.
Analysis.
Water lost at 105° ae vad as 536
: om emmy direct... ape av. 18956
Copper o di er
Copper cl hori ide sai > 1328
Silica and insoluble matter vou ee
100°017
BIsMUTHITE.
Hydrated carbonate of bismuth, in the form of dull iM
or white earthy-looking rolled fragments—usu usually about
size of a pea, but sometimes larger pieces are fo ai
with a dull earthy fracture. Found with the stream oe
most parts of the New England tin district. From Ponds
Hardness = 3 to 4.
ne
Silica .. _4°695
Bismuth trioxide (Bi,O,)... 76-061
umina a es of iron sesquioxide... 1-983
Carbine aci eh . ae
wos he
Water, age difference
_—
a
vecimen is more or
ia above ny not agree with the — formula gi 4
the “hho of the silica, alumina, : :
aay
NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS, 215
CACHOLONG.
A specimen of opaque porcelain white cacholong — into
white opal. ‘id ne to the tongue. Hardness 5-6.
From oe Tumut Riv
Sp. gr. = 1°884.
Analysis.
Water lost at 105°C... st eo aoe
i it ses OSS
Silica 88-811
Alemninis and traces of iron n sesquioxide... 1-206
e ie . 1134
Magnesia ve ve ats eit “485
Loss ... 626
100°000
The loss is probably eerie A a to the difficulty of driving off
the whole of the combined w:
CHLOROPAL.
Found in veins in the basalt at Two-mile Flat, near Mudgee.
= eb pistachio- -green colour—earthy, somewhat fibrous in parts
powder. Emits an argillace ous odeer when breathed upon.
Before the blowpipe blackens, does not fuse, becomes magnetic.
ene eohlorie acid is decomposed, silica being left. Does not
a =
Analysis.
Water lost at xs Op oct ie Ae eee
>> bin : oe ee a §°224
Silica re ‘ii re) ... 49°657
Tron sesquioxide ae ie dt ye {29108
Manganese es of wet ... traces
esia cou a oat f
Soda, 5
Potash 170
100°185
Copper.
Diffused grains of metallic copper occur in a dark grey porphy-
~ phonolite near Kiama.
CHRYSOCOLLA.
massive specimen, of a bluish-green colour—much darker
oti than within. Breaks with a somewhat splintery and
— — Fracture, Brought from rome as a specimen of jasper.
= 4. Sp. gr. 2°37 to 2-4
216 NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS.
Analysis.
Water lost at 120°C. ... re xii 11°92
red heat ... act See 9
Copper oxide — a a te
Tron ie ai Sos trace
sien a re 43°11
29
100-00
Which does not answer to the usual formula. It is probable that
some of the silica exists in the free state.
GROSSULARITE.
Lime alumina garnet.
From near Mudgee ; of a rich dark brown colour ; translucent.
Imperfectly crystallized i in groups of large rhombic dodekahedra.
tenes |
Silica ae are es 40°17
Alumina ... a oi ... sae
Tron sesquioxide . apuape Re 285 |
Tron oh se 4G 3165
een :protoxide ts a a 3°700 |
ia (it |
M Te ee dil cae
C logue Re ee 254 |
100°072 |
HALLOYSITE.
Black ; brittle ; conchoidal fracture ; black streak on zi
Somewhat greasy feel; does not atten to the tongue.
readily scratched by nail, leaving shiny ‘
Collected by Mr. ©. 8. Wilkinson, F.G.S., from near Berrima
Analysis.
Water lost at 105°C... ee ie
», combined... ne es a
Silica up sie oe ee 45°99
oe gay se P ai ee . es
ee Te
100°000
HaMatITE. Oty
in irregalat
common in the Hawkesbury sandstone, a noduless
deposi, crevices, —_ as concretionary masses he sand and
gives a red streak. Is often more or less mixed
other impurities.
NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. 217
The following analysis was made upon a specimen collected in
the neighbourhood of Sydney
Sp. gr. 4:49.
Analysis.
Water lost at el Re ee ee 646
Silica Ss 4°210
Alumina ... ‘71
Iron sesquioxide 90°
3» protoxi 3°632
Manganese trace
em ase eal ‘ —
agnesia .. ae aa ee ia —
Phosphoric acid ... she ube ... absent
100-000
_ The above results show the specimen to be an extremely good
ore.
HamatitTE, Brown.
A massive form, dark ead fe. es black colour ; brown
streak. Somewhat vesicular in p
From the neighbourhood of J Lee
Sp. gr. 3°52.
Analysis.
Water lost at 105°C. ... ie 1335
bined . = ; 11°872
Tron sesquioxide ... aya ae ne C15 oe
lumina ... as aE Ae vi 1-232
is ane: 428
praia "857
Maze esia ... me en ape ea trace
Magn Sts ice ee
100°786
HamatitE, Brown.
In the massive form. Found with the titaniferous iron ore,
Uralla.
Sp. gr. 3-611.
Analysis.
Water ad = 100° C <a ee
55 cers by difference . 10°652
Sica ee as 3°782
Alumina of sa ste ins "15
Tron protoxide Soe on = Sy , 3°526
a sesquioxide .. is fs Lae
wee seein
WE er hs ht ae ee
218 NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS.
HornsiENDIC MINERAL.
A light grey, sub-translucent mineral, which breaks in places
something like a very fine-grained quartzite or jade, with somewhat
conchoidal surface ; in other places there is a fibrous structure due
to the presence of bright acicular crystals. The weathered por-
tions are stained brown with oxide of iron, and show the cavities
left by fossils. It seems to have been highly charged with the
shells of spirifera.
Collected by Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson, F.G.8., on the MudgeeRoad.
Partly soluble in acid.
Extremely tough. Hardness 6-7. Sp. gr. 3-003.
Analysis.
Loss on ignition ... $e si "60
Silica ie wey as 50°44
— “it 619
ron sesquioxide ... 125
i Si ets gos a rate sie 28°70
Magnesia ... se iis ae ss 11°14
Soda eve ia ive wee ae 1°16
100°
LIMESTONE. of
Slightly crystalline, of a grey colour, with a few thin strea ie
a lighter colour. Small patches of a pale green mineral can
de in parts, something like glauconite in appearance. notice-
tains a considerable amount of impurity, and leaves ’
able residue when decomposed with hydrochloric acid.
NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. 219
From a two-inch band exposed in the Minumurra Creek,
Jamberoo,
Sp. gr. 2-679.
: atin!
Water lost at 105°C... 2 ix 73
combined . 2°00
Silica and dibetainibh iisshable? in wet 13°08
Soluble silica ion ivi 52
Tron sesquioxide ... ves a oo
Pe a za i a is 3°52
Alumi : ee ae ak aa 46
time” ast amet “ . ooad
Strontia ... ai Aus oe ... traces
Carbonic acid a Ses ie i ede
Loss a ea: ts ‘70
100°00
LIMONITE.
ety of hematite known as clay band iron ore, from
tac taken from the uppermost band.’
This specimen was taken from the outcrop of the seam, and has
: probably been subjected to bush fires, since the proportion of
water i is far less wt . — and moreover the mineral con-
Sa trace of c iron, a and yields a dark chocolate powder
instead of the usual pelle ocldeant one.
Clay Band No. 1.—Wallerawang.
Analysis.
Water mes ab i003. ae - 1°31
mbined is i es 4°17
Inscluble silica .. fo oe see 3°63
Soluble __,, See “51
Alumina ... we es 2°13
Manganese protoxide ... "60
Tron .. 52 =60°13 v4
» sesquioxide metallic iron
cc .. ih sy
Magnesia 29
Sulphur ... 04
Phosphoric acid traces
99°87
————
* For analyses of other specimens see Iron and Coal Deposits at Wallera-
wang, by A. Liversidge. Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., 1874.
220 NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS,
Clay Band No. 2.—Wallerawang
Analysis.
v7
Water lost at 100°C. ... 1:35
. mbined me 10°29
oe 3°66
», soluble
umina... 2 1°38
Tron protoxide ... = “67 a
- quioxid ia 78°96 | metallic
Manganese protoxide ... 2°43
Lime i Ae ibs 65
Magnesia ae ee i os 14
Phosphoric acid... mer a .. traces
Sulphur nN ie ay Ba ..» «braces
99°60
Clay Band No. 3. Berar.
aap
Water lost at 100° C. se 9
+ combine on 706 uc ORT
ee es 22. ae eas 8°34
sy ROLL DIG i, re he eis oT
—— rita oe ‘ei Le a 5446 %
gs sie soe ps bi is ies i = 04°20 /
»» Sesquioxide me ss ... 77°29 § metallic iron
Man, ms ‘protaside ia ow ‘76
Lim ei ih ‘19
Phos: vn inal ee: me . traces
istehas lie ie be eats . traces
99°83
Clay Band, Jamberoo.
Clay band iron ore from Jamberoo o; of a dark reddish bei
colour ; looks very much like a clay or shale, which in fact 1
really i is Has a somewhat laminated structure ; breaks with @
flat conchoidal fracture, with dull earthy surfaces.
Sp. gr. 2°73.
yg Ana _ ie
ater lost # 105° C ee 452
san ans a Tie
Sili d lubl mais oe
Alumina mati To aan
Iron sesquioxide ... ei ie . 2
Mt protoxide..., aa ma ay i
Lime oy id ‘158
ric acid traces
Sulp: —s absent
NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. 221
MONITE CONCRETIONS.
In the form of small peeps nodules, some of which are
as spherical as marbles, in other cases they are more or less
elongated ; or two or three of the globular forms may be joined
together. Some possess a curiously wrinkled or corrugated sur-
present indications of a radiate fibrous structure also.
hydrated oxide of iron seems to have been originally ‘iffased
through an impure carbonate of Eee and pol then to have
segregated together into these co ae fom occasionally
the nodules are met with pene sie? in such a mai
Hardness, 3-4 ; Sp. gr., 3°52. The streak or ribet is yellow.
Analysis.
Water a = i ee os ceo eee
Silica aGe = nice fe geo / BIS
Alumina ai ee Be ae :
Tron sesquioxi xide a perme |g:
a ganese protoxide we So 561
Magnesia ie er sy “ a traces
2a eas UE ene OS
100-000
MAGNETITE.
“aah a vein at Wallerawang, where the magnetite is associated
with a vein stuff or matrix nay composed of a ferruginous
gamet.? “The following analysis was made upon an intimate
mixture of the two minerals as they occur in the vein.
Analysis.
Water be ee 100 Oe i oe 30
A) mbined ... ae i i ee
“eae BY Be as c30 2S
+ soluble ap oe
Alumina 1°35
Tron protoxide 3°67 ‘im = 41°87 ,
» sesqui xide 55°74 tallic iro:
= hn
om ee te pe ke ae “62
Sulph i dee i ... traces
Phiephori ric acid ... ne a ... traces
Scare wg oe a cn Ba *b4
100°00
<a iret Saal
» See Jour. Roy. Soc. NSW. 1873, p. 96.
® See also Tren and Coal praia Wallerawang. Jour. Roy. Soc.,
N.S.W., 1874.
992 NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS.
The finely divided ore was then separated by means of a magnet,
the gms and non-magnetic parts then examined separately.
The portion removed by the magnet amounted to 56%, but as
will be seen Wy the following analyses it was found impossible
this means to obtain the magnetite quite free from the vein stuff.
Analysis.
Magnetic. Non-magnetic.
Water lost at 100°C... 26 "21
2 COMPING... i -.. 169 1:14
Silica tt i eee 8°61 28°66
Silica soluble fo 65 3°88
mina ... Sesto POT 1°13
Tron protoxide ... ... 6°91 “56
», Sesquioxide ... ... 70°47 35°91
Manganese protoxide ... 2°39 1°62
Zinc-nickel, traces of ... of bs lea
Lime ee ae 6S 24°44
Magnesi. i ae 20 1:00
Phosphoric acid. vs traces... ae
Su noe red wi .. traces pine
Carbonic acid... ... absent 1°66
100°24 100°21
The non-magnetic part thus answers to the general formula
for the iron-lime- -garnet, 3 CaO,2 SiO, + Fe,0;, SiO,
HAUSMANNITE. ?
compact mineral, with a very mi
ture ; strikes fire with steel ; fracture euclidean of a
iron-grey colour. Found in the Wellington district.
Sp. gr. 6-466 ; hardness, 6°5.
Soluble in hot strong hydrochloric acid, with evolution of
chlorine, a residue of white silica being left.
talline struc-
. at
i
_—-
ps si a ea ee
Trap sacantio ve Her ign
Man rete oor : nee = a
rand ‘ao
10
mineral is one of unusual hardness and specific specific gravity iy for
one consisting essentially of the oxides of manganese, with
is probably present merely as an impurity in combination
the iron and alumina.
NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS, 223
MENACCANITE.
A variety of titaniferous iron ore. From near Uralla; found in
the river deposits, by miners working for gold; in the form of
black pebbles, with a sub-metallic lustre.
Sp. gr. 4:44
Analysis.
Silica t sae Zee ie 9491
umina ... 14°799
Titanic acid 44°506
Metallic iron 23°019
Oxygen ... 81
ime ee traces
Magnesia traces
100-000
The iron exists in the form of both protoxide and sesquioxide,
the former being present in the larger quantity. As it is difficult
metallic iron, and the oxygen estimated by difference. ap
The alumina and silica doubtless exist in combination as silicate.
PYROXENE.
Of a green colour, more or less decomposed, only traces of the
previous crystallization left. Soft and fragile. From Oberon ;
collected by Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson, F.G.S
Analysis.
Water lost at 100°C. 210
Silica tee ie 35°319
umina ... one oes ies oe. 9922
Iron sesquioxide ... ee yi Sig BO OL
“5, protoxide... s jis 08
Manganese protoxide 056
ime oe ies we ay oe eo
Magnesia ... a eis ae ... absent
Potash me mes a! igs aH 378
Loss and undetermined ... a oes ‘Ti7
100°000
Sp. gr. 3-48
ScHEELITE.
Massive, with a portion of a crystal showing on one side, of an
amber colour, lucent, resinous lustre, brittle, splintery
dness, 4-5 ; sp. gr. 6-097. Associated with a dark
green chloritic vein stuff. From the Victoria Reef Gold Mine,
Adelong.
224 NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS.
The following analysis was made for me by Dr. Helms :-—
eile
Loss ae ne heat . ‘ ee food 25
cid See ee << See
‘ : e 19°14
Magnesia... s eae ee 07
99°57
The above results correspond to the formula CaWQ,.
SIDERITE.
Carbonate of iron. In this specimen the siderite is
through a oo grey-coloured clay stone. From the cig
hood of Jambero
The following neta was made of the whole, as it was found
impossible to separate the particles of siderite, so as to ascertain
its value as an ore of iro
Sp. gr. 2°79.
Analysis.
Water lost at 105°C. xi ons sie "932
EB combi ned . ae one 1] 922
write and insoluble matter ma eae
tron protoxide oe uae ee eee
anganese protoxide se . ae
agnesia traces
Potash soda ”
Phosphoric acid ”
Carbonic acid 7°816
Titanic acid 716
100°433
TIN-STONE OR CASSITERITE.
A specimen of dark-coloured, almost black stream tin-stoné,
from the J mea Mine, Vegetable Creek, New England.
Analysis.
Stannic oxide (Sn0,) ... ss =
Titanic acid (Ti0,)... sg
Alumina ... Bi se see 80
Iron sesquioxide ... so ne
Sp. gr. 6-629.
NEW SOUTH WALES MINERALS. 225
WOLFRAM.
Of the usual bronzy-black colour, sub-metallic lustre ; opaque ;
lamellar structure, only traces of crystal faces. Found in quartz
veins with tin-stone, Inverell.
Analysis.
Tungstic acid re ae ee ie ae Oe
Iron protoxide ... a ae ... 18°760
Manganese... i Se é oS 4°121
100°521
A pink schistose mineral was found embedded in the slates and
she rocks at the S.E. corner of Rocky Ridge, by the late Dr.
Thomson, Professor of Geology in the University of Sydney, and
Mr. eo hea
tongue ; is Enemies ydrochloric acid with se
fs ular silica ; yields a very pleasing bright pink-coloured
ea in a tube it evolves moisture, darkens, but re-acquires its
original colour on coo g. the incisilesg: is sienerd only a
non-crystallized decomposition product it is unnecessary to give it
a name,
Analysis.
Water lost at 105° C. ; 1°335
Silica es 61°951
Alum ple oe ie is 120
Tron comets is oa es ee 1°222
» sesquioxide.. ie Ap ae 3°400
ee oe ce
me oe pe
100°000
CONE en ee
a coe wea pened Fields, by Thomson and Taylor. Jour. Roy.
“ mn —
227
Notes upon some Minerals from New Caledonia.
By A. Liversiper, Associate R. S. Mines, Professor of Geology
nd Mineralogy in the University of Sydney.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 1 September, 1880.]
ve yet been able to work upon them ; it is not meant to be a
general account of the minerals of New Caledonia.
GOLD.
Disseminated in fine grains and particles through a mica-schist
much stained with red oxide of iron ; in parts of the rock pseu-
domorphous cubical cavities are abundant, apparently left by the
removal of crystals of iron pyrites ; the red colour of much of the
schist is probably due to the decomposition of the pyrites, sesqui-
oxide of iron has been formed, and the gold, which was doubtless
held by the pyrites, set free.
The bright red coloured schist is sometimes mistaken by miners
for red oxide of copper, and for gossan.
Gold is also met with in a talcose schist with quartz. ;
~ocality : Fern Hill Mine, Manghine, Diihot River; also in
auriferous pyrites at Niengneue.
Copper.
é
the joints in rotten and much fissured quartz veins ; most of
the fissures are about half an inch apart, and more or less at right
angles to each other ; the metallic copper is accompanied by a
- amount of the red oxide of copper or cuprite. Balade
e.
C Gossan.—Of the usual character, consisting of friable
earthy red oxide of iron, containing a trace of copper mixed with
more or less
e and Sentinelle Mines.
8
228 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA.
Cuprite—The red oxide of copper, crystallized in the form of
minute octah ining small cavities in a light brown coloured
siliceous veinstuff.
Bouenoumala. Balade and Sentinelle Mines.
Tile Ore.—This, the earthy variety of red oxide of copper, occurs
at the Balade and Sentinelle Mines. The specimens received
from Mr. Pryor are mixed with streaks of the green carbonate of
copper.
Tenorite.—The black oxide of copper occurs at the Balade mine
in the form of a loose black powder intimately associated with
copper pyrites.
Sulphate of Copper.—From the Balade Mine, where it is met -
with on the outcrop of the lode in the form of beautiful pale blue
crystals—some distinct ; but in other specimens the crystals are
very small and arranged in mammillated aggregations. .
Malachite.—The green hydrated carbonate of copper; most of
the specimens from the Balade mine merely show it as a coating,
or sparingly diffused through the mica-schist ; some are more
massive, but friable and more or less earthy, but none sufficiently
chite. It is also found at Goundolai, Didhot River, as
with cuprite and other ores of copper. Also Sentinelle :
Chessylite.—The blue hydrated carbonate of copper ; occurs with
other copper ores at the Sentinelle mine, Didhot River, situated
about 2 miles from the Port of Pam, and 17 from the
Balade mine. Some of the chessylite is in the form of —
crystallized masses.
with a white kaolin-like clay, presenting very much the ‘sané
appearance as the chessylite from the Cobar mine, and apparently
occurring under somewhat similar circumstances. :
Redruthite.—Copper glance or the grey subsulphide of passant
massive, of very good quality, associated with cuprite.
mine.
Bornite.—The variegated or purple sulphide of copper res oat
also occurs at the Balade mine: of a bronze colour, massive
of good quality. +08
Chalcopyrites.—This, the common form of copper 7, good
appears to be very abundant at the Balade mine and of 0"
quality. It occurs both massive and in the form of 8 om
layers running through a mica-schist, in much the same hin 8
we often find layers of quartz under similar ¢ 43 t0
mica-schist is often very much contorted, and in such @ bas
present a very pretty wavy silky lustre. aL ining fissures
The aiatecpyeiten is eres Sscaatomaliy met with I Pest are
One or two of the specimens kindly sent to me by Me mond with
fairly well crystallized, the form being in one case the sp:
” MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 229
curved faces ; in the other specimens, also from the Balade mine,
the crystals are smaller but better developed, consisting of groups
of tetragonal pyramids combined with faces of the secondary prism
and the basal pinacoid.
Most of the specimens of chalcopyrites received from the
Balade mine would be described by miners as peacock copper, on
Associated with the copper pyrites are the minerals quartz, both
resembling statuary marble in appearance ; it is very unusual for
marble to appear under such circumstances ; calcite is however
very commonly met with in mineral veins. Some of the frag-
mately the same, and may all therefore be referred to the same
system of fracture. Another series of joints—merely divisions In
the rock—occur however, and these dip S. but are not repre
Sented in the deposits. sag
To give you an idea of the geological formation of the district,
I have collected 34 specimens illustrative of the various. meta-
morphic rocks which are met with in ascending the mountain In a
N. or transverse direction for a distance of about 24 miles, é.e. from
ts base near where the deposits of copper crop out at surface.
230 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA.
This chain of hills attains its greatest altitude at this point,
where it is 2,500 feet above sea- evel, and extends about 30
iles E. and 10 E. 27°
necessary reduced sections and diagrams, without which it would
be difficult to explain them. Garnets with glaucophane, and
crystals of amphibole, occur abundantly in these rocks, but have
Leap.
Galena.—The sulphide of lead ; from Coumac, in masses with
a finely granular structure, reputed to be highly argentiferous ;
the specimen given to me by Mr. Rossiter contained but a small
quantity of silver.
ZINC.
Zine blende.—The sulphide of zinc : specimens from Coumac
and the Baie Lebris, said to be argentiferous, are black in colour,
massive, with granular structure, and in parts much stained with
oxide of iron.
ANTIMONY.
Antimonite.—The sulphide of antimony ; a fine specimen of =
massive variety from Nakety, on the East Coast, with coarsely-
bladed structure like much of the Borneo ore, was contained im
Mr. Rossiter’s collection. : ti
© speci is coated in part with yellow oxide of anth
mony, to the thickness of about half an inch.
TITANIUM.
Rutile.—The dioxide of titanium TiO, abad: of
stallized in incompletely developed prisms, much ga .
a dark hair brown colour ; in most cases the prisms are muc
t of measurements being made with the apeanger ites
MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 231
NICKEL.
M. Jules Garnier seems to have been thefirst to discoverthe exist-
ence of a nickel-bearing mineral in New Caledonia: he first met with
it as far back as 1864 and made his discovery public in 1867’,
but he did not, apparently, make any investigation into the
chemical composition of the mineral in question: afterwards M.
Garnier placed some of the mineral in the hands of M. Jannettaz,
mineralogist to the Natural History Museum of Paris.
In a letter to the “Moniteur de la Nouvelle Calédonie” of
in his letter. I did ‘not then give the descriptions, waiting for the
definite work which I could only make in a place where I could be
for investigation that I lacked in the Colony. It was Mons.
annettaz, mineralogist at the Museum, who was so good as
T again wrote :—“ The serpentines and in a general way
of the rest, all the rocks which accompany them are often covered
with a coating of beautiful green, which is nothing but silicate of
nickel, alumina, and magnesia. * * * The nickel in at
Condition is so abundant that we ought to hope to find one day @
Nothing sgt of it.” (Bulletin de Industrie Minérale, p. 301,
me
Since my previous analysis of the nickel-bearing minerals from
: iy Nouv. Cal., p. 85, J. Garnier, 1867.
5 Jour. Roy. Soc., N.S.W., vol. IX, p. 47. : isan ees
A new nickel-bearing Mineral from New Caledonia. A. Liversidge.
Quart. Jour. Chem. Soc., London, July, 1874, Nickel Minerals from New
edonia, by A. Liversidge, Jour. Roy. Soc., N.S. W., 1874.
232 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA.
large number of specimens from different deposits in New
Caledonia and especially of the one named NVowmeaite ; the variety
known as Garnierite does not appear to be at all abundant, nor does
it appear to be of much importance tothe mineralo
Both varieties lose a portion of their combined waters when
heated to 100°C.; the amount is variable in different specimens.
Noumeaite. —N o crystallized specimens appear yet to have been
ance of some be regarded as such ; it occurs in massive Leer in
botryoidal and stalactitic forms, as incrustations with smooth mam-
millated surfaces, in brecciated masses, as eos cementing mateiitel
serpentine | breccias, arg as tions, in the massive form with
the mineral split
polished concave-convex oben which fit into one another somewhat
like the petals of an unopened flower-bud ; this kind of structure
is very often seen in mineral veins of all kinds and in their walls
also where there is a slickenside or miroir. Occasionally it is found
sinlachite: in a and effect. At the Paris Exhibition of 8
Messrs.
In ostous it is met with of various “shade of —_ from ~
very palest tinge, through apple green to a full ri h malachi
green ; the very pale varieties apparently seem to be > othingwo
than a , hydrated silicate of magnesia more or less chai
: not hard, are
from their great toughens extremely difficult to powder. side
One specimen of noumeaite from Mont d’Or passes on One
into a layer of pale green jade like mineral breaking bere “a
ore
_ ing fractur con-
otherwise resembling jade. This layer had apparently been _ ofa
slickenside. 1 have not yet had time to examine the specimen of
Some specimens have been found to contain minute trac?
copper.
The following analyses, numbered from 1 to 7, were a
sets of specimens which I nea carefully freed rom the matt ‘a
oon sets were prepared so as to ascertain how wand from te
resembling one another in fer eg and a appearance, cs
same mine, differed from one another in chemical wndertake
Dr. Leibius, of the Mint, Sydney, was kind enough to
the analysis of one set of these specimens. :
MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA, 233
No. 1. Light green coloured specimens, showing poe:
; from the Bel Air Mine, Ouailou, East Coast
Snare
a. Cc. d,
Water lost at 100° C 10°01 10" oe 12°38 14°47
Combined water at
red heat 8°82 7°81 (by diff) 6°77
CA... 48°90 48°25 49°36 44°96
pooner ‘igaeages te 17 56
umina : :
Tron sesquioxide ... trace 55 traces 56
Nickel protoxide ... 14°85 14°60 18°75 14°62
Magnesia... pate | ie’ 16°40 17°03 17°43
99-60 Leibius 99°57 Ramiele 99°37
In } ¢ and d the first portion of the water was driven off at
105°C. instead of at 100°C.
No. 2. A pale —— very tgagb, from the same large block.
ils
Water lost at 1
Combined eat as ; 0-36 10: 37 (by difference)
Sili = Ct 5 "85 "15
trace ek
0 PE toce ie rae trace
Nickel protoxide... ... 11°50 10°20
Magnesia ... we a eee 17°43
99°13 Leibius 100°00
No.3. A dark translucent prittle, botryoidalormammillated
form from Boa ane page , Kanala.
Water los 100° ey acct avg
Co mbined, ye at red heat Sy eS
Sili oo ee
ina 85
Tron sesqui ioxide .. we we ... brace
Nickel tea ce ae cae! tee ee
Magnesi De ea cca oe
99°60 Leibius
Another aii of this, but of a lighter colour, had the fol-.
Water lost at 100° C. ie
eee kes ae oe
Silica soluble oe ‘70
Alumina
8°65
8°95
10
Tron sesquioxide tee A on
Nickel oxide (NiO) lines aoe
Maa a
99°89
234 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA.
No. 4. Ofa rich green colour, intermixed with lighter portions,
inn and showing a striated and fluted surface next to the
of the vein, somewhat like a slickenside in ap ce ; the
specimen of white hydrated silicate of magnesia. (See No, 7)
formed the boundary wall or casing of the vein. Bel Air mine.
Analysis.
Water lost at 100° C. see
Combined water lost at red ‘heat.. axe ee
Silica... ae a re oO
2 Alumina
na i ce rap absent
Nickel protoxide ... oes itt --- 20°88
Magnesia... ee wee 12°93
99°66 Leibius
No. 5. Translucent dark green coloured, brittle le specimens, with
mammillated surfaces, from “Naket ety.
Analysis.
- TI.
bio ied at 100° C. , ao TO 6°44
ned water lost at
heat 12:39 11°53 (by difference)
Silica” dhs se «BO 10 38°35
= traces ;
Tron sesquioxide ... ...._ traces 15
Nickel protoxide... ... 29°10 32°52
iis << 32°04 10°61
100°78 Leibius 100-00
No. 6. A translucent pale green variety from Ouailou.
nalysis.
Water lost at 100° C. a ae cae
Water lost at red heat... a oe
ili ee ae eee | 48°00
absent
m sesquioxide .., say ie cio
Nickel ide a ee
Nickel protoxide _ m i
101-06 Leibius
—The casing from the walls of a vein in of gee
noumeaite at the Bel Air m ine, Kanala, consisted of 4 was
white very tough hydrated silicate of magnesia which pe ae
quite free from nickel, and in others merely toes with striated,
green. The surface towards the vein was much grooved, side,
and polished, and had apparently formed part of a slicke
_ This mineral very closely resembles meerschaum 1m CO ones
pices an and in many of its properties. It is, howew ak
tougher than ordinary meerschaum, being @ s difficult
MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 235
apart as rock cork ; it, moreover, presents in parts a more or less
well-developed petaloidal structure. The specific gravity is 2°55,
meerschaum being only about 1°3 to 16. There are occasiona
black dendritic markings within it.
One specimen possessing a By pale green tinge gave the follow-
results :—
ing —
Water lost at 100 a S ae oe ee
», combin “i s-
Silica 51°81
2 soluble .
lumina ... so Se ;
Tron sesquioxide ... Rp of 7
Nickel oxide (NiO) cv sei me 2°32
Magnesia ... = oe <a Poy A ber * 37
Two other nog devoid of any green einige te the fol-
lowing results
Analysis. an
Water lost at 100° C. . 11°77 13°30 at 105° C}
ev — at red heat... 9°70 8°58 by diff.
Sili 53°80 53°80
Biaiiek ie sas ... absent :
on ... absent trace
Nickel protoxide . 58
Magnesia - 24°82 _ 22°99
100°33 Leibius 100°00
The above composition furnishes the fo formula :—2 MgO,
3 Si0,, 5H,0, or 2 MgO,38i0,,H,0, if the water driven off at
C. be disre
100°
The brownish or plum-coloured serpentine with which ~
houmeaite is often associated usually contains alumina, iron, ;
ence (in cases where analyses show the presence of any con-
siderable quantity of these) it may be, I think, assumed that the
mineral has not been ca, separated from its gangue, but
that both have been take tog
‘he following a: yses eX some of the dark green brecciated
ores, from which the e had not been wholly re-
Sai will serve to show
ater lost at 105° C. sce BGS 8-016 8°65
Combined, by difference ... 9°034 67550 8-95
ee 38°108 36°79
>» Soluble ... aie oe arf on “70
a SON TIE 2584 5-36
somniaxide gay ie “157 1°137
Nickel —: he Ge, ee 31-853 24°72
Lime a absent trace
19°083 11°752 14°97
100-000 100-000 100°14
236 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA.
Another ore gave :— 2%
Analysis.
Water lost at 100° C. a 9°46
‘s sos tomy by difference ... we Tat
Silica : 2: nl ee
it soluble ies a 93
Alumina and iron sesquioxide vas ee 1°31
Nickel oxide a ise»
Magnesia .. : me of ee
—
The —_—-~ analyses confirm the statement made in 1874
that the is of uncertain composition ; it from
stantielig iil pear hydrated silicate of magnesia to what is also
practically only hydrated silicate of nickel. Some specimens which
are now being examined quantitatively contain but a very small
quantity of magnesia.
Garnierite.—Since the receipt of the first specimen in 1874, I
have obtained only one or two additional examples of this varity
of the hydrated silicate of nickel and magnesia, It is ab once
adherence to the tongue, and by its falling to pieces when
immersed in water, and (like halloysite) even when allowed to
It Pos he
remain adherent to the t tongue | for a mom ment or 80.
ap een carbonate of copper. I expect this a
will be found in New Caledonia, but up to the present I have
seen any authentic specimens.
CoBaALtT. pee
Up to the present the only cobalt-bearing mineral from cae
Caledonia which I have had an opportunity to or obalé OF
been of one kind, viz, the variety known as earthy ¢o
asbolite or “wad,” i.e., = impure oxide of manganese ganese contain m1
cobalt oxide. Ita arently occurs in he form of irre i
mammillated surfaces, embedded in an unctuous red clay.
is probably derived from _ decomposition of the
other — of the distric put. usually
se nodules are black or bluish-black in beat red
superficially coated either with the sor ery ei or hen first
oxide of iron. J understand that they are quite te soft w.
MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 237
dug up ; they readily stain the fingers, and yield to the knife at
ce, cutting like graphite, a, ir. a blue-black shining metallic
of a grey-blac
Some of the nodules paesnnk 4 a very vesicular structure, like
certain kinds of lava. Even the apparently quite compact nodules
often enclose patches of the clay, especially t a. the centre.
Many o
em present a very striking resemblance to the
manganese nodules dredged up from the depths a the sea vet the
“Challenger.” I do not feel quite justified in ut any
ip on aie river Leia.
Some nodules of the ore from Unia were examined, with the
following results
Analyses.
Specimen No. 1. No. 2. No. 3.
Water _ a 100’ Os 8°68 10°19 10°54
Mine cA, oat 9°74 9°83
Silica... 15°34 15°15 17°20
Alum 8-70 7°65
Tron sesquioxide ...........2...0++ 10°41 10°26 5°51
eke o pea tees ink “BE “87
- en oxide traces traces traces
Savant eet peer ee aay 15°67 15°43 13°59
an, ese eroxide (MnO 11°52 9°57
Mangan F ee traces traces traces
Magnesia 20:80 20°46 22°63
100°67 100°01 99°87
The following contains but little eee
Analysis.
Yysrs.
Water lost at 100° C. a Se 2°86
Water combined by difference ... wk ee
Silica a : 1-06
Alumina Se. : 11°37
Iron nioxide eB sus = 52
C ni ve ‘a aoe
Mangan se ide M 0. gt Cees -¢ |
c obalt oxid i petox fu os oleae
Lim aes : an ne .. absent
iteaiedia or ee ae oe ad 1-79
238 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA.
The following analysis of a specimen from Baie des Pirogues
shows the presence of nickel in rather larger proportion than
usual.
Water lost at 100° C. wes vei oO Mage
Combined water, by difference ey, re
Silica with traces of chrome iron .. 4°476
Alu i ie oe ws. eee
Iron sesquioxide ves vis ... 18°396
Chromium sesquioxi is .-. traces
Man anganete pero (ind) A ... 277588
Cobalt o: ese via. y EEE
ai side 2256
Lim 3a a 2 Gee oe fe
Maaciate aif or = $08 Tr 418
Potash set , tes : ai "123
Soda... ae oa ae 216
Phosphoric acid (P,0;) ... 240
oe
From the peeaeing analyses it will be seen “that the earthy
cobalt ore from New Caledonia differs considerably from those
met with in aha places ; baryta is entirely absent, although
given by Dana, Descriptive Mineralogy, p. 182 ), but magnesia
seems to have taken its place in the asbolite from some of the
New Caledonia:
Specimen tani’ Unia of poor part
Water lost at 100° C, ree ck...
mbined water, by difference .. .. 22-901
a a silica .. 1
a oii pen. rt
Iron 1 sesquioxide ves ave a ... 10°308
Ceaemeen. sesquioxi xide ... traces
Manganese peroxide (MnO,.) 16°598
oe t oxide (CoO a a
ic ag ge — eee = geet
M nee laa ea
oa a3 ish ewan eee em
Sulphuric oda Shy Oe oe
1007000
Tron wd
Vagnetite.—In theform of call very perfect octohedra di
through massive granular chlori
lade mine, i, an : schist, highly
Red Hematite.—In a red-coloured micaceous on for
charged with ste of iron, and in consequence often a
MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 239
the gossan of a copper-vein ; the iron oxide has apparently been
formed at the expense of iron pyrites, since much of the schist is
dotted all over with small rectangular cavities, pseudomorphous
after iron pyrites.
Balade mine
Brown Heematite.—A. ‘specimen from Baie du Sud evidently of
t
size of the entire pseudomorph, made up of minute crystals of
pale green-coloured sulphur, &e.
Pyrrhotine.—The magnetic variety of iron pyrites (Fe,S,)
collected by Mr. Pryor at the Balade mine.
Massive, of a brown-yellow colour with metallic lustre, asso-
ciated with copperpyrites and transparent quartz, which is diffused
through the mass, just as is seen in some of the pyrrhotine from
enmais in Bavari
S..
In the form of fairly well developed cubes, both isolated and
Chromite.—The deposit of chromite or chromate of iron,
commonly kn : ‘
developed in New C edonia, as well as of extremely rich quality.
_ The ore is met with in the form of alluvial deposits, as well as
‘ situ in the serpentine and other rocks. I am informed that
pi of these alluvial deposits are now being worked on a large
e.
240 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA,
The majority of the specimens are massive, with a
ular, or lamellar structure ; also in the form of more or less
distinct lustrous black octahedra, Bias packed gels often
the ore is however stained with oxide of iron, and mixed with
more or less —— matter. Some of the specimens i oa as
much as 66 per of chromium sesquioxide.
One specimen ae up of rather large impertechiy ares
iron-gray crystals—some nearly half an inch in diameter—
found to have the following composition :—
Analysis.
Silica and insoluble matter! _... eat .. ot
ee ie ia — ee
mium sesquioxide = iad zs ... 66°54
a protoxide re a ie ... 10°85
esia ... oh won an ces ... 15°03
100°47
The amount of chromium sesquioxide is unusually large; this
is due to much of the iron protoxide being replaced by magnesia,
the difference being due to the lower equivalent of the latter.
The above numbers approximate to the usual formula, RO, R,
calities: Petit Mont d’Or, Coumac, Tiebaghi, Ouaghi,
masa! Baie du Sud.
Non-METALLIFEROUS MINERALS.
Coal.—A specimen of the so-called anthracite, from
Noumea, came into my possession some tim
Torbanite or “ Kerosene Shale.”—A specimen of to
kerosene shale labelled peso Caledonia,” exists in the | rd
University collection. I cannot however trace its history, ro
not know from what part of New Caledonia it is supposed to
been brought. It has very much the same appearance and by
physical qualities as the New South Wales mineral mrre” does
the name of kerosene vert although it is not a shale and does
yield kerosene, but a m neral oil of another kind.
Analysis.
Moisture , 65:17
aac hydro-carbons me a 3-71
1B oh ew a
100°00
———
The specific gravity is 1-238. rere
1 Free from chromium.
MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 241
Quartz.—In the form of fragments of colourless and transparent
rock crystal, also as vein quartz, both white and tinged with various
colours from the admixture of impurities, also in the form of
white pebbles cemented together with brown oxide of iron, and
mixed with some more or less decomposed mica, similar in appear-
ance to the conglomerate from the New England diamond drift ;
collected by Mr. Pryor.
Chalcedony.—In flat pieces as if set free from fissures, often
white outside like chalk flints ; in colour various shades of brown
and grey, also quite white as in carnelian. Collected by Mr.
Rossiter, from Bouenoumala, Coumac.
Chert.—Of various shades of grey through brown to black, and
much fissured, from Pointe Nea (?), near Noumea, apparently
reaks with the usual square
system.
lected by Mr. Rossiter, from near Port la Guerre, which were
mostly massive cleavage fragments. Mr. Pryor’s collection from
e Balade mine contained a few specimens crystallized in rhombo-
hedra, and associated with small quartz erystals, taken from the
joints of the mica-schist near to the deposits of copper ore. Also
et apparently from the lode, intimately associated with copper
pyrites.
Another variety is of a pure white colour, breaking with a fine
ine ture, and presenting much the appearance of
alabaster, apparently derived from veins only a few inches across ;
where stained with iron oxide resembles somewhat the celebrated
gerian onyx marble. It apparently forms the vein stuff of
certain portions of the copper veins. are
Limestone.—Of a grey or dove colour, suitable for building or
Pr imental purposes ; from the Baie de Eiyalion’ oumea, and
a m near Coumac. Collected by Mr. Rossiter. ~ . Pryor -
me specimens from an outcrop on the Didahot River, near
the Balade mine Ra: : great extent of this
949 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA.
Ankerite.—A. variety of this mineral of a pale brown colour was
found by Mr. Pryor, at the Balade mine, associated with quartz
and copper pyrites; breaks readily into more or less lamellar
pieces ; contains manganese, as well as iron, lime, and magnesia,
Magnesite.—In the massive form, white, very dense, hard, and
breaking with a conchoidal fracture ; somewhat platy structure.
A qualitative analysis shows it to be * very pure
A concretionary variety was contained i n Mr. Rossiter’s col-
lection, labelled ** Barytes from Boudisinili” but on testing
barium none could be detected; the specimen had the same
peculiarly reticulated surface and mamm millated form as the mag-
nesite found on the New South Wales diamond fields.
Garnet.—In some cases these are very well crystallized in the
form of the rhombic dodekahedron, varying in size from #5 to §
e, whilst others are
of a rich more or less transparent red, similar to the varieties used
for jewellery.
The matrix is of two kinds ; the one is a hard and very heavy
schistose rock, composed of quartz, glaucophane, and some epidote ;
the other matrix is the rather uncommon variety of hornblende
known as glaucophane. The faces of the larger rhombic dodeka-
hedral crystals occurring in the glaucophane matrix are, as it wer®
built up of plates, so that the eda of the garnets would present,
if cut through, a step-like sect:
Usually each face of the garact crystal is covered or in con contact
with a plate of mica ; these mica crystals sia exte = beyond the
face of the garnet in ‘one or more directions. the garnet is
detached, a mould of it isleft, beautifully lined Mer ae
In some cases the garnets have crystallized in thin red films
between the plates of mica ; in other places the solid garnet erystals
penetrate right through the layers of mica. ; :
An gers of the garnets was made with the following results:
Sp. gr. 4
Analyses.
L I. Mean.
Silica 3810... 821, ee
umina 22°09 22°27 a
DA PROSONIAD ooo Soi crssgsey 21°17 21°35 ert
anese Gitte ..2s...6.iiecsciis 5°50 5°58
7°88 768
Magnesi 4°64 4°84
Loss on Soudtion icons 0°33 0°29
99°71 10022
which gives the following formula :—
3 (FeO, MnO, CaO, MgO), a
MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 243
Mica.—From the Balade mine, in the form of white silvery plates,
some of which are about half an inch in diameter; but no well-
developed crystals were et Shee by transmitted light the thicker
plates present a dull greenish shade. Disseminated through
of the masses of mica are sitll red translucent crystals of garnet,
and between ms plates of mica films of garnet have occasionally
crystallized ou
Plates of this silvery white mica are also found sparsely scat-
tered through the glaucophane, especially in the glaucophane
g the garnets ; in other cases again, the mica is in excess,
the glaucophane playing a subordinate part.
On Sear this mica was found to have the following com-
position Sp. gr. 2:938.
Analysis.
The e following analysis was prepared on a very small quantity of
the material, as it was onl ly possible to collect a very limited amount
of this silvery w white mica; hence much importance cannot be
attached to i
4°31
Sili 50°60
Alu 25°28
Iron protoxide 3°47
Man, anganese [ protoxide 0°50
Lime 1 boa
Magnesia 4°
Potesh 6°69
tem 2°49
Ss 0°76
100-00
Neither lithium nor fluorine were present.
The above results do not quite agree with any published
analysis, nor do they afford a woe iggn formula; but it is
Analyses.
Water, combi 4:50 446
ai combined ....,. "YT aera ge i ees ee ee i
NE ie ae i: Reeercee 51:23
Cee 90: SAL plas vee
=p protoxide ......... oes. yp) eee 2-60
Manganese............... Tee ie hs ata 34
Lime ....... BOS ciccacs SRE SES +
Mis <2... oe Be hc ocnaeaae
a eRe ie PE. caine 693...» 693
. hg eae ow 1-2
99-25
The above corresponds to 2 (JRO, } R,0) 3 SiO, + H,0.
id
%
Pa
244 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA.
Hornblende.—In the form of black and fibrous schistose ma
associated with white silvery mica and minute garnets, the three
in alternating layers. From the Balade mine.
yroxene or Augite—A rolled nodule, made up of confused
masses of crystals. From Tonsjete Bay. .
Glaweophane.—This rare variety of hornblende seems to be
abundant in the neighbourhood of the Balade mine, as Mr. 8
collection contained several specimens some of which differ in
colour, structure, and general appearance.
one specimen is crystallized ; the crystals are in the form of
dark blue-grey silky-looking prisms, seated upon a base of a mica-
ceous schist, composed of mica, glaucophane, and garnets, with
some quartz. :
The prisms are about 4 inch in diameter and from $ to } inch
long ; they present no distinct faces, both the lateral and ter
faces being more or less rounded ; the prisms are in fact mere
pundles of lamellar or capillary crystals. Some of the prisms are
completely isolated from the rest, whilst others are more or Jess
interlaced and superimposed. ;
All the other specimens are massive, with a fibrous crystalline
structure, of a peculiar violet colour, passing into a dark slaty blue
on the one hand, and into a pale greyish colour on
lighter violet varieties have a very beautiful silky Iu
streak is of a pale bluish grey. Before the blowpipe it fuses, of
tumesces slightly, colours flame yellow, yields a dark glass; eae
sodium carbonate yields indications of manganese. Partly solu
in acids) H=6-7. 3
This occurrence of glaucophane is of considerable interest, ag
it has hitherto only been met with in the Island of Syra, one
the Grecian Islands, and at Zermatt. ; ‘pl
At Syra it is found associated with garnet, hornblende,
mica, in a mica-slate. The New Caledonia mineral is also
ciated with garnet and mica, in fact it forms in some cases ©”
matrix of these minerals. sen te
On analysis it was found to have the following composition *
Analyses.
L II. er
MRO ia cea A i scenes 1°42 1:34 52°79 :
Silica 52°71 5288 gad
NINA sic i dive daesscrnweyesesee 14:20 14°69 982
Tron protoxide ........ 0.008 89 9°76 traces
Manganese «.......:.-.sessenevenee traces traces 4:29
ime 4°31 421 ne
Magnesia 11°12 1992 ae
Potash ...... 95 ns 526
NS 515 ce ee
—— 99°98
Sp. gr. 3:12.
MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 245
For the sake of comparison I append the analysis of the mineral
from the Isle of Syra, Dana’s Descriptive Mineralogy, p. 244
(Schnedermann, J. pr. ch. xxxiv, p. 238), also an analysis by
Bodewig of a specimen from Zermatt.
Analysis
Syra. Zermatt.
ts Sais baie 56°49 SD: 4 nade 57°81
| Seeanigs 12°23 Al.O, 12°03
Se eee 10°91 BG: oir cacarecayens 217
— emrberrurtes 50 FeO aan
yeaa erens 7°97 MoO: avis
oa Roane tet 2°25 Oo. $i Vices sakank
SS SE ae aes 9:28 Wa sciskciscecet 33
se ngeane traces
100°39
“to —A rolled nodule—no locality, probably from Tchio.
ne.—The rock known as ophiolite or serpentine is very
lasely: Revaloped in New Caledonia, forming in fact mountain
ranges ; but the mineral known as noble or precious serpentine is
not common.
Some of the one = _ a very peculiar plum colour and
plum-like bloom on its s
A specimen of the common massive serpentine was found to
contain 0-78 per cent. of nickel oxide.’
Marmolite.—aA foliated variety of serpentine of a green colour,
translucent, in flat platy fibres, pas sing into an asbestiform variety,
said to be Siioctated with the chroine j iron ore deposits at Tiebaghi
Tale.—Of a white silvery or pale green colour, highly lustrous,
Possessing a schistose structure, and containing long semi-trans-
parent A neine crystals of actinolite
Steati ite OE a white colour, translucent, mixed with some ser-
pentine ; collected by Mr. Rossiter at Yate ?
green variety from Moira, also at the Balade m
Chlorite.—In masses of the usual dark olive-green preree break-
ing with a —— fracture, presenting rosette-like groups of
; Balade min
aolin.—From Om abotelia Of a dazzling white colour, very
fate, with a harsh feeling. A creer examination onl
made of the specimen on its being found to be practically pure
hydrated silicate of alumina, with but a trace of sesquioxide of
With little preparation would probably be extremely well
roba
adapted for the manufacture of porcelain of the best quality.
Pe asa Minerals from New Caledonia. Jour. Roy. Soc., N,S.W., 1874,
246 MINERALS FROM NEW CALEDONIA. ~~
Allophane.—From a small island to the south of New Cale-
doni
nia.
As an incrustation, of a pale blue colour ; hardness about 3,
brittle, is readily cut with a knife, yields a shining streak, adheres
somewhat to the tongue, translucent, resinous lustre, fracture flat
conchoidal.
Before the blowpipe it loses colour somewhat and becomes more
or less white and opaque, splits up, but does not intumesce or fall
to a powder ; at first it imparted a pale green tinge to flame, infu-
sible, in closed tube gives off water, and with microcosmic salt a
skeleton of silica. When strongly ignited with cobalt nitrate a
blue mass is left. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid.
Halloysite.—Of pale tints of grey, yellow, green, and brown—
found in the crevices of the rocks at Yate.
At some future time I hope to examine some of these speci-
mens rather more in detail; many of them appear to be w
worth further investigation, but chemical analyses necessarily take
end Dr. Leibius,
Senior Assayer of the Sydney Branch of the Royal Mint, for his
kindness in making for me the seven analyses marked with his
Notes on a Collection of Fossils fiom the Palaeozoic
Rocks of New South Wales.
Part I.
By R. Erneriner, Junr., F.G.S., &c., Corr. Member Roy. Socs.,
New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 4 August, 1880.]
INTRODUCTION.
New South Wales. nforeseen ci stances, of a varied nature,
have prevented my fulfilling a promise to describe these fossils,
made to Prof, Liversidge, and I am now only able to partially
carry this out, a portion of the collection still remaining to be
worked out.
or opinion arrived at being either hasty or errcneous.
Class—ACTINOZOA.
Genus Ruizopnyitium. Lindstréim, 1865.
(Kngl. Vet. Akad. Férhandl., 1865, No. 5, p. 287.)
Obs. Prof. De Koninck has described from the Upper Silurian
rocks of Rockflat Creek, N. 8. Wales, the internal cast of a coral
very like that of a Calceola, but which he thinks should more
properly be referred to the genus Rhizophyllum. This he has
described as R. interpwnctatum, but from the very nature of the
— will be at all times difficult to identify other specimens
It.
Prof. Liversidge has obtained from near Yass three specimens
which equally resemble C/alceola with that described by De Koninck.
They have truncated bases, in one of which is seen traces of
248 FOSSILS FROM THE PALZOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W.
vesicular structure, so that in all probability our examples are also
referable to Khizophyllum, although from the much more contracted
outline of the cone, as compared with L. (?) interpunctatum, I doubt
very much if they should be referred to the latter.
One of the three specimens is more Calceola-like than the other
two, which again resemble Rhizophyllum to a greater extent, and
remind us very much of &. Tennessee-ensis (Roemer). —
One of the more pyramidal specimens exhibits several scattered
tubercules over the convex side of the corallum, representing the
bo
broken and scattered bases of rootlets. In both these examples
the calices are filled with irremovable matrix, but in the more
Calceola-like form the characters are to a certain extent exhibited.
The central primary septum is visible, bordered on each side by
from eighteen to twenty crenulations alternately larger and smaller.
Taking into consideration the difference in outline between our
specimens and that of Prof. De Koninck, and the unsatisfactory
figure of the latter, I am obliged to propose for the pepre ae
. ‘ 4 1 ; ure
gathered by Prof. Liversidge a distinctive name.
Lhizophyllum Australe. Sp. nov. Pl.—Figs. 7 and 8.
Sp. char. Corallum conical, having an almost semicircular
section ; the angles formed by the union of the convex and flat
sides rounded ; tapering to an apex more or less bluntly truncated,
and slightly curved towards the convex side. incip —
tolerably well marked, having on each side from aighetae
twenty other minor septal crenulations, alternately ee ad
coarsely wrinkled or ridged, with fine sharp lines or strie between
is visible on the flat face. Structure apparently vesicular.
Obs. I should have liked to examine the microscopi¢ 8! ue
_ . came into my hands,
_ Loe. Yass,—in rocks of Silurian age.
FOSSILS FROM THE PALZOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. 249
Class—CRUSTACEA.
Genus Exorinurvs. Emumrich, 1845.
(Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., 1845,
E. punctatus. Salter. Mem. Geol. Survey, Gt. Brit. Dec. vii,
1853, No. 4, p. 6 (for general synonomy).
bs. There are sive pygidia and portions of a cephalic shield
to belong to this
species rather than to any other. It has sone been recorded as
occurring in New South Wales, by Prof. De Koninck.' The best
of the specimens (a tail) before me ‘possesses all the characters of
E. punctatus, the numerously ribbed axis, and smooth central
space only occupied here and there by the tubercules, in this case
four in number. I find on examining a series of specimens of this
species in the British Museum that the number of these tubercules
varies much in different individuals. Some from Dudley have
: four, as in the epee case, others have five, and again six, whilst
Salter describes a as seven in Z. punctatus. Furthermore,
the latter states that ‘aaah tubercule-bearing ring is separated by
four other rings; but I find that this character also varies quite as
much as the actual pees of tubercules, two and three separating
them oo as often as fou
—Bombala, in a highly fossiliferous shale of Silurian age.
Class—POLY ZOA.
Genus PrororreTerors. De Koninck, 1877.
and size of the meshes. At one point the fenestrules are quite
oval, at another almost square, and fragments would well pass for
distinct species. It is probably identical with that fi red
Prof. De Koninck as sdemate ampla (Lonsdale), but differs
to some extent from the typical illustrations given by Lonsdale
Loc.—Singleton, in a light-coloured micaceous sandstone
S
ards
the anterior and posterior margins are convexly rounded, reece <
r the anterior than the posterior end. Imm
below th ths tice: line are visible the elongated cavities left the -
relow the hinge-line are visible the elongated caviith
Foss. Pal. Nouv.-Galles du Sud.
250 FOSSILS FROM THE PALEOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W.
In form Anodontopsis Australis is between A. quadratus
(M‘Coy),' and A. bulla (M‘Coy).? It is however more oblique and
frons (M Coy).
Loc.—Near Bombala, in a fossiliferous shale of Silurian age.
Genus Conocarpium. Bronn, 1837.
(Lethzea Geognostica. Bd. i, p. 92.)
Conocardium. » ind. Pl.—Fig. 9.
from close under the hinge ; in the~present instance it is central,
representing the gape of the shell, here has a radiating line “t
each side of it. The produced end of the shell resembles acer
C. aliforme (Sow.), but the end again differs. It is too mu
flattened and too heart-shaped for the latter species, and has too
well-defined a periphery. We have o y an imperfect wos
specimen, but in all probability this species will turn out to
new type of the genus.
of C
different from our fossil. sire
Loc.—Bungaralahy, Lake Bathurst. Carboniferous!
' Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 272. 8 Jbid., p. 271. :
FOSSILS FROM THE PALZOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. 251
Genus PLEUROPHORUS. King, 1844.
(Annals Nat. Hist., xiv, p. 313.)
Pleurophorus Morrisii. De Koninck.
Orthonota? costata. Morris. Strzelecki’s Phys. Deserip., N. 8.
Wales, 1845, p. 273, t. 11, f. 1 and 2.
Pleurophorus Morrisii. De Koninck. Foss. Pal. Nouv.-Galles
du Sud, 1877, pt. 3, p. 281, t. 20, f. 5.
Obs. A small example of this species much incrusted with matrix,
but with the shell -preserved. ave not seen the internal hinge
characters, but the general configuration would bear out Prof.
De Koninck’s reference to the genus Plewrophorus rather than to
Orthonota.
Loc.—Wollongong, in sandstone ; Carboniferous, or Permio-car-
boniferous ?
Genus APHANAIA. De Koninck, 1877.
(Foss. Pal. Nouv.-Galles du Sud, pt. 3, p. 302.)
Obs. One valve of a shell before me (Figs. 3 and 4) appears to
correspond to some extent with the characters of this genus,
though not equally so with either of ies
Aphanaia, by Prof. De Koninck. From A. Mitchelli (M‘Coy, sp )
it may be distinguished by the want of the or alate
of resemblance between our shell and De Koninck’s Mytilus Big sbyt.
Further specimens are required before this form can be definitely
determined.
Loc.—W ollongong, in sandstone.
Class—G-ASTEROPODA.
Genus LoxonemA. Phillips, 1841.
(Pal. Foss., Cornwall, Devon, &c., p. 98.)
Lowonema suleulosa. Phillips, Pl.—Figs. 1 & 2.
Melania sulculosa. Phil. Geology of Yorkshire, 1836, ii, p. 228,
a.
serricpee sulculosa. Morris. Cat. Brit. Foss, 1854, 2nd ed.,
Sp. Cha Shell elongate-conical, tapering gradually towards the
te, of at least ek wits & : Is
Pe
252 FOSSILS FROM THE PALHOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S. W.
concavely-curved ridges or costze, which are so disposed that if
followed in a vertical line from whirl to whirl, assume a zigzag
appearance, and are separated from one another by interspaces of
at least three times their own width.
Obs. The presence of the “ Gilbertson Collection” in the British
Museum, wherein the type specimen of Phillips’ Loaonema
only difference I am able to detect consists in the
raarees more slender form of the Australian variety ; ; the type
whirl just below the suture and in the characteristic ornamentation.
n the former point both shells agree with Loxonema cons
Martin, but otherwise differ. They also resemble L. Lefeboret
(De Koninck) to some extent, but in the latter the striz or coste
are very much finer, more numerous, and less bent. f Hall
i sautheds some time ago and has lately figured several shells from
the Devonian rocks of North America, which pele a striking
resemblance to the British and ‘Australia: forms,
the latter. Loxonema pexata (Hall)' is, indeed, baat lol allied
to our shell, whilst L. terebra (Hall)? although h generally
it, is too coarsely ribbed. Again, LZ. delphicola (Hall)’ 1s, oT
a more slender shell, almost equally near ours as
forme 0 occur Eecmmecersr in the Leper: Helderberg Hamilton, a
Chem of the North American Devonian, whilst
pci (Phill), ), is in England a varboutaats limestone e species
or the present, it appears to me that the most correct yy
for the Australian shell will be to the latter, more especially “9
have been able to make a direct comparison. They differ ope
T can see) only in the Australian form having a little less
aspect, and in possessing somewhat coarser ribs.
Loc.—Bungaralaby Creek, west side of Lake Bathurst.
In addition to the foregoing univalves there are some other :
but all in such a sad state of preservation that it is i cy 2
atttempt an accurate determination. best of these
internal cast, probably that of tenes subeancellata ted
from Black Head, Illawarra. The second which may be meh”
valve, having
much waterworn example ae a very large ete robability
somewhat the appearance of a Maclwrea, but is er oe
a depr Euomphalus bie
_ Loe. i geacohianced Creek, west af Lake Bathurst, in a dar
g>' Pal, N. Ae vol. v, atlas, t. 13, f. 17 and 18.
and 7,
2 Ibid.,
9 Ibid., t 13, f. 10-5,
= ae
= 8
FOSSILS FROM THE PALHOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. 253
Class—PTEROPODA.
Genus Tentacutites. Schlotheim, 1820.
Obs. The late Rev. W. B. Clarke, F.R.S., &c., determined three
species of this genus in the Australian paleozoicrocks,' viz., 7. annu-
noteworthy that Prof. De Koninck did not describe any species of
Tentaculites in his recent work on Mr. Clarke’s New South Wales
Fossils. Prof. Liversidge has forwarded to me two handsome
sing these masses are preserved as sections of the tubes, and not in
relief, it is difficult to express an opinion as to their identity ; but in
writers remarks’ of 7. irregularis (Hall)—“ On this same specimen,
which has a length of five inches and an averag' breadth of little
more than one inch, more than five hundred individuals may.
counted ; and the layer beneath for the thickness of a quarter of
an inch is composed almost entirely of these fossils, giving more
than ten times as many as can be seen upon the surface. * ¥ drome
The layers thus covered are known in numerous places over an
extent of country from thirty to fifty miles, showing the myri
of these creatures that flourished upon the bottom of the ancient
sea.” Prof. Nicholson states’ that 7. jissurella of the Devonian
rocks of America is “remarkable as occasionally occurring in such
extraordinary profusion as to actually form beds of limestone.”
Tn the Australian species the form of the shell is an elongated and
slender one, the annulations are numerous, sharp, and project some
distance laterally, but I have not been able to determine whether
intermediate ornamenting strie existed.
The preservation of this species in limestone has enabled me to
study the structure of the shell-wall by means of thin sections
Prepared for the microscope. This subject does not appear to have
n investigated to any great extent, one of the few writers who
have described it Dr. Richter of Saalfeld. In a paper on
bad Thuringian Tentaculites, he states that the structure was not
18. Gold-fields, N. S. Wales, 1860, p. 286 3
; Pal. New York, i ate iees
an. of Paleontology, 2nd ed., ii, p. 52.
é
Pia
te i
_ determine the systematic position of the genus. For a
254 FOSSILS FROM THE PALHOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W.
considered, although perhaps simple mineralization may account
for it.! It will be seen from the following notes on the i
Tentaculites that the latter of these suppositions is probably the
correct one.
The late Mr. J. W. Salter also touched upon this subject ina
paper on Cornudites and Tentaculites, read before the British Associa-
tion in 1845. He described a laminar structure as existing at the
thickened nodes or annulations of the shell, the texture being
looser here than in other parts of the latter, thus showing &
transition towards the structure of the genus Cornulites.’
The sections of the limestone forwarded by Prof. Liversidge,
scattered
from the random manner in which the Zentaculites are
more crowded together in the annulations or circular coste of the
shell. These tubuli, so far as I have examined them, do not
are seen to be densely crowded with these tubuli, which are
necessarily all of the same length, and in each annulation they
appear to tend from the upper and lower margins towards
centre. When any fragment of the shell contained m the —
mass of the limestone is sectioned parallel to the longer 2x18 ©
tubes are seen as small crowded black dots. Pl—Fig. 10a
The internal and external walls of the shells, or yee 4
Tentaculites, correspond with one another, the inner following '
outline of the exterior, as will be seen by a glance at the enlal
figure of a portion of one side of a tube.
In one or two examples there does appear
to be a division oF
the shelly matter into lamine, which would give colour to ¥!
- Richter’s observations on the presence of the columnar i pid
-but as it certainly is not present in all, I to ay aS
do not wish
much stress on the point.
years
1 Zeit. Deuts. Geol. Gesellschaft, 1854, vi, p. 279.
? Brit. Assoc. Report for 1845, pt. 2, p. 57.
|
'
FOSSILS FROM THE PALZOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W. 255
Tentaculites was looked upon as the shelly case or tube of a
icolar Annelide, now it is regarded by the best authorities as
the shell of a Pteropod.
If the structure exhibited by the Australian Z'entaculites should
rove to be constant throughout the genus, the following description
of that of a Pteropod by the late Prof. Queckett will show how little
e two have in common. In most of the genera of this class the
shell' “is as transparent as glass, and almost structureless ; but in
a large species of C'reseis it was found to be composed of two layers,
the outer opaque and minutely granular, the inner somewhat
I would propose for it the name 7. Liversidget. :
. and horizon—Holmes’ Paddock, on the Macquarie, below
Wellington, in a limestone of Silurian or Devonian age!
Class—BRACHIOPODA.
Genus SprriFERA. (Sowerby.) Phillips.
Spirifera disjuncta. J. de C. Sowerby, Pl.—Fig. 5.
Be
S. disjuncta. Davidson, Mon. Brit. Dev. Brachiopoda, p. 23, t D,
1-5.
Obs. Prof. Liversidge has forwarded a white sandstone from near
Wallerawang containing the casts of numerous Spirifers having all
the appearance and characters of the above species. The hinge
line of these shells is long, and the whole surface of the valves
Carboniferous rocks, and of Sp. disjuncta, of the Devonian.
rds the first it approaches particularly the variety attenuata
(J. de ©. Sby.), but after consulting my friend, Mr. T. Davidson,
F.R.S., I think the most appropriate reference will be to the
Devonian form.
Spirifera disjuncta was first indicated as an Australian fossil _
by the late Mr. T. Stutchbury, who found it at Pallal, as —. in
‘ Lectures on Histology, 1854, ii 335-36.
; Parliamentary Blue Book, Dee. 1854, p. 19 (folio, London, 1855).
Recherches Foss, Pal. Nouv.-Galles du Sud, 1876, p. 100.
® Sr ey
re = -
a i, * hess a
= es
oe he
per
256 FOSSILS FROM THE PALAQZOIC ROCKS OF N.8.W.
‘ a
“On the Iron Ore and Coal Deposits at jet 1
describes the deposits of iron ore as situated some six miles from
t place, and near the junction of the Coal Measures vith the
Upper Silurian or Devonian beds, which there crop out to the
surface.
Loc. and horizon—Walker’s Point, Wallerawang, in a white
_ sandstone of Devonian age.
Genus ATRYPA. Dalman.
Atrypa reticularis. Linn.
Atrypa reticularis Saas ae tetpers Mon. Dev. Brach., p. 53,
10, f. 3 and 4
Obs. A small cast of one of the many varieties of this species
_ occurs in the fossiliferous sandstone of Bombala. It does not call
_ for any further remar . reticularis had been previously met
_. with in the Silurian rocks of Duntroon, and the Devonian of Yass
i = at retin aed N. 8. Wales,’ and in the Devonian series 0
ata ict
Lous im horizon—Bombala, in a mudstone of Silurian age.
A. reticularis. var. aspera. Schlotheim.
A. reticularis, var. aspera (Schlotheim sp.) Paget ae Mon. Brit.
Dev. Brach., p. 57, t. 10, £ 5-
Obs. A single and badly preserved example of this variety
exists in Prof. Liversidge’s Acorns It “hit interesting ae fro
Loe. polite i N. 8. Wales.
Genus StropHomeNa. Blainville.
Strophomena rhomboidalis. Wilckens, sp. !
_ &. rhomboidalis (Wilckens, sp.) Davidson ,Mon. Brit. Sil. Brach.,
= t 39, £ 1-21, t 44, f 1a pe
1¢ first of these appears to be one of feite
) the above species, although from its decorticated na aso |
, th D 8 oT. 5, as
— R. oe — or Wales for 1874, rap
MCoy, in in ina as 5 athetg Report, Geol. Survey, Vict.,
‘Coy, loc. cit., p, 158.
FOSSILS FROM THE PALZOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S8.W. 257
been kind enough to examine this and he considers the deter-
mination to be correct, but taking into consideration the state of
servation it is perhaps better to express the determination with
a note of interrogation. e specimen is small, about the size of the
variety fig from Craighead Quarry, near Girvan,’ and some-
what resembles this. The radiating semi-ribs are numerous and
crossed by a large number of the fluctuating crenulations seen in _
8. rhomboidalis. 2
ee,
The species has been met with before in New South Wales, at
Rock Flat Creek, by the Rev. W. B. Clarke.’ oa
Loe. and horizon—Bombala, in a mudstone.of Silurian age. “ad
ot re i]
1 Monograph, loc. cit., t. 44, f. 1 a and b. if
* De Koninck, loc. cit., p. 28. oe
zs
258 FOSSILS FROM THE PALHOZOIC ROCKS OF N.S.W.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE.
Fig. Loxonema sulculosa cue The type specimen contained in
the Soi bertson Collection. ,” British Museum, from the English Carboniferous
lim aa for comparison with i ig. 2.
Loxonema sulculosa ties 8 ? Carboniferous ar Devonian?
ih oc Creek, Lake Bath
Figs. 3and 4. Aphanaia? sp. ind. Wollongong sandstone. A much
berate cast. Fig. 3, exterior of wales Fig. 4, reverse showing Sa
of hin
Fig. . Spirifera disjuncta (J. de. C. Sby.) A drawing taken from from several —
casts of the e — = of the ce — valve. White sandstone of Walker's
Point, Wallera nia:
Fig. 6. nods Vagal (R. ieee Pin A characteristic
specimen of one of the valves. Near Bombala.
Figs. 7 and 8. state ? Australe (R. thre ies Pec Near Yass.
hel Fig. 7. the largest specimen, obverse an | the
broken root-like bases of tubercles, Fig. 8. maller and shorter
in which the interior of the calice and the septal ridges are well shown.
Fig. 9. crass ee nd. A mutilated specimen from
take ‘Bathurst. Ca Poonaterons? “antec. a view of one valve, and the
truncated and of both valv:
Fig. 10. —- sp. Doelinn: of the weathered surface of a fact aspeines
showing the mann which individuals are scattered through
Near igoanyees
Fig. 10a. An enlargement of a portion, of one of the walls of re
showing the ‘tubal clustered at the shell, x
Figs. lland 12. Encrinurus pitta eee In visi
of Silurian age. Near Bombala. hich
N.B,—All the figures are of the natural size except Nos, 11 and 12,1
are x 14.
Jour. Roy. Soc. NSW. Vol.14-. 1880
*
ae
3
4
oe
see
aac rest
ea
: .
*
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a
ae
259
A Comparison between the Prospect and Kenny Hill
Schemes, proposing a high-pressure Water Supply
for Sydney.
By Mr. F. B. Grpps, C.E.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 6 October, 1880.
Tue great importance and the general interest of the question of
water supply to this metropolis are, I venture to say, a sufficien
not permit any such error of judgment to prejudice you against an
impartial and unbiassed verdict on the whole merits of the com-
commend themselves to an attentive consideration :—l. The area,
storage capacity, and cost of the storage reservoir, 2. The length,
character, and cost of the conduits, and their duty. 3. Their com-
mercial and economical qualifications. 4, Their sanitary influence
respectively.
SroRAGE RESERVOIR.
supply.
to that level at which the outlet conduit is entered. The depth
left for settlement of suspended matter must
circumstances, such as the area of the reservoir or the
the water supplying it; but it should be carefully estimated, as
any unnece depth simply implies waste of water. The reser-
voirs of Philadelphia forcibly illustrate the influence of different
supply sources on this deposit or settlement, for whilst the supply
that from the Schuylkill only gives finch annually, that from the
i inch, ‘The accumulation of mud in the
not only for any accident which may happen to the supply conduit
and for the emergencies of different seasons, but aie suse
260 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES.
excessive drought. The eminent hydraulic engineer, Mr,
Clark,in his Report on the Commissioners’ scheme for water supply
to Sydney, in recognition of the above essential qualification of its
storage reservoir, thus alludes to it:—‘The prominent feature of
the Upper Nepean Scheme is the Prospect reservoir ; it resembles
the Yan Yean in Victoria, and affords, like it, a very abundant
artificial storage, so essential in a climate liable to extended periods
of drought.’
Prospect RESERVOIR.
e physical features of the Prospect Reservoir are thus
described by Mr. Moriarty, Engineer-in-Chief of the Harbours and
broad flat basin, bounded on the north-west and south by a semi-
circular amphitheatre of low hills forming the divisio aquarium
of Botany Bay, the Hawkesbury, and Port Jackson. Lower
down, where it is proposed to place the dam, the dn? contracts
about 1} mile in width.” The area and capacity ied the
is proposed to draw off only the upper 25 feet of water,
quantity available for supply would be reduced to 7, 110 million
gallons, equal to nineteen months’ supply for the present
tion of Sydney and suburbs, allowing 100 gallons per per
ay. It would be of about the same superficial area as the Yan
Yean, but considerably deeper, and would contain a larger
quantity of water. en the water in the rese rs rae
-
stand at 195 feet above sea level, and might be drawn
bottom of a reservoir—and there is abundant mate i » The
kind in the neighbourhood for the formation of ened
_ Prospect dam, as measured, is 7, 904 feet sar and 80 puddle,
~The cubical contents of its embankment t, inclusive of el memeM
4 Mr. Moriarty, at £176, 136, inclusive of Dies ee a -
works. Its base, after removal of the s ‘ £10,400.
even bed of firmshale. The price of the land nd is valued ® j
Kenny Hitt Reservoir. %
The site of the Kenny Hill reservoir is ye the summit of Pet
western flank of the dividing range of the aren =
Campbelltown Valley, being the same range W’ canal
e traverses to the reservoir, a Ne
canal lin
enters it nee a og miles from the starting point, in the :
THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 261
_ River, and the Campbelltown and Camden Road passes through
it. In descending this flank towards the Nepean River the
landscape displays numerous watercourses converging into
broad flat valley with small swamps in the centre, whilst lower
down the view embraces a grand panorama of the Nepean Valley,
f the upper valley in contrast to the steepness of its
capacious storage lake. The reservoir at. Kenny Hill when full
would cover an area of 1,048 acres, after deducting 50 acres for a
long ted
at 8,549,000,000 gallons, of which 8,110 million gallons would be
available for supply. Atits highest level the surface of the water
would be 330 feetabove sea level; when reduced 60 feet, to its lowest
supply level, it would still have 56 feet higher elevation than
Paddi gton reservoir, and 129 feet higher than Crown-street reser-
voir. The bed of the principal valley of the reservoir consists 0:
1 retentive yellow and red clays, which, from superficial observation,
appear to vary in thickness from 8 to 12 feet, and to rest
occur:
of the reservoir. The as measured, is 6,400
feet long and 80 feet high. The cubical contents of its embank- _
| ment is estimated at 1,736,860 cubic yards, exclusive of 256,000 i
| cubic yards of clay puddling. Its cost, inclusive of pitching and
Tospect dam, s
| probably cost about £7,000.
ComPARISON OF RESERVOIRS.
million gallons less ; that its
the cubical contents are only
outlet works, in comparison with Mr. Moriarty’s estimate wail ones ar: ie
P should not exceed £172,000 whilst the land would =
262 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES,
cient depth left to provide for settlement of sediment. It cannot
be termed imaginative in assuming the storage of three thousand
million gallons unavailable for supply as a great waste of water, a
under any ci t , such a great depth as 50 feet for settlement
of suspended matter would be excessive, whilst with a water
which, by careful analysis, only gives 4-6 grains of solid matter to
the gallon it is still more beyond the limits of requirement. Sup-
posing the amount of sedimentary matter at 2 grains per gallon
and a constant inflow of seventy million gallons daily, it would
take five years to cover 400 acres with 1 inch of deposit. The
cost of the construction of the dams and outlet works and the pur-
chase of the land shows only a difference of £7,000 in favour of
the Kenny Hill dam and works. Both dams are solid embank-
ments. The water from the Prospect reservoir is drawn
through a water tower into a tunnel excavate
through the hill on which the dam abuts on its eastern end. The
outflow from the Kenny Hill reservoir is through a valve tower
into two 36-inch pipes, laid in a tunnel of solid rock, which, enter-
ing the Nepean side of the dividing range, debouches on the
Campbelltown side. |
Service RESERVOIR. zi ie
Connected with the Kenny Hill storage reserv' ir, forming, in
fact, a very important accessory to it, is a small supply oF! ie
ae
a.
aily for the ines :
he
82 million gallons), it vall |
next month by a flow of 1,382 m erate million ; ons W
salt
: THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 263
_- be amply sufficient to meet the demands of Waverley and Wool-
?
probably be less than £30,000.
ConDUuIts.
The next feature in the respective schemes which claims our
attention is the length, character, and cost of their conduits.
oting from Mr. Clark’s report, the length and character of the
3 miles ; pipes, 13} miles ; reservoir, 1} mile,—giving a to
ce of iles. wei i
feet fall per mile, of discharging 85 million gallons daily into the
Cataract River, at Broughton Pass. Shortly below this point a
i unnel 1 mil
Nepean River, the supply is conducted by open canal and a series
ucts
open
educt for 7,989 feet, to a small reser-
pe, 48 inches in diameter and 4,628
y-
pensa’ below
pean, 18 estimated by Mr. Clark
768, That Mr, Clark regarded these estimates as
to p one million
n and 500,000 gallons to Waverley — dail
264 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES.
approximate only may be inferred from the following remark on
e lined and unlined construction of the canal :—“ To bring these
poritart uantities into estimate with exactness is impossible, and
mately ascertained. These surveys and borings could not be com-
pleted during the period of my visit.” These estimates seem to
have been based on the inference that most of the shale which the
canal line crosses is horizontal, and even bedded, and of an imper-
meable character, gate the lining of the conduit unnecessary.
But there is much reason to doubt the correctness of such an
assumption, as though 1 ina a borehole the shale beds might seem to
ious, there are good reasons
for distrusting the evidence of sight, First the shales occur on
ank of a ridge forming an anticlinal axis, whic:
exposed, — a most decided i of the — - either side;
so aa unless lined, on = de exposed to the a some ite
canal enters this shale at Woodhouse Oreck, at 13 miles from
starting point in the Nepean River, and will probably ine
for at least 15 miles. The whole of this distance will prot
side-walls and £2 per cubic yard for bottom pitching, add
£391,500 to the above estimate, raising the cost of construction
of the above works to £1,562, 258.
Conpurr via Kenny HILt. =
The character hs the supply conduit for 18} miles, where
rof the K nny Hill scheme, being idem
enters the se reservoir of t. enn
tical with the Plendeck con sails needs no further description:
From this it consists entirely of cast-iron pipes. ae ‘
to conduct the supply from the service reservolr
two 36-inch pipes, which for the first 691 yards are laid ina tunne
piercing the dividing range of the Campbelltown hao Nepean
valley 8, and which about 1, 000 yards further on join os
rt
reyeen ‘ilo ok: Sa
having their valve prot ee the centre of one of the
eastern valleys of the reservoir, arom ate re
through a tunnel rds in
ugh a nel 2,500 yards ayn ioht an pre
pipeline
in a north-easterly direction till it joins the perth pe
from Prospect, 84 miles from Sydney. The country” “engineering
-
a
THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 265
my survey I believe it would cross this spur without any tunnel ;
but in any case it would only require a short tunnel of about 400
after which it would descend for over 14 mile—the valley of
one of the feeders of Bunbarry Curran Creek. At about 4 miles
m the point of inlet it would cross Bow Bowing Creek, 70 feet
wide, with steep banks on either side, by another aqueduct 130 feet
long ; and, halfa mile further on, the pipe-line would cross under the
which is 180 feet wide, with steep banks on either side, by an
aqueduct 500 feet long, reaching from the top of the left bank to
the top of the right bank, at a height of 40 feet above the river
bed, and about 45 feet above sea level. At this point, owing
to pressure of time and the dense nature of the scrub, I was com-
: ge reservoir to Paddington is estimated at 31 miles,
Whilst that from the supply or service reservoir is estimated at 1
mile further, giving a total length of 32 miles of pipes.
Estimatep Cost. or ConDvlitT.
The estimated cost of this line of conduit is as follows—Tunnel,
691 yards i i per y
£10,365 3 tunnel, from reservoir, of 2,500 yards, at £15 per
running
first section of
266 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES, se
for a double line; lead for joints, £800; trenching and laying,
; carriage, at 30s. per ton, £2,838; giving a total of £19,409
per - mile, or of £194, 090 for 10 miles. For the second secti on. of 6
miles ——— valley of George’s River the thickness of depipel
would lek increased to 1} inch, capable of bearing a safe head of
412 feet, or a sdodani of 178-39 Ibs. per square inch, whilst it
will only be actually exposed to a maximum pressure of 330 feet
mile ; cost, at £6 15s. per ton, £7,823 5s. for a single line, or
£15, 646 10s. yt double line of piping, which, with lead at £800,
laying at £3,000, carriage at £3,476, gives a total of £22,922 10s.
per mile, or of £1 37,535 for the whole section, For the
tion of 16 miles to Sydney the —— of the pipes would be i
inch capable of bearing a safe head of 375 feet, ora “er
162°38 lbs. per square inch, whilst io maximum pressure it will
be exposed to is a head 295 feet, or of 127-74 Ibs. per orale
weight, 1,023 tons per mile ; cost, at £6 15s. per ton, £6, 905 5s.
for a single line, and £13, 810 10s. for a double line of pipes, whi
with lead at £800, laying at £3,000, and carriage at £2,558, givesa
total of £20,168 10s. per mile, or of £322, 696 for the whole section.
Besides the ‘above sums, at leas ms £500 per — 5 have to be
added for air and ibn valves, gates, &., nting in all to
£16,000, also £35,000 for acinianae £10, 000 for or purchas of land,
and £4, 500 for clearing. The entire cost of the Kenny Hill
scheme is estimated as follows :—Tunnels and conduit to service
as per Mr. Moriarty’s estimate, but including a”
additional sum for 5 miles of lining, £207,906; sent
, £30,000 ?
36-inch cast-iron pipes, £654,321; valves, gates, &e., :
aqueducts, £35, 000 pa of land and clearing, £14,500 ; reservo™
at Petersham, £A, 800 ; reservoir at Waverley, — ars
at Woollahra, £5, 000 ; compensation a 933,392.
£10,000 ; survey and contingencies, £20,00' ital “21asest
The ‘above safe-heads for the pipes are quoted from exposed
tables, and ——— to Humber they can be constantly
Durty or Kenny Hitt ScHEME. ie
In an average season the service ees would be a a
sustain the whole s supply, whilst Le lie ;
the pipes would be equal to the delivery a 23
y to Crown-street, or 19 million gallons to P. ow. |
million gallons to Woollahra, or 10-07 million gallons
whilst their minimum duty during a very
THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES, 267
drought, when we might suppose the service reservoir reduced to
341 feet above sea level, and the storage reservoir to 280 _
above sea level, would be a delivery of two million gallons dail
sores one million er" to fecm mane besides seven million
gallons to Paddington, or 10-4 million gallons to Crown-stre
The ity actually Seanad for ¢ the pipes is to deliver during
ordinary seasons, when the supply will joey the demand, two
million gallons daily to Waverley heights, 325 feet above sea leve l,
one million gallons to Woollahra, 276 feet aad sea level (which
one pipe would manage in fourteen hours), and thirteen millions
of gallons to Paddington, 214 feet above sea level. The surplus
water from the canal would flow over a weir on the western flan
of the dam into the storage reserv rvoir. u seasons of drought,
plied us of the rainfall on the watersheds of the Upper Nepean
and Cataract Rivers, and of the actual flow of water in those
Streams, the result of careful observation extending over many
farm it would be absurd to suppose such a contingency. The
ying section shows at a glance the actual quantities ¢
mpan
which can be discharged into the various high and low service
reservoirs in Sydney and suburbs from different levels in the
supply and storage reservoirs at Kenny Hill.
CoMPARISON OF Conpuit LINES.
a in favour of the Kenny Mill scheme at once
n It is shorter in ce by ney 1 13 miles, and
therefore so much the Jeon liable to d: i of construc-
much — time (by at once ea with ae ager, of “the
Supply reservoir at “ors Hill a supply from the Cataract River
could actually be delivered in Sydney in two years, as a line of
Pipes could easily be laid within that time) ; but its great advan-
*, which far transcends all others, is that it will be able to
er an ample supply to — Woollahra, the North oso
in fact to the whole of Sydney and suburbs, by gravitation only.
‘reas the duty of the Prospect scheme, as elaborated by Mr.
ya
268 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES,
Clark, ensures only a low service supply of twelve —
gallons daily to Crown-street, of which 1 ion gal
pumped to Paddington and Waverley, that of the Kenny ll
scheme ensures a supply of three million gallons daily under
cirumstances, to Waverley, Woollahra, and the North Shore, and
i Paddi
gallons except under the most extraordinary and eer cir-
cumstances. The advantage claimed for the Prospect. scheme is
its power of increment, at a much smaller cost. Acco Mr.
Clark’s report, twenty-nine million gallons are brought within 14
miles of Sydney. To deliver this quantity into Crown-street would
require two 36-inch diameter pipes in addition to the ee pro-
posed works, which, at the same estimate as for the pi ipe-line from
Kenny ~~ would cost £293,265. But with one additional —
million gallons to Crown-street, and 21 million gallons to sae
ton ; so that the actual difference would not exceed £41,895 10s
Whilst, with a yet larger increment, this difference would be
reduced toa minimum, as the whole conduit as far as
would have to be enlarged. That the pipes are equal to to the duty
accredited to them may be inferred from the fact alluded to in
that even the static pressure of such a column WO! a
thickness of over 1} inch to withstand it. of thane wes
tions seem tome more imaginative than real, as by @ an 38
application of air momentum, relief and influx ease “ye
always accompany the laying of a long pipe- large ‘ amply
sions, the different thickness I have al towed “would ber
it to overflow and tear away its banks and: de
beneath it as to cpt ~ an objection to a
Mr. Clark, in his report on Mr. ning’s L c e.
carribee scheme, her, woh * anticipated no such ernie: a!
twice the head and a longer pipe-line was . toc es
as follows :—“ The better plan in such ‘a system 18°00"
flow of the water by a sluice placed at or near its w
the pipe is left entirely open at its lower end. By
THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES, 269.
Francisco has 34 miles of large supply piping, whilst in London
itself some of the mains have a pressure of over 200 feet head.
Relief valves could be so fixed that in no portion of the supply
pipe need the pressure under any contingency exceed a fixed
ing a fracture to occur in the deeper undulations. To
still further any chance of accident, an escape valve or sluice-gate
might be fixed at the crossing of George’s River, so that, on any
ure occurring nearer Sydney, any undue pressure from the
closing of valves too suddenly might be obviated by allowing the
water to escape into George’s River ; whilst, by using self-acting
shut-off valves at the reservoirs, as adopted in the Dublin and
Liverpool water-works, the flow into the piping from the reservoirs
would be stopped in a few minutes after the occurrence of the
fracture. Such ingenuity has been lately exercised in the inven-
tion of stop-valves that they can be adjusted at a distance by, an
electric wire, so that any chance of accident to a pipe conduit is
now very remote.
CoMMERCIAL AND ECONOMICAL QUALIFICATIONS.
‘ . : - ‘ . . bl e;
‘@ power always available by which, with but little trou
he’can add considerably to his earnings Whereas if water was only
available for domestic use, as supplied from Crown-street, “te
gallons a head would be amply sufficient ; if it could be supp
270 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES.
for the above purposes in sufficient quantity delivered at a high
level, more than sixty gallons a head would be used, reducing the
rates and adding largely to the income of the Corporation.
SanrTaRyY INFLUENCE.
-
Z
er
5
ct
a
i3°)
.®
ez
Fs
Q.
E
®
=]
=
g
= ae
Fa
S
B
a
3
croscopic
which would undoubtedly have been pronounced pee
another fruitful source of disease, which, by wind, rain, From
wise, may be conveyed into the waters of an opt ‘that
the observations of M. Miguel and Pasteur, + the aif
eggs of bacteria and spores of moulds are always present in ®
in considerable quantities, This is ed by, most case’
who adds that a few cubic centim a will, hilst >rofessol
bring infection into the most diverse infusions 5 ps of warnll
ey, in detailing his experiences, gives ® BO". 4 calth of
which should deeply impress all th inter aad use
this and future generations. He us tha enic fevel
by what: people not wisely, call germe—egn APT Tie |
y what people, no ahah by bodies of mee
THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 271
ria. They could be cultivated through twenty or thirty genera-
tions, and then when given to the ox or pig would invariably give rise
to the characteristic disease. We have no reason even to im
that any body capable of causing disease by such means could be
anything but a body having the nature of bacterium. Now,
teria are just as much plants as mushrooms, cabbages, &c., so that
we know under what condition they flourish and what they will
do. Bacteria can be sown in Pasteur’s solution just as easily as
mustard and cress can be sown in the soil ; in it they thrive, and
the liquid becomes milky, and there is no knownmethod by which,
if one drop of Pasteur’s solution was placed in a gallon of water
its constituents could be estimated. Every cubic inch of such
water would contain 50 or 100,000 bacteria, and one drop of it
would be capable of exciting a putrefactive fermentation in any
substance capable of undergoing that fermentation. For purposes
of public health the human body may be considered as such a sub-
ce, and we may conceive such water as pure as may be as re-
gards chemical analysis, and yet as deadly as prussic acid as
b d 7
very advisable to shorten the line of open canal as much as
possible, in order to preserve the purity of the water, especially
with the terrible example of the effects of a few germs on the
population of Lausanne, in Switzerland. The typhoid : fever
which devastated that town, infecting a quarter of its inhabitants,
oxydising influences of sun and to filtration through sand, and yet
produced such deadly results. The shortening of the canal line
lushing the sewers and in rapidly disposing of any accumula
imjurious matter in the side drains of the streets.
Live TREATMENT. :
unfavourable comparison of the bright sparkling
: that some Vince of bone disease are due to want or deficiency of
lime in water, these two facts should i ecessi
of applying a lime process to any scheme
on for
determined Sydney,
ress on us the n
of supply which may be
272
THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES.
RECAPITULATION.
I have now completed my comparison of the two schemes, and
it remains only to recapitulate the principal features in an
ised form, that their comparative merits may be more
fined.
mi
and concisely de
oy At rvo
sicailee aires available for supply,
7,110 million ga ; dam, She
“e
constru
of land and outlet gn £186,536.
2. Pumping and gravitation com-
bined deliver 12 million gallons
_— 1 million of —— is pumped to
on to tadashi
Ww.
service reservoirs ; estimated saat,
mls 562,268.
Length of conduit 63 men
including 102 miles tunuatlin ng, 3
miles open canal an “rg at
scene - piping, * _ 7 es re-
The beyond Pros-
only 6 eat fall per mile,
hic at i is insufficient to provide for
eedinient nd to prevent the growth
of seen vegetation. Such a long
of canal is liable to accident
inati
Reel
required for a con-
siderable distan
4, An scchdakeh¢ o the dam would
entail the stoppage of all — -
the southern line for some
besides leading to great loss of tife
and destruction of property..
5. Low delivery at Crown- street
reservoir, necessitatin, pumping sta-
re clearly
Kenny Hit.
1, Area of per impounding re-
servoir, 1,048 ; storage
available for psc 2 8,110 million
eet
villi
325 feet ; 1 million allons to Wi
lahra, 276 feet ; and the 18 million
gallons to din 214 above
ea level, at an esti total cost
of £1,232,3!
3. Length of seat 50} miles,
incl es ,
recaution in construction, e :
“8 ce has shown the safest
kind of semper
tion, the m
A ches acide to the snare
pe but
THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES, 273
7. Owing to want of pressure, this 7. Owing to its high A ressure, this
scheme would be ineffectual in pre- scheme come offer great advantages
venting extensive Se it for extinguishing eon! wm the manu-
enon offer no benefits manufac- facturer and mechanic, for tase
turers or eaclinn ics, wo would have fountains and npdradilie ee
barely jafliciont head for flushing motors, and for flushing sew
sewers.
In the above synopsis it appears that the Prospect scheme only
supplies twelve m mage sy sania per ery for a pase 8 expen-
the eos Hill scheme, its pumping expenses would be in
by at least £112,235. For true Babe the Kenny Hill sale
uld be credited with this sum, showing a clear balance in its
favour of £442,101. By using wrought-iron pipes instead of cast-
Dmcureie
— Trevor Joyzs, City eer, in g the discussion,
said :—The subject of water supply for the ay ty of Sydney is one
- 2g been before the public for so long a time that unprofes-
spectators may well be pardoned for exclaiming, “ Eno
of nee us have a little water, ” and for being a little shy
on The engineering faculty, both here
ita distance of 63 miles, are fain to admit that the question has
been handled in a scientific manner by trained men. eae
entered on the duties of City lenges although recognising
talent that had conceived the scheme and the scien scientific manner in
; f pres-
capacity might be combined witha greater head of p
‘Sure than ‘that obtainable by the Prospect scheme, for, notwith-
274 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES.
standing the concurrence of Mr. Clark with the Commission that
the pressure due to Crown-street is satisfactory, I am of a different
opinion on that point, being satisfied that nothing short of a head
of 90 or 100 feet above Crown-street will suffice for the numerous
requirements of a city like Sydney. The present pressure is insuf- _
ficient for extinguishing fires without the intervention of an
engine—it is insufficient for the actuating of hydraulic lifts, cranes,
lathe es, pumps, grinding machinery, &c., &e. If 100 feet be added to
the Crown-strect level, then for all levels up to those of the vine
Darlinghurst, Surry é, ern, Balmain, Pete
dington the fire-engine could be dispensed with, be from instead
of rushing to the fire station, harnessing horses, or raising steam
and racing dangerously through the streets, onan
where the: hose-reel would probably be all ready, bronght there by
their comrades living near the station, attach the hose and at once
deluge the fire in its. incipient state.
My examination of the country was brought as far down the
line of conduit as ee peewee without success, when
showed me his proposal. In his company I visited the spot, and
came to the conclusion that, althought it might not turn out so
it might afford the desired
Havi ving read that Mr.
ing his selection of Prospect as a site for a reservoir, 1
a site were found at a greater elevation he would be i te
its adoption, I waited on that gentleman, and found that he
caused a survey of the Kenny Hill neighbourhood to be
on the face of that he pointed out that the capacity was not 80 eH
and that the dam would require twice as much earthwork as
at Prospect, me such other defects as that. I, who had on ee
. a casual visit to the place, was fain to be content to renee such
Since that time Mr. Gipps has menetanho the site, and
alterations and new dispositions—and also discovered a pi than the
which, being scaled on the plan, is shorter by 12 miles
course by Prospect—as to make it appear os ee
might well festow a careful sh on both reservoir rm
track, as, if proved correct, at least the coveted 100
pressure would be obtainable, sivas with ample storage wie
The action of the City Council (wom, have dene deciding
t) on the previo ’
in the Aon not of City Engineer) ne: sade est that
cause the tie of the scheme to be thoroughly investigat ‘nigh 4
decided me from any expression of opm any opinit ‘a
in any way tend to embarrass the inquiry ; a wg hin
he the value :
reservoir, contents of dam, or of the leve
(having only made two brief visits to the
might express as to the accuracy of the surve, r m0
spot) when : -
THF PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 275
actual survey. I have recently learned that the Department has
made such modifications as will increase the head at Crown-street
—I am not aware to what extent; but, as the head at Prospect is
only 170 feet, and from which must be deducted the necessary
fall for delivery at a distance of 22 miles, the difference obtained
must fall very short of the desired 240 feet above high-water-
mark—in fact it can at most not be 10 feet. Not being able to
bear testimony to the correctness of Mr. Gipps’s levels or survey,
I feel bound to state that his estimates give me the impression of
being cut too low ; but Ido not think it necessary for him to
a saving in expenditure, as if the scheme is otherwise feasible
the additional head obtained would, according to Mr. Clark’s esti-
mate, be cheaply procured at a cost of £150,000 over that of the
+ scheme, that sum being the present value of the cost of
]
In the above I will, no doubt, be held to have subordinated
the scheme for the irrigation of the county of Cumberland to
prunary object of the scheme was a gravitation system for
Sydney ; secondly, that I have from an actual experiment at
Bacchus Ma.
all I could to have promoted their views. It has been said that
the introduction of a higher pressure in the mains would be
m ing them. This is true with to some of
the mains laid in ground impre with salt ; the iron in some
pipes in such localities has been s y -
kind of plumbago, and the present pressure is ly destroy-
ing them ; but the general run are the same thickness as
Pressure obtained in the pipes—viz., the bursting of lead services.
Y iron abichess al sie attached to the main by a length of
x
276 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES.
2 or 3 feet of lead piping, and this, instead of having been of
the weight of 9 lb. per lineal yard, is only 5 lb. and no doubta
great many of these and some of the iron service-pipes, whicha:
greatly corroded, will give way.
I have been told that the public will attach great importa:
to what I say this evening; I cannot but regret this, as how-
ever favourable I may to the examination of the claims
urged, I cannot speak of them professionally, not having laid
a level or theodolite on the ground, and am here as a agen
the closest scrutiny af them before it is sanded
% TUART said he had a resolution to propose W. which wold
bring the consideration by the Society of Mr. Gipps’s scheme toa
head, yet without restraining discussion upon the same.
- Commissioners who recommended the scheme now bein
ut deserved every credit for the attention they had given to the
oaljeod and the Government also deserved every credit for having
tained the services of an accomplished psi engineer 4
Mr. Clark to guide their counsels on the same subject
as a scientific man had done his duty, and those at the head of the
Treasury had done theirs ; but there were two or three ways in
which an engineer might be employed in determining upon
merits of a water scheme. There might be three or four schemes
ela
Stuart) scarcely thought that justice was done to Mr. J
ning’s scheme, for although the Government
assistance, yet he did not have the assistance which was necessary
Mr. Clark on
- | ms eee
tale them which did jook r markabl ausl t
: YF ned his official yaar
centuries, and to be of such magnitude
the es a Society should use its best efforts
adop Such an undertaking was not one » to hurry over |
Rene the public might be impatient of the discussion eee
was causing, there could be no doubt the por wolt®
benefit of it. He should therefore
Society of New South Wales, being fully alive to pi a ES
pi which should provide @ PU =
of a water service w
a
THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 277
“supply of pure water to the city of Sydney and the rapidly
creasing suburbs, and at the same time secure to the present and
future manufactories of the Colony the invaluable advantage of
hydraulic power, are of opinion that the Government should at
once proceed to the full examination of the water scheme pro-
pounded by Mr. F. B. Gipps.”
The CuarrMan pointed out that, unless the by-law of the Society
ruling that notice must be given of every resolution were sus-
pended, he could not receive the motion pro by Mr. Stuart.
Mr. Stuart then moved that the by-law the Chairman had
referred to be suspended.
The CuarrMANn remarked that the discussion on the question of
water supply had better proceed, and the resolution which had
pion proposed thereon could be dealt with afterwards.
well serve many man
equally well adapted for their establishment. At such places where
was a matter well worth consideration. The difference in the
cost of the length of dams and capacity of reservoirs contemplated
Gipps’s scheme was very satisfactorily met by the great
economical advantages of his plan. Assuming that it would cost
twice as much at the outset as the scheme at present accepted by
a different reticulation of the service-pipes would be required, and
Probably the renewal of the larger pipes ; but this expense would
278 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES.
water was very objectionable, as he had been convinced by his
observations in London and elsewhere, for they were open to pol-
lution by the most offensive matter, which became a i
to the position of his supply reservoir, or how much the reservoir
was capable of extension, although for miles around there was @
investigati ities having no connection, either
further investigation by authorities having ae
concerned in the question. ' se
Mr. Goodlet and Mr. A. Dean spoke in favour of Mr. Gipps®
scheme. lessee
Dr Betarave observed that the adoption of » highpresom
service would reduce fire insurance premiums to half the present
rates. Such would be the certainty of extinguishing conta ia
tions within narrow limits. There would also be fountams imo
streets by means of pipes much more effectually than Wa"
now. ‘The tramcars sight be driven as they were ™ Panis
atmospheric pressure, instead of by the antiquated, meuply bad
motors ; and in many other respects the high-pressure SPP!
very much to recommend it.
Mr. Jones said the ordinary pipes were for
strong enough to bear a high-pressure stra
those pipes, which were of very inferior iron,
were laid down in the early days of the Colony, none ue
reticulation would have to be taken up if the hig
were carri
out.
Mr. Gipps, in reply, said: I propose
answer in detail the various objections
THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES. 279
against my proposed modification of the Prospect scheme. It has
been contended—l. That owing to the side and base of the
i
the Prospect. 3. That a gravitation scheme from Bull’s Hill
reservoir has already been rejected by the Commissioners, owing to
the expense of iron piping.
Tn answer to the first objection, I would point out that the
physical and geological character of the country of the Prospect
reservoir is nearly identical with that of the Kenny Hill reservoir,
so that to admit of the correctness of the above deduction we shall
have to assume that 5 miles of canal will be sufficient for settle-
ment purposes. But experience in our river system has proved
that the water in some of those which have as low a fall as 1 foot
becomes muddy, and at times undrinkable or unfit for any domestic
purposes, owing to heavy storms 60 or 80 miles higher up the
stream. Supposing, however, such a desirable condition could be
guaranteed by allowing the water to flow through an open canal,
it must then be admitted that the accumulation of sediment in
the bottom of the canal would necessitate its constant cleansing ;
and I think it must also be allowed that there is, in a sanitary
ance.
thr patient investigations of Professors Krupp, Kolbe, and
Pettenkofer, that cholera, dysentery, and yellow fever are propa-
gated through : : bart sania ioe
alding trefaction of the various 0:
stances, both animal and vegetable, which it would be ble
to keep out of an uncovered conduit. In answer to this
280 THE PROSPECT AND KENNY HILL SCHEMES.
to the Commissioners, it seems that the Bull’s Hill reservoir was
capable of storing only 4,636 million gallons, and that its surface
level was 260 feet above sea-level. The area would be 539 acres
Kenny Hill scheme, having its reservoir 110 feet higher, its 4a 44
feet lower, and its impounding area so much larger, a8 hardly t
admit of comparison.
0
extra outlay would not be large. spension
Mr. Poolman seconded Mr. Stuart’s motion for the su fe
of the by-law to allow the original resolution to be put wees
vote. The motion was lost. ieee
eg
pany
281
On Wells in Liverpool Plains.
By T. K. Asszorr, P.M., Gunnedah.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 3 November, 1880.]
relied upon as permanent in the district in which I reside. I
regret that I met with but little success at first, and found exist-
tion I possess. I
With a view of making the inquiry as complete as possible
caused to be printed the following paper, which was distributed
throughout the district :—
1. Name of station ?
2. Position of well, parish and portion ?
3. Size of well?
4. Character of surface ? [ eel ee a
5. Notes of all strata passed through, including thickness am
character to first water ? “+
6. Quantity and quality of first water, also remarks on its
appearance, i.e. how it came—in rock, gravel, or otherwise ?
: =~ account of strata and water to bottom of well?
- Dip and amount of strata ?
nae State instances (if any) which have 2 — knowledge
ere brackish water having been first stru been
through and fresh water found ? — at
10. Instances of the reverse (if any) within your knowledge
982 ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS.
The object of these questions was to obtain reliable facts as to
the flow of water beneath the surface of the earth. It is well
known that rivers taking their rise in the mountains flow for
many miles and are eventually lost in the lait = it could be
ascertained beyond doubt that these rivers may be reached by
well-sinking or boring it would impart confidence in ne per-
manence of the springs. I believe the area of the watershed of
which the water passes Bourke, the Darling, Namoi, Barwin,
Gwydir, and all their tributaries, is about 140,000 square miles
The average rainfall at and about Bourke wena be 16 inches ;
thence towards the main range it gradually increases until the
the Darling at Bourke drains very largely, the all,” Mr.
Russell says, “ would, I should think, be fully 40 inches.” _ Esti-
mating however the rainfall throughout at 16 inches, and reducing
it over this large area in the usual way for evaporation and soak-
age, and in order to avoid the possibility of error reducing what
remains by one-half, the river at Bourke should be 200 feet tes
and 200 yards wide, and flow all the year round! At Bourke
the — is sometimes nearly dry. Where then does all this
< Amst
with a view of assisting as far as I can over a limited area
‘unis 1a deceit solving this problem that I have undertaken
the collection of facts regarding wells in this district. T can
only at gure: supply a paper upon wells in the county of
Pottinger. The information I possess respecting any 0 other of the
counties in this neighbourhood is of too meagre @
submit.
I have obtained, by means of the forms I had printed and a
lated, information pomaling about 100 wells in the distriet
Gunneda h, and accompanying this paper I have pre 12a
showing the position of over 90 wells scattered over an an area
country amounting to upwards of 2,000,000 (two ape ware tt
Those who have visited Liverpool Plains are of course awa’ =
the largest and ehaek of the far-famed pasto: ta
situated in this county. The plains are generally level, te |
soil; here and there isolated basaltic ridges of no 0 great eat :
islands of timber and scrub, and sometimes san
occur.
The object I had in view in preparing pap
position of the wells, the general features of the mf
the schedule attached giving the ret aye strata, and of this! ae
mation I possess, was to
thoroughly reliable data—so — it, goes—Upon
more able than I may build up theories. My muissio®
only to collect facts.
ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. 283
I cannot begin better than by giving a description of one of the
most remarkable wells in the district, number 20 on the plan. It
is at Bando head-station, at an elevation, I should say, of 100 or
150 feet above the plain. The country is basaltic; and immedi-
ately behind the well rises a range of mountains from 1,000 to
1,600 feet higher than the myall slope upon which the well is
situated. The late manager, Mr. W. T. Keene, has obligingly
furnished me with the following :—“Size-of the well, 7 feet
the ring-barking, several of the little previously dry watercourses
are now trickling rills, and convey away from the range, In one
instance at least, quite treble the quantity of the overflow from
the well. Whether this remarkable state of things is occasioned
by the sapping of the timber, or whether it occurs through the
Operation of natural causes, I am not prepared to state ; but “"
appears somewhat remarkable that the well should have existed
for several years and the watercourses retained their no con-
dition for a period extending over thirty years, only to develop
into permanent springs and streams when the eucalypt: were
ved.
Instances of Salt Water.
Bearing upon question 9 in the form supplied, although not
exactly in ee te it, Mr. Keene states :—“I knew of an a
stance on Colly Blue (Colly Blue is on Coomoo Coomoo Creek, .
plan) where an old well 65 feet caved in. The water in this we
was limited and very brackish, and hardly fit for stock. A new
m Obtained.” This fact ai to me to be valuable,
would prove that the water below the surface is held in channels
and may be obtained at very short intervals under widely varying
conditions. In the well which caved in the water was obtain :
284 ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS.
only 12 feet distant, water, excellent in quality and
supply, was obtained at 33 feet.
Bando head-station, and situated on the side of the same
range of mountains, there are two remarkable springs called Tam-
bar. springs are about 100 yards apart, 4 miles from’
the plain, and elevated above it somewhere over 200 feet. In one
65 feet, brackish, limited, and unfit for human use. In thesecond,
limited in
*
dry and stony-looking spot, and flows across the main road from
flows from the surface.
At Bomera head-station there is a well, not numbered on the
plan, only 6 feet deep, where the water almost always remains
level with the surface, and the supply is practically mexhausub
This well is distant about 12 miles in a south- esterly direction
from Tambar, and is situated in a sandstone formation on @ slope
about 200 yards from a creek, the bed of which is 40 feet lower
than the water in the well, and this creek is frequently ed
Some of the land in the vicinity has been cleared, but very 0
sapped. It appears to me to be similar in character gee
at Tambar, and the fountain-head must, as in the other case, of
i : To the north-west
Garrawilla head-
enormous quantity of 9,600 gallons per hour. I rod phe
spring where it makes its first appearance, and ‘was £100 acres,
find the ground quite hollow for a space of ——- 2 ashi
and upon listening attentively one could hear the so to be large
water under foot. In many places there hapy te a
3 or 4 feet from the surface. A large : washing
below this spring, and one of the most extensive Sy power :
establishments in the Colony is supplied with water PY I” fe
ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. 285
engines from this dam. The whole area of the valley in which
the spring arises does not exceed 2, acres, and the yield per
annum at the rate quoted amounts to nearly eighty-five millions of
gallons of water. There can be no doubt whatever that the source
of this spring is far removed from the drainage area of the valley
in which it occurs.
On Moredevil Station, near the source of Cox’s Creek, many
ears ago, a well was sunk to a considerable depth. The exact
reached, when, as the workmen broke through some hard rock, the
water rushed in so rapidly that they were compelled to abandon
from it. This has continued ever since, through all varieties of
seasons, without cessation. I have obtained from Mr. Williams, :
I cannot do better than give in own words :—“I have
measured the rate at which the water rises in both wells. The
rst is 6 feet x 6 feet, and I think 80 feet deep, and is situated
within 20 yards of a spring where as a rule the water is on the
You will see that after taking out about 2 feet of water, the
water rises much more rapidly than it does at the higher level.
Pipeclay is I may sa on the surface ; :
extends I don’t loi but it is several feet. Water rises as
286 ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS,
follows: January 5th, took out 2 feet of water; the first 13
inches rose in 1 hows and 45 minutes; then 2, in ches in 60
I have given Mr. Williams’ statement exactly as it is written,
and its value as a record cannot be doubted. My labours would
mation been as obliging as the late manager at Bando, and
managers rs of Bomera, Moredevil, and Trinkay. To those ‘gentlemen
It appeared strange to me that the weather should so much
wot these wells and springs ; and in turning the matter over In
mind I thought I had discovered the solution in the fact that
on id em sunny days the trees must evaporate an enormous quan-
tity of moisture, which upon dull days would be retained or
rather not drawn from the earth. In the case of the springs at
Tambar and Garrawilla, which must have their fountain-head £
distant from where they appear, and the wells of which Mr. '
liams gives the deseription, a little reflection will show 4% d
cause of this alternation in the outflow cannot be
influence of the vegetation. The springs at Tambar - on thes
ea 4
BEEERE
not far from the same watercourse, which makes
of nearly 7,000 gallons per hour. Coomoo Coomoo d
be observed by the map, flows out on the plain,
forms Goran ates e a sheet of water some 25 to 30
i very ' eee oe
and sometimes lasts for several years, forms in what one
a depression in the plain, the borders of which are ® from
defined by a ridge of sand. The depth of the water weet a
3 to 7 feet. Several miles to the south-west, Trinkay 80.
pe ad for its ironbark forest, is situated. —
loose ;
able quantity,
ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. 287
The well numbered 59 on the plan is situated on greeter
and as will be seen by the Schedule, flows over the surface. I
sunk at the base of a conical isolated hill, to a depth of about 60
feet, and at an elevation above the level ont the plain of 120 feet
It has continued to flow for fourteen or fifteen years. Well No.
57 on the plan is about 5 miles from No. 59, in a
between the latter and the = ain, a about 100 feet lower. This
well is described as follows :— 6 fee t by 4 feet ; first 100 feet red
soil, with gravel layers scale ining fossilized bones; teeth of
diprotodon found at 100 feet; from 100 feet to 150 feet all red
clay ; then 3 feet of drift containing little fresh water ; 3 feet of
clay same character, then boulders and gravel ; 3 feet ‘of whitish
clay strata dipping slightly to the west.” The total depth of this
well is 159 feet, and as the surface is 100 feet lower than well
No. 59 this would place the bottom 259 feet below the level of the
flowing well above described.
With regard to the possibility of finding brackish or salt water,
passing through it, and then obtaining a supply of fresh, Fag toe in-
as ideliown —_ 90 feet cers ; at 50 feet salt water ca’
quantities ; at 90 feet unlimited supply of perfectly
5 feet of sand.” Well No. a . ‘a is esr liustration of the
same experience. The desc mn given is :— Size of well,
7 feet 6 inches by 7 feet 6 sahoans 41 fect ded: ; 6 feet of black
soil ; 9 — blue clay ; 17 feet whitish clay and gravel; 7 feet of
sand ; 2 feet loose water-worn stones and sand mixed ; first water
at 25 feet, in clay and gravel ; supply limited ; quality hard and
kish ; water at bottom fresh ; supply a abundant.” I have no
information of instances of the reverse, i.e. fresh water being found
first and brackish afterwards, and most likely for the reason that
| ceases.
am abundant and luxurious vegetation. With 25 wells on the
164 rm watershed Mooki, I find the cabin 13
feet, and th depth of water in we
feet. In 40 deep 7 ra wa Cox’s Creek,
na tia seca averages :
over nearly 70 miles,
Depth of well, 70 re es — of water in well, 18 feet. The
average of 24 wells on the w: watershed of Cox’s Creek is as
288 ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS.
follows :—Depth of well, 62 feet ; depth of water in each well, 22
feet. I may here mention that west of Cox’s Creek, at a distance
of 10 miles or less, loose sandy soil is encountered, and water, I
am credibly informed, can be obtained almost anywhere at from
10 to 20 feet from the surface. A sandstone formation extends
to the Castlereagh, and is covered with perhaps the grandest iron-
bark forest in the Colonies. Of the 89 wells situated on the west-
ern watershed of the Mooki and the eastern and western water-
sheds of Cox’s Creek, the average depth is 63 feet 6 inches, and
the depth of water for each well is 17 feet 6 inches. From one
end to the other along Cox’s Creek an unlimited supply of good
water may be obtained at an average depth of 50 feet. Of the 89
wells of which I have spoken as lying on the watershed of Cox's
Creek and the Mooki, I find that 73 bottomed in sand or gravel
with an abundance of good fresh water. Six bottomed in clay,
with water brackish or salt ; eight on rock, with water hard to
brackish ; one in sand, with water bitter; and one in rock, wi
water good. The average depth of these last 16 wells I find to be
90 feet ; three of them reaching the depth of 170, 159, and 130
feet respectively. It will be observed from these facts that water
may be obtained at a moderate depth in sand or gravel almost any-
where in the county of Pottinger. Of course I am aware that
the information I have been able to collect is only a small drop
many of these
of the most
by the name of a “whip”
oucket to the other, is suspended over the well. by ee
elevate the
water. Many thousands of sheep are watered ization 8
superior value of a small well properly tubed w ;
ted. I have very little doubt that with boring machine ®
ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS. 289
16 inches in diameter could be made (and at one-tenth the cost)
which would supply the place of any of the large wells. In most
good wells the water shows a tendency to rise to the surface, and
in some cases does actually rise and flow over. If wells were bored
and tubed so that the water if it did rise could not escape through
layers of sand or the fissures in the various strata, the chances of
ving flowing wells would be considerably inereased. At a any
rate, in attempting to solve the problem “ Where does our rainfall
go?” boring machines must be called into requisition, and it may
happen, when. our store of general knowledge has been added to by
information similar to that which I have endeavoured to place
before this sa cep to-night, collected from all parts of the colony,
the vast interior plains about the Darling may be rendered as pr
fitable and productive as any other of the more favoured portions
of this great land. Lieutenant Maury, in his celebrated work on
“Oceanic Currents,” begins with the startling sentence “ There is
ariver in the ocean.” It may fall to the lot of some member of
in the earth,” and, with the assistance of those who are in a
tion to render it, to indicate their locality, the depth at which sng
may be found, suk how rendered serviceable to mankind.
Postscript. rican map which accompanies this paper has_been
Prepared by is. Gad ein , Licensed Surveyor, msg A. P. D. = Mtevomd
Land Agent ; $ ie sine may therefore be relied u
ON WELLS IN LIVERPOOL PLAINS.
290
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A REPORT ON
WELLS |
K. ABBOIT E,
COUN: TY oF POTT! INGER
Me:
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PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHED AT THE GOVT. PRINTING OFFICE,
SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES.
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PROCEEDINGS.
295
PROCEEDINGS
‘os
Te,
OF THE
ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
WEDNESDAY, 12 MAY, 1880.
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
Charles Moore, F.L.S., V.P., in the Chair.
uring the y, umber of mé
Society has lost by death is four, by resignation ten, and by
removal fro
rs, V1Z, :—
Mr. George Bentham, FR.S, V.P.LS, C.M.G., &e, the Royal
Gardens, Kew ; Dr. Charles Darwin, F.R8, M.A.
€nsington ; Pro: ‘ 5
V.P. Z.8., &e,, the British Museum ; making the total number
of honorary members nineteen. Mr. R. Etheridge, jun., F.G.S.,
&c., of the British Museum, has been elected a correspon
296 PROCEEDINGS.
this date; after this is paid, a balance of £200 will be left, which
the Council propose for the present to leave in the Bank asa
fixed deposit, at 6 per cent. At the Council meeting held on
April 28, it was unanimously resolved to award the Clarke
"memorial medal for the year 1878 to Professor Owen, C.B., &e. ;
G.
porated with the forthcoming volume. During the year the
Society has held eight meetings, and the majority of the Sections
have held regular monthly meetings. The report of the curators
of the geological cabinet shows that it contains thirty-six specimens,
and the Society’s microscopical cabinet now contains about 200
_ slides.”
-_« The following Financial Statement for the year ending 30th
April, 1880, was presented by the Honorary Treasurer :-—
GENERAL ACCOUNT.
rs ch ees
58 0 2
0
,» Hire of hall and rooms to sundry Societies 1611 0 726 15 6
£784.15 8
EXPENDITURE. ere
By Temporary laying on gas in large Hall of
University for conversazione .........--- 5 0 0
» Refreshments for 815 persons at conver-
eneione 203 Sis. RA I y2 66
»» Sundry expenses—conversazione .....6+++++++++ 17 5
»» Furniture and effects ..........sseceseeeseneeeesers 73 5 8
” or isc ss bi cntvevuns prewepewes™® 42 12 1
if Printing Sesersbocerebereucee 6:1:
,, Engraving illustrations for Journal .........-- 2517 6
», Stationery pipers 1:43:42
PROCEEDINGS, 297
EXPENDITURE—continued,
£ a a. £a d,
By Book-binding re ge ES
re eaten rea 25 11 11
5 sate i ONS ON Papers) ..........eeaes 6 6 0
» De Brg Hoes Society’s g ois 2 tomembers... 415 6 ?
»» Petty tage 32 0 0
»» Freight, sidtaas packing-cases, &c. 1015 3
»» Insurance - books and furniture ........... ¥. S-@
» Gas Accoun 291 6 9
» , Assistant scemennaes salary to 30th April,
1880 (12 months) 8 2
am ae to i 3 30, 1880 eee ities 10 0 0
rvey examinations ...... Ls
” Ditto re poahanente at monthly stieetihign 14 4 0
», Covering and packing exchanges
ie presentations to ae Societies ...... i = :
» Exchange on country cheques ... .......sc0000
eas. vee 553 8 5
” — — transferred to Building A/c. 47 5 0
»» Hire 16 11 0
a began see ONG MBUTANCE ........c00500000 29 1 0
shanna 19217 0
»» Balance in Union Bank, 30th April, 1880) ...........40 3810 3
oe 15 8
ore. — Vouchers for the — mentioned in the note to last penny
Balance Sheet have been produced. fy
a G. A. WRIGHT, Honorary Treasurer.
W. H. WEBB, Assistant + Secretary.
Audited—
R. A. A. MOREHEAD.
A. S. WEBSTER.
30th April, 1880,
BUILDING FUND ACCOUNT.
RECEIPTS.
To Amount at ae deposit in Union Bank 200 0
» Balance in U nm Bank, 30th April, isi9 «6-66 9
» Rent of hall to Academy of Art ......:c0-+0+++ 200 0
»» Hire of rooms to sundry Societies ..........++ 16 11
»» New members’ yma fees, transferred
eeeeeeeee
ope ss 1210 0
£610 16 6
.
298 PROCEEDINGS.
EXPENDITURE.
= ee aT fa @
By ‘City one Gee aL, 8 ARR Ua CR ane 4..1- 9
», Interest on £2,000 @ “a to 3lst March, 1880. 120 0 0
;, Insurance on BN ce oesncay, ocskaoees. 5. Dod :
: ee 129 1 0
2 t at fi sepa Ist tae 1879. ... 100 0 0
‘ iy 13th — 100 ie
n p 2nd Fal ay 9a00 50:08
a 300 0 0
, Balance in the Union Bank, 30th April, 1880 ..... ...... 18115 6
£610 16 6
H. G. A. WRIGHT, Honorary Treasurer.
W. H. WEBB, Assistant Secre retary.
Audited, —
R. A. A. MOREHEAD.
A. 8S. WEBSTER.
30th April, 1880.
STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES FOR THE YEAR
ENDING 30rn APRIL, 1880.
SSETS. £8 4
To Balance in Union Bank to cr apc wal General Account ...... 3810 3
5 a id ptions and entrance fees re 34 13 0
” urniture, painting, books, &c. oe unknown— en ;
4 ay ia ed “ .. 1,000 0 0
,, Rent of room due from Sr. Simonetti ERE AALS 13 0 0
.» Hire of hall due from Sr. Simonetti ............sccceeeeeeeeeeeees 110
” ” ” Uni agai Musical Society ..scs-n 22 ;
9 ” ” De. Renwitk 4 skewer es 1 1 0
2 » ” Mr. H c Dangar .....ssccssessceneees 11 0
” Barton, M.D. A. ......++esenerrees 1k 9
” Rooms due for Surv urvey Examination ..........+::1+s0++ 517
» >» Academy of Art—proportion of Gas Account due from 60
May, 1879, to May, 1880 ........sssccceseeerteeeereenenress eas
- ema in Wisshoth-ssresk (cost of purchase) . 3,525 18
;, Balance in Union Bank to credit of Building Fuad “Account 181 pon
;, Amount of fixed Reunite — 300
£5,115 1 9
ILITIES. :
” Triibner & Co.—Periodicals ..... ..c.ccceecseenenesenenerssrenent® 47 9 8
, By Alexander Dean—Bookcases in Library, and es 1a 0
to building, cog cane deus 000 0 0
” eB Hee Bank—Loan on mortgage.......-:ccssreecesreneseent® - 2,000 70
, Balance of Assets pet "Liabilities D ecimacanenss eaese ee 2,
£5,115 1 9
H. G. A. WRIGHT, Honorary Treasuret:
Examined— W. H. WEBB, Assistant Secretary- ‘
A; A. ——
A, 8. WEBST
30th April, 1880.
The statement was adopted.
PROCEEDINGS. 299
Dr. P. Sydney Jones and Mr. A. S. Webster were elected
Scrutineers for the election of a = members of Co
A ballot was then taken, and the followin gentlemen ¥ were
duly elected officers and members of Couneil for the current year:—
HONORARY PRESIDEN
HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HON. ‘LORD AUGUSTUS
LOFTUS, G.C.B., &c., &e.
ESIDENT:
Hon. Proressor SMITH, C.M.G., M.D., &c., &e.
CE-PRESIDENTS :
CHARLES MOORE, F.L.S.
a. £. RUSSELL, B.A., F.R.A.S., &e.
HONORARY TREASURER:
H. G. A. WRIGHT, M.RB.C.S.E.
HONORARY SECRETARIES
Proressor LIVERSIDGE, F.C.S., F. G. S., &e., &e.
Dr. ADOLPH LEIBIUS, F F.C.S.
COUNCIL
DIXON, W. A., F.C.S. MONTEFIORE, E L
HIRST, G. D. ROLLESTON, C., C.M.G.
HUNT, ROBERT, F.G.S. WILKINSON, C. S., F.G.S.
The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of
the Society :—
; MB. CM, Edin., M.R.C.S., Eng., Sydney.
ydney.
The ce:
time, and of for she first time
~ unced that a number of copies of two works
by Dr. Sebeeaburek. "of Adelaide, had been received, from t the
PK for distribution amongst the members upon application,
Viz. +
1. “On the Naturalized Weeds and other Plants in South
2. “On the Urari ; the Death eet Poison of the Macusis,
an Indian Tribe in British Gui
Also, that a small apparatus the ‘me of Dr. Urban
Pritchard, intended to facilitate the preparation of animal tissue
~ microscopic examination, had been presented to the Society by
Mr. R. A. A. Morehead. iA
Three hy and twelve donations were laid upon the table.
300 PROCEEDINGS.
The following letters from Mr. Darwin and Professor Owen
were read :—
Down, Beckenham, Kent.
“ Railway § Station, », Canes S.E.R.,
ear S r,
I be ui to soniye ae the receipt oly t your Poe letter of
August 7, ic nnounce to me that the Royal Society of New
South Wates ns eierecred on me the i nour at Tinceie me one of their
honorary members. I request that you will be so good as to express to the
Council my plcwiidanente an and thanks for ‘this petite
I remain, dear
Yours faithfall and obli
wipe
To A. Liversidge, Esq., Hon. Sec. Royal Society.
My dear Sir, London, British Museum, 27 October, 1879.
I have been favoured by your obliging letter of August 7th, Rs
conveying to me ph ets ying terms my election as honorary member
the Royal Socie ky of New South Wales. This mark of the sense of fs
— meeting of the sapere of the value of my —— labours I receive
as an ample reward ; the m tome as coming from the Colony
from which I have na en pres of the most teria subjects ane
bours. I return my most grateful and respectfal acknowledgments
Believe me, faithfully yours,
rm RICHARD OWEN.
Professor Liversidge, F.L.S., G.S., &c., Hon. Sec.
Upon the recommendation of the Council, Sir Joseph Dal
Hooker, M.D., K.C.S.1., C.B., F.R.8., &c., Director of the fer
Gardens, Kew, was unanimously elected an hon onorary me:
the Societ: Ret
The names of the Se of the different Sections of
the octets 'y were announced, viz.
Microscopy. Page ry Dr. Mo rris. Secretary: P. Pedley.
: H. G. A. Wright, M.R.C.S. ; G. D. Hirst;
W. Waste: and F. B. Kyngdon.
Literature and Fine Arts.—Chairman re ieee Ck
mi : es
Secretary: Percy E. W om and T
illiams.
Fen C.E.; L. W. Hart; A. L Jackson ;
Jon
Medical. — Chama: Alfred Roberts, M.R.C.S. Sooo
rs. Sydney Jones and H. N. M‘Laurin, Ur GA.
mittee: Drs. Cox, Schuette, Fortescue, and
Wright, M.R.O.S. 7
Mr. Cartes Moore, F.LS., V.-P., then read his address. ie
WEDNESDAY, 2 JUNE, 1880.
Hon. J. Surrn, C.M.G., V.-P., in the Chair.
There were about fifty members present.
The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confi
PROCEEDINGS. 301
The following gentlemen were duly elected corresponding mem-
bers of the Society, viz. :—
Hyde Clarke, Esq., V.-P., Ethnological Institute, London.
Major-General Sir Edward Ward, K.C.M.G., R.E., London.
F. B. Miller, Esq., F.C.S., Melbourne Mint.
And the following as ordinary members, viz. :—
Bush, Thos. James, Sydney.
Haege, Hermann, Sydney.
Hodgson, Wilfred, M.D., Sydney.
Willis, Rev. Robt. Speir, Manly.
The certificates of ten new candidates were read for the second
time, and of five for the first time.
hundred (400) members only about one hundred had subscribed to
the Building Fund ; he said it was necessary members should more
generally subscribe to the fund, and that if they did so the
removal of the debt should be an easy matter, as the Government
agreed to grant a pound for every two pounds collected.
Mr. CLarenpon Stuart asked whether the President was aware
that one of the candidates presided at the ballot box at the election 7
of officers and Council on the 12th May last?
The Cuarrmay in reply stated that it was part of the business
_ of the meeting supposed to be presided over by the Chairman of
the ێvening, but in order that the other business might go on, a
member of the Council was deputed to preside in place of the
Chairman at the ballot, which for convenience had to be conducted
in the library. He saw no impropriety in a member of the
Council so presiding, even although the same member happened to
have been proposed as a candidate. :
Mr. Srvuarr explained that he did not intend to suggest that
there was any impropriety in the proceedings, and he did not think
that the results of the ballot were affected in any way.
Ninety-one donations were laid upon the table, also a plaster
bust of Humboldt, presented by Herr Kretschmann.
Mr. Jony Tespurt, F.R.A.S., then read two papers, sont gh
On the Longitude of the Sydney Observatory,” and on “The
Opposition and Magnitudes of Uranus and Jupiter.” i
Professor Lrverstpcr then read a paper by Mr. E. A. Rennie,
MA, B.Se., &e., London, “ On the Acids of the Native Currant.
, A H. ©. Russert, BA. F.RAS, then read a paper on
Some New Double Stars, with remarks upon several Binaries.
B Some geological specimens were exhibited by Mr. Makin, of
t
302 PROCEEDINGS.
WEDNESDAY, 7 JULY, 1880.
Hon. Proressor Suiru, C.M.G., V.-P., in the Chair.
There were between thirty and forty members present.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members
of the Society :—
Beattie, Joseph A., Lic. K. and ee a Phys., Ireland ; Lic,
R. Coll. Surg. . Irel., Parram
Brown, John Studd, Dubbo.
Cox, George Henry, M.L.C., Sydney.
Gardiner, Rev. Andrew, M.A., Sydney.
Tredale, Lancelot Ue, Gunnedah,
Mackenzie, R., North Sho
Marano, G. v., M.D., Univ. Naples, Sydney.
Plummer, J ohn, Sydney.
Winter, Irving, Carroll.
The certificates of five new ee were read for the second
time, and of five for the first tim
At Professor Huxley’s roams ‘Professor Liversidge apologized
for the former’s non-acknowled t of his election as a
honorary member. Professor Liversidge read an extract from
letter in which Professor Huxley expressed his regret for the delay
owing to press of engagements, and begged that his best thanks
- conveyed to the Society for the honour conferred upon him, *
peor readiness at all times to give his services to f forward
objects of the Societ :
Professor Vives then read a paper by Baron Ferdinand
von Mueller, K.0.M.G., F.R.S, &e., “Ona Catalogue of Plante
collected during Mr. Alex. Forrest’s Geographical Exploration
North-west Australia in 1879.” The Orbit
Mr. Joun Tessurt, F.R.A.S., then read a paper on ° The
Elements e Comet L 1880, Great Southern Comet, "the same
being illustrated by a model.
fessor Uereeeace then read a paper by Mr. W. E. Abbott
on “ Ringbar and its Effects.”
Mr. reform: Preetgg and the Prestpent remarked that Mr
Abbott’s statements were not quite in accordance with the ny |
of certain other writers upon the subject.
Dr. Lers1us exhibited one of the cells used by Dr. W et
WEDNESDAY, 4 AUGUST, 1 es
Hon. Proressor Surru, C.M.G., fees in n the C
There were between thirty and forty members present.
The minutes of the last meeting were read an d confirmed.
PROCEEDINGS. 303
The ee gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of
the Societ
Finlayson, David, Sydney.
Forbes, Alexander Leith, M.A.,
Hill, John James, J.P., LR.O. Bates and LEP. and 8.G.L.M.,
Lambton, Newcastle.
Hill, J “nag Higham, M.D., Univ. Brussels, F.R.C,S. Edin.,
&c., Sydney.
0a: Robert Sydney.
es of five new candidates were read for the second
shinies and diree.f for the first time.
e Hon. TREASURER announced that a circular had been issued
Sisto donations were laid upon the table.
The Prestpent, on behalf of the Council, gave notice of motion
that, at the next general meeting, a resolution would be moved
that the n umber of members be limit ed to
. 8. Wixxrnson then read a paper by Dr. Ottaker Feist-
mantel, & On Geological Observations made in eae in Queens-
= New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasm
C. Russewt then described “ A new ag aS of printing
Parone and other Curves.”
tr. C. 8. Winxryson exhibited a piece of flexible sandstone
Pie at Agra, in India.
WEDNESDAY, 1 SEPTEMBER, 1880.
Hon. Proressor Suir, C.M.G., President, in the Chair.
There were about forty members present.
The minutes of the last meetin ing were read and confirmed.
The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members
of the Socie. iety -—
gy eae Gerald H., Marrickville.
Low, Andrew §., Merrylands.
Mokinwoy. Hugh Giffen, Newtown.
Manfred, Edmund C., Go
Oakes, Arthur M.B., Mast. Surg. L.R.C.P. and
W.,
LR.C.S., Edin. Woo. Tisbrkk
we certificates of three ar eecaee were read for the second
304 PROCEEDINGS.
Twenty-five donations were laid upon the table.
Tt was moved that the number of members be limited to 500,
therefore have to be postponed.
Professor Liverstpcr read a paper on “Hot Spring Waters
from New Britain and Fiji”; also one on “The Composition of
Cast-iron acted on by Sea-water.” ‘
Mr. H. GC. Russext read a paper on “ A new Barometer Table,
and said that the table had that day been brought into operation
for the first time.
Mr. Russett distributed copies of an improved weather map.
Professor Liverstpcr described and exhibited a collection of
minerals received from the Balade and other mines ™ ial
Caledonia.
WEDNESDAY, 6 OCTOBER, 1880. :
Hon. J. Surru, C.M.G., President, in the Chair.
There were about fifty members present.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. i
The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary mem»
of the Society :—
Ferguson, James W., Sydney.
Jackson, Robert, Sydney.
Paling, W. H., South Kingston. ee
The Sobtiiaton of one new calles were read for the seoond
time, and of eight for the first time.
elverton, Bournemouth, 9 A
My dear Sir, ‘ane, infor®-
I have just received with pleasure your letter of he a ously
ing me that the Royal Society of New South Wales hav’ iatter mys
elected me one of their corresponding members. I cannot es
PROCEEDINGS. 305
that this high — is my due on account of my scientific attainments,
nor can I ho any future act of mine to show bakes worthy of it. I
ee t, _ rab gratefully as a generous recognition of the interest
which I felt in the infant growth of the Society, and, with pleasure, as a
cause of science in New South Wales. Will you kindly convey my nag
to the Royal Society as to an old friend from whom it is a pleas
receive a favour, an
Believe me, yours a
D. WARD
To A. Liversidge, Esq., Hon, Sec. Royal Society, N. S. Wales.
Royal Gardens, Kew, 5 July, 1880.
My dear Sir,
I have the sage - acknowledging the Pm od of your letter of
12 May, informing the Royal Society of
elected me an we Mea eae of their body ; and of requesting that you
convey to the President and Fellows of the iety my sincere thank:
ho Z
society of gentlemen representing so high a scientific position as
Australia’s oldest Colony has ar to. Their flattering recognition of
my van e Australia is very acceptable, and I
them for it.. The volume f ‘the Society’s Journal has safely reached
my hands, and I find the first article to be spec sees - resting to me.
eve me ine Sir, most faithtu ours,
t Jos. DH HOOKER.
A. Liversidge, Esq., Hon. Sec. Royal Society of N. 8. Wal
The Presipent remarked that it was cratifying to find that
the small honours which the Society was able to give had been so
much appreciated.
Professor —— — read a paper on “ The Composition of
Coral Limestone.” marks upon ae same were made
the Rev. J. E Spicneanaan F.G.8.,
Mr. W. A. Drxon, F.C.8., read a paper sp gag the “ Inorganic
Constituents « of the Coals of New South Wales.
Dr. Lerervs read a paper by Mr. F. B. Gres, on “ A com pari-
son between the Prospect and Kenny Hill Schemes of Water
Supply for Sydney.”
It was resolved that the discussion upon Mr. Gipps’s paper be
adjourned till the next Wednesday.
_ ‘The Crarrman announced that the Council had decided to give
in the Society’s Hall a meeting of a different character from the
form of monthly meeting, and he had been sousen? by t the
there would be a notice in the newspapers, but it was not the i in-
tion to send out circulars; those present would tak
Notice. The — of the Council intended to take upon
806 PROCEEDINGS.
beca
had eter been put to large expenses connected with the
i ildin
ancing,
He trusted there would be a good ee at the age cea
meeting, and regretted they could not in the ladies, as the
Society’s rooms would not be large toe ihente
WEDNESDAY, 13 OCTOBER, 1880.
ADJOURNED ORDINARY MONTHLY MEETING.
Hon. Proressor Situ, C.M.G., President, in the Chair.
stn — about fifty members present.
The following ORT took part in the adjourned discus-
sion jibe Mr. Gipps’s paper :—Mr. Trevor Jones, Mr. Clarendon
Stuart, Dr. Belgrave, Paitesor Smith, Mr. Goodlet, Mr. Alexander
Dean, ‘and Mr. Poolman; Mr. Gipps replied.
WEDNESDAY, 27 OCTOBER, 1880.
SPECIAL MEETING.
Hon. Prorsssor Smirn, C.M.G., President, in the Chair.
There were about 100 members present.
A lecture was delivered before the members of the Society -
William Lant Carpenter, B.A., B.Sc., F.C. _ ban
Daily Practical Applications of Electricity in Am
The President conveyed the thankcs of the Society to Mr.
Carpenter for his interesting lecture
WEDNESDAY, 3 NOVEMBER, 1880. :
Hon. Proressor Smiru, C. a G. 7 in the Chair.
There were about thirty mem prese:
The minutes of the last meeting were ae but being incom
plete were not signed.
The following gentleman was duly elected an ordinary member
of the Society :—
Scrivener, Charles Robert, Middle-street, Marri .
The certificates of eight new candidates were read for ee
time, and of five for the first time.
Thirty donations were laid upon the table
‘A letter ‘was. roeciesd. fem ties, Aas Count
thanking the Society for the poe a it had. taken with respect 1
Mr. F. B. Gipps’s paper upon “The Water Supply for teas “—
Professor LiversipcE read a paper on “ Some New South by
Minerals,” and one on ‘ Piturie.” The papers were ill
specimens and preparations of “ Piturine” and of its salts.
PROCEEDINGS. 307
Some remarks upon the latter were made by Mr. Charles Moore,
F.C.8., and the Chairman.
Mr. W. A. Dixon, F.C.S., then read a paper on “ Salt-bush and
Native Fodder Plants.”
Mr. Russett then read a paper by Mr. T. K. Abbott, P.M.,
Gunnedah, on “ Wells in the Liverpool Plains.”
Two specimens of serpentine rock from Port Macquarie, pre-
sented to the Society by Mr. P. N. Trebeck, were exhibited.
WEDNESDAY, 1 DECEMBER, 1880.
Hon. J. Surrn, C.M.G., President, in the Chair.
There were about forty members present.
_ The minutes of the monthly meeting, held October 6, the ad-
Journed meeting, October 13, the special meeting, October 27, and
the last meeting, November 3, were read and si
Mr. W. G. Murray suggested that the minutes of discussions
should be limited to the mere record of the names of speakers, but
resolutions and notices of motion to be entered in extenso.
The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members of
the Society :—
Agdie.¥; G: Murray and P. N, Tressck were appointed
Auditors of the accounts to be laid before the Society at the annual
tae tty-six donations were laid upon the table, and the thanks of
Th y ordered for the same. ‘
role © Cuatrmay announced that a draft Act of Incorporation had
Prepared, and would be submitted to the consideration of the
es at an adjourned meeting.
i C. Russert, B.A., F.R.A.S., then read a paper on
“Th Recent Changes on the Surface of Jupiter,” also one upon
Sg and Hail Storms.”
;_ G. D. Hirst then read a paper entitled “ Remarks on the
wus of Jupiter's Belts, and some changes observed thereon
Tt position of 1880,” h
ee ha resolved that the meeting be adjourned to = *
Zz
308 PROCEEDINGS.
WEDNESDAY, 8 DECEMBER, 1880.
ADJOURNED MONTHLY MEETING.
Hon. Proressor Suitu, C.M.G., President, in the Chair.
uae certificates of four new candidates were read for the first
~ ofessor LIVERSIDGE read a paper on “ A specimen of fossilized
Wood,” from Inverell, N.S. W.
ome remarks upon the same were made by Messrs. C. 8.
WILKINSON and W. A. Dixon.
Professor LiversiperE then read a paper on “ The Composition of
some New Sout ales Coals.’
A erage eens in which the following gentlemen took
part —Messrs. A. Dray C. 8. Wiikrnson, ALEXANDER
eciaies, WW. A. enien Hon. E. A. Baker, and the OHAIRMAN,
e titles * the following papers by Professor LivERSIDGE
were poi hn
i. é The Composition and Microscopic Structure of some
New South Wales Rocks.’
2. “The Barratta and Bingera Meteorite
The draft Act for the incorporation of the ‘Boots was read by
Professor LiversipGe.
It was moved by Mr. C. Rotteston, C.M.G., seconded by Mr.
H. C. Russet, ated duly carried, that the draft as ‘read be approved.
The proof of a geological sketch map of New South Wales, com-
piled from the original map of the late Rev. W. B. Clarke, M.A,
F.R.S., by Mr. C. 8. Wilkinson, was exhibited to the Society
the Hon. E. A. Baker, Minister for Mines.
A new electric constant bichromate battery was exhibited by
Mr. H. ©. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S.; five cells were shown in
action, these were sufficient to keep six inches of No. 20 platinum
wire at a white heat. Mr. Russell explained that —
of the battery is obtained by allowing the fresh solution to off
into the cells at the top whilst the exhausted solution is drawn
at the bottom ; the solution is thus kept constantly rene ewed.
309
ADDITIONS
TO THE
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TRANSACTIONS, JOURNALS, Reports, &c.
ABERDEEN :—The Aberdeen University Calendar, 1880-81.
The University.
ADELAIDE :—Addresses delivered at the eH of the Foundation Stone of
the South Australian Institute, 7 Nov.
Annual Report South ig stralian Institute, "1879-1 1880.
‘overnors, South Australian Institute.
Transactions and Pro bee ngs and Report of the Philosophical Society
of Adélaide, South ‘Kebtralio. for 1878-79.
d Proceedings and Report of the Royal Society ad South
’ wg ety.
iy
& ‘i
he Progress condition of the Botanic Gaden and
ne eel Piagpitions ghee the year 1879.
rr. Schomburgk.
yr opnceng Observations made at the Adelaide Observatory during
The the year The Gow bserver.
Ade Inide University Calendar for the Academical Ye ar r 1881.
ie The rh agit 7 Ada aoe.
T second ent’s Report of the Uni ener NP the State os "New Yor
te -sevent oun ty-aighth: Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth, and Thirty-
— al Report of the New York State Museum of Natural
Fitty-cigntd, Fifty-ninth, Sixtieth, and d Sixty-first Annual Report of the
e New York Sta brary.
— of the ae eee of pe eer on the Normal School.
es of the State Library, Albany, New York.
aarbock van Sire page Akademie van Wetenschappen
Vera Prost d in Amsterd 1878.
rhe bear ag rele oo Koninklijke Akademie van Wettens-
unde Tweede ery Veertiende Deel.
Thane oo 1 Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam.
ae of Wiseonain. Vol. IT, 1878-1877.
accompanying above The Chief Geologist, Wisconsin
TRL : saith Ber der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissen-
uy, Angus, Se r, October, N hey, 387%
Sivaacy, March April, *Misy, poet Angus Tas Academy.
310 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY.
‘BIsTRITZ rte Jahresbericht der Gewerbeschule zu Bistritz in —
The Direet
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New Series, Vol. V. Whole Series. Vol. XIII, Parts II and I.
Vv. The Academy.
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History.
Vol. XIX, ~ III and IV.
Memoirs of the Boston Society of Spat px: History.
Vol. I
Ill, Part I. Numbers The Society.
BRAUNSCHWEIG Flea nyr4 sn rs fiir Naturwissenschaft zu
Braunschweig, 1879-8' The Society.
rey Bag Sg of the Fiat Society of Queensland, for the
1879.
hocose upon Economic Tropical Horticulture in Northern es
by , ELS.
L. A. Bernays
Cazen :—Mémoires de piuaitas Nationale des Sciences, ie ne ie
Lettres de Caen, 1879. The Academy.
Caxcutra :—Memoirs - ~ —— Survey of India—
Vol. XVI.
Vv.
XVII. Parts FT and 2.
Do, (Paleontologia Indica) Series a Part ge
mes 5 ERI”
X Parts 4 and 5.
manele of the Canopies Survey of India—
Vol. XII. Parts 2 and 3 an
XII. L sa 2. by W
Scientific Results of ‘the ceo Yarkand Mission Rhynchota pa V6
Distant. rintendent ef: the Geologient Survey of In dia.
aie 4” of the aaa Society of Bengal—
187
6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.
Nos. 1, 4, 5, 1880.
Jeeeial of the Asiatic Bie of Bengal—
Vol. XLVIII. Part bea ps 2, 4. ples
3? ”
iL
REA Nos. 1 and 3. 1880.
1880.
jus
Extra number to Part i, for 1878.
Descriptions of new Indian Lepidopterous Insects. Part Te, Bock
CAMBRIDGE M emanel U.S.A. :—Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology at Harvard College, oy e (Mass).
Vol. Nos. 3, Any Ay , 9, 10, 15, - oe oa
and 2, 3, 4, 6; 7; 89s
Vv
Annual Re rt of the a, of the Museum, 1879-80.
The Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the ( United States and -
atau aia of ae rth Ameri “aie pe
text and 1 vo pol. plates ae a Cu, Mass waeum.
fags wy te Cams mologic:
id ne Nos. 69, 70, cay 13,73, 74, 7, 76, 77 ihe Batt
Carr a. ses or ae of the South phical Soci
Vol. I. 1877-80.
I. PartsIand II, 1877-78. The Society
oan
ee a
ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 311
CasseL :—Bericht des Vereines fiir Naturkunde zm Cassel.
XXVI and XXVII. The Society.
seg hse :—Mémoires de la Société Royale des Antiquaires du Nord.
ew
Tilleg til abies for Nordisk oldkynighed og Historie. 1866.
The Society.
Dison :—Mémories de l’Academie des Sciences, Arts, et Belles-Lettres de
jon.
3 Série, Tome V, 1878-9. The Society.
EN :—Archiv fiir Literaturgeschichte. By Dr. Franz Schnorr von
Carolsfeld—
Band VII, Heft 3 —
VIII, Heft 1 :
Fihrer durch aie Theme der Kénigl. Sichs. Porzellan-und Gefass-
ammlun
Verzeichniss a dce Konigl gn Bibliothek z Dresden.
Neue Werke, 1876, 1877, 1878.
Periodische Litera’ atur, 18
Die ~ sg oferta Ausschmiickung der Albrechtsburg zu Meissen. By
Dr. elm Rossmann.
a ber die Verwaltung der Kéniglichen Sammlungen fiir Kunst
paeacemom + zu Dresden, 1876 and 1877.
Zeitschrift fiir Museologie und An a: uititenkunde sowie verwandte
Wissen ok ety Erster Jahrgan, :
snot von funfzigjihrigen Beobachtungen der Witterung mu
Mittheilungen aus dem K. Stem ma Museum zu Dresden. Heft II.
Die Decorative Kunst Beitrage zur Ornamentik fiir Architektur und
unstgewerbe, by L. Grad er. (Consisting of 10 plates.)
Die General Direction der Kin iglichen Sammlungen
enschaft zu Dresden
eee des Vereins fiir Erdkunde za Dresden— :
XVI. Wissenschaftlicher The The Society
eg K. Sachsischen ae Bureaus—
IV, 1878, Hef d 4,
Corres; cet mie 3 = Gesellschaft— oo eat
pondenzblatt der Afrikani ri S
No. 31. 1 April, 1878. The Sooiety]
Desuay : —Proceedings of the — Trish en ts
Vol. I. Ser. 2. Nos. 3 to 10 inclusi
The Transactions of the Royal Trish pent
Vol. X cience, Parts 9 to 15, inclusive
9 =e og Literature,
9 arts 9, 16, Li
“a XXV. Parts 1 to 9 inclusive The Academy.
oN : ae some gee of the Edinburgh Geological Society—
to)
IE Body art 3. ke The Society.
E gman ngs of fhe R Royal Society of Edinburgh— The Soci ‘ety.
Edinb
Transctions and | Proceedings of the Botanical Society, oe hacia.
M. ce iiber die Senckenbergische naturforschende
Gesellschaft, 1878-79.
Abhandlungen. 1878-79. Band XI. Heft 4 The Society.
Bb2 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY.
GorTINGEN :—Nachrichten von der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften
und der caval sts-Universitit, for years 1877 and 1878.
a Gesellschaft der Wiss senschaften zu Gi
Hatrrax (Nova Scotia) PE A and Transactions of the Nova Scotian
— of Natural Science
vol,’ Vv, Part I. 1878-79. The Institute.
Hate (A. S.) :—Nova = — C.L.C.G. Nature Curiosorum.
Vols. XXXIX a:
Leopoldina. Heft Sie XIV. 6 a
RK. Le opoldinisch—Car olinisch Deutsche Akademie
ie i Naturforscher zu Halle, A.S., Prussia.
HAMBURG :—Mittheilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft in Posy
Heft II. 1878-79.
aed A Rarng ia) :—Erster Jahresbericht der Gesellschaft fiir wie
e zu Hanover, 1880. The Society.
HARLEM : iiastods Nrlndaines des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles.
Tome XIV. Liv.
The Society.
Archives du Musée ‘heyter. :
Vol. V. Part The Directors.
Hosart Town : alee of Tasmanian Salmon Commissioners for 1879.
The Secretary to the Com
Towa : ee of the Iowa be papa Service.
be n. to ye 1878 (in
an. to April, 1879 (in inel »)
First Biennial Rep ort of the Central Station of the Iowa Weather
ice,
Comparison by Years of Results of Observations made at the Central
tation, Iowa Weather Service, Soe ary te July, 1880.
Flag Sign:
Diveotiana: ee —— Reporters of ae Weather Servi —
emgestrane to the American Association for the Advancement OF
cience lteter e Re * of Pkened Loomis, re Sig:
U. S. Army. por . The Director, Iowa Weather Service.
JENA :—Jenaische Zeitschrift fiir Naturwissenschaft, heransgegeben von der
Medicinisch—naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu
, NF VII. Bd. 1, 2, 3, 4, Heft. 4 Natur
Sitzungsberichte der Jenaischen Gesellschaft fiir Medicin un Society
wissenschaft fiir das Jahr 1879. The
enc oer :—Schriften der Physikaliseh-6konomischen Gesellschaft 7
énigsberg.
seit ; and 2, veer pein 1877, 1878, 1879. Whe Society.
les.
Leiria ete de a Société Vaudoise des Sciences Nature
ol. XVI. No, The Society
Vi
Society
—Annual Re ore the Leeds Philosophical and Literary ety
"agg 1879-80. ack The
z :—Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique. The Society:
Tome V, 1877-78.
LILLE :—Société Géologique du Nord. ‘ett.
Annales VI, ts 70. The 0
ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 313
Lonvon :—Proceedings of the Sore porieiy.
Vol. XXIX. Nos. nny
, 202, 20
1,
Philosophical i aes weg 0 Royal Bact of mg pon os
Vol. 164. Pa 1874,
e . ~ AP 1875.
» 166. y> em 2 166
167.
yy 108. Extra volume.
» 169. Partsland2. 1878.
170. z a 2. 1872.
We 80.
171. _
List of | Fellows, &e. 'D The Society.
Journal of the Que wr Microscopical Club.
os. 41, 42, 43, 44 The Club.
Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society.
Vol. II. Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 74.
7. Weis eienme The Society.
Journal of the Royal ‘Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
7a 31. Pa
MAL. Part 1 1, 2, 3, 4 The Society.
TheJ: mate of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
Vol. IX. Nos. 2,
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Report of the proceedings “2 the Second International ddgteardiogioal
Congress at Rome, 1879
“cosagcae to the Meteorology of the Pacific, N
oan or Navigator’s Islands. By R. H. Sectt, M
F)R.S.
Report of the Meteorological Maines year ending 31 March, 1879.
Meteorology of the Arctic Regions. Part II.
ggasi ogical rr tnctarr is at Stations of the Second Order, for the
878.
Repeat a of the Meteorology of Kerguelen Island. By Rev. 8. J. Perry,
3.
Aids to the Study and Forecast of Weather. By W. Clement Ley,
The Meteorological Office.
Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects. ae
Vol. XXI. 1880. The Institution.
aga ee of the Royal gree Society.
Wien 3, 4,
Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical fecal Societ
Vol. XLI. 1879. (18 plates. The Society.
dings of the Royal Geological Society.
Vol. f. Nos. 11 i 12. Title and aie a for 1879. ;
os. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 The Society.
Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions.
Nos. 449 to 4584 ad to 461, 462 to 470, inclusive.
Porta 113, 114, 25 dts
, 116, TL 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 126, 124, 1 By
Histone’ Sketch of the Progress of Pharmacy in Great t Britain a
Jacob Bell and Theo. Redwood. The Society
Journal of the Royal United thi Institution.
Vol. XXII.” Nos. 1 102, 1
XXIV. Nos. 104, 105, 106, 107.
Distribution List of Members on Active Service. 1 ie Faskitution.
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Vol. VI. gi,
314 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY.
Lonpon (continued)
gis ic mee the pena Society of London.
OL iil. y-October, 1879.
is Part 3 Nevo mber, 1879- -February, 1880.
arch-July The Society.
List of Feiows, Minbar, Licentiates, &c., of the Royal College of
Physici The College,
The J eeriad of the Linnean a
Zoology—Vol. XV. ; 82, 83, 84.
pees Mo XVII. Nos. 13, 104, 105, 106, 107,
VITt. 08. The Society.
Quarterly Sournal of the Motaceulogical Society.
ol. VII. Nos , 35.
List of Fellows of the Meteorological Society. 21 January, 1880.
The Society.
Proceedings of = Beige Institution of Great Britain.
Vol. IX. No. 70.
No. 71. The Institution.
Report of the Council ‘of the Royal Colonial Institute. 30 June, 1880.
Proccedings of te Royal Colonial Institute.
Vol. XI. 1879-80. Lhe Institute.
Mareure :—Forty-three (43) Pam: hlets, Medical Theses, &c.
. ~ . The larry:
Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft zur Beférderung der gesammten
Naturwissenschaften zu Marburg, 1878 and 1879
Zur Ernihrungslehre des gesunden Menschen. ByF, W. Beneke. 4
Ueber vier Archimedeische Polyeder hiherer Art. By Dr. Edmun
Hess
Zur Kereiingis einfacher en und deren Verhiiltniss
zur Tuberkulose. Dr. Max Schottelius.
Ueber das Volumen des fate ns, &c., &c. ee F. W. Beneke.
Ueber die meee — Aorta shioteuciix By F. W. Beneke. ‘
—— bani te der Iliacae communes subclaviae und Carotides
Ase By . Beneke. By Dr
Der Primitiostreifen bei Vogelembryonen (Hahn and Gans). By Ur.
asser.
on a Grip lees f° der gesammten Natur-
nschaften in Marburg.
MELBOURNE :—Reports of the Mining tae and Registrars.
Quarter ended 31st Dec., 1879.
> Re ae Mar., 1880
2?
He \
os Survey of Victoria. ”’No. oT Tapert of Progress, by the
or Min
Mineral § Statistics of Victoria, for the year 1879.
Report of the Chief Inspector of Mines, a or o she Minister of Wie -
Second Annual Report of the Government Statist of the proceedings of
Friendly Societies, Victoria, 1879.
Agricultural Statistics, 1879-80.
stralasian Statistics for the year 1879.
Victorian Year Book for 18° 1878,
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Part Vor
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g
wy i
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MELBOURNE (continued) :—
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ge os at Beit
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VIII. Accumula
IX. Religious, "Mees, and Intellectual Progress.
eo
Statist.
Proceedings on laying Foundation racers ~ the Wilson Hall of the
University of Melbourne, 2 October,
rhe he Council of en cbt
Astronomical Observations at Melbourne Observatory, in 1871-2-3
and 5. Vo The Governiuent ar resales
— of the Statues and Busts in Marble and Casts, in the Natio:
of Vic
Catalogu a the Objects of Ethnotypical Art in the National Gallery
(The Trustee of the Public Library, Museums -
‘ational coc itil oe of Victoria.
Transactions and Proceedings of the oe Society of Vie ays ——
he
Oficial Catalogue of 1 of ane Melbourne samersmepgs cies
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The Registrar General.
Merz :—Zweiter Jahresbericht des Vereins fiir Erdkunde zu we 205
Minpxzs: gels, Institute.
ge er Journal of the Iron and Steel Ins The Institute.
Mineapout or etin of he Minnesota Academy of Natural parang
be the ears 1876 and 1877. The Academ
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F Memore el della Bagi Accademia di Scienze, The Academy.
gia ~—Tontyainth Fiat Report of the Natural History Society
on
Annuaire de Ville-Mari 1, 2, 3, and Supplement.
e de Ville-Marie. Vol. Ae a 44” Hugnet Latour, Mf. A.
Monrrrriier :—Mémoires de la Section des Sciences, Acadé mie i
et Lettres de Montpellier. Tome IX. 1] Fase. 1877, tithe
said TRelV.1870 de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscow.
Moxaouse Ec tin de la Société Industrielle de Mulhouse.
J October, Nov. —Dec., 1879. 1880.
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Moycnen : ee ars berichte der Mashienadische eye" Classe der K. of
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, 18
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316 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY.
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NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE tle-upon-Tyne Chemical Society.
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Mar. 25, Oct. 28, 1 The Society.
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Scie mces. Vol. IV. Part The Academy.
New York :—Proceedings of the American Chemical Society.
VoL I. No. 1, ss 3, 5.
2, 3, 4
” The Society.
Oxrorp :—Catalogue of Books wre to the ga Library during 1879.
Radcliffe Observations. Vol. XXXVI. 1876.
The gedit Trustees.
Paris :—Annuaire des Marées des Cédtes de France, for the year
gore e des Marées de la Basse Cochinchine et du Neekin ie the
1880.
Hydrographic Notices, South Pacific Ocean, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Renseignements Nautiques sur quelques iles éparses of the South Indian
ea.
—— des Cartes, Plans, Vues de Cétes, Mémoires, Instructions
tiques, &e. (by Pitydiogregibte Francaise).
Notice “Météorologiqne of the Seas between China and Japan (by M.
J. Revertégat).
Chart of “The Indian Sea. 2nd Feuille. One chart.
‘3 The Pacific sae One rece
Cs Duin Ointedl de 7 Depbt dea Cartes et Plans de la Marine.
Nouvelles — ae Musée d’Histoire lle.
Tom
= 9? ?
Notice sur la Transportation & la Gayen Francaise et & la Nouvelle
Calédo
E Age
gr, wads le progrés de la Therm papeeuienl de France, par M.
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Annuaire de la Marine et des Coloni nica
Rapport au President [ la République sur I’Enseignement Supériet?,
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ad itua eg oe inanciére de Commun a
are sur le Progrés de la Stratigraphie.
Com ~ en matiéres et en deniers de l’exploitation du Monopole des
"1874. a des
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1874.
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ena de gorge tome Polytech: Tar ‘ Polytechnique
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PuapELPHtA :—Journal of the Franklin Institute.
Vol. CVIII, No. 648.
CIX, ,, 649, 650, 651, — 653, 654.
8 », 655, 656, 657, 658 660.
C iE The Institute.
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ot VII, a
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ey of the ‘Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
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Pisa :—Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali.
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and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society.
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1880. Anno XIV. The Soc
SALEM :—Proceedings of the esas Association for the Advancement ot
Science. nis 26, 1877. Vol. 27, 1878. The Association.
itute Histo: ions. ol. XV.
Bulletin of the Essex Eostitate ute ® :
The Institute.
St. Pererssvre :—Bulletin de PAcademie eer des Sciences de
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RT :— Wii 1 1 1 Qotietik und Landeskun' de
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(Holmiz, 1880) with 20
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0
es rth 23. The Society.
of the earner Meteorological Conference held at Sydney,
R Nov. 11, 13, and 14, 1879.
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by H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S., F.M.
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TORONTO : hat Coa ee of the weet Institute.
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TREVANDRUM Preset" g Weta: Observations. Vol. I. By John
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TRIESTE ae oe Societa Adriatica di Scienze N: aie in a
LV. Noy he Society.
TRURO utes ae Res Magazine “va Journal of the prt
Society of Great Sig aa and Irelan
Vol
I. Noa: ay 14, 15,16, 17, 18. The Society.
basil — del Reale ae Veneto di Scienze, Leen ee Arti—
sesto. Serie quin ispensa Prima, Seconda, T
Me ore del Re re Tstituto NV enets di Scienze, Lateas ed Arti.
Vo Par The Institute.
VIENNA —Sitmngericht der K,. Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathe-
isch—Naturwiss : Classe
w Abt: 1. Band LXXVII. Heft V.
Sere Saeepree Fo m0 25 Mageigmomnnts BE» Pee 2°
Sys ieee a | i. hi oe
Eh cap 2 LXX sy de hg a
a avi” Sy ee
eee G eV eg iV, ¥.
Ofer co etgt fy & € 5 Camere pe te 2 Se eg
oe ED Pp OLAS 1 De
cp gy ee
. 2S BVI ake.
pie ii VIll. ~
oR ge Ee oe a
” - XX. ” ’ > mite "The Ac lemy.
LXXXI.
Zeitschrift der Osterrlcischen Gesellschaft fur} Meteorologie. A
aso “wal Heft ., April, May, June, July, Aug,
Sept., Oct., hag Dec "1980. .
Allgemein e Gicechichte des Zinnes. By E. Reye The dae
Mittheilungen de r K. K. Geographischen Genellachaft in Wien, l
and 1878, The Society.
eer ove dlungen der K. K. Zoologisch-botanischen Geacliechse in aba
Mitthellun en der Anthro logischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
d x. Nos. “4, 7, The Society.
Jahrbuch der K. K. Gustin Reichsanstalt.
Band XX Nos. 3and 4, 1879.
fos. 1, 2, 3. 1880.
Verhandlungen der K. K. Geologischen Reichsanstalt.
Nos. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. 1879. The Sociely
Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 1880.
a ee
ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 319
Vienna (continued :—
Jahrbiicher et K. K. Central-Anstalt fitr Meteorologie und Erdmag-
netismu
N. F. Band XIV. 1877.
> XV. 1878.
= XVI. 1879. The Society.
TOON : —U. * A i Exploration of the 40th Parallel. Sys-
tic Geology, 1.
age of the Chief of Enginee rs, 1878. Parts 1, 2, and 3,
Map of the Battlefield of ettysburg 3 sheets ts).
ie lan ampaign (in 5 sheets). _
a tlanta, Operations in front of. ©
a Re carvocs
Res iy ain.
5. ” Knox
6.
ville.
ee thine of the United States Forces under General Sherman.
cae The Chief of Engineers, Engineer Department, U. S. Army.
— of the American Medical Association—
Vol. 29, 1878. The Association.
come of yo the War of the ——
Volume. Part Sec
Surgeon General, U. S. Arm
List ~ nce ge of = North, Baltic, and White Seas, &e., corrected a
ri
List of Lights oF ‘ine British Islands, corrected to March 30, 1880.
Telegraphic Determination of Longitude of the East Coast of South
sai 1878 mere 1879.
Hydrographic Office, Bureau of Navigation.
Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1879.
e Comm sepia 3 -. mee
_ Researches on the Motion of the Moon, made at th 8. Nav:
servatory, Washington, by Professor N sec 4 ve
e U. S. Naval Observatory.
coe of the U. 8, Geological and Geographical Survey of the Terri-
es.
Vo Ma AS Nos. 2, 3, 4.
> Be
Citalogne of the Publications of the U. 8, Geological and Geographical
Survey of the * gar
Se etree * ona
U.S. Gerlopeat hide Aaectrebion} Survey of Colorado and adjacent
- Birds of the Color Vall
ey (Coues
Bibliogrs bugetaphy of N oe : paar Paleontology. By Drs. C.
olson.
Nic
‘Tiastraions gpa reas us ona Tertiary Plants of the Western Terri-
The tories of the United Sta
Director of the Geologieat st Geographical Survey of the Territories.
of the eS S. Entomological Commission on the Rocky
_ Mountain Locust, 18 The Entomological Commission.
Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1877. ae
The Institution.
a the wary hical conciage? of Washington :
bi
ber 10, 0, 1872. November fue) _ ;
Ri Sovenbart 9, 1878, June 1 The Society.
320 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY.
WASHINGTON tone, ued) :—
ry 0 ih American Pinnipeds. By Joel Asaph Allen.
parvo of the’ Ues. Geclogiond and Geographical Survey of the Terri-
Vol. rae No. The Hon. the whiten # 4 the Interior.
hey of the Chiet Signal Monies War Departmen
Daily Bulletin of the Signal Service, U. S. A. :
ovember and December, 1 1874.
875.
nu ary, February, and March, 1877. The Signal Office.
United States Coast Sis urve ey, 1875.
bene States —— Survey Report, 1876.
1 Vol. Progr sshsageer
e U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Office.
Report of the Commissioner hat Agriculture, for the year 1877. _
The Commissi Agriculture.
WELLINGTON :—Manual of the Indigenous Grasses of New Zealand. By J.
F.L.S.
Buchanan, F.L.S.
Manual of the — Zealand Mollusca. By Professor T, W. Hutton,
F.
Palaontology of New Zealand. Part IV. Corals and Bryoza of the
Neozoic Period in New Zealand. By Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods,
Fifteenth Annual Report of the Colonial Museum and Labora’
he Director, Colonial g ae
Transactions and Proceedings of the New pee Institute,
Vv
. 1879.
Manual of the N Zealand Coleoptera. By C tain Thomas Broun.
ual of the New Ze Coleoptera. y Cap The tut
LT;
WURTTEMBERG a des Vereins fiir Vaterlindische Naturkunde
in Wiirttemberg, 1
ZAGREB (Hun,
Vi
ngary) :—
estnik cw ge eek oC Druztva.
Godina I ee 3, 4
Irvojesce hrvatskoga’ Pe cc a Druztva za Godina, a ae
MISCELLANEOUS.
oe of Donors in Italics.)
American Mail, Vol. V Howard Te
Autograph lot from Deine Persons (17) seventeen. H. H.
Speech on necessity of adopting a Fiscal Policy. John Vickers.
Etheridge, R., junr., F.G.S. :
' Notes on the Bivalves in the Gilbertson Collection.
On an Adherent uctus and if
Notes on Siluri hire.
Notice of ——s a of Fests from the Upper Silurian Series
of the Pen pro ted
ume" seems tee a cm of the Burdiehouse Limestone
at Grange Quarry, Burntisland.
es ae ee oe
Se oo pene eee Pe ee
ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. $21
R., junr., F.G.S.—continued.
Palzontol Notes, 1 and 2.
Contributions to British Merrstone sa
miferous and Post-Ter
Description of a New Species o: the Giawek Hemipatagus.
iferous Mollusca,
ous Polyzoa.
er Remarks on Adherent Carboniferous Productide.
On our present Knowledge of the Invertebrate Fauna of the Lower
iferous or Calciferous Sandstone Series of = Edinburgh
neighbourhoo
Description of Paleozoic Corals from Northern Queensland.
bservations on the swollen condition of Carboniferous Crinoi
On the Occurrence of a Macrurous Decapod (An secversey in : tie
Red Sandstone in the South-east of Scotlan
On the Genus Dithyrocaris in the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland.
On Ramipora in the Caradoc. The Author.
Foote, A. E. :—
Minerals, sony ae of. The Author.
Gibson, Geo. A. D.Se., Edin
e Sequence and "Duration of the ve Cardilic Movements. The Author.
eR aeiden Vo Vol, ti. continued. The Trustees of the Author.
i es, ‘Mao
Our Australian Cotictim: The Author.
Jack, Robert L., F.G.S.,
Report on the Bowen River Coal-
eld.
Report on the Geology and Mineral Resources of the District between
Charters’ Towers Goldfields and the Coast.
Geological Features of part of the Coast Range between the Dal-
rymple and Charters’ Towers
Sketch Map No. 2, of the District a Charters
lee ee Gold-field and the Coast. author.
ns wr a Arterial Drainage Laws of Ireland.
— wa Prof. Liversidge.
Lamb, H., M.A. :
Leond ative ont on the ¢ Motion of Fluids. The Author.
El Pa sto Filooote wae Professor Liversidge.
aan oeta Filosofo. 775. si dreaestal
Liversidge, Professor :
Ree aternatio onal Congress of Geologists. Paris. 1878.
port upon Museums for Technology, Science, and Art, &e.
The Author.
Manuel du Voyageur. Messrs. J. Wurster & Co., Zurich.
Monthly Bulletin, $l, 2. Nos. and 12.
| : ee A. B, Foote.
Mueller, ‘Baron Baron Ferd. v von, E’C.MG. F.RB.S., &e.
* Descriptive Atlas of the Kucalypts of Australia and the adjoining
: Sixth, and Seventh Decades. The Author.
Industsel B oe deserving Calture in in the Colony of Victoria.
Index login :
Perfectus ad Caroli Linnzi Species Plantarum. Whe bull
Ms — aes for gh ba bees whe vols.)
ve,
IST to 1 i H. G. A. Wright, MR.CS.L.
322 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY.
Programme and Wood-cut representing the site of yo in Tenens
the First Sod os ne First Australian Railw: :
Rath, Professor
Na farwissenschftliche Carta Erinnerungen an die Pariser Weltaus-
(Sections étrangéres es. ) The Author.
Sedgwick, -* Professor, M. ee ri R.
on a Passage in e President’s Address, delivered at the
“Ana ross = eeting Py the Geological Society of London, 15th
Febru rofessor
Sydney Morning Vierald, from Ist aneene Fag to 31st December, 1880.
(inclus on. James Norton, M.L.C.
Sydney Tubeimadionnd Exhibition, 1879 :
Victorian Court. Official Catalogue of Exhibits.
Queensland Court. eee 605 Essay on Queensland.
New Zealand Court. Official logue.
Handbook of New Zealand, Dy Dr. Hector, C.M.G.
Reports of the Oamaru Stone Co. Ld.
A Brief Account of the Natives of Western Aus alias 8 to illustrate
collection of Weapons, &c., sent to Syaiey Exhibitio
Joh ea C.M.Z.S.
Southern Science Record, tag land 2, J. Wing.
The Australian. Vol. Ill. No. 5.
is iV. ee. ve 3, 4, 5.
= Mi “yg L
2? VI. E. Sou
ee James The Westerly Winds of Brisbane, May to to September.
ene rm, Dr. ‘Ose Probenummer Botanisches Contralblatt. ae 1
The Author
a Arthur Wiliam, F.G.S. :
the T amet ryozoa and Polyzoa.
e Occurrence of Recent Heteropora. The Author.
Whitaker, “William, m, B.A., F.G.S. : the
List of Works on the > Geology, Mineralogy, and Paleontology of
Hamys ire
Ditto of Cheshire. Bae
Ditto 0 of Cornwall. Professor Liversidge.
Woods, Rev. W., Ph.D., F.L.S. : ceto the Flora
oye on the , Vegetable Kingdom, with special referen
ia.
_Biant Todigahans | in the Neighbourhood of Sydney. The Author.
ward, Henry, F.
On a New cba Crab from the Tertiary of New Zealand seers
Dr. Hector). Professor
PERIODICALS PURCHASED IN 1880.
American: Journal of Science and Art.
Analyst.
Annales des Chimie et Physique.
es des Mines.
Curtis’s ee Magazine.
Dingler’s Polytechnisches Journal.
FE
i
iG
ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY, 323
Mechanic.
— fiir Analytische Chemie.
the Chernical Society.
Sci
he § Si ety of Arts.
and Pisin dbions of the Photographic Society.
re Journal of _ eee ren
Microscopical Scie
Science Gossip.
Telegra American
phic ournal.
Zoologist.
Books PURCHASED IN 1880.
Aeeepminal Re cot Vols. 16 and 17.
ustralian H 1
snl of § Scientific Papers published by the Royal Society, Vols.
Elements 7 Agricultural Chemistry and Geology, by Johnston & Cameron.
Encylopedia Britannica, Vol. r
x
is’ Ancient Stone oO lements of Great Britain.
Geikies’ Great Ice .
Huxley’ 8 Critiques eae
» Evidence as to M ’s Place i in Nature.
» Anatomy of Mi teloueet Animals
» The Crayfi sh.
” Oceanic H ydro
” Vertebrate Fos Fos ia from the Panchet Rocks.
ie ot Comparative Osteolo
Men of the Time (10th Editze para
Nautical Almanac, 1876 an
dl
ne Society, Vols, 33 and 34.
& Sens 8 coy bles,
Sender's le Clogae otory., 1680, ntific ae 1833 = 1876.
icht der Tec schen Chemie, 1879.
heme . at? Dichonars BS Chemistry, Vv Vol. VIII., Part I. tg re acho
nary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines , Vols.
Je NGRAVINGS.
“a of “Sage Men, proofs on India paper (16) sixteen,
As
ret 25 Portraits of Eminent Men of Science, framed.
24
324
PRESENTATIONS
MADE BY THE
ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
* Exchanges of Publications have been pela from the Societies and Institutions
distinguished by risk.
Ix the following List the Publications are indicated by numerals as follows :—
No. ¥ —Journal of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 1879.
», 2.—Report of the Council of Education of New South Wales, 1879.
fe ew of the idinitig Department of New South Wales
»» 4.—Report of the on Department of New South am 1879,
also Portfolio of Map
5. rs Bah by Profemor Livenides upon Museums and Technical
AMERICA (UNITED STATES).
Albany.—*New York State Library, Albany. Nos. 1, 2,3, 4, 5.
‘Annapolis (Md.)—Naval Academy. No. l.
Baltimore.—John S. Hopkins’ University. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Beloit (Wis. oe Geologist. Nos. 1, 3, 4.
Boston.—* American Academy of Science. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
Swen Society of Natural History. Nos. 1, 3, cos
Buifalo-— *Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. Nos. 1, 3
Gale — of Comparative Zoology, en College.
*Editor of ope yche.” Nos. ° 3, 4.
Chicago.—Acadainy of Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
Coldwater.— Michigan Library rene “ba: 1, 3, 4, 5.
Davenport (Iowa)—*Academy of Natural Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4
Hoboken N. J. cra “snes Institute of Technology. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5
i poli Academy of Natural Sciences. Nos. 1, 3;
Newhaven (Gonn.)"Coneotont Academy of Av, Nos. 1, 3, 4,5
—s Nos. Wow York. Nos. 1,34
- atural His
9” School of Mines, Columbia College. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5: F
Penikese Island.—Anderson School of Natural History. Nos. }, %
PRESENTATIONS. 325
eg embecrcee, Society. OO A
“ a atins Philosophical age Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
ye *Franklin Institute. Nos
*Zoological Society of Philavlelphia. Nos. 1, 3, 4.
ny (Mass i Patoay preteen of Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
*Essex Institution. Nos. 1 , 5.
tiie Academy of Sciences. Heal 1 3, 3, 5.
ry iis for Agriculture. Nos
*Dr. F. V. Hayden, Director of Me iolgia Survey of
he Territories. os. 1,2,
9 ydro Office. Nos. 1, 2, 5
is * tg wert ria, oe 12 3 & oO
”» War Dep ent.
” *Chief Si some "Officer aw ar a Dapuetailanik Nos. 1
» oe of the Mint (Treasury Department), Nos 1, 2,
” Te: Ser cretary (Treasury Department). Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4.
5 *The Seay (Navy bg artment). Fos, 1, 3, 4.
a UES : are Coa: yet avy Department). Nos. 1, 3, 4.
” *B of Navi tie inary Department). Nos. 1, 3, 4.
” The Secretary iDenarlateath of the Interior). Nos. 1, 2,
” FU. ae "National Museum (Department of the Interior).
” Brean of Paucation (Department of the Interior).
”» sPfhce c dada” ‘Affairs (Department of the Interior).
” ices cami (U. S. pend Nos.
” *Chief of Engineers (U. 8. A ei Nes * “,5.
” ~Philosophical Piecge Nos , 5.
” *Ameri ee dica fptens me ” Pennsylvania Avenue,
— 5
” United States Patent Office. Nos. 1, 3, 4.
AUSTRIA.
eue.— _otigiich en Gesellschaft. der Wissenschaften.
os. 1, 2, 3, 4,5
Trieste tSaci Ariatica di Scionme Naturale: Moaaya i4
0.
” *Geo. fi ithe Reichsanstalt. Nos. 1, ct
” *Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. art 1, ? 4 4, 5.
’ ichische Ges ells chaft fiir pgs ig logie.
*Zoolo gisch- Eatesiashe Gesellschaft.
” sk ® "Rapala aca fiir Mounecbane: ‘und Erdmagnetismus.
a BELGIUM.
os ea des Sciences, des Lettres, et des Beaux Arts.
1,2,3 4, 5.
liege.—osit Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
Sie Sign sis Balague i i, me 4.
rg. Nos. l, 2,3, 4,5»
326 PRESENTATIONS.
GREAT BRITAIN AND THE COLONIES.
ENGLAND,
ee ihe Philosophical Society. Nos. 4, 5.
The eg (Town) Library. Nos. 2, oi 4, 5.
a The Union Society. Nos. 1, 3, 4
ys The University Library. Nos a ee 3, 4, 5.
Dudley.—Dudley and Midland logneat and Scientific Society, Nos.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
see Bef on Society. Nos. 1, ue
ollege of Science. Nos.
4 Jo urnal of Conchology (Office st ros sims ‘No. 1, 3, 4.
Liverpool.—*Literary and Philosophical Society. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
ew vanes scene cSt anes tre Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4
Editor, P: cience Review.
pe: *Quekett Mascoasugtoat ee Nos. 1, 3, 4.
rary.
The ames General (two copies). Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4.
» “The pological Institute of Great Britain a Ireland.
™ .
PF The British Association. Nos. 1. 3, 4, 5.
a The British Museum (two copies). Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
ly, By-4 5.
1
Th .
» *The Institution of Civil Engineers. on 1, 3, 4, 5.
i rah : pase 89 of Naval Architects. Nos. 1, 3, 4.
n Soci
“s ren 980 Office.
» *The al Society.
» *The ripeioad Rocisty, South Kensie on Museum. Nos. 1, he 4,
», *The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
1, 3, 4.
ss *The Royal Astronomical Society.
e Royal Colonial Institute. Nos. e 3 4, 5.
» *The Royal College of Physicians. Nos. 1 1, 3, 4,
ae The Royal College of Surgeons. Nos. 1, 3, 4.
ba *The Royal Geographical Society. Nos. 1, 3, 4
re *The R istorical iety. Nos. 1, 2, 5.
a *The Ro stitution of Great Britain. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
- *The Royal Mi ged Nos. 1,
*The Royal amy — os. 1, 3, 4,5
. *The Ro ay eo
. The Royal Sociate of Beets Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
a gee paca ie oes
iP e Treasu i + INos. 1, 3) 4,9.
yy Sie Royal. United Servioe Institution. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5»
_ 5 ; Nos. 1, 3, 4. 4,
” sineat T atid te Dept. Nos. 1, 3
a he Zoological Soe x ;
Nos. 1, 2. &
jen 3, 4
” “The The Library. poe et : Museum, Nos. I, 2, om
“Pharmaceutical Society. of itain,, Nos. }y-3y4
PRESENTATIONS. 327
Manchester—Literary and Philosophical Society. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Middlesboro.—*Iron and Steel Institute. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.—Natural er omy o of Northumberland.
and Du Nos. 1, 3, 4
- The ce Nos. 1 3, fs 5.
a *Chemical Society. Nos 1,3,
” North gece Institute of Mining Engineers.
Nos, 1, 3,
= 2, 3, 4, 5.
» “The Bodleian Tibrar. ‘Nos 2, s, 4, 5.
» “The Radcliffe Library. Nos. rf 2, 3, 4, 5.
» “The Radcliffe Observatory. No.
Penzance,—Geological Society of code ie 1, 3, 4.
Plymouth.—*Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. Nos. 1, 3,
phe
Truro.—*Miners’ Association of Cornwall and Devon. Nos. 1, 3, 4
» *Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Nos. 1,3, 4.
oC ied ois and Son. Nos. 1, 3, 4
Windsor.—The Queen’s Library. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
ScoTLAND.
Aberdeen.—The University. Nos. I, 2, . 4, 5.
ca tecical Soe Society. Nos. 1, 3, 4
cal Soci
So No.
ar aw Ency yelopaia 5 Britannica, Messrs. A, and C. Black.
2, 3, 4
iio? ogeal Beoleby. No. 1, 3, 4
*The versity. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, b.
IRELAND.
Publin—Geoto, ical Society. Nos. 1, 3, 4
*Royal Irish A Academy. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
CarE or Goop Hop
Cape Town. —*The uation Society. ai 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Halit Hr Dominion or Can. ;
(Nova panies —*Nova Scotian cacnenis of Natural Science.
> o> &
Montreal, (Canada West). ~ Scientific Association. ore 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
~Fevlogical Survey of pense Nos. 1, 3.
Ottawa al Biighoay Hooke iety of Montreal. Ros 1, 3, 4
Seems of Natural Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
—*Canadian Institute. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4,5
328 PRESENTATIONS.
I
Caloutta.—*The Asiatic Society of Bong “se é 2, 3, 4.
o e Geological Museum.
s “The Geological Survey of India. sy 7 3, 4
MaovriTIvs.
Port gs —The Royal Society of Arts and eure Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
4
1,
Société d’Acclimatation. Nos.
New Sovurn WALES.
eer: —The a Club.
ae &
Museum. No. 1.
“The Free Public Library.
ue Linnean Society of N.S.W. No. 1
ie The Mining Department.
‘s *The Observatory. No
+ The School of Arts. No. 1
Pa The Union Club. No. 1
ne The Univers No
me ditor, y Mi g a o. 1
i" Editor, Sydney Daily Telegraph, No. 1
me Editor, Evening News
New ZEA
Auckland.—* Auckland Institute. ark i; 2, 3, 4, 5.
Christchurch.—Philosophical Society of Canterbnty, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-
Otago.—Otago Institute. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Wellington.—The Philosophical See gee Hos. 1,
ra *Colonial Museum. Nos, I, 2, 3, 4, 5.
is *New Zealand Institute. Nos. 1, 2. 3, 4, 5.
QUEENSLA
ge —*The Philosophical Society. eee i i ie 3, 4, 5.
*The Acclimatization Society. No.
SouTH hoy sa
sauonguat Observatory. 1:3, 4.
*The South Au ny saian E Institute. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4
ae *The University. Nos. 1, 3, 4
oy *The Government Botanis Nos os.
a Royal Society of South Australia. Ne. ‘hy By te Be
TASMANIA. ti
Hobart Town.—*The Royal pond of Tasmania. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4%
eae es Government Saline Nea: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
*The Observatory. No, 1.
a *The Mining Department. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
i e Public Library. Nos. 3, 5
” yal Society of Victoria. Nos. 1 3, 4, 5.
om *The University. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5
e ectic Associati Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4
. *The Government Botanist. No. 1.
“ *The Ragutrin-Geneen Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
ae Editor, Argus. No. 1
PRESENTATIONS. 329
FRANCE.
Bordeaux,—Académie des Sciences, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Qaen—Académie des Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
iion.—* Académie des Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
Lille.—*Société Géologique du Nord. Nos. 1, 3, 4.
Montpellier.—*Académie des Sciences et Lettres. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Paris,—Académie oagh> — es ——— Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
e Edito:
a “Depot des Cartes ry Plans de is ‘Marine Nos. 1, 2.
N
” e des Mi os. 1,3
‘a Ecole iaicaite it rate Now 1, y ty 5.
» “Ecole Polytechniq 1, 3, 4, 5
decine. 3
” Faculté des Sciences de la patel Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
” oo Editor Les Mondes. Nos. 14374.
” Musée d’Histoire Hatnretie. Nos. 1, 3, 4.
” Société Botanique. No.
” The Editor Revue des Cours Scientifiques. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4,5.
Ss N
t o.
” Société Fy Pie orcibie No. he
” Société de Biologie. No.
” Société de Chirurgie. No.
” eee = eecemeenet dae V'Industrie Nationale. Nos. 1,
2, 3,
” Socises fn a Nos. 1, 3, 4
ar) Sociéte Entom ologiq ue. Nos. Ay 3, 4,
i 3
” *Socié éO. ¥
» Société Météorologique de France. pts 1, 3, 4
” Société Minéralogique. Nos
oa aan des Sciences. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
GERM ee
Berlin.—Chemische Gesellschaft. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
hn *Kinigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
—Natuhistorische Verein der Preussischen Rheinlande und West-
mn. Nos. l,
weig. ieee fiir ibisvtesonsthel’ zu Braunschweig. Nos.
trl —Natarvnecnschafishe — zu Carlsruhe. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
Pome hate fiir Naturkunde, Nos. 1, 3, 4,
o*Metarviasenschatitiche Gesellachaft gu Chemnitz. Nos. 1,
—*Das amare Bureau des Ministeriums des Innern 7
n.
” Kiniglih Ge Gleslogiudons Museum. Nos. 1, 3, 4.
330 PRESENTATIONS.
Frankfurt a/M.— “Bepckenbergiagte lap toebends Gesellschaft. in
Freiberg (Saxony): ~~ > Beng aed at Sunil Nos. 1, "2,
‘ Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Freiberg. Nos.
Gottigen.— —"Koniatoke alisha der Wissenschaften in Gdttingen.
A; 2, ? 4,
Gorlitz. —*Naturforschende Gesellschaft i in Gorlitz. Nos. 1, 3, 4,2 5.
Halle A.S.— demie
der Miciusleaedibdraietietie = Ss. eas ne Nee. 1, 3, 4,5.
corneal eg to erin fir: Naber Gesellschaft in Hamburg. Nos. 1, 3, 4
et oe Diteehal vane in Ham-
_ =
bur,
Heidelberg. —Naterhistviach meniattiechs Gesellschaft zu Heidelberg.
» 4.
Jena.—*Medicin Sa ‘ stir wissene chaftliche Gesellschaft. ‘Nos. 1, 3, 4
onigeberg.—“Di een Gesellschaft. Nos. 1, 3,
se! (Saxony) —University Library. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
fiir Erdkunde zu Metz. Nos. 1, 3, 4.
Mar Tig -Ciaatiehat zur Beférderung < Gosammten Naturwissen-
earpse in Marburg. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4
- *The University. Nos. 1, = . 5.
M ran Society. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
Munthen— a Sane: der Wiens chathec} in Miinchen. Nos.
2, 3, 4,
Stuttgart. ~"enighiches gus ie samiies Bureau zu Stuttgart.
3, 4, 5.
Wurttemberg.— —— Verein fir eo, gop Naturkunde in Wiirt-
emberg. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4
HUNGARY.
Bistritz (in Siebenburgen),—*Direction der Gewerbeschule. Nos. 1,
, 4, 5.
Zagreb (Agram).—*Société Archéologique. Nos. 1, 3, 4.
aw.
Bolen tower —- Scienze dell’ Istituto. ‘Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
ersi os.
Florence.—Societa di Anthropo e di gi We sag No. 1
Societa Victoonslngien Badia ey No.
Gusinn “Al eean Civico di Storia Wetbeie. Nos. : 3, 4
Milan.—Reale Istituto Lombardo di Scienze Lettere ettere ed Arti. Nos. 1) 3) 5:
Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
Modena.— —iAgealtenie Rowale des Sciences, Lettres et Arts de Modene.
tsi —Societa Reale Accademia delle Scienze. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
*Zoological Station (Dr. Dohrn). No. 1. 13
Palermo. ——e Palermitana di Scienze Lettere ed Arti. Nos. 1
a Reale Istituto Technico. Nos. 1 , 3, 4, 5
—*Societa Toscana di Scienza Naturale, Nos. lL, 2, 3, 4, 5.
PRESENTATIONS. 331
_ Sreegen Pontificia de "Nuovi EE oo 1, 3, 4, 5.
Circolo Geographico d'Italia. Nos.
2,
*R. Comitato Geologico Italiano. Nos.
Siena. —R. Accademia de Fisiocritici. ” Nak ae €
Turin.—Reale Accademia delle Scienza. Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5.
re Regio Osservatorio della a Regio Universita. No. 1.
Venice.—* Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti, Nos. 1, 2, 3,
4, 6.
JAPAN.
Yokohama.—* Asiatic Society. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4.
NETHERLANDS.
Amsterdam.—*Académie Royale des Sciences. Sirs: I, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Haarlem.—*Société Hollandaise des Sciences. 2 ~ e . 5.
» *La Bibliotheque du Musée Teyler. wa
NORWAY.
Christiania.—*Kongelige Norske Fredericks Universitet. Nos. 1, 2, 3,
4, 5.
RUSSIA
Moscow.—*La Société Impériale des Naturalistes. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4.
St. Petersburg.—* L’Académie Impériale des Sciences. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
SPAIN.
Madrid.—Instituto geografico y Estadistico. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4.
SWEDEN.
Stockholm.—*Kongliga Svenska Ses oy ne ae ea Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4.
The University. Nos
SWITZERLAND.
Geneva.—*Institute National Genevoie. Nos. 1 4, 5.
—*De sg —— Vaudoise des ines Naturelles. Nos. 1, 2,
Neuchate].—* cas des Sciences Naturelles. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4
— of Publications sent to Great Brita cee
The Colonies and I India ee ye
; a ‘Ken ical. - 4
"i ; Editors of Pesiodicals i. .<
Tolel seo 3
The A, LIVERSIDGE, } gon, Secretaries.
House, Ss,
Noattys Sydney, 4 LEIBIU
335
REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS
(IN ABSTRACT).
Sections A, B, 0, D, and F, did not meet in 1880.
SECTION E.—MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.
14 APRIL, 1880.
Mr. H. G. A. Wricut, M.R.C.S, in the Chair.
Tae minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed.
The following Committee was elected for the ensuing year :—
hairman: Dr. Morris. Secretary: Mr. P. R. Peptey. Com-
Mittee : Messrs. H. G. A. Wricut, G. D. Hirst, W. MacponnegLl,
F. B. Kynepon.
It was resolved to hold the meetings of the Section on the evening
of the second Wednesday in each month.
The meeting then adjourned.
WEDNESDAY, 17 MAY.
Dr. Morris in the Chair.
It was resolved that application be made to the General Council
rag purchase of a microscopical object cabinet to hold 1,000
Mr. T. E. Hewerr exhibited a series of eighteen (18) slides of
Entomostraca, fifteen of which were undescribed and new to
naD® Monnis called the attention of the meeting to Py) slides of
336 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS.
WEDNESDAY, 9 JUNE, 1880.
Dr. Morris in the Chair.
Mr. H. G. A. Wricut posers Tolles’ 4th duplex front
objective, which had been made to his special order. With
this objective Mr. Wright resolved a haaibel of the most difficult
diatom test objects, including A. pellucida and NV. oxyphillum in
balsam. Mr. H. O. WALKER exhibited specimens of Volvoa globator
from the Botany Swamp. Mr. T. E. Hewert exhibited a piece of
colonial selenite, a remarkably = specimen, and also drew the
attention of the mee eeting to improved form of Bramhall’s
illuminator, with a highly polidhéd silver reflecting surface. Mr.
Brinviey exhibited a series of polariscopic objects, and Mr.
PEDLEY a rich and varied collection of aquatic entomostraca.
WEDNESDAY, 14 JULY, 1880.
Mr. H. - A, apanescapy M.R.C.S., in the Chair.
preparation of fossil oms from a recently discovered depot
near Tamworth, by Mr. TL O. Waxker, and beetle by Mr. F. B.
as a ceardea insect, badly afflicted with acaride. Mr. G. D. Hirst
exhibited Prof. Smith’s vertical illuminator, which he recommended
as a very desirable form of illumination for high-angled immersion
objectives. The performance of this illuminator on JL. saxonied
and other difficult test objects was most gratifying.
WEDNESDAY, 11 ALOUATs 1880.
Dr. Morgis in the
Mr. H. Suarp exhibited photographs of 4. pellucida, executed
by Mr. Tolles of Boston, showing the transverse resolved
from end to va of valves by 4th and j4th inch objectives of his
own constructio:
The Cu rebate exhibited a preparation of Odiwm albicans from
a patient’s tonsil. This fungoid growth possesses co considerable inte-
rest from the fact that to the unaided eye it presents a be si
appearance and may readily be confounded with di phibert
exudations. Dr. Morris also exhibited a gathering of true
rhomboides from Manly. Mr. T. E. Hewerr exhibited an inte
sang collection of mites; and Mr. Pepiey, a number of micro
Scopic marine crustaceans.
WEDNESDAY, 7 SEPTEMBER, 1880.
Dr. Morris in the Chair.
Professor Liversipce presented for distribution amongst iF
members of the Section two samples of diatomaceous deposits,
REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 337
one from the Richmond River, N.S.W., and the other from
Santa Maria, California. Dr. Morris read some notes on
encisted Filaria, found in the flesh of the bullock, and exhibited
the cyst and portions of the mature and embryo worm under the
microscope. The cyst is formed of dense white fibrous tissue,
encased in which is found the mature worm with interlaced meshes
of tissue corresponding with the folds of the worm. The cyst is
about the size of a large Barcelona nut, and many contain more
one mature worm, which worm is completely filled with
encapsuled and free embryos. It is impossible to ascertain with
any degree of certainty how many embryotic worms each mature
- ia may contain, but they may be numbered by hundreds of
0 S.
Mr, Pepiry exhibited a number of slides of parasitic Zaxodes,
WEDNESDAY, 13 OCTOBER, 1880.
r. Morris in the Chair.
A donation to the Society’s Cabinet was received from Mr.
bs E. Hewerr of six slides of insect preparation mounted in glyce-
mine. Mr. T. E, Hewert read a note on a species of Cyperidivm
remarkable for showing a phosphorescent light when irritated ; he
had found this species in Port Jackson, and proposed to call it
Cyperidium phosphorescens.
Dr. Morris exhibited a number of slides ofa species of V. rhom-
ia. He stated that having made
on the medium used for mounting ; mounted dry, and in
balsam, the highest angled lenses as Tolles and Zeiss resolved them
only with the greatest difficulty and but very faintly, whereas
When using as a medium various combinations of bisulphide of
i the accuracy of Dr. Morris’s observations by direct com-
Par 02 Of valves of this rhomboides mounted dry, and in Cee
, with preparations of the same valves in the medium p)
Posed by Ty that particularly recommended being bisulphide
of carbon, oil of cassia, and phosphorus, as safest to work with. The
ip ctior definition of the markings in this medium was acknow-
edged by all present,
WEDNESDA Y, 10 N' OVEMBER, 1880.
Dr. Morris in the Chair.
Mr. Pepizy or ali iety’s Cabinet, and
presented six slides for the Societys ©@
‘ported a further donation of two slides from Mr. H. O. Walker.
338 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS,
Dr. Wricut called the attention of the meeting to a +; of an
inch objective of Mr. Tolles’ construction, of 100° angular ar aperture,
and claimed that no amount of deep eye-piecing could break it down.
He exhibited a — wes amplified to 2,000 diameters without
in any way impairing defining power of the objective.
Dr. Morris oxhilited A. pellucida resolved in ©.
medium, and also in a preparation of bisulphide of carbon and
phosphorus
Mr. BRINDLEY exhibited some slides of local Foraminifera.
DonaTIONS TO THE Soctety’s CABINET.
Mr. T. E. Hewert :—Spiracle of larva of moth; antenna of moth;
ee ovinus ; Sp., caprella ; Limnardia sorida. ; parasite of
magpie-lar
Mr. H. 6. WALKER :—Achnanthes longipes ; palate of slug.
Mr. P. R. Pepiey :—Nervous membrane investing spinal cord
of cow ; section of human scalp ; section of rush, fungus, spiracles
of caterpillar, and gizzard of black cricket.
SECTION G.—LITERATURE AND FINE ARTS,
INCLUDING ARCHITECTURE.
FRIDAY, 16 APRIL, 1880.
Mr. E. L. Monrertore in the Chair.
The minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed.
The following officers were elected :—Chairman: Mr. I es
A. Morrett.
FRIDAY, 28, MAY, 1880.
Mr. E. L. Monteriore in the Chair.
Mr. Monteriore i on the table etchings by Vion,
Ballin, and others ; ms) landscape 5
Gainsborough and studies in chalk by Domenico, Pellegrin
Tebaldi, an A Padoeast
Rev. "Mr. Horton exhibited : rare German work on Heraldry,
WwW. Hane produced photo-tpe of the Katoomba Falls,
REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 339
Stuart drew attention to a work on “The Bronze Ornaments
of the Palace Gates from Balawat,” published under the sanction
of the Trustees of the British Museum.
It was resolved that the Council should be applied to fora
copy of the work for the use of the Section.
Copies of the proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archeology
were laid on the table by Mr. Sruart.
FRIDAY, 30 JULY, 1880.
Mr. E. L. Monteriore in the Chair.
The Secretary read a letter from the Council declining to accede
to the application of the Section to procure a copy of the work on
the Bronze Gates of Balawat, whereupon Mr. Stuart stated he
would present his own copy to the Section on its arrival from
The Secretary laid on the table the first number of a work on
tive Art.
_ Mx. Monrertorr exhibited some curious and interesting works,
including an illustrated edition of Butler’s Hudibras, published in
1709; an essay on Comic Painting, 1788; and fifteen drawings
by Henri Regnault.
Mr. Trevor Jones read an interesting paper on “Light and
Colour, a treatise on some of their properties, physical, and
artistic,” illustrated by diagrams and experiments.
SECTION H.—MEDICAL SCIENCE.
A paper by Dr. Manning on the Causation of Insanity,
Pay on August 13th, 1880, was recommended for publication im
Society’s Journal.
P. SYDNEY JONES, heise:
H. N. MAOLAU REN f Hem Boece
2B
340 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS.
The Causation and Prevention of Insanity.
By F. Norton Mannine, M.D., &e., ce.
[Read before the Medical Section of the Royal Society of N.S.W.,
10 September, 1880. ]
Ir is one of the glories of our profession that its members have
not only been foremost in recognising the importance—but have
been the chief workers in the field—of preventive medicine, that
they have discerned that prophylaxis has a higher aim than the
rapeutics, and that ‘there is a larger and loftier success in pre-
venting the diseases of communities than in curing the diseases of
individuals.” In mental, as in physical disease, there is more
scope for the physician in prevention than in cure, and itis in this
direction I would ask your attention this evening. The causation
and prevention of insanity is a subject of such importance that I
need not apologise for its introduction.
As a text for my observations, I place before you two tables
which have been prepared with some care, and concerning whi
some explanatory remarks are necessary. The first of these shows
the assigned causes of insanity in 3,077 patients admitted into the
Hospital for the Insane at Gladesville, from January Ist, 1869, to
December 31st, 1878, a period of ten years. This table has been
prepared from the case books of the Hospital, and I have to thank
my friend Dr. Beattie for placing it in its present shape. The
causes assigned in the papers forwarded with the patients, often
conjectural, and sometimes absurd, have been supplemented by
more important, not only as embracing larger numbers, but -
based on an improved classification. It sets forth the assigned
It will be seen that in the Gladesville table there is no cate
iti in the Eng
both are found to exist, with a result that the aggr
total causes, including those unknown, exceeds t e whol
of patients by exactly 30 per cent. In comparing the auc
REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 341
some corrections necessary, o the somewhat different
, it will be seen that though some causes
thers
there is a singular agreement in the percentages. Taking the
main divisions moral and physical, it appears that in New South
Wales 16-9 per cent. of the insanity was due to moral, and 57-6
ditions which results in insanity. The causes lie too deep to be
g by mere surface investigation, and can seldom be packed
mto a word or a sentence. A patient accumulation of an
mereasing knowledge the number classified under these headings
bi hi Domestic trouble” is no uncommon experience,
_, mental anxiety” falls to the lot of most men and women, and
iad circumstances” to not a few. The strain falls on almost
— the weak give way, and it is this weakness which, in reality,
‘ the chief cause of the insanity. j
Je first causes to which I would direct your attention appear
in the Gladesville but not in the English table. are iso.
= NWP NEE aS
thing * I mention the two together because they have some-
__,o © common.
342 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS.
districts of the Colony. Happily, however, with the increase of
fencing, and with increasing population, this form of isolation,
which was formerly a fruitful cause of insanity, is rapidly decreas-
ing. Isolation in another form was first brought under my notice
by observing that a large proportion of the patients admitted had
no relatives or friends nearer than the old country. By a return,
which I have had prepared during the last few weeks, I find that
more than one half—1,038 out of 2,036—of the inmates of our
institutions for the insane on June 30 last were, so far as is
or relatives in this Colony. This isolation, which is something
terrible to a new emigrant, and which lasts often for years, is
kept up by the disparity of the sexes, which at the close of 1879
stood at 409,665 males and 324,617 females, and to some extent
prevents marriage ; and it is fostered by the peculiar mode of life
both of the miner and the bushman, by the shifting from place to
place with the seasons in search of work, and by the restlessn
together with the constant change of associates, leads on the one
hand to a dwarfing of all those better feelings which are fostered
and flourish in home life, and on the other to the development of
a miserable selfishness, to a concentration of all thought im one
unwholesome direction, to a suspicion and distrust of ever-chang-
ing comrades, and at last to evil habits, to introspection, to
hypochondriasis, and to the development of delusions of suspicion
and fear, which are prominent symptoms in this class of cases.
Isolation is most potent as a cause of insanity, as might be ex:
pected among men, but it is found among women also,
whom have landed in this country quite friendless, and a large
number of whom, in an after stage of life, live in terrible isolation,
ers, In home-
lan
steads in the distant bush, from which their husbands are
assisted immigration, by which :
partly at the expense of friends, is decidedly better eo
regard than one which lands on our shores a number of frien rr
st increasing population, with less ty ri
numbers between the sexes, with more settled modes of life, ge
with the growth of a native-born population, this cause of
will no doubt lessen and in time disappear. Boe
Intemperance in drink appears in thé English beg =
causing a percentage of 14°6, and in the Gladesville the PP
centage stands at 8-3. It must be remembered that 30 per
REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 343
must be subtracted from the former to make these proportions of
equal value in the two tables. This ill give nearly 10 per cent.
as the English rate, and represents, I believe, fairly the proportion
of insanity due directly or indirectly to this cause. LT attach the
more value to these statistics because they have been collected by
a number of independent observers, and are therefore free from
the chance of error due to individual and unconscious bias which
besets all statistics drawn up by one person. For some years past
_ LT have read everything I could find to read on this subject,
and have come to the conclusion that the effect of intemperance
as a cause of insanity has been largely exaggerated. I put aside
at once all that intemperance of statement which seems to be
i m the habitual denunciation of intemperance In
a ce
class of mind drunkenness is the root of all evil, and some of our
i an unconscious
by the researches of Dr. Grabhan, of the Earlswood Asylum, Dr.
Bucknill, and other writers. To quote the words of an asylum
ysician in a neighbouring Colony, “intemperance 18 ® cause 80
readily seized, so easily packed into a word,
the notice of a patient’s family, his friends, or the public, that a
few striking instances engross the mind, and unc
for many a dozen others, which without obvious cause enter
Unnoticed into the asylum.” In not a few instances in my
€xperience, the intemperance stated to be a cause was really
&symptom—one of the evidences of a loss of self-control—due
to brain disease manifestly existent at an antecedent date to the
ee ues
strongest argument next to that derived from such yes sag
= I lay before you, that intemperance is not so potent a cause 0!
TE would ask what is your experience as medic
the pathological condition of the habitual drunkard, and T.
“% will answer that such cases die of liver and kidney di
* apoplexy or of delirium tremens (a very different thing to
sanity), but that they do not in any considerable proportion g0
me oc The proliferation of connective tissue 1 one of
344 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS.
prominent pathological changes produced by alcohol in — struc-
ture of numerous organs where its effects have been carefully
studied. The brain and nerve structure of lunatics should present
a corresponding condition if the cause of insanity were drink.
The post-mortem rooms of hospitals for the insane afford little or no
frequent if these Pome had been drunkards. The — of
the drink in which it is taken has perhaps a
share in the produetini of insanity, at all events in this Colony,
than the quantity. The quality of the beverages supplied in
roadside ry ecgene public-houses, and even in Sydney and
the lar; as I need hardly remind you, abominably bad.
distillation, direct adulteration is largely practised. Kerosene,
tobacco, cocculus indicus, and other deleterious substances, are
freely used, and there can 8h no doubt that these poisons, to use
the See of the Laurea
**Confuse the oy St of the blood,
And tickling the brute brain within the man’ 8,
Make havock among those tender cells.”
The system of drinking which is almost unknown in older countries
has also not a little to answer for. Short and reckless outbursts of
g, alternate with prolonged and often compulsory periods
of abstinence. These horrible — on bad liquor may, and no
sanity.
believe that the amount "of inomiatty caused by drink
set down as due to this cause. an
intemperance in drink. Calculating the cost of pire mm
our hospitals for the insane at from £150 to £200 per bed, and
with the high price of labour it has not been much — we have @
primary outlay for these 200 cases of from £30,000 to £40,000,
and an annual maintenance rate of upwards of £6, 000 a-year.
The prevention of insanity due to drink becomes in ‘oh
a vast social as well as a medical enlace solution of whi
is, I ong to be largely found— to
Ist. In the a of the number of public-houses, 80 48
lessen unwholesome com
2nd. 2 the aswell and Serseit inspection of all liquors
3rd. om ‘ed introduction into common use of sound light apn
the many forms of effervescent drinks, and more
ee
seats
REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 345
all of ice. The common use of iced water in America,
where it can be obtained in every railway carriage and
in every village, has done more I believe to reduce intem-
perance than anything else ;
4th. In better and more wholesome modes of preparing food,
ee
other forms of ner ffection, proj
Lascertained that there was sexual intemperance. In some cases of
insanity admitted into the Hospital, and especially in elderly men
with young wives, I have with good reason attributed recovery to
the temporary and enforced continence.
Lallemand was the first to point out the influence of seminal
discharges on certain forms of vesania, and though like almost all
iali gerated their influence, he did good
service in showing that hypochondria, moral prostration, and true
melancholy were sometimes due to this cause. The effects of
cent. in the English tables, and these rates will doubtless seem
small to all who have read a certain kind of sensational literature,
ic cause insanity than the
practices which it denounces. There is little doubt but that
Masturbation has been too frequently cited as a cause of insanity
by. bservers who are without the breadth of view which can only
re gathered by a complete scientific and medical education. It is
it to exist in th i
tamed that it wes not only discarded but regarded with due
_ Shor after recovery.
7-7 Hl
©
4
g
et
_
®
8
=4
ot |
o
—
os
=]
ge
~~
°
=
®
“=
—
<
®
=
i
|
346 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS.
A reference to the tables will show you the small amount of
insanity said to be due to venereal disease—0-4 per cent. in one and
0-6 per cent. in the other. It has been to me a frequent wonder that
more cases of insanity were not due to syphilis, and it is certainly
curious that in 4,000 admissions primary syphilis was only seen
in three cases.
Sunstroke, as might be supposed, isa cause of insanity in a much
greater degree in New South Wales than in England. It appears
in the English table as causing 1:3 per cent., but it should be
remembered that this includes numerous cases where the attack
urred abroad ; soldiers sent from India to the wards for the
Army Department at Grove House e, Bow ; sailors invalided from
foreign stations, and admitted to the Hospital for the Insane at
Yarmout s Bemdin isolated cases sent from hot countries under
Five per cent. of the total number of cases are accredited to it, and
I think with good reason. The effect of sun- or heat-stroke in the
greater care in avoiding exposure, by insisting on a more rational
head covering for the summer months tha a black stove-pipe hat,
and by pointing out that after an attack of sunstroke alcohol is an
—- or injury to the head is mentioned in both tables as a
cause of insanity. In some cases it is a direct, but it is more often
a predisposing, cause. It is in cases predisposed by injury that
sunstroke, intemperance, agree and other causes ‘
fire which has been already laid. Where injury to the ae exists
a caution as to the aaaamea of exciting causes may 0 t_infre-
uently save from furth da ’ _ During t the year 1872 1 took
: sa sige cae ieee marks
may be ~ to put ¢ on record my opinion that sear prolonged
beyond the ordinary time, or continued by delicate women even up
REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 347
ans remov' m
the encephalon and disorders of the mind. The influence of uterine
and ovarian affections, disorders of the digestive functions, lesions
of the stomach and intestinal canal, affections of the liver, heart
causes P :
a of mental aberration; and we know to-day that there is
Ai a single part of the economy, lesions of which may not bring
out psychical disorder in predisposed subjects. The ascending
. in zy: :
ody and brain, and not merely the perturbations of the under-
| Goiere bem greatly struck with the number © cases admitted
want of esville with symptoms of dyspepsia, and with what for
Bangs etter term is designated in the table “Chronic ill-
| these to and I cannot but attribute a considerable proportion of
if ela want of varied and properly cooked m I doubt
i food th 1s any country in the world where with abundance of
~ “here is less variety or less evidence of civilization
348 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS.
preparation. Salt meat and damper are still a frequent if not the
continuous dietary of large numbers. Fresh meat is cooked in a
manner glaringly monotonous ; milk is untasted by a large pro-
portion of the up-country population for months together, and
vegetables except potatoes are an infrequent luxury for which
numbers have to thank the itinerant Chinaman ; whilst tea, black,
milkless, and often sugarless, is drunk at eve in
quantities which take away appetite for the more solid and too
often unappetising viands.
It is no wonder that women, especially during lactation, break
down under such a regimen, that men feel a crying, physical, or
physiological want which drives them to bursts of hard drinking,
or that the digestive powers fail, and with them the nourishment
of the brain as well as other organs.
A bountiful, a varied, and a nutritious diet is in many cases of
service in warding off threatened attacks of insanity, or arresting
in its early stages, and this with attention to special symptoms
denoting bodily ailment is the main agent in the recovery in not a
few advanced cases. ith better modes of carriage and with
denser population we shall in time no doubt get a more varied
dietary, and it is to be hoped that cookery will be taught as
special and compulsory subject in the projected High Schools for
Girls, and in the higher classes of our public schools.
In the Gladesville table epilepsy is given as a factor to the extent
of 5-9 per cent., but in the English table this cause is grouped, as
it seems to me unwisely, among other bodily diseases or disorders.
I find, however, from some statistics given by the English Com-
missioners in 1876, that epilepsy is credited with 6°5 per cent., 80
that probably the potency of this affection in the production of
insanity is about the same in both countries, An intere
shows its extreme character and potency. In 119 epilepties, pat
several four or five each. Dr. Gowers, in his Gulstonian ares
published in the Lancet during the current year, states _
out of 1,250 epileptics who came under his care at the National
Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis, he found distinct hereditary
influence in 452, or 36 per cent. Mr. Clarke’s researches
REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 349
The hereditary transmission of insanity is a subject of the
most profound interest, both from a medical and social stand.
point, and to a medical superintendent of a hospital for the
insane it isa duty increasing in interest with each year’s ex-
— —_ have little or no knowledge of the family history or
not + 2 England, where the family history of almost every
Patient can be tr f
per cent., or 375 out of 1,072 patients admitted
Dr. Needham, of York, gives 31 per cent., or
350 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS.
334 out of. 1,029 admissions; whilst in Dr. Thurnam’s well-
known statistics of the “Retreat,” 153 cases were known to be due
Esquirol observes, that of all diseases insanity is the most heredi-
tary, and gives figures showing that in one-fourth of the total
number of cases coming under his care this influence was ascer-
tained. Guislain estimates it at one-fourth in Belgium, and
or about one-fourth. ere is reason to fear that the pro
portion of insanity due to hereditary influence is steadily in-
creasing. Dr. Ball, Professor of Mental Medicine at the Univer-
of the terrible hereditary character of insanity may do something
to prevent imprudent marriages, but unfortunately it is not with
the prudent and thoughtful that we have to deal. Itis with the
wayward, the impulsive, and the improvident, with brains bearing
subtle mischief in their recesses, and but little likely to look
beyond selfish gratification. The time has not yet arrived for legisla-
tive interference. In time to come however, when the liberty of
the subject is made more subordinate to the welfare of the com-
munity, it will perhaps be found expedient in the interest.
future generations to insist on prolonged isolation aries
interference in the case of all persons who have been afflicted Dr.
mental disease. In the meantime, to quote the words of ble
Blandford, “it behoves a physician before whom the tert vi
results of imprudence in this direction are paraded day by “ya
hold out a warning and to point out the evils which — if, as
imprudent union, and the immense amount of insanity
REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS. 351
well as epilepsy, chorea, neuralgia, and other nerve disorders,
itted from parent to offspring.” It is, in my opinion, not
too much to say that any person who marries, except under very
ial circumstances, after such a marked and prolonged attac
of mental derangement as required hospital treatment, commits a
crime against posterity.
Five per cent. of the cases in the Gladesville and 4°8 per cent. in
the English table are stated to be congenital in origin. Among the
causes of congenital mischief are said to be a condition of intoxi-
cation or epilepsy on the part of parents during coition or concep-
tio; the marriage of near kin; ill health, injuries, persistent
sickness, emotional excitement, anxiety and fright on the part of
the mother during pregnancy ; injurious compression of the cranial
bones and brain from contracted passage or protracted labour ; the
misuse of forceps ; and suspended animation after birth, the latter
considered by Dr. Langdon Down to be a frequent cause. As to
drunkenness or epilepsy during coition or conception as a cause of
congenital mental defect, I must confess that I am sceptical, and
the truth must be difficult to prove.
The effect of the marriage of near kin has been debated at very
considerable length. Huth, whose elaborate work on this subject
8 well known, and whose opinions have been widely adopted out-
side our profession, scouts the idea that consanguineous marriages
ae harmful, and answers the question whether consanguineous
marriages give a greater proportion of unhealthy children than non-
sanguineous marriages with a decided negative, stating that even
where the marriages of blood relations are habitual, deterioration
even through the chance accumulation of an idiosyncrasy, practi-
cally does not occur oftener than in other marriages. Other
observers have, ho ever, come to a different conclusion, and 1
i consangui iage. own experience on the
subject is. linn: guineous marriage pe tt ‘le
in one family have come under my observation the
in w i bee spins ee I
Gt which I have known three children in one family idiotic
Union of
ee
352 REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS.
more often acted on. It would be well in many cases
family physician could forbid the banns.
On the other causes of congenital defect which I have men-
tioned it is not my intention to enlarge. :
The influence of modern civilization in the production of insanity
slavery—when all the physical wants of the slave were atte
to; when there was no outlet for mental activity, or need for mental
more
than eighty out of a population of 800,000; whilst it ca
from recent asylum reports that there are now more than 8
insane persons of this race in these two States.
said that it is better to be civilized and free with even large
chance of : :
this ; but the question remains whether the amount of insanity
due to our modern civilization is not excessive, and to » large
and higher developments as well as in its manufacture of re
and struggling classes, and especially in its many ¢
fitted to survive and multiply, has caused and is still causing a
higher percentage of insanity than was known in former times.
Morbid paychol
REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS, 353
Inno epoch has, what for want of a better expression, I will
term “mental excess,” been more prevalent than in this. News-
rs, medical and lay, have frequently of late pointed out the
evils of our present system of stuffing our youth and making all
boyhood and girlhood one long period of cramming for examina-
tion. The examinations at the London and other aarp
and for professions have become almost encyclo their
range. The whole tina tends to confuse and disteaot the mind,
to unfit it for the work of the world, to stunt originality,
and to induce what Mees not inaptly been termed “ brain-fog.”
Where there is no absolute break-down at the time, and instances
would have ae unharmed. ow no stronger
eibesce as to the evil done by overwork at schools and competitive
ions than that of Dr. Andrew Clarke, who states that he
has discovered auporary albuminuria in 10 per cent. of the can-
didates sent to him for examination as to ee health after
Pasting g the Civil Service examination for I
- Next — the high pressure, the fever sd fret of professional
ess life, the haste, competition, and all-pervading
quiet, which has had no parallel in other times. The over-work
connected with business, the severe mental labour of the ar
ta.
instances it it is oifioalt to tabulate the cause. It behoves us, I
think, as physicians, to inculcate pause and leisure in life, and
to encourage the tendency which happily exists in Soe Colony to
indulge in out-door sports and amusements of every kin
An the English table 22°8 per cent., and in the Gladesville —_
259 per cent. of the causes are set down as “ unascertained.”
Sreater percentage in the Gladesville table is due to the ‘aehsative
Means we have for obtaining trustworthy information by ques-
relatives and —— and to causes which I have already
‘Be
. se that the Sasa of insanity generally requires @
Sy <iggovaed of several adverse incidents, and that many cases can-
to be attributed to any one special event. It is better, I think,
feed hee for a solution of the problem than to set forth a
to find ge, and it need disturb our complacency but little
+ wd that the solution of some of the most difficult questions in
chology is, as yet, beyond us.
REPORTS FROM THE SECTIONS.
354
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359
ABSTRACT OF THE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
TAKEN AT THE SYDNEY OBSERVATORY.
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
Latirong, 33° 51’ 41”; Lonarrupg, 10% 4™ 50°81*; Magnetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East.
JANUARY, 1880.—Genernat ABSTRACT.
Highest bar ie ges ... 30°141 inches on the 27th, at 12 noon.
At 32° Faht. dire ees ... 29°147 inches on the 8th, at 6 p.m.
Mea: a Het aie | OT 1 Oe
en —— cdaretig? ... 146 Ibs. on the 26th.
Mea ws OF Ib.
Raste of. Davi Calm |. 0
eae Pippen . ENE.
(Pre iling di im > é% p ding 21 years, E.N.E.)
Temperature — = i Shade ... 93°1 on the 8th.
eShade ... 56°6 on the 10th.
Po ... 23°5 on the 8th.
Highest in the Sun ... 154°9 on the 8th.
west on the Grass ... 49°7 on the 10th.
Mean Diurnal Range ... 13°4
Mean in the Shade wii gee
(Being 0-2 greater tk that of th tl Z f tk r di g 21 years.)
Humidity +. Greatest Amount ... 695°7 on the 17th.
ae ve we~=88°0 on the 11th.
Mean ie ee
(Reine 1-21 at Ce ee ee i © ét 3°. g 21 years.)
Rain ... +» Number of Days... 10
Greatest Fall ... 0°528 inch on the 25th.
0 »» 65 feet above greens
Total Fall... eee eae 1 126 a 15 in. above ground.
(Being 2-495 inches less than that of t th n average of the preceding 21 years.)
Evaporation Total Amount... ... 6°700 inches,
dzone * «» Mean Amount... peer
(Being 16 greater pee eee ren ¢ 44 r at. g 21 years.)
mettcity +» Number of Days Lightning 8
Sky +* Mean Amount
; «. 60
Xu Number of Clear Days ... 0
ea ng 0
+» Number observed =
a Remarks.
fa enter as been fine and wa pop h a small rainfall, e es at
Places on an rall
wees ei coast and high lend eg Rines' the highest shade tempo we
* Kumsjong Horne d at Til Til 115-8, and the greatest fall o rain was 4°750 inc!
360 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
LatiTupg, 33° 51’ 41”; LonarrupE, 10 4™ 50-81: ; Magnetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East.
FEBRUARY, 1880.—GernERAL ABSTRACT.
Barometer ... Highest Reading... 30° Ke inches ed the 2nd, at 10°'20a.m.
At 32° Faht. Lowest Reading ... 29° n the 13th, at 5 p.m.
Mean Height 29° 395
Wind .. Greatest rere 6°5 lbs. on the 28th.
Mean P. . O'4 1b,
Number of pavi Calm ins
Pre rickcengiaad — Se YP
73. as g 4h ¢£. 41 p a oT years, S & |
Temperature Highest in the Shade 79°7 on the 14th.
Lowest in the Shade 60°7 on the 19t
est Range ... 4°6 on the 5th
Highest in the Sun 147-9 on the 19th
Lowest on the Gras 57°5 on the 2nd.
Mean Diurnal Range O:1
Mean in the Shade 70°8
(B g th PS ae sy k a g 21 years.)
Humidity ... Greatest Amount .. 1000 on the 12th.
Least we ye ... 56:0 on the 6th.
Mean a :
(Rat: pur + ret peg el oe poe e 4 91 wears.)
Rain .. Number of Days... 20 rain and
Greatest Fall ... 0°888 inch on the 9t
Total Fall 2-216 ,, 65 ft. above ae
: = 3°565 15 in. above grown
Evaporation Total Amount 3°492 inches.
Ozone... ... Mean Amount
(Pot. o-n +h Poa ae Sa a At g 20 years.)
Electricity ... Number of Days Lightning 1
Cloudy Sky... Mean Amoun ios
Number of Clear ies fe ae 0
Meteors Number o 0
Remarks.
to the averages.
Pressure and siaipatabiens pre ei have been — "At Syd <a
abally over the
rainfall has reached little more than half the average,
has ual. district north of the se River, = expec
slopes of the mo’ d abundant peat se enn Maes
inches at Pangee, and west of the Darling a ma: m of f Gt cate at ain fell,
but at other places the rainfall was very light and pe t Goonoo Coon00
and at the other stations in that district very little was reco:
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 361
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
— 83° 51’ 41”; LoneiruDE, 104 4™ 50-815 ; MAGNETIC VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East.
MARCH, 1880.—Gernerat ApsTrRact.
Barometer ... Highest Reading... .... 80-065 inches on the 13th, at 8:40a.m.
; and on the 20th, at 9.35 a.m.
~ At 32° Faht. a ens a - pi onan d on the 25th, at 5°15 a.m.
} (Being 2 vortina in th t ‘ ig years. )
Wind... ss Agi Pressure en a : Ibs. on the 25th.
n Pres
f
|
1h
I
;
f
ssure
Ne ofthe of Days Calm res
Prevaling Direction... N.E.
th f ding 21 years, N.E.)
5
Temperature Highest in the Shade... 82-3 0n 1 31st.
ade...
Lowest in the 58°7 on the 14th
Greatest Range ... 18°4 on the 31st
Highest in the Sun ..» 140°5 on the 6th.
Lowest on the Grass ... 53°4 0n the 14th.
Mean Diurnal Range... 112
Mean in the Shade oo ED
(Being 0 tl era eo +h ¢ p ding 21 years.)
Humidity ... Greatest Amount ... 97:0 on the 30th.
Least i, ... 540 on the 13th.
ean icin date
(Being 2°7 greater than that of tl th ge of the preceding 21 years.)
Rain ... + Number of Days... ... 17 rain and 3
Greatest Fall... ... 1'218 inches on as 6th.
Total Fall 4817 ,, 65 feet ew penal.
i hed otal Fa. seus’ 2 ae 185. 445 A6in. above ground.
| Evaporation “Total Amount... ... 2°802 inches.
ee ae +.» Mean Amount... we ot ee
rie “Se = 9 stCater Ss E oS 2
a i alee of oe ren i
r neha of ( abe Days . ty
i Re .. Number observed .... 0
Remarks.
this m cage were repo orted from several places. At Lismore, eck
4 ts 5rd
re very small, as if be seen by the sandy ing ‘table.
ted fell duri = fot 20 days of the ical ss light showers. Tempe
barometer are close to the average for this month.
3862 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
Latirupz, 33° 51’ 41”; Lonerrupe, 105 4™ 50°81: ; MaGnetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East.
APRIL, 1880.—Gernerat ABSTRACT.
Barometer ... Highest Reading... ie ae Sg on the 11th at =
Lowest aon i n the dth., at 2°50 p
Mean Hei ae av oe
(Being 0°011 greater th that th tl g f the preceding 21 years.)
Wind... .. Greatest romana ... 8°41bs. on the 7th.
At 32° Faht. Mean Pre oo rib:
Number of tes Calm... 5
: Pre ee Direction ... N.E.
(Pr $32. rey q .. g 41, £. +t r as. ig oT J x W.)
Temperature Highest inthe Shade .., 83°8 on the 5th.
Lowest in the Shade ....__ 52°6 on the 26th.
Greatest Range ... ... 20°1 on the 5th
Highest in the Sun ... 140°4 on the 5th.
Lowest on the Grass... vs 5 on the 26th.
Mean Diurnal Range
Mean in the Shade of ot 2
(Being the same as that of the same month on an average of the preceding 21 years.)
Humidity ... Greatest Amount ... 100°0 on the 2nd.
Least a as ... 63°0 on the 30th.
Mean : ave
(Being 1-0 less than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 21 years.)
Rain... .... Number of Days... .... 20 rain and 3 d
Greatest Fall... ite . 253 facie on the a
65 ft. above ground.
Total Fall... eee , ome yr aaa if 15 in. above ground.
(Being 2-455 inches less than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 21 years.)
— Total Amount ... ... 2°586 inches.
Ozone oe a ieee FG ir yg
Pinte 7 + +} f the preceding 20 years.)
Electricity .... Number of DaysLightning 6
Cloudy Sky ... Mean Amount ac oe
Number of Clear Days ... 0
Meteors «-» Number observed ee
Remarks.
At
The temperature has been about the ave and the weather seasonable.
Sydney the rairfall was less than the nverage for this month, but still mace
In the North-western Districts especially, abundan rains have fallen ; 9 inches
rted from Gunnedah and nearly 8 from the “ Meadows,” Cobar.
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 363
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
Latrrope, 33° 51’ 41”; Lonarrupe, 10% 4™ 50°81; MaGnetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East.
MAY, 1880.—Generat ABSTRACT.
Barometer. ... Highest Reading... ... 30142 = on the 5th, at 10 a.m,
At 32° Faht. Lowest Reading ... ... 29°367 ,, onthe 26th, at 435 a.m.
Sion Height... vee 20-779
fR, 12. ay kee ete a Pm € 4} at @1 waave §
Wind... . Greatest obo ... $1°2 Ibs. on the 8th.
Mean Pre si 9b.
Number of ‘Days Calm ods 9
Prevailing Direction Peas
(Prevailing direction during th for the preceding 21 years, W.)
Temperature ei in the eee ... 74°7 on the 2nd.
Lowest in the Sha ... 45°1 on the 30th
cat n the 21s
Highest in the Sun ... 116°6 on the 3rd.
Lowest on the Grass 38°7 on the 30th
ean Ditcendt Range 14°5
Mean in the Shade a 8TS
(Being 0°6 less than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 21 years.)
Humidity . “ “sgn Amount ... 98:0 on the 21st.
‘ 50°0 on the 11th.
a 70°5
es 5°9 less than “a of ‘the same wauiiae on an average of the preceding 21 years.)
tse +» Number of Days.. a 2 oe 0 dew.
Greatest Fall ' pa ue US arty beg the 26th.
0°317 ,» 65 ft. above ground.
Total Fall... oe 0586 5 15. in. — ees nd.
- Being 4397 inches less than that of the same th s P *)
om Total Amount... ... 2°328 inches
+». Mean Amount ... v1
. 149 greater than that in the same month on an asia of the preceding 20 years.)
Hectricity «.» Number of ee Lightning 8
Clondy Sky... Mean Am ne BY
Number of | Olaie Days sie
Meteors --» Number observed
a9
Remarks.
erate the Colony.
Th thi d very dry generally over Ui bh
fall aan has been fine and very vk mest average ghry mga
al ee Ag ture
ny Country Stations the average of the Bis dis tempera
ia
*he Oth ay A" On the 8 the 8th, 9th, and 10th strong westerly winds prevailed, and on
364 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
LATITUDE, 33° 51’ 41” ; LongrrupE, 10 4™ 50°81; MAGNETIC VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East.
JUNE, 1880.—GernERAL ABSTRACT.
Barometer ... Highest Reading .. ... 80°169 on the 12th, at 10°15 a.m.
At 32° Faht. howeet Reading ... ... 29°569 on the 15th, at 3°40 p.m
sical oie = 1. ZOo03
Wind... ... Greatest Pressure.. ... 15‘1 Ibs. on the 17th.
ean Pressure... a. OB Te
tree er of Days ia. 8
atthe Dineotion wis) We
(Pr $13 g ah £ 4} 3: 2 oT y rs, Ww.)
Temperature Highest in the Shade ... 680o0n ee 14th.
Lowest in the Shade ... 89°8 on the 20th.
Greatest Range ... ... 23°2 on the 25th.
ighest in th Sun 106°1 on the 14th.
Lowest on the Grass 33°8 on the 20th
ean Diurna ae :
— in — Shade sn Be ©.
(Being 1°7 1 at g 2 43 p 3: oT years.)
Humidity ... Greatest Amount... ..._ 96°0 on the 5th.
Least eo me ay
50°6 on the 16th.
74°4 :
o*
81 less th oS See Bee eS ae £41 3: 91 wears.)
Rain... .... Number of Days . 6 rain, 14 dew.
Greatest Fall & es | 350. inches on 5th.
Total Fall pecs Ee, Mans Stayt tat iS |
ut oa 19 0-614 15 in. above grou
(Being Bw inchos 1 +h ok oe os +1 ¢ I di 21 years.)
Evaporation TotalAmount .., ... 1°600 inch. *
Ozone . Mean Amount “ ... 6*1 inches.
(Being 0°5 greater tl th ge of the preceding 21 years.)
Electricity .... Number of one Lightning 6 :
Cloudy Sky... Mean Amoun re .
Number of Clear Days ae
Meteors .... Number observed Cree |
Remarks.
At ange seek the the Geaunene has been unusually low, the mean 1°7 less was the
rature upon the grass fell to 33°8 on the 20th.
ve in near 0
Po 30°. At seventy-nine stations the rainfall was less than 1 fick hy and a om
no rain fell; and at no in the Colony has there been a oe demeet
—— fall recorded for the month being 3 “3B i inches at Kyamba. At houses
and other places the cold was so severe at jugs of water placed inside the
were frozen hard during the night.
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 365
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
Latiuve, 33° 51’ 41” ; Lonerrupe, 10% 4" 50°81; Magnetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East.
JULY, 1880.—GerneERrAL ABSTRACT.
Barometer ... Highest Soa ae ... 80°494 on the 11th.
At32°Faht. Lo sg Readi : ... 29°589 on the 2nd.
— Height ae + 29°906
Wind... =... Greatest in ... 15°7 Ibs. on the 19th
ean Press 0:4 Ib.
Number of Days Calm ae
= erred sree aie | 2
(Prevailing di th for the preceding 21 years, W. and N.W.)
Temperature pp sca inthe shade ... 671 on the 27th.
; i Lowest in the Shade ... 38°8 on the ey
Groatent ‘Rents 26°1 on the
Highest in the Sun . 110 Oo on the nth.
Lowest on the Grass 31°4 on the 29th.
Mean Diurnal Range ss...
Mean in the Shade 0) Oe
Stlntnn 32? 4 ree ee +h an ding 21 years.)
F Humidity ... Greatest Amount... ... 98°0 on the 13th.
: Least se ths Les
Mean ‘
q a he po pe ding 21 years.)
Greatest Fall ote we 0°255 inch on the 16th
Number of Days ... ... 10 rain an ew
storfietes§ 0397 inch, 65 ft. above ground.
Total Fall . ‘ “ee 0-762 ,, Wi in. ied Safe
Total Amount... wt SOR
Mean Amount... nee :
_ of voi Lightning .
. ean Am ii
Gombe of Clear Days oe $
. Number observed ae
Remarks.
At
weather this month has been cold and dry pomety over the Colony.
y the rainfall was only 0°762, and this is a fair index ¢ the rainfall in the
try Stations.
366 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
Larirupg, 33° 51’ 41” ; LonarruDE, 105 4™ 50°81"; Maanetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East.
AUGUST, 1880.—GenERat ABSTRACT.
Barometer ... Highest Reading ... 80°299 on the 16th, at 9°40 a.m.
At 32° Faht. Lowest Reading ... ... 29°433 on the 8th, at 2°2 p.m.
Mean Height... .. 29°854
(Being 0°087 inch less than that in th th ge of the preceding 21 years)
Wind... ia peer ey ... 42°3 lbs. on the 10th. “
ean ie ee
Ticker o f Days Calm ... 0
escenanden mietwon re. Ee oi Ww.
(Pr 9° Pais a: g2iy , W.)
Temperature Highest in the Shade... 79°3 on the 21st.
Lowest inthe Shade ... 41°4 on the 13th.
:. ..» 28°0 on the 17th.
a in the Sun ... 125°8 on the 20th.
Low: nthe Grass ... 32°9 on the 13th.
Mean. Diurnal Bitige vee ,
Means in the Shiate ios? hee
(Being 2°7 greater tl th ge of the preceding 21 years.)
Humidity ... Greatest Amount .» 93°0 on the 30th.
Least oe ... 80°0 on the 20th.
Mean 63°6
f(D. 2 41 42.4 8 2h. as eit a. 91 wears.)
Rain... .... Greatest Fall ... .... 0°586 inch on the 2nd. -<
Number of Days ... .. 2 yYain an , ey
0°474 inch, 65 feet above
Total Hall..; ooo 0-612 irich, 15 in. above gro ( a
(Being OROY tn abe f eres ame +} ge of the p ding 21 years.) * 4
i Total Amount ... ... 3°562 a
sbiij — — ie we Oe a
rR. Ou = yon pape 4 10 vears.)
Electricity ... — ber of ~~ Lightning :
eee Oy Meee Anes a a
umber of Clear ‘Days es ‘ e3
Meteors ... Number observed as a
Remarks. ay
temperature this month has been high, 2" see above the foigap ro S aaa
weather still continues and only 0°612 was recorded at S. ; and it eer
able fact that in the country districts only eeorted ak Briers ase ae.
of rain ; and the greatest fall was only 2°910 inches at Orange.
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 367°
- GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY
Latrrupe, 33° 51’ 41”; Lonerrupg, 10 4™ 50°81*; Magnetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East.
SEPTEMBER, 1880.—Generat ABSTRACT.
a a eer ben Ps ‘312 inches on the 8th, at 9°37 a.m.
t Reading . na 228 ,, onthe 2lst, at 513 a.m.
* Mow ean » Height : 29 58
less than that in th th we of the preceding 21 years.)
Greatest ——— ... 19:2 Ibs. on the 17th.
Mean Pre 08
essu Rr
Number o f Da ays sCalm ... 0
— —— ‘Direction wee.”
Pp ig 21 years, W.)
ee in the Shade ... 83°3 on the 24th.
west in the Shade ... 4790n 2
Grearcet Range ... .» 29°3 on the 24th.
Highest in the Sun ... 128°7 on the 21st.
Lowest on the Grass ... 38°8 on the 3rd.
Mean Diurnal Range ... 129
Mean in the Shade ice ee
(Being 0-9 greater than that of the same month on an ayerage of the preceding 21 years.)
; Fumidity ..» Greatest Amount ... 99:0 on the 15th.
‘ 1: ... 86°0 on the 24th.
8 fe ata Wie! Ys ‘0
_ Being 6-9 greater than that of the sam th average of the preceding 21 years.)
‘ ... Greatest Fall tie i See a on the 16th.
Number of Days... cas 7 ~ isi ae 5
( 4.238 inc * a
Total Fall... soe “= ) 6-120 goes eps
oe '2:005 inches greater than that of the same month on an Btls re of a preceding 21 years.)
Total Amount... ee Oe
Mean Amount ... eon
greater than that in tl th on an average of the preceding 19 years.)
Number of ae Lightning 4
Mean Amou oe oe
Wasa of Cine Days ae
Number observed eae
: Remar
ure this month bas been ans above the average, i the ning
abundant. At Sydney the wage ad was 6°120, or 2°905 er than the
for this month. In the country districts the greatest fall was ct 73 inches
uarie. The south-western prvacintc ie ver received little rain, and in
Places none fell.
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
LATITUDE, 33° 51’ 41”; Lonarrupz, 105 4™ 50°81 ;
OCTOBER, 1880.—Gerneran ABSTRACT.
30°160 inches on the 7th, at 9°30a.m,.
29°052
Highest poniiitre “e
Lowest Reading .
Mean Height...
(Being 0°056 inch 1 +h shiek tc 4%
Barometer ...
At 32° Faht.
.. 29°778
24 3s. on
MAGNETIC VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East.
» onthe 23rd, at 11'40a.m.
“~s Bs (—]
17°4 Ibs. on the 12th.
0°6 lb.
0
8.
+h £
Wind... Greatest Pressure
Mean Pressure ae
Number of a Calm :
aan Direc’
Temperature
Highest in the Shade
Lowest i had
Mean Diurna
Mean in the Shade
the preceding 21 years, N.E.)
89°7 on the 30th.
41°4 on the Ist.
13°8
61°1
Dea? oO
(being
= Ea o
J
Humidity . Graig Arperh. ..- 1000 on the 21st.
.. 87°0 on the 2nd.
‘Moan me Se 69°5
fas Heat, LL ee Ge a 91 vears.)
Rain ... .. Greatest Fall... 1: ona inches on ion 21st.
Number of Days... n an “a's ee groutide
0°8' 7 inch, eet above
Total Fall... 2°370 inches, “15 in. above ground.
(Being 0°442 inal lack th that nt ah g I At. g 21 years.) &
— Total Amount... 3-720 :
..» Mean cian 77
eyesore en tl ge of tl ding 20 years.)
Electricity ... Numberof DaysLightning 9
Cloudy Sky... Mean Amount ws os |
Number of Clear ‘Days oe
Meteors .... Number observed 1
Remarks.
The temperature this month at Sydney has been 2°4 less than the average. —
rainfall rally was small, but not much below _ average for this month.
;
;
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS,
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY.
LATITUDE, 33° 51’ 41”; Lonarrupe, 10 4™ 50°81; Magnetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East.
NOVEMBER, 1880.—Generat ApstTRact.
30°042 “ie - oe — eos 11°35
pit
Barome - Highest Reading...
29°291 jae on nthe vache at 3 "23 oe
29°759
Lowest Reading ..
opera er ight - et
th verage of the preceding 21 years.)
ee
>
aS ... Greatest Pressure 23°1 lbs. on the 14th and 29th
Mean Pre 0°9 lb.
ure..
Ame of Days Calm ...
vailing Direction ... 8.
mig nS epg Greig ine 0 yee,
pe sgh in the Shade ... 949 on the 14th.
Lowest inthe Shade ... 53°3 on the eae
* 149° 1 on the 14th.
Lowest on the Grass... 46°5
a 14" 1
in the Shade
(Being 0-2 greater than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 21 years. )
Humidity -. Greatest Amount ... 99°0 on the 9th.
Least be i ... 983°0 on the 15th.
: : Mean ae : 53
| (Being 6-0 greater than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 21 years.)
1232, inches on the 9th.
and 3
‘Rain... ... Greatest Fall
: Number of Days... 13 rain ew.
a 1-447 inch 65 ft. above ground.
pee Yes ad 2°560 inches 15 in. above ground.
= 0-891 inch less than that of the same month on an average of the preceding 21 years.)
Evaporation Total Amount 4476
Sn 76
_ Men Anonnt
ge of the preceding 20 years.
th
Number of ae ees 4
Mean Am 6
Number of "Clear Days . 2
Number observ
emarks.
he great majority - observing
er this month has been very dry, and at t ot g - eet oF th SE. st
he weath
ons the rainfall has — much less than 1 ine
er, had abundant rain. Bodalla reports the greatest Pcmcriat viz., 8°
870 “METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
GOVERNMENT OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY. _
LATITUDE, 33° 51’ 41”; LonairuDE, 104 4™ 50-815 ; MaGnetic VARIATION, 9° 25’ 2” East.
DECEMBER, 1880.—Geyerat ABSTRACT.
Barometer ... Highest ig oe ..» 80°101 inches on the 19th, at 10 a.m .
At 82° Faht. Lowest Readin .. 29204 ,, onthel5th, at 9°13 p Mm.
Height ... ... 29°771
\ o 1 (7 r So a
(Rat A.N9° Inn} £ 41 32. 1
Wind ... .. Greatest Pressure ... 33°6 lbs. on the 3lst.
Mean Pressu eed a eee
Mamter of Days Calm ... 0
ie reva —- —— tion ... NE.
(Pr li ig th for the preceding 21 years, N.E.)
Temperature Highest inthe Shade ... 88°9 on the 3rd.
Lowest in the Shade ... 53°9 - the 9th.
ee 29°3 on the 18th.
‘ a in the Sun . 151°9 oi ithe 13th.
Lowest onthe Grass...
M n Dit: rnal Range ... 146
Mean i in nine = a 4Oe
41 Lt 7
\ > 5 — 5 # iJ -
Humidity ... eerie Amount... —.... 93°0 on the 4th.
east ae see
28°0 on the 138th.
Rain ... ... Number of “eda > BRain
Greatest Fall... .... 0°360 inch on the Sth. nil
Res Fall hose So 0530 ,, 65 feet above gro
{Rol 711: 1. th. 4h £ 41
0779 5, 15 in. above oe
a 91 vears.)
cova Total Amount ... ... 6°323
Ozone. ee eee Pinaeced ae fe
(Being no f the preceding years.)
Electricity ... Number of Days ae 4
Cloudy Sky... Mean Amount “4
5
Number of Clear Da: 0
Meteors --» Number observed ye 2
Remarks. :
The tem temperature < been ee only 0°5 aucte the orerne’s and the highe _
shade less than 90° at Sydney ; t fall 0° ‘779 is less than the average ery he
inches The majority of the sta 2 ae honk supply ;_but part
N i had fine est bein 3°870 inches at —
1 1 — ties: SS : :
| | 145 146 147 ; $8 1
@ Beschal : ae
eee =
yee Seale of Statute Miles
: | Y |
23,
ei
si ' 5 9 Dumble . Gundatloui
oe | ' 5 Caidm
h ices Eriingonia =
a, :
N nA Mogul
¥ a ‘
° Corella ¥ Garacianner he Hill
° 7% Pwator |
? > 2
Sucro le 0 $ < = a
: o : f Le :
Tene aos t . Nocoleche A o ry ac, Qe, a.
$ WS) : ; Y
Yancannia « sey Ry a3 +
; N /' ‘
jale Boulka Vaniora : N) Ee i Breewarrin in
30 : . : ? : peo
Q ¢ West Bourke a or Barwow a
Torowoin Swunp ourke » :
<j Salt L. 2 { igett :
P Gnurniah L. ij Goangra
Goorimpa
t : faraie uf Gongolgan
7 é ©
Winbar
1] c. — ,
Bercanye 19 9 eons L. — Mena Murtee P . _. — Manilla
ae Be \
a Momba ae on
aa) S eae 7
; Rea Onan” 4
. ME Zurtopesrce Rik we Ge 10
ag a | :
« 3 i 3 >
EMT Murcnigon | | : : a \ ; ae. : : SS :
@ Poolamacca a | : ae De e ‘ . Dungowa c
Hoole s Wileannia, 3s Cobare Florida e z o>: ie 4
zs . Worle ; : a: Sas
m SA. Poapelloe L et
aN 0 Gunyutka & Nelyambo ss Thorndaleo fy * Nowendoc
a = y Caiga
ge MRobe ; 1 Potiodintnke 7 Z
Wp) eee £e \ Meadows O- Butheroo C
F » Ny pndooran
. pase nee .
From aide - ~~~ Se Z . ery gowen C b
SS Bomargald Hill AY. Pant } : oP YY : 3 vf got : B ~ Wing
Tintinnallagey 4 ® @ [Paddington SHEE arf os -, ae : LP. Shahin ea Fe Ss LPs
Weinteriga 8 : i : 8 & I : nM crvina ( @ : por Fiovcaster a
: pe ) } } 7 E. NG : se gs Corto s
<q 2 S Teryarvreynya L. eS, as hike, (te . a ) uc Ta
a ‘ r A : RA Oartmout § ‘ : 2 : psy
Te armndilldge) indée ~. rad oat : a Be. mor * Besa OS “e IeXS are ;
4s = Ye 4 ale oe 2
Wettlegoe L ' a) & Ba igen § Martindale : go Gresto Ms '
Wy Jumble Plains ; Choe PA R : ee n Ne i: \ f
a | oe . ey L) aX. eamingtan TON Sugar loaf Pt wii ss
{ | dan bows " _ Melrose aoe PM aig. \ = Bi Me ¢ ° Bp } ; Mal hoc {White Revolving Taga
y aro — az ~ : he RZ . i eg Se Sh 4; : ; : 5 Green Fixed rt
Tandot fa oF | on ane Melnnee Planns % ) fl % ‘ i : - WS are Be 3 oe Warwark AN ey 8 sb aa) : \ hg
Aq B : oF Burra Burra LAY : 1D ‘Wangravesid, ¢ “Windeyer ere : ae es . ih
: u : Lf ‘ Q one se ° Se 2 eae RAY R I j
| gf Netley sire botsford + . & au ; a ! ” : s : AND) Terrac Morna Bay \
a | # BS
| SS * etna
| a alee oe Red & White
Kilfera @® a Euabelo dobolne 1
R =a] ondobolin . rrajongs \ » ( Ophi :
UR fe >. G,Burrawang sre: arkes J Cooban Lares ar OZ ; ? | ®
J ; la PA Asie :
$ Clare ig (om \ Athol G ae ce Tugger ae
= P ncaira . Toogon ei ‘ ng %, ' Kurra ong ee ees |
és eS THe CAMGAD: anck % Heights . 4 Tuggeran
Tarcoola : CT Re / ay Ey os Gosfor
5 =o TillTile A) i ae ts <i : “ih
ELSA oF SBI ‘
5 H db ae , 3 ec : : on ba ouub & # YES: ‘ee on | LS be onnbi
& | g” Cowl Gow! Venus BE ) BE. 1 anowindr S ie oar | e au - ‘Broken Bay |
B ena = ae a My ; / lyndhgst SBsSomers AZo § a OR Gladesfifle dk eae Two Fixed lights é
8 & burtundy @ Arumpo > Merungie @ \zr2h20 me 3 a a i Eee OV Gareawa AG i i lac pai eer: 2g00n
. @Culpotaro VY Hooiigat ; : ge ote OL (Ke Ri : Nuurd Curt HE
©) os am 'g2 <A Narriah Aaa ge ae B : 9 ‘ 3 rat ed oS AN oe i ackson Fixed Light|
Sugar Le 508 ERO @ WES irae = an em a ce 3 See arbUr Iguis _T4ghe sha
ad fe 7 A Stet @ : fiena , y : & Fort Detison Ref light * ®
== Lake Wal 2a ap Per bod “Cook 1 > Botan
SN Se ce e labjeers Bes B, peak yah es pear & MY eapt Cook: janeiag ct ae ; 4 Boy
&) pF Wentworth ‘ ‘Mourquong a orang @ South Thonenga Ge Buddigower a KS “Botany Watershed
» Mourne “ly onga a m3 eS | foul |
/ = nt Bi u ig oO
Y «Sol Gol ‘ae Yalyogoring Day: ap |
& ~ Thelangerin : ah am ’ Cordeaux Rive |
" M U R R ae roonga go » iver |
& A
a | URRU oe SpheySholf ollongong zealigh:tuxed |
Paika @ Maude e A fics ae thumbs Lagoon.
SEaUAS Hay ) C ool * \ a 'Sprin field Ps Five. Isiands
ake Taila’ ake \Yal of Bsus deen R' Murti ee aC leowrarra
Euston Woerango é RS AS ertson IEE d PtlBass
Balrana Burrabogie > mundry ossvale, / Jamberoo f Pet¢rborough
<P © ' AGunjegorg y « a |
eimby ake Yonga/ / unveiuttam |
Qui h Jewnee é Jugic |
ura
a | , Fi) Po Fixed Harbor Light |
Tooleybuc 2 Salto Boo an Wallace. 7 : Coola 0 fohunbdola Lagoon
* an EMA Warwillah ‘Us mipeiewa Wants res : ; xe Gundaroo |
B5 = ON : o ne es a a pee j
—— SS #2, vile fe <A ya : é a. - WAGGA Winjard Ae Fe on \ / [See
“ ua % Sp MY eal 6 Thorrowa. age AD” Lake (eultivell s Sapaac a é vere su es es us {Ca
langonilla . 0 geativett \S
ep e ¢ ~* \Tumut > - f Havel
ZZ Murray Dowps a Neos a ae i & ee 2 fae : . A res aypurans SfGso
Neue es, ING Oreste C- : e Ulladulla, .
Castle Donnington > .., Cooree rilder > any nose apish S) < Burrill hixed ‘a Light.
e PT By e } Wallinga
. oie : 4 |
° | la 3, . $\ f = es Cocks Brus 6 |
Afakoor . ENILIQUIN ON aie jonga t Upright
< fe, Lalaltee ; Morven s ligen Wasp l |
: alama « ; < Tuppal Be: 20 ermanton | ae s Bay
° 8 AC \ Boomanoomana Sas : = umber A pete
Vi - ? Mathoura « oS Ae locumwal ry, . « Woomagama ; ae oa ie Kiandr eyBroulee |
a» "s oi ,, ( pee |
. “aig B . orlya. |
Take Moira a is WY” ass a f Moruy. |
& “ " as inder; < e Moruya Heads R
% Céllindina : Belvoi ALLA
: acs:
2 | =
|
? a
ile egaR.
iy lathra
Murrimbula
SCALE ? | o R
Port Macquarie
&
<y Ai
NOTE - The diameters (not areas) of Black Spots are roportional to the amounw of rain. |
Incomplete returns are shown by a Black Crcle.
For quantities for each month and for the. year see’ attached tables. |
] |
Beechal is 25 miles N. of the postion plotted.
| | i |
cel) eee ee 3 144 145 146 47 oe i
Surveyor Generals Office, Sydney NSW 881
de7-E1
371 —
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF NEW
SOUTH WALES, 1862-18
ContTeENTS.
On the Vertebrated Animals of the Lower Murray
and ae = economy, and eon Gerard Krefft.
ee distrib
Snakes Sire | in the neighbourhood of pur Gerard Krefft.
*Geonta tae gaat in four papers, compris
and Porisms, and complete Wastin Gardiner, C.E.
Solutions “s pine Patklann Paper
anes a Rgooe inscribed in other) Martin Gardiner, C.E.
arches concerning n’gons inscribed in curves of
the send ¢ aa degree, 8 ies No 4 Martin Gardiner, C.E.
e8 concerning n’gons inscribed in surfaces
Ms saan, nd Wiksens Pater Martin Gardiner, C.E.
On the ange) of a systematic search for, and
Observation of, variable Stars in the So sine John Tebbutt, junr.
eee
=}
On the Comet of Sentucaber 1862. "No. .. Jobn Tebbutt, junr.
On the aa of Se mepheanbe r, 1862. No.2. .. John Tebbutt, junr.
on On hn Tebbutt, junr.
a Renate o ae ie f vant ceding ‘Paper, made at the) Rev.W.B.Clarke, M.A..
: of 7th September, 1864 . ¥.GS., &e., V.-P.
_ On the tars Temples of India... as Dr. Berncastle.
On oe mae sand oan antidotes ... Sek ... Dr. Berncastle.
a Ont ambeyan James Cox.
_ On the Fibre bake of ‘New South Wales Charles Moore, F.L.S.
ES oop obtained from New a A. Leibius, Ph.D.
E Bs the Prospects of the Civil Service under the Lieut.-Colonel Ward.
<a On perannuation Act of 1864 oJ
_ Un the Distribution of Profits in Mutual Insurance M. B. Pell.
On the A C. Rollesto
2 On the D gricultural Statistios of New South Wales ere Morell, cE. :
os i .W. : e, Bip:
: ey raat of Rocks in sides a eae FR.GS.
the Oolo ; .. E. P. Ramsey.
ey of Aust dates
Encke’s Com
ple relations between treme! G. B. Smalley.
a a ‘TL tron om omi ‘ an
‘and the eal i basing G. BR. Smalley.
bjects_
nners and Customs of the Aborigines i Gerard Kreft.
ux atte a
372 LIST OF PUBLIUATIONS.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL Sri OF NEW SOUTH
WALES, 1867.
Vol. I.
ConTENTS.
Inaugural Address, by the Rey. wea an M.A., F.G.S., &e., Vice-
Article I1—On Non-Linear eee ‘iy the Honorable Chief Justice
oo ar F.R.S., President of the Queensland Philosophical
mn the — ang in a cave f the Sydney Mu-
Gianeeed Tasm seum.
» IIL.—On the Auriferous see other Metal- ae Ww. 2B. Clarke,
iety.
es hea on a paper by S. H. Wintle, a Krefft, Curator
Esq., 0
— Districts of Northern Queens
» IV.—On the re re-appearance of Scurvy i in om E.B rai MRB.CS.
rvice
» V.—Onthe Rates - Mortalit ty and ery. B.A., Pro-
tion of Life in sip ot Mathema-
ay “ the University
agg
rs Clarke,
New South Wales, as
compared with ec and other
countries
» VI.—Note on the itions of the Mary River
» WiIl.—On the wens ¢ Influence of Clock Pen- } G. x9 “Sule, B. B.A.,
dulum
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH
WALES, 1868.
Vol. II.
ConTENTS.
Opening Address by George R. Smalley, B.A., F.R.A.S., Vice-President.
Article I.—On the value of Earth Temperatures ... { vg ses gp re
TL nn... 4..T. x le ee. eT ee gp tot ee
bbs . fb é i Cura r
Museums in Europe and Australia j the § dney Museum.
» IIL—On the — Requirements of) Alfred Roberts,
sydney ; M.RB.C.S.
IV.—On the Causes and Phenomena of) Rev. W. B. Clarke,
Earthquakes, especially in relation to¢ M.A. F.GS., &e.,
shocks felt in Australia Vek.
V.—On the Water Su ly of Sydney .... Professor Smith, M.D.
» WI.—Results of Wheat Culture in New South Christopher Rolleston.
es during the last ten years... J ae
;; ——— on the _ Earth System Wi ek
ney.
» VIIL—On Pauperism in New: Souths Wales—} Alfred Roberts,
past, present, and future... a ail
-
ey
-
-
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 373
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH
WALES, 1869.
A ts III.
~ Opening Address, by the Rev. ‘“ 3. eee M.A., F.G:S., Vice-President.
a.
. 7
K. Holden, Senior
Article L—Ontl ‘ Pai, ee ee be ce Be fae of Titles,
N.S. W.
Article IT. a Solution of SirW. Hamilton
on the ee of oa Martin Gardiner, C.E.
any qual
we AIT. ome Theorem in the Ceoihetie ‘of siz} Martin Gardiner, C.E.
“Se a | Tsveiition of the American Method of |
Levelling for ene The supe- |
riority to the Ae bat “French Martin Gardiner, C.E.
methods a satel act eld p rc: [
ae — wet plotting of the
Vv; os the Ble t Te 1 ph between En;
3 ise ae on Ting “4 E. O. Cracknell, Super-
the Austratian Cnsiaias aie he tele- intendent of ‘Tele-
hic systems of Europe and| graphs for N.S.W.
a Vi ican on in tis Geology ‘of the country} A.M. Thompson, Se. D.
eonsg Goulburn
» VII.—On t as. and Migrati ions of the
aie Nation, demonstrating ( poy. Dr. Lang, M.P.
we irdiscoe ok and progressive settle-
of t 0 Content of America
» VII. i tinceved Sot ates roblems = Martin Gardiner, 0.E.
Trigonometri
» IX—On ~ Water Suit ok Sidney st Charles Mayes.
orge’s River an oe few
» X.—On the oe of the
of Wate
ters for oe Sydney ¢ Profs Smith, M.D.
Lae Cosi ssion
» XI—On 2 Henig 6 of Gold by means of ) » B, Miller, F.C.S.
lorine Gas.
» ages Apparatus for Reducing A. Leibius, Phil. Doe.
eel of Bhiver
» XIII <a on Tables for Caiculating H. ©. Russell, B.A.
the Humidity of the Air
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH
ee WALES, 1870.
were Vol. IV.
ConTENTS.
ba Opening siden by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, M.A., F. G.S,, Vice-President.
es Article I—On Post-office Sayings Banks, ei C. Rolleston, Auditor
i ys Societies, and Government Life¢ General.
‘issarance vee eee vee bint
874 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
Article II.—Remarks on need Report of the Water)
Andrew Garran, LL.D.
oe especially with » nse
o the Ge eae 8 —o chem wh
as IIT.—On the Botany Watershed ... HE. Bell, M.L.C.E.
» LV.—Notes on the Auriferous Slate
Granite Veins of New South ry se
» V~On hat occurrence of the Diamond near 7 By Norman Taylor and
Mudgee Prof. Thomson, Se.D
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH
WALES, 1871.
Vol. V.
ConTENTS.
Opening Address by Professor Smith, M.D., Vice-President.
Article I—Remarks on the Nebula around Eta HO Will BA
rgus .
II.—Magnetic Variations at ‘Sydne H. C. Russell, B.A.
a ing ints on the Botany of pete Howe’ iy Wt oe re
?
Ty. ee rece a ‘highly promising field
for settlement and colonization—that
such an object could be most e ced sc a
and successfully accomplished ;
V.—On the Constitution of Matter.. Professor Pell.
»
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH
WALES, 1872.
Opening Address by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, M.A., Vice-President.
pen
Article I.—On an Improved Method of Separating
Gold from Argentic Chloride, as sobs} Dr. Leibius.
tained Pag Seg pe - chlorin no
» il.—Remarks on the of a cer a
pete of Kneeing sakoney Ores me Dr. Leibius.
m by some Manuals of ying
IT. Reus on Tin Ore, and what “~ De. Laibius.
appear like it - sia iets
TV.—On Anstalina as eden pee Bonet
PP
mn .¥-—Astronomics H. C. Russell, B.A.
VO he Colo “Chasier Stars about H. C. Russell, B.A.
Kappa Crucis Ss
VII.—On the Deniliquin Meteorite a cei Liversidge,
sey dtinge — Review of the Progress of :
; w Sou Ea {cha Rolleston, Esq.
il 1862—
a game in the last ten
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 375
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH
WALES, 1873.
eae bg
Article ems lary ee pe ‘the Rev. W. B. Clarke, M.A., Vice-
id
Il.—Appendix to the saree a Address, by the Rey. W. B. Clarke,
ice-Pre
n° th. — ne the Solution e peice? neues: Maxtin Gicdiner OE.
oblem: >
”
IV. —Koea Pesticulars oF the Transit of Venus H.C. R ssell, B.A.
.—Note on the Bingera Dia = District Arch Lares C.8.
a aon. our > Coal and Coal ; 3 Mann
». Vil. Wess vices to “On our Coal and and Coes aie sisal
» VIII.—On our Coal and Coal Por ; _.. dames Manning.
» IX.—The Sey als of A and t
Dideand “Part. “Onaithodel tis Gerard Krefft.
oe © a: eee 9 OE AE Martin Gardiner, C.E.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH
WALE : ;
Vol. VIII.
ConrTENTS.
Article I ss sCegrapuy ‘ ... E. C. Cracknell, Esq.
» I1—Hospital Accommodat A. Roberts, M.R.C.8.
fg Gieeee —Criinal s ae of Ne ew South wal Chris. Bolleston.
a LY, —Description of E “new spec at
Terrestrial an ‘Misra 7 ie trom John Brazier, C.M.Z.8.
northvenst Aus’
” V.—tIro n Pyr di Latta, sat
” Wi sytnas: Water Supply by Gravitation James a ning, Esq.
» _VII.—Nickel Minerals fro w Caledon Professor Eivesilies,
» VITL. ee Soy pi Coal Daposlts at Wallera- Professor Liversidge.
A.
» IX, —Some ‘of the Results of the Observation? Russell, B.A.
fthe Teaiavol Va WRWaed oo
” X—The eee of Venus as ies ae a ew, Wm. Scott, M.A.
Ede
TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY
OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 1875.
Vol. IX.
ConTENTS.
(Edited by Professor Liversidge.) PAGE.
fas + I.—List of Officers, Fundame i sare By en ito xxix
ist of Members =. " exxi to xiii
_» L—Proceedings . Ss mee ove a
i Mi—AdiiGorstoLimty.. sc «0 a «(Matta
376 LISt OF PUBLICATIONS.
PAGE.
een ark ee Address, by ne = W. B. Clarke,
F.G.S., Vice-Pres lto 56
V.—Notes on “Dear Sea soundings By Rev. W. B.
ng F.G.
»”
e, M.A., ; 57 to 72
» VI—Fac n Mini : 73 to 86
ee, fi 3 =Stanniferous Deposits of ‘Tasmania (Utistraed.
y 8. H. Wintle, Hobart Tow 87 to 95
tig gk —Pemiment ‘Water r Supply to Bilnay by " @ravita-
y James Manning 97 to 119
IX.— -Moteoge olitae Water Ral y- By James Manning 121 to 123
» Wa “ai nae ply = Sydney by Gravitation (Plans).
ning 125 to 134
fear. & —Seientiie ahs By H. C. “Russell, ‘B. Az, * Govern:
ent Astronomer . 135 to 150
eae). © 8 i <ceadas 3 ae og Psendo-Crystallization (Illustrated).
rofessor Foner 152 to 153
», XLII.—The Minerals of New South Wales. ae Professor
tivaredge Bis 154 to 215
» &IV.—Index . 217 to 223
ig oe —Appendix Meteorological "Observations, ‘Sydne ry.
y H. C. Russell, B.A., Sydney Observatory ... lto 12
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
1876.
Vol. X.
ConTENTS.
(Edited by Professor Liversidge.)
PAGE.
Article I sea: = Officers, S aaarars Rules, By-laws, and
st of Member i to Xxx
ye HL—Amivonary ‘Madea , by the Rer: CW. B. Clarke,
E.RB.S., Vice-President lto 34
» II.—Notes on some Remar kable Errors shown by Ther-
mometers te dong m). By H.C. Russell, B.A.,
os .R.A.S., Government Astronomer to 42
—On the oa ea Migrations of the Polynesian
: Nation. By Rey. Dr. Lang 43 to 74
% V.—On the Deep Oceanic Depression off Moreton Bay.
ae bebnaee . W. B. Clarke, M.A., F.R.S. 75 to 82
ome Notes on Jupiter durin, hi ition. B:
” p g his Opposi y a
ER: bar se ‘Genos Oienodus. "Parts I 'to IV. (Five
s.) By W. J. Barkas, M.R.C.S. . to 128
a, $28 ® Se ‘he Sept ait sy Moss Gold and Silver.
Archi , Professor of Mine a ae
in the University 0 of Sydney 125 to 184
a «x —Reoent SoD tracting Processes. By 8. L. 1c wie
» X.—On some Tertany Australian Boyz {ney lates.
. E. Tenison- Woo “ELS 147 to 150
7
» XI.—Meteorological Periodicity. (Piewe "he agrams ams.)
By H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S., sain A
Astronomer 151 to 177
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 377
PAGE.
Article XII.—Effects of oo i ae ye onClimate. By Rev.
W. B. Clar ae: 179 to 235
~All. —Fossiliferous ‘Silice s Deposit, Richmond River.
(One plate) ; iad thew: led Meerschaum from
the Si dhrsontl River. By Professor Liversidge 237 to 239
» XIV.—Remarkable Example of Contorted Slate. (Two
pe ates.)
lates. i Professor Liversi nae ih w. 241 to 242
» _XV.—Proceeding: ee nik Silo 36
em AVL. apr . Library igs Se Jee wi Ot to.276
» &VIT.—Donations ; ie ws 277 to 281
» XVIII.—Reports from the Sections ... 285 to 314
PAPERS READ BEFORE SECTIONS.
1. Macrozamia spiralis. By F. Milford, M.D.
(Two plates.) . 296
2. Slow Section of Fang of Human Tooth,
showing Exostosis. By Hugh THOR). .,.
3. Notes on two Species of icmthouee Plants
indigenous to this ming? Bee jo U.C.Colyer 300
4, Etching and Etchers. By E. L. Montefiore 308
» XIX.—Appendix: Abstract a ‘the Meteorological Obser-
vations i at the Sydney Observatory. By
H. © sell, B.A., F.R.A.S., Government
ciara i : 315 to 328
» XX.—Index ve owe 329
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
1877.
Vol. XI.
ConTENTS.
(Edited by Professor Liversidge.)
PAGE,
Article astro’ of Officers, Fundamental Rules, i the :
of Members i to xxxv
» II. wuaitlinteeeasy Address, b EO. “Russell, B. ‘. Pos
F.R.AS., F.M.S., Vice-Presiden
» I1.—The Forest Vegetation of Central and Northern
ew England in connection with Geological
Influences. By W. Christie, Licensed Surveyor. 21 to 39
Dro i ,
”» IV.— mornis Australis, a new fossil a
Bird of Australia. By t vy. W.
S., &e., Vice-President 41 to 49
» v. —On the ‘Sphenoid, Cranial Bones, Operculum, and
s of Ctenodus. On the
Scapula, Coracoid, Ribs, and Scales of Ctenodus.
y W. J, Barkas, MRCS. 51 to 64
» Vi—On the Tertiary bis ta of Australia. By the oes
Rey. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S cette 65 to 82
_» VII.—On some New ‘AutteeBa Polyzoa. (Zwo wo
- nee JE. Tenison-Woods, ras,
e ia 83 & 84
-» VIII.—On tho: oceurrence of "Chalk in the New Britain
Grou ry “ted sas ghar 8.,F. cea
E.R. G. Bi; i os 85 to 91
eee
878 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
PAGE,
Article IX.—On a New Method of seirecting Gold, re and
other Metals from Pyrit By W. A. Dixon,
93 to 111
a X.—The Palwontological “Bvidence of ‘Australian Ter-
tiary Formatio By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-
Woods, F ‘G8, FRGS. 113 to 128
» xI—A Synopsis of Australian Tertiary Polyzoa. By
R. Et arremgi junr., F.G.5. .. 129to 143
a eee —Ctenacsntins, or of Hybodus. By W. J.
Barkas, M . 145 to 155
0.8.
XIII.—A oo of Notation _adapted to explaining to
= pee s. By the
°T. Smith, CM LG. M.D., MCL. C. 157 to 163
EV. see on me Meteo rology, pom History, &e.,
of a Guano Island; and Guano and other
Phiosphatic Deposits, Malden Island. seri W.
A. Dixon, F Lio = .. 165 to 181
» X&V.—On some ‘Australian Tertia zs “Corals. (Two
plates.) By. the Rev. J. KE, Tenison-Woods,
eee F.R.G.S. .. 188 to 195
» AVIM—On a and remarkable “Variable Star i in the
Co serio Ara. By J. Tebbutt, F.R.A.S..... 197 to 202
» XVII.—On a Dental _pecnliarity of the Topidoosenio:
y W. J.B , M.R.C.S 203 to 207
yy eV ILL —A-New Fos <l Extinct Species “of Kangaroo,
enurus minor (Owen). By the Rev. W. B.
Claske, M.A., F.R.S. 209 to 212
» &LX.—Notes on some recen t Barometric Disturbances.
By H. C. Russell, BA, R.A.8 213 to 218
» &X.—Proceedings .. ar hs 219 to 235
3 &A1.—Additions to the Libra rary . a a BO tae
f St —List of Exchanges and Presentations one vw. 245 to 251
,, XXITI.—Reports from the Sectio. vs .. 258 to 278
PAPERS READ BEFORE SECTIONS.
1. Remarks on the faa of the Cape Mul-
berry. By F. Milford, M.D., &c. 270
2. Wotes on some ro ‘Sci of Diatomacew.
By G. D. Hirst 272
es XXTV.— Appendix Abs dene of the Messrcdagionl Ob-
servations taken at the eyeey Observatory
c ll, B.A., F.R.A.S., Govern-
ment ae ... 281 to 294
» &XV.—List of Publications — the je Society wee ene 295 to 302
», XX VI.—Index is) ee, SOR OS
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL mage de OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
1878.
kee XII.
ConTENTS.
(Edited by Prof. Liversidge and Dr. Leibius.)
Article I.—List mi! Officers, Huntamnentat ames = ss
and List of Members i toxxxv
PAGE.
EEE
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS, o 379
PAGE.
Article IL. Beetle sary ee by Christopher Rolleston,
Vice- Presiden 1 to 16
» JiL—Tasm ae eearas ‘their Botany and Economical
Value e. By Rev J. E. Tenis on- Woods, 4
L.S. 17 to 28
IV.—The Molluscan ‘Fauna of Tasmania. By the Rev.
J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.8., F.L.S... 29 to 56
oe ‘V.—On some hun ralian Tertiary Fossil Corals and
P —— — eon ) By the Rev. J. E.
Tenison- Wood: , F.LS. 57 to 61
one VL oeaaed eee — the assumed Longitude
of the Sydney Observatory. By John Tebbutt, pea
to 6
» VIL—On the Meteorology of the Coast of New South
ales during the Winter Months, with the
desirability of issuing cautionary Storm relat
ings, tele t — Port
the Observatory. By Marshall Smith, Fore
of the pahip Fay eo 71 to 75
» VIIl. ae? i on the Co nk of New South Wales.
oe diagrams “als y H. - ane ll, B.A.,
A.S., Govern Ase 77 to 101
ee B.S Some, 5 pete about pty — Tidal Wave, May
1877. ‘ Three diagrams.) By J. P. —
son, CO. 103 to 115
” X.—Some Results of an Astronomical bRacparimash on
the Blue Mountains. (7'wo dia Bae fi By H.
C. Becel, B.A., F.R.A.S., 117 to 126
» XI.—On the ss Manan of Nickel and. Cobalt. By
xon, F.C. 127 to 132
XII The i ie on pee B Ww. ra
2» -—Th ee Well Wate e
5 bag : ‘TC. a0 3 y . 133to 141
» XL—N ote on oa Hua 1 Island Guano. By “Ww. A. Dix
: F.C.S., F.1.C., Lecturer on (ect Fa es
School of yen 148 to 144
» XIV.—The Rise and Progress ¢ of i Photography. By
udovico W. Hart 145 to 164
” a .—Proceedings on ag pee ce its cio to 187
” 1.—Additions to the Li brary oe m8 cals
» XVII.—Donations to the Cabinets aN on OE . 206
¥ » XVII. —List of Exchanges and oe esentations ea is 213
XIX. —Reports from the Sectio: ee as 1 oss
PAPERS READ BEFORE THE SECTIONS.
1. Note onthe Planet Uranus. By John Tebbutt,
2. On the Longitude of ‘Sydney Observatory.
By H. C. Russell, B.A., 2* see “
3. — on the Transit (One
diagram.) By John Tebbutt, F. FRAS. sve
4. Note on the rw ‘« Brisbane 6183.” wei John
ries
y acDonnell, F.R.A.S...-
6. Clark’s s Companion of Sirius. nes ug Russel
BA., F.R.A.S.
aeeeer &
380
Art.
39
2?
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
7.° The eee as Micrometer. By H. C. Russell,
B.
8. Notes on mle during ‘his Opposition, 1878.
9. On Star-discs, and the separating wer of
Telescopes. By W. J. Ma ape i poe
10, Abstract of the Results of t a tranit.
Venus. By H. C. Russell, BA, FR =
11. Notes on the Geocentric Conjunction ar Ml
and Saturn, 1879. By John Tebbutt,
12. Remarks on the Mounting of. Large “Object-
glasses. By H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S.
13. On a New Form of Equatorial Mounting. By
H. C. Russell, B.A., F.
14, Note on the Boorook Silver Mine. By A. W.
Dixon, F.
15, Notes on the “are of the “Sydney
ater Mai . Morri
16 Apology for t qeeia atest. of the Study
- Sn in our Sch
bye On} usic. ms. Jules Meilhan... a
XX.—Appendix: Abstract of the Meteorological Obser-
a taken at the Sydne orig en By
H. me ssell, B.A., F.R.A.S., ee
eiedas
XXI.—List of Publiations..
XXII dex ... i ue
PAGE.
269
281
297 to 308
309 to 318
319
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL sro OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
1879.
Vol. XIII.
CoNTENTS.
(Edited by Prof. Liversidge.)
Article I.—List me Officers, a — ~~
C. a
Iil.—The Gem” Cluster in in Argo By “H. ©. Russell,
- 2 Ss
IV.—The Internatio nal Co: eas ‘of Geologists, Paris,
1878. By Professor Liversidge, University of
ydney te
V. —e Water of Spivey Harbour. By the Rev. W.
ey Sharp,
VL—On t the Anatomy 0 f Disti stichopora, with a Mono-
ph the cane By the Rev. J.
F.G.S., F.
guages of Australi in co ection with
those of the Mozambique and of the South of
Africa. By Hyde Clarke, V.P.A.L, London
PAGE.
i to xl
1 to 26
27 to 34
35 to 42
43 to 48
49 to 63
65 to 80
81 to 85
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
Article IX. Rest A its relation to Popular Education.
By
32
”
: Ss _Ottelia pestarite F.v. M. By Baron von Miller,
M.D.,
P.H.D., 8.
XI. —Compiled Catalogue a Latitude Stars, ‘Epoch
H. 8. Ha A.
ins,
XII. ee ~ ae occurrence of eee Boulders i -
the Hawkesbury Rocks
L.S., F.G.
XIII.—The Wentworth Hurricane. By E ac. Russell,
B.A, F.R.A.S.
—Proceedin, ngs
'V.—Additions to the Libr rary
XV —List of Exchanges and Presentations
PAPERS READ BEFORE THE SECTIONS.
XVII. pyr treet FROM THE SECTI
i,
e SN
a
or
On a new method of panting Star Maps. By
H. C. Rus sell, B. S.
Oceultation in 64 Aquarii by fe ore Sept.
By in Ath
. The River Darling, the water “which should
ef p ecoee it. By H. C. Russell, B.A.,
. Notes ae some recent it objectives ‘manufactured
y . Hirst
6. Notes upon Tolles amples (am one-tenth
ampere
ei orp: bjestivg and 0: cin :
one-ei, hth (Xo 18), by both oblique or
enesighth light. B
7. An improved Dissecting Microscope. ‘By %
EK. Hew
XIX, un a ‘pabiientio ae
XX,—Index.
. Art Criti sciatb, By E. L. "Montefiore ..
. The Black chang 8 ne notes Sia a L.
art during a tour in German,
. Art Instruction. ‘By . ohn Plummer...
—— eno at Glade sville. By F. Norton
ng, M.D... ‘
as Abstract of the “Meteorol Jogical
og se arth bog “sy the SPRAS, cone
Vol. XIV.
CoNTENTS,
Edited by Prof. Liversidge-)
: (
—- Atticle I. —List of Officers, Rules, and List of Members ...--
97 to 104
” 105 to 107
ao 118
138
* 330 . 149
... 150 to 157
161 to 226
163
213
229 to 240
"" 941 to 251
eee
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
1880.
382
Article
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
ay — Anniversay Address, by Char: les Moore,
F.L.S., Vice-President. ( am
Tii.—On the Longitude of the roan Observatory.
B n t, FLR.A.S,
IV.—On the Opin and M es of Uranus
a i —— F.R.A.S...
V.—Some new sete Sti: with remarks upon
several Binaries. oe sis C. Russell, B.A.,
F.R ms) .
VI.—The Orbit Elements 4 "Cotnck I, 1880, (Great
Southern Comet). By J ohn Tebbutt,
Vik: me new “method of printing Barometer and
her Curves. By H. C. Russell, B.A.,
Vill. —Sliding Scale for 1 rect Barometer Read-
ings. bs H. B.A., F.R.AS.
( m)
Dia, ee ihe
IX.—On Thunder and Hail Storms. By H. C.
Russell, B.A., Pf R.A.8. (Diagram) a
X.—On some recent changes on the surface of
year By os C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S.
(Two Di
XI.—Remarks on ‘the Colours of Jupiter’s Belts,
and some changes observed thereon durin
by tae Hi
XII—A Catalogue of Plants collected during Mr.
Ale a Turret 4 Geographical a Bar of
Nort ustralia in 1879.
Ferdinand von er, K.
h.D., F.R.S. (Mf = 3 ae
XI. On Ringharking tee tts Effects. By W. E.
XIV.—Notes on ec Fossil Flora “ Eastern Australia
and T nia. By Dr. er Feistmantel.
XV. —On the "Acids of as Native Currant. B
e, M.A., B.Sc.
XVI.—On Pitarie: ” By pee Liversidge - =
xXVIT.—On wee ~ Native Fodder Plants. By
XVIUI. Water fro Pe - Ht Spring, New Britain. By
Pr
XIX. eee oss ie te a a Hot Sess Fiji Islands. By
Professor Liversi
XX.—The composition of Cast-iron acted ‘upon by
Sea-w: By Professor Liversidge
XXI.—On the "Coin ae of some Wood enclosed
in Basalt. Professor Liversidge
XXII.—The Compaction of Coral Limestone. By
Professor Liversidge .
XXIU.—The Inorganic Constituents of the Coals of
New South Wales. By W. A. Dixon, F.C.S.
XXIV.—On the Composition of some hati South Wales
Coals. By Professor Live
XXV. sos a * Se South W: Wales: + Minerals, By
essor Liversidge .
PAGE.
lto 18
19 to 21
23
25 to 31
33 to 42
43 to 45
47 to 49
5lto 61
63 to 75
77 to 79
81 to 95
97 to 102
103 to 118
119 to 121
123 to 132
133 to 143
145
147 to 148
149 to 154
155 to 157 ©
159 to 162
163 to 179
181 to 212
213 to 225
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
fessor Liversi
to)
the Prospect am
ill Schemes of Water Supply’ for
By T.
Aboors t, P.M. (Map)...
XXX.—Proceedin,
_ XXXT.—Additions to the Librar ary
XXXII.—List of Presentations made by the 1¢ Royal
eeny of i South Wales
from the Sections <4
PAPER READ BEFORE THE MEpIcAL SECTION.
Causation and Prevention of Insanity. By F. Norton
Abstract of the Merete Observations at
the Sydney Observatory. H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S.
H. C. cane? B.A., F.R.A.S.
one ore
‘yr
= et 6
oa -
INDEX.
PAGE.
A
Abbott, W. E., on ees and
Abbott, T. x, ?. M., ‘on Wells i in the
Liverpool _ Se eee ay 281
Abstract of Siiaserclogicn Observa-
tions at Sydney 35
Acan . W. Australia......... 91
Acids of the Native Currant; by
E. H. ahem M ra Sen 119
‘Charles
Moore, F. L. 8. ,Vioe-Bresident ak
Albertite, Ne analysis
of: Li rsidge 210
Alkaloid from Piturie ..........:...06+ 126
saa en pig Caledonia ...... 246
Alumina, ~ap amount of, in kero-
sene shale as
Alunogen, een of, Wallerawang 213
Amarantacer, N. W. Australia ...... 85
Analysis of cast-iron acted upon by
water : Liversidge
“Wi
Powe rere eenaeee
osenee
MN CORES .......<cccevseccsses
Oras New South Wales Coals...
. Minerals from New
on garnet o al-
: Ankerite “i rw potae ae
hia 8, -
. reg sein ala
rs
ai pase analysis of ..
"Coal
PAGE.
B
Barometer and other Curves, a new
method of shear by H. ©.
, F.R.A.S
&
a ;
Barometer Readings , Sliding-scale for
comviiials ; by H. C. Russell, B.A.,
F.R.A.
Barratta and — Meteorites ; by
Professor TSIDGE .....0ceeeereeeene
Basalt petro ‘fossil wood, Inverell 155
Bedge: ry 0 vr Piturie 132
Bincsies—Rermarks poe several ; i
H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A. S...2, 7a
see ee ee eeneeraenee
ge cccsah Opn eds C5006: Sighs ees en eeS
analysis Of .....ceussesseereeeretesseree® 212
ks purchased in 1880 ......----+-+++ 323
Bornite from New Caledonia 228
Cc
Cacholong, Tumut River, analysis 0 of 215
Caledonia—New—On a collection of
Minerals received from e Balade
- other Mines in; by Professor
SIDE. .eceservonenserrsrerseenes® 227
Caloritie intensity of New South
coals, calcul:
gan,
secon bererse ee eee
386
ie PAGE
Ups. bani W.B., F.R.S., on ring-
cusp ay aps? iron ores, Wallerawang,
_ analysis of 219
— Jamberoo, analysis
Coal, os. salyete of, he Nattai a
Coal ash 183
oat aches, coppe
Coal cannel, Wenn, England, an-
ays aa Live
‘oal from Pe wes ‘ha ok an-
alysis of 199
Coal from New Caledon 0
Coal pee fossils, pe
Coal Measures, Indian, pee
Au ian i
Coal Bat apes = taking ......
‘Coal, sulphur pre:
ns = coal ratty entec, an-
see eee eee
eee eee
210
seer eee eee mene
Ly.
pee eenses
a” se sir rn, analyses ef
Coals, N rn, Analyses
Coals of New - South Wales, Inorg
‘Constituents of ; by W. A
Coals of New South Wales, Composi-
nid _ some; by Professor Liver-
Mts DASCICE oo. oo ssa cs 175
Cobalt ores. in Bon Caledonia, analy-
ocoa-nut tree in Queensland
Collection of Fossils from the Palzo-
Zoic s of New South Wales,
as ges on at by R. Etheridge,
stew e eens
junr
Combretacer: of N.W. Aus
CometI, [S80 (rest Southern Comet),
The Orbi és of; by
cee 33
we teee
fessor Liversidge
Composition of some New South
Wales Coals; by Professor Liver-
Concretions, limonite, from Bingera
Diamond me Fists suelo ee Siiers
221
INDEX.
PAGE.
Copper aponer pod = nee Caledonia... 227
Copper in coal ashes «44.6... Fico 185
een metalic, in porphyrytic
phon eS ere ee 215
oaest ores, New Caledonia .........
Co oe Limestone—The oonspeniiai
of ; by Pr csome Sirersiige oe ae 159
Coral a bed Hebrides... ..s<.:s% 59
Correc nares r aalia ngs—
ing
Slidingecale f for ; by H. C. Russell,
-B.A.,
Correspo ondin ng Members, new ...295, 301
Cotton-bush, ana eal OE oscqemeay 138
Cruciferx, Or 83
ur.
the; by E. H. Re
Curve sore state of Barometer
urves— w method o f printing
atom and other; by H. ©.
Russell, B.A., oe
Cyperaceze of N. W. Australia.......+ 94
Cyperidium ar aa
species, Hewett
D
Daniell, Professor, experiments with
i SCION | .ciis eee ee 151
arwin, on Insectivorous Plan’ 16
Devoni 3 of ViCtOTIB © <-cinnceg is: 110
Diallage from New Caledoni winnie
Di 38 i sceveastal ee
Dionea muscipula, near Sydney ...-.-
Dixon, W. BITRE iy tbush
and sas Fodder Blan at ae ve
Inorgani Con
on th = Coals of ‘New Goeth eS be
| Dolomite from New Caledonia .....-
paar to the Ti is cid
yam:
ical Cabi-
SF es Mcrosea seated: 338
Droseraces, ‘Margaret River, N. W.-
Drosera ‘
Debi gree ee
E
Effects of Ringbarking; by W- &. oy
Abbott eRe hk ee as
Yat urus from Bombala er
English gore o asylums ae 4
Engravings purchased in 1880......-+-
INDEX, 387
i
AGE. > PAGE,
Eridani, p age showing he Garnier, M. Jules, discovery of
seured pasion = Sieh ania saksidy tya.s he 33 nickel in New Caledonia by ......... 231
Et F.G.S.—On Garnierite, analysis of ................- 236
Galleon. ‘New South Wales Guopraphied eploration of North-
Palzozoic Fossi Sense erie 247 west Australia in 1879; by Mr.
- Euphorbiacew of N. West Australia 84 Alexander Forrest ......:c.00c01 se
o) tive power of New South Geological Observations made in 1876
Wales 182 in Eastern Australiaand Tasmania ;
Exploration, act of North- by Dr. Ottaker Feistmantel......... 103
west Australia in 1879; by Mr. Geologists, Congress of, at Paris...... 6
Alexander Porbet lg: RL am 81 | Geology of New South Wales......... 105
Gipps—F.B., A Comparison al
the Prospect and Kenn
sere es of Water Troe for
Sy
F Gignons hace from New Caledonia,
i... Gad Dishot River, New Caledonia 227
“Bei old, Diahot River, New onia
. “gal Ostratons sana z ee Goodenou gh, R.N., the late Commo-
or
eee Watcnsland, Aasome 103 Goo mathe 5 of N. W. Australia... 92
Ficoidex of N. RC ee 5 | Gramine of N. W. Australia... é
ji—Hot Spr ; ing Waters aks te Gro malaeite, Mudgee, analysis of ... 216
f EES aie 145
Tilatia in the flesh of the bullock,
‘Richmond River, N. S. W.;
Morris 337
of N. W. Australia 95 H
ae ER. eS va 12
“oY Australia ...... 94
Se of Euro- Hail Te ees | by H. C. me
hers 139 R
“gree on = bush; by ~ es bo cs 1 in New South
BSE hse oe 133 on; "Pablo. Of sigs: aciennnsnor ate
Mr. Sper Mabeyese, Berrima, ser Of as: as
feiticn. of ots rest Aus- ee Caledonia ficjncecacesoarere
m 1879 81 laa of Ni W. Aen
fishes of a wy ix ’ 112 | Hausmannite (manganese ore), Wel-
ints of Tasmania............... 412 lington — analysis of ......... oH
in basalt ‘ Hawkesbury beds .......::sesserereerees
a ats 3 Ee & basal It, aver, an 155 W. J. Stephen, M.A., on the a
Australian Coal Measure ... 112 | Hematite, Sydney, analysis EES
from the paosic. s of a brown, Jam a- ee
shy B. Btheridgs 9 | YS Grails, snalyain ob cunnn 217
bt Helms, analysis of ae BUtOS vs. steele 223
Hirst, G. D.—Remarks on the Colours
of “Tupiters Belts during the ee
ae ion ro pe betaine as oe ogg
G Homa pen Madge — ie.
from New Caledonia 230 Homblende New Colne pk 244
fom New Caledonia, anaijais | Hot Spring Watersirom New Britis
gna b ofesor ae
Wall | (andradite), from Hydrocarbon, aratah Mine, ana- ae
iin, a 213 eeeeeeeeeenersere porvaerareret Cerrer
388 INDEX,
B PAGE, PAGE.
R I. L
Immigration, North-west Australia Labiate, N.W. Australia 93
a field for Ladenb on Piturine 125
organic Constituents of the Coals vead, native, Gundagai, N.S.W. 218
of New South Wales; by W. A. Lead ore ew Caledonia ............ 230
Dixon, F.C.S. 163 | Leguminosex, N.W. Australia ...... 86
Insectivorous Plants —Darwin 16 | Lentibul N.W. stralia ...... 93
Insane, Hospital for the, at "at Glades. Library—Additions to the ...........- 309
vi 340 | Limestone Coral, the Composition of ;
ity—The Causation and Pre- by P: Sangre Liversidge iplipais fey
vention of; by Dr. F. Norto n Limestone from Minumurra Creek,
.S. Ww , analysis OF arcana 219
Tron, f
Insanity, nity, Table showing causes a 354
Dr. Percy, F.B.S.,
effects of sea-water upon <
Professor
Sere er rer eee
ments with acids on ...............0 151
Robert Mallet, F.R.S., on
-. effects of sea-water upon .........., , 152
_ Iron ores in New Caledonia............ 238
J
on bon the sition and Mag-
_nitudes oe Ursa and; by Jo =
- Tebbutt,
Jupiter. re some pee changes on
a surface Pai by H. C. Russell,
J ce iter’ s Sie Bates on the
lours of, durin e tion
of 18: ; by % D. Hirs Naat She ij
rapsten ibe belts af pikes 63
clouds . 64
colour of 65
—_ measures of the rede spot. on... 69
K
Kaolin from New Caledonia............
Kenn and Pr aor ch
of Water itd und for Sip ina—ike
comparison between the ; by F. B.
259
Kerosene shale 206
Kerosene shale ash, analysis sabi Hogs 208
amount of 208
gpm shale from Now Osled Caledonia,
Ps omctong shales compared with other
eg heen | og Saher ee oa etna 210
pews vous’ aaaipa Station ...... 49
bea gro A 137
Ryker SRS
Limonite, clay cg iron ore, Waller-
awang, analysis Of ...........--eeeeree
Limonite, peideetae from Bingera
ields, analysis of
Literature and Fi
chitecture, Section Goce
ins—On Wells in a
T. K. Abbott, P.M... a8
cicaep Og Professor, on Piturie.. nada
n Hot Spring Water from
_New! Britain
mn Hot Spring Water from
as ileus
on the peng agoiouee of Cast-
iron weg upon by Sea-water ......
a Specimen of fossilized
sewerteee
.
146
149
eeeeeee
eeeetenee
——— on the Composition of Coral
Limestone and other Roc 159
the Composition of some
” New South Bale: es 181
e New South Wales as
227
ae rae eeeree eee
poe e ewes eens erererrenar®
Pocsveceeresseesee
see renee
oee
pes enseeesowosersese ese HOR
see eeeene
peneveneree®
M
Madras Star Catalogue ..........++++++* Rf
Magnesite, Hex poh a A ase :
etite from Wallerawang, 4
ard: Oa eee
RCN EAN ry
INDEX
tudes and Opposition of Uran:
Magni pp
RAS y John Te butt,
23
m New Caledonia ...... 8
Malic acid in 7 native currant of
few Out Wales ....:.c6.c.cccceseone
— of N. W. Australia......... 83
\ ore, hausmannite, Wel-
di ict, analysis of ......... 222
Marcasite, New ets ae rreet 239
Marmolite, New Caledonia ............ 2
Medical Scien Ge eee pes Hees 339
Meerschaum in New Caledonia ...... 234
Meliacez of N ustralia ........: 84
Members—List 0 Xxxi
eget iron ore,
Uralla, analysis of .................06+5
Meniipatice, Hoke Creek, Ter-
mination Lak
Mesozoic beds of New South Wales..
—* Upper (Bellarine beds) oo
109
— Lower, of Victoria ......... 109
Meteorological Observations at the
Sydney Observatory ................5
Meteorolo ogical Station, Kiandra......
ical Science. Section E... a8
oo Cabinet—Donations to
338
Mien Stu Stra ture of some New
_ South Wales Rocks : by Professor
| Liversi versidge
we eee New Sauth Wal ;
i by Professor Liv Be
X a Collection of, from
ew Caledonia by essor
oo
Pee eee eee
1: Copper, New South Wales
| yitd New Catedoni 207
oe
EB. gold idan copper ores ‘ores 227
ection
| Macalaiom, by Professor Lives.
22)
389
New Britain, Hot Spring W
from ; by Professor Peiles tn we 145
New South Wales Coals, Inorganic
Constituents of ; by W. A AD ixon,
New South Wales Coals—On the
lp te of some ; by Professor
Liv
chad South Wales, Geographical Ob-
rvations ; by Dr. Ottaker “Feist.
may ntel 03
- New South Wales, Geology of......... 105
Paleontology Of..........0++55++ 105
a South Wales Min
e; by Professor Liversidge ... 213
New ~e Waes Paleozoic
ssils from; by R. Etheridge
jox,,3
Nickel in New Caledonia
North-west "Anatolia Mr. Alexr.
Forrest’s Ge ographical Exploration
of, in 1879 St:
Moummsaksey analysis of, from New
Caledon
Nyctaginez af N. W. Australia .. i
Nym race near M, were Whitte- me
N. W.A 82
0
Observatory, Sydiney.....seccceesereeenes 359
Observations, Meteorological, at om
Pi aion so Parramatta ....ccsererees 7
Officers—List Of ......:..csseseseenee eeeees
Onagree of N Awe pape 9
Opal from iat 7 onia en eget si DAE
Opposition an es 0
‘aud Jupiter ; re Tebbutt, a
Ore shidee 3 of x. W, “Au ptrali® ..c.ctice 93
Orbit Elements of Comet IL 1 1880
(Grea nga ‘Comet ; by John
ebbatt, ERAS. 6dr 33
Paleontology of ae South Wales
Srcamiy seks New “ooh
Wales, Fossils poeta ; by &.
any ; , 108
ae i Australia....+++++ 93
Pandanee of N. W.
390 3 = INDEX,
AGE.
‘Rey De., ipa on effects of sa Rennie, E. H., M.A., B.Sc., on the
vater UPON CASt-IPON .....0..6.2s.se ees 151 ‘Acids of the Native Currant ......
Bite Profesor wbigabees 4 Report, Annual, of the Council ...... or
Piturie plant, hy Pre VEE Reports from theSe ctions(inahstract) 335
Piturine, F, von ae “y g tiamicion cis 135 Rhizophyllum Australe, from Yass... 248
—— Ladenburg oM......s...00.ceteeees 125 bce ganache and its Effects ; by W.
Liversidge oh pedpenboe of a Abbott
—— Nears SO. OE cskech eeecn es Rubiacew of N.W. Australia .........
Pituri : 132
Plants collected cuang. Mr. Alexr. oni Index to xiv
Forrest’s Geographica. al Exploration | Russell, H. C., B.A., F.B.A.S.: cee
of North-west Australia in 1879; | new Double Stars, with remar
b ron Ferdinand von Miieller, - upon several Binaries
Dy, fo Spent | n t of printing
Plants, Native Fodder and Salt- Barometer and other Curves_.....
bush ; A. Dixon, F.C.S. ... 133 pon a Sliding-scale for
arwin on Insectivorous ...... correcting Barometer Readings
asmania 2 32° Fah. and Mean Sea Level ......
— West Australian .............. on Thunder and Hail Storms
composition of European fod- some —— changes on the
139 surface of Jupiter ........6.ssccsseeers
” _Bleatopio orus from Wollongong ...... 251 | Rutile from N ow Caledonia Siatpensaaes
lygonex of N, W. Australia ...... 86
_ Portulacese of N. W. Australia ...... 86
_ Positions of p. ‘Eridani ;
_ — showing o Salsolacese of N. W. Australia ......
‘Presentations made by the Royal Salt-bush and Native Todder agit
Society of New South Wales ...... 324 by W. A. Dixon, F.C.S
~~ Proceedings ..... 5 | Salt-bush, Dixon on analysis A eee
‘Proteacez of N. W. Australia ...... 90 | Salt-water well, Liverpool Plains...
Protoretepora, from Singleton......... 249 | Sandwich Islands, New Hebrides
Prospect and Kenn Hill Schemes of eee 4
Water Supply for Sydney—Com- Santalace. ‘of N. W. pees sage
parison between; by F. B. Gipps... 259 Bipsielanene of N. W. Australia ...... P
Pryor, Mr., on Geology of Diahot Savu Savu, boiling springs at ad
River, New Caledonia ............... 299 Scheelite, Adelong, analysis of
Publications s—List of.. (Helms): i050 00 cc aeeeeseneccseneonens 223
371 s
Pyroxene, Oberon, N.S.W., analysis Schistose pink mineral, analysis of... 225
bs Sea-water, cast-iron acted upon by ; i9
Pyrrhotine, Balade Mine, New Cale- by Professor Liversidge......-..---+-+
donia 23 Becks: Reports ‘nous the (in ab- _ ash
Pyroxene, augite, New Caledonia ... 244 | _ StraCt) -....-1-sesseensecze co
ae serpentine Fi from New Caledonia ...... 306
ha. e, k Coda ne swekuenee haw ene eer rn
Q ‘iy Shale Kerosene, ash, large amount 908
6 Ks > ieee
Seinen Scr aes Siderite, pram 3 aoamres Se 224
es Gecloyinal olast vations — Si New South Wales 108
—o or Feiatenante):..: 198 a. for correcting "Barometer
> | Readings to 32° ye and Mean .
R Sea at by H. C. Russell, a a
Raina etSpiney, trom 16i0t01079. | SokdncacadN W. Austin gn
(Diagram) thern Comet (Great), Orbit Ele-—
Red reef coral, New Hebrides......... 159 ments of Comet we — by J. “
season from New Caledonia eae 228 Tebbutt, F.R.A.S... Rie
INDEX. ‘ 391
PAGE ~ PAG!
Spirifera from Wallerawang............ Torbanite, from New Caledonia, ana-
~~ red, on Jupiter, measures of lysis 7
orban Hill, Edinburgh, an-
Spring Waters, Hot, from New sr geeks ey ; Livers
Britain and Fiji; by Professor Tu from New Hiebrides—On
oo sicns tex ont hnevevare 145, 146 Composition of ; Liversidge......... 161
Se hniatancs of N. W. Australia.. 90
ome new Double; by H. C.
Russell, B.A., F.R. yale uate oa
Steatite from New Caledonia ......... 245
Stephen, W. J., M.A. : On the Liaes , U
Sterculiasom of N. W. Australia... 83 | Uranus and Ju iter—Opposition and
eWalos he recorded in pt South a7 ee ude of; by John Tebbutt,
‘ble .
rms, Thunder _ Bails by H. C. Uitione of N.W. Australia .........- 5
Russell, BA, F 6a ROS, 51
Strophomena from eoiete eae 256
Sih proven in coal -« 202
; Dionea muscipula near ...... 17 Vv
— Drosera dichotoma near ...... 17
om tei Tobit RILA.S.. 19 | Vati, Island of, New Hebrides Group 159
Sydney—Rainfal at, fr om 1840 t Ve rben of N.W. Au rennet Ae
1879. (Diagram) 1 Victoria, *cenogia Observations
JT OLIN) seccracvesecvevesenns made ; by y Dr. Ottaker J *
T viene Geology of, Feistman mar tel ... 109
Table of New ponies Stars in the
Southern
a, from New ‘Caledoni Eas W
pon gee - Staton:
oa ee by Dr. Ottaker Feist- ee Wate ter Supply for pias Sydney: om:
ee Gis 110 sina rmpet a “
Tebbutt, ies ee pete a Keeany Thi Schemes y
de of Z gcsGhbes eels valcessnegecesseatsee®
Longitu e of the aes Observa- = Watees, ob i Spring, From =o
Fait, the Opposition and Magni- ane Rela dir ins cers 145
~The Oct Honea af © met Sy We edsintrodueed in South Australis, 133
I, 1880 (Great Southern Co gg | Dr Goboatters Oe aes:
Tenorite from New Caledonia ........ Wels Oe on ie 3
entaculi 3 .. 9 Pp. My eseeseeerererss
Thunder ss Hail § : a H, © oS on Liverpool Plains—Schedule 290
Russe o ate OE occ isco cena epee ee
bee pe einai th | Wake ree Ds os
South janamatta DedS .-----+-srrrnertt
Bee aoe ioe vlocaig son |, Wolfram with Gaston TOT 95
oe. from East of Connaught analysis Of ..+..+s+sseersteee
Ta-stone, Sa a agen Vegetable ar
Titanium in New ms th beereveseares Z
tanifen 230
Titaniferons iron ore, Uralla, analysis a
Phe eeees
Zine blende in New Caledonia. ..- 230