y é is
BULLETIN. No. 17.” (Re
xd
DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
- [Grass and Forage Plant Investigations. :
JAN GRASSES-II.
* x
"WASHINGTON... -—
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIC y :
1901. PF :
BULLETIN No. 17. (Revised edition.) (bios. 80.)
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
[Grass and Forage Plant Investigations.]
AMERICAN GRASSES—II.
(ILLUSTRATED.)
F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER,
AGROSTOLOGIST.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1901.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Division OF AGROSTOLOGY,
Washington, D. C., January 5, 1901.
Sır: I have the honor to transmit herewith copy for
a revised edition of American Grasses—II, Bulletin
No. 17 of this Division, and I respectfully recommend
its early publication. The first edition of this work
was quickly exhausted, and there are frequent applica-
tions for copies which it is impossible to supply; a new
edition is necessary to meet this demand. American
Grasses— [I was published as Bulletin No. 7 of the
Division of Agrostology, and contains descriptions and
illustrations of 302 species, Three revisions of that
work have been published. In this bulletin 325 addi-
tional species are described and illustrated, making a
total for the two bulletins of 627 species. In this
revision the synonymy has been carefully gone over
and revised or extended, and the same is true of the
descriptions, which have been entirely rewritten. This
has been made possible by the adoption of the present
form and the use of smaller type, permitting more
ample descriptions, which have been deemed necessary,
and the occasional addition of economie notes. Many
of the illustrations are drawn from type specimens.
This is especially true of the new species of Panicum.
For information concerning the forage or other eco-
nomic values of the grasses described, the reader is
3
4
referred to previously published bulletins of the Divi-
sion, and especially to Bulletin No. 14. The illustrations
are of the same character as in American Grasses—I,
and have been executed by the same artists.
Respectfully,
F. LamMson-Scrispner,
Agrostologist.
Hon. James WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES,
METRIC MEASUREMENTS AND THEIR ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS.
The metric system adopted in this bulletin is now quite gen-
_ erally employed in botanical and other scientific publications.
For those unfamiliar with this system, the English equivalents
are added in parentheses, the signs ° for feet, ’ for inches, and
” for lines or twelfths of an inch being used.
6 i
W
Fig. 303. IMPERATA BRASILIENSIS
Sci. Math. Phys. et Nat. 2: 331. 1833. (I. caudata Chapm. Suppl. Fl. So. U. S
668. 1884. N RA
833, or Scribn. 1882.
GRASS.—A rather slender, erect perennial 3-7 dm. (19-21?) high, with narrow,
white-hairy panicles, 6-12 em. (2’-5’) long, and linear-lanceolate leaves. Sheaths
nt; ligu
, 15-60 m. (6/-19"
sometimes hairy bos the SPT surface he ar the base. apitats (a) 6-7 mm.
(331% long: e abou - (3”) 1 ong with few scattered, long,
whitc hairs. tk f ) with a stout, twisted
awn 14-18 minm. | (zh 9") long; hairs as long as or exceeding the N npo
moist grounds, New Jersey to South Carolina and westw Tex
tember.
Elliott (Sk. MX 8. C. and geh i: epider d a wrong idea of Andropogon alope-
curoides L., as scribed it as having a straight awn. Examination of
Baldwin's ispeot E. contortus i Herb. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia shows that
itis distinct this species.
6. 305. MANISURIS TESSELLATA (Steud.) Seribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div.
Am. Bul. 20: 20. 1900.. ( Rottboellia tessellata Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 362. 1854.
Rottbollia corrugata of authors, not of Baldwin, Am. Journ. Sci. 1: 355. 1819.)
TALL RAT- TAIL- GRASS.- —A. 8 tout, erect perennial, 11 m. S) or more t bih,
(2}/-3/) long, terminating the branches from the upper joints of the um
Sessile spikelets, 5-6 mm. (217-3") long, with transverse ridges peal pesma
pressi t
grow: P pin
IL i is pois Moo, the transverse ridges baak e e
10
G. 306. MANISURIS RUGOSA (Nutt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. pa 2: : pe
ttti roa Nutt. Gen. 1: 84. 1818 BR. re ata Bald
: 355. 1819.)
Stir with ous Sak culms 1-2 m, 39-6 0) high, narrow leaves 3 m.
— e
es
Outer glum sessile spikelet (a) about m. (2" long and strongl
trans e t "s wet soil Delaware to Florida and Ala
y near the coast. August to October fs
ma a Š st
CHAPMANI pacii 8 Se occurs in Florida, has much less
outer glumes, shorter inte ternodes of the inflorescence, and elongated dander
flowering branches,
Manisuris ru a (Nutt.) Kuntze, and Manisuris corrugata (Baldw.) exis
are identical, as rie itr by the type specimens in the Herb. Acad, Nat.
Philadelphia, and Baldwin na ecla gem them to be the same and to pics
been described from the same terial. € grass referred to M. corrugata in
recent eollections is M. ee pim ) € (Fig. 305.)
11
vg A MANISURIS CYLINDRICA (Michx.) Kuntze, pei Gen. Pl. 2:
719. ( Tripsacum cylindricum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 60. ; Rottbellia
atin. Pac. R. R. Rept.45: 108. 1857.) SLENDER 1 GRASS.—
A slender perennial, with T terete, erook ipee 6-9 dm . (29-39) high, nar-
row leaves 15-30 em. (6’-12’) lo li racemes 12-18 em.
(5,7 long. Sheaths smooth; 1 short, eiliolate Wet Pus d (1%)
broad, smooth beneath, scabrous above and on First glume (c) of
tuse, i
Pedicellate spikelet vadimen ntary, 1.5-2 mm. (?/-1”) long Sessile spikelet (b)
6-7 mm. (3/-3}”) long.— Prairies, — to eee ee Indian Terri-
ry, and Texas. June to Septem
Fie. 308. TRIPSACOIDES Humb. et Bonpl. in Willd. Sp. P
4:941. 1806. (Rottbellia ciliata N utt. Gen. 1:83, 1818. FA MASA
15-50
em. (6/-20^) 1 nder, more es 8-14 em, (3/-6’) in
length. Sessile spikelets lanceolate, 7-10 mm. (34/7-5") long, with a ,
densely lus 1-1.5 mm. (y. ong; first glume (e) acute, bifid at
the a searious on the ; and third glumes (d, d’ qual,
m.
long.—Low pine barrens and marshy grounds, Florida to Texas. (So
ugust, mber.
dung 309. ANDRO N TENER Kunth, Rev. S ch 565. 1835. BEARD-
SS BROOM ont a A slender perennial grass dm. (39-29) high, with
rp narrow leaves and very slender racemes 3-6 em. ates phen Sheaths.
equaling or exceeding the internodes; ligule very short, truncate; leaf-blades
5-15 em. (2’-6’) long, 1-2 mm. (1"-1" ses - Senile — (a) 4-5 mm. (2"-2i")
i a
1
hills and pine barrens, “Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi to Kew Mexico.
(Cuba, Mexico.) July to September. :
14
Fic. 310. e th, Enum. 1:489. 1833. SHORT-
BEARDED BROOM SEDGE.—A rather stout, cœspitose perennial 6-10 dm
Sit high, with narrow leaves and slender racemes 8-12 em. (3’-5’) long.
f-blades 15-30 em. (67 12“) long, 2-4 mm. (1-27) wide, sometimes subvillous
at the base, Sessile spikelet (a) 7-8 mm. (3}’-4”) long, wb the slender awn
of the deeply cleft fourth glume di 10-16 mm. (5/-8") long. The first, second,
'umes are shown by b, e, d.—Florida to New Mexico and Nevada.
(Cuba, Porto Rico ) September to April,
Var. PRUINATUS Hack. in DC. Mon nog. Phan. 6: 370. 1889. (A. tener Curtiss
N. A. P1. 3633, not hasth 1 prui
Florida
wW UE
311 ROPOGON HIRTIFLORUS OLIGOSTA! Cha we)
Were in DC. 1 Phan. 6: 372. 1889. (Andr n tesa ed Chapm.
Fl. So. U. S. 581. 1860. )—A slender perennial 6-12 dm. (2949) high, with nar-
row, smoot 5-6 (2/-21^) long. —
spikelet (a) 6-7 mm. (37-317) long, with the first il lume (b) hirsute and th
deeply cleft fourth glume (e) bearing a slender vat die awn about 15 mm
(7% long. The second and third glumes are shown by d, c. and the lodicules
n
V Fourn.) Hac orm
brous on both sides; sheaths piloso above, ciliate, the first glume pilose an
roughened. New Mexico. (Mexico.)
smm
FIG. 312. ANDROPOGON GRACILIS Spreng. Syst. 1:284. 1825. Not Presl.
189. SLENDER BROOM SEDGE.—A slender, erect perennial 3-4 dm. (12-16)
high, with thread-like leaves 10-20 em. (4’-8’) long and terminal, silky-hairy
em. (1/2) long. Sessile spikelet (a) 4-6 mm. (2,370 long, with
to the right in a) densely plumose-ciliate, with white hairs one and a half times
as loi he p ; ) 1 I
southern Florida. (West Indies.) June to August.
|
E
e
Ulo
c d
5 (Ell.) Hack. in
Pr
1 n
the lower prise isse villous. suey 30-50 em.
lets (a) 44 . (2"-22") long; awns 16-20 mm. (8"-10") long.—Moist pine
barrens end oud Malda deyss Alabama t = a c September, October.
Var. VIRIDIS Hack, l. € s lea and very smooth xtd
— vur.GLATOUS Hack. a .€., has Smooth puri gie ER e ths
nd eu icle branches and nodes; vàr. DEAL Mohr, I. c., is a
oe the lower medien and pee ied otc yei the panicle-
aei i bearded at the nodes. sos also Bul. 7: 16 fig. 10.)
1 5 pe
18
Fig. 314. ANDROPOGON MOHRII Hack, in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:
.Phan.6: 413, 1889.) M
mes erawn about 20 mm. (10% long. The sessile and
spikelets are shown by a, the first glume by b, the second by c, the third by
and the broad glabrous lodicules by f.—Low vine | Alabama, Mississippi,
and 5
1i. October, November.
FIG. 315. ANDRO NGIBERBIS Hac
Mba var. distachyus aen ij predecir "BROOM 'SEDGE.—A
slender gram oe m. (2°-3°) Meh oes — silky-villous sheaths,
nder panicles 20-30 em. (8'-12" sone.
Racemes se cm. u- i eee spikeet 44. 5 mm. (20-2) long, nente
broader th viri
ing a sender a awn invia (de mm. (8") long; first glume (b) acute or scarcely
mucro; cabrous on the keels; second and third glumes (e, red acute, cem
brous. pue sessile and on a 3 are shown by d and the lodicul
by /.—High pine lands, Florida
|
|
\
=
VER =
2
—
Ga,
f GBA
N
»
1,
Hg 2 —
—
SN A
SR <
Ss
ANDROPOGON BRACHYSTACHYS Chia v
l pm. Suppl. Fl. So. U. *
SHORT-SPIKED BROOM SEDGE.—A stout, erect perennial 12-15
narro
2
UE
glume (b) very acute, entire, caniculat ! ~
] , , € between the seabrous keels; sec
ird, and fourth glumes (c, d, e) ciliat i ende!
Aas 2-8 zug. (847) o Hà l, e) ciliate, the fourth glume (e) bearing a slenaé’
4 and the lodicules by /—Pine barrens, Florida, September, October.
21
Fig. 317. ANDROPOGON GLOMERATUS (Walt.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y.
oT. 1859. _ (Cinna e vat S eme M 1788; A. macrourus Michx. 1803.)
t perennial 6-12 dm. (2°49) high. Sessile spikelets
mm. (2") long. 5 id reduced to a short bract or minute
slender plumose pedicel longer than the sessile spikelet. The sessile
ink d pedicellate s spikel ets are shown by a, the first, second, and third glumes
by b, e; A the fourth f.—Low grounds,
New York t . fee a to Texas s, New Mexico, and Nevada. (Mexico,
tower California, LM and Jamaica.) 5 = Dr ember.
: 27, Jig. 9.
22
—2
—
=
SSS
Le
—— ——
| SS
aS
a
SS
M
—
——
ASS
—
ae
” 318. Suppl. Fl. So. U. S. 668.
A. scoparius maritimus Hack, in DC. Mon
BROOM SEDGE. A rather ew
og. Phan. 6: 385. 1889.) 8
Sr gregis with numerous ab
reflexed, rigid, and glabrous leaves 5-10 em. (2/-4’) long an
em. (1}’-2’) long. Sessile
(€
d stout racemes
spikelets 5 os. (9^) long, with the bifid fourth gl
an awn about 13 mm. (6}
attenuate; the an
- (61") long; first glume (b) 3-5-nerved,
ird glumes are shown by cand d. Pedice
spikelets 7-10 mm. (3}”-5”) long, the first glume 7-nerved, short-aristate.
pedice
late spikelets are shown ct and the stamens of we
September to Novem
A good sand binder, "allied to A. scoparius, but quite distinct,
G. 319. ANDRO N HALLII Hack. Sitzungsber. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 89:
E 1884 COLORADO ATO BÁN D-GRASS.—A aa glabrous perennial 4-9 dm.
il PUn " more, wi ith flat lenya R m. (4’-8’) in length, and stout
8 edt /-3i^)long. Sessile spike-
lets. (a) pm mm. (4-5Y") long, with the first ( glume (b) ahne ks the keels
3-nerved,
retrorsely ciliate on the infolded margins. The fourth or y dicus ; glume is
shown by eand the palea by f. Awn shorter than the spikelet or wanting.—
Dry, sandy soil, North Dakota, pem southward to Kansas, Texas, and New
Mexico. (Mexico.) July to Septem
Var. FLAVEOLUS Hack. I. c., has boj oints of the rachis yellow-villous, spike-
Jets 8 mm. (4% long, awn 2-5 mm. (1"-2j") long. — INCANESCENS Hack. I. c.,
has the joints of the rachis white-canescent, spikelets 11 mm. n ione, awn
as in the preceding. Var . MUTICUS Hack. m RO M onog. Phan. 6 1899,
5 eee LH
. ANDROPOGON WRIGHTII Hack, Flora, 68:139. 1885.
BROOM SEDGE.—A sender, erect perennial 5-8 dm. (149-89) high, with 100,
flat leaves 15-20cm. (6'
4 cm. (147) long. Sessile spi kelet 5.5-6 mm, arn long, with the very narrow
fourth glume (e) bearing a rv awn » (0^ 7V/^)
(b) Ms narrow infolded m
as long as the glume; ned
se us
eee spikelet equaling the ee one, consisting of three
| and sessile spikelets are shown in a.—Dry mesas, rms Me
Fic. 322. ANDROPOGON gerig a n. Sp. Pl. 1045, 1753. (Hetero-
contortus Beauv. in R. & S. Syst, Mk 1817.) TWISTED BEA
GRASS.—A stout perennial 3-10 dm 8 high, with rather broad lea’
and solitary b racemes ter ti culm or its branch
about 5 em. (2) long. Sessile | mm. „ with a sharp-
ted is callin, pubsscesti ; second gl
(d)
glume (f) hyaline at the base, e
awn 8-10 em, (3/-4’) aps Pedicellate spikelets rae ss (4550) long, om
es membr near the mar
toward the apex. The senile and pedicellate spikelets are shown at a, and
j spikelet opened to show the parts at b.—Sandy soil, Texas to
subtropical countries of both hemispheres.)
te first glum ;
narrower, 3-nerved; third glume (v) very - E fourth or v
xtended abo , twisted, an
27
FIG ANDROPOGON MELANOC. onanera core e riduce
146. in. Brest uat Of enin Gram. 183. 1817; Heteropogon mela
pus Ben rn. Linn. Soc. 19: 71. 1882) LARGE-FRUITED BEARD-
GRASS.—A stout, t bin xum ng 8 with 3 ee, ps culms 5-20 dm.
Lu BBN TY and terminal or lateral race m. (1}’-2}’) long. Sheaths
subcom smooth ik X ai isos 15-40 em. (6'-16")
long, 5-1 ec (215% wide, scabrous. " Sessile spikelet (b) 7-9 mm. (3i1^-4i")
long, with a sharp barbate callus 3 mm. (13”) long, and a stout, densely-villous
em. (3’-5’) long. Pedicellate sectae = 16-20 mm. (8”-10”) long, 2 to
essile ,0 —
te-
Fields and roadsides, Florida to Alabama. OTENE ue Tropics. )
28
FIG. 324. NAZIA ALIENA (Spreng.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. w m. AR ias i
17: 28, fig. 324. 1899. (Lappago aliena Spreng. Neue Entd. 8:15 3
occidentalis Nees; Nazia racemosa aliena Scribn. & Smith, U. 8 T i n
Agros. - 4: 12. 1897.) WESTERN PRICKLE-GRASS.—A rather Fe
diffu “naps c t (4'-12/) in with tenga dub d.
Sender: Aae > racemes 2-8 em. (1-3) lon
mi
Sheaths loose, striate, shorter
the internodes; p blades 1-3 em. ( 1.140 long, 3-5 m w. lll“ 2“ wide, 1
vel strongly on the ma 0 Pas teeth extending "n
short hyaline auc rachís ubese 8
strigose
glume minute or wanting; second UM 00 po ‘its back covert e PE
vere e s; flowering glume (v) and palea (d) hyaline, shorter thar *
cond g d pur rocky hillsides, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. (Mex
e Wan: Indies, and South America.)
29
G. 825. 5 e eee M. Muhl. Gram. 96. d E en
,wi
Mert 1829.) F uch-
ranched, asc uberi ord jn. a creeping o float ing base, J. 5-9 dm 19-39)
long, and 10 to 50 slender racemes2-6 em 5 long. pane ses pesei or
more or less densely papillate-pilose; ligu le short, membranaceous; blades
lanceolate, 2.5-15 em aes long, 6-14 mm. (37-7") wide, scabrous, ae seo of
the racemes flat, thin, nd-
ing beyond them into an acute tip. Spikelets (0, d arranged: in two rows a.
thinly pubescent with minute glandular hairs; outer glum denies 2-nerved,
the first slightly exceeding the second, which ohne a brown m t the git
The flowering glume is shown by d, and the palea by e, Southern n Dllinois to
Florida, Louisiana, Indian Territory, and Texas. (Tropical America.) July to
tober
30
m n
3.0 f
FIG. 326. PA ; r.75. 1788. Not Lam.
1791. s walterianum Schultes.) WALTER'S PASPALUM. —A low, creeping,
5-4.5 dm
at leaves, and 2 to 6 small racemes 1-5 em. (1-2^) long. Sheaths
what inflated, smooth; ligule about 2 mm. ds long; leaf- blades 1-5 em. (2)
long, 2-4 mm. (1/-2/) wide, acute, smooth, or Spike-
lets (b, e) ovate, obtuse, smooth, about 2mm. a lon led in t orowson
‘one side of the flat rachis (a), which is 2-3 mm. (17-147) wide, elliate-scabrous |
on margins; outer glumes 5nerved; flowering glume (d) lenticular,
rounded-obtuse, a little shorter than the outer ones. The e palea is
by e.—Wet soil, New Jersey and Delaware, south to Florida and westward to
southern Ohio and Texas, (Cuba.) July to October.
31
Fic. 327. PASP. BOSCIANUM Flügge, Monog. 170. 1810. (P. pur-
purascens El. eum seg virgatum Walt., not inn. y: pape 5
A stout perennial, with ascending, | m. (29-39 h, long,
flat leaves, and numerous, usually purple-flowered racemes 2-6 em. pea long.
crowded near the summit of the eulm orits branches. Sheat ths lax. 8
longer than the internodes; leaf-blades 15-45 c m. (6-180) long, 6-12 mm. (3'-6^)
wide, scabrous on the margins. Spikelets (b, c) ‘glabrous, crowded, a on
obovate, obtuse, 2 mm. (1^ 7) Jong; empty g h, 5-n
smooth; very d
as is also the palea (e). —Low woodlands and Pues grex es, North Carolina ii
Tennessee to Florida, westward to Mississippi and Louisiana. July to
tember.
32
Fig. 328. PASPALUM LARRANYAGAI Arech, Gram. Urug. 48, pl. 2
1894. (P. vase: aseyanum Seribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. 17: 32, f. 328.
wbiflorum
i") long, the acute outer glum
long-hairy on the margins, the firs thinly hairy all over, iato slightly
exceeding the flowering glume (d). e pal shown by e.—Along ditches,
roadsides, and in old fields, Louisiana to Texas, South ‘Aileen July to Sep-
mber.
te
33
Fic. 329. PASPALUM CURTISSIANUM Steud. Syn
CURTISS'S PASPALUM.—A coarse, erect perennial 9-18 Pul enn high, with
the lower sheaths usually er villous, long, flat leaves, and 3 spik
1-10 em. wee ) long. Spikelets eee
compressed on the back, about ne mm. aan long, biseriate, as shown by a,
emissus Hate. The foun ering glume is shown by d and the palea and lodi-
cules by e.—Damp pine — Florida to Misisippi. July, August. No.
4990, A. H. Curtiss, 1894; and 3865, S. M. Tracy
13412—No. Pn c3
Fic. 330. PASPALUM LIVIDUM Tri lecht. Linnsa, 26: 3
1854.—A rather slender, en ee perennial 6-7.5 dm. deci ev with ve
peii cess usually erect leaves and 4 to 8 i aall à
ed racemes 2-3 em. (1-140 long. Sheaths compressed; leaf es smooth
1 5-25 Pag (6-10) long, about 3 mm. (1% wide, Hkc ay am crowded it
two ate, subacute, 2-3 mm. (1"-1j") long; — V ni
3-nerved the first gesagt at (b) very minutely ese the seco!
ionge is sho
The dorsal view of the
the palea by e.—Low amada, Texas
Plant oft.
35
—
|
|
Fig. 331. Linn.Mant.1: 29. 1767. DITCH
LET.—A densely cespitose perennial 2-6 dm. (39 um high, with rather
vss src often geniculate at the ion joints, narrow, flat leaves, and 2 to
s 2-4 em. (4117) long, approximate near the summit of the culm or its
branches, Spike ets (b, e) rounded, obtuse, 2-8 mm. ial long. A portion
of t ] view of flowering
glume, d; anterior of palea. e.—Wet places, Sas (No. 5760, Curtiss,
1006). (Tropical subtiles of both hemispheres. ) August, September.
EU
** rainy-season
rci The grain is eaten by the lower classes and the straw is used for
: the intern h
10’) long, about 5 mm. (24)
tuse, about ydg - (4^) long, „with the g nerved outer
eee ubescen I
view ot of the f
the do
. sion d, and anterior view of the 9 800 c.—Southern.
Very variable as to the length of the leaves.
37
FIG. 333. P. AL GIGANTEUM Baldw. in Vasey, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club,
1 TER-GRASS.—A stout, erect, coarse perennial 8-18
dm. (219-6?) high, wi , flat leaves an 5 racemes 15-25 em. (6/-10^)
long. Sheaths loose, striate, exceeding the internodes, the lower ones pilose;
leaf-blades m. (12/-24’) long, 2-3 em. (4-1) wide, smooth ly
P nt. Spikelets (b, c) about 3 mm. (14) long, crowded, obtuse, arrang
in two rows as e portion of the axis and pedicels at a;
two ro
empty glumes smooth, 3-nerved. The flowering glume is shown by d, and the
palea by ¢.—Moist ground and ditches, Florida. June to August.
*
Fig. 334. PASPALUM BIFIDUM (A. Bertol. Nash. Bul. e g Pe
94:192. 1897. (Panicum bifidum A. Bertol. Mem. Acad. Sci.
portion o: an les, are shown in d.—Dry,
n eaa soil, Ln cdg of Alabama and Florida westward to and
Texas. A to October.
amm
y
Fic. 335. PASPALUM MONOSTACHYUM Vasey, in Chapm. Suppl. Fl. So.
ded, in two rows along one side of the filiform rachis
(a, b), oblong, obtuse, 3 mm. (1}”) long; first glume3-nerved, somewhat shorter
than the spikelet; second glume equaling the flowering glume. The palea
is shown by e.—Low grounds, Florida to Texas.
40
Fig. 336. ANTHJENANTIA RUFA (ElL) Schultes, Mant. 9: M
(Aulazanthus rufus Ell. fk. Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1: 108. 1817;
Kunth.) RED-HAIRED . NTELENANTIA.—A slender, erect, ses and
rather rigid
narro or ee us, We loosely-flowered 15 em. (3'-6/)
long. Sheaths erowded a the ; leaf-b! 2-4 dm. (8/-16/) long, 3-5 mm.
fee. wide, obtuse, rigid, erect eee pha labrous. Spikelets (a) 3 mm.
umes; e flower
exas. August to October
41
[TETTE
(Michx.) 3 Agrost. pus t 10, f.
. FIG. 337. ANTHZENANTIA
7. 1812. (Phalaris villosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. m Panicum ignoratum
Kunth.)—An erect, somewhat m. (2-4 ) high. from
strong, creeping rootstocks, with flat, rather s short leaves sand dea —
t es
leaf-bla
spreading, 1-2.5 dm. (4/-10/) long, 5-8 mm. Qin Ww wide. amp m — t
3 mm. (14) long, outer er es villous with spreading hairs. wer
With 3 ens; anthers and stigmas yellow. ee sandy soil, ne open pin e
barrens, etc., South Carolina to Florida and westw: Louisiana and Texas.
July to October.
Fie. "- 1 A Munro in Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. D
2 121: 1, pl. 1. 1890. SILKY EVERLASTING-GRASS.—A * e
ufted Told 3-10 dm. (19-349) high, with numerous basal le
veri simple, racemose panicles 15-20 cm. (6’-8’) long, consisting of 6 to 10
alternate, appressed branches, the lower ones about 2 em ui > length.
he
0-25
Pad long, softly pubescent. Spikelets (b, €) baue acute,
m. (14-2) “ld imbricate in two rows along one side of foe flat rachis
gl er is 8
by d and the palea bye. Pedicels (shown in a) bearing hairs e as the
spikelets,—Dry soils, Texas to Arizona, September.
43
Fic. 339. PANICUM SANGUINALE Linn. Sp. Pl. 57. 1758. (Digitaria
33 Seop.; Syntherisma præcox Walt.; S. sanguinalis Dulac.) CRAB-
GRA much-branched, leafy annual, more or dise: decumbent and rooting
at sa 8 nodes. Stems 3-12 dm. (19-49) long; nodes and sheaths usually
hairy; ligule 2 = (1) long; leaf-blades flaccid. 5-12 em. (2-5) long, 4-8 mm.
(A) wide, scabrous, sometimes pilose, and usually purple tinged. Spikelets
(a, b) 2.5-3 mm. RS long, lanceolate, acute, in digitate or subfasciculate
racemes, which are 5-18 em. (2’-7’) long; first glume very minute; second about
one-half as long as the spikelet, usually ciliate and 3-nerved; flowering glume
(c) smooth.—Throughout the United States. (Warmer r temperate regions of
both hemispheres.) June to September.
been gps ae weed in the Northern States, is of great | value as &
forage plant in the So rage
and a good quality "s hay. In Bohemia, Europe, the grain is used for food.
Often a troublesome weed in law
ii
Fig. 340. PANICUM PLATY TYPHYLLUM Munro in Vasey, Contr. U.
Nat. Herb. 3: 27. 1892. FLAT-LEAFED PANIC-GR. RASS.—A much-bran
oe leafy perennial, often rooting at the lower joints, with flowe
h a
l ed, sm
apes d an oblong palea. The flowering vien is shown by e, and the palea
by /.— UN gm Texas. (Cuba.) June, Jul i
G. 341. CUM PROSTRATUM Lam. Tabl. Encycl 1: 171. 1791. LOW
PANICGRASS - —A slender, creeping, anā much-branched perennial, with
` composed of 5 to to 10 simple racemes.
Culms ascending, ders. belo w, 3-6 dm. (19-29) iso Sheaths shorter than
the internodes; leaf-blades "ie em. (14/-2^) long, clasping at the base;
sun pape with stiff hairs. Spikelets | ys b. e )ovate, oblong, gieheows
mm. (1 "1 d
te-pointed. The palea is shown
in e —Moist, wet grounds Hew Jersey (ballast), ames to Florida, and west-
to Louisiana and eastern Texas. (Tropieal countries of both hemi-
has) September.
46
: hum ochst. r
RASS.—A leafy, erect perennial MAL 8 pr sank aspi
below; eulms terminated b y narrow panicles 10-20 em. (1-8) e lon mp
5-15 cm. (2/-6/) long, end gen nerally more or less ubescent. Spikelets
about 3 mm. (1j ng, densely — the sprea er hairs 3-4
(14-2) long. cbe d third re shown d, the flo
glume by d and the parda aaa by f.—Dry hides ida ete., 8
„Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. A grass which is apparent
PON Eth Q thwest.
47
Fie. 343. PANICUM TENERRIMUM unth, Rev. Gram. 1:39. 1829
a — Nees, Agrost. gm 89. 1829.) SLENDER WOOLLY
slende: d 1
ean with Med and father rigid, flat eae and simple panicles about 10 cm.
(I) long. Leaf-blades flat, 5 cm. (2^) long or less, rather rigid; lower sheaths
pubescent, Spikelets (a, b, e) 2 mm. a”) long; the first glume glabrous;
hort, silky hairs; fo werin
glume (e) smooth. The anterior view of ‘the flowering glume enveloping the
palea is shown at f.—Low „ Pecos County, Texas; rare. (South Amer-
ica.) September, Oc :
48
—
—
Wass =
ee cam
—
NRE
2
7
NI.
Fic. 344. PANICUM CILIATISSIMUM Buckl. Prel. Rept. Geol. and
Surv. Tex.4. 1866. INDIAN WHEAT. CANET GRASS.—A creeping, m
branched, leafy perennial, with upright flowering stems 1-3 dm. . (4-17)
d es
i g ?
9-nerved, smooth except at the sale fa Dei. s long as the —
glume densely ciliate-hairy near the Margin; third glume (c) somewhats
than the second, ciliate on the margins, its palea MM t in length; flo
eren (d) obtuse, oy 23 The fertile palea is shown by !
, Southern
n species is PAM ‘known a as compet ow. The extensively cree
rd vsus .and leafy stems of this iat aes present a close resemblance
49
Fic. 345. PANICUM URVILLEANUM Kunth, Rev. heres 1: 35 et 2. 403,
t. 115. 1885. WOOLLY-FLOWERED PANIC.—A stout, erect perenni ial 3-6dm.
ied Big with long, flat leaves and open panicles 15-25 em. (6/-10^) long.
rigid, dm, (12/-18’) long and 6 mm. (3”) wide at the base,
ceous
glumes silky-villous; first glume 7-nerved, two-thirds as as the 15-nerved
Second one; third glume (d) slightly shorter; flowering rcs e (f) ee
on the margins, otherwise smooth. Whole plant more or less hairy.—Sand:
h
San Jacinto, Southern Calif. No. 887 S. B. & W. F. Parish, June, 1882.
13412—No. 17—01——4
Mo. Bot. Garden,
10080
Fic. 346. PANICUM PHILADELPHICUM Bernh. in Trin. Gram.
1826, as synonym; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 198, 1829. (Panicum diffusum
Am. Sept. 1: 68. 1814. Not Swartz. 1788; P. capillare minus Muhl.
1817. Not P. pubescens minor Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 4: 272. 1816; nor
Gatt. Te
P. Scribn. Bul. Torr. Bot. Club. 20: 416. 1893.) WIRY
GRASS.—A rather slender, erect annual 3-6 dm. (19-29) high, branchin
base, with flat leaves, capillary panicles, and rather distant spikelets.
pilose or bearded at the nodes;
ö . Spik
acute, or acuminate; flowering glume (d) narrowly oblong, obtuse.
moist and dry sandy soils, Pennsylvania and Michigan south
and Mississippi. July to October.
51
e
s
a
ATUM Schultes, Mant. 2: 235. 1824. (P. diver-
Fig. 34
ene an wee B. = 1815; P.autummale Bose. 1825.) F. opes caesi
1 regents slender, erect, or ascending perennial, usually much-branched a
the base, 3-6 dm. (1°-2°) high, with rather short, narrow leaves an 3
the culm or mo Sheaths smooth,
erie lower o ones sparsely hairy; ligule obtuse, pum leaf-blades 5-7 em.
pra -3') long, 4-6 mm. (2"-3") wide, scabrous on the margins. Spike — bos e
gend m the ends of the branches, spindle-shaped or obovate,
(1 pal ) ibn the first glume very minute; second and third glumes iw at
exceeding the floweri peri —Dry soil, negra Caro!
Florida & to Illinois, Minnesota, K e a 25 . Jun
iie t; refi CAPILLARIOIDES Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat.
hing pere!
54. An erect
ree ja qvas) high, with narrow and more or less elongated flat lea
diffuse panicles 15 em. (6’) long. Spikelets (a, b) narrowly lanceolate,
5-6 g g
e a ad AE ee , smooth, about Palen 0
sterile flower (c) small, 1-1.5 mm. Qr ^) long; dac tame ( (d) less
UM an nb smooth and sh inig Bonth rn Californ ia, &
,
tive)
+
53
Fig. 349. PANICUM MINIMUM (Engel.) Scribn. & Merrill, U. S. Dept. Agr.
Div. Agros. Cir.27: 4. 1900. (Panicum capillare minimum Engel. in Scribn. Tenn.
: Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 7: 44, fig. 40. 1894; P. minus Nash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 22:
421. 1895. Not P. capillare minor Muhl. Descr. 124. 1817.) SMALL WITCH-
GRASS.—A sl ender annual, rarely more than 3 dm. ae) high, with long-pilose
sheaths, narro red panicles 8-16
em. (36) bit d 5-10 em. (2/-4’) long psc; p "-3") „erect,
more or less pilose or pubescent. Spikele p 2 b, o about 15 mm. (7) long,
elliptical, aeute, smooth, borne singly or t the ends of the ultimate
riers first st glume about one-third as longa as * equal, acute, second a
third on Dry woods
and thickets, New Brunswick to Michigan and Missouri, eee
August, September.
54
CAPILLARE Linn. Sp. Pl. 58. 1758. OLD
or ODE HAY.—An annual, with usually coarse, branching
short, ciliate; leaf-blades flat, lanceolate or linear, acute, usually thinly’
on both sides, 12 (a, b, e) Mm, smooth, about 2 mm. (1) long.
acute or inate, smooth. wering glume is shown by d and
by e.—A weed in cultivated fields, 3 in sandy div Maine d
to British Columbia, southward to Florida and Texas.
‘Var. GATTINGERI Nash, Brit, and Br. Illus, Fl. 1:129. 1896, Has
numerous lateral panicles, the terminal one rarely exe
em. (6^) in length.
. " aa HIRTICAULUM PIA. Seed Msg: 1: 830.
ROUGH P C- —A slender y Mons erect acie
€: ( 1.7. 5 dm. G 2% high, , oft
te-pilose sheaths, flat and usually glabrous leaves, and rs more or less
— ng, many-flowered les. Sheaths usuall pere ies inter-
nodes; leat- -blades 5-20 em. (2 long, pn mm, dee e, acute, sometimes
de 2 (a, b, e)
lanceolate, acute, about 3 mm. (137) long, poate First glume acuminate,
two-thirds as long as the spikelet; second and third glumes lanceolate-
mate, 5- to 7- nerved. The third glume anit Minti e palea is shown ph -
the flowering glume by e, and the fertile palea by f.—Texas, New
Arizona hae dae (
soon tk Galapagos Islands.) August, Septem
roe. L. by its titer and more strongly tuberonlate
a dl g fi t gl which is } to $ he spikelet.
wide, scabrous. sopita (a,b, €) very acute, .
crowded. The third glume and palea are shown by d, the c ect TR si
flowering glume by e, pim anterior view of same dicet palea by f
meadows and along the -— streams, New Jersey to North Carolina
Kentucky. August, Septem’
_ This species is closely related to Panicum agrostoides Spreng., but is
Ainge
panicles. Apparently included in P. agrostoides by Muhlenberg.
57
Fig. 353. PANICUM DIVARI Linn. Ameen. : 902. 1759.
(P. latifolium Linn, Sp. Pl. in part, reference to Solane's Lene e y.) SMALL
CANE.—A coarse, wood boo-like perennial 18-24 dm. (6°-8°) high, reclin-
Leav:
long, 4-12 mm. (26% wide, deciduous from the persistent sheaths. Panicles
Aen ee. Spikelets (a, b) swollen, about 4mm. (2”) long; lower
third
ume triangular-ovate, one-third as long as the spikelet; second an nd thi
ho 9- to 11- 5 AMT of the osok glume (d) pubescent. Anterior
view of the third glume and its palea is shown by c.—Dry woods and thick-
, Southern Florida. (West est Indies, Mexico, and tropical America.) March
mber.,
PANICUM oo Ell. Sk. Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1: M
ra pp — fibrous-rooted, smooth perennial, with
niculate, stems 6- spas — high, with long 755 rather
flat leaves and ben eee nicles about 30 em. (12’) long. 2 g
T than the internodes, paki leaf-blades 3 dm. (1°) long or E
(1^) wide, cordate at the base. Spikelets (a, b, c) lanceolate-acute,
) i puer one side of the panicle branches; empty gh
ceolate, scabrous two to th
(6; third glume (a) about Snerved, inclosing a palea one-half as long a8:
J- Low grou: ounds, Georgia and Florida, -—
eroi tg Texas. July to September. ber.
Of no recognized agricultural value.
59
Fig. 355. PANICUM SETUM Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Mec
27:9. 1900. (P. subspicatum Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot Bot. Bul. 8
Not Desv. Opuscules 84. 1831.) PR PPED PANIC.—A rare erect,
mes ng leaves, and narrow, nearly simple, terminal cles, the ulti-
b te in a short bristle. lades 2-12 em. (1/-5’) long,
26 mm. (1”-3”) wide, rather rigid, light green, | acute, the upper longer than
the lower ones. Spikelets (a,b, c) mm. (1” ia esi
half as as the spikelet; second glume 7-nerved; t oo sass
rachis with | a short bristle at the apex an and sometimes es a s a brise b 3
spikelets. lea by ¢.—Dry, sandy
by dan P
plains, southern Texas. August.
G. 356. PANICUM REVERCHONI Vasey, C. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bul.
8: vus 1889. REVERCHON'S PANIC.—A siet SM and rather densely
csspitose perennial 25-45 em. (10/-18’) high, with v visendi erect leaves
simple panicles, the a in:
and terminal, branch nating
bristles; leaf-blades Piaget , plane, or ane sprig em. (2/-8’) long,
wen (V) wide. Spikelets (a, b) 3-4 mm. i^n Ja ong; first glume one
f as long eee greed obtuse; flowering glume (e. d) finely
ed or stria: lains, Texas. eia upto tember.
61
a is CUM WRIGHTIANUM &crib ribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros.
sene Pie esas 1898.—A slender, much-branched, leafy perennial, with
an mans Toe panicles 2-3 em. (3,147) long, and minute spikelets (a, b, EX
a : (%) long, the second and third glumes of which are minutel
8 pubescent. Leaves He um. qa) a 2-3 mm. (1"-1i") iba. id mi-
above. First glume a "
one-third as long as the spikelet or ‘shorter cites nd « with a small palea
viii Net but en seer and shining, obtuse. Close we e Ter
ime but readily separated from that species by its t culms -
: smaller, pubescent 5 —Moist, gets in open pine w
lands, Misslesi ppi and Florida. (Cuba.) May to Octo!
Poe m aens sahl a parast — aoa 1 A
spik e h to one-third as
lernt tue rd glumes 7-nerved, the latter (e) with a short palea;
3 ering glume (d) obtuse, inclosing a palea (as shown at ¢) of
11 'w pine woodlands and swamps, Florida. April to October.
ustration drawn from the type specimen
64
$T
Nash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 24:
Fic. 360. PANICUM LEUCOTHRIX
1897.—A slender, erect or ascending, sparingly
nd a glumes pu
(d) with a short palea; flowering glume (e) elliptical-oblong, obtuse.
June o
soil in - pine barrens and c cypress swamps, Flori (West Indies.)
coss SER drawn from the LM micum, which was collected in low pine :
land at Eustis, Lake County
5 branch rennial 14 de 2
(4'-18^) high, with short, erect leaves 2-6 em. (#/-2}’) long, and ovate 9
Fic. 361. PANIOUM ERECTIFOLIUM Nash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 23: 148.
: 1896. (P. sphzeroc worming Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div . Bot. Bul. 8: 33.
1889. Not P. floridanum Trin. 1834.)—A À rather stout, glabrous perennial 46
dm. "ode Hà e with erect and rather rigid leaves an rminal at length ex-
serted, man. flowered, ov vate or oblong SS em. (3'-5 a
pe he
ets (a, b, c) about 1.5 5 mm. (i") long, t ped
minutely pocta m nag Ben (d) broadly oval, o obtuse.—Swamps, Florida
and Mississippi
1341 d 3
Low, boggy places, chiefly in thickets and low $
June to October.
67
363. PANT LUCIDUM Ashe, Journ. E. Miteh. Sci. Soc. 15: 47
ulosum Michx x.?)—A ve ry slender, erect or reclining, glabrous perennial
wJ =, acs an rd to Texas; common.
gnicolum Nash by its s mici and glabrous spike-
*
Shap ands smooth Mom Pap
Fig. 365, PANICUM POLYANTHES Schultes, Mant. 2: 257. 1824. (P. mu
tiflorum Ell. 1817. Not Poir. ie £ microcarpon Muhl. June, 1817. Not ex
Ell. Jan. 1817.)—A toi finally sparingly branched, sanum
Pareno. -A din. 250 hgh. i h broad, spreen leaves, many-flowered
panicles, 7-18 em. (3’-7’) long, and ke tely pubescent, nearly a spike-
lets (a,b, e) about 1.5 mm. (4% long. re ligule none; upper lea
longer than Lo lower ones 12-25 em. (5’-10’) long, lanceolate from a in
pin o ciliate base, First glume minute, the second and third 7-nerved; the
s eem hyaline palea; flowering glume (d) shining, round-ovoid,
. Dry, open woodlands and occasionally in open gro rounds, New York
"pend to Florida and westward to Michigan, Nebraska, and Texas. June
Panicum microcarpon Ell. is P. barbulatum Michx. as now understood.
70
hee 366. PANICUM DICHOTOMUM Linn. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753. (2) (Panicum
tichotomum, viride Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. 8:
slender, glabrous, end finally inuch-branched above, somewhat wiry pe
lt is not known exactly what Panicum dichotomum Lin
tha
um Linn. is. The form abov
is considered as representing that species, as it a
more nearl
escription any othe :
fulfills the
FF
Fic. 367. PANICUM VILLOSISSIMUM Nash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 23: 149.
1896. (Panicum pubescens of Scribn. Bul. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. 72: 52. 1894. Not
Lam
pubescent leaves 5-10 em. (2 "A long, and perii ovate or pyramidal panicles
obovate spikelets (a, b, ee. are 2 mm. (17) in length. Culms Mni
lous; nodes pubescent; sheaths densely villous, shorter than the internodes
ligule a dn. fringe of short hairs kaire leaf blades papillate-pilose with long white
hairs. Panicles about i (3*) long; & xis pilose; the second and third pun
3 a latter (d) with a small palea; flowering glume (e) obtuse.—
cra ideis ia om New Jersey to South Dakota and eee
era thee Gur M. May to Septem
"Suus f
Fic. 368. PANICUM BRITTONI N h, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 94: 194. 1897
BRITTON'S PANIC-GRASS.—A dat. erect, caespitose perennial, with ker ;
culms 1-2 dm. (4’-8’) high, erect leaves, and ovate panicles 2-3 em ps
long. Ligule a ring of short hairs, culm leaves 1-3 em. (1/-12/) long. SP vii
second a
umes y long m x
spikelets, En: the second and third glumes 7-nerved, the third (c) Ta a
pel one-half its van fourth glume (d) obtusely apiculate. t
w Jersey. May July. ;
1
|
|
NODUM (Smith) e & Merrill,
Fic. 369. PANICUM NITIDUM OCTO
U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. 24: 34. 1901. (Panicum G. Smith,
U. S. Dept. Agr June 30, 1899.)—A part —
branched, glabrous pere 4-6 dm. (16/-24^) high, ear,
e nding, leaves, and narrowly pyramidal, rather densely fowere
es 5-10 em. (2’-4’) lo ule a rather dense f of hai ee
es
(a, b) elliptical-ovate, obtuse, 1.5 mm. (about long; second an
faintly 7-nerved and glabrous. In swamps , Delaware and Texas. July to
T.
Distinguished from the species (fig. 371) by its glabrous spikelets.
Fic. 371. PANICUM NITIDUM Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 172. 1791. (Panicum
spretum Schultes, Mant. 9: 248. 1824; 5 i Nas viis rr. Bot. Club, 25:
. 1898; P. paueipilum Nash. ibid. 26: 573. 899.)—A erect, cœspitose.
nally 0 dm foe high, wi h erect, lanceolate
leaves and rather narrow and emi flowered panicles ta em. (3'-5^) long.
le a ring of long hairs; leaf-blades 4-10 em. ian long, 3-10 mm. (13”-5”)
bus Spikelets ovate-oblong, about 1.6 mm. an The second and third
glabrous; the second and third. N s i y (d) with a small pa
flowering glume (e) oblong, obtuse: t grounds, Maine to Senn
Mississippi and Texas, mostly near ve elie
See 3 & Merrill, U. S. Dept. Agr. die. Agros. Bul. 84:32. Notes on
te. 1901.
76
j AVS
ia d
ni g 7
54.
Fic. 372. PANICUM ATLANTICUM , Bul . Bot. : ah wia
1897.—A slender, = de Tee e ps dm. 2 a) iss
the culm, sheaths
white, spreading hairs : ed
ligule a ring of hairs 2-ó mm. ara cn leaf-blades 3-10 em. mes jos
wi brous Panicle 4-6.5 em.
LI
densely pubescent with short, spreading hairs; third glume (d
palea; flowering glume or ro oval to orbicular.—In operi woods,
chusetts to Virginia. June to August.
3 mms.
Fic.373. PANIOUM IMPLICATUM Scribn. U.S. Dept. Agr. D v. Agros. Bul
11:43. July 20, 1898.—A weak, slender, hairy pere mal! sip dm. quam) bigh.
Fes - EM a z. pyramidal i-
—— (1'-2’) long. Culms pilose with een — ,
abrous ring immediately below. — es pilose on both sides.
pilose eee b, c) 1.5 mm.
(4% long, obovate, obtuse, minutely pubescent; first glume minute; the third
(d) with a small palea; fourth glume (e) ovate, obtuse.—Low grounds near "e
coast, e to Delaware. June to A
Spikelets smaller and panicle putem gum 3 aei in P.
Nash. Very elosely related to Pam lum Trin. P. pubescens ns oi
authors, not Lam.) and perhaps only a variety ot ee Species, ; distinguished
SOD
T.
—
-Fa
22
Tel t.
VUL C4
> —
oe ga
- P
EN —
N
c
S
he!
T t
—
v5
*
g
wr Tz *
5
|i
ET NEA
PANICUM a —
x Me pides e ISONII N h, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 28: 83. 1898. ;
ecumbent, aot finall -
nial 5-4 dm. (10-16) "og ike y much-brane
b
cent, wi i PESE
Mic: ubi n. hi & hairs; first glume nearly one-half as long as
soi, New v Jersey. raii 285 flowering glume (d) oblong, obtuse.—Sandy
1
I in P. consanguineum Kunth.
Fic. 375. PANICUM PEDICELLATUM Vasey, U. S. t. Agr. Div.
Bul. 8: 28. 1889.—A slender, erect or ascending, and mae much- dae er!
Tnerved. The Mind gtume e (d) had a small palea.—In open rocky woodla
xas. 8
Allied to 9 Ell.
80
A —— 7 2
Fio. 376, PANICUM NUDICAULE Vasey, %, HA
e slender, erect, smooth dm. (19-29) high,
lanceolate, s agpi peget pee ng, much -exserted
panicles 5-8 em. FF ek aa elliptical, oblong,
2-5 mm. (12 long. Culm-leaves remote. Firet
with a thin palea and nearly one-fourth longer than :
glume (d).—&wampes, Santa Rom County, Florida. April to May.
81
Fig. 871. PANIOUM WEBBERIANUM Nash, Bul. Tos Bot. Club, 23: 149.
. WEBBER'S PANIC-GRASS.—A rather rigid, erect or ascending, end
more or less branched perennial 2-4 dm. (8’~16’) high, with lanceolate, spread-
ing leaves, and ovate, spreading panicles 6-9 cm. "n long. Sheaths
'wermost : e à minutely
j le :
ciliate; leaf-blades 5-10 em. (2/-4/) long. Spikelets (a, b,
the secon: mes minutely pubescent, as
apex; third glume (d) witha
13412—No. 17—01——6
Fic. 373, PANICUM LAXIFLORUM Lam. Encycl. 4: 748. 1797.—A Senden
densely tufted perennial about 3 dm m. (19) ‘high, with rather long, ae
soft leaves and loosely few-flowered, ae panicles 4-6 em. (12) *
Sheaths papillate-pilose with 3 deflexed hairs. Spikelets (6 ^ ^ |
ovate-elliptical , obtuse, about 2 mm. ( Y) long; first glume very rm
d d tk nthe latter witha small palea.— Deren.
open ea Virginia to Fl
March to October. ie
„Lamarck describes F. laxiflorum as having both sides li — pip gat -—
settled h ti FOIS 4 de. tia Dart pna”
J
rY
83
—
Ke
XN
13 l J N p
^ ; .
T4 ud e :
—
t
n
Fic. 379. PANICUM 8 and Ga. 1: 126. 1817.
(Panicum ciliatifolium Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 36. 1829; P. leucoblepharis Trin.
> Antiq. 234. 1 A slender, densely tufted perennial 1-3 dm
(4-12) high, with rather short, finely ciliate sheaths and! and
t "o Leaves glabrous, 2-6 (427) long, 4-12 mm. ( )
* cm. qr) 1 Spikelets (a, *
te-pyramidal
about 2mm. a )long,f first glume about. one-half the length of the spikelet, gla
ub the latter ( th a
palea in its axil; flowering glume (e) minutely apiculate.—Moist, open wood-
lands in sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and westward to Mississippi.
March to October.
ANICUM POLYC N Nash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 2 e
idi — low, pale: green, densely cœspitose perennial 1-2 dm. (4’-8’) high, we
oblong-lanceolate leaves 2-7 em. (3/-24^) long, ciliate on
margins, and ovate panicles 2-3 em. (1-147) long. Ligule a ring of 5
hairs. Spikelets (a, b) about 1.5 mm. (% long, obovate, trum e taet
I
grounds and margins of lakes, Virginia to Florida and Mississippi. ppi. (West
ndies, :
e! he closely allied P. eitiaium EN. by %%
leaves, more slender culms, and smaller, foes oo a
8 L
—
—
— r.
A nili
WA, 2
LA
GLABRIFOLIUM Nash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 24: 196.
sie slender, densely cespitose, and rigidly erect, wiry perennial 1. 54 dm.
(939) high, with narrow,linear, erect, and rather rigid leaves and ovate
(X Lp ine (1-210) long. Culms leafy to the top, rds lower nodes bearded;
ths pubescent; ligule a fringe of short hairs leaf-blades 3-9 cm.
AP) i — algae av) wide. Spikelets (a, 5) 1-12 mm. (about Y
» obovate; ed second and third glumes glabrous, the latter
with a mall palea. Rich, ó Satay mon. Florida. Julyt ceris
in P. baldwinii, with
which P. glabrifolium is closely related.
.
Torr. Bot. Club, 94: 145.
Fic. 382. t E CILIIFERUM sh, Bul peren-
1897.—A densely cæspitose, erect, or finally much-branched pubescent p Bes
nial 2-8 dm - (8-8) high, d broadly midi few-flowered panicles t
(3,4 long. Nodes bearded, with a glabrous ring immediately below; abo
papillate-hirsute; ligule a dense ring of hairs; leaf- abrous poisi
rough bescent beneath, th i Spikelets (a, b) 3
2.5 mm. (1277) long, the 9-nerved seco d third glumes
the third with a palea.—High que lands, Florida. March to wir må 1
Closely related to P. malacon Nash, distinguished by = bee a illustration shorter.
leaves, more open panicles, and ee shaped sp! oe
is drawn from the type collected by Geo. V. Nash in poema
87
Fic. 383. PANICUM MANATENSE Nash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 24: 42.
1897.—A glabrous, much-branched perennial with diffusely anger
culms 2-4 dm. (8-16) long, nearly erect leaves 3.5-9 em. (13-34) long, and
ovate, rath 6 cm. (11-27%) long. Ligule truncate, very
short: leaf-blades rounded and sparsely ciliate at the base. Spikelets (a, b, e)
el ene, PE t 2 3.5 mm. yd long, with distinct papille
betwee and third glumes, the latter (d) with a
Wall eae 5 eee (e) eee de eee en and m Georgia to
Louisiana.
Distinguished P. commutatum by its larger and more acute spikelets,
Closely allied to P. joorii Vasey, but readily separated from from that species by its
larger spikelets.
88
Seri
ul. —A slender, erect, visos "'esspitose unm 24
(8/2167) high, ud Ie. linear-lanceolate, erect leaves and simple, e pani-
cles pes oA (2’-33’) lo Culms simple eor branching near the bast, 2 m brous;
10 "m
of hairs; leaf-blades scabrous or sparing] yp ilose. amp ne b 23.
e genes obovate, obtuse, with the 7-nerved sec third 8
ly pilose, third glume (c) with iacit denti dem
(d) ee e long as the third. Sandy soil in woodlands, sparingly
grounds, New England southward to Virginia and westward to Texas.
to August.
1f pP J. " PRI 4T 3 ntuse Spil
89
Aunug
„ á
Ù A
T ` i
PANICUM DEPAUPERATUM Muhl. Gram. 112. 1817.—A slender
am. 9 much branched near the base, L
( -16’) high, with very narrow , erect leaves 8-20 cm. (38) long, few-
narrow panicles 4-10 cm. ay’) long, and rather glabrous spikelets
2 ng; second and third glumes te-pointed,
conspicuously longer than the fourth (e); the third glume (d ) has a small
emen deaths a pilose ir in the type.—Open woodlands and Hon fields from
August.
larida and Texas.
Fig. 386. PANICUM SCOPARIUM Lam. Encycl 4: 744. 1797. ——
Bor. Am. 1: 49. 1808. Not of other wuthors, (Panicum e ens Lam. l
748. Michx. I. c. Not of other authors; Panicum viscidum 1. Sk. Bor EC
and Ga. 1: 123. 1817.)—A rather stout, erect or a nn y ori
branched perennial 6-12 dm. (29-49) high. nes r broad, verd v
those on the primary stem 12-25 em. (5/-10’) long. "Panicle 10-15 em. (
m. (5/-10^) 1 an
long, ovate or subpyramidal, many-flowered. Spike ibus n : 2 d
long, roun nd
0 ed-obovate; first glume very the seco!
nearly 1, densely pubescent; thet (d) ides asmall ed
(€) broadly oval, obtuse. ole plant or at leas and sheaths
Den
m Lam., and Te pubescens Lam.
91
387. P. UM Ell Sk. Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1: 121.
1817.—A rather erect, y , 9-15
(32-59) high, with narrowly lanceolate leaves 8-16 mm. (4"-8") wide, and 7-20
2 (2¥-8’) long. Panicle 12-20 em. (5-8) long. Spikelets (a, b. c)
mm. ( , glabrous. First the third (d) with a thin
d or flowering glume (e) shorter than
North Carolina to Florida and westward to Texas. May to A
This species is closely allied to Lam. (P. viscidum Ell),
leaves, and
—
ATA |
| |
TP RETE
|
THAT
A!
ll | ll
LATI |
DM
i
|
| |
WIL
i |i
M
Wi
W
Fic, 388. PANICUM CLANDESTINUM Linn. Sp. Pl. 58. 1793— y
erect, or 3 3 finally 8 above, 6-12 dm. (21 culms
with broad x ulate
lea d terminal diffuse panicles 8-13 em. (3'-5^) long.
glabrous or papillate:p ilose seo sheaths usually very rough tu
hispid; ligule very short. On the branch es the shorter leaves are
and crowded. ‘Spikelets (a,b, : oblong, smooth or faar pilose,
long. the most neluded wi
uppermost s ths.—Low thickets, ben to Michigan pU south
Georgia and Texas. May to Septem
PANICUM ash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 24: 197. 1897.—
z rather rigid, erect, and finally much- e perenni nial 4-6 dm. (16'-24')
igh, with bearded iry sheaths and stems, firm, erect leaves 3-10 cm.
(1-4) long, and open few-flowered ‘panicles er em. 4) long. s a
fringe of short Spikelets (a, b) obovate, obtuse, pu bescent, 3-3.5 mm.
(1¥"-12”) long. The first glume
spikelet; second and third glumes 9-nerved, densely pubescent; the third (c)
with a thin palea. Whole plant _— t. with white, ascending hairs.—High
pine lands of southern Florida. May
94
Fie, 390. PANICUM ANGUSTIFO! Bot. S. C. and Ga. mne
pu :
3-6 dm. (19-29) high, at first simple, finally m much branched throug a
of the primary stems erect, 8-15 cm. (3’-6’) v and 4-6 mm. (
85 ow
1i") long, oblong, obtuse; outer glumes finely pubescent, the fio’
‘glume (d) with a few short hairs at the apex.—Dry so soil, Delaware to
and westward to Missouri and Texas. March to October.
95
Fic. 391. PANICUM WILCOXIANUM Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bul.
8:32. 1889.—A rather slender, very hairy, vete end much-branched peren-
nial 2-25 dm. (8-1(/) high, with erect ac ves, and , Sp
panicles 2-3 em. (#-1}') long. Spikelets (a, í e) ‘oblong, obtuse, ^ mm. (14^)
long, with pubescent outer glumes; the third glume with a small hyaline
palea; fourth
— “Dry prairi
be an teaa b ES er arcane eat ar some peni
96
. 992. MALACOPHYLLUM Nash, Bul. Torr. Bo
198. 1897.—A hairy, erect, or ascending perennial 3s ám. 6.100 p
length much branched above, with narrow, softly pubescent leaves and ope?
,
EI
. rd
€ (e) round-ovate, I e barrens, e
i May to July.
hsc is allied to P seribnerianum Nash, but — in its longer i
os spikelets, Its range is much more limited.
97
5
e i Seribu.
1895. (P. scoparium A. Gray in part. €— "um i minor
Bul.Tenn. Agr. Experiment Station 72: 48. reif ipe. rect and finially branch-
ing perennial 1.5-6 dm. (6'-24") high, with usualy papillate-pilose s prey ora
flat] eaves, d smal
ovoid panicles 2-Aem. au) long. Spikelets e 3 oder 3mm. am pad
nearly glabrous. In dry or moist soils from M o westward
Washington,
and iini did to Tennessee, Texas, un Arizona. May to der
tember.
This f Pani liiScribn. & Merrill (P. coparium El.)
and very unlik e P. seopari iab dada ene s 1 ed of Ellio tt.
13412—No. ee e
surface, ro ed and p
ee idm nearthe base. Sheaths pubescent, na ani ana
t. Spikelets (a, b, c) oe ps crine mm. (2^) long. buie
glumes pubescent, the latter a thin hyaline — ie
and usually dam vhs
sandy €
99
A
a WSs
Fic. 395. PANICUM EQUILATERALE Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr.
Bul, 11: 42, pl. 2. 1898.—A rather stout, eret, — densely — bite.
tennial 3-6 dm. (19-2?) high, with long, 1
7-10 em. (3-4) long. Ligule ver short ı almost obsolete; leaf-blades 5-17 cm.
(2-7) long, eee scabrous a y with a few long hairs on the
und e ee ik c) Pp na or obovate, obtuse, 3-3.5 mm.
tere sale with the first gl 3-nerved, the
equal, 7- to 10- nerved, slightly pubescent; the third with a thin hyaline palea:
the fourth glume o soont a length of the third. —Pine and hummock
Florida. J Agen.
Fic. 396. PANICUM LATIFOLIUM Linn. Sp. Pl. s. 1753. Exeludi cee
erence to Sloane. (P. walteri Poir; P. porterianum Nash.)—A rather slen
bran MN perennial 3-6 dm. (19-29) high, with broad pesar
sie isis owered, nearly simple panicles. Nodes glabrous OT arded
refle 18
glume (e) pee bee in dlan
es et Ontario to Minneso ^ anh o Flori
e^ y molle Vasey-
The fh with pubescent sheaths and leaves is the variet
(P. pubifolium Nash, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 26: 577. 1899.)
101
Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bul.
asey, I. c.)—A sleni rect or
s ym (P. scoparium ii V der, €
ascending perennial 3-6 dm. (19-29) high, with rather broad, Bat leaves and
sp mm.
few-flow
(1¥"-2") long, the outer
Cul 9 glumes pap
hirsute; ligule a very and minutely ciliate leaf. R
pilose on the j ly pilose above. Third glume (d) with a
thin palea; fourth glume (e) oblong, obtuse. Th is by f.
102
e
FIG. 398. PANICUM OVALE Ell. Sk. pu e 123.
1817. (e
Journ. E. Mitch. Sci. Soc. 16: 90. 1900.)—4 rather stou
villous
cum rpon Ashe,
erect, and finally much-branched perennial 3-5 dm. G high, with
culms and sheaths med ovate panicles 5-8 em. 2. long. Nodes d
si with soft hai ly below go nodes; ligul
ME khaa kd 10 em fe long, 5-10 mm.
5 um P bescen , the to
Tal 5 l hyaline palea.—In dry soil, South Carolina to eat Magy
y.
ee
x
103
CUM XANTHOPHYSUM A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y
m Emacs Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Sci, Soc. 15: 31. 1898.)—
oecasionall er stout, erect perennial 3-6 dm. (1°-2°) high,
ching near t the base, with bi lea
nicles 3-10 cm. (1’-4’) long.
f.
y branc
ERA iv and simple few
usuall eaths glabrous or pilose, often —, at the apex;
base.
iT
104
: a
à Linn.) R. & S. 2
peque NPR Pus Syst. Nat ed. D 870. 1759.) CREEPING
GR extensively reeping
ose
ASS.. senobent 2x
e dx. (8-2) long, with broad, fat leaves and simple, racemose P
6-8 cm. (24-34) long. Sheaths rather loose, usually shorter than the
lades 1.5-6 em. : ) wide,
T ng "ie
ed, somewhat pilose, short-awned. —Moi oodlands and er Y
and vont westward to Louisiana and Texas. (Mexico an Soul
105
Fig. 401. CHÆTOCHLOA GLAUCA sink) Scribn. U. 8. asm Agr. D
Bul. 4: 1897. 7 ucum Linn. Sp. Pl. 1753; Mi.
oose
leaf-blades 5-15 cia em. (2’-6’, long, 4-8 mm. (2’-4”) wide, long-acuminate, ooth
or scabrous. Bristles 5 to 10 to each spikelet, 3-8 mm. (14/4) eee usually
yellow. Spikelets (a, b) dni 3 mm. (147) long, with the emi e vd
one-half the length of t the transversely rugose flowering glume,
Fie ete. Widely 3 rae Morth
ridens, Naturalized from Europe. June to September.
A common weed in cultivated grounds.
106
Div.
Fic. 402. CHZETOCHLOA MAGNA e Seribn. U. S. Dep P
ul.4:39. 1897. (Setaria . Fl. Brit. W. re
8 nor rugose) and glossy.—Low grounds along the lies
and Virginia southward to Florida and westward * Texas. (Westl :
mudas, and Central America.) July to October.
107
Fic. 403. CHABTOCHLOA VERTICILLATA ae on
Div. Agros. Bul. 4: 39. 1897. (Panicum verticillatum Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 82.
1762; Setaria verticillata Beauv. Agrost. 51. 1812.) BRISTLY FOX-TAIL.—A
leafy, upright annual 3-6 dm. (1°-2°) high, much branched near the base, wi
rather slender, spike-like panicles 5-10 em. (2-4^) long. Sheaths loose, gla-
rous, shorter than the — leaf-blades 7-18 em. (3’-7’) long, 6-12 mm.
(3"-6") wide, scabrous, acumina! ristles as long as or a little exceeding the
— downwardly barbed. Spikelets (a, b) nearly sessile, 2-2.5mm. int
Pu to T nerved, 3 the flowering glume; flowering glume ni narrowly elip
tical, rounded at th
n ere and Kentucky, westward to South Dakota and 3
Naturalized from June to Septem’
108
ga: W
Fig. 404. CENCHRUS GRA Nash, Bul. Torr. ser sende |
1895. SLENDER SAND-BUR.—An ascending, sparingly b “es 352
2 yfi
(1”) wide, scabrous on the midvein and m Invo x cli
with eee slender, usually purplish | spines. spi A ad
(4% lo: lo: ng, exse :
pine lands, Pod re April to ee tribuloides tI
This species is readily distinguished from C. echinatus and ©. tte n
long, slender, usually purple spines, were involucres, an
leaves.
109
( c
Ah
FIG. 405. CENCHRUS IN Curtis, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1:
185. 1837. (C. strictus Chap gris ag 1878.) SOU
BUR.—A smooth, ascending, and more or less branched (?) 4.5-9 dm.
(149-39) high, with flat leaves and slender spikes 5-8 em. (2/-3’) long. Sheaths
smooth ted: leaf-blades 4-15 em. (2’-6’) long, 3-5 mm. (1-277 wide, plane,
smooth. aoe inel in a bur-like involucre (a) which is naked (free
n spines ines) below, with 6 to 12 stout above.—Sandy soil along the
coast, ito T June to October.
The smaller involueres naked : at the base, with fewer and shorter spines
it somewhat resembles.
volucres, which are
this plant from (Cenchrus which
bond eer sedes T its pubescent in
y to the
110
Fra. 406, Pune MACROCEPHALUS (Doell) Scribn. U. S. Dept-
Div. Agros. Bul. 17: 110, f. 406. 1899. (C. tribuloides macrocephalus bec
Bras. 22, 312. 1877, ex char.) ee SAND-BUR.—A coarse, much
and leafy annual, with prost ascending culms 3-6 dm. (15-27) e
dense spikes 2-8 em. ll E Tong: p paea s very cuni glabrous, rarely UY".
ims Magn ciliate margins a aboy ve, often exceeding t inter
le; ligule densely ciliat
frin sting eaf-blades on thei. involute, 3-10 em. . (197-4) long long, glabrous. 1. wich
eres or “ burs” (a) pubescent, about 8 mm. (4”) long an and 6mm. (3) bue
many stout spines.—Sands alo: m the coast, Delaware, New Jersey,
PM ki to Alabama and Mississipp Sout eri
111
Fie. 407. ATUS Linn. Sp. Pl. 1050. 1753. COCK SPUR.—
A stout, perennial 3-10 in, (19-319) high, with rather broad,
flat leaves and c cylindrical, dense spikes 8-12 em. (3-5) long. Sheaths loose,
glabrous; ligule TEPA 10-30cm
5-12 mm. ape) vi de, plane, acuminate, smooth or Involucres (a)
pilose or downy, 3- to 5- flowered (b), with many spines above and with a row
of rigid barbed bristles near the base. The with its unequal
glumes, is shown by e, and the flowering glume and palea } . fields
and waste Places, Sou
and southward.) March to September.
112
W
ISS
408. ZIZANIOPSIS MILIACEA (Michx.) Doell & Aschers. Fl.
12. 1871. (Zizania miliacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 74. 1803.) WA
LET.—A stout, erect, glabrous, semiaquatie grass 12-45 dm.
extensively creeping rootstocks, with long, broad leaves and
panicles 30-45 cm. (12-187) long. Leaf-blades 60 cm. (24^) long,
or more, glabrous except on the scabrous margins. Spikel i
low, and pistillate (a,b) ab ^ t h ha nanicle, the
be
mm. (3"-4") long, awnless, the latter about 6 mm. (3”
with an awn 2-6 mm. (1"-3") long.—Swamps, ete., ,
A (according to Riddell) northward to Ohio. May to August
41
wW
Fic. 400. ZIZANIA AQUATICA Linn. Sp. Pl. . 1753. WILD RICE,
“REEDS a stout, M 9-30 dm 0°) high, with broad,
flat leaves and large pan es 30-60 em. (12/-24/) sed Y incide loose, glabrous;
ligule thin, short An Slates 30 em. (12/^) long or more, 1-3 cm m. (1/-1}/) wide,
A above. Staminate spikelets (c e
8 8-24
3 ur n 24-48 mm. ax- 200 bug = € , 10-16 mm. (5"-8") pm
d the narrow palea à
pis of iue ‘fertile songs at b.—8w amps em shallow margins of .
streams and rivers, New Brunswick to Manitoba, southward to to Florida and
Tien June to ote
is the f ite food of the reed bird, and it is iun
vated to some extent by sportsmen with a view to attrac ting these and aquati
fowl The stems are used by coopers for making the joints of barrels de
e s grass is the Manorrin of the Chippewa Indians, who gather the
in for food
13412—No. 17—01——8
i Asin.) Paris i Aui
from S. odorata Scribn., by its narrower NM m
and — flowered panicles, and awned flowering glum
115
Fre. 4n. S ARUNDINACEA Linn. Sp. Pl 55. 1753. REED
CANARY-GRASS.—A stout, erect, glabrous, broad-leafed perennial, 6-15 dm.
2500 dre with densely flowered panicles 6-16 cm. a) long. Sheaths
sho: the internodes; ligule 2-6 mm. (1"-3") long, obtuse; leaf-blades
8-25 p geo ues , 6-16 mm. (3-9) wide, acuminate, sm ooth or scabrous
Spikelets (a) 5-6 mm. (27,3%) long, with scabrous, 3-nerved outer glumes (b),
one-fourth longer than the obtuse, pubescent flowering glume (0: as
$ rigi
hairy Mole places and in an h water, Nova Scotia to Bri "€ ‘Columbia,
and southward to 5 , Kansas, Arizona, and California
(Europe, Asia.) June re ir
This grass is 5 for cultivation on wet lands and flooded fields and its
strong and extensively rootstocks make it especially valua uable for
banks of rivers and ditches. The variety picta, known as ribbon grass,
crated be: the leaves are variegated with green and white stripes, is cul-
412. PHALARIS LEMMONI
“LEMMON CANARY-GRASS.—
high, with short leaves * rd sple ke, cylindres P
( Bier obtuse 6 mm: (% long; leaf-blades plane or folded, se
long. narrow . Spikelets 4-5 mm. be with sos
ums rarer
117
gi ual
twisted b helow t intoa * long slender stipe, w whic h l articu-
Lower
] more numerous di e en giving the plant a
lumes. have
18 the wind like a tumble nd.
118
ae
Fig. 414. ARISTIDA Wo cin Michx Bor. 41. we. E
ERTY GRASS—A slender, erect, dichotomously branching annual 15%, |
(7-2?) high, with narrow, usually involute leaves and slender,
Va MS ͤ s. MERERI
Ne a
119
E
E
us
TRIPLE. - ARISTIDA BASIRAMEA Engelm.Bot.Gaz.9:76. 1884. TUFTED
(4-16 “yor An erect, slender, smooth, much- branched perennial 1-4 dm.
like E with narrow. and few-flowered, spike-
: i "op IC) long. Empty glumes (a) unequal; the first one-
Mm as the second, which is 10-14 mm. eum in length,
awn eat glume (b) shorter than glume; middle
about (6"-9") long, coiled at base, and divergent, the lateral awns
and Manitot as long as the middle one, erect or divergent.—
and
120
Fig. 416. ARISTIDA DESMANTHA ha os Agrostidea, 8: 109.
WESTERN BUNCH-GRASS,—A slender, bu rigid, erect, glabrous
enníal 3-6 dm. (19-29) high, with narrow te-pointed leaves and
panicles about 12 em. (5/) long. Ligule rina, truneate; —
ime long ide, smooth be
: h bea
. Teflexed, somewhat coiled awns about 2i mm. - long.—Dry soil,
„ and Texas. August,
417. ARISTIDA ll. Sk. Bot. 8. e gung Ga. 1: 141. 1817.
_ BPIKE-XIKE POVERTY GRASSA pout e pdm. (19-39) high,
. . Mith rather er long, linear leaves and densely flowered, „ spike-like
1 5 panicles, Leaf. b. bades conso zaia, th eee eg 3 ard ormore,
h y glumes unequal, each awn-pointed and
te uding on 1a, m. Lo long; flow ering glume 00 verys slender,
i Lem.
es ly an Ji jn. am lone 705 . awn longer rag the
es; callus short barbate pine barrens, Georgia and
Missisippi. Ju Vocem ^ 8
|
G. 418. ARISTIDA OLIGANTHA Michx. Fl. Bo 2 A un
RIE TRIPLE-AWN.—A tufted, much-branched sg annua
, narrow pesos lax, f des
(2.0% lon
etre ual, vio N waif towering ume ri pel "exceeding the :
shorter than at least aboye y equal, or the eis 1 pe
2 ~ midale e. strongly ‘divergent, 2-5 em. (1 DM 2 , e
AAA Oh
Oregon and California. July to October.
stems 2-4 dm. (8-16) ats ene ths, na
123
AUY
10
AM
WA
» AN
4 NV
nh
Y
P
Ms
,
4
hi
1
——
— A
ee
Wh
A
—
=
—__
gg
—
Fig. 419. ARISTIDA
NGISETA Steud. Syn. Pl.
DOG-TOWN d
. Gram
RASS.—A ione or sometimes rather 0 5 ‘densely gh
dm. (8’-16’) high, with simple culm ther rigid,
long. Spike ita) usual 1 empty glumes, the first
ly purplish, with very unequa p
about one-half he second, which is 18-24 eo long, :
" the flowering pon (b) which is terminated by three divergen
nearly equal awns varying in length from 5-10 em. (2/-4^).—Dry soil, —
"i nsas and and British Columbia and Arizona. Ap
Closely allied to A. rea Nutt., = eas ly distinguished by its simple -—
Saiwa fewer-flowe ually racemose panicles, erect
more rigid
124
Fig.420, ARISTIDA HAVARDII Vasey, Bul. Torr ot Club, 13 : 27. 186
nder, ching perennial e
2 em.
about 3 dm. éd - with. setaceous lea eon 0 us
long, the flexuous bran , e eee e Leaf-blades setae
e glume
about equaling the one glume; awns spreading, nearly equal, M ,
pani 3 —Prairies, western rams a New Mexico and Arizona
125
el lI EE aT
-
A
N
TER
eee
ES
A DIVERGENS Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 8: 48.
var. minor Vasey, Bul. Torr. Club, 13: 28. 1886. : E "n
RASS.—A rather rigid, erect perennial 3-6 dm. (19-29) high, wit
» invol ;
T mm. (5/-6/) long, the lateral ones wanting or very short.—Arizona
Divae le-pointed, and & little longer than the i
Ann 1012 voten
A3 £ August, September.
126
:
eS "is b
Fig. 422. ARISTIDA FLORIDANA (Chapm.) Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. =
3: 48. 1892. (Streptachne floridana Chapm. Fl. So. U. S. 554. 1 ) an.)
Neq epum —A! slender , erect, | somewhat wiry paame ~~ 6 p
ae at the throat; leaf-blades elongated, con volute, poe
‘the branches in pairs, scattered. Spikelets "i with nearly equal, P
ah e (b) tà
-a long, more or less curved or flexuous awn; lateral awns W:
September.
T SENS PLE IPM NEL a Oe ee ne ak m
121
ma BLA AVENACEA Linn. Sp. Pl. 78. 1753. (S. barbata Michx,
LR Ok OAT GRASS Ae gatas e ee 3-7.5 dm. (19-219) high.
- w. Spik ute filiform and o -flowered panicles 10-16 cm. (4-00
elets 8-10 mm. (%% sind empty inne (a) equal, glabrous, about
. "Hm. (6% long: etc glume (b) slightly shorter, scabrous and minutel
black,
at the ape the sharp callus densely pilose; awn 3-5 em. (12-2)
lands, | below, and usually twice genieulate.—Dry, open wood-
ete, „Rhode ee to Ontario and Wisconsin and southward to Florida
toJuly.
tiep. Apr
128
Fic. 424. STIPA AVENA ES Nash, Pus Torr. Bot. Club, 22: 428. zn
FEATHER-GRASS.—A er Bacar erect, smooth ENS n dm. ce 4n
high, with long involute-se leav: le panic €
on ths about one-half as long as the internodes, incl ea
glabrous, the basal ones e dm. (1°) long, of the culm BERLL
Spikelets few, with acuminate empty glumes (a) 16-20 mm. See in me
5 glumes (b), i including the 3 14-16 mm. () long, b d
ring of short brown x, otherwise smooth; callus 68
(94^) long ng, eovered with appressed cos silky hai which increase
length toward the base of the glume; awn 8-10 em 65 long, b
below, twice geniculate.— Florida, in pine lands near Cassia, Lake
March to qu vs :
Distinguished from cree avenacea Linn.,by its much longer empty 2
ane langer flowering glum
129
8 STIP.
MATA Trin. s Rupr. Agrost.
—4^) long,
: We em. n. (3 4’)
(b) about 12 mm. (6”) long; awn sees 8 vis ea is shown dm
— aran FP
m sandy soil, British e Califo
Nebraska,
T valuable range grass,
13412—No. 17. 17—01——9
130
Fre. 426. 8 Thurb. U. 8. Geol splot goth Par. 5:
OCCIDENTALI
380. 1871. Not poa Wilkes U. 8. Explor. Exped. 17 874. (
Vasey, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club. 10: 1883. Not ai Tati. Eneyel.
1791; S. ore is Scribn. U. S. at Agr. pee Agros. Bul. 17:1 10
~ (12/-20^) high, with narrow, setaceously pointed eaves, short me
contracted, erect panicles 8-16 em. (3/-6’) long agi T n d ,
Spikelets 1 10-12 mm, e g empty ‘glumes (a) & qe
and earinate above, 3- to 5- nerved; flo ei gne 0)
A ptis clothed RM with a Mb short pubescem and wi
ciliate teeth at the apex; awn 24-36 mm. (12"-18") Ln pubescent s
mose and twisted in the lower half. 5 California to W
131
masses. FE A PA HASSEI Vasey, Cont 8. Nat. Herb. 1: 267.
GRASS.—A slender, vis ‘and densely tufted perennial
uu is dm. (19-140) high, with ¢ erect A 6 cn
1 ee Spik eaths o , striate ; ligule very short; leaf-blades 10-20 em
he first 885 elets kem 6 mm, (a ) long; mardi — (a) nearly equal,
1- or faintly 3- nerved, the second strongly 3-nerved; flowering glume
p- about eq
5 85 equaling the outer ones, eee ne e with 3 strong nerves,
(8yr) gee ta tone-half as long as the floweringglume. Awn 16-18 mm.
8, glabrous.—Dry soil, ridges, ete., southern California.
132
Fig, NEO-MEXICANA (Thurber) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. D!
Agros. Bul. 17: 132, J. 428, 1899. (S. pennata neo-mexicana Thurber in vee
e 5. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bul 192; 8, pl. 8. 1891.) FEATHERG pi
T stout, erect, densely tufted perennial 3-9 dm. (19-39) high, hips inv se
e and narrow, racemose ~~ les 8-10 ddr (34^) long. fang
nearly equal, lon, ved, 1 ee
flowering glume (b) 10-14 mm. (7) is as accu with a a die
appressed pubescence. Awn desk 2 (3’-5’) long, plumose- hairy, excepting
near the base. The palea is sh. y ¢.—High northern wed of the mour
tains of sonthern a Seemed, . 8 — and Texas. May to to Septem
ber. grass of
133
J Herb. 3: 54.
see A PRINGLEI (Beal) Scribn, Contr. U. S. Nat.
a Oryzopsis pringlei Beal, Bot. Gaz. 18: 112. 1890.) PRINGLE'S FEATHE
RAss.— slend ess
134
g from the glume.—Colorado t
us species is one of the most t grasses
valuable h isses of the
does very well under irrigation. T
135
( IR 431. STIPA MACOUNII Scribn. Macoun Cat. Can. Pl. 2: 390. 1890.
‘richardsonii A. Gray. 1857. Not Link. 18893.) MACOUN'S STIPA.—A slen-
narrow leaves
and few fi I x €
-Howered panicles 4-10 em. (}/-4’) long. Sheaths shorter than the inter-
mm e about 2 mm. (1”) long, obtuse; leaf-blades 5-13 em. ro long,
1-2 8, 0
glumes 9 bipera scabro iiem involute-setaceous in g. Empty
e (a) about mm. (27) ) long, o tuse, glabrous, the pubescent isse
lum
The pa he : pne shorter than the pae ones; awn £ "i 0 oe A i long.
25 3 August.
137
en hep STIPA BLOO and. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4: 168. 1872.
(perten Thurb. Not Lam. ) 3 STIPA.—A slender, densely cxs-
Pitose pe perennial ea dm. (19-39) high, with long, narrow, or involute a -n
more or less open panicles 12-24 cm. (5/-10’) long. Spikelets 8 mm. (4”) long;
-— glumes (a) - minate, 3-nerved, minutely scabrous, an cuerdas
T than dna
es Sn with long. ae d s „ mm (8-97) long, sumas
t below, seabrous above. T palea is shown by c.—Californ
Montana,
138
FIG. 434. STIPA CORONATA Thurber in S
forming a corona 4 mm. (2%) long; s awn itin. about 2 cm. aide long, minu.
Scabr d Califo:
Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 287.
TED FEATHER-GRASS.—A stout, erect perennial 12-18 =
with flat leaves, the lower ones often 9 dm. (3°) lo
rather densely flowered panicles 3-4 dm. (12/-16’) long. Spielt with un
acuminate-pointed empty glumes (a), the lower one about 16 mm.
5-ne acumin
brous.—Sandy plains and hill
tember.
March
.
FIG. 435.
ARDSON'S Pr RICHARDSONI Link, Hort. Berol. 9: 245. 1899. RICH-
h, with narro R-GRASS.—A slender, erect perennial 6-9 dm. (2°-3°)
w leaves and nodding, open, few-flowered panicles 7-12 em.
lanceolate,
140
ene e e C. V. Piper, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ai E
1900 (Stipa occidental e Explor. Exped :
EST i
what unequal, the first 10 mm. (5% long, 3- to 5- peach "alle
$-nerved second one; flowering glumes (b) 6-7 mm. (97-8) ) — "m :
with appressed hairs, brownish gem |
long, plumose below. Palea (e) one-fourth shorter than | i Rover ins FE
Dry soil and rock
The grass described as Stipa occidentalis by Thurber n soy U. S. ee
re, 1874, and which has been considered € hip f that 2
tinct rom Stipa ¢ occidentalis Thurber i in U.S ; r. doth
1 idi a Vasey as S. edens (S. or ;
a grass at distinguished f user eS trieta ele
141
a
oe 137. STIPA VASEYI Scribn. U. A ae Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. 11: 46.
GR aa ha viridula var. robusta Vase Stipa robusta Nutt.) S 1
RASS. A stout, erect pere
nnial 13154 m. dan high, with long, flat leaves
ra erect, densely flowered panicles 30-45 em. (12/-18^) long.
mm. (57) long; empty glumes (a) firm in texture, minutely but distinetly
Scabrous on the ba k; flowering glumes (b) pubescent, 6-7 mm. (3”-3}”) long.
palea is shown by lorado, New Mexico, southern California. (Mex-
June to September.
* grass, although producing a large bulk of stems and leaves, is regarded
Bur dee — It is said that when it is eaten in the fresh state
crazed 1 a narcotic isonous effect, causing the animals to become
z 2 ocoed, " loco weed (Astra-
galus mon, 4 its ion resembling that of the deadly (
142
a
650 ^) long, both $-nerved, acuminate; fi
obtuse. Dry
(S-) long. Palea (e) less than 2 mm. Ln yee
and canyons to September.
‘ons, Colorado and New Mexico.
143
Fro. 499. STIPA eee, Vasey, Bot. 7: 82.
se RASS.— ^ taer stout, doit; tufted i perennial 5 am. at)
h, with TEn: 3 ong
mm. (0/7) long; empty glumes (1 — lanceolate ag erved,
mm.
entate at the apex (d), the teeth less than 2 mm. ae
; awn o 18 mm. (9% long, smooth above, — us below.—Dry soil,
‘Southern and Lower California. June
144
Trin. & Rupr. dye 9:45. 1842.
FEATHER-GRASS. A rather stout, erect, cespitose pere nnial 3-6 dm.
high, with long, narrow, radical leaves an d erect, pose ee j
(58) long. Spikelets 16-18 mm. (&"-9") long; empty s glumes (a) nearly
acuminate, hyaline, the first 3, the second 5- to 7 flowering
densely bearded, 10-12 mm. (%% long, silky-pu ien cent throughout,
but distinetly 2-toothed; idi ay (14-37) ong, plumose below tbe
with white, silky hairs 6 mm. (3”) long, smooth above.—Dry soil
and Lower California. Puch America) apt
145
cman d
TN NY
Y
888, ‘ZOPSIS WEBBERI (Thurb. — T Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 15:
nder, wiry, inier webberi Thurb. in S. W. . Calif. 9: 283.
te hairs; ques nearly equaling the
mm. (2”) long, very de-
bui. ee an ia Ame
18419 — No, 17—01
146
t. N. Y. 87. .
YZOPSIS JUNOGHA 2 ME). B. 8. P. = Cat
(Stipa x. Fl. Bor, Am. 1: "s canadensis Torr. s)
SMALL MOUNTAIN RICE.—An erec labro us, Monde tufted Bem
panicles ?
G. 442.
juncea Mich
E
1.5-6 dm. (19-29) high, with erect, "stes = and narrow panicles i
han the e, lig -
ooth brou :
pubescent with short, appressed, silky hairs; — —— uous, 2 mm. aneti
less.—Dry, rocky soil and open woodla e to British Colum
ward to Pennsylvania and Colorado, May fe pede
1860, (4 à CHOPODES (Ell.) Chapm. Fl. So. U.
BUNCH Hay trichop 1 t. S. C. and Ga. 1: 135, pl. 8 f. I. 1817.)
with very GRASS. -A sl r, rather rigid perennial 6-9 dm. (29-39?) high,
(127) long. arrow, flat or involute leaves and cap panicles nearly 30 em.
equal, hara]; nest (a) linear ren ; empty glume
slightly Min 3 3 the length of flowering glume (c), which is
short, st M the two lateral nt, termi
Pine barrens wn. Palea (shown by b) equaling the flowering glume.—Dry
ber, North Carolina to Florida and westward to Texas. July to Octo-
148
Fig. 44. MUHLENBERGIA COMATA (Thurb.) — Journ. Lini SEE
19: 83. 1881. (Vaseya comata Thurb. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1 i
1863.) WOOLLY ee rather stout or vow upright pe
3-9 dm. (19-39) high, with flat leaves and densely flowered, more or less oat
— errupted panicles "rs em. (3’-4’) long. Spikelets about 3 ec 2
e or pe
iem nearly $0; empty gl umes ct mid wly mewhat 0. footed at the apes
on 3
awn 6-8 mm. (3/-4") iong, s anaes flextous,Rather moist | ener e
in mountains and foothills, Nebraska to Oregon, south to
July to Septem ang
t
149
care 3:71. l. MUHLENBERGIA p OSA. Scribn. in Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat
103, 182 y 1992. (Sporobolus 5 us (2) Seribn. Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 9:
leafy mj SHRUBBY DROP-SEED.—A stout, woody, much-branched, and
cie simple panicles 1-3 em. (4,14% long. Leaf-blades filiform, very
nearly equal 5 em. (2) long. Spikelets about 3 mm. (11^) long; empty glumes (a)
"deseen 1 mm. (i^) long; flowering glume (b) narrow, "e
Palea m nerved, pubescent below, „ tipped with an awn 4 mm. (2”) long.
Paty longer than ais e.—Roe
Polen ) May, June.
150
F MUHLENBERGIA e Buckley, Proc. 1
Phila.1862: 91. 1862.—A slender iry, much-branched perenaia
high, with short, narrow leaves aca strict 2 in bee. -— ;
elets sessile, 4 mm. (2”) long; empty
unequal, not awned or pointed; the second one m n) long,
first shorter, both Lnerved; flowering glume (b) 3 mm. i. (7) 45 E
(Mexico.) August to October.
Dea ar Texas to Arizona.
151
7. MUHLENBERGIA LEMMONI
Sh LEM NI Seribn. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 70.
MO son dd DROP-SEED. —A leafy, ascending, wiry perennial 3-6 dm.
8 e base, with narro
. in Tru i j
ter Pted panicles 6-8 em (23’-32/) long. Leaf-blades 2.5-5 cm
glumes (a) la k
tonta se), (ayy ae-acuminate, 2 mm. (1”) long or more; flowering glume (b)
about 4 mm. am a dee lanceolate, and densely pubescent below; awn
2% long.—Mountains, Texas to Arizona. September.
dec Cu. ud erf LR ee oe
e
mr
153
I
"A
ul
A
N W [/
j 9
V | | j N
Y 4
j y f
j i
i // i
\ il
/ |
Ww y |
| W | /
S
isa]
US
Fig. 449,
8: 71 ERGIA P. LUMIS Vasey, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb.
ALLODD PME. SEED.—A slender, o perennial
$425 Howes 8M
w 8 7 80 ; often branching, with rather rigid, narrow leaves and
involute,2-10¢m, 5-M em. (754% long. Ligule short, fimbriate; leaf-blade
ara i long. “Spikelets about 3 mm. a) long; empty glumes
whi
the teeth. mm Qi) an Nin with 2 sharp teeth at the apex, bearing between
i October, wn 12-20 mm. (6/-10") long.—On o hillsides, Texas.
e
Po e HENCE IL D. K. Nov. Genet a ‘Fim an p
1815. TEXAN TIMOTHY.—A slender, wiry perenn -
uch branched and often geniculate at the base, w
leaves and cylindrical, spike-like panicles 3-6 em. di^ 210 w’) long
4 mm. (2”) long, with awned glumes (a), the first glume (e) often *
in two. wns, the flow — glume (b) terminating in we
M NN AUF aL cn on the mesas, Colorado to Te
to New Mexico and A Arizona. enin) May to October
156
re mei ht ean ware uf
e i aik
Obtuse, densely iious outer glumes (a) about the length o
1 which is pubescent near the a x labrous bel ow, b
back, just eber ee middle pex, gi pets
pin a land, Labrador, to Alaska, (Arctic regions of c
; Asia.) July, Posen
;
l
3
151
Fig.
ther puso - SCHMIDTIA spanning Tratt. Fl. Oesterr. 1: 12. 1816. (Colean-
a 3 in R. & S. Syst. 2: 276. 1817.) MOSS-GRASS.—A low, moss-
like
Palea
2 to-8 lobed or r toothed abo: sich ages the hispid, excurrent t midnerve. am
uddy aces
October. d Weshingion and Oregon. (Northern. Europe.) September,
158
FIG. 454. SPOROBOLUS UNIFLORUS eee ) Seribn. & Merrill,
Agr. Div. Agros. Cir, 27:5. 1900. 1 s serotinus A. Gray,
1848; Agrostis serotina Torr. Fl. U. S. 1: ; Poa uniflora Muhl. G
1817.) LATE DROPSEED.—A siender,e erect t perennial 1. 5-4. ate (6'-18")
with very 8 es 6-18 cm. (24.
ths short, ona the lower part of the culm; nente lea ess than.
"Y long, truncate; „ one-half as long as the culm”,
(% wide or less, plane, slightly scabrous above. m about 1,5 mm.
long, with the outer ; glumes (a) obtuse, smooth or somewhat scabrous; ©
by by cog and wet, sandy soil, Maine to New Jersey -- westward
ugust, September.
US JUNCEUS eye ) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 68. 1835.
. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 803.) RUSH iei —
t, wiry perennial 3.6 dm. s high, with se
10% ") long, and open panicles 6-14 em. 0 500 in length.
long, with very unequal empty glumes, the
1bacute
160
Man. 576.
Fig. 456. SPOROBOLUS CRYPTANDRUS (Torr.) A. Gray, RUSH-GRASS
( Agrostis eryptan eaten. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 151. 1824. SAND
An erect, glabrous, cespitose pe
; New Mexico, and Texas. (Mexico.
161
Bones BOLUS DOMINGENSIS (Trin.) Kunth, Enum. Pl.1: 214.
ingensis 5 Trin. in Sprengel, Neue Entd. 2: 59. 1821; Agrostis
brane tes.) shen INDIAN RUSH-GRASS.—An erect, glabrous,
attenua usually about 3 dm. (1°) high, with rather rigid, flat,
lon je Polnted leaves and arrow, many-flowered panicles 5-6 em. (2-217
, subeomp , sm ; leaf-
on the upper surface. Spikelets nearly 2
ual first one-half as long as the sec-
the flowering glume: flowering glume (b) 1-nerved, acute.
lume.—Saline soil, near the coast
162
Fig, 458, SPOROBOLUS WRIGHTII Scribn. Bul. Torr. Bot. ne
SACCATON. —A stout, erect perennial 10-18 dm. (3°-6°) high, with e
Buc many open panicles 30-60 em. (12/-20") long. spikele
an long, with thin, unequal empty glumes, the secon nee
the first; fl
about the same length as the second glume. Palea ince ct
apex. grain is shown by c.— Adobe" soil, Texas, New
ber.
his species grows in great clumps, producing a large quantity " x
irae hay. It is especially valuable for saline bottoms su sib
164
Fi. 460, SPOROBOLUS JONESII Vase y, Bot. Gaz, 6: 207-
RUSH-G RANA. ema d wiry, densely tufted, erect
gum high with numerous short, rigid, involute, about
spreading panicles 3-6 cm. (1/2) long. Spikelets o
ap) long, with nearly truncate or erose-dentate empty
ud wat one-half as as the acute flowering glume
the palea in texture, firm membranaceous, finely be summit,
M ^ with a distinct callus,—Sode Springs, nest
165
Fis. 461. SPOROBOLUS LIG LIGULATUS Vasey & Dewey, eh hopes
3: 518, 1894,—A
wi
oh k,
slender, smooth, upright perennial, 3-4.5 5 -1$ r3
» flat leaves, and contracted panicles 8-12 em. (3-5 22 dm. (4’-12’)
5 "- long, lanceolate; leaf-blades flat or convolute
Qa. Spikelets
ly equal
Sa ets (a) 8-4 mm. (147-2) long, besser 1 bey the range dp
umes (b we h bout one-half as lon
tne es th 4 c. ddr. to & nerved, sub obtu e.—Canyons, western
ex. Septem,
166
Fic. 462, SPOROBOLUS NEALLEYI Vasey, vem Torr. Bot. Club, 15: #
1888. NEALLEY'S RUSH-GRASS A pale green, slender, densely tufted, efe
more or less me — bs, rigid, m
0 em. (1}/-4’) long, and open panicles 3-8 m. (12-9) long.
Leaf- blades ri MM Pese divaricate, 1-3 em. (117 long, ple at the firt
Spikelets (a, b) about 2 mm. (17) long, wit th n narrow, empty y qiue umes, 1
Habitat not known. Western Texas and New Mexico. July.
Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 57.
ther slender, rigid perennial about 3 dm.
lumes, the first about one-half as
uals the fi į
marshes, ete., K e flowering glume (b). Thegrain is shown
Cn.
= à pra distinguished from
Species by its very unequal empty glumes.
2
E
p
V | | | ( | | —
` c
^,
a e
S (
à i
N
J
8
Fic. 464, SPOROBOLUS ASPERIFOLIUS (Nees & Mey.) Thurb. in 8. ve ;
: 209. 1880. (Vi Nees & Meyen, in Trin. Agrostiðen
73. 1840.) ROUGH-LEAFED SALT-GRASS.—A slender, much-branched, len?
perennial 1-3.5 dm. (4-14/) high, with diffuse panicles 6-10 em. (21/4) l
A lets 1-1.5 mm. (-% long, with nearly equal, acute empty glumes p
wo-thirds as long as the obtuse, mucronate flowering glume (b). The grain?
pot hg ¢—Alkaline soil, Assiniboia to the Dakotas and Missouri, west"
— Columbia, eme and California. June to September. a»
species grows well on strongly alkaline soil, and may prove
for propagation on such lands. : f
170
Fie. VAGIKJEFLORUS (Torr. Wood, Classbook , :
1861. (Va A n Trin. Agrost. 1: 34. 1840; Sporobolus ae
Vasey. 1890. SOUTHERN ns ainan eee slender, cæspitose A y
1.5 to 4 dm. (6'-16') high, with very narrow, short, leaves and simple, q
flowered, prism) and axillary, ageing panicles, which are about 2 om lets
>
"
long and mostly inclosed in what inflated leaf-sheaths. dont
2-4 mm. (17-2) Ton, o ao tomes Py unequa goes MM or TH nd waste :
ing glume (f) sca! metim h.—Dry fi
es nearly
Pisces, Ve Vermont ges South Diis and ionis. gestas rd to
exas. August, September. ?
VAR. NEGLE 41 sho! and usually OD :
flowering which are glabrous or pilose below.—Same distribution enm.
cies a and ¢ outer glumes, b and d florets of the variety
ee ley nr
171
M
3
3
Fig, 467.
REJO GR SPOROBOLUS UTILIS Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 5?: 365. 1857. APA-
f ere -—A slender, win. much-branched perennial 15-50 cm. (6’-20’)
few-fow, t spreadi recurv volute leaves and y Emp
slumes (a) abou. ts about 2.5 mm. (11^) long, with the empty
Ein ish t one-half the length ot th cios ering glume (b). The
to Nevada and scu; -—Swampy places, along m ee ge —— ae
Cette thern a. . green ember.
and aparejos, or pack saddles, " 3 its toughness
by elasticity especially adapt it. pac a purpose
muc! te-pointed
shown by e.—Moist p
_ Related to S. gracillimus Thurb., but readily distinguished 11 senerallf
by its broader, more rigid leaves, scabrous panicle-branches,
stouter habit.
flowering gl
laces in
112
a
bout one-half as long as
d.
ume (5), which is seabrous above. The gain
the mountains of Colorado and I
han
the snerved
daho. Jay? |
from that sped |
173
: SPOROBOLUS FILIFORMIS (Thurb.) Scribn. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div.
Wen kt, i 173, f. 469. 1899. (Vilfa depau uperata füiform is Thurb. in =
ria ben 40th ar 5: 376. 1871.) SLENDER RUSH-G
high, with sety tufted annual 0.8-3 dm., usually about 1.5 dm. (3^-12", — s
arro
l-nerye 1
Moist soi in the than the flowering glume (b). The grain is shown by e—
and pie ountains, Washington to California and eastward to (?) Utah
July to September.
174
Fic. 470, SPOROBOLUS VIRGINICUS (Linn.) Kunth, Rev. Gram :
1835. (Agrostis virginica Linn. Sp. Pl. 63, 1753.) SEASIDE st oss
bent more or less branching, leafy perennia
(49-29) high, with creepi ocks an densely flowered,
3-6 cm. (121) long. Spikelets 2-3 mm. (1-1) long: empty
(a) acute, g ; flow glume (b) uper slightly sho
bout obtuse pa ys
toTexas. (Mexicoand West 2 duo August
M eee
V
175
a
NEURON TRICHOLEPIS (Torr. + Bul. rs
1857. —4 88. 1898. (Vilfa Wen Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 4^: 155.
Mi slender, erect, densely cœspitose perennial 3-6 dm. (15-89) in with
,S abrous leaves and more or less spreading panicles 6-18 em. (2i/-7^)
Carinate, 1. " thin, smoo
Palea Pr ending flowering glume (b) pubescent or villous on the 3 nerves
Nerves or enu " glume, slightly ciliate above and pubescent on the 2
» tara = Dry soll, Utah, Colorado to Texas, and westward
(Mi ation) ae
Fig POLYPOGON
R rat littoralis W
A tufted, slender
176
LITTORALIS (With.) Smith Comp. " 2
th. Bot. Arr. Brit. Pl. ed. 3, 8: f. 28.
ing glume (b) broadly
Wet places, Californ
) May, June.
truncate or emargina
ia and Oregon to ane Island.
5
ed. 2,9
, or rather stout perennial ds Pe m P) high.
leaves and narrow, den flowered, man y-lo n e
em. i d] long. Spikelets 2-3 mm. (17-1417) long; empty v gumes
ett
177
! "ms
Willd. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Neue Schritt. 3:
frinilum Roxb.) SEASIDE BEARD-GRASS.—An erect,
mts sie eh with short, flat leaves and densely flow-
wis 2-4 em. (4-17) long. Spikelets with two-lobed, awned
" +h
me) Awn of the lumes 4-6 mm. (2
(Europe. J empty g (2"-9") long.—
178
a)
8
3
Fie. 474. ARCTAG:
434, (Colpodium ae Y. R. Br. r. Suppl, A
2 pa 2-8 mm. 0 wide, —
which is shorter than the obtuse, scabrous, flowering — 2 k
Greenland and Labrador to Alaska. (Northern Europe an
„
(v ROSTIS AR CEA (Trin. ) Beal, Grasses N. A. 2: 317.
Olpodium a Hnacea Trin. Unt. 17. 1824; Sporobot rect coated en
EED 2 dm.
glum, m. (5% broad. Spikelets compressed, with near
Pian. (a) about 4.5 mm, (2% long; flowering glume (b) acute or
Palea obtuse or gpr 2-nerved.—In wet soil, river
and British America. (Northeastern Asia.) July, August.
180
Fig. 476. CINNA BOLANDERI &Scribn. Pipa saaa Nat diee
290. 1884.. CALIFORNIAN REED-GRASS.—A sto us ; Leaf
15-22 dm. (5°-7°) high, with loose, open mount em. 0.44 ) one at y
blades firm, prominently striate and scabrous on both sides, 30-60 em. 5mm. (%
long, 20 mm. (10% wide, tapering to a sharp point. Spikelets about P
long, with scabrous, broadly MN nearly equal em E glumes (4),
QULA ANM ab the Pnerved y sessile floret (b b).—Califor
6090 August.
.
pte
ibn. Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. regi 1884: 290, 1884, from
and Wash;
Ee re
Fic. 478. AGROSTIS
1843. perennans
THIN SEA —A slender,
182
ANS (W * Am
Walt. Fl. Car. 74. 1788.) VEREN
V
j
:
1
F A . ae eg cy > . S E
um t — GEMINATA Trin. Unif. 207. 1824. UNTAIN
—.— ee
i ves, ee d capillary. spreading: les 5-8 cm. 3
Pit ara Spikelets 24-3 mm. b %) long; empty glumes (c (a) inapoiat,
—
obscurely 5-nerved, b abont LT Jom. 00 long, bearing an awn on the
i IE or often exceeding the glumein
a
(Europe.) July, August.
184
Linn. Sp. Pl. 62. 1753. (A. rupestris Chapm. no
rado, also in Labrador and Ne
P
)
5
3
E
l
;
E
mae recen
77! eri TIERE SNAM
ternodes; leaf-bla
‘Spikelets 2.3 mm. om. Q^) ont, with nearly equal, su
minutely toot! wnless ets om (b)
Duet om e simus or seas ie —Mountains of Oregon,
to September,
186
Fig. 482. AG U.S. Dept. Ag
J. H BENT.—A M pests cespitose peren
(4’-6’) high, w vith xr narrow leaves, and narrow, rather dense is
icles 3-5 em. 8 long. Sheaths smooth, the lower ones thin er at least
; ligule ongated, about 2 mm. 0 pes leaf- ades. flaceid.
the lower ones te, empit
^ smooth. Spikelets about 3 mm. (10 long, with ovate- lanceolate, a minili
glumes (a), which are a little longer than the b y obtuse Labradot -
scabrous, awnless flowering glume (b). Palea 0.5 mm. (2) long-
tember.
187
V M tl jp
Y Y f
\
\ | | /
|J /
9 Mi
f
Wh
SN Ww
Y A WA
^ N /
š ~
3 Wh ő
,
(SS
AGROSTIS ALBA Linn. Sp. ‘Pi. 63. 1758. HERD'S GRASS or
; DOM kno loniferous, with
am. (1 9-39) high, flat leaves and erect, many-flowered
a gule 2-8 mm
open
hs A (%% long:
8) pda scabrous. Spikelets 2-3 mm. (4%) long,
es (a), which are a aps longer than the
9 glume (b). Palea one-half to hree-fourths as long
1
IET
za
sele
at i ) a in A. Gray Man. ed. 6, 647. 1890, is a form with
e than 2 mm. (1) in length and more spreading
: "e. * le species is widely A: and is valuable for
! 8 wen where the soil is not too dry. Some of the
188
. AGROSTIS ee 1779. (4.
L5 WATER BENT-GRASS.—A s lender aot ‘with flat leaves, we
m.
wnless fl
Utah to Texas and westward to California. (Mexico, Sou
Europe, and India.) May to August.
GROSTIS CINNOIDES (Muhl .) Barton, Comp. F1. Phila
Cinnoides Muhl. Gram. 187. 1817; Calamagrostis pipere
2,951. 1854.) NUTTALL'S REED-GRASS.—A stout, erect
i ntracted
h aucous-green and purple. Spikelets
empty glumes (a) attenuate from near the e
; flowering glum ) 4-5 mm. (2“ 3 ) long,
he ; awn attached abou fourth
slightly exceeding the glume, straigh P
(c) about 2 mm. (1") long, its hairs inte A
Moist soil, Maine to Ohio, south to North Carolina Ala-
tember.
dne other North American species of Calamagrostis in
having the prolongation of the rachilla villous pee
190
:
;
;
20. a ion naar S BREWERI Thurb. in S. Wats. Bot. Cat ?
BRE REE D- GRASS. d sel tufted
-5-3.5 dm. (6/-14’) en with " a Slender. enn T. sal leaves ,
cnn and open, Acad oan panicles 1. 5-6 c em. (i^ ^y) long
er s; basal leaves 3-8 em. (1}/-3’) long, 1
renis or im minutely sea. k purple.
lets 3.5-4 mm. aw plo rous, Pa ed in € dark p. gone l
p (b) pen 3 mm. (147) long, glabrous, or nearly so, the conspicuo"
ery short, un i : ttac m
am. 1 Ain on equal, awnlike teeth; awn st Callus ban
antl)
spike
—Mountai ins of Cali fornia . ds:
3 other S ats vitesse species of Calamagrostis s a erect intra’ j
sl
wi
contracted panicles 15-20 em. (6/-8’) long. Sheaths
es, glabrous; leat blades 1.5-4.5 dm. cradle long, 2.5-5
| FX n, becom n and somewhat purplish. * ppakelets
x P Blume (b X t: empty vene (a) N strongly scabrous; —
tached about ag mm. (1}/’-2”) long, minutely 4-dentate at the apex;
above ias yum ualing the cles
hose of the gaos
Agnes. Bol Au
. 1898.—.
es, smaller d
d wick e Key AK lish spik
| ur With short, refsa e; Posi cett below the constricted
iiam Tae eS hairs; d, purplish; awn very short or
192
Fig. 488. CALAMAGROSTIS PORTERI A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acs ^s pee
1862. PORTER’S REED magenta slender, erect, gl nnllo. pani
(2249) high, with rough, flat leaves and narr ow, rather loosely rr
cles 8-16 em. (3’-6’) long. Sheaths shorter bán the intern: es n w)
strongly bearded at the Summit, otherwise smooth; lent De t 5
ni
interrupted, erect. Spikelets 4-6 mm. (2"-3") long; empty glumes or
y scabrous, the first slightly longer than the emp
flowering glume (b) 4-5 mm. (2.2%) long, t equaling the second at the
, Nar’ , minutely denticulate or sharply 4-dentate stout,
apex; awn attached about one-fifth above the base, 3-4 mm. (1-2 long,
minutely scabrous, bent above the middle, twisted below the ge
basal h one-third i Po
of the rachilla (c ) about 1 mm, (4^) long, with its hairs about one-fifth M
than the palea.— Woodlands, New York and Pennsylvania. July,
193
B AMAG — ROSTIS SCOPULO Proc. Calif, Acad. Sci. II.
(149-240. M REED-GRASS.—A slender, erect, *
x, flat lea
h
Rodes flowered el d narrow, er
pe Seabrons or g “dd 2-156 yis. long. Sheathsshorter than the inter
a Boxe, the lower marcesce at; a 15-50 em.
cle
4-6 mm. (2"-3”) lone; 9 pronus ter nearly equal, lan-
otherwise ring glume
ed,
The prolongation oft the rachilla
tah. Bah. September.
TeS Debt. Agr. D. Bul jte De d
d n. firm in. more stric
somewhat eh shining — Mh and more compressed
9. 17—01——13
“egg beneath, densely heat rt-pubescent above. Spike
Solia empty glumes, = 3 attenuate- pointed,
| or E Blume (b)4-5
— " extend.
dg awn-like tee 4-5 mm. (2. 247) lon ng, truncate, then rves M.
| bu, as the serous, 3 geniculate near the middle. . 3 as
rather pi bifid. Callus hairs € short. Rachilla (o
roa ee 2 mm. (17) long.—Dry, rocky soil in the mountains, Green.
Pu M 8 in the mountains to South Dakota, CDI and Cali-
mt Semen v s Dept. Agr. Div. Agros, Bul. 11: 19. 1898. A
— "d em. (7^) high or i with ee com rely
Set St. Pau
Bering Sea jur ^l panicles. Spikelets 5 mm. (27) long.
196
/ ca
=
3
1G. 492, CALAMAGROSTIS MACOUNIANA Vasey, Contr. U. 8. f
3: 81. 1892. (Deyeuxia macouniana Vasey, Bot. 10: 297. 1885.) high,
REED-B ENT.—A slender, erect, leafy perennial, 4.5-9 dm. (14°-8°) ©
AITO and narrow thes
5 acut a
least on the keel; flowering glume (b) a li g the second om
thin-membranceous, with hyaline margins and apex; awn 9
slightly : above the middle, straight, eq ualing im rapi mesi Callus
aline, glabrou® sion
nent, its hairs , soft, about 2 as glume
copious 5 marsbe ^ r
Fachille (c) very short and slender.—Moist sandy soil, borders of I
Assini Missouri, Montana a Washi us
ies is m C. ca
allied, = its usually stricter habit. vov. more co
panicles, and smaller spikelets.
LT.
—— tRosTIS FASCICULATA Kearney, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div.
enni . JL 1898. COUCH REED-GRASS.—A slender, rather rigid,
: th na
th
—— Eenieulation. Callus hairs few, much shorter than
n un = one PENA 1-1.5 mm, (1%) long.—Mendocinc
e
a
CALAMAG Unig. 24 H
Gram.
ROSTIS LANGSDORFFII Trin.
J. 10. 3 824. LAN RFF'S REED-G eee remit
(29-49) im aa long flat leaves and ope ppnta -
long. Sheaths shorter than the in terns — "
yd
those of the callus.—Moist
to the mountains of New — nd, , Utah
June to Septem!
Var. LACTEA (Beal) Kearney, U. 8 . Dept. Agr. Div.
ore open F^
(C. lactea Beal. 1806.) producti rp M
its palea more than two-thirds as long as the glume.— ashi
199
ian Bul OVILFA CURTISSII (Vasey) Scribn. : : Suing ur
U. 8 Nat. 7 199, £ 495. 1899. ( Calamagrostis cur tes má ien
11 ee t. Herb. 3: 85 1892; Ammophila curtissii p
Petenni HERN REED-GRASS—A rather slender, wiry, erect
leaves and ar (39-60) high, from a stout rhizome, with narrow, invo
imbr ted panicles 16-20 em. (6’-8’) long. :
. Basal sheaths r ,
te, and di : : ring. Spikelets abou
P an obieno per pond esr due
barrens, Fiend, Palea (b), Callus bearded with a few short hairs—Low pine
Florida. July, August.
200
|
y
MUTICUM (Boland. ) Seribn. U. S. Dept. W
Bull. 1 1: $0, Lr July, 1898. (Trisetum subspicatum VAT. in part)
land. in S. Wats. Bot Oait 2: 296. 1880; Trium wolpi Vasey, ft :
BEARDLESS FALSE OAT.—A rather stout or more often slender,
tose perennial 3-7.5 E. (19-249) high, with tat, P—
leaves, and or densel in m. (3-7) ioni
te 6-7 mm. (3/-34^) 1 3-flowered; empty y glumes aC
neari l S
y as long as the spikelet; 4 flowering glumes acute, nen america
ward toCalifornia, Wyoming, and Colorado, July to Septembe
This species is in every way stouter than T, wolfii (fig. y^ ) with bro
leaves and larger and more densely flowered panicles. pies
more nearly equal and the flowering glumes firmer in
"m y a , m 4 Ps & 4 f this
201
ii 100th Merid. 6:
TRISETUM w. LFII Vasey, in U. S. Geog. Surv. W. I
8 e, ime, Sone 3 Div. Agros. Bul. 11:50f.9. 1808. WOLF'S
15 OAT.—A slender. erect, tufted perennial, with rathershort, flat, sca sonorous
ing ah ose towered, nodding and contracted panicles 5-10 em, (2-4)
8. Spikelets 2-flow.
wered, 5-6 ) long; empty g (a) Y
ae about 6 mm ) long; flowering gl 1 e) ppm 8
„) Jong. Palea
is „bearing an awn often 1 mm. (4^) 1
didis of Colorado, rare.| August.
202
Fi E ribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. pi Aa july,
1901. (T. argenteum Seribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. 1
with
1898. Not R. &S. 1817.) SILVER OAT-GRASS.—A slender, er e leaves,
smooth culms 5-7.5 dm. (149-219) high, minutely scabrous sis pik
and narrow, silvery- urplish panicles 10-20 cm. (4-80 t glumes (0),
4-5 mm. (2"-2y/) long, 1- to 2- flowered, with unequal, acute ub
and min scabrous, short-awned flowering gl (b), lightly 2-cleft
which is about 4 m long, narrowly par ei aoe T 1.1% 10087
at the apex, awned below a) w , 1-3 mm. (i
Near Sil es, =
and Twin La
Named for te collector, Mr. C. L. Shear.
203
Fie. 409. AVENA FATUA Linn. Sp. Pl. 80. 1753. WILD OAT.—An erect,
een annual 6-12 dm. (2°-4°) high, with flat leaves and spreading panicles
poles Oat-like, nodding spikelets. Sheaths smooth, or scabrous at the sum-
sometimes sparingly hirsute; ligule 2-4 mm. (1’-2”) long. Spikelets 2- to
UNE iM the spikelets, scabrous, twisted, and geniculate.—Fields and
Pious from Minnesota westwerd; abundant in grain fields on the
i (Introduced from Europe.) June to September.
204
b
Fic. 500. BOUTELOUA POLYSTACHYA (Benth.) Torr. in Pac. R. R. ee ^
52: 366, pl. 10. 1857. (Chondrosium polystachyum Benth. Bot. Voy. SUP
GRA ff
1844) SIX-WEEKS MA.—A slender and diffusely spreading; pe |
bran nnual, 1-4 dm. (4'-16/) high, with short, narrow leaves age
linear spikes about 2 cm, (4^) long, approximate near the apex of the ¢ larger
its branches. Spikelets with glabrous, unequal em E (a), the h
second one 1.5 mm. (% long, and 4-lo flowering glumes (b), M
awned be he lobes and ciliate on the es 7 and
shown by d and the palea by c.—River valleys, etc., Utah
ward to southern California. (Mexico.) July to September.
205
15, m OUA PROSTRATA Lag. Varied. Cienc. Lit. Art. 9: 1
short, narro ind ? GRAMA. —A slender, tufted annual r2 dm. (4-80 high, with
Sheth o , curved, pikes 1.5-2 em . (4/-4^) long.
an the internodes ; ligule short; leaf-blades narrow,
o. the em. Gu x long Spikelets with v PETEN glabrous, empty glumes
mm. (2") long; giten glume (b) broadly oblong,
R : | smooth, or slightly ent on the back, about 6 mm. (3 )
mon on uced to 3 stiff awns with 1 or 2 scales at the
base.—Com
October m lands, New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona. (Mexico.) June
206
A BROMOIDES (H. B. K.) Lag. Gen. et Sp. Pl. 5. 5. 1218.
B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. Pl. 1: 172, t.51. 1815.) gPRUCE
; ligule a cilia A dni a
ng, a aa ar") wide.
lanceolate, 1-nerved,
n" m. (147-2) lon, giume
g. me second Jonger: flowering 8
(Mexico.) ANS de optem ri a palea.—New Arizona
RE, ae n.
/
207
Fig,
CRASS on GREENII V Bot. Gaz. 16: 146. 1891. CH "vu
(4-19) high, "oe and more or Hiis branching, leafy annual 1-2.5 d
long. Sh Sheaths ], Wand rather densely flowered spikes 2-6 em. ta
uos ' scent or somewhat glabrous, shorter than the
(2 e ete; leaf-blades rigid, loosely involute, sca 5 em.
eat * less. Spikelets (a) eee kee i 6”) , % to 15-
i many-nerved, papillate-pilose and dentate glumes; empty
ae. (2) 3 ng, prominently 9- to 11-nerved; flowe rome )
5mm. t of,
Habitat nc kn With 5 to 7 prominent nerves terminating in as many
Own. Chico, California, June.
208
. 504. GII (8. Wats.) Hack. in ^ Far 5
Phan. 6: 261. 1889. hloé kingii S. Wats. in King’s Explor 4 pen
382, t. 40. 1871.) 'S DESERT-GRASS.—A low, densely tufted Pica,
.2-0.6 (4277 t numerous short, spreading
1-2 cm. (5-10) long, and densely flowered, subeapitate panicles Lenis acute
in the upper 1 ths. ikelets about 3-flowe th 4 mm. (”)
empty glumes (a) 6-7 (3/-3y/) long; flowering glume (b) about the keel
long, deeply 2-cleft, densely hairy or villous at the base and 5 one
and marginal t es extending into short awns, the
foothills 9»
longest, shown in (e), and like the marginal ones ciliate.—Dr¥ i
the deserts of Nevada and Arizona. Aprilto July. |
pst (Torr. ) Scribn. Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 10: 30. 1883.
- Rept. LENDER TRIODIA.—
dm. (12/-20/) high, with short, narrow leaves
le ej 0-20 em. (4’-8’) lo dra ding the
ciliate; leaf-blad brous, inv inted.
„Slo mm. (4 long; empty frites (a) 1-nerved, the
ifl long, the second about 1 mm. (7% longer; flowering
ate 5.5-7 mm. (2/-33% long, pu the keel
hear the sid Arizon
210
Fic. 506. ODIA ELONGATA (Buckl.) - new comb
elongata Buckl. Proc. Acad. = Sci. Phila. 1862: 89. d
glumus, Munro in A. Gray, I. c. 333, nomem n
udum
ou ge ep Nash.) WIRY. TRIODIA.—A a ye cite a
nial 6-10 em. (2°-3}°) high, with narrow leaves and contracted, gran
cles isi sé em. (9-6) } long. Spikelets T Ln flowered, 6-10 mm- f
btuse or ac
iJ
2 hi S „ ed; flo sil,
0) domm. (2-2/7) ie and d pubescent 2 pen nerves - eh
Jun 1
F i
im DIA STRICTA nm "i cents U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bul.
1833-1897) pe ro ( Windsoria stri utt. siqua Am. Phil. Soc. II, 5 : 147.
(49-59) -) SPIKED TRIODIA.—A e ipiis ose perennial 12-15 dm.
Panic] high, with rather long, rigid leaves, and um rond, spike-like
G 2% hug s (4127) long. Spikelets e sessile, 5 to 8-flowered, 4-5 mm.
the Pig with lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved, empty glumes (a), which exceed
— ts in len ; flowering glumes (c) oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved, mm.
and mucronate or short-awned. Lateral and dorsal nerves
and dor 8 for three-fourths their — e soil, Louisiana
and Texas. August to Oe
212
. 508. SIEGLINGIA DECUMBENS M
— Bernh. Syst.
oe 1800. (Festuca d. dens Linn. Sp. Pl. 75. 1753; Triodia de
cei V. Agrost. 67. 1812) HEATHER-GRASS.—An 4 or often de
glabrous Perennial 1.5-4.5 dm. (6-18) high, with narrow leaves and simp!
rected Sende 2-4 esi bile Le o" Bheathssborier than i rus abore
brous
B3 th beneath, usually
2215 em. ved ) long, m mm. ( to. 6 flowered 6-1
mm. (3-5 q^ Wr * un Spikelets (a) g to 5-flowere
e ee pty g
n barbate (b, c) ) which are sent on the margins margins
a
; Da. | TRIPLASIS PURP PURPUREA (Walt.) Chapm. Fl. So. U. S. 560. 1860
1 e re Wait Fl. Car.78. 1788; Tricuspis purpurea A. Gray Sieglingia
: Caspite "eed eim erneut smooth, ai or spreading,
Petite Peren -3°) high, with narrow, rigid leaves and simple
ie ay 1255 decay Sheaths shorter than the 3 leaf-blađdes
a an- (27 long 2 mm. (17) wide or less rigid scabrous,
1 lets 2 2-to 5. flowered, 5-8 mm. (2}/-4”) long, with smooth h empty
thorn And hairy, 2-lobed and short-awned flow ng glumes
(e), yl
5 Maine to
Florida and westward to Nebraska and Texas. July
om this grass has an acid taste.
214
Fie MOLINIA OZERULEA (L.) Moench, Meth. 183. 1794. ( Aira cami
led L. a o 63. 1753; Enodium ceruleum Gaud.) MOLINIA.—A rather coarse
perennial 6-10 dm. (29-349) high, with rather stiff leaves an
lish panicles 15-30 em. (6/-12/) long. sessi 3
“ot eA 1 KM the culm; leaf-blades smooth beneath, = 10
above. Spikelet wered, 5-8 mm. (2 a ugs E je
long, f ss " ) mm. (20) long.
Sparingly introduced, in waste places, ‘ame sp pein’ ys pe w rew Tork. ge
rope.) August, September.
215
Ss
MS
a
b
Fue, i
prostie ponia G: MAJOR Host, aes. 4: 14, pl. 24. 1809. (Era-
EL TM Gray.) pasi -GRASS.—A rather showy, much-
l with erect or ascen 1.5-9 dm. (4°-3°) high. Spike-
ante nete fovere 535 wins (
ly
mm. ( wm yong, and about 3 mm. (/) wide;
tow y equal, ovate-lanceolate, 2 mm. (1”) or less in length;
yering gumes S ovate, obtuse, prominently nerved d and scabrous on the keel.
ultivated or waste ground, usually in sandy soil, through-
8 United Staten, (Europe, naturalized in tropical
erica.) June
When.
fresh this plant emits a strong, unpleasant odor.
216
Fig. 512. ERAGROSTIS PILOSA (Linn.) Beauy. Agrost. 1812. -
pilosa L.Sp.Pl.68. 1753. SLENDER MEADOW-GRASS.—A slender A
ing annual 1.5-4.5 dm. (6-18) high, with narrow, flat leaf-blades and 0P^*
ill es of l a d, 5- to 12. flowered spikelets (a) $9775
(14-3") long; emp ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, a —
flowering glumes (e) about 1.5 mm. (% long, with the lateral nerves Y and té
or obsolete. Palea (d) urge on the keels, The grain is shown by ^
rachis of a e by b.—In cultivated fields, — an y
Massachusetts to Illinois a 2 Kansas, south to Florida,
Texas, and gaps
e ge distributed in tropical and warm temperate countries.) June to
Be ees
oe mera are
nerve] flowering glumes.
distinguished from E. purshii Scrhad., by me pages pun f
b
glumes ej abo q
d mm. (1}”-1¥’) long, the lateral nerves prominent. The
the pistil by d.—Sand-hills and prairies, Illinois to
e Territory, and Texas. July to September.
218
ny
; N/A
wy
SN LIT
d VEA
R
AW h prr
N iW * [^
x E TA MEA
ERST 2 AN ^L oe, F.
S3 i LIB
SAN LA y
RA XI F
NI A
IN
RS
SS
Hes /
LES
\
g
2
“o
a
*N
n ;
dde 514. ERAGROSTIS CAPILLARIS Linn.) Nees, Agrost. Bras 508, T5 :
capillaris Linn. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753; Poa tenuis Ell. Sk. Bot. S. C. and Gd P ^.
1817.) LACE-GRASS.—An erect annu. dm. (4°-! 3 branching m 1
: base, with oblong-ovoid, widely expanded capillary panicles of very ei
s to si flowered spikelets (a) 2-3 mm. (1/-13”) long; empty DO i
) long, equal, aeute, hispid on the keel; flowering glumes acute, ON
its Senet LA res. (98) o Palea rough-ciliate on .
ay s and roadsides, Rhode Island to Illinois and M a
nets exas, August, September,
and T
Of no agricultural interest.
rootstocks, with stiff,
panicles 8-14 em. (3'-5/) long. M istis Au D fowered,
ng; empty glumes (a) somewhat com ,l-nerved;
ies (b, c) Sashes uiid rounded on the back, smoo! 3 Palea
cage y scabrous on the keels.—Sandy, alkaline soil,
coreg
(Dison spicata) in habit.
220
4
VCC
eee
ARE Eee Sea INES TT
;
:
Fig. 516. ERAGROSTIS Poetica nun Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1:
33 is oxylepis Torr. interrupta Nutt., not Lam.
VE-GRASS. -A smooth pienia L 5-9 dm. A aet high,
w1 2 em. (1-50) long. *
w b) crowded, strongly compressed, 8- ed, 6-20 mm" ae i
emp glumes subequal, acute; “flowering e o B . mr
ys
Alabama, and westward to Kansas, Indian Territory, Texas, ! p
(Mexico and Central America.) July to November.
d
ed flowering glumes (c) about 5 mm. (24% long. Lower
and t A present, narrowly lanceolate. The palea is shown by d
il by ¢—Uncultivated alkali goons Sandia” Colusa County,
Thie berm
ML a ebe is recognized by Hackel in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pf. 25
222
Fig. 518. MELICA rege A Trin. Gram. Suppl. 68. : 1
dioides Nees; M. pani s Nutt.) SMAL — ee w, lat
somewhat dender, erect n 6-9 dm. (29-39) high, wi
Vai MINOR Scribn. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1
its low and densely tufted habit, short leaves, ae yee
and generally smaller spikelets.
A TORREY
MELIC-GRASS. A slender, leafy, ceespi itose mt
e flower raised
às long as or exceeding the flowering glume 0) d fe
he apex.—California. May to Septem
guished from Melica imperfecta, with which it is very
es, long. y its more pele longer, and more aeute ou oe
welle celed rudimen nt flowering glum
224
4, 1870.
- MELICA FUGAX Boland. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. às. (c) i :
SMALL MELIGORASS A slender, erect peren yng i ( jeles
from a b flat leaves and few
n eA cs (0) about 4mm. (
Palea minutely pubescent on arched sese „ slightly noe aa vas
sS otl grounds in open - woods, dry mountain sides,
to California. May,June. ur
E^ ‘the spikelets nose thickened,
spikelets of M. fugaz the rachilla is smi pee
Pea ni MELICA LONGILIGULA Scribn. & Kearney, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1
. 225. J. 521. 1899.—A slender, erect, cœspitose d ran
P a ( 240% Lu». with narrow leaves, and strict, more or less interrupted pa
oe 20 em. (6’-8’) long, Sheaths exceeding the internodes; ligule
—
P
8
Li
E
*
ge
I
8
4
fair!
nÈ
8.
I]
[^
?
S
e
B
2
%
—
s
5
E
d
er
t
(a) unequal, the larger second. one 5-5.5 mm. (2 long: the first flow-
he xo 6-6 mm. (247-37) long.—Southern California, (No.865. Parish
1881.)
larger
from M. imperfecta, with which it is closely related, by its
mtn e eee empty glumes, and palea distinctly shorter
the flowering glum
adve. 17—01——15
Fic. 522, MELICA BULBOSA Thurb. ae Wats. Bot ONT
ya Sagi emen — Á m Pac. R. R. Rept. 45: 157.
Sei. Phila. 1
YO RNIA MELIC- C-G iem —À uide, erect perennial,
3-9 dm. (19-39) high, with very narrow leaves and contracted
icles 8-16 em. (3-6^) long. Spikelets 8-10 mm. (4-0
second as long as s the first flowering giume; —€—
one about 8 mm. Ae bigs —Dry slopes and ridges, Cal
The first and d publications 101 Melica bulbosa Geyer, are
The first eee of the name, with description, is by Thu inal
of California, and while t the e species the re deseribed is not
Geyer at all, t} + stand for the
‘Sulu p
ribn. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1885:
*
(20-330 16. 1885. WOODY MELIC-GRASS.—A stout, leafy perennial 6-10
45,
dm. (20.
REE (a ae as
Ing fully on
ly one-
Slume.— so ipe its length. Palea usually about one-half as long as the
'alifornia. (Lower California, Mexico.) April to June.
228
Fig. 524, MELICA INFLATA Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb p
nari MELIC-GRASS.—An erect, leafy perennial 9-18 am. . y ane :
bulbous at the base, with spreading, simple panicles 1 ae :
) long, 2-4 mm.
Spikelets (a) cay mm. (6/-9") pw 6- to 8-flowered; emp
subacute, the first 3- to 5- nerved, the second 5- to 7- nerv pales
(b) sonis mm. (4^) long, subacute eod i oblong-lanceolate. "^
rter than the glume, somewhat scabrous, €
of Cal brute June, July.
Allied to Melica bulbosa Thurb. (Fig. 522.)
229
Maa Et oe eet a eee ree i
E A NEU RE DEL A SIN S
er arene Boland, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sei. 4: 102. 1870.
RD'S MELIC-GRASS.—A rather slender, erect, wiry perennial 6-15
ith narrow, flat leaves and erect, narrow, — M
es 10-20 em. (4’-8’) long. Spikelets . (6/-8") long,
RS De UN unes ual,the second on idis mm. (3^)
b ) long, hes short-awn
vue cli ign, in below.—Mountains of
une, Tay.
umet (a) and long-attenuate-poii inted flow
ng,
canyons and damp woodlands, British Columbia to pee
(South ). May to September.
SMITHII (Porter) Mond Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 15:
5, 640. 1867.) Sng his
C-
leaves, and sp: A slender, erect, perennial 7 dm. 3 high, with flat
the internodes; Heute 12-24 em. (5’-10’) long. Sheaths shorter
nm. 0.00 wide, mm. (2^) long; leaf-blades 10-20 em. (4'-8^) long, 6-12
With un scabrous, Spikelets (a) 3- to 6- flow im 20 mm. (10”) long,
mm, 10 long: g glumes (b) about 10
the glume. The palea is
Shown b
y e
Columbia, “Kot woodlands to E Montana, Washington, and British
Allied :
232
A ARISTATA Thurb. in Boland. Proc. Calif. i
ARDED MELIC-GRASS. — slender, s tufted tea perenni cles
(119. -340 ppan with flat.
(4— fed n Sheaths as long as the internodes; siege» (2% long, wan
es flat, pubescent, about 10 cm. a long, 3-4 mm. (877. ig
uneq
rs near the base; awn 8-14 mm. (4/-7")
June, July.
CA (Nees) tine U. S. Dept. Agr.
Nees, Ann. Nat.
‘ wer 1841.) CALI-
le-green, tufted perennial, with soft or rather
3-6 dm, (19-29) high, flat leaves, and terminal racemes
spreading litus eee de m. (i^) long; cable iiis umes (a) thin-
below, the first 2-3 mm. (1-14) long, the
TM longer, towering glumes (b) one about 6 mm. (3^) stt
te at th. dst
aceous apex, bearing à rough à
which is sting as ee as the aaa The palea sans dm
^, moist grounds, California. May.
234
Fic. 530. UNIOLA LONGIFOLIA Scribn. Bul. Torr. Bot. e da. (649) gh
K ONG 4
15-45 em. (6 ae) agi
er ones, WI
h long, flat leaves and narrow panicles
“nl scent or lanate, at sa gar low i
m- ') long
wit
en compre
of soft hairs at the ; lower leaf-blades
st (4"-8") wide, scabrous near dis apex, often E = i
, 7-8 mm. (31-4 ^ ong, vhs
Texas,
base. Spikelets (a) 3- to
fi e e 13-21") long. —In
ering ) (a i^) Viol
OW! glumes (e
thickets, or in hummock land, East Tennessee to
Fie.581. UNIOLA SESSILIFLORA Poi. in Lam. Encyc. 8: 185. 1806.
acumina
Qumes (b) about empty glumes 6-8 mm.
onere an long, acute, scabrous
— amps near the coast,
( Uni-
3/4") long; flowering
on the keels, about 13-nerved.—
Georgia to Louisian
June to
236 :
t. Agr. Div.
FiG. 532. DISTICHLIS TEXANA (Vasey) Seribn. U. ps sp s. Nat. js
Bul. 17: 236, f. 532. June 30,18 0 and Vasey,
99. (Poa
r *
"- 1890 vein wrightii Vasey, l. e 1893.)—A rathe
9 long; nearly }
obtuse; flowe e 0 0 Texas
aea sdin, peepee Pm Aan) we 8 5
flowering glumes we e) 8-10 m. (4"-5/) long, 3- to 5- n
New Mexico. (Mexico.)
5 Sp. Pl. 68. 1753. LOW SPEAR-GRASS or
tufted annua l, with erect or ascending, somewhat
ere masque, the. first I-nerved, the second
D WAS 31. a
eani 5n wl. Palea 2-keeled, keels hairy.—
, dooryards, ete., everywhere —— the United
(Europe.) April to Septembe
southward to Texas, New Mexico, Arizona
, elongated:
sot te floret
This species is distinguished from P. annua by its n
and by oh p à Boti + 11 y hair t th
amm
eee rr, Fl. N. Y. 9: 459. 1843, SLENDER SPEAR-
ue ot MOO both perennial 3-5 dm. (19-29) high, with rather
and nodding, e re open panicles 4-12 cm. Supt )
1 much shorter than the internodes;
5 eaf-blades 2.5-11 em. aca long, 2 mm. (1%) wide or Tas
Scabrous above, Spikelets 3-4 mm. (12% long, 2- to 4-
teles acute empty glumes (a), broadly obtuse and scarious-
flowering glumes (b), which are conspicuonsly webbed at the
glabrous, In rocky woodlands, Nova Scotia and New Bruns-
Pennsylvania and westward to Minnesota. May to July.
FIG. 536. POA — + A.Gray, Man. Bot. ed. 2, 562 p db
BLUE-GRASS.—A slender, e nia nam oe
^" meia and open Peel i — em. (3-90) long. — lades ben.
(2”) long, narrowly ovate, very y faintly nerved, villous on the!
* Thickets : uet l
Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, gpl to North Carolina ey
nessee, May, June. ct
E. Vég. Ins, Siteh. 170. 1831. SLENDER
—À en B erect perennial, about 3 dm, (19) high,
t ranches in pairs, Spik
h pikelets 2- to 3- flowered, about 6 mm,
I ty 8 empty glumes (b). and linear-lanceolate, acute
(a), which
base.
uu ~Wet t boggy places, mountains of Colorado, northward
1:28
Fic. 588. POA REFLEXA Vasey & Scribn. Contr. U. S. Nat = soft, #3
te _ NODDING BLUE-GRASS, sh slender, erect pur t, and final?
capillary, rather distan ered: emp?
ce branches. Spikelets ise 3-4 mm. m ) long, 2- : * deos (b)
glumes nearly equal, scabrous the keels 5 t on de |
s , pubescen *
med and lateral nerves and webbed at the base. "i €
xx
tne glume, scabrous | on the — et, boggy P —
nd British A 3 E
seo hend P. leptocoma Tri gem which it differs in pi^
ous spikelets, which are crowded Bs the ends of the branches,
rounded, obtuse flowering glumes.
in the
2222 8
243
46
4 mm. (2) long. Culms usually rough near the pani nicle.
Spikelets2 tog.
EI et the Soom 3 mm. (1}”) long; empty glumes (a) ied acute,
: the seno cond broader and 3-nerved; flowering es (b)
; base. the keel below and with long, forthe
ned Stateg. 0 Palea. Smooth.—Meadows and roadsides throughout the
la e . — but Ay i0 Amguat,
but differing from that species in the absence of any
0 trii) : ligule, and
the ebe ted for e Acca ‘fy Negtend and Europe and is
244 |
8
Ne uS ON E AL.
e
Fig. 540. gm ee ae S Vasey, Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 1: 274
UE-G A slender or somewhat stout, 1 :
àm. (119-239) Ls with open, loosely flowered panicles 15-30 em |
AN , mostly much longer than pe inte! 060 v
conspicuous, Miet scabrous on the outside; leaf-blades
base,—In moist soil, New Me veli northward to Colo
(?)Alaska. June to Septembe
Sei 541. POA TRACYI Vasey, Bul. Torr. Bot. € club 1
E GRASS. —A rather stout, erect perennial, 4.5-10 jd. aam high,
ic
Spy munt ends of the branches, 3- to 4- flowered, about 5 mm. (2 A 0
‘te (a) subequal, slight! — on = pega flowering glumes
en lo sl wine back below. ilte:
Aa 4 mm. (2”) long, 2 white pubescent
Jato, an "eder nerves and keel. Leste soil, pics" and New Mexico.
kee! sepan tas a Vasey, by the copious pubescence on the
l and marginal n
246
Le. —
FiG.542. POA ARACHNIFERA Torr. in Marcy’s Explor. Red Riv. ib
1853. TEXAS BLUE-GRASS.—A Daray pian nnial 3-9 os L : Lo
strong, creeping rootstocks, long, flat leaves, and na
flowered panicles. Spikel MM eril eee 3 257 33
xt Aet pu n" s (a, c) acute, the first 1-nerved, the second: 72
nerves boe Bird rage he base, those 455
: 15
3 "staminate s spikelets (d) smooth.- —A ure of Texas, and i ery x
wo It t form s a dense
D.C.
SEU NU E CRM PES S
mim winter M eet It is hardy in the latitude of we
April to June.
5
t
*
E
1
NE i a ka
Mo o NBI tea ee ate a
FTC
e
PAS grees toy
j
3
=
i
247
A
a
(Steud.) Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bul.
FEN part. (Eragrostis fendleriana Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 278.
DLER'S "BLUE-GRASS, MUTTON-GRASS.—
Panic]
ie ng; empty glumes unequal, the first 1-nerved, the seco
m. (27) long; flowering glumes pubescent on the keel and margi
below, otherwi wd ibewont UM e un
Vari. April to June.
ftom the NICA Williams, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Cir. 1 1899. Differs
and m g strongly glabrous throughout, with longer, rougher
ert more unequal empty glumes. For a full discussion of the species
eerie
248
2 Pigs E aa, E NESSPT,
SM, STET Tul RO n IER
E
Fic. 544. POA COMPRESSA Linn. Sp. Pl. 69. Kip CA
GRASS.—A slender but rather * and somew
strongly flattened stems 1. 5-5 dm. (19-14?) high, and ae small, narrow esi €
e )f
NADA sed
flowered panicl Spikelets deinde eri 09- preg jy nerved
3 with acute 3-nerv lumes and e a ;
oweri lum — Ma 1
wende f. dien 1 NOTA 2-3 mm, a ) long, which > sparin at isown a
section of the cul c, showing its strongly co
er 4 Sont
presence of pith. tad meadows and waste places, prine x
Carolina, T Tennessee, and wi westw ard. _(Europe.) May to September e
and its strongly compressed culms; it grows well on the very poorest soils,
is especially
POA BOLANDERI Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 32. 1882. BOLANDER'S
SS.—A smooth, loosely tufted erect perennial 3-6 dm. (1°-2°) high,
panicles 8-12 em. (3/-5’) long. Sheaths
the
oblo; wering glumes ovate-
the bas, about 2.5 mm. (147) long and nearly smooth except for a slight web at
base. —Mountains of California and Oregon. March to August.
250
A NEMORALIS Linn. Sp. Pl. 69. 1758. NOR
GRASS or WOOD MNADOW-GRAS8. —A slender, erect and rather
nial 1.5-6 dm. high, with na: fl
(114^) long. ä ligu le trancete 1-2 mm. (a labrous.
leaf-blades 2.5-8 em. (1'-3/) long, 2 mm. (1") wide or less, phon a (a)
umes
2- to 5- mm. (14-24) long, with very n 17 2
faintly nerved flowering glumes (b) which are 2-3 a The
at the base, and scabrous on the keel and margins below
by ¢.—Dry or rather moist soil, Labrador and Newfoundland vas) d June
westward to British Columbia, Idaho, and Colorado. (Europe
September.
252
l
;
:
j
i
*
:
)
m 1
Fig NI Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 115 0
PATT TERSON' " BLUE. GRASS.—A low, densely-tufted perennis $ obo
(4’-6’) high, with numerous basal leaves, 4-6 cm. (1-27) long ist
densely-flowered panicles. Sheaths loose; lent blades flat OF ^
„
empty glumes (a) acute, nearly as long as the gm be nen
glumes (b) 4 mm. (2) long, purplish, acute, pubescent on the fourths 3$
and keel oci the middle, but not webbed. Palea a three
the glume, pubescent in the keels.—High mountains of Colorado.
253
oa NP A S a ER
d M eU Git xs
US POA PRINGLEI Scribn. Bul. . Bot. Club, 10: 3 ue
ASS.—A "rias Pied quicum from a cree root-
lik € rather firm. w leaves and slender, acape- :
l e zn -5 dm. 4.0) h es Toat ee mostly bi al 2.5-5 em. (1 x:
Pes Aia rigid, icles contracted, few-flowered, usua Z
f 8 em. (4^) long. Spikelets e i 5- flowered, 6-8 mm. (3’-4”) long; empty
: (a) thin, membra 0
A tember, California and (?) Oregon and Washington. August,
254
_ ae. 550. . POA LECKENBYI Sc
189.
ee e 1 hie. pr
—A pale aiig tufted perennial € oH hier deno pale
long, narrow, flat t leaves, somewhat inflated, persist
rather narrow panicles 10-15 em. 55 -6') lo P lancea
5- to 6- flowered, 9-11
ng. pedes oblong
ub:
n the
nt on
TM) nitur often erose-dentate qub and pubesce
below, io FR
T
nd very San
= n the keel and marginal nerves.—Dry an spit 3
ashington. Jun d binder
This grass Were on very sandy soils and is an e = Poa ee,
e eres time a valuable hay grass, It somewhat rese
may be easily
distinguished by its inflated membranaceous
spikelets, and pubescent, flowering glumes.
Fig. 551. Poa
NEVADENSIS Vasey in Scribn. Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 10: 66.
An erect, rather stout pe nnial about 6 dm.
ma rae : shea ve — sca-
: €12 mm. (39-9 cA Um) d. Spikelets eee ee e flowered.
E elliptical nn do Mn with slightly unequal em pty glum es (a) od oblong-
: : 24") long,
base, strongly sca on the sinas above, and 75 8 oe short hairsat the
mn and Mon the keel.—Moist soil, North Dakota to British Colum-
Ward to Nebraska, Nevada, and Cali etn May to August
256
Fi6. 562. POA LUCIDA Vasey, Contr. U.S, Nat. Herb. 1: 27 Ne
SPEAR-GRASS.—A slender, tufted perennial 4.5-6 dm. (142.20) bigh
leaves ax panicles — 4’-6’) long. Rad
em. (5-7) long, 2-4 Y -2") wide, th of e culm shorter; ras
mm. (2^) long, d ik Spikelets (a) 6-8 mm. (3”-4”) long, 9-10
empty glumes (a) abruptly acute or obtuse, u See
mooth, slightly compressed, scarious e margins;
ing glumes (a) 4 mm, (2”) long and slightly pubescent on the keel
erves — and minutely seab s, 5-nerved.
nm the glume,— es, moist brooksides, anra ete.,
Dry, rocky plac si
300 m.; mountains of Sas Wyoming, Montana, and
July to September,
C!
Seribn. . S. Dept. Agr. Div.
ONE-SIDED BLUE GRASS. An erect, eee
die (10,20% high, wink, narrow, basal leaves
ly pani pa anicles " em. (4-2/0 long. ek
es — — slender, flexibl ies em. (2/2) long, 2
ts . (D^) long; ricum
e
ed war Fsg glumes 4mm. (2) long,
ea (b) pubescent on the
fornia. April,
B. 17—91-—17
FIG. asey,
A GRACILLIMA V t
Contr. U. 8. Nat. Her
NER eee —A smooth, densel y tufted, ‘
p
preset, itin $ 5-nerv siii rocky soil on apes rum
and northern California to Washington and British Col
3 Herb. 1: 271. 1893.
SICKII Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. :
cos BLUEGRASS SS.—A densely cæspitose, glabrous perennial 3-4 bai
10 high, with very narrow leaves and contracted panicles 6-10 we (27-2)
12 €
ons, Oregon and Idaho.
Pigg 557. POA PADDENSIS Williams nom. nov. (Poa purpurase m
6: 297. s Not Spreng. Nov. Prov. 33. 18 819.) Pipes LETOP B Mt.
A tufted, ere rennial 2.5-3.5 dm. (107
et, somewhat wiry pe m. (1)/-2)/) long.
a)
58 mm, (24”-3”) long.—Moist hillsides and asain California eun to
ug Columbia. July, August
name is from Mount Paddo, where the species was first collected.
262
TENERRIMA Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agro
1899. SLENDER-FLOWERED BLUBGRA er 7 pes "I
acute, the first about 2.5 mm. dd ong, somewha
the eos: flowering glumes smooth excepting for à
near the base, about 4 mm, 250 long. — California.
i
eRe Sere ee RT AERE TEN
263
Fic. 559
+909. POA
VASEYOCHLOA Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div . Agros. Cir. 9: 1.
) VASEY’S BLUE-
3
to5- ered, 6-8 mm. (3 n4) ed empty glumes (a) about
ly ;
the glum,
j e, biden:
among : A and scabrous on the conspicuous nerves.
rocks, Idah Washington, and Oregon. April, May.
264
Club, 15:
, Bul. Torr. — sepitose, tuse, erect P
, rather loo
anceolate, 2-
(2% long, obtuse, denticulate at the apex, broadly
flowering glumes (b) 4-7 mm. X ote dd long, —
minutely dene, eee as long as the 2
western Oregon. July.
265
42
A AL n E
ez LL Et F
. Fic. 561. POA GLUMARIS Trin. Mé
Phys, et Nat, 1: 379.
189831. L.
erect, smooth, glaucous perennial 3-9 dm. (19-39) high, from
Tootstocks, with thic flat leaves, closely flowered, con racted
cem. (3-637) long. Spikel 2m
crema firm, empty glumes serie
i Kei r n es qmm.
n th l yor caine e dete, Palea (c) pubescent €
Nova Scotia, Quebec, and westward to Alaska. May to Septem
FIG. 562. POA DOUGLASSII Nees, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 284. Meo
douglassii Hook. & Arn.) DOUGLASS’ SAND-GRASS.—A slem "
nial 1.5-3 dm. (19-19) high, from long, creeping
acute empty glumes (a,c) and acute flowering £
ong, ciliate-pub t on the keel above, and softly
hairy below.—In sands along the coast, California and
An excellent sand binder. Distinguished from
llersize, softer, more slender leaves,
more delicate, ovate flowering glumes, not scabrous
allied to P. fulvescens Trin,
t.) Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross
argu A OOLPODIUM PEND Laest.) :
. 1858. (Glyceria pendulina Laest. in Wahl. Fl. Suec., ed. 2, 108%. 1883.)
m . (29-249) high,
: wort hairs at the
oist banks, Bri
ceous apex, Smoo
base. Palea less than 2 mm. (1") long,
tish America and Alaska. (Northern Europe.
1; 'phoru 0.20 i
rather stout, E leafy, and nidis perennial 2-6 pte *
pa s 8-15 em. (360) long
sharp-pointed leaves and o nic
loose, imbricate; ligule lacerate, ee 3 mm (1% HK
(2.10% 1 , 9-8 mm. (2}/-4”) wide, pungen with
Spikelets 4- to 6- flowered, m 3% long,
Moist situations, British Columbia to Alaska.
Europe.) August.
a. Ru nor. F1. Samoj. Cisural. 65, t. 6. 1845.
Jisheri psilosanthum y.) SLENDER D DURONTA. E
abrous perennial 1. in Ae TEP) high, from a ese
—M leaves and contracted or, in Een ome
o ' mm. (3” ea
lumes (a) an da patr , obtuse,
and slightly shorter than the
(Aretic- Si iberia.)
empty ae (b) b) which are napa
Es Hudson Bay Ax Alaska.
; August,
270
Eo
j NTIA FISHERI R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry’s irom
FISHERS D DUPONTIA A slender, erect perennial 1- 2.5 dm. (4 Ane
es an i a
panicles 4-7 em. orar) es Sheaths — nene n j
truncate; ars es 5-13 em. (2-5) long, 2-4 mm. (1”-2") wide, gn
i att 2- flowered, 6-7. 5 mm. 6% % long, dins lanceolate,
)an whic a silky
i
55
1 tk * *Mrofat ait " Rarer
567. SCOLOCHLOA FESTUCACEA age Link, Hort. Berol. 1 137.
festucacea a Enum, 1: 1809.) SPRANGLE-TOP.—A
rect, glabrous perennial 9-15 dm. or) high, with long, fat leaves and
8 16-30 em. . Ms Sheaths glabrous; ligule 4mm. (2”) long;
mor 2’) long, 6-8 mm. (3-47) wide, scabrous uii tbe e mar-
Sem , 6-8 mm. (3/-4") long; emp lumes
í t
T owa to Nebraska, and northward. (Northern Europe.)
VV
F
M NE r 8. i: 1824 san.
FLOWERED MANNA-GRASS.—A rather — glabrous Du . qx
ned UN with fat leaves and narrow, mple panicles 1 1 p
de s mostly E ing the internodes;
ooth beneath, scabrous *
Spikelets (a) a) narrow, 24-42 mm. i Sae ook n to 12- oa mn
Gen. Pl.
1G, 568, PANICULARIA ACUTIFLORA (Torr) Kuntze, Rev. AUE.
104. 2
exceeded by the long-acuminate , whic
apex cet soil and in pes water, Talni to Ohio, and
is species is at once Fra aged by its acute glumes an
paleas.
Th
bidentate
au 4€
VS S HAAN h
VAV
10
TE
i ae ANICULARIA B 3 Nash, N Torr. Bot. Club, 24: 348.
: Nd. 6 angustata Vasey, Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist., 2: 2 1895.
Perenni Fries, 1869.) 8 MANN NA-GRASS.—A rather slender,
12-40 em, edis (149-59) high, with flat — Pus ee
melosin 8 * Sheaths ides ing, smooth o: 0
s the base of the e: Heute gey mm. ( ee a long; leaf-blades
N lon 6. 210 mm. ee wide. Lou: ets (a) 10-18 mm.
3 to 13- Fm empty unequal, very Smoo ooth, 1-nerved;
nerves, (b) thin, 4-5 m m. ( yim long Tene, hispidulous on the
line, obtuse Y scarious-margined at the ob apex. 8 ya-
: 3 shorter than the acm. 1. W. ee iae
and New York, westward to W:
tín — tm Panicularia fluitans (L.) Kuntze, by its (— rs
glumes, which are hispidulous on the nerves 0
13112 —No, 17—01— —18
274
gen, SE
ANICULARIA OBTUSA (Muhl.) Kuntze, Rev.
1891. (Poa obtusa Muhl. Gram. 147. 1817.) DENSELY now
GRASS.—A stout, erect, glabrous grass 3-9 dm. (19-39) high,
in rg pa
Fie. 570. P.
lete; leaf-blades pip em. (3-14) long, 4-6 mm. (/) wide, TE
ts 3- to ra) a ered, 4-6 mm. (27-3") long; empty "D
1-nerved, obtuse, scarious, the second 2.5 mm. (1) long, 2
flowering glumes (b) about 3 mm. (1}”) long. Wet, swampy P que
to New York and Pennsylvania, south to Virginia an
October.
275
d
h
15
r OS RI S
M
(Poa 4,4" PUCCINELLIA DISTANS (Linn.) Parl. Fl. Ital. 1: 367. 1848
| distans Linn ET 1767.) SPREADING SPEAR-GRASS.—A
: (529 high. s T es decumbent, tufted, glabrous pere: 1
| With flat leaves and diffusely spreading panicles em. (2’-7")
35mm. €s often beco: fin: defiexed. Spikelets 3- to 6- flowered,
: (13-207) long; pty glumes (a) obtuse or acute, 1-nerved; the second
glumes (b) ob
Section of a leaf-blade is shown by e.—Saline soils, Nova Scotia to New
DM lvania, and on the west eoast from California to Alaska,
Asia.) June to August.
Spikelets very narrow, 3- to 7- flowered, 4-6 m
unequal, the second two-th as long as the gene
Alberta, and Assiniboia.
277
NEM FESTUCA GII (S. Wats.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. ape Div. Agros.
Festuca n 1897. (Poa kingii S. Wats. King's Explor. 40th Par € 1871;
confinis Vasey, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 11:126. 1884.) .
ib rather rigid
m Soe are acute but not awned.—Dry mountain si sides, Montana “to
i and south to Colorado and Nevada. May to August.
scab:
rved,
empty aaa (a) unequal, the first I. nerved, the second 3-ne
length
OW!
ets, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Peach
August,
glume; flowering eae
(2. -2V) lon g, rounded on the back, obscurely nerv
Kansas, M.
(b)
erved. :
Mississippi, van Texas: uf,
P isand ti
pA er oo anes AA
G
TT
p mIn
279
us,
e ges and borders of woodla
ia to Vancouver Island, an
—
N 1
„with
ird sho th v nd;
uminate, 3-nerved,
an the glume.—
ndsin the mountains, Wyom-
d Alaska. June to August.
280
07
| Wi
W
?
AR d
wW us
à .9: 602 ;
Fic. 576. FESTUCA DASYCLADA Hack. in Beal, ee, ib, the en
often geniculate below, with smooth sheaths, narrow lender than be
pyramidal panicles 7-12 em. (3/-5’) long. Sheaths sm smooth,
internodes; ligule short, auriculate; leaf-blades involute,
2 mm. (1) wide. Spikelets usually 2-flowered, about 7 mm. (
a
A
m Bu :
&
2) Utah, rare
EMI a ee ee
;
À
;
;
:
3
4
X
:
*
i
281
amm
Fig. 577.
slender, ee OVINA Linn, Sp. Pl. 73. 1753.
rect perennial 2-6 dm. ($ o.29) high, wi h narro
panicles
umes (a)
filiform, mval y tufted, e
Seen Eee leaves and ae parri (expanding while in bioom)
and ly LO Spikelets 3- to 5- flowered, with u
5 smooth or scabro us flowering glumes (b) 4 un
land d Pennsylvania and westward
An e
variabl especie ESSE many w
and
Bum. in this country but is 5
suited to Bet, dry aut , espeeially valuable for sheep
goradh FESCUE.—
or
to the Pacific.
ell-marked v varieties, reach-
mber of varieties in the
ures and is weli
—M
282
\,
\ | |
|
VH
mA NU
: N
& S
«
a *
Fic. 578. FESTUCA MICROSTACHYS Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. (PME
50 187. 1848. SMALL-TOPPED FESCUE.—A slender, ezespitose p pines
(4’-16’) high, with narrow, filiform leaves and Lg gn racemose o mon uet
panicles2-10 em. (7-4) long. Sheaths smooth or pubescent, close; ligi sd
than the leaf-blade, but very short; Sead bates involute, 5-7 em. (2-8) 10 1
i um
an
April to June,
r HrmEENSN
ouu uL F
Nutt. Trans. Amer, 1. Soe. II. 5: 1837.—
.5-5 dm. (4. mid uo. with 3 “filiform
ie close, about
long. y above, and termin
Ar ated in slender awns
kansas, Indian Territory, Mississippi, and Texas.
Distinguished fro A langer awns.
284
a
b
FiG.580. FESTUCA OCTOFLORA Walt. Fl. Car. Bl. 1788. pec more of
Willd. Mes 1:113. 1809.) SLENDER FESCUE.—A slender, Om ics
tose annual 1-5 dm. (4/-20’) high, with narrow, simt nle very
less ch
2-15 em. om. (9^4) ) long. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes: fl vered,
short; leaf-blades 4-8 em. (1Y-8’) long, involute. Spikelets 5- to x and nat
6-10 mm. (3/-5/) Jong, with slightly unequal, acute empty £ Lame e
row, usually scabrous, short-aw mad or medrly — Canada t0
3-5 mm. Dun md Bote sandy, gravelly, or rocky soil,
Florida and westward to Washington and California, May to August.
JJ be es Pee EN a eae Neg Cea
285
M
V | |
Y |
Y \
WA
\ \
N \
NI
W
V
\
È v
$ a AS
S
URSUS
VF
753. RAT'S-TAIL F
Fig, 581. A MYUROS Linn. Sp. PL. n s hs a invo-
CUE.—A smooth, 3-6 dm. (1 ,
aeneae erect 8 Ganicles 8.25 em. (3100) long.
uma e
E hairs on the
much exceeding the glumes.—Fields ona waste iacet woe a
ida, and westward ipsunt and Washington. (Europe) AP e to uly
— 4 = JL
Ne
: 253 h
high. Culms smooth. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, pu
or smooth; leaf-blades flat, linear-lanceolate. Panicle erect, somewhat 18%,
31^) broad, sparingly compressed; empty glumes acute, the e,
5- the upper 7- nerved; flowering glumes (b) scabrous, 7- to g-nerved, with? —
broad, hy: margin
fields, California i
a a a to Washingto: n and Idaho. July, August. p „
ha vine th Pd " api x i bd ie mt *
W
— W
ZAN
SS
G. 583.
Mich. Fl 6 OILIATUS L. Sp. Pl. i: 76. 1758. (Bromus w^ nadensis
% . Am. 1: 65. 1808.)—A stout, leafy perennial 7 2 dm. (2°-4°) -
eme p
o 7- nerved,
wn at rthe margins, dan near the apex. The palea
c. Awns uh mentions dland to New York and westward to
Nain I : hwa
LUMIS oon U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. 28: 32. 1900. Flow-
Div ul.
th or with a very slight pubescence on the margins
base.—Maine to 3 Carolina. (Canada.)
wave toe POR Ae ae SN See TP eRe LEER
2
Fig. 584. BROMUS KALMII A. Gray, Man. Bot. 600. € „ f
Muhl. Gram. 169. 1817. Not L. oe Bromus purgans Xa |
1843. Not L. 1758. )—A rather slender, erect perennial 4. — e (* panicle 3
with usuall ing, few-flowered PT nj.
5-15 em. (2-8) 1 ong. Culms 3 eg. ne — ‘the nodes. branches
batie. flat, 6-18 em. (24/~ 7) Yong, 6-10 mm. (2 1h) b Pani
exuous, bearing 110 2 spikelets. s. Spikelets n ning 7.,to 2
Us 4”) long; flower:
i mm. (2/70 long, the second '5-nerved, obtuse, 7-8 m * 7 nerved, 40
ng gl rid
g glumes obtuse, emarginate, rather densely silky-p ten odes of the
m. (4%½5% long. Awns stented. 2-8 mm, (1”-1}”) long. In and
rachilla ee England to New Vork, westward to :
i
289
MUS HORDEACEUS L. Sp. Pl. 77.
"e 112. 1762) S8 r
m -8 dm.
1753. (B. mollis Linn. Sp.
FT CHESS.—An — or ascending annual or bien-
(39-249) Sus Dd somewhat pubescent at the nodes, wi
ERU eaths 3 ft-pil ; 71 of
35 mm, (11917 oso pn e or nearly smooth, 5-15 cm. (2-6) long, u.
j Vari toea a broad. icle contr , 5-10 em. (2/-4’) long, 24 cm.
viret ert to 15- flowered, ovate-l ceolate, 2 15 mm. e
Pübescen ide; empty glumes (a) broad, obtuse, coarse
ka e a Peg * esa road, obtuse, 7-nerved, I —
mm. (3-427) los (4-51) long; awn rather stout, fla ttened toward the base,
j^ of drug i Pils es waste places throughout th
e United States. (A
. (Gos Shear, U. 8. f Ics en a wee cides
S
glabrous, ers from the species in having the peas a y orq
. I3412—No. 17—91——19
=
athe
narrow; mostly
long. Spikelets nding E b o T- flowered, x ses mm.
rved, p
flowering glumes pedis: 11-13 mm. (51/-6)/) orit clot
pubescence, 2-toothed at the apex. Awn straight or slight
14 (03 ^T
14
(4^) long
Washington, and California. (A weed introd
Fic. 587. LOLIUM TEMULENTUM Linn: Sp. p. 83. 1758. DARNEL
, erect, and 2dm a high, with flat
eo tiim and erect spikes 10-30 em. (4-17) long. Cul b
E long, the spike; sheaths scabrous; ligule short; „ 0-25 em. (4-100
* Kao Pen. qe de, smooth beneath, rous e. yea 4 to 8.
Ted, 10-18 mm. (57 ong; the empty glume (a) strongly uerb as mee
à ing the spikelet; lowering gl - nerv
! 8 ned or awnless. Waste places and cultivated grounds, New Brunswick to
] And Georgia; abundant on the Pacific coast. Introduced from
Pl. 2: 79. 1891, from California, has
the culm Kuntaa, Rey. Gen.
Ins ` smooth below the spikes
> sections this is a troublesome weed. The grain has a nar
mals.
* effect upon man and flesh-eating
met
FIG. on
455 1 mm. € ) nbi sverse to pagea saias
which a e somewhat oblique, the first slightly longer ws
an the
nerv. rved, 5 mm. 5
are shoe
long. Palea (d) aboutaslong as the glume, bidentate. p lodi
by e.—Waste places, southern Pennsylvania to Virginia.
Europe.
May to July.
293
INCURVATUS (Linn.) Trin. Fund. Agrost.123. 1820.
p. Pl. 1051. 1753; Rottboellia incurvata rvata Linn. pyes
w lea u ke in.
toe et cwn prominently striate, — about as long as the inter-
neon the sae mm. an long, decurrent; leaf-
2 Pr du long, 2 mm. (17 ) wi T becoming involute when
mm. M. b) about = ) long; ethan es rigid, very acute,
Hed og dur sen flo aper glume (c), which is
ed, Roo, i mm. bea ong. The palea is shown —Borders
marshes, Maryland to southern ee New Jersey (on ships’
and California. Introduced from Europe
tala
294
Div.
FIG. 590. AGROPYRON PARISHII Se iti. & Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr. A
Agros. Bul. a 28. 1897. a ARISH’S WHEAT: ASS.—A rather om erect,
6-10 PST o) high, with flat leaves and : vie
ding spikes 15-30 em. T long. Culmsglabrous; nodes retrorse d ?
d epa
two-thirds as long as the spikelets, 5- d, searious on the ,
gines v 9-11 mm. (41-51) long, 42 8 on the paet CENE orsort —
nerv inutely 3-toot Bu UE i
ve, and ene ward the m E e Jh ong.—Foothills, San Bernal
dino Mountains, California. May to Jun
Var. LEVE S. & S., I. c., is a form with à ia p ie
nodes and sheaths glabrous.—Dry banks, San It is the
This species apparently connects Agropyron C Brachypodium: 1
only A k E
e mete
;
. AGROPYRON ViOLACEUM (Hornem. 2 go poe cn ea og )
Ms NN. (Triticum eee Hornem. rather
WHEAT-GRASS.— erect, cæspitose
Short, fat (gua and comparative eel stout spikes 2-6 em.
len . to 4. flow
SA
Pointed, the awn s.—L&à
, rarely as long as the glumes. hern
Colorado and Utah, and pe be to Alaska. June to September. Diret
Var, a
S. & S., U. S. Dept. Agr. Div.
Tigid, wiry : k
gl
xceeding
the With short, compact spikes, with the peris as or -
l rie gl
es, which are 8-10 mm. (850 long. Colorado.
296
Fie. 592. AGROPY RO s Scribn. & Smith, U
N PSEUDOREPEN P uteri
:34. 1897. FALSE 5 8 —An erect -
perennial 3-9 dm. (19-39) m ts 0
ves a t spikes 8-16 em. (3-6) long. Spikelets 10-16 mm. iC
3- to 7- flowered, wit be eee err nearly equal, and 5˙n
glumes (a) and acuminate or awn-pointed flowering glumes (b),
back, Served katk moist qoe fiie g
Nebraska, Montana, and British America, May to Se ith long?!
Var - MAGNU M 8. & 8, Le. 35, is a robust vom 9 nds. GP) ee
hare 24 mm. (120
pa Idaho. of Eu x
This spec:
as been confused with th: Agropyron TRON readily
has Gon a pe ty rig oir - to ms did States,
guished from that leaves, which 878
t species by 22 o r T koa flowering glumes
297
AGROFYnOW TENERUM Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 258. 188. BLE
ASS.—An erect, ceespitose, rather stout, smooth rennial
gh, with narrow, leaves and slender, eylindrical spikes
Sheaths striate, glabrous; leaf-blades 7-15 cm. (3'-6") long,
ter gl a) 5-nerv ering es
ED o veo ee iv. _ Bul. 4:
a sea dy nt or the lower ones densely hairy.—Minnesota to Utah. a
volute Y LIUM S. & S., I. c., has shining, rigid culmsand attenuate-pointed,
leaves, nearly as long as the culm.—California to British Columbia.
EGA
<N
Aaka
AE
LL
m
Fi6.504. AGROPYRON OCCIDENT. ENTALE Scribn. U. S. Dept, Agr. DIY- A
Cir. 27: 9. ia A. glaucum occidentale Scribn. Trans. Kans. — m
1885; A. spicatum 8. & s 65 S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. 4 je
Festuca spicata Pursh, 1 gropyron smithii Ryd. Mem e. Y
1: 60. 1900. COLORAR 1 7 STE. A d gla
soil, Wisconsin to Iowa, and westward to Washington
June to eptember.
Var.
fer lant m
MN are clothed at the pela with papery 1 Tenet the pe P
ess strigose- 8 Arizona, New put we
RAR B.) is like the ,
€ ta. spicatum m io ose-pubescent-
empty and Sorel fon and rachis are more or less V1
300
6. 5
90. AGROPY RO aap tna Seribn. & Smith, U. S. Dept.
ook. Fl. Bor. Am.
1897. (Triticum junceum
dm. pipes Linn -)—A rather stout, valid owish-green or glau
) high, binas ae flat oe and erect or fle xuous spikes
to 7- flowe mm. (9r) lon. :
Sh
se 2 somewhat ee er than the internodes pis lower 1
e a e upper smooth; epiac iwl m. (6/-1 , about 4 mm.
nate dung fes us above and h Empty glumes (a) abruptly
(anm) 1 ) ; flow ering eredi (b) broad lanceolate,
ong, rounded on the back, more or less pubescent, ner“
Idaho to lay to
ed by its short,
Rela! and Washington.
Bison a to Agropyron occidentale but readily utem
umes, lanceolate, acute spikelets, and less rowded
d Minnesota to the
Var, 897. eath:
Ar. CILIATUM 8. 5
& S. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. 4: 29. 1897. Sheaths
a.
. SO 8.
e es pilose-pubescent. Montan
Distinguished from Agropyron spicatum ( Purs Ryd., by its
leaves, rigid, more wiry culms, and fewer, ns spikelets.
Fis. 599 a
716.99 AGRO
EE a Aa (Pursh) Ryd, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard
N spicata h Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 83. 1814; jaa
diver Nees I. c.)
N
ees in Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 347. 1854;
Lawes A rigid cna jus wiry, densely tufted perennial 3-9
8-90 em used : w, flat, volute leaves and termi nal, usually
(3’-8’) lo Serge rather distant, 3- wered,
„te , scabrous, di ivergent, or
soil and — Jands, Wash-
SM
rm, with se taceous leaves and muticous O
Var. Tg gl
WEE iM Mem. N. : 61. 1900, has
j 1mm, (9-7?) 10 es and from 8 to 14, 3- to : fedis e eee which are
304
Fic. 600. AGROPYRON ARIZONI eet
Agros. Bul. 4: 27. 1897. ARIZONA N je g on
perennial 4.5-6 dm. (139-29) high, with soft, flat leaves 15-18 om. ( ke
nodding spikes 12-22 em. (5/-9’) long. <<
lets 18-24 mm. (9” h below,
hairy; leaf-blades 15-23 em. (6’-9’) lo innovations
scabrous on the ma flowering
1 Empty glumes (a 1) about one-half as long as the spikelet; ab .
glumes (b) 10-14 mm. (5-77) long, scabrous, tipped with a zona
divergent awn about 24 mpi 2”) long.—Mountains, New Mexico
(Mexico.) August, September.
a
Ml. AGROP YRON GMELINI Scribn. & Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div.
Bul. 4: 30. 1897. OTIO»
* VY HILDA 1-7 AOD.
ial € 6-12 d dm. (29-49) high, with flat leaves and
Scabrous awn T from, or just below the apex with a slender, divergent,
Western tate 16-30 mm. (87-157) long.—Moist soil, mountains, Washington to
a PRIN
Ec LEI S. & 8. 1. C. 31, is a low, tufted form with sho tt rigid laves,
High y — below, strigose above, and loose, few-flowered spikes.
Wyoming and Calif
Pur, 8
1827. moU“ i
(get?) high. i
Fie. 602. SECALE MONTANUM Guss. Fl. Sic. Prod. 1: 145.
TAIN RYE —A fibrous-rooted, erect, glabrous perennial 9-12 dm. m. (ue.
Sheaths striate, glabrous, slightly shorter than the in termes as
15-30 em. (6-120) pus 5-10 mm. (247-57) wide, glabrous excepton er narro,
rgins, a g
awnless, or short-awned empty glumes and ciliate, 5-nerved, a
glumes; awns 28-30 mm. (14-157) long. A flower is shown by b
cules by c. ee introduced into cultivation. July
Probably a good hay
gete. 608. K
GRAS8.—4
W mm. (3/4 %) long, termina
Tong Mois saline soils, Canada, De United States south p Xsnons,
ado, and c; California:
Species has n ; Alaska. May to
This
dad weed. no cultural value, 0 in many sections is classed as
Hay 8 this grass is considered nearly valueless; cases
i" here the beards or awns have caused the death of
12. 1 i
€ 1
upright or eee ee Br qu
(4’-12’) high, s ed ive a ag terminal, bearded s$ se =
long. Sheaths about as long as the internodes, the upper the:
tee (1-117) ae 5 eee Spikelets (a), “ct Sand
wns, 10-12 mm. (5’-6”) long, the outer glumes no 275 Es
soi along "ie coast, British Columbia to southern Californ
from Europe.) May to July. À
This species is distinguished from H. nodosum by the broden a e ;
ON the lateral spikelets, tn are sometimes stamina
EUM MURINUM Linn. Sp. Pl. 85. 1753.
bn Te e Es dm, (19-29 h, with short, flat leaves,
inflated : ths loose,
E- — on the remo bearing awns 18-24 mm. (9/-12") megk — 8 bed
with f
oy On ballast, Nor York, New Jersey, and Delaware, aod 8 the
i Win. om British Columbia to southern California. (Europe.) April
of gas wette ed by the ciliate, flattened, empty glumes
i 68 is at once distinguish
= lateral aral spikelets of each cluster and the ciliate inner glumes of the
al spikelets,
310
Fic. 606. HORDEUM preset snipes Fl. Palerm. in "o
A slender, cœspitose, erect ending ann eim 1-3 dm. (412) deeper,
lea ves and spikes — e than the internodes, smooth, vDiooth, plane
; leaf-blades 2-4 cm. (#/-1}’) long, 1-3 mm. (-% wide, .
Empty glumes ag ar long-awned, the inner pa
ifornia and Oregon, introduced. (Europe. May, June.
Resembling H. maritimum in habit but distinguished from that sP?
having the inner empty glumes narrowly flattened instead of
along the inner side.
Fig. 607, K
1815.4 TA
Lem. grooved
hd, long; flowering glume of the central — 9-10 mm. (4}’-5") long,
sans 20-24 mm. (10-127) long. Lateral spikelets neutral.—Along irri-
Dre ditches, Arizona. "— Apri roe
— las nodosum by its taller habit of growth, attenuate,
te, not
terete, Spt as eie longed woth and awns, and flattened or sulcate,
Fic, 608, HORDEUM MONTANENSE Scribn. in Beal, Grasses N.
pur MONTANA REY. TE Saira es biennial or
-39) high, with smooth c rous leaves, an bearded
ey 237) long. Culms adea ere sheathssh
smooth, or the lower ones sparingly pubescent; Teal b
Empty gl
4-6 mm. (2-37 E i ted pty
mm. (6%-10% long, including the slender, sc
spikelet of each gro lly 2-flowered; first
(5”) long, awned; awn 16-18 mm. (8/-9/) ae: Latera
florets nearly sessile.—Moist thickets, Monta
At once distinguished from H. boreale by having the wee
—
: E cence nd . Pl, ed. 2,126. 1762. WILD or
un W B. —A. slender, € 9 perennial 2-6 dm. (3-25)
with fi "y scabrous leaves and narrow, bearded spikes 2-8 em. (1-30 tiny
item
m 00 wi er oi * internodes; Teat blades 4-12 em. ar- ) lo ong, 2-6 mm
= t; awns 6-12 i get long.—Thin, dry soils, Indiana and
ifornia, ee and south to Tennessee, Mississippi, Texas, and Cal-
August.
Pins in Milar in 1 n habit to H. pusillum. but 3 more erect and taller, and with
314
—
.
Jp
Fig. 6 UM Nutt. Gen. 1: bos 1818.
RDEUM d
LEY. e e rather rigid,
with comparatively short, fat] 3 and award sp ane
in
awn-pointed; flowering glume of the central spikelet (b) 4
lateral MA awnless or nearly so.—Arid, saline or
British Columbia, south to South Carolina
Man nd joies ounded,
hed from H.nodosum, with which it has been vui
dilated inner empty glumes of the lateral spikelets and the ;
glumes of the central spikele
OE o
Wares
y-
Fig. 611
S Willd. Sp. Pl. 1: 470. 1797.
leafy perennial T: ien (29.
Gi STRIATU
cn A tath ther slender, erect,
D E
o) high, with flat
fa em. (23-4) long.
a and slender, bearded, somewhat nodding sp
nes smooth; leaf- ey dae peii (6/-8^) long, pubes-
cred,
or the upper o
margins.
Spikelets 1- to 3- flow
Cent
on the per surface, scabrous on the
With awn.
oret, wn scabrous, slender-awned flowering oina about 6 mm. (3”)
banks, Maine to Sou pu
of the fio,
ng.—Woods and river
bas awns 16-30 mm mm. (8-15^) long.—
to New Jersey, Te ibd Arkansas, and Texas. June t
Dakota
A and south
316
Fic. 612, ELYMUS VIRGINICUS Linn. Sp. Pl. 84
A rather stout, leafy, im glabrous perennial 6-10. pes (ea
ood
New Brunswick to Florida, and westward to conten and rens
September.
aer ch, g. Sh
dao ; leaf-blades constricted at the base, 23-38 em. (9-15) long, 8-20 m
) wide, strongly scabrous throughout. Spikele pa 3- to 4 flowered, with
Nera MET glumes (a) and scab
the middle, bifid at jr apex, and awned from
moist Saari e awns spreading 3-4 em. (12,147) lon g.—Rich,
IY , Illinois and Montana to Kansas and New Mexico. June to Sep-
longer. ed from Elymus canadensis by its larger, more robust spikes, and
ty Stouter awns. y
318
am „„
Fic. 614. ELYMUS MACOUNII y, Bul. Torr. pot Gin a
MACOUN'S LYME-GRASS.—A ni. epee ih smooth, exsPi Undriel
3-8 dm. (1°-23°) high, with narrow, erect leaves and slender,
ie
z
=
—
e
A
8 J
—
e
2a
—
©
usually pilose at least on the upper surface. enis 1 e 02 7 ower
glumes (a) 2 (orsometimes3), e eee e, usually 3-D Tv ing gue! P
long, scabrous, awned, the awn often as long as the glume; 40 a exceed
8-10 mm. (4%5%/ d A bearing a slender awn nr od nd |
the scorn in length.—Rather moist soll, South Dakota to Co
vin a, feli to August
Fic. 615, eee Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. IL, 5: 725. 1895.
e LYME-GRASS.— erect, densely cwspitose perennial
dm. (1-29) high, with cae nahe involute, spreading leaves es and narrow,
erect spikes es 5-10 em. (2’-4’) long. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, nearly
th, the lower ones loose; “leaf: blades 10-15 em. (rn) long, 1 aren nt
(6) 10 » linear, involute. Spi}
long, and 5- to 9- flowered; empty glumes es (a) nearly UM un aut
> ng 4 mm. (2”) long; flowering glumes (b) short canny about 8 mm. (4”)
i » indistinct) erved, smooth and rounded, with a narrow, hyaline,
—Alkali soil, Utah and Wyoming. June to August.
Er,
2
aM
320
i
5
i
x
[
E
616. ELYMUS SIMPLEX Scribn. & —— 8. Dep Ar ;
bulis. 2. 7. 1808. SALT LYME-GRASS.—A wiry, erect I
12’-16’) high, from strong, creeping rootstocks, wi with flat ( 15 b
pungenti» pointed rigid leaves d densely- —À erect
(2 AS long. Lower dint s crowded, erect e in
spikelets sol
in pairs, 5- to 7- flowered, about 15 mm. (% dong, with very eer vi
poin a) and smooth flowering glumes (0), tigers of pag
7 mm. (3%) long, with rigid awns 5-6 mm. (21/-3") long.— n
Wy uly,
Var. LUXURIANS S. & w 1. e. 58, is glaucous throughout,
longer and broader leaves, and narrower panicles, which
and with spikelets 10- » 12- flowered.
B
S
g
B
FF
. GIANT
ing in in
; g, rather 810 flat leaves sand d
4-17) long. 8 Sheat ths smooth; leaf-blades 1.5-9 dm. (19-2) long, 21
te Fee ) wide, sm Spikelets 3- to 6- flowered, with subu-
: Fiumen (a and mucronate- inted flowering ponet 078 8
ac long, mi j 5 n 3-toothed
M 8 malt moist and alkaline soils, „Nebraska and e e to
1 "ie ton and Oregon, south to Arizona and California. June to September.
cen PUBENS Piper, Eryth. 7: 101. 1900, is a smaller form, with pubescentculms.
inflorescenee the nodes, villouse-pubescent sheaths and minutely pubescent
1 W.
19412 No. 17—01— 21
322
tid
= a
OLN
8
Fig. 618, ELYMUS FLAVESCENS &cribn. & smith, U. 8. Dep
. Bul. 8: 8, f. 1. 18972. YELLOW LYME-G GRASS.—À
perennial 6-10.5 dm. (29-349) high, from Jong, creeping rootstocks, oe p
Somewhat rigid leaves and rather loosely — Leer
cm. (4’-8’) long. Sheaths striate, glabrous, ote 5
becoming loose and fibrous; leaf-blades 20-40 em. (8^ 27 ) Tone, 238
wide, smooth below, strongly scabrous o mate mde bescen pes
3- to 6- flowered, 10-20 mm. (5”-10”) long, nT Mme with
yellow Glumes awnless, the outer ones very.un land
ngton. May, Jun
y a good sand binder for the dry regions
of the interior.
323
wo arne INNOVATUS Beal, Grasses of N. A. 2: 650. 1896. (Ely-
Scribn. & Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. 8:7, pl.4. 1897;
“ in Richardson, Franklin Narr. First Voy. 732. 1823.
WN’S WILD RYE.—A rigid, rather — erect peren-
ray) 1 Pu empty glumes (a) seabrous or minutely pubescent;
(b) 8-10 mm. (4"-5") long, rounded on the back, densely
ake tone short a 5 —Gravelly oF sandy panks, South
Fie, 620, ELYMUS HIRSUTIGLUMIS Scribn. U. S. Dept.
Bul. 11: 58. 1898. (E. intermedius ee 4:38.
Bi
termedius Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. 1: : 82. 1808.) Y-FLOW
GRASS.—A rather stout, erect ial 6 ier re high,
culms and sheaths and erect, slender spikes 3-8 em. (130) long.
cni tuii ; 13:-blades, erect, lin , scabro
(4’-7’) long, 4-6 mm. (2"-3") wide, atte
Spikelets mostly in twos, 1 e8; e
n 10 mm. (5/) long,2-3 mm. 1509 e “hirsute
wn; flowering gl on nerv
and westward to Illinois and Nebraska. Jul
325
Pall.) Griseb. in Ledeb
m littorale Pall. Reise 8: 287. 1776.)—4 stout,
et perennial ib am, arr oar from strong, c
sharp-pointed leaves,
reeping
nd lo loosel en branched spikes 20-30
trongly striate, glabro
20-40 cm. (8-167) lon ng, ,8-5 mim. array) prs M qiiod beneath
istum above. Spikelets 5-1 to 9- flowered, wi th rigid, nar-
hich are
Bul. ate LY
broad, compara y fi at rali €; ions Suas de
5-8 (12/-16/) rid ths striate, loose,
the upper one
elongated; leaf -b
wide. Spikelets e to 5- flowered, about 15 cm. T
nearly equaling the spikelet. Ligule nearly Se
Island, Bering Sea; also Wrangell Island, Arctic Ame
Type specimen from St. Paul Island, James M.
ical 1
ong asthe culm. Spikelets 2- to 4- flow-
linear-lanceolate; — 40-50 mm. (20/-25") long;
eae (b) 2-toothed at the apex, 3- to 5- nerved, about oe mm. (9^)
the awn, which is 3 em. (11^) or 9 in length.—Veta Pass,
— breaking up as in Stanton.
328
Fic. 624. SITANION HANSENI (Scribn.) J. G. Smith, U. 4
i . 1899. us hansen Scribn. U. 8. D
Div. Agros. Bul, 11: 56. f. 12. 1898.) HANSENS SITANION.—A rather a
m. reading :
WDS, |
flowering glumes (b) 10-12 mm. (5/-6") long, entire or 2- i
termi a straight, very slender awn, a ‘about 5 em. (20 long:
County, California.
Related ta 8 w 7 + tall 3 ies with mostly st
and more remote spikelets.
329
ANION ee G. UE U Bs vieta Agr. Div. Agros.
* dense June 24,1899. 0 ARLEY.—A rather stout, erect,
‘side a4 cespitose perennial, 3-5 (12-189) vue with Ge sheaths and under
: Shea e leaves glabrous, the long-bearded spikes 5-8 cm. (237) long.
E | han the internodes; leaf-blades 7-15 cm. = oo ; 2-5 mm.
qa) wide, antes or ubescen seed ihe nerves
tie Empty glumes bifid toth e very base, t the divisions see
ice add ) long, à ee te; flowering glumes (b) 7 2 tg ong,
lend and shining bifid at de os ti ein
ede pe em. (12 long. —California to Washin
330 .
. 626, ASPERELLA CA ICA (Boland.) Beal, Grasses N. 1
1896. (Gymnostichum californicum Boland. Cat. 35. 1870.) CALIFO
‘spren
hairs; leaf-blades scabrous, 10-25 mm. (5’-124") wide. Spikelets 1- (0 9 "i.
ered, with nearly obsolete empty mà es and strongly hispid flowering 87.
(a) which are 5- to 6- nerved above, 125 mm. . long, ! tormina ting in a stouf,
7
331
P . aN ape aa
ied mm. (12-24) long, 5- to 9- flowered; empty glumes unequal, the
p ooh (24) long, 7-nerved, the second 10 mm. (5”) long, 11-nerved; flow-
1 b) e es ( inted, many-nerved, ciliate on the margins. Palea
p. ume, 2-toot grain is shown "s a rich wet
À hed. The
"^ Tiver banks, ete. Virginia to Florida, and westward to
“ls species forms the well-known ciue meh af the vdd E" “blooms but
Tee, and when the seeds mature the plant dies. The canes are used for ma vi
Such as fishing rods, splints for baskets, mats, etc. It can not
cultivated successfully.
INDEX.
i The fig
are in Bulletin. No.7
nyms. |
; Fig.
Acute-flowered manna-grass.... 568
er. aromati ica Walt e 178
. arizonicum S. & S...
gens Nees p
glaucum decocti
code S. & sS. e
cide:
ntale Seribn.. 594,
596, 598
molle
Scrib:
palme
Scribn. 594
parishii s dius BS o 90
e S. & S. 590
peendorepens T 592
num
S. &S 592
repens (Linn.) Beauv 298,
agreste An-
Scribn...... 298
richardsoni Schrad.. 597
ciliatum
S. & S. 597
Tiparium S. ^ : DEDE 595
Scribneri Vasey ...... 299
smithii M 5 594
) 3599
amex 594
b illust Nos. 1-302, inclusive,
T Aerian Grasses I. Names in italics are syno-
ig.
Agropyron spicatum inerme (S.
.) --.. 599
molle S. &S 594
palmeri S.
Bu 594
tenuispi-
cum (S.
8.) 599
tenerum Vasey...... 593
ciliatum
S. & 8.... 593
longifolium
S. & S.... 593
S. 598
violaceum ( Hórnem.) 591
andinum
S. & S.. 591
latiglume
S. & S.. 591
Agrostis vr bina Torr 3 127
wipe Lins eo e uve 483
ie With.)... 483
algida Soland ........... 118
arachnoides ElM......... 140
asper Michx 119
coarctata Ehr 136
vipressa Torr <5 --.- 125
eryptandra Torr 456
densiflora Vasey........ 137
egoensis Vasey ------- 139
domingensis Schultes... 457
elliottiana Schult.......
foliosa Vasey ---- -------
geminata Trin.......... 479
N 135
indica Linn 126
junceus Michx .......... 455
latifolia rer 477
littoralis With .......... 472
longifolia Torr 120
mexicana Linn 100
perennans (Walt.)...... e
pringlei Scribn ......... ;
racemosa Michx......... 103
Ti... 1 480
rupestris Chapm........ 480
seroting Torr -=z .... 454
stolonifera L 484
tenuiflora Willd ........ 101
trichopodes Ell.......... 443
variabilis Rydb. ........ 481
varians Trin „481
verticillata Vill......... 4
en F 470
Airs aquatica Linn 256
atropurpurea WABI ss 158
rulea 510
op. 8 R 52
danthonioides Trin .. 157
ei:ongata Hook... ho te 156
Jlezuosa nnn 155
elicoides Michx ........... 219
itida Sprengel 253
obtusata Michx............. 252
Praecox nnr 153
purpurea Walt ............. 509
subspicaia Linn 160
Alkali Sacea en 36
267
* 615
„ alpinus d 1 Smith.. 452
"fulvus Smith ........ 115
decns Linn.... 115
fulvus
(Smith) 115
liensis — 182
occidentalis Seribn . 117
pratensis Linn ...... 116
alpestris
117
Alpine foxtail 452
T 451
va V 410
American oat- 165
SERS CUM PIER 60
Ammophila arenaria Liu )- 149,265
-.. 149
cU LIE . 495
Pss e “floridanum
Ohr 33
purshii Roni: 82
-Andropogon alopecuroides L.. 304
ambi. Michx.... 191
argenteus Ell ....... 11
argyrœus Schultes. 11
tenuis
2 u:
avenaceus Michx 15
334
| Andropogon brachystachys E
| Chapm.....
.....
h
Nash rm
contortus Linn..... m
curtissianum Steud 3
elliottii Chapm r
glaucescens E:
bn... 2
grani A
1 Be
Seri 1
——
ucus Torr $5
pains (Walt.). LS s
ume abbrevi-
atus (Hack.) ...——
glomeratus co j
osus ( mc
glomeratus glaucop-
(El.)
gracilis Spreng -----
halepen: Linn.) . 321
hallii Hack ----------
jamesii Torr.
liebmanni mohrii
et cir. Taper Parque i
(Mic
Anthochloa colusana ( a (Davy) ....
idles oda odoratum Linn.
Aparejo grass
Fi
_ Andropogon scoparius ca esía
Hac
or
K. 18
pruinatus Hack.. 310
tener 9 ie 310
tener Kun n . 309
tetrastachys Ell. ... 813
tetrastachys in ista-
chyus Chapm....- 315
torreyanus 8 a
, submu-
ticus
vot 8
unilateralis Hac 16
virginicus Linn. E 315
Tage ditio:
cus st
phyllus Hack.... 10
335
Aristida floridana (Chapm.) 423
sypina Bose ......... 8T
vardii Vasey......... 420
lanata Pore cue dro 7
lanosa Mull! 87
oligantha Mich 418
palustris (Chapm.)..... 86
purpurea Nutt......... 419
schi ediana minor Vasey 421
spicif NH 417
stri iol... usc 85, 455
tuberculosa Nutt ...... 88
virgata palustris
rig
Ariz 600
eee Sonia elatius ages ). 167
Arundinaria macro
%%% rocca dMrswéme rss 627
Arundo arenaria Linn 49
brevipilis Torr........... 190
ci inn. o.
festucacea, Willd 567
15 85 EE a uos 2
5 S. californica ca (Boland). ie
strix 3 2
Astraga Pe 9 5 437
. e Nutt. 204
Aulaxanthus rufus Ell.
a chek, americana Scribn ..
elatior :
53
Bearded hair-grass....-..-------- 448
joint 59
melic-grassss 528
short-husk ..---- ---- .--- 12
VVV 132, 472
Beardless Paar Wurde leues, NM
f „
| Becknamiasreciorni dinn ) 208
„„ 171
„„ Quac q dM tmi 14
Bigelow s S vlae grass „ 534
tter Panic-grass.-..-.---------- 55
ed ae @Tass.-..------------ 20
336
Black grümx....- eo ng ke 19
s 174
e rice 92
423
Blepharidachne kingii (S. Wats.). 504
Blepharoneuron tricholepis
( Torr.) 471
5 Stipa 433
Blue 204
Bog re paring VVV 487
eee 8 — 515
Bottle- 302
Boutelouaaristidoidos (H. B. K.) 196
bre vi
opoda Torr 199
ha vardi e . 198
hirsuta (H. B. K.)..... 205
oligostachya (Nutt.) . 204
polystachya Y ). 500
or Va-
bee d
vestita 8.
ts. 202
p: rata Lag......... 501
racemosa Lag 195
ramosa Scribn ........ 200
rothrockii Vasey ...... 203
texana S. Wats ....... 197
fida Thurb ....
-e Vasey .......
estita (S. Wats.).....
e le aristatum R. & S. 1
eee. (Schreb. vns
Branching spear-grass. .......... 513
- Brazilian eee Hop Maa ere
er's reed-grass ......:...... 486
T foxtail 403
!!!.. o
Britton's s Ponie aak 3 368
nadensis Mick 284
TAE ioo codo: 5 NR
Briza-like brome- grass
Brizopyrum — Hook. and
tiforsb. Fourn. mis
FUA Aretie bent
rn
Bromus eee
Mey 292
canadensis Michx ...... 583
natus hoo
(Fharb tS eee
Dh ND
ciliatus Mull! 584
leviglumis
Scribn
Bromus hookerianus Thurb
ho
Bro wild r
Pocho ë dactyloides Engelm .
Buckle sda
Buff.
Burk's gr:
Bushy estet.
Calamagrostis aleutica e -
‘ican oO
Fig
„ — Trin. 5
a (Beal)..... 494
couni a
. Gray 488
purpurascens R.
Br
S
purpu
Vi ie
u
suksdo FAL ene
curtissii (Vasey) ... 495
California bottle o 626
V
Mario rads 5 522
b ee . 529
reed - grass 476
.
Campulosus 8 (Walt.). 178
hapadensis Trin... 179
Canada eee Lu oe EN
Candy-grass 511
Cane 627
Capriola dactylon Kuntze 171
e e ,,, ...... 344
eee aquatica (Linn.) 256
Catch. fly i 74
ecum erectum Vasey. ---- 224
prostratum Presl. 224
i Doell .... 406
13412—N o. 17—01——22
Calamovilfa brevipilis (Tore. )... 150 |
331
Fig.
ee grandiflora Hook ... 582
291
Mesa or corrugata ei : zu 06
vi-
glauca (Linn.) ...... 401
teren Nash.......-....
ann se d oc RE are
lad arund LIS. s
bolanderi Scribn.......... 476
glomerata Walt 9,317
Pre att
x M t
R US 77
ne ber. ee 2 BENE
Wir M
e ere e . 212
i ee SEE BPNACEEEEN 407
oi .
Coleanthus subtilis Seid —- 453
Colo: F 594
l 5353535353333 a
sand-
Colpodium arundinaceum Hook. a
fulvum (Trin.).......
latifolium R. Br.....- —
i (Lsest.). 563
Common reed ..........-.-------- 229
PEE Rate near deere ssp uev 173
338
Fig
Magie , N Walt 478
Cotta 22
Gorton Fe e e Kunth 223
Cotton- grass 42,342
% oso oils E CEE 298
rood grab Lll oer 493
sig egg: |. iaaa 339
Creek sedge 177
Creeping beard-grass ............ 400
me 18
Panic 52
eee 5
PETERE A 73
Crested eee e . $4
Crowfoot-yraes 2... Ä 210
Crypsis schoenoides Lam ......... 113
marron Nutt... uu 221
Ctenium americanum REN: 1
chapadense Doell ....... 17
Curly Bard-graea. .............-.-
JJ A S 18
Curtiss's ace 3
Cusick's blue grass 555
e e dps s dtp 171
5 egyptius Linn 210
aureus egg 3 270
cristatus Lbiun....... 255
indicus Linn
Dactylis 3 Linn...... 173
glomerata Linn ........ 269
— . 177
o 174
TEE md ægyptiacum
Willa 210
egyptium
(Linn.)... 210
Danthonia pressa Austin.... 169
sericea Nutt.......... 170
spicata (Linn.) 168
e 587
Davyella colusana Hack.......-.. 517
r-g 130
Densely-flowered bent 137
manna-grass.. 570
3
Deschampsia atropurpurea
cina Presl.... 157
elongata (Hook.)- =
flexuosa (Linn.)..
holciformis Presl. in
Deyeuxia howellii Vasey . :
sangwuinal
——
Fig.
Dinebra inimi. H. B. K. . 196
bromoides H. B. K
viscida Seri 213
Dissanthelium E
(Nutt)
ps allosantbs Ru
Eaton's grass. |
Early Punch . i
wild oat-
Eleusine ewgyptica
i te ca
coa VANUS
223
Elionurus e
mis Hack
in, Humb. &
Bonp
i
oom
L4
sondensatus Pr sido
18
vov
i gd
ile Tig
RELE E A BESÉuE
dasystachys ga
(Pall.) - a 75
ge
3
Elymus n R. Br
ustus Scribn. Pix
th
*
mit 613
salinus sprs re aurea 615
saundersii Vasey ........ 623
simplex Heng & Wil-
Ham xc. 616
luxurians S, &
5 616
striatus Willd........... 611
illosissimus Scribn n 622
rgini db ocu 12
Enodium caeruleum (Gaud) ..... 510
rdi vibn EEA 131
BD EREET shies 130
Eragrostis “nica . 2⁴⁰
e
pe s (Linn.)..... 514
ciliaris (Linn.))
co 3 Tru DRA
ee
T7
fever 5
i5togt.. uu 247
glomerata (W. Ro alt.) . 246
idum oides (Lam.) .... 245
ME ues 511
e exicana
obtusiflora Scribn.... 515
rr 16
hx.). 242,
pilosa (Linn.) 512
lumosa Link ........ 249
ides
chya A. Gray ....... 5
hii Schrad ... 241.512
reptans Nees
Secundiflora Presl.... 51
se pica Bu 2223
simplex Seribn ....... 244
uis A. Gray........ 513
trichodes (Nutt.)..... 513
Eremochlos kingii S. Wats 504
Erianth
ssc ides (L.) 304
comy 3
Sn 304
strictus Baldw .......
lemmoni cien &
EE ET 36
Eriochloa mollis (Michx.)........ 34
nctata (Linn.) 35
sericea Munro 338
Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt........ 97
C webberi'Thurb......... 441
Eustachys floridana Chapm ae 183
glauca DE su 180
neglecta Nash..... 181, 183
339
Fi
Eustachys petraea Des 182, 183
Everlasting-grass ................
ip witch-grass: mid ea uae Dor uc ER
207
een „ sea ea 592
Sy OU ie coy DE 308
Feather Dod a (osea MN
5 219, 424, 428
Fendler’s blue-grass
Festuca SS Schreb .... 287
a Phil 526
e
con, pls TM c.l 513
dasyclada Hack ......... 516
decumbens Linn.........
diandra Michx..........
elatior arundinacea
(Schreb. ) 7
enen —— (Huds. ) 2
59 "n D ae s
jonesii V. eli ous SED
kingii G. W. Wata yl 4. We
microstachys Nutt...... 578
myuros Linn............ 581
obtusa Spreng ..........
octoflora Walt ...... 579, 580
in „577
pratensis Huds.......... 288
rubra glaucescens
(Hegetschw.) ......... 289
sciurea Nutt 579
hortis Funn 574
icata Pursh ....... 594, 599
t "Wild... 580
unioloides Willd ........ 293
Few-flowered sorghum.......... 17
Fin ptor aget e-grass .......... — 556
Fine- 127
Fisher's eee e 566
Flat-leafed panic-grass .......... 340
Flat-stemmed Sporobolus ....... 125
Floating fortil.......— 115
manna-grass............ 285
water-grass ............ 825
Florida Amphicarpop ......-..- 33
curly-beard 422
6G 30
Fool hay 350
Fowl meadow 381
US GTREM LLL EU. occae cee 174
Fox-tail Plume-grass ...........- v
GNI TRES. 888 oe
Gastridium australe Beauy ---.---
lendigerum e e n
Giant millet 402
340
Fig.
Giant water-grass 333
Mega o s coru AT
Glyceria acutiflora Torr 568
tata Fries 569
e Den? 284
elongate rt, 282
Juttans R. BR.... 285
angustata Va-
Hy Sot ee Sols
grandis S. Wats ........
E 280
maritima Mert. & Koch 286
i 28
pendulina Laest........
Golden-top
oose-grass 209
Graphephorum fischeri psilosan-
thum A. Gray.
poor
flea
Fist Mehr: ) 279
fulvum A. Gray. 564
NUI... H
ais Wigston (Michx.) 191
brevifolius Trin... 192
sus Beauv.. 191
n Mone californicum Bo-
Par EPE ee, (Linn.) 6
Hacke ens 576
Hatsy eee Iyme- grass 620
grama 202
T 8 „ . 624
J 413
el ao s Melic-grass............ 525
Hasse's feather-grass ............ 427
Havard’s gramm uuu 198
poverty grass 420
Heatherg?jwum... s S ls 508
Heleochloa schoenoides (Linn.) 113
Hemarthri nei Kunth.. 5
Herd's
powers contortus Beauv ... 322
melanocarpus
Homalocenchrus he xandrus
oryzoides
n9);
Rin D
(Will
d.) 24s
III
Hooker
Hordeum adscendens
eale 8 "ii
300,60
osum Li i
usillum pes UT 40 :
Hungarian brome grass.
dini
---
nge, lic-grass
haemum s secun de Walt.
ede rye-
W
Johnso:
Jones's ‘one. NM
rush-grass
„
*
341
Fig.
Late 454
5 im Wo Sica remade 75
le icula Mich 74
mo „ eb 78
0 1 5 76
virginica Will 77
Lemmon's canary-grass ......... 412
se 447
„ „ 572
e 36
Leptochloa d Ach (. BE. 2
fasci: s (Lam.).. 212
imbricata Thurb 4
langloisii Vasey.....
ucr 5 )- 219
eyi Vasey.......
pringlei bei DRIN. 218
bra Nees 21
Spicata (Nees)....... 211
ricta Fourn........ 216
scida ig Aro. 21
Lepturus ugs rk IDA. 297
: filifo: (Both3. 588
incurvatus (Linn.) 589
niculatus Nutt...... 193
Lesourdia karwinskyana Fourn.. 225
vultiflora Fourn......
Letterman's blue-grass ..........
arkansana (Nutt.).... 133
pilosa
(Trin.).. 138
Little barley 610
Blue Stems. A A 13
crab-grass 38
mountain-rice. ............ 95
Lizard-tail-grass _____........___- 6
Loco weed 437
Lolium ital 296
perenne Enn 295
temulentum Linn ....... 587
temulentum glaberrima
untze 587
Long-awned poverty-grass.._... 88
bearded broom sedge...... 315
leafed spike-grass 530
St N 120
: Stalk NES o sul 62
Loosely-flowered Paspalum ..... 334
Lophochlena californica Nees .. 529
refracta A. Gray... 263
. iov unosi ori 24
Low panic-grass 341
DL. ORE e 538
. Luziola ensis Chapm..... 78
. Lyeurus phleoides H. B. K....... 450
. Macoun’s lym 4
Manisuris compres (Linn. f.). pr
Fig.
Manisuris corrugata (Baldw.)... or
cylindrica (Michx.)..
yide „ x:
rugosa (Nutt.)........ 906
chapm
(Hack.) .... 306
tessellata (Steud.). 305,306
ar ake
(Hack.)..
Ye
„ broom sedge .... 313
richloris ....... 190
aga e A 187
Mar om- GIAE oara cata 5225 149
Marsh ate T 482
Oat-wress: 2.2.2 lll... $--- 159
Panic-grass 354
Mat-grass 5
Meadow barley 609
escue 288
oxtai 116
Melica Vesp: Boland. i.u 526
aristata Thurb....... 527,528
bulbosa Geyer............ 261
bulbosa S. Wats .......... 259
bulbosa Thurb ....... 522,524
californica Scribn........ 522
ce a ( PS ip a d. DEN
colpodioides Nees 518
mS. Beribn ........ 523
fugax Boland...... 2:3. 520
Dra MIGNE c si 257
harfordii Boland......... 525
imperfecta Trin.......... 518
minor Scribn. 518
inflata Vasey . 2222. 2-22. 524
longiligula Scribn. &
n,, EET 521
mutica l 257
parviflora Porter. 258
HIBPI aw NO cuis 518
parviflora (Porter)....... 258
pocoides Torr 522
porteri Seri 258
smithii (Porter) 2... <2: 527
spectabilis Scribn ........ 259
stricta Boland 260
bulata Scribn .......... 526
orreyana Scribn. ........ 519
Mexican dropseed................ 100
salt- E
Milium compressum S 24
md € 5 98
. 141
ae eee ram bd vu id 35
Mille
Mission. VVV
Mohr's br dg 314
Molinia czerulea Gi- 0
342
Fig
Monanthochloé littoralis En-
gelm 226
Montana barley 608
Morton's oat-grass ............... 166
SENE oc ee nite SDD
Mountain te 419
drop 468
foxtail 117
BAIPQTABA. 12.2115. 158
3 602
. 272
KETAR capillaris (Lam.). 448
ta (Thurb. d. 444
i PME MISMAS 109
. diffusa Schreb.... 99
dum osa Scribn... 445
erecta Schreb .... 112
Vasey
glomerata Trin... 1
ilima Torr 106
breviaris-
schaffn
sylvatica Torr ...
tenuifora (V wina. ) m
eee ( o —
virescen
8 ( K.) 110
willdenovii Trin.. 101
Munroa squarrosa Nutt ......... 227
Munro YS... A. 852
Mutton-grass. ........ į 543
Naked beard-grass ............... 191
Nardus stricta Linn.. ean ous NOE
ar pped Panie. 355
Nash’ 8 | Panic im M
Nazia aliona Spreng) -. ..-. 994
0. &
Smith 924
Nealley's Leptochloa ............ 216 |
Needle grass seer coe MB
Neostapfa co colusana: Davy 1 517
Nevada blue- grass „
Nimble Will
it-grass
Nodding boca peepee —
Pale manna-grass
nicularia acutiflora a Torr. -
americana (Torr.). ©
——
wooo
presen rao Stacy Mua Ty
343
Fig.
Panicum atlanticum Nash... 372,373
utumn Bosc-.-.---.- JAT
baldwinii Nutt. 357,358,381
latum Michx
bifidum A 3
N
brittoni Nash ..........
bulbosum H. DE- 56
minor V
calliphyllum naar * 399
capillare Linn. 348, 350, 351
fexil ile
gattingeri
N EN i
minus Muhl.. 346
pap En-
33 349
capitiarioides Vasey... 348
ides El... 70
ters Kunth. 62,379
ciliatissimum Buckl... 344
iliatum Ell 379, 380
columbianum Scribn.. 60
383
commutatum ..........
consanguineum
Kunth 4
corrugatum Ell ........ 66
«ll Linn-........
mutic
Vi i25 04
a Linn 5 a
dichotomum Linn .....
nitidum
Chapm. 358
viride Va-
sey.....
diffusum Pursh ........ 346
divaricatum Linn...... 353
divergens Muhl ........ 347
eatoni Nash ............ 311
i 395
l Pursh... 852
erectifolium Nash ..... 361
flexile Scribn........... 346
floridanum Trin 361
gib |o DENIS eT NEN 7
glabrifolium Nash..... 381
gl ä 37
glaucum Linn .......... 401
Fig.
Panicum gowini Fourn ..........
graci ibn... 39
grossarium Linn....... 43
mnoca — U
ron W 50
Ell 48
.. 400
hirticaulu 5 351
mer
tali C 68
rii N 383
lachnanthum Torr 342
atum Rottb.........
latifolium Linn . 353,
Va-
laxiflorum Lam 378
bergii Scribn. 397
leucoblepharis Trin .... 379
eucocomum Scribn ... 40
leucophaeum H. B. K. 42
leu aps N 360
lineare Krock .......... 3
T
capa Scribn .. 364,
384
longipedunculatum
Scribn
lucidum Ashe.......... 363
Bash. ..... 382,
malacophyllum Nash.. 392
manatense Ni sucus DOO
licarium Michx..... 48
i rpon Ell. 365
Muht... 365
ee ee BR 349
n 346, 349
Nichx.......... 34
multifiorum Ell ........ 365
um Scribn -.-.- 61
nitidam Lem ........—. 7
octododum
(Smith)..... 369
minor Vasey . 358
nudicaule Vasey....... p
obtusum H.B.K .......
H.B.
octonodum J. G. Smith. po
Gye EH — oc
paspaloides Pers p
pauciflorum Ell . 394
paucipilum Nash .....- 37
pedicellatum Vasey... 375
n S e end! Qarihn
philadelphicum Bernh 346
platyphyllum Munro.. 340
polyanthes Schultes... 365
polycaulon Nash......- 380
Fig.
um Nash ....- 396
above De 51
prostratum Lam ...... 1
psammophilum Nash. 60
pubes TEN aaa pro 386
W 367
coppie .
or Poir.. 346
pq die , Nash . 396
ramisetum Scribn 355
ae token Michx? .... 363
ravenelii Scribn. and
c
repens Linn
auia Va-
Lier ae a 52
3 Vase eed 356
rostratum Nun .
rufum Kunth.......... 336
tu uckl.... 342
sanguinale Linn....... 339
scabriusculum Ell 387
8c hon BL). oo oe nck 393
scoparium A. — 393
"emis Va-
88
mtn o „Y
bn.... 393
Nash 392,393
icolum Nash 362, 363
spretum Schultes ...... 371
stenodes Griseb........ 46
stipitatum Nash ....... 852
strictum Chapm........ 46
strigosum Muhl........ 62
texanum Buckl ........ 44
notum im 41
tsugetorum Nash...... 310
arium Lam.... 386,387
scribnerianum Nash... 391
serotinum (Walt.)..... 38
sphaerocar 2H. 57
sphaerocarpon florida-
mum Laer 361
bat A tum Trin. 373
rvilleanum Ke . 845
lon gi -
glum
— 345
bee gea RUE
vill m Nash.... 367
virgatum "e „
5 .
T ‘Hl. 386, 387, — ;
walteri Poir .... vd :
webberianum Nash.... 377
werne ribn b. 364
wilcoxianum V .... 991
wrightianum Scribn .. 357
anthopysum ray. 399
Pappophorum e m Scribn..
reale Torr. 221
wrightii S. Wats. 321
Parish's feather gras auus n 439
eat-grass ...-...:..2.
Paspalum bifidum y Bertol.) —
ii Chapm
m Flügge b^
(Sw. 21
curtissianum Steud.. 329
difforme Le Conte 20
digitaria Poir
dilatatum Poir ------- 31
distichum Linn 25
elliottii S. Wats ------ 28
floridanum d 29,30
labratum
1 5
cid iicet Kung 35
gigan m Baldw.--- 339.
laeve pex Nutr 21
pilos Scribn. 27
larranyagai Arech --- 328
livi Trin 330
membranaceum Walt. 3%
onostacyum Vasey- 35
mucro e uhl... 35
ovatum Nees 3l
paspa d os (Mich) :
latycaule Poir -------
piii: Michx..-- 3
pubiflorum Rupr ----- 3
purpurascens Ell ----- L4 à
racemulosum Nutt --- 33
scrobiculatum Linn.- 81
eum Mich »
undulatum Poir ------ Š :
vaseyanum e
rgatum Walt. L4 :
dos rum
asey ---- 8 —
walterianum varied “3 b
Patterson's ie 2 7
Pennisetum um (Sw.)
Perenni T
345
5 Fig Fig.
Phalaris erucaeformis Linn pots Poa leckenbyi isai e 550
intermedia Bosc........ 80 lemmoni Vasey ..------------ 572
angu leptocoma ee „„
: Chapm.. 81 lette ui V EEEO 547
i lemmoni Vasey 412 lucida Vasey- ---------------- 552
oe . B r hs rr 562
sa Michx contre Hott ee 286
Phippeia algida (Soland. )R. Br.. 118 Lini: 5 2 546
um alpinum Linn ..........- ne N Dae
itum Roxb........... 473 sid epe Vasey .----..- 550,551
pratense Linn ..........- 114 nudata Scribn........... ---- 556
schoenoides Linn ........ 113 ea : s DIU
; Phragmites communis Trin...... 229 identalis Vasey .....- 540,541
(Lam.) B paddensis Williams.....- --- 551
E V ttersoni Vasey .----------- 548
E Pleuraphis jamesii Torr pose Miche... ice cce 248
d mutica Buckl ........ 1000000 512
een Linn) is 213,539
pringlei Scribn .......-.-----
pulchella Vasey -------------- 559
j ü rusce recu NT
ieren 272 reflexa Vasey & Scribn 538
T 232 sylvestris reed Fees 275
é ndina Nutt 27 tenerrima Scribn...........-
à NIC VV S rats 533,534 nin dien Buckley 3 278
nife Mp wn 542 tenue Rl ii apu rie 14
argentea Howell. ...........- 560 texana Upon VT 32
& Vasey 277 yi Vase 541
alsodes A. Gray 536 trichodes Nutt............... 513
aquati.a americana Torr 280 trivialis c 530
bolanderi Vasey ....... .--.-- uniflora Mubl....------------
bigelovii Vasey & Scribn ... 534 teralis Scribn .........- 553
ifo: Shi o ulis vasey' bm DO
buckleyana Nash..........-- 278 | Podoscemum virescens K Hh
i laris Scribn...........-- 556 | Polypogon 8 (With. „
: . oo 514 | maritim ine Willd. TS T:
pmaniana Scribn .......- 211 | mons nn.) 132
C E: 88 .
compressa Linn r’s reed bent 488
% V ————— 246 | Poverty grass 414
ata P iora E 119
BINH f dd aner 277
Mar Torr oo A 535 | tripleawn - 3 418
distans Linn 571 | Pringle's blue-grass-------------- 549
douglassii Nees 562 | feather-grass .......... 429
elongata Torr 282 | Puccinellia distans (Linn.).. neas 571
fendleriana (Steud.) ........ 543 lemm 572
arizonica Wil- maritima ( 1 )
ida. eat 543 | Pal. Au, a 096
Trin 564 | Purple canary-grass 7
fulvescens Trin 562 | 6 22¹
ta Walt 246 | love-grass .--------------- 516
aris Trin | 327
|
|
|
Vase -
kingii S. Wats. 573 : 8 on 5 268
: Rattlesnake-grass 5
Red-haired AN Line Ses QD
Red Bent
—
r... Seg ent! 238
"Sepe, EPI. Qi V auclor 238
sd D MET 483
Reed ed J 475
Ann LLLI oo 411
TORCH n eo ho os 287
meadow-grass ............. 280
. 409
serine oligostachya ‘Munro. 22
Rescue grass 2093
Reverchon’s panie 35
enti T 41¹
%%% ĩ] ũAAA A ĩðVẽ 76
eee TM qe * 435
wheat- grass. 597
River-side wheat- grass. 595
Rocky mountain lerem N 161
Rothrock’s grama. 203
Rottboellia pcm Nutt ndis
compressa Linn. f. 5
ata auet 305
ERE 306
cylindrica Torr...... 307
is Essa. DAD
incurvata de TEMPE 589
eg „ 306
ils hi Marans 305
Round fowered TPaHIS 2 57
Rough-flowered rat-tail grass... 306
— „„ 464
Lep pee aces oe DIS
panic- grass . 851
-stalked meadow- grass... . 539
Rush grass. .
like timothy.. 5 113
ina e
Ä ( 295
c ae 458
BAM cedar OC Og 226
EOM S i 515
bar e os ME
REARS betwee 172
Sand bh Hines „„ 550
SIE ip aA oe 318
Ps Se Wane wee peg col ERU 69
c Ll 456
Saunders lyme-grass .... . 623 |
i (Bw.) .. 3 410 |
macrophylla ( Thurb.) :
Linn.) . 83,4
: orata
Schedonnardus panic : lat us
Nut po
(
— 8
Schedo onorus tec
meee one
€ festucacea ( ) i:
Maces herum: ( Thurb.)... 297
Seribner's feath:
Seaside beard- pania
barley
—— neee
ee sesen
ae
Sesleria dactyloides Nutt -.------ 20 2
Setaria composita H. B. K er.
corru
Shama millet.
Ahaan’ P,
Short-awned grama..
reed-grass .
Short-bearded broom sedge
Short-haired reed-grass
Short-leafed — — ——
i
——
i
*
*
,
1
Li
*
3
ene
Short-spiked ee.
Short- stalked Eragrostis -> EC
—— —
8
>
:
Li
i
*
/
i
nU
©
IE
Sieglingia RES Kuntze sae
albescens Kuntze -----
mbigua Kun
decumbens (Linn... 8 ;
Nan
| Silky eee „ "
IET 1 3
Silver- beard... „
*
eem rt
347
Fig.
Silvery hair-grass 152
oat-grass 163
Sitanion anomalum J.G. Smith pe
ith
ps weed n 101
ic- --- 52
V 156
Bar Bog... Peon eee
V 477
oe Batata MES 1l
meadow-grass. ......... 512
sro, rum seta 531
Uer. a aS
5 FFF 39
CCTV 26
rat-tail grass ............ 307
sh- 5 469
e ee ssl 404
Spear-grass.......... 535, 554
PAO EEE E a oil 505
wheat-grass ............. 593
woolly grass ............ 343
Slough-grass 208
Small can 353
8 melic-grass . 518
mountain rice... a
glumed drop-seed ...... ..
Pg ON ee is
jointed Panic-grass . ...... 46
n et f 520
URSUS Tie wea 442
ned "inta Mau dro or BM
itch-
Smith’s melic- grass. 527
%%% 0
FVV 180
crab-grass: 31
BEN oou oou Oe
Smu — ee MEER 26
Soft weer Crabs eo 7
aceon ag ou oor
Sorghum avenaceum Chapm..... 15
halep Pore: o i
nutans Chapm | od 5
ucifiorum Chapm.... 17
: secun
Son: sume hapm ......
Southern sand-bur. .............. 405
reed-grass
174
ial in (Michx.).. 172
ora
stricta alternifl
N 177
mariti
(Wa dO * 2
Spider bent- grass
% o S a
| Spike-like poverty grass. 417
airoides Torr........
as olius
BE UNE RIR , 464
buckleyi Vasey. --.-. 459
. 126
confusus (F burn) -. 129
eryptandrus (Torr.) 456
poni
Thurb. 456
curtissii (Vasey) .... 124
be bis (?)
Sc ae 3 445
omingensis (Trin.). prd
filiformis (Thurb.)..
floridanus Chapm..
curtissii
ase
im b .. 468
heterolepis A. Gray 121
indicus (Linn.) ...... 126
interruptus Vasey .. 122
jonesii Vasey........ 460
junceus ( Michx.).... 455
N Vasey
alen b (Torr. Y.
weno de iden ecd ... 454
simplex Scribn ......
texanus Vasey....... 463
thurberi Scribn ..... 465
uniflorus 3 ks
348
Fig.
‘Sporobolus irum Derr 467
aginaeflorus (Torr. ) 466
S var.
neglectus (Nash).. 466
virginicus (Linn.)... 470
wrightii Scribn......
prangle-top
Spreading spear-grass ........... 571
Sprouting crab- her ae AAE 1
Spruce-top 502
Squirrel-tail grass. ............... 5
Stapfia colusana Da vr 517
. Augustine-grass .............. 75
Stenochloa californica Nutt 239
Stenotaphrum americanum
Schrank
DADR ` -aiaa 72
secundatum
(Walt) 22222.
Stipa avenacea Linn 423, 424
venaceoides Nash ........ 424
barbata wehrt 2
ment Boland :....:.....
capillaris Lam
ta Trin. & Rupr ...... 425
ta Thurber ......... 434
fimbriata H. B. K 94
d RRO ILIO Lo e ees: 427
juncea MIDA os eee 0.4 442
kingii Boland ...... 90
mac F 431
melanocarpa Muhl.........
mbranacea Pursh 97
rez
P4
Trin. Mese
robusta Vasey .... 497
E
Switch- 51
Syntherisma gracillima Nash 39
linearis Nash... 9i
leucocoma Nash.... 4 —
praecox Walt. 339
. sanguinalis Dulac.. 99 —
serotina Walt ...... 33
Tall grama 105
oat-grass 167
rat-tail grass Pes 305
Teff 240
289
Tennessee fescue..............-.- 2 T
t-gr
Ass. 100 P NR
Terrell p — B € n vl 612
Texas blue-grass .--...... -«----- 5¹²
Texan crab- grass
drop seed
timothy yx;
witch- grass pid
Thatch Ep o
M a. bunch- drum Bets .
1 Uke Muhlenbergia. packs
Thurberia arkansana Benth ..--.
Thurber's rush- 3
h
3
elongata ,
toides Vase
193
463
duc 197
millet 44
- "EX
Poverty A
948
177
261
ig
rompe purpurea (Walt.).....- 509
m cylindricum Michx..- 307
dactyloides Linn .... 1
Trisetum argenteum Scribn ----- 498
randegei Scribn......
canescens Buckl......- 163
Tri A 164
interruptum Buckl ... 162
m Vasey ..-.- 161
muticum (Boland) .... 496
alustr OPE accede 159
p 5 cum
8 159
eee (Linn.) 160
icu
(Boland) 496
shearii Scribkn 4
wolfii Vase 496, 497
at Naas 590
junce im U 596
littorale Pall 621
repens Linn 298
richardsoni Trin....... 997
violaceum Hornem.... 591
C
„
triple-awn.....-.......--. 415
T beard-grass..........---- 322
Uniola gracilis Mick 266
latifolia Michx........-..- 264
laxa (Linn.) B.S. F.. 266
ngifolia Scribn .......-- 530
nitida „„ 531
paniculata Linn .......... 265
sessiliflora heel ee Rr E 531
c 267
Urachne Sina Trin. &
dace (M
Crate elongata Buckl.........- 506
RR TR E sa ene 83, 84
Paene comata Thurb. ........... HAE
poe ative: FTT. 559
DEGREE... — eos 598
Paspalum 62.2-, 2.5.5.5. 328
reed grass. 490
—... 11
ans 15
Lep F 213
Vilfa arguta Nees 128
arundinacea Trin 75
vacea Tri
mpeniA olia Nees & Meyen. 464
. 129
depauperata filiformis
Thur!
Fig.
"f a . 129
tricholepis Torr...........- 471
vaginaeflora Torr 466
Wall balls ede reise 605
Walter’s Paspalum. ............-- 326
Warty panic-grass --------------- 4)
Water bent-grass ---------------- 484
I.. cee 408
e e E 256
Webber’ i UM
Siri bilo ques . 540
bunch- grass 416
ord- grass 175
feather-grass.........-- 426
ponte . 436
pri BE = 5 sche a= ee 324
West Indian pi SA PT dava 451
White-grass ------ ---------------- 77
untain-rice .........-.- 93-
Wild barley ---------------------- 609
ill!!! 98
TU AIEE eroe e Ma 499
oat-grass.....-..----------- 168
1 8„ 409
timothy -------------------- 103
Wire bert 294
bunch-grass ...------------- 599
grass. 8⁵
Wiry grama ....------ „ 200
nic-grass ---------------- 346
riodia =- NO clue 506
3 185
9 a pallida Torr 283
stricta Nutt....------ 507
Wood meadow- „
oodland blue- grass 536
drop-s eee 102
8 grass 275
oody melic- grass 523
Woolly drop-seed ---------------- 444
flowered panic ----------- 345
Tool Gaon gots AEE Oy Te 199
poverty-gTass------------ 87
erbe sepes -— E
Wright's broom sedge ..---------
Wri ey Pain e d eu
Yard- ua TTE 209
Yellow colpodium 564
foxtail...-.--------------- 401
lyme-grass -- ------------ 618
spear grass 552
zania aquatica Linn 409
esae Le ARE UE 408
Michx
miliacea (Michz.) . 408
Agros, 16
| BürLeiN NO. 18.
| U. S DE PARTMENT OF “AGRICULTURE.
a „piii OF -AGROSTOLOGY. M
[Grass and Forage Plant Investigations.)
AMERICAN GRASSES.
“A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS SITANION,
eo i wate BY
„ OTA BT) CH SMPEHA 67
es WASHINGTON
GOVERN NMENT 1 OFFICE.
Agros, 46.
BULLETIN No. 18.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
[Grass and Forage Plant Investigations.
STUDIES
ON
AMERICAN GRASSES.
A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS SITANION.
BY
JARED G. SMITH.
PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER, AGROSTOLOGIST,
24, 1899.
ISSUED JUNE
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1899.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
U. si DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
jd DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY,
Washington, D. C., May 3, 1899.
Sin: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a
paper entitled“ Synopsis of the genus Sitanion,” prepared under my
direetion by Mr. Jared G. Smith, assistant agrostologist, and recom-
mend the same for publication as Bulletin No. 18 of this division
under the general title of ** Studies on Ameriean Grasses."
Respeetfully,
; F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER,
Agrostologist.
Hon. JAMES WILSON,
Seeretary of Agriculture.
3
INTRODUCTION.
The many and striking differences presented by the specimens which
. have been referred to Stanton hystrix (Elymus sitanion) have long been
recognized, but no one has heretofore attempted to define or classify
them. From the material in the herbarium of the Academy of Natural
Seienees of Philadelphia, it is evident that Nuttall distinguished at
least two species. These are shown in Plate I, the tiekets attached
to the specimens being iu Nuttall's An The large amount
of material in the National Herbarium, gathere. from numerous and
widely separated localities by many collectors, has afforded an excellent
opportunity for a study of the variations which with the increase of the
eolleetion became more and more apparent, and the necessity of their
classification more and more evident. The present paper, prepared by
my direction, was undertaken to meet this necessity, and while the
species here defined may require some modification after further studies
in the field, and while some classed as species may eventually be reduced
to varieties, the subject as presented can hardly fail to be of interest
to the student of grasses and helpful in the close discrimination of the
species of a critical group of plants
Nuttall, who first described the species of this genus, referred it to
the European Ægilops and named his plant Ægilops hystrix, His
description was carefully drawn up and his species can be readily
„recognized. A year later, Rafinesque? published his genus Sitanion,
based upon a single species, which he named Sitanion elymoides. It has
been found impossible to determine with certainty which of the species
enumerated in the present paper was the one named by Rafinesque; it
certainly was not, however, the grass described by Nuttall.
Our leading authorities, Bentham and Hooker, Hackel,* and Baillon,“
have all reduced Sitanion to a section of Elymus. The articulate rachis,
readily breaking up at maturity, and the usually bifid or many parted
and awned empty glumes are well-defined characters, distinguishing
the species from Elymus, and justifying their separation as a distinct
1Genera North American aa 1:86. 1818.
? Journ. Phys., 89: 103. £9.
3 Genera Plantarum 3:
*Die Natiirlichen be 2: part
5 Histoire des Plantes, Monographie des 9 258.
6
genus. To be sure there are species so closely connecting Elymus with
Sitanion that it is difficult to determine to which genus they ought to
be referred, but the same is true in the case of Elymus and Agropyron;
there are e which may with equal propriety be placed
either in the one genus or the other.
That there are forms connecting Sitanion with Elymus S their
close relationship, but this fact does not afford sufficient reason for
uniting them, and the paper here presented, describing the many
species into which Sitanion may be divided, affords good evidence and
ample justification for its separation.
- F. LAMSON- SCRIBMER.
CONTENTS.
Characters of the genus.
Analytical key to the species 3
€"——— ͤͤ
e ion 8 Exiit
Section 8 VVV
ection Elymoides f
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATE I. Sitanion villosum J. G. Smi th.
H. Sita
Page.
Type
anion hystrix (Nutt.)
J. G. Smith. Photograph of Nuttall’s
type in the Herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Science
III. Sitanion brevifolium J. G. Smith.
THEME C uoo sot 17
IV. Sitanion anomalum J. G. Smith. Cotype
8
A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS SITANION.
CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS.
SITANION Rafinesque, in Journ. Phys., 89: 103, 1819.
en. N. Am. Pl., 1: 86, 1818; not Linn. (1737.)
Potyantherir Kee, in Ann. Nat. Hist., Ser. I, 1: 284, 1838.
ere " the spike artic-
es 3 at each node
base; with recurving or spreading, scabrous awns terminating
Flowering glumes all alike, 8 acute, or that of the lowest floret sterile
ee ee empty glumes; entire or
ding awn, or trifid and 3-awned.
very rarely spiciform- ee A genus endemic to
western North America, containing 23 species.
i on, section Elymoides, consists of 4 species intermediate between thi
genus and e They are placed here tentatively, as being more closely allied
to Sitani
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE SPECIES.
* Empty glumes many-lobed; lowest floret sterile, subulate-setaceous.
+ Culms nest; 6— dm. bi gh, spike and florets large; awn of the asiste
i. ubatum.
o TID om long. ot S. ju
tt Culms 1-5 dm. eh; spike and cage eite or small; awn of the flower-
me 2-7 em
Leaves short, flat, divergent; He blade and sheaths .
2. S. villosum
Leaves long, erect or ascending, involute, strigose or pubescent
f the empty and flowering glumes about as long as the axis
J DLL Dee DUIS S. multisetum.
Ans of the empty and edis glumes . than the axis
of the spike.
a Leaves of the innovations involute, filiform, pilose.
. eee
b Leaves of the innovations involute, rather rigid, strigos
5. S. brev tian:
**Some of the empty glumes pode bifid from about the middle, the lobes
abruptly divergent; lowest floret of one or both spikelets sterile and like the
empty deseen! but inserted on ‘he rhachilla and falling away with it.
+ Only oné spikelet at each eth = fertile florets S. minus.
tt Both iate bearing fertile
iths and dorsal surface ws Tari glabrous; glaucous.
a daw alpine plants 7. S. rigidum.
9. S. glabrum.
.S. insulare.
13. S. ewspitosum.
9
10
tt Leaves remm pubescent or scabrous,
to 3 times as long as the flowering glume. 11. ee cinereum.
$$ eon at least 4 times as long as the flowering glum
1. Innovations very numerous; culms slender. i S. hystrix,
2. Innovations few; culms
a Culm leaves 2-8 em. ue: flat, rigid, obtuse, divaricate.
8. S. californicum.
b Culm ~~ 1-2.5 dm. long, flexnous; "yeu g glume
r n See eet Sate 15. 8. oh gosum.
oa Mp short, rigid, ascending, 5-10 em. long;
flowering glume smooth below, scabrous above.
4. S. montanum,
d Culm leaves rigid; flowering glume glabrous.
S. molle.
*** Empty glumes subulate-setaceous, entire; RUE floret hermaphrodite
a Culm leaves very long, flexuous, filiform-involu 18. S. longifolium.
1 Flowering glume 1 em. long, glaucous; culms robust. 17. 8. brevifolium.
2 Flowering glume 7 mm. long, soft pubescent; culms low.
1 S. pubiflorum.
**** Empty glumes lanceolate, 2-5-nerved, entire or eee
+ Lowest floret longer than the internodes of the ra
i Leaves flat, glaucous, more strongly end o on geo back than above, 5-8
2
HHOI dA iino o uu urs ctu ied Urna an 0, S. planifolium.
tt Leaves involute, more prominently nerved above E on the back, 2-3
V S. lanceolatum.
tt Internodes of the rachis 5 than the lowest floret.
Que spikelet ab each nodo. 2... irsini 99. S. hanseni.
2 Two spikelets at each node................ 23. S. anomalum.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES.
$Polyantherix. (Nees,as a genus.) Lowest flowering glume of one or both spikelets
sterile, awnlike; empty giumes deeply cleft into from 3 to I or more setaceous awns.
1. SITANION JUBATUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov.
Culms stout, erect, or ascending, 6 to 9 dm. high, robust, terete, smooth. Nodes
glabrous. Lower sheaths hirsute, the upper ones minutely pubescent or when
young vomer edem 5 smooth, much exceeding the internodes, open
at the thro Ligule cartilaginons, 1 mm. long. Blade narrowly linear-lance-
olate, 10 we 18 em. long, 3 to 5 mm. wide, rather rigid, flat at the base, involute
above and on the back toward the base, finely nerved above, with the midnerve
prominent beneath, Spike 1 to 2 dm. long, often more than m. in diameter
to the tips of the spreading awns, densely flowered, exserted or the basal portion
inclosed uppermost leaf sheath. Empty glumes 4, 3- to any-parted from
about the middle, the lobes setaceous, from 1 to 10 em. long. Spikelets 2 at a
node, each 2- to 4-flowered, the lowest sterile, the second hermaphrodite, the
uppermost staminate or sterile, eee giune e linear-lanceolate, acute, 8 to
10 mm. long, smooth and shining below, 5-nerved from about the middle, sparsely
scabrous above, trifid at the apex, k lateral lobes setaceous, the mi dle one
range into a slender, scabrous, subflexuous awn, 8 to 12 em. long. In ter-
nodes of the rachis 5 to 7 mm. long, compressed or plano-convex, spatulate,
3
Type collected by Robert M. Horner, No. 573, Waitsburg, Wash., May 2 7, 1897,
distributed as “ Elymus sitanion jubatum.” Also collected by Frank W. Hubby; .
No. 48, among hes im Valley, California, May 7, 1896.
Bul. 18, Div. of Agrostology.
PLATE I.
i Flora of Whitman °F
See sv AO
gt D 5 "gy
+
dnm
Erg ss
SITANION VILLOSUM J. G
Smith. Type.
11
This grass is the largest and most robust species of Sitanion. It belongs to the
S. multisetum group, differing from all other species in the very large spike and
exceptionally long awn of the flowering glume.
2. SITANION VILLOSUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. Pl.
Culms stout, erect, or slightly geniculate, 2 to 3 dm. high, metet leafy at the base,
forming close, matted tufts. Sheaths rather densely hirsute, the lower strict,
the uppermost somewhat inflated, scabrous. Ligule almost obsolete. Blades
short, rigid, ascending or divaricate, finely strigose-pubescent and more or less
densely hirsute, scabrous along the 5 margins, e eee
acuminate, pungently- pe: 4 to 8 em. long, nt 3 mm. wide, flat, or at
length involute. Spike 6 to 8 em. long Vlogs cien its base ead in the
greatly elongated aten We Empty glume 3- to 7- or 8-parted
from near the base, each lobe a very slender, scabrous, divaricate awn from 2,5
to 8 em. long. Lowest floret usually sterile, M glume many-parted, like the
empty glumes. Perfect florets 1 or 2. Flowering glume about 8 mm. long,
obliquely lanceolate, smooth and shining at an vase, scabrous for the upper
two-thirds, 3-awned, the middle awn rather stout, divergent, 8 to 10 cm. long,
the lateral ones very slender, 5 to 10 mm. long Palea as long as the flowering
glume, obtuse, acute, or with two short, slender awns di the apex. Internodes
of the ‘seul 4 to 5 mm. long, linear-compressed, glabrou
¿Pype collected by A. D. E. Elm mer, No. 266, on rocky hilltops, Almota, Whitman
County, Wash., June 13, 1896; also collected by C. V. Piper, No. 2598, on dry,
gravelly prairies, Spokane, June 25, 1897; and Robert M. Horner, No. 574,
Waitsburg, Wash., June 3, 1897.
T PREY may be separated from Sitanion SGH RAN to which it is closely
ted, by the short, rigid, hirsute basal culm leave
3. SITANION MULTISETUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov.
Culms 3 to 5 dm. high, terete, striate, glabrous or srid strigose-pubescent, erect
or slightly geniculate, much branched from t very base. Sheaths rather loose,
open at the throat, scarious along the margins above, a and
hirsute on the back, mostly longer than the internodes. Ligule very short,
membranaceous, Blades 5 to 10 em. long, rigid, erect or ascending, linear, acute
and pungently pointed, flat, becoming involute, sparsely hirsute on the back,
scabrous on the margins, hirsute and scabrous along the prominent nerves above.
Spike erect,5 to 8 em.long. Spikelets two at each node but usually only one
slender, ascending, scabrous awns varying from 1 to 5 or rarely 8 cm. long.
est flowering glume of the sterile spikelet subulate, resembling the ——
of the empty glumes, gs somewhat lanceolate at the base. Flowering glume
of the fertile spikelet about 8 or 9 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, sisi on the
back, smooth and A below, keeled and seabrous above, 3-awned, the middle
awn stout, rigid, scabrous, 5 to 6 em. long, the lateral ones slender,3 to 8 mm.
long. Palea as long as the flowering glume, acute or bicuspidate. Internodes
of the rachis (€ spatulate above, smooth and shining, scabrous along
he margins, 4 to 5 m
Ty pe: de collected ps “Coville and Funston, No. 1121, Tehachapi Valley, Kern
yy, Cal., June 25, 1891. Other specimens which may be referred to this are
Penis. No 225 Sonoma G 3 ; a specimen collected by Bolander at San
a,
No. 617, Clinton, Amador County, June 30, 1893 a specimen marked “J. A. Allen,
California;” and L. Schoenefeldt, No. 3439, Nackos esie Valley, Lower 5
une
It differs Punt Sifanion polyantheric and S. breviaristatum in the very much Mee and
more rigid, erect or ascending awns of the empty pre and the leaves hirsute
dorsally toward the base and along the nerves abov
12
4. SITANION POLYANTHERIX J. G. Smith, new name. Polyantherix hystrix
Nees, in Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 284 (1838), not ZEgilops hystrix Nutt.
Culms 3 to 4 dm. high, terete, striate, minutely strigose- siad Sheaths striate,
scabrous, closely enveloping the internodes and longe them, hirsute.
Ligule very short, membranaceous. Blades 6 to 25 cm. long, eae long-attenuate
or filiform, involute, acuminate, the ie hirsute on the back, the upper smooth,
scabrous and sparsely hirsute on the nerves above. Spike 7 to 10 cm. long, rather
rigid and densely flowered. Spikelets 2 at each node; all the florets of one of
the spikelets sterile and the lowest and uppermost florets of the other either
staminate or sterile, only the second producing seed. Empty glumes 5- to many-
parted from near the base, the segments extending into slender, abruptly divari-
cate awns, 6 to 25 mm. long. Flowering glume of the hermaphrodite floret
linear-lanceolate, acute, smooth and shining for its lower two-thirds, slightly
scabrous above, with a rigid, scabrous awn 2.5 to 3 cm, long arising from between
two minute teeth, Palea a little longer than the flowering glume, acute, inter-
nie of the rachis very short, smooth and shining, compressed, broadest above,
3 mm. long.
vA Gen collected by Douglas, in California. There isa specimen in the National Herba-
rium, labeled 1 pol 2 whieh was collected by Dr. J. M. Bigelow,
surgeon and botanist to Lieut. A. W. Whipple's expedition for a railway route
from the Mississippi River i the Pacifie Ocean, near the thirty-fifth parallel
of latitude in 1853-54, 8 without locality, and it is from this plant that
the above description is draw
This species may be separated via S. breviaristatum, to which it is related, by the
very long-attenuate, filiform leaves, and taller and more slender culms.
5. SITANION BREVIARISTATUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov.
Low e on perennial, with slender, erect spikes and very long,rigid, erect o
cending leaves. Culms about 2 dm. high, erect, clothed with dead lasten
many-pa ens Qe seabrous, flexuous, divergent awns, from * to 20 mm. long.
Flowering glume abont 6 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate, smooth below, scabrous
above, tipped with a ate 1 awn from 1 to 1.5 cm. lon
the flowering glume, acute, 2- rved, scarious along the margins, bieuspidate.
Grain adherent to the palea, elliptical, oblanceolate, 5 inm. long, compressed,
acute at the dier: rounded at goa . Internodes of the rachis compressed,
5 , Spatnlate above, glau
Type ee „ by Coville and 8 No. 833, Willow Creek Canyon,
Panamint Mountains, California, May 22, 1891.
This on differs from Sitanion multisetum to which it is related, in the low, densely
tose habit; short, slender spikes; and very short awns of the empty and
"prope dividi The bases of the culms are clothed with papery leaf-sheaths.
$$ Busitanion. Lowest floret of one or both spikelets sterile and like the empty der
some of the empty glumes baa from about the middle, the divisions divergent;
others entire, subulate-setace
. 6. SITANION MINUS J. G. Smith, sp. nov.
pee 1. 5 to 2 dm. high, slender, rigid, erect, terete, glabrous. Nodes glabrous.
m leaves 5. Sheaths glabrous, closely enveloping and longer than the inter-
du Ligule almost obsolete. Blades 5 to 7 em. ., those of the innovations 8 to
12 em. long, rigid, erect o: r somewhat N linear, 3 involute,
smooth and glabrous on the back, scabrous on rigose-pubescent on
the nerves above. Spikes 3 to 5 em. Jong, Hl their los foctüded in the
13
upper leat sheaths, closely-flowered. Empty glumes 4, subulate or one of the
lateral ones often lanceolate and 2-nerved, bifid from above the middle, scabr ons,
reduced to subulate awns. Lower floret of the other hermaphrodite, the flower-
ing glume 5 mm. long, lanceolate, strongly nerved and scabrous above the
siiis, smooth below, n tipped by a slender scabrous, subflexuous awn
about 3 cm. long. Palea as long as the flowering glume, bicuspidate. Secon
floret 5 a wned. Amt N of the rachis 2 to 3 mm. long, spatulate,
glabro
“Type 8011 by L. Schoenefeldt, No. 3277, International Boundary pi varum.
Jaeumba Hot S We ad near monument 233, altitude 900 m., May 24,
Related to Sitanion multiset
7. SITANION RIGIDUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov.
vies 1 to 2 dm. high, terete, striate. Nodes glabrous. Shéaths longer than the
rnodes, smooth and glaucous, or E lower ones hirsute, open nt the throat.
Ligale cartilaginous, 1 mm.long. Blades 3 to 8 cm. long, 2 to 3 mm. wide, rigid,
involute, smooth and glaucous on ds back, obtuse A acute at the apex, scab-
rous along the margins and nerves above. Spike 2 to 8 em. long, ascending,
serted its own length, or the base aid in ae uppermost leaf-sheath ;
seis glumes 4 and entire, or 6 (i. e., the two lateral ones at each node divided
to the very base) awned, strongly Givurlekts, 2 to 3 om. long. Lowest floret
sometimes sterile, like the empty glumes. Spikelets few-flowered. Flowering
glume 7 to 9 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, trifid, smooth and glaucous below,
scabrous above, tipped with a stout, divergent awn 3 to 4mm. long. Internodes
; o rachis 3 to 4 mm. long, compressed, scabrous on the margins.
Type collected by O. D. Allen, No. 178, Cascade Mountains, Washington, 1896. Other
specimens CE are Elmer, No. 1145, Washington, 1898; and G. R. Vasey,
Washington, 1889; E. Brown, No. 372, north side of Mount Shasta, 5
897; R. M. Horner, “he 579, Blue 9 Washington, July 29, 1897; A. Ne
son, No. 1021, Union Pass, Wyoming, August 13, 1895; J. N. Rose, No. 271, Timber
N northwest Wyoming, August 28, 1893; Frank Tweedy, No. 79, Teton
Forest Reserve, Lm T 1897; and S. Watson, No. 1337, E. Humboldt
This grass is related. to S. v eed differing i in the dwarf habit of growth and rigid
glaucous leaves.
8. SITANION CALIFORNICUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov
Culms low, ascending, 1.5 to 2.5 dm. high, terete, striate densely pubescent above,
t
geniculate at t odes. Sheaths longer than the internodes, the lower ones
densely hirsu he upper minutely puberulent, the uppermost many times
longer than the blade. Ligule obsolete. Blade 2 to 8 em. long, 3 to 4 mm. wide,
rigid, divaricate or ascending, Lore: striate, linear-lanceolate, abruptly
contracted at the base, attenuate toward the obtuse or subacute apex, scabrous
above and on the margins, ems discs on the back. Spike subflexuous,
erect or ascending, loosely few-flowered, 5 to 8 em. long, barely exserted or the
base inclosed in tha uppermost leaf-sheaths. Lowest floret of one of each pair
of spikelets sterile. Empty g glumes 4, entire, subulate- 5 divaricate, 3
t the
tout
awn about 4 cm. je arising from between two minute lateral seta. Palea 2
mm.shorter than the flowering glume, truneate or obtuse, scabrous on the
nerves above. sicci of the rachis compressed, 4 to 5 mm. long, scabrous
Type collected by S. B. Parish, No. 3295, San OIE Syren 35 alti-
tude 2,150 m., June 23, 1894. Closely related t rigidum, but with 1
pubescent throughout and longer flowering glumes.
14
9. SITANTON GLABRUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov.
Culms erect, terete, smooth and shining, glaucous. Sheaths glaucous, glabrous,
rather closely enveloping and shorter than the internodes, scarious along the
St O
smooth and er e on the back, seabrous-pubescent along the nerves above.
Spike 5 to 8 em. long, slender, subflexuous, its base inclosed in the swollen
uppermost . Empty glumes bifid tion the very base, the lobes subulate,
setaceous, 6 to 8 em. long, mbie xuous, slender, divaricate. Flowering glume 7
to m. long, rounded on the back, smooth and shining for its lower two-thirds,
linear-laneeolate, aeute, entire or minutely bifid at the apex, tipped with a
slender, rigid, setaceous awn 4 to 5 em.long. Palea as long as the flowering
cepas ue scabrous on the nerves above. Internodes of the rachis
eate, compressed, about 3 mm. long.
7 Tre casted by Coville and Funston, No. 914, near Crystal Spring, Coso Mountains,
a, June 12, 1891. Also cua by J. A. Allen, California, without date
or qud No. 821, Hall, San Jacinto Mountains, may be placed here; and also
Purpus, No. 5289, Pah Mountains, 1897. The latter has the habit of typical
S. glabrum, but the leaves and sheaths are minutely soft n and the spike-
lets and 1 glumes poor Other specimens examined are: L. Schoenefeldt,
No. a, Cal, e 14, 1894; and C. V. Piper, No. 1952, rus slopes Mount
Rainier, Wash. 2 2.100 a pe 1895.
10. SITANION INSULARE J. G. Smith, sp. nov.
Culms slender, erect, terete, glabrous. Nodes glabrous. Culmleaves4 or 5. Sheaths
glabrous, closely enveloping the culm, open at the throat, shorter than the inter-
nodes. Ligule almost obsolete. Blades linear, 1 to 1.5 dm. long, glabrous on
along the margins. Spike slender, 5 to 8 c m.long. Empty glumes lanceolate,
bifid and 2-awned, 4 to 5 mm Jong, 2 mm. wide, tipped with divergent, slender,
scabrous awns, 10 to 20 mm. long. Flowering glume 8 mm. long, linear-lanceo-
late, smooth ind shining, glabrous for the lower two-thirds, rounded on the
back below, keeled above, 3-toothed, the middle nerve extending into a stout,
scabrous, divaricate awn about 15 mm. long; lateral teeth 1 to 2 mm. long.
Palea as long as the flowering glume, 2-toothed at the apex. Internodes of the
cip linear, dilated above, sharply 2-edged, scabrous on the margins, 7 to 10
ong.
Wine. Soles by Sereno Watson, No. 1338, Carrington Island, Salt Lake, Utah,
Ju 1869.
This undis is quite distinct from any other in the National Herbarium. It has the
broad empty Lieu of Elymus, but two-parted, as in Eusitanion, with divaricate
awns, Ihe empty amen are inse rted as in Sitanion, while the form of the
spikelet cies of Agropyron.
Asi in the other Sitanion species the rachis breaks up into segments at maturity.
li. SITANION CINEREUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov.
Slender, ascending, leafy perennial, 2 to 3 dm. high, the entire plant MEI qu *
a close, dense pubescence. Innovations as long as the culms. Culms dies
terete, pubescent. Nodes glabrous. Sheaths closely enveloping the internodes
and shorter than them, densely Weed petite Ligule almost obsolete.
Blades linear, rigid, involute, the uppermost 5 to 7, the lower 15 to 20 cm. long,
densely strigose-pubescent on the nerves abov e, soft-pubescent or hirsute below.
Spike slender, 4 to 5 em. long. Empty glumes very scabrous, bifid, 2-awned,
mm. long, rounded on the back, scabrous throughout, 3-nerved toward the apex,
3-awned, the lateral awns very slender, 2 to 4 mm. long, the middle one stout,
Bul. 18, Div, of Agrostology. PLATE Il.
SITANION HYSTRIX (Nutt.) J. G. Smith.
Photograph of Nuttall’s type in the Herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Science.
`
15
divaricate, 2 to 3 cm. long. Palea as long as the flowering glume, tipped with
two slender scabrous awns. intende of the rachis scabrous along the mar-
gins; 2 to 4 mm. lon
Type collected by S. M. Tracy, No. 222, Reno, Nev T.
It differs from any other specimen in ay National 1 in being densely gray-
ish-pubescent throughout. In the character of the spikelets it approaches S.
hystrix. No. 127 „ fiuksdorf, entm. Yakima County, Wash., June 7, 1884,
with similar Saves and inflorescences, but the plant less densely 1 and
quite uc e may be placed here. Also a specimen collected by Dr. C. H.
Merriam on Mount Shasta, California, 1898.
12. SITANION HYSTRIX (Nutt.) J. G. Smith, new combination. (Ægilops hystrix
Nutt. Gen. N. Am. Pl., 1: 86, 1818.) Pl. II.
Culms 1 to 3 dm. high, slender, erect or ascending, scabrous above, clothed at the
base with papery leaf-sheaths. Innovations very leafy, one third two-thirds
the length of the culms, Sheaths striate, strigose-pubescent, open at the throat,
closely enveloping the internodes. Ligule almost obsolete. Blac ^i narrowly
linear, flat or at length involute, strigose-pubescent throughout, prominently
9-nerved, scabrous along the margins, erect or ascending; those of the innova-
longer than the flowering glume, scabrous, tipped with two slender awns, 2 to
3mm. long. Internodes of the rachis gium, linear, not at all dilated above,
. long.
A common, worthless bunch grass on shale hills and among Ad sagebrush on the
high plains from western Colorado to eastern Washing
SPECIMENS scr iro Wyoming: P. A. Rydberg, No. 2028, go oR July 24,
1895; C. L. Shear, No. 2803, Wamsutter, June 24, 1895; No. 283, Green River,
June 95, 1895; Thomas A. Williams, No. 2437, dry rocky hillsides, Evanston,
July 10, 1897; No. 2319, dry sagebrush hills, ben River, July 9, 1897; Aven
Nelson, No. 3058, Green River Hills, May 31, 1897; No. 3669, Wamsutter, July
0, 1897; No. 3784, North Vermilion Creek, July 20, 1897.
iere C. V. Piper, No. 2579, on sagebrush land, Ellensburg, July 9, 1897. A. B.
enby, Walla Walla, July 12, 1
ee i Joha Wolfe, No. 623, 1873; C. Phos, 1869; and F. E. Clements, No. 60, Wal-
senburg, July 10, 1896.
There are in the herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Science two of Nuttall's
specimens of Sitanion. One of these, labeled “‘Chretomeris trichoides, R. Mts.
Platte," is exactly identical with No. 3784, A. Nelson, and No. 283, C. L . Shear,
both collected in the Red Desert of Wyoming. The other, labeled ‘‘ Elymus
difformis, R. Mts. Platte," is nearly identical with No. 2028, Rydberg, from Wam-
sutter, Wyo. If these specimens are those from which Nuttall's description of
Ana hystrix was drawn, and they agree better w p his sire a than any
specimen from the * arid plains of the Missouri” so far e mined, then there was
his description of S. elymoides pee Nuttall's plant, and it is bem mee Rafin-
esque's description (Journ. Phys. 1819) differs in import from
that of Ægilops hystrix, Nuttall. 125 5 unable cope to dite any
Sitanion with which I am familiar as the true S. elymoides, Raf. The locality,
* Missouri," of 1819, was then applied to gres now constitutes several large -
16
States in which a dozen or more separate species occur. Rafinesque apparently
left no type, and the original description is too fragmentary to enable one to
more than guess at the identity of the plant which he described.
13. SITANION CZESPITOSUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov.
Densely cwspitose, with flat leaves, and weak, ascending rows 8 EA
very leafy, erect or spreading, 1 to 2 dm. long. Culms 2 to 3 . high, ve
slender, terete, glabrous. Nodes glabrous. Sheaths striate, open p the duse
smooth and glabrous. Ligule membranaceous, entire, very short. Blades 4 to
10 cm. long, 2 to 3 mm. wide, linear, ; or the margins incurved, prominently
7-nerved dete glabrous on the peeks Mobius above. Spike 4 to 6 cm. long,
its bas» sometimes inelosed in the uppermost sheath, mostly exserted, somewhat
NE. Empty glumes entire or bifid, 3 to 4 em. long 5 piss rous.
Flowering glume of the lowest fertile floret linear- e entire, smooth and
shining below, sparsely scabrous above the middle, about 7 mm. ‘aie tipped
with a flexuous scabrous awn, about 5 mm. long. Callus rounded, glabrous.
Palea as long as the flowering glume, rounded at the apex. Joints of the rachis
glabrous, except along the margins, not at all dilated above, two-thirds the
t.
Growing in rieh soil in the canyons around silver City, N. Mex
yfy pe specimens collected by Jared G. Smith, near Cliff, N. Me. August 19, 1897.
Also collected at the' same loeality in August, 1896. It grows only in shaded
canyons, and bay moist ae slopes in the mountains at an altitude of about
000 m. Its green during the winter. It is one of the“ mutton
cm? 5 abundant and highly valued as forage for sheep and cattle,
now to be found only in protected situations. Probably also occurring in the
mountains of western Texas, although there are no ncn from any other
locality than the typical one in the National Herbar
Closely related to S. hystrix (Nutt.) JGS., but the Sheet: 5 5 plades are glabrous
on the back.
14. SITANION MONTANUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov.
Culms rather stout, erect, 2 to 4 dm. high, terete, RE glabrous below, scabrous
above. Sheaths rather loose, open at the throat, as long as, or longer than, the
internodes, smooth, scabrous or pubescent. Blades 5 to 10 em, long, 3 to 4 mm
strigose-pubescent on the prominent nerves above, scabrous along the margins,
wned, some of those in the lower part of the spike unequally bifid, the lobes
extending into scabrous, divergent awns 5 to 6 em. long, 2 or iis 3 spikelets
at each node. Lowest floret sterile. Flowering glumes 10 to 11 mm. long,
linear-lanceolate, rounded on the back, smooth and shining for the lower third,
scabrous above and on the margins, trifid, three-awned, the scabrous, divergent
middle awn 4 to 7 cm. long, the lateral awns very short, slender. Palea as long
as the flowering glume, with two short, setaceous, scabrous awns, or sometimes
rather obtuse and muticous. Internodes of the rachis linear or dilated above,
compressed, glaucous, 4 to 6 mm. long.
S. montanum differs from S. strigosum in the shorter, flat, and more rigid erect leaves
oother flowering glume. This may be ue's S. elymoi
Northern Wyoming and Montana to Oregon. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Montana: F.
n-Seribner, No. 437, gravelly bottoms, — ege July 4, 1883; rather
densely cinereous-pubescent throughout. P. , No. 3091 (type a
Creek, July 15, 1896; and No. = Spanish n eiiis 18,1896. Tho
Williams, No. 2002 2002, Spanish C k Basin, July 16, 1896, on sterile, aec soil.
Wyoming : 3 Williams, "E 2776, Bull Camp, August 2, 1897; No. 2596,
Ten - m Big Horn Mewutains,. August 19, 1897.
Bul. 18, Div. of Agrostology. PLATE III.
SITANION BREVIFOLIUM J. G. Smith. Typical.
17
Idaho: B. W. Everman, No. 319, shores of Petit Lake, August 13, 1895,
Oregon: A fragmentary specimen collected by the U. S. South Pacific Exploring
Expedition, under the command of Captain Wilkes, 1838-1842, is doubtfully
referred here."
15. SITANION STRIGOSUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov.
Culms stout, erect, 3 to 6 dm. high, terete, striate, glabrous, the uppermost inter-
nodes minutely pubescent. Nodes brownish, glabrous. Sheaths open at the
lower ones involute, rounded at the base, long-acuminate pointed, strongly
nerved, strigose-pubescent throughout, sparsely hirsute along the nerves, sca-.
brous on the cartilaginous margins. Spike stout, erect, exserted, 8 to 12 em.
the back, scabrous and glaucous, strongly 3-nerved above, the middle awn stout,
recurved, scabrous, 5 to 7 em. long, the lateral ones 1 to 2 mm. long. Palea
nearly as long as the flowering glume; bifid, with two short awns, ciliate along
the nerves above.
"Type collected by P. A. Rydberg, No. 3298, Sheep Creek, Montana, August 8, 1896.
Also collected by Charles A. Geyer, June 10, 1839, “in heavy ferruginous loam,
Missouri, James and Shienne River valleys," probably at the eastern border of
the Bad Lands, above Mandan, N. Dak. | ; :
S. strigosum differs from S. montanum in the very long, less rigid, more strongly
nerved culm leaves, the uppermost nearly as long as or much exceeding the
spike, those of the innovations half the length of the culm. The flowering
umes are more scabrous and shorter. This may be Rafinesque's S. elymoides.
16. SITANION MOLLE J. G. Smith, sp. nov.
Culms stout, erect, rigid, 3 to 4 dm. high, clothed at the base with dead leaf-sheaths,
terete, striate, pubescent. Innovations about half as long as the culm. Nodes
pubescent, the lower ones sparsely hirsute along the nerves, the upper puberu-
empty glumes. Flowering glume of the lowest hermaphrodite floret linear-
lanceolate, acute, 1 em. long, smooth and shining, glaucous, trifid, or entire,
tipped with a stout, spreading, scabrous awn 5 to 7 em. long. Palea as long as
the flowering glume, acute, or bicuspidate scabrous along the nerves. i
“Type collected by Shear and Bessey, No. 1469, East Side Buffalo Pass, Larimer
County, Colo., moist, open mountain side, 3,200 m. August 14, 1898, r
S. molle is related to S. montanum. It differs in being finely pubescent throughout.
The leaves are longer and less strongly nerved.
$$$ Hordeiformae. Lowest floret hermaphrodite. Empty glumes 4, entire. 9 032
17. SITANION BREVIFOLIUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. Pl. III. 2494
Culms 3 to 6 dm. high, terete, stout, erect, obscurely striate, glancous. Innovations
less than half the length of the culms. Nodes glabrous. Sheaths smooth,
scarious along the margins, glaucous, longer than the internodes, the uppermost
much elongated, the lower sometimes pubescent or hirsute. Ligule almost
20775—No. 18——2
18
e Nn Blades 5 to 10 or rarely 12 cm. long, 3 to 4 mm. wide, linear, acumi-
te, flat or involute, rigid, divergent or ascending, smooth and E on
ihe sik, ee eee along the prominent nerves above. Spike 7 to 15
m. long, loosely few-flowered, long-exserted. Empty glumes’ stout, setaceous,
scabrous above. Flowering glumes 8 to 10 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, glau-
cous, scabrous throughout, rounded on the back below, nerved above, entire,
tipped with a stout, scabrous, spreading awn 4 to 8 cm. long. Palea as long as
the flowering glume, scabrous on the margins above, obtuse. Joints of the
rachis compressed, glaucous, 5 to 10 mm. long, linear. Closely related to 8.
longifolium, but the culm leaves shorter and more rigid and the innovations less
than half as long as the culms.
^ Type collected by J. W. Toumey, No. 797, Tucson, Ariz., 1892.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED, Colorado: Tracy, Earle & Baker, No. 4274, Hamors Lake,
July 24, 1898; No. 429, Mancas, July 8, 1898; No. 4272, Durango, J uly 18, 1898.
1896; No.912, Marshall Pass, July 27, 1896; No. 1003, Buena Vista, August 15,
1896; No.814 and 833, Veta Pass, July 13, 1896; No.1096, Como, September 1,
1896; No. 1240, Animas np, August 5, 1897. P. A. Rydberg, No. 2414,
Georgetown, August 20, 1895; No. 2509, Boulder, September 3, 1895. Shear &
Bessey, No. 1407, Egeria Park, August 4, 1898. Patterson, Georgetown, 1875.
Wyoming: Thomas A. Williams, No. 2573a, Iron Mountain, July 2, 1897, and No.
2621, Bear Lodge, July 23, 1897; A. Nel, No. 3952, Albany County; August
9, 1897.
?
Utah: Marcus E. Jones, No. bd, Marvine Laceolite, July 23, 1894; No. 56840
Sects Ellen, Henry Mountains, July 25,1894, and 5770p, Fish Lake, August 7,
5, vt4? 7
18. SITANION LONGIFOLIUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov.
Culms 3 to 5 dm. high, stout, ascending, somewhat geniculate at the base, glaucous.
Leaves of the en 1.5 to 3 dm. long, attenuate, involute, often as long
as the culms. Nodes glabrous. Sheaths scabrous and glaucous, or more or less
strigose-pubescent, or sparsely hirsute, longer than the internodes, loose, open
at the throat, scarious along the margins above. Ligule entire, almost obsolete.
Blades linear, pom ttenuate, acuminate, striate, smooth and glaucous or pubes-
cent, or sparsely hirsute on the back, 1 to 2 dm. long, 1 to 3 o r 4 mm. wide.
Spike 3 or somewhat nodding, 1 to 1.3 dm. long, rather loosely flo w-
ered, its base inclosed in the inflated uppermost leaf-sheath. Spikelets 2 or
rarely 3 at each node. Empty glumes subulate setaceous, divaricate, s scabrous,
6 to 8 em. E Flowering glumes 8 to 11 mm. long, scabrous, glaucous,
a stout, scabrous A awn 5 to 6.5 em. long. Palea as long as the flower-
ing ghime, obtuse or bicuspidate, 3 on the nerves above. Internodes of
the rachis compressed, glaucous, 6 to 8 mm. long. Closely related to S. brevi-
fox from which it may be distinguished by the long attenuate flexuous leaves
the culms and innovations and by the subflexuous spikes, inclosed at the
ii in the uppermost leaf-shea this.
v Type collected by C. L. Shear, No. 1213, near Silverton, Colo., August 4, 1897, among
rocks on the open sides of a canyon, altitude 3,000 m.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED, Colorado: J. Wolfe, No. 1161-2-3, Denver, 1873. C. L. Shear,
No. 1152 and No. 1158, Ouray, July 4, 1897; No. 886, Villa Grove, July 24, 1897;
No. 836, Veta Pass, July 15, 1896; No. 717, Idaho Springs, August 27, 1895. M. E.
Jones, No. 531, Idaho Springs, August 1,1878. Tracy, Earle & Baker, No. 4275,
Chicken Creek, July 6, 1898. P. A. Rydberg» No. 2497, Idaho Springs, August
à; Kanon: C. B. Thompson, No. 21, Ulysses, June 26, 1893.
19
Wyoming: D. Griffiths, Nos. 493 and 500, Sundance, August 10, 1897; No. 576, Little
Missouri Buttes, August 15, 1897; No. 669, Inyankara Mountain, Augast 23, 1897;
A. Nelson, No. 1602, Laramie Peak, August 6, 1895.
Nevada: Shockley, without date or localit ity.
Arizona: Dr. Palmer, No. 534, 1876. G. C. Nealley, No. 171, Rineon Mountains,
m
New Mexico: C. Wright, No. 2076, in part, 1851-52. E. O. Wooten, No. 322, White
Mountains, August 12,
Texas: J. Reverchon, Upp 8 River (Curtiss, No. 3536).
19. SITANION PUBIFLORUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov.
Low, pere perennial, with stout, rigid, erect culms, 2 to 3 dm. high, and tufted,
rigid innovations, 1 to 1.5 dm. long. Culmsterete, strigose-pubescent above.
citi leaves 3 to 5. Nodes glabrous, glaucous. Sheaths about as lon ng as, or
longer than, the a Spat at t the. throat, not at all comes: glabrous,
Ligule obsolete. „rigid, linear-involu te, pungently-
ointed, scabrous above, the lowest 10 cm. , the uppermost 1.5 to 4 em. eke and
horizontally spreading or divaricate. Spike exserted, erect, about 5 em. long.
Empty glumes setaceous, divaricate, 4 to 6 cm. long, scabrous throughout, not at
all lobed or divided. Spikelets 24-flowered, the uppermost floret rudimentary.
Flowering glume of the lowest floret 7 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, acute, with
a rounded callus, scabrous and finely pubescent, tipped with a straight, erect,
scabrous awn, 5 to 6 em. long. Palea rounded or entire at the apex, as long as
the flowering glume, scabrous along the margins. Joints of the rachis one-
half to two-thirds as long as the lowest floret, dilated above, scabrous.
Arizona, New Mexico, and southeaster n Colorado: ype No. 795, J. W. Toumey, Tucson,
Ari
1 esd
N. Mex., May 29 ud C. S. Crandall, No. 535, Trinidad, Colo., May 13, 1892.
hi d fi brevifolium by the rigid, convolute, erect, puberu-
lent leaves, densely tufted at the base of the low culms, erect spikes, and smaller
pubescent flowering glumes.
$$$$Elymoides. Empty glumes lanceolate, 2-5-nerved, entire or lobed, lowest Jloret
hermaphrodite; ito I. or 2 at a node, when I, the empty glumes inclosing the spike-
let as in Elymus and Agropyron; rachis of the spike articulate à the nodes.
20. SITANION PLANIFOLIUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. ;
Culms stout, erect, 5 to 6 dm. high, the lower internodes smooth and shining, glau-
cous, terete, the uppermost slightly prune. sgg Sheaths striate, glaucous,
open at the throat, loose. Ligule obso lades 8 to 15 cm. long, 5 to 8
mm. wide, flat, lanceolate, becoming e toward the acuminate apex,
scabrous above, and along the cartilaginous margins, glabrous on the back,
more 5 nerved below than above. Spike erect or somewhat nodding,
6 to . long, purplish, long-exserted. Spikelets subcylindrical, com-
pre Em pty glumes 6 to 7 mm. long, lanceolate, strongly 1- to 3-nerved,
entire or bifid, glaucous at the 3 strongly scabrous on the nerves above,
tipped with a slender, spreading, scabrous awn, about 2 om. long. Flowering
glume 10 to 11 mm. long, lanceolate, flat or rounded on the back, glaucous,
sparsely and minutely scabrous, bearing a stout, scabrous awn 3 to 4 cm. lon
Palea as long as, or rem longer than, the flowering glume, glaucous, scabrous,
er at the apex. Joints of is rachis linear, compressed ve,
aucous, 5 mm. Lr ime MUN 2-edged, scabrous on the margins.
An. collected by W. N. Suksdorf, No. 224, high mountains, Skamania County,
1 896
Ld
ash., August 10,
Closely related to S. lanceolatum, from which it differs in the glaucous sheaths and
culms, flat, lanceolate leaves which are very smooth on the back, and the pur-
plish, Tong-exserted spikes with glaucous florets.
565 hn
21. SITANION LANCEOLATUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. ^ |
Culms 2.5 to 5 km es erect or ascending, and somewhat geniculate at the lower
nodes. Culms terete, smooth and ascending, striate above.. Nodes glabrous,
Sheaths glabrous, striate, closely enveloping the culms, 3 than the inter-
nod almost obsolete. Blades 8 to 15 cm. long, 2 to 3 mm. wide, rather
i
gent, 10 to 15 mm. long. Flowering glume 8 to 9 mm. long, glaucous, rounded
on the back, lanceolate, entire, or minutely 3-toothed at the apex, with a stout,
scabrous, divergent awn 2 to 4 em. long. Palea as long as its glume, obtuse
arginate, scabrous on the margins above. Joints of the rachis, 5 to 7
mm. lon
collected by P. A. Rydberg, No. 3381, Barker, August 17, 1896.
The habit of this grass resembles that of pect boy pedet Beal; the spikelets
and 3 glumes are arranged as in Elymus, but the ner vation of the empty
gl trifid flowering glume, and the rachis dehiscent at the nodes, are suf-
: tielont oliarscters to throw this species into Sitanion.
451 22. SITANION HANSENI (Scribn.) J. G. Smith, nom. nov. Elymus. hanseni
Seribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros., Bull. 11: p. 56. 1898.
“A rather stout, glabrous perennial, 9 to 12 dm. high, with narrow, spreading leaves
and slender fragile spikes 5 to 8 em.long. Sheaths smooth, striate. Ligu
very short, hardly 1 mm. in length, entire. Leaf-blades 10 to 30 cm. long, 2 to 5
xtd.
3.5 cm. First flowering glume 10 to 12 mm mm. long, entire or 2-toothed at the apex,
rminating in a straight or very slender awn about 5 cm. long. Palea about
the length of the glume, minutely scabrous on the sh s. keels except at the
base, slightly pubescent at the truncate or 2-toothed apex.”
Amador County,
Related to S, anomalum, but taller and more slender, with mostly single rather ,
remote spikelets, which are longer.
eM 23. SITANION ANOMALUM J. G. Smith, sp. nov. (P1. IV).
* Culms erect or ascending,
rescence simple or Teac 1 to 1.5 pos
ikel compressed, 4-flowered, the aset pue
Empty glumes mostly lanceolate, entire, but those of the lowermost spikelets
bifid above the T with short, scabrous, divergent awns 1 to 4 cm. long. `
Flowering glumes 1 em. long, narrowly linear-lanceolate, rounded on the back,
smooth below. ot a above the middle, 3-aristate, lateral awns 1 to 2 mm.
056, OF bidentate, scabrous neme M mar
intermediate between true Sitanion and true Elymus. The habit is that of
teu rachis, occasionally bifid empty glumes and trifid
Sitanion.
DOUBTFUL „ SPECIES, Sitanion elymoides Raf.
‘Bul. 18, Div. of Agrostology.
gy PLATE IV.
Ld banc fas
deohts. - :
bee OS au f; AA
pe
SITANION ANOMALUM J. G. Smith. Cotype.
INDEX. SUM
~
Page. Page.
ZEgilops 9 | Sitanion elymoides...... . 15, 16, 17, 20
hystrix 12,15 glabrum 9, 13, 14
Agropyron caninoides 20 hanseni 10, 20
Chret is trichoid 15 ystrix 10, 15, 16
Fi mas differmis occ. 035... ose 15 insulare '
hanseni NO UNE jubatum 9,10
sitanion jubatum .................. 10 lanceolatum 10, 19, 20
Eusitanion 12 longifolium 10,18
ordeiformæ 17 minus 9,
Polyantherix 9 molle 10, 17
hystrix 12 montanum hi 10, 16,17
Sitanion multisetum 9, 11, 12, 13
a k planifolium , 19
Drevisristateny cosas ic cuco use 9, 11, 1 yantherix 9, 10, 11, 12
brevitolium.- 2: tee cae 10, 17, 18, 19 pubiflo 10,
spitosu 9,16 rigidum 9,
californicum i 10, 13 strigosum 10, 16, 17
cinereum 10, 14 villosum 9,11
21
»
BULLETIN No. 1B: Revel b.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
[Grass and Forage Plant Investigations.
- Tg STRUCTURE OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES WITH REFERENCE —
0 THEIR MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION. -
BY
3
P, BEVERIDGE “KENNEDY, PH. D
EXPERT * AG "ENT IN CHARGE OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK. -
PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION-OF F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER, AGROSTOLOGIST.
WASHINGT N: „„
7 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. -
1900. Wi.
*
BULLETIN No. 19.—REVISED. Agros. 66.
U. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
[Grass and Forage Plant Investigations.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES WITH REFERENCE
TO THEIR MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION.
BY
P. BEVERIDGE KENNEDY, PH. D.,
EXPERT AND AGENT IN CHARGE OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK.
PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER, AGROSTOLOGIST.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1900.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY,
Washington, D. C., March 28, 1900.
Sır: I have the honor to transmit herewith a revised copy of Bul-
letin 19, of this Division, entitled The Structure of the Caryopsis of
Grasses with reference to their Morphology and Classification, by
P. Beveridge Kennedy, Ph. D., and recommend the publication of a
second edition, the first edition being entirely exhausted. This paper
contains much of histological interest, but is of special value on account
of the important facts brought out in the investigations relative to the
morphology and classification of grasses.
Respectfully,
F. Lamson- doin;
Agrostologist.
Hon. James WILSON,
Secretary af Agriculture.
INTRODUCTION.
The fruits and seeds of plants present characters which are less sub-
ject to variation than any of the other organs or parts. In consequence,
these characters are of the highest importance in studying the classifi-
cation and relationships of plants. They are employed in separating
the larger groups, and in some cases ordinal characters are based upon
them; and within many families the fruit affords the best differential
characters for the separation of subtribes, and even genera. To what
extent the fruit, or caryopsis, of grasses may be employed in determin-
ing the relationships of the various tribes and genera is to some extent
indicated in the following paper. Enough is presented to show that
the characters possess great value in this connection and clearly empha-
size the interest and importance of a knowledge of the structure and
morphology of the caryopsis of the different tribes of Graminex—a
subject here treated for the first time in the English language.
The structure of the fruits of the cereals has been investigated to
some extent at a number of the agricultural colleges and experiment
Stations, but the cultivated grains only represent three of the thirteen
S.
F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER.
4
CONTENTS.
Historical review
Summa
ry
General description of the fruit
The scutellum
The epiblast
The plumule-sheath
The root system
Lateral buds
The fibro-vascular system.........
Homology of the parts of the embryo
Detailed descriptions of fruits
Tribe Maydex
Tribe 2333 a oe
ipn Zoysie
Stt inte gi JJ 8
MER 8
"m
Tribe Hordex 25
Tribe Bambuseæ -
Relationship and syubenic itie connection of the tribes
hy
Bibliograp
ES lieri of plates
s * K N ASS NR NSS
Si.
EF
ATIONS.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE FRUITS OF GRASSES WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR
— . MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION.
HISTORICAL REVIEW.
The first writer to mention the fruits of grasses from a morphologi-
cal point of view was Malphigi, who described the embryos of Triticum
and Avena in 1687. He regarded the seutellum as representing the
eotyledon. Nothing further was written concerning the embryo of
grasses for a hundred years, when Gaertner? described it in 1788. He
studied a considerable number of species, especially in regard to the
scutellum. The name “scutellum” was first used by him. He
regarded the “ vitellus“ as a transition between the endosperm and
the cotyledon. A. L.de Jussieu? in describing the grass fruit used the
term “lobus ” implying the cotyledon.
In the year 1808 Poiteau* concluded that the sheath in the embryo,
called “ vitellus" and “ scutellum " by Gaertner, is a true cotyledon.
He decided that the epiblast must be the rudiment of a second cotyle-
don, because of its position opposite to the cotyledon or scutellum.
Richard? in the same year presented the view that the seutellum
originates from the lower part of the radicle, and that therefore the
scutellum is a lateral protuberance of the radicle. By imagining
the plumule raised in such a manner that it stands at right angles to
the long axis of the scutellum, he constructed a homology with the
embryos of the Naiadacew, Alismacec, Hydrocharidacec, and Nymphea-
cee. The word epiblast originated with Richard. He regarded it as
a continuation of the root sheath, basing his opinion on a section cut
obliquely through the embryo of Oryza.
In 1809 Kirbel® compared a number of embryos of the grasses in the
resting and germinating stages with those of other monocotyledons.
He believed that the scutellum represented a cotyledon and that the
epiblast was a reduced cotyledon. In another work’ Kirbel regarded
! Opera omnia. 1687.
? De fructibus et seminibus plantarum.
Genera plantarum secundum ordines n
^Mémoire sur l'embryon des Graminées,
5 Analyse des embryons Endorh. ou Monoc. et part de cel. d. Gr. 1808
6Eléments de Physiologie végétable, r. I. 1809
Examen de la division des végétaux en Endorhizes et Exorhizes. 1810. i
1788.
aturales disposita. P. 28. 1789.
des Cypéracées et du Nelumbo. 1808.
8
the plumule-sheath as belonging to the cotyledon, but in 1815 returned
to his former view. Treviranus' opposed Richard’s view and regarded
the scutellum as a cotyledon. He speaks of the scutellum as enlarging
itself the length of the seed and taking on a yellowish color, which is
certainly not the case. Turpin’ agreed with Mirbel that the embryo
has two cotyledons. According to Cassini? the embryo of the grasses
is composed of an axis, a cotyledon, one or two radicles, a plumule, and
one or two *carnodes." His “cotyledon” is the plumule-sheath, while
the “carnode,” a name for the scutellum, he regards as a protuberance
of the radicle. Raspail! compared the fruit and the flower. He
believed that there was also a homology between the embryo and the
culm. On examining the cotyledon he discovered a large nerve, join-
ing the two nerves of the plumule-sheath at the base. From this he
concluded that the scutellum is homologous to the peduncle of the
aborted flower in the spikelet and to the sheath of the culm-leaf. He
compared the plumule-sheath with the two-nerved palet in the spikelet
and to the first leaf of the vegetative bud, and the endosperm to the
flowering glumes of the spikelet and to braets on the eulm.
Dr. €. A. Agardh* in 1526 compared a longitudinal section of the
embryo of Ruppia with the grass embryo and fruit, and found a great
Similarity between them. He regarded the entire endosperm of the
grasses as the cotyledon, and the scutellum as a covering of the same.
This, however, is impossible, as the scutellum never surrounds the
endosperm. Bernhardi* believed that a cotyledon must, aside from its
function of nourishment, also aet as a protective organ to the young
leaves. He therefore regarded the plumule-sheath as a cotyledonary-
sheath and the scutellum as a cotyledon. Bischoff? also believed that
the scutellum and epiblast are two cotyledons. He regarded the
caryopsis as having an embryo with alterhate cotyledons, without how-
ever giving any special grounds for this opinion. M. J. Schleiden“
was the first to study the develo»ment of the grass embryo. Accord-
ing to him the seutellum and tle plumule-sheath together form the
cotyledon. He regards the epiblast as an outgrowth of the cotyledon,
since it is connected with the main axis lower down than the cotyledon
ee e e e
Te der Entwickelung des Embryo und seiner Umhilllungen ee Pflanzen Ek
* Mémoire sur l'inflorescence des Graminées. Ann. d. Mus. d'hist. Nat, 1819.
? L'analyse de l'embryon de Graminées, Jour. de Physique. T.91. 1820.
4Sur la formation de l'embryon dans les Graminées. Ann. des Soc. Natur, Series 1,
vol. 4, plates 13-14, 1824, 271-290. 1824.
5 Uber die Eintheilung der Pflanzen mee m 5 und besonders über den
Samen der Monocoty ledon nen. 1 Nov. B.G, 4
Li M —— der merkwürdigsten 5 2. E as Pflanzenembryo.
"Lehrbuch der Botanik I. 1834.
Wieg. Archiv. II, L 1837. . des vegetale Organ bei den Phan., :
9 :
itself. Adrien de Jussieu ' differed from his father in the interpreta-
tion of the parts of the embryo, believing that the seutellum is not a
true cotyledon but only a lateral appendage of the axis which resembles
one. This view has been held by many up to the present time. Regel“
considered the plumule-sheath the true cotyledon, and the seutellum
first as a stipule and again later as a bract from which the plumule
arises laterally. In the same year Reisseck? advanced the opinion
that the plumule-sheath is an axillary bud and that the cotyledon
(Samenlappe) is an organ of the aborted terminal bud and the protect-
ing leaf of the plumule, and that the epiblast is united with the
cotyledonary-sheath, which is evidently also a part of the cotyledon.
Lestiboudois‘ regarded the plumule-sheath as the cotyledon, but con-
sidered the scutellum of no significance, because only the former is
traversed by fibrovascular bundles, hence resembling two leaves grown
together.
Hofmeister? interpreted the embryo in different ways, describing the
development of Zea. He called the scutellum the cotyledon and the
" plumule-sheath a part of it. A few years later, in another work, he
compared the so-called scutellum of the embryos of Zea ana Andropo-
gon sorghum with the first leatless structures of Zostera. Demoor’
investigated a large number of the fruits of grasses in the mature
stage, and also their development. He regarded the scutellum as the
true cotyledon of the grasses, and the plumule-sheath not as represent-
ing the ligule, but as a sheath of a primordial leaf. This would not,
however, correspond to the alternating arrangement of the leaves of
grasses, a difficulty which he bridges over by citing that there is no
opening of the sheath in Melica uniflora because of the growing
together of the two margins of the leaf. He admits, however, that he
has not been able to observe this. J. C. Agardh? speaks of the embryo
as sometimes presenting a thalloid form. Schacht“ considered the
scutellum as the cotyledon, the plumule-sheath as the first leaf, and
the epiblast a part of the cotyledon.
Hofmeister,” writing again concerning the grass embryo, stated: “I
still regard the seutellum of the grasses and the analogous structure
Sur les embryons monocotylédones. Compt. Rend. des Soc. de l'Acad. des Sci-
ences, 9: 15-31. 1839
Beobachtungen über den Ursprung der Stipeln. Linnaea, 17.
?Monocotyliseher Embryo. Bot. Zeit. 1843.
4 Phyllotaxie anatomique, Ann. des. sc. naturelles, ser. III, 10: 15. 1848.
5Die Entstehung des Embryo der Phanerogamen. 1849.
5 Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Zostera embryo. 1852. 5
Note sur l'embryon des Graminées. Bull. de Acad. roy. des Sci. de Brux. 1853.
*'T'heoria system. plant. 1858.
nen dor Seats und Physiologie der Gewachse. 2, 1859 und das Mikro-
scope, 224. 1862.
Neue Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Embryobildung der Phanero.
der kónigl. sachs. Gesellschaft. d. Wien.
1843.
gamen Abhand.
10
of Zostera as an outgrowth from the axis, and not as a leaf.” In this
he agrees with Adr. de Jussieu. A. Gris, studying the embryo of Zea
from a physiological standpoint, also regarded the cotyledon as a lat-
eral expansion of the axis, modified in such a manner as to become the
principal absorbing organ of the embryo.
Duchartre? stated that the embryo is remarkable in having an oval,
flat, or slightly curved, bud-like expansion at its base, called by Gaertner
the “scutellum.” This organ directly adjoins the endosperm by its
dorsal face. In front of it is another shoot, which Richard calls the
*blaste? Le Maout and Decaisne? regarded the scutellum as a
cotyledon, whieh is often split along its outer face, showing the rad-
iele and plumule. The plumule is conical and composed of one to four:
primary eonvolute leaves. They regarded the plumule sheath as the
first leaf of the plumule. Sandeen* investigated a large number of
ripe embryos and concluded that the scutellum is a thallus formation
and that the plumule is a protuberance of the axis.
Sachs? regarded the seutellum as an outgrowth of the axis beneath
the cotyledon and the plumule-sheath as the cotyledon, enveloping the
whole plumule like a mantle. Hanstein® studied the development of
Brachypodium from the embryo sae to its maturity. He regarded the
scutellum as a leaf and a cotyledon, and both the plumule-sheath and
the epiblast as trichomatic projections. This is difficult to imagine.
Van Tieghem’ reviewed the subject, illustrating the parts of the
embryos of Triticum wstivum, Hordeum vulgare, Avena sativa, Phalaris
canariensis, Zea mays, and Andropogon sorghum vulgare, briefly stating
his own objections to the views previously held. He considered that
the scutellum and plumule-sheath together represent the cotyledon,
which has at its opposite side a small protuberance called the lobule or
epiblast. Owing to the presence of two vascular bundles in the
plumule-sheath, he calls it a double stipule united at the margins, and
homologizes the scutellum and plumule sheath with the leaf and ligule.
Hegelmaier? discussed the grass embryo from its developmental
history, giving excellent figures of Triticum «stivum. He also noted
the oceurrence of secondary roots in Coix, Hordeum, Secale, Avena,
Triticum, and other genera, concluding with Van Tieghem that the
‘Recherches anatomiques et physioloques sur la germination. Ann. des Sci. natu-
relles, ser. 5, 2: 1864.
* Eléments de Botanique. 1867
? Recherches anatomiques et physioloques sur la germination. Ann, des Sci natu-
relles, ser. 5, 2: 1864.
Bidrag till kaenn ed omen om Grasembryots byggnad och Utweckling. Acta
Univers, Lundens, 1868
"Lehrbuchder Botanik, 474. 1868. Eng. Trans. and revision by S. H. Vines, 1882.
*Die Entwickelung des Keimes der Monocot. and Dicot. Botanis. Abhand, 47.
1870. Taf. 14, figs. 11-21; Taf. 15-18. ie
ms les Cotyledons des Graminées. Ann. des Sci. naturelles, series 5, 15: 723-726:
Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte 1 tylischer Keime, ete. Bot. Zeit. 1874.
11
scutellum and plumule-sheath together correspond to the cotyledon of
the other monocotyledons. A. Stephen Wilson! held that the cotyle-
don of the grasses had not yet been correctly interpreted, and that
the morphological interpretation lay in whether the two vascular
bundles of the plumule-sheath represent the middle nerves of two
leaves or whether they only occur to strengthen the organ. In com-
paring this with the leaves in the terminal bud of the rhizome of
Agropyron repens he found a difficulty, owing to the latter being many-
nerved. He believed that the scutellum certainly has the function of
a cotyledon and is a nourishing organ for the embryo at germination,
but whether the plumule-sheath is also a nourishing organ is left in
doubt.
Gordon? studied the morphology of the inflorescence. He says that
the node-like swelling at the base of the plumule-sheath occurs very
generally in the grasses. It appears to be a part of the node, but in
reality is only a circular swelling at the base of the closed sheath.
The proper node lies underneath this swelling. The plumule-sheath
must exercise a certain pressure on the axis, and if axillary buds are
present this pressure must have a certain influence on the plumule.
The author speaks of the well-known organ, which denotes the origin
of a branch, and which is looked upon by most morphologists as a two-
keeled simple “ Vorblatt” (prophyllum), with its back turned toward
the main axis. The axillary shoots in Zea, Tripsacum, Coix, and many
others make a cavity or groove in the culm, showing that they have
developed under pressure of the sheath. The tissue at the base of the
culm remains soft and capable of growth fora long time as » peel
vegetation point. In other grasses, such as Arundo and Phalaris, the
axillary shoot does not press itself into the culm. In these the grow-
ing point breaks through the sheath to the light. In Arundinaria the
sheath soon dries up and the growing point has nothing to hinder it.
. Attempting au analogy between the fruit and the spikelet, he con-
cluded that the plumule-sheath represents two leaves grown together.
Certain Graminee, he says, have one or two buds in the axil of the
plumule sheath, each with à prophyllum.
Warming? regards the scutellum as the cotyledon and the plamale-
sheath as an independent leaf, the latter because an e is occa-
sionally found. Klebs* agrees with Van Tieghem. Hackel’ believes,
as does Warming, that the epiblast is a rudimentary second coty 3
r d mbryo. Trans. and Proe. of the Bot.
5 lope of the plumule in the grass-e
Soc. of Edinburgh. 13:457. 1879 (with plate) —
Etudes morphologiques sur la famille des Graminees.
Montpellier. 1879.
? Handbog i den Systematiske Botanik. Trans. by Potter. ent y Eio
Beitrage zur Morphologie und Biologie der Keimung. Untersuch aus d. ^
Institut der Lubingen.
5Echte Gräser. Engler und Prantl.
by Scribner and South worth.
Revue des Sci. naturelles,
Pflanzenfamilien, 2:1887. 2. Eng. Trans.
12
Regarding it as a cotyledon explains the peculiar position of the first
leaf over the scutellum. Many authors, he says, regard the plumule-
Sheath as a part of the cotyledon, surely an incorrect idea. Lermer
and Holzner! in an exhaustive histological treatise on Hordeum vulgare
describe in detail the different parts of the fruit. They regard the
scutellum as a shield-like expansion of the hypocotyl, acting as a
special absorption organ, and the plumule as composed of four leaves
inelosed in a plumule-sheath, but attempt no interpretation of the
latter view.
Bruns’ has investigated the grass embryo chiefly from a systematic
point of view. He describes and figures a large number of genera of
each of the tribes. He regards the scutellum as one cotyledon, and
the epiblast as a second, much reduced on account of the great
development of the former. He considers it of no consequence from a
systematic standpoint whether or not the scutellum and the epiblast
are regarded as two cotyledons, provided it is granted that they
represent two leaves, as the cotyledons are the first two leaves placed
together. The plumule-sheath is the thickened first leaf of the plumule
especially adapted for protecting the young leaves. It has no blade, a
common characteristic of the lower leaves of grasses. Schlickum, in
comparing the cotyledons of the monocotyledons, says that when the
eotyledon has assimilating functions to perform its lamina displays a
differentiation into a nutrient portion, the haustor, and a conducting
portion, the conductor. In the grasses the conductor is very rudi-
mentary or entirely suppressed, while the scutellum is transformed into
the haustor, which bears no resemblance to a foliage leaf. The epiblast
is probably an outgrowth of the coleorhiza. When the cotyledon does
not emerge above the soil its function is to take up, by means of the
haustor, the nutrient substances present in the endosperm, and to pro-
tect the rudimentary leaves by the formation of a more or less
developed cotyledonary sheath.
Finally, Celakovsky* reviews the work of previous investigators and
criticises them especially in regard to the homology of the epiblast
and plumule-sheath. He believes that the true morphological nature
are joined at the base; where they separate; and whether the plumule-
MÀ e ZONES CN Sgt n ũà4àéẽk P . 222 RR ur
Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gerste. Munchen, 1886. Extract by Brown and
Morris Chem. Soc. Jour. vol. 57. 1890.
? Morphologischer und anatomischer Vergleich der Cotyledon und ersten Keim-
blatter der Keimpflanzen der Monocotyledon. Bibl. botan. Heft. 35.
4 Uber den Homologien der Grasembryo. Bot. Zeit., Sept. 1897.
ERU (pete ESTER, EA py
DES
13
sheath is inserted directly over the scutellum; and, finally, how the
insertion of the plumule-sheath becomes separated so far from the
scutellum through the elongation of the axis. He also homologizes the
grass fruit with Smilax, Potamogeton, Ficus elastica, the mosses, and
theleaf of the grasses. He regards the seutellum as the blade of the
cotyledon, and as being homologous with the blade of the leaf. Over
the scutellum is situated the plumule-sheath which is homologous to
the ligule. The epiblast is the blade of an opposite second cotyledon,
SUMMARY.
The most important views of the different authors may be summed
up as follows:
1. The scutellum is the cotyledon; the epiblast a second independent
leaf; the plumule-sheath a third leaf; while the first true leaf is the
fourth lateral appendage of the embryo.—(Malphigi, Mirbel, and
Poiteau.)
2. The scutellum and the epiblast together form the cotyledon, the
plumule sheath a second leaf, and the first true leaf becomes the third
lateral appendage of the embryo.—(Schleiden, Shacht, and Decaisne.)
3. The plumule-sheath represents the cotyledon, the scutellum and
epiblast being only expansions of the axis or of the radicle; and the
first true leaf then becomes the second lateral appendage of the
embryo.—(Riehard, Adr. de Jussieu, Lestiboudois, Hofmeister, and
Sachs.) .
4. The scutellum is the central portion of the cotyledon, the epiblast
an opposite appendage of it, and the plumule-sheath an ascending part
in the form of a protective organ; the first true leaf then becomes the
second lateral appendage of the embryo.—(Gaertner and Mirbel, at a
certain time.)
5. The scutellum and the plumule-sheath together represent the
cotyledon, and correspond to the blade and ligule of the culm-leaf ; the
epiblast is a protuberance of the cotyledon on the opposite side.—( Van
Tieghem and Klebs.)
6. The sixth view is the same as tke fifth, with the exception that
the epiblast represents a second cotyledon opposite the seutellum.—
(Celakovsky.
7. The PS is one cotyledon and the epiblast is the other, the
plumule-sheath being the first leaf of the plumule.—( Bruns.)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE FRUIT.
The embryo of grasses stands isolated from those of other oen d
ledons in possessing two peculiar structures, the epiblast and plumu
Sheath. The followin g investigations were undertaken to —
the morphological significance and taxonomic value of these 33
in the different tribes. Owing to the difficulties met with at the out
in securing a suitable method, the work is not so complete as at first
anticipated. 3
The fruit of the Gramineew was described first by Mirbel under the
name “cerium” and rechristened later by Richard ‘caryopsis.”
Its contents at maturity consist largely of endosperm and embryo, —
the tissues of the nucellus, ovule, and ovary being almost completely —
displaced. The only remnants of the nucellus which are recognizable _
in the ripe grain are the empty cells which spring from the funiculus, .
and the epidermis of the nucellus, which is continuous as a very attenu- |
ated layer of cells around both endosperm and embryo. Of the walls
of the ovary only the inner one persists as a double layer of cells form-
*
J. DU IT TASA LER, LAIT
ing the testa or true coat of seed. Within the nucellus are one to four
layers of cells with highly cuticularized walls. In section they are
somewhat rectangular in form and constitute the gluten cells which
contain the closely packed aleurone grains.
Lying between the starch-containing portions of the endosperm and
the embryo is a comparatively thick layer of compressed cells belong- 3
ing to the scutellum. They are for the purpose of dissolving the starchy
material of the endosperm during germination. The endosperm con-
sists of thin-walled cells packed closely with starch granules, embedded
in a fine mass of proteid material. These starch-containing cells each
possess a nucleus which is not easily recognized.
The embryo is situated laterally and at the base of the seed. Itis
diiferentiated into the scutellum, the plumule, the radicle, and fre-
quently the epiblast. The plumule is surrounded by the plumule-sheath,
which sometimes has a slit-shaped opening on the side opposite to that
of the scutellum. The plumule sheath is composed of a vegetation
point and several layers of leaves. The radicle is inclosed in the lower
part of the embryo, and at germination, before making its exit, must
break through a protective mass of tissue, the coleorhiza, so called
because it forms a kind of sheath around the radicle. Secondary radi
cles frequently occur in the mature and resting embryo. They arise in =
the axis usually just below the plumule.
The vascular system may be traced down into the primary radicle,
and also into the scutellum, plumule-sheath, and plumule.
THE SCUTELLUM.
The name “scutellum” has been given to the cotyledon of the grasses —
because of its resemblance to a little shield. It has for its object the E.
protection of the plumule and the absorption of nutrient materials from
the endosperm.
P7.•12᷑: : . —ů!J ai ... MEL LL
The author wishes to express his thanks to Prof. W. W. Rowlee for many helpful
suggestions during the progress of the work; also to Profs. F. Lamson-Scribner and ; a
W. J. Beal for much valuable material, and to Prof. F. C. Harrison, of the Ontario —
Agricultural College, at Guelph, Canada, and to Messrs H. R. Carveth and O. Shanta — 15
for aid in the discovery of a method.
15
Observing a cross section of any embryo, one sees that the scutellum
surrounds the plumule like a sheath. In Zea (figs. 4 A-F, Pl. I),
Andropogon (figs. 10 A and B, Pl. II), and others the plumule is almost
completely surrounded by the scutellum, so that only a narrow opening
may be seen. A longitudinal section of Andropogon saccharatus (fig. 9,
Pl. II) shows the scutellum so completely surrounding the plumule that
it appears as if an epiblast was present. By observing a cross section,
however, it is seen that the margins of the scutellum surround the
plumule with the exception of a small slit (fig. 10 B, Pl. II). At a point
toward the apex of the plumule sheath the scutellum bears a protuber-
ance which projects over the plumule. This is especially distinct in
Lygeum (fig. 25, Pl. IV), Lolium (fig. 75, Pl. VII, and Ammophila (fig.
42, Pl. V). This part has been called the cotyledonary sheath (e. 8.) to
distinguish it from the plumule-sheath (pl. sh.).
At the base of the scutellum there is another protuberance in many
embryos, such as Avena (fig. 44, Pl. V), Triticum (fig. 69, Pl. VIL),
Anthoxanthum (fig. 29, Pl. IV), Uniola (fig. 61, Pl. VII), Bulbilis (fig.
58, Pl. VI), and Beckmannia (fig. 60, Pl. VI). Sometimes a deep cleft
occurs, appearing as a separation of the radicle. In some embryos the
scutellum has a distinct sheath and a blade. A striking example of
this may be seen in Avena (fig. 44, Pl. V), Spartina (fig. 53, Pl. VI), and
Zizania (fig. 22, Pl. III).
The attachment of the scutellum to the axis varies considerably in
different embryos. Desmazeria (fig. 63, Pl. VII) and Anthoxanthum
odoratum (fig. 29, Pl. IV) have the attaehment directly at the base
of the plumule. In others there is a lengthening of the axis with the
attachment at the base, leaving a very small proportion of the embryo
to represent the hypocotyl: Zizania (fig. 22, Pl. III), Homalocenchrus
(fig. 28, Pl. IV), and Spartina gracilis (fig. 53, Pl. VI).
The scutellum has at every point where it comes in contact with the
endosperm a layer of peculiar oblong cells called the epithelial layer.
Sachs regards it as corresponding to the somewhat similar layer found
in the cotyledons of the palms, and to the young epidermis of Ricinus
and many other seeds. The scutellum, therefore, may be regarded as
part of the cotyledon.
THE EPIBLAST.
The peculiar organ, the epiblast of Richard, situated opposite to the
scutellum, is not very well understood. Its occurrence in the Graminee
is of much greater frequency than is generally supposed. Warming!
. describes the fruit of the grasses, but does not mention the epiblast.
He figures a fruit of Avena sativa, but does not represent the epiblast,
which is always present and quite distinct. Van Tieghem" speaks of
the existence of a second cotyledon in a dozen or less of the genera of
Warming and Potter. 1895. i
2Comptes Rendus heb. Lean. l'Acad. des Sei. 124: 1896 and 1897.
*
Scutellum, yet there are many grasses in which it reaches a considerable
16 E 3
the Graminew. Unlike the scutellum, the epiblast has no vaseular 4
system, and on this account much dispute has arisen over its morpho-
logical nature. This, however, is no proof against its leaf nature, as
there oeeur many instances of reduced organs without fibrovaseular _
systems. E
Although the epiblast is usually very small in comparison with the a
.
size. Zizania aquatica (fig. 22, Pl III) has a well-marked epiblast
extending from the base of the lengthened axis to about the middle of
the plumule, or even further. E
In the genus Stipa there are marked differences in the size of the —
epiblast in the different species. S. tenacissima (fig. 30, Pl. IV) has a
very small one; in S. pennata it is long and attenuated; while in 8. ie
richardsonii (fig. 36, Pl. V) and S. viridula (figs. 32 and 33, Pl. IV) it is
very large and broad. Sometimes the margin of the epiblast is curved e |
or deeply keeled, although in the large majority it is Straight. Homa .
locenchrus oryzoides ( fig. 28, Pl. IV) has a very large epiblast which —
greatly resembles the form of the scutellum. 1t is large and broad at
the base and has a shield.like appearance. A small protuberance
occurs at the base similar to that in the scutellum. E 3
A fact which seems to indicate that the epiblast has the same mor-
phological value as the seutellum is, that it is inserted on the axis
almost at the same height, Even in Zizania (fig. 22, Pl. III), where the
axis elongates to a great length and the insertion of the scutellum is
almost at the base of the embryo, the epiblast is inserted directly
opposite. :
The absence or presence of the epiblast appears to be fairly constant
in the different tribes, and the presence of an epiblast in a tribe where
the majority of the genera have none may indieate that it is not in its
natural position. The tribes Andropogonew and Maydee, to conclu
from the genera examined, might be regarded as being without a
epiblast. The scutellum almost entirely surrounds the embryo, as may
observed in any of the cross sections figured, more especially amon,
the Maydew. In the tribe Zoysiee there occur genera without an
epiblast, as Nazia, Trachys, and Anthephora, while Zoysia has a dis-
tinct one. The Tristeginew, to conclude from Beckera and Arundine
have no epiblasts. The Panicee appear to be without an epiblast,
only exception being Olyra, which has a very large epiblast coverin;
the plumule. From its great resemblance to the embryos of Leersia
and Oryza it seems probable that it should be placed with them, 0
Should form a Separate intermediate tribe. The Oryzec appear to have
a very large epiblast, The Phalaridew, so far as examined, vary.
Anthozanthum and Phalaris having small epiblasts, while Ehrhart
has none.
a
The Agrostidew examined, although varying greatly in their external
form, all possess an epiblast, In the large majority it is small, but in
17
some, as in Stipa, it is remarkably large, extending the whole length
of the plumule. The Avene also, so far as examined, all possess an
epiblast. It is in the Ohloridec that the most remarkable and varying
formations of the embryo are to be found. Eleusine (fig. 52 A-D, PI.
VI) has a round nut-like fruit, with a small embryo having a very large
. epiblast; while Spartina (fig. 53, Pl. VI) has a long fruit, with the
embryo extending almost the length of the seed, but with no trace of
an epiblast. Between these occur the genera Bulbilis (fig. 58, Pl. VI),
Leptochloa (fig. 56, Pl. VI), Astrebla (fig. 55, Pl. VI), Cynodon (fig. 57,
Pl. VI), and Beckmannia (fig. 60, Pl. VI), each with an epiblast.
In the Festucew, a very large percentage of the genera have a well-
formed epiblast, but in Bromus and some others it is absent. Among
the Hordew, Secale (fig. 67, Pl. VIT) and Hordeum (fig. 35, Pl. IV) are
without an epiblast, while in Lolium (fig. 70, Pl. VIII) and Triticum
(fig. 69, Pl. VII) it is present, Elymus (fig. 72, Pl. VIII) has a very
light projection at the point where the epiblast is usually situated, and
might be regarded as a transition stage between those with and those
without an epiblast.
Among the Bambusec only the genera Arundinaria (figs. 74, 75, 76,
Pl. VIII) and Bambusa have been examined. They possess very large
broad epiblasts.
It appears, therefore, in most cases that the tribes Maydee, Andro-
pogoneæ, Zoysiew, Tristeginee, and Panicec are without epiblasts, while
in the Oryzew, Phalaridew, Avene, Chloridec, Hordee, Festucew, and
perhaps, the Bambusee, it is usually present.
The following table will show that it is not correct to regard the
epiblast as usually wanting in the Graminex.
MAYDEX.
Without epiblast. With epiblast.
Euchlaena.
Zea.
Coix.
Tripsacum.
ANDROPOGONEE.
*Saccharum.!
Andropogon.
* Erianthus.
Apluda
ZOYSIEJE.
Perotis. Zoysia.
* Trachys. | Nazia
Anthephora. |
d by the writer.
The genera starred (*) are taken from Bruns’ work, not examine
No. 19——2
„„ $8
TRISTEGINE.E.
PANICE,
ORYZE.
ygeum.
'harus.?
PHALARIDEJE.,
Oryzopsis.
Brachyelytrum.
Ammophila.
AVENE.
: Avena,
Arrhenatherum.
Danthonia.
Aira. ;
Holeus.
19
CHLORIDE.
Spartina. Leptochloa.
Eleusine.
Chloris.
Beckmannia.
Cynodon.
Astrebla.
Bulbilis.
HORDES.
Secale. * Nardus.
Hordeum. Lolium.
Asperella. Triticum.
FESTUCACE.
* Boissiera. * Echinaria.
* Schismus. Cynosurus.
Fest "
Gynerium. Leptochloa.
Melica
Koeleria.
oa.
Panicularia.
* Lamarckia.
BAMBUSE E.
Arundinaria.
| * Bambusa.
THE PLUMULE-SHEATH.
This peculiar structure is found in all grasses, completely surround-
ing and protecting the plumule, with the exception of a small opening
or slit toward the apex on the side opposite to the scutellum. At ger-
mination the young leaves break through this sheath, which soon
afterwards dies down. The plumule-sheath always has two distinct
vascular bundles situated laterally and slightly inclined toward the
scutellum. Considerable controversy has arisen as to whether this
organ is a part of the cotyledon or whether it represents the first true
leaf of the embryo. This will be treated of later under the chapter on
the homology of the parts. It usually originates directly under the
plumule and close to the insertion of the scutellum, although it is
20
widely separated from the scutellum in many grasses. See Zizania and
Homalocenchrus (figs. 22 and 28, Pls. III and IV). Because of its thick-
ness, it is specially adapted for a protective organ.
THE ROOT SYSTEM.
The large majority of the embryos of grasses have only one radicle,
situated at the base of the embryo, usually in a vertical position, but
sometimes turned obliquely, as in Oryzopsis (fig. 388A, Pl. V) and Stipa
richardsonii (fig. 36, Pl. V), or, again, completely horizontal, as in
Eriocoma (fig. 34, Pl. IV), Oryza sativa (fig. 27 , Pl. IV), and Eleusine
(fig. 52A-D, Pl. VI. In Homalocenchrus oryzoides (fig. 28, Pl. IV) it
has a slightly upward tendency.
There are, however, embryos with numerous lateral roots. Triticum
estivum (fig. 69, Pl. VII) has four lateral roots, two on each side of the
scutellum. Zizania (fig. 240-Q, Pl. III) has three, situated directly
under the plumule, a long distance from the main radicle. Cois (fig. I,
Pl. I) has four radieles, obliquely one above the other on the axis. In
the illustration only three are seen, as they are not all in the same plane.
Hordeum vulgare (figs. 65, 66, G .and H, Pl. VII) has eight secondary
radicles, three on each side of the scutellum and two in front. On
germination the primary radiele is soon outstripped in growth by the
secondary ones. Both the primary and secondary ones are surrounded
by a compact mass of cells which form the coleorhiza or root-sheath.
Each radicle terminates in a rootcap, the cells of which appear as
regular continuations of the rows of cells in the radicle. The rooteap
can thus be distinguished from the coleorhiza, in which the cells are
very irregular. The rootcap is not connected with the coleorhiza. The
former is produced from the embryonic tissue, while the latter is derived
from the preembryonic tissue and is connected with the lower part of
the seutellum. In dissecting out the embryo the radicle or radicles,
with their rooteaps, easily separate from the coleorhiza, leaving the
latter at the base of the sockets in the lower part of the scutellum.
LATERAL BUDS.
In a number of genera of the tribe Hordec there is a lateral bud in
the axil of the plumule-sheath: Hordeum (fig. 65, Pl. VIT), Triticum (fig.
69, Pl. VID, Elymus (fig. 72, Pl. VIII) and Secale (fig. 67, Pl. VII).
Bruns regards this as proving that the plumule-sheath must represent
a leaf. Similar buds, however, may be found in Polygonum, Rumes,
and a large number of plants with axillary stipules. Van Tieghem
describes and figures lateral buds in Avena sativa, but it was not pos
sible, after making many paraffin sections through different embryos, to
discover them, "This circumstance is remarkable, in that Avena belongs
to the tribe Avenew, while all other genera in which lateral buds have |
been found belong to the tribe Hordec. Bruns, however, figures psc : 4
uarie: a Bambusa with a large lateral bud in the axil of the plumul
ea
21
THE FIBRO-VASCULAR SYSTEM.
The fibro-vaseular system of the embryos of the Graminew may be
considered under three main divisions, according to the manner and
place of insertion of the plumule-sheath on the axis and its connection
with the scutellum.
1. Thé plumule-sheath is inserted on the axis directly above the
insertion of the scutellum: Stipa (fig. 36, Pl. V), Phlewm (fig. 41, Pl. V),
Ammophila (Fig. 42, Pl. Vy, and perhaps all of the Agrostidec.
An example of this modification oceurs in Stipa viridula (figs. 32 and
33, PL IV). A vaseular bundle passes through the entire length of
the scutellum. At the insertion of this bundle on the axis two branches
are sent off from it which traverse the plumule-sheath (fig. 33, Pl. IV),
while the main branch continues into the axis and then descends to the
radicle, A little above this insertion numerous small bundles form and
run up into the young leaves and vegetation point. Asthese different
bundles are not all in the same plane, it is not possible to obtain a sin-
gle seetion showing them. In any transverse section of the plumule,
however, the bundles of the plumule-sheath may be seen quite dis-
tinetly.
In Eriocoma cuspidata (fig. 34, Pl. IV) the bundles ascend from the
axis into the plumule-sheath, while in a cross section of Stipa richard-
sonii (fig. 37 B, Pl. V), taken below the insertion of the scutellum on the
axis, the vascular bundle may be seen entering the radicle. Again, in
Triticum (fig. 69, Pl. VII) a bundle may be seen entering the first true
leaf. Hordeum (fig. 65, Pl. VII) shows the bundles passing up into the
second true leaf and the vegetation point, while several may be seen
branching off from the axis into the secondary radicles. All the genera
of the tribes Agrostidee and Hordee, so far as examined, have this
arrangement of their vascular systems. : 1
2. The plumule-sheath is inserted on the axis at some distance from
that of the scutellum, with whieh it is connected by a vascular bundle
traversing the axis: Zizania (fig. 22, Pl. III) and Homalocenchrus (fig.
28, Pl. IV). The embryo of Zizania aquatica (figs. 22, 23 A - B, 24
A-T, Pl. III) has a remarkably long axis, which separates the insertion
of the plumule-sheath and the scutellum to a very considerable degres
It will be noticed in the longitudinal section (fig. 22, Pl. LIT) that two
vascular bundles traverse the axis, one terminating in the main radicle,
while the other curves sharply round and traverses the long linear
seutellum. The exceedingly large epiblast is devoid of any vascular
Kaum. hs thetrüustorio sections (e 14 A-T, PL IL) itis found that
in A, a section taken through the apex of the plumule-sheath, the two.
bundles have joined into one. In B they are beginning to separate,
while in © and D they are entirely free. Figure E shows à m aca
through the tip of the first leaf of the plumule, the ee + L
its two widely separated lateral bundles surrounding it. 5 e
illustrate sections taken through the plumule at different heights, show-
ing the arrangement of the leaves with their bundles. The bundle in
22
the center of the leaf is always a little larger than the lateral ones,
The bundle of the scutellum now appears distinctly in all sections
taken through the region of the plumule. N represents a section taken
directly underneath the plumule-sheath. The bundles of the sheath
have united with those of the leaves and appear very irregular, with a
secondary radicle appearing on each side. A little lower down a third
secondary radicle is seen on the side of the axis next to the scutellum,
The axis now for a considerable distance presents the appearance shown
in P and Q, with two distinct, separate, vascular bundles in the center.
At the base of the long axis one of these bundles situated nearest to
the scutellum joins with the bundle of the latter, as in S, while the
other continues down into the main radicle, as in T. This seems to
prove conclusively that the plumule-sheath is not an independent leaf,
but that it belongs to the scutellum.
There is no difference between this group and the first, represented
by the Agrostidew, except that between the insertion of the plumule-
Sheath and the scutellum there occurs a very long axis representing
the first node.
3. The plumule-sheath is inserted on the axis at the base of the plu-
mule, but its fibro-vascular bundles are not directly connected with
that of the scutellum: Zea, Coix, Pennisetum, Paspalum, Panicum, and
Spartina. Zea mays may be taken as typical of this arrangement of
the vascular system, as shown by a series of sections from the radicle
to the plumule (figs. 3, and 4 A-F, Pl. I). Fig. 4 A represents a cross
section through the main, radicle. There are two systems of vessels,
consisting of six large ones toward the center and about sixteen smaller
ones on the outside, which, along with their conjunctive tissue, make.
up the central cylinder. Section B, taken somewhat higher up, above
the region of coleorhiza shows the axis with its bundles beginning to
form round the periphery of the central cylinder, the two systems of
vessels remaining the same as in the radicle. The dark portions of the
scutellum are sections through the lateral branches of the scutellum
bundle. These peripheral bundles widen and come closer and closer
to the center until they reach the condition figured in C, where there
18 an irregular mass of vascular strands and bundles with only a few
of the vessels. Immediately above this the bundles arrange them-
selves round the periphery, leaving only a few in the center, while a
vascular strand branches off and penetrates through the cortical
parenchyma into the scutellum, where it divides into an ascending and
descending branch, as in D. The large vessels have returned to their
original position, while the smaller ones have become fewer, and are
arranged irregularly nearer the center. At E, a section taken through
the upper part of the scutellum, two radicles emerge from the axis to
se his boo i bundles are found both in the periphery and 5
© center of the cylinder. The @xis now continues in a regular form
with its two systems of vessels and bundles arranged in the periphery, |
23
until just below the plumule, where several bundles in the periphery
unite on either side and branch off into the plumule-sheath, Soon
numerous, bundles form in the center, until the whole axis is completely
filled with them. "These arrange themselves in a definite manner and
run up into the leaves of the plumule.
There is no direct connection between the vascular bundle of the
seutellum and those of the plumule-sheath, both originating from the
peripheral bundles of the axis separately. The same condition occurs
in all the genera of the Maydew, Chloridee, Panicew, and Andropogo-
nec examined, with slight modifications as to the number and size of
the vessels and bundles. This would seem to indicate that these tribes
are closely related to one another, although it is not exactly in aecord-
ance with Hackel’s classification of the tribes with reference to the
Chloridea.
HOMOLOGY OP THE PARTS OF THE EMBRYO.
To what do the scutellum, epiblast, and plumule-sheath correspond;
from what have they been developed; and to what parts of the leaf and
spikelet of the grasses are they homologous?
The scutellum is at present generally regarded as the cotyledon, cor-
responding to the single cotyledon characteristic of the group of
monocotyledons, but differing from them in not emerging from the
caryopsis at germination.
The epiblast has been regarded in various ways by different authors.
Bernhardi, Schleiden, Schacht, and, later, Van Tieghem, regard the
epiblast as part of the cotyledon. Hanstein concludes that it is merely
an insignificant trichomatic projection of the hypocotyl. The majority
of writers, however, with Poiteau, Mirbel, and Bruns, regard it as a
second rudimentary cotyledon, and in embryos in which it is wanting,
look upon it as having become completely aborted.
Van Tieghem! in his new classification of the phanerogams based
upon the ovule, revised his opinion concerning the epiblast, regarding
it as a second rudimentary cotyledon, and explaining its partial or
complete abortion as due to the pressure more or less exerted by the
seed coat or pericarp upon the embryo. From this and other char-
acters of the integuments and ovules he is led to believe that the
Graminew are in reality dicotyledons, which have accidentally become
monocotyledons. :
In dicia of the faet that there has never been found the slightest
trace of a vascular system in the epiblast, yet it seems most reasonable
to regard it as a second rudimentary cotyledon. One inclines to this
view from the study of the perfectly developed epiblasts of Homalocen-
chrus, Zizania, and Oryza, where they are inserted on the axis opposite
the insertion of the scutellum.
! Comptes Rendus seanc. l'acad. des Sciences, 124 : 1896-97.
24
The plumule-sheath is, of all the organs of the embryo, the most
striking and difficult to explain. Three very different theories are
held regarding its interpretation. To the first we attach the names of
Hofmeister and Sachs, who regard it as an outgrowth of the so-called
hypocotyledonary internode.
The adherents of the second view regard it as an independent leaf
belonging to the plumule and next in leaf arrangement to the scutel-
lum. According to this the plumule-sheath, which is directly above
the scutellum on the same side of the axis, would not correspond to the
distichous arrangement of grass leaves: but if one regards the epiblast
as a leaf, i. e., a second cotyledon, then the apparent disagreement is
explained and the plumule-sheath becomes the third leaf alternating
with the epiblast. Bruns, who is a strong advocate of this view, sees
no reason why Hanstein should deny the independent nature of the
plumule-sheath because of its origin.
. Let us briefly follow the devolopment of Brachypodium according to
Hanstein’s investigations. The young embryo is at first a spherical
mass composed of three with sometimes a fourth smaller cell. These
cells divide several times in all directions and the embryo takes on à
club-shaped form, becoming longer and narrower at the base. This
many-celled body is at this time without distinct internal or external
differentiation. The lower-most cell, which has now become considera-
bly divided, later goes to form the suspensor, while the two upper cells
form the embryo proper. Soon the internal differentiation of the
radicle can be seen with its dermatogen, periblem, and plerome. The
second stage of development takes plaee in the external part of the
embryo. In the wall there oceurs a depression which marks the divi-
Sion of the seutellum from the hypoeotyledonary part. The tissue
immediately above this depression is the cotyledon, from which a part
of the plumule-sheath soon emerges, while that on the lower side forms
the vegetation point with its later-developed leaves. The projection on
the upper part of the embryo, i. e., on the upper side of the depression,
shows again on its upper surface another depression similar to the first,
thus forming a second projection. At the same time a projection in the
form of a half eollar has formed on the lower part below the vegetation
Point. These two projections stand opposite one another like lips.
Finally they grow and their margins unite to form a complete cap over
the plumule. The occurrence of a slit in the mature plumule-sheath is
in all probability caused by the incomplete junction of the margins of
these collar-shaped projections. The tissue above this second depres-
sion, which sometimes curves down to a considerable degree pro-
tecting the plumule, forms that part of the cotyledon known as the
cotyledonary-sheath. Thus the origin of the plumule sheath indicates
that it must bea part of the scutellum. To regard the plumule-sheath —
as an independent leaf as Bruns has done, one must look upon it as
arising from a stem and not from a primordial leaf, which, according t0
Hanstein’s investigations, is evidently the case,
25
The third view is that the plumule-sheath is a ligule like growth pro-
ceeding from the scutellum as au inseparable part. The existence of
an intermediate part between the insertion of the plumule-sheath and
that of the seutellum in many embryos, is relied upon by Bernhardi,
Bruns and others as positive proof that there can be no connection
between these organs. By many authors it has been called an inter-
node, whieh latter always develops between two leaves and not between
two parts of a leaf.
Bruns says that while in Euchlena the two insertion points are near
together, it hardly seems plausible in the case of Spartina, and espe-
cially of Zizania, to regard two organs which are so widely separated
from one another as the same. The occurrence of a bud in the axil of
the plumule-sheath also influences his conclusion that the plumule-
sheath must represent a leaf.
From a careful study of the vascular system of the different tribes,
together with Hanstein's investigations, one is led to believe with Van
Tieghem and Celakovsky that the so-called internode between the
plumule-sheath and the scutellum, occurring so distinetly in Zizania
and Homalocenchrus, and not at all in the genera of the Agrostidea,
is nothing but the first unusually lengthened node. The ligule-like
growth, the plumule-sheath, is usually inserted directly over the scutel-
lum, but sometimes the axis stretches itself between the insertion ot
the scutellum and the plumule-sheath as in the mature fruits of Zizania,
Homalocenchrus, the Chloridea, or as in Oryza (according to Bruns and
Schlickum) soon after germination.
The vegetative leaf of the grasses is composed of a sheath and
blade and a more or less strongly developed ligule inserted at the
point of junction of the sheath and blade. The ligule is usually small,
without chlorophyll and stomata, and exclusively parenchymatous,
but as Duval-Jouve! has shown in Ammophila arenaria, it attains a
length of about 4 centimeters and possesses nerves with chlorophyll
and stomata. The ligule thus represents a double sheathing axillary
stipule. i
Of the three parts of the leaf it is the sheath which develops last,
by an intercalary growth, which raises up the blade and ligule. DE
Comparing the eulm leaf with the scutellum and singes , the
cotyledonary leaf of the embryo, one finds that the latter > no
sheath. Its sessile blade, however, elongates to form the scute "n
while the pumule-sheath, which is homologous with the ligule, SIES
a great size with vascular bundles similar to the ligule of — a
arenaria. It is provided with two prominent lateral nerves, whie
i rophyll and stomata. : :
d iu parts may in the same manner be carried aed i
the spikelet. The awn of the floral glume, when present, I$ rega
i he leaf, and therefore to the scutel-
as corresponding to the blade of t x Xs Work of tbe
lum of the embryo. When the awn 1s inserted on the bac
1 Anatomie de l'arete des Graminees
1871.
23 OU SN M DURUTSSN CEDE
Mem. de l'ae. des Sci. et lettres. Montpellier.
26
glume some distance from the apex, that part between the insertion
and the apex is regarded as corresponding to the ligule, and, in conse-
quence, to the plumule-sheath. That part of the glume below the
insertion of the awn is regarded as the sheath of the leaf, while its
analogous structure in the embryo has been arrested in its development.
Colomb,' who has investigated the stipules of many plants, also takes
up the ligule and sees in it an analogy to the stipules of Potamogeton
and Smilax. Celakovsky? makes a comparison between these, adding
another plant, Ficus elastica. He carries his homology still further to
the mosses, believing that the moss capsule is homologous to the
cotyledon and the seta or their bases to the hypocotyl.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF FRUITS.
Tribe MAYDEJE.
The fruits of the genera of this tribe are large, ellipsoidal or round-
ish, and inclosed, with the exception of Zea, in a hard capsule formed
of the glumes or of part of the articulate rachis. They have a very
large embryo, with the scutellum almost completely surrounding the
plumule.
Coix lachryme-jobi L. (figs. 1, 2 A-G, Pl. I. The structure of the
embryo of Coir resembles that of Zea mays, the main difference con-
sisting in the former possessing four lateral radicles. Only three are
shown in fig. 1, the fourth and uppermost one not being in the same
plane. Fig. 2 A represents a transverse section through the upper
part of the plumule, showing the plumule-sheath with its two bundles
and the first and second true leaves in their normal position. .A see-
tion through the base of the plumule (fig. 2 B) shows the plumule-
sheath and a small part of the first, true leaf. Within is the axis with
its numerous bundles which belong to the leaves of the plumule. t
At € is the axis, with its numerous bundles and the plumule-sheath.
Some of the bundles in the periphery of the central cylinder unite and
branch off into the plumule-sheath on each side. A little lower down,
between the insertion of the plumule-sheath and that of the scutellum
the axis appears with its numerous bundles arranged in the periphery
of the. central cylinder (fig. 2 D). Fig. 2 E shows the scutellum
iuserted on the axis by its broad, fibro-vascular bundle, at the same —
time cutting through the first lateral radicle on the opposite side. A
number of duets are scattered here and there in the axis. The axis
terminates in the lowermost radicle, the central cylinder having six
distinct ducts or vessels, Fig. 2 F shows a section through the upper
part of the lowermost radicle and one of the lateral radicles, while G
represents a section through the lowermost radicle, Each radicle is 3
provided with a root-cap while the coleorhiza surrounds them all. The
} Recherches sur les stipules. Ann. des Boi. nat. Ser. 6, 1: 19. 1887.
Ueber die Homologien des Grasembryo. Bot. Zeit., Sept., 1897.
27
seutellum entirely surrounds the remainder of the embryo, as may be
seen in cross section or in the longitudinal section (fig. 1). There does
not appear to be such a direct connection between the vaseular bundle
of the scutellum and those of the plumule-sheath, as in Zizania (fig. 22,
Pl. III), Homalocenchrus (fig. 28, Pl. IV), and other embryos. The vas-
eular bundle of the scutellum, as in the other genera of the Maydec,
branches into two, one traversing the upper and the other the lower
part of the scutellum, and these again sending off lateral branches.
The leaves of the plumule are arranged as in all grass embryos.
Zea mays L. (figs. 3, 4 A-F, Pl. I).—The vascular system of Zea has
already been described. The general structure of the embryo differs
but little from that of Coix. Instead of four large lateral radicles it
has one large main radicle (fig. 4 A) and two smaller secondary ones at
the insertion of the scutellum bundle on the axis. The scutellum sur-
rounds the remainder of the embryo like a mantle, the margins almost
coming together, but separated by a long, narrow groove (figs. D and
E). There is a deep cleft between the base of the scutellum and the
coleorhiza (fig. 3).
Tripsacum dactyloides L. (figs. 5, 6, T, A-B, Pl. I.—The embryo of
Tripsacum is very similar to that of Zea and Coix, except that it has
only one radicle. The axis is remarkably long and consists of à num-
ber of vascular bundles, as in Coix. About halfway down the axis the
bundles in the periphery increase toward the center, presenting the
same condition as in Coix and Zea, again returning to the periphery
and disappearing as they approach the radicle. The insertion of the
scutellum-bundle is not as in Coiz, Zea, and Euchlena at some distance
from the plumule but directly under it, where the plumule-sheath also
branches off (fig. 6). The scutellum-bundle soon after leaving the axis
divides, one branch traversing the lower, and the other the upper part
of the seutellum, while these in turn have lateral branches (fig. 6).
Aside from these bundles connected with the vascular system there are
conducting vessels running irregularly through the seutellum, appar-
ently nourishing organs for the plumule and radicle, as they can be
traced to be directly connected through the epithelial layer with the
other parts of the embryo (fig. 6).
Euchlena mexicana Schrad. (fig. 8, Pl. II).—The structure of the
embryo of Euchlena is almost identical with that of Zea mays, except
thatit has no secondary radieles and the insertion of the scutellum-
bundle is at some distance from the plumule.
Tribe ANDROPOGONE.
The fruits of the tribe Andropogonec have an embryo which is usually
about half the size of the fruit itself. As in the Mayder, the seutellum
almost completely surrounds the remainder of the embryo. By com-
paring the embryo of Andropogon (fig. 9, Pl. II) with Zea (fig. 3, Pl. I)
one notices a striking similarity. The scutellum-bundle is inserted on
28
the axis at some distance from the plumule, as in the majority of the
Maydee.
Andropogon saccharatus (fig. 9,10, A-O Pl. II). -The scutellum almost
surrounds the plumule. The projection appearing in fig. 9 like an epi-
blast is only a longitudinal section through one of the margins of the
scutellum. The scutellum-bundle is inserted on the axis at some dis-
tance from the plumule, while directly under the plumule two bundles
branch off into the plumule-sheath. Fig. 10 A shows a section through
the plumule with its plumule-sheath and bundles of the first true leaf,
while fig. 10 B represents a section taken through the axis between the
plumule and the insertion of the scutellum-bundle. Only one radicle
is present with a large vessel in the center and five smaller ones
around it in the central cylinder (fig. 10 C). There is a deep groove
between the scutellum and the coleorhiza.
Apluda cristata (figs. 11, 12, Pl. II). The embryo of Apluda cristata
resembles those of the Maydew and Chloridew. There is no epiblast.
The radicle appears as in fig. 12, with one large vessel and six smaller
ones in the central cylinder. This arrangement continues through the
axis until near the insertion of the scutellum, where vascular bundles
appear. These continue through the lengthened node as far as the
-base of the plumule, where they send off branches into the plumule-
Sheath. The ring around the radicle in fi g. 12 represents a cross section
through the coleorhiza.
Tribe ZovsrkE x.
The Zoysiew resemble on the one hand the Andropogonec, through
Trachys, Anthephora (fig. 13 A-E, 1 Pl. II), and Perotis (fig. 15 A-D),
and on the other hand Oryzee through Zoysia (fig. 14 A-D) and Nazia.
Bruns, in a list of genera, represents Nazia without an epiblast, while :
in his figures he represents it with an epiblast, both in longitudinal and
transverse sections. The scutellum in Anthephora and Perotis i8
inserted at some distance from the plumule, while in Zoysia it is
inserted directly under it. The radicle of Zoysia is also curved in à
horizontal direction like Oryza.
Tribe TRISTEGINEJE.
Unfortunately no representatives of this tribe could be secured.
Bruns, however, who has investigated the fruits of Beckera and Arum-
dinella, found them to be without an epiblast, and similar to the
Zoysiea.
29
described and figured by Bruns, and differs in every respect from the
other Panicew. The scutellum is broader than long, while the plumule
is covered by a very large epiblast. A peculiarity mentioned by Bruns
is that the radicle is hollowed out. Owing to the general appearance
of the fruit and embryo, with its large epiblast and the insertion of the
scutellum-bundle, also the fact that the flower is monecious, would seem
to indicate that it does not belong to the Panicew. It might, perhaps,
be placed with the Oryzew or form an intermediate tribe with Zoysia
between the Panicew and Oryzee.
Pennisetum spicatum (figs. 16, 17, 18, Pl. II). The fruit of Pennisetum
has a very large embryo. The scutellum surrounds the remainder of
the embryo, although not to such an extent as in the Andropogonea
and Maydec. The projection opposite the scutellum in fig. 16 is not
an epiblast, but a longitudinal section through the margin of the scu-
tellum. A single large radicle is present, whieh consists of one large
vessel in the center and six small ones surrounding it in the central
cylinder (fig. 18). The ring around the radicle represents the coleorbiza
with its attachment to the scutellum. Fig. 17 represents a cross section
through the plumule, showing the seutellum with its bundle and the
plumule-sheath with its two lateral bundles. Within is the first true
leaf. The seutellum-bundle is inserted on the axis at some distance
from the plumule (fig. 18).
Chetochloa macrocheta (fig. 19, Pl. III). -The embryo of this nut-like
fruit resembles in the main other Panicew. The insertion of the
scutellum-bundle is, however, somewhat closer to the plumule. A deep
cleft or groove is present between the scutellum and coleorhiza.
Paspalum pubiflorum glabrum (figs. 20, 21, Pl. III).—The embryo of
Paspalum resembles that of Pennisetum, although much smaller. It
possesses a large radicle, and its seutellum-bundle is inserted at some
distance from the plumule.
Tribe ORYZEJE.
To this tribe belong, among others, the genera Homalocenchrus,
Zizania, and Oryza. Great variation occurs in the size and formation
of the fruits. The embryo is usually small compared with the amount
of endosperm, but in Zizania it attains a considerable size. All the
genera belonging to this tribe have a well-marked epiblast.
Zizania aquatica (figs. 22, 23 A-B, 24 A-T, Pl. III) (see p. 21).—The
fruit of Zizania is long and linear, with an epiblast which reaches three-
quarters the length of the whole fruit. Figs 23 A and B show the rela-
tive size of embryo and endosperm; A through the plumule, and B
through the axis or lengthened node. Figs.24 A-T represent a series
of sections through the embryo from the apex of the plumule-sheath
tothe main radicle. A and B show the two vascular bundles of the
plumule-sheath, which at this point are united into one. At C and D
they have become separated, while at E the plumule-sheath appears as
30
a complete ring, inclosing the upper part of the first leaf. The opening
in the plumule-sheath on the side opposite to the scutellum now appears
for a short distance as shown at G. At H, I, and J it is again closed, :
and within is seen the arrangement of the leaves of the plumule, K i
shows the first appearance of the epiblast, while at M it has increased -
in size. Within the plumule-sheath and first leaf one sees the axis
with its bundles which belong to the remainin g leaves of the plumule,
Immediately below the plumule are three secondary radicles repre-
sented in N and O. The embryo for a considerable distance presentsa
form similar to that shown at P. The vascular system in the region
of the secondary radicles presents a confused mass, but here it consists
of two regular strands which course the lengthened node. As they
approach the insertion of the scutellum the inner one becomes larger
until it unites with the bundle of the scutellum. R shows the attach- T
ment of the epiblast to the axis, the division being marked by a dotted
line, while T is a section through the main radicle surrounded by its
coleorhiza. NE
Homalocenchrus oryzoides (fig. 28, Pl. IV).—The fruits of Homalocen- ;
chrus, although much smaller and of a different form from that of
Zizania, yet in the main possess the same structural characters of the :
embryo.
Lygeum spartum (figs. 25, 26 A-E, Pl. IV). The embryo of Lygeum —
differs from the other genera of the Oryzew examined in having a very
small epiblast. The insertion of the scutellum-bundle occurs directly D
beneath the plumule, Also at this point branches are sent off into the —
plumule-sheath (fig. 26 B). The radicle is here lengthened out to a :
considerable extent. Lateral roots also arise from the node, as in fig.
€ secondary radicles and the base of the epiblast.
—Compared with the amount of endo-
ll embryo. The epiblast is large and .
n Lygeum, the insertion of the scutellum is at es
le. The large radicle is directed obliquely
Tribe PHALARIDE Æ.
Of the Phalaridew only Phalaris and Anthoxanthum (fig. 29, Pl. IV)
were examined. These much resemble the Agrostidew, having a small i
epiblast and a straight radicle. The scutellum-bundle is inserted at
the base of the plumule-sheath,
Tribe AGROSTIDE X.
The Agrostidea may be characterized as fruits with small embryos, x ]
always with an epiblast, which, however, varies greatly in size. The -
scutellum-bund]e is inserted on the axis at the base of the plumule.
running up into the plumule-
31
Sheath. The short axis terminates in a single radicle. Among the
peculiarities noticed in this tribe is the genus Stipa. Stipa pennata has
a well-marked epiblast more than half the length of the plumule, while
S. tenacissima (figs. 30 and 31, Pl. IV) has a very small epiblast. In
fig. 31 the opening of the plumule-sheath is apparent. In Stipa richard-
sont (figs. 36 and 37 A and B, PI. V) the epiblast extends more than
half the length of the plumule, and the radicle is directed obliquely
outward. Although S. viridula (figs. 32 and 33, Pl. IV) has a very
small fruit, yet its embryo has proportionately the largest epiblast.
Eriocoma cuspidata (figs. 34 and 35, Pl. IV).—The fruit of Eriocoma
resembles that of Oryzopsis, but has a very large epiblast which extends
the whole length of the plumule. The scutellum differs from Oryzopsis
in having a groove at its base. This character, together with the long,
densely hairy, flowering glumes, would warrant its being placed as a
separate genus Hriocoma, which is regarded as a subgenus by Hackel.
Oryzopsis micrantha (figs. 38 A and B, Pl. V), Phleum pratense (fig.
41, Pl. V), Cinna arundinacea (figs. 39 and 40, Pl. V), and Brachyely-
trum erectum (fig. 43, Pl. V) all have a well-marked epiblast. The last
named ean easily be recognized by a long, pointed projection proceeding
from the pericarp. This projection contains no starch, and its presence
is remarkable from the fact that it is the only fruit in which such a
structure has been found. Ammophila arenaria (fig. 42, Pl. V) presents
a peculiar appearance. Its cotyledonary sheath extends down to the
apex of the plumule. The seutellum also branches into three in the
upper part.
Tribe AVENE.
The Avene resemble the Hordec in the structure of fruits. The
embryo is usually small compared with the amount of endosperm.
Lateral roots oceur in Avena. The scutellum-bundle is inserted at the
base of the plumule and continues down into the axis in the form of a
loop.
doen sativa (figs. 44, 45, 46 A-B, 47 A-G, 48, Pls. V and VI)—Fig.
47 A-G, Pl. V, represents a series of transverse sections through the
embryo from the plumule to the radicles. At A one sees the peculiar
shape of the scutellum, with its vascular bundle, while within is the
plumule-sheath, with its bundles, inclosing the first true leaf. B repre-
sents a section taken somewhat lower down in the plumule and shows
the position of the second leaf directly opposed to the first. The scu-
tellum-bundle branches at the base of the plumule, as may be seen at
C, to form the bundles of the plumule-sheath. Part of the plumule-
sheath is still present, while within is the axis with the first leaf and
its bundles just beginning to differentiate. Figs. D, E, and F show
the axis, and the epiblast which becomes larger toward the base. At
E only one radicle is present while at F there are three. G shows the
position of the four radicles. The main radicle is in the center with
one on each side to the right and left, and a fourth smaller one in front.
32
A longitudinal section of this small radicle may be seen in fig. 48,
Pl. VI. The seutellum-bundle forms a loop in the axis as in fig. 48, a
strand branching off from it forms the central bundle of the first true
leaf. Fig.45, Pl. V, represents a section facing the embryo. The main
radicle with its two lateral radicles to the right and left are all sur-
rounded by a coleorhiza. Figs. 44 and 46 A and B, Pl. V, represent
longitudinal and transverse sections through the whole fruit showing
the relative size of endosperm to embryo. ;
Holcus lanatus (fig. 51, Pl. VI.), Arrhenatherum elatius (fig. 49), and
Danthonia spicata (fig. 50) all have a small epiblast and a single termi-
nal radicle with the scutellum-bundle inserted directly under the
plumule.
Tribe CHLORIDE Æ.
The Chloridew, according to the characters of their embryos, are
more closely allied to the Andropogoneæ than to the Avenew and Festu- 3
cec, with which they are placed in Hackel'sclassification. The fruit varies d
considerably both in regard to ifs form and the structure of the embryo. id
There is a spherical nut-like fruit, as in Eleusine (fig. 52 A-D, PL VI),
with a well-marked epiblast, and a long linear fruit with an embryo —
more than half the size of the fruit itself and without an epiblast, as in :
Spartina gracilis (fig. 53). The scutellum is inserted on the axis at SED
some distance from the plumule. 4
Eleusine coracana (fig. 52 A-D, Pl. VI).—This peculiar nut-like fruit
has an embryo with a very large epiblast. The radicle is in a hori-
zontal direction, while a deep groove is present between the scutellum :
and coleorhiza. The insertion of the scutellum-bundle is close to the
base of the plumule, while the axis between the plumule and radicleis
very short. Fig. 52 A represents a longitudinal section through the
embryo, while at B we see the plumule with the large epiblast pro-
ting it.
7 T
fromthe plumule-sheath. One single vascular st
ened node until it sends off a branch to the scutellum, and then con-
tinues down into the very small radicle. Fig. 54 A, B, O show sections
through the radicle, lengthened node, and plumule, respectively. It is :
noteworthy faet that this is the only genus of the Chloridew examined
which does not have an epiblast. :
Astrebla pectinata (fig. 55, Pl. VI)—The embryo of Astrebla is very
large, with a very small epiblast. A deep groove is present between
the seutellum and the coleorhiza. The seutellum-bundle is inserted on
he axis at some distance from the plumule, The axis terminates in
a single radicle, which preserves its root structure until just before it
reaches the insertion of the scutellum, where vascuiar bundles appear
33
Beckmannia eruceformis (fig. 60, Pl. VI), Bulbilis dactyloides (figs. 58
and 59, Pl. VI), and Leptochloa imbricata (fig. 56, Pl. VI) have about
the same charaeteristies.
Tribe FESTUCEJE.
The embryo of the Festucew is usually small. There is, according
to Bruns, great variation in the presence and absence of an epiblast
in this tribe.
Uniola latifolia (fig. 61, Pl. VII)—A broad epiblast reaehes about
half the length of the plumule. The scutellum-bundle is inserted on
the axis at some distance from the plumule, while the single radicle is
turned obliquely outwards.
Desmazeria sicula (fig. 63, Pl. VII), Cynosurus eristatus (fig. 64), and
Panicularia aquatica (fig. 62, Pl. VII) all have the epiblast well marked.
The scutellum-bundle differs from that of Uniola in being inserted
directly at the base of the plumule. The axis terminates in a single
radicle.
Tribe HORDE.
The tribe Hordew may be characterized as having large fruits. The
embryo usually has several radicles and a lateral bud in the axil of the
plumule-sheath. A transition seems to take place between those with-
out an epiblast, as in Hordeum (fig. 65, Pl. VII), and those with a dis-
tinetly formed epibiast as in Triticum (fig. 69, Pl. VII).
Hordeum vulgare (fig. 65, 66 A-H, Pl VII. The fruit of Hordeum
vulgare has many peculiarities not found in other grasses, There are
two, and in some parts three, layers of gluten cells, while in nearly all
grass fruits there is only one. This embryo often has, besides its main
. radicle, eight secondary ones, three on each side of the scutellum and
two in front. In the axil of the plumule-sheath next the scutellum
there is a large lateral bud (see p. 20). By examining figs. A-F it will
be seen that the scutellum-bundle is composed of two strands which
unite just before their insertion on the axis. The scutellum is inserted
on the axis at the base of the plumule, a secondary radicle also emerg-
ing from it at this point, thus making the axis very short. At fig. 65
the bundles may be seen whieh belong to the first and second leaves
and the vegetation point. Those of the plumule-sheath not being in
the same plane are not represented. A transverse section through the
upper part of the plumule (fig. 66) shows the opening in the sheath
opposite to the scutellum and the two bundles situated laterally.
Within is the upper part of the first true leaf. The seutellum shows
a peculiar groove ou its convex side next to the endosperm (fig. 66, A, B).
B shows a similar condition a little lower down through the plumule.
At C and D the position of the first leaf opposite to the plumule-sheath,
the second opposite the first, and the third opposite the second, accord-
ing to the true distichous arrangement of all grass leaves may be noted.
20946—
—
34
E shows a section taken at the base of the plumule with the bundles in E
the axis whieh belong to the leaves of the plumule, also the two bun-
dles of the disappearing plumule-sheath. At F the scutellum bundles
are inserted on the axis. On the opposite side are two secondary rad-
icles in the center of the bundles of the axis, while to the right and left
appear the origin of the bundles of the plumule-sheath. At C the
seutellum-bundles are no longer present, while three secondary radieles
emerge from the axis. Four of the secondary radicles may be seen at
H with the axis continuing down to form the main radiele. These rad-
icles are all provided with a root-cap and surrounded by the coleorhiza.
"Although no epiblast is found here yet there is a slight prominence
which might indieate its abortion.
Secale montanum (tigs. 67, 68 A and B, Pl. VII).—The structure of
the fruit of Secale resembles that of Hordeum vulgare. There is how-
ever only one secondary radicle. Not even a trace of an epiblast can
be seen. The coleorhiza surrounds both radicles, forming a deep groove
between them. At the base of the plumule-sheath next to the seutel-
lum there is a lateral bud. The seutellum-bundle consists of a single
strand, which is inserted on the axis almost directly at the base of the
plumule. At this point branches are sent off into the plumule-sheath.
The bundles in the axis belong to the leaves of the plumule while the
axis continues down into the main radicle, a branch being sent off to
the secondary radicle, Fig. 68 B represents a transverse section
through the upper part of the plumule and A through the main and
secondary radicles.
Elymus virginieus (figs. 72 and 73, Pl. VIII).—The fruit of Elymus
has a very small embryo at the base of a long fruit. Although the
epiblast is not present yet there is a slight elevation which might be
regarded as a remnant of it. The scutellum bundle consists of a single
strand which curves around to the base of the plumule where it
divides into three branches, two of them going into the plumule-sheath
and the other continuing down into the axis and single radicle. A
lateral bud is present in the axil of the plumule-sheath. Fig. 73 rep-
resents à transverse section through the upper part of the plumule.
Lolium rigidum (figs, 70, 71 A-C, Pl. VII). The embryo of Lolium
resembles Secale montanum with only one large radiele. A lateral bud
is present in the axil of the plumule-sheath.
riticum estivum (fig. 69, Pl. VIT).— The fruit of Triticum stivum
has been so frequently described by previous writers that it is not
necessary to treat it at length here. An excellent treatise by Bessey is
to be found in Bull. 32 of the N ebraska Agr. Exp. Station, 1894. Its
embryo has a small epiblast, a main radicle, and two secondary ones
situated in front to the right and left. There isa prominent lateral
bud in the axil of the pl i i
2 ptumule-sheath. In al ee
the tribe Hordew, n all other respects it resen
35
Tribe BAMBUSE X.
A small plant of Arundinaria falcata bloomed in the Cornell nursery
during the summer of 1898. About a dozen fruits were secured and
sections of the embryo made.
The fruit is oval and is covered by a pericarp, which easily separates
from the endosperm and embryo. The embryo is small, with its scutel-
lum almost completely surrounding the plumule (fig. 74, Pl. VIII). The
vascular bundle traversing it is branched in ail directions, as shown in
any of the transverse sections (fig. 76 A-J, PI. VIII).
The plumule-sheath differs from all ho fruits of the Graminece
investigated in having five vascular bundles instead of two. At its
apex there is a well-marked slit or opening and only two vascular
bundles (fig. 76 C). Figs. 76 D, E, F show the position of the five vas-
eular bundles inelined toward the exterior side of the embryo.
heleaves have seven vascular bundles and are arranged as in all
grass embryos (fig. 76 E). The epiblast is large and broad, but does not
extend far up on the plumule. Toward the base it is rectangular in
cross section (fig. 76 G, H). The axis terminates in one large radicle
(fig. 76 K). |
RELATIONSHIP AND SYSTEMATIC CONNECTION OP THE TRIBES.
Botanists disagree very generally as to which are the most primitive
tribes of the grasses. The three great authorities on the subject are
Hackel, Bentham,’ and Warming. Their classifications are as follows:
. BENTHAM’S CLASSIFICATION.
A. Panicacee. | B. Poacee.
Tribe I. Panicez. | Tribe VII. Phalarideie.
II. Maydes. | VIII. Agrostide:
III. Oryzeæ. IX. Isachneæ
IV. Tristegineæ X. Aveneæ
I
V. Zoysiex. | XI. Chlorideæ.
VI. Andropogone:e. | XII. Festuceæ.
| XIII. Hordes.
| XIV. Bambuse:e
HACKEL'S CLASSIFICATION.
A. Panicacea. B. Poacee.
Tribe I. Maye Tribe VII. Phalaridex.
. ee UAE | VIII. Agrostide:.
III. Zoysiex. | IX. Avene
: IV. Tristegineæ. X. Chloridex.
Y XI. Festuce:e.
XII. Horden
|
. Panicezm, |
VI. Oryzeæ. | w.
| XIII. Bambuseæ.
t Hackel, E. Echte Græser. Engler and Prantl, Pflanzenfamilien, 2?: 2
Eng. trans. by Scribner and Southworth, 189
? Bentham, Geo. Notes on Graminez,” Jour. of the Linn. Soc., 19: 14-134, 1881-82,
Warming, E., and Potter, C., Systematic Botany.
36
WARMING’S CLASSIFICATION.
VI. Avene.
Tribe I. Bambuse:. | Tribe VII. Agrostide:.
I. Oryze:w. | VIII. Phalarideæ.
III. Maydex | IX. Chlorideæ.
IV. Andropogoneæ. | X. Panicee.
V. Fes | XI. Horde.
It will be noticed that Hackel's arrangement is in the main similar
to that of Bentham, while Warming's varies, omitting the tribes Zoy-
sie and Tristeginee. Bentham, on the one hand, regards the tribes
Panicee, Maydew, and Oryzew, while on the other, Hackel places the
Maydew, Andropogonee, and Zoysiee as the most primitive of the
grasses, Warming, however, presents an entirely different view, and
regards the Bambusec and Oryzee as the most primitive.
This great difference of opinion is probably due to the faet that the
can be said of his arrangement of the tribes. The Andropogonee
together with the Maydeæ, Panicea, Tristeginew, and Zoysiec without
doubt represent a very natural group of the Graminec, but it is a ques-
tion whether they are the most primitive, If one studies the Andropo-
gonee from the standpoint of their resemblance to other Monocotyle-
dons one is unable to find the slightest trace of such resemblances in
any of the genera, while among the Bambus and Oryze there are
many similarities.
The Bambusew are characterized as large, often tree-like, grasses,
with woody, rarely herbaceous culms. The leaves are broad, some-
times compound and usually petioled. There are from three to six, or
many, Stamens while the prevailing number in the other Graminec is
two or three. Usually three remarkably large lodicules? are present
on the rhachilla. "There is great variation in the structure and in the
form of the fruit. Both Munro? and Hackel* use fruit characters to
divide the different genera into sections. They may be elassified as
the berry-bearing and the true bamboos, the latter with linear Or
oblong-linear fruits, like those of Avena and Triticum, with a distinet
furrow down one side and the seutellum visible below.
In the berry-bearing bamboos the caryopsis appears to be contained
in an envelope somewhat analogous to the sac or perigynium which
incloses the seed of Carex, In Melocanna bambusoides this covering
e E., Andropogonew. De Candolle's Monographie Phaner.
Rowlee, W. W. The Morphological Significance of the Lodicules of Grasses.
Bot. Gaz. 25: 199-203, 1898.
5 Memoir on Bambusez, Trans. of the Linn. Soc. xxv1:
Hackel, E., Echte Greser. Engler and Prantl, Pflanzenfamilien, 11°: p. 92. Eng.
trans. by Scribner and Southworth.
poete ae ee RE
S AA
37
becomes very fleshy and the fruit attains the size of a large pear.
Schizostachyum acutiflorum has very curious bundles of hairs on the
scutellum, and the pericarp of the oblong fruit is quite loose and rugose.
Some of the genera of the section Triglossee approach very closely in
the structure of the spikelet the tribe Panicee.
The Oryzew may be compared with the Bambusem. In regard to their
leaves there is a great variety of forms, from broad, ovate, petiolate
leaves in Pharus, to long, linear ones in Zizania, and short, narrow
leaves rounded at the apex in Hydrochloa. There is also great varia-
tion in the inflorescence. In some of the genera a number of bracts are
arranged spirally around the main axis, while in others the inflores-
cence is inclosed in a spathiform envelope. The normal number of
stamens is six, although they vary from one to eight. The pistil
usually branches into two plumose stigmas, with occasionally a three-
branched style, as in Pharus. The lodicules vary from 2 to 3. There
are long, linear fruits, as in Pharus, and oblong-linear fruits, as in Oryza.
The Oryzec therefore resemble the Bambusee in the following respects:
(1) They show great variation in the structure of their fruit and spike-
jet. (2) Both have remarkably large epiblasts. (3) Some genera have
the same number of lodicules. (4) Pharus has a style with three stig-
mas. (5) Many of the genera have broad petiolate leaves and transi-
tions between these to linear ones. (6) They have to a great extent the
same geographical distribution, the larger number of the genera being
indigenous to tropical America. It would appear therefore that the
Oryzee are closely related to the Bambusew, and that together they
represent the most primitive of the grasses, thus bringing them nearer
to the other Monocotyledons (e. g., Palmacew). So far as it has been
observed there appears to be no similarity between the Bambusew and
Hordee, although they are looked upon by both Bentham and Hackel
as being closely allied.
The Zoysiew, Tristeginew, Andropogonee, Maydec, and Panicee, both
according to the characters of the fruit and those of the inflorescence,
according to Hackel’s classification, form another natural group, joined
to the Oryzew through the Zoysiew and Tristeginew. The Chloridec,
although regarded by both Hackel and Warming as being removed
some distance from the Andropogonea, are like them in their fruit
characters.
The remaining tribes, Phalaridew, Agrostidew, Avenew, Festucee, and
Hordee, from their fruit characters, form another group in the order
named, which corresponds with the classification given by Hackel.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1. AGARDH, Dr. C. A. Über die Eintheilung der Pflanzen nach den Cotyledonen ;
und besonders über den Samen der Monocotyledonen. 1 Nov. Act. C. B. C., |
T XIII, P. 1. 1826.
AGARDH, J. 0. W orte system. plant. 1856.
3. recte eid S. Om de primara caiga ap utveckling hos Monocotyledo-
nerna, Svenska V. Ak. Bihang, Bd. 13, Abth. III, No. 12, p. 23 (2 plates).
1 1, 38. ne
889.
4. ASCHERSON, P. Uber die Fruchtbildung bei Oryza clandestina. Bot. Zeit., vol.
22, p. 350. 1864.
BAILLOR, H. Sur le fruit du Rhizocephalus crucianelloides Boiss. Bull. mém. de
a Soc. Linn. Paris, No. 127, p. 1012. à
6. BAILLON, H. Sur les péricarpes libres des eee Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris,
No. 130, pp. 1036-1037. 1892. ; ;
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Fic.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
“PLATE E
1. Coix lachrymæ-jobi, long. sec.; (x 7).
2 A-D. Coix lachrymæ-jobi, cross sec. of embryo; (x 9).
3. Zea Fae long. sec. of embryo; (x
4 A-F. Zea mays, cross sec. of N 6 14).
5. Tripsacum dactyloides, long. sec. ed embryo; (x 8).
6. Tripsacum dactyloides, long. sec.; (x 8).
7 A and B. Tripsacum e cross sec.; (x 8).
PLATE IT.
8. Euchlena mexicana, long. sec. of embryo; (x 23).
9. Andropogon saccharatus, long. see.; (x 19).
10 A-C. Andropogon saccharatus, cross see.; (x 34).
11. Apluda cristata, long. sec.; (x 12).
12. Apluda cristata, cross se
13 A-E. Anthephora elegans, aig and cross sec.; (x 17).
14 A-D. Zoysia pungens, long and cross se 2).
1 A-D. Perotis latifolia, long. and cross HS SNR
m Pennisetum spicatum, cross sec.; (x 16).
8. Pennisetum spicatum, cross sec.; (x 28).
m E
PLATE LH.
19. Chetochloa macrocheta, long. sec.; (x 13).
20. Paspalum pubiflorum glabrum, long. sec.; (x 20).
. 91. Paspalum ꝓubiſlorum glab P eross sec.; (x 12).
22. Zizania aquatica, ae: 866. + (x5).
. 22 Aand B. Zizania e : GM sec.; (X
10).
24 A-T. Zizania aquatica, cross sec. of embryo; (x €).
PLATE IV.
25. Lygeum spartum, long. sec.; (x 6.5).
26 A-E. Lygeum spartum, cross see.; (x 18).
21. reed sativa, long. sec.; (x 7).
28. Homalocenchrus oryzoides, long. sec.; (x 14).
. Anthoxanthum odoratum, long. sec.; (x 23).
A
=
E
=
i
E
^
S
5
oa
2
E
. Stipa viridula, long. sec.; (x 14).
. Stipa viridula, cross sec. ;
Eriocom ta, ur sec.; è 17).
35. Eriocoma cuspidata, cross sec.; (x 43).
44
PLATE V.
FIG. 36. Stipa richardsonii, long. sec.; (x 17 M
37. A and B. Stipa richardsonii, cross sec.; (x 24).
A. Oryzopsis micrantha, long. and cross sec.; (x 14).
38 B. Oryzopsis micrantha, long. and cross sec.; (x 29),
39. Cinna arundinacea, long. sec.; (x 10).
40. Cinna arundinacea, cross sec.; (x 50).
41. Phleum pratense, long. sec.; (x 18).
42. Ammophila arenaria, long. sec.; (x 20). M
43. Brachyelytrum erectum, long. sec.; (x 6). |
Avena sativa, long. sec.; (x 5). Hs
45. Avena sativa, long. sec. facing embryo; (x 6).
46 A and B. Avena sativa, cross sec.; (x 10).
47 A-G. Avena sativa, cross sec. of embryo; (x 13).
PLATE VI.
52 A-D. Eleusine coracana, long. and cross sec.; (x 13).
*
54 A-C. Spartina gracilis, eross sec.; (Xx 16).
ec.; (x 20
- Bulbilis dactyloides, cross sec.; (x 18).
. Beckmannia eruce formis, long, sec.; (x 26).
PLATE VII.
A-H. Hordeum vulgare, cross sec. of embryo; (x 18).
15).
68 A and B. Secale montanum, cross, sec.; (x 14).
69. Triticum cstivum, long. sec. of embryo; (x 13).
PLATE VIII.
70. Lolium rigidum, long. sec.; (x 16).
71 A-C. Lolium rigidum, cross sec. ; (x 24).
72. Elymus virginicus, long. sec. ; (x 11).
73. Elymus virginicus, cross sec.; (x 32).
74. Arundinaria falcata, long. sec. of embryo parallel to scutellum; (x 19).
75. Arundinaria faleata, long. sec. of embryo; (x 16).
76 A-K. Arundinaria falcata, cross sec, of embryo; (x 29).
2
,
Bul. 19, Div. of Agrostology. PLATE I.
STRUCTURE OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES.
iom wo —
PLATE ll.
v pi EM uS
.
.
er
OSA
V
Oda BN OP QN
AS
P 155 55 ^
PX 8
*
prr
TS
pia
En
Em
ST.
5
A
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5 8 e Mes
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e
Y
eu
7 Cre
Bul. 19, Div. of Agrostology.
STRUCTURE OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES.
Bul. 19, Div. of Agrostology.
g gy PLATE III.
STRUCTURE OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES.
Bul. 19, Div. of Agrosto'ogy.
gy PLATE IV.
STRUCTURE OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES.
Bul. 19, Div. of Agrostology. -
grostology PLATE V.
STRUCTURE OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES.
Bul. 19, Div. of Agrostology. PLATE VI.
STRUCTURE OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES.
Bul. 19, Div. of Agrostology.
PLATE VII.
STRUCTURE OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES.
Bul. 19, Div. of Agrostology. - PLarE VIII.
E OF THE CARYOPSIS OF GRASSES.
STRUCTUR
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