N8 TO THE BUILDING :
Royal Society or New Sorrn Wal
Abbott, Hon. .1. I'.. M.I. A. (CI Is.. C".
Abbott, Thos. K.. S.M
AMn.fr. \Y. I-:, f CI Is.. CIO)..
Alexander, G. M
Amos, Robert
Ilrodvil.b, linn. \V. A., M.L.C., F.R.(
Brooks. Joseph, F.R.G.S
Ifcwn, II.. I. | CI Is., f I Is.)
Burnell, A. J. (£2 2s.,
Cailell, The Hon. Thoi
Cadell, Alfred
Alex., J. P. (£1 Is., £10)..
ie, L. II
lis, Hon. L. F., M.L.C {£
Flavelle, Bros, and lie
Flavelle, John
Ha.-^ilrnnaiuMio 5s„ C3 3s.)
llaklraVv. Liwivi'uv' '.'."..'.". '.'.'.'.■.".'.■.'.!'.;■.
. M. (£10 10s., £10)
Hay?Hon. Sir John,' K.(\M.^', i'fl'O,"
Helms, Albert, Ph. D., Berlin
.' •. I'tiio ii)s'.^'£ri," t-i'-is.)"!
Hills, Robert.
Keele, 'J
Mac Donald, E. (£2 :2s., £2 2s.)
MacDomicll, S
MacDonnell, W. (C;>, 'J2 2s.)
Mackenzie, John, F. G. S
MacPherson, Rev. 1'., M.A. (£2 i
Maitland, D. M
Makin. <;. K. ,L'l h,.,£-2-2,.) ....
Manfred, E. C
Mann, J. F
Manning, !\ X., M.])., St. And. (
Manning, sir Win., LL.D. (£2 2s.
Matthews, Robert!'. (€1 Is.. CI
Markey, James, L.R.< '.[>., Kdin..
Marsden, Right Rev. Dr
Merriman, J..
:
Morlev. !\ .
s. v.L.S
A. A. (
•«*•'"'•.;■
f 2s ; ] '
Norton, Hon. J
. A. Innes, B A
CrReillv, W. W. J., M.'T).. i hi
■ i-.A., (Viand:..
'.
Pedley, L". R
Potts, F. H.
Quaife, F. H
'': ,: '"'"
Robertson, Th
Smith, Hon. Professor. l.M.i ;., M.I. < . (£5, £2 2s., £1 Is.) 8 3
Smith, Robert, M.A 10 10 J
Starkey, J. T • *
Stephens, Prof. W. J., M.A on
Styles, G. M - -
Suttor, W. H 7 V n
Syer, F. W } \ "
Taylor, W ^ J J
Tebbutt, J., F.R.A.S 10
Thomas, H. A. (£3, £2 2s.) inn
Thomson, Joseph j>
Thomson, Dugald o o n
Thompson, J. Ashb 2^0
Toohey, J. T 10
Trouton, F. H. (£3 3s., £1 Is.) 4 4
Tucker, G. A., Ph. D 10 10
Voss, H. H., J.P. (£10 10s., £20) 30 10
Walker, Thomas 500
Walker, H. 1 1
Ward, : Major-! k-neral Sir Kdward, K.C.M.G., R.E 5
Ward, J. \V. (£2 10s., £2 10s., £2 2s., £2 2s., £2 2s.) 11 6
Ward, R. ]>., M.R.C.S 5 5
Wardell, W. W., M.I.C.E 3 3
Waterhouse, J 2 2
Watt, A. J. (€5 5s., £1 Is.) 6
Watt, Charles , 2 2
Webster, A. S. (£10, £10) 20
W -ton. W. J. i £
■White, Rev. Dr. •
Woolrych, F. B. W. (£3 3s., £2 2
Wright, II. K. A., 1I.R.C.S.E. (
I, '104
EOYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH "WALES.
M
JOURNAL
PROCEEDINGS
EOYAL SOCIETY
NEW SOUTH WALES,
1886.
INCOEPORATED 18
"VOL. XX.
Messrs. Triibner & Co., 57, Ludsrate Hill, London, E.C.
Mo. tfot. Garo
1S97.
NOTICE.
The Royal Society of New South Wales originated in 182 1
as the " Philosophical Society of Australasia"; after an interval
of inactivity, it was resuscitated in 1850, under the name of the
"Australian Philosophical Society," by which title it was known
until 1856, when the name was changed to the "Philosophical
Society of New South Wales"; in 1866, by the sanction of Her
Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, it assumed its present title,
and was incorporated by Act of the Parliament of New South
Wales in 1881.
>me new Poisonous Plants dis-
Liver, North C
, F.L.S.
VI.— Further Additions to the Census of the Genera of
Plants hitherto known as indigenous to Australia. By-
Baron Ferd. vattM i h.D., F.R.S., &c.
VII. — Notes on the Process of Polishing and Figuring 18-in.
Glass Specula by 1 1 i wi rh Flat Surfaces.
By H. F. Madsen ,
VIII. -Tin Deposits of New South Wales. By S. Herbert
Aboriginal Nar
logically examined. By
X.— Our Lakes and their Uses. By Fredk, B. Gipps, C. E. . . .
XI.— Notes upon the History of Floods in the Paver Darling.
By H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.S., &c
XII.— Notes on the Sweet Principle of Smilax Glycyphylla.
By Professor Edward H. Rennie, M. A. , D. Sc
XHI.— Notes on the Theory of Dissociation of Gases. By
Professor R. Threlfall, B.A. (Cantab)
XIV. — Results of the Observations of the Comets Fabry,
Barnard, and Brook- i.V, I ls>.;. v. Windsor, N.S.W.
XV.— Notes on some Rocks and Minerals from New Guinea,
Art. XVI.— Notes on som. Iver and other
Minerals. By Professor Liversidge, F.R.S., &c
Art. XVII. — On the Composition of some Pumice and Lava from
the Pacific. By Professor Liversidge, F. R. S. , &c
i George. By H. C.
Proceedings..
Exchanges u. Society of
Proceedings of the Sections
Sanitary Section.
The Ventilation of Sewers and the Dwelling. By J. Trevor
Jones, City Engineer
On the Rational Construction of Chairs and Desks. By Reuter
E. Roth, M.R.C.S.E
Notes on I r the Eastern Suburbs, &c.
By F. H. Quaife, M.D. (Univ. Glas.)
The Recent Outbreak of Small-pox on M.M. "Oceanien."
By J. Ashburton Thompson, M.D. (Brux.), San. Sci. Cert.
(Camb.) T.
A Note upon Scavenage. By J. Ashburton Thompson, M.D.
(Brux.), San. Sci. Cert. (Camb.)
Sanitation of the Suburbs of Sydney. By J. Trevor Jones,
\t ^ogal Sooetg of |te Stout]} Males
OEEICEBS EOE 1SSG-S7.
-
EOBERT HUNT, F.C
MACKELLAR, Hon. C. K., | THOMPSON, J. ASIIBURTOX,
M.L.C., A.M., M.B. I M.D., Brux.
MOORE, CHARLES, F.L.S. I WILKIXSOX, C. £.. F.G.S.. F.L.S
PEDLEY, P. R. WEIGHT, H. G. A., M.B ( £ E, *<
ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
ACT OF INCORPORATION.
An Act to incorporate a Society called " The
Royal Society of New South Wales." [16
December, 1881.]
WHEREAS a Society called (with the sanction of Her P
Most Gracioi - M.-iji-n the Queen) "The Royal
Society of New South V. in ru l e s and
by-laws been formed at Sydney in the Colony of New South
Wales for the encouragement of studies and investigations
in Science Art !.:;• ratlin eu d Philosophy And whereas
the Council of the said Society is at the present time
composed of the following office-bearers and members His
Excellent \ t! IViA'A 1! mi I'LniA., '-tus LoftusP.C.
G.C.B. Honorary President The Honorable John Smith
<*.M.<; Vh [.L.D IV. i ' ., and Charles Moore Esquire
F.L.S. Director of the Botanic Gardens Sydney and Henry
Chamberlaine Russell Esquire B.A. (Sydney) F.R.A.S.
FAl.S. London Government Astronomer for New South
Wales Vice-Presidents and H. G. A. Wright Esquire
M.R.C.S. Honorary Treasurer Archibald Liversidge Esquire
Associate of the Royal School of Mines London Fellow of
the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland and
Professor of < . - in the University of
Sydney and > •' ., ,:,•■• Doctor of Philo-
niYeraity of Heidelberg Fellow of the Insti-
tute of Chemistry of Great l.'Vitain and Ireland Honorary
Secretaries W. A. Di
of Great Bri tai R obert Hunt
Esquire Associate of the Royal School of Mines London
!) ' tj M t< - [j I) ch R Mint Eliezer L.
Montefiore Esquire Christopher Rolleston Esquire C.M.G.
be So
ciet
y hereby i
ncorporated
[emb
•r:y
; : t ; ] ;.':;;
a quorum according
at' th
eti
mo being
shall be present
"x!v|;
"S'
one of such persons
> of the said Society
dstant Secretary of
ent
the Presii
lent Vice-Presidents
lid Society
.- for the time being
which it may be requisite to serve upon the Corporation
may be served upon the Secretary or one of the Secretaries
as the ease may be or if there lie no Secretary or if the
Secretaries or Secretary he absent from the Colony then
upon the President or either of the Vice-Presidents.
3. The present rules and by-laws of the said Society shall
be deemed and considered to be and shall be the rules and
by-laws of the said Corporation save and except in so far as
an\ of them are or shall or may be altered varied or repealed
under the powers for that purpose therein contained or are
and hold Ian. Is and any intmst th.r. in ami :.
..'... . . .-...., ■'■;,■
■-. under 1 1 1 « -
i- ih. in shall
. • • ( : i ■ •
find demands in anyv :-■
[ property of the Corpo- Liability
then current year be liable to contribute a sum equal thereto
towards the payment of such engagements but shall not be
otherwise individually liable- for the same and no member
who shall have commut <\ his annual s U b> ription shall be so
liable for any amount beyond that of one year's subscription.
8. The Council shall have the custody of the common seal
of the Corporation - m d have power to use the same in the
affairs and business of the Corporation and for the execution ,
of any of the securities d uler such seal
authorize any person without such soul to' execute any deed
or deeds and do such other matter as may be required to be
done on behalf of the Corporation but it shall not be neces-
sary to use the said seal in respect of the ordinary business
of the Corporation nor for the appointment of their
Secretaries Solicitor or other officers.
lf 9. The production of a printed or written copy of the
rules and by-laws of the Corporation certified in writing by
the Secretary or one of the Secretaries as the case may be
to be a true copy and having the common seal of the
■■■ shall be cniu-lusive evidence in
all Courts of such rules and by-laws and of the same having
been made under the authority of this Act.
10. In case any of the elections directed by the rules and
by-laws for the turn b i u of the Corporation to be made
shall not be made at the times required it shall nevertheless
be competent to the Council or to the members as the case
may be to make such elections respectively at any ordinary
meeting of the Council or at any am
meeting held subsequently.
11. The Secretary or either one of the Secretaries may
, ,v l' n s, ' nt th '' Corporation in all legal and equitable pro-
may for and on l-imlf of the Corporation make
' ■ and do su.-h acts and si-n hU eh documents as
are or may be required to be done bv the plaintiff or
complainant i
which the Corporation may be parties.
was not able to < xantine the se.-tioi
..,,11-..' of th ■ uiat< rk ! on t!a surface, which is included in tl
90 feet of sinking, appears to consist of a line-grained f.
. : „- ash, whirl, Ii; > hern convert* 1. at places. b\ derompositi,
ash beds are found in other seci
%
Section along tunnel in Bailey's Claim.
T. Tunnel from which wash-dirt has heen removed :—
a, Slates. 1>. Felspar porphyry. c. Sediment overlying the tia-wash.
and I believe a similar section was met with in the old workings.
This felspar pori Ip n . which, is < all* d gi mite locally, is looked
such is 1,1 eonbterih th- <- , > It i- of th gieatest importance,
however, to place on record the fact that at one point in this
mine there is an undoubted instance of a tin gutter on this
rock, the lead of tin being overlain by a rock which corresponds
in all respects wirh th<> lower one. This section is cut across by
a small prospectir.-- drive, in the .-ale of which it can be seen, as
follows :—
„ Admission of
Money Grants
Object of the Society
Office-bearers
„ Duration of
„ Vacancies amongst
Order of Business
Property of the Society
Quorum at the Council Meetings
Kules, Alteration of
i, Hon., Duties o:
RULES.
(Revised October 1st, 1879.)
al Rules adopted November 6th, 1S84, marked thu,
Object of the Society.
I. The object of the Society is to receive at its stated meetings
original papers on Science, Art, Literature, and Philosophy, and
especially on such subjects as tend to develop the resources of
Australia, and to illustrate its Natural History and Productions.
Honorary President.
II. The Governor of New South Wales shall be ex officio
Honorary President of the Society.
Other Officers.
III. The other Officers of the Society shall consist of a
President, who shall hold office for one year only, but shall be
eligible for re-election after the lapse of one year ; two Vice-
Residents, a Treasurer, and one or more Secretaries, who, with
six other members, shall constitute a Council for the management
of the affairs of the Society.
meet ion of Officers and Council.
IV. The President, Vice-Presidents, Secretaries, Treasurer,
and the six other members of Council, shall be elected annually
by ballot at the General Meeting in the month of May.
^ V. It shall be the duty of the Council each year to prepare a
list containing the names of members whom they recommend for
election to the respective offices of President, Vice-Presidents,
Hon. Secretaries and Hon. Treasurer, together with the names
or six other members whom they recommend for election as
ordinary members of Council.
The names thus recommended shall be proposed at one meeting
of the Council, and agreed to at a subsequent meeting.
Such list shall be suspended in the Society's Booms, and a copy
shall he sent to each ordinary member not less than fourteen days
before the day appointed for the Annual General Meeting.
Va. There shall be elected on to the Council for each ensuing
year, at least two and not more than three members of the Society
who were not members of the Council for the previous year.
VI. Each member present at the Annual General Meeting
shall have the power to alter the list of names recommended by
the Council, by adding to it the names of any eligible members
not already included in it and removing from it an equivalent
number of names, and he shall use this list with or without such
alterations as a balloting list at the election of Officers and
Council.
The name of each member voting shall be entered into a book,
kept for that purpose, by two Scrutineers elected by the members
No ballot for the election of members ot Council, or of new
members, shall be valid unless twenty members at least shall
record their votes.
Vacancies in the Council during the year.
VII. Any vacancies occurring in the Council of Management
during the year may be filled up by the Council.
Candidates for admission,
VIII. Candidates must be at least twenty-one years of age.
Every candidate for admission as an ordinary member of the
Society shall be recommended according to a prescribed form of
certificate by not less than three members, to two of whom the
candidate must be personally known.
Such certificate must set forth the names, place of residence,
and qualifications of the candidate.
The certificate shall be read at the three Ordinary General
Meetingers, the policies of in -urance, I
other securities shall be lodged in the Society'- in, n chest,
contents of which shall be inspected by the Conn ii once in ev
year; a list of such contents shall be kept, and
signed by the President or one of the Vice-Presidents at
annual inspection.
XXXIX. The Society shall have power to form Branch So-
cieties in other parts of the Colony.
Library.
XL. The members of the Society shall have access to, and
shall be entitled to borrow books from the Library, under such
regulations as i : ! necessary.
Alteration of Bides.
XII. Xo alteration of, or addition to, the Eulea of the Society
shall be made unless carried at two successive General Meetings,
at each of which twenty-five members at least must be present.
THE LIBEAEY.
. The Library shall be open for consultatic
and return of boob
i (1
ally (except
Sat unlay),
from 0-30 a
.1 p.m., and 2 to
(5 p.
■
930 a.m. t<
p.m.
U. The Libn
ill
not be open
on public h
olidays.
2. No book
si, all
be
issued wit
hout being
signed for
Library Book.
3. Members i
ire n
Ot :
lave more t
ban two vo
at a time from 1
he T.
,i!n
arv, without
: special pe
•v S(
■en
■taVies, nor
to retain a
hook for a 1
period than foi
trtec
membei it may
■ be
boi
•rmved by 1
lim again, p
rovidod it h
been bespoken
by i
my
other mem
her. Hook
s which hav(
bespoken shall
circi
Lhll
:e in rotati
on, accord i:
ag to prior
4a. Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and other works of reference
Journals, Transactions and Proceedings of Societies or Institu-
tions, Works of a Series, Maps or Charts, are not to be removed
from the Library without the written order of the President or
one of the Hon. Secretaries.
5. Members retaining books longer than the time specified
shall be subject to a fine of sixpence per week for each volume.
G. The books which have been issued shall he called in by the
Secretaries twice a year ; and in the event of any hook not being
returned on those occasions, the member to whom it was issued
shall be answerable for it, am! shall he required to defray the
cost of replacing the same.
Hon. Secretaries.
Form No. 1.
Royal Society of New South "fi
Certificate of a Candidate for Elec
jeing desirous of admi^ion into the Royal Society of New South Wales, i
he under<iened member.- of the Society, propose ami recommend him a
Dated this day of 18
From Personal Knowledge. I Fhom Gexei
Form No. 2.
Eotal Society of New South Wales.
The Society's Hoi
Regulations of the Society (ride Rule No. 9), you a
To Hon. Secretary.
Form No. 3.
Royal Society of New South Wales.
I, the undersigned, do hereby engage that I will endeavour to promote
the interests and welfare of the Royal Society of New South Wales, and to
observe its Rules and By-laws, as long as I shall remain a member thereof.
Address
Form No. 4.
Royal Society of New South Wales.
The Society's House,
Sir, Sydney, 18 .
for the current year became due to the Royal Society of New South
Wales on the 1st of May last.
It is requested that payment may be made by cheque or Post Office order
of the Hon. Treasurer.
Form No. 5,
Royal Society of New South Vi
The Boric
Your most obedient servant,
On behalf of the Royal Society of New ;
ledge the receipt of am \ j ar
Your most obedient
Balloting List for the Election of the Officers and C
Royal Society of New South Wales.
Baixotixo List
for the election of the Officers and Council.
Present Council. | y m proposed as Meters of the new Council.
President.
Vice-Presidents.
Hon. Treasurer.
Hon. Secretaries.
Members of Council.
;itute any other name in place of that proposed, <
e se -oi d column, and v. rite opposite to it, in the tl
) substitute.
LIST OF THE MEMBERS
giopl gmelg si f *fo ^rnttlj Males.
rill, .S.1L, Central Police
1874 i Al S er, John. Union Club.
1868 I | Allcrding, F., 25 Himtei^tm-t.
1856 ; Alii -Hands" Edge.
„ J j Road, WoolklnM.
:v-!
1877 -^'"- 1[ < I M V ' V - mm. i Hill.
1873 At! Bw'lfiwSrie^toStHoflfc
■ :
At.H.rs.K., L.R.C.P. Loral, Hospital i
■-
Campion, Hi, Kx-.-oll,-.^ Ti.o lliglA Hon. Lord, G.C.M.G-,
I &C.7&0..&C., llo„.l>rcsid (ll t.
i
I Clm
Dclavuo. Leopold H., 37!
Do Salis, Iho Hon. :
:., Eur,., SIM. Si/d.
Ellalone," Ashfield
.R.C.P., Zond.;
Flavelle, John, 340, Geo]
Forbes, AU'm-. Leirh. M.
♦Foreman, Joseph, M.K.C
PI Eraser, John
:
P3 < ; pp< i IS 'I I .. \i
[\. -, M 1
; llartrravr. Lawreure. " K:
jJHams, John, M.L.A., "I
S71
llav. Xl„- lion. Sir John. K.CM
P,v- I, ,ttl, I.,- 1 ,W (-.1
1870
Heaton.J. H., M.P.. St. Stephen's
Helms, Albert, Ph. D., 2ter//», Sydi
;:•
li J J- i E C.I ~A»i!aht
/Licensed Survey
Hemn, llenrv. ,o!i it r. .V* Hunt,
He-A,!t, TL„r,a- IMv ■ 1. r.r-.m
iC * it «v k ''.;^, M
i/alvth Bar.
Hitchins. Edwd. Lytton, " Florer
Darlinghurst.
1876
P2
ITii-t Geo J) 377 Georsre-Mn-or
ou')M.I>. Univ.
7.,//;-/^, 197, LiVerpool-Btreet.
1876 Haboy toi.,M.D.3tf«..,F.L.S.,F.Z.S.,
F.R.GhS., Sherwood Scrubs, Parmmatra.
1S8G j Holmes, Speneer Harrison, "The Wilderness," Allandale,
1879 ! Houison^AnclreV. P..A.. M.I?.. CM.. iV/»., 128, Phillip-street.
1886 ! Hozier, Charles H. S., F.R.C.S., hvl, L.K. and Q.C.P., IreL,
1877 Huin^TK.'A'.h-i.lah " Camphelltown.
1878 tHunl K,.yal Mint, Sydney,
1S79 j Inglis, The
Jackson, Henry \Y [{. C. Phys-.^rfw.,
ll.i.Pliillip-stivet.
Jackson, Eer. H. L., M.A. (Cantab.), St. James's Parsonage,
^leparie-strect.
Jeiferis, Rev. James, I.!. I)., "The Retreat," Newtown.
Jenkins, Edward Johnstone, M.A., .M.D., Oron, M.E.C.P.,
M.R.C.S,, L.S.A., Z I., irae.juarie-street North
, Phillip-
UL, 36,
-. M.A., F.C.S
Lloyd, The Hon. Go _ \ u !. M.L.C., F.R.G.S., "Scott-
forth," Elizabeth Bay.
Lord, The Hon. Frun.-is, M.I... .. North Shore.
Lovell. R. Uuvnr-. 2u, Wvuvard Sq.
Low, Hamilton, HAL Customs.
Low, Andrew S., " Men-viands."' Granville.
Lowe, Edwin, Wilgar Downs Station, via Girilambone.
:, Public Works, Sydney.
.M. Edin., M.E.C.S.E.,
maty of Sydney, 205,
1,A„ 121, Pitt-street.
M'Cutcheon, J. ■ ; - v dney Branch of t
Koval Mint.
1S..F.L.S., Sandh
nard,M.L.C.,A.M.,M.I
'House, Queen-street, »
1880 I Manfred, Edmun
177 Mann, .!■ ■ ntral Bay.
181 ! Manning, Sir W. M.. U. I'.. I
Edeecliff Koad, Woollalvra.
,73 P C Maiming .Tnme>. " ViL-tis.'* Double Bay.
1876 Mmnin- V'-v.l N- i" >. M I >. Univ. 5/. ^nd.,
A\»?., Lie. So.-. Aiioth. /..>;„/., Hunter's Hill.
Mansfield, G.A., 121. Pitt-street.
M irano. (>. V.,M.D. I uiv. S^.U *, CI; r< ndon Terrace, I
Marker. James, L.E.C.S., Jref., L.R.C. Phys., Edia.
1875 1 Montcfloro, E. L..
1876 I ! Quaife, Fredk. Harrison
| ''HusWeu/'Qu,,,,
1886 Quaife, Wm. Francis, B J
1881 P3 Eer
1880 ( Ekldell, C. :
1836 , Eigg, Thorn
1856 [ J Eober
E. ! -.r-'. ■
rhoHo^c/j.Tcj.XLG
..m'i...
:
iS^SSJ
&2!
Eolleston
;i;;i;;;^];-;V^ ;
if'^.it;,
urrajong Heights.
I Sharp, h at.
I PI Sharp, Revd. \V. llrv, M.A. O.P0.1., Warden of
College, University."
: PI Shell>hear, Walter, Assoc. 31. Inst. C.E, " 1
Holt-street, Stanmore.
' SheppardfRe^'a^BXp^rrima.
! j Shewen, Alfred, 11.1!., MP.. Univ. ZowrfoB, 1
" ,.<\M.. i-:
1 i\ Fivdk Fvan<, 3fli
iley, John, 263, Geor
h, Kobt.. M.A. Si/d.,
Smith,' Robt,' Burden ie-street North.
Smith, Frede. Moore. M.D, M.R.C.S, Uoast Hospital, Little
-1 ,i * .1 1 Huw...U Ca-tlereagh-street.
Steel. Join,, LI 1- E lizabeth- street
Hvde Park.
Stephen. George Milner. P,A.. Mem. Geol. Soe. of Ger
many: Cor. Mem. Nat. Hist. Soe, Dresden; F.R.G.S. 0.
iSteph, i , Ihe II. n S. ptimu? A . M L.C., South Kingston.
^ hen, Alfred F. II., Audit Department, Bligh-street.
of Natural His
>ry in the l rlinghurst Road.
Stephen, Cecil B, M.A., 101, Elizabeth-street.
Strange. Fredk. R , Pimvood.
" t.Jolm Renrhll. M.L.A, '■Birtlev. - ' Eliza! th Pay Roa.l.
Strong, Wm. Edmund, M.D, Aberdeen, M.R.C.S., jE,y. :
GoTerament ' mator for Sydney,
r.S., Cro«- street
t, T. P. Anderson, M.D, Un
natomy and Physiology in the University of
M,G. -. (!. Mi.diimai], Uommereial Bank, George-s
Sui.d, ,■: ,m 1, R, ,. J. !>.. 1-1. Wentworth Court, Eli
j Suttor, The Hon. Wm. Henry, M.L.C., "Cangoiu
Professor
Trebeek. Pn -p<T X
Trebeek, P. C, 91 I
Trebcck, T. B., M.
Trouton, F. H., Cli
£Tuckcr, G. A., Pb.l
Tucker, William, "
Tulloh, W. II., "Ai
Tuxen, Peter Willi.
Tebbutt, John, F.R..
Thomson, Dugald, ca
Thompson, Jos ph, "
Thompson, Thos. Jai
iarper & Co., 409, George-street.
' Bellevue Hill, Double Bay.
a Chambers, Pitt-street, Sydney.
M\D. Brux., Health Department,
Thomas. 1". J.. Hunter River. X.S.N. Co., Sussex-
Thornton, Hon. Geor-, M.LC. 377. C^..r_-.-tv.
i. B.A., Cantab., Professor of PI
sity of Sydney.
Tibbit's.W.-.'h.Tir.^h. M.RC.S. Enr/., M:mlv.
Toohey, J. T., "Moira," Burwood.
, G. W„ C.E., Booty
Macquarie-street Xortl
Edwd., L.E.C.P. Loi
J., M.B., CM., Edhu, Pav View Ho.
■ Sp, z ia. Italv. '
Vernon, Walter X., M.S.A., « Cljtha " House, Ne
Voss, Houlton H., J.P.. Goulburn.
Walker, H. 0., Au<
Watt, Clsarles. Parramatta.
\Yan_k U,a-. M.B., M.C., T.C.D., Tarramatta.
Webster, A. S., Gresham Chambers.
Weigall, Albert Bythesea, B.A. Oxon., M.A. Syd., He
of the Sydney Grammar School, College-street,
Westgarth, G. C, solicitor, " Tresco," Elizabeth Bay
Weston, W. J., 5, Spring-street.
M.A. Sudnn
'■
Judges' Cham!
LL.D., Syd., "Gowrie," Singleton.
White, Rev. Jan
White, Hon. Ja ■ k," Double
. Moore. A M, 1 i. D., T.C.D.
■
t Wilkinson, C. S., F.G.S., F.L.S., Government Geologist, Depart
. -- ■ .• ,-■■■-.
M.L.X.. - 11 ,1 IW1.
Parramatta.
Wilshire, T. R,. P.M., Berrima,
Wflshire, James I b," Burwood.
Iney.
\ ; . ;■-. i ;,-■-..■■ : . . '■•" - ■"■' . . "■ ■ • !
W-. »1. Hi in- J.!'., ["i ler *v . r, ! -y t r Mine?, Department
. M.D., CM.,
d," CampbelltoTrn.
'., 31, College -
-
i " ■.-;•.:■ '
iew, Dr., Hon. Seci Cl »i ,,
V, Sir George Bid I
., F.R.S., ,
! Beraays, Levn* A., 1
;
M.A.. F.K.S.. Ealing, London.
M Do Koiiinfk, Prof., L.G., M.D., Liege, Belgium.
Ellerv, E ,h t 1" F.R.S F. R.A.S .. G..vei .1
Victoria. Melbourne.
Gre.wv r.M.G.,M.L.C.,F.R,G.S.,
Geological Surveyor, Brisbane.
Haast, Sir Julius von, K.C.M.G., Ph. D., F.
ILelor. .Tarn
Din t r
M M'Coy, IV
C.M.ZS., Professor „i
P4- Mii,'!le<- I:
M F.L.S., Government 15,
M Own. Profe,so r Sir K, I
W.C.
, V.!'./
sh Museum, London,
1810 P 1 Choke, Hvd,
i
)n, Dr. J. L
er, Alfred.
' Karl W.
MacPherson, Rev. Peter
Schuette, Dr. Rudolph.
Stuart, Hon. Sir Alexan
Thompson, II. A.
AWARDS of the CLARKE MEDAL.
Established in memory of
Rbtd. W. B. CLARKE, M.A., F.R.S., I
aor Sir Richard Owen. K.C.D.. F.R>.. Hamilton Court,
eorge Bentham, C.M.G., F.R.S., The Rojal Gardens, Kew.
sor Huxley, F.R.S., The Royal School of Mines, London.
sor F. M'Coy, F.R.S., F.G.S., The University of Melbourne
sor Janus Dwiglit Dana, LL.D., Yale College, >"ew Haven
Ferdinand von Mueller, K.C.M.G., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S.
L.S., Government Botanist, Melbourne.
R, C. Selwyn, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Director of th<
ologieal and Natural History Survey of Canada, Ottawa,
eph Dalton Hooker. K.C.S.L, CM., M.D., D.C.L., LL.D.
., Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew.
sor L. G. De Koninck, M.D., University of Liege, Belgium.
Hector, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S., Director of the G olog ca
rvrv of Now Zealand, Wellington, N.Z.
Members are particularly requested to communicate any change
of address to the Hon. Secretaries, for which purpose this slip is
inserted.
i Royal Society of N.S.W.,
37, Elizabeth-st, Sydney.
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
By Professor Liversidge, F.R.S., &c
Ox this the 65th anniversary of the foundation of the Royal
Society of New S res upon me to address yon,
and to thus continue what has hitherto been the annual custom
since the first formation of the Society. It is true that there have
been breaks, but the wars in which they have occurred are few
and far between. For many reasons I should have been glad to
have been relieved, but I am afraid that it would have appeared like
shirking the duties and responsibilities of the high office to which
you elected me, after having enjoyed the honors of the position.
It has been more than once suggested by previous Presidents
that the custom should be discontinued, since the Council has often
failed to secure the services of competent members to fill the
Presidential Chair, simply on account of their inability to find
time to prepare the expected annual address. For my own part,
I can thorough] •>: and :| « * compromise
between the usual address upon scientific matters to which you
have hitherto been accustomed, and none at all, I venture to
bring before you a few remarks upon certain matters which may
perhaps be not altogether devoid of interest to you, inasmuch as,
with one or two exceptions, they may be regarded as belonging
more or less completely to the domestic affairs of the Society.
In the first instance, it is my melancholy duty to place on record
a brief notice of such of our members as have been removed from
our midst during the past year.
At the meeting held in November last we expressed our grief
for the loss we had sustained in the removal of the late Hon. Prof.
John Smith, C.M.G., M.L.C., LL.D., M.D., our former President,
our appreciation of his life and labours, and our heartfelt sympathy
idow in her great bereavement.
It is, however, only fitting that I should give a somewhat fuller
account of the work which he did for us and for the public at large,
and especially, as I said on that occasion, .since but very few appear
to know how much the Colony is indebted to him. Quiet, unobtru-
sive, conscientious workers, such as he, especially when they are
unpaid for their self-imposed and philanthropic labours, seldom
receive during their lifetime a just recognition of their deserts,
and not always after their death.
Professor Smith was born in Scotland, about the year 1821,
and was educated at Marischal < 'olhge, in the I 'niversity of Aber-
deen, where he took the degrees of M.A. and M.D. After taking
his degrees, he for some five years carried on the chemistry class
in M u \» hal O 11 v dm igi illness of Prof. Clarke.
When the University of Sydney was endowed and incorporated,
a Committee was appointed in London, consisting of Sir John
Herschel, P.R.S Tut St f rge Airey, Astronomer Royal,
Prof. Maiden, of University College, London, and others, to select
Professors for the Chairs of classics and mathematics, and one for
certain portions of science. This Committee made the three ap-
pointments in 1852, and Dr. Smith was selected as the first
Professor of chemistry and expi rimental phvsics ; and he retained
the latter portion of the original Chair from the time of his arrival
in October, 1852, until his°death in ( )ctober, lss.,. In addition,
he was for many years Dean of the Faculty of Medicine. He
was a Fellow of the Chemical Society of London, and an honorary
member of the Ptoyal Society of Victoria.
Soon after landing here, in I *.*>:}, he was appointed to the Board
of National Education, and remained one of its most prominent
and useful members until I80G, when the Board was superseded
by the Council of Education, constituted under the Public Schools
Act, to which he was "azetted as one of the first members, and of
which he was nine times elected President. During his period of
loss of their late Preside
lit, of his
many good qualitie
s and great
consideration for those I
mder him-
-as one of them sti
ites, he was
" the last to censure but
the first tc
i forgive" — and of t
he great in-
delitediit'ss of the Colony
- to his labours.
He spent years of se
li-saeritk-in
g toil without emo
lument and
without hope of reward.
The worl
c was done so quietl
y and unob
trusively that lie could i
lot have been actuated cither
by hope of
r -.eld disti
action, the
motive being a real
love for the
work and of his fellows.
One or more afternooi
as and mos
t of his evenings in
each week
were spent at the offices
of the Coui
icil, transacting its 1
•usinoss and
arranging for future act
ion. He :
in fact performed :
gratuitously
the work which would li
;ive dcvolv
ed upon the Ministt
?rfor Public
Instruction Lad one thei
i existed.
As a mark of the vah
ic set on hi
is business qualities
, it may not
l>e out of place here to r
nention tha
tin 1864 Dr. Smith
. was (.-hoM-n
a Director of the Austr;
ilian Mutual Provident Sociel
by, and was
for many years its Chairman.
In 1867 he was President of the Royal Commission appointed
to inquire into the supply of Water to Sydney and its Suburbs.
From his position he necessarily had much to do with the direction
and methods of investigation followed, and especially in the
scientific questions relating to the sources of the water supply,
and the collection and chemical examination of the samples.
The labours of the Commission in examining witnesses, visiting
the catchment areas, obtaining records of rainfall, flow of rivers,
preparation of sections and other matters extended over some two
years, and the work was not completed until 1869, in most of which
he took a leading part. The scheme recommended by the Com-
mission is practically that now being carried out by the Govern-
He was elected a Member of the Legislative Council in 1877,
and retained his seat until his death. He always showed great
interest in his legislative duties, and often took a leading part in
the debates, especially when they were connected with scientific or
medical questions.
For some years he was a Trustee of the Australian Museum,
but relinquished his connection with the Museum about 1870, on
account of want of time.
He was appointed one of the Commissioners tor carrying out
the Sydney International E.vhihiuoii of 1 8 7 i • . Uefore this he had
sat as a member of other similar Commissions. He was a member
of the Commission for the New Zealand Exhibition in 1865, and
for the Paris Exhibition in 1867. He was a member too of the
Royal Commission upon the Sydney and Suburban Sewerage and
Water Supply, which was appointed in 1875, and took an active
part in its labours and investigations. In recognition of his public
service in this Colony, his alma mater, the University of Aberdeen,
made him an Honorary LL.D. in 1876, and in 1878 he was made
a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George.
Before settling in this Colony Dr. Smith had travelled exten-
sively, having visited China, Java, the Polynesian Islands,
Mauritius, India, Indian Archipelago <fcc ' after hia arrival he
visited New Zealand and the oth.-r Yustnlasian Colonies. He re-
visited Eurone o ,'i,:. .K ..l„..Jt of the
leading adentifie
the benefit of his gleanings, by .
Dr. Smith was one of the oldest members of our Society, he
having joined it as far back as 1852, when it was known as the
Australian Philosophical Society.
At a meeting presided over by Sir William Denison, tho then
Governor-General, held on May 9th, 185G, the Australian Phi-
losophical Society was remodelled, and renamed the Philosophical
Society of New South Wales, when Dr. Smith was appointed one
of the Honorary Secretaries in recognition of the active part lie
had taken in bringing about the changes ; he retained this position
until 1860, and the earlier records in the minute books are in his
handwriting.
He was a member of the Council for nine out of the eleven
years during which the Society was known as the Philosophical
Society, and during those years he read the following papers :—
August 13th, 1856.— "On the action of Sydney Water upon
Lead."
November 16th, 1859.—" On the Separation of Gold from
Mundic Quartz."
August 15th, I860.— "On the Quartz Reefs of Upper
Adelong."
November 11th, 1863.— "On ancient flint Implements found
near Abbeville."
August 17th, 1864.— "On the probable reasons that led
Fahrenheit to the adoption of his peculiar Thermometric
Scale."
Afterwards, when the constitution was again reformed and the
name changed to that of the Royal Society, he was retained as a
member of the Council, which position he has held for eighteen
years. During this time he filled the office of Vice-President for
ten years, and he was twice elected to the Presidential Chair.
Previous to 1879 the Governor for the time being was, ex officio,
President, so that Dr. Smith, as senior Vice-President, was in
reality performing the duties of President for several years.
- ADDRESS.
: read by him betwen the years 1868
14 Oct., 1868.—" On the Water Supply of Sydney."
17 Nov., 1869.— "On the results of the Chemical Examina-
tion of Waters for the Sydney Water Commission."
12 May, 1871.— " Anniversary Address."
3 Oct., 1877.--" On a System of Notation adapted to ex-
plaining to Students certain Electrical Operations."
28 May, 1879. — Anniversary Address.
4 May, 1881.— Anniversary Address.
7 May, 1884.— Anniversary Address.
He was a regular attendant at the Council meetings as well as
at the general meetings, and did much in many ways for the
promotion of the objects of the Society, its interests and welfare.
I repeat what I have already said on a previous occasion— that
only those who have worked with or who have otherwise been
closely associated with our late Vice-President can fully appreciate
and testify to his great honesty of purpose, impartiality, even dis-
position, tolerance, and uniform courtesy.
The regret of his friends and the respect in which he was
,o er lly 1 ell were shown at his funeral l,v the large gathering
of all classes, and espeeiallv of Ins ,,w students Public bodies,
such as the University, th, b-islativ, ( \,„,nil, and other institu-
tions with which he was ■ ']•'•• nrecia-
tion of his long and meritoi resolutions of
condolence and sv moat hv u it 1 r i ' . " ". t
VicePr
esident, in t
Rev. W
• B. Clark-
surplus
funds, to fo
meritorious contril.
however
', that the
insuffich
»t for the :
During the past year death lias l.een unusually husy amongst
our medical members. By the death of Dr. Fortescue^ Ml'., of
London University, and Fellow of the Linnean Society of London,
this community has lost one of its most prominent memben of the
medical profession, and the Society one of its most respected
associates. Dr. Fortescue was twice a member of the Conned
viz., in 1867, 1868, and he was three times elected a member of
the Committee of the Medical Section : l>m being a husy man, he
only found time to prepare one paper for the Section, viz., " Upon
of Duboisia mynporold^." He was for several years a Trustee of
the Australian Museum, in ok great interest.
On account of his genial and kindly disposition he was a general
favourite, and his loss is regretted by a wide circle of friends.
In Dr. T. Cecil Morgan we have lost another much respected
member of the medical profession. Dr. Morgan joined the Society
in 1876, and was a constant attendant at the meetings of the
Medical Section ; he was twice elected on to its Committee, he
regularly took part in the discussions, on several occasions brought
forward matters of interest, and twice communicated papers to it.
Dr. Morgan was more particularly distil guished for his attain-
ments and position here in respect to ophthalmic science.
I regret to have to record the deaths also of two of our younger
members, in the persons of Dr. Arthur Annesley West, M.B., of
Dublin University, and of Dr. George J. Renwick. The latter
degree in Arts. He afterwards went home and studied medicine
at Edinburgh, where he took the degrees of M.B. and CM.
Dr. Renwick gave great promise of occupying a prominent
position in his profession, and what would probably have been a
distinguished career has been arrested by his premature death.
The Colony has sustained the loss of a valuable life and the
Society of a much respected member by the death of Sir George
Wigram Allen, K.C.M.G., the late Speaker of the Legislative
Assembly. Sir G. Wigram Allen joined the Society some fifteen
8 president's address.
years ago ; his attention was not particularly drawn to matters
-with which the Society is interested, he being more closely
identified with politics, but he devoted a good deal of time to
educational matters. He was associated for fourteen years with
the late Professor Smith as a member of the National Board
for Education, for some years he was a Trustee of the Sydney
Grammar School, a member of the University Senate, and he was
the first Minister for Justice and Public Instruction. Although
he never took an active part in the work of this Society, that he
his founding a scholarship at the University for the encourage-
ment of the study of legal science
The Society has also lost by death two other members, in Mr.
Douglas Helsham and Mr. William Wall is, the later an old
colonist, whose name deserves to be recorded us the contractor for
the first railway in the Colony, and for the encouraeement he «*t
le that the number
lg the present year
ot members has
undergone a
will doubtles
The number i
494; during th.
elected, and tw<
this increase we
9f members C
mainly by leaving necessary matters undone, and it lived upon
fch - - iving of m energ i pi - ' 1 " !1 - a *>
they lasted, and as a consequence nearly died the ignominious
death of a pauper. It is our duty to expend the funds entrusted
to us wisely— certainly to the best of our ability— to promote the
Society's ol ■.'] .1 -xtravagance, neither should we
wrap them up idly in a napkin.
During the past year the Society's house has been much im-
proved by the alterations and additions to the front of the
building. Alter defraying the cost of the improvements, some
£168, the Council is still in a position to pay off another .£100
from the debt, so thai the amount now owing upon the building
if the members would at once si
with the Government grant an
the mortgage. Up to the present, <
160 have subscribed to the build
be extinguished. I d<
>not
think this is a:
have probably but few
- members wdto cannc
Closely connected w
we shall hardly be in
debt. We are deep!
•itL t
!EH™;
frotnime!l!da! n wmVh
volume; we cannot* ]
10 president's address*.
possible in scientific periodical lit-rature, i.e., in the Transactions,
Journals, ami si:
tutions. A poor Society such as this cannot, of course, hope
that chosen is the one less likely to be undertaken by other
Libraries in the Colony. Most modern scientific books can be
purchased at any time, and are purchased by the Free Public and
other Libraries in Sydney, hut the earlier volumes of the Transac-
tions of Scientific Societies are not so likely to be purchased by
to obtain every day. Such publications are absolutely essential to
investigator can refer to what has already been done by others,
much labour may be unnec a I liable time lost
thereby.
We have now ; series; in the future the
expenditure upon such publications need not be so large, although
many important sets have yet to be completed.
Many of our series have been completed by the generosity of the
Societies which pul »me of the presentations thus
made at our solicitation are extremely valuable and important.
During the past year the Society has received 1,420 vols, and
pamphlets as donations, amongst which the following call for
Faune du Calcaire Carbonifere cle la Belgique. Vols. I-III
10 parts, 4to. Presented by the author, Professor De
Koninck.
Reports of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania.
76 vols. Presented by the Board of Commissioners.
Monographs and Reports published by the United States
Geological Survey. 9 vols. 4to. P e te I 1 y the
Director.
Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Artsand Sciences,
from the commencement in 1866 to 1885 complete.
Presented by the Society.
Bulletin of the Societe Mineralogique de France. Tomes 1 to
8 complete. From the Society.
Bulletin, vols. 1 to 4, and Memoires vols. 1 and 2, 4to. of the
Comite Geologique Institut des Mines, St. Petersburgh.
Presented by the Committee.
Journal of Civil Engineers (4 series). Yols. 1 to 5, and
atlases of drawing--:. Presented by the Minister of
Public Instruction at Rome.
A large number of missing parts were presented by the Boston
Society of Natural History, and the Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, to make the sets of their various publications, now in
the Society's Library, as complete as possil >le.
A complete set of Braithwaite's Retrospect of Medicine, vols. 1
generously presented by Dr.
Gladesville.
The Society lias presented its Journal and Proceedings vol.
XVIII for 1884 to 326 kindred institutions, as per printed list,
and it has likewise been distributed to all the members entitled to
it. Vol. XIX is in typ >. and will soon be ready for distribution.
Since the last year the following new Societies have entered
into an exchange of publications, viz. : —
Amsterda ■' iale Neerlandaise.
Denver, Colorado Scientific Society.
Edinburgh, Scottish Geographical Society.
Florence. Soeh t • A ti u-a; I Italia (Sezione Fiorentina).
Lt ipzig, Iv nigln h Sa< hsis. he( !e.s< lls< haft des Wissenschaften.
Xew York. Xew York Microscopical Society.
Philadelphia, Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania.
Vienna, tv. K NaturhiM >rh he Hofmuseum.
And the following Societies already on the list have c
-« nding their pub-ieat'n ns, in - xehange for ours, viz. : —
Adelaide, Public Library, Museum, and Art Gallery of South
Australia.
Helsingforr. Sociel tes Sci n< s de Finhmde.
Liege, Societe Boyale des Sciences.
The Bureau of Ethnology, Washington.
12 president's address.
The Society lias subscribed to forty-eight scientific journals and
periodicals, and has purchased 390 vols., at a cost of £260 14s. 5d.,
amongst the most important of which are the following complete
scries from the commencement : —
Annals of Natural History, Series 1, 2, 3, 4. 76 vols.
Catalogue of the Pathological Department, Royal College of
Surgeons, 7 vols.
Modieo-Chirurgical Society- Transactions, vols. 1, 64, GS.
Obstetrical Society — Transactions, vols. 1, 23, 24.
Pathological Society— Transactions, vols. 1, 32. 34.
Petermann's Mittheilungen Geographie, vols. 1, 25, 27.
Reports of the Medical Officer of the Local Board of Health,
London, 1858-1883, 17 vols.
Scientific American (2nd series), vols. 1-39.
Zoological Society -Proceedings (coloured plates), 1830-
1883, 55 vols.
During the past session the Society held eight meetings, at
which the following papers were read, viz. : —
1885.
6 May. Presidential Address, by H. C. Russell, B.A.,
F.R.A.S.
3 June. Notes on Flying Machines, by Lawrence liargrave.
„ On a System of Accurate Measurement by means
of long steel Ribands, by G. H. Knibbs.
1 July. Local variations and vibrations of the Earth's
surface, by H. C. Russell, B.A.,F.R.A.S.
5 Aug. Some causes of the decay of the Australian
Forests, by Rev. Peter MacPherson, M.A.
2 Sept. The History of Floods in the Hawkesbury River,
by J. P. Josephson, A.M.I.C.E.
7 Oct. The Ringal of the North-western Himalaya, by
Dr. Brandis, F.R.S. (Communicated by Baron von
Mueller, K.C.M.G.)
4 Nov. Notes on experiments in mounting the Ampld-
pleiira pellucida in media having a higher refractive
index than Canada Balsam, by William Morris, Fel
Fac. Phys. and Surg. Glas., F.R.M.S., Lond.
and some other countries, l.y IN-v. IVter MacPherson,
M.A.
2 Dec. On a Form of Flying-machine, l.y Lawrence
Hargrave.
„ On a Now Form of Anemometer, by II. C.
Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S.
The Medical Section held eight meetings, at which eighteen
The Microscopical Set lion held eight m< etings, and three papers
were read by Dr. Morris, viz. :—
11 May. OnPlu/lhu-rra rastntri,:
14 Dec. Method of mounting in sulphur and arsenic.
The Clarke Memorial Medal has been awarded for the year
1886 to Dr. L. G. De Koninek, M.D., the celebrated Belgian
Geologist, formerly Professor in the University of Liege. A
more deserving award could not have been made. It is not
necessary to point out in detail the work which he has done for
geology and palaeontology. Professor De Koninek has been
selected in recognition of his long continued scientific researches
and numerous valuable publications upon geology and palaeontology
and distinguished scientific attainments, but more particularly on
account of his splendid contributions to our knowledge of the
palaeontology of the carboniferous rocks of Europe, the geology of
Belgium, and the palaeozoic fossils of New South Wales. The
award will probably be none the less acceptable to the recipient,
inasmuch as I understand Professor De Koninek is an old friend,
and certainly for long a coadjutor of the late Rev. W. B. Clarke.
It is a source of some regret that the Clarke Memorial Fund is as
yet too small to permit us to proceed with the proposed Clarke
Memorial Lectures. There has been a slight loss in interest by
the suspension of the Bank in which the funds were deposited,
14 president's address.
but it is expected that in time the whole of the capital will be
repaid ; we then hope to be in a position to make a commencement,
giving occasionally a short course of lectures upon geology, the
science to which he was so much devoted.
According to established custom, I waited upon His Excellency
the Governor, and I have the pleasure to inform you that Lord
Carringfcon has expressed his willingness to accept office as our
Honorary President, and to render every service to the Society, and
promote its interests in any way which may be within his power.
As you will see from the ballot papers, we are about to lose
the valuable services of Dr. Leibius, who for the past eleven
years has been one of our Hon. Secretaries. When I state
that we all regret that he finds it necessary to retire from the
position which li<- ! - - . I i •:<.! I\ and efficiently filled for so
many years, I feel that I am but imperfectly expressing the
gratitude which the members entertain for the many services he
has rendered to the Society, their appreciation of his great worth,
and of the interest and care which he has always shown for the
Society's welfare.
Personally I am probably better aware than most of you how
much of his time he has given to its affairs. Not only has he
been one of our Secretaries for so long, but previously to that he
was for some years a Member of Council. I know that he has
often devoted his leisure and evenings to the Society, at a great
sacrifice to his own comfort and convenience. I need hardly
remind you that his duties at our Council and general meetings
absorbed but a small portion of the time which he has cheerfully
placed at our disposal. I trust, and I am sure you will all join
with me in expressing the hope, that he will long remain with us
in a more honorable although less exacting position such as that
tor which he has been nominated.
It is a source of much regret and considerable concern that the
number of original papers contributed to the Society is so small.
Out of nearly 500 existing members, only thirty-five have con-
tributed papers, and the majority of those have been supplied by
president's address. 15
some seven or eight individuals. It is not from lack of subjects,
for there are many questions which require investigation, but
rather from the lack of competent investigators who can spare the
necessary time. There are but few men of leisure in the Colonies,
and still fewer of learned leisure.
Up to the present but little original work has been done in
working out the chemistry of our mineral and vegetable products,
and really but very little in many branches of biology. The
descriptions, . of our flora and fauna are making
fair progress, but still very little has been published relating to
the development and life history of the fauna of Australia, even
of forms of life peculiar to this part of the world.
In matters of natural history, geology, and allied subjects, it
is apparent to every one that the materials for original work are,
in New South Wales, thickly spread about us, and a considerable
amount of very valuable work is being done in this direction by
the Linnean Society of New South Wales, but the amount which
\B waiting to be done is f:ir more than we can cope with at
There is probably a greater number of questions waiting to be
solved in other branches of science, yet, from the circumstances
naturally connected with a new country, it is not easy to make
progress with their solution. Too often physical, chemical, and
similar questions, not only involve long-continued labour for their
investigation, but too often also bulky and expensive apparatus is
required — not always to be obtained in new countries. Fortunately
in certain branches of natural history this is not always the case,
and, accordingly, much more work has been done in questions
relating to the systematic sciences than to problems in the experi-
mental ones ; but few workers here have the advantage of even a
poorly furnished physical or chemical laboratory, and no one of a
first-class or well-appointed one — such does not at present exist in
the Colony, although some improvements have of late years been
effected in this direction at the University.
1G
This Society is doing what it can to encourage original work, by
offering its medal and money prize for the best original communica-
tions upon cert ts; but the amount which
we can spare for this out of our 1 ite I income is only £100 a
year, and we are quite aware that the Society's medal and the sum
of <£25 will not repay any one for perhaps years of labour ; but it
is hoped that the recognition which the award carries with it may
serve as a slight ai promote the taste
for original investigation.
Up to the present time wo have had but few researches of suffi-
cient merit to entitle us to make the award. I am, however, con-
fident that good is being done, and I do not think we should
lose heart; attention ia •is, and doubt-
less work is being done, in response to our suggestions, of
which we as yet know nothing. The writers of the many papers
which failed to reach the required standard, although perhaps
disappointed, have not suffered by the failure of their attempts,
but on the contrary, have doubtless been much benefited by their
efforts, and our stock of information upon those subjects will in
the future probably owe much to their apparently disregarded
work. We'hav< cientific chemists in England
and elsewhere for supplies of material, notably of the gums and
resins, the so-called " kerosene shale," and of the iron and other
ores of the Colony. Arrangements have been made in two cases
to furnish a supply of the kerosene shale. I may perhaps here
mention that attempts have been made, by repeated advertise-
ments and otherwise, to obtain samples of the New South Wales
gums and resins to supnly those who wish to examine them, and
for our Museums, but unsuccessfully up to the present ; hence it
might be thought that the Colony is not so rich in such products
as is usually stated.
I regard this difficulty of obtaining sampl. :-; of gums and resins,
true to name, as an additional pm ,!■" <>r' the ignorance whieh exists
with regard to the natural products of the Colony. It is quite
certain that but little use is made of therm Of the large number of
gums, resins, ta; ' !'■!• similar prod'
wattle-bark.
If such questions as "The Chemistry of the Austr
and Resins," "The Tin Deposits of New South Wi
Iron Ores," and the " Silver Ores of New South Wales
thoroughly worked out, the results would doubtless
pecuniary value to the Colony; and their iuvestigatio
matter of great public importance, and accordingly
it single-handed : it is a work in which the Govern
assist with propriety— special help in particular case
rendered to those who are willing to engage in such
The Imperial Government places the sum of £4,000
the disposal of the Royal Society of London fo
understanding, of course, that
jonally, but merely to defray
Certain of the other Knglish Societies, like the Chemical Society
and the British Association, also expend considerable portions of
their own funds in encouraging research by such grants. The
former has a fund specially collected for the purpose.
past year to justify the award of the Society's Medal and prize.
The Council lias accordiivd\ invited contributions upon the same
subjects for the year 1S88, so that the list of subjects for which it
offers the Society's Medal and prize of £25, for communications
containing the results of research or observation, is as follows :—
Series V.— To be sent in not later than 1st May, 1886.
No. 16.— On the Chemistry of the Australian (lums and Resins.
The Society's Medal and £25.
.—On the Iron Ore Deposits of New South AVales. The
Society's Medal and £25.
.—List of the Marin a, with descriptive
notes as to habits, distribution, &c. The Society's
Medal and £25.
New South Wales. The
22. —Influences of the An od ucing modifica-
tions of Diseases. The Society's Medal and £25.
23.— On the Infusoria peculiar to Australia. The Society's
' Medal and £25.
Series VII.— To be sent in not later than 1st May, 1838.
No. 2-1.— Anatomy and Life History of the Kehidna and Platypus.
The Society's Medal and £25.
25.— Anatomy and Life History of >]ollusca peculiar to Australia.
The Society's Medal and £25.
26.— The chemical composition of the products from the so-
called Kerosene Shale of New South Wales. The
Society's Medal and £25.
This Society also tries to encourage scientific research by offering
money grants under the usual conditions, but up to the present
there have not been applicants for such assistance. This may be
partly due to the offer not 1 ei s h entlv k own, but in some
instances would-be applicants have refrained from applying, since
they feel that the Society cannot well afford to do more than it
does ill offering the £100 a year for special prizes.
The Microscopical Section has a wide field before it ; and many
of its members, who are not already contributors, have the
necessary ability and appliances for doing some good original
work, and I am confident that they could do much if they would
only take up some definite line of investigation. I know that in
some cases the non-production of papers is due to a feeling of
diffidence; and an idea that such work can only be performed by
those who have undergone a special training, but this is not
necessary, although of course it
advantageous. Most of the adva
micro-copy have been made by wl
Even the preparation of lists of m:
•
urge every member wle
work of some kind. He will be pi
■
before the Medical Section as are suitable should be published in
the Society's volume. The others, if necessary, and thought desir-
able by the Section, might be printed separately and forwarded
only to the members of the Medical Section.
One of the few facilities for sen utiric work which we possessed
here and in which the Society a— 1st id in founding, viz., the
Biological Laboratory at Watson's Bay, has been closed. I regret
to say that the Government has resumed the house and grounds
for defence purposes. Up to the present the laboratory has not
been so much used as was hoped and ex; eeted ; this was probably
due to its comparatively inaccessil ility, and to its lack of fittings
and appliances, especially for marine biology,— ML de M. Maelay,
to whose exertions the formation of the laboratory was mainly
due, having been, so far, the only worker who has made use of it.
The Government will doubtle s refund the trustees the cost of the
building, and with that as a nucleus we may be able to start
afresh. It would be a great pity to allow such an undertaking
to drop here, especially as there is such an unlimited field for
marine biological work before us in Australia.
In the course of years it is to be hoped that this scarcity of
scientific workers in the Colony will gradually disappear with the
spread of genera! a. By a liberal education 1
nman something more than ordinary course in Arts.
After a lapse of some thirty odd years from its foundation, the
University had at last been aide, by the greater liberality of Parlia-
ment, and by the receipt of private endowments, to make better
ments are still of a very mea _ tracter ? and more
or less unworthy of the boasted greatness and richness of the
"oldest and richest Australian Colony." The accommodation and
appliances are by no means equal to those of many schools for
boys at Home, on the Continent, and in America, and certainly
not to colleges in Japan.
Of late we have been told by the newspapers that the University
is richly endowed. This is very far from the case. If the income
of the Sydney University be compared with that of other Univer-
sities (not Australasian, for none of these have yet been placed
upon a proper footing), it will be seen that proportionately it is
very poor, and in a more or less starv-d condition. To properly
equip the University in all the various departments of science,
literature, art, medicine, law, engine ring iVc, would require very
In connection with the subject
expressions of opinion on this,
dential Address to the Royal So
ing of scientific education, says :-
of things why the student who i
should not in the first place go t
cal and physical science ; nor wlvy this instn
may borrow a phrase from medicine) I may t
science, should not be followed up by mow
covering the whole field of that partieuh
say not only that there is no reason
be done ; but, on the ground of practical <
to add there is no difficulty in doing it
then refers to the success of the Royal Schc
the level of his great enterprise more otiectually than certain
modifications, on the one hand, of primary and secondary school
education, and on the other, of the conditions which are attached
by the Universities to the attainment of their degrees and their
"We have a right to claim that science shall Vie put upon the
same footing as any other great subject of instruction, that it
shall have an equal share in the schools, an equal share in the
recognized qualification for degrees, and in the I niversity honors
and rewards.
"It must be recognized that science, as intellectual discipline, is
at least as valuable, and, as knowledge, is at least as important as
literature, and that the scientific student must no longer be
handicapped by a linguistic (I will not call it literary) burden, tin-
equivalent of which is not imposed upon his classical compeer.
" Let me repeat that I say this, not as a depredator of literature,
but in the interests of literature. The reason why our young-
people are often so scandalously and lamentably deficient in
literary knowledge, and still m< re in the feeling and desire for
literary excellence, lies in the fact that they have been withheld
often passes under the name of classical instruction. * * *
"Nothing is of more importance to the man of science than
that he should appreciate the value of style, and the literary work
of the school would be of infinite value to him if it taught him
this one thing. But I do not believe that this is to be clone by
what is called forming one's self on classical models, or that the
writer is of much value.
" Le style est Vhomme mane'' as a man of science who was a
master of style has profoundly said : and aping somebody else does
not help one to express oneself. * * * * *
" A good style is the vivid expression of clear thinking, and it
can be attained only by those who will take infinite pains, in the
2:> president's address.
first place, to purge their minds of ignorance and half knowledge,
and in the second, to clothe their thoughts in the words which
will most fitly convey them to the minds of others.
" I can conceive no greater help to our scientific students than
that they should bring to their work the habit of mind which is
implied in the power to write their own language in a good style.
"But this is exactly what our present so-called literary educa-
tion so often fails to confer, even on those who have enjoyed its
fullest advantages ; while the ordinary schoolboy has rarely been
even made aware that its attainment is a thing to be desired."
Lord Rayleigh, in his Presidential Address to the British
Association, at Montreal, says : — " It can hardly be denied that
their supremacy (i.e. of the dead languages in school education) is
the result of routine rather than of argument * * * * I do
not myself take up the extreme position. I doubt whether an
exclusively scientific training would be satisfactory ; and where
there is plenty of time and a literary aptitude I can believe that the
Latin and Greek may make a good foundation. But it is useless
to discuss the question upon the supposition that the majority
of boys attain either to a knowledge of the languages or to an
appreciation of the writings of the ancient authors. The contrary
is notoriously the truth : and the defenders of the existing system
usually take their stand upon the excellence of the discipline.
From this point of view there is something to be said. The laziest
boy must exert himself :i little in puzzling out a sentence with
grammar and dictionary, while instruction and supervision are
easy to organise and not too costly. But when the case is stated
plainly, few will agree that we can afford so entirely to disregard
"In after life the intellectual energies are usually engrossed
with business, and no further opportunity is found for attacking
the difficulties which block the gateways of knowledge. Mathe-
matics especially, if not learned young, are likely to remain
unlearned. I will not further insist upon the educational impor-
tance of mathematics and science, because with respect to them I
shall probably be supposed to be prejudiced.
president's address. 23
" I believe that French and German, if properly taught, which
I admit they rarely are at present, would go far to replace Latin
and Greek from a disciplinary point of view, while the actual
value of the acquisition would in the majority of cases be incom-
parably greater. In half the time usually devoted without success
to the classical languages, most boys would acquire a really service-
able knowledge of French and German. History and the serious
study of English literature, now shamefully neglected, would also
find a place in such a scheme."
Herbert Spencer, in his essay upon Education which appeared
in the Westminster Review for July, 1859, since reprinted with
his other works on Education, makes the following remarks : —
" Among mental as among bodily acquisitions, the ornamental
comes before the useful. Not only in times past, but almost as
much in our own era, that knowledge which conduces to personal
well-being has been postponed to that which brings applause.
" In the Greek schools, music, poetry, rhetoric and philosophy,
which, until Socrates taught, had but little bearing upon action,
were the dominant subjects ; while knowledge aiding the arts of
life had a very subordinate place. And in our own Universities
and schools at the present moment, the like antithesis holds. We
are guilty of something like a platitude when we say that through-
out his after-career, a boy, in nine cases out of ten, applies his
Latin and Greek to no practical purposes. The remark is trite
that in his shop or his office, in managing his estate or his family,
in playing his part as director of a bank or a railway, he is very
little aided by his knowledge he took so many years to acquire-
so little that generally the greater part of it drops out of his
memory j and, if he occasionally vents a Latin quotation or alludes
to some Greek myth, it is less to throw light on the topic in hand
than for the sake of effect. If we inquire what is the real motive
for giving boys a classical education, we find it to be simply con-
formity to public opinion. Men dress their children's minds, as
they do their bodies, in the prevailing fashion. As the Orinoco
Indian puts on paint before leaving his hut, not with a view to
any direct benefit, but because he "would be ashamed to be seen
without it ; so, a boy's drilling in Latin and Greek is insisted on,
not because of their intrinsic value, but that he may not be dis-
graced by being found ignorant of them— that he may have 'the
education of a gentleman' — the badge marking a certain social
position, and bringing a consequent respect.
" Men who would blush if caught saying Iphigenia instead of
Iphigenia, or would resent as an insult any imputation of ignorance
: espect n tl e Cabled labours of a fabled demi-god, show not the
slightest shame in confessing that they do not know where the
Eustachian tubes are, what are the actions of the spinal cord,
what is the normal pulsation, or how the lungs are inflated. While
anxious that their sons should be well up in the superstitions of
two thousand years ago, they care not that they should be taught
anything about the structure and functions of their own bodies-
nay even wish them not to be so taught. So overwhelming is the
influence of established routine— so terribly in our education does
the ornamental over-ride the useful V
The opinions of many others might be also cited, but the above
are perhaps suflicient.
Although written nearly thirty years ago, Mr. Spencer's remarks
should be read by (
referred to the :
iy as when they were penned, and
I have quoted these opinions, and
particularly in reference to school
education in the Colonies, since at the University the science and
professional student is now, after many a hard struggle, emanci-
pated from most of the old classical fetters in cases where he has
not the time or inclination to proceed with such studies.
Mr. Spencer evidently regards the compulsory and often un-
leasoning drilling in the classical languages as a fashion which came
in a few centuries ago, and which will also work itself out in time.
I believe that amongst a few there still lingers an antiquated
notion that the study of science is not so respectable as that
of the classics; and scholars on what is termed the modern side
perly be regarded as a liberal one, since it only attempts to educate
one portion of the htinli'iu's faculties : bis powers of observation,
and of reasoning t'r< ini sucl iv neglected and
undeveloped.
It must not be thought tl ■ ge the study of
the classics — such is far from my thoughts — it is quite fitting and
necessary that some should devote their lives to such subjects;
in which they are not likely to distinguish themselves nor obtain
much profit from the alleged beneficial discipline which these
Ju Iging £1 mi m\ , . rience as an examiner, I should say that
by far the largest majority of the candidates who present them-
selves for the Mai Ixaminations, in
science, have not only never performed any of the most elementary
experiments for themselves, but have not even seen them performed
nor the instrumen Jibly enough describe from
books ; and they would probably be dumbfounded if the simplest
piece of apparatus itself were placed before them, and they were
asked to perform an experiment with it.
In my experience it is no uncommon thing for a candidate to
reproduce the book description of a common rock, mineral or
fossil, but fail to recognise the same when the actual thing itself
is placed before him for description. He has p<
piece of granite correctly, according to the book or
has failed to recognize a common and
it when placed before him at the
although allowed ample time to examine it minut. ly.
of capaeliy : ]m bus probably done
Id have gained
real knowledge, and not the false half-knowlec
Until this is remedied, we cannot hope for
in primary scientific education.
As at home, i
lm compulsory number of experi-
mental illustrations should be given by the teacher, when the
knowledge imparted, although smaller in amount, i.e. covering less
ground, would be of real value as far as it goes.
There are several drawbacks to the pursuit of science, especially
in the Colonies, which deter many from taking a degree in science
instead of in arts. One is the fact that it is easier for a lad who
has had the ordinary school education to take a degree in arts,
for which he has already done much of the work,
science subjects, which are probably quite new to him, and another
is that the student in the natural sciences has at present usually
but very little prospect of any great pecuniary success in life,
in spite of their having been termed the « bread and butter"
sciences.
The openings are but few, and usually not well paid. The
necessity of having well-trained scientific managers to mines,
metallurgical works, and manufactories, is hardly yet recognized
— and certainly this is the case in the Colonies.
In many cases it would pay companies to have a Manager well
trained in scientific principles, at the rate of even £3,000 or
£4,000 a year, instead of a more or less incompetent one at a
small salary, as is too often the case ; the thoroughly trained man
would often make the difference between failure and success.
The Board of Technical Education is now doing good work in
spreading elementary, scientific, and t clinical education over the
Colony, by means of science classes in Sydney and at various
centres outside of Sydney, and in a less systematic manner by the
aid of itinerant lectures. The latter are sent out mainly to draw
attention to the fact that there are educational subjects other than
the ordinary school courses, and to help to create a taste for such.
Many people who are considered fairly well educated are quite
ignorant of such matters, and lie under tin- impression that the
subject of physics deals with drugs, and the subject of chemistry
with the art of compoui _ the same, so that if
they are only taught that physics deals with the forces of nature
some good has been clone ; for of course we cannot expect much
to be learnt from an attendance upon one or two more or less
popular lectures; it is more or less true, as has been said by
Faraday, " popular lectures do not really teach, and lectures which
really teach are not popular."
It is gratifying to find that the necessity of scientific education
i* gradually being realized in other quarters; and it is satisfactory
to notice that at the present time there is a motion before the
Legislative Assembly to place the sum of £10,000 upon the Esti-
mates for the establishment of Schools of Mines in the various
purpose. It is highly probable that on*
would be in every way preferable and much more efficient.
A School of Mines pure and simple could not possibly have a
large number of students, while it is a most expensive institution
to maintain. The best plan is to attach a mining department to
for instruction in mining. Even at home— with its population of
35,000,000 to draw from, the Royal School of Mines never had a
large number of students, and in order to lessen the expense by
more fully utilizing the staff and appliances it has been recently
amalgamated with the X.-nn-d S lmol of Science.
are aware that at the present
[forsiMinin
but up to now none have come forward, although the existence of
the department has been made public.
Then at the Technical College, Sydney, under the Technical
Board, a fairly complete course of instruction in all branches suit-
able for the miner are giver.. If, which is not
taught at the University, for the reason given ; but the number of
students is so small that it is almost a question whether the Board
is justified in continuing the outlay f.>r this department.
The Board also is giving instruction in mineralogy, geology, and
other allied subjects needed by the miner in certain of the country
Apparen
tly but few,
moment tli
lere are prac
already.
At the 1
Jniversity we
or School,
and instructk
the subject
s but two, ai
appointed i
in those subje
but there is no doubt that many
who are c
education do not seem to be awa
re how fai
tli.
supplied, and that the technical <
.'ducation <
rhi<
for is in some instances being gn
'en and tb
■ cla
for want of students. There apr
►ears to 1
e a
cases in bringing the student an
(1 the insti
■uet(
is no doubt whatever as to the d<
sartb of ec
hua
taking the management of mines
There is another motion to be
brought
1-ef.
Assembly, to make provision for
the creati(
twenty scholarships, of the value
of £200 r
for three years, at the Sydney I
'nivorsity.
carried will I am sure be follow®
:l by satis
>fact
As another instance of the way in which the existing agencies
for technical education are not fully recognized, I may mention
that very few , I we have in our midst the
nucleus of a very good Technological Museum, at present obscurely
and indifferently sheltered in the old Agricultural Hall in the
Domain. The collections would have been much more complete
had it not been for the loss of all the first collections in the
Garden Palace fire ; but in spite of that, the managing Committee
have already quite sniiich .t n u rial to fill a much larger build-
ing than the present temporary and unsuitable one. Many things
cannot be shown ot all, and the others are so overcrowded it is
difficult for visit 1 moreover they
suffer from the combined attacks of the sun, wind, and rain, for
A special feature in the Museum is the series of educatior
appliances, and especially of cheap and simple sets of physic
chemical, and other apparatus, geological and other collections,!
the use of schools and teachers, so arranged that they can see t
kind of apparatus to he employed and its cost.
I do not refer to what has already been done for technical
education to stay the hands of any one, because a vast amount
presence of exi- . Les in this direction.
Professor Huxley, in his Anniversary Address to the Royal
Society, in November last, speaking of the Fellowship, says :—
" Since this Society was founded, Kuglish-speaking communities
quarters of the globe: to use a naturalist's phrase, their g,- i-rui<hical
i; is 'world-wide.' Wherever these communities have
together for the promotion of natural knowledge has worked in
them and produced most notable results. The cpiantity and quality
of the scientiiie work now being done in the Cnited States moves
us all to hearty admiration ; the Dominion of Canada, and our
Colonies in South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia, show that
they do not mean to be left b, hind in the ,„•■■ : and the scientific
activity of our countrymen in India n.-d> ,,„ ,, lli:iI e,,t.
"Whatever may be the practirabiHt v ol' i.o!iti.-al federation for
the globe, some sort of scientific federation should surely he possible.
"Nothing is baser than scientific Chauvinism, but still, blood is
thicker than water." And he further says -"I have < .f ten ventured
to dream that the Royal Society might associate itself insomespecial
way with all English-speaking men of science; that it might
recognize their work in other ways than by the rare opportunities
at present offered by election to our Foreign Fellowship, while
they must needs be deprived of a large part of its privileges.
" How far this aspiration of mine may be reciprocated by our
not know ; I make it public on my own responsibility, for your
and their consideration."
Doubtless all agree with Prof. Huxley that it is desirable to
have closer bonds of union between the U„ v; d Socktv and the
speaking countries, but it does not appear to be very eas
suggest a method for bringing this about.
It is really very difficult to suggest any improvement upon
[•resent relationship between the parent Society and non-rcsi
I--nL;lisii -peaking men of science certainlv as far as the Cob
are concerned, for any one who really does good work in
Colonies is seldom overlooked, but his merits are usually
acknowledged by election to the Fellowship of the It oval Sue
There are probably many earnest workers in science in Eng
speaking countries who would like to be connected with the E
Society, and who are well fitted, as far as attainments go, tc
elected to its Fellowship; but I fear that many difficulties wil
One amongst others is,
that tl
.e number of Fellows,
at present
limited to 50C
', would hav.
a to be
very largely increased
; for if we
assume that tl
Iiere are sixt
y to »
eventy millions of tin
? English-
speaking race
resident els,
•where
than in the United Kin
gdom, and
the proportioi
i of men w
orthy t
md desirous of the ur
idoubtedly
great honor of
1 its Fellows
hip be
anything like that amongst those
resident in tin
3 United Ki
ngdom.
then the 500 would h
ave to be
made at least
1,0C0, and
probal
jly much more, a nun:
iber which
would swamp
the old Roy
al Soeh
*y-
the suggestion with considerable diffidence and with all
•t), until - m< workable s< me 1 s be.
oyal Society might be able to grant certain privileges to the
>ers of the older and recognized Colonial and American
ies. The members of the branch Societies — for the Colonial
.merican Societies are really offshoots of the original Eoyal
y — when visiting the old country might be given increased
1 granted copies of
32 president's address.
It is true that at present the Royal Society's rules are so liberal
that a visitor need seldom be debarred from attending its meetings,
yet increased faeiliti. i \ iglit be granted to a certain number of
properly accredited members of external Societies.
Another way in which the Royal Society and other scientific
Societies at home could render us material help is by giving us
assistance in the publication of our papers. Too often a paper
read before a colonial Society is practically not published at all
outside of the particular Colony in which it is read and printed.
Although the publications of the colonial Societies are usually
distributed to the principal Societies and Journals outside of the
Colonies, yet but few people see them. The book is placed on the
library table or shelves, and is perhaps just glanced at by one or
tAvo ; when as if absi v ict , of the papers which it contains, or even
their titles, were to be more regularly inserted in the pi
of the home Societies, more use would be made of the work done
in the Colonies and America. In the case of the more valuable
papers, it might be desirable to have the whole of the contributions
published in the Journal of some home Society; arrangements
could readily be made so that the paper should appear simul-
taneously at home and in the Colony. Any such recognition
would, I am sure, do a great deal to further the advancement of
science in the Colonies.
NW-a-days few have the time to unearth books in a large
library ; to reach the person for whom it is intended, the paper
must be placed in his hands, or otherwise closely brought under
his notice.
In the same way it might be arranged that papers written in
England, America, and elsewhere, upon matters interesting in the
Colonies, might be simultaneously read and published by the
Colonial Societies.
After a paper has been published (i.e., technically) in the
Colonies, although very few have seen or heard it, no other scien-
tific Society according to the present custom can pay any i
to it, so that to all intents and purposes the matter remains
unpublished. Hence, as 1 have already said, publication in the
Colonies is too often practically no publication.
The effect of this is often seen in popular books upon the
Colonies, and in some too which are not intended to be popular,
where the same long exploded errors, are carefully reproduced by
generation after generation of writers.
Whether the late distinguished President of the Royal Society
is able or not to cany out his wishes, we cannot but be grateful to
him for the full recognition he makes of our efforts to follow in
the footsteps, although in but a feeble way, of the grand old
parent Society.
On September 16, 1884, the following letter appeared in the
Sydney papers, and was afterwards n-producvd l,y most of the
other Colonial and some of the Home papers :—
" The Britisii Association.
" To the Editor.
"Sir,— During th-..- past fortnight wo have received several tele-
grams from London respecting the late mating of the British
Association at Montreal, and in some of them references arc made
to suggestions that a future meeting should be held in Australia.
" As far as one can judge, the idea seems to have been thrown
out when Professor Moseley, F.R.S., announced Mr. Caldwell's
discov. r> of th • o\ ij arou - m ture of the \ lah i us and An tralian
porcupine.- The news seems to have created or rather re-awakened
interest in the peculiarities of Australian Natural History, and
on the spur of the moment some of the more enthusiastic members
appear to have proposed that a subsequent meeting of the British
Association should be held in Australia.
"The Victorian Premier, with commendable promptitude, at
iphyd the mvexsary invitation for the Association to
Writ Melbourne next year; an invitation might also have gone
from Sydney, and especially under the circumstances. "Without
such invitation the meeting is not likely to take place here, for the
34 president's address.
Association only visits towns to which it is invited, and generally
there is more or less competition amongst the principal towns to
secure the acceptance of tin ir invlt ttinns, and to bring this about
the competing towns offer as many attractions as possihle.
" For tli the great Englis] 3
United Si ir fares to members
made free to them, and the Telegraph Companies also granted
i ee use f tier 1 s 11 C nada and the United States.
members and their families merely paying for their meals and
-sleeping-berths at quite nominal rates.
"In addition to the reductions made by the Steamship Com-
panies, the Canadian Committee voted .--] t,000 for the purpose of
still further reducing the cost of members' (and of their relatives')
passages to Canada. The Australian Colonies would of course
i time of voyage into aecouni, tie- amount to be raised
here would have to be many times as much.
Zealand, and the Islands offer great attractions to many of the
members (I know of one eminent scientific man who is returning
to England via Australia from the Montreal meeting), yet but
comparatively few could afford the time and money to come out
here. The visit to Montreal and the excursions through Canada
and the United States could all be managed in a month or six
weeks, and at a comparatively .mall expense in fact, most of those
holiday or visit to the seaside ; but out of the 2,000 to 3,000
1883) only a comparatively small number could arrange to wait
Australia; the round voyage could .scarcely be squeezed into the
long vocation of those fortunate enough to have one, and the
I'liESIM-XTS ADDRESS. OT,
necessary travelling expenses would considerably exceed the whole
year's income of many — for the pursuit of science is not a lucrative
one, and as a rule its followers are poor. Hence, taking all thing*
into account, I do not think we could expect more than fifty
members, if so many. And unless some 400 to 500 attended
(between 800 and 900 entered their names for the Montreal
session) the gathering could scarcely be considered as a meeting of
the British Association. Therefore, instead of looking for a near
visit from the Association, I would suggest that we should rather
be preparing the way for issuing an invitation later on, when we
have made suitable provision to entertain our intended Scientific
guests : and as a preliminary step I would venture to suggest, as a
life member of the parent Association, that we might try to bring
Australasian Association for the advancement of Science on the
general meeting in Sydney on the hundredth anniversary of the
Colony, when there will probably be an International Exhibition
to celebrate that event. With the combined attractions we might
hope to gather together a wry fair number of scientiih- visitor^ to
" I mooted this question during the last Exhibition in Sydney
in 1879, but ma;- tor it ; but now, perhaps,
Association suited to the scattered Austral-
rily offer Bome difficulties, but they can all
"After the first meeting - place annually,
Australasia, as agreed upon by the members.
36
" 1 am sure that such an Ass ei tion - hi. h mast come sooner
or later, if we are to hold our own — would not only do a great
deal for the advancement of science in the Colonies, hut would
;Ui-o materially favour their progress in many other ways.
"Trusting that this letter may 1 rim. !>out an expression of
opinion upon the matter, —
"A. LIVERSIDGE.
"The University, September 16, 1884."
I am still of opinion that arrangements should be made for
holding such a m for founding the proposed
Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, and I
shall be glad if those who are in favour of it w ill kindly send me
their names as i; ■ul tim accessary prelimi-
nary steps can be taken.
The regulations i r tht Australasian A sso. it ion might be drawn
up on the same general lines as are followed by the parent
Association, but ns to suit our local cir-
cumstances ; they might be somewhat as follows : —
There should be a General Committee or Council, having
the supreme control, to be composed of delegates from
the different Colonies or Colonial Scientific Societies, who
could be elected or appointed according to some scheme
to be decided upon. The number of delegates from each
Society or Colony should be proportionate to the number
of members subscribing or otherwise taking part in
the proceedings; each Society might be allowed to
nominate a delegate for each one hundred members.
A local Cominitb.- would be iv.piiivd in the place of meet-
ing, to make arrangements for the reception and enter-
tainment of the visitors, and to make preparations for the
business of the General Meetings.
Sectional Committees would also require to be appointed for
the following subjects :
Section A.— Astronomy, Mathematics, Physics and
Mechanics.
Section B. — Chemistry and Min.-ral.^x .
Section C. — Geology and Pah-eon tology.
Section D. — Biology.
Section E. — Geography.
Section F.— Economic Science and Statu
Section G. — Anthropology.
Section H.— Medical and Sanitary Seien
The rights and priv
main similar to
for 1888.
If the General Committee were appointed on the basis suggested,
viz., one delegate to each 100 members or less, the total number of
such representatives would be about twenty-five to thirty, since
there are some twenty recognized Scientific Societies in the
Australasian Colonies, and the number of members between 2,500
and 3,000.
From the above numbers it does not appear unreasonable to
expect a sufficiei tt number < m eeting a success.
In addition toi use be organized
to various places of interest, such as the Jenolan, Wambeyan, and
other Caves, the Blue Mountains, and similar places of interest to
geologists.
Probably the best and most suitable place for the general and
other meetings would be the University, as it is the only building
in Sydney which possesses a sufficiently large hall and the requisite
rooms for the sectional meetings.
38
The objects of I ion are as set forth as follows,
and the proposed Australasian Association would probably do well
to try and follow the same lines: — "The Association contemplates
no interference with the ground occupied by other institutions.
Its objects are — to give a stronger im| al-e ami a more systematic
direction to scientiiic inquiry- -to promote the intercourse of those
who cultivate science in different parts of the British Empire, with
one another and with foreign phi! >sophcrs— to obtain a more
general attention to the objects of science, and a removal of any
disadvantages of i impedes its progress. "
Amongst its rules which might also be adopted are these — I
:
All persons who have attended the first meeting shall be entitled
to become members of the Association upon agreeing to conform
Tho Officers, Members of Council, Fellows, and Members of
Literary and Philosophical Societies, publishing Transactions or
Journals in the British Kmpire, diall be entitled in like manner
to become members of the Association. Persons not belonging
to such Institutions shall be elected by the General Committee
or Council to become life members of the Association, annual
subscribers, or associates for the year, subject to the approval of
a general meeting.
All members who have paid their subscriptions shall be entitled
to receive the publication of the Association gratis.
The Association shall meet for one week or longer. The place
of meeting shall be appointed by the General Committee two years
in advance.
The first meeting of the British Association was held in 1831,
and it was attended by 353 members, since that date the numbers
have increased very largely, and close upon 3,000 members and
associates have been present at the later meetings, and even at
the Montreal meeting the number was 1,777 ; of which 235 were
old life members, 20 new life members 317 old annual members,
219 new annual members, 826 associates (/. e. members for the
duced their fa
the Presidency of the Mayor of Montreal, were appointed to make
of the Association were at the beautifully situated M'Gill College.
The Presbyterian, Wesleyan, and Congregation Colleges were
also placed at the disposal of the Association for meetings of the
All the most prominenl lents, not only in
Montreal, but in Canada generally, seemed to have vied with one
another in extending their hospitality to their visitors, and in
endeavours to ma ' one : i isits and excursions
were planned for all, some of great length, and welcomes were
extended from o<. i ig from the Governor-General
downwards. About 1 40 residents in Montreal alone each received
from two to six gu< -,n is: their houses, and, from the account of
the Montreal meeting given by General Sir J. Henry Lefroy,
K.C.M.G., C.B., F.R.S. to the Colonial Institute, the gathering
must have been very interesting and most enjoyable. Any one
wishing for fun !i paper, to which
I am indebted for some of the above references to the Montreal
Although so many old members of the British Association
visited Canada, guished members,
we cannot, I think, as I said in my letter, reasonably expect the
British Association to visit Australia for some years to come, bui
I think that if we arrange for a gathering of all the most pro
minent scientific men and \\c11-\n i-h. . s *.f sch nee in Australia, and
invito the members of the British and American Associations tc
visit us, we may i \ visitors.
would permanently i ii e the !>i:;h water-mark of thought in all
the Colonies, and especially in connection with scientific matters.
for most branches of knowledge.
The British Association meeting at Montreal seems to be re-
garded on all hands as having been a success from every point of
view — from the special scientific one of the Association itself, and
from the picnic point of view of those who merely went for
taken to take stock, as it might be termed, of all scientific matters
more particularly connected with Australasia.
all the scattered and fragmentary g< i
relating to the various Colonies, and 1 ,
It would be beneficial if botanists were t
•H>ution ; and similar questions could be di
ists for land ami marine organisms.
If the proposed Australian Association fo
nately, without the time to give it that som<-.\ hat ruthless pruning
which I feel it needs.
With this my d,;:i< - a • F:. sidt-nt o a-,-: and it now only remains
for me to express the pleasure I have had in endeavouring to fill
the office to the best of my ability, and to hope that the Society
may have a Ion. '• It has, I think, safely
got over most of the troubles incidental to such Societies in new
countries. We now have a large roll of members, the largest of
any single Society in any of the Colonies ; we have the nucleus of
a good special library, and a fairly comfortable and commodious
house and hall for our meetings ; whereas a few years back the
whole of our chattels and effects were carried backwards and for-
wards by the Assistant Secretary in a carpet-bag ; so that it now
only remains for us to make a reputation for the Society by the
character and amount of the work which is done under its auspices.
Description of an unrecorded Ardisia of New
Guinea.
[Read !■</. V. s. l|\, . ./„„,, 1SSC]
Ardisia porantherea, F. v. M. & C. Moore.
Glabrous ; leaves large, chartaceous, lanceolar, somewhat acmni-
nated, narrowed into a short petiole, shining on both sides, hardly
paler beneath, entire at the margin, copiously pervaded by trans-
parent short lineoles and dots ; umbels crowded into short terminal
panicles ; pedicels about as long as the umbel stalks or longer ;
flowers pentamerous ; segments of the calyx elliptical, membranous
at the margin ; corolla pale-bluish or almost lilac-coloured, nearly
twice as long as the calyx, its lobes about three times longer
than the pale tube, broad-oval ; filaments hardly half as long
as the anthers ; the latter yellow, from a somewhat bilobed
base broad-linear, gradually attenuated upwards, opening in-
trosely by two terminal confluent pores, considerably shorter
than the corolla ; style hardly surpassing the stamens, setaceous,
as well as the ovary glabrous.
New Guinea.— Cultivated in the Botanic Gardens of Sydney
by Chas. Moore, Esq., F.L.S. A large elegant plant, of seem-
ingly climbing habit ; leaves dark green, to 7 inches long and
to '2h inches broad, thinly penninerved, finely net-veined.
Panicles much shorter than the leaves, the general peduncles
bearing umbel-stalks already from near the base. Pedicels
mostly twice as long as the flowers. Bracts conspicuous,
cymbous-lanceolar, at first outside soft-hairy, soon deciduous.
Segments of the calyx about }. inch Inn--, densely Hneolar and
punctular-spotted except towards the hyaline margin. Corolla
tender-membranous, its resinous lineoles and dots dark brownish,
its lobes quite blunt. Anthers about 1 inch lung. Stigma
not broader than the summit of the style; fruit as yet not
obtained. In its affinity this new species approaches to A.
porosa from Malacca and the Sunda-Islands, forming with that
plant and with A. paludosa from Madagascar the section Mono-
porus, which might perhaps be restored to generic right, unless
carpologic characteristics, against expectation, should be found to
interfere with this segregation. A porosa differs already in less
resinous-glandular leaves and in racemously arranged flowers of
smaller size from the new Papuan congener.
A Comparison of the Dialects of East and West
Polynesian, Malay, Malagasy, and Australian.
By the Rev. George Pratt.
[Read before the Royal Society o/N. S. W., 2 June, 1386.]
Some of these dialects were collected f
from books. The orthography is sometimes peculiar and arbi-
In Lifu j stands for th,
c for ch, as in church,
x for ch, as in loch,
e is much like i in vin (French),
k is hard g.
The natives call a fowl either kutu or gutu.
Malagasy sounds o as u. There are thirty-four Eastern Polynesian
roots among thi re are sixty-six
East Polynesian roots among the Malay words. These words were
selected from th< Malay given by Wallace, and
from the Malay dictionary. Kanala (New Caledonia) abounds in
double consonants — ng, mb, kh, kw. It has three consonants
coming togeth. i - father a nasal d than two
letters.
The Australian dialects (except Kamilaroi) are written after
•unds in English letters,
It will be observed that the East Polynesian dialects are sub-
stantially branches of one language ; whereas the Western Poly-
nesian dialects entirely differ, and have very little in common even
among themselves. I found over 100 Eastern Polynesian words
in the Duke of York Dictionary; I account for the presence of
these words to be owing to i t lenient among
these people. Such, we know, happened in two instances. A large
party of Tongans and Samoans reached Efate (New Hebrides) and
settled there by force ; arul a slanders took pos-
session of one end of the island of Iai, in the Loyalty Group, and
these have preser\ ■ >st pure. Australian words
rely from both East and West Polynesian.
rr
Kamilaroi
I.ippil
iJilliiJiyJjJlH
ummiuim ifj=
s i J
- sll II- i
Jillllllillllill ! !
ii,kii?yy ij
llithii ijiljll 1 j
\n.A. .il Ji Mf
illilJii !ii 111 i }j e
M
njinyjiyif
POLYNESIAN, MALAY, MALAGA]
-
liiliiiilhiljiilllliii I
jiiiiiiliiii-iili i
liiilliiiiiiiiiliffi
I r
I
miniilMniiUi s 1
5 ll «S ll I
52 A COMPARISON OF
g 2 : 2
ssss,L2.jg,JsSSSg.g2 | g,
i, ,i.
--,:^-^,:.^.= - ^- :-j.- 1 § g i 3 g,
ii«i.iiil^ll,1a!ll s 1i
IluliiHtniif f
Mkh iHjii
3 s 5 1 J ■ I J
III dill = hi nil 1 i
_. I . Ij . a ,
Jll III 111 ;1 H l|l*i 1 f
Jwiii^Jiiiiyjyl
U.siiU Is La-|iS-g . s| 111 « J 1
I J Jll-ll Jij! jljllll 1 1 1 J j
^iiiN"M-=4 = = = MiMhi
! -i ■?, I" = 1 1
I ! f, ,
Uiv
56 A COMPARISON OP '
iiiiiiiiiJiiiWli J
llMflMfibblflHl i
, 2 .§ ' g .SI, |
s i ...
m-AMMm A
llllllliilfliriliillill
mmzzMml
58 a courAsisos or :
1= I „ s1s«i-si 111
nmuhmr
...-.* u
^JMmSWm
^53ilil^i53i55^^ = £j'l^
i ...-a Si i L^&
-
ii^^ij^lIJUl
iijiiiiiyjik iti &
J: 3-§3=3i s.§ ;
The following notes have been furnished by Mr. J. F. Mann :-—
I have no means of my > , T of words with
the language used by the aboriginals of New South Wales ; copious
vocabularies which I made years ago have long since been lost ;
I am from other .bled to supply a consider-
able list of words used by natives of at least four of the tribes of
South Australia. It will be observed that in no instance do the
words given by the Rev. Mr. Pratt under the heading of " S.
Australia " agree with the accompanying list. This may be
accounted for by the following reason : \\ custom prevails among
the aboriginals of naming a child after the first living object seen
by the mother or nearest relative at or immediately after its birth j
thus, a bird, butterfly, reptile, &c, Szc, each afford a name for the
youngster, and this name holds good until the child, if a male,
becomes a young man, when he has to submit to many very painful
operations and extraordinary ceremonies in order to enable him
another name, also derived from some animal or vegetable, or
in reference to some incident worth recording. Should this man
die, such is the objection to repeat the name that another word
has to be coined to represent it. Jealousy between tribes often
prevents the mutual use of a word : so that in forming vocabularies
each tribe has to be closely questioned as to the proper word, and
even then much discretion must be observed, as the natives do not
like to be cross-questioned ; so unless you are thoroughly in their
confidence you are likely to be misled.
The pronunciation has to be closely noted ; thus, one reverend
missionary record d a length of time with a
tribe before he discovered that the words sin and thin had been
confused, consequently these poor blacks thought that a thin
person had no ch vn, and took great trouble
to cram and fatten up all whom they thought worthy of
salvation.
My authority for the accompanying list are the Rev. G. Taplin,
Rev. Mr. Teichelma; . Mr. M.r.i.-l.. ■.-.-. !.■ \. Mr. Schurman (South
Australia) ; Mr. J. Gason, Cooper's Creek, Dieyerie Tribe ; Mr. J.
W. O. Bennett, Northern Territory.
List of some words us ■.! b\ tin - iti\ s of >< nth Australia: —
if If
1 1 V
111
1
~i h *
iiiH
|
ggj 3i-s.il
I'll lillfe
u
*2
Jl
l
§ i a
*B* W*«
1
H,j.| 1 i
?i -s
B,^
U L
iii in
•"ii
j
111 Jtsii
i
lF
_ll
i
S * g ^ 1
! s i
2
e'S 1.3.* 5 a a* I?
COMPARISON OF THE DIALECTS OF EAST AND WEST
f 111 II ill llll
j HJliffi fl IP
i i r J
i 1 1 li ! I II 2 1
LLl si,
5 1 f litii s s K Mi
HH ; ill gljlfl
g ifl Ul i .
-din
mu
Preliminary notes on some new Poisonous Plants
discovered on the Johnstone River, North
Queensland.
By T. L. "Bancroft, M.B., Edin., F.L.S.
(Communicated by Prof. T. P. Anderson Stuart, M.D.)
[Read be/on //<■ Uoi/ol Swn t,j of X.S. ])'., : June, 1SS6.]
Among many bai 3 collected on the Johnstone
River during 1885, with a view to ascertain if they possessed any
physiological activity, was the hark of ;i small tree called Dapk-
riantlm r>ji<indula, F. v. M., of the order Mojiintiaca' . which
possesses ;i somewhat hitter taste.
This hitter property exists in all parts of the plant.
Extract of the August, 1885, and experi-
ments instituted the following October.
A grain or more of alcoholic extract suspended in a few minims
of water injected under the skin ot guinea-pigs asphyxiates them
rapidly, bai jometimes recover.
As a rule if animals live for half an hour they ultimately
The following symptoms may lie observed when a grain of the
alcoholic extract suspended in live minims of water is injected
under the skin 01
The animal becomes at first very restless and eats with avidity,
but this continues only a few minutes, and is probably due to
the irritation of the injection. As soon, however, as the animal
quietens down, . f the extremities, and after-
wards of the whole body, occur every second or two, but they are
not of a violent kind, and continue until death. The eyelids
blink in a curious way oca is increased, and
the front legs are no longer able to support the body ; the animal
in consequence rests upon its chest. This condition is very
characteristic, and is an almost certain sign that the dose has been
a fatal one.
The animal up to this time could exercise voluntary movements.
The hind legs next become weak, and if the animal be now placed
upon its back, it is no longer able to ri-ht itself, although there yet
remains power of movement in all the limbs; it is perfectly
sensible to pain. Soon, how lysis of the whole
muscular system takes place, the animal dying asphyxiated.
Violent contractions of the facial muscles are the last apparent
sign of life ; but the heart in some cases heats on slowly for a
few minutes : rhjor mortis rapidly ensues.
I conclude, from experiments madf upon cats, guinea-pigs,
frogs, and grasshoppers —
1. That this poison paralyses the motor nervous system.
3. That it is not a muscle poison.
Ben th., and in a in >p <> nl i • imi i :< i discovered on the
Johnstone, and so named by my friend Mr. F. M. Bailey on
account of its aromatic taste and smell resembling Sarsaparilla.
B. — Archidendron Vailluutii, F. v. M., a leguminous tree,
attracted attention by it,-, i ■ lining beans of a
black colour and nauseous hot taste. The hark is also hot and
Alcoholic extract of the dried bean was made, live -rains of
ark was found
i-pi.^s poisoned \
and force as the p
paralysed, and the c
before they die, and
death the muscles c
through their nerve:
Neither the moto:
Two other species of Zxnthn..-,,],,^. vi/.., Z. tor,-.',,,
and Z. brachyacantlii'n), V. v. _M., hum \
genus are likewise poisonous.
Numerous experiments were made with extract of i.
this tree upon dogs, cats, rats, frogs, and grasshoppers.
It acts upon the spinal chord, increasing the rellex <•■>
and finally paralysing the chord.
It poisons grasshoppers, while strychnine lias no ac
them.
It tetanises frogs, even when applied to the skin.
In its physiological action it resembles strychnine.
The following may be taken as a typical example of tl
this substance upon warm bloodi d animals : —
Four grains of the alcoholic extract suspended in five
water and five of spirit were injected under the skin of a
Immediately afterwards the cat was uneasy, would lie d
minutes there were convulsive contractions of the fore limbs and
muscles of chest ; a strong light would not alter the iris. In
commenced; during one of these attacks the respiration is very
laboured, inspiration stertorous, the head hangs down, and the cat
jerks itself backwards ; directly after the spasm goes off the cat
lies down exhausted. In forty-five minutes there was a tetanic
spasm every minute, and the animal was expected to die every
convulsion." In fifty-five minute tetanic spasms last about a
quarter of a minute : inspiration extremely laboured and prolonged,
with wheezing ; at times no air can be inspired, and the chest
becomes collapsed. In sixty minutes the cat jumped and fought
for breath in a frightful way. and died ; the heart could be felt to
beat regularly for two minutes afterwards. Four hours after
death there was ri<jor moD . \.-\ivt was empty,
and the left ventricle firmly contracted ; the intestine was bloodless
and contracted.
With larger doses than five grains tetanic spasms come on
rapidly, and the animals die in a few minutes.
Large dogs recover sometimes after five grains have been injected
under their skin.
Metallic Meteorite, Queensland.
[Read bcforr th- Rn>,„! Son. t,, ,./X.S. W., 2 June, 1886.]
Pbelimixary Notice.
This meteorite was found at Thunda, Windorah,
idly lent I
by Mr. C. S. Wilkinson, F.G.S., Government
Geological Surveyor of New South Wales.
Mr. Wilkinson was informed that this specimen was broken off
a larger mass weig .lit or more, and it certainly
has every appearance of having been recently detached. The
large piece is said to be buried ahout 4 inches in the ground, and
the natives had covered it with stones, so that they evidently
regarded it ;is something of importance or value. The weight of
the fragment was 2")8-7 grammes, and its specific gravity was
found to be 7"77 at 1(5' C, being the mean of two determinations
made on separate pieces, viz., 7'7-"> and 7 - 79. In form it is very
irregular, the i acture is well shown by the
fractured surface, the plates standing out in bold relief and
meeting one and b are apparently
those of the octohedron. In the hollow on one side a distinct
pitted structure is seen showing that this apparently formed
one of the external surfaces of the meteorite, although the usual
well marked skin of fused t present.
Up to the present I have not had time to make more than a
preliminary qualitative examination, but this shows clearly that
this specimen has the usual composition of the metallic group of
meteorites. It c ■;:, with nickel, and a trace of
cobalt, both sulphur and phosphorus are present, and apparently a
trace of carbon, and I think it will be found not to differ materially
from the New South Wales meteorite found at Bingera. (See
Journ., Eoy. Soc, N.S.W., 1882, p. 35.)
Further Additions to the Census of the Genera of
Plants hitherto known as indigenous to Australia.
By Baron Feed, vox Mueller, K.C.M.G, M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S.
< L rx.
Pyenarrhena, Aliens in Ann. and Ma --a;-:, of nat. hist. set. ser.
VII, 37 (1851) ; after Paehygone. '"
Melicytus, R. &, G. For.stcr char. gen. 123, t. 62 (1776); after
Hymenanthera.
Tehxstkokmiackai:. Mirbel in Bull, do k Soc. philom. 381 (1813);
after Guttiferae.
Sarauia, Willdenow in Schriffc, naturf. Freundezu Berlin III, 406,
Herniaria, Tournefort tost, rei herb. 507, t, 288 (1700); after
Diptor.mtiiemmn, F. v. M. in Wings South. Science Pec. Ill, 281
(1884); after Ptilotns.
Cyathula, Loureiro II. < 'odmichin. 1. 101 (1790); after Amarantus.
(Vlosia, Lima' gen. [,!. 34 (1737) ; after Deeringia.
Uleistocalyx, Blume Mus. hot. Lugd. Bat. I, 84, t LVI (1849);
Bphenodea, Gaertner de fructib. I, 113, t, 24 (1788); after
Xer
Salvini;i, Miclieli nov. plant, -on. 107. t. 58 (1729) ; after Azolla.
Meniscium, Schreber gen. plant. II, 7-17 (1791) ; after Grammitis.
•Selerodontiuni, Sdiwae-riclien in Hedw. spec. muse. Suppl. IJ,
124(1824); after Neckera.
Omphalanthus, Lindenberg ,v Noes synops. hepatic. 303 (1845):
after Phragmicoma.
Bryopteris, Kees Eurup. Lebenn. 111.211 (1838); after Frullania,
Plagiochasma, Lehn.ann pugill. plant. IV, 13 (1832) ; after
Alectoria, Acha
Theloschistes,
after Pai
Lerauia, jlii iImiil" Vli" 1 '. ;> . <li Lirli- u. 1 12 (18-">:
Lecanora.
. <:. llwn- Enhviekl. ,hv Fleckt. 3i>7 (182,
Tkelotrema.
'- hi vins in Schrail. ncu. Journ. fuer Bot. I, .'
after Graphia
Glyphis, Acharius ^ynnps. licli -n. LOG (1S1I) ; after Gi )]
!M. ,Shlvi! U '0l .Vlllrit. ill .las St'!<l. :
10 (1804) ; after Yerrucaria.
Kadulum. Fri s plant Lomon. SI (1^2-V): liter Tfv.l m .
L.t.-rn-a. T 2 (1*20); after Clathi
test. 55 (1818) ; after F
(lSi.V)'; after Phoma.
. - << ikI.i ;]!.,'_ f-i_ III. »,"»> lh^) : aft r
Uidiolla, Sa.T.i
hvsterium. Sp,
Hysterium.
in this part of thu worH. Thr y
.;. - r ..;, . .. . •
Kuftzin- -n-1 Xr>r<I,tedt. For tl
■ : -> Mr. F. M. Hail
! •
Notes on the process of Polishing- and Figuring
18-in. Glass Specula by hand, and experiments
with Flat Surfaces.
/ !,./„)•• >!>< i:o>mi s,.y„ >,,<,/}
themeth kI which I have followed is not altogether the usual one,
etission have been attempted l>y hand, 1 haw thouglu it probable
that certain notes taken down by me during my experiments
might not lie altogether void of interest to some of the members
of this Society.
It is now more than four yea
spoctila-llats, etc.. with other optical experiments. During this
period several mirrors from 7-in. to lS-in. diameter Lave been
it. As the
18-in. mirrors were somewhat : expensive, these.
have been refined and repolished se\eral times to gain praetical
. in their construction. They were imported from
Chance Bros., Birmingham, and when polished were found to
have been well annealed.
A piece of plate-glass l'»-in. diameter wa> cemented to the back
of each mirror to suit its intended cell or mounting, and the weight
of the whole speculum when finished was about 70 lb. (fig. 1.)
In producing these specula the first thing to consider is natu-
rally the convex tool with which they are ground to the proper
curvature; and my first attempt was made by procuring two fiat
discs of glass of the same size, and grinding them together with
emery and sand, the intended sp< uppermost
position until they had attained the desired form; it being well
known that two Hat discs when ground together will form them-
selves into spherical surfaces, the overhanging part of the top one
pi od vexity in the one underneath.
My succeeding trial was made by the usual iron tool turned to
.■" curvature in a lathe: but it was found that two of
.
they became of a true spherical form ; and knowing that the co-
efficient of expansion of iron was 0.000012, that of glass only
0.000008, and that in both cases the surfaces were very sensitive
to small vaviatio '
surfaces), I formed the opinion that a truer surface could be pro-
duced by having the tool made of the same material as the intended
reflector, and therefore in producing the two larger specula under
consideration 1 reverted to my former process.
Three plates of rough glass 1-in. thick and IS 1 , -in. diameter
were ground togethei to tit one another, and then cemented so as
to form a firm and solid block.
To produce the proper convexity in so large a size in the usual
manner would occupy a considerable time, ;md require a great
amount of labour : yet bug] fiy given to it by
the machinery «m d'h\ \<\u\- -la- grinders. I had the tool made
of about one quarter more convexity than the required concavity of
the speculum, and the latter having being partly hollowed out by
the use of a leaden weight and rough emery, the two (tool and
glass) having I I hemselves into
perfect spherical surfaces, r roper curvature.
Where many specula are to be produced upon the same tool,
ronmay be pre in urfaoe becoming extremely
hard; but I have with one of glass ground or rather refined the
speculum during three hours, without producing so much as 1-in.
in the focal length.
During the course of my earlier attempts with smaller glasses,
much time was lost in the p thing process mot
having been suffi< i I h the finest grade of emery,
but with the two under consideration to-night, this was guarded
against, and no polishing was begun until the mirror was bright
enough to reflect the image of the sun at an almost perpendicular
incidence.
In one instance, to ascertain the exact form of the surface given
to the speculum by the glass tool, I endeavoured to render it
thereby reflective enough without polishing for a preliminary
examination at the centre of curvature. In this I did not quite
succeed, but with 5m. polishing it reflected the light from a very
small pinhole, and when thus examined 1 was delighted to find
that it presented a traesj ' ly inclining from
the spherical toward., the spheroidal form, and that irregularities
of more than ,o,W part of an inch (probably much less) had
of tool I had used left
. ng, then, at this stage
of the process an absolutely true curve, the polishing was pro-
ceeded with in the usual 'manner with roum- upon pitch (the
speculum I ie late Dr.
the surface int
o a paraboloid of revolution, t
he spheroidal
form
as spherical ;
forgotten that 1
the spherical fora
lis the only state in w
except by varying
the distance o
Foucault test o
centre of curvature,
that variations
of -00000 L inch (as is prove<
:1 hereafter) c
noticed. Supp
using, however,
l>een obtained.
the most dolica
viz., to change
it into a parabo
had of revolw
don, or what
is the
>erration.
Some optica
ais have attained
.
1, and
) doubt that a si
milar etiect oa
n be produced
more
13 v making the polisher a little larger than the speculum
(llerschell). ■ v by i : 'in. axis as
10 to 9 (Shorts process). Without doubt this will
lengthen the outside ray., but the regularity of the curve
from the centre seems to me doubtful.
By -radually lengthening the strokes (Dr. Draper), not
3 By raising the temperature of both glass and polisher, and
before the pitch becomes of its usual hardness to use a
few long strokes (half strokes), afterwards gradually
decreasing them to nothing. This I have tried with
partial success.
4. By local polishing, as adopted by Lassell ; perhaps the one
now mostly used, and the process by which the greatest
success has been obtained. Its defect is that small
irregularities are almost impossible to avoid.
5. By graduating the pitch polisher, which in my experiments
seems to be the process most certain of success : yet in
large surfaces, where a considerable amount of correction
is to be performed, great care is necessary to avoid it
running into an irregular curve.
As in this process the main point to be considered is the correct
vsteui of graduations to be used, I began by inquiring into the
orm of the solid interposed between th< sphere and paraboloid oi
he same curvature at the point of contact, seeking thus to com-
>ine theory and practice.
The general equation to this solid becomes complicated, but as
t was only required to know tin- variation in the thickness ot a
iection from centre to edge by combining the equations of the
jircle and parabola, I deducted an approximate expression (correct
'or the usual shallow cur\» s to eight places of decimals) thus:
Equation to parabola origin A is x x = .. "., -
,' expressed :
Let now y x = y,
4th, we have by s
and neglecting big
her
..pia'
rs of i/ than
1 to thickness
any value of y = ■-
- and supposing r <
' T .
t is seen that .■
varies as 4th powet
-of semi diameter.
Let now z be calculated for interv
of y with radius (r) = 320 inches as in
sid'Tation. and as has i)een done ir
section will be represented by the fo
the solid line represents a section of
the dotted line the corresponding paral
th.
of i :
,. spe.
inch in the lei
m b 008880000
Iii this table the first column gives tla 1. igth from centre ot
<;]■ •;, or the amount cf abrasion
required to change the section of a sphere into thai of a
of revolution, and the 1th am! r>th columns, the h- .
aberration of the latter curve existing at the centre of its main or
rather least curvature : calculated from the formula ', (approxi-
mately), and this is known to be four times the amount the same
speculum uouhl show (if spherical) in the telescope at its focus.
Although in this case the relativa length' of focus to diameter is
table, some startling truths aiv revealed.
,f ILle by the variation in the reflect-
ing surface of one-millionth part of an inch, which is actually the
At 4 inches from the centre the distance from the two curves
is onlv that amount, ami vet this produces -,»„- inch Ion.
aberrational the centre 'of curvature, which, under favourable
circumstances, can easily be perceived : hut, on the oil
this small variation might be produced l.y three strokes of the
polisher, or by the smallest irregularity in temperature, it shows
that practically the curve for the central 8 inches should be
spherical, and that, with mi ror:- Laving \vr\ shallov curve- as
l-2'm. diameter to 20ft. focus, such a form is as good if not better
In the abc
■ve caiculatioi
is the point
i of contact (al
-,. origin
of the two
been s
upposed 1
to be at t
& revolution
as in tin
3 parabolo
the curvatu]
■ ; '• ■ ; ■'■ : '
Cted ei
the three c
ould be i
is shown
1, 2, and 3.
Figures 4, 5, and 6 (plate 1) represent the corresponding
acting part of tin so surfaces the tiine required can he altered. Of
,,,,,1^ the same object m;iv be obtained l»y reducing the squares,
as long as the given proportion is maintained.
Pitch being a yielding (non-elastic) substance, might he expected
not to act similarly t<. a rigid surface, hut still I have found Nos.
I and -2 to give the desired result. No. -1 does not seem to answer
with the weight of the glass over the polisher.
The form with which the present glass was figured was No. 2.
lioth polisher and _ ■ raised in tempera-
ture were left together (the glass having heen now and then slightly
moved round its^axis) until cool, after which the usual stroke for
keeping the spherical form was proceeded with for about ten
minutes, when th
In another ease. Xo. 1 form was used upon a similar mirror,
but with only 10' 1" focus requiring abrasion at rlie cage exceeding
^J oo part of an inch.
Knowing that theoretically a curve of revolution could not
coincide with the polisher, except when the axis of both were
in one line, this position was maintained and the glass simply
revolved. Bv this motion rings were expected to appear, hut such
was not the case, and in less than 10 minutes an over-corrected
but true surface was the result.
The greatest inconvenience in this method is, that -
mirror become over corrected, or a hyperboloid, the polisher must
be p modelled before the spherical form can be restored. A per-
fectly even temperature must exist, and the polishing powder be
evenly distributed, with uniform contact at every]-:
the two surfaces before the correction or figuring can be satis-
factorily proceeded with.
Supposing, then, that in this way a regular curve r
the sphnv through the t llipsoid towards th* hyp' i 1 " -loitl has been
obtained, it will' next be necessary to judge the exact time when
the paraboloid has heen developed, and to do this nor
satisfactory as the artificial star, or minute pinhole test at tin-
centre of curvature, first invented bv M. Foucault. For use m
this test the fourth and fifth columns'of the above table have been
calculated, but it was shown that in mirrors in which '
of focus exceeded twentv times their diameter, no cor:
the spherical form was ivquir, d, and that the amount "
rection would increase i„ the ratio ; (y constant), from which i>
would seem that this form of specula would be the easiest to make
Such is, however, not the ease except within certain limits.
The rate of decrease in the ;. 'I is v " ! '-'
rapid with the increase of radius of curvature, but the injurious
ell'ect from almost
higher decree, and it
theoretically perfect speculum could l.e obtained with from 1»0 to
40 feet focus, the slightest touch or variation in temperature
-would be sufficient to destroy its good definition under a high
magnifying power, irrespective of the disturb] g
atmosphere.
By decreasing the focal length the rays en.-s at a less acute
an^le. and small variations in the reflecting surface lia\e not so
lg as the proportion is :
during my working of these
t and the can
iperature hv handling, Arc, I
uess of the silver film r
m inch, and variations in that am
any optical defect in the telescope.*
FIGURING 18-IN. GLASS.
His results were obtained by measuring the quantity of silver
deposited over a large surplus, but my intention was to compare
its thickness with the length of a wave of light. To do this I
required two perfectly flat surfaces. After long and patient work,
I succeeded in producing three such surfaces 5 -inch diameter,
which by the coloi !, y Mr - Brashear
in a paper read before the Engineers' Society of Western Pennsyl-
vania, produced at an asi-do of incidence of 65° one uniform colour
gradually changing by other inclinations, and showed by mono-
chromatic light straight, dark, and coloured bands (fig. 7.)
Several precautions must, however, be taken in using this test,
An even temperature is absolutely necessary. The angle of obser-
vation should not be greater than 70° with the normal, but better
much less, and the glasses must he as perfectly clean as possible.
These precautions refer more particularly to compound solar
light. When monochromatic light is used, the test may not he so
delicate, but is certainly of much mur- pr.iHi.-al use, and as will
be demonstrated correct to less than 1 -200,000th part of an inch.
When one end of the glasses Is pressed, or svhen impurities pre-
vent them from being exactly the sane- distance apart, the devia-
tion from theoretical llatncsscan !,.• judged and rigidly calculated
in the middle band were by measurement found to oe -„
iation from flatness in one or both of the glasses would be
p =0.0000C65; and, as even a much smaller displace-
The thicki
18-IN. GLASS
It mav also be noticed that when the source of heat was
amoved it nnlv occupied 2 m. for the glass to return to its normal
state, and that' the thickness of the glass was ;= of an inch.
~ w< re next removed from the wooden support to an
iron on S e of the same shape, and although this had been kept m
the same room yet the chill from the iron was enough in less than
1 ml to produce convexity in the middle surfaces to the extent of
„i_ part of an inch, but also in a regular curve (tig. 11).
A pressure of 8 lbs. was next applied to the same cei I
of the glasses, when the colour began to change, but in a different
manner to that produced by heat
Two wide bands of colour (fig. 12). appear
■ U1 d c-essed in the middle, showing that
they had become strained in two directions, and their figure com-
stroyed. .
Tins shows th it although or* sure has to 1 < iv.
regularity in tempi rat are is the most important tactm- in the pro-
duction of the true glass surfaces, and that in tini
rlv with long foci) a very small inequality m the tem-
perature of 'their sides will produce serious defects in their defining
It also shows that a material of small heat-conducting power
would be the most desirable for the mirror to rest upon.
In conclusion, noting the regular contraction of the
face towards its centre, it has occurred to me that it might be
nirrors, but
V e received.
lossible to employ heat as an a<:
'. have not yet tried the effect.
Since this paper was transmitted f> tic- Society I Have recco^
he last monthly number of the - English .Mechanic, m which J
vish to draw attention to two articles. One, No. 2.1. i iOd, 1 >y .Mi -
Brashear, in which the writer expresses the same opinion as l
mve, in regard to the practical e
" the
valuable papers on (lla'ss Specula), in which my conclusi
the thickness of the silver film seems to be doubted, e
to be disproved.
He says : "The fact that a thick film will receive s
becomes visible by reflecting light from its sides, pro
silver film is thick enough to perceptibly allow a d<
the figure of the surface below."
Dr. Scliroeilor (."•ciLi>triii-t('(l a lar^p rot'r.-irtiin;- telescope for the
is required in constvui im; lar-v <^h , and some specialists re-
However, In Ijdi < -I im mu «'ill u tl\ be made for the
Lick Observatoi ; in diameter.
HiUU* ^ w>
Fy.-7
Bfifflffl
equal *Un of Air or ptrfatty Flat Striates
Concave (Byflmt
FujW
Enures 10, 11, 1% best s/uwn urukr CvrtyouruL
Solar Lujht )
...
Deposits of New South Wales.
I do not propose in the present essay to attempt any exact
delimitation of the boundaries of the different systems of rocks,
"but there are several points of interest which have come under
my notice, and which are, I trust, worthy of record although only
The mainVvst< ms of ro ks \vl i. h are represented in the district
(a) Igneous Rocks.
1. Granite rind Greisen, partly metamorphic and partly as
2. Acidic ]f/ucov.* l!<>ck.% consisting chi -tiy of ipiartz porphyry
.'1. Fdsjxdhir colriDiir Ash 11 /*, whah are pi-ol .ably associated
with the aci lie eruptions last mentioned.
(b) Sedimentary Rocks.
z!\z i :tl
that will
r ;;
!at "im-e t
I»y a pe
sr<V
:. i; ti
limentary bods
-
;; ; 2
-;
ilswld, 1
I.";,'"
ceepted that the
>i from 1
'
id Mi!
lela
iw "Vm-land' mti
st have
pheric agents si
nee the a
lose of the Carboniferous pei
3re is no evidenc
e that, si:
ace th
o granitic
• upheav
a! firs
i: to
v- enor
moos.
,v.w t the time ar which the
tig rocks commenced, and may also
tracing the period of the i'el».>athic eruptions.
The dykes of felspar and quartz porphyry traverse both the
and, indeed, in < ■: ' ■ <\ s, which may
rocks themselves, are found resting upon
These tufaceous beds correspond very
fact that t
ce there is to be gathered would appear t
.': the country.
96 TIN DEPOSITS OP NEW SOUTH WALES.
In some cases, were followed by
fragmental eruptions of greater or less violence, and in some parts
i accumulated on the surface.
The outpour:. sen followed by
basaltic eruption ing been already
determined, the more fluid h ; ..d<- lava-, wh- n ihcy were ejected,
flowed for great i burying up the
gravels of the - he wealth of tin
thus entoml g action of the rain.
These basaltic rocks are of very great extent, and have buried up
enormous areas of country; thus, between (lien Innes and
Inverell they cover an area over 20 miles in width, forming
all the peaks of < a has not, up to
the present time, proved to carry tinstone below the basalts,
although alluvial workings exist about 7 miles east of Inverell.
All the earlier :• y were obliterated by these
flows, and Ne ■ gion of hills and
valleys to one mo land in character,
Occurrence of Lodes, &c.
Although up to the preset i ; i e somewhat rare
in the New Engl >ubted instances
of their occurrence, and I propose to describe in detail one of the
more remarkable, premising tl I ■ «s yet be found.
It is in the El I the only true tin-bearing
lodes are being worked. These are known as Butler's and the
Dutchman lodes, but other outcrops, which appear on the surface
to belong to the true iissuiv veins, are found in the Cumberton,
Hammer and Drill, and Pearman Beacroft & Co.'s claims, all of
which are situated near Glen Creek, and are on the line of the
Dutchman's lode, which is being worked on the tableland.
Thenumerou- ' ■ h are receiving attention.
such as those in the Dolcoath mine and the so-called Ottery lode,
belong to one or other of the irregular deposits which will be mem
Tile .Butler's lode may be taken as a fair type of these true
fissure veins. It is well delim i. > irying in thickness from 3 or 4
feet up to 23 feet in some parts. It consists chiefly of quartz,
many crystals of which are encased in chlorite, and in some parts
of the mine this chlorite; is v< tv plentiful, carrying tinstone as
crystals and crystalline patches.
The lode is a true one, lying between well-defined walls, and has
an average north cbes it generally
takes on northing. In pi ' Kile one portion
goes tc the north's t-east course, the
westerly branch as it leaves the lode underlying at a flatter an;
than the more easterly one, so that the branches will probably jui
in depth.
i generally on the hanging "
Willi
) far as I <
1 judge, about
sufficiently rich to pay for \ 1
5% of thiHtoii.- is in some cases even less is
worked, 2 or 3 per cent, paying for crushing.
The lode has to " ;il =? tne surface,
and a shaft about 60 feet deep sunk from the adit level, carrying
the lode down with it. The country in which the lode occurs
consists of a porphyrin.- -ranitr. which is decomposing rapidly on
The presence of chlorite in the lode is of interest as affording a
parallel case to 1 1 - Adelong, which also trav-
erse granite, and i is a product of
decomposition of the rocks which were shattered by the movement
Xii., follow me of the points of interest
with Butler's lode. The positions of the rich parts
midline of the lode in depth, while the
3 of the
i the pinching
Although true
there have been numerous discovered which
are sufficiently productive to pay for working, and some of these
are exceptionally rich. These are all somewhat closely related
one to the other, and will be better described together.
The granite its as belt already alluded to is
largely impregnated with cassitente, a small percentage occurring
throughout the length and breadth of the exposure, but along
and slate shown in the section (pacje b7), the granite is some-
times so richlv impreuiKUed as tot -m a tin rock, which would
be of high economic value as stamps work. Probably the
' '
work Z
ome of these irre
gular deposits,
this is under-
3me description
t, more especially
because some
1 found from tinn
NVilS tlu
face was traced 1
for a consider-
also sunk and
:
on the surface ;
sses of
eassiterite were
extracted, one
: over 7 cwt. in weight having been taken out solid.
■ar to have been several patches of ore raised
run.'iing poor: but even now there seems to be sufficient
ement to further prospect the claim, although, the shaft
full of water, it is impossible to examine the old workings.
e country rock, which is granite, is traversed by a perfect
)rk of veins of quartz carrying tinstone in greater or less
itv, and with economical crushing appliances would make a
chiefly to these : < stock work.-."'
about 2 miles north of the
this class of deposit. In this
100 TIN DEPOSITS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
mine the main leader, which has been followed, and which is only
a few inches i course ; but the
rock, which is a hard haplite, somewhat resembling a coarse elvan
in character, is tiw - * 1 b\ immm, 1 i 4e u all strings and veins
of quartz and tin b country m every direc-
tion, and form a perfect network ~* -"■
The Buchart Company has lorn
I since become defunct ; but even
vein, and , , - 1 i h maki ic. it
pay, Lihhouo'h , rh\w'are'''oiil > - fossicking- and crushing the
da pestle and mortar.
Lying to the west wan L ol ■ &ine is situated,
and in this another vein of been met with,
also coursing nor< occurs 1S a s ?"
decomposed granite, ,-u.d alihongi. ii.. re are several _ thin veins
there does not appear to be so complete a network as m the other
locahties mentioned. The deposit
The alluvial tin has been found on either side of the granite spur,
but at no great distance from the ridge, and close to the vein, the
oranite was liter «■ Ifc would appear pro-
bable that this ri had been derived from floors
Gash Veins in Slate.
Closely associated with those deposits last described are some
which, while not appearing to be of much economic value, are still
of great scientific interest. These deposits occur as thin veins or
leaders traversing the slates which occupy the hollows in the
granites already alluded to, and which are shown on the section
(pace 5). Some work has been expended on these veins, both in
Taylor's claim, Glen Creek, and also on parts of the area held by
the Dolcoath mine.
These leaders are seldom i idth, and consist
chiefly of quart:: ' tinstone ; but
Jd one case, in Taylor's claim, a vein of this sort has widened
leader which is cos s pi ith ,i.'N".i, and > , might lie looked upon
as a segregation vein.
These veins would appear to have been formed by fractures of
the rock during the upheaval of the granite, by the folding of the
.slates in fact, and as no subsequent movement appears to have
taken place it is ertremi I veins will lead
down to true lodes below, I iniah at the junc-
tion of the granite and slate in depth. The granite, however, would
. in- even contact
'.lit occur.
A good deal of work has been expended on these veins, and
I venture to tbinl . perhaps, been devoted to
them than they deserve; but h rare occurrence
that these deposits are deserving of mention, although even these
are very poor illustrations of a class of deposits to which some
authors attach :- ..'<,f which has
previously been < by Mr. J. A. Phillips and
myself.
Near Bilverton tinstone '<. crystals through
greisen which is trav< srsrng ting out, near by,
both to the east and west. At Pearson's claim, Poolamacca, a
large body of stone is r« port, d to occur about 8 feet wide between
well-defined wall.-, but fch r ok would lead one to believe that it
had been intruded from below. The characters of both the vein-
stuff and the country would augur well for the future of the
district from a of view.*
Associated Minerals.
Other minerals have been found in great variety associated with
the deposits of fci h they are not,
hitherto, quite B scribed from the
tin-bearing area 'hie to the fact
that the country has not yet been so carefully studied, mineral-
ogically, as the older and more settled mining districts of Cornwall
and Germany.
Most of those minerals, however, which are generally looked
found in Xew i-hi-h i I: and tirst of all should be ment
wolfram, which is tin curse of tl tin-min 1 in ( ornw ill,
occurs in tin- same lodes as the tin, and, in
quence of its '^"nh that i
i, defies .
of the Barrier
i the centres of the
Veins
3 of fluorspar
have
been found, but
they are not of fre-
quent occurre
ieposits hitherto h
Othei
;;;;': y. ; ;
-\
ig fluorine in their
, are of frequent oc
he alluvial deposit
jcurrence : and topaz
s, sometimes as fairly
relation of
in th,
! possession of Mi
\ D. Porter, at Tam-
The a
beryl
with the tinstone
of the Gulf mine is
well km
iccurrence deserves a pf
since ir
is unusual to
find I
.ervl titerally forming a rock, as in this
J!\l
e Inverell Di:
?tt*z
S^v^ 1 ?-
perhaps it would be
. the diamantiferous
, for there is
fficient tinstone pi
neral';
done, although it
process
vasiiii
ig, and serves to
partially defray the
expenses of working.
Thet
s in a variety of forms and of different
Even in the
■ mine we frequently find pure white
oxide of
tin, ruby tin
;k crystals. In some
V.V. vh'
-h:ilt.
wain.
the different coloui
and the other half
P8 blend, one with the
-reatlvinit- , crystals an' inch through
UingWociated^tthth, l,ne,t dust, and this, m addition to th
like tinstone with a battery, renders perfect: saving appliance,;
absolutely necessary.
At Pearson's claim, Silverton, previously referred to, some of
the tiii-iom- lias a ino.-t n , : . . green, red, and
blue— imparting to it the appearance of a copper mineral, but this
is probably due to some > ! instone. although
seldom excee(
l.'d i'
ivia! «
are confined t
oth.-
fe
Thr l.a-alti
present, t<
■tiu t'nmi 1
•am of'ti.
is rock has been 1
, a dis
tance of abc
as W
n prospected
2es only that p
[ley, Two
mi-,
Kangaroo
104 TIN DEPOSITS OF NEW SOUTH WALB8.
cited as the only places which have yet been shown to carry tin
in leads which are worth working.
There would seem to be some reason to believe then that tho.e
different deposits have not been formed by one and th
stream, or, it they were, lnu ecei\ i i t'i la il
1 into the vall'-v oi that time; .id this i,
more likely to he the case when we consider that between the
Two Mil 'and Kangaroo Flat a distance of 15 miles intei
!
of equal length exists between K i > ' ig Cree ^ 5
■. it must be home in miml lb;.:
y have been missed in the .-
' « .unk, and ^nthii lead, ma .
In support of this view it may be mentioned that at Rose
Valley a great deal of work was, q, nd< d by Fail.;
before airy pa^ iU 1 id i ''■" 1 ] *» ! "< 1'dU
i
itmue pros-
pecting with the result that at the present time a lead, from a
to 30 yards wide, and from 2 feet to 8 fed tl
i
teen's, and ill probabl « t be found m Moran s
^, ,„!,,! ia [nosp.cting the latter without anything payable
, , , . . n Mil
This lead in Bailey's claim v, is f. und I
. . . . ■ ■ ' ; ^ ' ' , . ' ■ ;:
of water was met with in the <■: rlv d-u < of the nun
now been reduced to a minimum; and is easily kept down by
Tnf section of the shaft, as given me by one of the proprietors,
is as follows:—
Surface.
Soil and pipeclay SO feet.
Sediment l - »
Drift (no tin) 8 „
From which it will h,- seen that the basalt is not passed through
• Mnkna althomh in th< vim. < lain., and at a short distance
o'nlv from" the shaft, the solid basalt is met with, and is as much as
80 feet thick.
ia-.
I was not able -' : *h it is lined,
but some of the material on the surface, which is included in the
first 90 feet of sinking, appears to consist of a fine-grained fel-
spathie ash, which has been converted, at places,
into clay, and these ash beds arc found in othe
Ivin- the basalts.
The bottom in Bailey's mine is of groat interest. It con
p^par porphyry in part, resting upon slates, each of tin
he case. Tt is of th- :..
rtanee,
i record the fact that at one point
in this
; doubted instance of a tin gutter i
n: thifl
l>eii:u' overlain by a rot ;
-p.mds
Although this lead of tin is small and lias no immediate
ing evidence of tin- po-dhle v. id^pivad (.ccurivnce of leads below
period of the ditl'erem
.- later tii
■)al)lc that during the early liist«.ry of this district son
iart/. porphyry ami felspar porphyry might have heen h
aigh hoth the" granites ami slates, the haplite at tl
It is a somewhat diiliciilt thins
n, 3 per' "y ,,iy to
tless even less would
We may conclude, however, thai where deposits of any size
exist, even in places which are not easily accessible, a yield of 5
per cent, of black tin would he a payable return.
As regards tin mce need only be made
to the deep leads, and in these from 1 cwt. to J, ewt. per load of
27 cubic feet is © lead in Bailey's
mine, which has di ady 1 , fall} described, being payable at |
cwt. to the load, with 1 •' :"> iW-i of sinking. In shallow ground of
As regards the methods of treatment employed ronsid.-rahlf
nprovements have been made of late years. The i >rigi aal shallow
;ads were worked v err imi ind that much of
lie sluicing applian
Where crushing
convex buddies a
very little tin app
obtained from the
At the Tent Hil
would mention that, notwithstanding the
enormous output of tin.no less than 64,794 tons
and 15,268 tons 11 cwt. tin as ore having been exported from the
tin-fields from the time of their opening in IS"2 to the close of
1883, there is yet room, in my opinion, for a gr.
this productive industry, in the development of Loth deep leads and
lodes, as well as those irregular deposits which approach the lodes
Previous papers relating to Tin-mining Indu
in Australia.
lsp).
Article on Mi;
of Tin in N IJev. W. f, Clarke.—
fydncif Morning Herald. 16fch April, IS 19.
A Report on the Tin Discoveries in Queer
Qnartn-h/Jovrnal -
Ohservations on some Tin Discoveries
South Wales: by G. il. P. Ulri.
Report on the Tin-bearing Country, Ne
Wales ; by C. S. Wilkinson. " pp.
Sydney, 1873).
Report on Tin-bearing Country, District
XLIY.. pp. 306,
1324.
Tasmanian Tin ; by J. Borthwick. Ibid. 1874. pp.
Report on the Vegetable Creek Tin-field ; by G. H. Gow
and Mineral Statistics, New South Wales, 1874.
Mount Bischotr Tin Mines. i\ nnia: by J. Hunt.
Journal, 1874. XLIV, p. 207
On Tin Ore from Mount Bischoff, Tasmania; by
Meredith. Proceedings Royal Society, Tu,, n n'ah
(June), pp. 21, 22.
Report on Moa " ■ , ps, Tasmania ; 1
Wickham. Mlnlur, Journal. 1874. XLIV., p. ;
Tin Deposits of New South Wales j by C. S. Wilkinsc
1874. Ill, pp. 267, 290, 325. ' J//,,/» 7 ,/„„;■„,
XLIV, No. 2008 (Feb. 21). p. 200.
Report on the Mount Bischoff Tin Mines, Tasmania, w
graphical Sketch Map. pp. 5. (8vo Launceston.
On Australian Tin. Iron. 1875. V, p. 551.
Special Report on the Victorian Stream Tin Deposits •
C.W.Eddy. Mini,,,,.!,,,,,;,,,!. |>75. XIV.. V .
On Australian and Tasmanian Tin ; bv A. G hm-dish.
Journal. 1875. XLV, p. 19.
Note upon a Recent Discovery of Tin Ore in Tasmani
Gould. Quarterly Journal, (.'cofoub;,!. Snciettf. 1S75.
pp. 109-110.
On Mining m Tasmania ; I,y .J. Hunt. J/m,V, JW™«
XLV, p. 539.
On the Stanniferous Deposits of Mount Bischoff an
Ramsay, Tasmania. Mini,,,, Journal. ' 1875.' :
pp. 39-41.
Report on the Tin-bearing <
Wales ; by C. S. Wilkin
1875. pp. 70-89. (Sec
Report, Department of .Unas, J.'u- Snath Wale,. 1876.
p. 110-114.
Report on the Discovery of Tin and other .Metals in the Burra
Burra District, between the | ;,„,;„, ;iiu l Laehlan rivers; h ) r
C. S. Wilkinson. Thrthnr^lulnhr |s76 \ Ser, XIL,
23rd September.
On the Stanniferous Deposits of T iMinnia • bv IT S. Wintle.
Trn„,.,rt;„n* /.'„„„/ Li.to V,„.,„„/, llWe. 1S76. IX..
pp. 87-95. (With a
Report on Neighbourhood of Tenterfield, &c; by H. Y. L. Brown.
Annual Report, Department of Mines, New South Wales.
1882. p. 149.
Mineral Products of New South Wales ; by Harrie Wood, Under
Secretary for Mines. 1882. p. 27.
1883.
General Report on the Principal Deep Leads of the Vegetable
Creek District; by T. W. E. David. Annual Report,
Department of Mines, New South Wales. 1883. p. 155.
Progress Report of Geological Survey ; by C. S. Wilkinson. Ibid.
p. 148.
1884.
Progress Report for 1884; by T. W. E. David. Annual Report,
Department of Mines. 1884. p. 153.
Report on Silver-bearing Lodes of Barrier Ranges ; by 0. S.
Report on the Geology of the Vegetable Creek Tin-mining
District, New South Wales ; by T. W. E. David. Annual
Report, Department of Mines. 1885. (In Dress.)
Report on Queensland Tin Fields ; by W. 0. Hume. (8vo.)
The Aboriginal Names of Rr
Philologically Exan
By the late Kev. Pktkii M.uTi
Australia ? To this question there i. s the answer that the simple
form amu, meaning water, is found in tlie region of the Ballonne.
At Rockin-haii Ba\ the form h, ,,„ ., is round also meaning
toater. Here, there' can be no doubt, the same root is concerned,
although the m is doubled , d by the addi-
tion of an aspirate at the 1 ; >ria such forms as
ummut and ammitch for sea are found. Here then are tolerably
plain evidences that the letter ,„, as a matter of fact, was used by
the aborigines as in some way specially fitted to occupy a place
Turning now to the gazetteers and books of Australian travel
names as Mt '■ In New South
'■■]■
111
such cas.'-s. \
and Mi-Mi
and 0om«
Vi
Lelips
In fanhei
-
[ words for
,n ma. Tin
, 31 Ut
tnvia Creek,
and many
the banks
■ ^IZetterj'.-
tersarefo
other parts of the world. In pursuing this part of our subject, it
is to be noticed that the form ,,«>, for water, remounts to a very
high antiquitv, as it was employed by the Egyptians. Closely allied
was the Phoenician form, ,,,» •" in Hebrew main, is the plural for
waters. At this point it is not amiss to point out that the letter
m, especially in its running still more than in its capital form, has
a pictorial significance in addition to its iitncss to represent water
hieroglyphic representation of the ripple on the surface of water,
world. But, still pursuing the subject, it is to be noticed that the
same root-letter is found in th<- Tungusiun and other Asiatic dia-
lects. Still farther, wan, means " (Wsh imh-r in the island ot
Tarawa, while men, means the same in Kotumah; aiitai and
Who denote the swell of the sea in 3Iaori ; mi is water m the
Tigre language ; and the root occurs in many more African < i' 1 '
nbrc.
its atilnirv fur tlir /,/, which has been introduced to keep it coni-
Danv but anothei asfcrated: it is
th.-'lVn-tlu- ■' the initial syllable— the
feeble Vmvel i. tWtil,' ' 1 aspirate. Now,
shall s'"' l tj,-~ - Mar- mn,,W
of streams, as Waiw///.
. a name as Tmnl)i Islai
.•t that run; ■■
6 THE ABORIGINAL Ni
Looking now beyond the boon
There is in Malay om
language
Tambak
al other streams besides the Ju.ull itself. In the
iries occur the words ,1/nnuba to //,/■",/• ,>y//-;-, ;;,/,ia><
i 6a?/ °/ ^ ie *«"• The foregoing forms, both Malay
The Latin nimbus,
It may be noted tl
deficient in Maori.
The addition
Falemba,,;/. whidi is applied to desigi
• in- watt'i-s of a number ot
Palembang itself. Malay forms in m } >
amp limn and / ij ■ /, a //(; r/ Tin '
and b<:u if/ remind us not a little of sir
tralian words. But further : the eupii
far as they indicate connection with wal
of Greek, Latin, and (Jut hie stoeks. 'i
shower, with its near relative in Latin u
•s as Amain- and Emmer : these 1:
riginals as Amber and Ember by t
,t assiniilatii.n. According to th
s£t ,g
-appear nmvtly on tlieir own
Cnnbalonx ('ret k. K'mmbht
'"ill Springs,
After finding tributaries to the stream which started
and also after finding something analogous to ana-branche
liquids ?, «. r. we now come to a marked division in the \
the stream, to the formation of a delta where two or mo
streams flow separately. For. notwithstanding all affiniti
can stand alone, and so also can the b. The Brat p
been already illustrated : and the other comes beiore us
proof to the same effect.^ _ But more than this, we arctic
ing the very
regarding the origin of language, for in m we have an urn
» signify water, but not so in b cr its phonetic repre:
The hvmuiii,. ' ■ "' does not p
nevertheless, as we have seen, the one letter in c
us to the other. The fact here dev<
mining how far the influence of the imitative principle a
in the words of a language.
Proceeding with our inquiry, we have now i
fact that root-words in b, p, w for water are ven nun
although not imitative of the sound of water. B as a labia
indeed, be regarded as having more softness about it than dentals,
sibilants, and gutturals. lu that respect it has a fitness for being
shown to represent water ; still, ir is not to be regarded as having
the important imitative elmm m in ;my -an-h way as pertains to m.
variation such < ! ' nidi u iWout Poit Essmgton in the north-
west. At Cape York there is e r l. meaning jWsli water, and bulla,
meaning a stream ; still at Ca] ■ Vo I. is >tj « meaning a chain of
ponds. In Western Australia there is cj>}>", /rater, and in South
Australia, a pa, a]>i>a, nppv., <'/>//>/. all meaning water. But now
further, I and p in other languages, by ordinary course of phonetic
wear and
tear
soft.
n ,lov
r v. ]
nil
5f the
forms
at the r
e tin
I then
naby Creek, Iffun
,//!'! "
, native name of 8
,ok\
form such example
V^'Marsh, (Jo..W,
e of the Murray P
on, Stelowic Creek
• x, 'i
,-/, Creek. Na,w-i« Creek. To
maybe added Ma a
ml 1'u
W/. names of islands, one in South
alia, the other in
Lak<
Maequarie, New >
IMooehistan.
Barop, Lennej
rurning to the gazett
Lake Macquarie, Merr
i is Malay .•
iriir in Maori : DlialafVf. a j""<l i- i
iii Itniumali. ami tin- tonus hi"-"
meaning water, ocew In the islands of the Ne*
11 illustrate,!
nes of Streams in Bar, Par,
processes of lengthening ami si...
i,. ," Although w.. have *v a v/orM-wi.le r.nt i
rlcer at Lake Hin.lmar>Ii in \
including the north, of New
the form boa ring
or woor at Cape York for . ■ ; ere is mmfi for
river. There are wooree, sea, wamvA, An,-. a-arren and waring,
sea, in Victoria. JHVra is rain at Port Lincoln, in South
Australia.
As to root forms represented by Mar: there is momee rain,
at Port Darwin; ,»orala i.s w« " at Mountmorris Bay; Mara
is a pool at Port Lincoln, South Australia ; also /nirrara a swamp.
Murri&n, sea, is also found.
So far the vocabularies ; now for the gazetteers. Forms in
Bar are Bara Creek, Baroo Creek, ^arraba Creek, Berico Creek,
Boren Creek, and dozens more. Forms in Par, Bara Creek and
river, Parahol Creek : Bamhi (reek, y>,,,v>„ l!iver Prooa Lake,
Along wii
or River T,
River. Als.
bir, the Arabic form, h
root form vaJrr, in Arabi-
it to the Gazetteer of Now South Wah-.s. W«
by an : in. . Lstak. . up all tli •
.' ^ ' .;' , ■■,■ • : .
representative letter now is X one which lias close kinship to M.
[t is well :;-, as m sets forth
the hum. In the simple form n, the root-words indicating associa-
of Port Jack on, It is w1ipii\vi tak. > incoiijum ion with # that
a flood of illustrations pours in upon us. For, as /,/ has its natural
affinity for 6, so n lias its natural ailinityfor two classes of letters,
the gutturals rj, l\ and the dentals d, t, we shall follow out the
illustrations in conim.-ti..n with the nasal ,i,j and nk sounds. At
Cape York there is /o* 7-0 ,/»/'?, *"/' n-nt,yr ; m\v>rn r /, lagoon, ahout
■ to drink, in Kamilaroi, north of
in" Paver
X.S.W., a
nd south
;:;i;; ;; ,." A J 1
,ake Man,
South Wales, upw
mats exhil.it nk.
Creek. In South
ed for a moment tlia
md Queensland rende
Wicki »w. In X.-w South WaI-> th>-re is < >al<,
mties Ashburnham, Bathurst, Darling, Dudley
.'. Napier (twiee). Roxburgh, and "Wellington.
can scarcely be lent that in ail these cases
oakey simply meant water.
In now looking beyond H, \- li < ■ t • v the root m k,
or it, equivalents, is i m I • \t- lively. It occurs in the Latin
aqua in the former part of the word ; it occurs in the old German
aha ; and in the first syllable of the Gothic «Ava, water. It also
appears in the Old French ax. The root is embodied m such
names as SaUaeh, Wertach. Aachen, the German form of the name
yUv-la-Chnppeilr.,' doul.lv illustrates the point at issue. The
chapel was built ; th< local it v of the mineral waters where
Charlemagne was buried. The root is widespread also in the
Polynesian ; ok bar; kau, sea-coast, pokaka,
a shower, are Maori ; ko, okah, kh<; »« v >h>, ,mter, occur among
the North American trihe, ; so aho k.nk, rir. r, eukehi, lake,
indeed the combination of tin- nasal ,i with the de
Combination of the root* kaba
re the forms in ha, ffa, *,", there
as in the
venture from South An
ilia. In this last instan,
■ • with
frequently exemplified. I
:
lia there is
• loud and joyful rrv to the memhers
.uhl really and liti-rallv
mother place where wi
iraa none. Still a thir
there was n, >v
But return
the
illustration as we pro
place fo,
9 in the gazetteers f the Colonies. One of
5 the form in bd, bt, with the forms which according to
Turning
now to other parts of the world, we
find ti
le forms
Taro and I
'••m remounting to a vein
•rv early
Kgyptian n
There i, a
!, th'
Hel.rew
h-itidi Island:
miher of
iear eiul'OuS
.1 New South Wales.
*53£
-«
the Y,rr,
vtlori-wm
River Names i
, Gong.
i form which is common
les as the W:
,; Mnun-
tains, Boj/o
. ;.l M.-unlai
:ns. theMerri
idMitta-
,,^.7 lunges. Carcah/e^, and Mum
-la"'.'/"".'/ ^ r " u
others. Bi
irrav of 7 "»'
the sidt-
of the wat
ers. There are Burran
7,^7, Cu.i-e-/
o» t v. r
Kallobun^t
u„j Creeks, W-^r,,,,,, T„l
et, Tra<7o»i7 (
;
enough-B
Creek. A
lso the forms in y, Noe
yW> I^ke.
>. 'jV'»Z-o,
Ynu,o. Yo
ng the moun
have to see
re are any i
valents met
The vocabti
ilaries supply
us at once with
128 THE ABORIGINAL NAMES OF RIVEKS
such words as hung or !,..„;i. meaning water at Moreton Bay, and
Aojmmi, water on the Peel River. Th- forms <ji",ag and yuang,
rain, occur at Wellington. /wmoey at Ulawarra means sea ; in
compound words txn*gung at Port Jackson meant a cra& Nulla-
konggov in Kainiiaroi mean- a a-./Lrhole. At Illawarra ngait-
yaw^ is ««;(«/'. X.i//»«// is /w/«?/- at Ceorge's River. These
materials prove a Is a root-word for water
water. When we look beyond the Australian area our attention
the Australian aborigine.*. Tli.- \w>rd <;„,,,., or u »,>gf is the
The vocabularies here also supply abuiula.
in kal, gal, yal or their equivalents are (
Regent's Lake ': /-/A/,VV,\,,aml / t W/, ,-. <n>7< ,-, in
is imfer at Lake Maequarie. Kvtimxa, a fe
GW-70? is the word for a *im\^ as well as t
When we come to names of streams, we ft
Cooia Creek, the Oblbola Creek. Moreover,
for the Lachlan River was CWare; for the Pe
one of the names of the Darling was CV«wa
names for the Murray was 6'oo/wa. In all tl
the Peel, the Darling, the Lachlan, and tin
doubt that to the inhabitants on the ban
spellings iu which this word i.s found, there i
tains the two roots represented I >y A- and '.. Also.,:
from tin: evidence adduced, that ti,
which have entered extensively into the name*
waters over the whole of Australia. Hut, dues th. .
several roots into one name extend any farther / IW example,
This is not the
name of a large river or ocean ; it is the nameof w..-
sand, at the ii
l.y Evreon his perilous adventure from S.mth to \\
kumbanl After the materials which have heeii reviewed, we have
little difficulty in identifying //-•-,• as an old friend and near
relation of th. I
under our notice. Ben then Jsanotl
added to ka and int. So also of tin !
find it in the vocabulary oi I iatod with water.
, like the bichje in Hurrumbidgee.
Now, when we go beyond the Australian tribes, we find that
other people have done the same thing. Thus, in the north of
England we have such a stream as W'n.sWk Wafer. Now, wan
or vand, and bee, are Scandinavian words for water. To the two
words, each meaning water, the English word water is added,
making up a repetition of the same radical idea three times over.
Thus, we know that the little riv.-r Yah; in Norfolk, was called
Garienus under the Romans, though it has resumed its original
British Isles. But rlii,additmn uf »a,/,ahn>, rice,; to the primitive
form gar or ynr comes out more plainly in the case of the Garonne,
some Australian investigator
the Australian tribes, at least
w; fit laratame./^i
ii island, thus ajjain illustrating what we
td to the names of islands on the ether
the longer form hi we have /(';,<? or I imi/t,
r : li'itii and /em', w<it<r : L mi also the
, fresh »/v//r/- ; /"i>m, to drink : whx-Hnr,
>k at the names of rivers, tlic word limih
ve append rinr to the name hy which the
Island. The shorter form in / is to l,e s.en in the following
.h is lt.rlieivlii- Hay :" Movent e ■'■
The prevalenceof the root form in / is notable, as it has not come
Cape Green ; Monatte£ and Komanrai7
he conspicuous Circular Head ; also, Purr
i Promontory.
to the gei
leral rul(
3 that root-words for w
1, headlands rising out
LdoNv-land. In the pre
r ater are als
of thi; w.-sl' i
; .
in. :ils.. a .W. More-
. : ,,,...,., I, • a.ldwlto
<,<; as ampW.v* <lonhhnl, r ,l. It way
appears to be tl
and the Greek/
ftoo.t < T on th tr
i. Many places have names determined by their
:er. In 8eandina\ ian •■■
■lend. zfcceland is w,/ land. In ("Jermanv, forms in
■adow-lands, as on the banks of rivers. Thus Khciu-
Root-irordsfor 1\ o!>r and t/oir lenrimj on (ii
Besides the arrangements win reby root-words
1 ' " - -
to the surface ena
} see how wo!
state of nouns to
of prepositio]
process of generalization see
I that in
senteel by the abo
-
is simple enough.
.
diotis reference tc
> the pla
ce where the
established. Sowi
tli regi r.i
n,j place. Nov
information which
i we get from the voeab
extensively concerned in the Australian names on tin
waterholes, springs, and wells. But we learn that ■
become terminational particles added to names, to indica
suitable as a resting i>Jao. . AW- have seen that the ivate
is the fit place for t
-he cm
lipbvf Or ;v.s/,
',></ -}Jn
:ce. W
Lil. in many
tin of
noted by specific i
are de
these resting place
Nov
r, beyond doubt, the most
■e watering \
Ibanv
appearance, the ex-
plana!
ion of the r
s in Western
Australia ending :
, Thus, vp
.
perfectly with the
i ,t, ' :
nation that a
>ed as terai-
But we have sec
. forwater-
does the same piruliai
■ity ti u.spir,
i in c(
nmectio
n with any
more of them? "]
n.i.s v
Thus in South Aus
w! in
tho vorabulai
■ loam t
hit in South
■r. we ai
■<; fa
into the list of pre
is signified. Heir
[.OMt
' the
for the gr
signify iv.st
. As t
-the
lII.n[.o..ICAl.!.Y
i important word for
t the rabbis divided it in
, ill whirl, tl
tf, and l.v irifft respectively.
>f 110 cases, while the latter i
;ases. Here a few possible ovt
arge volume would make no subs
places occupied by the classes of i
take nine forms such as ml mn, air, hi, ht. h,\ vl, vn, wr—
where we have the liquids and soft labial— and compare' them
with any such forms as icg, vL v-d, -/, } ,,. j,/,, pd, pt~where these
are mostly gut . ouitc decisive.
The former list enters into the names of w rly 4<»0 , r, eks. breams,
and waters, while the latter li.t l.aivly musters twenty. Of course,
exhaustive detail would bring out some peculiar points : but there
is no mistaking the general drift and direction of the figures
adduced, taking the Gazetteer of New South Wales as supplying
the area of observation. Out of about 4,700 names of all sorts,
about 3,000 are aboriginal. Of these, again, nearly 800 are
names applied to river., creeks, and -u. ii,h generally, as well as
Summing up, and carefully avoiding swooping gen oral izations
■ontre of
irm-ntal
\\<- " -tie 7 :.'": n , : , ; ,l tl, .JunU'?^
which might take place in languages such as the Australian,
which are exposed to the operation of certain capricious influences.
Thus upon the death of a i | ] ie word river
would u Id nh drop out of us< No. i , tin course of centuries,
to say nothing of decades of millennia, the changes so pro-
duced in the vocabulary of a language would be very considerable.
1 7-'" t ; 1 • ' - II . !. n id ra ions,itisprett Ml lainthatif
the forefathers ot the aborigines of Australia broke off from aparent
!'
the lotto
lagoons,
nv good to them l.v i ussionarv , nt.n-prise, etc. Such b. in- tho
ase, the forms of words which' seem to have a common origin are
enorally a. eident il, an 1 must not bo pr. ss< d too much to support
ny theory. I fullv expected to have found more words in the
inguages of the Malay Archipelago for water with " m-nv' or
lie island, of th. AiJiiim h»o I IhmmmihiihI several voeabu-
mesof tho native tribes in South Australia, and have found
imythe, with the same result.
The method of c msultin^ the various <_'.•.'• tteers in New South
Vales for the meaning of native names is not to be commended.
a the gazetteer as native, I ist the writer
of this paper has fallen into the trap. "Farrucabad," near Glen
from India, as the owner of the Nation iv^.l-d in India for many
The so-ca
lied native names
modified form
of English i
vords, and the g
i-..' h
-,-•.', i.
made to gazetteei
ofte:
by th i te
of this pape
jr.
Sir Alfr
ed Roberts sugg
ested that tin
3 paper
be subject to
revision bef
ore being printed
with the
So,-;,
■ty's tra
nsactions.
Mr. J. F.
Mann pointed 01
it that in;
U1V I
had occurred
of attempts
on the part of b
s'tO
pronon
Woulloomnr
s nf tl',,
Huwe an I x
the ditf.-mit
windmill. Thena
, kinds of trees ai
-;;;j
:. ;'';;:: *z
This was tl,
3 case with the pr
• •fix "yar
" : -- s ;
/ot frnjllfilt
Msisextr.
"
-- '' f
>h syllable of
of a [.la.
Before c<
mmieneing to j
n d.
make cer
t th.' w
MacPherson has
(See "ak
toberegi
u-a. paid
to the n
mu-ii.-|
ature,
rtised
■Ollsid.-
nowTo"
mes hav
rel'iubb
: S w;!ni
well to
tin. Mr.
aboriginal* to refer to water, ami then in many cases identities
this word with one having a similar signification as used in other
parts <>t' the world, and gives innumerable examples in support of
his argument. However ingenious tliis thoorv maybe, 1 think
that it will prove a diilieult one to earrv out. for one will find
:>ng, known as the
imple. It is true
ee Ponds at Goul-
only heard in the
rt-hole length flows
Teas the Mulwarree
the reverend author
ives in support of
Goulburn side of Braidwood. According <
o my informant, an
and kurdcur-duc, the bird known by us as the
This plain was, and probably is now, the re
sort of this bird, a
1-gee. Kurkur also
means "mouth" in the Lake Macquarie ami
; Newcastle dialects.
I am under the impression that the terminal
n will agree with a
description of the Murrumbidgee River : but
which syllable refers
140 THE ABORIGINAL NAMES OF RIVERS
The name Currockbilly or Kurwikbilly is given to a high moun-
tain in the coast range near Braid wood. Two long valleys in this
of the resort of this bird. The same name may be found for a
place near Mittagong. winch p;>.— lUy this bird at one time fre-
quented. I mention this case also to show that in naming places
the aborigines were guided l>y circumstance^ adapting the name
to natural features, the growth of certain trees or flowers, the
feeding place of animals, birds, etc.
"Billy-bong" li .-reek, l,m,, means dead, the
water flowing over tow level land, and occasionally vanishing
orrectlv to t!
which flows past TlrnVbyT
make it a matter of diffic
On the Bredalhane Plains
and Mill l.ang or bong. Mil
or dead eye. I do not km
names evidently refer to th
of flat land, and to its hein
times. The terminal,/;//,/ a
that the first settlers penetrated
into
:or many years
afterwards known as the new
Bowral, Bong Bong, Sutton Fore
for a length ol
time called the Argyle Road. Thi
t at the base ol
this range ; To,,, lluuub Lagoon adjoins
ng ; then there
is the Terragong Swamp at Kiam: '
the ext
the head of the C»dgpgong Hi
But thi
aves</^
switl
,p, so that this
arrangement becomes futile, and
the s;
ilt
tr cases.
At page 11 Mr. MacPherson en
i rather
d&
idedly that tto
name Oakey as applied to a riv,
t or
evek si,
:
v means u-ater.
. The
to the native oaks, or casuarina t
country, and is used in a similar
and other such things to denote a
. (This tree is
in no way allied to Quercus).
It must be borne in mind th
author
only. As he states, he puts forth
-.,,tion.-
> h )
r way of expen
eaninc of which I do not k
now. Tl
le sitr
now
occupi
ed by
lp garc'lt-n of Mr. Jas. S. Mitch
^e lagoon sur-
les. The
Van
ra appet
■vera! places about the Murrui
-
■arYa.s
Varrh,
mnot attach a swamp or lago
I'n lid in lt to Sydney from hi
•e~wli
he did
:r Thomas sutl'ci'od much annoyance w
hen pa
- liudientt,>r
ay, by numerous small dogs r
t 1 It ; nl b
: iiiiii," he named the place "1
Marking Glen", hi
Jlorroi,
as become a permanent name.
Mr. E. du Fadr remarked that the ori
Of The
Blur-
unhidg.-e River showed name;
; the words were of eight s
yllables, t
md mi
Mn.ll
on i .-.-t.1
de by
Mr. Trevor Joxes said that
ad that the aboriginals cannot
:e the letter
■ F, bxt
r both
lese letters are often found printed on maps an
d [.!
ana in
native
Our Lakes and their Us<
By Fbedk. B. Gipps, C.E.
The influence of lakes in ! 1 j rt s of t he globe on the river .systems
in wliieh they are included o r i . arly connected,
and through their channels, on the wealth and commerce of dift-
erent nations, can only 1, just! .] i a •• 1 b\ an intimate
knowledge of their physical features and geographical position,
but their value i and different industries
is of sue! i voi -Id ■ . ■ . i u ve st igation
of the lake system of this Colony should commend itself to more
than ordinary interest. But for the Nyanza lakes, more than 3,000
miles distant from its mouth, th- Nile would resemble many of our
inland rivers I ' ge swamps, or are represented
in dry seasons by chains of . maries of Egypt,
for so many centuries celebrated throughout the world, would have
been unknown. But for -'■ . instead of the
mighty cities wl inse population,
which were the centres of I the very cradles
indeed of civilizati n. ih> ■■•• would ha\e been for all ages a silent
desolate wildern ' i e Great Arabian
Desert. The u i ic I . i fter day on arid
sands on atreeles rinds would have
blown as a furnace blast. Human life in that dreary domain
would have been rwise ordained.
Chiefly through i' die Xyanza lakes, the valley
of the Nile was ordained from remote ages and through countless
generations to hold pre-endhv iity. Year after
year heavy tropical storms. • . ontinuous rains
pour torrents of and increase their depth.
This increment i 1 through the channel of the
White Nile, kee; . whilst its tributaries, the
Atbara and Blue Nile from the Abyssinian highlands, so swell its
volume with their muddy streams when in flood, that it gradually
covers the lower valley. .' — ion the seed is
germinated and nouridmi. ut b given to the crop-, whilst the yeavly
deposit of silt accounts for the undiminished fertility of the soil.
Just as the Nyanza lakes serve as the cisterns of the Nile, so the
Italian lakes act as balance reservoirs for the Ticino, Adda, Oglio,
and Mincio rivers. But for the lakes which receive and discharge
them, these rivers would at tiim - thuiuler dou n through the rocky
gorges of the snow-capped Alps, v.nd v, ith their resistless torrents,
sweeping away sontrol them, would flood and
devastate the whole intervening country to the borders of the
Adriatic Sea, whilst at other seasons their streams would lie so
shallow and contracted that navigation and irrigation would he
impracticable. Instead of contributing to the fertility of the rich
plains of Lombardy, instead of promoting and sustaining the com-
merce and pri:i ition, these rivers,
but for the lakes which control them, would be sources of dread
and desolation. 1 laving 1 >n ; mrtant functions
of lakes in different parts of the world, I will now proceed with
certain suggest! of their waters to the
advantage of the State. As an appendix to this paper, I have
prepared a summary of descriptive data of the principal lakes of
the Colony, as far as the limited reliable information at command
permitted. On examining this, it will at once he obvious, that
water has been ;his country, fin
even oui lai est lakes 1„\V !„ , j , , w „ to dr\ up completely iftei
piotia. ted dioujit. _ \s ]f, hoy ■ ;, r. to , ornp* ns ite somewhat for
provided sites for the formation of lar-e ;U -) iticial lake;-, well adapted
for the impounding of deep and capacious sheets of water. For
instance, just below the junction of the Indi and Hume rivers,
which forms the head of the Murray, a dam, ofj feet high, thrown
across the valley, would impound a reservoir equal to some of the
Italian lakes in area. Such a lake would receive all the snow and
Victoria fos
,.mhh.
, rn
higher than its bed. Suppo • : . . , | . it would rush
down the steep f i I v expose the bed
ing its course up the Wollondilly
River, and which is barely 100 feet higher than its bed. It may
nt of the lake. The eastern }
s in the mouinaiii eliain ]<) miles south-east
l^w^X
for "us"'.
properties, and add.
■ .Mine had
situated near the c
pregnated with co]
(.per, that
i! romph
not a sufficient can
zz£}
from the locality.
the well water over
of the water, it m
dition of the lake,
that, owin
sides, that induces ;
great evapoi
and to the charactt
salts would aggreg
after exceeding Ion
conditions, and I o
Maintain you could t
at all seasons. Bj
the lake, and by c
noxious salts wool
| 'lying the lake are
drinking water. Even when t
nd thrive <
cane grass, which
stock of a
1! kind
aent of vegetati drably fitted for
In his address, M t her any large
vater could be • aring64 years
J greater number of year.-;, the supply of rain war, r
has not been equal to the evaporation." On reflecting on all the
conditions conn in the lake, I am led
:Ii"tWvtl
to favour rather the pr,
the remarkabl
WnorthVo e s!!Mti. il is'!
<-timatr,l ■
wa S o n i ylfoot: , \;,:;;"'.'ai^ l r
< per cent of th ,, r F , n . snoh
cubicle ^ 1 " 40 ' 20,490,000,000
i foot finches 1 1'..' ' ,1; r , - u ::i!!'l!|ln
cubic feet of wa4 ',' ^ kke drid
evidence. Here lie"
Brookes Cvek, at tin- t-'p ,,f rh.- Ya-t
lands of the Yass Valley.
depend on circumst£inn\s. iMitnKm'Vv
of the country can distinctly define, b
map it will be so tended, it would command
the towns of Gundaroo, Yass, Bown'inir. Binal >n- UummiUirrali
Young, Cootamundra, and Temora. It would offer facilities for
■irallan.l. Withasupplv
of 10 million ga , yasSi j££
150 OUR LAKES AND TIIEIl: USES.
them, it would provide 2,600 horse-power, valued at £15,600 per
annum, which, estimating the gross power of a large mill at 86
horses, would est) 30 factories, and would after-
wards be available for irrigation, and water supply. By drawing
off the lake continuously through the gravel drift, it would be
perfectly clear, i ;,. !lt ly pU re for the supply of
towns. Presuming that the drift bed of the lake and adjoining
swamps spreads over only 100 square miles, then, even after
surface water had entirely disappeared, : , supply of 50 million
gallons a day could be ensured n ,r many years u ithout the assistance
canal from the Moh; n -lo \ib ,-. I,„t owing t. tli enlarge supply of
auriferous drifts at tlmheadof !;••■,•>'■ ( V ' ■ and lastlv, by eon-
lake by raising and transporting thousands <.f eubie yards daily
It would discharge into Lake ! :,7,r u - ( . a1 J lea rv's ( lap. Thus briefly
told is my view of the --rand p (> . :-dbilit i, s of this present useless,
towns, it can cover the . . .-. ,,, i;h a contented,
prosperous, and independent O.-omanrv. 'and lastly it can largely
• my subject bv descriptions of Lakes
1 others in the' inn rior, which may be
istory in future ages, thoug
Mr. J. F. Mai
ake George. I
as a beautiful
Fifty or sixty years ago, the land of a number of settlers was
described as being bounded liy the water- of Lake George ; and as
the waters receded they followed, and thus enlarged their
boundaries, and obtained about ten times as much land as was
originally granted.
It is a curious thing where the fish come from ; I have seen the
place completely dry, and after a while when it again contained
water, excellent fishing could be obtained there ; and again the
lake would be covered with ducks and black swans.
Mr. H. C. Russell said : I am very glad that Mr. Gipps has
To me the lake lias see,„ed a valuable index of the character of the
climate, and one of the best means of determining the evaporation
from a large quantity of water. About 1865-67 the Government
Astronomer commenced to lay down the base line at Lake George
for the triangulation of the Colony, and careful measures of the
heightof the water were then taken, but this unfortunately was not
kept up. As far as I can ascertain, the lake was at its highest
between 1870-71, when it was 12 feet higher than in 1885,
but the measurement for the intervenine; years cannot be filled up
exactly. Assuming that the evaporation was pretty regular, the
lake has lost by evaporation all the rainfall and nearly 1 foot per
annum besides, or about 40 inches in all per annum. It is rather
curious that the I the recent heavy
rainfall all over the country- The average rainfall of the district
is only about 30 indie-. Mr. Mann has referred to what he calls
the " puddling" of the lake bottom by cattle, and it is a most
interesting su esxion but t numbei of ells ha a e been sunk in
: ■ bese were in gravel.
When the la k ,. the blacks said that it was
covered with a forest, and all the water went out through holes in
the bottom. It was the only way they could account for the dis-
appearance of the water ; but 1 think we cannot compare Lake
George with Lake Tirknit/.. That lake is upon a bed of limestone,
and there are a number of deep holes in the bottom, through which
it is supposed the water gets away. If there were such holes in
Lake George at the bottom, one would expect the water to dis-
appear gradually, but it appears that the water gets away very
slowly indeed when the lake is full, and fast when it is low ;
whereas, if there were holes in the bottom, the water would get
away fastest when there was plenty.
Lake George does not seem to be affected, except on occasions of
very great rainfall in its dish anot occur to any
great extent through such hard rocks as form its bed.
Mr. T. Whitelegge said that he had examined some specimens
of water from Lake George, and found in the sediment a number
of fresh water organisms, and a number of diatoms — eight or nine
■r-mam being oven tl.cn alive. There was some-
by bacteria.
Dr. Thomas Dixsox said, some time ago it was suggested as
possible that the waters of Australia possessed medicinal properties,
and Mr. Gipps has said that (lie waters of Lake George are
purgative. A number of waters are used medicinally, but, up to
whether the waters of this Colony have any such properties. At
Cooma there are carbonated spring; at iVrn'ma and Joadja Creek
there a
utlet on the weste:
aground c
The lim
patches hardly extending more than .1 a mile in length; the
think it is quit*. impovdble for the v\ui r to cm i,„ through tht
but it must be through an old channel nov> idled with grav
bometimes there are large supplies of water in wells, and t
nig become blocked at times, by cutting a few feet, t
wkmeix have come upon the old channel. I don't think that t
S^ fomation wiU —' » "v *■* for the leakage
-
jlljlj
I.
■ Iry..
1
S 82 2 2 & 8« 2SS-2 &22S2S
§ 5S 8 2 H £2 RSli-S --2=- = -
-
^ s " • •• ■-••• ^S"!*?
-
a :. 2 * • o. B .. a .j.* a .
1
| J | i i 1 i e* -1 1 1 i J 1 N f 2
LONCITUDINAL SECTION
LAKE °CEORCE
AND
DRAIN AOE PLAINS
"^■Va.,.;;':';: *■.-"..."■"..■•:
CROSS SECTION
TOP OF BREDALBANE PLAINS
LAKE GEORGE SCHEME
FOR
IRRIGATION, - WATER SUPPLY
TO
TOWNS AND GOLDFIELDS
(Sg.S/>S-S6)ct)
&*#-&**.£■£
Notes upon the History of Floods
River Darling.
By H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.S., dec.
Chief f.
n- Ha
I'l.rmrs :
ma 1;;
the few
faets
"have
:i ;».ui
n i. ' M
r.":.i-
in *h*
111?
v". Bui vali
iableu
cult to
date tin
'. L °l,*7
>7'» ar
inu ;
ity, in
-iriu-
.im l
an account of
Nevertheless,
be of s
ty years after
the t
■!*
V ;:;; J
o^al.l
e Ihiuinoerdn-
there ; and for
jr;
il
■sll
een 1833 and
. valuable eon-
S
houhl
al. I
•d for many of
found it diffi-
known floods,
floods. Those actually ° me; ur. 1 an shown in black, those
recorded without ui msui -> by a haded surface.
question of " summer level,*" which is simj.lv a point chosen for
local convenience; general" v it means that the zero used is four
feet below that h< i-ht < f the ,\ it* i at which steamers . an travel,
that is four feet of water on the bars or shallowest places. But
these points have not been, so far as I am aware, connected with
the sea level until the gauges were put up at Bourke, Albury, and
by Mr. Melvi ■ y. ■ .:l i • ■ i for i ! •■ \Vat< i t.'oi serva-
Ethe
:ero, and in all cases the reco
form some idea of the pen
uid 'iM-Li'iu, in~nar..I that mIi
er level the river is naviga
the interval five short floods ha
d passed down the river, in each
i little. These floods are shown
iu the diagram as five of the ei
ght little floods in the interval.
ration the little floods, there were
forty months in ten years dun
ng which it was navigable, and
during this period the river w
as praeti-idlv not navigable for
883, to June, 188G ; but a refer-
shall be able to show you pre-
Z^betrill't^tnilku
hat during the next ten years the
>n tlian during the past, although
dry seasons must always play a
conspicuous part in the history 01
The drought of 1 vM ,\ found in \»V2 and 1M3. The iluod of
1880 appeared in 1SG1. and pruhably M:'. for tliat was generally
a wet year, although we have no report from the Darling. And
good 5 seasons of 1871 - 72-7 d ae cour^ nine!
teen years after the good seasons of 1862-53-54 and 1855, but of
the corresponding years 1833-34-35-36we do not know very much.
1833 seems to ha\ .-1 .-.i r ttln r « 1 ry vt ar. i 'in it is said that more
snow fell in one da\ . r M iy. 1*3 1. ill i d n ii y the whole winter
of 1832. And: . flood in the Hunter Hirer in
February, very heavy Hoods in Sydney streets, and in Illawarrain
April. In June, all the lowlands at Bathurst were under water, and
in September there was a tremendous storm which left the snow 4
to 15 feet deep in Maneroo ; this storm began on July 2."uh. and
lasted with som intermission for tin weeks 1 -.• > - ins to have
been a dry year, and 1336 a wet one. In July, 1836, all tribu-
taries of the Murray were in high tl 1 : at Uathurst in the begin-
ning of July, snow lay a foot thick on the ground, and enough
winter in the int* '-i"r \\.\- mi} :■■■ v h-nted, and is said by Mr.
Bonney to have been very wet on the western side of the range;
and the Murray tributaries were all in high Hood in July, and I
think there can I as 1834 and 1836
storm on the Darling in January, 18-<>, had its exact prototype
in January, 1866, lung known as tin- great January rain, which
made a rise in the river at Vv ileaunia of 18 feet, and that of 1885
back through </h EtheiXmS
thunderstorms which pa • a1 l<> a.m. A smart shower
began at 1 p.m.; another smart -!,,,,,-. with hail and thunder and
lightning ; and all ih, ,n, ; r., ; .,, -, ,....,.. .
a'slorm "hnilar'to those' of 'january.'']
passed over the Darling or not : hut there seems to be no reason to
doubt that it did. 1 8 7 U again seems to stand alone. It is very
kept from the first ; we had, in a much
better position than we are tion of the Darling,
and thequestion necessarily connected with that— tie- periodicity of
> the river was al it- liiji. .-i.
,\ liter. On July '2't 1„> saw
( 'astlereagh. There can be
ling was nl.so in flood.
1844.— Sturt
tT river smldei
Dar
October
1845.— Augi
ist'lS4\ M. Pies
»: I
1844, in
. November the m
1846.— M. Pies: e I co t jo
Decemb
er and part of .
lam;
of watei
•-holes from Pooncaric
January
, 1846, B. Dickit
E. Mori
ey, J.P., occupiec
ion. This and fcw
1 Eta
184s.— is is
was a very wet y
ear ;i
1851.— B. Dickinson : Drought all year. E. Morley, J.P. : Dry
■rood lir.u.l in rli.' ('astlrmi-h, t li* first f..r eleven years.
B. Dickinson : There was a good deal of rain in 1S52 on the
Darling, and the river was continually runninga good stream
until 1855, when I left.
E. Morley, J. P.:
1858.— August, 1858
1859.— January, 1859, Mr. gutter says, t
4.— Mr. Suitor
feet at Cultow
Mr. Quin, Wi
tended over t
Water in Ma
for 7 weeks,
Bourke in 18(
1868— J. a. M-In
Mr.Quin.Wi]
1869.— Mr. Tu
Jo!m Mac!
used to cai
Mr. TliIIv a'- : - of 1870 to 1S73, that
of 1870 was about 1 foot hi-b-r here than t lie present flood
(1886). September, which was :)7 feet 6 inches.
Mr. Hat ten : The 1870 flood at Louth was 43 feet ; about
1.— January ."heavy rains in New England in 1871.
2. — J. G. MMntosh' Very heav\ i tin ukI < > > Is in the Darling.
3. — J. G, M'Into.h : Very heavy rains, and floods in the
1877.— J. G.M'L.tosh
year.
J. J. Hav.Ioi,, Wi
the men eagerly descended to quench their thi
ever forget the cry of amazement that followed their doing so, c
the looks of terror and disappointment with winch tiny railed on
On a closer examination the riv.-r appeared to u
Mr. Hume, with his usual persexer. nee, howev. :
There was a greai
: salt !
heard of it until
Sn ' 1 ;' i "
imt' Li!! u d!lu ( . l- f
i^'bad
worse, for the riv
he was obliged to
turn 1
iack. i;
■
E
"June 1st, 183
qWliti
:rke, and
proceeded down t
hard elav ledire.
Afttr
so full of rocks fo
horses next day. .•
■loml't'h
lies.
.. In pi;
ink, and
in others quite fr<
: of th-
At page '1-2G he
pt in the
Darling. "
But "Sir Thomas was ;
■vithout a
t effort,
and in 1836 he tr
the Murray, only
. it dry e
Start also tried
it a- a
nd i
stopped running,
ie' third
1845 it had actu
flow, am
chain of
ponds.
Slur
f, m>
\, E.q.r.L
turn, Vol
1, p. 107.
" The shallow s
rod muddy wat
ers of th.e
'.
AVIV
at their
lowest ebb in Au<
the currei
3 that I
doubted if it flowe
: 'ics
"The Darling]
'hav.
• been in
the state in which
we found it fo
r a great
length of
time
am led to infer from the grassy nature <>f its bed that it seldom
contains water for anv length of tim.-: if it did. the grass would
be killed. 24th September, 1Mb After making four days
journey up the river, and finding abundanc- <>f giass in its bed,
while the country all round was in In I condition, he says.
"The banks oft lie river'' (p 111') "wen- covered with :i thick even
i the morning of the 29th, when we got up it had wholly
Kinged. In a few hours it had been converted into a noble
ver, and had risen more than 5 feet above its recent level,
id its muddy waters weiv c.irryini: everything before them."
. 1 1!», on the' 1st < letol.er. " The hailing had
lan hank high, and some of its Mats w. re eovered with water.
On 21th February, \s*± a similar sudden rise in the Darling
i Pooncarie took place, and in four days the water rose 1 1 ftp
id by the records we knov.
August, 1844, and December. 1 S t T, : M. pi. .-.,>. in August. Novem-
ber, and December, lS4.">, and January, 1840 : and Sir T. Mitchell,
in. I une, bsi)."), and December, IS.'.G. and all found it a chain of
water holes, or little better, saving one fresh, noted by Sturt. Nor
is it .surprising that settlers were slow in taking up country which
taken up 20 miles below Drowarrina,- a^ain. you see, in one of the
worst droughts ever known, and by a strange fatality, the next
attempt was at the Wentworth cud. in the great drought 1849-50.
It is not to be wondered at. then, that from both the report comes
that the river was dried up to a chain of water-holes. Mr. Dicken-
son tells us that the river ran during 1S.12, is. -.3, 1854, and 1855,
until he left. Then' is. however, a little contradiction about this
period, but I think his statement is correct. 1860 was a very wet
year all over the Colony, and as far north as Brisbane, and the few
records we have for New England in that year show heavy rains.
So that I have no doubt there were Hoods in the Darling then,
and also in 1861 for similar reasons. At Armhlale that vear the
rainfall was 25 per cent, in excess of the average ; in 1862 the
rainfall was very small, and in DO:? the rainfall' at Armidale was
the greatest on record there, so that there can be no doubt about
the state of the river then. In 1861, however, the rainfall at
Armidale was not so heavy; so that the great flood of that year
must have been due, in great measure, to Queensland rains.
A small work, called " Ten Years in the Interior," says, " In
the beginning of 1864 the D s 3 feet in 24
hours, and as floods were of i , no danger was
anticipated at first ; but on 15th March the water rose up to our
house, and on the 18th we could not light our iires. Our house
stood high above the Darling, where, the blacks said, no flood had
ever reached, but we had to leave it and go to a sand-bank, where
we were prisoners for seven weeks, before we could return to our
In 1864 flood Mr. John Kelley kept the house in Bourke known
as '• Tattersall's," and had to make an embankment round it 3
feet high to keep out the water, and in the end was obliged to
repair the leaks in the embankment with bags of flour, there being
no more earth dry enough for the purpose.
J, G, iPIniosh'a Recollections of the Darling River.
"My experience goes back to 1861, when I first came to Went-
Avorth. The river was pretty low then, but there had just been a
flood. In 1862 the river commenced to get very low, and I can
well remembert wo newstcamers. the-- Lady 1 >;dy "and the "Settler,"
trying to get up the Darling, somewhere about October of that
year. They both got stuck 30 miles above Wentworth. Their
goods were discharged, and a large shed made, which I was sent
f. r that yv;
you c>
ould not drink
;- v M. .-
- -Utlil
ig something iu
-h
i January. ISC
-
for tv.
•o days, but it
■^'thV:
river juivtllinu
..:• 21st. --'"■'';
Wo h
ad no" rain aboi
from t
id not Vise. I
itw-is
kept so
until '!
■
. is 7. when
the Queensland' rairs son t it up. and then on the top o£ th«
, thVriood" th-'',..
" The flood h. • M . L^; 7 v,a, far more disastrot
than the 1864 fl« d in that riv< v. but was not so high by severs
feet in the Da i .me down with i
HISTORY OF FLOODS IN THE RI
VEK
DARLING.
107
"There
ra a man i
■ith
his family ]
1 thi
s Bell Rive
r washed
right off hi:
3 house in thi
S VI'.-:
ir. I reinen
iber
it. The m
! dan
a tree, but the mother a:
Lid nd
1 the younge
ie family
necl. It my
bridge bein
g built at \V
eilini
till!
the con-
asked the it;
he stated, ]
; think, that 1
here
had been sixteen
rises in 1
!ie river
that winter.
"The flood was ,o high that at Mr. Bvrie's, below Dubbo, tlie
over the fences of the paddock.
"After the flood in 1 - 7 erj muc ^ an di n
1868 it was very low. All the bars below Bourke were so dry that a
boat could not cross over them. There was one in sight of bunion
' ■:' v : ■■'.: that ve
and April, aim
"It is a sin-
-
1864 flood subs
0, we had
nnBourk
e the three
mt'us'rl!
d was at its highest,
there must have been a fair that year up to
Christmas.
"In 1871 there were no January or February rains in Queens-
land. It was very dry Ml the winter, there being only one slight
shower about Charleville in July.
"Out on the Paroo, BuIloo,and Cooper's Creek it was very dry. To
give an idea of the mildness of the season, in June, on the Bullo, I
got dishfuls of tomatoes as ripe as tlnn would be in their proper
"I started out in -May. L ,-71, from < harh-vill. to take the census,
and travelled right out to Cooper's Creek. All the time I was
from New England and the Macquarie country, I don't think the
Darling could be vory high.
"In 1872 wo had Motions rains in Queensland ; all the rivers
were flooded. There, were good rains also M.out Uourko ; so that
there must have been a good fresh in the Darling in February
and March of that year.
Darling in Mav. It was prettv'low when I gnfo'n to it. We
the river \\;is low. Aboul the latter end or that uiontn x
up the Darling. About the 1st of December I
nasweek. On the CM-;oa it rain* d vcrv lu-u
amft down n ' h.onW ' Wh*>n T rrnt across to I
down. I got across the pontOOO
rv.'. Next liinrning there was
the salt-bush country before or
no doubt the harh'ng v
in Hay. I Lad 1
•• Then iver the early part of 1ST
right up to shearing time Queensland waters kept coming
and the steamers were able to run up to Brewarrina wel
the early part of September. After this the river commen
fall, and got very low.
"In 187 7 there were i ..1 other place!
March the Bar won was well over its bank, and all the
tributaries came down heavily until May. In July riv<
pretty low
r again t
rad kept sc
., wh<
•real dry times set in; only
v.. a- , up
to the end
.'oft:
78 the i
. - , i , i :.. .;
Dut Coonamble and Dubbo ;
but it did
not do much good
to the Darling. All the Queensland
tributaries quite .
rise
tO ,,:,
:ak of in the Barwon, which
I walked
• \\ ;d
gett in May. Things kept
took 24,000 sheep belong-
1 end of ye
: 4 /-!,-.;»
,.f >Wn,
n to the ro:
plenty of
a the Birie
Uiv
t : .^i. •:■
as, If
<7S, I
had to go from Coonamble
to Brend*
witl
miles of the Queensland
border, W
1G0
miles. I was detained at
Brenda ur
Sand I rode the 100 miles
that ;
ill the creeks were dry, and
" In 18'
r:» i J
back to !:
K- ,.(.
the Culgoa in April. The
g very rap
idly.
and
ri.e. Tlv
Darlii
•adily
all th ) h h inland
'■
on t» tie \\a -o tli o
on to the :
Par o,
it there.
"In 18$
<0 tlie I
110 -i
vat h
eight until the winter, v. lien
In the Appendix will be found note,: of the river, 1838 to 1870,
and river measures for 1870, kindly given to mo by 3Ir. Suttor,
which cover p ■.; :odi"s history.
Recollections of the Darling River.
Mr. Basil Dickinson says.' under date iStli November :— "I
hist \isited the I) ln e 1839, and took up a station called
Yambecoona, 20 miles below LWarrina, tie n -ailed the Fisheries.
This was the lowest station on the river for many years after that,
and it was with difficulty v. . the cattle on the
road from Liverpool Plains to the Darling. That river was then
a chain of water-holes from Walgett to Yambecoona, and it did
not run until 1841. In 1846, again, the river got very low, ana
could easily be crossed on horseback in many places. Again, in
1 8 li), 1 850, and 1 851 we had a terrible drought on the Darling— no
grass, no salt-bush, and the river so low that the cattle used to gee
bogged in it. In 1852 there was abundance of rain on the Darling,
and the river ,. "'
I left that district. By that time many other stations had been
taken up below ours."
Mr.K. M. .:/■
Black Thursday. February 6, 1851, 1 left M-ll
to the Darling, and travel:.
forming the station we had to camp with OUT honm in thfl be! of
the river, as there was not n bite of _:
The bed of the river was then, an.l hail been for months, <|iiib>
dry, with the ■ >iisi(lenibl<> dis-
tance from each other, and around theeeg
which kept life in our DO-
- in occupation, but. to my surpi
seem uneasy about the oondition of
aljout 150 mil. •-
1 saw a spring of OOOl, dear water runnint: out of a small hollow
v bank.''
Mr. />. F. Mackay.Mnd
ra the Darling from Brewarrine u>
within 50 miles of the junction of the Darling an. i the .Murray.
Tiie country was ■ perfect desert, and
: grass on the
' miles in many places —
:■•
itown (WUcannia)hau stopped running
• the middle
' ied cannot reach here for almost two
months if rain were to fall now in New Kmdand. '.'
lav mite to the data v'ou an- uccumuiatin-. and from which I trust
you may in time be .Vole t-> furnidi valuable hints to the dwelled
- In the'year 1- 16 1 took up the station known as Euston. It
continued to be the outside station on the Murray until the lat6
John Mackinlay, some eight months afterwards, occupied country
lower down. So far as I can distinctly recall the first three
seasons there, th<-\ miv div. ud xl> i inf.t ' \ robably between
ches. "
"In the early part of 1S.1 Messrs Maekhday, M'Cullum, and
myself went up the Darling beyond settlement in search of new
country. After a thorough exploration Ave decided on the country
around Menindie, Parmamaroo. and T'dindionalogie, the latter
falling to me by lot. The whole course of the river to a point
about 60 miles above Menindie was then extremely dry. The
river was in fa : .. in some places miles apart :
but there was good feed for the horses in the river bed. The
seasons continued drv until L s -V_\ when splendid rains fell all
through Riverina. After IS..:', T did not again see the Darling.
During the early part of 18.32 \ remendx ■ tin blacks coming in to
report a fresh coming down the river. We had to wait over a day
before the water reached my station, and a most interesting sight
it was to watch the living warns filling up each hole, and then
rising suddenly and silently to a little wall of water between 2 and
3 feet high, and pass onwards. During mv fifteen years on the
Lower Murray I can recall only two good 'seasons, in the others
the rainfall may have ranged from ."> to 1 "> inches. Isold out in
1861."
Wm, Camper, 26 May, 1886.
" The report that a dray passed over the river dry at Wentworth
is not true. The Darling River at the present time is about 8
inches below summer level, and is neither rising nor falling.
There are many places in this ivei which are fordable, especially
at sand-banks. The river is dry about 45 miles above Wentworth,
and also in places about Pooncarie and Menindie. The Darling
cannot run dry at Wentworth. as it is backed up by the Murray.
When the Murray is in flood, and the Darling low, the Murray
vrater runs 35 miles up the Darling.
" The Murray at the present time is very low — lower, I think,
than I have ever seen it before, and 1 have lived on it for over
twenty years. At the jnn< tog to the exten-
sive sand-banks ; but there would be great danger in fording it,
owing to the boggy banks, and there is always more or less risk
of getting into a deep hole.
" There is plenty of water in the Murray, in many places over 20
feet deep ; but over the sand-banks and rocks there is often only
a few inches of water. If the Murray ran dry, as has lately been
stated, it would l,«. a had day for Australia.
" For some years past t _ bave been of very
short duration, owing to the floods in this river taking place when
the Murray was low. When this is the case, the Darling waters
run off so rapidly into the M that a rise of # 30
feet at Wilcannia scarcely i i on the Darling
at Wentworth. i aide its ordinary
"During last month I have bad opportanitii
Murray in many places between Went worth >: . '
and. although in many | . .
river is verv shallow at the sand hanks, in no \\.- .
dry."
Mr. \Y. 11. S Mareh 11th.
river was bank-high; this ma about :
Mrs. A. !' I
at Tapio Station, 1 .'• miles up the river from WYntworth. and re
surprise, as we had no warning that
. thing before ii ; bvl I
i-as a ^ain a el
bt planes. In thewinta • I t flood in the
rrav. and it- waters tlowed up tl;e harlim: :.- tar as Pooncarie,
in October and November the harlim: wat« r came down with
:rong current, and being hacked up by the Murray water, the
v I ever saw it. excepting i
1>o4. the hi-
out Lack to the great!
great flood of May ai
Seasons good, 1863 and 1864. From l^m they grauuady got
worse until 1868 and part of 1869. They culminated in the most
disastrous drought known since the settlement of the colonies, an
immense number of sheep and cattle perishing from sheer starva-
tion in New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland. Sheep on
many of the unfenced runs became too poor and week to admit of
their being shepherded, and had to be turned loose. Many died
in fenced paddocks in Victoria, where country was thickly stocked ;
Great drought broke up March, 1869, raining March and April,
producing good winter feed.
But no more rain coming, the summer of 1869 and 1870 was a
terrible one at Cultowa, there being no rain from March and April,
1869, to April, 1870, heavy enough to make anything grow.
The lakes were filled by floods in river several times from 18o8
to 1864. (April 16th, Mr. Suttor says the river up 30 feet
3 inches and just running into the lagoons). The water-holes at
Martilli, Oonondoo, and Wongalara during that time were seldom
empty, and then only for a very short time ; but from early
1869 to April, 1870, the lakes and water-holes continued empty.
The highest floods since the Darling was settled were October,
1863, and March-April, 1864, the former reaching within 16
inches of the high river bank at Old Cultowa, or nearly 38 feet
above summer level; while the Litter (known as the "Great
Flood ") rose 3 feet in the old house, or 42 feet above summer
level. Towns of Walgett ami liourke Hooded, and others on the
tributaries of the Darling ; but since the great flood of 1864 until
that of 1870 then; has only been one flood high enough to run
out in the billabongs, and that was in May and June, 1867; but
it only partially rilled the lakes, and fell again rather suddenly.
The greatest rainfall occurred here in the months of February and
November, two great falls in the former and one in the ~atter
(November, 1858, the other years I forget) filling large water-holes
in the billabongs, and leaving sheets of water in places on the plains.
There was a tremendous fall of rain on some parts of the river
and back country (known ever since as the "January Rain ") B»
January, 1866, which rose the river 18 feet at Menindie, a thing
unknown from local rains before, and large lakes in the hack
country, not connected with the river, were filled and lusted three
years ; but here small water-holes were not filled, although rain
fell during greater part of three days. .
Summer temperature very high, averaging 100 degrees in tne
shade for weeks (and twice it rose to 100 degrees at sunset),,
extreme, 110 in coolest part of house. Autumn, winter, and early
spring generally delightful, with occasional frosts in coldest part
of winter (July or early in August).
Summer of 1869-1870. Country fearfully dry, most trying.
March and April rain. ..f IS»;'..» not doing more than provide tiic
winterfeed. IS.-ll, . ■ ..... -t m . rav u .„„ the parched and naked
earth, together with clouds of blowing -and and dust, accompanied
by hot, scorchi. rable; blown sand covering
up fences about draughting yards. Hot winds and boisterous gales
unusually pre vale
four day..
completely darkening the atmosphere with clouds of dust, prevent
ing objects a short distance off" from being seen. Wells pumped
dry at house every day to try and keep tilings in garden growing.
Notwithstanding great dryness and absence of rain here to
Murtee during past summer (1869-70), the seasdn in almost every
other part of New South Wales magnificent :
Nelyambo and Walloo there were good falk of rain two or three
times which quite missed us. whilst at I'.illilla and Culpauline and
Tintinalogy there were fine rains.
River Observations made at Cultowa, New South Wales, during
the month of March. L870.
S k™
s
ib
11
12
L3
16
16
17
is
20
22
23
25
26
28
Run in most deplorable state for want of rain ; strange
this summer should be such a splendid one everywhere
else, fine rains both up and down the I
miss the country from here to Murtee. River be !gan ito
•29
Some light showers last night and this morning, rising
nverlft.2m.
30
18 6
31
19 6
~
H,
—
ft. in.
20 6
2
21 3
boat crossing.
3
22 1
22 10
jht.
5
23 6
6
24 4
7
h s
9
2G 3
River just over the road at Martilli, Billabong, and
10
11
26 10
•27 r>
River justter top of chopped stump, near blacks' camp.
13
28 8
14
29 3
The mailman * Bourke, but rising
again at Walgctt.
15
29 10
The papers report great floods in the Burdekin, and other
rivers in Queensland.
16
30 3
River just running into lagoon, near wool
r. [M.rt ,i ?astro s tio ,d : Hawkesbury and Hunter in
flood, and many other rivers.
17
31 3
■ ■■■ ■ :
i*
31 8
day at 30 ft. 9 in.
River rose 5 in. ; reached Wongalara to-day, through
20
32
From Wentworth to Bourke— eight steaming
lin last night, showers this morning.
3hed Wongalara to-day, a week after <
k Lake and Billabong joined.
34 3 Water ris
34 6 Scarcely i
34 8 No mailm
ft. in.
;u id '
2
35 2
35 4
4
Steamer " Maranoa 1 ' returned from Bourkc to-lay.
'
35 7
The mailman reports river fallen at Bourke 3 ft. Con-
I
35 10
River just touching gum-tree root at Old Cultowa.
Thunder ; no rain.
10
35 11
38
Fine rain last night and to-day.
12
30 2
Boisterous gales last night.
13
3(i 2
I- , . ,, „t h_ht >h « . y river stationary, just over gum-
14
36 3
15
16
36 1
Two or three flying showers. The mailman seems to
u
36 1
;
20
35 11
gone to Queensland.
22
35 11
Showorv in afternoon.
23
35 11
35 11
Showery last saturated ; too
boggy to work cattle or horses.
26
36
Some good pumpkins and other vegetables in garden.
•27
36 1
28
30
36 3
Steamer "Jupit ner rising fast,
and town of Bourke m danger of flood.
31
36 4
HeaYyraln -
D*.
Ren,
>
ft. in.
Heavy
"l'l
£
s
-;:,;;
cm va.st.iuag-
2
36 7
Heavy
of '
*£2tti
£
',;;<
,],,-, ).]
, terete,
■ ihS'uu\V:\!v
■
5 A few drops of rain, thunder : L"ivat tloi
5h I Thick masses of rain falling.
8 J Rain began last night ; raining all .lay.
8!, Rain last night : showery to-.lay.
30 38 14 Riv.
Date
a\
tanuta
ft. in.
1
38 2J
3
38 4
4
38 4J
River falling at P.-urke : but the P.al...ni.e is coming down
a "banker."'
6
3 3
Light showers.
Bourke: River fallen 2 or 3 ind.e.- : light showers last night.
38 5|
9
3> !-)!
10
3S ;>.',
38 5"
12
38 4:
Light showers.
15
3S 3 4
RiveJ Wallen2 feet at Bourke, and 10 feet at Brewarrina,
but fl.,0,1. .-„.> • . .1 wi :..■ N ' -i and Culgoa.
16
Flying showers and more rain last night.
17
K i:
flZToi wild dueks about, hlaeks got about 300 eggs.
■JO
37 11 '
Some smart showers.
Flying showers.
22
37 10
Light rain.
37 9
Light showers. - menes more
would have flooded Bourke.
37 8i
25
37 :■■
26
37 7]
•J 7
37 61
IwTiver only reached its maximum at Wileannia a
28
37 6
River
ft. in.
2
37 4j
Raining. Rain set in about midnight, and rained steadily
3
37 U
37 X
Thunder storm last night.
_
37 3f
Light showers. Strong west gale.
37 3
10
" -
Light showers.
12
37 2.\
37 -2\
13
37 2i
14
15
37 l,
37 lv
16
37 lv
17
37 2
Th d n eai r fe a U d ^ St0rm *"* "^ "^ ^^ morainS g00tl
18
37 1?
Boist l'ous W.X.W. gale.
20
37 11
37 11
Wet day.
22
37 11
Reports from Bourke of all the upper rivers being again in
23
37 11
37 11
Reports of river rising slowly at Bourke.
25
2(5
37 11
37 11
Raining after dark.
28
37 H
29
37 q
ill
37 2
Bate.
at"
Remarks.
"evel. Cr
,
37 2J
7
37 3"
37 3
37 3
37 4
Strong gales.
Raining.
t;
37 'ii
ShbwerythU.™^.
u
37 T.'.
37 1
Hi— fall^ J.*..,,- P.
17
Light showers.
High wind.
19
20
3t; u\
36 11
36 »i
36 9
3(5 S.'.
( 3(i S.\
'
t in one night.
l
!l?
Mailman reports river rising at Bourkea
id Wulgott again.
Light rain fell 1
J Lighten with
! 32 104
More rain to-day. Rivera
Heavy rain last night j si
of house without walki
Showery morning.
Rain during afternoon.
River
is made at Cultowa, New South W
the month of November, 1870.
River
S i"ul "
ft. in.
32 4',
:;i io. T
■ ! ' ','
1
SO 3>
29 !•'
7
29
28 9
10
28 7.1
g
28 71 R4in this morning. ,
30 7i H«:. lemimr.
15
30 6£ 1
30 7i
19
3< i 1 1 i Light passing showers, p.m.
31 -2> Sprinkling rain.
20
31 5|
31 Si
22
31 1U
24
32 s! Thunderstorm, with. light shower, this afternoon.
26
■27
33 4 I
33 7
33 9i
30
ft. in.
Jf^«7or,^-y^/rt/^« mw ^.
34 2'.
1 34= 4i
34 si
35 ^
6
s
1 I
:;:, ,;"
35 8 t
12
35 ll 2
Bourke mailman reports big flood con
ing.
13
36 2 2
15
:':': '■'')
lfi
17
in
36 d
36 6|
36 7
-20
"
Strong south gale.
.ling rain.
"
36 9
Rode out to Moongur Sand-hill ; ca
nuot go further for
■2:1
:;.; ii T .
26
:!: °i
27
Mailman reports river at Bourke falle
a 1 inch.
29
30
37 l)
31
37 -i
slier report -
Xo report. See "27th Fel>niarv.
River Observ
ations made at Cultowa, New South Wales, during
the month of February, 1871.
River
'*"■"
S ZT \ Remarks -
i
ft :.. in -
»-»
5
Started for WiWia.
7
TlmiLlor and wind storm last night, with little rain.
m by Wil-
■
5
Returned to Cultowa from Wilcannk.
13
14
17
20
Sp«nkling rain ; steamer passed down to-day.
Mailman reports heavy rain about Bourke, and river again
26
coming down. '
,
Jg,
—
J
ft :.
, in '
Steamer on her way up to Bourke called he
6
7
8
10
11
Wet night and showery to-day.
14
15
16
17
18
20
22
Two steamers passed down to-day.
24
Last entry of diary.
28
27
29
31
Mr. Snttors journal &■■ ■ < fur February,
March, and April. Mr. Trader, Telegraph Nation master at
Bourke, replies to my questions asfolloics:—
State of the Darling on November 12, 1885.
Was the river ever SO low before, and if so when! Yes, the
river has been as low, and lower than it is at present, but cannot
get the dates. Mr. Bloxham has on two or three occasions seen
the river quite dry between Toorale and Bourke.
How far down below Bourke has the river ceased running 1 The.
Telegraph Station-master at Louth reports, " Can walk up bed of
river here for over 100 yards." At Tilpa, 70 miles below Louth,
the Telegraph Station-master reports, " River not stopped running
but at stony bars there is only small stream running" At Bre-
warrina the Teh _ | rts, " 1 liver has almost
stopped running, except I instep across."
Has the river actually stopped running, i.e., if you throw a
piece of wood in will it not move, or will it go down stream very
slowly, indicating that the water is finding its way slowly through
the rock bars 1 The river has actually stopped running ; no cur-
rent whatever. Since the receipt of your note I have visited
several of the stony or rocky bars, and found the rocks from 12
to 18 inches above the level of the water. Now, at North Bourke
there is a sandy stretch, immediately below a rocky bar, 300 yards
long, quite dry.
When did the river stop running 1 About or between the 25th
and -1 7th October.
Where does the present level come to on the river gauges] I
want to know particularly at what depth below what you call
perpendicularly 3 feet below the level of the new gauge, and the
river ceased running 2 feet below it. The river is said to be at
summer level when below the gauges.
Is it true that the blacks on the river have been making canoes,
saving that a very big flood is coming 1 There are very few blacks
about here, and those that are here know nil abo 1 er or
anything else, bar rum and tobacco.
October 30, 1885. The river is lower than for many years, and
just short of a chain of holes. Three miles down from here it is
absolutely dry right across, but the water has made a little gutter
in the sand a few feet wide, through which it is running. It is
full of fish in splendid condition, and the water is as clear as sea
100
1S10,
Alexander Ferguson w<
e one Oxley saw in
over the flat country in a 1
from 3 to 5 feet deep. M
flood rode on
ISIS i
reside on the Castlereagh i:
! says then 1 was no flood ther
1 that of 1874. Oxley wen
jme 30 miles, the water bcin
3ii and two others in the 187
i through flood waters from
Rainfall Observ iti >ns -h !ii hen- to indicat ■ the Rainfall on
Copies of all the River records
t Bourke that can be found. In Mr. Bnttot'i n,,tcs will be found the River beigb
ti. ns of the River Darling, made at Boorfc
. Wilcannia.
or part of 1870 and 1871.
•— * 1 rrf — | »■* ** ■* *■* *■*■ ! »—• 1 •— »■ — - 1 °~^~
■ ' .- :
9 6
8
r.— Occasional thunderstorms the whole of this month ; a good deal of rain has fallen. The Queensland and J
FLOODS IN TH
'■;!;::!,■'
,!-::l ,[-
own of Bourke y
inundated, and r
/ persons compelled to leave their 1
The greater portion of ■
* Observations of the
River Darling, made at Bourke, New
South Wales, during the year 1874.
Jan,
ary.
February. | March.
April.
June.
July. j August.
September.
October.
November.
December.
Time
Time 1
Time
1 T-me
| Time
Time
Time
Time
Time
Time
Time
1 Time
1
7,'V'"
u : ./y;
f ,
H Rfver° f ^ to
'
'j!'" .".''■■
l: V J ;'-" L
. .. ■■.■-".
l \r\\"'
"'J'tr'n
■k -
'h \
n, .;-v
H Rfv e r 0f
0nGaUS6 '
.. >> ...... i-
^an£! ° nW
on Gauge., plover
,. Gau.x
!r/£
on Gauge
a^ya^.. ' 10 ^ 6
.,»,,u,,
1 r ,. '
on Gauge
" ;V "' :
onCtaugc
on Gang*
ssvss.
ft. in.
min.
ft. in.
min.
ft. in.
min.
ft. in.
min
ft. in.
min.
ft. in.
min.
1
32 5
5
si
2
7 2
9
29 3
3
i
3 1
15
25 G
29 6
3
31 6
5
6
9
31
3 2
7 3
30 6
5
10 3
!
15
27
5
7 5
%
30 5
|
5
SI
3 3
15
27 5
6
j
7 2
6 11
\
31 1
3
3
3
28 3
27 8
27 2
5
B
5
9 2
9
3 5
3 6
3 6
12
12
12
30 b
30 2
20 10
29 5
j
12
6 3
9
31 10
26 8
3 8
2S 11
6
:vi 3
3
26 4
5
3 10
11|
9
5
7 6
m
27 5
6
15
6 6
9
32 9
5
7 3
iii
6
5
25 6
7
5 10
9
8 1
6
33 2
6 9
9
24
6
33 4
r>
25 1
6 6
7 10
23
7i
10 10
s
8 11
9
20
6
33 6
24 7
6 1
9 11
n
22 7
7i
13 2
5
11
it
22 7
22
1
33 6
23 7
5
12
12 7
n
22 10
7|
15 6
33 5
23 1
5 7
n
23 1
8i
21
22
%
33 4
22 5
B
5 6
15 9
26 6
21 8
6 S
12
17 6
8|
26
27 9
32
5
6
23 11
2*
27
28
3f
32 11
21 1
B
5 3
H
7*
2>
29
28 3
28 6
3^
3*
3f
32 9
5
20 9
20 3
5
5
5 2
5 1
5
15
20 11
22
23
•3
24 2
23 10
I
31
28 10
3|
20
5
4 11
15
24
*l
23 4
7i
'i-ir.' ..'.ii,
a July, in November
* Observations of the R
voi f 1.1 ;;;._, made at Bourke, K"
during the year 1876.
ew Souths
U*
Feb. Mar. [April. May. |junc. 1 July. Vug Sept. | Oct. j Nov.
n<,
it
!
I
i
Is
?1
196 HISTORY
Observations of tne River Darling
during th
e year 187
Bourke, New South W
ales.
■»» | te JM, |m., i^i*,.!*-,!**.!**^! o* |„„.
Dec.
1
:
23" 5
.'!•■!
S
rj
„,
i
{
1
I
|
tBourke, New South W;il,.?,
Pate.
,,.
April. 1 May.
.,„„.
.,,,
,„,
Sept. Oct. 1 Nov. J Dec.
|
1
1
|
:: :
1=
'"'
-
1
-i.
■1
:■:
*
Observa
.f th.
r Darling, made at ]
during the year 1881
w South W
ties,
Date. Jan. Feb. Mar.
Ap ri ,|Ma y .| J u„e.| J u 1 ,| A u,| S ep,|oc,|xo,| D ee.
l
a
•::•
1
1
|
\"9
j
during 'ti
-WH-
April.| May. | June.
.,„„..
Aug. 1 Sep.
C ,|No,[ DeC .
lit.i„.|
ft. in.
ft. in.
,,. i„
ft. in.
t. in.
ft in.
2
; "o
4"9
2
6 3
I
i/'o ■
!"c
3 ..°
I. 9
b"o
1
:;••:;
;::•
i
1
J
;::;
•::•
I
;::•
"
"■■" !
\*
1
I
l"3
I-'
TV
1
*.. 3
g
n "'° '
1
\. 8
3 ..°
b"o
1
"■'
7 .. 6
1
1
J I
: : :
0'9
: :: :
:",!
iM
If f* If -I
Observations of the Elver Darling made at Bour
' the River l\ului-\ ma.le at iW.
Darling, maile at L»ourk(
„.|m.,|,
Reminiscences In the interim- of Xu- South IVafrs, from the
autumn of JS6^ to Christmas lS,.' h 1>>j Wm. J. Conder, then
Licensed Surveyor.
Towards the end of April, L864, I from the Lachlan
River, at the confluence : ;." Creek, about
30 miles below Condoblin, to explore and survey, if practicable,
the then vacant country between that point and the Darling
River at (hunderbooka, with a vicv, to pastoral settlement on it
by some Melbourne speculators.
The Lachlan v . Eew w&terholes here and
there. The sup,, h country very uncertain ;
but with the ass i i nativi - of that part of the
Colony, sufficient ared. We bad to
circuitous course. The water \va- found in almost every instance
in small clay pan-, fi 1 G inch < to a i t i d< tli, and not much
better than a m^ -nnntity. There was good
rough feed for the horses. From Mount Marohey, about 60 miles
from the start, it was found necessary to return for supplies. 1
rode back in one v »r in a flooded state, but
:ed; the hoar 'frost in th.
: .
o'Mev-:-..
P-ate :
, two
igtofi
'}' ua(!
■d grout :
imrd-
■ : tliev had
t«0 vui.lh- hot-,- * Th,.
Wicl
iMr.Pe
.,.:■;..;, ■,:■;... ■ ■
country.
' 'o- we saw s
iri quite watt
ah-,-; at th
we got ii
vto mulga forest country
re mallet
- and
e grass ; the herbage was
ill more precarious. Emu
ait the ^
mixed it
tin - ■ -small clay pans hi
I 1 £
- [.
'at a
to the river which was then in a very high Hood; it was
sible to travel the usual road .-don- its '..aides. ! struck the
at Gunderbooka, and in going from thence to Xulm Xulta
the junction of the Whin-ego, I
.
judging from the timber, to he a v.id.- expanse of shallow water,
suddenly it deepened, and my horse after swimming for a few
yards sank, and came up again b.-hind me in the shallow part and
galloped away. 1 was determined to vvt through as my destina-
tion was only some 5 miles further "on. I swam on until I
found shallow water again, ami walked the remainder of the
jourmy minus hoots, which impeded my swimming to such an
extent that I had t > take advantage ot a e mvenient tree to pull
them off and leave them there. Soon afterwards I went back to
the camp and brought it into the Darling, where we stayed some
six weeks or two months surveying and explo:
usual custom in the summer months and exceptionally dry seasons.
There was some sort of agreement or understanding between them
and the river tribe, as to certain localities mi the river frontage,
which they could inhabit on these occasions without molestation.
I think the provisions were very vague and depended on the
" Vi et armis " more I g them.
There
thing like th
3. Probably
for I recollect that one of my h.»rs. s Wok. tw > there, and whilst
riding after him in 12 or IS incites of water he kept me dodging
about, and 1 nit nil watch jerked out of my pocket, and saw it
exact spot and was unable to recover the watch.
Very little, if any, rain fell from the end of April, when I left
the Ladilan, until the middle of October when I returned there.
In the summer of 1866 I was surveying in the pastoral district
of Bligh, which was then in such a" state for want of feed and
water that it was almost impossible to move about at all. For
miles around Coonamble and up into the Warrambungle Ranges
the live stock perished in enormous numbers. Water could then
be procured in * hi very shallow
wells in some places, by sera] nly a few inches
in depth. There were a few good dams, such as the one at
Beanbah, at Nebea, and a few other places. At Coonamble a
natural bar at the confluence of Mogmoodine Creek with the river
dams up a large and permanent supply of water in the creek, and
has the appearance of a large ornamental lake. I do not think
this has ever been known to be dry, but I have seen it very much
reduced in size uv.d very muddy. The large waterhole at
Gungalgina on the Nedgera Creek I have seen dry. In 1868
there were some welcome .Ik;-;,; „ r , h. i in Ihey were very
limited in extent. ] i -meml -r .... , hi -h .Parted the Castlereagh
River running near Belar Creek, but it did not reach far down.
At Mundooran, iomo :'■<) ruil, s li,l w there were no trace of it.
Knai,nof th, .Yptlu,,, .ml \hu
the waterholes
e river Varom.i
In this locality the Uac-ipuuh
from their proper course by enormous
wood which in times of flood are i/;
mail hannel as to I, a lab i
iiber are jammed together '
th< • atcr in cons* m. ,
miles and miles of the flat countrj and £o
Marshes.
I was on the Talbrayar lliv.r ,; the tim
flood— I think in tin- ,am«. \ „
v heavy fo]
position of ,
'
op large dee]
ears for shee]
fishing, <tc.
: wliilsl in other place
the accident of some trifling obsti
I once saw an
Belar Creek, one of the princ-m-i
which had
as indicate
[..S0f trees;
ilar to the 1
r to the Hood. 1 siiouh
had been tilled up long before the d
t ,tlere:lgh.
extending from 1864 to 187"), J found it
great extremes, devastating floods, disastrous
with vegetation of such luxuriance as I ha
any other part of the colony. The amount
away somewhere in the Darling, Maeqin.
Rivers, if some practicable means could he .
ample to fertilize and make an immense trac
31V. ).Lvxxr : nineteen years,
as stated by Mr. iluss, 11, would be f/r< atlv modified bv the number
of cattle in the flood district. Tim beds of rivers have been filled
up and made saudbeds by cattle tracks. Cattle on their way to
water invariably make tracks: after heavy rains these tracks
become water- ted. Immense
gether within the original banks of the river but is carried far
over the adjacent country. Settlers Lave reached their laud by
boats. The next year the river on which they sailed has been
filled up with sand, and the folio v. ;;;- year even the vessels have
been covered up.
3Ir. Charles Moore said that the fact of finding grass at the
bottom of a recent river-bed is not an indication that water has
not been there for some time. Fifteen months ago he sent a
collector to Bourke to obti ses, &c He said
on his return are, all he could see was a few
trees. About five we-ks a-'o h" was ag in < i;t and brought back
a splendid collection of plants, not only annuals, but perennials of
the pea tribe ; they existed there, although there was no appear-
ance of them on the surface. He proposed to read a paper on
the existence of these plants at a future date. How they existed
was beyond his apprehension, because thev have had this drought
for several years ; the roots are still alive 'in tin- -round. Imme-
diately the flood cease: the plants spring up : the water does not
remain long enough m kill the roots, and' us soon as the water
( : > <ti- ,; i : ' the -rass and plants -row again.
Mr. Russell, in reply to Mr. Doukin, said that the present
icient for naviga-
e the country had been well soaked
lowing , and, moreover, there had
what is called " su
prings were fl<
t the heads of the
a yet The riven
; m n-e alter ram is very rapid. Tlie Darling, at Bourke, r
ebruary, 1882, 10 feet in the first dav, and 10 feet more :
■ : - ■. .:.- Darling, at Wile:
eneral over the Darlis..^
RIVER DARLING FLOODS.
■ |83| 1832 IRAS 834 1835 1836 1837 838 1839 1840 184 1842
1843 1844 1845
184^ 1847 1848 1849
! -— -
iKT Til J Li if ii ..
i L
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\ MM: i M. ,«i^Pk i !.i.
T J Ii + &4tli]M
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5SI|g!siiH2isigg!asli!kiSS5,M§9gli5iM 5BB8 * 8SiS « 3 ? seg§sfil83li53lgS8§IS383S3SgS8gsl
I860
1851
1856
1357
J858
1859
I860
186
1865
1866
67
86ft
3B3SSNSBSM
sViiVi
lilsllllSBlllls f||§|i5s||j|||sg|
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BBHSHSl3SSgHSBfegai8S5ggSjlSlgBg3SSggiliSli
1869
imtn
ISTi
372
1874
1876
J877
IR7 8 | I8TS 1
88(
1381
1882
1883
1884
1885
Iflfi fi I 1 887
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kiil
ill
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,5~/
OGRAPHED AT THE GOVT. PRINTING C
Diagram for AT Kits seJJjs paper on River Darling Floods
Notes on the Sweet Principle of Smilax Glycyphylla.
By Edward H. Renkib, M.A., D.Sc, Professor of Chemistry
in the University of Adelaide.
: Australian i ; L! il >iii- plant
ch "rows al uudanth on the short s of L'ort Jacks, n. is famili ir
nanv inhabitants of the Colony, on account of the peculiar taste
;s leaves, somewhat resembling that of liquorice. An infusion
loaves was published by Dr. C. R Alder Wright, a
past eight or nine months the examination of this
Some 75 to 80 lbs. of the leaves raid stems were macerated with
alcohol, the a! ■•■ .-. nipy residue repeatedly
extracted with ether. On distilling (r the ether a crystalline
substance remained, which was purified by several crystallizations
filtering off the p nd passin-. sulphuretted
of lead from the still warm liquid, a colourless solution was obtained
which on cooling deposited a mass of slender, perfectly white
needles. The substance so prepared is very sparingly soluble in
cold water, readily soluble in hot water, very soluble in alcohol,
insoluble w chloroform, b« ana. Itdoesnot
reduce Fehling's solution, but when boiled for a short time with
dilute sulphuric acid, a coj . ■ precipitate is
formed; and when this is filtered off, the filtrate reduces Fehling's
•solution readily.
; contains 3 molecules
obtained from phi ark of the apple-
tree) by similar treatment. On boiling with strong caustic potash,
it splits up into phloroglucol and phloretic acid. Both of these
substances were identified by their reactions and analyses.
The filtrate from the phloretin, on neutralization by barium,
carbonate, filtration, and evaporation, yields a crystalline substance
which when purified has a si n d has the compo-
sition C B H u 6 . It is, in fact, isodulcite, a substance which has
lately been recognized as a decomposition product of several so-
called glucosides.
Obviously, the sweet principle extracted as above from Smilax
Glycyphylla i kin, the latter according to
those who have evamim.-d it, yielding phloretin and a sugar
resembling glucose. The nature of the relationship remains for
the present undetermined ; but I am endeavouring to obtain a
supply of phlorizin, in order to attempt the determination of this
Notes on the Theory of Dissociation of Gases.
demonstrated by the experiments of Osborne Reynolds. Most
gases expand by the same amount as the temperature rises, but
there are some that do not, ami among the best known of these
arc nitrogen tetroxide and the vapour of acetic acid. In order
co explain this abnor! liiv two hyj h< s liavi been advanced,
one, that the gases in the < sed by a rise of
temperature, and one, of . purely negative character, that the
abnormal expansion i.-, to 1 e vnto d to the supposed fact that the
transition from liquid to vapour i ■:.;.; liaiiy continuous over a
finite range of temperature. In order to compare these views I
propose to adopt the following method of discussing the matter.
Assuming a molecular theory of any kind, whether of the
vortex atom, or of the ordi the temperature
must be identified as the mean value of the molecular kinetic
energy of translation. If the :m an mass of a molecule remains
constant as is generally assumed, then the velocity must increase,
as the temperature i im j i \ i u .-< 1' t tli ] t-ue
is supposed to be 1 akr momentum
per second against the sides of the containing vessel. If the tem-
perature rises as the pr --uv • r< mains eo istant, we have to satisfy
the condition of -.'•• • nd constant loss of
momentum per unit area of < mtainini: -aula e. If the mean mass
remains constant then the number of collisions with the sides of
the vessel must vary inversely as the mean velocity of the
molecules ; in other words, the mean free path must increase,
and we have the phenomenon of expansion. Since in most
gases the expansion is the same per degree of temperature, the
increase of the : be the same, in gases
which expand ; . ither the increase of mean
free path must be in excess of the normal, or the number of
molecules in the field must increase. But this increase in the
number of mol. ■ ag op of those previously
existing, and hence a change of potential energy, while an increased
free path would occur together with a rise in velocity, if mass be
sat might be absorbed to an
uage beat would be absorbed
either to produce chemical change or to accomplish external work.
But the ratio of the work - that employed in
external molecular work probably depends on the complexity of
the molecule, so that if no ,1."- .....; .; i,,n uk,. s place, either the
ratio must diminish— i.e., less energy be used up internally— or
tic observed large absorption of , -g\ must fail to produce any
observable change in the molecule. Both these hypo! hesea seem
improbable, and, therefore, one is forced back on the theory of
dissociation d priori It is with respect to the proof of this
theory that I dea , fc. Berthelot's tlieory of an
1,1,1 h,llt " h llll!1 - 1' " >n ,., 1 s „ti ight through every dynamical
proposition conn , iV f gaseg and ove rturns
amongst other tilings the fundamentally important law of
Adagadro.
The theory of
molecules of a gf
observation or not
its dbwvi-uinn v, pn,dimt, eh- mically « lUt iii'^'i"
— ~* ammonhi
Pebal. In order, however, to
demonstration, we
the theory
observed, accounts for all the change of volume. As far as°I
know this has never yet been accomplished ; it might be done,
however, in the following way : Let A B be a tube divided into
,wo compartments by a diaphragm of poi >u, , L1 imnu i ■ iJa. d
itC. The part AC is conn „ or}d L . ul .
pump, whereby the pressure in that port! , b i^.p, ,.. „,,dlv
small compared with the p. .- , , i : , \) <■. A dissociable gas such
a* team i iiurodu. 1 into < 1 aid by a suitable
anvmgmima i,, kept at a constant pressure
. Lei the temperature
of BC be gradually raised. \„v, when .team
nates it forms oxygen and hydrogen, and as
*i the plate at C, into what
'; a low temperature the
will be small, and may
fraction of the whole
ough. But the amount
through will be proportional to the amount
We require, therefore, to make a series of experiments at
different temperatures in wind, the ,,ua.ititv of hvdro-en or
oxygen diffused through the plate per unif time is m.-.smvd bv
the ordinary processes of gas analysis.
From other exj ' m theory— but difficult in
tht- co-cih'cmntsof expansion of 1
compared with the amount of «
If the two variables ;uv plotto
ew of Clau
t our diffus
"
■rim
.ents only point
n certain limits
.11-1
i in the case of
take pi;
we have as yet
,ed for
proving that the
tettoxid<\ Low-
the nature
I of the I
no proof from
eally does
tab place
at all, still we
analysis that diss
have a set of expe
for steam, tending as I think, to render the hypothesis of
dissociation very probable. Berthelot and Orgier have recently
measured the quantities of heat absorbed per degree of temperature
at different temperatures for acetic acid vapour, and nitrogen
will deal.
The specific heats of these gases at different temperatures and
constant pressun s are enorn isl; y or eighty times
as great in some cases as the heats of the permanent gases. Now
I find by comparing the corrected results of Berthelot and Orgier
for these gases that the heat absorbed over and above the heat
taken by a norm:,! --as, over ;>. o-iven ranve of temperature is
practically proponi.v.a! ,. V| rywlerc to the abnormality of the
expansion. If dissociation occurs we should, of course, expect this
thermal change. The curves will show how very closely the
corrected temperative co-efficients of specific heat and expansion
run together. The evidence 1 i ... , i-.-j othesisof dissocia-
tion is therefore \ . | > diagram might
simply point to the ahsoq :..,• the assumed
increased free path on the :i |- ,-, llt ,. . l iV , i|„,sis; but against
this theory there av< s veral objections. ' Fi st, the increase of
energy seems enormously too great for the increase of molecular
kinetic energy oft nu i .1 Lids being tl cast »ve must assume
that the well know n though una. tei min. d co-efficient for the ratio
of external to int. rnd m-hcu! •• work is u function of the tem-
perature. In other words, tl £ energy must on
the theory be very great; and this ought to be chemically
discoverable. But the dissociation theory merely assumes a
molecular change of a parti. flj e distinction
between the theories is small when we eon to consider them
dynamically.
There is another point in connection with this matter which
seems to me to be of interest, and that is the fact that Begnault
discovered that the temperature co-efficient of the specific heats of
gases depends oi . Tims simple gases, and
compound gases formed from their elements without condensation
have no temporal . as far as the specific heats
go. That is the spi • itic heats are independ. at of the temperature.
But with gases _ formed like steam with a condensation of
one-third the original volume, Begnault found temperature
co-efficients— not large— compared with the co-efficients found by
Berthelot and Orgier, for nitrogen tetroxide and acetic acid
vapour. The co-efficients are, of course, functions of the
temperature where dissociation goes on, and will rise to a
maximum and then diminish when measured over a temperature
range embracing one definite chemical change. Begnault did
not attain very high temperatures — not high "enough to observe
this dependence supposing it to exist in the gases he examined.
The meaning is however clear. If we assume the variation of
specific heat as observed by Berthelot and Orgier to be the
Mr. H. C. IU-ssku. in pivj.^in- a \ote of thank* to Professor
Threlfall, said : That the Professor Lad taken up a subject which
is of the utmost importance to .-ill scientific men, quite as much to
ledge is a contribution to our general knowledge, and at the same
time helped directly in several difficult investigations tending to
the increase of our knowledge of the sun. He thought it possible
to take a view other than that favoured by Professor Threlt'all as to
the rate of expansion of the gases referred to. We know very
little of the condition of the gases we find in nature. It had
occurred to him as feasible that gases are subject to such variations
of their component parts as are known in regard to matter ; as
sulphur which possesses different conditions according to the state
in which it is at the time-being.
Professor Threlfall, in reply, stated that he considered that the
more correct way to proceed would be first to obtain reliable
information as to gases, and afterwards apply the knowledge thus
gained to solids and not vice versa.
"Diaoram to accompany Notes on The Theory of Dissociation of Gases
By Professor ThreKall
Read before Royal Society of N.S.W.DecT 1886
Results of the Observations of Comets Fabn
Barnard, and Brooks (No. i), 1886, at Windsor
New South Wales.
By John Tebbutt, F.R.A.S., &c
results of my .
.,!,, A(1 Ml'.-iltioili'd. ' Mv
Ctrubb equatorial rofiaetoi
■of S ineh, ^ ,p mue. nut l.einc; a- l-,i I
for tlif work <>r observatio
11 at the time of the appearand of tlie.se
comets, I was
ave recourse to the Cooke d^ineh e.,ua-
unable to follow them for
any great length of time.
This comet was discovei
vd hy M. Fal>ry. a stud :
Observatory, on the 1st
Melbourne Ol>ser\atory, n
on December 8th, but the comet was
u r,n .i-ably r l ed i „!,
serration in the southern hemisphere.
eel from many stations north of the
ent number of observations had been
for the calculatio
in of the orbit, it became evident that
rject of Deceml
)er 1st would, towards the close of April,
have an apparent brillian
cy several hundred times create;-, and
would therefore become a
It was; announced in the < r.s that the comet
would be well seen in the
May. So little, however,
":■'"•
was tiist .,Wr\e,l ur Win
tlsoronMav 2, and suhsequeutlv on Mav
3,4,6,7,8,10, 11,12,13,
It, 20, 21,* 22, 2d, I'd, do, 31. and Juno
1,5,7. On the first five c
itimi and .lis!
ance filar micrometer properly oriented.
In this way transits of 1
;he comet and comparison stars were.
observed across a single position thread of the micrometer, while
differences of declination were obtained by means of the distance
threads in the usual way. The comet subsequently becoming
fainter, and there being no means of illuminating the threads in a
dark field, I was obliged to have recourse to a square bar-micro-
meter. This micrometer is the work of Messrs. Cooke and Sons,
of York, the makers of the telescope itself. It is similar m its
construction to that designed by Mr. Graham, and employed by
him in forming the i-\t -n iv ■ Markive Catalogue of Ecliptic
Stars. The only addition to his design is that of two threads
stretched across the opposite angles of the square. These were so
placed by the makers at my suggestion. One of these threads,
invariably adopt rves as a ready
means for orient: ment is effected
by so placing the micrometer in the tube of the telescope that
while the telescope remains fixed, a <tar not loo far from the
equator shall 1 1 •: . thread during its whole
path through the field or - it is made at a
great altitude, bo may not be sensibly affected
by refraction, and I at the time of the comet
observations. It was found, however, that, owing to errors in the
fcrm of the squ. I s of objects were
sensibly affected. A careful series of observations were therefore
made expressly to determine the corrections due to inaccuracy of
form, and a table was constructed givm- these corrections, the
arguments being the distances of the object north or south of the
declination thread. These corrections have been allowed for in
all the different; but no sensible error arises
in the results fi ition. I may add, from my
own experience, that when a square bar-micrometer is treated in
the way I have described, its results are superior to those derived
from t lie ordinary ring. The differential measures of the comet
are corrected where necessary for proper motion, and also for
refraction, when it is likely to be sensible. The resulting places
of the comet, uncorrected for parallax, are exhibited in one of the
accompanying tables.
Comet Barxard.
Two days after the discovery of Fabry's comet Mr. Barnard, of
Nashville, U.S., detected another faint comet near the Equator.
After a few positions were obtained, it was found that this comet
would also approach the earth so as to become visible, without a
telescope, towards the close of May. The telegram which an-
nounced Fabry's comet to the Australian Observatories also
brought news of this second discovery. Ample time was, there-
fore, afforded for the \ re-,ar ion- ,' r oh , r ation. On May 30th
the comet came sufficiently south to be picked up in the bright
IVMk- m:1ioo1. \[vr merits as a .pick ami a
Res
llting Pla
es of Fabry's Comet, 1886
ir
Comet-Sta, |
°S ' : ■.':■■ ';:'r SESE
'l; 1 ,'; ;;::'::" il
A^
UV.S
u
X.KO.JI
Resulting Plat
1 • -met, 1S86.
«,.
'
]•■'». -Comet still vi-i'Mr in moonlight to the unassisted eye.
The nucleus was not so small, but was pretty well observed.
During the 10th comparison, lOh. 49m. sidereal time, the
nucleus, which hail been directly approaching a star of the
9th mag., b . and was
In this comparison the star was
:!,(• comet. During the superposition the star
appeared soincw hat fainter. Dv oe, ,
i^theTl
11th magnitude. The approxi-
r of the 9th mag. was It. A. =
7h. 16m: 35s., N.P.D. = 122° 5' 23".
14. — Comet just visible v. ithout a telescope.
.'< '.— Pretty distinct condensation. The moon rose towards lie-
close of the comparisons, and the « < in. t was therefore f; int.
21.— The eon. I. | of fair observation.
Tl. — Subsniu ., tlte eoniet was super-
posed on a star of the 10th magnitude. During the upei
tar which had been noticed to he white became
reddish.
23. — Centra] condensation ill-defined.
liO. — Sky hazy and comet faint.
faint and difficult of observation.
Remarks Barnard's Comet.
May 31 and June 3.— Comet plainly visible to the unassisted eye.
June 10. — During the7th eoinparhun the comet approached so close
to a star of the 10th mag. as to he almost coincident with
it. The star appeared somewdiat fainter during the appulse.
11. — Slight condensation.
13. — During the 7th comparison with star No. 8 the comet
was almost hi, ml- 1 u ith st v No «), ml vas therefore
excessively faint and difficult to observe. During the 3rd
comparison with stars No. 9 and 10 the comet again
approached so close to a star of the 8th mag. as to become
almost invisible. In the 4th comparison the comet and
this star were observed as one object. The comet was
excess; v mparison.
27 and 29. — Comet excessively faint, and observations very
unsatisfactory.
July 1. — Comet of the last degree of faintness, and observations
very unsatisfactory.
Remarks on the Observations of Brooks' Comet (No. 1).
July 3 and 4. — Comet 1' ght condensation.
11, 12, and 21. — Comet hardly distinguishable.
Stars compared with
Mr. Russell said he had great pleasure in proposing a vote of
thanks to Mr. Tebbutt for i utions of these
recent comets. All of them had been frequently observed at the
Sydney Observatory, and a more extended series of observations
had been made with a large equatorial, which had enabled him to
carry on the observations for several days after those of Mr. Teb-
butt. It was necessary, he thought, that all the observations of
astronomers on such matter gether and com-
pared, and accordingly his notes had been forwarded to England
for publication some time since.
Notes on some Rocks and Minerals from New
Guinea, &c.
By A. Liversidge, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistrv in the
for a more favourable time. I ,-ilsn expected to reo
of the fossils which accompanied tlie rocks from Prof. P. Martin
Duncan, to whom they were sent for description, but up to the
present no information upon this point has been forthcoming ;
Quartz. — In the form of whir, rolled pebbl, with a few imper-
fect crystals in parts, apparently derived from a vein.
These were tested for gold by the dry way, but none was
found to be present.
Some of the quartz pebbles were very brittle, and had evidently
been subjected to the action of tire, probably they had been used
for lining cooking pits.
Quartzite. — Grey, almost white, tender, glistening, and under
the microscope most of the grains present one or more crystal
faces, and many are fairly complete hexagonal pyramids. So
friable that it can be rubbed down between the fingers. These
pebbles also have probably been used in fireplaces. They were
found to be free from gold.
Also, heavy, hard, and compact quartzite pebbles, containing
minute disserni: n pyrites; the sp. gr. is
2-599. The qu ry small ; these were found
dn minute traces of gold, but only by operating upon largi
i of the pebbles of quartzite were black, others only blacl
tli.-,,. from
the Woolwich beds ; othe
rs. eontai
nor
■Minding Egyptian jasper.
of i
markings somewhat spongiform in
'pr-
e. One
perforated
by a tube about 2 inch
3S long, c
ling
a moval
iii d
In one c
xse the flint has a sp. gr. <
another 2-."5
Conglon
rmt,\—A pebble contain
ng rolled
quartz, pal
ar, some show
"
■den
-
,andbla
liamlt.-
A not!
en, in
form of a
I herical pebble
ithl
The spe
v. Small' pebble of are
loclase felspar
!'!,<• exterior of the stone
v:xi
;:;;';,
™;
";,;:r,:
of the others, was taken
r 1 >•
\H.
Iron Pyrites. — In dark liver-coloured ma
structure i
In n broken open (Marcs
site); in
,ppe
ran
,. very 1
Was found on assaying to yield minute traces of gold.
Liniotiite. — In the form of nodules with a concentric strm
; others have a loose nucleus or kern
Also as bright red and yellow ochres- -one specimen w;t
: i tree bark - -probably
for use as pigments and personal adornment.
There are also specimens of ferruginous unctuous days o1
brown, pink, and giw flours, from the banks of the Katai
Ely Rivers.
Liiiit'stcniP. — Compact. > fo»ils, weat
outside ; evidently from the sea shore, since one piece h
possc'ssrvl, aixl vhid.'si^WV'AlU'rtis
Yule Isl.a
The specimens fiom Yule Islar
ebbles. Some pieces of white, mon
:.-iil others o
t a a-n
y cole
rar, one of
which, evidently coral reef debris, enclosed rolled wh
and other pebbles.
Darni
.et Island.
With the above are a fe^v
speumn',
from
Darni
?y Island.
These consist of a black ve:
lime in the cavitie:
fragment of a buff coloured tufaceous rock.
able amount of carbonate of
'form
of recognisable
fragments, but most of it diss<
rixed with
iron oxide.
On treating a fragment of t
he rock wit
!. hyd
roelilo!
■ic acid, it
1 resid
under the microscope, has tli
i vole
abunXnt ° f ^^ ^^ ^
3wn and co]
ourless
als, being
Rolled nodules of wlute ve
tNBA).
.villi a
pebbl
e of grey
coloured chalcedonic quartz ; oi
ark gi
■ey felsitic
rock ; another specimen is a pc
sbble of a tbi
rk colo
u red v
cry tough
dL CWrtiL of impure red 1.
oceurr
ing in the
• the tongue, and scales off i
hen placed in water with a
Notes on some New South Wales Silver and
other Minerals.
[Read before (he Royal Son^ ~o7x.S. J|\. l*t !>,,- ,„>„,■ IS sc.1
and is associated with -'aimm and sidm-ite. tin- la vers or scales of
sllv ( IT lM ' ;n - Cached for the most part <o the galena.
miles west of Sydney, and la nans from t"he* South '^Australian
border; but the silver bearing country is said to extend some
distance round, 30 or 40 miles, and from Mundi Mundi mi the
Silver chloride.— Specimens are placed on the table obtained
from the surface of mines in the Silverton district, and from
various depths in r ; „, j 0l „ e massea f ounc i on
rgree
known by tin- mi ,m as •■-. 1 n^ ~.
-
'them or diviner in
them with a pick they present the
of silver rUm-ide. b.-i '.
■ :
wet, a metallic silv
- ■ I
ads, but are usual
Sample from 21 2 feet level, Broken Hill Mine, Barrier R
Chloride of silver ... ... ... 81-67
Bromide of silver 10-19
The vein stuff is sometimes earthy, at others i
of chlorite, and in other
translucent quartz; at times it is mi
232 SOME NEW SOUTH WALES SILVER AND OTHER MINERALS.
At the Broken Hill Mines also, at the UO feet level, the silvei
chloride was found associated with chrvsoeolla, i.e., hydrous coppei
silicate. At the 100 feet and 212 feet levels the vein had s
porphyrytic structure, and the silver chloride was mixed wit!
earthy grey copp .:..,. ;1 m1 was associate* 1 witl:
small crystallised red garnets at tin _M_' 1 . i level cuprite and
other minerals.
seem to be present throughout most of the udns, so that smelting
In some cases the vein has proved to he very rich in silver,
48 tons of the ferruginous part of the vein at Broken Hill Mine
yielded :57.iioi) ounces of siher, although by the method of
smelting followed the loss must have been, as was alleged, very
have been obtained. In some cases the silver chloride is very
Hen tallisf I tin o ( toll. Ira tn quit* on< eighth of an inch
In one vein at the Broken Hill the vein stuff is a white earthy
•; !l! '.;'.- : ! '' 'iwdliMd ' i snn, ,,r rl/l/i'n T ! ul rLYs of the
Specimens are sh mmf, th, f .llmun" mines, in addition
to those from the Broken I! Ml ,„. <•(,, , Mut \ , ,„ ,
Mine, War Dance and Gipsv Cirl Mine. Tharkerhma \orth
May Bell Mine, Sii I>:,\ [>,, „ ||,.„ ; ..„l Chiekens Mine
where the silver chloride nmn-» wiih a/mite or blue copper
carbonate.
Selected specimens, of course, assay very high, one piece of the
er per ton, and a
yield of 16,000 ounces has been obtained from surface slims.
Iodatrgyrite.— Silvei i<x Qoe f S\h has
been already mentioned.
Cerussite. — Lead carbonate occurs in association with the
chloride, galena, A"c, in the Silver! o
'"' d. Th
!. The cerussite it ..
i silver, the latter having bee., deposited
Broken Hill Mum. \^>n
ine on the Upper Mnrrav. "
^Mwife—Eedo local minersforc^
>m the Vegetable Creek, New England.
Xow Kngland, from I imdi
very good colour, and mucl
/ ■• ' ■
Mr. C. S. Wilkinson.: obtained fr,,-,n the Sydney Diamond Mining
Company, near Inverell. A collection of minerals accompanying
the diamonds in the Bengonou iv I>iai 1 Mine, is also exhibited.
Although thes as occur at Bingera there
are well mark ittbrences.
On the Composition of some Pumice and Lava
from the Pacific.
■...-.• -
b unfrequently pickei
arse, a foreign one,
le of the volcanic ce:
i the Pacific, but which of them does not as yet appear t
very pie:
It is always waterworn, and at times more or less coated with
serptilffi, and lias evidently been long in its travels across the sea.
It is stated to be more abundant after an easterly gale, and is
found more often on the north side of the inlets along the coast
than in other situations ; in size the pieces vary from quite small
fragments to pieces 9 or 12 inches through.
Some of the specimens are black and others are white, or rather
of a dirty white or grey colour.
hat the chemical composition might throw some light
on their source, analyses were made of a specimen of each variety
with the following results :—
. — Bondi beach.
Chemical composition :
Moisture -147
Silica 63-630
Alumina 17 - 994
Soda"*™
. 2-307 at 15°C. in p
lice. — Bondi beach, much %v
Ghcmiri.
'
between their composition and that of the drift pumice, but on com-
paring fche al > • f the Krakatoa pumice of the
1883 eruption, a ce seen, although
there are points in which they differ in composition ; the most
striking being the absence of any magnesia in the Bondi speci-
mens. Although the Bondi specimens were collected some years
before the Krakatoa eruption of 1883, they may possibly have'becn
drifted across from previous eruptions in that district.
It would be very interesting to trace the limits of the distribu-
tion of drift pumice along the Australian coast, and I trust that
some one will undertake this duty.
Lava. — Chocolate coloured, from the island of Tanna, very
vesicular and almost a pumice in structure (See Rocks from New
Britain and Xew Ireland, A. Liversidge, F.R.S., Journ., Roy.
Society, X.SAV., 1n-i>); and in speeiiic -ravitv it is just over 10,
since it slowly sinks in water, but the powder has about the usual
It also contains small white glassy crystals of felspar. This
specimen was collected by the late Commodore Goodenough.
Chemical composition :
Potash
Sp. gr. 2-720 at 21 2T. in powdei
fauna. This is a
astro on the freshly
i' brown, and in the
Thus
there is a considerable difi
V ° UvaS " Comparativ
Moisture at KXTC
Alumina '.'.'. '.'.'. '.'.'.
ft'erence in the compel
ScT b :
'.'.'. 63-30
o5-o i-
cm.,";
:
:::! ™
< 2-S2
Manganese ...
•23
... 4-00
a-:u
Magnesia
.'.".' 5-14
] -20
•81
Potash" .'.'.'
... 1-43
■97
3-41
Soc. 1S84, p. 97
Discrssiox
Mr. G. A. Lloye
., M.L.A, said it
importance that sue
prominently before
the public. Wh
California in 1850,
so it continued for
several years : but
gold decreased, and
silver took its p]
Nevada recently, he
the principal rnine-n
.anag^and ««,i
of
pal mine-managers, and wont" through everv portion
two or thr
and lead had been brought to market. He fauud the quartz to
be very much like that found here. Many men in some of the
American mining districts who hid be n propi it tors of shares in
silver-mining companies had made fabulous fortunes— became
silver kings in fact. We were passing through a similar mining
history to that of America: we are.iu.sl beginning to discover the
silver, and although, up to tlm present we have been inerelv scratch-
ing the surface, we are getting in this way fair quantities for our
labour. There is no doubt that the information we are getting
from Broken Hill an I Sunn} Corner pn s tli it th< re is a great
future for the . in the colonies. The out-
puts from the two places mentioned may increase to an enormous
extent, and any information otitic men cannot
fail to be extremely welcome. All the members present would
agree with him that, if by i i , , • knowledge we
could augment our commercial prosperity, w,- ,!.ou!d achieve some-
thing quite in accord with the objects of the Society. He then
suggested that the meetings should be of a more popular character,
and that lectures similar to those delivered before the societies
elsewhere would be well received.
Notes upon Floods in Lake George.
By H. C. Russell, B.A., F.B.S., etc.
[/?. t l h-for. '.! U ■!■>' Si. •'■ ' .. A". S*. J)"., / !> , oiler, tSSG.]
The history of floods in our rivers and lakes, if it could be
accurately written, would form one of the most important chapters
in the history of our climate, and probably throw much light upon
the laws which control the changes in seasons that have such
prominent effects upon a country like this, almost wholly devoted
to pastoral pursuits. It is. however, impossible now to find the
materials for such a history, and the few facts which have
rewarded me for some considerable time devoted to the enquiry,
seem under these circumstances of sufficient importance to place
possible draw from the r. cessi s of nieniori . still iv tive, important
testimony upon the question under discussion. So far as I have
been able to gat In i tin oj inii ns i t thos \ ho know most about
Lake George, they do not seem to have shaped themselves into
anything like a theory, lits of time, and
extent to the floo Is \. i i. .1 h iv. from time to time covered up tens
of thousands of acres of the richest pasture land for years, and
I have not therefore to detai a ty theory which
has already been given to the world. And before giving my own
view upon the subject, I should like to call your attention to the
fact that the flood, in a lake which has no outlet produce very
different effects from those we see in rivers. In the latter case
the water speedily returns to its level and leaves a record for the
season in which it took place. But in the lake a similar flood
produces an accumulation of water which takes many years to
evaporate, and to a certain extent masks the effects of subsequent
rains, such at least is the case in Lake George, which has no
t collecting thesi
future reference, and
secondly, to see if they would throw any light upon the nineteen
years period which is so well marked in the floods in the river
Darling ; but in the lake the accumulation of water seems to
soften out the eu annot be seen so
well, and in some cases not at all, and then the history of the
rising and falling of the lake is too incomplete.
Only a small ridg ■ di\ id. s the catchment of the lake from that
of the Hawkesbury River, and we know from rain observations
made at Goulburn on the Hawkesbury side of the lake, and at
Gungahleen on the other side, that the average rainfall on the two
catchments there is about the same. So that very heavy floods in
the river coincide in time with very heavy floods in the lake. I
mention this because from it we may reasonably infer the state
of Lake George i I ! awkesbury during the years
1816, 1817, and 1818. In the autumn of 1816 there were three
great floods in the Hawkesbury, while the three preceding years
had been very <li ; I ifi no doubt that in 1816 the
lake suddenly rose, as sin \ u in the diagram, for when found in
1818 it was "full of water."
I have been working now for many years trying to elucidate
the sort of myst mg about Lake George, and
with a view of getting reliable dita as to the rise and fall of the
lake and other matters, on February 18th, 1885, I erected the lake
register described duress to the Royal Society,
May, 1885, and took the til as datum line,
there being at the time no other available ; the recording pencil was
made to mark at the zero, so that the water level on February, 1885,
is the zero of the lake register. Ik.t it was known that careful
levels had been token of the base line at the other side of the lake,
and that Mr. Chisholm, Mr. Kenny, a;;d oi Iters liad frequently noted
the condition of the lake and men-uind tie- depth of the water;
and it was obviously very desirable to conned all these measures,
and also the still older ones on the original surveys of the land
round the lake. These go back to 1828 and are invaluable as
reliable data amongst much that is unreliable. I began by
measuring m twelve places, some distance apart, the difference in
level between the 1874 flood line and the then height of the
water. Some of the flood marks were black rings on dead trees,
and others the well defined g igh-water. None
of these marks were as definite as one could wish; but the
variation in the different measures was only 1\ inches, and the
mean of all gave 11 ft. 11 in., which was near enough for my
purpose. As I collected the records it became evident that to tie
them all together it would be necessary to do four things. First, to
take a line of levels from the top of the terminal stone of the base
line to the water, which would connect the base line datum with
the lake register datum. Next to take sounding of the lake over
the same ground that Mr. Chisholm had gone before, and to find
the deepest place. This would connect Mr. Chisholm's soundings
with the lake register datum, and collect all notes in which the
depth of the lake was given ; and thirdly, to find the fall per mile
at each end of the lake, so that the' surveys and references
to the size of the lake might be converted into statements
of the height or rather depth of the water, and thus connect
them with ail the others ; and lastly, to find the present length of
"I mayra
onthatfromt
:hepiv*
cnt
vatoi- to 1
.i.irh-v.-at,
■r mark
end
id 100 c
The details
of these levels wi
nap and
on the
section of th
It Will 1)0
in the section
e la
inded fo
r 1 mile
at each end,
for a short <
the mid
die. and
it has
'
1 th
i> f.-di]
In taking
th,-
levels Mr. (
Uovei- :
:tai
the top
of the
Depth of water in deepest r,
Difference from top of st
Base Line terminal mark a!
-
Bottom of lake to top of south ti'rmin:tl <.f
1S74 Flood Level below South Ter
Lake register datum above January, ]
Lake register datum below base term
agreement, and make it evident that the connecting links of the
duleient nifaMin > ,t • mi tin n i.th a in t< for the present
nd had not then lost the
<-ptll :!- in .1
246
NOTES UPOX FLOODS IN LAKE
--, ■ :
823 the Like was as high as it i
t good authority that the trees es
killed, 'and had not lo 't\)Z ir 1 . uk,
at looked as if they had been dead
that had been
SdLation^of I tone, except here
and there, perhap- i.i.<- i;i ,i mlh ; ■ ;in' _,n t on the edge of the
evidently from the nation of the llood waters on its roots. These
trees seemed to have lingered on for the ten years, dying by
could be divided i
hto l\\
recently than tin
h-d'at
lasting qualities <
if th-
not of a durable
•
4 ft. long, that h
■/had
;."/
ith<
• top of-
s could pull
examined it and
i that
sharpened to a pc
.int ,'o:
had been made w
ith a :
ihiirp i
corners as if ma
perfectly sound a
away by the actic
place and presen
when killed by th
awn from these that
■0.— When seen by the Governor in October, 1820, Lake
George was a splendid sheet of water.
1— Mr. J. II Styles saw th,- 1 fi in < .voi as Kill, it was
18
4.— Mr. H. B
bark, while there were othf
looked as if they had beei
probably about same as
certainly went as high up
actuallv killed a few more
likely that the water was a
5.— There was no rise this
182
none in Lake George.
182
7.— Mr. Kenny savs the la
3 feet ; IS ft" G in. deep.
L82
is its actual length by rail
Mr. Dixson's survey shows that when Sir Thomas Mitcheh
said the lake was 17 miles long, he w is onlj guessing at it,
and the rece " the extreme length in 1874
flood was 16 miles.
1832.— Hoddle's surveyed margin of the lake in August, 183|
seems to be exactly the same as that of January, 1887
water was therefore 9 t'r. de< ; . in d< ■; ( 3t ] art of the lake.
1834.— Mr. John King says, "in 1834 there was a road along the
western side of Lake George from Bungendore to Collector,'
at present time, January, 1887, this old road is just uncovered
and wheel tracks that must have been made before 1870,
when the lake rose and covered them, look quite sharply cut,
as if made a few davs since, the lake is now 9 ft. deep, anc
must have been 8 or 9 feet deep in 1834.
1835.— Hoddle again surveyed the margin of the lake in 1835.
makes it at the south end <> chains within the 1832 line ; but
6 chains by Mr. Glovers levelling is shown to be equal to s
fall of 1 foot, so that Lake George in 1835 was 1 foot lowei
1835.— Mr. F. Cooper (Climate). This year the water was nearly
1837— Mr. Powel (Climate) says the lab
183S an I ls:39._Mr. A. Chisholm there
(Climate) the lake was dry enough
across the middle of it. But in Oct*
considerable floods, which tilled Ta
have put water into the lake. (See
two swamps.) Mr. John King (183
surface of the lake bed was drv and i
1840.— Goulbum Herald.— The depth o
not exceed 3 or 4 feet, this rise w;
flood in October, 1839.
1842.— Goulbum Herald.- The lake was
lagoons. Mr. Kenny says the water
1*43.— Mr. Massev(Climatc)s.avs the lake
1845.— Mr. H. Hull (Climate). This
18 10 and 1S47.— Mr. Kenny says Lake Geor
pletely in these years, and remained drv in.
Cooper also says (Climate) Lake (ieor,^ \va
1850. -Mr. Kenny 'says there was a little shn
water-line then was 600 fe
west side the lake falls aho
600 feet out, which would i
was a fall of 12 feet ; 40 feet into th.- w :
in the next llOi tan. -th.! Jt t tnd „
1863.— The n ~^ 21
)0 NOTES UPON FLOOl
M W LAK1
; GEOEC
m.
sounded in the same place
and found
14 feel
: of «
ater j and
in the deepest part of the ]
lake must have been 7 feet
deq, in. J.-.
Mr. Kenny says in April, ]
>7(i the h
7 fee
In September, 1870, levels
were take.
i at th-
base
show that the lake was the]
deep.
571.— In August, 1871, the levels taken
at the 1
that the water was 19 feet
deep.
574. — The highest point in the
flood in L;
:,- reached
about 1st November, IS 74.
Mr. Chh
ihoim s ""
that from
January, 1870, to 1st Nove
k- re
- 17 feet
6 inches, and that in Jann
arv. is 70
the v.-s
.tor ii
i Cooper's
. deep at
measures make the depth o
f the lake
. feet
a difference which is nor ac<
counted foi
•, unless
1 the ]
ao.hod Of
—lSt.li February, lSS"*, lake register star
oundtobe 11 ft. 11 in. below 1874 flood, I
eet deep, at deepest place.
i indebted i
,-ery great
available particular about
men have known it, and probably not for 1
Although at some distant period it must hav
ban 20 miles long, with a depth at least 6
t record. The proof of this is to be found
. up by it, the extent of flat land at both I
akable relics of great floods.
md dates has been made from all the availab
mile in the middle. The lake bed is, however, so even in its
inclination that the section may be taken as correct,
Mr. Licensed-Surveyor T. Kussell says, "In August, 1871, I •
went with Mr. Surveyor [Setts frequently about Lake George in a
boat marking thei ides, and we took soundings
all about the lake with a ipest part of it ;
the central parts varied in depth from 16 to 19 feet; 19 feet was
the deepest place we could ; nearly all over.
I was surprised at this, for I had the impression that it was much
This work shows the necessity for complete soundings of the
ble limits of the lake
which for the same reason must wait completion.
The letters, etc., which follow contain many valuable statements,
and throw light on several points. One of the early difficulties in
collecting data was that the statements were often quite contra-
dictory, one saying tin- lake was dry at a certain time while the
other affirmed that the water was .".5 or i feet deep. Mr. Kenny
shows us that both may be true, i.e., that there might be a dry
road over the lake whilst there were swamps on either side of it
Mr. Kenny, 18th August, says : Lake might be dry across from
a point 1 mile K.W. of Kenny's Point to Geary's Gap, while
there would still be a considerable sheet of water towards Collector
about 4 feet deep and another towards Bungendore of the same
depth, neither of which might be seen owing to Fat Hen and
other plants growing on the <hy part. This may account for
making it appear thai the lake bed could
d, whilst others asserted that it was not dry.
explains the muddy waterhole so often
weeks it had fallen 22 im-hes. Probably this was a very dry "time,
usual rate of fall. Mr. Kaiser also savs thai in March, LS84-, he
tried with a level and round that the lake had fallen 11 feet 8
Mr. J. Matthews, under date Lake George Base Line, 22nd April,
1870, the men have been three weeks removing logs from under and
on top of bridge. The creek rose 2 feet higher than in previous rains.
Again, 28th April : We have had the highest flood known for
twenty years. It rose 2 feet into Mr. Osborne's house (old
Currandooley), washed away the base line, hrhl-e, and put 2 feet
of water on to the lower part of the base line.
Again, 14th May, 1870, the lake is now fj feet above its ordinary
level.
Probably water in Butmaroo Creek in diagram was considered
at ordinary level, for it is 6 feet below the bridge. He also
says the North end of the line is under water. Now by the
diagram that would make the water f> inches over the bridge at
Butmaroo Creek. As Mr. Matthew, statements would not depend
upon levelling, but only what he saw when going about, there seems
little doubt that the water shown in Butmaroo Creek was the
level of the lake when the line was hud out ; up to August, 1870,
therefore, the lake had risen 10 feet.
>ort of the Commissioner of Enquiry) John
The water itself .
ike' is'^omuhT on
levated from 800 i
. . the Western side rf ti,
• Mountains is Mi-on-ly niiirk.-tl l.y the rapidity ami fulln.->
, J. B. Th
I f yey, 31st May. 1861
J. F. M
•J'.tth March,
of
-
Francis
, block
254 NOTES UPON FLOODS IN LAKE GEORGE.
Mr. Arnlieim's survey, 2nd March. l^G3, shows edge of ]
water, then about 300 to 400 feet from Ondyong Point,
curving thence northwards 40 chains i mile at its extreme n<
N.S.W. Gazetteer.— -Editor's address is dated March, If
Article on Lake George was probably written in I860, an
refers to the rains of last year filling up ih- k
was the wet year 1864 ; he says it is now (1865) higher i
over, and 17 feet deep in places.
Hoddle's survey, 10th July, 1835.— Water 10 chains f
huh \. .t-r 1 1.1.: .'l .1 hijiwawr mark is abo\e the dead ti
1 mile north of Butmaroo Creek.
The Honorable P. G. King says,
ls.?."i:
"Sir Terence Aubrey Murray, at one time when the Murrumbidgee
was a chain of wa't.-rh..!.-. drain -d one of the holes at Yarrow-
lumla, near Yass, c ught th< ti h and 1 ri. d tin 1 1 (Mi 1 i) cod)
in a water cart to his creek at Wind"ri'adeen. where the\ multi-
plied rapidly and became too fat to eat, i believe they na\e
remained ever since in the ]„k<\ and F think Me- iish were put in
before 1848. Mr. 8. M. Muwle thinks the lish were put in
between 1845 and 1816. I am unable to six the date, hut the fish
are still there, but are now very diriieult to catch. Still one or
more fishermen make a iiving hy cab-hing them.
cannot have been quite dry since as i! is stated to have been.
Mr. A. Chisholm, of Winderradeen, under date 2ml January,
1878, says : "The following few facts about Lab- G.-orge may he
of 1874 (say about 1st November, 1874).
2. At the-, I \pril) it had fallen
2 feet 9 inches belov. the highest in rk. _ It gained
9 inches during the winter and spring of 1876.
3. At the end of the summer of 1877 it had fallen 3 feet
11 inches below the 187-1 level. During the winter ot
1877 (say up to 1st November) >t gai
beginning tins pn-.-.-ni .■niniiai- at 3 feet 5 inches be
highest mark.
4 T),^, tins mmmP r so far it has fal',,,, 1 ! inches, making
3 feet G inches below 1874 i,
1870, to end of the winter
risen 17 feet 6 inches.
On the same date (30th Jun
Cooper's Bay and along Co
previous to 1870 the depth
Mr. Ke-inv's ;«,' -s than deepest.
is for comparison). In 1826-7 the Length, and breadth
e * it had receded to the extent of about 1 foot in
d continued to recede or dry up until it became nearly
until there was onlv one-fifth of the present area
■vith water, at which stage it arrived in 1837. With
•tuations it continued in this state until 1840-41, when it
holly drv. 1842 or 1843, I am not sure which, them
ient'rain to cover it with water to about one-fourth of its
.-iiikin completely 1S4iU7. and remained dry until 1850,
ut one sixth of the present area was covered with water,
very trifling. There was little increase in this until
ing the winter and ' the lake became
ally Beven-eighths ; r the depth did
i.l an averag'fof 9 feet ( 1 1 feet in deepest) ; since then it
has not been dry, ■. two-thirds dry
1858-59 and 1860. 1861 to 1866 slightly increasing until it
attained about half its present area. 1866-67-68 drying until it
was not more tl i 2 fi I in i rag ! . t t < i< < t deepest), and
the area about 15 miles by 6. mm that time, viz., April, 1870,
it continued to inci is i , < W— in is foi Lake George — until
August, 1874, w] b 6 inches higher than its
t had e vapor.
may be relied upon, as far as
tl t
Mr. J. F. Kenny, of Kenny's
■
seasons there is nothing to
would be difficult to find c
than is shown by the lake an
Mi" John Kin:.', Maii-burn.
says: "With reference to 1
betwo.-n tlm war- 183-1 and
the remarks I find in your
the bed of the lake.' As to the a
at its singular level surface and a
pond ; there were of course holes
the end of Bungendore Creek. A
the lake proper had no holes.
"Sir Thomas Mitchell speaks o
towards the south, all the rest was bare, and in sum:
of Fat-hen extending all over the dry parts. There wa
strip of grass I kbout half-a-mile
"Mr. C. Then be lake was partly full in
1840, the depth not exceeding 3 or 4 feet ' must also be a mistake
in the sense that all the 1 there may have
last part of the lake to be dried up. Either it was the lowest
ground or the subsoil was more retentive.
"I first visited Lake George with my fatht-r. late Admiral P. P.
about 4 miles wide, the depth we could not aseertain. The south
western side was dry enough to admit
Collector to Geary's Gap, also to Bungendore. Both north and
south ends were \aad for cattle.
The water gradually : : .-.-pd.-d from 1834 to 1838-39 when the
whole surface of the lake bed was dry and firm ; no^ sign of
s standing on
■ projecting points, favouring the idea that
eno'io/h, lo.w eno •nh. t • allow the tree- to «i
on the banks, but the entire absence of tree, stump, or root, in the
bed of the lake < it was never dry long enough
to admit the growth of timber. As it required several dry .seasons
to exhaust Luke (leorge, 1 cannot suppose that the subsoil was at
all porous, indeed it was a long time drying
it up, and apparently by evaporation. I do not think the state
of Lake George will determine the rainfall of surrounding country
as compared with years passed by. In former times both timber
and grass helped to retain the rain as it fell on the ground, and
there might be a good average of rainfall during the year without
its swelling the creeks or reaching the lake, but in years when the
rain fell heavily and had no time to soak in the lake might be
considerable smaller without more than an average rainfall.
" There is also another change constantly at work which may
alter the condition of such places as Lake George, as cattle tracks
are formed in nearly every gaily. These become small drains and
at last work dee rings which start running.
I am told Bunge red and now runs a strong
stream, at times, towards the lake. Between 1834 and 1841 I
never knew e\en a Hood pi— I'-un-endo ,■ i , n-hip at lea-t 3
miles from the lake.
"In the Bega country, near Twofold Lay, deep rivers became
sanded up by the washing from the hills and gullies of the soil,
the cattle tracks having first become small drains, the absence of
grass also baring the ground. I have not visited Lake George for
is much altered, trees dead iun will raise or
lower water in Lake George remains to be sec,, ]„.tt this ditlerenee
should be taken into account when the present years are com-
pared with the past."
Mr. S. M. Howie, under date 7th May. 1 SS.">, says: "I have
had much pleasure in reading your account of Lake George, a
place with which I was familiar during the period between
1838 and 1852. I first rode along the dry bed of Lake George
in July, 1838, with Sir Terence Murray, with whom I went on
a holiday trip from school to the Queanbeyan district. I do
not think there was any water upon it then, except perhaps, at
Kenny's or Stonewall Point, on the east side «,f the lake, where it
trends away to its greatest width 12 miles, and not 5 miles as
stated. At the northern end of the lake there is a lagoon cut off
from the lake by a ridge which I now suppose to be of gravel,
but I never examined it. It is a mistake to think that this
lagoon always contained water, for I never saw any upon it, and
frequently crossed it to go up laroo, by a track
we used to call, 'the marked tree; line.' Sir Terence Murray
for this purpose from the chain of waterholes which pass the
nder date 1st June, 1SS-!
- Mr. Kt-nnv savs of . .verirnr a mj t
11 portion of tl
eastern or deepest part. From 184
diminished, and in 1S.31 I walked
from Geary's Gap to Kenny's Point, a
usiderably in
'urnndooh Point to Kenny's P. nt, u;d stretching out about
udf wav across toward. Geary's Gup, when driven by the east
irind. The ' Flooded < Jum,' which crows upon the shores of the
ake is a very quick growing tree, and does not appear to live after
1 land .a' mid becomes submerged."
Mr. W. H. Glover, under date kh May, i^5, says: " I have
made a careful examination of the dead trees between the water
and the 1871 level, and cannot detect any difference as to time of
dying, as at some places the trees nearest the water are most
decayed, and close by just the reverse occurs, this is noticeable in.
many places. From the appearance I fancy they were all killed
at about the same time."
Scale of Chains
Com pile <1 in Uif Purveyor teneralfc Office , J8>7.
FLOODS IN LAKE GEORGE .
isia
1813
1814
5eaSSlglS§lgSi35S!g§6§ii3B35SlgSa8li'5BasSgg§a§§gaaaS5N§a§la3e355N§ail
815
jfiia
1817
Jill! Haiiilllf ?
1818
^
1826
tiff
1828
1829
1830
TkEWTirili2tT*HM4;ll £
^m^M^agisHaai^Ei^
-o.l loot IQQO 1AQQ IftQA PQK &QR
lftT7 1838 IR3Q 1840 184 1 I84P 1843 18**. 845 1846. 1 1847 , . 1 , , Ifi48 ,,,!,, ,1849, , ■ , 1
?g |Ctg| 15Ji; IQC'O IOw*r . IjQOP -OOP , . — „
ii l_ _|__|_L 4^_ _| 1
L_ -J - 4-hX
_j_ X ^X ii i_ - - -----
smn^anaHm^Hi^Bi^E^iiii^Bte^
! 1 1 X L
I -
"-■mmi ihininf ■ "™™"»«raHmiii
.L .1L.J.- — — r
"^R^i^^^B^^l^^sT^^^^^^I^^^Si^a^^^^^^^^^^^^^^s^^SKffiifs^^faSS^
an M 1M» M &&miM^^
tl!ll4filSl8!lBll9l3S3l4!llllillSSIIIIlll
1869
1870
1871
1872
J87J
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
5 g I 5 i g g 1 1 § 1 1|S e a 5 3 ! g 1 5 § I §fg E 3 § i I g § I § g §|g ! a la 1 g 1 a § g sis g a 5 3 1 g g s § Bj§ gjjji|||fJjjB^liiliiB|j
TOireHlll
887
s.asiigiasli
Diagram fbrAfJZasse tl's paper onlZooajr utXaJt* georye
TafvofrOUir at SoittHErnt ofLaJce Cevraclaselxn*
vuuxl as B.M. to C4»ni*ct aievarlous Ju^hts
of Hi* Water of Lake Csvrye .
Vertical Section
Shewing Heialit of Lake Gevrye
kmfW< mm kM $$tM # Ajjk
» OF STONE PIER
CS0U_THE_ffJV_EJVO_.
U¥EL_ JAM ISM.
Horizontal so .. Vert/ca l scale I6feet to Iinch ~
7
TOPOFCRftYEL FIDCE
m\
The Strength and Elasticity of Ironbark Timber
as applied to Works of Construction.
{Read before rh- Iloj •' ■• <■! \i <,f X.S. Si'., 1 ' D< c nth,,; 1SSU.]
It is proposed in the following paper to consider the results of
some experiments 1 1.- on irnnUik timber, and to compare the
relative merits of two types of timber viaducts used in New South
Wales and Victoria with the aid of these results, and of those
derived from direct experiments on model structures one-eighth
the full size of the structure they represent.
These experiments have been made in the Engineering Labora-
tory of the University of Sydney by means of the testing
machine. The published data on tli s subject consists of the
following : —
1. Experiments on th ransvei- ti ngtli md tiiliies of
beams of Colonial timber 2 in. -vide by 2 in. deep when tested on
supports 4 ft. apart, made ai the Sydney Mine, by Col. Ward and
Mr. Trickett, in 1861. m .
2. An experiment made by Mr. John V\ lntton, Engineer-m-
Cliief for Railways, on a beam of ironbark 12 in. by 12 in., when
, , .. .
;> _Y U eX1) ,.|.,J ■.:..-
i,y 12 i it,., Aviien tested on supports 28 ft. G in. apart, by the
" p some experiments made bv Mr. Thomas Laslett, Timber
Inspector to the Admiralty, in 1 S 7 - > . and recorded by D. K. Clark
| .ata for Mechanical Engineers."
The experiments made at the Sydney Mint, in 1861, furnish
exact data on 1, :,s of small scantling, and
when these are compared with the experiments made by Mr.
John Whitton, and those of the Railway Bridges Inquiry Com-
mission it is - i the co-efficient
of strength or modulus of rupture as the case may be, it will be
safe to use these results in det< running the strength of beams of
larger scantling. The expei n ts mad. by Mr. Laslett on the
transverse strength of ironbark beams of small scantling give
results almost exactly the same as those obtained in the best ot
the Mint experiments ; but Ins
,, nstano of ironbark appear to have r~
matter will be again referred to.
when used as beams uf small scantling. Now in the application
of timber to the construction of the various kinds of temporary
and permanent structure, it is often necessary to know the direct
resistances of the materials to direct tensile and compressive
stresses. Again, in connoting pieces of timber together with
bolts or wedges, we require to know the pressure that may be
safely allowed upon the bearing area of the bolts or wedges. And
in joints such as that between the principal rafter and main tie-
beam of a roof, the resistance of the material to shearing along
the grain will be developed as well as the : ' '
The data obtained by the various experimenters c
stn ngth in d stinih - ^ ill b, Hi -t considered.
Transverse Strength.— It is well known that when a beam is
subjected to transverse stress it deflects, and the upper fibres are
compressed and the lower fibres extended. The intensity of stress
on the extreme upper or lower layer of fibres is greater than that
on any intermediate layer, and since at some intermediate layer
vanish at this layer which . neutral layer.
And the intensity of stress on any layer above or below this
layer will be proportional to its distance from the neutral layer.
And the moment of resistance of any layer is the product of" its
area into its distance from the neutral laver into the resistance of
Uw layer in question to the stress developed along it, and the sum
or aU such products is the moment of resistance of the whole
is, such as tl.
Where I = breadth of the
the formula S = ~ h ~ and since in Molesworth's Pocket-1
s co-efficient is also used for
mating the !
= Mt JR = 4 I
! modulus of ruptu
: from the sou
portions of this lar-e beam
With regard to the higher ^
obtained by the Author for tin
smaller scantling, it should be mentioned that the smaller
• M ' ' - ' ' I i -<■ ol m.th.T v. , seasoning.
^hile furthei experiments are desirable in order to decide the
modulus of rupi - Colonial timber,
the Author advises that u. : ing the modulus
°t rupture derived frr.ni the Mint experiments be reduced 25 per
cent, when applied to timber of large scantling.
. Y" »«>■"'*> .V/ .■//;,. ,-.,-. . Tie- Miil-i.-ss of abeam or its resistance
to deflection may be investig 5 manner :—
i^et r = radius of curvature.
Then ir ,;m be proved the
In the
of a beam supported at each end and loaded i
«juwe as m uie experiment. Assume the origin at the left hand
support, then we have M = ^ x, if x is taken to left of centre
of beam, and M - J (^,), when x is taken to right of centre
Therefore we obtain by integrating j ? ( | ,) the cmation
for the slope I == ~E~ f f x d * = -^y ( ,f) x 6'
When a: = 4 then i = .
When a: = o, * « o. ■ i! — *
.". v = „ „ = greatest deflection.
The modulus of elasticity derived from the earner
i deflection of 1 "2 i
In the experiments mail; 1 on transverse elasticity by the
Raib \ Bride* -1 \ ! l i i 1) delli tionswen t tk< n
both by mutiplying levers and by reading a graduated staff fixed
to the centre of beam with an ordinary surveyor's level. In the
two experiments made by the author with specimens cut from the
same beam the modulus of elasticity cane' out almost exactly the
same as with thelar--or expi rinients made l.v the Railwav Bridges
Inquiry Commission, viz., E = :.\7i:>.Sl:; lb., which may betaken
as a mean result ->' beams from
the formula above referred to.
The .lia-Tain of tie- Kail ' : \ Ih idu-- li.-| dry Commission, tig.
11, and those obtained by the author, one of which is shown (See
fig. 3), shows that the deflections are nearly proportional to th
loads producing them.
rill now be considered.
., the author has found
siderably reduce the section _ along the length
where the elongations are measured, and to provide ample area in
the portions held by the clips in the machine, otherwise the
specimen will bi- ] "t m the reduced portion
with a stress considerabh i I v the tensile resistance of the
material. The author has obtained fairly good results from
ironbark timber when tl < and dimensions
shown in fig. 1 ; but the best result was obtained by turning the
specimen in a lathe to the form and dimensions shown in fig. 2
here the portions held by the clips were concentric with the
portions tested and the stress d^ch-ped v. .-^ therefore perfectly
3 obtained from specimens of the form
shown in fig. 1, was 17,000 lb. per square inch, while the specimen
shown in fig. 2 • - re inch - In D - K Clark ' s
" Rules, Tables. Engineers," it is
stated that the tensile resistance may be calculated from the formula
Where S = the 1
It has been sh.
= 15,000
the experiment
/ = 18,994-5 /. S= ~
It appears therefore that it the speci
d be developed the
square inch. Hence
The difficulty experienced in making tensile
tendency of the specimen to fracture at some otl
that prepared for fracture (due to the stresses d
non-axial, or an insufficient reduction in prepare
the joint, rather than in the body of the timber.
resistance along grain, and the resistance to p
bearing area of the bolts.
-May be found by measui
stress, thus if /; = mod
along which the elongations are
produced by an intensity of
P : E
v 1 produce with 13,333 lb. per square
. length of 10 inches, so that
E = ' * 3,333,9001b.
elongations and loads producing them
ten prepared, as in fig. 1. See fig. 4.
1 "-"■
. Lis
],tt 1
roun
d the cc
s.
it w
; !
ud't'h
,r r!i.
iM
A
construction bv the use of iron and steel, t
which iron is 'entirely unsuitable, and wh
iod, timber is siei
. that timber wi
it is liable to the attacks of the teredo.
In the Wagga Wagga timber viadue
inspected by the Railway Bridges Inquii
that, owing to the difficulty of obtaining
whole structure I rime allowed for its erection,
other kinds of timber were used for the piers, such as stringybark,
ash, messmate, apple, box, spotted and white gum of which a large
proportion had to V was up, instead of during
the winter months. In con *t *oon appeared
pipe in some of them, redua setional area.
There is considerable uncertainty in the time which a timber
viaduct may be supposed to last in this colony.
The follow;.; d made in order to compare
the relative me: ir ■ - used in New
South Wales and Victoria. In New South Wales for spans of 29 ft.
G in. and 26 ft. r re used on piers
formed with rou ■ '-■
In Victoria and in Tasmania for spans of 30 ft. a strutted
timber beam is used on Limber trestle piers, see plate 14. Two
model compound beams ' one-eighth the
size of those used in the actual viaduct, we lig. 7. Two model
strutted beams were also constructed of the same timber, we fig.
the models is about the same in each, although
if considerably more ironwork than
The folio
nd deflations
:—
„l=St.
fit
V ;"SI^'
|
1
0-46
0-04'
The compound b<
a one of the two b
The followi n g - oads produdH
them, when the two beams were bolted together without
transomes (see fig. 9) : —
*
.rsv
XSSSOt
200
>00
700
soo
1,000
tu
1
w.
d2&.
.Sul
uiri
ft.
inches.
lb.
. .
ft
inches.
100
l*f
0-59
1,100
66
.100
1.2(H)
700
039
1,400
0-86
2,100
The equivalent distri
= the equivalen
may therefore be taken as ziliL.
And the breaking central load fo:
id. The mean central breaki
pan will be 64 x 2,2S8 = 70 tons nearly, which agrees with
lie result given in the report of the Railway Hridges Inquiry
The loads and deflections pro luce J are shown in the following
* \SSSL
w.
dSESL.
w.
oSE5&
*
■■
ib.
inches.
ft.
inches.
ft.
inches.
ft.
inches.
100
900
070
2. 590
1 138*
1,000
1,800
400
010
iiaoo
50
0o3
1,000
2,000
89
2 700
1-89
1.S7
1^300
2,100
104
■loo..
1-OT
«U0
1,400
63
2,200
1-09
0-30
2,300
1-18
:iun>
2 29
300
033
1,600
0-76
2,400
12o
3.200
■
■ast, three times as strong as
3 composed.
t the beam while the above tests
ispecting the fractured model, it is
in horizontal shearing resistance,
can be proved that the distribution of shearing stress on any
ction of a solid rectangular heam is represented graphically by
eans of a parabola, whose central ordinate represents the
itral axis; the
earing stress vanishes at the extreme fibres. The area of the
my section per
tit of breadth, so that if F — the total shearing stress at any
ction; and x = the central ordinate of parabola; A — depth
beam, and b = breadth of beam.
: F = 4- * * •
.v therefore equals the intensity of longiuvliir.il shearing stress
,, th . neutral U xi« «.t tli U „ . If - t.-.ke the case of two
1„ uns bolted • .itudiual sheai
will have to be r erwise the two beams will
not act as a solid beam" of the same depth : there will also be
considerable bo,, ■ K sedges were driven
into slots cut half into each beam at the junction (which may be
considered the neutral layer), the sectional area of the wedges
beinjv determined with reference to the longitudinal sin aring stress
! ti, y, t rial of the wedges to shearing
.stiw tl ,ni!ei . . 1 1 it tla i\ o 1" ms Mould then act
more nearij ■ same depth. To get the
maximum Urenath nit < f 1 ,> ' ; i V i-h tramomes between
beam. The depti "l bj drawiu.
the parabola of shearing stress as for a solid beam of the same
depth as the c 'es at the same
distance from the neutral axis as the notehings. In thi* way the
200 0-10
500 017
700 0-24
900 0-32
1,900
2,100
5
strut. The
was only continued up to
loads and deflections are
a load of 1,000 lb. on each
given in following tabic :—
w.
-ass,. .
». !
500
o-oo
0-05
o-ii j
1,500 ii in
2,000 ! r»
'he load was then applied at point
i. on either side of the centre, the be
:c as before, immediately
of the two points of ap
given in the following t
ft
T&&L
w.
200
400
800
1,000
1,200
006
II
1
deflection of th piers moved hori
the packing pieces at b b had to be removed and repla*
prepared to prevent the beam sliding horizontally c
The feet of the piers had also to be prepared to j:
sliding horizontally. In the actual viaduct there i
' bending stives on the piers, due to unequal 1
- will
.
Mr. Cowderv, Engi
for Existing Lines, for their kindness in alh.v ing him to have the
> lai-e \wi I '.ridges Inquiry
for testing.
i, m , una f\ Mii.linn to the Tnh ersity the specin
Discussion.
Mr. J. A. M 'Donald, A.M.T.C. K.. said:— Hearii
touching on the question of compound
ingth of Colonin
1, ,. f tl is S • ir 1 . intr< lured >
: ^raphiral method of ■
The beam shown on plate 15
is 29 ft. centres of bearings,
and is composed of three logs, ea
h 12 in. x 12 in. bolted and
keved together as sho wn. The m
show that if a compound beam 1)
- correctly designed to take the
tho compound beam is equal to
that of a solid beam of the same t
wide, anJ 29 feet centres, would 1
load, taking the modulus of
rupture of ironbark at 12,7G8 lbs.
The total breaking strength of
three beams each 12 inches 1
bolts or keys, would be 57 tons i
with a distributed load, or onet
beam. It will be .seen, therefore
pound beam can vary between one-
md three depending entirely on
length of the ordinate at tlmt noiid, as A'
I) -aui shown. On plate ]
each key, and the I '
neutral axis. The c
7 remains now to show that the beam is not
:ing holes for the keys. The curve M Q reprea
bending moments on the beam, due to an even'
lof 340 tons; the curve MP represents the
I for the reduc
beam at each key; and the line M represents
cutting the key holes is ample for the stress that comes upon it,
and that the beam as compounded of three separate beams is
equal in ^trenirth t > ;i >oiid beam of equal scantling.
on the paper before the meeting, but he must content himself by
thanking Professor Warren for his most valuable and interesting
paper, containing as it does data, which every engineer in this colony
has felt the need of and been unable to obtain \\ ith accuracy. The
tests have evidently Keen most carefully made, and the results are
proportionately valuable. The members will look forward with
interest to the further paper on this subject which Professor
Warren has promised them.
Mr. Ciias. Mooui-: said that the remarks of Professor Warren
opened out an interesting < - our timbers are
only valuable in accordance with the way in which they are
obtained. Timber in this country is cut alfthe year round, which
is a great mistake. If an oak tree be cut down -when in full sap
the chances are th it i i twi lve m >:,ths time fungus or dry-rot will
be found to exist in it. The timbers of the Exhibition of 1862
were selected by Sir William Macarthur and himself. They took
care that the wood was collected only at the proper time. Some
of this timber could now be seen in the Kew Museum.
longer or shorter
time, and this is due in a gen itirely to the time
of year when the tree is felled. Col. Ward in his experiments on
ironbark stated that he had tried five kinds, and had found the
white ironbark of Illawarra to be the strongest.
Mr. Trevor Jones, C.E., said that engineering in this colony
has been suffering from the want of experiments, there being no
lack of theories. The experiments of Professor Warren were
useful as affecting the timbers we are using every day. In erecting
bridges in the colony for some- nine year- he had allowed for a
stress of 17,000 1b. per square inch ;~ this estimate was too high
according to Professor Warren, who had reduced it to 13,000.
He was sure thai the colony would desire the
paper to appear in a published form in its entirety.
[Six diagrams.]
IRON BARK
Bate!
CE
4LHT1 1 H h H i
|I | 1 | ! | 1 | | j | | | j i I ' j
I § 1 1 1 i ii iUUiUJun
Diagram of Breaking Experiment
*»»■
Span t86 clear or l>£ centres , loaded in centre
HcEfcuxjtal Scale- STona to One 1
i craucked with 16-5* tons , buL did not
WAQQA WAGGA VIADUCT
From Drawing supplied by the Engineer for
Existing Lin es. _
CTJ
Original Tretde.Ho. 89 Bott of PUm.
i, Piles, Walings, Braces
IK
Walings, Braces
soms, Decking, Balla>
: --|--p
v\!
Iron in One Span.
.jr.! "§|5||)
Timber in
JneSpan.
HeadTtocta, Corbels, Girders
!^Z5£££k'i.
each Bay.. °6 0*' 14 10
(Sjg&/3-86.)
-Diagram of Experiments made at the Government Yard,
Clyde, for testing the strength of Timber Girders
Batel3.
Test of Compound Beam, 29 6' long.
(With 10ft. Corbels.) (Distance between Beams, 6'
top* ^t
sn-s
%? ^wneal iT'T^i
y
i
\
1
"•Vi
,.,■
1
-7-;
Test of Compound Beam, 2tT
lo
V. 4 \hmiiM 1 ~«*'
Cort*
c-
ft J 5 2
|1
[*
!!
1
f
I
f.
Slack Holta.
No'Tnn^na
sick Bolto.
¥HCT®IRMM
Hate 14.
COMPOUND BEAM
Plate 15.
5ca,/e of timber work
do « moments
' shear
curves BN*TN£
i
a 1
K
^V
^ x
\
-J ~ J H
) )
)
0^"
j
^ === ~L === ~~
PROCEEDINGS.
PROCEEDINGS
ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
; of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed.
, I'. li itn. i.t .:v Grant on subscriptio
, freight and charges repaid
, commission on cheques remitted
PROCEEDISC.S.
Expenditure.
-advertisements
-
books aud periodicals . .
engraving ami foi Journal
:ing, &c
housX^r, to 31st Mai
: ch '.'.'. '.'.'. '.'.'. Z
£surancnnbooks S and'f
urnitn're Z Z. Z
medals for awards
postage and duty stamps
petty cash expenses
refreshments and attend;
repairs and painting
CLARKE MEMORIAL FUND,
interest accrued to 31st March, ISSfi
By fixed deposit in Union Hank
,, balance due from Oriental Bank
Sydney, 22nd April, 1886.
1 SMITH MEMORIAL FUN
ROBERT HUNT, Honorary Treasurer.
Audited- W. H. WEBB, Assistant Secretary.
W. C. W. BARTEL8,
P. N. Trebeck.
Sydney, 22nd April, 1886.
Messrs. W. A. Dixon and S. MacDonnell were elected Scru-
tineers for the election of officers and members of Council.
A ballot was then taken and the following gentlemen were duly
elected officers and members of Council for the current year : —
CHRISTOPHER
ROBERT HUNT,
- . J. ASH BURTON THOMPSON,
M.D., Brux.
F.'t.s. F.L.
A, WRIGHT, M.R.L.-.E..0E
, Brux.
IARLES MOORE, F.L.S. I C. S. V
The following gentlemen were duly elected <
ordinal-
v menders o£
the Society : —
Bowman, Arthur, Sydney.
Dunn, Edward Casey, Ashfieltl
Bigg, Thomas S. J., B.A., Bydi
The certificates of two new candidates wen
:■ read for the second
time, and of seven for the first time.
The names of the Committeemen of the
diherei:
.t Sections of
the Society were announced, viz. : — ■
Microscopical Section.— Chairman : P. B
F. B. Kyngdon. Committee : Dr,
. Pedlei
,-. Secretarv:
. Morr
is, H. G. A.
Wright, M.R.C.S.E., T. Whitelegge,
and T.
F. Wiesener.
Medical Section. — Chairman : Sir Alfred Roberts
. Secretaries:
Dr. Ashburton Thompson, Dr. A.
mittee : Hon. Dr. MackeUar, M.L.C..
.M <■<',,
rmick. Coni-
, Dr. T
l,,masEvaus,
Dr. Knaggs, Dr. Chaml^is, Prof. Anderson
Stuart, M.D,
Dr. F. N. Manning.
Five hundred and ninety-four dmiuth.i.s -
»| boot
s, periodicals,
A circular was read from tin- ^-m-tai-v <.i t
son Science Fund, Boston, I'.S. Am. ,';.,,,
for grants of money in aid of sri.-ntinV work
The Chairman' announced that the Coun<
•il int.-
tided to hold
Professor LivKiisii, ( .i:, F.R.s,. LWid.-nt, then read his address.
Dr. Leibius said he took this opportunity of thanking their
retiring president for the kind manner in which lie had referred
to his (Dr. Leibius') past services as one of the lion, secretaries
during the last eleven years. He had always had great pleasure in
doing whatever he could to forward the interests of the Society,
and he felt gratified that Prof.-.-oor Livm.-dd-- had consented to
resume the duties of an honorary -^« ntarv once more. He
regretted that living asvav from town comoeled him to resign the
eliairltln
the very a
Professor Liyersiik.k, in risin.e; ti) acknowledge tlio eomplimrnt
just tendered him, said iliat as In- had oecuj.ied so much of their
time already he would not detain them with alon.trivj.lv. lie ox -
pressed his sense of the gratifying terms in which the vote of
thanks had been jiroposed. and esj.eeially for the impressive way
which it had been passed l.y the meeting \
honorary secretaries he would
best to promote the interests of the Socie
C. Rollestox. C.M.i
The minutes of the last mef
The following gentlemen w<
found in Mad
South Wales i
3 of the plant being found
time the continent of 1
It was no:
284
by currents. Other proofs of the unity of the two places might
be found in the statement that marsupials, red cedar, and
eucalypts are the same in both, although our wood is better,
probably because it grows in a southern part, as it was a fact
that the farfchei *ce©d the deeper the timber
becomes. Sir Joseph Hooper is of opinion that the cedar used
for making cigar boxes I n cedar.
A paper by the Rev. George Pratt on "A comparison of the
dialects of E. and \V. Polynesi n, Malay, Malagasy, and Austra-
lian," was communicated by the Rev. W. Wyatt Gill, B.A.(Lond)
Mr. Gill, after speaking of the high respect with which the
Rev. George Pratt wa, rcgard.d as an authority on matters
connect ! with th Sanio n u I othn languages said that he
wished more study were given to Polynesian dialects by those
who had a taste : ow, while practicable, they
might gather up the spoken and unwritten languages of these
Roya
was of opinion that
race, and that .some i
be obtained, if the mil
languages of Now South "Wales. It was true that nearly all th
coast tribes were extinct, except on the Clarence and a few otlic
places, but away uvsi of the Darling and west of Queenslan
there were large numbers of natives yet existing who still spoa
the dialects in all their purity. Aimm-st these natives a nurnlw
, many of them, intelHe
' JULY, 1SS6.
H. 0. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The minutes of the last me ; confirmed.
The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members
»f the Society :—
Brown, David, Kallara, Darling River.
Grut, Percival de Jersey, Sydney.
Heydon, L. F., M.L.A., Sydney.
Mi'rFarla -. Ivh urd, Bourke.
Morgan, Dr. Edward, Mount Victoria.
Provis, John, Sydney.
Smith, Walter Alexander, A.M.I.C.E., Sydney.
The certificates of four now candidates were read for the second
ime, and of seven for the first time.
One hundred and seventy-two donations of hooks, periodicals,
:c, were laid upon the tabic
Mr. Kyngdon read a paper h\- Mr. II. I' Maosks •• Notes on
the process of polishing and figurii
hand,, and experiments with Flat Surra,-,-.'
Forty-three diagrams and twenty five .-..loured lithographic
bourhood of th.-'.rujVi,,,, ,, r ' Ki-uk.-itlo. ' w.'re' exhibited and
The following gentlemen Avere duly elected ordinary members
of the Society:—
Edmunds, Percy James, Sydney.
Holmes. SpencM- Harrison'. Allandale, Hunter River.
Quayle, Edwin, Glebe Point
Threlfall. Richard, B. A. (Cantab.), Profenor of Pliysics,
the PUESIDKXT,
on i
the Society's n
On the moti
late Rev. Petfj
:"'M'
A discussion upon the subjeet of the paper took place,
the following eenilemen took part-, viz.: — Rev. Rober
Sir Alfred Roberts, Messrs. J. F. Mann, E. Du F:
J. Trevor Jones.
WEDNESDAY, 1
SEPTEMBER, 1SSG.
C. Rollestox, C.M.G
., President, in the Chair.
he minutes of the last meeti
ng were read and confirmed.
'he following gentlemen \\ en
3 duly elected ordinary men
he Society :—
I'.irker, William Mandrill
'
Blaek.-t, Arthur, Svdn<-v.
CoIlini^voo.I. i.)avi.l, M\[),
Hill.
(Lond.), E.R.C.S., Eng, Sur
MacDonald, John Alexand.
*r,M.J.M.E.,A.M.I.C.E.,Syci
Xewmarch, Bernard .fame:
i, L.R.C.P. (Lond.), M.R.C.!
Saavr, Ivlmund F,. Nvdn.-v
.!.. M.h.O.u,
*n'a Univ., I.vi.,. Sydney,
A discussion followed in which the following "vii
part, viz.: —Messrs. If. ( .'. Kuss.dl J K Mann 'l 1
C. S. Wilkinson, Dr. Thomas Dixon and tie- Chain..
Dr. Leibius, M.A, F.C.S., exhibited and des
beautiful specimens of gold in calcite, from the Ui
the lime having been disked in acid, the gold \
network of th ti test i u. it im 4 filaments.
The following letter in connection with the above was
The quartz was token from
from Barraba and about thn ,. m l,. s ,
creek locally known as '-Tea-tree (Jr.
■ast'ot tin'' main
^ek/' in the Peel and Cralla mining
we'/e taken from a de[>tli of ,-,!,, it to
for nearly two years. The specimens
' A l.att'Jiy' is in coiirse of erection,
I am ' A * c ;( KMSTRO xG.
.n, C.M.G.. Pr.-Md-nt : H. ( '. Russell, F.R.S.,
; Robert Hunt, F.O.S., Treasurer; A. Liver.si.lge,
Secretary; F. F». Kvn»don, Hon. Sec-rotary:
F.L.S., P. R. ro.lloyi .1. Ashburton Thompson,
ran- pot plants l.y Mr. ( '. Moore, F.1..S.
. Director of
Mr. F. Morley presided at tin- or-an.
The number of -nests present Mas ben
The following is a list of the articles e:
Fairfax, -las. If.-- Collection of coins.
Salmon, W.— Collection of Australian di
Flkington ami Co. -Copies of eelebratot,
ware, shields, plaques, vases, etc.
Paling, W. H. -Bronzed coloured bus
Einile Cuillemin. Exhibited in th.
Walker, P. 13. — 1. Japanese pictures.
2. .Tapani ■.-..■
Phiiip. Dr. Alex.— National Hungarian
Barff, H. E., Registrar.— Books from U
Sinclair, Sutherland.— 1 . Old Looks. 2.
Warrant of King Charles I.
Minister for Mini s. — < o-ological maps.
Philip, Dr. Alex. — Oil painting, " Depai
Contingent," by H. J. C. Mitchell.
Picturesque Atlas Co. — Series of views
of Australia
Amateur Photo, 3 f views near Sydney.
Selfe, Norman, C.E. — 1. Album of American photographs. 2. Old
Deffell, G H.— 1. One quarto volume of Cary's new map of
England and Wales of 179 b 2. A view of London about
the year 1560.
Sinclair, Sutherland. — 1. Stereoscope and views of New York,
River Hudson. 2. Four revolving albums of Scottish
Russell, H. C, F.R.S.E.— Photos, of the Flood in the River
Darling.
Wilkinson, C. S., F.G.S.— Photos, of interior of Jenolan Caves.
Cox, Hon. G. H, M.L.C. — 1. Ten photographic views of Mount
Wilson. 2. Eight photographic views of Mulgoa, on the
Nepean River.
Jackson, Rev. H. L. — Etchings (unframed).
290 PROCEEDINGS.
Selfe, Norman.— 1. Old prints of London Churches. 2. Copy of
"EcclesiasticaLondini." 3. Old prints of Hampton Court
Palace. 4. Old Remter Dish. 5. Leaden bust of Sir Isaac
Newton.
Wright, Dr. — Original letter from Lord Nelson, conveying the
account of the Battle of the Nile.
Dowling, Judge. — Old map of Sydney.
Adams, P. P., Surveyor-General. — Shields taken from trees
originally marked by Surveyors, some in 1830.
Sinclair, Sutherland.— Figures of animals cut by Esquimaux, in
Cox, Dr.— 1. Two carved shells from New Caledonia. 2. Collec-
tion of cloths from the S. Sea Islands, collected on the three
voyages of Captain Cook.
Wilkinson, C. S., Government Geologist. — 1. Boomerangs from
Bourke, N.S. W. 2. < Mi h: isc u
3. Kava Bowl from Solomon Islands. 4. Warrior's club,
Santa Cruz.
Amateur Photographic Socmi v. — Views of New South Wales.
Cox, S. Herbert— The Diamonds of New South Wales, illustrated
by lantern views.
Hewett, T. E.— Experiments, with polarised light.
Haswell, W. A, M.A,B.Sc. Wax models of the development of
—1. The serpula (a marine annelid worm). 2. The fresh-
water crayfish. 3. The chick.
Hargrave, L. — Flying machines, the motion of lish, serpents, &c,
based on the principle- of the troehoided plane.
Ellis, Dr. H. A.— Pure cultivation of micro-organisms, bacteria,
&c, and apparatus a- described in I>r. Woodhead's book on
the subject.
Katz, Dr. O. — Pure cultivation of micro-organisms, bacteria, &c,
in Sydney water and ensilage.
Wilkinson, Dr. W. C.— Pure cultivation of micro-organisms,
bacteria, &c., in solid media, Koch's method.
Haswell, W. A., M.A., B.Sc. -S.-ries of specimens illustrating the
marine zoology of Port Jackson.
Brazier, John, F.L.S. — Ki .v sp.-eimens of recent trigonias.
Collie, Rev. Robt.. F.L.S. 1. Rare ferns mounted on cards and
in album. 2. Specimen of tin ore from N. England.
3. Fossils.
Whitelegge, T. I . lea collected by.
Rigg, T. S. J.— Collection i recent volcanic
Cox, S. Herbert" PCS. -Block of Alunite, I I lu
manufactured from the itone.
Makin, G. E.— 1. Silurian and carboniferous fossils. -'. (;pmS
from Berrima.
Minister of Mines. — Collection of mine)
Wales.
Ratte, Felix.— Crystallized gold from N
Australian Museum.- 1. Saddle-shaped
Sandhurst, 2. Tribachyocrinus
ferous sandstone of Illawarra.
Livcrsidge, Professor, F.R.S.E.— 1. C
Tasmania. 2. Gold ore, &c.
3. Collection of N. S. AY. silver
Harwell. W. A.. M.A.. li.Se. -1. Ca
I of pi,
,T.1\
and manufactured !y exhibitor). J. Theodolite, f, . :;. Level,
16". 4. Pentairraph (improved). ."». Tin- grinding of optical
. various stages
gemhalls in suspension.
Board of Technical Education.— 1. Tri-unial lantern and slides
(Mr. Ramsay, operator). L'. Polanscope lantern and slides
to illustrate the beautiful effects of polarised light (Mr.
Hewett, operator).
Amateur Photographic Society. — Lantern slides, views near
Kingsbury, H. & Co.— Telephones and variou* electrical apparatus.
Rothe, Dr. R.— 1. Lustrum* -'.at ion of breath,
weight, height, etc. 2. Improved chairs and desks.
Madsen, H. F.— 1. A silver on glass reflector, showing magnification
of objects at the ventre of curvature (mad ■ by the exhibitor).
2. Flat glasses for measuring minute films of air or silver
(made by exhibitor).
Hoff, Dr. Aug.— Hoffs apj - "W larynx.
Russell, H. C, Government Astronomer.— 1. A new dock, made
after the model of the Post Office clock. 2. Photos, of
instruments in the Observatory. 3. A new micrometer for
comet work. 4. A very old telescope, on universal stand.
5. Experiments on dilitancy, showing the extraordinary
behaviour of sand in an india-rubber hag.
Lichtner, E. F., optician— 1. Photographic apparatus and instru-
ments used in photography. 2. The miniature detective
camera. 3. New camera for photographing on continuous
roll of sensitised paper. 4. Field developing tent lenses, &c.
M'DonneUand Co., opticians.— A collection of scientific apparatus
—Electric vacuum tubes, photographs, &c.
Poate, F— Subtense theodolite bv Tronghton and Sims.
Selfe. Norman, ( '.E. - Steam olivine indicator forgiving continuou
Liv. r-idp-. l*i-i .t". — ■ .!-. I' l;>. I' rtable assay balance, improve^
by Mr. J. M. Smith, of Sydney.
"1\ • lm< logi (1 'Shui urn lent an interesting collection of exhibits.
Etchings of objects of art, 1st series!
"II Tesora di san Marco in Venezia," 1 vol.
" The art of the old English potter," 1 vol.
"Ornaim . ,,f Bungary,"l vol.
" Ladies' old-fashioned shoes." 1 vol.
" Portfolios of Art," 26 parts.
" Journal of Indian Art," 13 Kos.
" Jeypore enamels," 1 vol.
The following is a list of Prof. Threlfall's exhibits and demon
I. An experiment for a rougb
estimation
of the resistance
of so-called insulating sub;
The method depends on ai
i application
of the induction
balance.
The theory is complicate
d, but a sts
ktement will he
written up near the appai
The method is still being ex
I'lerini.-nt.-d oi
IV A galvanometer, designed i
o efficient* The
peculiarities are —
(«) Sensitiveness is got by an
(b) The suspended parts are a
nit the '• moment
of inertia " may be easi
(c) Resistance of winding is be
(d) Co-efficient of self-inductio
11.
the coils readily
in the magnetic merid
co-efficient of the suspe:
iidincj fibre.
I. A kathetometer, designed
by Prof. P(
>ynting, of Bir-
mingharn, and manufactured bv
the "Cambridge
Scientific Instrument
Company."
The original
(«) The scale does not suppc
at any of tl
ie weight of the
(ft) The telescope always move
» parallel to i
tself because it is
(c) The object-gla.ssof'tll.'^h-li
:S:::l
E?:5£;!
(d) Tbel.ah' 1 is 1I rra!rdi^tlv
'iVm'ao'?',
a 'microscope «**
(/) iCr^ntHfovh,]
ling are very
TV. Two reading miriT.sc,
Lord Rayleigh by
ment Company."
adjustment, d-.-i-u
Darwin, whereby
Embryolog
Apparatus to
mounting
IX. Two " <■•• 1 by Prof. Tli
effects ^ in ,n itei (T'l il. pi i ' Mu
1886).
i'r.'i:
i machine, &c.
XT. Machine for grinding and polis
This machine is based on N;
Dr. H. A . E Ilia ion of pure culture apparatus,
a- used In iratory.
The undcrm. duiun] microscopes :— \Y. A.
Has , V(1 ll, M.A 1- M. •»■ IU .* T. F. Wiesener T. (Jaunt
& Co.. F. B. Kvnu.h.n. T. Whitelegge, P. R. Pedley, H. O.
[lit, Thos. S. .1. Rigg,
, L. Jackson, G. S.
.sklent., in the Chair,
ere read and confirmed.
ily elected ordinary members
\M., Prince Alfred Hospital,
Hozier, Charles H. S., F.R.C.S.I, Lie. K. aiv! (,». Coll. Phys.
(Ireb), Windsor, N.S.W.
Marshall, George A., M.B., Sydney.
Martin, Thomas M.. Ul.C.!'. Lii.C.S.. , i- din.), Sydney.
Scott, Walter, M.A. (Oxon.), Professor of Classics, Sydney
The certificates of six new candidates were read for the second
time, and of four for the first time.
Tin i [airman mnoiinced that th Soeiet s Journal for 1885,
Vol. XIX, had been delivered to all the members entitled to the
same. He also stated that one of the members of the Society,
Mr. Edward Ross Fairfax, had generously promised through
Professor Liversidge the sum of £200 as' a donation to the
Building Fund on condition that tin- balanee necessary to clear off
the end of the year.
On the motion of the Hon. <!. A. Llovd, M.L.A.. seconded
by Dr. Leibius, M.A.. the best thanks of rim Society were accorded
to Mr. Fairfax for his kind and liber;.! .,
Eighty-nine donations of books and i ;■; ;:<• h were laid upon
Mr. Dokk
Professor Liversidge laid upon the table an abstract of a paper
by Professor E. IF. I! i:\nm:, MA I > Se of the Adelaide
University, "Notes on the sweet prineij.!,. of Smilax (ilvcvphylW
and moved that i . although tho
paper had been published irable that an
Professor Livkijm ih;f. drew '■■•■ mi ,,, to t) ■• following corres-
that lie did so on accoui
existed in correcting an
account of so
Dear Sir,
from;, thiVasI
indly assmted
:
will not bedistm- I tb temporary u.e of them.
A. Liversidge, Esq. . Sydney. """ 1 " t MURDOCH.
obliged to you for the opportunity of examining the coins
from the eash-b 's house at \\ airoa
. do not show any
trace of fusion. Qi d tho othertwo
had been stuck 1 «8» ™» merely
slightly adherent b; 3oor. mistaken
;-. .: !.!■.,:■:.■ • - '- '■"•'•' .'• ' •
a thin film of oxide of eopp< : :
other parts of the \a * 1 ' ' » !
, -- l,.ft. On jdu.m-tv.ohalr
crowns together and heating them in the flame of a spirit lamp 1 produced
::.!.i. ;: .,-■ •■ '■. . : ■
special wZL t lX probably have
temperature to ."m.L/i tl «. . opper of the alloy, by
pparently been cemented together
D. L. Murdoch, Esq.
■
296 PROCEEDINGS.
Professor Liversidge, F.R.S., read a paper "Notes o
illustrated l>y a largo collection of specimens.
Some remarks were made by Mr. C. S. Wilkinson.
Mr. H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.S., read a paper
Film- Micrometer."
About thirty members were present.
WEDNESDAY, 1 DECEMBER, 1SSG.
C. Rolleston, C.M.G., President, in the Chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The following gentlemen were duly elected ordinary members
of the Society :— ■
Bowker, Robert S., L.R.C.P., Edin., M.R.C.S., Eng., Sydney.
Carey, John R., St. Leonards.
Crago, W. H., L.R.C.P., Lond., M.R.C.S., Eng., Sydney.
Haslam, John, Sydney.
Hutchinson, W. A., Balmain.
Redfearn, William, Burwood,
and the following as corresponding member, viz.,
Professor Jules Marcon, F.(i.S, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.
. The certificates of four new candidates were read f«»r the second
time, and of two for the first time.
It was resolved that Messrs. W r . C. W. Bartels and H. 0.
W r alker be appointed Auditors for tin- current year.
Professor Tiirelpall, 15. A.
the Theory of Dissociation of (
Mr. Russell made some rem
other Minerals." «°>. "On the composition of Pumice fro:
Pacific."
Remarks were made by the Hon. G. A. Lloyd and Mr
Wilkinson.
Professor Warren*, A.M.T.C.E., road a paper "On the St:
iry of Iron-bark Timber as applied to works
A short di- ;-nessof the hou
in which Messrs. C. Moore, J. Trevor Jones, and J. A. ]
Mr. H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.S., read a paper—"
Floods in Lake George."
About thirty members were present.
LIBRARY OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
(The names of the Donors are in ,
Transaction^ Journals, Repoi
Aberdeen :— The Aberdeen University Calendar
1886-87.
Adelaide :—
Central Board of Health (!
No.Yl6\l
Kxtraet from the Orders and Regulatio
3 Aug. -"""
!-. V.R. No.:
Typhoid Fever. 1'if C< ntrut hoard ,
Report of the Progress and Condition of the Botanic O:
< - Li-nmeut Plantation* dnrimi IVSo Th <
The Forest Flora of South Australia, by J. E. Brown, i.L
Report of the Board of Governors of the Public Library, Mm
tGalle. iss 5 -86
Dtionsa: 1T ^
Austral i
Amsterdam :— Veralaeen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van
ks3. Deel. I, 1885
Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Akademie van ^ etenscha ^'2^demy.
Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde Aflevering IS* G^jjjM* ^ % . _
Revue Coloniale Internationale. Tome II, Nos. 2-6, *^rj™*> 1 ^ 86 "
UAtmdaix % Amsterdam.
Auckland :-Report of the Auckland Institute and Museum^for ]884-85.
Ballaabat : -Annual Report of the School of Mines forthe .year JJ*^
American Journal of Mathematics. Vol. VI 1. Xos. :) ami
" " " " IX ' No. 1.
Am rican Journal of Philology. Vol. V, No. 4. Whol<
No. 4." Whole No. 24.
■ ■ -
(Fourth „ ). Parts 1, 2
Proceedings of the Trustees of the John F. Slater Fuiu
Education of Freedmen, 1884.
Studies from the Biological Laboratory. Vol. II, No. 3.
TIr' 'Maryland Hist- ,",' «! Society.' Annual'keport of the
and Committees for 1884-1885.
University Circular-, Vol. V, Xos. l~>, 10, and 47.
884-1885.
2, and 3.
Bostok (Mass.) :—
American Academy
Proceedings. (
Boston Society of Natural His
Occasional Papers.
Proceedings. Vol.
Colonial Secretary, Queensland -
v
Houses.
The Health Act of 1SS4. Th O.W-./ S. ■;■■ i,
Report of the Second Ordinaiy M< etini:. Maivh, 1>^',.
Royal Society of Queensland—
Notes on Queensland Ants : l.y Hem y Tryon.
Proceedings. Vol. -\ Tarts I and -'. l>s"«.
Bristol :— Bristol Xaturalists' Society—
List of M * ending 30 A
Proceedines. (New Series.) Vol. V, Part 1. lSSo-0.^ ,^
t-lMS.
„ IV. „ 1, 2, 3. 18S5-1886. 77/ c Jf««
Society Royi Igique—
i-v"
1 'i o , \ a ..il. Tome XIV il Au_. t . ."> 1> •• .. l^.'o.
„ XV (9 Jan. to 4 July, 1886).
Statu (Second Edition-) 1886. TheSoi
Bucharest : — I] Romaniei—
St. C. Hepites. 1884. We /«*
Acad, mi, Xati .n ile des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Caen-
f India-
Memoirs (Pala. •
Series X. Vol. III.
Vol. XIX. Parts 1
' , tllltrtl.
' '
srdinand Stoliczka, Ph.D. ; by
V. Ball, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S.
1886.
Thr (Jar, m nun: '. of Iwlin.
Transactions. Vol. I. Parts 1 and
The Association.
Cambridge Philosophical Society—
Proceedings. Vol. V. Part 5.
Cambridge University Library —
6. The Library.
the Zoology at Harvard Col-
Annual Re;, rt of the Curator for IS
Bulletin. Vol. XII. Nos. 3, 4, 5,
0, and Index.
Aargang. 1885.
Boletin. Tomo VII. Kntr. . :s
„ vm. „ ], 2
.":-A.M l l,ini.Mk-.S,i.. 11( ,.., Arts, .t I'm 1
Tomo VII I (Serie :;>. I
1884. rJe ,S ° USC ieU ' Ub ' JUI " '" f, ' L ' S< '"' >yaS
i-le-n in don J'h^nhiithigcvn von _ Helmst-
ihei- Urnenfunde in 1 von Dr. J. V. De
• l.iliivsl„-,i,!,t. Hand IV. Part \\l. |ss.",.
W-r/riolmis v..n For.M-lieni in wiss, nsrhafth. I,, r I.an.l. s un.I \ .,lk-
fcunde Mittel-Kuropas ; von I'aul Kmil Riditer.
Botanical
Vol. I.
„ II.
tions and Proceeding. Vol. XV. Part 1
- -7
ivS4.' ] L ' Th, OUs, rmtunj.
i m. :— v-u< 'knio. r_r>. In Xaturforschende G
d XIV. Heft 1. 1SS6.
,me XXVI!.
Iowa City (Iov.a; :--Io\va Weather Service—
Report for 1883. The Director qf tht
■ \v.:..\ :— Medic he Gesellschaft—
.Idais.h. / UmIi it ' 'i, - \1\ X.F. Ilanu
Sitzungsberichte. Heft 1 and 2. 1885.
Ko.virsbebj: I. Pr. :— Konigliehe [•hvsikali.<ci.-..kon..inisci!
Seliriften. Jahrgang XXVl'. 188&
■';.' ' ,-■ ■'■. • v . ' . . . , — ...
-
2S TomeTl. 1885.
iNord— _
3titute of Great Britain a
i .-■.;.
No*. 3 and 1.
,, XVI.
No. 1.
-
rol. XLII. Nos. 165-16
>ns. Vol.' XXVII. 1886.
1. No. I, 18S6.
"• I£
W-v
ol. XXI. Xos. 140, 1
! xxni. 1', 150, u
Zoology ,'
, XIX. „ HO to
, XX. „ 116.
List'of M
embers. So
ssion 1 884-1 8S5.
" i>. Zh !.
1 Office—
" 188 °- 1SS6 -
eadings. 1S83. Part 3. Official X
International Polar Ex
Fort
Eae.
Report of
ological Council to the I
\ ■ ."
r Eenortfof tlS \fon
January to June,
1886. ' Official No. 68.
ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY.
I Append
1 to 41 „ „ ^ M »^
1 Society-
T ' ' jf Members.
ralogical Mag;
Vol. VI. N«k 31 and 32. 1886.
The Calendar of the T
Proceedings. V<
,1. \
in.
'iCrV
!. an is
Quekett Microscopic
Vol. 1
I. N<
..14,
Royal Agi It il S
J*
%"
RoydAs.rtic^.i^
,l'xv
Royal Astronomical :
Monthly Notice;
<o,r
LVI.
Urn.
Royal Colonial Instil
Catalogue of the
; i!ii
.rary.
KVII.
ism;
;-8G.
Royal Geographical !
Proceedings. \
vi,:
VIII.
^;.
11 ami
Royal Historical Soc
!w>
Series)
. Vol
i. III.
Royal Institution of
rtBri
fnl Society —
B. 30 Novemb(
!>,,„,, lin-s. V..1. \\\1\
24-2- '244.
vice Institution—
1. XXIX. N... 132. 1SS.X an.l
. Vol. XVIII. Parts 2-20.
ary and Philosm
:— The University—
V. 1884-85. ThrSocUhi.
tions, &c.
People. (Fin
Order of St. ' John of Jerusalem in England. (Specimen Card
of Membership. )
Pamphk:- ->, Lectures, &c. JSos. 1--1
inclusive. 1SS3-1S>3. , ^ nl
Sanitary Alphabet.— Hints on your 1!
. Victoria —
; toms and Man
... a „.iamber.— Di
ies and Shops Act, 1885." Regulal
Factories and Shops Act,
structions, &c, for the
Plan and Specification of a Temporary Hospital I
Prevention of Small-pox, and How to stop it from S
Regulations for the Prevention of the Spread
Diseases. 31 July, 1884, and 23 April. 1 -■••
Regulations made by the Central Board of Health
ft ix.rts nf the rcntf.il B -ard of Health. 188a,. 18 *
Scarlet Fever and Measles.— Symptoms and Direct
\ ictoria,
Treatment of the Apparently Drowned.
■ '
its Management in the absence oi Medical Aid.
What to do in case of Snake-bite. The Chief Secretary
Victoria—
Annual 1' abers, &c
'apuan Plants. Vol. II. Part !
elW, K.V.M.C. F.K.S.. kv.
r the year ended 1 March, 1886.
Mining Department-
Royal Commission „ :i w.. lt , ;: - Sinmly. I'ii-i •
1885, ;,. bj the Hon. A.
Deakin, M.P.
Further Progress Report. 9 July, 1885. .
Gauging? i
Gauging* o I the Kiewa «i\
Tables s\v: . discharge of Rivera Murray,
Mitta, and Loddon.
Tubercul i , rt. 1884. ,
Th * m ion, for Mi,v < «»rf WW. r ***#•
Public Library— ssfi
Myoporin.v Part II. Lithograms. i»w>-
By Baron Ford. v<,:i M ■ ■!Lt K (.' M.C. F.lt.-v, ■-"'-'• , jjvV(
itz -.-Vereina fiir Erdkimd,
lis. Vol. III. Sob.'
I. No. it. 1
New Yay.K— continued.
ember 7, 1884.
„ vii. „' i:>4, 15(5,
and 158 to 201
in.-hisiv*
...
Naturforscher xt
iOdcs.1
id'j. ISV,.
IVilacc
Th<;
Socfci
».
Catalogue of Canadian Plants.
etelffi. :
[Jy Jol
Macoun, M.A., !'.!..>.. \,-.
1884. '
Comparative Vocabularies of the 1
ndian Tribes. .t I
with Map. By W. Fraser
. 188
By J. F. Whiteavcs, F.C.S.
1 BS&
77,. hh-irtor.
Thr. SochllJ.
tealeAccademiadig
Bollettino. Anno II. J
Paris :— Academie des Sciences d
_i • de Paris—
liulFtiiis. iS-ric 3). Tunu'VIIl. Fuse. 4. 1885.
„ IX. „ i, 2, 3. issfi.
The Society.
-22, 24-27. 20 43.
7V " ■ s ''"' ; ' / -' / -
Bulletin. (sSne'.U 1 fol XI." ISSL '' ' "' The Society.
Sociele de Geographic—
„ „ VIL „ 1,' 2, 1886.
Compte Rendu. Nos. 16, 17, 18, 1883.
„ 19, 20, 18S5.
„ 1 to 15, 1886.
trouvent dans les Alb
date du 22 Nov., 1S85.
>- i. t • Fran: iw de Mim-ralogie—
Bulletin. Tome I to VIII, 1S7S to 1SS5 inclusive.
„ IX. Nos. 1 to 6, 1836. The Society.
Society Zoologique de France-
Bulletin. Tome X. Part 4-6, 1885.
„ XI. „ 1-4, 18S6. The Society.
-x v\< k :— Royal Geological Society of Cornwall.
Transactions. Vol. X. Part 8. 1886. The Society.
the Town of Fremantle, "***
tee of the Legislative Council appoin;
1SS6.
;rican Entomological Society-
Transactions, Vol. XI, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 18S4.
„ „ XXIII, No, 121, 122, 1886. ^^.^
Journal, VoL^XI, Nos. 721 to 726, inclusive, 1SS6.
„ CXXII, Nos. 727 to 732, inclusive, 1886.
rorts, I, P, P, P, .1. K. K-. K . r J . L, M, M-, M-', >", 0, <
. . Mi i: !-, l-,'i, r,
V, V 3 , Z, A A*"*, Part J, T 3 , C 5 .
ases, I 3 , P, E, A - 1 «i Field, Part 1) ]
Annual Report
Annual Report and Transactions, Vol. IX, Par. 2,
w Loots :— Meteorological Society of biaorithu.
Mauritius Meteorological Results for 18S4 and ISSo
Biblioteca Nazionalc Central Vktm-k, Vau .
Bollettinoilelk-OiH-n Mo.l. > ,,, s t i , , , , , ,, ,,, ., ,, .lalleliiNiot.vlu-
Jan. -Aug., 188&
Ministuro ,lei Luvori hiU.I i >' I :. .. , . , ,1 Aivliivio tecnico).
Giornale del Genio Civile. An:i.» XXIV. iS-ri- I I. Vol. VI,
Bollettino.
Comptes-Rei
Comptes-Rei
Bulletin. 7 [XX, H 2 ®5.
:; • ■ • ' '; -' '
Bulletin TomolV. Xo. S !■>. ^c,
Turisestan,
Jahrgang, XLII, IsstJ.
Echini, by E. P. Ramsay, LL.D., F.L.S., &c., 1885.
Hints for collecting Geological and Mineralogical Specimens,
The Tmtetl,
- of New South Wales (Public and Private) pane*
during the Session of 1885-6. Tin Cor, now nt I'rh. '< r.
luranee Institute of New South Wales—
The Sydney Record, No. 10, September, 1SSG. Tk> In*r>hit< .
mean Society of New South Wales—
i Series), Vol. I, Parts 1, 2, 3, 188G.
Tho Sorld'J.
Report, 1884, 1885, (in duj
Rules and Objectliofthe NewSouth Wales Minim' Institute.
Sydney University Calendar, 1886.
Tlie University.
*^jJ£iS£F* (llth and 12th) of
the
Public Library,
A.
Tokio :-Seismological Society of Japan.
-transactions. Vol. IX., Parts 1 and 2,
ISsii.
The So<
•kt ; i.
Canadian Institute-
Proceedings. (Third Series.) Vol. III.
Fasc. 3, 4, 1886.
, 1, 1886.
To clous f. : —
The Inst
Academie des Sciences, Inscriptions et Belles
-Lettres de Toulouse.
Memoires (8 Serie), Tome VI, Semcstre 1
Tkkvton fX.J.):-
The Acad
m *
Trenton Natural History Society—
Journal Vol. I, No. 1, January, 1886.
The Society.
iserliche Akade
Register zu d<
ihsanstalt—
! h. 1W WXVLNo.1. 1SS6.
landkmgen, No. 9. 1SS5.
aturhistorisches Hofmu,eums -_
K. K. Zoologisch-!
. .1. Baml X.XXd) •
VII, Nos. 9-23, 2
Annual Report
Report for 1884.
Currency-
Annual Report. 4 Dec., 1S82.
3 ADDITIONS '.
hnwl.
Annual Eeport for the fiscal ;
Hyclrographic Office—
.pril, 1886. No. 31.
Telegraphic Determi
The ureof Oil to less
tionalA^demyofSeie
!'!•■ p ,11<1. ilts.
... M.A. (Cantab.):—
List of Members.
Transactions. Vol. I, Part 1. 1886. E. T. Litton, fl
i:iar,l, M. Alfred:—
Deux Epeces d'Entomophthora Nouvelles pour la Flore Francais
Presence de la Forme Tarichium sur une Museide.
Notice su ' ..;,.-,]. Mai, IS'
Xouv-i! ;.,-.-tida.
ri
s m- le < i' |.- l'mfection des e
de Lille.
Sur rembryo'ji'nii! des Ascidie.s du L'eiire Lithonephria.
' "Ophefiidi 1 (l\ U geme ° yS ° rt IUS ™ CC CS AnDU
Sur uncurieu.N jiIi.'uoim.ti.- de- pr f.-.-umlatinn, ok- . i-\,- .-he/, une Spion:
Oroddeck, HerrnDr. von, in Claustlial :
Hale, Horatio :—
The Origin of Languages and the Antiq
Hector, Dr. James, F.R.S. :—
Recent Volcanic Eruptions, N. Z. Prelin
• the K.Ttii.
iephson, J. P., A.M.I.C.E. :—
Morse, Edward S. : _
n "" "iciesofRhvi
tal Notes on the Pa
Teale, T. Pridgin, M.A. :-
The a
i
„ VI. „ 7-12. 1885.
Wedgwood. - dney Cove, by '.
Whitelog-o, Thomas :—
Gardener's Chronicle.
Magazine.
Illustrated Science Monthly.
Industries.
i inactions of the Photographic S<
Medecine.
Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.
1 1 Record.
1 of New York.
Biedermann. Techniseh-( , heimsches Jjilirl .u>-h.
ri,;]H»rt, lss:,.
V..1. XIX.
n„ i. \ .Is. XX and XXI.
i, by Oscar Schn
Comparative Literati
II>r. t-Yrd. Fischer).
Mcdi. al ( >fli , rof tlu- L.« ,d Government Board (London). Annual Reports.
Medico-Chirurgical Society IWuitH.iiJ. \'!.N.' LXVIII, LXIX, ISSo.
mac, 1889.
X,-u- Sydenham - X ,1. CXV.
Notes and Queries. General Index to 5th a I
■-
.earned Societies of Great Britain
and Ireland. 1886.
-
•-
BiK-kkr's Larv:v of British natt.rtii-s and M«:!-. \ ol. 1.
Report of the Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.U.S.
"Challenger." 1S73-7U.
Zoology. Vols. XIV, XV. and XVI.
Royal Geographic. I ry Papers.
Rotifera or \Vln-, I I 6, by C. T. Hudson, LL.D.
(Cantab.), and P. H. t , .sse, F.R.S.
lence Gossip, 1870.
mac, 1886.
--
Grindstone used by the Aborigines for crushing seeds ior tood purposes ;
10111 Mnml.ltl..m. nth 1. ' Macquarie. H. E. Kater.
W. H. H. Lane.
> the 25,000th of an inch, b;
EXCHANGES AND PRESENTATIONS
BOYALSOCIK.IT '. H' \T\Y ^OUTH WALES,
The Journal and Froc<
AUSTRIA.
• Prague —*Koniglichbolimiselie Go-, <lh,
• Trieste— *Socict'i Adriatic* di Seienze 3
: ■
20. Ei0 de Janeiro.— *L'Observatoire Imperial do Eio de Janeiro.
DENMARK.
FEAXCE.
22. Bordeaux.— *Academie Rationale des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et
23. Caen.— *Acadomie Rationale des Sciences, Arts ct Belles-Lettres.
21. Dijon.— ^Academic des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres.
25. Lille.— *Societe Geologique du Nord.
26. Montpellier.— *Academie des Sciences et Lettres.
27. Paris— * Academic des Sciences de l'lnstitut de France.
28. „ *Depot des Cartes et Plans de la Marine.
29. „ Ecole Rationale des Mines.
i Prance.
I'lndustne Mincrale.
ences Inscriptions et Belles-Lettrc
GERMANY.
56. Bremen.^ + X i* n-, n=c!iai'ili. I , r Ven in zu Bremen.
57. Berlin— T> italic < 1 . mi-, he Gesellsebaft.
58. „ k miederWissensehaften.
59. Bonn.— *2fatur!.i*t..ri<rlier Vcvm dw Pivi.ssischen Elieinlande
Wcstplmlms in Bom,.
52. „ *Natiirwis S ,M i M-i i . . ,.■■.'. r \.
;; CasseL— " Voivin i'ur Xaturkunde.
'•4. Chemnitz.— *Naturwissenschaftliclie Ges
'3. Dresden. v Das Statist ische Bur^iu de-
Dresden.
: -
:ifrl : .-lu-i- Y
72. Freiberg (Saxony). T l
74. Gorlitz.— *Xatuvforschei
75. Grottingen, - J Kuiii-i;ciH
76. Halle A.S.-*Die Kai*
so. Heidelberg. Na:u
81. Jena.— *3r.-<ii.-ini*i-h
82. Konigsbsrg. K >ni
83. Leipzig (Saxony).-
80. Ketz.-*V«eia far Erdbmde zu Mete.
87. MnlhOUSe.— ^Industrial Society.
88. Mnncben.- Liadetnie der Wiss
89. Stuttgart.- & ndesamt.
GBEAT BRITAIN AND THE COLONIES.
1-.: .:
93. Bristol.— •Bristol Naturalists' Society.
91. Camborne -*-Miuiug Association and Institute of Corn*
95. Cambridge— *Pliilosophical Society.
09. Dudley.— Di I and Scientific I
J Field Club.
100. Leeds— *Concliological Society.
:'■■.] >oc->tv. '
. . Mi:,-.
vw.f Literature.
MiddlesboroV- *I«>n ;unl Steel L-t it.de.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
*Nor
158. Plymouth.— *Plymoutl Institution, and
159. Windsor.— The Queen's Library.'
Cam of Good IIoi
160. Cape TOWII— "South- African Philosophi.
Dominion- o:- Caxad
161. Halifax (Nova Scotia).-*Nova Scotia
162. Hamilton (Canada West) .— *Hamilton
163. Montreal.— Natural History Society of I
164. Ottawa— *Goolo. ! rical and Natural Histor
165. „ *R..jal (Society of Canada.
16S. „ The Ottawa Literary and Scu-
167. Toronto— "Canadian Institute.
168. Winnipeg— "Manitoba Historical and Se!
Port Louis.— Roy
Sydney— Austraii
86. Auckland.-*Auekland Institute.
87. Christchnrch. -Philosophical Inst
88. Dnnedin.— Otago Institute.
89. Wellington.— * Colonial Museum.
90. „ \eu /, u i,i 1 *t
Aberdeen.—-
Edinburgh-
!li. Hobart.— *Eojal Society of Tasmania.
!15. Ballarat.— *3chool of Mines and Industries.
- Nation.
♦Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria.
♦Public Library.
.u'eval.
♦Royal Society of Victoria.
♦University.
♦Victorian institute of Surveyors.
HUNGARY.
L Siebenbiirgeil).— *Directionder
ITALY.
Florence-
u'ana dlt alia (Sez'ione Fiorv
231, Genoa— *Museo Civico di Storia Natui-ale.
235. Milan— "Realo Istituto Lombardo di Si-ionze Lett ore ed -
23(5. „ Societa Italiana di Scionzc Xaturali.
237- Modena.— *Academie Royal' des S>-i
23s. Naples.— *S . . „ s ,..
211. Palermo.— - V> . l< i l'a' ii ma di S onz, Leth or
243. Pisa.— *Societa Toscana di Seienze Xaturali.
z : '-~
256. Batavia.— K .u. x . i > '^i^ 1 '- 1 ' w " 1,11 -'' " "'
NETHERLANDS.
257. Amsterdam.— *Aca
260. Harlem.-*Bibliotfi^
NORWAY.
202. Bergen— *Museum. ^
KOUMANIA.
oax t» i + *T„of,-f„f n 1 Mfifceorol
269. St. Petersburgh.— *
270. „ •<
271. Madrid.-ln S tituto g*
::oIm— *Kongli
275. Geneva— *Inai
276. LaTuaane.-*S
277. NeuchateL— *:
289. Cincinn:
290. Coldwater. Mi.Mi,;
291. Davenport (Iowa).-
303. Philadelphia— * Academy of Natural Science.
304. „ *Amr,;
a ;: fc
307. „ *Second (ifolo-ica! ^u.n, v of P, n,
313. San Praild ajafSoieiioe*.
314. „ •(feliforma <iate Mi.ir.- Hmv.P,.
315. Washington— * American Medical Association.
*Bureau of Ethnology.
\ ■ :•
-
.- artment.
; Society.
*Surgeon-General (IT. S. Army).
*U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey \1V-
I Survey.
T. B. KYNGDON
oriety's Souse, Sydney,
) September, 1886.
v> D .W,.,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTIONS.
(IN ABSTEACT.)
PROCEEDINGS OE THE SECTIONS
(IN ABSTRACT.)
MICROSOCOPICAL SECTION.
Preliminary M<ttin,j, hid LJth APRIL, 18SG.
Mr. P. R. Pedley in the Chair.
It was decided to hold the meetings on the evening of the B
Monday in each month. Chairman : Mr. P. R. Pedley. !
tarv: Mr. F. B. Kyngdon. Committee j Dr. Morris,
"Wright, Mr. Whitklewje, and Mr. Weisener.
Mr. Pedley in the Chair.
The following were exhibited :--
A phot,,,ra, i. <.t iV late R. B. Tolles, the celebrated object™
maker of Boston, U.S. (Dr. Wright.)
Powell and Lealand's new ft horn, objective ^.A. 1-5-161
(Dr. Morris.) ,, %r , „
Swift „ host challenge Binocular Microscope. (Mr. ^a^nuel .
Powell and Lealand's J horn, objective N. A. 1 -2 9= 1 1 b . <MJ
Macdonnell.) . v 4 7 -°
Wintel's Stu I ats' Mi< roscop ■ and r \ horn, objective jn.a. l-
~DouWe-itea'ned a< Sides of Bacillus of Tuberculosis, Glanders
&c, and Jordan's staining lluids. ( 1 h: katz.)
ACorallin, from PortJ* kson. (Mi Macdonnell.) _
A fresh-water gathering, rich in pond life. (Mr.
^!tS a method of readily mounting
living fresh-svater organisms, such as L'hiu.jwl*, by means of a
Dr. Wright presented a copy
Hal-irshaw's Catalogui
14 JUXE, 1SS6.
Mr. Macdonnell in the Chair.
The following were exhibited :—
Several students' microscopes by London
Weisener.)
A series of slid, 1 College. (Mr. Ramsay.)
A liat cm t r I ium. ( Mr. Macdonnell.)
Slides of Hydroid Zoophytes with tentacles expanded; also,
Bondi.
Mr. Whiteleo bod of mounting Zoophytes
irith their tentacles expanded by means of the addition of a
■
|rn. objeetiv ■ ' ars with Tolles), h
ngleof 54°, andfii Front. (Dr. Wrig
. A slide of Bacillus of Tubercle. (Dr. "Wright.)
Two new Monocular microscopes by a London make
Olr. WhitoH-.--.
of diatoms from L:
. H. H. Laxe presei
f New York, ruled
Id-platrd'front
10 OCTOBER, 1SSC.
Mr. Pedley in the Chair.
The following were exhibited :—
A slide of many diatoms symetrically arranged. (Mr. W hite-
A partially iinish d M( avula microscope manufactured by
the exhibitor. (Mr. Weisener.)
A series of slides of Foramimfera rod diatoms obtaimd from
Port Jackson, mounted by a gentleman in London. (Mr.
Kvngdon.) TJ
Mr. W. H. H. Lane presented to the Society a copy of " Hogg
on the Mil ro.copo, and live -lid- -, h. tla Cabinet"
Dr. Morris mm f ml of Cassia as a
mountiim medium, and questioned the statement in the Journal of
the R.M?S. (London) for August, 1886, page 717.
8 NOVEMBER, 1886.
The following were exhibited :— ..
A fine gathering of the rare rotifer, Asplanchna Ebbesbornii,
and a large Ann-'.- from the Waterloo marshes, also a rich
gathering of Volvox. (Mr. Whitelegge.)
13 DECEMBER, 1SSU.
Dr. Wright in the Chair.
The following were exhibited :— . „,
*m,,ral,:id ' l-tmmsdmmalo
l.v Dr. li-.x^i.-.i Pi-otr iaiim ■■ K. M.vbu.ie, also a slide of
,</,,,;„ , \ ,/ ,,„,,„;,., taken from a human vaccine pustule.
^^dls^several Polyzoa from Queenscliff (Vic) (Mr. Wbite-
legge ' } SECTION I.-SANITARY SCIENCE.
TUESDAY, SJndJUXE, 1SSU. m
A preliminary meeting of members of the Royal >om,ty <A
New South AValos v,as lmkl for the purpose of resuscitating the
"tS present Sir Aefree, Roberts M Gtpps C.E Mr.
J. B. Hexson, C.E., Mr. W. A. Dixon, F.C.S.,. F.I Mr. K.
Mr. Reuter E. Roth. MR.C.S . England.
Sir Alfred 1; > u ui. nrtT ,,_.:*.tp P .
Mr. J. B. Henson, C.E., Dr. Quaife.
C. K .. Mackellar, M.D., M.L.C., and that the day of meeting
should be the second Tuesday in the month, at 8 p.m.
TUESDA Y, 13th JULY, 188G.
Robert Hunt, Esq., in the Chair.
The rules formed by the Committee were read and adopted.
p • ';■ • H \ T™ Presented to the library of the secti
Pngdm Teale-s " Dangers to Health."
TUESDAY, 10th AUGUST, 1886.
Sir Alfred Roberts in the Chair.
The receipt was acknowledged of the works published by the
Melbourne Health Society. Sir Alfred Roberts pi,
copy of a pamphlet on -The purification of the wat„
AnWp," by -M^rs. Aiul,**,,, and O-jston.
Mr. Trevor Jones, C.E., read an into.vslin- paper on "The
) ^t'latiou of S^vrs. Tl„ lil( ,,ns of
dia grains. J
TUESDA Y, 14th SEPTEMBER lss<;
Mr. F. B. Kyxgdox in the Chair
The paper was illustrated by me I models.
TUESDAY, 10th OCTOBER, 1SSG.
Sir Alfred Roberts in the Chair.
The receipt was acknowledged of the various sanitary acts and
"" " : ""' ' ' '~ - ." - -■ • '.'■: ■■-■'
'"i; J ^ 11 ' l! ' 1 "'- XV '-'"HA; I .r I ,li,.S.. I1I l 1 Au-«rali :( . and Victoria.
nn^ ; a pap'-i 1 "i> '■ Seavenaire,'' also a
! X«" " **" ° n thG -cent'ouWeak of Small-pox on the
diffr!; F ; H " Qf;UFi: read a paper, "Notes on the Sanitary Con-
dition of some of the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney."
TUESDAY, 16th NOVEMBER, 1886.
Sir Alfred Roberts in the Chair
t . Mr. Trevor Joxes, C.E., read a paper on « Suburban Sari*
ALFRED ROBERTS, Chairman.
Reuter E. Rotii, M.R.C.S., England,
Hon. Secretary.
ilation of Sewe
v J. Trevor Jones
; air of the city or housrh.
■Id: andn...
rcover, that it acts
ny morbific gem
srwa-'v f
rom the
dejecta of fever i
.aticnts. it 1
ooomea the duty of
the Engi
licer. as the eons tract or of
3 ns may be disch
will not
■ :
o the compositio
n of the br
eathing air of the
The ei
-
i referred to are 1
L compound
body, known under
of "sewer gas".
Lent parts being, as
stated in
Mr. Ba
Idwin Latham's i
jlaborate wo
rk on the subject,
varying proportions of carbonic
hydrogei
•etted hydrogen,
ammoniacal
compounds, vapour
of water
te health of persons
■ring their vital
sutn-r fr.
"..: \ -.:
tacks of such ge:
mis of i'.-vr
, cholera, small-pox,
&c, as 1
aay be projected
i the sewage fori
into the se
lent vehicle for the
The b
reof.
or tendency to float upward;
i in atmospheric air,
of this (
I gas varies in th
:
that it is composed
ordinarily it is ! than air.
From this tend i, s i . . - . r ■' ■ *- :- ■' ^ lower to ^ d
the higher parts of a sewer, along the crown in a direction con rary
to that of the flu .ny vent m th.
crown of the sewn- that mav U- h-it for it : this property is taken
advantage of by the engineer, who provides a close channel oi
upcast shaft for it to escape into such space as it will do least
harm, or where it cannot mix with the air of the streets or
dwelling.
If not so intercepted, ami direct, d into such spaces that it cannot
be breathed, it will at times gam sueb expansive strength in the
sewer that it will force itself through water-traps and other con-
trivances into the dwelling, to the detriment of the air therein and
the health of the occupant.
The occasional introduction into or outbreak of fever, epidemics,
&c, in a town or city, although they are grie\
generally s- i v. on* good put pos< in directing a li\
the existence of any filth, to the appliances for s
ness in the city, and to the suppression of n<»\r
the environs of the dwelling.
Sydxey Sewers.
The sewers, now forming the system in use in this city, were
constructed at various periods, under different engineers, and
consequently vary somewhat in design, but generally exhibit
sound kno,\ led* e in tin 1 , junctions very
well, if we grant that these duties consist «,f discharging the refuse
of the city into the harlour.
present condition, it should be stated,
to most residents of Sydney
drainage of the a< ( J v u jii ; w i icn
It should be mentioned also that the eastern suburbs will be
accommodated by the same sewer.
The southern slopes, along with the suburbs that lie between the
""' Botany Bay, are also in roiir.se of being provided for by
rawer, naam fche bed of Shea's
Botany, where it crosses Cook's River by an in-
jerted syphon, and discharges up n Webb's grant, a section of
Reform.
Inc designers of the older sewers seem to have had in view the
conveyance of the ston i wat. r tli t falls up . t!u wliole surface
Creek towards
When both the works referred to are cc
modern city as far trunk main sewers are c
be attained, viz., that the houses connected \
any strict supervision was exercised by the <
lie examined for defects in their house-dra
secondly, that the sewers themselves should
means of escape for the gases that are conti
i contents.
It is proposed to deal with the question of tin: ventilation oi
the scwi r first ly givii j, a sh irt e 1 - i-iptio i ol a fi v. of the )n< -
( ■■. - e ■.' ■■,-,' ;. ' '
The first that p
the pressure of - is in all s> « l\s < 01 miunicating with ir,
passing through several perorated trays of charcoal at
placed there to absorb the offensive properties of the g*
This system was in favour among engineers for a 1
greater distance than about 300 feet.
If, therefore, 300 feet be the limit beyond which t
shafts as ventilm i to nib lfc follows
would be thegr - wfckb such shaft
_ .. . : : . - line of sewers; ai
cost each would probably amount to .£300 at least, their
along with that of the land on which to build them, woi
their use prohibitive.
ance of rows of •»>' suvot ™' uld
their adoption while any oth. r mode was axadable. ^ _
th. pLVwa- ' .tttbir bases (i
the air for the sustenance of these fires being drawn
312
The fire, by en 1 the motion of
the sewer air, and, furthermore, any germs of disease that might
accompany the air were effectually destroyed ; but even these im-
provements did not secure it- cause of the great
cost of fuel and attendance, and partly because of the danger of
explosion should an excess of u or other inflam-
mable gas gain access to the sewer, as a mixture of one tenth by
volume of this gas with nine-tenths of air is as explosive as gun-
powder when fired.
An accident of this kind might affect miles of sewer, and prove
very disastrous by throwing up streets or buildings.
Several accidents of this kind have happened in London and
Paris, and even here one such case occurred in 1883, tearing up
many chains of a newly constructed line along the Darling Har-
bour railway.
It is not necessary to adduce any more proof against the adop-
tion of this kind of ventilator a-, there is little fear of its being
selected by the authorities of this city, excepting in very special
One such case would be an instance, where ; , huw trunk sewer
judicious, if space is obtainable, to erect one such shaft here to
obviate the charging of the bram-hes with gas formed in the
larger sewer.
MlDSTREET GrATIXU VENTILATORS.
When the above objections to tall-shaft ventilation threw it
out of competition, two things became manifest, viz. : that in
expansive power to force itselt tin . _h i < i epting contrivances
into the dwelling, appropriate openings should be provided, and
that those openings must be frequent along the course of the
?se requirements i
t once be effectual
the plan was adopted of making openings :
sewer, and bui: , the crown of the sewer
up to the street surface.
By this method a series of pits covered with gratings were con-
structed along each line of sewer, at intervals of from 100 to 300
feet apart, explaining that if these were at sufficiently frequent
intervals, the sewer air would be so dilute that it would not be
observable.
To remove another objection, viz., that dilute as it might be, it
might contain poisonous ,ycrms. the sewer air was made to filter
itself through charcoal iilt.-rs, for which it is claimed by some of
the most notable authorities that it is an effectual oxi.ii/.r of
mophitio cases, and that therefore the air arising out of these
mid be rendered wholesome and innocuous.
Hereafter I am about to contend against the use of these con-
trivances, for reasons that I shall advance ; but before doing so, I
tion. Their works as well as the stupendous labour and thought
subject, command my entire esteem. 1 ina\ add. that it is to these
authorities that I am indebted for most of the improvements 1
have introduced into the Sydney system, with the exception ol
such peculiarities as heal conditions have forced on me.
This mode of ventilation was specilied for the main sewers of
the southern system for this city by the late eminent engineer,
Mr. W. Clarke, whose advice was sought in this behalf, and th<'
Sewers Department.
The City of Adelaide sewers, designed and carried out by Mr.
Oswald Brown, are fitted with these ventilators.
In writing a paper to the Government Board of Health, about
four years ago, on this same subject. I veiitun d the opinion that
this method Would not be found suitable for Sydney sewers.
My objections were based upon the fact that, as a number of
our capacious sewers discharge in a northerly direction, and that
the prevailing winds blow from the u.-rth-I-a-t in summer, the
sewers would receive the wind at th, ir mouths when the tide was
low, and this would exert a pressure internally tending to drive
the sewer air outward through every oritice : this, added to the
fact that sewer a " - e volumes in this warm
climate in summer, made me conclude that, no matter how frequent
these gratings were spaced, there would always flow out of them
an appreciable stream of fu.'t id sewer air.
Opinions are in conflict as to whether the charcoal fdter would
be a safe guard against the poisonous nature of these fumes.
At one time°a large proportion " £ ~
being given oil' . "" CWI f ,
not too wide streets with tl, ir high buildings to become charged
with these inephitie emanations. .
If merely making numerous openings would ensure that the
gases would be so dilute as to be harmless, then an open-topped
be still better; but I nnd
i the result, remembering
3±± .PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTIONS.
that the slops and ivfiw li.pii^ of the City of Melbourne are
conveyed on the water-tables, and it is well known how objection-
able this lias proved.
When I was stating my objections to these gratings to the Board
of Health, I was speaking from theory ; but since the completion
of the Adelaide system, I have been supplied with confirmation of
my anticipation, as 1 received a letter from the City Council of
Ad ! i 1. i 1 i ... t i tin gi ings \ n found intolerable
in certain localith s, and inquiring of me »vhai the practice was in
Sydney, which seem. d to * isit »rs so . ti etuul in suppressing smells
I replied, fmui ice I am about to
advocate herein, which I am informed is being introduced in that
city, probably not on account of my letter, but because the
engineer, in charge of the sewers were perfectly familiar with the
plan themselves.
Indeed, the gentleman who d 'signed and carried out the work,
Mr. Oswald Brown, was a man of European reputation, who
found the scope for his energies in the Colonies too circumscribed
and returned to Europe, when he had completed his work in
Adelaide.
As I previously stated, opinions as to the efficacy of charcoal,
and the durability of its efficacy are somewhat conflicting ; but the
outer air are desirable there can be no dispute, but my contention
is that these openings diould not discharge the sewer-air at the
street surface, under oar mws, so i , va, 1 •■ a: -.u-h elevation
all, but be dissipated in the surrounding air.
The plan recommended is neither original nor new, but in my
opinion the best of recent met!* da, and i si aply this :—
The house drain after being connected with the sewer is laid at
the requisite grade to a point near the house ; here is interposed a
trap known as an interceptor trap.
The sewer gas will flow up this branch until it arrives at the
1 the gas
the wall and conducted upwards to the caves ; or should a
window or opening be too near the eaves, it is conducted to I
ridge and their raised a few feet higher.
Discharged at this altitude it will he so dispersed, dried, a
oxidized hv the surrounding air as to he rendered harmless.
Many of the more enlightened arehiterts of Sydney carry .
this plan now for some of' 'the leading buildings without pres.su
hut the Sydney Improvement J
adoption of the system, — A
on the Council.
It will not necessarily be r
M'Laurin in Bligh-street, is an excellent example ot tic wa\ m
which these principles are to be applied.
Many other pvt mi are simil rl\ mi d. ; ■
securing safety for their occupiers, help to relieve the sewers from
undue pressure of gas.
The interceptor trap is on the same principle as that known as
Buchan's, a sanitary plumber of Glasgow, and is a thoroughly wel -
considered d.-x !../.». .dmiing adaptability to its functions with
ease of access for repairs.
The New Zealand Insurance Offices in Pitt-street and several
other buildings are ventilated by a different method, which dis-
penses with traps, trusting to the constancy of the upcast uraught
in the ventilating shaft exh I « a J d ^?^
i:.: ■ ^ ^ " : - ■ ;
street, and with -,ve examined
So long as the upcast draft can be maintained, there is no douot
that the efficiency of the contri ai i be ; gained. lhe cui-
'l induced by a cowl on the principle of the injector pump.
Cowl ventilators, however, only a
calm weather they must be inoperative, but, as m >ydno\ a-
lutely stdl weather is very rare, the above ventilator is generally
effectual. , , -, •
In a case where, from the arrangement of the premises it is
ot the duelling
to convey the . - » *»» ** J"*J ^ lp it
lithograph here,
* to intercept tl ? r t
not enter in at ai: l&I^W
might not always prove effectual, as mentioned herebef ore. be* er
346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTIONS.
gas sometimes attains such power as to burst through the water
seal, therefore most modern traps are fitted with a junction for a
ventilating pipe, which offers an easier out let for the gas than that
by the seal.
A great deal of ing a pipe under
a house floor upon sound foundation in such a manner that the
ground will not sink under it, a* any settlement in the pipes would
crack or displace the joint, and thereby release both sewage and
sewer gas under the floor.
Flaptraps have been largely used to prevent the reflux of gas
and storm-water up the house drain, but this contrivance has proved
useless after a little use, dirt, paper, sticks, straw, bottles, &c,
getting between the lid and the trap.
This form of trap depends upon the closeness of its lid for its
effectiveness. It lias therefore given way in point of adaptiveness
to the water-trap, which has completely superseded it. Its ten-
dency to become immovable from rust or to wear at the hinges
renders it unsuitable. Indeed, any movable piece or part in
sewer apparatus has tins objection, as sewage has a strong corro-
sive effect, and is largely charged with gritty substances.
With respect to that part of the -aibjeet termed the "ventilation
of the dwellings," 1 have to explain that it has reference only to
obviating their becoming charged with sewer gas, and not in its
broadest sense of procuring a free exchange of fresh for vitiated
air in the chamber, as the title would imply, as that question is
more than sufficient for a paper in itself.
There is another feature in connection herewith, viz., the main-
tenance of the seal in the trap, against the tendency of flushes of
water in the soil-pipe syphoning the water seal out of the trap;
but as this is a detail, it is unnecessary to load this paper with the
ion of it.
I shall therefore conclude by summarizing the objects of this
paper, and the methods of so doing : —
(1.) That the Sydney sewers, for want of legislative enact-
ment, being .11 ly partly ivli.-\.'-l from the pressure of
sewer gas emanating from their contents, it is desirable
that legislative power should he obtained enabling the
City Council to insist on ailixing upcast v
to the walls of any houses, where it may be found advan-
tageous so to do, for the purpose of conducting the sewer
air to the summit of .such houses, and there to discharge
it in such a position that it will not again mix with the
breathing-air of the citizens. Tins pipe would not he
more unsightly if in front of a house than the rain-water
pipes.
(2.) That, owing to the defective manner in which connecting
pij.es from the city sewers into the dwellings have in
r is mixed with thai ■
tt of the latter for r< -
s that the City Council (
khm,^ s,,M,.iu.i: harsh, it will in 1
ticent in the interest of l.oth private i
think, commend itself to the consider;
It is not a little anomalous that
air of their chambers, and the reason
ivadilv be understood that the best h
■n defectively executed in the
i shown, the defects have becc
ery important desideratum in
official inspection would ne oxn
odious to householders, proposed
should require a certitieate Ire
Whatever form the exarnii ition t k -. and I ^<>ui' ii
support that which combines efficiency w th tn ' ' i' 1 '" '
in- act, it must he clearly seen th :
one day or other, be brought about by public sentiment.
The subject, I fear, hasbe ia
■
although the
with other efforts in the mine direction to
into an enviable condition as to its smut iry artanguiu >. .
On the Rational Construction of Chairs and Desks.
By Reuter E. Roth, M.R.C.S., England.
[Head before th S-n, 'hnu, S. <■>■„„< ,,/ t ', />„ ;/ „r s, ■ ;. t y of X.S. W.,
The following is a resume of the paper :— "Dr. Rotli pi
that the spine consisted of a jointed column made up of
bones which we called vertebra?. In early life this cc
perfectly straight, but later on it assumed four curv
increased in elasticity and strength. These curves w<
from above down, cervical, dorsal, lumbar and sacral, tin
third being convex forward and the second and fourth h
the curves of the spine, especially the dorsal one, wou
the healthy shape of the chest cavil y. The more the doi
was bent the more were the ribs depressed, the capaci
' adl'ered. If tl
it required a convexity to rcceh e the hunhar and a concavity to
case, the lower rail (when present) being concave instead of
convex, and when absent the Inmbar curve IobI its concavity and
filled up the vacancy in the chair-back. Sin-h chairs caused a
stoop in the back, | more or less compression
of the thoracic and abdominal organ*. Th»> inclination of the
chair-back should also be considered, hecmisc if the line of the
centre of gravity of the sitting body fell in front of the axis of
the hip joint th< )., ,„-, vented from falling
the knee to the sole of the foot; if greater, the legs dangled
and the hard edge of tke chair compressed the nerves and
vessels under the thigh, giving rise to numbness and " pins and
needles.' This;;; <1 iidgetty after
having sat for a short period. If the height of the seat were not
sufficient, the knees became very bent and the legs could not be
moved without moving the whole body. The depth of the seat
should correspond with th distance from the backbone to within
an inch or so of the bend of the knee, because, here again, if
there were too great a depth the edge of the chair would cut into
e well supported, yet the thigh
ng the hamstring muscles inconvi
there being a liability to compi
ino- the edge of the desk or table
', otherwise the healthy sit ting po.si
i stoop excessively, and the arms, I
support the weigh'
case the writer hung i
.n.i or le- on the edge of
the ta
hie by
i twist his body round and r
susp.-n.
was this injurious position whi
eh WBfl
■al curvature, with the right ; "
its fellow. As long as
-Ik> \b
out and higher than
the
makers
furniture went in for ornament only, so long woul<
bodies have to suffer.
Still, there was no reason
wby
should not always ha"\
one. In most of the
t a lower convex rail instead of
■ new tramcars the seats w
.,,;.!.
structed, being made
on anatomical principles.
Thar
! attached to the construction of
readily seen when it was a
a rule a good fifth of
( .,:i lives was spent in a
Those whose occupatic
,n, neiewtated their .itrrn.
■ f " r B
.any h.
- :,,:,!,,. though iVminat.U
for them these defects miuht be counterat I vi'laM 1' ■
Dr. Roth sh - ,f chairs !Uk1 f ] (vsk . s , m T
in aecordance with In- n iew, r,f the tbrm such articles should take,
Notes on the Sanitary Condition of the Eastern
Suburbs, etc.
As I make my ordinary rounds I am frequently met by the
remark, what drainage you have about here ! I apologise and
point to the great works we are now carrying out which are to
carry away all our smells, all our typhoid, etc!, into the Pacific
Ocean, to be carried a-w v to I guea of polar seas or eaten up,
as I hope, by mi; .., ,,\ larger creatures. But
the fact I cannot deny, my sight and smell both inform mo, and 1
wish to put before you to-night a few examples more shocking
than the rest, not because you are not familiar with them already
but because reminder is good and because I think the present a
time suitable to urge the efficient preparation for better things.
Even m the higher parts of our suburbs we are met by gutters
ti,ll °tdark dl-sim-lling v.ai-r. and, < p ,,ial!y where the fall is not
i ; JV aml • ' lries & ,mbined with what
should be street sweepings, to be blown by the winds into the open
windows of the houses or even into water tanks, which are
Mg r.pe,
lallyon.sn. . , i( . u t]l „ ]„, HJi aiv ;lll ope ned
to obtain what cool air may be possible to get, and then we are
' ! along th. middl of rh ,l,v. tt., a I tiie odours of
the gutter on either side. A notable example of i his will be found
in the lower part of Moncur-street, Woollahra. and a portion of
lomt Piper Road, at the head of Glenmore, also in another portion
une road on the steep slope- towards Double Bav. The
• d their wits in trying tempo-
ares. But the deodorants are fleeting and' the decom-
posing matters seem eternal.
If you go along the low part of Glenmore Road across the
; r i"- b-'idge you will find a sluggish stream winding
round some land supposed to be a ma-eat ion -round and mean-
dering through the Chinamen', garden^ below the road < n its way
to the bay, whoa infully apparent to the least
sensitive nose. In heavy rains I have seen a cataract leaping
down into that glen from a el ill 1 , hut it did not sparkle like those
of the mountain, but was of a muddy brown colour ami consisted
of the rain carr) in. do-u all (In \\ i 1 ;•> Lth< small streets in
Upper Paddington. Higher up, the same stream, which for years
has contaminated the air along Brought
■ now being tun h -ill for the p ro a an i and
at the before-mentioned cliff. Another filthy Bl
Lacrozia Yalley and joins those above
the Rushcutters' Bay, through the Bridg
houses on Darling ]
. wdl see water ooz
water supply aggravates the
help to purify those in the
■' : .-
rain some time ago 1 was gomg alon:
estat", {.'ail-lingfou, This' lane wa-
west, that I had to pick my way alon
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTIONS.
1 along, though one would have thought there was
everything foul away. The <
was that the rain had overflowed the tops of some cesspits in yards
to which they belonged being still lower, and. as is too often the
ease, the back doorstep being wry low, the diluted filth ran down
the yards and through the lower floors of the houses to the con-
sternation and disgust, of the dwellers. 1 had a very bad ease of
typhoid opposite the very spot in that lane, and I remember that
she had a veiy bad relapse just after. Can it be wondered at
that low-lying "places are unhealthy when such things occur, and
that milk coming from dairies in such low-lying places should be
Owing to the way in which the land has been subdivided, and
available, the . ■ ,, • h'.g rid of the liquid
.lops of the dwelling has b.-n to di.sehar-e thi-'i.i into the nearest
gutter. Some of the b,rom,i,, hue, I know, bv laws prohibiting
tins net. but I, , , ilv ,,;„ n ,h.-r. a dead
the system is the getting rid of the liquids. Where there is a
be no difficulty h tn Waverley the Council
works it, but I am informed that it is really worked like the Mel-
being earnestly made to improve it. For those suburbs at a con-
siderable distance from r < : h system must be
used for a long time. but in thosenearer and within reach of it we are
promised soon the introduction of the water-carnal system by
means of properly constructed sewers. I trust that this will be so,
and it is therefore that I wish to impress on the section, and «
possible, through it on the; authorities and the public that
immediate steps should be taken to insure the introduction of this
system in the most perfect way possible. It is a very large
' " ' 3 dealt with 'in a broad way. !
should he
1 think, be left to eae
general plan f.,r all th
i,'';:,
adopted. Forthedrai
Slop. - t- :
my
and that would entail greater expense, and possiMv .-■ oitlit-t in-_;
views. I therefore think that the great matters of water supply
elected upon it 1 I, certain members
appointed by the Government, and anions them several scientific
persons, sueh as an engineer, a sanitary medical officer, and a
scientific chemist. This Hoard should have power to levy taxes,
to inspect premises, to carry out work it-it. or see that the proper
persons did it, raid be compulsory. I find
that by the Act, 43 Victoria. No, 32, Buch a Board is author-
ized to be created, and that its powers at present are vested in the
the large portion of the groat eastern sewer will he available
from the sea to the boundary of the city, it is time that some steps
were taken to brin-; this import Lt matter to a practical issue.
We have in I B \ir_in soil to work on,
duced in such ai eurso and not a
blessing. The ignorance of sanitary matters among builders and
workmen is so great that I feel that we are in great danger of
I was astonisl bear him say that he could
only recommend that defects already existing should be altered,
and I wonder that the power has not been obtained by the City
Council to com} igementa to be carried out in
such cases. Only lately, in one of the finest houses in the city,
occupied by two medical men, one of whom was a sufferer, there
were several cases of typhu 1. ad it i J found that old untrapped
and unventilated drains were the cause.
The Board should take cognis
of every dwelling from the main
and should see that all traps and ventilate uv other apparatus
used are of the latest and most scientific kind. I do not feel
sure from a short perusal of the Act that power is given by it as
is necessary to ensure such being the case.
I trust, gentlemen, that these imperfect remarks may have some
effect in hastening our deliv a wri nuisances
sketched out, and in bringing about a system of dramage which
will be most efficient in warding off disease, and preventing the
pollution of our streets and premises.
The recent outbreak of Small-pox on the M.M. S.S.
" Oceanien."
T,. .
is not, perhaps, of very general ini i\ -t : and I feel that some few-
words of expL ; before I venture to occupy
your time with the brh i account ■ f the recent case of the "Oce-
anien," which I propose to submit to you presently. I need not
regard the whol < f Au trail i i i, a} < von be said, the whole
Australasia — as one country for this purpose of quarantine, sn:
it is thoroughly understood and accepted. If, however, the n.
terestof all the colonies [ u this matter are the same, it follows
that their practice with r. gard to it should ho id. nth d ; and tins
view, also, is understood and accepted by the various health offi-
cers. Moreover, tm d.-Mi- ■ ; :,- identical lines of practice should
he followed, which is so earnestly felt here, is entettaiued every-
where else, but no vie re, j erhaps, ;,,,•, ■ arm stly than in Victona
Yet it cannot ha ■ the course pur-
sued here in the case I refer to was essentially different to that
which had been pursued under the very same circumstances,
only a day or two previously, at Melbourne. At that port tne
vessel was regarded as clean, aiA -,h,- u... admitted to free pra-
tique; here, she was regarded a- i ub ct-d. end she was detained
in quarantine for some days. I do not think that so marked a
difference of practice, and one so puzzling to shipowners and tfae
general public, should pass without, comment: and I believe the
facts of the case may profitably occupy your attention for a f eW
The " Oceanien," after an uneventful voyage of the usual dura-
tion from Marseilles, touched at Aden, and on August bth le
, and on the
odhied
small-pox. The passenger was shut up by himself in an ordinary
first-class cabin ; the oliieer was shut up in his own cabin, w fllC
is on the same deck amidships ; and the cook was placed m an
apartment called the hospii
away forward, between the
No doubt, such arrangemen
tion to the quarters named
Reunion (which, it will bo 1
reached on August 16th, an
requested by the captain to
any bv
Crown Colony, was reached on the 21
from infection. This application wa
departure, that is to say, not
until th
says the patients had recm ere
replied that he could not cerl
it'v in 1
d,'in sh
with he
sued, the two remaining patienl
when the quarters they had occ
npiedw
and all their personal effects
10th. Some cargo was dischar;
was continued after the captain
nter ng H 1 >n's Bay. On 1
;;.;;;, ■''
touched, and the vessel was I
Officer and by a medical memb<
After due examination, these ol
thirteen passenger, luggage, o:
id rgo
day being Sunday, about 200 v
15th the vessel touched Port Ji
i.-ks'-.n. :
Heads, the captain was ordered
to hoi-:
'ort Phillip was
warding Medical
Joard of Health.
Health Officer and myself, direful examination f .
any present case of small-pox., at 7-:10 sh v, is 1 xn.l
of the quar ntiue oin ers, and th '
was at once begun by the Superintendent of Quar
lodged on shore, and as many of the crew as could 1
landed at the laundry, where they
and luggage. By the afternoon
operations had been done under the eve of the Superintendent
and to his ■ • - ' tThi ™,
the Board of Health. The
Health Officer wa be release of the
vessel ; and in this course the Board of Health would have con-
curred, but during the previous night a case of febiiV disordo r
had occurred in the person of the ship's butcher. The illness was
not especially an ere was very strong reason
from the first to expect that it would turn out to be of no con-
sequence. But under the circumstances it was deemed prudent to
defer discharging the vessel for four-and-twenty hours; and she
was released at last after her arrival, at 1 p.m.
These are the un -.■. Two questions arise
in them — First, why was the vessel treated as infected at this
port, when she was treated as clean in Victoria 1 And secondly,
if she were infected, why were her passengers not detained during
the usual incubation period 1
The first consideration is, that the infection of variola clings to
inanimate objects with great tenacity ; so that a ship which has
carried a case of small-pox during the voyage must of necessity be
regarded as being inf. ted wi h rli . di . is* d ,wn to the time at
which she is officially declared to have been thoroughly cleansed.
This is the view taken — but no one disputes it bj the Sanitary
Conference; and it is expressed in their fourth resolution.* Upon
this account alone the " Oceanien" would have been treated here
as infected. But, it may be objected, there is no evidence that
the vessel in general over was exposed to such infection, because
the patients were isolated in certain cabins, which there is no
reason to doubt were thoroughly cleansed after their recovery.
To this criticism there are several answers. If it be granted that
the case really was as it represents it to have been, yet the clears-
mg was done by the captain of the ship. No health authority is
justified in relying, for the safety of the people whom he is charged
to defend from imported inr mints of persons
over whom he has no control. Thus stated, the proposition appears
self-evident ; but it may be added without offence to captains in
general, and merely as testing tin l.-al value of the evidence they
can give upon this point, that tin \ ar< inter. sb d parties— inter-
ested, that is to say, in pro 3< barge of their
vessels rather than in protecting the people of an alien country
from disease. The same objt ct ion does not a\ ply to any evidence
they might be able to produce, under the hand of an independent
health authority of whatever country, that careful, thorough disin-
fection had been done. Xo doubt, a vessel v. 1, ■ h, ha\ ing carried
cases of small-pox during the voyage, could produce a certificate
stating that she had been inspected by the Health Officer of some
port, that she then had no case of disease on board, and that she
ing the voyage."
1-pox is one which 1
had been disinfected by bis own staff u
ascertain that no further case had oc
inspection. But, is it tbe ease that th.
been exposed to infection, but that the
tbe quarters occupied by the patients'
as the difficulty of attending to patient
cuinstances -without exposing tbeir ser
and I proceed to consider the possibil
board ship. This the Conference s
fa*]
this case has already been demonstrated. I have s
: was isolated in the hospital. Now, just a year :
v named Manoni. ^as " isolated" in the very <piart
the present occasion by the chief cook. That pati<
: the day after the vessel left Aden, and at the p.
AiMiaiia vTas readied : all of lla i
on. But she no sooner touched A>
clean ; she re Melbourne ; i
; die had onlvl.een in this port a i
two other pers
:.V. v i-i. , .. : . ■ ■ . : '
thus proved on - isolation ot Man
dehWte^op inionT the Conference, winch was based «P°^^
similar cases known to the ilUl ! ,
given long before, was thus supported: but it wa^thus si^u.
that the cook's ragewai J
untrustworthy, m ,T* thl
had to be consid< i u 1 if i 1 } ' ' t „ , ,.,,],,.
here she had not been cleansed to the > An ^^ ;,,,'; s , (0]1(]
pendent health authority. It still remains^ < > ai.-vj ■ '■ ^ _
question— Whv, if the vessel were ml... -to,. \yi< 1 Vl ■ ~liii>
not detained for the asm .'' Q uarant ine is
despatched in quarantine : Hm an^\ : ■ persons of
li''orty, and . '^ V, the
Its justitication is a reasonable probability that it w .
imposing country from epidemic disease. In
should be done vwth thi. v^L therefore, all the cncum.tan
358
of the case were taken into careful consideration. Thirteen
passengers were known to have Ian. led in Melbourne ; 200 citizens
had visited the infected ship, and dispersed to their homes ; any of
these might have v before the "Oceanien"
came into port. Under am eireumsf aces, little of value can
be done by inland quarantine ; under these circumstances
especially, nothing' could be d me. If appeared, therefore, that the
usual detention, if it were enforced here, would be vexatious — its
hardships would be incommensurate with any advantage which
could be hoped from it with confidence. The detention therefore
was not insisted upon. But, had this been the vessel's first port
of call in Australia, it would certainly have been enforced for
the reasons already given.
I am constrained to add, that their seems to have been a dere-
ne. The Health Service at
cted with sheer cruelty in condemning some 300 people
d the ship.
It was clearly a duty owing l\v,\ to humanity, secondly to their
. . i 1 tiiirdly to a n ul < i \ i < <-nl di/< 1 1'V their own
,,<u ' i ii i . ♦- t > 1, \. t k ' i \ j ' , ' ' < '»'■ and
to have thoroughly cleansed the vessel. Had this course been
to11 ' ] > d upon th product! n \ -nil;, i ith detailed
Mvd bav< been regardedhere
^ h ' 1 ) -i hcyiin li r p, [i-,I ,,i ob-.rvathm at the time of leaving
[ ;'V' ' ! 1 • .v «M I iv, elapsed bvtm time sh, ai ived at
lhe matter lS ems to demand 1, attention of the
French Colonial Office, and 1 am rveiition
will be sought by th ;. Almost the same
, but their case is
by there having been at the date they were appealed
*° no qaeati ,, ^ !iut merely of
■li and cleansing. This,' too, was a dutv owing to
ft appears to m- tl mention of
■
is a Crown Colony, no | j take the
form of commands. The officers at both of these ports seem to
D to shirk the respon-
i heir fate to encounter face to face ; and they
. \
:ig failed, even as they did, it devolved upon Victoria.
As to the latter, I simply cannot no :. ; o :il d ;h.- action taken
| wss it ever with- ut further remark. At
A Note upon Scave
By J. Ashburtox Thompson, M.D. (I
(Camb.)
[Read before the Sanitary Section of th Ho
The removal of clirt from a single dwelii
Scavenage is the cleansing' of aggregate
authority. It can be properly done only
the inhabitants, and the method to be ado;
fcion, therefore, especially within the pnwii
that is, within the province of those raeral
who are chosen from the whole number to
co-operation renders available into the
These forces are means of securing all the
tingnish town life from camp-life, of whic
appear to be good water, roads, and seaven
being now tolerably well provided here, tl
the necessity for more thorough scavenage
occasion of my addressing you is the ter
perceptible in public bodies to seek after
from economical, methods.
Scavenage, thoroughly done, is of necess
something valuable may be reclaimed froir
individual, are mere exuvioj', is a hope Ion:
expect that waste, accumulated under the
city life should support that life in any so
appears to me thoroughly unreasonable. 1
selves they hold this view may find, on co
that it is based upon the general truth that
I they entirely R
of collectio
render articles of much great*
handling ; and they forge*
■r -.'- . ■■;:, ' ■ ■ ': ' ' '
M of expener
:!■-■■
thus far may be summei
munity which regards the .™
,,, u will not embark
siderahle sums unless some in •
' from fa Is > pn misses, and striv* -
The true premiss is- not that society must make money out of its
necessities, but — that society must preserve health and useful
activity under tB< fc has its If created, as long
as may be. So it comes about that, while removal of refuse
matters and expense are both conditions of good scavenage, the
actual cost is but secondary to the urgent necessity for doing it.
Nevertheless, whatever expense, within reason, might be in-
curred to secure good scavenage. ultimate profit could be shown to
accrue. For dirt;, .■ ,.I disease costs money;
but to cleanse di d therefore to save
money. The profit is incalculable ; not, however, because it is
infinitesimal, but for an exactly contrary reason — that it is rever-
batory or regenerative. The householder, in estimating the ex-
penses of city life, should s t down a rate for scavenage as much
as a matter of course as he sets down the rate for water, or for
gas, or house-rent itself. Yet, just because the profit arising from
public cleanliness is not calculable at so many sovereigns per cent,
upon so many sovereigns invested, but even more, perhaps,
because it does not visibly flow into individual pockets, it may
be too much to expect that the average householder should be
eager to pay a sea vei g. rati which floes obviouslv diminish his
individual banking account. His judgment of the necessity for
such work, and therefore of tlio amouiitit is worth his while to
pay for having it done, is likely to he fallacious, in so far as it is
formed upon the events of daily lite as they appear in the obscure
and confusing light thrown by half-forgotten memories of inaccu-
rate observations. Experience has shown that even so indisput-
able a necessary as pure water cannot be made to appear so
desirable to all the members of a community that all willingly pay
their share of the expense of bringing it to their doors. It is
everywhere found necessary to enact that whenever water is led
within a certain short distance of a house the owner shall pay his
share of the general expense whether he chooses to take the water
or not. How much more likelv is The same experience to follow
the introduction of systematic scavenage ; and how important is
it, therefore, that town councils should everywhere be granted
power to strike a scavenage rate :*
* This they do not at pre* i I , Wales. They can
interpreted to Include scaveni .
Act they can reco-. arre d in removing
night-soil from premises. But? fines the noiwncM
"••• 1.5 ; ;e .:■.•-.. .."■-"..-'.
: ■■'■ <■ '■ '■:.■■■ ..■■-..■>. • ;
Irate. And the 1
of amount up to which a rate for levied is now far
too small to bear tl aire as well
through its aldermen, provided the operations are subject, in case
of necessity, to the control of a central authority. Hearing these
fact that the scavenage of cities has never yet heen made to pay
its way, much less, therefore, to yield a profit, the proposals "t
mpanies now before the public may well he regarded by
5 and aldermen with a coolly critical eye. They all . .llbr
.- shareholders, one of them venturing to premise >»
;r cent. Now I do not for an instant intend to dis-
pute the power of these companies to make a proht, if their own
terms of contract are accepted ; hut whence is it to come \ Irom
the manufacture of poudrette? Not entirely, at all events. There
is not one of them but asks a subsidy in one form or another.
Sometimes it appears as a heavv charg. t> 1 deodorn iti n s in
times as a charge, not for < - - -. heih. r that he
nightsoil or garbage, hut iV receiving it at the compam s ^..rk>,
after the labour of collection has been
Hence some of the profits. Buttle chief expense of scavenage
lies in the process of collection, not of disposal ; co ec 1 -,
•lone gratis, disposal may doubtless be made a soui ceo pio
there any chance that a com]
of profit 'b\ r< dm ing the < xpens. s of collection to a point ,t « hi. a
it iould become impossible to do it well i In tino, -hen ah th.nes
are considered, is it not prett; ol. ir that councils would he.-r c-,
sider ratepayers' interests, both of pockets and health, u tuey
to undertake r . -"' themselves.
Sanitation of the Suburbs of Sydney.
By J. Trevor Jones, C.E.
The question of tl ; various times
agitated the resident- th.a of, ,,, far .-„ to 1,-ad to the calling
together of meetings, having for their object the initiation of steps
to secure the benefit of .v>ia.> -yst^ni whereby the refuse of modern
housekeeping and fo . a 1 j. ,•.„!-, k i.d-:ht 1,.- di-nused of in some
better way than ; - lone at present.
The city of Sydney set early in its history about securing
accommodation of this character l.y taking advantage of the steep
house-refuse and storm-water into the harbour, and more recently
has undertaken to intercept the hulk of it by a main trunk col-
lector sewer, so designed as to discharge its
contents into the open
ocean; and is .' fcivelj i rrying out a
for the southern slopes to convey the sewage of those localities to
the neighbourhood of Botany Bay, where it 1
s proposed to establish
a sewage farm for its utilization.
The adoption of a scheme for the suburbs
has been retarded by
ers, the contentions of
hod of attaining the
desired result most effectually with the least
expenditure of labour
and money, as w-ell as with the least amoun
The earth-closet, the pan-closet, the Lieurn
all putting forth their claims to the embaras
ment of non-technical
communities, and all more or less contendin
water-carriage system on account of its was
efulness of a valuable
fertilizer, and its property of generating an
of a character deleterious" to the health.
The systems advocated by disentients fr<
system have each their respective claims 01
adoption, and their
schemes are the outcome of the labours of th<
ughtful public-minded
men, and their allegations as to the objectioi
s to the water-carriage
system are based upon fact —that is to sa
liich, if not excluded
from the dwelling, renders the bivatliing-aii
unwholesome.
ti IH \ w y?7'' m ""'".
lengthy details as to
these acknowledged objes
of men who have had most experience in Europe ami elsewhere.
is the only system at present known to meet all requirements (
populous cities a- : more e>ptvially, wln-n
is considered that the above objections can be met by ventilatioi
and that no other system offers a means of disposing of kitchei
slops along with the focal refuse of a practical and uuobjection:
From the above remarks it will be seen that this paper is to 1
devoted to the advocacy of the water-carriage sysb
excludes the conveyance of storm-water from the sewers, ami m
known as the Separate System.
With reference to the popularity of a system
experience in the city of Sydney is, that citizens are as import una be
for sewer accommodation as they are for water, roads, bridge*, fc&,
and never to my knowledge begrudge the rates.
Another impediment to the progress of sanitation in the suburbs,
as well as to the adoption of systems of water-supply, is tlm
inveterate habit of colonists in New South Wales of looking to
the Government i initiate ml ei low them with systems, and,
allied to this, is the assumption that a comprehensive scheme to
meet all the requirements of the suburbs is at some future day
about to be entered on by Government.
I must be alio inveterate practice m New
South Wales of waiting upon the Government in every emergency.
Reliance upon Government for works of sewage and water-supply
acts as a pernicious opiate on the self-reliance of a people.
Now, with respcci to this latt-r .oiwderatiun, whnV g.-m-rally
approving of comprehensive schemes for public works, it bj no
means follows that a compact community should not set aooui
securing accona: J be so designed
as to form part and parcel of any general scheme that might there-
after be initiate ' ~ > V™ ,^
•:■ ' '
the assumption that it is a costly work (which it is) wi thout gi xng
its due consideration to the ULlt ' ™ , ,
providing for the convenient ' a ^amy *T
healthy manner, it is a reproductive work, and that
desired accommodation of sewage disposal at an immense
not necessarily presuppose the wasting of a va u ab 1 ml b i :
be found that a market can be got font butlntoerto a
to utilize this material have only succeeded in reducing the outlay
incurred in its treatment for market. Hlization • but in
Sewage farms have been ^ stltute '\ ^Ytl nf the vear'are wet,
Saturated with n pollution of streams by the
inflow of unfiltered sewage into them during wet weather, when it
cannot be all absorbed.
Tn Adelaide, however, a fairly .successful sewage farm has been
established, and. according to information received from the mayor
of that city quite recently, is doing good work.
The number of dry clays in Adelaide in the course of a year
about equals tl. h encourages the hope that
sewage might prove a blessing here, if a locality sufficiently
removed from a populous neighbourhood can be secured for its
application to the growing of crops, trees, and vegetables.
The consideration of this point will come later on in the course
of this paper.
The system n > liiied approval in Adelaide,
is identical with tJ in, so far as the mode of con-
veyance is concerned. Jt is called the Separate System, because
if underground drainage is desired for both storm water and
sewage, they shall flow in separate channels; as thereby the
sewage is obtained in a more concentrated form for treatment,
and also, the conduits aecea n\ t r this -\stem are of small
dimensions and therefore obtainable at small cost.
It is designed in this paper to fcreat of the several points here
adverted to in the following order :—
s suitability of the water-carriage system <
2. Outfalls.
O' J
3. The praeri system for an isolated
small community, independently of any proposed com-
prehensive scheme, and the possibility of adapting to
any such general hem dl the works constructed.
4. The reproductive character of a sewage scheme.
5. Health statistics proving improvement to the health of a
G. The ventilation of sewers.
1. The suitability of the water-carriage system over others.—
Where a water-supply is available, it ensues that the domestic
slops and refuse greatly exceed in bulk those of localities where
water is scarce ; hence the street gutters and channels are gener-
ally in a running condition, and therefore while their contents
are more bulky, they are less offensive, the sewage being more
dilute, and the gutters if properly constructed, are better flushed.
Notwithstanding all this, such gutters are always giving off offen-
sive odours, as may be witnessed in the Melbourne gutters.
Into these gutters only kitchen slops are allowed to be thrown,
all f cecal matter being rigidly excluded.
These slops contain ing ite the air almost
equally with fecal refuse, and if allowed to run without filtration
in the street gutters, present a most objectionably slovenly appear-
nostrils.
While therefore other i IW more or loss
effectual in providing for the disposal of the fcccal refuse of a
dwelling, not one of them shows a practical way of dealing with
ordinary slops.
ware drains laid deeply underground receives inditl'erently eitln r
and all such sewage, as well a proportion of the rainfall. afWdin ■
to householders and manufacturers a ready and inoffensive means
of getting rid of their waste fluids.
It is true, ashereitdief-i s gases are given
It is scarcely necessary to enter info any minute, de.criptio,
a water-carriage system of sewers, it U-mg fully known tha
consists of >: • v'.nerete, earti
ware, stoneware pipes. ,ve., laid with proper fall towards the
fall, laid also so that the
page at frequent points
appliances and the usual
recently-constructed ;-ew> is , I Sydney. _
The object of this paper is not to enter into the details of con-
struction, even i I ," w * , l a , v ,?
orbs, whereby they
ea;;;:;:.!:' h*m <&**»<*
their sewage in an effectual- '' v 4. ^^u
2. Outfalls.— Nearly the whole of
.uto the Harbour, Bot; "
Iliver or some branch thereof, and a
: d -h ■ . ■:■ ' '
This limital ', a r 3™ - .
deringthe effluent sewage free from 6
contemplated 1 ft T & A £7v^l?o
that obtains!
d
the local rivers, wherefrom domestic 1
Instead of discharging 1 *
InW it i« m«]p to fl<W iuw|s.«— « -—
fluent is drawr
tlie lower end, clear in proportion to the treatment it has received
and to the capacity of the tanks. The tanks are designed of suffi-
cient capacity to allow of plenty of time for the sewage to precipi-
tate the solids : ; with some pre-
cipitating drug, as - dphab of ir m dribbles a proper proportion of
the drug in siic'i -cwage : this is
allowed quietly to settle, ;; \ ] when properly
treated runs off as clear water.
In a situation win re the v. i- ■ w. : r i' . . . into a branch of the
Harbour waters the eo t of drue,-, i- numb I - than that entailed
to render the effluent tit f or < ater river, as the
purity need not be so high.
The tanks are req be, in order that
settlement may i. be drawn off; the sludge
is then spread in i :'• a nd 1 «com e portable for
transmission in I g been deodorised
bv the first process.
3. At Hertford, England, 3[r. E. O. Moriarty, Engineer-in-Chlef
of Harbour*, and Hi n ,1 md during the
proceedings saw t] l b w a glass of the effluent
and drink it, such was his faith in the efficacy of the treatment.
To recapitulate, therefore, here we have a process of collecting
automatically, purihv.Uon by s. alem.mt or preeipitation, asso-
been at work successfully for abo ut L6 years, and which can be
applied for the uses of a small community without sacrificing its
adaptability to become part of any general scheme thereafter.
Nevertheb ss, tlie question Las h s ol vei so side, and it must not
too ha.stily he taken for grante 1 tint all i',,, i accomplished with-
out considerable , X p. nditure i,i th- lit t place, and the dedication
of space where dw ■ . , Amoved for obviating the
experience by the residents of any taint in the air.
Can this last condition be secured for anv of the suburbs of
Sydney ?
The acquisition of suitable land for the above purpose will be
difficult, but in view , J th. \ tram . ... i ,,; rt ;nce of the question
it should not be impossible, and when see u red it should be the
depot for as large an area as can practically drain into it, so as
not to multiply such establishments.
In Sydney, we know from experience how the residents of a
locality within a radius of i :'/ .-ill rise up to object to the
it of such a depot.
It is here assumed that the pro, urin<< of land, while it is difficult,
is not impossible.
A few days since, I visited the model farm at Rookwood Station,
and found that since my last visit a stupendous amount of work
had been done i>. draining, and
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTIONS. 3G7
planting; the locality i> elevated and exposed to the sun and
wind, and therefore liable to suffer in summer from the effects of
the long dry months.
The whole area is accessible to the waters of the new supply
from the Nepean ; but that work could not afford water for the
irrigation of such an area withou; niacin- the head required for
giving an ample supply to the Syney reservoir.
It struck me whib , * i, t! i m<], that i large proportion
of the sewage of the western suburbs mi;,!it lie utilized here, and
would form both inc agent it' it
could be delivered here.
The site being elevated, it follows that the sewage would not
cost of a line of pipes for its conveyance of a pumping plant, and
the labour of pu very great.
A large tank could be constructed here to receive the sewage at
the highest elevation, whence it would command the surrounding
land, and contrivances e aid be designed whereby the sewage
could be conduci I during the day
Lieurxur System.
Tjits system has attracted very considerable attention from the
public and aut! ial conditions,
as life in barracks, <fcc. , n ng felt want
"""t proposes t
i .;'
pipes
spot, by suction, or to speak ' y exhausting the
This scheme has procured high encomiums from Belgian,
circum tances ; bat as it only propo;
municij d bodies id v - h j i scheme which will
dispose of both products, viz., house slops and night-soil, therefore,
the Lieurnur system would icquin to be supplemented and a
system of the nature of the one I am advocating, would be necessary
in addition to the Lieurnur's system, entailing immense cost, it
must suffice to say that it does not meet the requirements of our
suburbs, notwiti; ; invention a very
commendable amount of ingenuity and thoughtful labour.
I have this afternoon rec< ■ Mx. Staytoh's
report to the Sewers Department on the sanitation of North Shore,
and I need not perhaps siv that, like all modern engineers, he
prescribes identically the plans advocated herein for that suburb.
As I have never exchanged one word with Mr. Stayton on this-
subject, it serves to prove the unanimity of engineers in England.
lent as to ;
Up to the }
in different localities. "Wr
whole and not
i should look
The adoption of a syste t' se
has uniformly lowered the
I have, in a previous paper read in this room,
advanced my
opinions on the ventilation of the sewers and the
_ ;
5 system then
advocated is i tion in all the si
iburbs as well
at it consists of
Ii 1 1 i -s .-. -j it 1 1 .-_ i:. •■-■■,>.. r p is at tlie front of a large
proportion of
" >< s to the ridg
;e of the roof,
where it will get diluted v. it 1 1 t!,e surrounding air."
I would now conclude with tin- recommendation
to persevere in effort until tlo-y secure their object,
which will at
once lowerthe sickness and death-rate; nottoreqni
ment to provide for their wants, but boldly to applv
• themselves to
the work, remembering that if the < Government did
the work the
residents must pay for it in the long run, and ren
umbering also
It shoul.
that to be
' '
Discuss*
"Mr. Tim
- an isolated community, c
Id traverse tin- wind.- «
whole at a general estab
explained that In' did n
hich,"' to his personal 1 iiowlrdnr. were in a very pc
nunp with town rubbish, as is done in some parts.
Mr. Staytox expressed his satisfaction at being pre;
suburbs, but could not so early disclose his
sufficiently advanced his plans.
MEDICAL SECTION.
Seven meetings of this section were held during tl o of
1886, under the presidency of Sir Alfred Koberts.
The average attendance of members was considerably below
that for the session of 1885, the average number present having
been sixteen, the I ity-two, and the lowest ten.
There was no falling off, however, in the amount of useful work
done, the average number of papers read at each meeting being
three; in addition to which cts, pathological
specimens, and models of discus i <• kvU'Ioms, were exhibited.
The papers attained a high standard of excellence, and were
remarkable not only for their practical character but for the keen
interest and seii < h, for the most part, they
gave rise.
The section had, during th. the loss by death
of its esteemed me,, ',.-,■ !)r. W.-di :■ Kawkes Mackenzie, and the
fifth ordinary genei . Mourned as a mark of respect
for his memory, am] of cr.iulolenc' v.ith his widow in her affliction.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
FACTIONS OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF NEW-
SOUTH WALES, 1862-1865.
Contents.
> Vcrtebratcd Animals of the Lower rlurray)
'-v, ami geo^ru- - Gerard Krefft.
'' riK ' d iu " ;1 - :i,I 'l M ;i ,..m Gardiner. O.K.
m.s. Paper Xo. 2 ... ... J
■' l i:^-n'^-^'t odanin Gardiner, C.E.
■
of NeW South Wales I B
On the Defence of Port Jackson ""rBev.\\
On the Transmutation of Rocks in Australasia ... | FG . S-j F.R.G.S.
m Geological j G R <
3< >OIETY OF NEW SOUTH
laugural Addiess by t
rticle I.— On Non-Lit
, Tasmania
■Herons and other M
Opening Address by George E. Smaller, B.A., F.E.A.S., Tice-Prosideiit.
Article I.-On the value of Earth Temperatures .. . J ^^ l^ 7 ' B ' A ''
„ IL-OntheLnprovement.effeeterlinModern ( G ™ 1 J^ f ^'f
Museums in Europe and AuMmlu} J.;^, ? ^ 1', ^ . /J.
„ III.— On the Hospital Requirements of) Alfred Roberts,
Earthquakes, ;- M.A., F.G.S.,
, V.— On the
■
Waks during , Christopher Eoll
, TIL— Eemarks ., , th. IM L illoxl, a .,1 i 1
, Till.— On Pau] i \ So. \Va
past, present, and i'uture J M.R.C.S.
:?7.?
TRANSA( T10XS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH
WALES. 1860.
Vol. III.
Artiele I.-
III.— New The
Divish
IV.-Expositio
VI.— Notes o ■"■} ' a. It Tho
H,Lang,M.P.
,k-Kiw < Charles Mayes.
Tl ' Sv.Iir' 1 ^- Professor Smith, M.D.
„ XII.— On a new Apparatus tor hoaucme I A Leihius, Phil. Do:-.
„ XIII.— Remarks on Tables for Cal.-ulatii^O, H c Russe ll, B.A.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH
Vol. IV.
Opening Address, by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, M.A., F.G.S., Vice-President.
Article I.— OnPost-offio B :, lie ston, Auditor-
TRAXSACTIGXS <
AXS\.CTIOX> OF THE ROYAL SC
WALKS. 1871
Vol. VII.
, VII.— Appendix to '
, VIIL-On o°ur Coal a,
, IX.— The Mammals
IX.— Some of the Kes
ot r the Transi
X.-The Transit of
AKD PROCT ■ AL SOCIETY
OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 1873.
Vol. IX.
Article IV. -Anniversary
M.A.
r.a>.
Vn e-lVsiili'iit
Y.
-Notes o
i Deep
>. M.A
Sea Soundings.
By Rev
Clark
VT.
-Facts in
'
«t. L. Ben
VII.
rous Deposits of Tasm
nia (,//-'.
ByS
II. Wintle, Hobart Tow
VIII.
-Perman
nt Wat
■r M.pph to ^
dncy by
Livei-jidge .
l Wales. By Professor
JOURNAL OP THE '
. SOCTKTY (H- XKW -'
Vol. X.
Contents.
(Edited by Professor Liversidge.)
II.
„ III.
-List o
Lis
-Notes
Officers
F.'R>
Fundamental Eules, By-laivs
Idivs.s by the Eev'.W. B. CI
„ IV.
V.
» VI.
— 1 f t lV.
Bj
H
Rev. Dr. Lang
ag his Opposition
„ VIL-On^th
plat
„ VIIL-Ontbc
■■•-]" l:
Cteiiodus. 'l'art-l"t«. IV.'
.il'al'Tl
'v'.Vid^. 1 l'n-t!'i!r l l!f Mim','
„ IX.
-Rrr. 1
'<■! lip'
„ XI.
By
if <~. b
SIvlS
AL-iicleXIT.— EflV.
plates.) By Professor Liwr-id
. XV.— Proceedings
, XVI.— Additions to Library
, XV] L— Donations
, X VIII.— Reports from the Sections ...
Papers read before Si
1. Alacrozamia spiralis. By F.
„ XIX.— A P ] Meteorological Ob
„ XX— Index... ' '•■'. ...
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW Si
1877.
Vol. XI.
(Edited by Professor Liversidge.)
Article L-Li-t ,.f 'Meer. Fundamental Pules, By-k
}) n-Anr ! X -T , H. C.Russell, B
F.R.A.S., F.M.S., Vice-President
IH.-r traland North
New England in connection w -itn « -ck-
M \ |-M1.S.,\ Vi .-1'residenl
v.-o B °P r ";;"
s u uC'm-a, -id Hibs a ..IS, des oi Ue. .
Lh W .1 Parka, M.K.C.S. .. ...
.
other Metals from ['•
F.C.S
X.- Tbe i - if Australian Ter-
-
129 to 143
XII. Chit., „!us. By W. J.
Barkas, M.R.C.S
145 to 155
XIII. AS\ r plaining to
Hon. J. Smith, CM. G., M.D., LL.D.. M.L.C
157 to 163
Phosphat '■ i Mnl lU.nd. H> W.
165 to 181
XV. -On son Corali' (7Vo
plate.-*.) By the Rev. .1. '<]. T< :.
F.li.S., F.kG.S
183 to 195
XVI. —On ar, :.!..■ -tar in the
Constellati. n Vra. i \ J. Teblmtt. F.E.A.S.
.
V '■ . !. ■ :.. -. ' !:.; .-
•203 to 207
XVIII.- \ lav. IV- ,i |
Olarke', M.A., F.R.S. '...'... ..'. ' ..."
209 to 212
'
ByH. C Ui- !! !J. \.. i'.l: \.S
213 to 218
\\. Proceedinffa
2i:»tu2;?5
.
-
XXIII.-Reports from the Returns
■_>.-.:] to 27s
XXIV
"ByG.D. Hirst ..
ByH. C. Russell, B.A., F. R.A.I-
, J :d t
XXV
\XVI
—Index
is by the Society
-UXA,
OF THE ROYAL
SOCIETV OF NEW SO
Vol. XII.
(Edited by Prof.
Liversidge and Dr.
Leibhu
icle I.-
-List of Officers. Fundamental Uule*
and List of Members
, By-la
[e II. — Aiu:i\. it pher Rollestoii,
Vice-President
i
Value. By Rev. J. E. Temson- Woods. P.t i.S.,
F.L.S
IV.- -The M- : PvtheRev.
J. E. Tenison-Wouds. K.U.S., i'.L.S
Polyzoa. ((in. r < f ., \V the Rev. J. E.
TenisonAVoo.K >'.<;.>., V.\..<
of the Sydney ( >bservatory. i'.y .iohn Teobutt.
VII. - -On t)v ' Xi-w South
..
inL's, by telegrams to the various Ports, from
the Ob' en ith, Master
of the ship " T. L. Hall"
VIII.— Storms on the Coasl
(Four <liau>'<imx.) By II. C. Russell. P. A.,
IX.— Some Fa.
u) By J. P. Joseph-
nomical Experiment o
r&c ByH '
0. Russell, B.A., F.:
XL— On the Mttallur^ of NicK-l an.l < o'oait.
W. A. Dixon, F.C.S., F.I.C
XII. -The Deep WeU Waters of Sydney. By V
XIV.— The Rise and Progress of Photography. B 3
Ludovico W. Hart
dings
ions to the Library
XVII. — Donations to the Cabinets ...
XIX.— Reports from the Sections
Papers bead before the Sections.
1. Note on the Planet Uranus. By John Tebbutt,
By H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S ... ...
| .John Tebbutt, F.R.A.S
4. Note Ton the Star "Brisbane 6183." By John
Tebbutt, F.R.A.S. ... ... - ■■■
5. Notes
States Pv W. .1. MacDonnell, i.R.A.S. ...
6. Clark- «
B.A., F.R.A.S
7. The Trundle Micrometer. By H. C. Eussell,
s. > -^;; ,i ;; h [i'. , i t ;^ ' llUi ' 1 ^ hls0pp0Sltl0 _ n ' 18 ' 8 ;
'" .'■-!. .':':' . -.;
10. Al.-tia.-t ot the Results of the Ti.uisit ft
Venus. By H. C. Eussell, B.A., F.R.A.S...
11. Xotes.m theCieoceiitiieConjunetion of Mars
By John
F.R.A.S... ' ...
-lasses. By II. C.
13. On a New Form of E
H. C. Russell, B.A.
K.R.JCs.
11. Xoteon the Boorook
Silver Mine. I
15. Notes on "tile" Inert
station of the
16". An Apology for the I
of Photography in
Science. By Luehn
17. On Music. ByMon
Art.
XX
X\I.
-List of Publications...
ng. By
JOURXAL OF THE ROYAL SOC'TMTV
Vol. XIII.
[e L— List of Citi t H,, ui.it il Rules, By-laws,
II un \ i •. I , • i ,
Smith, (•.).!.<;.. Vire-Pre-i.lent
III. -The "Cem" Cluster in Argo. B i
B.A., F.R.A.S. ... ?..
IV. — The lute, ologists, Paris,
VL— On the Anal itb a Mono-
graph of the Genus. By the Rev. J. E.
Teni-., .\Y„..,U. r.c.>.. r.'L.S 49 to 6
VII. -On the Geological Formations of New Ze.dand
compared By James
Hed - ... 65to8
Afriea. By Hyde (Jhirke V. I'.A.L, London 81 to 8
Article IX.— Photography, its relation to P
X.-Ottcha piperita, P. v. M. By 1
K.('.M.(;., M.D., 1MI.1>.. 1
,, XL— Conipih a ( ^ l<>_u< . • i un
L.S., F.G.S
., XIII.— The Wciitwarth Hurricane. 1
B.A., F.R.A.S
the "iloteoiologi
SToS^bjRV^aI ° bben aU
„ XIX.-List of Publications
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
Vol. XIV.
TL^ce5£riden
. (D
III.
—On the Longitude of th
By John Tebbutt, F.U
.A : :'::". yi,> "
IV.
-On the Opposition and
and Jupiter. By Joh
i-S
'
—Some new Double Stars, wit
inaries. By
n. '.
F.R.A.S. (TwoDlax
VI.
-The Orbit Elements of
Cl, 1S8
By
John
i-'.R.A.S...
VII
—A new methi 1
I. c.
vii r
Sliding Scale for correc
a 1
Li-omet
' ings. By H. C. Eu
IX.
-On Thunder and 'Hail
Russell, B.A., F.E.A
Sinn
;v, /; ,!;;
X-On Borne recent chan
\r,ro"Dia ( ,rhw«)
XI
—Remarks on the Coloi
Ph.D., F.R.S.
XIII.
xrv.-
-Notes on the F* ■
. By Dr. Ottake
XV.-
-On the A id, . ' ili.-X itiv, ( \
H. Rennie, M.A., B.Sc.
XVI.
:
„ XVn.-On Si
W. A. Dixon, F.C.S
-Water from a ! 1
1'rofes 01 Liversid»e
XIX.
!i..t Spring i-j
■
XX.
-The composite k
XXL
-On e the a Comp.'' \\
■
„ XXII.
-The Composition of Coral L
„ XXIII.
„ XXIV.
XXVIII. -' Prospect and
Sydney. By F. B. Gipps
XXIX. -On Wells in the Liverpool Plains. By T.
K. Al.Lott, l'.-M. [Map)
XXX. -IV,,,,, ,1-,:^
XXXI.-Additi-.^tothoLil.mry
XXX11. I. !■> the lioval
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
Vol. XV.
Hon. Professor
"ll'v. Lin- Roth,
yiii.-ti,; :
IX.-0.iV.
, : : ■ . ■.■>..■>'■: -
edings of the Sectioi
Papers
in the Star Lacaille i
F.U.A.S..
)n the Dei
Article V. — Hooks from New Britain
(Prelimm.
F.R.S., F.C.S
VI. — TheHawkesburySaixIstone
ins. By li.
Diagrams) ......
nn. x
IX.-Nc
land. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods.
I.e.-.. i ; ... 179 to 192
XV.— The Aborij J as. By J.
abstract). By Dr. Andrew Boss, M.L.A.,
Molong
Proceedings
Additions to the Library
.. : j . By H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.i
,' thTTear 1882^" By H. C Russell,' 1
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES
Act of Incorporation
By Christopher Eollestoi
Darling. By Pet,
des. By the Rev
Queensland ' ... ...
VI. -Xotes on the genu ' i
\ "II.— A list of Double Stars. By H. C. Eu
F.R.A.S
:i
IX.— On the discolouration of white hi
XII.-
McKinney, M.E., A
-On Tanks and Weill
.ssr«:. M. I
i of New
Irrigation.
By A.
XIII.-
By Baron vc .
Ph.D., F.R.S., &e
:Iv>:
„ XIV.-
he Library
•
. ByA.W
I'lXuii.
Kxehai
TsZ
d Presentations made
by the Ro
yal Soe
Procee
[lings of the Sections
Appen
SeyO
bservations. ByH. P.
.A., F.I
387
JOURXAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES
1884.
Vol. XVIII.
(Edited by Prof. Liversidge, F.R.S.)
Rules, List of Members, &c xii
On t:
■io Oven-mounds of Aborigine:
^J
s on the Trochoided Plane.
H;
w iW„i of A.-tiuometer. Ev ]
BA., F.RA.S ...
Notes on some Mineral Localities in
Di ;
briefs of X. S. Wales. Br D.
■ on I>oryantbes. By Cbarles '.
W \v
r Supply in the Interior of X. J
Note;
i on a New Sell
m
H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S.
Kmh
ryology of the M - ; .
1 Fell. CailLS Col!. C.l
cms made b;
Proceedings of tbe Sectio
Cases of Mental Disturb
iry to the Head, wi
Manning. M.D. *"
mory. By F. Nort
Appendix : Abstract of tl
Svdney Observatory.
leMeteorol
?al Observations at t
By H. C
Lisscll, B.A., F.R.A.:
F.M.S., Government
Rainfall Map for the J
ear 1883.
By H. C. Russell, B.J
F.R.A.S.
List of Publications
Index
JOURNAL OF i OF NEW SOUTH WALES,
1886.
Yol. XIX.
CONTENTS.
(Edited by Prof. Liversidge, F.R.S.)
Officers for 1884-S5 1X
Act of Incorporation X1
Rules, List of Members, &c. xv
Article I.— President's Address. By H. C. Russell, B.A.,
F.R.A.S l
„ II.— A System of A '• means
of long Steel Ribands. By G. H. Knibb.s,
III— Noi <• Mar-
grave. (Three plates) «
.
grave. (Two plates) 4 ?
'■
VIII.-The Bin i Eimalaya.
By Dr. Brandis, F.R.S
■ h-.. F.R.M.S. Lou.
XL-Notes on tbe Characters of the Adelong Reefs.
By S. Herbert Cox, F.C.S., F.G.S
Proceedings
Additions to the Library
Exchanges and Presentations made by the Royal Society of New
Rainfall Map for the year 1884. f'.y H. C. Russell, 15.:
F.R.A.S
List of Publications
■Mi. ."■;
LIST OF PUBLICA'
d Presentations made by 1
! the Sections
E. Roth, M.E.C.S.E
Notes on the Sanitary 0>iuliti,.ii
the Dwelling. By J. Trevor
., liv lieuter
-pox on M.M. " Oceanien
, M.D. (Brux.), San. Sci
• J. .\-hburton Thompsoi
. ntial/bv Profea
In, -,;_,. J'.KS. _ ...
'■ of 1 !".!. 1 !r l
... 1
..'. 103
... IS
r.i..l, .gieal Laboratory, Watson's Baj
Black pumice from I'.ondi beach
Hole from Haxter River
Books purchased in 1880
Pile's ." ".
Biulding Fund, donations to _.
Ross Fairfax ...'.'
Anglesile
.. 2:;:;
c
1 construction of... 338,
saneshJe!!. 18
T,
m.r.
Prelimina
P< isonou
Plants d
T
land ...
Barnard Co
iss»;
X
w Gta
-
- i 220,
[:■ •:,- ,\ • 1) 18S.5 . "J-".
\,.vth Queens- _ Co
220 interior of
jsponding members .
3. Herbert, F.C.S., F.G
i-deposits of N.S.W.
Clarke medal for] 85
Desks, rational tonstri
Dialects of E. and \
Malay, Malagasy, am
22 Iodargyri
., j.yn
Floods in Lake George 2 !1, 207 Kathelomcier by Professor I
„_ the River l)arii-- 135 K. r. - n<- r-lia '.- .'■! N .S. W
Lava chocolate colour
Island of Tanna
Lava from Port Resolul
Lake G-eorge, floods in
Lakes in N.S.W. and th
Mid-hvet Gr-.Vi'na
Mim-iMb iissomt.
' , ',' ]■ R.-\
].\ lv- . i >r., f.ii.s.. <
.,'., i'".i;. s., ni
from the Pac
LfadsenH.F. Notes on
of Polishing and Figur
Glass Specula by hand,
Medal Clarke
Medical Section, Proc(
Members, Correspond]:
" List of
Meteorite, Bin-era. X.
Metallic, Qi
plants of ^ am '. . .'!!.". . V TT°m,
n;.„.rvii ■ i-i,".,V rainfall "at Armid'alei
Observations of rainfall' at" Brisbane,
Observations of "rainfall' at Burium-
dulla, 18W-1870
1886 '. .'.. 191,
Observations, river, at Cultova, 1870-
1871 175,
Occurrence of tin lodes
Oiilcers
P
Papers relating to Tin-mining Indus-
Payable Tin! what constitutes''.''."!" :
'.^^ 1 '" ''^ or le i raiy ^
Places, resulting, of Barnard's Comet,
Phfs" n ultmg, of" Brooks' Comet '
(No. 1), 1880 1
Places resulting, of Fabrv's Comet,
1886 :.... j
■Australia.... .75, :
Poisonous plants, North Queensland,
Polishing 18-incli glass specula by '
Polyglott of rl.epVlynesiau 'languages 1
Polynesian dialects 45, !
Porphyry from New Guinea i
Port Jackson marine fauna
designed by ' J
Pratt, Rev. George, on a compar^on
of the dialects of E. and W. Poly-
Presentations and Exchanges ;
rn-Llem's Address, bv Professor
Liversidge, F.K .8 *.
„ Microscopical Section i
Punnec/whitercheniicai'eomJ)ositioii '
of J
' „ ' the Pacific ....*"'.'.' 235> i
a
Quaife Dr. F. H. Notes on the Sani-
i:A:,r:i Suburbs of Nvdiu.^ .'.. 3:JS, J
Quartz from New Guinea,..: i
Quartzite „ „ S
Queensland North, discovery of
R
Rainfall at Ar.uidale, 1859-1870 1
Brisbane, 1S59 1,872 1
Burrundulla. 1866-1870... 1
Rayleigh, Lord, on scientilic education
- ill \\ i.- 1S61-187I' 1 ■ ■■ . ■-
Rennie, Professor E.H.,M. A., D.S.C.,
Notes on the sweet principle of
Sniilax Glycyphylla 211, 2
Renwick, the late Dr. George J.,
r.-'.m.'v.m.-!:!,! "...'"'.'.!."" .'.'.'.'.
Eabrv. Barnard, and Brooks (No!
1), 1886, at Windsor, N.S.W... 219, 2
Resulting places of Barnard's comet,
1886 2
Resulting places of Brooks' comet,
(No. 1), 1886 2
Resulting places of Fabry's comet,
Rhizopnds, method of mounting '•'>
River Darling, floods in 1
Bourke 191, 2
River Darling, observations at Cul-
Elvers in Au-fi
■alia, A
"m.jV.
i>-,-i,inalna,a f:
Rocks, from N £
sian Maml* .
Both, R. E,
eaaielP.hlie-
!i'«f el'.an- nii'.l
upon flood* u
Russell, II. C.
upon the hi
River Darlin
.0 Wat,
1
, B.A.
George I'll,
, F.RS, notes
Russell, H. C.,B. A., FJ
"Hon. Prof., biopraplii
Urolladistrict.goMinci
V
Ventilation of sewei
dwelling
Ventilators grating
Volcanic eruptions at K
A.M.I.C.E. The
Yule Island, New Guinea, mineral
specimens from 230
z
torvum 71
7J
Zincitc 233
/i oplivl, - mclliocl ut mounting . 33G
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