Full text of "Rhodora"
бодога
JOURNAL ОЕ THE
NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB.
Conducted and published for the Club, by
BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON Editor-in-chief,
FRANK SHIPLEY COLLINS
MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD Associate Editors.
HOLLIS WEBSTER
WILLIAM PENN RICH SM. 2
Publication Committee.
EDWARD LOTHROP RAND
VOLUME 6.
1904.
Boston, Mass. | Providence, R. 1.
740 Exchange Building. Preston and Rounds Co.
Rhodora
JOURNAL OF
THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB
Vol. 6 January, 1904 No. бї
TWO NORTHEASTERN ALLIES OF SALIX LUCIDA.
M. L. FERNALD.
Salix lucida, with its lustrous foliage and closely flowered golden-
yellow staminate aments, is one of the handsomest and easiest
recognized of New England willows. As it ordinarily occurs in
eastern America the species is a large shrub, but occasionally, when
undisturbed, it develops into a small tree twenty-five feet high, with
trunks even six inches in diameter. Through the greater portion of
its range the species is, for a willow, very constant in its characters ;
but during the past few years the fact has been more than once
impressed upon the writer that in extreme northeastern New Eng-
land and adjacent Canada Sa/ix lucida gradually becomes notably
different from the typical shrub, while on the western borders of
New England occurs a beautiful shrub so unlike S. /ucida in many
characteristics that by some who know it it has been taken for quite
another species. Я
True 5айх lucida has the leaves glossy and green on both surfaces,
glabrous or glabrate, though when very young bearing some crisp
early-deciduous colored hairs. Its mature leaves taper to very
elongate (caudate) usually curved tips, while in general outline the
leaf varies from lanceolate to ovate.
The variation of Salix lucida which is characteristic of extreme
northeastern New England and adjacent Quebec and New Brunswick
was first detected by Messrs. Emile F. Williams and J. Franklin
Collins in 19oo, although the plant, with its peculiarity unnoticed,
for two years had lain in the writer's herbarium. ‘The material first
collected by Messrs. Williams and Collins was from a fine tree at
Fort Kent, Maine; and during the summer of 19o1 additional speci-
- M Rhodora [JANUARY
mens from the same source were secured by Mr. Williams, Dr. B. L.
Robinson, and the writer. Тһе foliage of the Fort Kent tree was
very long for S. lucida. and the under surfaces of the leaves, espe-
cially along the veins, were pubescent with persistent rufous hairs.
A comparison made by the writer of this material and an authentic
sheet of Andersson's .S. /ucida, var. macrophylla led him to identify
the Fort Kent tree with Andersson's variety from British Columbia.
Subsequently, however, the pubescent-leaved extreme has been
watched in northern Maine and Quebec, particularly upon the upper
St. Francis where it abounds, and a more detailed examination
shows that it cannot well be treated as identical with the British
Columbian willow with which it was at first placed.
Salix lucida, var. macrophylla, as shown in the Gray Herbarium by
a specimen of Lyall’s from the Lower Frazer River, has the ample
young leaves glaucous and glabrate beneath, though minutely pubes-
cent on the midrib above, and it is apparently a phase of the extreme
western S. Jasiandra, Benth. The northern Maine willow which was
once referred by the writer to S. /ucida, var. macrophylla, proves
upon further study to differ very constantly in having the leaves
green and not glaucous beneath and permanently pubescent on the
nerves beneath with sordid or rufescent hairs. "This plant with per-
manent pubescence is found to vary in size from a small shrub of
cold swamps, with mature leaves only 4 or 5 cm. long, to well devel-
oped trees of rich alluvium, with leaves often 15 cm. in length.
Except in the abundance and permanence of the pubescence there
seems no other character by which to separate the northern Maine
willow from narrow-leaved forms of glabrous or early-glabrate .S.
lucida; but as a variety with marked geographic range it is worthy
separation as
SALIX LUCIDA, Muhl., var. intonsa. Shrub or small tree, rarely
becoming 7 or 8 m. high with trunk r.3 dm. in diameter: branches
of the first year pubescent with mostly permanent sordid or rufes-
cent hairs: mature leaves elliptic-lanceolate, taper-pointed, 4 to 15
cm. long, 1 to 3.5 cm. broad, permanently pubescent, especially on
the veins beneath.— S. Zucida, var. macrophylla, Fernald, according
to Williams, Кнорова, iii. 277, not Andersson.— By streams and
in swamps, St. John River and tributaries, Maine, Quebec, and New
Brunswick; Mattawamkeag River, Maine; and Restigouche River,
New Brunswick, ‘The following herbarium specimens have been
К^
1904] Fernald,— Allies of Salix lucida 3
examined. Maine, Beau Lac, St. Francis River, August 14, 1902
(W. W. Eggleston & М. L. Fernald); Fort Kent, July 22, 1900 (7.
F. Collins & E. F. Williams), August 11, 1901 (B. L. Robinson, E:
F. Wilhams & M. L. Fernald); Island Falls, July 9, то, 1898 (AZ.
Z. Fernald, nos. 2452, 2453); New Brunswick, Toms Island,
Restigouche River, July зо, 1896 (G. U. Hay).
The other willow of New England, which, by some who have
known it either in the field or the herbarium, has been reluctantly
placed with Sa/ix /ucida, is a remarkable shrub with a varied history.
The attention of. New England botanists was directed to it in 1899,
when Mr. Ralph Hoffmann reported from “а peat-bog in Stock-
bridge, Mass., a handsome: willow, growing as a shrub fifteen feet or
less in height” ; with the additional notes that “the persistence, or
late ripening of the fruit is particularly characteristic; a branch col-
lected September 24, still retains its half opened capsules. The
willow grows plentifully in beds of sphagnum, in company with
Betula pumila L. and Sarracenia purpurea L. Mr. C. E. Faxon, who
has kindly examined a branch, pronounces it Salix amygdaloides,
Anders.,"! a species then unrecorded east of central New York.
On June 1, 1900, Mr. Hoffmann collected from the Stockbridge
bog material in pistillate flower which has been deposited in the
herbarium of the New England Botanical Club; and on May 31,
1902, in a deep larch-swamp among the ‘Taconic Mountains, at
Salisbury, Connecticut, scarcely twenty-five miles from the Stock-
bridge bog this handsome willow, in staminate flower, greatly per-
plexed Messrs. C. H. Bissell, J. R. Churchill, and the writer. In
the Salisbury swamp, as at Stockbridge, the willow was associated
with Betula pumila, while Salix candida, Carex Schweinitsii, C. teta-
nica, C. teretiuscula, var. ramosa, and other characteristic plants of
the Taconic region were in this or adjacent swamps. At the time of
collection the Salisbury shrub was not identified with the Stock-
bridge willow which had been taken for Salix amygda/oides ; for, as
the Salisbury shrub had the leaves lustrous-green above with gland-
tipped petioles, and short-oblong staminate aments, it was tempo-
rarily placed with S. /ucida. Unlike that species, however, which
was in the neighborhood, the Salisbury willow had the leaves very
pale or even whitened beneath, the character ordinarily relied upon
RHODORA, i. 229.
4 Rhodora [JANUARY
to distinguish from the eastern S. /ucida the extreme western S. /asz-
andra. Accordingly, in his recent account of the Salisbury excur-
sion Mr. Bissell has suggested! the possibility that further observa-
tion may show the presence of S. /asandra in eastern America.
In attempting to settle this problem Mr. Bissell has brought to the
writer excellent fruited specimens of the Salisbury willow, which now
proves to be quite the same as Mr. Hoffmann's Stockbridge shrub;
while an examination of the Gray Herbarium shows the plant to
extend southwestward to the mountains of northern New Jersey, and
to reappear on Lakes Superior and Michigan; and some fragments
from the Bebb Herbarium, generously furnished by Dr. C. F. Mills-
paugh of the Field Columbian Museum, show it to be also in western
New York, northern Ohio and northern Minnesota. The suite of
specimens now before him have encouraged the writer to make a
detailed comparison of the shrub with the three species to which it
has been variously referred, айх amygdaloides, S. lucida and S.
lasiandra, and from them all it proves to be abundantly distinct.
Aside from its firm thick elliptic-lanceolate finely crenulate-serrate
leaves which in maturity are pale or whitened beneath and on gland-
tipped petioles, the shrub is characterized in early summer by short-
oblong dense staminate aments (т to 1.5 cm. long, т to r.2 cm.
thick), the short peduncle, rachis, and short obovate pale straw
colored entire scales, softly pubescent with white hairs; the pistil-
late aments rather loosely flowered, in anthesis r.5 to 2.5 cm. long,
with white-pilose oblong entire bluntish scales. But the most strik-
ing condition of the plant is in late September and October when
the fruit is mature. Then, when the firm discolorous leaves are
` about to fall, the matured pistillate aments are 2 to 3.5 cm. long, 2
to 2.5 cm. thick. The spreading capsules are olive or bronze-tinged
(rarely pale), thick-walled, conic-subulate in outline, 7 to 12 mm.
long, and on thickish pedicels which are only twice as long as the
tongue-shaped gland.
From all three species, Sa/ix amygdaloides, S. lucida, and S. lasi-
andra, with which isolated specimens of this autumn-fruiting willow
have been sometimes associated, it is quickly separated by three
significant characters: its very late fruiting, the fruiting material at
hand having been collected at dates from September 8 to October 9,
while the fruited specimens in the Gray Herbarium of S. amygda-
! RHODORA, V. 34.
1904] Fernald,— Allies of Salix lucida 5
oides were collected from May 23 to June 26, of S. /ucida, May 27 to
June 25, of S. /asiandra, June 15 to July 7; its thick-walled, conic-
subulate capsules which in maturity are 7 to 12 mm. long, the
thinner-walled capsules of S. amygdaloides being conic-ovoid, 4 to 5
mm. long of S. Zucida and of S. /asiandra narrowly conic-ovoid, 4-5
to 6.5 mm. long; and the thickish pedicels which are about twice as
long as the gland, while in S. /asiandra the more slender pedicel is
three times as long as the gland, in S. amygdaloides and S. lucida
often four or five times as long.
From Salix amygdaloides the late-fruiting willow is further distin-
guished by its short thick aments and by the gland-tipped petioles ;
from S. /ucida, as already stated, by its elliptic-lanceolate leaves which
are acute or short-acuminate but rarely caudate-attenuate at tip, and
pale or sometimes whitened beneath. In leaf-outline it is not unlike
some forms of the western S. /asiandra, but in view of the three
important distinctions already pointed out, the eastern shrub is hardly
to be identified with that Cascade Mountain tree.
The only willow which in its conic-subulate capsule and gland-
tipped petioles approaches the shrub is the European .SaZix pentandra,
a tree which is occasionally cultivated but rarely established about
towns from New England to Ohio. "That tree, however, has oblong
or ovate-oblong leaves, green on both surfaces, the flower-scales gla-
brous or at first pubescent at base with stiff straightish hairs ; and the
slightly shorter mature capsules, at least in the American form,
subcordate instead of narrowed at base. Furthermore, as .S. pentan-
dra occurs in New England it matures and loses its fruit in mid-
summer.
A search through local floras of the regions from which this shrub
of our inland sphagnous swamps is known, reveals several interesting
.notes, all emphasizing its leading characteristic — the late flowering
and fruiting. "Thus, in Dudley’s Cayuga Flora we find: “S. lucida,
Muhl., var. with beautiful shining, coriaceous, very finely ser-
rate leaves, larger, light-brown pods, and flowers and fruits very much
later than in the type, occurs in the Round-Marshes. I have also
collected it in Bergen. Swamp, N.Y., from which place Mr. Bebb has
received it, as well as sparingly from N. J., Ohio, and Mich. Flowers
from June 10-30 and matures fruits slowly, the writer obtaining pods
still in excellent condition, Sept. 9, 1880." ! [In the same district
! Dudley, Cayuga Flora (1886) 87.
6 Rhodora [JANUARY
Prof. Dudley found S. Zucida flowering “ May 20-30.”] In the Report
on Botanical Work in Minnesota for the year 1886, the shrub, though
meagrely described, was treated with more assurance as “ Salix
lucida Muhl., var. serissima Bailey (л. var.). Differs from the
species in fruiting very late. It occurrs at Lansing, Mich., where its
fruit matures in September, assuming a bright red color in the sun.
It is one of the most ornamental of the willows. B 357, Mud river;
in fruit.”! Two years later, Dr. N. L. Britton, noting from northern
New Jersey stations for supposed S. Zucida, said: “In Sussex county
this willow holds its fertile catkins until late in September."? And,
again in 1896, in the account of Plants of Monroe County, New York,
and adjacent Territory, Misses Beckwith and Macauley recorded * S.
lucida, Muhl, var. ? In Bergen Swamp. Flowers June
10-30; fruit last of Aug. to Sept.” 3
That the observations of Messrs. Hoffmann, Bissell, and others in
western New England are borne out by these records is very obvious.
Furthermore, examination of material of Prof. Dudley's Cayuga
shrub and of the original numbered plant from Minnesota and the
Lansing (Michigan) material of Bailey's Salix lucida, var. serissima
shows that those plants are quite like the shrub of the Berkshire and
Taconic swamps; while one of the specimens first identified with the
material from western New England was a finely fruited branch from
a swamp in Sussex county, New Jersey.
The late-flowering and fruiting shrub with long thick-walled cap-
sules appears, then, as specially emphasized in the comparisons on a
preceding page, to be quite distinct from other willows of the Zez-
tandrae; and the name first applied to it when Prof. Bailey considered
it a variety of S. Zucida recognizes its most obvious characteristic.
Its characters and known history may be briefly summarized as
follows.
SaLix serissima. Shrub, sometimes 4 m. high; the branches
covered with olive-brown lustrous bark, branchlets brown or yellow-
tinged, glabrous, lustrous: leaves elliptic-lanceolate, or on young
shoots sometimes oblong-lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate, in
maturity dark shining green above with a broad whitish midrib, pale
or whitened beneath, thick and firm, 4 to 8 (on sterile young shoots
1 Bailey in Arthur, Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., Bull. no. 3 (1887) 19.
2 Britton, Cat. Pl. N. J. (1889) 226.
Beckwith & Macauley, Proc. Rochester Acad. Sci. iii. (1896) 103.
1904] Fernald,— Allies of Salix lucida | 7
even 10 or 11) cm. long, 1 to 3.5 cm. broad, closely and finely gland-
ular-serrulate; the slender lustrous petioles tipped by 1 to 3 pairs of
glands: winter buds lance-oblong, 5 to 7 mm. long, olive-brown or
castaneous, lustrous: aments on short white-pilose peduncles, termi-
nating short leafy branches: the staminate ament short-oblong, 1 to
1.5 cm. long, 1 to 1.2 cm. thick, the rachis white-pilose ; scales short-
obovate, entire, pale straw-color, white-pilose ; filaments loosely hairy
at base: pistillate aments loosely flowered, in anthesis narrowly
oblong, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long, with white-pilose oblong entire bluntish
scales; style evident; stigmas 2, thick, 2-lobed; mature ament 2 to
3.5 cm. long, 2 to 2.5 cm. thick, the spreading-ascending mostly olive
or brown-tinged thick-walled lustrous conic-subulate capsules 7 to 12
mm. long, their thickish pedicels 1 to 2 mm. long, twice exceeding
the oblong-ingulate gland.—.S. Zweida, var., Dudley, Cayuga Fl.
(1886) 87. S. /ucida, var. serissima, Bailey in Arthur, Geol. & Nat.
Hist. Surv. Minn., Bull. no. з (1887) 19. S. Zucida, in part, Britton,
Cat. РІ. N. J. (1889) 226. S. Zucida, var.?, Beckwith & Macauley,
Proc. Rochester Acad. Sci. iii. (1896) 103. S. amygdaloides, С. К.
Faxon according to R. Hoffmann, RHODORA, i (1899) 229, not
Andersson. 5, s^. С. H. Bissell, RHODORA, v. (1903) 33.— In
deep sphagnous bogs or larch-swamps, from the Housatonic Valley,
Massachusetts, to the north shore of Lake superior, south to Morris
Co., New Jersey, western New York, northern Ohio, Michigan, Wis-
consin and Minnesota, flowering from late May to late June or early
July, the fruit mature from late August to October. MASSACHUSETTS,
peat-bog, Stockbridge, September 24, 1899, June 1, 1900 (Ralph
Hoffmann) : CONNECTICUT, larch-swamps, border of Twin Lakes,
salisbury, October 9, 1901 (C. ZZ. Bissell, no. 5511), May 31, 1902
(C. H. Bissell & J. R. Churchill), near State Line, Salisbury, May 31,
1902 (C. M. Bissell, J. №. Churchill, & М. L. fernald), Sept. 22,
1903 (C. H. Bissell): New Jersey, margin of pond near Sparta,
Sussex Co., September, 1867 (С: F Austin); Budd’s Lake, Morris
Co., August 6, 1869 (7: C. Porter — Vield Columbian Museum, no.
2804): New Үокк, Round-Marshes, McLean (W. R. Dudley —
Field Col. Mus., no. 5904); Buffalo (G. W. Clinton — Field Col.
Mus., nos. 4370, 4372): Onto, Painesville, Lake Co., 71 (ZZ. C.
Beardslee — Field Col. Mus., no. 7106); Ashland Co., July тт, 1899
(Selby & Boyd, no. 1488 — Field Col. Mus., no. 103208): ONTARIO,
Pic River, Lake Superior (Zoring): MICHIGAN, Flint, 1871 (D.
Clarke — Field Col. Mus., nos. 2426, 2427); Lansing (Z. 27. Bailey
— Field Col. Mus., no. 6401) ; Jackson, Sept. 8, 1893 (.S. ZZ. & D. №.
Camp — Field Col. Mus. no. 2709): Wisconsin, Milwaukee (old
specimen, presumably from Lapham, in Gray Herb.): MINNESOTA,
Mud River, Vermillion Lake, July 28, 1886 (Arthur, Bailey, &
Holway, no. B 357 — Field Col. Mus., no. 6390).
The stations from which we know .SaZx serissima suggest that it
8 А Rhodora [JANUARY
should be looked for at other points in New England and New York,
Its occurrence with Betula pumila, Salix candida, Carex Schweinitzii,
and other characteristic swamp plants of the Berkshire and Taconic
Mountain region, indicates that it may be sought with some confidence
in Bennington County, Vermont, and with real assurance in Dutchess
and Columbia Counties, New York. In fact, the junction of these
two counties of New York with Litchfield County, Connecticut, is at
the base of Mount Riga, just north of the'State Line swamp where
Salix serissuma was first studied by the writer. Larch swamps to all
appearances the same extend westward from northern Litchfield
County nearly to the Hudson Valley, and are characterized ' by Betula
pumila, Salix candida, Valeriana sylvatica, Viburnum Opulus, Cypri-
pedium spectabile, Carex Schweinitsii, C. tetanica, C. teretiuscula, var.
ramosa, etc., all of which with the exception of Valeriana (abundant
only three miles west of Salisbury) are among the typical plants of
the Stockbridge or the Salisbury marshes; while many of them occur
with Sa/ix serissima in the swamps of northern New Jersey, in the
famous Bergen Swamp of Genesee County, New York, or in the
marshes near Cayuga Lake. It will then, be indeed surprising if
an exploration of similar tracts fails to reveal in eastern New York,
as in western Massachusetts, northwestern Connecticut, northern
New Jersey, and northwestern New York, Salix serissima as а com-
panion of these notable species. Phe
Gray HERBARIUM.
NOTES ON NEW ENGLAND VIOLETS.
E. BRAINERD.
(Plate 50.)
A MosT noteworthy instance of the segregation of an old species
is to be found in the recent treatment of the common blue violet.
The polymorphous group of plants included in the last edition of the
Gray Manual under Viola palmata and its var. cucullata, it is now
proposed to divide up into at least thirty species.
'This radical treatment of a common and familiar plant, though not
! See L. H. Hoysradt, Bull. Torr. Cl. VI. appendix.
1904] Brainerd,— Notes on New England Violets 9
without precedent, naturally challenges our attention and criticism.
Even an amateur student of botany may be tempted to scrutinize the
facts that appear in his limited field of observation. That the reader
may understand upon what data the present article is based, the
writer may perhaps be pardoned for saying, that for the past two
seasons his botanical field work from May to October has been
almost entirely devoted to this genus, that he has collected and
examined some two or three thousand plants from over two hundred
stations in Western Vermont and Western Massachusetts, and that
much of his material has been examined and discussed by expert
students of the genus. His purpose is to put on record certain facts
of observation that may prove of interest, and to give the results of
his study as to specific limitations.
I desire to express herewith my grateful appreciation of the cour-
tesies and assistance that I have received in the course of my studies
from Mr. C. L. Pollard of the National Museum, from Prof. Greene
of the Catholic University, and from Dr. Robinson of the Gray Her-
barium. I am also under great obligation to numerous friends for
the use of valuable material from many localities.
Itis only in recent years that students of our violets have paid
attention to the development of the plant during the summer months.
In the Synoptical Flora (1895) the specific characters are taken
almost exclusively from the plants as they appear when flowering in
Spring, though the existence of later cleistogamous flowers, *abun-
dant and short peduncled," is stated. Even Mr. Pollard, who has
distinctly urged the importance of studying the mature plant, is, in
his treatment of Viola in the recent Manuals of Dr. Britton and of
Dr. Small, quite vague in his account of the apetalous flowers and
their mature capsules. Yet right here are to be found the most
marked and constant characters on which to divide the acaulescent
blue violets into species. These plants are best understood, as are
the Cruciferae and Umbelliferae, when zn fruit.
This is indeed what might have been expected from certain well
known biological laws. In the evolution of species the most marked
differences are found to appear when the individual has reached the
climax of its life-history. The young of allied species are more
alike than the adults. An herbaceous plant in its vernal state, even
though in flower, has often less pronounced characters than when in
summer or autumn it has attained its full size and produced its seed.
“ By their fruits ye shall know them.”
10 Rhodora À [JANUARY
It may be well here to rehearse briefly the methods of reproductive
economy that prevail in those species of Viola that have neither
stems nor stolons. The petaliferous flowers that appear in May
have a special mechanism that ensures cross-fertilization. They are
believed to be sterile unless visited by insects with pollen from
another flower. Their infertility has been often observed, especially
in foreign gardens, from which doubtless the requisite insects were
absent. But in the wild I have, during the past season, found these
capsules to be usually fertile. It takes three or four weeks from the
time of flowering for the capsule to ripen its seeds. It then splits
into three boat-shaped valves with very thick rigid keels. As the
thin sides of the valve dry and contract, the seeds within are more
and more pinched, until they fly out, one or two at a time, to a dis-
tance of several feet. (See RHODORA, iv. 183 & 230.)
Soon after petaliferous flowering, the plant begins to produce from
the crown of the rootstock minute, apetalous, self-fertilized flowers on
peduncles that are short and horizontal, or long and ascending,
according, for the most part, as the plant grows in a dry or in a wet
situation. But in all cases as the capsule ripens, the peduncle
lengthens; and the effort of the plant is to lift the capsule into the
air, and to raise it from a nodding to an erect position, after which
it opens and scatters its seeds, as did the earlier capsules. When
thickly covered with dead leaves the blanched peduncles are often
six or more inches in length, and may never succeed in getting the
ripe capsules up into the air. But I certainly have never discovered
in the *cleistogenes " any *tendency to bury themselves deep in the
ground instead of remaining close to the surface," such as Mr.
Pollard attributes to V. domestica, Bicknell. (Bot. Gaz. xxvi, 337.)
The mature capsules of all species are normally “aerial” and not
* hypogaeous."
А vigorous plant under favorable circumstances, especially in the
open, will continue to bear fruit from cleistogamous flowers from July
till the last of October. The cool wet weather of last August was
specially favorable for all species of violets, and they bore abundant
fruit in the autumn. The capsules of the apetalous flowers usually
differ somewhat in appearance from those of the petaliferous flowers.
They have this advantage for purposes of study that they may be had
at almost any time during a period of three or four months. It is
upon differences that are found in the apetalous flowers and their
1904] Brainerd,— Notes on New England Violets II
capsules — differences in shape, size, color, in form of sepals and of
auricles — that I believe specific distinctions in the acaulescent
violets can be most satisfactorily based. "These characters prove to
be fairly constant; they seem to have no “biological importance,”
and so are not subject to “adaptive changes,” and have, therefore (to
use Dr. Gray's terms once more), “high classificatory value.”
That the importance of these characters has hitherto escaped atten-
tion seems strange; but it may be accounted for by two facts. First,
the plants are most attractive when in vernal flowering; if fruit and
mature leaves are wanted, most collectors have been satisfied to collect
the plants a month later, before they are injured by the drought and
insects of summer but before the apetalous capsules are mature.
Secondly, the capsules of the apetalous flowers, even when but half-
grown, split open on drying, and the sepals shrivel, so that their
characters in ordinary herbarium specimens are greatly obscured.
I present herewith a synopsis of the New England species of
acaulescent, non-stoloniferous violets, with the omission of Viola
pedata, which, since it has beardless petals and a peculiar style, Dr.
Gray has placed in a group by itself.
A. Apetalous flowers subulate; their mature capsules bright green, oblong,
acute, 5-15 mm. long; sepals on mature capsules lanceolate, nearly as
long as the capsules; with straight auricles 2-5 mm. long. (Pl. so,
fig. 1.)
I. V.cucuLLATA, Ait. Plant usually glabrous; leaves broadly
cordate-ovate; petaliferous flowers blue varying to white, often
with a darker blue center; peduncles longer than the leaves ; —
springs, cold brooks and bogs, and moist soil of mountains.
B. Apetalous flowers ovoid-acuminate; their mature capsules purple, sub-
globose, mostly obtuse, 4-8 mm. long; sepals on mature capsules one
half as long as the capsules, with short appressed glabrous auricles.
(PE зо; ШО 2)
2. V.VENUSTULA, Greene. Plants small, glabrous throughout;
leaves ovate-acuminate, 2-5 cm. wide; petals blue; peduncles
about as. long as the leaves; — moist, mucky borders of streams,
marshes and lakes.
C. Apetalous flowers ovoid-acuminate ; their mature capsules pale green,
or more or less speckled with purple, oblong, acute or acutish, 8-15 mm.
long; sepals one quarter to one third as long as the capsule, with short
appressed commonly hispidulous auricles. (Pl. 50, fig. 3 & 4.)
* Leaves never lobed, broadly ovate or reniform, 4—12 cm. wide.
t Plants essentially glabrous; petals violet.
3. V. LATIUSCULA, Greene. Leaf-outline above the cordate
base approximately deltoid, earliest leaves purplish on the under
surface, petioles puberulent or slightly pubescent; —dry copses
in sandy or sterile soil.
12 Rhodora [JANUARY
4- V. PAPILIONACEA, Pursh. — Leaf-outline above the cordate
base broadly orbicular, earliest leaves green on the under sur-
face, petioles usually glabrous; — rich moist soil, often in yards
and cultivated ground.
t t Plants more or less villous-pubescent; petals light blue or
lavender.
5. V. ѕоковіл, Willd. Moist rich woodlands, shady ledges,
meadows and pastures.
* * Some or all of the leaves palmately divided or lobed.
t Plants more or less villous-pubescent ; petals light blue.
б. У. PALMATA, L. Dry open woods and ledges.
+ + Plants nearly or quite glabrous; petals bright blne.
7. V.SEPTEMLOBA, LeConte. Sandy soil near the coast.
D. Apetalous flowers sagittate on horizontal or deflexed peduncles ; their
mature capsules purple, subglobose, 4-6 mm. long; sepals somewhat
obtuse and ciliolate, with long divergent auricles. (Pl. so, fig. 5.)
V. SEPTENTRIONALIS, Greene. Plants pubescent or sub-
glabrous; earliest leaves purplish on the lower surface; mature
leaves ciliate, broadly ovate, 3-7 cm. wide; petioles slender,
wiry, often purple at base; petals violet, with sepals closely
ciliolate nearly to the tip ; — dry or moist copses.
E. Apetalous flowers sagittate on erect peduncles; their mature capsules
green, ovoid or oblong, 6-14 mm. long; sepals lanceolate with long his-
pidulous auricles. (Pl. 50, fig. 6.)
* Leaves pubescent, ovate-oblong, petioles usually shorter than the
blades; petals violet-purple.
9. V. FIMBRIATULA, J. E. Smith. Dry soil.
* * Leaves nearly glabrous, lanceolate, basal lobes spreading toothed or
incised, petioles usually longer than the blades; petals deep violet.
IO. V. SAGITTATA, Ait. Wet meadows and marshes.
I subjoin a few comments on each of these ten species.
1. Viola cucullata, Ait., is beautifully distinct. Prof. Greene was
the first to call attention to its distinctness in Dec. 1896. (Pittonia,
iii. 143 & 336.) There is, however, still some uncertainty as to
whether this was the plant that Aiton had before him when he gave
the name in 1789. Prof. Greene now regards the group as separ-
able into about ten species, and names much of the Vermont material
V. prionosepala.
The specific name —cucu//afa—is not especially appropriate
except to plants that grow in open bogs; those that grow in the
shade have leaves as widely spread as those of any other species.
All violet leaves are involute in the bud. When expanding they
have the shape of a monk’s hood, the basal lobes being rolled in
so as to touch each other; and when full grown, if evaporation is
excessive, they all tend to revert to this natal condition. If a violet
specimen is not soon put in press after it is collected, the basal lobes
1904] Brainerd,— Notes on New England Violets 13
will roll inward, and even the mature leaves will appear cucullate
when dried. In the field I believe this character is of doubtful
value; in the dried specimen it is often misleading.
Viola cucullata, more than any of its allies, affects a cold situation.
It thrives near perennial springs and along cold brooks. [It is the
common violet of mountain regions, where it is often found on wood-
roads and along highways.
This species is omitted from Dr. Small's recently published Flora
of the Southern States. But there is in the Gray Herbarium a speci-
men of it, collected in the mountains of North Carolina by Rugel,
October 1841. It has petaliferous flowers that differ from those of
spring in having sepals with long auricles, such as regularly appear
in the apetalous flowers. For this reason Shuttleworth considered
Rugel’s plant a distinct species. But numerous specimens from
several localities in Western Vermont show that Viola cucullata not
infrequently has petaliferous flowers in autumn, and that these as a
rule have long-auricled sepals. A period of mild, springlike weather
in autumn often causes the appearance of vernal flowers. It is as
though under this impulse the life-forces of the violet got confused,
and mixed the characters of its two kinds of flowers. The
V. macrotis and the V. leptosepala of Greene also remind one of this
“long-eared " form, which might occasionally occur in spring as well
as in autumn.
2. V. venustula, Greene, is notably the smallest plant of the
group. The type is from the vicinity of Ottawa, Ont., but the species
is of frequent occurrence at low elevations in the Champlain Valley.
Probably when understood the species will be found to have a much
wider distribution.!
Under division “ C? we have a natural group of five species or
subspecies, in which the details of flower and fruit are much alike.
They are separable from one another chiefly by features that
appear in the foliage — pubescence and lobation — characters which
are obvious enough when fully developed, but inconstant and inter-
grading. In the most pronounced form of V. palmata the leaf is
5-7-parted ; but plants with 3-s-lobed leaves (var. dilatata, Ell.)
are perhaps more common ; and growing with these are plants with
‘I have recently seen specimens collected by Messrs. Bissell and Andrews at
Lakeville in the northwest comer of Connecticut, and specimens from Willoughby
Mt. collected by Mr. Eggleston. E
14 Rhodora [JANUARY
one or more entire leaves, and still other plants with all the leaves
entire. It is extremely difficult to make out how these last differ from
V. sororia. The situation is quite the same when we consider the
character of pubescence. We find specimens of V. sororia with
dense, almost matted, pubescence on the petioles, others with sparse
spreading pubescence, others with mere traces of pubescence just
below the blade, and this on only one or two leaves, and finally
other plants quite glabrous. Somewhere in this shifting series we
pass from V. sororia to V. papilionacea. In several other species
of Viola we find pubescence just as variable a character. V. blanda
is sometimes quite pubescent, but often nearly or wholly glabrous ;
so is V. rotundifolia; so is V. renifolia. Under these circumstances
it would seem that in the genus Viola, whatever may be the case else-
where, pubescence, unless correlated with other characters, is not a
satisfactory basis on which to found a species. Possibly these cor-
related characters may yet appear. Meanwhile, as I am loth to
make new names or new combinations, I provisionally speak of
these five forms under division “С” as species.
3. V. latiuscula, Greene (Pittonia, v. 93, Nov. 1902), was
founded upon specimens from Twin Mts., West Rutland, Vermont.
'The plant proves to be of frequent occurrence in dry sterile soil in
western New England and adjacent New York. It was collected
by the writer in May, 1899, on the dry open sand-plains near Fort
Ethan Allen, Essex, Vermont. Оп revisiting the station for mature
leaves and fruit in June, 1903, after over fifty days of rainless
weather, I found that the plant had completely disappeared. But on
a third visit, September 11, after a rainy August, large plants in abun-
dance bearing copious fruit were to be had. The plant had become
as completely dormant during the summer drought as during the
winter cold. Further facts tend to show that certain species of
stemless violet are capable of leading a double existence, passing,
with intervals of rest between, through a vernal and an autumnal
stage that differ from each other in foliage, flower and fruit, — thus
posing as a sort of Jekyll and Hyde among plants.!
! Viola rotundifolia, Michx. well illustrates this; there is a marked contrast
between the April plant with its small leaves and yellow flowers, and the August
plant with its large leaves and chocolate cleistogamous flowers on branching
peduncles (really, disguised stolons). Pursh described the latter form as a distinct
species, V. clandestina; though he opined its connection with Michaux's species.
But for this opinion he was taken to task by Schweinitz, who stoutly asserts that
V. rotundifolia “can have no affinity whatever” with V. clandestina ! (Am. Jour.
Sci. v. 63.)
1904] Brainerd,— Notes on New England Violets 15
4. V. papilionacea, Pursh, is the name taken up in recent years by
Messrs. Greene and Pollard for the common purple-flowered violet
of meadows and orchards, including the form found frequently in
door-yards and borders of streets ( V. domestica, Bicknell). In New
England the species is more frequently seen within fifty miles of
the coast than farther inland. In habitat and general aspect it
seems quite distinct from its near ally, V. /atiuscu/a. But when one
attempts to state the difference, as in the above synopsis, the marks
of distinctness are found to be elusive,— if not illusory.
s. F. sororia, Willd. The colored plate that accompanies the
original publication of this species represents the petioles as erect
and edged with sparse spreading hairs. ‘This is a peculiarity of the
plants to which we apply the name, and there can be no reasonable
doubt as to its applicability. Dr. Britton so understands the species
in the Illustrated Flora (ii. 448). It is the commonest of all violets
in the Champlain Valley and occurs in various situations. In wet
mucky woodlands its leaves are not infrequently до cm. high and 15
cm. wide; in the hollows of open pastures and on sparsely wooded
hillsides its leaves are usually but 7-10 cm. high and 5-7 cm. wide.
In the latter situation it fruits in autumn far more abundantly than
in the former.
I have included under V. sororia, several of Prof. Greene's spe-
cies, especially his V. cuspidata, V. Dicksonii, and V. nodosa,— con-
fessing my inability to make out any other than trifling or local
differences between them. In Pittonia (v. 103) Prof. Greene has
called attention to a singular feature that he has observed in V.
Dicksonii: — the occurrence of underground fruit *converted into
what appears to be a berry. It is evidently globose (as large as an
ordinary wild gooseberry, or middle-sized pea), absolutely indehis-
cent, the pressed and dried pericarp being unbroken, translucent
and showing the seeds that lie: within, just as, in the herbarium, the
seeds of many a berry-like fruit are seen through their fleshy cover-
ing in its dried state.” This is but a malformation of the capsule
due to the sting of a gall-fly. A dissection of the “ baccate fruit" in
August shows the presence of the scarlet larvae of a species of this
sort of insect. We find that at least four other species of Viola —
У. palmata, V. venustula, V. cucullata and V. septentrionalis — are
attacked in the same way, though with less frequency.
6. V. palmata, L., has been found in Vermont in only a few
16 Rhodora [JANUARY
stations from the middle of the State south along the western bor-
der, and only in the form bearing leaves with 3—5 shallow lobes.
The form with deeply divided leaves I have collected as far north as
Great Barrington, Mass.
7. V. septemloba, Le Conte, is in New England confined to
the costal regions. I include under this name V. Brittoniana,
Pollard, which I cannot regard as specifically distinct from the
plant of Le Conte.
8. V. septentrionalis, Greene (Pitt. iii. 334). This admirable
species was founded upon specimens collected by J. M. Macoun
near Ottawa, Ont., in May and June, 1898. Several sheets of this
collection are in the Gray Herbarium. Prof. Greene has recently
made several other species, from different localities, out of what
seems to be essentially the same thing as the Ottawa plant. V.
septentrionalis he now regards as a local species, and calls the plants
sent from Vermont, V. subviscosa. Believing as I do in their
specific identity I am obliged to use Prof. Greene's oldest name, —
a name, by the way, as felicitous for this northern species, as the
other name is infelicitous, the plant being never in the least viscous.
At the time of vernal flowering the species might be confused with
V. sororia, both having cordate-ovate pubescent leaves ; but one soon
learns to distinguish it by the rich violet of the petals and the purple
coloring on the lower surface of its earliest leaves. These marks,
indeed, after a few months fade out in herbarium specimens. But
here I find a fairly reliable mark in the fine ciliation of the sepals
extending nearly or quite to the tip. In V. sororia the sepals are
obscurely ciliate and that chiefly at the base. When, however, one
examines V. septentrionalis in late summer, it is seen to be more
closely related to V. fimbriatula than to any other species. This
resemblance is seen in the pubescence, in the color of the petals, in
the form of the apetalous flowers and fruit, and in the ciliation and
long auricles of the sepals. Nevertheless there are obvious and radi-
cal points of difference between the two species, and no one would
think of merging them into one.
The species is a common one in the northern New England
States. Mr. Eggleston has collected it on the cold cliffs of Smug-
glers’ Notch. І have seen it from numerous stations in Maine and
New Hampshire. Mr. Bissell has it from at least two stations in
Connecticut. І have collected it in Lanesboro, Mass. In western
1904] Brainerd,— Notes on New England Violets 17
Vermont it is frequently found in partial shade on gravelly hillsides.
It especially affects the company of young conifers, and thrives in
the open groves of arbor-vitae that abound on the rocky shores of
Lake Champlain.
9. V. fimbriatula, J. E. Smith, has been separated of late years by
general consent from V. sagittata, and is too well known to call for
special comment.
10. V. sagittata, Ait., has not been found in Vermont or in the
Berkshire Hills. In New England it seems to be for the most part
restricted to the neighborhood of the coast.
Some may query whether these closely allied species are ever
found to hybridize under natural conditions. It often happens that
colonies of two species are growing intermixed, and it would not be
strange if occasionally a crossing should be effected in the petalifer-
ous flowers through the agency of insects. I am aware that evidence
of such crossing should be weighed with great caution and verified in
all possible ways; but an important phase of this report would be
omitted if I failed to state that in three instances I have found plants
that had every appearance of being hybrids. Опе of these that I
have watched for two seasons, is in flower, fruit and foliage a
striking intermediate between V. /mériatula and V. sororia; the
second is an intermediate between Ё. cucullata and V. venustula ;
and the third, an intermediate between V. septentrionalis and V.
venustula. In all instances the supposed parents were near at hand
and numerous. Mr. Pollard, who has seen flowering specimens of
the first mentioned hybrid, was inclined to regard it rather as a new
species; and so it may be — possibly. But I fancy that more than
one of the many new species recently proposed, based on plants
from a single station, seen only in petaliferous flower, may prove on
more extended observation to be hybrids. This interbreeding may,
indeed, be more extensive than we have supposed, and be one of the
causes of the perplexity that has attended the study of these inter-
esting plants.
MIDDLEBURY CorrtEGE, Middlebury, Vermont.
18 Rhodora [JANUARY
THE PSEUDO-MONOCLINISM OF CHIONANTHUS
VIRGINICA.
ALFRED REHDER.
$омЕ years ago Chionanthus virginica, which though not native
to New England is often cultivated for its ornamental qualities,
attracted my attention by some peculiarities in its fruiting and flow-
ering. І noticed that the shrubs in bloom presented noticeable :
differences in their appearance and that some shrubs bore fruit
abundantly, while others had no fruit at all. An examination of the
flowers of several shrubs showed some difference in their structure
and as I could not remember any notice of it in botanical literature,
I decided to make a closer investigation. I examined carefully the
flowers of all the shrubs of the species growing in the Arnold Abore-
tum, of which 14 were planted in one group together, while one
shrub was standing solitary some distance away from that group. I
marked them all with numbers and took notes on the structure of the
flowers of each one of the shrubs; besides those I observed two
shrubs standing solitary in private gardens. As the chief difference
between the flowers I found that one part had well developed stigmas
and smaller anthers which did not open, but fell off still closed with
the fading corolla, while others had a rudimentary stigma, though
the ovary and the style seemed to be normal, and larger anthers
shedding pollen freely; occasionally, however, I found among the
first kind of flowers a few anthers which opened and discharged
their pollen. Only four plants of all those observed belonged to
the second kind and these four plants, as I found in comparing
again my notes with the plants, when the fruits were ripening, bore
not a single fruit, though all other shrubs surrounding them were
loaded with fruits. The three solitary plants, which all belonged to
the first kind, had only a few fruits; a small part of the flowers
apparently had been fertilized by the occasionally appearing fer-
tile anthers; the number of fruiting panicles in these plants was
comparatively small and each panicle bore only 1 to 3, rarely more
fruits, while the shrubs in the group mentioned above, which were
growing side by side with pollen-bearing plants, had a very large
1904] Rehder,— Pseudo-monoclinism of Chionanthus I9
number of fruiting panicles and each one bore from 5 to 12 and
occasionally even to 20 fruits.
The chief differences which show, however, intergradations between
the staminate and the pistillate flowers, as they may be called, though
the latter are not perfectly monoclinous, are the following —
Pistillate flowers : calyx with ovate to lance-ovate sepals, shorter than
or as long as the style, petals generally smaller |
and narrower, usually about 20 mm. long:
filaments elongated, about half as long as the
anthers, these narrower, distinctly apiculate,
exceeding the corolla tube, the anther-cells
remaining closed; pistil with well developed
stigma (fig. 2).
Staminate flowers: calyx with lanceolate
sepals, longer than the style, petals generally
longer and broader, attaining 28 mm. in
length, stamens occasionally 3 or 4, filaments
very short, anthers short-apiculate, 1.5—2 mm.
long, not or slightly exceeding the corolla
tube; pistil somewhat smaller with imper-
fectly developed stigma (fig. 1).
The ovary of the staminate plant, though somewhat slenderer,
hardly differs from that of the pistillate plant and contains appar-
ently well developed ovules. The anthers
of the pistillate flowers also have the
appearance of normal anthers, though
somewhat narrower, and are filled with
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
numerous pollen cells, but these differ
from the normal ones in being somewhat
smaller and nearly subglobose and I
could not distinguish the granular struc-
ture of the extine which can be observed in
the normal ovoid anther cells.
The panicles of the staminate plants are
usually larger and more floriferous, and as
the individual flowers have generally longer
and broader petals, the staminate plants
are more showy in bloom and therefore
ж superior as an ornamental plant.
In the second species of the genus, Chionanthus retusa, Lindley &
20 Rhodora [JANUARY
Paxton,! the polygamy was observed by Maximowicz ; the differences
in this species are much more pronounced, because in the staminate
flower the pistil is reduced to a small subglobose body, otherwise
they are of the same character, as the accompanying illustrations
(fig. 3 and 4) show. Also the anthers in the pistillate flowers seem
to remain closed as far as can be judged from herbarium specimens,
In the literature of systematic botany I failed to find any reference
to the polygamy of Chionanthus virginica; in the generic descriptions
which include C. retusa the genus is characterized as having perfect
or polygamous flowers, while C. virginica is always described with
perfect flowers. The polygamy, however, has been observed before
and the first notice of it I found in the Horticulturist of 1857
(12: 266), where Th. Meehan in an article on trees and shrubs with
ornamental fruits makes the following remarks about the Fringe-tree :
“ Many trees do not bear and others imperfectly... . for though it is
classed .... with the perfect flowering plants, it is in reality polyga-
mous, as much so as the Ash." A similar statement in an unsigned
note, probably also by Th. Meehan, appeared in the Gardeners'
Monthly of 1885, (27: 228). Two years later Meehan ? gives a short
account of his observations on the polygamy in Chionanthus vir-
ginica, accompanied by two figures showing the different styles, and
he remarks that Gray notes in *the later edition of his Manual "
that Chionanthus is occasionally polygamous. I could, however, find
no allusion to it in Gray's Manual nor in any of the more recent
American floras, and it seemed to me therefore not useless to draw
again attention to the fact that the flowers in Chionanthus virginica
are not monoclinous, but are, what probably would be the best term
for it, andro-dioecious, though they could be called perhaps as well
imperfectly dioecious. These terms will apply to the whole genus,
for there is no real difference between the two species in this respect,
only the Asiatic species represents a more advanced state of dioecism.
ARNOLD ARBORETUM.
! Brit. Fl. Gard. 3:85, f. 273 (1853).
C. chinensis, Maximowicz, Bull. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb. 20: 430; Mél. Biol. 3: 393
(1874).
? Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1887: 280 (1888).
1904] Wiegand,— Some Notes on Galium 21
SOME NOTES ON GALIUM.
K. M. WIEGAND.
IN my previous paper on the genus Galium! several varieties of
Galium tinctorium were described among which was the variety
Labradoricum, and the range there given was “In sphagnous bogs
Connecticut, New York and Wisconsin northward to Labrador.
Since that time Mr. M. L. Fernald has generously supplied me with
fruiting specimens and has called my attention to the fact that this
form is really a distinct species, quite different in many respects
from Galium tinctorium. Observations made during the past sum-
mer have fully convinced me of the correctness of his view, and it
seems, therefore, desirable to raise this variety to specific rank as
follows.
Салом Labradoricum sp. nov. (C. tinctorium Labradoricum
Wiegand Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 24; 398, 1897.) Low and erect, or
ascending and more diffuse if in shady places, 1-4 dm. high, moder-
ately stout: stem 4-angled, nearly or quite smooth: early in the
season somewhat bushy branched, but later through the elongation
of erect branches appearing often nearly simple: internodes 1-4
times the length of the leaves: leaves mostly in fours, 5-13 mm. long,
oblong-linear, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, glabrous
except the aculeolate margins, dull above, usually more or less
reflexed : flowers very few in groups of 2—6 on short terminal ped-
uncles which later become stout and apparently lateral: pedicels
short, mostly reflexed in fruit, 1-3 fld.: corolla large 2-3 mm in diam.
white, lobes 4, acute: fruit small, glabrous ; carpels 1.25 mm. diam.
usually but one developing: endosperm a hollow sphere.
Sphagnous bogs and arbor vitae swamps, Connecticut, New York
and Wisconsin northward to Labrador.
Specimens studied ; — Oswego Co., New York, Rowiee & Wiegand
1895 (type, in herb. Cornell Univ.); Connecticut (Torr. Herb.) :
New York (Torr. Herb.): Wisconsin (Zapham); Lake Superior
(Loring); Maine (Aroostook Co., Fernald); Newfoundland ( Wag-
Aorne, 1893) ; Labrador (Storer). s
This species grows quite generally throughout the sphagnous bogs
of northeastern North America and seems confined to such locali-
ties, while (С. “ctorium grows normally in ordinary swamps or
! Galium trifidum and its North American Allies. Bull. Torr. Bot, Club 24;
389, 1897.
22 Rhodora [JANUARY
marshes and is a more southern plant. It differs from G. Zinctorium
in the fruit which is only one-half as large, the carpels of the latter spe-
cies being 2.25-3 mm. in diameter, in the position of the fruit on short
stout apparently lateral branches, and in the more reflexed leaves
which are of equal breadth throughout or slightly spatulate, but not
with a tendency toward the lanceolate form as in G. tinctorium. But
itis similar to the latter species in the smooth stem, sparsity of
flowers, 4-parted acute-lobed corolla and fruit maturing usually but
one carpel, and in the hollow spherical endosperm.
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, New York.
A NEWLY INTRODUCED GALIUM.— Last summer in the latter part
of June, while wandering through a low, swampy meadow at Norfolk,
Conn., I chanced upon a small clump of yellow Galium.
At first sight I thought the plant was the yellow bedstraw that is
occasionally found in this region, G. verum, L., and wondered that it
should blossom a month earlier than usual and choose such soil, as
before I had always found it in dry, sandy fields. Upon closer
inspection I was convinced that this clump was not С. verum. ‘The
plants were more slender. with fewer and larger flowers, while the
flower clusters were shorter and more scattered upon the stem. Being
unable to find any description of it, a specimen was sent to the Gray
Herbarium where it was determined as G. praecox, Lang in Hagen-
bach's Flora Basiliensis Supplement, 26 (1843). The Norfolk plant
was compared with specimen no. 2222 * Flora Exsiccata Austro-Hun-
garica” and was also matched with specimens from Deidesheim
collected by Schultz Bipontinus and labeled С. Wirtgeni, Schultz,
the latter name appearing to be a synonym for G. praecox, Lang.
Our plant is a native of Central Europe and this, so far as known, is
the first report of its introduction into New England. — Mary
C. SEYMOUR, Norfolk, Connecticut.
PLANTS NEW TO THE FLORA ок New Beprorp. — In a dumping
ground on the outskirts of New Bedford I found in June a colony of
about a dozen plants bearing diminutive, white, umbellate flowers. It
was necessary to revisit the locality later to obtain fruited specimens
essential in determining the species, which proved to be Coriandrum
1904] Publications Received 23
sativum, Willd. Coriander is cultivated in England, and the seeds,
which are aromatic, are used for seasoning and in some forms of
confectionery, Its occurrence here may be traced perhaps to its use,
by the English operatives in our cotton mills. Centaurea vochinensis,
Bernh.. a pretty composite flower, was found in both of the neighbor-
ing towns of Dartmouth and Westport. Hypochaeris radicata, L.
mentioned in an early number of Кнорова as found at Wood's Hole
grows in great abundance in and about one of our public parks. It
resembles greatly the Fall Dandelion, Leontodon autumnalis, and is
already a troublesome weed and difficult to eradicate. Another rare
weed found for the first time in this locality is Camelina microcarpa,
Andrz. I am indebted to Mr. M. L. Fernald for his valuable assist-
ance in determining these uncommon plants. — E. WILLIAMS HERVEY,
New Bedford, Massachusetts. |
NOTES ON PUBLICATION RECENTLY RECEIVED.
IN his popular work on the ferns! of the Northeastern States Dr.
C. E. Waters has told with great clearness and in excellent literary
style practically all that most amateurs will wish to know about the
Filices and Ophioglossaceae of our flora. The book is profusely illus-
trated by fine half-tone reproductions of very cleverly taken and well
selected photographs, exhibiting all phases and features of fern life
from massed individuals in the natural habitat to microscopic details
of the sporangia.
Mr. Alfred. Rehder has recently published an admirable synopsis
of the genus Lonicera. ‘This paper, which forms the piéce de resist-
ance in the r4th Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden, is the
outcome of a patient and exceedingly detailed examination of a large
genus, the difficulties of which are from the chiefly Asiatic distribution
of the species little realized by most American botanists. Mr. Rehder
enumerates 154 good species, together with a great number of varie-
ties, forms, hybrids, and doubtful species. Synonymy, bibliography,
and copious citation of herbarium specimens are added in great detail.
1 Ferns, a Manual for the Northeastern States, with analytical keys based on
the stalks and on the fructifications, by C. E. Waters, Ph. D. of Johns Hopkins
University. New York, Henry Holt & Co., 4to, 362 pp.
24 Rhodora [JANUARY
The paper is unique in recent American literature in dealing so
exhaustively with a large and complicated group of plants chiefly of
Old World distribution. The specific delimitation of our New Eng-
land species is but little modified by Mr. Rehder’s treatment, although
there are some necessary nomenclatorial changes from the usage of
Gray's Manual, thus Z. ciliata, Muhl., is made to give way to the earlier
Г. canadensis, Marsh., and Z. glauca, Hill, to Z. dioica, L. The paper
is illustrated by twenty plates. Although it was not found practicable
to publish specific descriptions in the synopsis, the running keys are
so complete that the lack of the characterizations will scarcely be felt.
Throughout the work is critical and scholarly.
Mr. Alexander Wallace has just published an attractive and read-
able book on the heather. Although dealing primarily with the folk-
lore and romance of his subject the author has taken great pains to
bring together the existing scientific records of the habits and distri-
bution of the heather both in Europe and America. Among many
pleasing illustrations there is an excellent portrait of Boston’s distin-
guished horticulturist, Mr. Jackson Dawson, and a reproduction of
“Vanity Fair’s cartoon of the Flower Committee of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society searching for the Heather at Tewksbury,”—fea-
tures which alone are worth the price of the book.
The most gigantic enterprise in recent systematic botany, the Pflan-
zenreich, a collaborative work being prepared under the energetic
editorship of Professor Engler and designed to include specific as well
as generic descriptions of all known plants, is making excellent pro-
gress. The latest issues include monographic treatments of the
Scheuchzeriaceae, Alismataceae, and Butomaceae all by Professor Franz
Buchenau, the Zy/hraceae by Professor E. Koehne, and Zaxaceae by
Dr. R. Pilger.
Mr. Theodor Holm has published in the Ottawa Naturalist, xvii.
149-160, some well illustrated Biological Notes on Canadian Species
of Viola, a paper which will be found interesting by New England
students of the genus. Mr. Holm groups the species according to
peculiarities of the rhizone.
| The heather in Lore, Lyric and Lay, by Alexander Wallace, editor of the Flor-
ist’s Exchange. New York, De la Mare Publishing Co. 8vo, 245 pp.
Vol. 5, no. 60, including pages 281 to 308, plate 49, and title page of volume
5, was issued December 22, 1903.
Rhodora. Plate 50.
4
NE
\
\
|
|
||
[
а
|
Fig.l Viola cucullata Fig.2 Viola venustula
Fig.5 Viola septentrionalis | Fig.6 Viola fimbriatula
F. Schuyler Mathews del,
CLEISTOGAMOUS FLOWERS AND FRuITS OF VIOLA.
CHARLES CHRISTOPHER FROST.
(1805-1880.)
Rhodora
JOURNAL OF
THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB
Vol. 6 February, 1904 No. 62
RECOLLECTIONS OF CHARLES CHRISTOPHER FROST.
ELIZABETH В. DAVENPORT.
(With portrait.)
(Read at the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Vermont Botanical Club.)
THE recent transfer of the valued herbarium of Mr. C. C. Frost to
the University of Vermont makes it fitting at this time and place that
something should be said regarding the personal history of this keen
but modest botanist. I have been asked to tell you what I have
known of him during many years’ residence in Brattleboro, where he
lived and worked.
To-day the world is alert and on every hand interested in scientific
inquiry. Even our smaller communities are penetrated by the spirit
of research, and the student may have the stimulation and inspiration
of daily companionship with those who share his special interests.
Some of you will, however, remember the small New England village
of thirty years ago, will recall its relative simplicity not only in the out-
ward mode of living but in its intellectual activity, and can picture the
still simpler life which prevailed two or three decades earlier. The
centre of all culture was essentially the home. The literary club, the
lyceum, extensive and well selected libraries, and carefully arranged
museums, which are now multiplying throughout our country, were
then relatively rare. The atmosphere was not one to stimulate
research. The impulse must in those days have come much more
from natural aptitude, and to persons of character strong enough to
take the initiative, to men who might be leaders.
To have known Mr. Frost as he was and to have seen the high
character of his intellectual attainments notwithstanding the limita-
tions of his environment, makes one long to have known him as he
26 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
might have been, had his working years fallen later in the century,
when he would have been in closer touch with the moulding influ-
ences of a wider culture, and his work influenced by the advanced
methods now prevalent in botanical research.
“Мт. Frost always impressed me as possessing in high degree the
characteristics we call puritan. Thrift, industry, perseverance, sim-
plicity, singleness of purpose, integrity, and great reserve, were the
salient features of his personality. The inspirational forces of life
were his, but he lacked the surroundings that tend to life's enrich-
ment. He had a fine face, indicating at once strength of character,
the clear, dark and penetrating eyes being most pleasant to meet and
suggesting the fine fibre of the man. In manner he was quietly
courteous, his words were few and to the point.
For almost half a century Mr. Frost followed his trade in the one
shop, and for most of this time lived in the one house, which stood
near Whetstone Brook. It was a typical house of our early New
England villages, long, low, and painted white, the chambers enclosed
in the sloping roof. The site of the shop is now occupied by a
modern business block. Тһе house is still standing but not upon its
original foundation.
Mr. Frost's business and studies held a strange companionship.
All the business hours of the day found him at the bench or counter,
usually the former. It was there that the visitor found him with shoe
upon his aproned knee, his hands busy with awl and thread, and an
open book by his side. His whole attention came directly to your
need, though you knew his mind had dropped an absorbing train of
thought to meet your wants. At noon the shop was closed for an
hour, fully half this time being spent in the attic room, where his
botanical work was done. It is easy to imagine the almost irresis-
tible impulse to extend this short half hour, the reluctance with which
researches were broken off just at a point of critical interest; yet
the observer could not see but that the door of his treasure house
— a veritable treasure house it was to him — was closed as readily
as the door of his shop. Rare occasions there were when the shop
remained closed one, two, or even three days at a time. For when
some friend came, some one with kindred interests, business was laid
entirely aside and even his household saw him only at meals. Our
imagination need not be great or intuition especially sympathetic to
tell us that these days must have been oases in life's journey. But
1904] Ames,— Spiranthes neglecta 27
the visit over and the friend gone, his hours were immediately read-
justed to the old routine.
To the casual acquaintance Mr. Frost spoke of his botanical
interests only when questioned, but he welcomed everyone who came
to him for botanical help, assisted courteously, and was always ready
to give careful directions for finding the station of any plant for
which the student might be inquiring.
When this reserved man labeled a specimen * more precious than
gold " he was giving for a moment a swift vision of the enthusiasm
and love for his'special calling which lay deep in his strong nature,
where it burned like a fine fire. Mr. Frost's character in its entirety
makes him a representative of a type challenging admiration, com-
pelling respect and inspiring to ideals of patient, thorough, and
persevering work. Itis not necessary for me to speak specifically of
Mr. Frosts work in his chosen field of botanical research. Any
discussion of this subject would come far more fittingly from the
University of Vermont, which has just done so much to honor his
name and has given his work a permanent place and association with
her history. |
SPIRANTHES NEGLECTA.
OAKES AMES.
(Plate 51.)
Wuat I propose to call Spiranthes neglecta, is a rare New Eng-
land orchid, often confused with Spiranthes praecox, Watson, of the
Southern states. It is scantily represented in most herbaria, though
the known stations from which it is reported are numerous enough
to show that the characters considered of specific value are not con-
fined to a localized form. In the New England Botanical Club Her-
barium there is a single specimen from Connecticut; in the Gray
Herbarium there are several specimens, among them one from
Washington, D. C., and one from Georgia, but none from New Eng-
land, if we exclude a specimen with nothing more definite on the
label as to habitat than, “collected on the Cape, August, 1896,”
which conjecturally may be ascribed to Massachusetts. Mr. Walter
28 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
Deane has compared plants from Easton, Massachusetts, with plants :
from Milford, Connecticut, in his herbarium, and has pronounced
them specifically similar, and unlike S. praecox, Watson, collected in
New Jersey.
Among the Orchidaceae published in Кнорова in the * Lists of
New England Plants," Mr. Emile F. Williams reports S. praecox,
Watson, as having been found in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and
Connecticut. As I have seen no true S. praecox from these states,
and as they are north of the northern limits of this species, the plants
Mr. Williams refers to may be S. neglecta. It is also reported from
Middlesex County, Massachusetts, by Mr. Ernest C. Smith (Кно-
DORA, i. 97), as S. graminea, var. Walteri, Gray. According to the
“ Portland Catalogue," S. praecox is ascribed to Maine. Its absence,
however, from the Maine Spiranthes in the New England Botanical
Club Herbarium is remarkable,'especially so, as the representation
of the genus from this state is unusually rich and comprehensive.
There is, however, in this herbarium a specimen of S. cernua, col-
lected by J. C. Parlin in wet places at Hartford, Maine, Sept., 1885,
which bears on the label the name S. graminea, var. Walteri. In the
preparation of his List of New England Orchids, Mr. Williams was
unable to authenticate the report of the * Portland Catalogue"
regarding S. ^raecox, so that it seems advisable to omit this species
at present from the Maine flora.
During August, 1903, Mr. Robert С. Leavitt, in company with Mr.
H. D. Sleeper, found many plants of this neglected species at Black
Point, Crescent Beach, Connecticut, where it grew in dry fields not
far from the seashore. In early September, Mr. Sleeper obtained
additional material from the same locality, and later, in the same
month, Mr. A. A. Eaton, while collecting near North Easton, Mass-
achusetts, came upon several stations where it was associated with
S. gracilis and S. cernua, var. ochroleuca, hybridizing with the former.
In Кнорова (v. 261) I described the hybrid and for comparison
showed drawings of the lips of the parents. The lip of what is
there called .S. praecox, Watson, as shown in the illustration is decid-
edly ovate in outline, and therefore very different from the oblong
lip of the true S. praecox. In the dried state Spiranthes neglecta may
usually be distinguished from S. praecox by the color and texture of
the flowers, these being of a deeper brown. ‘The lip, as a rule, is
more opaque, and thicker, with the nerves showing less distinctly
1904] Ames,— Spiranthes neglecta 29
than in S. praecox. The diacritical characters which distinguish S.
neglecta from S. praecox beyond uncertainty are mainly in the lip.
The callosities of the latter are decidedly marginal and basal, and
the base of the lip passes rather obliquely into the claw behind them.
The sides of the basal half of the lip are quite parallel and leave a
very narrow, almost imperceptible margin where they pass round the
callosities. In S. neg/ecta, on the other hand, the callosities do not
have the appearance of being marginal, and the base of the lip
Fig. т. Lip of Spiranthes neglecta. Fig.2. Lip of Spiranthes praecox, Wats.
curves gradually into the claw behind them. ‘he sides of the basal
half of the lip swell outwards and where they pass round the callosi-
ties leave a conspicuous margin. Although in general outline the
lip varies from narrowly to broadly ovate and is sometimes lanceo-
late, it is always dilated at the proximal half and tapers noticeably to
the apex. S. praecox is very constant in the lip outline, and when
spread out the sides at base and near the apex appear to be equi-
distant or very nearly so, or sometimes the apical third is broader
than the base.
The blooming season of S. praecox begins in March in the far
South and somewhat later as the northern boundary of its range 15
approached. .S. weg/ecta does not bloom till August in New England,
but in Georgia, which seems to be the southernmost limit for it, the
flowers open in June.
30 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
Spiranthes neglecta resembles S. gracilis, but only in a general way,
as the elongated leaves, hyaline-margined floral bracts, pubescent
rhachis (.S. gracilis is usually glabrous or only sparsely pubescent),
ovate lip, and yellowish flowers render it clearly distinguishable from
that species. As it grows together with S. cernua, var. ochroleuca
and SS. gracilis, one might well regard it a hybrid derived from them,
if several. characters, for which it would be difficult to account on
such a supposition, did not exist. The more robust plants of .S.
neglecta recall S. cernua, var. ochroleuca, but differ from it, among
other things, in the shorter floral bracts, longer, more slender, linear
spike, and in the narrower fugacious leaves. When dry S. cernua,
var. ochroleuca is of a yellow-brown color, while S. neglecta especially
in the leaves is deep-brown, sometimes blackish in aspect.
SPIRANTHES neglecta, sp. nov. Plant 15—56 cm. high (average
height 33 cm.). Roots elongated, fleshy, fusiform; leaves linear-
lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, 8-9 mm. wide, tapering to both ends,
mostly basal, the lower ones usually passing before anthesis, the
upper ones withering early; cauline bracts acuminate, acute; scape
smooth below, summit and rhachis pubescent, pubescence often
dense, frequently extending below the uppermost cauline bract;
floral bracts lanceolate-acuminate, longer than the ovaries, conspicu-
ously hyaline-margined, margins often crenulate or wavy, base some-
times auriculate; flowers (average length of perianth 7 mm.) mostly
yellowish-white, pubescent, in a regular or irregular, one-ranked
spiral; spike 1-1.5 cm. thick, 8—15 cm. long, slender; lateral sepals
3-nerved, lanceolate, 6-10 mm. long, margin involute ; upper sepal
adhering lightly to the oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved petals; lip narrowly
ovate to broadly ovate when flattened out, rarely lanceolate, strongly
channeled longitudinally along the middle, apical third with an erose
margin, central portion suffused with yellow or greenish-yellow, veining
obscure, base gradually rounded into a short claw; callosities some-
what curved, copiously hairy on the inner side, smooth above,
gynostemium much the same as in S. cernua, Richard. — In dry,
gravelly fields, and in sandy places by the seashore. New Castle
Co., Delaware, July 27, 1863 ; Ocean City, Maryland, July 25, 1878
(A. Commons) ; Closter, Bergen Co., New Jersey, July and August,
(C. F. Austin); Vicinity of Washington, D. C., August, 1897,
CE. Е. Steele); Millen, Georgia, June 5, 1901 (Roland M. Harper) a
single specimen in Gray Herbarium ; Oxford, Connecticut, August,
1887, (E. B. Harger) a single specimen in New England Botanical
Club Herbarium; Crescent, Connecticut, August, 1903, (A. G.
Leavitt & H. D. Sleeper); Easton, Massachusetts, Sept., 1903,
(A. А. Eaton) — type.
Fig. т shows the lip of S. neglecta (from Easton, Mass.) flattened
1904] Davenport,—— Notes оп New England Ferns,— VI 31
out. Fig. 2 shows the lip of S. praecox (from Thomasville, Georgia )
similarly treated: doth from material preserved in alcohol.
AMES BOTANICAL LABORATORY, North Easton, Massachusetts.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 51.— Spiranthes neglecta to show inflorescence,
leaves, and roots. (Natural size.) Fig. І, petal (X 3). Fig. 2, lateral sepal to
show involute margin (X 3). Fig. 3, flower (X 3). Fig. 4, upper sepal (X 3).
Fig. 5, lip, flattened out to show outline (X 3).
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON NEW ENGLAND
FERNS,— VI.
GEORGE E. DAVENPORT.
A New Form of NEPHRODIUM SPINULOSUM. Some-
what late in the summer of 1902 Mr. Henry A. Purdie brought to me
an unusual form of Mephrodium spinulosum, Desv., which he had col-
lected in Concord, Massachusetts. His specimen consisted of one
large frond with narrowly angular aculeate segments resembling
some forms of Polystichum angulare, the whole presenting an appear-
ance quite unlike the ordinary forms of N. spzmulosum.
Mr. Purdie reported finding only one plant, which he carefully
located for further investigation, and in August, 1903, I had the
pleasure of visiting the locality with him and was able to obtain a
few additional fronds for specimens. I also secured, by detaching
them from the main rootstock, two offshoots for propagation, and was
able to separate these subsequently into two more, thus obtaining
four small plants as a nucleus for further increase. ‘The swamp in
which the original plant was found abounds with zs/ermedium and
dilatatum forms of N. spinulosum, and characteristics of each of
these are to be seen in the make-up of the new form. Indeed, it
might be not inaptly described as a very much dissected var.
NOTE 10.
intermedium with the outlines of var. dilatatum. In the vicinity of
the plant there were a few large individuals of var. gufermedium and
from them the new fern was readily distinguishable by its unique
architectural form, notwithstanding some resemblance to its nearest
neighbor.
As to its probable origin two theories present themselves; for it
may be either a hybrid or a spore variation. In this instance I am
32 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
not inclined to accept the hybrid theory because, although charac-
teristics of var. zufermedium and var. dilatatum may be found in its
composition, these are not sufficiently obvious or pronounced to
justify us in assuming the hybrid relationship of the new form. The
special feature of Mr. Purdie’s fern is the narrow and angular form
of the segments, and in this respect there is a resemblance to some
of the angulare forms of Polystichum aculeatum. In that species the
segments are usually auricled at the base on the anterior side, and
the auricle is essentially a characteristic of the genus; nevertheless
the auricle is frequently wanting altogether, and in this way forms
arise to which our fern bears a strong resemblance. In fact, if any
form of P. aculeatum grew near by there might be grounds for
assuming a hybrid relationship between it and the new form. Then,
too, I believe with the distinguished and lamented botanist, Thomas
Meehan, that the tendency to vary inherent in all plants is sufficient
to account for most of these exceptional forms, and that it is rarely
needful to resort to the theory of hybridity. ` It is noteworthy also
that where hybridity has actually existed the resultant characters
have been sufficiently evident even when actual proof was wanting ;
and the recent successful experiments of that very clever fern-student,
Miss Margaret Slosson, in demonstrating hybridity in Asplenium
ebenoides and Nephrodium cristatum X marginale, show very conclu-
sively that in such instances proof is attainable.
I am much more inclined to the belief that the Concord fern is а
spore-variety. ‘There is, in fact, no reason why the results of spore-
reproduction in the fern-plants should not be as diverse as those of
seed-reproduction in the flowering plants. I remember to have seen
once in a florist’s greenhouse six plants of a Selaginella, all raised
from the spores of a single individual, which was still growing near
by, yet they were so different that had their origin not been posi-
tively known they might have passed as different species. There-
fore, I am inclined to consider this fern as having originated from
a spore of either var. intermedium or var. dilatatum, and here in
comparing the different characters, I find those which suggest var.
dilatatum, to be of a superficial nature, such as the mere outlines of
the lamina and the angles of direction of the different parts, while
those which suggest var. zufermedium are fundamentally associated
with fructification and vestiture. I therefore regard the plant as a
natural variation of Mephrodium spinulosum, var. intermedium, and
1904] Davenport,— Notes оп New England Ferns— VI 33
think it will be better treated as a variety than as a mere form, as
the entire plant shows the peculiar character, which is again repro-
duced in its offspring. It has apparently been established for some
years, having attained large proportions and, fortunately, there
appears to be little or no danger of its being disturbed, as the sur-
rounding woods are safe-guarded from trespass. ‘The plant is cer-
tainly unique in every way and entitled to recognition. I therefore
submit the following description : —
NEPHRODIUM SPINULOSUM, var. Concordianum, n. var. (Pun-
piE's CONCORD NepHropiuM.) Original plant large, with matured
fronds two and one-half to three feet in height. Rootstock as in the
species; crosiers densely clothed with rich brown scales; stipites
one-fourth to one-third the length of the whole frond, greenish-
stramineous in the early stages but at length turning to a warm
brownish tone, channeled along the face, rounded at the back ; scales
at base broadly ovate-acuminate, dark brown with deeper centres,
the upper pale and intermixed with narrower linear scales and chaff ;
laminae one and one-half to two feet long, correspondingly broad,
narrowing from below the middle upward to an acuminate apex,
tripinnate throughout, the inferior pinnules on the lowermost pinnae
of the larger fronds two inches long and pinnate with pinnatifid or
deeply lobed oblique divisions ; segments distinct, narrowly angular,
about one-eighth of an inch wide, sharply aculeate, the base so
narrow as to appear stalked (in some cases really so); rachises
scaly throughout with small pale scales and chaff ; venation pinnate ;
sori below the apex ; indusia and surfaces minutely glandular.
. Habitat: rich swampy woodland, Concord, Massachusetts, autumn
of 1902, H. A. Purdie & Wm. Brewster; August, 1903. 2. A.
Purdie & G. E. Davenport.
As the discoverer of this interesting fern protested with his usual
modesty against my associating his name with it, I have decided to
dedicate it to Concord. Type specimens from the original plant will
be deposited in the Gray Herbarium, the Herbarium of the New
England Botanical Club, and the Davenport Herbarium (Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society).
MEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS.
34
Rhodora
[FEBRUARY
PRELIMINARY LISTS OF NEW ENGLAND
PLANTS,— XIII.
M. L. FERNALD.
JUNCACEAE.!
[The sign + indicates that an herbarium specimen has
been seen; the sign — that a reliable printed record has been
found.]
Juncus acuminatus, Michx. .
[11
alpinus, Villars
"* var. insignis, Fries
articulatus, L.. ps
Y var. obtusatus, Engelm .
balticus, Dethard
brachycarpus, Engelm .
brachycephalus, Buchenau
brevicaudatus, Fernald .
bufonius, L.
A var. congestus, Wahl.
* var. halophilus, Buchenau
Fernald .
canadensis, J.Gay . .
“ var. subcaudatus, ‘Engelm.
debilis, Gray .
dichotomus, Ell.
Dudleyi, Wiegand
effusus, L. E A
var. compactus, Lejeune
Courtois .
filiformis, L.
Gerardi, Loisel
Greenii, Oakes & Tuckerman
marginatus, Rostk.
militaris, Bigelow
nodosus, L.
oronensis, Fernald
pelocarpus, E. Meyer
secundus, Beauv. .
stygius, L., var. americanus, Buchenau
subtilis, E. Meyer
J
&
&
++++++ ме.
+++
++ ++++
++++++++++++ ++
++
++
+ + ++++
++ + +++ +
! Printed in RHODORA as supplementary material.
Vt.
+ Mass.
+++ +
++++ +++
+++
++
+++
++
++++ ++
+++ +
R.
+ Conn.
++
+++ 444 ++4+4+ ++
++ +++++
в
1904] Fernald,— Lists of New England Plants,— XIII
WN
Ut
TNH
Vt
R.
Juncus tenuis, Willd. . MES.
n * — var. anthelatus, Wiegand
a “var. Williamsii, Fernald
" 'Torreyi, Coville
* trifidus, L. .
Vaseyi, Engelm. PONE. Lo a ЕЕ
Luzula campestris, DC., var. frigida, Buchenau .
S А var. multiflora, Celako-
+++ +++ Me
an See m |
++ + + Mass.
+
СОИ
+
vsky ibd bd bd bd hs
“ — confusa, Lindeberg . . + |+
* parviflora, Desv. . +|+|+|+
* saltuensis, Fernald +\+|+|+ E
“spicata, Desv. +++
NOTES UPON THE ABOVE LIST.
Juncus alpinus, Villars, with castaneous capsules, is the character-
istic plant of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and extends locally southward
to the St. John valley in Maine and to Willoughby Lake, Vermont.
J. alpinus, var. insignis, Fries, the commoner plant of the St. John
and Kennebec valleys and occurring locally on Lake Champlain, has
pale capsules and is usually a larger plant. Both forms occur in
northern Europe.
Juncus articulatus, L. The typical form has brown flowers, the
castaneous capsules 3—4 mm. long, gradually tapering to the mucro-
nate tip. Var. obtusatus, Engelm., with greenish or greenish brown
flowers, the pale capsules 2.5-3 mm. long and abruptly mucronate,
often replaces it in brackish or alkaline situations, and on the coast
is occasionally found in salt-marshes.
Juncus brevicaudatus. /. canadensis, var. brevicaudatus,
Engelm., Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. (1866) 436; var. coarctatus,
Engelm. 1. c. ii. (1868) 474. ‘This northern plant has long seemed
to the writer to be unfortunately treated as a form of the essentially
southern and, in New England, mostly coastal J. canadensis. A
detailed examination of the great mass of material now accumulated
by the Gray Herbarium and the New England Botanical Club indi-
cates several important points of distinction and confirms the long
established conviction, which has been shared by others who know
the two plants in the field.
Juncus canadensis is a stout plant with the inflorescence (when
well developed) ovoid or broader in outline, at most one-third longer
than broad, the branches spreading or subascending ; the glomerules
36 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
are densely many-flowered, the perianth-segments awl-pointed,
equalling or slightly shorter than the abruptly short-pointed capsules ;
and the seeds are т to 1.8 mm. long. J. drevicaudatus is a slender
plant with the inflorescence elongate, strict, and narrow, three to six
times longer than broad; the glomerules are 3—7-flowered, the outer
perianth-segments (sepals) acute, but scarcely awl-pointed, the inner
(petals) acute or obtusish, and much shorter than the prismatic
gradually pointed capsules ; and the seeds are very rarely more than
т mm. long. Furthermore /. canadensis, which occurs in marshes,
swampy meadows, and on wet shores, is commonest on the coastal
plain from southern Newfoundland to Louisiana, and on the upper
St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes, though it is occasionally found
at other inland stations. Its average fruiting season is in early Sep-
tember, fruited (but not over ripe) material from до stations showing
a range from August 12 to October 8 with an average of September
9. J. brevicaudatus, on the other hand, abounds in damp open soil,
roadsides, ditches, wet rocks, shores, etc., from Newfoundland to the
upper Saguenay, west to Minnesota, and south, mostly in cold bogs,
to the mountains of Pennsylvania. Its fruiting season is four weeks
earlier in the same region than that: of 7. canadensis, mature speci-
mens from 54 stations showing a range from July 16 to September 9,
with an average of August 12. In view of these marked differences
the writer feels justified in treating the strict northern plant as
a distinct species.
Juncus effusus, var. compactus, Lejeune & Courtois, Compend. Fl.
Belg. ii. (1831) 23, with inflorescence glomerulate, has passed in
America as 7. effusus, var. conglomeratus, Meyer (J. conglomeratus,
L. J. Leersii, Marsson) which is a distinct species of Europe, known
also in. America from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. J. effusus,
var. compactus, is the common form of the species in Cape Breton and
Nova Scotia proper and occurs frequently in eastern Maine, but is
apparently unusual southward.
Juncus (PororHvriLI) oronensis. Perennis dense caespitosus.
Caules erecti stricti pallide straminei vel flavo-virides 3-6 dm. alti.
Folia basilaria; vagina pallide fusca vel rosea; auriculae membran-
aceae vel fere scariosae; lamina gracillima firma valde involuta 1-2
dm. longa. Inflorescentia subdichotoma 2.5-9 cm. longa r-4 cm.
diametro; rami stricti suberecti, flores plerumque secundi distincte
distantes vel rarius approximati et umbellulati. Вгасќеа erecta
inflorescentiam multo superans. Flores 4-5 mm. longi pallide
straminei. Tepala lanceolato-subulata marginibus angustis membra-
naceis vel omnia subaequilonga vel tria interna paullo breviora.
Stamina 6 tepalis 4 breviora; filamenta linearia; antherae lineares
filamenta aequantes. Fructus tepalis brevior oblongus trigonus trun-
cato-emarginatus lateribus planis vel prope apicem paullo concavis ;
1904] Fernald,— Lists of New England Plants,— XIII 37
stigmata sessilia vel subsessilia. Semina 1 mm. longa circa 0.2 mm.
diametro sigmoideo-fusiforma basi et apice albo-caudata, caudis quam
nucleus fuscus ter brevioribus, longitudinaliter circa 15-costata reticu-
lata.—Hab. in paludibus sphagnosis. Orono et Rangeley, Maine.
Perennial, densely caespitose. ‘The stiff erect culms 3-6 dm. high,
pale straw-color or yellow-green. Leaves mostly basal; the sheaths
pale brown or pinkish, with membranous or almost scarious auricles ;
the blades very slender, firm, strongly involute, 1-2 dm. long.
Inflorescences usually much overtopped by the erect bracts, subdi-
chotomous, 2.5—9 cm. long, 1—4 cm. in diameter; the flowers mostly
secund and distinct along the strict suberect branches, rarely umbellu-
late. Flowers 4-5 mm. long, pale straw-color, the lance-subulate
segments firm, with narrow membranous margins, subequal or the
inner slightly shorter. Stamens half as long as the perianth-segments ;
the linear anthers equalling the slender filaments. Capsule shorter
than the perianth, oblong, trigonous, truncate-emarginate ; the sides
flat or a little concave toward the tip; stigmas sessile or subsessile.
Seeds 1 mm. long, about o.2 mm. thick, sigmoid-fusiform, white-
caudate at base and apex, the tails one-fourth as long as the brown
body, longitudinally about 15-ribbed, reticulate. — MAINE, swamp
with 7. Vasey? and J. tenuis, var. anthelatus, Orono, August 13, 1890,
July 21, 1892 — no. зоо, distributed as 7. dichotomus, type (M. L.
Zernald); Rangeley, 1882 (Kate Furbish).— This plant has long been
a perplexing one. At Orono, where it abounds in a dry sphagnum-
carpeted remnant of a larch- and alder-swamp, it is mixed with the
characteristic northern 7. Vaseyi and J. tenuis, var. anthelatus, and
when first found it was very immature. From this immature material,
with its strongly involute firm leaves, the plant was referred by a stu-
dent of the genus to whom it was shown to' 7. dichotomus of the
southern coastal plain. In 1892 excellent fruiting material was col-
lected, and without further examination placed with that of earlier date.
The plant seemed in some points so unlike 7. dichotomus that Dr. К.
M. Wiegand, when studying the group for his recent valuable synopsis !
was unwilling to leave it with that species, but, as indicated on the
herbarium sheets and in a letter to the collector, he preferred to
consider it a doubtful form as nearly allied to his 7. enuis, var.
anthelatus. Recently, in overhauling some specimens collected in
1882 by Miss Kate Furbish at the Rangeley Lakes, far above the level
in Maine of the coastal plain, the writer was surprised to find mixed
with good 7. Vasey? fruiting material of the plant which at Orono is
associated with 7. Vasey? and which now proves to be a species quite
unlike either 7. dichotomus or J. tenuis. In both those species the
capsules are ovoid or obovoid, rounded to the mucronate tip, and with
rounded or convex sides ; the tiny oblong seeds (0.3-0.4 mm. long) are
bluntly apiculate; and the anthers are distinctly shorter than the fila-
‘Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Cl. xxvii (1900) 511-527.
38 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
ments. In 7. orvonensis, on the other hand, the capsule is oblong, trun-
cate-emarginate, at most mucronulate, the sides flat or at tips concave ;
the larger spindle-shaped seeds have distinct white caudate appen-
dages; and the anthers equal the filaments. These characters place
the plant very near the northern 7. Vaseyi, but from that it is clearly
distinct in its elongate subdichotomous inflorescence, long bracts, cap-
sule shorter than the perianth, and in the short caudate seeds, those
of /. Vaseyt having the tails more than half as long as the dark body.
Juncus Torreyi, Coville. ‘The only New England station known is
along a railway ditch at Chelsea, Massachusetts, found by Mr. W. P.
Rich! in r9or. ‘The species is ordinarily of inland distribution, from
western New York and adjacent Pennsylvania westward, and it is
probable that the Chelsea plant is of recent introduction.
Luzula campestris, DC., in its typical form, a loosely caespitose and
strongly stoloniferous plant with 2—6 large (6—7 mm, thick) casta-
neous spikes on wide-spreading or decurved peduncles, seems to be
confined to northern Europe. Its common representative in Amer-
ica, as in parts of Europe and Asia, is var. multiflora, Celakovsky,
Prod. Fl. Böhmen (1869) 85 (Z. multiflora, Lejeune), densely caespi-
tose, with the 3 to r2 subglobose or oblong ferruginous or pale
brown (greenish in deep shade) spikes on mostly ascending peduncles.
Var. frigida, Buchenau, Oest. Bot. Zeitsch. xlviii. (1898) 284, with
very short peduncles and subglomerulate dark brown to nigrescent
spikes, occurs from Greenland to Newfoundland, and reaches our
district in northern and eastern Maine.
JUNCUS BUFONIUS AND ITS REPRESENTATIVES IN AMERICA.
During the summer of r9o2 members of the New England Botanical
Club who botanized on the coast of eastern Maine and the Maritime
Provinces were much interested in the variations of Juncus bufonius,
and particularly in its behavior upon the salt marshes and below the
limit of high tide. Abundant material was secured and during the
following winter the writer undertook a study of the species. The
results of this study were the decision that in North America we have
not only true Juncus bufonius with certain well marked varieties and a
number of trivial forms, but that in the western districts, from the
Rocky Mountains to California, etc., much which has passed as /.
bufonius is the well-known Old World species, 7. sphaerocarpus. In
order to verify his conclusions the writer sent materials and notes to
the distinguished specialist on the Juncaceae, Prof. Franz Buchenau
of Bremen, and after a detailed correspondence and a study of
much material, generously augmented by critical specimens from Prof.
Buchenau, he presents the following treatment of 7. bufonius and its.
allies as known to him in North America.
! See RHODORA, iv. 170.
1904] Fernald,— Lists of New England Plants,— XIII 39
* Capsule trigonous, oblong to ovoid, 3 to 4.5 mm. long, in maturity rather
closely embraced by the ascending perianth.
J. BuFoNIUS, L. Sp. (1753) 328. Perianth-segments all acute or
subulate-attenuate, longer than the capsule, the inner (petals) slightly
Shorter than the outer. Seeds ovoid, apiculate at base and apex.
Plant varying greatly in size and habit, o.3 to 3.5 dm. high, erect or
matted, subsimple to freely branched; the flowers mostly scattered
and secund on the elongate branches, occasionally * viviparous.” —
Damp open soil, roadsides, ditches, etc., nearly cosmopolitan.
Var. coNGEsTUS, Wahlb. Fl. Goth. (1820) 38. Flowers similar,
mostly aggregated in glomerules.—/. Congdoni, Watson, Proc. Am.
Acad. xxii. (1887) 480; and various other synonyms (see Buchenau,
Mon. Junc. 176).— Rather unusual in North America. Examined
from Marne, North Lubec (Kate Furbish): SourH CAROLINA, Sulli-
vans Island (Ravenel): ‘Texas, Galveston (Lindheimer): CALI-
FORNIA, Mariposa and San Mateo Counties (Congdon).
Var. halophilus, Buchenau et Fernald, var. nov. Flores ultimi
saepe approximati. Tepala externa acuta acutata vel subulato-
acutata fructu fere semper longiora, interna breviora obtusa vel
rotundato-obtusa interdum mucronata fructum subaequantia (vel
paullo longiora breviorave). Semina apice truncata.— Hab. in locis
salsis. Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Maine, Massachusetts ;
Germany, Sicily.
Formae intermediae /uncus bufonii (genuini) et var. Aalophili haud
raro occurrunt, praecipue in locis salsis. Pro exemplo: 7. ranarius,
A. Songeon et E. Perrier (Billot, Annotations, 1859, 192) tepala
interna fructum subaequantia vel paullo superantia! acuta vel obtusa
et semina ovoidea praebet.
Ultimate flowers usually approximate. Outer perianth-segments
acute, acutish, or subulate-acute, usually equalling or exceeding
the capsule; inner segments (petals) shorter, obtuse or rounded,
rarely mucronate, shorter than or barely equalling the capsule.
Seeds truncate at apex.— Wet, usually brackish or alkaline soil.
QUEBEC, marshes, Rivière du Loup, Aug. 15, 1892 (С. G. Kennedy),
August 2, 1902, type (Æ. F. Williams & M. L. Fernald), Aug. 8,
1902, (J. Rk. Churchill, И. W. Eggleston, M. Г. Fernald) ; brackish
shore, New Carlisle, July 28, 1902, mouth of Bonaventure River, July
31, 1902 (Ж. F. Williams & M. L. Fernald): PRINCE EDWARD
IsLAND, above the beach, Summerside, July 21, 1901, and bog, Tra-
cadie Beach, July зо, 1901 (/. R. Churchill): Maine, salt marshes,
Cutler, July 4 and 7, 1902 (С. С. Kennedy, E. F. Williams, J. E:
Collins, & M. L. Fernald): MassacHUsETTS, Plum Island, New-
1« Divisions du périgone.... les trois extérieures acuminées, subulées, dressées
‚б адан! la capsule ou la dépassant à peine, les intérieures plus largement
scarieuses et moins roulées sur les bords, plus ou moins aigués et un peu plus
courtes que la capsule mire”. ... Songeon et Perrier, 1. c.
40 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
buryport (Wm. Oakes): GERMANY, Nienburg an der Weser, 1859
(ANó/da&a) ; Weimar, August 22, 1888 (Zorges): SiciLv, Porto
Empedocle, Girgenti, May 3o, 1885, Paterno, Catania, June 2, 1885
(W. О. Focke).— A strongly marked extreme, in its best develop-
ment, with its broad blunt short inner perianth-segments and short
truncate seeds, seeming very distinct from true 7. bufonius, but clearly
connected with that common species by specimens from various
regions. Thus /. ranarius, A. Songeon and E. Perrier, described
from borders of salt water near Motitiers, Savoie, has the inner seg-
ments thin and barely equalling or rarely exceeding the capsule,
acute or obtuse, and the seeds ovoid. Other plants showing transi-
tional tendencies in the perianth or in the shortening of the seed
have been examined from such extreme regions as Lapland, South
Australia, and Manitoba, so that it is probable that /. bufonius, var.
halophilus is broadly distributed over the globe.
tad Capsule subspherical or short-ovoid, 2 to 3 mm. long: perianth- -seg-
ments in maturity with loosely spreading-ascending or subsquarrose tips.
J. sPHAEROCARPUS, Nees in Funck's Correspondenz, Flora (1818)
521. Resembling 7. bufonius, but very slender, rarely 2 dm. high:
quickly distinguished by its small capsules and loosely ascending
perianth-segments.— A well-known species of central and southern
Europe and Asia. The following American specimens have been
examined. Rocky MouwTaiNs, without station cited (Hall &
Harbour, no. 559, in part): IDAHO, common in wet places, valley of
Big Potlatch River, Nez Perces County, June 4, 1892 (Sandberg,
MacDougal & Heller, no. 312). OREGON, Swan Lake Valley,
Klamath County, June 6, 1895 (Afplegate no. 751, in part): CALI-
FORNIA, margin of pool, Mendocino City, May, 1866 (Bolander —
material distributed in Engelmann's Herb. Junc. Bor.-Am. Norm.,
no. 28, as “J. bufonius forma erecta sepalis subaequalibus. capsulam
retusam longe superantibus"); Woodland, April 15, 1893 (Blankin-
ship) ; Sisson, Siskiyou County, June, 1897 (27. E. Brown, по. 346) ;
Chico, 1885 (4. Gray); San Isabel, May, 1852 (Thurber, no. 620).
ARIZONA, vicinity of Flagstaff, alt. 7000 ft., July 8, 1898 (MacDougal,
no. 241).
SUGGESTIONS FOR SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS.
Juncus balticus, Dethard, ordinarily a companion of /. Gerardi
along the coast, is common on ledgy and gravelly river-banks of
Aroostook County, Maine, with /. alpinus, var. insignis, J. brachy-
cephalus, Tofieldia glutinosa, etc., and in an inland swamp of Genesee
County, New York, with Scirpus Zorrevi, Zygadenus chloranthus, etc.
It should, therefore, be expected to accompany some of those charac-
teristic species in the Champlain Valley.
1904] Collins, — The Black Spruce in Rhode Island 41
Juncus brachycarpus, Engelm., found locally on the coast of New
Haven County, Connecticut, and of Plymouth County, Massachusetts,
will possibly be found in light soil near the coast of Rhode Island.
Juncus bulbosus, L., similar to 7. subtilis, but with more numerous
flowers in glomerules and blunt capsules, occurs in water and in
boggy places in Labrador, Newfoundland, and on Sable Island, Nova
Scotia, and should be sought on our northern borders.
Juncus castaneus, J. E. Smith, found on Newfoundland and Anti-
costi, and common on the northern Rocky Mountains, may yet be
discovered on the mountains of northern New England.
Juncus conglomeratus, L. (J. Leersii, Marsson) similar to 7. effusus,
var. compactus, but with more rigid costate scapes, and with capsules
tipped by a crown-like blunt mucro, occurs in southern Newfound-
land and Nova Scotia and possibly reaches eastern Maine.
Juncus dichotomus, Ell., known near the coast of Connecticut and
of Massachusetts, is to be sought in Rhode Island.
Juncus oronensis, Fernald, occurs on Rangeley Lake, Maine, and
is probably in damp thickets or swamps of Coos County, New
Hampshire.
Juncus scirpoides, Lam., has been reported from various New Eng-
land stations, but all the specimens seen by the writer have proved to
be other species. It occurs, however, along the coast from Florida
to Long Island, and may well be expected to extend northward to
Cape Cod.
Juncus stygius, var. americanus, Buchenau, one of the rarest and
most evasive of American rushes, has been known in bogs of Somer-
set County, Maine, and Jefferson County, New York. It may, there-
fore, be hopefully sought in northern New Hampshire and Vermont.
Juncus dii var. monanthus, Bluff & Fingerhuth, Compend. FI.
Germ: sect L (1825) 440, wiih the numerous basal leaves equalling
the slender culms (2.5-6 dm. high) occurs locally along the moun-
tains from Ulster County, New York, to Virginia and North Carolina,
and should be looked for in New England, especially in Litchfield
County, Connecticut, and Berkshire County, Massachusetts.
Juncus Vaseyi Engelm., found locally near the Rangeley Lakes, and
in the Penobscot and St. John valleys, Maine, and in the valley of the
Black River, Jefferson County, New York, is to be expected in north-
ern New Hampshire and Vermont.
THE BLACK SPRUCE IN RHODE IstAND.— In 1888 Mr. J. L. Bennett
recorded! Picea nigra, Link, as occurring in “Johnston, Foster, etc.”
Apparently no specimens were preserved by him to corroborate this
statement and as a result certain botanists have been somewhat skep-
! Plants of Rhode Island (1888), p. до.
42 Кһодога | FEBRUARY
tical of its occurrence in Rhode Island. Mr. L. L. Dame in his excel-
lent little hand book? says of it “Rhode Island — not reported,"
meaning that he had seen no specimen from the state. Sometime
during last winter or early in the spring of the present year (1903) Mr.
H. W. Preston called the writer's attention to this statement of Mr.
Dame's, and suggested that we make special effort to get some herba-
rium specimens as both of us recollected having seen a group of the
trees within a year in Scituate (Rhode Island), while riding on one
of the Danielson electric cars.
About this time Mr. G. W. Burlingame sent to the Brown Univer-
sity Herbarium, for identification, a specimen of the Black Spruce
which was collected, as I learned later, at the station just mentioned.
Mr. Preston has since then visited this place and photographed the
trees.
Early in May the writer spent a day about Wakefield. Pond, Burrill-
ville, in company with Rev. К. К. Cheney of Pascoag. At the time
ofour visit the water appeared to be higher than usual— though it
may not have been — and what looked at a short distance like several
ordinary islands proved, upon closer inspection, to be partially of
wholly submerged islands — if such an expression be allowed — often
with only the bushes and small trees projecting above the water.
These trees were nearly all Black Spruce and we counted more than
a hundred on three or four of these “islands.” Many of the spruces
were in fruit while, in some cases, scarcely a meter in height.
Perhaps the tallest one we saw was growing on the mainland — it was
estimated to be 5 or 6 meters high. It is probable that the Black
Spruce occurs at quite a number of stations in northern Rhode Island
as it has been reported from at least six different towns, although the
writer has personally seen it in but two of them, as stated.—- J.
FRANKLIN CorriNs, Providence, Rhode Island.
PANICUM COMMONSIANUM IN COoNNECTICUT.— In June, 1902, and
again a year later I collected, in a “sand-blow” in South Windsor,
Connecticut, a plant which proves to be Panicum Commonsianum, Ashe.
'There were a few scattered clumps of it, growing in pure sand, some
with Carex siccata and other plants of dry ground, some in places
where nothing else had the courage even to try to exist. Mr. Fernald
* Dame and Brooks: Handbook of the Trees of New England (1902), p. 12.
1904] Andrews,— Mosses from a Vermont Peat-bog 43
informs me that this species of Panicum, originally described from the
pine-barrens of New Jersey, has not before been reported from New
England. I have never seen the New Jersey barrens, but I imagine
the region in which I found my Panicum is not unlike them. It is a
tractof low sand hills and plains, covered for the most part with rather
sparse and scraggy woods, but here and there bare of all vegetation.
It was on the edge of such a “sand-blow” that the Panicum grew.
Р. xanthophysum is another denizen of the same region, which can
be found by a sufficiently patient seeker. It took me an hour and a
half last summer to find two small plants — but it is there. —- C. A.
WEATHERBY, East Hartford, Connecticut.
SOME INTERESTING MOSSES FROM A SOUTHERN VERMONT PEAT-
BoG.— A peat-bog of Pownal, Vermont, which furnishes a station for
several flowering plants of northern range, is also the abode of several
mosses considered uncommon in New England. Especially worthy
of mention are the following: Hypnum cuspidatum, L., Hypnum
vernicosum, Lindb., Polytrichum strictum, Banks., Camptothectum
nitens, Sch., Meesia tristicha, Br. & Sch. and Dicranum Bonzeant,
DeNot. All are species of more or less northern tendencies. АП
except the last are included in the Vermont list, but with not more
than one or two stations, generally much farther north. The Poly-
trichum is a species associated in New England rather with alpine
mountain summits than with lowland peat-bogs. The Dicranum Dr.
True characterizes as representing the typical form of the species, a
form which he considers rare. The species has not been included in
the Vermont list. The mosses of this peat-bog, which is an espe-
cially wet and spongy one, if the matter is one admitting of compari-
son, are by no means profuse in the matter of spore-production.
The only one of the above to fruit even comparatively freely is the
Dicranum. Meesia is sufficiently conspicuous with its distinctly
three-ranked leaves, and I was doubly delighted to find the past
summer a small tuft bearing numerous sporophytes, very striking
indeed with long seta and pendulous capsule upon a long, erect
apophysis. In the summer of 1902 a small tuft of Camptothecium
also produced fruit, an uncommon occurrence for the species. The
other species mentioned were sterile. ОЁ more common sorts, I
noted Aulacomnium palustre sparingly fruited in тоот, though it
44 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
generally contents itself with pseudopodia and gemmae, Sphagnum
acutifolium in 1902, and Sphagnum cymbifolium in 1903. The
fruiting specimens of Sphagnum were in either case at the top of
large, compact tufts where conditions were slightly less moist. Of
the less common species of Sphagnum none appeared to be fructi-
fying.— A. LeRoy ANpREws, West Virginia University, Morgan-
town.
Spiranthes Grayi, nom. nov. About three years before the
publication of the fifth edition of “Grays’ Manual,” A. H. R.
Grisebach, in the “Flora of the British West Indian Islands”
described a new species of Spiranthes as S. simplex. In the fifth
edition of the “Manual” Asa Gray described under the same name
a new species, native to the United States. As the two species
described are distinct this duplication of specific names in the genus
is unfortunate and, in a broad sense, confusing, therefore, I propose
to call our native plant S. Grayi.— OAKES AMES.
Vol. 6, no. 61, including pages 1-24 and plate 50 was issued 30 January,
1904. Mr. Fernald’s article, Two Northeastern Allies of Salix lucida
(reprinted in advance) was issued 29 December, 1903.
Plate 51.
Rhodora.
Blanche Ames, del.
SPIRANTHES NEGLECTA, Ames, 2. sp.
Rbodora
JOURNAL OF
THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB
Vol. 6 March, 1904 No. 63
PARTIAL REVERSION IN LEAVES OF THE FERN-
LEAVED BEECH.
РОСА ДТ
Tue European beech, Fagus sylvatica, has produced a number of
varieties, of which several are in cultivation. These forms have
almost surely originated by sudden saltatory changes; that is, by muta-
tion. The varieties differ from the species in one or more characters
which — at least in several of the varieties — may be transmitted by
seed. The well-known purple beech is one of these offshoots from
the specific stock. The original tree was discovered in Germany
between the middle and the end of the eighteenth century, according
to some, and in Loudon's day was said to be still standing. Accord-
ing to Loudon all the purple beeches cultivated in Europe in his time
had been produced from this tree either by seed or by grafting. The
seedlings come up tolerably true. Other varieties are 7. s. pendula,
F. s. cristata — the leaves small and tufted, the wood dark and curi-
ously grained — and Z. s. asplenifolia. The last named form, upon
which some observations are made below, according to De Vries
may be propagated by seed. It differs from the species in having
narrowly elliptical or lanceolate leaves, variously cut, while the leaves
of the species are, as a rule, broad and almost or quite entire. This
form has originated, with little doubt, by mutation from the older
type. Such “sports” are of special interest to students of evolution
for the light they may possibly throw upon evolutionary processes.
One of the chief problems to be solved in working out the origin of
species is whether new races arise by the accumulation of slight vari-
ations, or whether the alterations are more violent and sudden, so
that new species are abruptly created with differentiating characters
46 Rhodora [MaRcH
fully formed. It is certain that now and again new races do appear
suddenly. Many of them come reasonably true to seed ; and in this
fact lies an argument for the stability of the new forms. Neverthe-
less the period during which such matters have been subjects of
inquiry is not long. What the results of protracted breeding experi-
ments may be is as yet problematical. Granting that the newly
appearing, or as they are called mutational, characters have a certain
force as hereditary factors, it is yet to be ascertained whether the
races produced by mutation do not of themselves ultimately return to
the “normal,” or original, type. If we conceive that the change of
outward characters which signifies the occurrence of a mutation is -
the visible expression of an inversion or derangement of the constitu-
ents of the complex substance controlling the development of form,
and in reproduction serving as the vehicle of hereditary traits, then
it seems possible that after a time these constituents may regain their
previous, or normal, arrangement and in consequence the original
external characters be restored.!
The tendency of Fagus sylvatica asplenifolia to revert in certain
parts is well known. De Vries speaks of frequent atavistic bud
variation.? Carriére? figures a young shoot on one side of which all
the branches bore exclusively leaves of the specific form. A tree
growing at North Easton, Massachusetts, has manifested a still
further localized and restricted resumption of original characters.
Atavism has appeared not in one branch, or one bud, but in a part
of a leaf, in many instances. In most cases about one quarter to one
third of the lamina was thus affected, usually in the proximal part,
occasionally in the distal, on one side or other of the midrib. These
leaves were unsymmetrically developed, as will be seen from the
accompanying figure, through overgrowth of particular regions of the
blade. The unusual portions had entire or at most somewhat den-
tate margins. When the blades were applied to blades of the same
length taken from the species, so that bases, apices, and midribs
coincided as nearly as possible, the margins of the overgrown parts
‘Students of our native flora may render good service to science by reporting
and describing aberrant forms and by cultural experiments. Careful notes con-
tributed to botanical journals would be of much value. Careful and full records
of how the new or unusual forms behave in prolonged vegetative reproduction,
in propagation by seed after pollination by their own pollen and after cross-polli-
nation with the normal forms, are especially desired.
? De Vries, Die Mutationstheorie, т: 488.
? Carriére, Production et Fixation des Variétés (Paris 1865), p. 49.
1904] Leavitt, — Reversions of the Fern-leaved Beech 47
of the varietal laminae very nearly coincided with the margins of the
corresponding parts of the specific laminae. In lateral extent, in the
angle bétween margin and midrib, and in the character of the margin,
the parts in question agree nearly with parts similarly situated in
leaves of the original type. ‘There is therefore no doubt that we are
here dealing with a reversion.
In the Figure — the original drawing for which was traced from the
leaves themselves — the ab-
normal leaves of the variety
are delineated in continuous
line, the applied specific
leaves in broken line. In
the specimens as placed the
right side of the lamina is
true to the varietal type,
showing the somewhat fern-
like margin to which the
variety owes its designation,
asplenifolia. Specimens a,
б, с have the proximal half
or more of the left side ex-
tended to the limits habitual
in the specific form, while
the remainder is contracted
in the manner of the variety.
In specimens a and c the
transition from one character to the other is abrupt; in 4, gradual.
In specimen g the region of disturbance is distal and includes not
more than one eighth of the entire blade; in this part, however, the
margin of the ancestral form is exactly matched except at the very
apex of the blade, where the attenuation characteristic of the variety
appears.
The sudden transition seen in specimens æ and ¢ is especially
interesting and noteworthy.
It is to be observed that, as a close examination of the figure will
show, the restoration of the original form is in no case perfect.
While the old — the specific — predominates in a remarkable degree,
the new is evidenced in some way in each atavistic section, either at
the apex, as in d, or at the base, as in a-c, or throughout, as in 4.
48 Rhodora [Marcu
Both old and new form-giving factors are present and operative at
once in the same field, and the actual figure imparted is a resultant.
Whether reversions ever reproduce past and now relinquished struc-
tures with entire exactness is at least questionable.
Many leaves of the tree mentioned were of the same dual charac-
ter as those here figured. In each blade as a whole the varietal
character predominated, while partial atavism when present was
shown in various degree. The examples found were not confined to
a few branches but were well scattered, and occurred without any
apparent rule. |
Ames BOTANICAL LABORATORY, North Easton, Massachusetts.
NOTEWORTHY PLANTS OF SOUTHEASTERN
CONNECTICUT,— IV.
C. B. GRAVES.
Sisyrinchium intermedium Bicknell. This species is represented in
my herbarium by two collections: Ledyard, near Pine Swamp, June
7th, 1897, and New London, field near Ocean Beach, June 28th,
1992. ‘The specimens differ from material at the Gray Herbarium,
named by Mr. Bicknell, only in the color of the spathes which are
greenish rather than purplish.
Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. А single plant of this species was col-
lected May 27th, 1889, by Miss Ellen Coit, of New London, in a field
near the New London-Waterford line. It was probably a stray
individual, introduced perhaps in seed. ‘The plant was given to me
in the fresh state, and since then has lain in my herbarium. Its
identification has been verified by comparison with material at the
Gray Herbarium.
Salix longifolia Muhl. This species was first reported from Con-
necticut by Mr. C. H. Bissell, who found it near Glastonbury beside
the Connecticut River (КнорокА, IV, 99). It may be of interest
also to note its occurrence farther down the river at Selden's Cove,
where it is frequent on the sandy levels bordering the creek.
I am informed by Mr. M. L. Fernald that in the-Herbarium of the
Royal Gardens, Kew, there are two sheets of S. /ongifolia collected
1904] Graves,— Plants of southeastern Connecticut, — IV 49
by the late Joseph Barratt and marked: (1) “In arid sands,
Chatham, 2 feet high, Barratt”; (2) ‘Chatham sands, opp. Middle-
town on the Banks of the River Connt. 1834, Sept. Barratt."
Salix pentandra L. A single small tree of this species grows close
to the shore of the Connecticut River a short distance north of Had-
lyme Ferry. Itssurroundings make it probable thatit is spontaneous
at that point.
Maclura aurantiaca Nutt. is spontaneous along a roadside north of
the railroad station at Waterford, having escaped from the adjoining
grounds.
Rubus cuneifolius Pursh was found by the writer in Sept., 1902, in
a pasture near the Lyman Viaduct in the northwestern part of Col-
chester. This is, I believe, the first report of its occurrence east of
the Connecticut River.
Spiraea lobata Jacq. is well established in a low brushy lot near the
roadside about one mile east of Groton ferry, having probably escaped
from a neighboring garden.
Solidago Canadensis L. var. glabrata Porter. This form grows on
the low sandy levels bordering Selden's Cove in Lyme, where it was
discovered July 29, 1902, by Messrs. C. Н. Bissell, L. Andrews and
the writer. So far as I am aware it has not hitherto been reported
from Connecticut. At the date mentioned it was just coming into
bloom, a surprising fact when it is considered that S. Canadensis is
one of our late flowering goldenrods. It would be interesting to
know whether the flowering seasons of these two forms show nor-
mally such a divergence in time.
Lactuca Scariola L. and its var. integrata Grenier & Godron,
were found by me in the summer of 1902 growing on filled land
adjoining Pequot Ave., New London. The species with its pin-
nately lobed leaves is apparently rare. At this station it was much
less abundant than the variety.
Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton. This western species has been
detected at Norwich by Mrs, Elisha E. Rogers, and by the writer at
South Windham and Lebanon.
For aid in verifying the determination of some of the plants noted
above, I am under obligation to the authorities of the Gray Herbarium.
New Lonpon, CONNECTICUT.
50 Rhodora [Marcu
ut
THE IDENTITY OF ANYCHIA DICHOTOMA.
B. L. RoniNsoN.
THE genus Anychia contains two easily recognizable although
often confused species, both of which grow in New England. One
of these, with fastigiately branched puberulent stems, lance-linear
leaves, and numerous subsessile flowers, has long passed as .4.
dichotoma, Michx. ‘The other, with more diffuse branching, elliptical
leaves, and pedicillate flowers scattered in the forks, has according
to varying ideas of specific lines апа nomenclatorial principles been
called A. capillacea, DC., A. dichotoma, var. capillacea, Torr., and
A. canadensis, Britt., Sterns, & Poggenb. While recently in Paris,
Mr. M. L. Fernald had an opportunity to examine the type specimen
of Michaux’s A. dichotoma and found it to be not, as generally sup-
posed, the puberulent plant so called, but the glabrous diffuse one
later characterized as 4. capi/lacea. Mr. Fernald forwarded to the
Gray Herbarium an excellent photograph of the type together with
some notes and the suggestion that the literature of the two species
should be re-examined in the light of this interesting discovery.
When in London some weeks later Mr. Fernald also examined the
extant specimen of the Linnaean Queria canadensis, and found it
likewise to be the glabrous diffusely branched plant, and thus iden-
tical with the type of Michaux’s 4. dichotoma.
On turning to a copy of Michaux’s Flora, long ago annotated by
Dr. Gray, I find that he also had noticed the real identity of the
Michauxian plant, as he had penciled the words “the capillacea ”
against the description of 4. dichotoma. His note, however, was
made at a time when in the broader interpretation of species, A.
capillacea was regarded a mere form of A. dichotoma, Presumably
for this reason he never published any mention of his observation on
the type at the Jardin des Plantes.
It has long been clear, however, that our two Anychias are distinct
species and it is a matter of interest to learn that Michaux’s name
A. dichotoma has been applied to the wrong one. In the light of the
new information now at hand it will be necessary to change the
names now current. Concerning the smooth diffusely branched
plant, there can be no question. To those who use the first correct
combination it must hereafter be 4. dichotoma, Michx. ‘Those, who
1904] Robinson, — Identity of Anychia dichotoma 5I
on the other hand prefer the earliest specific name, may continue to
call the plant 4. canadensis, Britt., Sterns, & Poggenb.
Concerning the other plant, namely the one with puberulent stems,
the difficulty is greater. The only available names found in litera-
ture appear to be several of Rafinesque’s, who in the Atlantic
Journal’ and New Flora? characterized no less than six species of
Anychia, prefacing his treatment of the group in the latter publica-
tion by the following characteristic remarks: “ Тһе plants of this
G[enus] and others akin forming a small natural group, have been
blended with the G[enera] Queria, Paronychia, Achyranthus &c.,
their synonymy and ѕр[есіеѕ] are in utter confusion. Having shown
to Torrey 4 sp[ecies] widely different in habit, leaves and flowers !
he pronounced them all varieties of Queria canadensis! They
require as yet a monograph, and must be divided into 2 or 3 Genera
by the stamens, that must all be examined again, since Michaux and
Nuttal|] differ about them. І regret that I did not examine all
mine when met alive. Meantime I will divide them into 3.subgenera
or Genera, and add some new species.” <A. nudifiora, Raf., is
described as smooth and may be excluded from consideration
оп this ground. ‘The other five, namely, 4. polygonoides, fastigiata,
conferta, lateralis, and divaricata, are all said to be puberulent or
pubescent. Of these, the first published (if priority of position as
well as of time be regarded) was A. polygonoides, which was charac-
terized! as follows: “Stem dichotomous, lax, erect, puberulent ;
leaves patent, linear cuneate, acute, nearly smooth, stipules lanceo-
late; flowers solitary in dichotomy, subpedicellate, erect. From the
mountains Alleghany, and estival like the three following [.4. fasti-
giata, conferta, and lateralis], six inches high."
Every part of this description corresponds to the more loosely
branched specimens of our puberulent-stemmed plant, and there can
be no serious doubt that 4. polygonoides, Raf., was what has long
passed as A. dichotoma. Further proof, however, is to be found in a
subsequent note з by Rafinesque, in which he states that his 4. poly-
gonoides is A. canadensis of Nuttall and most of our botanists.”
This is significant, for at that time Nuttall, Torrey, De „Candolle,
and others had all mistaken the puberulent-stemmed plant for
Queria canadensis of L. and A. dichotoma of Michaux., separating
! Atlantic Journal, i. 16 (1832). ? New Flora, iv. 41—43 (1836).
? New Flora, iv. 43.
52 Rhodora [Marcu
from it as a variety or independent species the smooth-stemmed and
broader-leaved A. capillacea, DC. That Rafinesque himself had a
correct knowledge of these plants is shown by his further remark !
that “The A. capillaris N[uttall] is the real A. dichotoma, of Mx.
quite distinct by broad leaves elliptic, stem filiform smooth.”
The only points in the description of A. polygonoides, which can
raise any question, are the lax branching and subpedicellate flowers,
but it must be remembered that Rafinesque employed these expres-
sions only in a comparative way while endeavoring to separate
several forms of the same plant, all regarded by Dr. Torrey as
Queria canadensis, Fortunately authentic specimens of Rafinesque’s
Anychias were preserved in the Torrey Herbarium, and we have
recent and critical authority in Dr. Britton's notes on the genus ? for
regarding 4. polygonoides, Raf., as identical with the puberulent plant.
The species of Anychia should therefore stand.as follows. As
from habital similarity they have been much confused, it seems best
to cite specimens as well as synonymy pretty fully.
A. DICHOTOMA, Michx. Stem filiform, glabrous: leaves elliptical,
thin: inflorescence diffuse; flowers distinctly pedicellate. — Fl. Bor.-
Am. i. 113 (1803); Raf. New Fl. iv. 43. — Queria canadensis, L.
Sp. 90 (1753). Q. dichotoma, Moench, Meth. 351 (1794). О. capil-
Ѓасга, Nutt. Gen. i. 159 (1818). О. canadensis, var. capillacea, Eaton,
Man. ed. 4, 422 (1824). Q. canadensis, var. capillaris, Britton, Bull.
Torr. Bot. Club, xiii. 187 (1886). Anychia dichotoma, var. capillacea,
Eaton, Man. ed. 6, 295 (1833). A. capillacea, DC. Prodr. ііі. 369
(1828); Redfield, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, vi. 6: ; Britton, ibid. xiii.
187; Wats. & Coult. in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 426. A. capillaris, Rat.
(by clerical error), New Fl. iv. 43. <A. filiformis, Raf. acc. to
Britton, l. c. A. canadensis, Britt., Sterns, & Poggenb. Prelim. Cat.
№. Y. 44 (1888) ; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ii. до; Britt. Man. 405.—
New HaMrsHIRE: Nottingham, 20 July, 1900, 4. А. Eaton. VER-
MONT: Bellows Falls, 22 Aug. t9o2, Blanchard; Pownal, 23 July,
1898, Eggleston; North Pownal, 11 Aug. 1902, Blanchard. Massa-
CHUSETTS: Danvers, 5 July, 1896, Sears; Melrose, 27 Sept. 1882,
Perkins; on gravel, Pine Hill, Middlesex Fells, 21 July, 1895,
Charles Eliot; Medford, 3 Aug. 1878, Perkins; damp rocky woods,
Woburn, 28 July, 1895, A ; sandy soil, Cambridge, 11 Sept. 1891,
Fernald; on Snake Hill, Waltham, 13 Aug. 1866, W. Boott; Blue
Hills Reservation, 11 Aug. 1894, Manning; roadside in shade,
Sharon, 12 July, 1896, Williams; Highland Grove, Walpole, 20
Aug. 1878, Young. Кноре Istanp: Thurber; Diamond Hill,
! New FI. iv. 43. ? Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xiii. 187.
1904 | Robinson,— Identity of Anychia dichotoma 53
20 Sept. 1884, W. W. Bailey. CoNNeEcTICUT: in shade, not rare,
Southington, Andrews, no. 797; woods, Southington, 15 Aug. 1901,
Bissell; Pomfret, 4 July, 1901, Driggs. New York: Staten Island,
1855, Zhurber. PENNSYLVANIA: Lancaster near Binkley’s Bridge,
6 Sept. 1901, Heller; Allegheny, in hilly woods, Zzeg/er. DISTRICT
OF CoLuMBIA: wooded hillsides near Washington, зо Jun. & 16 July,
1896, Steele. MARYLAND: in hb. Gray without locality. VIRGINIA:
along the New River, Blue Bridge, 12 July, 1892, Sma//; Stony Man
Mountain, .Szee/e, no. 73. NORTH CAROLINA : Asheville, Robinson,
no. 32; dry slopes, Buncombe County, Biltmore distribution, no.
5419a. Kentucky: Harlan Court House, Kearney, no. то. OHIO:
Perkins, 8 July, 1895, Moseley. ONTARIO: Essex County, 1891,
Dearness; Leamington, 30 July, 1892, Macoun. 1Їїллхо1$: Lansing,
А. Chase, no. 863; Rock River, Bebb. MINNESOTA : on red bluffs
of the upper Des Moines River, Gever.
A. POLYGONOIDES, Raf. Stem puberulent: leaves lance-linear, of
firmer texture: inflorescence lax to fastigiate ; flowers scarcely or not
at all pedicelled.— Atl. Journ. i. 16 (1832). A. canadensis, Ell. Sk.
i. 307 (1817), as to pl. descr. but not as to syn. Queria canadensis.
А. dichotoma, DC. Prodr. iii. 369; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 172; Gray,
Man. eds. 1-6; Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xiii. 186; Britt. &
Brown, Ill. Fl. ii. до; Britton, Man. 405; not Michx. Queria cana-
densis, Nutt. Сеп. i. 158 (1818). A. fastigiata, conferta, & laterals,
Raf. Atl. Journ. i. 16 (1832), from char. and acc. to Britton, Bull.
Torr. Bot. Club, xiii. 187. 24. divaricata, Raf. New Fl. iv. 42
(1836). Paronychia canadensis, Wood, Bot. and Flor. 58 (1870).
— MassacHusETTs: Danvers, 14 Aug. 1887, Sears; W. Quincy, on
wood roads, 11 Sept., 1894, Rich; road east of Great Dome, Blue
Hills, Manning. CONNECTICUT : on railroad track, Norwalk, 6 Aug.
1894, Averill, PENNSYLVANIA: roadsides near the Delaware Water
Gap, Oct. 1867, C. F. Austin; Safe Harbor, Heller & Halbach, no.
656; Allegheny, 21 July, 1889, Zzeg/er. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Washington and vicinity, 17 Sept. 1896, .S/ee/e. VIRGINIA : Bedford
County, тг July, 1871, Curtiss; Massanuttin Mountain, Heler &
Halbach, no. тодо; Stony Man Mountain, зо Aug. 1901, Steele, nos.
72,242. NORTH CAROLINA; Cullowhee, 1887, Thaxter; Asheville,
Robinson, no. зо. FLORIDA : brackish shores, Duval County, Curtiss,
no. 337 (form with exceedingly short puberulence, the sepals more
conspicuously ciliated). ALABAMA: ex herb. J. Torrey; dry rich soil,
1858, ex herb. Dr. Short. ‘TENNESSEE; upon woods, Henderson,
Bain, по. 239. Kentucky: Poor Fork, Kearney, no. 198. Omio:
Oxford, 6 Aug. 1895, Moseley. ILLINOIS: Mt. Carmel, 1875, Dr.
Schneck. ARKANSAS: sandy fields, Harvey, no. 16. KANSAS: open
woods, Cherokee County, Hitchcock, no. 801. Texas: Dallas, June,
1873, Reverchon. Arizona (ог New Mexico): S. B. Parish, no. 310.
GRAY HERBARIUM.
54 Rhodora [Marcu
PRELIMINARY LISTS OF NEW ENGLAND
PLANTS,— XIV.!
ALFRED REHDER.
[The sign + indicates that an herbarium specimen has
been seen; the sign — that areliable printed record has been
found. |
CORNACEAE,
JH) | alate
Ф | -| 0
ж Z| >| Zx]
Cornus alternifolia, L. f. + [ФРЕЕ
* — Amomum, Mill. . +/+ +++
" canadensis, L, + FE РР
* — circinata, L'Hér. +++ ++ ГЕ
© До Шы м .... „у, „ше жЕ ЫЫ
е - paniculata, L'Hér. . .,, 2 s ++|+|++
n X Purpusi . +
“___Ритриз1, Koehne. ++ +|+|+
* stolonifera, Michx. . омат ФОТА [У +
ума, @yivatica, ММА о... ‚у, ЕЕ ++ рТ
CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
$ 2 BE ID =
| 2 zx о
Diervilla Lonicera, Mill. . 3E I| H- | +/+
Linnaea borealis, L. Lo ЕЕЕ + [+
Lonicera canadensis, Marsh. КЕРГЕ + {+
“ coerulea, І. eee i a
s dioica, L. eta [oi | PS
- hirsuta, Eat. "EM
* japonica, Thunb. . +
"т Morrowii, Gray . +
* ^ oblongifolia, Hook. TIU]
«4 sempervirens, L. + +/+ +
" tatarica, І. Wit E
* — Xylosteum, L. . | +
Sambucus canadensis, L. ФР +++
T racemosa, L. . +1116 161+
1 Printed іп RHODORA as supplementary material.
a.”
1904] Rehder,— Lists of New England Plants, — XIV. 55
ae і
Чы ЕЕ ЫЕ
=|&|>|®| о
Symphoricarpus orbiculatus, Moench. AM E
racemosus, Michx. . . . +|+|+|+|+
Ы 1 var. pauciflorus Rob- |
bins +/+
Triosteum angustifolium, L. ы Eu
E aurantiacum, Bickn. . . . . . . J/+/4+/+/)/+ +/+
Š peMohzum ОО а ee 8
Viburnum acerifolium,L. . . . . . RE ыны ыг
E alnifolium, Marsh. . . . . . . . (|+ (+++
Ы cassinoides, L. 2 2. о 1+
A dentatum. eaen a A eae |+ ТЕЕ Oo alt ba
M Шейгаго Ее. 16. О РЕ LE РЕСЕ
b nudum ор 0 нне CM | SF
X Opuls, L. ... . . . . . . . |T|T4* Ыг E
B pauciflorum, Pylaie +|+ n HERE
Б prunifolium, L. | | [T
p pubescens, Pursh. bed + | ЕЧ
с озо Brittoni р ОЕ са ЕТЕ re
NOTES ON THE ABOVE LIST.
Cornus Purpusi, Koehne! is a recent segregate of C. Amomum
Miller (C. sericea, L.) and was first described from plants raised in
Germany from seeds collected near Toledo, Ohio, by C. A. Purpus.
It is chiefly distinguished from C. Amomum by the numerous papillae
on the epidermis on the under side of the leaves which appears there-
fore glaucous, while in C. Amomum the epidermis is perfectly smooth
and the color of the under side usually green. Other characters of
C. Purpusi are the generally narrower leaves, cuneate at the base and
with only 4 to 5 or rarely 6 pairs of veins usually furnished with pale
pubescence, the smaller flowers and inflorescence and its more
appressed pubescence, the paler color of the branches, the but
slightly ribbed stone and the usually much paler often almost whitish
fruit. The habit of the shrub is looser and especially the more or
less pendulous leaves give it a distinct appearance from C. Amomum
which has broaler leaves with 4 to 8 pairs of veins and a usually
rounded base and stouter petioles. Cornus Purpusi ranges from
! Gartenfl. 48: 338 (1899) ; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 12: 48 (1903); Rehder
in Sargent's Trees & Shrubs т: 77, pl. 40 (1903).
56 | Rhodora [Marcu
New England westward through the Lake region and the Central
States, while C. Amomum is strictly Alleghanian. In New England
both species occur and intermediate forms are occasionally met with.
Cornus paniculata х Purpusi = С. Arnoldiana, Rehder' is a
hybrid which originated spontaneously in the Arnold Arboretum.
As the two parent species grow not unfrequently together in New
England, it is to be expected that this hybrid will be found elsewhere.
It is probably best described as a Cornus panicudata with the branches
` of last year purplish instead of grayish.
Cornus stolonifera has been reported from Rhode Island, but the
only specimen I have seen under this name from that state proved to
be C. Amomum.
Linnaea borealis, ‘The American plant has been distinguished from
the type which occurs in Europe and Northern Asia as Z. borealis,
var. americana (L. americana, Forbes). It is, however, hardly spe-
cifically distinct as considered by Britton in his Mannal. The only
locality known in Rhode Island where it had been collected by S. T.
Olney has long been obliterated (see RHODORA 2: 218).
Lonicera canadensis. This species is better known under the name
L. ciliata, Muhlenberg, but since Marshall’s name is about зо years
older and the species is recognizable from his description, it has to
supersede Muhlenberg’s later name.
Lonicera coerulea. The American plant, at least that of northeast-
ern North America, belongs to Z. coerulea, var. villosa, Torrey & Gray,
which varies greatly in the pubescence and shape of the leaves. It
is chiefly distinguished from the type by its more or less upright win-
ter buds and the glabrous campanulate corolla.
Lonicera hirsuta. The only specimens I have seen from the New
England states were collected near Middlebury, Vermont, by E.
Brainerd. No specimen from the type locality, which is Williams-
town, Mass., could be found in any of the herbariums consulted.
At the time of its discovery by Eaton, about 85 years ago, it seems
to have been plentiful there, for he says in his Manual (ed. 6, p. 210)
that two miles west of Williams College he saw "hundreds in flower
climbing the trees and shrubs of an elevated ridge or hill in the sum-
mer of 1817." If the wood where Eaton found it has not entirely
disappeared, the plant probably still exists there and a thorough
search at the flowering time, about middle of June, in the region
! Rehder in Sargent's Trees & Shrubs 1 : 79, pl. 39 (1902).
1904] Rehder,— Lists of New England Plants,—XIV 7
described might lead to the rediscovery of this species at its type
locality. Eaton also mentions that it had been found later near
Worcester, Mass., and Middlebury, Vermont. At the latter locality
it was rediscovered by E. Brainerd in 1880 (Herb. Univ. Vermont).
Lonicera oblongifolium. Specimens under this name from Rhode
Island collected by W. W. Bailey near Olneyville proved to be the
European Z. Xy/osfeum.
Lonicera japonica, L. Morrowit, L. sempervirens, L. tatarica, and
L. Xylosteum, also Symphoricarpus orbiculatus, Moench (S. vulgaris,
Michaux) have been found escaped from cultivation and well estab-
lished. As several of them have maintained themselves for a con-
siderable time and are spreading апа those which have been observed
but recently will in all probability do likewise, they ought not to be
omitted from an account of the flora of New England. Z. japonica
which is, according to Mr. C. H. Bissell, à not uncommon escape
along the coast of Connecticut was found last year also in Massa-
chusetts by Mr. L. A. Wentworth of Lynn who informs me that he
discovered at Essex a large number of plants of this species along a
roadside some distance from any habitation. А
Sambucus racemosa. ‘The American plant is often considered a
distinct species, 5. pubens Michaux (S. racemosa, var. pubens,
Koehne), chiefly distinguished by its pubescence from the glabrous
European type.
Triosieum perfoliatum. ‘his species seems to occur only in Con-
necticut ; all specimens from other states I have seen proved to be
T. aurantiacum.
Viburnum alnifolium. From Rhode Island I have seen no speci-
men but one from S. F. Olney's herbarium (Herb. Brown Univ.)
As this had been collected probably about 60 years ago, the locality
may now possibly be obliterated.
Viburnum nudum has been found only in Connecticut. All speci-
mens from other states named У. nudum which I have seen,
belonged to V. cassinoides,
Viburnum Opulus. From the European type the American plant
differs chiefly in the open shallow groove and the smaller more
numerous glands of the petiole and in the orange red, not scarlet
fruit. It has been distinguished as И. americanum, Miller (PF.
Opulus, var. americanum, Aiton).
Viburnum prunifolium. Besides the type there has been found in
58 Rhodora [Marcu
Connecticut near Greenwich, a form with smaller globose fruits, V.
prunifolium, var. globosum, Nash (Herb. C. H. Bissell).
Viburnum pubescens. As this species occurs in Vermont and
Connecticut, it may be looked for in western Massachusetts. It has
been reported but probably erroneously from New Hampshire (W. S.
Harris, Flora of the town of Windham, p. 17). A specimen I
received as V. pubescens from New Hampshire (Herb. Dartmouth
Coll., Hanover) proved to be V. acerifolium.
Viburnum venosum. Under this name Britton has recently sep-
arated the northern form of V. molle of Gray (V. scabrel/um, Chap-
man) from the form of the southern states which he takes for the
type. Though the morphological characters by which the two
species are distinguished appear rather slight, both are quite distinct
in their general appearance and seem really less closely related to
each other than V. venosum is to V. dentatum. As regards the name
V. molle which has been left to the southern form, a closer study of
the matter has led me to the conviction that V. molle of Gray and
subsequent authors is not the V. molle of Michaux, but the V. denta-
tum, var. semitomentosum, Michaux, while the typical V. molle,
Michaux, is identical with the species recently described as V.
Demetrionis. Although V. molle, Gray, if V. venosum is considered
a distinct species, is not included in the flora of New England, I
suppose it will not seem out of place to insert here the following
notes intended to make clear the somewhat confused synonymy of
V. molle, especially as it will show conclusively that the name V.
molle can never be used for the New England plant.
VIBURNUM MOLLE, Michaux, Fl. 1:180 (1803). V. Demetrionis,
Deane & Robinson, Bot. Gaz. 22 : 167, pl. 8 (1896) ; 24: 436 (1897);
Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. 3:231, fig. 3441 (1898); Britton, Man. 871
(1901 ).
'This species has been found only in Kentucky and Missouri.
It had always seemed improbable to me that Michaux really should
have considered one and the same species, even if represented by
somewhat different forms, as a variety of V. dentatum and also as a
distinct species allied to V. Ofu/us, and as furthermore the descrip-
tion of V. molle, Michaux, did not fit very well the V. molle of Gray, I
concluded to follow the matter up. Mr. Fernald to whom I spoke
about it before he left for Europe last summer, kindly promised me
to look up the species in Michaux's herbarium. He brought back a
1904] Rehder,— Lists of New England Plants, — XIV 59
good photograph of Michaux's type which enabled me, almost as well
as if I had had the specimen itself, to study the characters of V.
molle; a close examination made it soon apparent that it could not be
identical with V. mole of Gray, as the petioles are stipulate and the
venation and serration of the leaves perceptibly different. Of the
species with stipulate petioles V. Demetrionis seemed to be the most
similar and indeed its deeply cordate leaves and their venation and
serration agrees perfectly with Michaux’s specimen; also Michaux's
description, especially as regards “fructibus oblongo-ovatis" and
"cortice quotannis laceratim deciduo” fits V. Demetrionis exactly,
but not at all V. molle of Gray. Michaux also apparently observed
the stipules and for this reason characterized it as a * V. Opulus
foliis indivisis.” ‘To make the evidence conclusive the V. molle has
been recently rediscovered at the type locality, Danville, Kentucky,
by Mr. Boynton of Baltimore and Mr. C. D. Beadle remarked in a
letter regarding this discovery that the specimen look much like V.
Demetrionis and that Michaux's description likewise agrees very well
with that species. A specimen which he sent a short time afterwards
to the Arnold Arboretum leaves no doubt that Boynton's specimen
is identical as well with Michaux's V. molle as with V. Demetrionis.
VIBURNUM BRACTEATUM, Rehder in Sargent's Trees & Shrubs 1:
135, pl. 68 (1903). V. mo//e, Chapman, Fl. ed. 3. 190 (1897), not
Michaux. |
This species is known only from the cliffs of the Coosa River near
Rome, Georgia. It differs from V. »//e chiefly in its conspicuous
bracts, the semiorbicular calyx teeth, the shorter petioles, the remotely
and shallowly dentate leaves and the close bark.
VIBURNUM semitomentosum, comb. nov. V. dentatum В semi-
tomentosum, Michaux, Fl. 1:179 (1803). V. dentatum В? scabrel-
lum, Torrey & Gray, Fl. 2:16 (1841). V. scabrellum, Chapman,
Fl. 172 (1860). V. mo//e, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 206 (1867); Syn. FI.
I, 2:11, in part (1834) ; Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. 3:231, in part, fig.
3440 (1898); Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. r:184, in part (1889);
not Michaux. V. molle, var.? tomentosum, Chapman, Fl. ed. 3, 190
(1897).
This species is distributed from Kentucky to Florida and Texas.
It differs from V. venosum by the thinner and fewer veins, the shal-
lower often crenate dentation with fewer and larger obtusish teeth,
the oval or ovate rarely orbicular leaves generally truncate at the
бо Rhodora [Marcu
base, the larger flowers and fruits and the reddish brown branches.
Gray quotes “ V. dentatum semitomentosum Michx., in part” as well
under his V. molle as under V. pubescens and refers to the latter spe-
cies, Michaux’s specimens from Lake Champlain, but as Michaux
himself excludes those specimens from his var. semitomentosum and
quotes in his Flora as locality only “in Carolinae inferioris dumeto-
sis,” it seems hardly correct to quote part of his var. semifomentosum
as synonymous with V. pubescens.
VIBURNUM VENOSUM, Britton, Man. 871 (1901); Rehder in Sar-
gent’s Trees & Shrubs 1:85, pl 43 (1903). V. molle, Gray, Syn.
Fl. т, 2:11, in part (1884); Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. 1:184,
fig. 115, in part (1889); Watson & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 218,
in part (18до); Sargent, Gard. & For. 4:29, fig. 8 (1891); Zabel,
Móller's Deutsch. Gártn.-Zeit. 6:267, fig. (1891); Koehne, Deutsch.
Dendr. 537 (1893); not Michaux. V. Hanceanum, Dippel, l. c.
176, fig. 107 (1889), not Maximowicz.
This species ranges from eastern Massachusetts to Pennsylvania
and Delaware, and reappears in а peculiar form in S. Carolina. It
differs from the preceding species chiefly in the more numerous and
more prominent veins, the acute callous-tipped and more numerous
teeth, the generally subcordate leaves, glabrous or nearly so above,
those below the inflorescence suborbicular, the smaller flowers and
fruits and the grayish or yellowish brown branches. In European
gardens it has long been in cultivation and is occasionally met with
as V. pubescens, V. nepalense and V. asiaticum. ‘The two following
varieties merit distinction.
V. vENOSUM, var. Canbyi, var. nov. Differs from the type by its
thinner, less pubescent leaves, often only pubescent along the mid-
rib beneath, especially those below the inflorescence much larger,
often 5 to 8 cm. broad and the larger inflorescence like the young
branchlets only slightly pubescent. This is apparently the form men-
tioned by Torrey & Gray in their Flora as intermediate between V.
dentatum and V. dentatum scabrellum. Some remarks regarding the
pubescence in the description of V. dentatum by Darlington ! and by
Beck? refer probably also to this form.— DxrAwanE, Wilmington,
July 2 and Aug. 22, 1902, Christiana, Aug. 25, 1902, New Castle,
July 2, 1902, W. M. Canby. PENNSYLVANIA, Westchester, Oct. 8,
1 F]. Cestr. ed. 2, 203 (1837).
? Bot. U. S. 145 (1856).
1904] Notes on Publications recently received 61
1902, W. M. Canby, Mt. Hope, June 24, 1901, A. A. Heller. S. W.
VIRGINIA, July 16, 1892, 7. А. Small. This form has been for
many years in cultivation at the Arnold Aboretum, where it was
received under the name V. /aevzgatum from the nursery of Parsons
& Son, Flushing, Long Island, As an ornamental shrub it is supe-
rior to V. dentatum and V. venosum on account of its larger corymbs
and larger dark green foliage and more vigorous habit.
V. vENOSUM, var. longifolium, comb. nov. V. dentatum, var.
longifolium, Dippel, 1. c. 183 (1889) ; Koehne, Deutsch. Dendr. 537
(1893). V. longifolium, * Loddiges" Zabel, in Beissner, Schelle &
Zabel, Handb. Laubholz-Ben. 441 (1903). This form known only
in cultivation differs in its narrower and longer leaves, pubescent on
both sides, more densely beneath, with single or forked hairs. In
the plant cultivated at the Arnold Arboretum the inflorescence and
thé young branchlets are glabrous, but as Dippel and Koehne say
that they are either glabrous or pubescent, I am inclined to refer
here a Viburnum collected by Dr. Mellichamp in 1878 near Bluffton,
S. C. (herb. Gray) which has the inflorescence and the young branch-
lets stellate-tomentose, but agrees otherwise with the cultivated plant.
ARNOLD ARBORETUM.
NOTES ON PUBLICATIONS RECENTLY RECEIVED.
Professor T. C. Porter’s long expected (now alas posthumous)
Flora of Pennsylvania is at hand,! having been edited and provided
with analytical keys by Dr. J. K. Small, the nephew of author. The
work is an excellently printed royal octavo volume of 362 pages
enumerating no less than 2201 species. It is restricted to the sper-
matophytes and the sequence of orders and families is essentially that
of Engler & Prantl’s Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. However, sev-
eral departures from this arrangement are made, and not always with
happy results. Thus the Compositae are divided, as by several recent
writers, into three families, the Cichoriaceae, Ambrosiaceae, and Com-
positae. About the practical value of this division there will of course
be a difference of opinion, but if it is made, there would certainly
! Flora of Pennsylvania by Thomas Conrad Porter, D. D., LL. D. Ed. by
John Kunkel Small, Ph. D. Ginn & Co., Boston, 1903.
62 . Rhodora [Marcu
seem to be no reason for inverting the sequence and placing the
Cichorieae before, i. e. below the Compositae proper. It is one of the
cardinal principles of the modern and very philosophic German sys-
tem of plant arrangement, that the complex shall come after the
simple, as having in all probability developed subsequently. Now, it
cannot be doubted that a highly zygomorphic corolla such as is found
in the Cichorieae, is a more complicated structure in the sense of
being a wider departure from primitive simplicity, than is the regular
corolla of the Æupatorieae, etc. It is easy to believe that the
asymmetrical corolla of the Cichorieae has arisen from the more
common regular form by a gradual one-sided splitting, but it is quite
difficult to conceive that the highly zygomorphic corolla was the
primitive form. It should be remembered also that the Cichorieae,
provided as they are with an elaborate latex system, have a more
complex anatomy than the other Compositae, which is an added
reason for considering them of later development.
The nomenclature and delimitation of groups is in conformity with
the practice of the school of botany which has been called the
* Neo-American." This will naturally be a matter of regret to many
of Dr. Porter’s friends, who perceive that even after ten years’ trial
by some American botanists the Rochester nomenclature is no nearer
acceptance by the great European systematists. One of the alleged
merits of the reform system applied in Dr. Porter’s flora is, we
believe, its consistency, yet in turning the pages one is struck with
obvious incongruities. For instance, many well established names
have been discarded on account of the so-called doctrine of homo-
nyms, yet Cornus candidissima, Marsh. (1785) is maintained quite
without regard to the earlier C. candidissima, Mill. (1769). Erysi-
mum is kept up as a good genus resting upon the last of its four
Linnaean species, yet Stellaria, which if similarly treated would have
to rest upon S. cerastioides and to stand for what is now called Cer-
astium, is wholly suppressed and the genus Cerastium although of
later publication is allowed to stand. Agrimonia striata, a name
which Michaux gave to a Canadian plant, is arbitrarily transferred
to a species ranging from Connecticut southward. It is needless to
multiply such examples. Those here mentioned are selected because
they have all been previously and quite without effect called to the
attention of the reform school. A small slip in authority, originating
doubtless in a typographical error, but handed on from publication
1904] Meeting of the Vermont Botanical Club 63
to publication, is that of ascribing Melilotus alba to Desvaux instead
of Desrousseaux its real author. The local distribution of each
species and variety within the limits of Pennsylvania is stated with
remarkable completeness and unquestioned accuracy, but the same
cannot be said for the more general rangesgiven. This is, of course,
a secondary feature in a local flora, and therefore some incompleteness
or slips in stating extra-limital ranges should be readily condoned,
yet surely surprise must be felt when a plant so noteworthy and so
much discussed as our dwarf mistletoe is assigned a range which does
not include a, third part of the territory over which it is known to
extend. However, notwithstanding the defects here mentioned, the
work as a whole is a noble monument of untiring and lifelong effort
to understand thoroughly and record accurately a rich and interest-
ing flora. Dr. Small’s addition of keys contributes a feature which
must have cost no inconsiderable labor and will be appreciated by
those who use the book in the field.
Under the title Contributions from the Ames Botanical Laboratory,
No. 1, Mr. Oakes Ames has just issued a valuable and well illus-
trated paper on some orchids of southern Florida. The observations
relate chiefly to specimens recently collected by Mr. A. A. Eaton.
It is to be hoped that this carefully prepared paper is the forerunner
of an extended series of similar contributions concerning a family of
plants long in need of an American specialist.
Dr. W. F. Ganong in the Educational Review of St. John, New
Brunswick, xvii. 196, has published an excellent article upon plant-
nomenclature.
Bulletin 103 of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, a.
joint publication by Professor L. R. Jones and other members of the
staff, deals with the Maple Sap Flow. Although it contains much
tabular matter, embodying the results of extensive experimentation,
the whole subject is clearly discussed in language so free from tech-
nicalities that the bulletin will be a practical and valuable guide to
maple sugar makers, not only in Vermont but throughout the range
of the industry. — B. L. R.
MEETING OF THE VERMONT BOTANICAL CLUB.— The ninth annual
winter meeting of the Vermont Botanical Club was held at Burlington
January 21—22, with President E. Brainerd in the chair. The follow-
64 Rhodora [Marcu |
ing papers were read: — Wild Flowers of California, Mrs. H. F.
Grout; Fruiting Season of the Hair-cap Moss, Miss P. M. Towle;
The Brandon Nature Club, Miss C. W. Ormsbee; Ferns of Greens-
boro, Miss H. M. Hodge; Progress of Nature Study in the Vermont
Schools, Supt. W. E. Ranger; A School-garden in its relation to
Nature Study, Miss S. T. Palmer; A Trip to the Farallone Islands,
Mrs. E. B. Davenport ; Soil as a Factor in Plant Distribution, Pro-
fessor W. J. Morse; Flow of Sap in the Sugar Maple, Professor
L. R. Jones; The Importance of the Study of Plants when in Fruit,
President E. Brainerd ; New Plants added to the Flora of Burlington,
Mrs. N. F. Flynn; Work of the Fairbanks Museum, Miss D. I.
Griffin; On Goldie's Fern and on the Ginseng, F. A. Balch; Ferns
in the vicinity of St. Johnsbury, Miss B. M. Rooney; On the
Shrubby Cinquefoil, A. H. Gilbert ; Botanical Prizes in connection
with School work, A. J. Eaton; A Small Matter of Color, Miss S. H.
Bliss; Poisonous Plants of Vermont, W. W. Gilbert; The Pogonias
about Burlington, F. A. Ross. The annual address was given by
Dr. Marshall A. Howe of the New York Botanical Garden and was
entitled Plant Life of the Sea. This exceedingly interesting lecture
was illustrated by more than a hundred exquisitely colored photo-
graphs prepared by the late Cornelius Van Brunt and projected by
stereopticon. The officers of the Club were unanimously re-elected
and a new executive committee created. As in former years the
Club met simultaneously with the Vermont Bird Club and during
some of the exercises the two clubs sat in joint session. A very
pleasant feature of the meeting was a supper at “The Heights” at
which about forty members and guests assembled. It was decided
to hold the summer meeting at Lake Dunmore, on the r2th and 13th
of July.
Vol. 6, no. 62, including pages 25 to 44, was issued 17 February, 1904.
\
QTRbooora
JOURNAL OF
THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB
Vol. 6 April, 1904 No. 64
THE NORTH AMERICAN ALLIES OF SCIRPUS
LACUSTRIS.
AGNES CHASE.
(Plates 52 and 53.)
IN the hope of clearing up confusion in regard to our Great Bul-
rush the accompanying plates have been prepared and the following
descriptions drawn up after study of the specimens of this group in
the National and Gray Herbaria, herbaria of the New England Botan-
ical Club and of the Field Columbian Museum, and in a few private
herbaria.
Scirpus validus was clearly described by Vahl and this name was
taken up by the earlier American botanists. From the brief descrip-
tion of S. Jacustris in Species Plantarum (p. 48) it is impossible to
decide which species of the group Linnaeus had in mind, but the
type locality is given as “ Europae," and the descriptions of S. lacus-
tris L. by Kunth (Enum. Pl. 2:164), Vahl (Enum. Pl. 2:268), and
Reichenbach (Icones Fl. Germ. 7 : 41, plate 106) clearly describe the
specimens with 3-cleft styles from Scandinavia, Germany and France
found in the above herbaria. This European S. /acustris is a plant
with spikelets usually in capitate clusters; smooth scales (the excur-
rent tip of the midrib alone being scabrous) one-fourth or more longer
than the achene; style 3-cleft; achene 1.7—1.8 by 3 mm., triquetrous,
the ventral facet broadest and the dorsal angle obtuse; and the invol-
ucral bract flat or plano-convex, the margins scabrous. The Euro-
pean bulrush with 2-cleft style, described as S. Zabernaemontant
Gmel. Fl. Bad. 1 : 101, and figured in Reichenbach's Icones (7: 41,
plate 107), is, to judge from descriptions, plate and numerous speci-
66 Rhodora [APRIL
mens in the Gray Herbarium, clearly distinct from S. /acustris L.,
though reduced to synonymy in the Kew Index. To this form our
American S. validus and S. occidentalis are more nearly allied than
to S. Jacustris L.
The achene-characters here given are based on study of mature
plants; and achenes for measurement and illustration are in each
case takeh from the lower part of the spikelet, the upper achenes
being found less characteristic and almost invariably smaller than the
lower ones.
KEY TO AMERICAN ALLIES OF SCIRPUS LACUSTRIS.
Achene lenticular, style 2-cleft :
Bristles 4—6, slender:
Achene 2 mm., scales but little longer А ‘ S. validus.
Achene 2.5-3 mm., scales 4-} longer . . ` S. occidentalis.
Bristles 2, broad, ciliate below . : i Р i 5. Caltfornicus.
Achene triquetrous, style 3-cleft; bristles 2—4, fragile,
unequal : . А А А : Е . . S. heterochaetus.
Scirpus VALIDUS Vahl Enum. Р]. 2: 268 (1806).
Scirpus lacustris of American authors not Linnaeus.
Perennial: rootstock horizontal: culm erect, 1.2-2.5 m. high,
о.8—2. cm. in diameter at base, attenuate upward, terete, soft, usually
flattened in dried specimens, light green, smooth, minutely striate,
leafless, or the basal sheaths produced into narrow acuminate blades
(1—15 cm. long); sheaths membranaceous with a hyaline border and
ligule, usually lacerate: inflorescence a decompound, lax, one-sided,
more or less drooping umbel of numerous spikelets subtended by a
single erect, attenuate, terete bract, channeled only at the base (1-6
cm. long); rays 1-6 cm. long, slender, plano-convex, the margins
scabrous ; bractlets vaginate, light brown to chestnut, acute or acu-
minate scarious, pubescent toward the summit, fimbriate-ciliate, the
midrib excurrent into a scabrous tip; secondary rays 0.5-4 cm. long,
slender: spikelets usually solitary or in capitate clusters of 2-3
(rarely 4 or 5) ferruginous to chestnut, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, acute
or becoming obtuse as terminal achenes mature, 3—4 by 5—10 (usually
7) mm.: scales equalling or slightly longer than the achenes and
rounded over them, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, obtuse or
emarginate, spotted with chestnut or purplish brown, pubescent along
the midrib and at the summit with thick stubby hairs, ciliate; the
strong green or pale midrib exserted into a short scabroustip: bristles
4-6 (usually 6) shorter, equalling or longer than the achene (usually
slightly longer), reddish brown, retrorsely barbed: style 2-cleft to
1904] Chase,— Allies of Scirpus lacustris 67
near the base: achene fuscous or grayish black when fully ripe
(flavescent before maturity often falling without turning dark),
rounded obovoid, abruptly mucronate, 1.3-1.5 by 2 (rarely 2.2 or
less than 2) mm., in section plano-convex, or the ventral side slightly
convex above, hexagonally reticulate under a lens.
Type locality: “ Habitat in Caribaeis.”
Specimens examined. Nova Scorta, Halifax (Howe & Lang
1602): ONTARIO (Macoun 34,583): MANITOBA (Bourgeau): MAINE,
Fort Fairfield (Fernald 2091); Marshfield (Zerza/4) ; Cumberland
Co. (Ricker 323); Monmouth (Merril 1133); New Sharon (Knowl-
ton); Sumner (Parlin); Wells (Furbish); South Chesterville (Eaton) :
New HAMPSHIRE, Pelham (Know/ton) ; Jaffrey (Robinson 327): VER-
MONT, Shelburne Pond (/Zynn); Manchester (Day 200): Massa-
CHUSETTS, East Gloucester (Swan); Malden (Collins); Westford
(Manning); Cambridge (Perkins); Pittsfield ( Hoffmann): RHODE
IsLanp, Providence (Regester & Collins): CONNECTICUT, Southing-
ton (Andrews 425, Bissell 895); East Haven (Winton): New
YORK (Lucy 2225, Millspaugh): PENNSYLVANIA (Heller): VIRGINIA
(Small): NORTH CAROLINA (Coville 57, Vasey): SOUTH CAROLINA
(Ravenel): GEORGIA (Harper 160, 575): FLORIDA (Simpson 373,
Nash 1262, Biltmore Herb. 3310): Texas (Bigelow, Reverchon 889):
Онто (Selby 321, Young): Inpiana (Hill, Deam, Umbach, Young):
ILLINOIS (M. S. Bebb, Stewart, V. H. Chase, A. Chase 1136, 1677):
MICHIGAN (Clarke, Davis, Houghton, H. H. & D. R. Camp): Wis
CONSIN (Umbach): MINNESOTA (Mearns 695, Pammel 437): Iowa
(Butler 4, Cratty, Fitzpatrick, Ball, Shimek): KANSAS (Shear 239,
Norton 549): NEBRASKA (Clements 2586, Rydberg 1276, 1388 in part
— Nat. Herb. по. 210,395): Monrana (Shear 397, Rydberg 2148,
3168): WYOMING (4. Nelson 454, 3651, 7605): CoronApo (Wolf
& Rothrock 930, Crandall 510): ARIZONA (MacDougal 538): Wasu-
INGTON (Whited 584, Horner 512): CALIFORNIA (Orcutt, Heller
5827): Porro Rico (Heller 6290, Sintenis 3846): Сова (Wright
713).
Scirpus validus Vahl is distinguished from S. lacustris L. by the
2-cleft style; by the lenticular achene $ as large as that of S. Jacutris ;
by the scales equalling or but little larger than the achenes, pubes-
cent along the midrib and at the summit; and by the terete involucral
bract.
This species shows comparatively little variation, the most notable
being that of the Florida, West Indian and Yucatan specimens and
MacDougal 538 from Arizona, which have scales longer and more
pubescent, and bristles nearly or quite 4 longer than the achenes.
As the type locality of S. va/idus 15 “in Caribaeis" it may be assumed
that these subtropical specimens are the typical form, but the more
68 Rhodora [APRIL
northern form is too close to it to be separated even as a variety.
The achenes (excluding the bristles) are indistinguishable. Two
specimens in the Gray Herbarium indicate a remarkable range for
S. validus, or a very closely allied species. Aitchinson 465 and 689
from Afghanistan have the lax, drooping umbel of ferruginous spike-
lets and the general aspect of S. va/idus. The style is 2-cleft, the
achenes, not fully mature, are flavescent, 2.1 mm. long, rounded obo-
vate. The scales furnish the only distinction; these are minutely
pubescent along the midrib and at the summit with soft appressed
hairs, not thick and stubby as in S. validus.
SciRPUS Occidentalis (Watson), n. comb.
Scirpus lacustris var. occidentalis Watson, Bot. Cal. 2:218 (1880).
Perennial: rootstock horizontal, scaly: culm erect 1.2-2 m. high,
.5-2 cm. in diameter at base, attenuate upward, usually hard espe-
cially in eastern specimens, olive green, smooth, minutely striate,
leafless, or basal sheaths produced into acuminate blades broader
than found in S. validus and sometimes 20 cm. long; sheaths with
hyaline border becoming fibrillose; lowest sheath usually somewhat
indurated: inflorescence a compound, usually erect and congested
umbel of few to many spikelets, subtended by a single erect, attenu-
ate, terete or obscurely 3-sided bract, channeled only at the base
(1-7 cm. long) ; rays o-s cm. (rarely over 3 cm.) long, rather stout,
plano-convex, the margins scabrous ; bractlets vaginate, pale, spotted
with ruddy brown, scarious, lacerate-fimbriate, slightly viscid-pubes-
cent especially toward the summit, abruptly mucronate ; secondary
rays when present o.3-2 cm. long: spikelets in capitate clusters of
2-7 or solitary (the greater number capitate in every umbel), pale
grayish brown to dark rusty brown, cylindrical or ellipsoidal, obtuse,
4-5 by ro-18 mm., densely fruited, the scales overlapping 4 their
length or more: scales $-4 longer than the achenes, oblong-ovate,
obtuse and emarginate, spotted with ruddy brown, viscid-pubescent
along the midrib and on the upper third with stubby hairs, the
hyaline margin lacerate, ciliate; the strong, pale midrib exserted into
a prominent scabrous tip: style 2-cleft to near the base; bristles 6,
slightly shorter than the achene, reddish brown, retrorsely barbed:
achene dark grayish brown, obovoid, abruptly acuminate 1.7~1.9 by
2.5-3 mm., in section unequally biconvex, hexagonally reticulate
under a lens.
Type locality: “California ranging from San Diego county to
British Columbia and eastward to Texas and Colorado.”
Scirpus lacustris var. occidentalis Watson seems to have no type
specimen extant. Dr. Watson cites no definite specimens and there
is no specimen of S. occidentalis from San Diego county in the Gray
or National Herbaria of a date previous to the publication of var.
At
1904] " Chase, — Allies of Scirpus lacustris 69
occidentalis. Inthe Gray Herbarium are the following marked “ 5,
lacustris, var. occidentalis” in Dr. Watson’s handwriting: NEVADA,
mouth of Run [?] River, alt. 5000 ft., July 1868 — immature ( Watson
1212, King Exped.): British CoLUMBIA, Saturna Island, 1858 —
immature (Zya//, Oregon Boundary Comm.): CALIFORNIA, Yosemite
Valley, 1866 — nearly mature (Bolander 6231, Geol. Surv. Cal.)
Santa Barbara, 1875 — very immature (Rothrock 57, Wheeler
Exped.) New Mexico, 1873 — immature (Loew, Wheeler Exped.);
1851—52,— immature (Wright 1940). In the National Herbarium
is one specimen marked var. occidentalis by Dr. Watson: NEVADA,
Humboldt Pass, alt. 6000 ft., Sept., 1868 — fully mature ( Watson
1212).
The discrepancy іп the data of these two specimens of Watson
1212 is probably due to giving the same number to all collections of
one species during the expedition.
Specimens examined.— Those cited above: NEWFOUNDLAND
( Waghorne — very immature, but scales large and viscid): MAINE,
Mattawamkeag Lake (Fernald); Ship Pond, Elliottsville (Fernald
419); Chemo Pond, Bradley (Briggs); Monhegan Island (F. G.
Smith); Rangeley Lakes (Furbish): New Hampsuire, Dixville
Notch (Boott): Massacuusetts, Revere (Young); Fresh Pond,
Cambridge (Boott): New York, shore of Lake Ontario ( Wibbe):
ONTARIO, Sarnia (Macoun 34,582): Онго, Licking Co. (Jones):
InpIANA, Lake Michigan basin (Hil, Lansing 962, A. Chase 345);
ILLINOIS, South Chicago (4. Chase 1628) : Romeo, Desplaines val-
ley just beyond Lake Michigan watershed (Umbach): WISCONSIN,
Lake Michigan basin (A. Bebb): Missouri, Courtney (Bush 23):
NEBRASKA, Middle Loup River, Thomas Co. (Rydberg 1388 in part):
MONTANA, Madison River (Aydberg 2277); Madison River (Shear
521); Snake River (4. & E. Nelson 6571): Wyoming, Little Mis-
souri Buttes (Griffiths 593): CoLoRapo, Canon City (Brandegee):
Uran (Bishop): New Mexico (Vasey): Arizona (Rothrock 330a);
Santa Cruz (Pringle); (Vasey); vicinity of Flagstaff (MacDouga:
275): BRITISH CoLUMBIA (Zya//): WASHINGTON, Cascade Mts.
(Tweedy 2); Falcon Valley (Suksdorf 85); Lake Chelan (Gorman
697); Okanogan Co. (Elmer 539); (Vasey 11): OREGON (Æ. Hall
562); Wasco Co. (Leberg 865); CALIFORNIA, San Bernardino Val-
ley (Parish 956); Walkers Basin (Rothrock 280); Tulare Co. (Covi//e
& Funston 1736); Placer Co. ( Vasey).
Scirpus occidentalis is distinguished from S. validus by achene &
larger, by scales $-4 longer than the achene and nearly twice as long
as scales of S. validus, viscid-pubescent, overlapping 4 their length
or more; by the cylindric, more densely fruited spikelets in capitate
clusters; and by the denser umbels and harder culms. From S.
lacustris L. it is distinguished by the 2-cleft style, lenticular achene,
viscid-pubescent scales, cylindric, densely fruited spikelets, and by
the terete or obscurely 3-sided involucral bract.
70 Rhodora [APRIL
This species shows much variation. Specimens from New Eng-
land and the Great Lakes have smaller culms, spikelets darker in
color, often longer; the scales more viscid (in many western speci-
mens scales are but very slightly viscid), and umbels less congested
than usual in western specimens, though the latter vary from dense,
globular heads to open umbels with rays 5 cm. long. Plants having
this open umbel can be determined by the achene and scale.
Scirpus heterochaetus, n. sp.
Culms erect, 1-2 mm, high, 4-10 mm. in diameter at base, terete,
usually hard, light green, smooth, minutely striate, leafless, or basal
sheaths produced into acuminate blades 2-15 cm. long and 3-5 mm.
wide ; the sheaths with hyaline borders lacerate and slightly fibril-
lose: inflorescence an open, suberect compound umbel of 9-17
spikelets, subtended by a single erect attenuate terete bract, chan-
neled only at the base (3.5-7 cm. long) ; rays 1-6 cm. long, very
slender, plano-convex, smooth or slightly scabrous on the margins ;
bractlets vaginate, pale brown to wine color, long acuminate, the
hyaline margin lacerate-fimbriate, smooth except the scabrous
excurrent tip of the midrib; secondary rays .5—1.5 cm.: spikelets
solitary, ovoid-oblong, acute or subacute, 3-4 by 8-10 mm., reddish
brown: scales 4 longer than the achenes, ovate-oblong, subacute,
deeply emarginate, thickly spotted with wine-color toward the sum-
mit, pale below, the hyaline margins erose, glabrous except the
prominently excurrent scabrous, slender tip of the midrib: style
3-cleft to below the middle: bristles 2—4 (usually 2) slender, fragile,
unequal, shorter than the achene (usually not over 4 the length of
the achene), dark red, retrorsely barbed or nearly smooth: achene
fuscous 1.7—1.8 by 2.6-3 mm., obovate, abruptly mucronate, in
section triangular, the ventral side plane or slightly concave, the
dorsal angle rounded, hexagonally reticulate under a lens.
Type: “ Brewer & Chickering, swamps, Havana, N. Y., June 26;
1858,” specimen in the National Herbarium, no. 27,519.
This is the form referred to (fide note on above specimen) by Dr.
Gray in Manual, Fifth Ed. p. 563: “ A slender variety with narrower
heads, very smooth scales and shorter or fragile bristles, was spar-
ingly collected by Rev. J. W. Chickering at Havana, N. Y.”
Other specimens examined:— VERMONT, Milton, July 25, 1893
(Grout): New York, Havana (Chickering in Gray Herb.) : ILLINOIS,
Athens, July, 1869 (Æ. Hai in Herb. Field Columbian Mus. no.
35,203); MINNESOTA, Fort Snelling, July 24, 1888,— a robust speci-
men with immature spikelets (Mearns); Minnesota or South Dakota
[no locality given] July 24, 1839 (Geyer, Nicollet’s Northwestern
Exped.): NEBRASKA (“Ex Father Wibbe”): OnkGON, Swan Lake,
Klamath Co. July 14, 1895 (Applegate 759): Inano, valley of Lake
1904] Chase,— Allies of Scirpus lacustris 71
Tesemini, Kootenai Co., specimen with slender culms 2 m. high,
spikelets 23 in number, slightly larger than those of the other speci-
mens, scales with scabrous midrib, otherwise glabrous; achenes
very immature, bristles 2—4 very fragile as in the other speci-
mens, doubtless a form of this species (Sandberg 687).
Scirpus heterochaetus is distinguished from S. validus and S.
occidentalis by the 3-cleft style, by the triquetrous achene, by the
fragile unequal bristles fewer and shorter, and by the glabrous scales.
From S. /acustris L., to which it is closely allied, it is distinguished
by the terete involucral bract, solitary spikelets, and fragile unequal
bristles fewer and shorter. Apparently rare; the above specimens
all lack rootstocks. It is worthy of note that four of the above
specimens bear some note by the collector of variation from sS,
lacustris so called.
Scirpus CALIFORNICUS (C. A. Meyer) Britton, Ill. Fl. 1: 267 (1896).
Elytrospermum Californicum C. A. Meyer, Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb.
(V.) І: 201, pl. 2 (1831).
This remaining species of the dacustris group in this country has
been recognized as distinct, and is so easily determined by its
aristate scales and broad, dark red bristles plumose below, that it
needs no delineation here.
The greater number of specimens examined were immature. In
Scirpus, as in the other genera of Cyperaceae it is very important
that plants be collected at maturity.
Thanks are due the Gray Herbarium, National Herbarium, and
herbaria of the New England Botanical Club and of the Field
Columbian Museum, for the loan of specimens, and to Prof. C. V.
Piper for helpful criticism.
DIVISION OF AGROsTOLOGY, Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES 52 AND 53.
а. Scirpus validus Vahl (A. Chase 1136, Chicago).
. Scirpus lacustris L. (Reinsch, Erlangen).
с. Scirpus occidentalis (Watson) Chase (c. A. Chase 1628, South Chicago,
illustrating Lake Michigan and New England form; cc. Leiberg 865,
Oregon, illustrating the western form).
d. Scirpus heterochaetus Chase (Brewer & Chickering, Havana, N. Y.
type specimen).
Corresponding parts drawn on the same scale; inflorescence natural size;
spikelet X 5 diam., achene with cross section, and scale X 10 diam.
72 Rhodora [APRIL
BRYOPHYTES OF THE MT. GREYLOCK REGION, — III.
A. Le Roy ANDREWS.
The mountain surface still yields returns for further effort
expended, more slowly it is true, but each newly found species is of
proportionately enhanced interest. The species listed below were
collected on several trips made during the past spring and summer.
Special attention paid to the closely related genera, Bryum and
Webera, brought to light several good species, otherwise results are
more or less “scattering.”
Ragged Mountain is a spur of the mountain mass, of irregular
contour and altitude, running in a generally northerly or slightly
northeasterly direction, from the Bellows Pipe to North Adams,
forming the eastern wall of the Notch. The eastern slopes of the
mountain in Adams, as well as those of Ragged Mountain, show
several species of more or less southern tendency. The Notch is
perhaps in even greater degree than the Hopper, the abode of
surprises, generally, though not always, of northern species, the
isolated character of its moss and hepatic flora corresponding with
our knowledge of New England mountain flora generally and ofter-
ing a hint to collectors upon other mountains.
I again add brief notes as to altitude, distribution, etc. The
species not previously reported are the following:
Muscl.
Amblystegium varium (Hedw.) Lindb. Decayed spot on tree at
middle altitude. This is of the typical form, which, as occurring
here and in the vicinity, generally is very distinct from the one
variously treated as variety or species, orthocladon, which Prof.
Cheney, however, considers unworthy of distinct treatment.
Anacamptodon splachnoides (Froelich) Brid. A specimen with a
single capsule mixed with the last. Also on a decayed spot in beech-
tree at higher altitude, full-fruited. This species, though not fre-
quently met with, proves to be of general distribution in the vicinity,
Brachythecium laetum (Brid.) Br. & Sch. On wet bank in Notch,
lower altitude.
1904] Andrews,—Bryophytes of Mt. Greylock Керіоп,— ПІ 73
Brachythecium plumosum (Sw.) Br. & Sch. Wet places at base
of mountain in Notch.
Brachythecium rivulare Br. & Sch. In compact, round, yellowish
cushions of more or less erect stems, near small brook at middle
altitude.
Bryum capillare L. Not uncommon on ground and rocks of lower
altitudes, but rarely fruiting. Found fruiting only on large rock at
base in Adams. This seems to be a species of very general
occurrence, but often unnoticed from its sterile condition. I have,
among others, specimens from Pownal, Vermont.
Bryum intermedium Brid. Crevices of a small rock in clearing,
middle altitude.
Bryum pseudotriquetrum Schwaegr. Occasional at middle or
lower altitude, about springs or small brooks. PAilonotis fontana is
regularly a companion plant. The species is an attractive one, its
long, frequently purple-shining seta sometimes showing a tendency to
become broadly geniculate at the base.
Dicranum montanum Hedw. On bark of a dead tree near the
summit. Not fruiting.
Dicranum undulatum Turn. On comparatively dry ground on
east slope of Ragged Mt., North Adams. Very full-fruited.
Dicranum viride Schimp. On decayed spot in a beech-tree, not
far below summit. Sterile.
Eurhyncium Boscii (Schwaegr.) Jaeg. A rather small, fruiting
form on ground near road at base in Adams.
Eurhyncium graminicolor (Brid.) Paris. (Hypnum Sullivantii of
Manual.) On rocks, middle altitude in Hopper.
Hylocomium brevirostrum (Ehrh:) Br. & Sch. Wet sloping ground
or rocks in woods, middle and higher altitude. Not fruiting.
Hypnum cuspidatum L. Swampy place at base of mountain in
Adams. Sterile. |
Myurella Careyana Sulliv. Small specimen from large rock in
woods, middle altitude.
Pogonatum brevicaule Beauv. Not uncommon on bare ground
beside roads, at and near base of mountain in Adams and North
Adams.
| Pylaisia velutina Br. & Sch. Bark of trees in dense woods, middle
altitude.
Rhyncostegium serrulatum (Hedw.) Jaeg. In considerable quan-
74 Rhodora [APRIL
tity and well fruited, on ground, lower slopes of Ragged Mt., in North
Adams. Fruit just reaching good maturity in early September.
Thuidium paludosum (Sulliv.) Rau & Hervey. Swampy place at
base in Adams. Sterile.
Webera annotina (Hedw.) Schwaegr. This species was detected
by Mrs. E. G. Britton, who kindly, called my attention to the differ-
ence between its gemmae and the corresponding bodies in the case
of W. proligera. It is a species of very uncommon occurrence and
was growing on the bare ground of a moist bank in the Notch. No
fruit was seen.
Webera cruda (L.) Schwaegr. This species was growing in a
similar locality, not far from the last, and was also identified by Mrs.
Britton. The plants were fruiting abundantly.
Webera proligera (Lindb.) Kindb. Moist banks by roads near
summit, also toward base at Adams and in Notch. From the last
locality I have a single small tuft showing this species and W. anno-
tina intimately mixed together. The specimens occurring near the
summit display regularly much longer, flexuous stems , with distant,
darker green leaves, giving superficially a very different aspect from
those of lower altitude, which latter, except for the difference of the
propagula, closely simulate W. annotina. The present species has
been considered uncommon in America, but may readily have been
overlooked. In this connection I might mention finding specimens
in a similar locality in the mountain town of Florida (Mass.), which
bore abundant fruit, the capsules just reaching maturity when col-
lected (June 28, 1903).
HEPATICAE.
Anthoceros laevis L. Small specimen from wet bank in Notch,
with Blasia pusilla.
Bazzania triangularis (Schleich.) Lindb. (B. deflexa of Manual.)
Perpendicular surface of a large rock in woods, middle altitude. Dr.
A. W. Evans kindly identified this specimen.
frullania Brittoniae Evans. (F. dilatata of Manual) On bark
of tree in Notch. Also on rock at Bellows Pipe.
Geocalyx graveolens (Schrad.) Nees. On ground, middle and lower
altitudes. Occasionally fruiting. .
Kantia Trichomanis (L.) S. F. Gray. On ground at various points,
B
1904] Slosson,— — A New Hybrid Fern from Vermont 75
lower altitude. Not fruiting; occasionally showing pseudopodia and
gemmae.
Moerckia Flotowiana (Nees) Schiffn. This species occurs sparingly
on a wet bank in the Notch. It is new to New England, and I take
the liberty of quoting from information kindly furnished me by Dr.
Evans as to its relationships and American occurrence. “ Moerchia
flotowiana (Nees) Schiffn. is a plant which Nees von Esenbeck
originally referred to Pa//avicinia Гуе as a variety, and which has
until very recently been considered a variety of Moerckia (or Palla-
vicinia) Hibernia. Schiffner maintains in a recent paper that the
plant is specifically distinct from M. Hibernica. Nees von Esenbeck,
in 1838, reported the species from Newfoundland, but it has not
since been recorded from eastern America. It occurs in the Harri-
man collections from Alaska.”
Nardia crenulata (Smith) Lindb. On bare ground at base in
Cheshire, also in Notch.
Реа epiphylla (L.) Corda. Wet ground in various places and at
all altitudes. Not conspicuous except when fruiting, in April.
Plagiochila asplenioides (L.) Dumort. At lower and middle
altitudes, especially about beds of small mountain brooks. Leaves
entire or denticulate.
I
University or West VIRGINIA, Morgantown.
A NEW HYBRID FERN FROM VERMONT.
MARGARET SLOSSON.
Dryopteris Pittsfordensis, hyb. nov.— Mature sporophyte
large, 14-2, or more feet tall, resembling that of D. spinulosa dilatata,
the young fronds like those of D. marginalis with the lowermost pair
of pinnae enlarged, partially evergreen, the sporophylls withering in
late autumn.
Rootstock decumbent, as in D. spinulosa, between which and D.
marginalis the plant is a probable hybrid. Fronds fasciculate, cro-
siers densely clothed with pale brown scales; stipes 6-12 inches
long, usually about one-third the length of the frond, stramineous,
browning with age, especially below, deeply furrowed along the face,
and clothed with a mixture of broad, narrowly ovate, and linear-lance-
olate acuminate entire or lacerated brown scales, darkest below and
often with blackish brown centres, paler and transparent above,
76 Rhodora [APRIL
becoming chaffy along the strongly grooved and winged rachises ;
fibro-vascular bundles 3-5 or 7. Laminae то—2о or more inches
long, 6-10 inches broad, oblong or ovate lanceolate, or triangular-
ovate with long acuminate apices, broadest just below the middle,
bipinnate or, in the largest forms, tripinnate, at least below ; pinnae
mostly ovate or oblong lanceolate, long-acuminate, the lowermost pair
much the broadest and irregularly deltoid, the superior pinnules much
the "longest, lobes irregularly spinulose or sharply toothed; texture
subcoriaceous, softly downy in the young fronds, and wrinkled on
the face from the deep furrows of the midribs and veins; sori ele-
vated, submarginal, reniform, indusia coriaceous; veins pinnately
branched and forked.
Syn. Mephrodium Pittsfordense Davenport, in litt.
'The special characters of this plant lie in the long-acuminated out-
line of the fronds and pinnae, the submarginal elevated sori and cori-
aceous indusia, and the occa-
sional presence on the older
stipes of large deeply lobed
or lacerated appressed scales
with a broad dark base and
the exterior lobe greatly
elongated. The scales of
the stipes are for the most
part attached at the base by
a well rounded sinus with
either entire or ciliated mar-
gins; the smaller ones much
like those on some of the
Polypodiums, as for example,
P. polypodioides.
In the subcoriaceous tex-
ture, and to someextent in the
coloring, of the fronds, and
in the conspicuous submar-
2 ginalelevated sori appearing
almost cork-like in age, the
plant resembles D. margina-
lis, The toothed margins of
the fronds, on the other hand,
suggest D. spinulosa. Both
at first sight and on close examination the hybrid character of the
plant appears unquestionable.
1904 ] Sanford,— Saururus cernuus in Rhode Island 77
I first found this plant in 1895, growing among stones by a road-
side in Pittsford, Rutland County, Vermont. The specimens formed
a large clump. Nearby grew D. marginalis and a form of D. spinulosa.
In тдот the hybrid clump was transplanted to Mr. George E.
Davenport’s garden in Medford, Massachusetts, where it has remained
since. It has produced mostly smaller fronds in the new location than
in the old, but apparently has lost none of its peculiar characteristics
at any time.
Type specimens are in the herbarium of the New York Botanical
Garden.
I am greatly indebted to Mr. Davenport for his kind assistance in
the study of this fern.
Nore BY Mr. Davenport.— Since Miss Slosson’s fern was trans-
planted to my garden in тоот it has increased to five plants from
young crowns growing out from the main rootstalk. One of the new
plants was sent to Miss Slosson and another has been reserved for
the Botanical Garden at Cambridge. During the past two seasons I
have pressed all available fronds from the original plant and speci-
mens of these will be deposited in the Gray Herbarium, the Herbarium
of the New England Botanical Club, and the Davenport Herbarium
of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. In 1893 Mr. Raynal
Dodge collected some specimens which he regarded as of hybrid
origin between Wephrodium spinulosum and N. marginale. These I
have had under examination for some time, but in the absence of
the rootstalk, and other necessary data, I have not been able to satisfy
myself as to their exact status. They differ greatly, however, from
Miss Slosson’s fern.— С. E. D.
EXPLANATION OF FicUunRES: — Fig. 1, portion of a pinna of Dryopteris
Pittsfordensts, X 14. Fig. 2, part of a pinna of D. spinulosa intermedia,
X 14. Fig. 3, part of a pinna of D. marginalis, X 11.
THE RANGE OF SAURURUS CERNUUS EXTENDED INTO RHODE
IsLanp.— In August, 1902, while exploring the meadowlands stretch-
ing from Adamsville, Rhode Island, to the ocean shore, Judge
Benjamin Cook, Jr., ran across some plants, which were at once
recognized as Saururus cernuus, L. One year later, July 29, 1903,
Mr. Cook and the writer visited the locality and found the plants at
78 Rhodora [APRIL
the height of their flowering period. As Saururus cernuus does
not appear to be recorded from Rhode Island, the discovery was
considered worthy of note, and fresh specimens were sent to the
Gray Herbarium and the Herbarium of Brown University. The
locality in which these plants were found is about two and one-
half miles southwest of Adamsville, Rhode Island. The plants
seem to be well established, for a small stream running through an
open meadow was literally choked with Saururus for more than fifty
yards of its course. A more extended exploration of that neighbor-
hood failed to reveal another spot where the plants grew. The new
station is interesting from the fact that it brings Saururus cernuus
well across Rhode Island, and very nearly into Massachusetts.—
S. N. F. Sanrorp, Fall River, Massachusetts.
SOME INTRODUCED PLANTS OF CONNECTICUT.— A group of plants
introduced in Connecticut, probably with grain, has already been
noted (КнорокаА III: бо), and those growing in another place near
by seem worthy of a little space. This field was sowed in the spring
of 1902 with oats bought at a feed-store and also with a mixture of
timothy and clover seed. The first year I found growing among the
oats, sparingly, Camelina sativa, Crantz. besides a number of other
more common weeds of grain fields, such as Brassica spp., Spergula
arvensis, L., Agrostemma Githago, L., Linum usitatissimum, L., and
Bromus secalinus, L. In 1903 an abundance of Viola arvensis, Murr.,
in May was followed in July by a quantity of Cuscuta Epithymum,
Murr., in one patch, with occasional plants of Matricaria inodora, L.,
and perhaps seven or eight individuals of Anthemis tinctoria, L. The
list is finished with Crepis virens, L., which was found scattered over
the field on Sept. з. Of the above species Camelina sativa, L., and
Matricaria inodora, L. are not previously reported from the state so
far as I know, while Crepis virens, L. does not appear in any list at
hand although credited to the state in Britton's Manual. The
Camelina can hardly claim a permanent place in our flora, as it seems
to have already vanished; the Matricaria will be looked for with
interest in 1904; but the Crepis has every appearance of being well
established.— E. B. HARGER, Oxford, Connecticut.
1904] Nye,— Bulblets of Microstylis ophioglossoides 79
BULBLETS OF MICROSTYLIS OPHIOGLOSSOIDES.— Upon July 3oth,
1903, it was my good fortune to ‘find an unusually fine specimen of
Microstylis ophioglossoides, the stem measuring eleven inches from
top of bulb to tip of raceme. While I was preparing it for the press
my attention was attracted to several bulblets which had formed under-
neath the loose outer coat of the bulb very much as the bulblets form
upon Vallota bulbs. They were pearly white and closely resembled
small kernels of rice. There was no regularity in their position upon
the mature bulb. One of the bulblets had already sent up a tiny leaf
upon a stem half an inch in length and plainly exhibited the same
double structure and the same general form as mature bulbs. Micro-
stylts ophioglossoides is not uncommon in this locality but it seems to
be a shy seeder, as I seldom find more than one or two capsules
formed from a raceme of blossoms. Therefore it would seem as if
Nature provided for its propagation in another method than by seed.
— Harriet A. Nye, Fairfield Center, Maine.
CLEOME SERRULATA IN MAINE.— On August 3rd, 1903, a party of
ladies were waiting for the train at Moosehead Inn Station on the
line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad. Being interested in botany
they improved the opportunity by seeking for novel flowers, and just
as the train was coming into the station one of their number, Miss
Harriet Burr, found a small plant about five inches in height grow-
ing in the very middle of the railroad track. This was submitted to
the writer and by him determined as Come serrulata, Pursh. The
specimen was sent to Mr. M. L. Fernald of the Gray Herbarium
who verified the identification and reported that it was new to the
State.— О. W. Кміснт, Bangor, Maine.
HELENIUM NUDIFLORUM IN GROTON, CONNECTICUT.— On July
29th, 1903, while walking through the mowing lot at Esker Point,
near Noauk, I came across a plant in bud which looked like a Rud-
beckia, but left it to develop. On my next trip a few days afterwards
I found it unfolded, and it proved to be Helenium nudiforum Nutt.
This time I found four or five other plants of the same species a few
yards away. As the grass was mowed soon after, I saw no more
80 Rhodora [APRIL
of it, but shall hope to greet it again another year. Gray’s Manual
gives the range of this species as from Illinois and Missouri to North
Carolina and Texas. It has, however, been known for some time
near Providence, Rhode Island (see W. W. Bailey, RHODORA, iv.
198), and I learn from the Gray Herbarium that Mr. J. €. Parlin
has found it spreading from wool-waste at North Berwick, Maine.
It seems probable that it may have been introduced at the Con-
necticut station in grass seed.— FRANCES M. Graves, New London,
Connecticut.
FuRTHER SrATIONS FOR BOTRICHIUM MATRICARIAEFOLIUM IN Сох-
NECTICUT.— Bishop’s list gives only two stations for Botrychium mat-
ricariaefolium, one in Sherman (Fairfield County), the other in
Franklin (New London County). In RHODORA, 3: 36 (1901) Mr.
A. W. Driggs notes the finding of 2. matricariaefolium in West Hart-
ford (Hartford County). In June, 1901, the writer collected several
specimens at Mansfield (Tolland County). During the summer of
19o2 at Cornwall Bridge (Litchfield County) many specimens were
found; and at Kent Falls, North Kent, in the same county one
plant was collected. Last summer (1903) this species was found
to be abundant on the mountain slopes in Salisbury (Litchfield
County). Specimens from these stations are preserved in the
writer's herbarium.
As this plant has been found in five of the eight counties and in
widely separated parts of the state, it is probable that it has been
overlooked and will be found to be generally distributed throughout.
— А. Vincent Osmun, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Vol. 6. no. 63, including pages 45 to 64, was issued 7 March, 1904.
Rhodora.
#0
| oa
HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON.
Agnes Chase, del.
fig. a, Scirpus validus: fig. b, S. lacustris.
бы]
Plate 53.
Rhodora.
Е,
E
p f
L7.
Wa
BOSTON.
HELIOTYPE CO.,
Agnes Chase, del.
fig. d. S. heterochaetus.
pus occidentalis:
J
IRE YET)
e
Le.
Rbodora
JOURNAL OF
THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB
Vol. 6 May, 1904 No. 65
SOME CASUAL ELEMENTS IN THE FLORA OF
WESTERN MAINE.
J. C. PARLIN.
Any lover of plants, one who is looking for species new to his
experience, should, if resident near a woolen mill, carefully watch the
waste-heap for species native in those regions forming the source of
the wool supply.
For thirteen years, I have had the pleasure of studying the flora
of the waste-heap of the North Berwick Manufacturing Company’s
plant, during which time the factory has used wool from Arizona,
California, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Utah, Idaho, Oregon, the
Middle West, and, in 1892, a few pounds from Australia.
Not many of the “sheep ticks" have adapted themselves to our
soil and climate. Perhaps the treatment and use of the wool-waste
will somewhat explain this. The waste is heaped into a natural
hollow, the outlet of which is closed; for several years, it there
collects moisture, is mixed with night-soil, rots, and is finally carted
away to form a compost heap before being used for a fertilizer.
Atriplex patulum, L., var. littorale, Gray, Medicago lupulina, L., and
Erodium moschatum, Willd., are the only species seeming to have
been introduced in the wool that are at all permanently located here.
The first is abundant in waste ground around the storehouses of the
factory; the medick is well established in the surrounding grass-
land; while the heron’s-bill is occasionally found around the
buildings and along the river-bank below the mill. Madia glome-
rata, Hook., Hymenatherum aureum, Gray, Erodium circutarium,
L'Hér., and Helenium nudiflorum, Nutt., have occurred along the
river, the last species remaining several years in grassland, but have
82 Rhodora [May
shown no signs of becoming permanent. The Helenium has not
been found near the waste-heap, and may have been introduced in
grass seed; but I have inclined to the wool theory, because the
plants were all found along the line of the principal current when the
river is high enough to overflow the intervales below the mill.
Taken as a whole, the list does not present many plants of a
character, in this latitude, to worry the farmer with the fear of new
weeds.
For the identification of the majority of the species, I am indebted
to Merritt L. Fernald. Thanks are also due Dr. B. L. Robinson,
Dr. J. M. Greenman and Prof. F. Lamson Scribner, for their kind
assistance in the work of identification.
PLANTS INTRODUCED IN WOOL-WASTE AT NorRTH BERWICK, ME.
Senebiera pinnatifida, DC.
Erodium cicutarium, L'Hér.
E. moschatum, Willd.
E. Botrys, Bertolini.
Medicago lupulina, L.
M. arabica, All. (M. maculata,
Willd.).
М. hispida, Gaertn. (M. denticulata,
Willd.).
M. laciniata, All.
Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Nutt.
Aplopappus gracilis, Gray.
Artemisia annua, L.
A. Ludoviciana, Nutt.
Aster frondosus, Torr. & Gray.
Bidens aristosa, Britton (Coreopsis,
Michx.).
Cosmos parviflorus, HBK.
Cotula australis, Hook. f.
Dysodia chrysanthemoides, Lag.
Helenium nudiflorum, Nutt.
Heterospermum pinnatum, Cav.
Hymenatherum aureum, Gray.
Madia glomerata, Hook.
Verbesina encelioides, B. & H.
Xanthium Canadense, Mill.
X. spinosum, L.
X. strumarium, L.
Echinospermum Lappula, Lehm.
E. Redowskii, Lehm., var. occiden-
tale, Wats.
Veronica peregrina, L.
Marrubium vulgare, L.
Amaranthus retroflexus, L.
A. hybridus, L.
A. graecizans, L. (A. albus, L.).
Atriplex patulum, L., var. littorale,
Gray.
Atriplex patulum, L., var. hastatum,
Gray. .
Chenopodium leptophyllum, Nutt.
C. olidum, Watson.
С. album, L., var. viride, Мод.
Monolepis chenopodioides, Мод.
M. trifida, Schrad.
Cenchrus tribuloides, L.
Tragus racemosus, Hall.
Sporobolus interruptus, Vasey.
S. cryptandrus, Gray.
S. cryptandrus, Gray, var. strictus,
Scribn.
Polypogon Monspeliensis, Desf.
Deschampsia elongata, Munro.
Chloris cucullata, Bisch.
C. elegans, HBK.
Lycurus phleoides, HBK.
Bouteloua Humboldtiana, Griseb.
B. prostrata, Lag.
B. oligostachya, Torr.
B. uniflora, Vasey.
Eragrostis major, Host.
E. Neo-mexicanus, Vasey.
1904] Parlin,— Casual Elements іп the Flora of Maine 83
Poa tenutfolia, Buckl. B. mollis, L.
Puccinellia airoides, Nutt. B. racemosus, L.
Festuca Myurus, L. B. racemosus, L., var. commutatus,
F. tenella, Willd. Hook. f.
Bromus marginatus, Nees (B. B. tectorum, L.
breviaristatus, Auct.). Hordeum jubatum, L.
B. carinatus, Н. & A. H. pratense, Huds.
В. secalinus, L. Elymus Sitanion, Schultes.
Many other species have grown on the waste-heap, but have not
attained sufficient maturity to afford me any help to their identifica-
tion; probably an expert could have recognized many of them.
Another species that has evidently come to stay is Chenopodium
Joetidum, Schrad. Its introduction may have been through the
medium of the wool-waste, or in grass-seed. In the fall of 1900, the
intervale where it has occurred was “broken ир” and seeded ; during
the winter and spring of 1901, several heavy rains caused the river
to overflow the peninsula formed by the lower end of the intervale,
the top soil of which was scraped away by the ice, which was driven
across it, instead of being carried around in the channel of the river.
Hardly anything besides Barbarea vulgaris, К. Br., and Asclepias
Cornuti, Dec., appeared that season, the ground lying fallow through-
out the year. In the spring of 1902, the field was plowed, re-
manured (by which means the seed may have been brought in, the
dressing coming partly from a stable where baled hay had been fed)
and planted to potatoes and corn. In August and September of this
year, I found a considerable quantity of the Chenopodium among the
potatoes, but none among the corn. In 1903, the field was planted to
the same crops, and the weed was abundant in all parts of the field.
I would suggest that some appreciative botanist change the specific
name from foetidum to fragrans, as I consider the odor pleasing.
Newly seeded fields, especially those seeded without grain in the
fall, have always been among my favorite hunting grounds. In one,
about ten years ago, I found Berteroa incana, DC., Camelina micro-
carpa, Andrz., Sisymbrium altissimum, L., Thlaspi arvense, L., Viola
arvensis, Murr., Szene Cucubalus, Wibel., S. noctiflora, L., S. dicho-
toma, Ehrh., Stellaria graminea, L., Medicago sativa, L., Melilotus
alba, Desr., M. officinalis, Lam. Heliopsis scabra, Dunal., Echium
vulgare, L., Narcissus poeticus, L., and Ornithogalum umbellatum, L.,
the last two being, of course, garden escapes. The greater number
of these have fallen asleep, but Heliopsis, Narcissus and Ornitho-
galum remain unto this day.
84 Rhodora [May
In 1902, another field of fall-seeding gave me the following
species: — Ranunculus micranthus, Nutt., Arabis perfoliata, Lam.,
Barbarea stricta, Andrz., Brassica juncea, Cosson, Camelina micro-
carpa, Andrz., Cardamine parviflora, L., Erysimum cheiranthoides, L.,
Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt., S. Sophia, L., Arenaria serpyllifolia, L.,
Saponaria Vaccaria, L., Silene antirrhina, L., a form somewhat
pubescent and with flowers fully open after sunset! Ærodium
cicutarium, L'Hér., Е. moschatum, Willd., Lotus arabicus, L. ? , Arte-
misia Ludoviciana, Nutt., Specularia perfoliata, A. DC., Са linearis,
Gray, Echinospermum Redowskii, Lehm., var. occidentale, Watson,
Myosotis verna, Nutt., Veronica arvensis, L., V. peregrina, L., Marru-
bium vulgare, L., Plantago Purshii, R. & S. (P. gnaphaloides, Nutt.) ,
Apera Spica-venti, Beauv., Bromus marginatus, Nees. As this field
is on an intervale below the woolen factory and is overflowed every
year, some of the above list were probably deposited there in waste
that was washed down in a period of high water.
Eleven years ago, a pickle factory in this village was demolished
and the brine in the vats was turned upon the ground, thereby
saturating the soil with salt. In 1898 there sprang up a dense
carpet of Spergularia salina, J. & C. Presl., with a border of a bushy
form of Polygonum aviculare, L., and a colony of three plants of
Heliotropium Curassavicum, L. !
While teaching at Rumford Center, Me., fifteen years ago, I was
greatly interested in the circumstances attending the appearance and
disappearance of Euphorbia glyptosperma, Engel. At that time there
was a steam saw-mill on the outskirts of the village, and the method
of moving logs from the yard to the slip was by hitching a chain
around one end of a log and “snaking” it, as they aptly called the
performance, to its destination. This kind of work tore up the sod,
making furrow-like places all over the yard. During the summer, in
these furrows, grew a profusion of the Euphorbia; the next year
none could be found. Whence came it? Whither did it go?
NortH Berwick, MAINE.
1904] Lists of New England Plants, — XV. 85
PRELIMINARY LISTS OF NEW ENGLAND
PLANTS,— ХУ!
ARTHUR STANLEY PEASE.
[The sign + indicates that an herbarium specimen has
been seen; the sign — that areliable printed record has been
found. |
SAURURACEAE.
i TRIER
ИЕЫ
alz >| Z]
Saunrüurus Се АБ bak ouo E ++
LORANTHACEAE.
i zi ‚| S
ls 3 ЖОКЕ ИРЕ 5
[al >] S|]
Arceuthobium pusillum, Peck. |+|+|+ү+ -
LAURACEAE.
ў NET
|| 3/8/41 E
Alal] am]
Lindera Benzoin, Blume. ep eE E
Sassafras officinale, Nees. ДЕ d EE шы с
EUPHORBIACEAE.
aL: Ae
o | 5 e
AACA CILA
Acalypha gracilens, Gray ........ 1
virginica, L. НЕ ИЕ +|+|+|+|+|+
Euphorbia corollata, L. + ЙЕ TE
Cyparissias, L. ЕЕРЕЕ
» Esula, L. j um + 2
“ glyptosperma, Engelm р ar
а Helioscopia, L. . тшш т
5 hirsuta, Wiegand. +|+|+|++|+
“ Ipecacuanhae, L. +
u maculata, L. н чыр fea
1 Printed in RHODORA as supplementary material.
86 Rhodora [May
T “| |g
él 15181" 5
=||>|ж®|м|О
Euphorbia Peplus, L. . +++ +/+
= platyphylla, L. +
Я polygonifolia, L. ++ [++
" Preslii, Guss. tic
Mercurialis annua, L. ^ *
Ricinus communis, L. +
THYMELAEACEAE,
Ф " P 4 7 g
mz > ZAO
Daphne Mezereum, L. Morse Өш, titit
Dirca palustris, L. . . . . . . . . . . TERE
ELAEAGNACEAE,
© » = 4 E Е
=|&|>|®|м|О
Shepherdia canadensis, Nutt. . + tb
NOTES ON THE ABOVE LIST.
Saururus cernuus, L. was found on July 29, 1903, by B. Cook, Jr.
and S. М. F. Sanford at Adamsville, Rhode Island, but a few miles
from the Massachusetts line (see RHopora, vi. 77). It should be
looked for, therefore, in the latter State.
That Arceuthobium pusillum, Peck has as yet not been reported
from Rhode Island is doubtless due to the scarcity in that State of
one of its commonest hosts, Picea nigra, Link. A careful search,
however, of the trees recorded in RHODORA VI, 41—42 will perhaps
reveal this interesting parasite which is probably well distributed
through much of New England. |
Croton capitatus, Michx. is represented Ьу a sheet in the herbarium
of the New England Botanical Club collected in South Boston,
Massachusetts, in 1879. The name of the collector is not given.
Croton texensis, Muell. was found by Dr. C. W. Swan on a dump
in the Back Bay, Boston, in 1890. This and the preceding species
seem too fugitive to be included in the list above.
Euphorbia glyptosperma, Engelm. is to be expected from Con-
1904] Pease,— Lists of New England Plants,— XV 87
necticut, for it has been found on Fisher’s Island, New York, only
four or five miles from the Connecticut shore. Dr. J. K. Small
informs me that the citation of this plant from Connecticut in
Britton’s Manual, p. 592, has reference to specimens from the
Fisher’s Island station.
Euphorbia Ipecacuanhae, L. In the John A. Lowell Herbarium
at the Boston Society of Natural History there is an undated speci-
men of this plant collected at Enfield, Connecticut, by Dr. M. M.
Reed. A letter discovered by Mr. C. H. Bissell and kindly com-
municated by him to me has shown that Dr. Reed was a friend of
Dr. J. W. Robbins of Uxbridge, Massachusetts. An undated speci-
men of this plant, collected in Enfield, by Robbins, is in the
herbarium of Mr. J. N. Bishop at Plainville, Connecticut, but no
specimen of it has as yet come to light in the herbarium of Robbins,
part of which is at Mt. Holyoke College and part at South Natick,
Massachusetts. It 15 probable that the specimens gathered by Dr.
Reed and Dr. Robbins date from between 1824 and 1830.
Euphorbia platyphylla, L., collected on a dump at Cambridge,
Massachusetts, by Mr. Walter Deane on October ro, 1885, has not
reappeared and can hardly be included in the list above.
Euphorbia Presíit, Guss. The report of this species by Professor
Jesup in his list of plants near Dartmouth College, New Hampshire,
was probably based on the plant which is now known as Æ. hirsuta,
Wiegand. Professor Lyman of Dartmouth College writes me that
the only specimen of true ZupAorbia Preslii in Professor Jesup’s
herbarium comes from Massachusetts.
Two western species of Euphorbia which are not sufficiently per-
manent to be included in the list above should be put on record
here. Euphorbia prostrata, Ait, gathered оп cotton-waste at
Malden, Massachusetts, Sept. 20, 18до, by Mr. F. S. Collins, is now
in the herbarium of the New England Botanical Club. А small
scrap of Æ. serpens, HBK. is in the herbarium of Brown Uni-
versity. It was gathered at Gilmanton, New Hampshire, August,
1871, by Rev. Joseph Blake.
Mercurialis annua, L. has been gathered on wharves in Bangor,
Maine, in 1903, by Mr. O. W. Knight, and at East Somerville,
Massachusetts, in the same year, by Mr. A. H. Moore and the writer.
It has been known in New England, however, for a much longer
time, since of two sheets of it in the herbarium of the Boston
88 Rhodora [May
Society of Natural History, collected in Boston, at least one (and
probably both), cannot have been gathered later than 1868.
Ricinus communis, L. I have with some hesitation included in my
list. It has been collected in two successive years, however, at
Dedham, Massachusetts, by Mr. E. F. Williams.
A plant labelled “Shepherdia argentea, Roxbury, Massachusetts,
1849, [J. A.] Lowell" in the Boston Society of Natural History
herbarium cannot represent a native of our range.
Shepherdia canadensis, Nutt. may perhaps be sought in Coós
County, New Hampshire, since it is found in Madison, Maine, and
in Vermont. 'The Vermont stations, however, are in the western
part of the State.
ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS.
THE OCCURRENCE OF VERBENA STRICTA AND HELIANTHUS MOL-
LIS. IN MassACHUSETTS.— On Aug. 2d, 1903, Dr. B. J. Handy and the
writer were botanizing in some fields on the outskirts of Fall River.
At the edge of an excavation in a bank of glacial till a plant was
seen which had the characteristic appearance of Verbena, but the
larger blue flowers and the coarseness of the plant showed at a
glance that it was not Verbena Aastata, L. common in this region.
Upon analysis it proved to be Verbena stricta, Vent. About a
dozen plants were observed growing among the stones and coarse
soil in the pit.
As we continued our walk in an adjoining field another group of
unfamiliar plants, in full flower, attracted our attention. This colony
was more extensive, there being some fifty plants, which proved to
be Helianthus mollis, Lam. As no station in New England is men-
tioned in any of the standard manuals of botany, both plants being
native of the West and South, inquiry was made at the Gray Herba-
rium, and a search of the available literature brought to light but
two New England records of Verbena stricta, namely from Bridgeport
and Manchester, Connecticut (recorded in Bishop's Catalogue of
Connecticut Plants), while He/ianthus mollis does not appear to be
recorded in New England at all.
The fields in which these plants were found are very close to a
large cotton mill, and it is probable that the seeds of both species
were brought North in the raw cotton and thrown into the fields with
1904] Hill, — Polygamy of Chionanthus 89
the waste material from the mill. In the case of Helianthus mollis,
it is probable, judging from the less bunched position of the plants,
that the cotton waste containing the seeds was spread on the field as
a fertilizer, a not uncommon practice. — S. N. F. SANFORD, Fall
River, Massachusetts.
NoTE ON THE POLYGAMY OF CHIONANTHUS.— In the article of Mr.
Rehder in RHODORa (б: 18, 1904), concerning the polygamy of the
flowers of Chionanthus Virginica, there is reference to a statement of
Thomas Meehan that it is mentioned in the later edition of Gray's
Manual, which Mr. Rehder has failed to verify, Mr. Meehan evi-
dently referred to what is found in a brief characterization of
Chionanthus among the tribal divisions of О/еасеае in the sixth
edition, p. 335. It is said of the genus: “Flowers complete, some-
times polygamous.” Such a character might be construed as a gen-
eral one and be referred to the genus as including C. retusa. But
it is not the custom of the book, designed to help students of the
flora to a safe knowledge of what they may expect to find in the area
it covers, to put in needless statements. Then this habit of the
plants had not been given in former editions where the tribal divi-
sions are also characterized, and the inference from this would be
that the polygamy was that of С. virginica, the only one of the genus
described. The statement not being placed in the full description of
the genus or species is easily overlooked.— E. J. Нпл, Chicago,
Illinois.
Two NOTEWORTHY PLANTS OF NEW Haven, CONNECTICUT.—
Phaseolus perennis, Walt. was collected by the writer, in flower, on
August 18th, 1903, and later in good fruit, in the woods skirting the
base of East Rock, New Haven. It makes a vigorous growth here,
and the vines cover the low ledges over which they climb. ‘The sta-
tion is only a few rods from the edge of a salt marsh, and at a
slight elevation above it. In Кнорока II: 92, April, 1900, Hon.
J. R. Churchill discusses the occurrence of Phaseolus perennis in New
England, and states that the record for New England rested at that
time solely on three specimens all collected more than forty years
before at New Haven, Conn. He could find no other New England
specimens of the species in our principal herbaria, nor any botanist
go Rhodora [May
who had seen it within our area and inferred that it had disappeared
from our flora. It seems probable that the station reported by the
present writer is the one from which the New Haven specimens
referred to were taken so many years ago, and which had become
forgotten. Since Judge Churchill’s article was published, Mr. C. H.
Bissell has discovered this Phaseolus in Norwalk, Connecticut
(Ruopora iv:13) and Mr. E. B. Harger has reported it from
Huntington (Кнорока у : 291). The nearest of these two stations
is some ten miles from New Haven and it is not likely that either of
them can have been the source of the specimens referred to by
Judge Churchill.
On August 3d, 1903, the writer noticed by the roadside on the out-
skirts of New Haven an unfamiliar grass in full bloom, which proved
to be Molinia coerulea, Moench. This grass was afterwards found
at several places within a mile of the first station, and apparently well
established at each place. It continued to flower for several weeks,
and is a stately and handsome species.— К. W. Woopwarp, New
Haven, Connecticut.
STELLARIA GLAUCA ESTABLISHED IN THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.—
Among several plants of interest, recently received at the Gray Her-
barium from Judge J. R. Churchill, is the European Stellaria glauca,
Withering. It was collected on the railway which runs from Quebec
along the north bank of the St. Lawrence River to Ste. Anne de
Beaupré. It was observed at several points along the line, but in
particular abundance near a small flag-station about three miles west
of Ste. Anne de Beaupré where it was thoroughly established. The
species shares the general habit of S. Zongifolia, Muhl., S. longipes,
Goldie, and S. graminea, L., and as it is likely to be found at other
American localities, it may be worth while to mention its distinctive
features. It is for the genus tall and slender (3 to 5 dm. in height),
entirely glabrous and pale green. The leaves are linear and very
acute, 2 to 3.5 cm. long and for the most part not over 2 mm. in breadth.
At their bases where they are connate by narrow subscarious mem-
branes they are entirely free from ciliation. The flowers are rather
large, the petals being 8 to 12 mm. long. In S. graminea, S. longifo
lia, and S. longipes the petals are only 3 to 6 mm. in length. In the
American forms of S. graminea and in S. longifolia the bases of the
1904] Knight, — Plants new to Maine 9I
leaves or the membranes connecting them appear always to show
at least some vestiges of ciliation, while in S. longipes the leaves are
neither so long nor relatively so narrow as they are in S. g/auca.
Since the receipt of the specimens from Judge Churchill, .S. g/auca
from the same locality has been sent to the Gray Herbarium by Mr.
John Murdock, Jr.— B. L. ROBINSON.
SoME PLANTS NEW TO THE FLORA oF MAINE.— In company with
a fellow botanist, Mr. F. M. Billings, I went on an exploring trip
September 7th, 1903, which proved a veritable red letter day in the
botanical line for us both, as in addition to securing many plants
which we knew to occur in the vicinity, though we had previously
never personally collected them, we were fortunate enough to secure
a few which could not be identified by a most rigorous search of the
botanical literature at our command. Our usual resort in such cases
is Mr. M. L. Fernald of the Gray Herbarium, and to him the puz-
zling specimens were sent for identification. А species of which Mr.
Billings had secured a single specimen the year previous, growing in
some ballast left by an Italian vessel, was found quite abundant in
the same locality this season, and on the day in question we secured
good specimens. Mr. Fernald pronounced this plant to be Mercuri-
alis annua L. and reported that to his knowledge it had never before
been recorded from Maine. On the side of a steep railroad embank-
ment Mr. Billings discovered a low spreading prostrate plant which
was then almost entirely out of bloom. It was quite abundant and
seemed to have been established there for at least one season pre-
viously. Mr. Fernald pronounces this plant to be Anchusa arvalis
Reichenbach, and he adds that it is apparently not recorded in Amer-
ica. On September 3oth, Mr. Billings brought me specimens of a
plant which Mr. Fernald pronounces to be Galinsoga parviflora var.
hispida DC. These were growing in a waste spot where rubbish and
other miscellaneous material was being constantly dumped and might
easily have been introduced with material used in packing crockery
ware, as such material consisting of straw and similar matter is
dumped in this locality. September 3o and October 4th 1 collected
specimens of à Valerian growing in waste places where it might easily
have been introduced with refuse from gardens. Mr. Fernald pro-
92 Rhodora [Mav
nounces the species to be Va/erianel/a olitoria Poll. This and allied
species are sometimes cultivated under the name of * Corn Salad" in
this vicinity.— Ora W. Knicut, Bangor, Maine.
Nore ом EQUIsETUM PRATENSE.— Equisetum pratense, Ehrh.,
appears to be very rare in the United States, although more common
in Canada and Alaska. It has been reported from New England
several times, but erroneously so far as my observations have gone.
While attending the meetings of the Josselyn Society of Maine on
July 2nd, I explored the south bank of “Old Point," Norridgewock.
It is quite steep, perhaps 35 feet high, and made up of sand. Неге
I noticed a peculiar Equisetum and to my delight found it to be the
much-wanted Æ. pratense. It grew down the south face of the bluff
and on top among bushes and, trees. Later in the day I found it,
but sparingly, in a cedar swamp at Madison, which fact shows that
its habitat is varied, and that it is presumably common in northern
New England. It has been overlooked for the reason that in
appearance it is half-way between Æ. arvense and Æ. silvaticum, so
that casual observers are likely to take it for one or the other of
these species. From the first it may be told, when growing in the
sun, by the fact that the top isa little oblique as in Æ. szva£icum
while the upper. branches are deflexed and then horizontal. In
shade it is more pyramidal than Æ. arvense, and the branches are
finer. It can be told at once on examination of the stem, even with-
out a lens, as Æ. arvense is smooth, while Æ. pratense is covered
by tall, flattish spinules that often give ita gray tinge. It can also
be easily separated from Æ. silvaticum by its simple branches, those
of the latter species being always compound. Æ. pratense is, in
general, a more nearly erect species, the stem usually being quite
perpendicular, the oblique appearance where present being caused
by the deflexed branches.— A. A. EATON, North Easton, Mass.
Vol. 6, mo. 64, including pages 65 to 80 and plates 52 and 53, was issued
6 April, 1904.
Rhodora. Plate 54.
WILLOUGHBY CLIFF FROM THE PASTURE.
WILLOUGHBY LAKE THROUGH THE NOTCH.
Rbodora
JOURNAL OF
THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB
Vol. 6 June, 1904 No. 66
FLORA OF WILLOUGHBY, VERMONT.
GEORGE G. KENNEDY.
THE approach to Willoughby Notch in old times was from the
north; following up Barton River from Lake Memphremagog to the
stream, named in Thompson’s History of Vermont (1842) Wil-
loughby's River, which flows from Willoughby's Lake between Mt.
Pisgah and Mt. Hor. Who this Willoughby may have been I am
unable to say, but his name has remained for the region and even
the higher easterly mountain is now usually designated as Mt. Wil-
loughby instead of by the older names, Pisgah or Annanance.
The notch lies in the southern corner of Orleans county and about
at an equal distance, say 25 miles, from the Canada line on the north
and the town of St. Johnsbury on the south: approximately, the lati-
tude is 44^ 43' north, and the longitude is 72? 2' west from Green-
wich. The two mountains and the ridge at the south end of the
lake divide the St. Lawrence waters from the Connecticut River
tributaries; on the east and south sides of Mt. Willoughby, Mt. Hor
and this ridge the streams unite for the Passumpsic river, and flow
into the Connecticut; on the west and north sides the waters unite in
Barton river, flowing to Lake Memphremagog and the St. Lawrence
valley. The hotel and post office are on this ridge at the south end
of the lake, three miles from the nearest house to the north, through
the notch, and a mile from the next farm south.
The shortest distance to the railroad is to West Burke, a station
on the Passumpsic division of the Boston and Maine. This drive of
six miles follows the brook through a beautiful country of hill and
valley with characteristic northern Vermont cedar (Zhuya occidentalis)
swamps. West Burke railroad station is 810 feet above the sea and
94 Rhodora [June
the following measurements of height are considered approximately
trustworthy.
Willoughby Lake . А Х ; 1060 ft.
Hotel . Х . і А i 3 1160 “
Pulpit Rock . А $ Р А 1700 ©“
Summit of Mt. Willoughby : i ; 2650 “
North Outlook ‘ . . , , 2410 “
Long Pond . 1710 “
Height of land on the boat Pond M
N. E. of the mountain. . à 2170 “
The characteristic botanical features “ Willoughby аге the wet
cliffs and slides on the southwest side of the mountain, and the
sphagnous cedar swamps of the brooks, beginning close to the nar-
row ridge that makes the water-divide, and continuing at intervals for
five miles southward. These cedar swamps are, I suppose, not dif-
ferent from others in northern Vermont, but the wet slopes of the
notch are not paralleled except with Smuggler’s Notch at Mount
Mansfield; and yet while the two notches have so many peculiar
plants in common, each has some that the other lacks. Of such
Smuggler’s Notch has Lycopodium Selago, L., Arenaria verna, L., var.
hirta, Watson, Gentiana Amarella, L., var. acuta, Hook. f., Castilleia
pallida Kunth, var. septentrionalis Gray. Willoughby Notch has
Asplenium Ruta-muraria, L., Scirpus pauciflorus, Link, Rhynchospora
capillacea, Torr., Braya humilis, Robinson, Aster polyphyllus, Willd.
The Willoughby plants, too, are to be found in a very limited area.
It is safe to say that nine-tenths of the non-introduced species can be
found in two square miles, having the ridge at the south end of the
lake аз`а center: the northern square mile takes in the lake shore
and slopes, ledges and woods of the mountains on either side of the
lake; the southern square mile gives us the pastures, wet fields and
swamps with their interesting orchids and carices.
The rocks of the district appear to be of calcareous-mica-slate of
a coarse consistency in some places as if siliceous, and therefore
crumbling in some parts, while in others they аге of a firmer slaty
texture. The cliffs and ledges of the mountain disintegrate in large
or small masses, making a talus at the base of the cliff extending
even into the lake. On this slope grow many of the cliff plants evi-
dently torn in sods from the upper ledges. At the south end the talus
is covered to a greater depth with humus and the vegetation is more
Rhodora. Plate 55.
SHORE ROAD AT THE SovrH END OF THE La
SHORE ROAD BEYOND RoaRING BROOK.
1904] Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby 95
abundant and the trees larger; in fact at this spot one thinks of the
Virginian Alleghanies with beautiful Viola Canadensis and Caulophy-
ceum thalictroides; while a few hundred feet further north on the
slope the trees are smaller, the falling of rock from the cliff more fre-
quent and the characteristic cliff plants appear at the roadside.
Further up the road, at the * Devil's Den” the boulders are very
large, say from 20 to до feet across.
There is considerable lime in the district, not to be noticed in the
delicious drinking water so abundantly bursting forth on the south-
ern part of the ridge, but seen here and there in white frosty patches
under and about loose rocks, and in one part of the bog below
the house spreading over a half-acre meadow to which the name
Marl Pond has been given; a pond from four to six inches deep with
the water gently moving over a flat bottom, which in all parts except
one spot is as hard as a floor. The mosses, ferns and many flower-
ing plants of the region are all more or less those of a limey district.
Slides of earth and rock from the upper part of the cliff have left
a series of channeled gravel trails in the higher portion of the wooded
talus of the cliff. In many of them water flows for the greater part
of the summer, especially at the north and south ends of the precipi-
tous walls; that is, not from the actual summit of the mountain, but
from springs part way down the sides. These slides are old features
of the mountain, the only recent one occurring about forty years ago
near the north end of the cliff, obstructing the then new highway for
several days, and made more memorable by happening on the 4th of
July, for which reason the slide has always borne that patriotic name.
The so-called * Flower Garden " of the earlier botanists is at the
base of the big cliff just referred to and here the wearing away of the
mountain has somewhat lessened, and apparently the water which
plays so large a part in the disintegration has sought other channels ;
for the garden of late years is neither so rich in flowers nor so cool a
collecting place on a hot day as other parts of the cliff walk. In this
respect it differs greatly from Smuggler's Notch where the slides are
usually the result of very heavy rains and where the loss of earth on
the mountain side has not left such relatively large bare cliffs, and
where the mass of earth yet to come down is infinitely greater than
at Willoughby. A slide in 1897 at Smuggler's Notch filled the high-
way with mud three or four feet deep; and the upper surface having
in places dried hard enough to walk upon, the mass had a lava-like
96 Rhodora [JUNE
consistency, being still soft and muddy below the surface. There is
not enough earth at Willoughby for such a slide.
There is no roadway at the base of Mt. Hor on the west side of
thelake. А highway was laid out and finished in 1856 on the east
side at the base of Mt. Willoughby and is now the post road from
West Burke to Westmore village at the outlet of the lake. ‘This high-
way is certainly one of the most beautiful rural roads in New Eng-
land, and is fully as much of a flower garden as the base of the cliffs
above. i
The Lake is some five miles long, a mile or more wide at its north-
ern half and narrowing at its southern end in the notch between the
two mountains. Few water plants have been collected in this south
part, the precipitous walls of the notch extending apparently into
deep water. The northern end has a beach half a mile in length
and meadows extending to the water's edge: the prevailing northerly
winds tend to drift water plants towards the south end of the lake
and such plants have been thus gathered on the south lesser beach. ,
No mention is made of Willoughby in Wm. Oakes' elaborate cata-
logue of Vermont Plants,' nor have I heard that Oakes ever visited the
northeastern part of the state; but in that catalogue Mr. Robbins is
named as having collected at Lake Memphremagog and at Browning-
ton, at which latter place in 1829 he obtained Senecio aureus, L., var.
lanceolatus, Oakes, as noted in * Some rare plants of New England."
This is Senecio Robbinsii, Oakes, of the present list.
Mr. Carey is also named as collecting plants at Lyndon and Sutton
on the south side of Willoughby and at Charleston on the north, and
all within a dozen miles of the Notch. This Mr. Carey is John Carey,
the friend and companion of Asa Gray on his North Carolina trip, who
lived at Bellows Falls, Vermont, in 1835 and 1836, and died at an
advanced age in England in 18795 How Mr. Carey could have col-
lected Botrychium simplex, Hitchcock, at this early date at * Sutton,
near the village, on the road leading to Burke," * and not visited the
Willoughby Cliffs, however inaccessible they appeared, is to me a
mystery.
1 Oakes in Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vt. (1842) 173-208, reprint 1-36.
2 Oakes, Hovey's Mag. Hort. vii. (1841) 183.
3 Vide Asa Gray, Biographical notice, Am. Jour. Sci., Ser. 3, xix. (1880) 422.
4 Oakes, Cat. Vt. Pl. 1. c. 207 (35).
Rhodora. Plate 56.
“
i t П
ао ааа C од А. а. УА аы. д ель а. ae Des
à
inai PN
FACE OF THE Cuirrs, WILLOUGHBY MOUNTAIN.
1904] Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby 97
Alphonso Wood (1810-1881) was the first botanist to visit Wil-
loughby and publish any names of plants there collected, and the
only reference to his visit I have been able to find is in the second
edition of his Class Book of Botany,’ where under Saxifraga aizoides,
L. and S. oppositifolia, L. he says he discovered these in August,
1845, in the clefts of rocks, Willoughby Mt., 500 feet above the lake.
In July, 1852, C. C. Frost and Rev. A. H. Clapp of Brattleboro,
Vermont, visited Willoughby and their trip is described by John L.
Russell of Salem, Massachusetts, in Hovey's Magazine, for Novem-
ber, 1852.2 The mountain is there called Pisgah or Annance; the
latter a name of “а chief of the St. Francis tribe of Indians.” They
say “the region had been explored some years previous by Mr. Wood,
a botanist of merit, and through whose remarkable discoveries there,
our tourist was induced to visit the spot.” Forty-seven flowering
plants and ferns and four mosses are mentioned as found at Wil-
loughby and as this makes the first list of plants of the region I give
it here — a list of names only, no authors cited — but here rearranged
more nearly after modern methods.
Hypnum splendens Rosa blanda
i crista-castrensis Rubus occidentalis
umbratum * — odoratus
cupressiforme strigosus
Pteris atropurpurea Rubus tritlorus
Woodsia glabella Hedysarum boreale
Cupressus thyoides Phaca Robbinsii
Thuya occidentalis Vitis cordifolia
Calamagrostis Canadensis Helianthemum Canadense
Danthonia spicata Circaea alpina
Lolium perenne Oenothera fruticosa
[11
“ “
Muhlenbergia sylvatica
Oryzopsis melanocarpa
Panicum depauperatum
4 nitidum
Carex eburnea
* scirpoidea
Clintonia borealis
Anemone cylindrica
» Virginiana
Clematis Virginiana
Arabis lyrata
Draba arabisans
Saxifraga aizoides
d oppositifolia
Fragaria Virginiana
1 Wood, Class Book., ed. 2 (1847) 279.
Primula Mistassinica
Apocynum hypericifolium
Asclepias Cornuti
E quadrifolia
Lonicera ciliata
Campanula rotundifolia
Achillaea Milletolium
Antennaria margaritacea
Artemisia Canadensis
Cirsium lanceolatum
Eupatorium ageratoides
purpureum
Solidago corymbosus
y: lanceolatus
? J. L. Russell, Hovey’s Mag. Hort. xviii. (1852) 481-485.
98 Rhodora [JUNE
Although some plants of this list cannot now be identified, it yet
contains nearly all the characteristic cliff plants: but evidently no
attention was paid to the woods or swamps, though the botanists’
route led through rare orchid ground.
In the 1853 appendix to Thompson’s History of Vermont, is a list
of ros additions to Wm. Oakes’ Catalogue and 19 of these are cred-
ited to C. C. Frost from Willoughby. ‘This list was prepared by
Prof. Joseph Torrey of Burlington.
Other botanists followed, viz.: Wm. Boott, in 1854, Rev. Joseph
Blake in 1861, Horace Mann in 1862, Edwin Faxon in 1873, and
many others now living.
The second paper on the flora of Willoughby i is by Mr. Chas. E.
Ridler! giving an interesting account of the approach to the Notch
from the north and describing the mountain and its flora. "The third
paper is by Walter Deane,? an account of his collecting trip in
July, 1885, with J. R. Churchill. The only other paper I have seen
is by Dr. H. H. Rusby reprinted from the Bulletin of Pharmacy,
January, 1893, an account of his visit in July and August, 1892.
This gives special attention to the oecological features of the district
and to the ferns, a list of thirty-two being given.
The present list of 690 names is quite as noteworthy for the plants
that are not in it as for those that are. Many of the common things
we expect everywhere have not yet been seen in this little area, and
many plants have been collected only once, and of others only one or
two stations are known. The introduced plants in the Notch itself
do not tend to increase and now that the lumbermen have begun a
crusade in the swamp region and on the mountain sides the possi-
bility of the destruction of choice botanical areas is alarming. The
ferns, orchids and carices of wet woods need the protection of forest
trees and certain plants in the Willoughby region are sure to perish.
The map of Willoughby has been drawn by Mr. J. F. Collins of
the Botanical Department of Brown University, Providence, Rhode
Island, and is believed to be as accurate as the variable material at
his disposal would allow.
Unless otherwise noted specimens of allthese plants are in my
Herbarium, and I shall be glad to receive any additions to this list.
1 Ridler, Appalachia, iv. (1884) 64.
? Deane, Bot. Gaz. xi. (1886) 112.
/
p m
»
/ )
J wE8TwoRE N
í MT.
«Qa
< e.
ENS dg
N y^
NEWARK
| ра LA
Te Ц 1
МАР or WILLOUGHBY REGION.
100 Rhodora (June
FLORA OF WILLOUGHBY, VERMONT.
PTERIDOPHYTA
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
OPHIOGLOSSUM
o
. vulgatum, L. In moist mowing land.
BOTRYCHIUM
. simplex, Hitch.
matricariaefolium, A. Br.
. ternatum, Swartz, var. intermedium, D. C. Eaton.
. ternatum, Swartz, var. obliquum, Milde.
ternatum, Swartz, var. dissectum, Milde.
. Virginianum, Swartz.
W ww w
OSMUNDACEAE
OSMUNDA
. regalis, L.
. cinnamomea, L.
. Claytoniana, L.
ооо
POLY PODIACEAE
ONOCLEA
. sensibilis, L.
. sensibilis, L., var. obtusilobata, Torr.
. Struthiopteris, Hoffm.
ооо
WOODSIA
W. Ilvensis, R. Br. Rocks near Roaring Brook.
W. hyperborea, R. Br. W. alpina (Bolton) S. F. Gray. Rare; on the
cliffs.
W. glabella, К. Br. Common on the cliffs.
DICKSONIA
D. pilosiuscula, Willd. 2. punctilobula (Michx.) Gray.
CYSTOPTERIS
C. bulbifera, Bernh.
C. fragilis, Bernh.
ASPIDIUM
A. acrostichoides, Swartz. Dryopteris acrostichordes (Michx.) Kuntze.
1904] Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby IOI
A.
A.
>> >>>
> > р
acrostichoides, Swartz, var. incisum, Gray. Dryopteris acrostichotdes,
var. Schwernitzit (Beck) Underw.
aculeatum, Swartz, var. Braunii, Koch. Dryopteris Praunit (Spenner)
Underw. In deep rocky woods.
Noveboracense, Swartz. Dryopteris Noveboracensts ( L.) Gray.
Thelypteris, Swartz. Dryopteris Thelypteris (L.) Gray.
. cristatum, Swartz. Dryopteris cristata (L.) Gray.
. cristatum, Swartz, var. Clintonianum, D. C. Eaton. In deep swamps.
Goldianum, Hook. Dryopteris Goldtana (Mook. Gray. Not rare in
wet woods. Variable in form.
. marginale, Swartz. Dryopteris marginalis ( L.) Gray.
. Spinulosum, Swartz. Dryopteris spinulosa (Retz. Kuntze. Deep woods
near Cold Brook.
spinulosum, Swartz, var. intermedium, D. C. Eaton. Dryopteris spinu-
losa, var. tntermedia (Muhl.) Underw.
. Spinulosum, Swartz, var. dilatatum, Hook.
. Boottii, Tuckerm. Dryopteris Boottiit (Tuckerm.) Underw. In wet
woods.
PHEGOPTERIS
. polypodioides, Fée. P. Pkegopteris (L.) Underw.
. Dryopteris, Feé.
ASPLENIUM
Trichomanes, L. Mt. Hor, Edwin Faxon, 1886.
. viride, Hudson. Cliffs, Mt. Hor, Mrs. Condit, 1887. Two fronds in
Herb. C. E. Faxon.
. Ruta-muraria, L. Cliffs, Willoughby Mountain; not common.
. thelypteroides, Michx. A. acrostichotdes, Swartz.
. Filix-foemina, Bernh.
ADIANTUM
. pedatum, L. Rapidly becoming rare from the rapacity ot visitors.
PTERIS
. aquilina, L. Seldom simply ternate.
PELLAEA
. gracilis, Hook. P. Stelleri (S. G. Gmel.) Watt.
. atropurpurea, Link. Both species on the limestone cliffs.
POLYPODIUM
. vulgare, L. A form with forking frond, W. A. Lorenz. Another with
very broad frond, F. G. Floyd.
102 Rhodora [JUNE
EQUISETACEAE
EQUISETUM
. arvense, L.
. arvense, L., approaching forma pseudo-sylvaticum fide A. A. Eaton.
. arvense, L., var. nemorosum, A. Br.
. Sylvaticum, L.
limosum, L. Æ. fluviatile, L.
hyemale, L. Not common.
scirpoides, Michx.
ti pd tu m Dd Dd ш
LYCOPODIACEAE
LYCOPODIUM
‚ lucidulum, Michx. |
‚ inundatum, L.
. dendroideum, Michx.
annotinum, L.
. sabinaefolium, Willd. Тор of the mountain, A. W. Cheever, 1903.
clavatum, L.
. clavatum, L., var. monostachyon, Grev. & Hook.
complanatum, L., var. flabelliforme, Fernald. Often with peduncles
stout, much branched and bearing from 3 to 13 spikes, which are fre-
quently proliferous at the apex.
Lycopodium complanatum, L., var. Wibbei, Haberer in Herb. Gray.
Branches with the aspect of var. fabelliforme, Fernald; strobile soli-
tary, large (3.5 to 4 cm. long).— Swampy woodlands on hills about
Utica, New York, September, 1900 (J. V. //aberer in Herb. Gray).
Dedicated to the late Reverend Father J. Herman Wibbe of Schenectady.
This striking plant, the counterpart in the complanatum series of L.
clavatum, var. monostachyon, Grev. & Hook., was found in shady cold
woods at Willoughby, October 1, 1903. Тһе Willoughby specimens
closely match those of Dr. Haberer.
L. tristachyon, Pursh. Д. complanatum, var. Chamaecyparissus, D. C.
Eaton.
lisi li ol o i ud
ISOETACEAE
ISOETES
I. macrospora, Durieu. Miss Annie Lorenz. This species has been deter-
mined by Mr. A. A. Eaton.
GYMNOSPERMAE
PINACEAE
PINUS
P. Strobus, L. Very rare; hardly to be seen except planted.
1904] Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby 103
LARIX
L. Americana, Michx. JZ. laricina (Du Roi) Koch.
PICEA
лаба Linkter) Canadensis (Mill) Bo Sek
. nigra, Link. Including P. длето ги, Peck. P. Mariana ( Mill.) B. S. P.
. rubra, Link. The common “Lumber” Spruce. :
"ООО
TSUGA
T. Canadensis, Carr.
ABIES
A. balsamea, Mill.
THUYA
T. occidentalis, L. Some stumps ot old growth cedars, more than three feet
in diameter still remain in the Mt. Hor woods.
TAXACEAE
TAXUS
T. Canadensis, Willd. Taxus minor (Michx.) Britton.
ANGIOSPERMAE
Monocotyledones
TYPHACEAE
ТУРНА
Т. latifolia, L.
SPARGANIACEAE
SPARGANIUM
S. simplex, Huds.
S. simplex, Huds., var. angustifolium, Engelm. Long Pond.
NAIADACEAE
POTAMOGETON
amplifolius, Tuckerm. Long Pond.
alpinus, Balbis. Little Pond.
heterophyllus, Schreb. Outlet of Long Pond.
Spirillus, Tuckerm. Little Pond.
heterophyllus, Schreb., var. graminifolius, Wats. & Coult.
КЕ
104 Rhodora
о о о
"CU CU CU
ann
"UU
pusillus, L. North part of Willoughby Lake.
diversifolius, Raf. Reported from Willoughby in Brainerd, Jones, &
Eggleston, Fl. Vt., 1900, page 7, as collected by the late H. G. Jesup, but
no specimen can be found in Prof. Jesup's collection nor in the Herba-
rium of Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H.
NAIAS
. flexilis, Rostk. & Schm. Little Pond.
ALISMACEAE
SAGITTARIA
. latifolia, Willd.
. arifolia, Nutt.
. graminea, Michx.
VALLISNERIACEAE
VALLISNERIA
spiralis, L. In Bishop's Brook.
GRAMINEAE
PANICUM
GLABRUM, Gaudin. Syntherisma linearis (Krock) Nash.
capillare, L.
unciphyllum, Trin. P. pubescens, Lam.
CRUS-GALLI, L.
SETARIA
- GLAUCA, Beauv. /xophorus glaucus (L) Nash. In kitchen garden.
. VIRIDIS, Веау. /xophorus viridis (L) Nash. In farm land.
. ITALICA, Kunth. Zxophorus Italicus (L) Nash. Roadside.
‚ ITALICA, Kunth, var. GERMANICA, Richter. Roadside near hotel.
PHALARIS
. arundinacea, L.
. ARUNDINACEA, L., var. PICTA, Gray. Roadside escape.
ANTHOXANTHUM
. ODORATUM, L. Not common.
HIEROCHLOE
‚ borealis, R. & S. Rare. Roaring Brook, 1901.
1904] Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby 105
ORYZOPSIS
O. asperifolia, Torr.
O. melanocarpa, Muhl.
MILIUM
M. effusum, L. In woods.
MUHLENBERGIA
M. Mexicana, Trin. In rocky woods.
M. glomerata, Trin. М. racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P.
BRACHYELYTRUM i
B. aristatum, Beauv. B. erectum (Schreb.) Beauv.
PHLEUM
P. PRATENSE, L. Very variable in size.
SPOROBOLUS
S. vaginaeflorus, Vasey. On the slides near Clift.
CINNA
C. pendula, Trin. C. latifolia (Trev.) Griseb.
AGROSTIS
^ A. ALBA, L. “A viviparous form occurs," Jones, Fl. Vt.
A. ALBA, L., var. vULGARIS, Thurb. * A small form occurs in cool pastures,
sometimes having flowering glume awned ” Jones, Fl. Vt.
A. scabra, Willd. A. hyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. р
А. scabra, Willd., var. montana, Tuckerm. Оп the ledges at top of the
mountain.
CALAMAGROSTIS
C. Canadensis, Beauv.
C. Langsdorfii, Trin. И.Н. Rusby, 1892; vide Revision of Calamagrostis
by T. H. Kearney, 1898, p. 27.
C. hyperborea, Lange. Boott, 1862. Pringle, 1877. Including C. inexpansa
of Brainerd, Jones, & Eggieston, Fl. Vt., not Gray, collected by Prot. L.
R. Jones, 11 July, 1900.
C. hyperborea, Lange, var. Americana, Kearney. C. stricta, Gray, Man. Ed.
6, in part. The more common form.
C. hyperborea, Lange, var. elongata, Kearney, Е. & C. E. Faxon, 1887,
Herb. Gray.
106 Rhodora
22900 моют y vy
ч] мј
TRISETUM
. subspicatum, Beauv., var. molle, Gray. Mountain slides.
AVENA
striata, Michx.
SATIVA, L. А roadside escape.
DANTHONIA
. Spicata, Beauv.
. compressa, Aust.
EATONIA
. Pennsylvanica, Gray.
DACTYLIS
GLOMERATA, L.
POA
. pratensis, L.
. pratensis, L., var. angustifolia, Smith. Jones in Fl. Vt.
. nemoralis, L.
. ANNUA, L.
. serotina, Ehrh. P. flava, L.
, alsodes, Gray. Herb. J. R. Churchill.
GLYCERIA
Canadensis, Trin. Panicularia Canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze.
. elongata, Trin. WPanicularia elongata (Torr.) Kuntze.
.nervata, Trin. Panicularia nervata (Willd. Kuntze.
. grandis, Watson. Panicularia Americana (Torr.) Mac M.
. pallida, Trin. Panicularia pallida (Torr.) Kuntze.
FESTUCA
. ELATIOR, L.
. ELATIOR, L., var. PRATENSIS, Gray.
BROMUS
. ciliatus, L.
. SECALINUS, L. Field opposite the Hotel.
LOLIUM
. PERENNE, L.
[JUNE
1904] Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby 107
AGROPYRON
REPENS, Beauv.
Novae-Angliae, Scrib. Very variable in size of spikelets.
caninum, R. & S.
caninum, R. & S., forma caninoides, Ramalley, fide C. W. Swan.
silex ca
SECALE
S. cEREALE, L. Rye. Roadside escape.
HORDEUM
Н. VULGARE, L. Common barley. In old fields.
Н. vULGARE, L., var. AEGICERAS, Aitchis. Roadside south of the Hotel.
(Hooker, Flora British India vii. 371, says cultivated under the name
* Bald Barley.")
ELYMUS
E. Canadensis, L.
ASPRELLA
A. Hystrix, Willd.
CYPERACEAE
DULICHIUM
D. spathaceum, Pers. D. arundinaceum (L.) Britton.
ELEOCHARIS
E. obtusa, Schultes.
E. palustris, R. Br.
E. tenuis, Schultes.
E. intermedia, Schultes. Little Pond Bog.
E. pygmaea, Torr. Herb. W. Deane, 1885.
SCIRPUS
S. pauciflorus, Lightf. Eleocharis pauciflora, Link.
S. validus, Vahl. S. lacustris, Gray, Man. Ed. 6., not L.
S. atrovirens, Muhl.
S. rubrotinctus, Fernald.
S. Peckii, Britton.
S. atrocinctus, Fernald.
S. atrocinctus, Fernald, var. brachypodus, Fernald.
ERIOPHORUM
E. alpinum, L
E. polystachyon, L.
108 Rhodora [June
шшш
660000000
0000000000000
000000000000
polystachyon, L., var. latifolium, Gray.
Virginicum, L.
. gracile, Koch. A. W. Cheever, 1903.
RHYNCHOSPORA
. alba, Vahl.
. capillacea, Torr.
CLADIUM
. mariscoides, Torr.
CAREX
intumescens, Rudge.
rostrata, Stokes. C. utriculata, var. minor, Boott.
Tuckermani, Dewey. Herbaria of W. Deane and J. R. Churchill, 1885.
retrorsa, Schwein.
lurida, Wahl.
lurida, Wahl., var. gracilis, Bailey. C. Baileyi, Britton.
hystricina, Muhl. i
hystricina, Muhl., var. Dudleyi, Bailey. The species and variety on same
plant, G. G. K., 1898.
scabrata, Schwein.
filiformis, L.
stricta, Lam.
lenticularis, Michx.
gynandra, Schwein
gracillima, Schwein.
castanea, Wahl. Meadow by the Four Bridges, 1898.
arctata, Boott.
debilis, Michx., var. Rudgei, Bailey. C. ¢enuis, Rudge.
flava, L.
flava, L., var. viridula, Bailey. C. viridula Michx.
pallescens, L. '
vaginata, Tausch. C. saltuensis, Bailey. С. altocaulis (Dewey) Britton.
Swamp between West Burke and Willoughby, Pringle, 1878, Herb. Gray.
laxiflora, Lam. А
laxiflora, Lam., var. varians, Bailey.
laxiflora, Lam., var. patulifolia, Carey.
plantaginea, Lam.
. platyphylla, Carey.
aurea, Nutt.
eburnea, Boott. C. setifolia (Dewey) Britton.
pedunculata, Muhl.
communis, Bailey. C. pedicellata (Dewey) Britton.
. albicans, Willd.
deflexa, Hornem.
scirpoidea, Michx. On the mountain sides and occasionally on Lake
roadside.
1904] Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby 109
e
ooooo
А.
Е.
C Ca CUL
oonooooo
00000000
leptalea Wahl. С. polytrichoides, Muhl.
stipata, Muhl.
teretiuscula, Gooden. Little Pond Bog.
vulpinoidea, Michx.
tenella, Schkuhr.
rosea, Schkuhr, var. minor, Boott.
rosea, Schkuhr, var. radiata, Dewey.
stellulata, Gooden., var. angustata, Carey. С. serz/rs, Britt. & Brown, in
part, not Willd. С. eckinata, Murr., var. angustata, Bailey.
interior, Bailey.
canescens, L., var. subloliacea, Laest.
brunnescens, Poir. C. canescens, L., var. alpicola, Wahl.
trisperma, Dewey.
Deweyana, Schwein.
bromoides, Schkuhr.
Bebbii, Olney.
tribuloides, Wahl., var. reducta, Bailey. C. ¢ribulotdes, Wahl., var. moni-
liformis (Tuckerm.) Britton.
cristata, Schwein. C. Zribulordes, Wahl., var. cristata, Bailey. C. crista-
tella, Britton.
scoparia, Schkuhr.
scoparia, Schkuhr, var. condensa, Fernald. E. F. Williams, 1894.
Crawfordii, Fernald.
mirabilis, Dewey.
mirabilis, Dewey, var. tincta, Fernald.
ARACEAE
ARISAEMA
triphyllum, Torr. In both wet and apparently dry soil.
CALLA
palustris, L. .
ERIOCAULACEAE
ERIOCAULON
septangulare, Withering. At north end of Lake.
JUNCACEAE
JUNCUS
. effusus, L.
. bufonius, L. Of all shapes and sizes.
. tenuis, Willd., var. Williamsii, Fernald.
. Dudleyi, Wiegand.
. nodosus, L.
IIO Rhodora (June
J. alpinus, Vill. Herb. W. Deane.
J. articulatus, L.
J. brachycephalus, Buchenau.
J. brevicaudatus, Fernald.
LUZULA
L. parviflora, Desv. L. spadicea, DC., var. melanocarpa, Meyer. Juncoides
parviflorum (Ehrh.) Coville.
L. campestris, DC., var. multiflora, Celakovsky. See RHODORA, vi, 38.
LILIACEAE
VERATRUM
V. viride, Ait.
OAKESIA
O. sessilifolia, Watson. Uvularia sessilifolia, L.
HEMEROCALLIS
H. FULVA, L. Roadside.
ALLIUM
A. tricoccum, Ait.
A. SCHOENOPRASUM, L. 1899, new to New England, the Connecticut River
valley plant being the larger var. Sibericum, Hartm.
LILIUM
L. TIGRINUM, Ker. Roadside by an abandoned cellar.
ERYTHRONIUM
. E. Americanum, Ker.
CLINTONIA
C. borealis, Raf.
SMILACINA
. racemosa, Desf. Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong.
. Stellata, Desf. Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong.
. trifolia, Desf. Vagnera trifolia (L.) Morong. Herb. J. R. Churchill.
oou
MAIANTHEMUM
M. Canadense, Desf. Unifolium Canadense (Desf.) Greene.
STREPTOPUS
S. amplexifolius, DC.
S. roseus, Michx.
1904] Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby III
POLYGONATUM
P. biflorum, Ell.
MEDEOLA
M. Virginiana, L.
TRILLIUM
T. erectum, 17.
T.
(9) (o^ (o.
undulatum, Willd. T. erythrocarpum, Michx.
IRIDACEAE
IRIS
. versicolor, L.
SISYRINCHIUM
. angustifolium, Mill.
ORCHIDACEAE
CYPRIPEDIUM
. acaule, Ait. Often with white fowers.
. arietinum, R. Br. Mrs. J. E. W. Thacher, 1897.
. spectabile, Salisb. C. reginae, Walt. Е. Ф C. E. Faxon, 1887;
Herb. Gray.
. pubescens, Willd. С. Azrsutum, Mill. The C. pubescens of the woods is
a different looking plant from the meadow and swamp form, which
latter is almost exactly between C, pubescens, Willd. and C. par-
vifforum, Salisb.
ORCHIS.
. Spectabilis, L. Found some seasons in profusion and of wonderful
beauty.
HABENARIA
. Hookeri, Torr. Lysias Hookertana (Gray) Rydb. Dr. С. A. Cheever, 1903.
orbiculata, Torr. Zysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb.
. obtusata, Richardson. Lysze//a obtusata (Pursh) Rydb.
hyperborea, R. Вг. Limnorchis hyperborea (L.) Rydb.
dilatata, Gray. Limnorchis dilatata (Pursh) Rydb. Limnorchis fragrans,
Rydb. is hardly to be separated except by its evident fragrance,
and perhaps slender form.
bracteata, R. Br. Coeloglossum bracteatum (Willd.) Parl.
tridentata, Hook. Æ. clavellata (Michx.) Spreng.
. psycodes, Gray. Occasional forms approach 27. fimbriata, К. Br. but
no typical Æ. fimbriata has yet been collected.
гї2 Rhodora [JUNE
POGONIA
P. ophioglossoides, Nutt.
SPIRANTHES M
S. Romanzoffiana, Cham. Gyrostachys Romanzoffana (Cham.) MacM.
S. cernua, Richard. Gyrostuchys cernua (L.) Kuntze.
S. gracilis, Bigel. Gyvrostachys gracilis (Bigel.) Kuntze.
LISTERA
L. convallarioides, Nutt.
L. cordata, R. Br.
GOODYERA.
G. repens, К. Br., var. ophioides, Fernald. Peramium repens (L.) Britt. &
Brown, not Salisb.
G. tesselata, Lodd.
MICROSTYLIS
M. monophyllos, Lindl. Achroanthes monophylla (L.) Greene. Very rare;
on the side of Mt. Hor.
M. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Achroanthes unifolia (Michx.) Raf.
LIPARIS
L. Loeselii, Richard. Leptorchis Loeseli? (L.) MacM. Meadow, rare.
CALYPSO
C. borealis, Salisb. C. bulbosa (L.) Oakes. In deep and cold cedar swamps.
CORALLORHIZA
C. innata, R. Br. Two specimens of C. innata, found June 4, 1901, in dense
shade in swampy woods, show the condition known as irregular peloria.
In this case a conversion of the petals into normal or nearly normal lips
gives a remarkable appearance to the flowering spike. This is more
common in cultivated orchids than in wild plants and I have to thank
Mr. Oakes Ames for explaining to me the singular anomaly in these
specimens.
C. multiflora, Nutt.
Dicotyledons.
JUGLANDACEAE
JUGLANS
J. cinerea, L.
1904] .Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby II3
MYRICACEAE
MYRICA
M. Gale, L.
SALICACEAE
POPULUS
P. balsamifera, L. The leaf-bud has a resinous odor of watchmakers' oil
rather than the fragrant odor of var. candicans, the Balm of Gilead.
P. tremuloides, Michx.
P. grandidentata, Michx.
SALIX
S. nigra, Marsh, var. falcata, Torr. North beach on Lake.
S. lucida, Muhl.
S. purpurea, L. Large clump on roadside towards Chemical Pond.
S. rostrata, Richardson. S. Bebbrana, Sarg.
S. humilis, Marsh.
S. discolor, Muhl.
S. petiolaris, Smith. On beach at north end of Lake, Miss A. Lorenz.
S. cordata, Muhl.
S. balsamifera, Barratt. Quite frequent.
CUPULIFERAE
OSTRYA
O. Virginica, Willd.
(610) £5 BIOS
C. rostrata, Ait.
BETULA
B. alba, L., var. papyrifera, Spach. B. papyrifera, Marsh.
B. alba, L., var. cordifolia, Fernald.
B. lenta, L.
B. lutea, Michx. f.
ALNUS
A. viridis, DC. A. Alnobetula (Ehrh.) К. Koch. Very common.
A. incana, Willd.
FAGUS
F. ferruginea, Ait. F. Americana, Sweet.
QUERCUS
Q. rubra, L. On “4th of July” and other slides ; not seen elsewhere.
114 Rhodora [JUNE
URTICACEAE
ULMUS
U. Americana, L.
U. fulva, Michx. In the woods at base of the mountain.
HUMULUS
H. Lupulus, L. At Sutton Road corner.
LAPORTEA
L. Canadensis, Gaudichaud. Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kuntze.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
ASARUM
A. Canadense, L. Rare.
POLYGONACEAE
RHEUM
R. RHAPONTIUM, L. In a wild farm pasture, escaped.
RUMEX
R. ACETOSELLA, L.
R. crispus, L.
R. OBTUSIFOLIUS, L.
FAGOPYRUM
F. ESCULENTUM, Moench.
F. TATARICUM, Gaertn.
POLYGONUM
P. PERSICARIA, L.
P. HYDROPIPER, L.
P. aviculare, L.
P. Convolvulus, L.
P. cilinode, Michx.
P. sagittatum, L.
CHENOPODIACEAE
CHENOPODIUM
C. ALBUM, L.
C. capitatum, Watson. B/rtum cafita/um, L. Near the farm-barn.
1904] Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby 115
АМАКАМТНАСЕАЕ
AMARANTHUS
А. RETROFLEXUS, L. Called Rag-weed and said to have come from the
West, thus indicating a comparatively recent introduction.
PORTULACACEAE
CLAYTONIA
C. Caroliniana, Michx.
PORTULACA
P. OLERACEA, L.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
AGROSTEMMA
A. GirHAGO, L. Lychnis Githago, Scopoli.
SILENE
S. CucuBALUs, Wibel. S. vulgaris (Moench) Garcke. Roadside near
Chemical Pond.
S. NOCTIFLORA, L. Near Picnic house at Lake.
LYCHNIS
L. CHALCEDONICA, L. Escape at Sheffield Landing.
SAPONARIA
S. OFFICINALIS, L. j
S. VACCARIA, L. Vaccaria Vaccaria (L.) Britton. Herb. Walter Deane, 1885.
DIANTHUS
D. BARBATUS, L. Escape.
STELLARIA
S. MEDIA, Cyrill. Adstne media, L.
S. GRAMINEA, L. Alsine graminea (L.) Britton.
S. borealis, Bigel. 4/szze borealis (Bigel.) Britton.
CERASTIUM
C. vULGATUM, L.
SPERGULA
S. ARVENSIS, L.
116 Rhodora [June
2 2
Hi
NYMPHAEACEAE
NUPHAR
. advena, Ait. f. Nymphaea advena, Soland.
. advena, Ait. f, var. hybridum, Peck. JV. advena, Ait. f., var. minus,
Morong.
. minimum, Smith. Mymphaea Kalmiana (Michx.) Sims.
NYMPHAEA
. ODORATA, Ait. Castalia odorata (Dryand. Woodv. & Wood.' Planted
in Little Pond.
RANUNCULACEAE
CALTHA
. palustris, L. In both wet and apparently dry places.
COPTIS
. trifolia, Salisb.
ACTAEA
. rubra Willd.
.alba, Bigel. Very variable as to pedicels and color of fruit.
PAEONIA
. OFFICINALIS, Retz. Persistent in an old orchard.
AQUILEGIA
. VULGARIS, L. Roadside escape.
ACONITUM
. NAPELLUS, L. An escape on the Newark Road.
ANEMONE
. riparia, Fernald. All the Anemone reports from Russell's in 1852 to the
present time are now to be referred to Mr. Fernali's A. riparia.
HEPATICA
acutiloba, DC. А. acuta (Pursh) Britton.
CLEMATIS
. Virgininana, L.
. verticillaris, DC. Atragene Americana, Sims. Occasional.
0
1904] Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby 117
дю юю
RANUNCULUS
abortivus, L.
recurvatus, Poir.
ACRIS, L.
repens, L.
septentrionalis, Poir.
aquatilis, L., var. trichophyllus, Gray. Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix)
Bossch.
THALICTRUM
T. polygamum, Muhl.
BERBERIDACEAE
CAULOPHYLLUM
C. thalictroides, Michx. In mountain woods.
PAPAVERACEAE
SANGUINARIA
S. Canadensis, L. Rare.
DICENTRA
шшш
Cucullaria, ОС. Brcuculla Cucullaria (L.) Millsp. In mountain woods.
Canadensis, DC. Bicuculla Canadensis (Goldie) Millsp. On the
mountain,
CRUCIFERAE
LEPIDIUM
VIRGINICUM, L.
SISYMBRIUM
. OFFICINALE, Scop.
BRAYA
. humilis, Robinson. Sisymbrium humile, Meyer. Probably from its abun-
dance on the Cliffs the Arabis lyrata of Mr. Russell's 1852 List.
BRASSICA
JUNCEA, Cosson.
SINAPISTRUM, Boiss. B. arvensis (L.) B. S. Р.
. CAMPESTRIS, L.
RAPHANUS
. RAPHANISTRUM, L.
118 Rhodora [JUNE
BARBAREA
B. STRICTA, Andrz. B. vulgaris, Gray, Man. Ed. 6, in part.
NASTURTIUM
N. terrestre, R. Вг. V. palustre, DC. Roripa palustris (L.) Bess.
N. OFFICINALE, R. Br. Roripa Nasturtium (L.) Rusby.
N. ARMORACIA, Fries. KRoripa Armoracia (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. Fruiting
specimen in Herb. J. R. Churchill.
CARDAMINE
C. Pennsylvanica, Muhl.
DENTARIA
D. diphylla, L. Quite variable as to foliage, but always with the diphylla
rootstock.
CAPSELLA
С. BURSA-PASTORIS, Moench. Very variable in size and foliage.
DRABA
D. incana, L.
D. incana, L., var. arabisans, Watson.
DROSERACEAE
DROSERA
D. rotundifolia, L.
CRASSULACEAE
SEDUM
S. TELEPHIUM, L. Escape by edge of woods, Cheney Place.
S. acre, L. On old wall.
SAXIFRAGACEAE
SAXIFRAGA
. oppositifolia, L. Common on the cliffs.
. aizoides, L. On the cliffs.
. Aizoon, Jacq. On the upper portions of cliffs.
. Virginiensis, Michx.
оло Ф
TIARELLA
T. cordifolia, L.
1904] Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby IIQ
MITELLA
M. nuda, L.
EEEE
nn
z
IU 49) 40)
EE
CHRYSOSPLENIUM
Americanum, Schwein.
PARNASSIA
. Caroliniana, Michx. In wet pastures.
RIBES
Cynosbati, L.
. oxyacanthoides, L.
lacustre, Poir.
prostratum, L'Hér.
floridum, L'Hér.
albinervium, Michx. 2. rubrum, L., var. subglandulosum, Maxim. R.
rubrum, Britt. & Brown, in part, not L.
ROSACEAE
SPIRAEA
. latifolia, Borkh. .$, salictfolia, Gray, Man. Ed. 6, in part, not L.
. tomentosa, I..
RUBUS
. odoratus, L
. Idaeus, L., var. strigosus, Maxim. R. strigosus, Michx.
occidentalis, L. Herb. Walter Deane, 1885; not common.
triflorus, Richardson. XR. Americanus (Pers.) Britton.
setosus, Bigel.
Canadensis, L. X. Millspaughii, Britton.
DALIBARDA
repens, L. Not common.
FRAGARIA
. Virginiana, Mill.
· Americana, Britton. F. vesca, Gray, Man. Ed. 6, in great part.
POTENTILLA
. Norvegica, L. P. Monspeliensis, L. Variable.
- fruticosa, L. Not common.
. Canadensis, L. A plant reported under this name was probably P.
simplex, Michx.
120 Rhodora [JUNE
nw
0o
Y'o uY
HHHH
GEUM
. rivale, L.
b strictum, Ait.
AGRIMONIA
. Striata, Michx. А. Brittontana, Bickn.
ROSA
. blanda, Ait. On the cliffs, and rocky roadside.
. Carolina, L., var. setigera, Crépin. In wet wood road.
PYRUS
. Americana, DC. Sorbus Americana, Marsh.
. Sitchensis, Piper. P. samducifolia, Gray, Man. Ed. 6, not Cham. & Schl.
Sorbus sambuctfolia, Britt. & Brown, not Roem.
. Matus, L. Growing wild in many places.
. arbutifolia, L., var. melanocarpa, Hook. Aronia nigra (Willd.) Britton.
Rare, Marl Pond bog.
AMELANCHIER
. oligocarpa, Roem.
CRATAEGUS
. media, Sarg.
. flabellata, Bosc. =
PRUNUS
. nigra, Ait.
. Pennsylvanica, L.f. Very variable in size of tree and fruit.
. Virgininana, L.
. serotina, Ehrh.
LEGUMINOSAE
MELILOTUS
ALBA, Desr.
TRIFOLIUM
. PRATENSE, L.
. INCARNATUM, L.
HYBRIDUM, L.
. REPENS, L.
. AGRARIUM, L.
ROBINIA
. viscosa, Vent. Roadside tree near Sheffield Landing.
1904 ] Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby I2I
ASTRAGALUS
A. Blakei, Eggleston. Common on the slides and down to Lake roadside ;
different from A. Robbinsti, Gray.
HEDYSARUM
Н. boreale, Nutt. Æ. Americana (Michx.) Britton. On the slides.
OXALIDACEAE
OXALIS
O. Acetosella, L.
О. cymosa, Small. О. cornicula and O. stricta of authors in part, not L.
LINACEAE
LINUM
L. USITATISSIMUM, L. In field.
EUPHORBIACEAE
EUPHORBIA
E. CYPARISSIAS, L.
CALLITRICHACEAE
CALLITRICHE
C. verna, L. C. palustris, L.
ANACARDIACEAE
RHUS
К. typhina, L. R. Airta (L.) Sudw.
R. Toxicodendron, L. X. radicans, L. Only on the mountain slides.
AQUIFOLIACEAE
ILEX
I. verticillata, Gray.
NEMOPANTHUS
N. fascicularis, Raf. //ictodes mucronata (L.) Britton.
CELASTRACEAE
CELASTRUS
C. scandens, L. Not common.
122 Rhodora
ACERACEAE
ACER
A. rubrum, L.
A. Saccharum, Marsh. A. saccharinum, Wang., not L.
A. nigrum, Michx. Said to grow at the north end of the lake.
A. Pennsylvanicum, L.
A. spicatum, Lam.
BALSAMINACEAE
IMPATIENS
I. biflora, Walt. Z. Salve, Nutt.
I. aurea, Muhl. Z. pallida, Nutt. Only on Mt. Hor side of the Lake.
RHAMNACEAE
RHAMNUS
R. alnifolia, L'Hér. In wet pastures.
VITACEAE
VITIS
V. vulpina, L. Abundant on the mountain slides.
AMPELOPSIS
A. quinquefolia, Michx. Parthenocissus guinguefolia (L.) Planch.
TILIACEAE
TILIA
T. Americana, L.
MALVACEAE
MALVA
. ALCEA, L. Garden escape, Newark Road.
MOSCHATA, L. Frequent on Long Pond Road.
zz
HYPERICACEAE
HYPERICUM
. PERFORATUM, L.
. maculatum, Walt.
. boreale, Bickn.
. mutilum, L.
TOT GL
[JUNE
1904 ] Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby bs
H. Canadense, L.
H. Virginicum, L. Zlodes campanulata, Pursh. Triadenum Virginicum
(L.) Raf.
VIOLACEAE -
VIOLA
V. cucullata, Ait.
V. venustula, Greene. Wet places on the slides. President Brainerd writes
that this is hardly distinct from V. afffzís, Le Conte.
V. Selkirkii, Pursh. Very variable; in more or less shaded places.
V. blanda, Willd.
V. amoena, Le Conte. | V, dlanda, var. palustriformis, Gray.
V. renifolia, Gray.
V. rotundifolia, Michx.
V. pubescens, Ait.
V. scabriuscula, Schwein.
V. Canadensis, L.
V. conspersa, Reichenb. V.canima,L., var. Muhlenbdergii, Gray, Man, Ed. 6.
V. TRICOLOR, L. Well established in various places.
THYMELACEAE
DIRCA
D. palustris, L. On the big slide.
ONAGRACEAE
EPILOBIUM
E. angustifolium, L. Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.
E. lineare, Muhl.
E. strictum, Muhl.
E. coloratum, Muhl.
E. adenocaulon, Haussk.
OENOTHERA
O. biennis, L. Onagra biennis (L.) Scop.
O. pumila, М. Kneifia pumila (L.) Spach.
CIRCAEA
C. Lutetiana, L. Rare. E. F. Williams, 1894.
C. alpina, L.
HALORRHAGIDACEAE
HIPPURIS
H. vulgaris, L. Deep brook in swamp ; submerged form.
,124 Rhodora [June
ARALIACEAE
ARALIA
A. racemosa, L.
A. nudicaulis, L.
A. hispida, Vent.
PANAX
P. quinquefolium, L. Aralia guinguefolia, Dec. & Pl. Rare. .
UMBELLIFERAE
HERACLEUM '
H. lanatum, Michx.
PASTINACA
P. SATIVA, L. Escape.
SANICULA
S. Marylandica, L.
OSMORRHIZA
O. brevistylis, DC. Washingtonia Claytoni (Michx.) Britton.
ZIZIA
Z. aurea, Koch. Very common.
LEVISTICUM
L. OFFICINALE, Koch. Old garden on deserted farm near Green Tunnel.
CARUM
C. Carun, L. Very common.
CICUTA
C. bulbifera, L. Little Pond bog.
HYDROCOTYLE
H. Americana, L.
CORNACEAE
CORNUS
. C. Canadensis, L.
C. circinata, L'Hér.
C. stolonifera, Michx. Not so common as would be expected.
C. alternifolia, L. f.
1904] Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby 125
ERICACEAE
PYROLA
. chlorantha, Swartz.
. elliptica, Nutt.
. rotundifolia, var. uliginosa, Gray. Little Pond Bog. P. uliginosa, Torr.
. asarifolia, Michx. Lake roadside, 1901.
весипда D^
. Secunda, L., var. pumila, Gray.
ach 449) tne) еј Go,
MONESES
M. grandiflora, Salisb. M. uniflora (L.) Gray.
CHIMAPHILA
C. umbellata, Nutt.
MONOTROPA
M. uniflora, L.
M. Hypopitys, L. /7yfofitys Hypopitys (L.) Small.
KALMIA
K. angustifolia, L. Not common.
K. glauca, Ait.
LEDUM
L. Groenlandicum, Oeder. Z. latifolium, Ait. Not common.
RHODODODENDRON
R. Rhodora, Don. Rhodora Canadensis, L. Rare.
ANDROMEDA
A. glaucophylla, Link. A large patch in dry field. A. polifolia of Am.
authors in part, not L.
CHAMAEDAPHNE
C. calyculata, Moench. Cassandra calyculata, Don. Common.
EPIGAEA
E. repens, L. Many people have noticed in the early autumn a sweet odor
in the woods and have usually tried to find a late blossoming Epigaea or
Linnaea as its source ; but it is probably the Fragrant Fungus, Lentinus
126 Rhodora [JUNE
suavissimus, Fries, a species identified for me by Prof. W. G. Farlow and
occurring on willows, but observed by me at Willoughby on the common
alder, Alnus incana, Willd.
GAULTHERIA
G. procumbens, L. Not common.
VACCINIUM
V. Canadense, Kalm. Not common.
V. Vitis-Idaea, L., var. minus, Loddiges. This interesting plant, recorded
in Vermont only from the summits of Mansfield and Camel’s Hump
mountains, has increased its area at Willoughby since I first noticed it
on June 4th, 1901.
V. Oxycoccus, L., var. intermedium, Gray. Oxycoccus Oxycoccus (L.) MacM.
CHIOGENES
C. serpyllifolia, Salisb. С. 4ispidula (L.) T. & G.
PRIMULACEAE
PRIMULA
P. Mistassinica, Michx. Abundant on the ledges of the mountain and
spreading in many wet fields.
LYSIMACHIA
L. stricta, Ait. Z. zerrestris (L.) B. S. P.
L. thyrsiflora, L. Naumbergia thyrsiflora (L.) Duby. Sheffield Landing.
STEIRONEMA
S. ciliatum, Raf.
TRIENTALIS
T. Americana, Pursh.
OLEACEAE
SYRINGA
S. vulgaris, L. Common on the roadside.
FRAXINUS
F. Americana, L.
F. nigra, Marsh. F. sambucifolia, Lam.
1904] Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby
GENTIANACEAE
GENTIANA
G. linearis, Froel. In one meadow only.
MENYANTHES
M. trifoliata, L. Rare.
APOCYNACEAE
VINCA
У. MINOR, L. Abundant in one place in cold swamp near outlet of lake.
strange habitat.
APOCYNUM
A. medium, Greene.
А. cannabinum, L. Including the var. glaberrimum, DC.
ASCLEPIADACEAE
ASCLEPIAS
A. Syriaca, L. A. Cornuti, Dec.
CONVOLVULACEAE
CONVOLVULUS
C. sepium, L.
BORAGINACEAE
MYOSOTIS
M. palustris, Withering. Not common.
LABIATAE
SCUTELLARIA
S. lateriflora, L.
S. galericulata, L.
NEPETA
127
A
N. GrEcuoMA, Benth. Glecoma hederacea, L. Old cellar wall by roadside.
LAMIUM
L. MAcULATUM, L. A. W. Cheever, 1903.
128 Rhodora (June
PRUNELLA
P. vulgaris, L.
GALEOPSIS
G. TeTRAHIT, L. Flowers often white.
LEONURUS
L. CARDIACA, L.
STACHYS
S. palustris, L. Miss A. Lorenz, 1900.
MONARDA
M. DIDYMA, L. On Newark road; an escape.
CALAMINTHA
C. Clinopodium, Benth. Clinopodium vulgare, L.
LYCOPUS
L. sinuatus, Ell. Z. Americanus, Muhl.
L. rubellus, Moench.
L. uniflorus, Michx. Z. Virginicus, in part, of authors.
MENTHA
VIRIDIS, L. M. spicata, L. In one place in a wet field.
PIPERITA, L.
arvensis, L.
arvensis, L., var. Canadensis, Briquet. M. Canadensis, L.
ZEEE
SOLANACEAE
PHYSALIS
P. heterophylla, Nees. P. Virginiana, Gray Man. Ed. 6, not Mill.
SCROPHULARIACEAE
VERBASCUM
V. Tuapsus, L.
' LINARIA
L. vurcanRis, Mill. Z. Linaria (L.) Karst.
CHELONE
C. glabra, L.
1904 | Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby 129
VERONICA
V. LONGIFOLIA, L. On roadside near Long Pond.
V. Americana, Schw.
V. serpyllifolia, L., var. borealis, Laestad.
LENTIBULARIACEAE
UTRICULARIA
U. cornuta, Michx.
U. clandestina, Nutt. Little Pond, 1896.
U. intermedia, Hayne.
OROBANCHACEAE
OROBANCHE
O. uniflora, L. Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britton. Aphyllon uniflorum, Gray.
In great abundance in 1898 on Lake roadside, but not noted before or
since. `
EPIPHEGUS
E. Virginiana, Bart. Leptamnium Virginianum (L.) Raf. Common in
, 20
beech woods.
PLANTAGINACEAE
PLANTAGO
P. MAJOR, L. Often with leafy spikes, as noticed also in Canada.
P. major, L., var. MINIMA, Dec. Very small and slender and of various
forms.
P. Rugelii, Dec.
P. LANCEOLATA, L. Not common.
RUBIACEAE
MITCHELLA
M. repens, L.
GALIUM
G. lanceolatum, Torr.
G. triflorum, Michx.
G. trifidum, L.
G. Claytoni, Michx.
G. asprellum, Michx.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
SAMBUCUS
S. Canadensis, L.
S. racemosa, L. S. pubens, Michx.
130 Rhodora [june
VIBURNUM
alnifolium, Marsh. И. lantanoides, Michx. Abundant.
Opulus, L. Not common.
. cassinoides, L. Not common.
<<<
LINNAEA
L. borealis, L. Z. Americana, Forbes.
SYMPHORICARPOS
S. racemosus, Michx. Escape by roadside.
LONICERA
. caerulea, L.
. oblongifolia, Muhl.
. Canadensis, Marsh. JZ. ciliata, Muhl.
PP
DIERVILLA
D. trifida, Moench. 2. Diervilla (L.) MacM.
CUCURBITACEAE
ECHINOCYSTIS
E. LOBATA, T. С. Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene. Near the Hotel
in field.
CAMPANULACEAE (incl. Lobeliaceae)
CAMPANULA
C. rotundifolia, L.
C. RAPUNCULOIDES, L. Long Pond road.
LOBELIA
L. Dortmanna, L. At north end of Lake.
L. inflata, L.
L. Kalmii, L. On the slides and in wet fields.
COMPOSITAE
EUPATORIUM
E. maculatum, L.
E. perfoliatum, L.
E. ageratoides, L. This seems to be Æ. boreale, Greene.
1904]
nn о
ANNNNH ououucuuo
BEBE
> > > >
>> >>
SOLIDAGO
. latifolia, L. S. flexicaulis, L.
Sibicolor lee
. bicolor L., var. concolor, T. С. S. ispida, Muhl.
the most noticeable roadside golden-rod.
. macrophylla, Pursh. In woods on the mountain.
. Virgaurea, L., var. Randii, Porter.
. Virgaurea, L., var. monticola, Porter.
SVüurgaurea, T,., var. Redfieldi, Porter:
Virgaurea, L., betw. var. Randii & var. Redfieldii.
Virgaurea, L., betw. var. Randii & var. monticola.
Virgaurea generally in exposed sunny situations.
. humilis, Pursh. S. Purshit, Porter.
. uliginosa, Nutt.
. rugosa, Mill.
Canadensis, L., var. glabrata, Porter.
nemoralis, Ait.
.lanceolata, L. Luthamta graminifolia (L.) Nutt.
ERIGERON
hyssopifolius, Michx. Оп the slides.
bellidifolius, Muhl. Æ. pulchellus, Michx.
Philadelphicus, L.
annuus, Pers.
strigosus, Muhl. Æ. ramosus (Walt.) B. S. P.
Canadensis, L. ZLeptilon Canadense (L.) Britton.
ASTER
. divaricatus, L. A. corymbosus, Ait.
. macrophyllus, L.
. cordifolius, L.
Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby 131
Very abundant and
The varieties of S.
polyphyllus, Willd. A. Faxoni, Porter. On the mountain ledges and
even down to the roadside.
diffusus, Ait. A. lateriflorus (L.) Britton.
diffusus, Ait., var. hirsuticaulis, Gray.
paniculatus, Lam.
. paniculatus, Lam., var. lanatus, Fernald, n. var. *' Stem i m. high, white-
villous or -lanate: leaves elongate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, 1 to 1.5 dm.
long, 1 to 1.5 cm. wide, scabrous above, glabrous beneath or slightly
pubescent on the midribs, sharply serrate, as in the species: heads many,
paniculate, as in typical A. paniculatus. — West Burke Road, Wil-
loughby, Vermont, July 20, 1896 (E. F. Williams); Sutton Road,
Willoughby, Sept. 4, 1896 ( G. G. Kennedy); Punk Island, Lake Winni-
peg, Manitoba, July 6, 1884 — type (J. M. Macoun).
Distinctly a form of
132 Rhodora (June
A. paniculatus, but distinguished by its striking pubescence similar to
that of A. longifolius, var. villicaulis, A. cordtfolius, var. Furbishiae,
and A. £ardifforus, var. vestitus.”
A. paniculatus, Lam., var. bellidiflorus, Burgess.
A. longifolius, Lam. 1898. Rare, or some seasons not observed.
A. tardiflorus, L.
A. tardiflorus, L., var. vestitus, Fernald.
A. puniceus, L.
A. umbellatus, Mill. Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees.
A. acuminatus, Michx. Including the form with chaffy scales instead of
flowers.
ANTENNARIA
A. Canadensis, Greene.
A. fallax, Greene.
A. neodioica, Greene.
A. neodioica, Greene, var. grandis, Fernald.
A. neglecta, Greene.
A. petaloidea, Fernald.
ANAPHALIS
A. margaritacea, Benth. & Hook. f.
GNAPHALIUM
G. polycephalum, Michx. G. obtusifolium, L.
G. decurrens, Ives.
G. uliginosum, L.
INULA
I. HELENIUM, L. A large plant beside brook on Long Pond Road which I
have never seen in flower.
RUDBECKIA
R. HIRTA, L.
HELIANTHUS
H. ANNUUS, L.
H. TUBEROSUS, L. In dooryard.
BIDENS
B. frondosa, L,
B. cernua, L.
ACHILLEA
A. Millefolium, L. Flowers varying to deep red color.
1904 ] Kennedy,— Flora of Willoughby 133
оң [е
Соо
CHRYSANTHEMUM
. LEUCANTHEMUM, L., var. SUBPINNATIFIDUM, Fernald. (See RHODORA,
v. 181).
. BALSAMITAE, L., var. TANACETOIDES, Boiss. А roadside escape.
TANACETUM
. VULGARE, L.
VULGARE, L., var. CRISPUM, DC.
`
ARTEMISIA
Canadensis, Michx. On the cliffs and slides.
ABROTANUM, L. A garden escape.
VULGARIS, L. Said to be a recent introduction from Canada; one farmer
said within 25 years.
. Pontica, L. Garden escape on the Long Pond Road.
TUSSILAGO
. FARFARA, L. Abundant.
PETASITES
. palmata, Gray. Considered rare in the swamps, but appeared in r9or in
great abundance at the southern end of lake in the waste sawdust from
an old and abandoned saw mill.
SENECIO
. Robbinsii, Oakes. Very common.
ERECHTITES
prealta, Raf. Æ. hreracrfolia, Raf. Lake roadside, 1903. Not before
reported in the neighborhood, but two plants were observed Oct. 1, 1903,
near Roaring Brook after the building of a new lake wall at that part of
the roadway. It will be interesting to note if the one plant left uncol-
lected will establish a colony.
ARCTIUM
MINUS, Bernh.
. LAPPA, L. A. Lappa, var. majus, Gray.
CIRSIUM (Cnicus of many authors)
. LANCEOLATUM, Scop. Carduus lanceolatus, L.
. muticum, Michx. Carduus muticus (Michx.) Pers.
. ARVENSE, Scop. Carduus arvensis (L.) Robs.
134 Rhodora [JUNE
TRAGOPOGON
T. PRATENSIS, L. Herb. E. F. Williams, 1898.
HIERACIUM
H. AURANTIACUM, L. This plant, elsewhere a noxious weed, is apparently
not spreading, as was feared.
H. scabrum, Michx.
TARAXACUM
T. OFFICINALE, Weber.
SONCHUS
S. ASPER, Vill.
S. ARVENSIS, L. Mrs. Brucke, 1899.
LACTUCA
L. Canadensis, L.
L. Canadensis, L., var. integrifolia, Gray. ZL. sagittifolia, EN.
L. hirsuta, Muhl.
L. leucophaea, Gray. L. spicata (Lam.) Hitchc.
PRENANTHES
P. trifoliolata, Fernald, var. nana, Fernald. Madbalus nana (Bigel. DC. Col-
lected by Dr. H. H. Rusby in 1892 on the top of Willoughby Mountain
and not reported since that date. Herb. H. H. Rusby.
P. altissima, L. Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook. Very common.
READVILLE, MASSACHUSETTS.
THE IDENTITY OF MICHAUX’S LYCOPUS UNIFLORUS.
M. L. FERNALD.
IN a recent manual of the northern flora the plant which has gen-
erally passed as Lycopus virginicus, L., is divided into two leading
groups. The first with leaves mostly ovate and the base of the stem
not tuberous contains a single species, which is identified with reason-
able certainty as Z. virginicus; the other group, with leaves mostly
lanceolate to oblong and with the bases of the stems tuberous, con-
tains plants which are treated without reservation as two new species :
L. communis, a firm-leaved plant of “ moist soil,” and Z. membranacea,
1 Bicknell in Britton, Man. (1901) 803, 804.
1904] Fernald,— Michaux's Lycopus uniflorus 135
a larger thin-leaved plant of “wet woods." With the exception of a
corolla-distinction which proves very inconstant in material exam-
ined, the characters by which these two narrow-leaved tuberous-based
plants are separated are such that it would seem quite impossible to
distinguish from Z. membranacea large shade states of Z. communis,
while on the other hand it would appear equally difficult to distin-
guish from Z. communis open-soil states of Z. membranacea.
'This attempt, however, to distinguish the shade state of the north-
ern plant from the smaller firmer-leaved plant of open moist soll was
made more than seventy years ago, while Michaux, more than a cen-
tury since, recognized that the northern tuberous plant was specific-
ally separable from the rarely tuberous L. virginicus of the South.
Michaux's material of Lycopus uniflorus, as represented in his
herbarium at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, consists of four small
specimens with the characteristic tuberous bases, but all very imma-
ture, only one of the plants beginning to show young flowers — hence
the specific name. The specimens came from near Lake St. John
in Quebec and except that they are very immature they are closely
matched by specimens of the common northern plant collected in
Cape Breton by John Macoun and distributed as no. 20,023 from the
Herbarium of the Geological Survey of Canada.
Immediately after the publication of Michaux's Flora, Vahl
described Lycopus pumilus? This was based alone upon Michaux's
material in the herbarium of Jussieu (Jardin des Plantes) and
Michaux's description of Z. uniflorus was quoted. ‘The only supple-
mentary information furnished by Vahl was that the plant had
lanceolate (rather than oval), subserrate (rather than dentate) leaves,
and procumbent small stolons.
In 1833 Bentham, likewise, recognized the Michaux plant, as
Lycopus virginicus, B pauciflorus citing both Z. uniflorus and Z.
pumilus as absolute synonyms; and an interesting sheet from the
herbarium of the late Jacques Gay, now preserved in the herbarium
of the Royal Gardens at Kew, shows that Gay appreciated the dis-
tinctions between the northern and the southern plants which have
passed in America as Zycopus virginicus. The original label in
Gay’s handwriting reads :—
1 L, “UNIFLORUS. L. pusillus, radice tuberosa : caulibus simplicibus: foliis ovali-
bus, obtusis, obsolete dentatis: axillis unifloris. Aad. ad Lacus S-Joannis
et Mistassins.” — Michx. Fl. i (1803) 14.
2 Vahl. Enum. i (1804) 211. ? Benth. Lab. (1833) 185.
136 Rhodora (JUNE
“Lycopus virginicus La Pyl. Herb. non Linn. nec auct. amer.
L. uniflorus Mich.— L. pumilus Vahl. Pursh Fl. 1. p. 16 (?)
differt à virginica, radice saepi tuberosa, verticillis paucifloris,
calyce $-поп 4-dentate.
Terra Nova.— La Pylaie dedit Jun. 1828."
In July, 1839, after the publication of Bentham's monograph, Gay
supplemented this label as follows :—
“Lycopus Virginicus В pauciflorus, Benth. Lab. (1832) p. 185.
L. uniflorus Mich.
Radix tuberosa ! dentes calycini 4, obtusi.”
Thus it is quite clear that by certain European botanists our
northern plant recently described as Z. communis was early distin-
guished from the more southern Z. virginicus.
The plant described by Bentham as Lycopus macrophyllus” and
afterward treated by Dr. Gray as a large-leaved form? of Z. virginicus,
while Z. uniflorus (L. communis) was treated as a diminutive forms,
was collected by Scouler on the Straits of Juan de Fuca (between
Washington and Vancouver). The original material in the Hooker
Herbarium is identical with the large-leaved plant collected by Lyall
on the Oregon Boundary Commission near the 49th parallel of
latitude (near the border of Washington and British Columbia),
and another distributed by Elihu Hall as no. 395 from Oregon.
These plants of Scouler, Lyall, and Hall are clearly a large-leaved
phase of the common JZ. uniflorus (ог L. communis, which by its
author is said to extend west to British Columbia and Oregon). The
large-leaved western plant is furthermore inseparable from New
England specimens which must represent Z. membranacea of “wet
woods”; and since there is good reason to believe that this plant of
the East is only a shade-phase of Z. uniflorus or L. communis of
“moist soil,” the nomenclatorial history of the northern Zycopus
with thick white tubers should be stated as follows:
Lycopus UNIFLORUS, Michx. Fl. i. (1803) 14. Z. pumilus, Vahl.
Enum. i. (1804) 211; Pursh, Fl. i. 16. Z. virginicus, authors, in
part, not L. Z. virginicus, B pauciflorus, Benth. Lab. (1833) 185
1 Benth. 1. c. |
2 “ Forma procera, var. MACROPHYLLUS: Z. macrophyllus, Benth.” Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. viii. (1870) 285.
* “Forma depauperata : Z. uniflorus, Michx. L. pumilus, Vahl.” Gray. 1. с.
a
1904] Eggleston, — Flora of Vermont 137
& in D.C. Prodr. xii (1848) 177. Z. macrophyllus, Benth. ll. сс.
(1833, 1848). L. virginicus, var. macrophyllus, Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. (1870) 285 & Syn. Fl ii. pt. г, 353. 2. communis,
Bicknell in Britton, Man. (19or) 803; Small, Fl. 1048. Z. mem-
branacea, Bicknell, 1. c. (1901) 804.
GRAY HERBARIUM.
ADDENDA TO THE FLORA OF VERMONT.
W. W. EGGLESTON (revised by E. BRAINERD).
SiNCE the publication of the Vermont Flora! in r9oo there has
been a marked increase of interest in botanical field-work in various
localities of the State, resulting in the discovery of many additional
species and varieties. At the same time several of the more difficult
genera of the Northeastern United States have been diligently worked
over by specialists, and many old species have been divided into
two, or several, or many species. "Though in some cases the status
of the proposed species is as yet somewhat uncertain, they have
nevertheless been admitted with considerable freedom into this pro-
visional list as plants that challenge for the time being the observa-
tion and criticism of the field botanist.
It is expected that within two years a new edition of the Vermont
Flora will be published, and any further additions or corrections will
be most gratefully appreciated; they may be communicated to the
writer, or to the President of the Vermont Botanical Club, Ezra
Brainerd of Middlebury, or to its Secretary, L. R. Jones of Burlington.
INDIGENOUS OR WELL-EsTABLISHED PLANTS.?
Aspidium acrostichoides, Swartz, var. incisum, Gray. Occasional. A form
of this with crisp edges also occurs: Greensboro, Miss H. M. Hodge ;
Burlington, Mrs. F. A. Richardson.
! Brainerd, Jones & Eggleston, Flora of Vermont (Contributions to the Botany
of Vermont, viii). Burlington, 15 December, 1900.
? As in the Flora of Vermont, the names of plants indigenous in North America
are printed in full face type and those of species introduced from the Old World
in small capitals.
138 Rhodora [JUNE
A. simulatum, Davenport. Brattleboro, Mrs. F. B. Horton.
A. spinulosum X marginale. (Dryopteris Pittsfordensis, Slosson, RHODORA,
vi. 75.) Pittsford, Miss Margaret Slosson.
Asplenium ebeneum, Ait. var. Hortonae, Davenport, RHODORA, iii. 2, plate
22. Brattleboro, Mrs. F. B. Horton; Pittsford, Miss K. A. French.
Osmunda Claytoniana, L. var. dubia, A. J. Grout. An abnormal form, with
pinnules separated by a distance of one-half to two-thirds their breadth,
the upper ones greatly elongated and pinnately cleft. Newfane, Grout.
(See Papers of Linn. Fern Chapter, August, 1898.) .
Pteris aquilina, L. var. pseudocaudata, Clute. (Р. latiuscula, Desv.) Man-
chester, F. A. 055,— ће only New England station.
Equisetum pratense, Ehrh. Newark, Kennedy.
Lycopodium clavatum, L. var. monostachyon, Greville & Hooker. (See
RHODORA, iii. 237, and iv. 57, 100.) Westmore, Kennedy; Windham,
Westminster, Putney, W. H. Blanchard; Ira, D. S. Carpenter.
L. complanatum, L. var. Wibbei, Harberer, RHODORA, vi. 102. Westmore,
Kennedy.
Isoetes macrospora, Dur. Willoughby Lake, Kennedy.
I. Tuckermani, A. Br. var. borealis, A. A. Eaton. Grout Pond, Stratton,
Eggleston and Grout.
Calamagrostis hyperborea, Lange, var. elongata, Kearney. Willoughby
Mt., E. € C. E. Faxon, 1887; specimen in Gray Herb.
Lolium temulentum, L. Burlington, Jones.
PANICUM MILIACEUM, L. Lumber yard, Burlington, Brainerd.
P. minus, Nash. Head of Lake Memphramagog, Æ. Tuckerman, 1859. (See
RHODORA, iii. 105.)
P. sphaerocarpon, Ell. Railroad, Putney, W. 77. Blanchard.
Carex aenea, Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. xxxvii. 480 (1902). Previously con-
tused with C. foenea, Willd. Cliffs and sand plains in Rutland and
Addison Counties.
C. aestivalis, M. A. Curtis. Pownal, J. R. Churchill.
C. canescens, L. var. disjuncta, Fernald, |. c. 488. The common form; typi-
cal C. canescens has been recognized in Vermont only from Ripton.
C. canescens, var. subloliacea, Laestad. Cold bogs, Mt. Mansfield, Brainerd ;
Mud Pond, Wallingford, Brainerd and Eggleston.
C. Crawfordii, Fernald, l. c. 469. (C. scoparia, var. minor, Boott, in part.)
Cold sterile soil ; frequent.
C. Crawfordii, var. vigens, Fernald. Middlebury, Brainerd; Rutland,
Eggleston; St. Johnsbury, Hazen.
С. hystricina, Muhl. var. Dudleyi, Bailey. Manchester, Miss М. A. Day.
C. intumescens, Rudge, var. Fernaldii, Bailey. St. Johnsbury, Hazen; Mid-
dlebury, Brainerd,
C. mirabilis, Dewey, var. perlonga, Fernald, 1. c. 473. Little Notch, Bristol,
Bratnerd.
C. mirabilis, var. tincta, Fernald, 1. c. 473. St. Johnsbury, Hazen.
C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. var. lucorum, Fernald, l. c. 505. Middlebury and
Burlington, Brainerd; Pownal, J. R. Churchill; Fair Haven, Eggleston.
1904 | Eggleston, — Flora of Vermont 139
C. scoparia, Schkuhr, var. moniliformis, Tuckerm. Burlington, Hazen;
Knight's Island, Brainerd.
C. scoparia, var. condensa, Fernald, 1. c. 486. West Rutland, Eggleston ;
Willoughby Lake, E. F. Williams.
C. setacea, Dewey. Sudbury, Brainerd.
C. straminea, Willd. var. echinodes, Fernald, l.c. 474. Dame Island, North
Hero, Brainerd.
C. umbellata, Schkuhr, var. brevirostris, Boott. (See Proc. Am. Acad.
xxxvii. 507.) Snake Mt., Brainerd.
C. varia, Muhl. Pownal, Eggleston; Mallett's Head, Colchester, Brainerd ;
Burlington, Pringle.
C. vesicaria, var. distenta, Fries. (See RHODORA, iii. 54.) Knight's Island,
Brainerd.
C. vesicaria, var. jejuna, Fernald, RHODORA, iii. 53. Common.
C. gracillima X castanea, (?). St. Johnsbury, Mazen.
[C. scabrata X crinita, Fernald. By an error this hybrid was credited to
Vermont in Mr. Fernald’s check-list of New England Carices (RHODORA,
iv.222.) The plant was from Mt. Clinton, №. H.]
Scirpus heterochaetus, Agnes Chase, RHODORA, vi. 70, plate 53, d. Lake
Champlain, Milton, A. J. Grout, 1893 ; the only station known, as yet,
in New England for this new species of bulrush.
S. lineatus, Michx. Roadside in moist clay soil, Middlebury, Brainerd ;
Bristol, A. C. Drke.
Arisaema Stewardsonii, Britton, Manual, p. 1045. Distinguished by its
green, fluted spathe. Hartland, Pownal, Ferrisburg, Eggleston.
Juncus alpinus, Vill. Willoughby Mt. and in bog near hotel, Eggleston.
J. articulatus, L. var. obtusatus, Engelm. (See RHODORA, vi. 35.) Man-
chester, Miss M. A. Day.
J. secundus, Beauv. Twin Mts., West Rutland, Eggleston.
J. tenuis, Willd. var. Williamsii, Fernald, RHODORA, iii. бо, plate 23. “Sand-
field," Rutland, Eggleston; Willoughby Lake, Kennedy.
ALLIUM SCHOENOPRASUM, L. Willoughby Lake, Xennedy. The plants
reported in the Vermont Flora are var. S¢biricum, Hartm.
Convallaria majalis, L. Thickly covering an area of about six square
rods in a mucky bog, remote from dwellings, Waltham, Mrss Ruth B.
Fisher.
Habenaria psychodes X lacera, Andrews, RHODORA, iii. 245 (cf. v. 263).
Pownal, Andrews and White.
Listera auriculata, Wiegand. Lyndon, J. W. Congdon.
Pogonia affinis, Austin. One plant, Burlington, Mrs. Henry Holt. (See
RHODORA, iv. 216.)
Populus balsamifera, L. var. candicans, Gray. Persists about old home-
steads.
SALIX ALBA, L. var. COERULEA, Koch. “Planted and spontaneous, Barre,”
Miss Eunice D. Smith.
HumuLus Japonica, Sieb. & Zucc. Waste places, Brattleboro, Miss Anne S.
Angell; Burlington, Jones; Bellows Falls, W. H. Blanchard.
140 . Rhodora (June
Polygonella articulata, Meisn. "Roadside, Vernon road, Brattleboro, Aug.
17, 1844,” 7. W. Higginson. Specimen, now in Gray Herb., was found
pressed beside the above note in Col. Higginson’s copy of Bigelow’s
Florula Bostoniensis. Colchester Point, Pringle.
POLYGONUM AVICULARE, L. var. vEGETUM, Ledeb. (See RHODORA, iv. 70.)
Frequent in rich shaded soil. This was by error listed in the Vermont
Flora as P. ramosissimum, Michx., which name should therefore be
omitted.
Rumex salicifolius, Weinm. Fort Ethan Allen, 2. B. Sprague.
CHENOPODIUM ALBUM, L. var. viRIDE, Moq. Common.
Lvcuwis Егоѕ-сосош, L. Weed, roadsides and meadows, Craftsbury,
Jones.
Silene stellata, Ait. Mr. Fernald kindly reports that this species is repre-
sented in the Michaux Herbarium at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris by
a characteristic specimen labelled by Michaux, *Vermont et Nouvelle
Angleterre.”
Actaea neglecta, Gilman. (А. eburnea, Rydb.) Willoughby Mt., H. H.
Rusby. This plant has been passing as white-fruited A. spicata, var.
rubra, Ait. It is perhaps a hybrid of this with A. а/а, Bigel.
Ranunculus Alleghaniensis, Britton. Smuggler’s Notch, Æ. F. Williams.
R. sceleratus, L. Colchester, Mrs. Flynn.
Arabis brachycarpa, Britton. (See RHODORA, v. 225.) Sandy and rocky
shores of Lake Champlain and vicinity. This and the following species
replace A, confinis, Watson.
A. Drummondi, Gray. Rocky hills, western Vermont.
Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt. (Sophia brachycarpa, Rydb.) Hogback
Island, Colchester, Mrs. Flynn.
Crataegus anomala, Sarg. RHODORA, iii. 74. Bridport, Clarendon. ‘This
and the following proposed species of this genus have been collected
principally by Brainerd and Eggleston in western Vermont, and by W.
H. Blanchard in Windham Co.
C. ascendens, Sarg. RHODORA, v. 141. Middlebury, Bristol, New Haven;
West Rutland; Westminster, Putney.
C. asperifolia, Sarg. RHODORA, iii. 31. New Haven, Middlebury ; Bellows
Falls.
C. Brainerdi, Sarg. Ruopora, iii. 27. Middlebury, New Haven; West Rut-
land; Bellows Falls, Westminster ; St. Johnsbury, Miss 7. M. Paddock.
C. coccinea, L. Marsh Hill, Ferrisburg ; Windham.
C. Champlainensis, Sarg. RHODORA, iii. 20. Frequent in the Champlain
valley.
C. contigua, Sarg. RHODORA, v. 115. Stockbridge, Zggleston.
C. delucida, Sarg. RHODORA, v. 139. Widely distributed throughout the
State.
. demissa, Sarg. RHODORA, v. 139. Charlotte, Horsford.
. dilatata, Sarg. Bot. Gaz. xxxi. 9. Frequent in the Champlain valley.
. dissona, Sarg. RHODORA, v. бо. Near Bellows Falls.
. Egglestoni, Sarg. RHODORA, iii. 30 One of the most common species,
especially of higher altitudes up to 2300 ft.
onoo
1904] Eggleston, — Flora of Vermont 141
C. exclusa, Sarg. RHODORA, v. 108. Bald Mt. Shrewsbury.
C. flabellata, Spach. (See Ruopora, iii. 75.) Bellows Falls, Westminster,
Putney.
C. genialis, Sarg. RHODORA, v. 148. Common.
С. glaucophylla, Sarg. RHODORA, v. 140. Bennington, Arlington; Bellows
Falls, Westminster, Putney.
C. Gravesii, Sarg. RHODORA, v. 159. Vergennes, New Haven.
C. Holmesiana, Ashe. (See Bot. Gaz. xxxi. 10.) Common.
C. intricata, Lange. Twin Mts., West Rutland; Arlington.
C. Jesupi, Sarg. RHODORA, v. 61. Twin Mts., West Rutland.
C. lobulata, Sarg. Ritopona, iii. 22. Common in Champlain valley.
C. matura, Sarg. RHODORA, iii. 24 & v. 144. Common,
C. media, Sarg. RHODORA, v. 150. Summit of Willoughby Mt., E. Faxon.
C. membranacea, Sarg. RHODORA, v. 186. Middlebury.
C. modesta, Sarg. RHODORA, iii. 28. Twin Mts., West Rutland; Arlington.
C. pentandra, Sarg. RHODORA, iii. 25. Common.
C. polita, Sarg. RHODORA, v. 111. Bennington, Pownal; Cornwall; Bellows
Falls, Westminster.
C. praecoqua, Sarg. RHODORA, v. 167. Bellows Falls, Westminster, Putney ;
Lemington.
C. Pringlei, Sarg. RHODORA, iii, 21. Common.
C. punctata, Jacq. var. aurea, Ait. Common.
C. scabrida, Sarg. КнорокА, iii. 20. Common.
C. submollis, Sarg. Bot. Gaz. xxxi. 7. Weybridge Monument.
C. succulenta, Link. Middlebury, New Haven.
Potentilla Canadensis, L. West Rutland, Æggleston.
Pyrus arbutifolia, L. f. Westminster, Bellows Falls, W. 27. Blanchard.
P. communis, L. Frequently spontaneous.
Rosa бллсА, L. Established in many places, W. H. Blanchard,
Rubus nigricans, Rydb. Common in the mountain towns.
R. occidentalis, L. A form with amber-colored fruit. Burlington, Z. Р,
Sprague; Weathersfield, W. 77. Blanchard.
Desmodium rotundifolium, DC. Dummerston, Z. Wild; Bellows Falls, W.
H. Blanchard.
LATHYRUS TUBEROSUS, L. Vergennes, Miss Ruth B. Fisher. (See RHODORA,
iii. 230.)
Lespedeza Nuttallii, Darl. Vernon, W. H. Blanchard.
L. Stuvei, Nutt. Vernon, W. HM. Blanchard.
Linum medium, Greene. Arlington, W. H. Blanchard.
L. sulcatum, Riddell. Pownal, W. M. Blanchard.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx. var. murorum, Rehder. Red Rocks, Bur-
lington, Reder and Jones.
Lechea minor, L. Vernon, W. H. Blanchard.
Viola cucullata, Ait. Springs, cold brooks and boggy meadows; common.
(For an account of this and the following species of Viola see RHODORA,
vi. 8-17.)
У, latiuscula, Greene, Pitt. у. 93. Dry sterile soil; common.
‚142 Rhodora [June
V. papilionacea, Pursh. Meadows and orchards; occasional.
V. septentrionalis, Greene. Pitt. iii. 334. Groves, hill pastures, especially
under young conifers ; frequent.
V. sororia, Willd. Rich open woods, moist meadows and pastures; common,
М. venustula, Greene, Pitt. iii. 335. Moist woods, and boggy meadows ;
frequent. (Hardly distinct from V. affinis, LeConte.)
Gaylussacia resinosa, Torr. & Gray, var. glaucocarpa, Robinson, RHODORA,
ii. 83. Westminster, Pownal, W. H. Blanchard.
Pyrola asarifolia, Michx. Norwich, Eggleston; Westmore, Kennedy.
Vaccinium Oxycoccus, L. var. intermedium, Gray. (See RHODORA, iv. 237,
plate 40.) Colchester, Oakes; Willoughby Lake, Kennedy.
ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS, L. Lawns, Bradford, Miss A. E. Bacon.
A. ARVENSIS, L, var. CAERULEA, Ledeb. Bradford, Miss Bacon. (See Ruo-
DORA, iv. 185.)
,Apocynum medium, Greene. Willoughby Lake, Kennedy.
Phlox subulata, L. Old cemeteries ; St. Johnsbury, Miss 7. M. Paddock;
Putney, Stratton, W. H. Blanchard.
Myosotis arvensis, Lam. Sharon, Dr. Baxter; Townshend, W. Z.
Blanchard.
SYMPHYTUM ASPERRIMUM, Sims. Dummerston, Vernon, W. H. Blanchard ;
Stockbridge, Rutland, Zggleston.
Verbena angustifolia, Michx. Arlington, W. H. Blanchard.
V. hastata X urticifolia. Pownal, W. А. Blanchard.
CALAMINTHA AciNOS, L. Townshend, W. H. Blanchard.
Hedoma hispida, Pursh. Burlington, F. H. Hollister.
LAMIuM ALBUM. Burlington, Mrs. Flynn.
Lycopus uniflorus, Michx. (L. communis, Bicknell & L. membranacea,
Bicknell, Britton Manual p. 803.) Wet meadows and thickets ; common.
(See RHODORA, vi: 134.)
Solanum rostratum, Dunal. Barre, Miss Eunice D. Smith.
S. Carolinense, L. Woodstock, £L. Wild; Westminster, W. H. Blanchard.
VERONICA CHAMAEDRYs, L. Glebe Mt., Windham, W. H. Blanchard.
V. serpyllifolia, L. var. borealis, Laest. (See RHODORA iv. 193.) Реасһат,
F. Blanchard; Willoughby Lake, Kennedy; St. Johnsbury, Miss 7. M.
Paddock.
Utricularia clandestina, Nutt. Willoughby Lake, Kennedy.
Galium boreale, L. Burlington, Mrs. Flynn; Manchester, W. //. Blanchard.
G. svLvATICUM, L. Cultivated, but also well established on a shady ledge,
Orwell, Brainerd; Peacham, F. Blanchard.
Campanula uliginosa, Rydb. Britton Manual 885. Separated from C. apa ri-
noides ; apparently more common.
Lobelia cardinalis, L. A form with white flowers. St. Albans, M. D. Mer-
rick.
ANTHEMIS ARVENSIS, L. Westminster, Townshend, W. H. Blanchard.
Aster. Lindleyanus, Torr. & Gray. var. comatus, Fernald, n. var. Stems
and under surfaces of the midribs copiously pubescent with soft white
hairs.— NEw BRUNSWICK, dry woods near Four Falls, Grand Falls Par-
1904] Eggleston, — Flora of Vermont | 143
ish, August 14, 1901, M. L. Fernald; MAINE, river thicket; Fort Fair-
field, September 19, 1900 — type — and sandy river terrace, Fort Fairfield,
September 27, 1901, M. L. Fernald ; VERMONT, Ripton, August 26,
1903, and Bellows Falls, August 24, 1903, W. H. Blanchard: SASKATCH-
AWAN, without locality, 1858, Bourgeau. The Vermont plants are less
extreme than those from New Brunswick, Maine and Saskatchawart, but
are evidently close to them."
A. longifolius, Lam. Willoughby Lake, Kennedy; Pownal, Eggleston; `
Connecticut valley, W. H. Blanchard.
A. longifolius, var. villicaulis, Gray. Connecticut valley, W. 77. Blanchard.
A. paniculatus, Lam. var. acutidens, Burgess. Westminster, И. 77. Blanch-
ard.
A. paniculatus, var. cinerascens, Fernald, RHopora, i. 188. Westminster,
W. H. Blanchard.
A. paniculatus, var. lanatus, Fernald, RHODORA, vi. 131. Willoughby Lake,
Kennedy.
A. paniculatus, var. simplex, Burgess, Westminster, W. H. Blanchard.
A. Schreberi, Nees. Common in southern Vermont, W. H. Blanchard.
A. tardiflorus, L. var. vestitus, Fernald, RHODORA, i. 188. Westminster,
W. H. Blanchard.
Bidens vulgata, Greene. Previously confused with B. frondosa. Common.
Eupatorium perfoliatum, L. forma purpureum, Britton. Putney, W. H.
Blanchard.
Hieracium Marianum, Willd. Bellows Falls, W. 77. Blanchard.
H. PrLosELLa, L. St. Johnsbury, Miss 7. M. Paddock.
Senecio Balsamitae, Muhl. var. praelongus, Greenman, RHODORA, iii. 6. `
Manchester, Miss Day.
Silphium perfoliatum, L. Burlington, Janes; Westminster, W. 77. Blanchard.
Solidago juncea, Ait. var. scabrella, Gray. Manchester, W. 27. Blanchard.
S. odora, Ait. Vernon, W. H. Blanchard. Also at Walpole, N. H.
TARAXACUM OFFICINALE, Weber, var. PALUSTRE, Blytt. (See RHODORA, iv.
155.) Rutland, Eggleston.
Xanthium Pennsylvanicum Wallr. (X. commune, Britton.) Bellows Falls,
Brainerd; Burlington, Jones.
X. speciosum, Kearney. Burlington, Jones.
CASUAL PLANTS.
The following is a list of plants that have recently appeared spontaneously
in cultivated fields, along railroads or near buildings. They are either gar-
den escapes or waifs coming in mostly with foreign seed and should not, as
yet, be regarded as having a proper place in our Flora.
Juncus Gerardi, Loisel. On the margin of a marshy meadow very near the
railway station at New Haven Junction; perhaps from saltmarsh hay
often used in packing. Brainerd.
ORNITHOGALUM UMBELLATUM, L. Brattleboro, W. H. Blanchard.
IRIS PSEUDACORUS, L. Burlington, F. A. Ross.
144 Rhodora (June
RUMEX MONTANUM, Desf. Burlington, Mrs. Flynn.
SILENE DICHOTOMA, Ehrh. ‘Townshend, W. H. Blanchard.
DIANTHUS PLUMARIUS, L. Manchester, Mrs. L. Munson.
DELPHINIUM Ajacis, L. Middlebury, Brainerd; Westminster, Zggleston.
PAPAVER INTERMEDIUM, Becker. Townshend, W. H. Blanchard.
P. Ruo&As, L. Townshend, W. H. Blanchard.
RAPHANUS SATIVUS, L. Hartland, Eggleston ; Westminster, W. 77. Blanchard.
CICER ARIETINUM, L. Burlington, Mrs. Flynn.
ViciA КАВА, L. Peacham, F. Blanchard.
Eropium Bornvs, Bertol. Gravelly bed of Winooski River below woolen
mills, Burlington, Brainerd.
Gilia linearis, Gray. Burlington, Mrs. Flynn.
AJUGA REPTANS, L. Lawn, Burlington, Jones.
SHERARDIA ARVENSIS, L. Introduced with seed of Eschscholtzia, Middle-
bury, Brainerd.
Ambrosia trifida, L. var. integrifolia, T. & G. Burlington, Mrs. Flynn.
ANTHEMIS TINCTORIA, L. Townshend, W. M. Blanchard.
Artemisia gnaphalodes, Muhl. Along railroad, Bellows Falls, W. H.
Blanchard.
Crepis sETOSA, Haller. Townshend, W. H. Blanchard.
CREPIS VIRENS, var. AGRESTIS, Koch. Townshend, W. H. Blanchard.
CREPIS VIRENS, var. RUNCINATA, Bischoff. Townshend, W. //. Blanchard;
Stowe, Mrs. H. E. Straw.
Dysodia chrysanthemoides, Lag. (Boebera papposa, Rydb.) In river gravel
below Winooski Falls, Burlington, Brainerd.
HIERACIUM PRAEALTUM, Vill. Burlington, Mrs. Flynn.
Iva xanthiifolia, Nutt. Manchester, Mrs. L. Munson.
PLANTS NEW TO THE FLORA ОЕ New Beprorp.— The following
plants additional to those mentioned in RHODORA, vi. 22, 23, were
collected by the writer in the summer of 1903 : — Heracleum Sphon-
dylium, L. was found on the side of a wooded lot and near the high-
way in the vicinity of New Bedford. If I am not mistaken, this is
the first report of this European species from New England. I am
indebted to Mr. M. L. Fernald for its identification. Foeniculum
vulgare, Mill., fennel, was found near the city in waste ground, and
afterwards was discovered to be cultivated quite extensively by a
Portuguese farmer in the adjoining town of Dartmouth. А con-
siderable patch of Rubus argutus, Link, var. Randii, Bailey, was
also found in the latter town.— E. WiLLiAMs Hervey, New Bedford,
Massachusetts. i
1904] Collins, — Some Maine Mosses 145
SoME Marne Mosses.— In the latter part of July, 1900, Mr. E. Е.
Williams and the writer noticed a luxuriant growth of mosses along
the course of a tiny rill which trickled down the face of a steep
(apparently limestone) ledge near Frenchville, Maine. Upon close
inspection it was seen that this mat consisted largely of about half a
dozen species. Four of these were not recorded for the state, namely,
Distichium capillaceum, (Swz.) Bry. Eur.,! Myurella Careyana, Sull.,
Bartramia Oederi, (Gunn.) Swz., and Facalypta ciliata, (Hedw.)
Hoffm.
The discovery of these plants was very interesting though not sur-
prising when we consider that they have been found in adjacent
territory, eastward, northward and westward. The ZzcaZvffa is the
plant which Prof. Kindberg calls Æ. Macouni. Itis apparently well
distributed in Maine. The writer has collected it in Frenchville,
Township 18 of Range то and in New Limerick — all in Aroostook
County — and in Pleasant Ridge in Somerset County. He also has
specimens collected by Mr. E. D. Merrill in Auburn, Androscoggin
County, nearly 250 miles from the Frenchville station. At Pleasant
Ridge the plant was growing with the same associates as at French-
ville. Similar associations of the four species exist in the gorge of
the Aroostook River in New Brunswick as shown by specimens col-
lected in 1902.
Beyond the two Maine stations already mentioned for Distichium
capillaceum this species was collected on the rst of September, 1903,
associated with Myurella Careyana and Bartramia Oederi near
Moxie Falls, Somerset County. At this station it was also growing
in company with Homalia trichomitrion, var. /amesit, (Schpr.) Holz.
— another moss which has not hitherto been reported from Maine.
This Homatia was first collected by the writer on the 4th of August,
1896, in Stony Brook * Canyon," Carrying Place Plantation, Somer-
set County, and again on the rst of July, 1903, at Skowhegan in the
same county where it was quite abundant on two or three granite
boulders in the woods.
It is a noteworthy fact that at all the stations here mentioned for
Distichium capillaceum it has invariably been associated with Myurella
Careyana. ‘This social tendency is also in evidence in Europe, as
shown by specimens collected by Jack in Switzerland and by Oldberg
1 This species has recently been reported from Maine, in the “Offerings” in
The Bryologist for January, 1904.
146 Rhodora (June
in Scandinavia. In the first instance the Myurella was M. julacea,
(Vill.) Bry. Eur. and in the last M. apiculata, (Hüb.) Bry. Eur.— J.
FRANKLIN CoLLINS, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
SOME INTRODUCED WEEDS or CONNECTICUT.— In the summer of
1897 I made a visit to Central Village, Connecticut, and collected a
few plants in that vicinity. Among others were three that I could
not determine by the aid of any of the manuals of the flora of North
America, but I had no trouble in finding them in several of the
European manuals. These plants as determined by myself, and
later by Mr. M. L. Fernald, were Jasione montana, L., Campanula
patula, L., and Crepis virens, L. The field in which these plants
were found had been seeded to clover the previous year. I was
able to trace the clover seed to an importing house in New York
City, giving me an extra clue as to how these weeds were introduced.
There were but a few plants at most óf either species, but I collected
all that I could find. Last summer (1903) I visited the same field
and found an abundance of Jasione, distributed nearly over the entire
field. Of Campanu/a there were perhaps a dozen plants all near one
another, while Crepis had evidently died out. At this time I found
large mats of Thymus serpyllum, L., which had in all probability
been introduced with the other weeds, but which I did not happen
to see at the time that I found the others. In the same locality I
have found at various times a number of other weeds that have been
introduced from the West and elsewhere in grain and grass seed.
Among these are Agrostemma Githago, L., Echium vulgare, L.,
Silene Cucubalus, Wibel, and S. dichotoma, Ehrh., Sisymbrium altissi-
mum, L., Solanum rostratum, Dunal., Cuscuta Epithymum, Murr.,
and a number of others that I have not determined yet, one of which
is probably Berteroa incana, DC. A number of the above have
already been sent to the herbarium of the New England Botanical
Club and others will be in course of time.— Joun L. SHELDON, West
Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
JAMES LAWRENCE BENNETT, whose name has long been associated
with the flora of Rhode Island, died at Hartford, Connecticut, April
30th, 1904. Mr. Bennett was born in Providence, April 8th, 1832.
He was educated in the public schools of his native city and prepared
1904 ] James Lawrence Bennett 147
for Brown University, which, however, he was unable to attend. For
many years he was a manufacturing jeweller, but found time for
scholarly pursuits and was widely read in the natural sciences. His
keen interest in botany dated back at least to his twentieth year.
His botanical collecting was done chiefly in Rhode Island, but
extended to the White Mountains, which he visited about ten times.
He made also smaller collections in northern Vermont and in Tomp-
kins County, New York. During 1890 and 1891 Mr. Bennett was
curator of the Herbarium of Brown University, and from 1891: to
1894 the curator of the Herbarium and Museum of Economic Bot-
any at the same institution. In 1891 he received an honorary
degree of Bachelor of Arts from Brown University. In 1888 he
published under the auspices of the Franklin Society his “Plants of
Rhode Island, being an enumeration of plants growing without culti-
vation in the State of Rhode Island.” This publication of 128 pages,
dealing both with the flowering plants and several of the groups of
cryptogams, is still the most comprehensive catalogue of Rhode
Island plants. Mr. Bennetts herbarium of flowering plants has
long been incorporated with the Herbarium of Brown University,
It is said that his cryptogams were sold to the Brooklyn Institute.—
B. L. Е,
A NEW SUNFLOWER FOR MaINE.— On September 7th, 1903, Mr.
F. M. Billings and I were botanizing along the water front of Bangor
between the Maine Central Railroad and the wharves at City Point.
A cluster of sunflower plants averaging 20 inches in height attracted
our attention. Only one of these was in bloom and one had gone to
seed, while the others showed no tendency to blossom. ‘The flower-
ing specimen was collected and submitted to Mr. M. L. Fernald of
the Gray Herbarium for identification. He pronounces it to be
Helianthus maximiliani asperrimus Gray, a plant not previously
reported from the State. I am inclined to believe the seed was intro-
duced with grain from the West.— O. W. KNIGHT, Bangor Maine.
THE JossELvN BoranicaL Society or Marne will hold its tenth
annual meeting and field day at Fort Kent, Aroostook County, July
6th, 1904. Extremely low rates will be granted by the Maine Central
and Bangor & Aroostook Railroads. The Hotel Dickey at Fort Kent
148 Rhodora [June
also offers greatly reduced rates. ‘Tickets will be made good to
remain two weeks and it is hoped all members will avail themselves
of the opportunity thus offered to visit this wonderfully rich portion
of the State. Programmes and detailed information will be sent to
members, June 15th.— Dora H. Mou ron, Secretary, 9 Hill Street,
Portland, Maine.
ADDITIONAL Nores FROM WiLLoucHpy.— Willoughby has its sur-
prises even for one who has studied its Flora carefully, and in the
last ten days of the present month I have collected some new plants
and found stations for other rare ones and I therefore print this note.
Equisetum pratense, Ehrh. In wet pasture land, by the edge of woods, very
near the Hotel. This plant as noted by Eaton (RHODORA, vi. 92) is rare
in New England, having been found only in the Kennebec valley, Maine ;
and its occurrence at Willoughby is an interesting extension of range.
Only sterile plants were found, but in considerable quantity and it may
have been overlooked by summer botanists in the luxuriant growth of
ferns and grasses. The rough ridges of the stem thickly set with fine
spicula under a lens are so different from other New England Equiseta
as to render its identification comparatively easy.
Carex deflexa, Hornem., var. Deanei, Bailey. On the beach at south end of
the lake.
Rosa CINNAMOMEA, L. Grows in wild abundance in pasture by an old
cellar wall.
|
Rosa blanda, Ait., which is very smooth without prickles when
growing on the slides, shows frequent spines and prickles when
gathered on the Lake roadside.
Carex vaginata, Tausch, found by Pringle, and .Sp/acina trifolia,
Desf., collected by Churchill, and both plants unsuccessfully sought
for by other botanists, were found growing in a cedar swamp, quite
near the original stations below the Four Bridges.— George G. ,
Kennedy.
May 31, 1904.
Vol. 6, no. 65, including pages 81 to 92, was issued 2 May, 1904.
Rhodora
JOURNAL OF
THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB
Vol. 6 July, 1904 No. 67
SOME INTERESTING RHODE ISLAND BOGS.
J. FRANKLIN COLLINS.
In January, 1904, the Rev. Mr. Cheney of Pascoag, Rhode Island,
visited a pond several miles from his home for the double purpose of
fishing through the ice and of obtaining a winter outing. During
the day his botanical interest, which is always very great, over-
balanced for a time his piscatorial enthusiasm and he left the fishing
holes to investigate the winter remnants of plants projecting above
the ice and snow on one of the so-called floating bogs in the pond.
One plant having evergreen leaves with revolute margins interested
and puzzled him. Не took home several twigs and a few days later
showed them to the writer who confirmed his suspicions that the
plant was what has long passed as Andromeda polifolia, L. (really
A, glaucophylla, Link) — new to the flora of Rhode Island.
On the тоїһ of May, Messrs. Cheney, H.. W. Preston and the
writer visited the locality for the purpose of obtaining flowering
specimens of the plant. We could not have timed our visit better
for flowering specimens as the plants were in their prime— both
buds and fully open flowers being found on almost every plant. Not
one of the party ever dreamed of such a sight of Andromeda as was
there revealed, for the plants could be counted by the thousands,
partially covering and fringing all the floating bogs, each with scores
of the beautiful pink or white corollas and similarly colored pedicels.
It is safe to say that none of the party will ever forget the sight.
Mixed with, or between, the patches of Andromeda were hundreds of
plants of Kalmia glauca, Ait., another plant new to the state. Неге
also was found Eriophorum vaginatum, L., a third plant unrecorded
for Rhode Island. Upon the bogs grew many Black Spruces, in fact
many more than all the others that the writer has seen anywhere
150 Rhodora [Jury
else inthe state combined. Arceuthobium pusillum, Peck—a fourth
plant new to the state—was found to be covering many of these
trees. The party returned happy botanically although somewhat
uncomfortable as the result of a persistent and penetrating rain.
The retrospective view of an excursion of this sort often reveals
vistas of thought and speculation which are sometimes of consider-
able interest. In this particular case at least two such have been
opened to the writer.
First, it is impossible to believe that this section of the state could
ever have been visited by such well known sharp-eyed older Rhode
Island collectors as S. Т. Olney, С. Thurber, J. W. Bailey, A. L.
Calder, G. Hunt and J. W. Congdon, or some of these plants would
long ago have been added to the known flora of our state.
Second, the speculation as to the origin and survival of such
unique plant formations is of extreme interest. The writer has not
fully satisfied himself as to the origin of these characteristically
northern plants at this station, but probably it is not unlike that of
other plants growing in similar situations elsewhere. ‘The condi-
tions which maintain them are, on the other hand, apparently quite
evident. All the bogs are of the floating type, though anchored by
at least a few roots or stems so that they do not drift about over the
surface of the pond. Beneath the film of floating vegetation there
is often twelve or more feet of water, as we learned by measuring
through some of the numerous and treacherous openings in the float-
ing mass. In the winter the ice forms beneath as well as through
this comparatively thin layer of loosely entangled stems and peat
moss. As the warm weather approaches in the spring the ice in the
open pond is readily melted; not so with that in and under the
bogs. Shielded from the sun’s rays by the mass of stems and moss
it melts but slowly and lingers long into the spring. At the date of
our visit (19th of May) the ice at the depth of eight inches or a foot
below the upper surface was still, in many places, too thick for us to
break even by jumping upon it. In the more exposed spots it had
entirely melted and at intermediate places we succeeded in breaking
it where it measured more than an inch in thickness. It will thus
be seen that many of the plants, while yet in bloom, had the lower
part of the stems and roots at least partially encased in ice — a truly
boreal condition of affairs and one which readily accounts for such
an abundance of these northern plants at this station.
PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND.
1904] ШПеапе, — Lists of New England Plants,— XVI. ISI
PRELIMINARY LISTS OF NEW ENGLAND
PLANTS,— XVII.
WALTER DEANE.
[The sign + indicates that an herbarium specimen has
been seen; the sign — that a printed record has been found.]
Elisia Nyctelea, L. .
Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, Michx.
POLEMONIACEAE.
" d g
3| .| la 5
адмо
Gilia coronopifolia, Pers. zs
СОЗСО Won her e Vos MENU Е —
m ецсосерп аа Сау: c CREE ues —
прса отау 1 523. = ЖЖ c p
* tricolor, Benth., var. longipedicellata, Green-
man c npe JF
Phlox maculata, L. . ENT ШИЕ — nr
d ££ var. EL Gray E +
раисаш И ++ [+++
S рибоза b. - : n^
* reptans, Michx. . Nur pM Meca in
СОО Vou op M MO SE e nus +
Polemonivmereptans. C. r =n 5 c NL ын +
E Van-Bruntiae, Britton . . . . , | |+
HYDROPHYLLACEAE,
1 |
| ч АЕ
© а. ES ©
aJa] >| SK]
ы
| |
canadense, L. EE veio —| |—
i virginicum, L. C NEL ие +|+|+| |+
Phacelia brachyloba, Gray + |
CitGinata, Jac. te m MEE NON —|
E conpesta» Hook. a ^ ША НИ eee —
Z oS DUCKICY EL +|—
Ec жшүлад кок, Bentha к о у ТЕЕ +
ш viscida, Torr. ; | -
* — Whitlavia, Gray . +|
1 Printed in RHODORA as supplementary material.
152 j Rhodora [Jurv
LENTIBULARIACEAE.
Ф " т 4 " -
eE|Z-|ze MIO
Pinguicula vulgaris, L. ++
Utricularia biflora, Lam. +++
“ clandestina, Nutt. . + TTL
" cleistogama, Britton +
е cornuta, Michx. +|+|+|+|+|+
“ gibba, L.. . +|+|+|+|+ |+
е inflata, Walt. ++ +) +) +] +
i intermedia, Hayne +++ +++
" minor, L.. . . +|— +1+1+
“ purpurea, Walt. | +/+ +\+i+
E resupinata, B. D. Greene TELE
E subulata, L. . +|—|—
2 vulgaris, L. +++ + +
OROBANCHACEAE,
s е à
48 |4
52| хо
Conopholis americana, Wallroth . . . . . . {+++ + + +
Epiphegus virginiana, Bart. . EX +|+ + |+ 1+ +
Orobanche uniflora, L. +|+|+ +|+|+
MARTYNIACEAE.
41212-8
al Ар |210
Martynia louisiana, Mill. . . . . . . . [= +
ACANTHACEAE.
H^ | gill
gi, d! .|o
ACACA LARS
Dianthera americana, L. . . . . . . . . +
NOTES ON THE ABOVE LIST.
Judge J. R. Churchill and I discovered Gi/ia coronopifolia in
Montague, Mass., on July 24, 1887. It was scattered over a dry,
sandy field and along a bank by the road, the spike-like clusters of
1904] Deane,— Lists of New England Plants, — XVI. 153
scarlet flowers making a beautiful display. We were assured that
the plants had been established there for several years. The native
home of this species is South Carolina, south and west, and it is cul-
tivated freely in gardens, but we could not trace the source of the
Montague plants.
Mrs. Nellie F. Flynn has sent me for examination a specimen of
Gilta linearis of which she found two plants growing near the Malted
Cereal Company's mills in Burlington, Vt., on July 26, 1902. (See
Torreya, III, 1903, 105.) In the herbarium of the New England
Botanical Club I find a specimen of this species collected by Mr. J.
C. Parlin in June, 19o2, in an old field in North Berwick, in the
extreme southern part of Maine. The label states that the plant
probably originated from wool waste. These plants were of course
casual introductions, but the species may yet be found in northern
New England, for it is locally abundant on sandy beaches and rocky
hills of the Baie des Chaleurs between the Province of Quebec and
New Brunswick, and about seventy miles from the nearest point of
northern Maine. f
Mr. J. A. Collins of Lawrence, Mass., has sent me for examina-
tion a specimen of Gilia which he collected on wool refuse in that
city on June 14, 1900, and noted in Ruopora, III, 1901, 92, as Gilia
androsacea, Steud. He has since presented it to the Gray Herbarium.
Dr. J. M. Greenman has kindly made a thorough study of the
specimen, and his report, dated May 7, 1904, is as follows :
“I have compared carefully Mr. Collins's specimen with the entire
representation of this genus in the Gray Herbarium, but I am unable
to identify it unqualifiedly with any species there represented ; and I
am also unable to place it satisfactorily with anything recently de-
scribed in this genus.
“The affinity of the plant is evidently with the Californian G. tri-
color, Benth. and not with G. androsacea, Steud. А part of the original
collection on which Mr. Bentham founded his G. ¢ricolor is in the
Gray Herbarium, and a comparison of Mr. Collins's specimen with
this material shows the two plants, although differing in several
regards, to be conspecific. A considerable suite of specimens repre-
senting G. tricolor shows, moreover, that the species is quite variable,
more especially in the amount of pubescence and in the size and color
of the corolla. Giving due weight to the possibility of variation, the
single specimen secured by Mr. Collins seems to me to differ suffi-
154 Rhodora (Jury
ciently from the type in habit, in the mode of inflorescence, and in
the calyx-characters to merit varietal rank. I therefore submit the
following name and characterization :
“GILIA TRICOLOR, Benth., var. longipedicellata, Greenman, n.
var. Stems diffusely branched from the base, 1 to 2 dm. high, sparingly
glandular-puberulent: flowers on long slender pedicels (1 to 3.5 cm.
in length): tube of the calyx becoming scarious below the sinuses,
but little or not at all colored: calyx-teeth lance-acuminate: corolla
7 to то mm. long, colored as in the species proper.— MASSACHUSETTS:
on wool refuse at Lawrence, 14 June, 1900, John А. Collins, Jr.
“Tt is with some hesitation that I base this new variety upon an
isolated specimen, especially as the plant was introduced evidently
into the eastern locality, but I feel confident that the same form will
be found sooner or later in its native country, most likely in Califor-
nia. Our thanks are due Prof. Willis L. Jepson for a careful com-
parison of Mr. Collins’s specimen with the material in the Herbarium
of the University of California.”
The species of Phlox recorded are all escapes that have become
more or less established in various localities. A few instances
will suffice. Mr. M. L. Fernald found PA/ox paniculata locally abun-
dant in Langdon, N. H., in July, 1899, in a roadside thicket, and
Mr. C. Н. Bissell has shown me the species from Lyme, Conn.,
where he says it was well established in July, 1892. Dr. C. B.
Graves collected Phlox maculata in June, 1891, not far from New
London, Conn., where the species had been established for many
years, far from any cultivated plants of the same kind. lox subu-
lata seems to show a fondness for spreading in and about old grave:
yards. It was found in such a situation by Mr. E. B. Chamberlain
in Cumberland, Me., on June 23, 1902, and by Messrs. L. Andrews
and C. H. Bissell in Southington, Conn., in May, 1899 and 1901, as
well as by Mr. E. B. Harger in Oxford, Conn., on May 13, 19or.
Mr. H. E. Sargent, writing from Wolfboro, N. H., under date of
December 9, 1903, says, “It is very abundant in some cemeteries
here, and also by the roadside in some places.” He has sent me
a specimen collected in Alton, N. H., in 1901 by Mr. George Rob-
erts. Мг. E. F. Williams's herbarium contains specimens of this |
species recently collected in Milton and Halifax, Mass., while Mr.
William H. Blanchard writes me that he found this plant growing in
a cemetery in Stratton, Vt., on July 7, 1903. Specimens accom-
1904] Deane,— Lists of New England Plants,— XVI. 155
panied his letter. PA/ox subulata grows naturally on Staten Island,
and may possibly be found in western New England.
Philox divaricata is indigenous near Quebec and in northern and
western New York and consequently should be expected in northern
and western New England.
Mr. H. E. Sargent of Wolfboro, N. H., has shown me a specimen
of Polemonium reptans, doubtless an escape from cultivation, which a
pupil of his collected in that town at a distance from any garden, on
May 27, тдот. This species may be found growing naturally in
western New England, for it occurs in New York State.
I have in my herbarium a specimen of Polemonium Van-Bruntie
collected on July 5, 1879, in Ripton, Vt., on the border of Abby
Pond, 1500 feet above sea level, by President Ezra Brainerd, who
recorded it in the Bulletin of the ‘Torrey Botanical Club, VIII, 1881,
6. The range of this species as now known is limited to Vermont,
New York, New Jersey and Maryland. It should be sought for in
western Massachusetts and Connecticut.
Mr. W. P. Rich has given me a specimen of £//ista Nyctelea col-
lected by him in Everett, Massachusetts, on the border of the Revere
Beach Parkway, on June 1, 1902. Тһе plant was numerously
represented and had been introduced in grass seed. Mr. Rich has
recorded it in RHODORA, IV, 1902, 170. The. species grows natu-
rally from Virginia, south and west.
I very much doubt if there is extant a specimen of Hydrophyllum
canadense from New England, but it certainly grows in western
Massachusetts, for Mr. Ralph Hoffmann tells me that he collected it
on the north slope of Greylock Mountain close to or within the
limits of Williamstown on June 29, 1899. As he was not preserving
plants at the time no specimens were kept. It grew “along a brook-
side," but Mr. Hoffmann did not see much of it. Botanists will cer-
tainly visit this locality again, and the species will surely come to
light before long. Dr. Jacob Bigelow, in his Florula Bostoniensis,
2d edition, published in Boston in 1824, says, on page 73, of 77.
canadense, “Collected in the western part of the State.” A little
later Professor Edward Hitchcock, in his Catalogue of plants grow-
ing without cultivation in the vicinity of Amherst College, published
at Amherst in 1829, says, on p. 23, “Windsor, Dr. Porter.” І find
other references to this species from Massachusetts, all relating,
where any definite locality is given, to the Connecticut valley or
i
156 Rhodora [JuLY
west. Reverend Chester Dewey, in his Report on the herbaceous
flowering plants of Massachusetts, Cambridge, 1840, on page 187,
gives as the habitat of this species, “woods and hedges; June,” but
leaves the locality indefinite.
Hydrophyllum canadense was reported from Connecticut nearly
three quarters of a century ago in a Catalogue of the phenogamous
Plants and of the Ferns, found within five miles of Yale College, by
Doctors Eli Ives, William Tully, and Melines C. Leavenworth, pub-
lished in the Annals of Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut,
in 1831, by Ebenezer Baldwin. The reference occurs бп page 282
where the name is inserted without comment. There must have
been considerable botanical activity in those early days, for the
authors say in the preface preceding the list :— “within five miles
of Yale College, somewhat more than 1150 phenogamous plants and
ferns, have already been ascertained.” Recent lists give no addi-
tional information in regard to this plant; they either make very
indefinite references to it or omit it altogether. It must certainly
have occurred in New England when such definite localities have
been recorded by botanists of distinction, and it will be most inter-
esting to learn of the rediscovery of the species in western New
England. Although it does not occur very close to the borders of
New England, yet in Dr. John Torrey’s Flora of the State of New
York, published at Albany in 1843, we find in volume II, page 92,
that it grows “In rich shady soils, northern and western parts of
the State ; common.”
Hydrophyllum appendiculatum is reported from Connecticut in the
same list mentioned above under 27. canadense. The name occurs
on the same page and is also without comment. The nearest station
that I can find for this species is the flats of the Mohawk River,
near Utica, New York, where the plant is rare as it is elsewhere in
the State.
In the herbarium of Brown University there is a specimen of
Hydrophyllum virginicum labelled in Mr. J. L. Bennett’s handwriting,
“ Hydrophyllum, R. I. July, 1881, G. Hunt.” As the label is not
the original one and the locality is very indefinite, it is best to dis-
regard the evidence furnished by the specimen. It may have been
an escape, but more proof is needed that the species is native to the
State.
At least twenty-five years ago Mr. C. G. Pringle found in a patch
1904] Deane,— Lists of New England Plants,— XVI. 157
of rich woods in Charlotte, Vt., a Hydrophyllum exhibiting charac-
ters unlike those of any known species. It grew in *a clump about
a foot broad, the entire clump of uniform character and of rather
dense growth." As it bore no resemblance to H. virginicum, Mr.
Pringle says that he supposed it to be ZZ. canadense, which he had
never seen at that time, and he sent it out to several of his corre-
spondents under that name. A flowering specimen deposited in the
Gray Herbarium was examined by Dr. Sereno Watson, Dr. Gray
being in Europe at the time, and was pronounced an undescribed
species. It was not published, however, and, to quote from Mr.
Pringle, who has kindly furnished me with most of my information
in a letter dated November 12, 1903: “When I visited Cambridge
a few years later, I asked Dr. Gray's opinion of my plant. He
assured me that he had examined it critically, had found its flowers
defective, sterile, and had judged it to be a monstrosity or abnormal
condition of 27. Virginicum. Не charged me to watch the behavior
of the plant, to see whether it ever produced seeds. .... I had my
plant marked and was wont to return to it year by year, sometimes
taking off more specimens. There was no confusing it with Æ. Vir-
ginicum, as it was growing isolated. Though I revisited it during
several years, I never found its flowers bearing seed. Апа more,
the last time I saw it, some of the rhizomes which composed the
clump were showing normal Æ. Virginicum leaves. I felt positively
sure that the plant was recovering its normal Virginicum type.
There was no chance for mistake about it. After I had been away
from home on several annual journeys, I looked again one summer
for the plant; but no trace of it was to be found. The young trees,
which had sprung up around it, had become so dense as to choke it
out.”
I have examined two specimens of this remarkable plant, one
kindly loaned me by Prof. L. R. Jones from the Herbarium of the
University of Vermont, collected on June 2, 1878, and one in the
Gray Herbarium, collected on June 6, 1879. ‘The two specimens are
identical. If the plant is an instance of teratology, it certainly
retains absolutely no characters of whatever species it is allied to,
with the exception of the production, on one occasion, of virginicum
leaves, which Mr. Pringle unfortunately did not preserve. A fact
tending to prove its abnormality is the absence of ovules which care-
ful microscopic examination in which I was assisted by Dr. B. L.
158 Rhodora [Jury
Robinson and Dr. J. M. Greenman failed to discover. Dr. Watson,
as I stated before, at first believed it to be a new species, and he
went so far as to attach a specific name to it on the sheet. He was,
however, evidently persuaded by Dr, Gray to abandon that position,
for he never published it. Whatever the plant may be, its extraor-
dinary appearance, so totally unlike that of virginicum or canadense,
or, in fact, of any species of Hydrophyllum, and the fact that it pre-
served its characters for so many years, seem to render it advisable
to put the plant on record as follows :
HypROPHYLLUM sp.? Branching perennial, 4 dm. high: rhizome
nodulose, horizontal or oblique: stem branching from near the base,
erect, striate, strigillose-pubescent, the short white very acute hairs
appressed or more often retrorse: leaves alternate, thin; the blade
ovate, coarsely and pinnately about 9-toothed or parted, 6 to 8 cm.
long, 4 to 6 cm. broad, pinnately nerved; the teeth or lobes ovate
to elliptic-oblong, obtuse or obtusish, mucronate; the sinuses acute
or narrowly rounded, above sparsely strigillose, dark green, beneath
paler and strigillose; lower petioles very long, 11 to 20 cm. in length,
the upper 1.5 to 3.5 cm. long: cymes round-topped, 2.5 cm. broad,
raised on slender, strigillose peduncles 2 to 7.5 cm. long; pedicels
in anthesis 3 mm. long: calyx deeply 5-parted; lobes linear, acute,
3-nerved, strigillose on the outer surface, hispid-ciliate chiefly near
the tip, 3.5 mm. long, 0.8 mm. broad: corolla funnel-formed, 5-parted
to the middle, 6 mm. long, probably white; lobes oblong, rounded
at the apex; internal folds 2.5 mm. long; filaments 8 mm. long,
glabrous; anthers oblong, mucronate : style filiform, glabrous, 1 cm.
long, shortly 2-cleft; stigmas capitate; ovary hairy, r-celled, con-
taining the two large involute placentz characteristic of the genus,
but so far as can be determined entirely devoid of ovules.
The Phacelias listed are waifs growing on flats, in wool-waste and
similar places, and have a general interest attaching to introduced
plants.
In the Flora of Mount Desert Island, Maine, published by Messrs.
Rand and Redfield in 1894, the late Dr. Thomas Morong comments,
on page 135, on a peculiar form of Utricularia gibba as follows:
“The flower has the spurs of U. biflora very decidedly, but the foli-
age and the bladders are those of U. gibba. ‘The spur here is oblong,
narrow, not curved but projecting straightwise, and the perianth is
somewhat larger than is generally the case in C. gibba. Other speci-
mens with foliage and bladders better represented might show this
to be U. biflora, but at present it is safer to call it © U. gibba verging
towards U. fora in flowers." The letter containing the above
1904] Deane,— Lists of New England Plants,— XVI. 159
remarks was written to те, and I have the very specimens that were
examined, for they were returned to me with the letter. They were
collected at Somes Pond by Mr. E. L. Rand, who sent them to me.
I have other specimens of the same collecting besides abundant
typical material from elsewhere. Comparison of all these specimens
shows that the points of difference between the Somes Pond form
and typical plants lie in the size of the flowers and in the longer
narrow spur. Dr. Morong says that the spur is “not curved,” but a
slight curve does occur in specimens that were not submitted to him.
In the Gray Herbarium are specimens collected in South Kingston,
R. I., by Olney and Thurber in 1846, resembling in size of flowers
and shape of spur the forms submitted to Dr. Morong. These .
points alone do not seem to warrant regarding the plants as more
than a form of gibba, and it is much better to follow Dr. Morong's
critical judgment as expressed above.
In the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, III, 1872, 56, Mr.
Elihu S. Miller reports finding Utricularia fibrosa, Walt. ( U. striata,
Le Conte) at Wading River, in the northern part of Long Island.
As the width of Long Island Sound only separates this station from
Connecticut, the species should be looked for in the southern part
of that State.
The latest published record crediting Utricularia purpurea to
Vermont, and embodying the results of all previous study of the
flora of that State, is found in the Flora of Vermont by Brainerd,
Jones and Eggleston, published in 1900, where stations for that spe-
cies are given on the authority of the late Dr. F. Blanchard of
Peacham, Vt. In my search for herbarium specimens of this spe-
cies from that State I have been kindly aided by the three authors
of the above-mentioned Flora, but every effort has failed to disclose
the plant. Dr. Blanchard was a copious collector in Vermont and
many herbaria contain specimens of his work. These herbaria I
have traced and examined with the greatest care, but without result.
Utricularia purpurea from Vermont has failed to appear. Mr. Eggle-
ston wrote me in December, 1903, that Mrs. Alice F. Stevens of
Washington, D. C., had written him in 1895 that in her herbarium,
among Dr. Blanchard's plants, of which she had purchased a large
number, was U. purpurea from East Barnet and West Danville, Vt.
Mr. Eggleston, however, did not see the specimens. Mrs. Stevens
writes me that she cannot recall the circumstance and that a careful
160 Rhodora [Jury
search in her herbarium does not reveal the plants, but that a few -
years ago, alarmed at the dampness in the room where they were
stored, she examined them and destroyed quite a number, among
which might possibly have been the much desired species. She has
sent me one of Br. Blanchard's Utricularias marked “ U. purpurea?”
but no other data accompanies the sheet, so that it is only presum-
ably from Vermont, while the specimen is not purpurea but intermedia.
Of course I do not think that there. is the very slightest doubt that
the species occurs in Vermont, for it is found in all the other New
England States, specimens from which I have seen, but under the
circumstances I do not feel justified in crediting it to the State. It
will doubtless turn up during the coming summer in one or more of
the many ponds or streams that are scattered over Vermont.
Utricularia subulata reaches its northern limit, as far as I can dis-
cover, in southérn New England, where I know it to occur only at
Worden’s Pond, South Kingston, R. I. (Plants of Rhode Island,
J. L. Bennett, 1888, 28) ; Nantucket, Mass., where I have collected
it at Tom Never’s Pond and Gibb’s Pond; and “within five miles of
Yale College,” New Haven, Conn. (Annals of Yale College in New
Haven, Conn., E. Baldwin, 1831, 300). This is in the list of plants
referred to above under Hydrophyllum canadense.
U. cleistogama has been reported only from Nantucket and Cape
Cod, Mass., and appears to reach its northern limit here. They are
both coastal species.
I have been unable to find even a published record of the occur-
rence of Utricularia clandestina from New Hampshire or of U. minor
from Vermont, but there is no reason why these species should not
grow in these States, as they are so generally distributed over the
rest of New England.
In the Herbarium of the New England Botanical Club is a speci-
men of Martynia louisiana labelled “ Boston, 1877. C. E. Perkins.”
This very transient stranger was probably collected on South Boston
flats. Prof. George L. Goodale in his Catalogue of the flowering
plants of Maine, published in the Proceedings of the Portland Society
of Natural History, I, 1862, 56, says of this species: “occurs in
Portland around wharves of Cuban traders."
Prof. L. R. Jones of the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt.,
has been kind enough to send me from the herbarium for
examination the classic sheet of Dianthera americana collected in
1904] Deane,— Lists of New England Plants,— XVI. 161
the first quarter of the last century, about 1819, in Ferrisburg, Ver-
mont, by Dr. William Paddock, and representing the only known
specimen from the only known station in New England. Dr. Pad-
dock was Professor of Botany and Materia Medica in the Medical
Department of the University of Vermont from 1821 to 1824. Prof.
Jones in a letter to me writes that he has learned from Prof. G. H.
Perkins that all of Dr. Paddock's collections (of which there was
quite a package in the herbarium when it came into Prof. Perkins's
charge) were made about 1819.
Owing to the rarity as well as antiquity of the specimen, a descrip-
tion of it may not be amiss. The original sheet measures twelve by
seven inches and contains a small specimen about five inches long,
of six leaves and two heads or spikes, one in bud and one in flower.
Below this are three separate leaves and one spike in flower with its
long peduncle. These fragments are all glued to the sheet. Two
labels pasted on the sheet and written in black ink read: — “Justicia
pedunculata” and * 26 Sept. Ferrisburgh Vt.” This sheet is pasted on
to a larger one, sixteen by ten inches in dimensions and contains the
following inscription in red ink in the corner :— “Justicia Americana,
Vahl. Dr. Paddock's specimen. Déanthera Americana, L.” In a
letter accompanying the sheet Prof. Jones tells me that the words
* Justicia Americana, Vahl. Dr. Paddock's specimen” are in the
handwriting of Prof. Joseph Torrey, who was connected with the
University as Professor and President from 1827 to 1867. This is a
good voucher for the authenticity of the specimen. Prof. Perkins
says that the plant can be no other than the one collected by Dr.
Paddock. Definite reference to this specimen is made by William
Oakes on page 194 of his Botany of Vermont, published in Thomp-
son's History of Vermont in 1842, where it is also stated that it was
seen by Dr. J. W. Robbins.
Dianthera americana is recorded from near Montreal, from Staten
Island and through central New York, and should be looked for in
the western parts of Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut. It
is hoped that the old and interesting record now remaining as the
sole one from New England will soon be broken.
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS.
162 Rhodora [Jurv
THE GREEN ALDERS OF NEW ENGLAND.
M. L. FERNALD.
Alnus viridis, DC. (A. Alnobetula, К. Koch) is the type of a sub-
genus which is represented in alpine or cool situations in nearly all
parts of the northern hemisphere. The European shrub, A. viridis,
a species of mountain districts, has glabrous twigs, thinnish but finally
firm leaves which are glabrate and pale beneath and in maturity 3 to
6 cm. long, the mature fertile aments o.8 to 1.3 cm. long, 5 to 9 mm.
thick. In northeastern America it is represented by two shrubs,
both of which have been generally referred to it. |
А. CRISPA, Pursh, Fl. 623 (1814). Betula crispa, Aiton, Hort.
Kew. iii. 339 (1789). This is the nearest ally of A. viridis in Amer-
ica, but differs from the European shrub in its much firmer thick leaves
which are more rugose and with greener under surfaces. It occurs
from Labrador and Hudson Bay south to the Alpine summits of Mts.
Katahdin, Washington, Mansfield, and Whiteface (New York). For
the identification of our alpine shrub I am indebted to Mr. Edmund С.
Baker of the British Museum of Natural History, who has obligingly
compared material of this and of the following shrub with the orig-
inal of Aiton’s Betula crispa which proves to be essentially like the
firm-leaved glabrate shrub of Mt. Katahdin.
A. mollis, n. sp. Young branches and peduncles pubescent:
mature leaves 4.5 to ro cm. long, closely serrate with sharp unequal
teeth, and permanently covered beneath with a soft short plush-like
pubescence: mature fertile aments 1.2 to 2 cm. long, 0.9 to 1.2 cm.
thick.— Cold bogs, swamps, exposed rocky banks, etc., Newfound-
land to Lake Winnipeg, south to southern Maine and New Hamp-
shire, western Massachusetts, New York and Lake Superior. Speci-
mens examined : —
NEWFOUNDLAND, near Topsail, Conception Bay, August, тоот
(Howe & Lang, no. 1342); St. John's, August 1, 1894 (Robinson &
Schrenk, по. 24): New Brunswick, Kent County, 1870 (Fowler):
Nova Scotia, Point Pleasant, June 18, 1884 (Macoun); Pictou,
July, 1901, Digby, July, 19or, Yarmouth, June, тдот (Howe & Lang,
nos. 552, 273, 46): Maine, St. Francis, Aug. 17, 1893 — no. 98,
Ashland, June 13, 1898 —no. 2445, Island Falls, Aug. 26, 1897,
Blanchard, Sept. 4, 1897, Orono, May 24 and Aug. 18, 1890, Cut-
ler, July 1, 1902, Southport, Aug. 1, 1894 (M. L. Fernald) ; Dover,
May and July 1, 1896 (G. B. Fernald, nos. 5, 45, 62, 65); Man-
chester (Scribner) ; Northport (Furbish): New НАМРЅНІКЕ, White
1904] Clark,— Ariszema triphyllum 163
Mountains (Zuckerman) ; Crawford Notch, 1888 (Swan); Oakes
Gulf, Mt. Washington, alt. 4500 ft, June 29, 1898 (Williams);
Ammonusuc River, September, 1842 (4. Gray): VERMONT, Brook-
line June 30, 1895 (Grout): MassacHuusETTS, Buckland, July 26,
1903 (F. F. forbes): ONTARIO, Nepigon, September, 1896 (G. .S.
Miller) ; near Sault Ste. Marie, 1848 (Loring) ; Silver Islet, August.
1871 (Gillman): МАМІТОВА, Lake Winnipeg, 1857 (Jourgeau).—
Occasional specimens from alpine situations have the small fertile
aments of A. crispa, but ordinarily this shrub of temperate areas is
very constant in its characters and is quite unlike any Old World
shrubs of the 2272015 group known to the writer.
GRAY HERBARIUM.
AN INTERESTING SPECIMEN OF ARISAMA TRIPHYLLUM, TORR., the
common * Jack-in-the-Pulpit," was recently brought to me by a school-
boy. It showed a peculiar malformation, the inflorescence being
made up of two spathes and three spadices. The spathes were each
perfectly formed and were connected at
the base where one overlapped and en-
closed the other; but the spadices were
each much wider throughout than is nor-
mal, and they were also deeply grooved
and ridged lengthwise, and united at the
base where the spathes scarcely clasped
around them.
Whether or not the plant showed any
other tendency to abnormal growth I am
unable to say, for the “flower,” snapped
off boy fashion, is all that I have been
able to procure. Probably some read- ,
ers of RHODORA have seen monstrous
growths of Arisema triphyllum in which
there have been two spathes with one
spadix, as noted by Prof. W. W. Bailey,
Bot. Gaz. ix, 177, or vice versa, but I doubt if anyone has before
. come across a specimen showing so much divergence from the nor-
mal form as is found here in the specimen illustrated. — ALICE С.
CLARK, East Weymouth, Massachusetts.
164 Rhodora [Jury
A New STATION FOR Nyssa SYLVATICA IN MAINE. — In Dame
and Brooks’ Handbook of the Trees of New England, p. 159, the
only locality in Maine given for Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh., is “ Water-
ville on the Kennebec.” І have in my collection a specimen, brought
me by Walter Emery of Wells Depot, which he collected in the town
of Newfield, York Co. — J. C. Partin, North Berwick, Maine.
NOTICE OF ANNUAL FIELD MEETING OF THE VERMONT BOTANI-
CAL CLUB. — The tenth annual field meeting of the Vermont Botan-
ical Club will be held at Silver Lake and at Lake Dunmore, Addison
Co., on Tuesday and Wednesday, July 12 and 13, 1904. This will
be a joint gathering with the Vermont Bird Club, following the suc-
cessful practice of the last two summers.
The members of the Club are expected to meet at “The Inn”
Brandon, on Tuesday, by trains arriving from the south at 10.54 A. M.
or 2.40 P.M., and from the north at 10.15 A. M. or 2 P.M. After
dinner conveyances will start for Silver Lake, along a mountain road,
where there is much of botanical interest. Fare 35 to бо cents.
Supper, lodging and breakfast wiH be had at the Silver Lake House
for one dollar each. Оп Wednesday excursions will be formed for
the ascent of Rattlesnake Point on Moosalamoo Mt., or for trips by
rowboats or steamer to points of interest along the lake.
Dinner and supper may be had at the Lake Dunmore House at
special rates. Members of the party may return that evening or on
the following day, and either by Brandon or by Middlebury, as they
may decide after getting on the ground.
It is important that hotel and livery proprietors should know in
advance just what numbers they are to provide for; and the mem-
bers of the Clubs who expect to attend the meeting are requested to
send in their names to President Brainerd of Middlebury at least one
week in advance of the gathering.
Ezra BRAINERD,
M. D. CHITTENDEN,
Miss CARRIE W. ORMSBEE,
Committee on Field Meeting.
Middlebury, Vt., June 8, тоол.
Vol. 6, No. 66, including pages 93-148 and plates 54-56, was issued 15 June,
1904. .
Rbodora
JOURNAL OF
THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB
Vol. 6 August, 1904 No. 68
NOTES ON NEW ENGLAND HEPATICAE, — II.
ALEXANDER W. Evans.
(Plate 57.)
In the first paper of this series! attention was called to fourteen
species of Hepaticae which were of interest either because they were
new to New England or because they were imperfectly described in
American literature. The present paper is a continuation along the
same lines. With the exception of Scapania convexula and the new
Lepidozia all of the species noted are common to Europe. The
arrangement followed is again that of Schiffner in Engler and
Prantl’s “ Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien."
I. PALLAvICINIA FLorow1ana (Nees) Lindb. Musc. Scand. ro.
1879. Cordaea Flotowiana Nees, Flora, 16: 405. 1833. Diplolaena
Lyell, var. Flofowiana Nees, Naturgeschichte der europ. Lebermoose,
3: 344. 1838. Blyttia Lyellit, var. Flotowiana G. L. © N. Syn.
Hep. 475. 1846. Moerckia hibernica, var. Wilsoniana Gottsche ;
Rabenhorst, Hep. Europ. z27 (note). 1860. Pallavicinia hibernica,
vars. Wilsoniana and leptodesma Pears. Hep. Brit. Isles, 435, 436.
Ёё. 193. 1901. Moerckia Flotowiana Schiffn. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr.
51: 41. 1901. A very few plants of this interesting species were
found last September by A. LeRoy Andrews on Mt. Greylock,
Massachusetts; they were growing on a wet bank in the * Notch." ?
Until recently most botanists have considered the species a variety
or even a mere form of P. Atbernica, and no allusion to it what.
! RHODORA, 4: 207-213. 1902.
* Mr. Andrews has already noted his discovery in RHODORA, б: 75. 1904.
166 Rhodora [AvcusT
ever is made by Stephani in his Species Hepaticarum (1900). The
studies of Warnstorf,! however, show conclusively that the plant is
worthy of specific rank, and it is now recognized as a distinct spe-
cies by Schiffner and by several other European hepaticologists.
Many years ago Nees von Esenbeck ? referred to P. Flotowiana a
specimen from Newfoundland, in the Montagne herbarium. This is
apparently the only reference to the species as an American plant,
and even this must be considered doubtful since the Newfoundland
specimen is not mentioned in any subsequent writings. The species,
however, was collected several years ago at Yakutat, Alaska, by
Coville апа Kearney and has been listed and described by the
writer under the name of P. Aibernica.s The latter species has also
been recorded from Nebraska, Ontario and British Columbia,* and it
is of course possible that some of these reports are based on P.
Flotowiana instead of on the true 2, Aibernica. The two species are
separated from each other by purely vegetative characters: /.
hibernica is less robust than P. Flotowiana, the midrib of the thallus
is thinner and passes more abruptly into the delicate marginal wing,
and the latter is never crispate but is plane or nearly so. In robust
forms of P. Flotowiana, Tansley and Chick * have demonstrated the
presence in the midrib of two slender strands of slightly elongated
cells with lignified walls, and Pearson's var. leptodesma is based on a
peculiarity of this sort. Cavers® has shown that these strands play
an important part in the conduction of water, just as the single
strand does in P. Lyellii, but he has also shown that they fail to
develop in plants cultivated under very moist conditions. It would
appear from this that the presence or absence of the strands is not
of very great importance from the standpoint of the taxonomist and
that it should hardly be used as a differential character in separating
Moerckia generically from Padlavicinia, P. Flotowiana is perhaps
the most noteworthy of the recent additions to the hepatic flora of
New England.
1 Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. 1899: 15. Kryptogamenfl. der Mark Brandenburg, 1:
99. 1902.
2 Naturgeschichte der europ. Lebermoose, 3: 346. 1838.
3 Proc. Wash. Acad. 2: 291. 1900.
+ Webber, Cat. Flora Nebraska, 93. 1890; Macoun, Cat. Canadian Plants, 7 :
8. 1902.
? Ann. Bot. 15: 7. 2/. г, f. 1. 1901. в The Naturalist, 1903: 451.
1904] Evans,— Notes on New England Hepaticae,—— П 167
2. MARSUPELLA AQUATICA (Nees) Schiffn. 1.005, 44: 267. 1896.
J. emarginata, var. aguatica Lindenb. Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-
Carol 14, suppl: 75. 1829 (not Jungermannia aquatica Schrank,
1789).! Sarcoscyphus Ehrharti, var. aquaticus Nees, М aturgeschichte
der europ. Lebermoose, 1: 125. 1833. J. emarginata, var. grandis
Hüben. Hep. Germ. 124. 1834. S. Ehrharti, var. robustus DeNot.
Comm. Soc. Critt. Ital. 1: 80. f. 2. 1861. Nada emarginata, vars.
major and aguatica Carr. Brit. Hep. 14. 1874. M. emarginata,
var. aquatica Dumort. Hep. Eur. 126. 1874. JV. robusta Trevis.
Mem. R. Ist. Lomb. III. 4: 4oo. 1877. N. emarginata, var.
aquatica Massal, & Carest. Nuovo Gior. Bot. Ital. 12: 312. 1880. S,
aguaticus Breidl. Mitth. d. Naturw. Ver. f. Steiermark, 30: 286.
1894. Mt. Katahdin, Maine (Cowles Party) ; White Mountains,
New Hampshire (Oakes). :
3. MARSUPELLA MEDIA (Gottsche) Schiffn. Lotos, 49: 49. IgoI
(as synonym). Sarcoscyphus sphacelatus, var. medius Gottsche ;
Rabenhorst, Hep. Europ. 737. 1860 (in part). S. Su//vanti DeNot.
Comm. Soc. Critt. Ital. 1: 84. J. 6. 1861.2 S. Ehrharti, var.
erythrorhizus Limpr.; Cohn, Kryptogamenfl. von Schlesien, 1: 248.
1876. S. sphacelatus, var. erythrorhizus Limpr. /. с. 432. Мама
sphacelata, var. media Massal. Ann. dell. Ist. Bot. di Roma, 2: (9).
1886. M. sphacelata, var. erythrorhiza Schiffn. Lotos, 44: 267.
1896. Л. erythrorhiza Schiffn. 7. c. 49:48. rgor. Streaked Moun-
tain, Hebron, Maine (7. А. Allen); Mt. Washington, New Hamp-
shire (Z. M. Underwood); Magnolia, Massachusetts UN. G.
Farlow); Mt. Carmel and Beacon Falls, Connecticut (4. У. E.).
Only two dioicous species of Marsupella, M. emarginata and М.
Sphacelata, have been recognized by American students as occurring
in eastern North America. These two species, which have a wide
distribution in northern regions, have recently been studied by
Professor Schiffner, of Vienna, one of the most careful students of
the Hepaticae, and the conclusion is reached that both species, as
ordinarily understood, are aggregates. What he considers the typical
М. emarginata grows in moist rather than wet localities and is some-
1 The synonym “Jungermannia aquatica” for this species is sometimes attrib-
uted to Schrader, with the citation “Spic. Fl. Germ. 75. 1794." This, however,
is an error, because Schrader, although describing the plant in the place quoted,
does not give it a formal name.
* Based on Musc. Alleg. 276 (distributed as Sarcoscyphus Ehrharti.)
168 Rhodora [AvcusT
times completely dried up in the summer; from this he would sepa-
rate as a distinct species the submerged M. aguatica. The typical
M. sphacelata, on the other hand, is a submerged aquatic, and from
this he would separate M. erythrorhiza, which grows in drier locali-
ties. M. aquatica and M. erythrorhiza were both clearly described
many years ago by Limpricht, who treated them as varieties only,
but implied at the same time that their characters were fully as
marked as those separating the typical forms of M. emarginata and
M. sphacelata. The validity of M. aguatica as a species was recog-
nized by Lindberg, Massalongo, Stephani and others, and there is
now a tendency among European writers to recognize M. erythro-
rhiza also. 'The choice of a name for this second species is not an
easy matter. The oldest synonym isthe one first quoted, but Schiff-
ner discards the name eda, provisionally at least, because Vo. 737
of the Hep. Europ. is a mixture of two species. If we follow him in
this course we should choose the name Sw//ivanti of DeNotaris
rather than the later name ery/hrorhiza of Limpricht. The synonymy
of the species is already very complicated and in order to avoid
increasing it still further the name M. media is here retained.
The characters separating M. aguatica and M. media from the two
species to which they are respectively allied are drawn almost entirely
from the vegetative organs; they concern the structure of the stem,
the shape of the leaves and the peculiarities of the leaf-cells. Most
of these characters are relative, and although extreme forms of both
species are easily distinguished, other forms are sometimes met with
which are difficult to refer definitely. As, however, other species,
such as ZopAozia lycopodioides and Г. Floerkii, are recognized,
between which connecting links actually occur, there seems to be no
great objection to following this policy in the case of M. aguatica
and M. media. Even if they are not yet wholly permanent, they are
assuredly species in the process of evolution.
M. aquatica is a very robust plant and sometimes reaches a length
of a decimeter or тоге. The stems are sparingly branched and
very firm in consistency. In a cross-section the cells all appear of
about the same size and are polygonal in outline. Those in the
middle are thin-walled but pass gradually into the thick-walled cells
of the outer portion. The outermost layer is composed of shorter
cells than those in the interior but they are usually thick-walled also ;
sometimes, however, close to the base of a leaf, the walls of this
1904] Evans,— Notes on New England Hepaticae,— II 169
layer are distinctly thinner. Тһе stiff leaves spread widely from the
stem,so that even when close together they do not present the
appearance of being crowded. They are strongly complicate and
are bifid about one-eighth with a short and blunt apical sinus and
broad and rounded lobes. The leaf-cells are usually distinctly
thickened throughout and have conspicuoustrigones. The true //.
emarginata is a smaller plant with shorter and more delicate stems,
although the latter are essentially the same in structure. The leaves,
which spread more obliquely from the stem, are more obtusely com-
plicate and more deeply lobed, the lobes being sometimes blunt but
usually obtusely pointed. The walls of the leaf-cells are less strongly
thickened although still provided with conspicuous trigones. With
respect to color M. emarginata varies from bright green to reddish.
М. aquatica also varies considerably but is usually of a duller hue ;
sometimes it glistens as if varnished. Neither species ever exhibits
the deep purplish black color which is so often to be seen in M.
media. M. aquatica is apparently confined to alpine or subalpine
regions while M. emarginata descends into the plains.
M. sphacelata attains its most characteristic development in the
boggy pools and sluggish brooks of subalpine regions. The follow-
ing are the only New England stations to be cited at present with
certainty: Mt. Washington, New Hampshire (D. C. Eaton, W. С.
Farlow, A. W. E.); Mt. Mansfield, Vermont (D. C. Eaton, A. W.
£.). The records for Maine and Connecticut, therefore, in the
writer's Preliminary List of New England Hepaticae! should be
revised. The species grows in broad thick tufts of a dull green
color often tinged with blackish and is much less firm in consistency
than the two plants just considered. In cross-section the stem
shows a distinct border of large thin-walled cells; just within this
the cells have slightly thickened walls but pass gradually into the
thin-walled cells of the interior. The leaves are divided by a narrow
sinus into two broad and rounded lobes; they are very delicate in
texture, and yet theircells, although thin-walled, show small but dis-
tinct trigones. M. media is found not only in the mountains but also
in the plains, and its range extends as far south as Georgia. Itisa
much firmer plant than M. sphacelata and is usually much more
richly colored; a deep purplish black is perhaps the most character-
1 RHODORA, 5: 170-173. 1903.
170 Rhodora [Ассивт
istic hue, but in shaded localities the color tends to be much paler.
The cross-section of the stem, as in M. sphacelata, shows a distinct
border of thin-walled cells, but this is often broken down and indefi-
nite in weathered specimens ; the cells just within this layer are very
thick-walled but grade into the thin-walled cells of the interior. The
leaves are more deeply divided than in M. sphacelata, and their
divisions, although commonly rounded, are sometimes obtusely
pointed; the leaf-cells have slightly thickened walls and distinct
trigones but are more delicate than in M. emarginata. The reddish
rhizoids, which account for Limpricht's varietal name, may usually
be detected on the stems and branches themselves, especially near
the base, as well as on the stolons. They are not confined to M.
media but may also be found in M. emarginata and M. sphacelata,
where, however, they are scanty and developed only on the stolons.
Even in M. media these rhizoids are sometimes very few in number
and bleached out until they are almost colorless, so that they do not
always constitute a reliable character.
4. JUNGERMANNIA CORDIFOLIA Hook. Brit. Jung. 77. 32. 1816.
Aplozia cordifolia Dumort. Hep. Eur. 61. 1874. Solenostoma cordi-
folium Steph. Bull. de l'Herb. Boissier, II. 1: 499. 19or. Many
years ago Russell! doubtfully referred to /. cordifolia a sterile hepatic
which he had collected in bogs at Plymouth, Massachusetts. He
described his specimens as being *furnished with capitula and with
white pulverulent granules," so that he evidently had a gemmiparous
plant before him. His determination, therefore, was probably incor-
rect as the gemmae of /. cordifolia are unknown, A second New
England record, from Oakes Gulf in the White Mountains,” has also
been proved erroneous, the specimens in question being referable to
Nardia obovata ‘The true /. cordifolia, however, was discovered by
Miss Annie Lorenz and the writer at Rainbow, Connecticut, during
the June meeting of the Connecticut Botanica] Society in 1903; it
may therefore be looked upon as an addition to the New England
flora and also to that of the eastern United States. The species is
already known from Cape Breton and from other parts of Canada
and is abundant from the Rocky Mountains westward. The Rain-
bow specimens grew on wet and gently sloping rocks on the banks
1 Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 3: 466. 1845. ? Hep. Amer. 775.
3 Evans, Proc. Wash. Acad. 2: 298. 1900.
1904] Evans,— Notes on New England Нерайсае—П 171
of the Farmington River, and the majority of them were partially
covered with sand. It is probably on this account that they are
less robust than is usual in the species and that their leaves are less
concave and more frequently spreading. In these respects the
specimens resemble large forms of /. riparia Tayl. (particularly the
var. potamophila Bernet!) a species known in America from British
Columbia only. In /. cordifolia, however, the walls of the leaf-cells
although thin are firm and usually more or less pigmented with pur-
plish red, while in 7. riparta the cell-structure is more delicate and
the walls are colorless. The cells of 7. cordifolia, moreover, are
wholly destitute of trigones, while in 7. riaria minute but distinct
trigones may almost always be demonstrated. The cuticle of /.
cordifolia, finally, is distinctly striate-verruculose, especially toward
the bases of the leaves, while in the other species it is perfectly
smooth. According to Pearson? the absence of rootlets and of
flagella is a constant peculiarity of J. cordifolia, both being abun-
dantly produced by /. riparia. This difference cannot be relied
upon; the fertile specimens of /. cordifolia distributed by Schiffner
in his Hep. Europ. Exsic. 78, show both rootlets and flagella, and
the same is true of the Rainbow specimens.
5. SPHENOLOBUS EXSECTAEFORMIS (Breidl.) Steph. Bull. de
l'Herb. Boissier, II. 2: 178. 1902. Jwngermannia exsectacformis
Breidl. Mitth. d. Naturw. Ver. f. Steiermark, 30: 321. 1894. Diplo-
phyllum exsectiforme Warnst. Kryptogamenfl. der Mark Branden-
burg, 1: 161. 1902. Mt. Desert, Maine ( W. G. Farlow); Ran-
dolph, New Hampshire ( W. G. Farlow); Laconia, New Hampshire
(Mrs. Carter) ; Jericho, Vermont (А. W. £.).
б. SPHENOLOBUS EXSECTUS (Schmid.) Steph. Bull. de Негр.
Boissier, II. 2: 178. 1902. Jungermannia exsecta Schmid. Ic.
Plant. Ed. II. 241. pl. 62, f. 2, p. Р. 1797. Lophosia exsecta
Dumort. Recueil d'Obs. sur les Jung. 17. 1835. Scapania exsecta
Aust. Hep. Вог.-А тег. 27. 1873. Diéplophylium exsectum Warnst.
Kryptogamenfl. der Mark Brandenburg, 1: 160. 1902. Shelburne
and Glen Ellis, New Hampshire (W. G. Farlow); Willoughby,
Vermont (Miss Lorenz); Branford, Connecticut (4. W. £.).
The two species just noted are very closely allied, and it is only
1 Cat. des Hép. du Sud-Ouest de la Suisse, etc. 58. A. т, f. z. 1888.
? Hep. Brit. Isles, 291. 1901.
172 Rhodora [AvcusT
within recent years that they have been clearly distinguished. Both
species produce an abundance of gemmae but are exceedingly rare
in fruit. The characters which separate them are derived from the
leaf-cells and the gemmae. In S. exsectaeformis the median cells
average 22 х 36 д, and their thin walls show distinct trigones; in
S. exsectus the cells in the same position average 9 X 18 д, and
their walls are more uniformly thickened, the trigones being incon-
spicuous. The gemmae of 5. exsectaeformis are angular, while those
of the other species are ellipsoidal or ovoid. Both species are widely
distributed in Europe, and an interesting account of them may be
found in a recent paper by M. G. Dismier, of Saint-Maur, France.!
Under his Scapania exsecta, Austin quotes as a synonym the Junger-
mannia scitula of 'Taylor; the type-specimen of this species, however,
shows that it is abundantly distinct. Stephani also recognizes its
validity and describes it as Sphenolobus scitulus (Tayl.) Steph.
7. SPHENOLOBUS HELLERIANUS (Nees) Steph. Bull. de l'Herb.
Boissier П. 2: 166. 1902. Jungermannia Helleriana Nees; Linden-
berg, Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. 14, suppl: 64. 1829.
Diplophyllum Hellerianum Dumort. Recueil d'Obs. sur les Jung. 16.
1835. Jungermannia verruculosa Lindb. Not. pro F. et Fl. Fenn.
13: 369. 1874. Diplophylleia Helleriana Trevis. Mem. К. Ist.
Lomb. III. 4: 420. 1877. J. verruculosa, var. Helleri Lindb. Musc.
Scand. 8. 1879. Cephalozia Helleri Lindb. Medd. Soc. F. et Fl.
Fenn. 14: 65. 1887. S. Hellerianus is quoted in Gray's Manual
from * N. Eng.” but was omitted from the Preliminary List because
the record was so indefinite. "There is, however, in the herbarium
of the New York Botanical Garden, a specimen from the White
Mountains, New Hampshire, collected by Oakes, and on the basis of
this, the species may be restored. The plant grows on rotten logs,
and is usually accompanied by other minute hepatics. Although
widely distributed in North America, it is apparently very rare. All
of the specimens seen have been provided with gemmae but destitute
of floral organs, yet this fact offers no difficulty in their determination
because the gemmiparous branches are so striking ; they consist of
short upright shoots with closely appressed and more or less imbri-
cated leaves, which give off the gemmae from their margins. "These
leaves are imperfectly developed and differ considerably from the
1 Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, 49: 204-209. 1902.
1904] Evans,— Notes on New England Hepaticae,— II 173
typical leaves on prostrate shoots ; they give the gemmiparous branches
very much the appearance of those found in Scapania glaucocephala
and Odontoschisma denudatum, both of which are larger species. S.
Hellerianus may certainly be expected in other parts of New England.
8. CEPHALOZIA JACKII Limpr. ; Spruce, On Cephalozia, 67. 1882.
Cephaloziella Jackit Warnst. Kryptogamenfl. der Mark Brandenburg,
I: 230. 1902. “Оп earth at base of a pine tree.” Amesbury,
Massachusetts (7. W. Huntington). ‘This interesting little species is
very closely related to C. divaricata but is distinguished by its par-
oicous inflorescence. The species of Cepfhalozia belonging to the
subgenus CepAa/ozie//a are not clearly understood even in Europe,
and this is especially true of C. divaricata. Apparently Spruce him-
self understood this species in too broad a sense and included in it a
number of dioicous types which are probably specifically distinct. A
few of these have already been separated by Schiffner and others,
but the confusion regarding the group as a whole is not yet wholly
cleared away. Several of these newly separated species also occur
on this side of the Atlantic, but it seems wisest for American stu-
dents to continue referring them to C. divaricata until European
writers have reached more definite conclusions.
9. CEPHALOZIA SERRIFLORA Lindb. Medd. Soc. F. et Fl. Fenn. 3:
188. 1878. Jungermannia reclusa Tayl. Lond. Jour. Bot. 5: 278.
1846 (in part ?). C. reclusa Dumort. Hep. Eur. 92. 1874 (in part ?).
C. catenulata Spruce, on Cephalozia, 33. 1882 (in part). C. Vir-
giniana Spruce, Z с. 37 (?). Jericho, Vermont (4. W. E.) ; West-
ville, Connecticut (4. W. £.). The specimens from Mount Desert,
Maine, collected by Е. L. Rand and listed as C. virginiana are some-
what doubtful but probably also belong here.’ In Spruce's descrip-
tion of C. catenulata the perichaetial bracts are said to be denticulate
as a rule but in rare instances nearly or quite entire. According to
more recent European writers Spruce's species includes two distinct
specific types, the plants with entire bracts representing the true /.
catenulata of Hübener and those with denticulate bracts belonging to
J. reclusa of Taylor. Unfortunately the identity of Taylor's species
cannot be satisfactorily established; the plants labeled /. rec/wsa in
his herbarium include four or five distinct species in poor condition,
and his original description makes no allusion to the bracts. It is
1 Rand & Redfield, Flora of Mount Desert Island, Maine, 221. 1894.
174 Rhodora [Aucust
perfectly evident that he had no definite idea as to the limits of his
species, and this statement is fully corroborated by the writings of
both Carrington and Spruce. On this account it seems best to give
up the name reclusa altogether and to apply to this distinct species
the later name зел оға of Lindberg, a course already pursued by
Jack and others. С. Virginiana is scarcely distinct from C. ет оға
and apparently represents a luxuriant form of the species. The
range of C. зету оға extends from Canada to the Gulf States,
the species becoming more abundant southward. In New England
it seems to be rare but has probably been overlooked. From other
species growing on rotten logs it may be distinguished by its widely
spreading and deeply bifid leaves, the acute divisions being straight
or slightly connivent; by its leaf-cells with uniformly thickened
walls; by its dentate or denticulate perichaetial bracts, and by its
thin-walled, three-angled perianth with ciliate mouth. It varies in
color from green to brown, and does not become bleached out with
age. The true C. catenu/ata is not yet definitely known from North
America.
(79 be continued.)
JUNCUS ARISTULATUS IN NEW ENGLAND.
EuGENE P. BICKNELL.
Ir appears from Mr. Fernald's carefully prepared list of New Eng-
land Juncaceae published in RHODORA 6: 34-41, that Juncus aristu-
latus Michx. is not known as a New England plant. In regard to
this Mr. Fernald writes me, “I searched in vain for it in such herba-
ria as were accessible when I was preparing my list, for it belongs to
the flora which is so characteristic of Nantucket and Martha's Vine-
yard, and I was surprised not to find it creeping into our borders."
It should be recorded therefore that this rush does occur within these
borders and, moreover, not at all as a feeble straggler but as a defi-
nite feature in the flora, reaching a very full development and fruit- ·
ing prolifically. On September 18, 1899, I found it on Nantucket.
where it was not uncommon about one general locality somewhat east
and north of the middle of the island. Specimens there collected
have been forwarded to the Gray Herbarium. It may be added that
1904 ] Bicknell,— Juncus aristulatus SN
the species occurs, but in less vigorous development, at Van Cort-
landt, N. Y., not very many miles from the Connecticut State line.
No practised eye which has once rested on this plant in life will
hesitate to accept it as entirely distinct from /uncus marginatus
Rostk., of which it was long supposed to be only a variety, and there
is no need of here rehearsing the characters that give it individuality.
But Mr. Fernald, referring particularly to the Nantucket specimens,
calls my attention to a character of the species in distinction from
Juncus marginatus which seems to have been generally overlooked.
Dr. Small in his Flora of the Southeastern United States has
described the larger stamens of /. aristulatus. Mr. Fernald
observes that these larger exerted stamens with their darkened
anthers are persistent and conspicuous in fruit when the small
included stamens of /. marginatus are usually quite shrivelled and
obscure. Something of this same difference in size and persistence
is also seen in the styles of the two plants. In the Nantucket speci-
mens these characters are very noticeable, but they are probably not
always obvious, since I find them much less evident in certain
specimens collected on Long Island.
` Some interesting and rather pronounced differences between the
seeds of the two plants may here be noted. As seen ел masse,
sprinkled in hundreds in the sheets where the fully matured plants
have lain, those of 7. marginatus are of a dull cinnamon-brown color,
those of /. aristu/atus being of a rather bright brownish-orange in
marked contrast. Those of /. aristu/atus are the more transparent,
and though variable are mostly of a very different shape — narrowly
oblong rather than oval or short oblong, instead of straight often dis-
tinctly curved, sometimes oppositely so at either end, more tapering
both ways and distinctly apiculate or short-tailed, sometimes, indeed,
with one tailed end fully one quarter the length of the body of the
seed itself; in 7. marginatus the seeds are mostly somewhat blunt,
indistinctly apiculate on one end and not more than short apiculate
on the other; they are also shorter than those of /. aristulatus,
sometimes not more than half as long. These differences have
proved to be very constant in the specimens I have been able to
compare.
WOODMERE, LONG ISLAND.
176 Rhodora [AvcusT
NOTES ON MARYLAND PLANTS.
HUBERT LYMAN CLARK.
DuRING August, 1903, it was my good fortune to spend several
weeks in botanizing on the Eastern Shore, Md. Most of the field
work was done in Talbot County, about three miles south of Easton,
where the country is much cut up by so-called “creeks ” which con-
tain brackish or salt water and are really small branches of Chesa-
peake Bay. There is very little really fresh water in the way of either
ponds or streams, in that vicinity, nor are there many springs. The
woods are largely of oak of several species but there is considerable
pine still standing. Besides botanizing around Easton, I made two
excursions to Ocean City, Md., and investigated the woodland lying
between that city and Berlin. The flora along the railroad track in
that region is very interesting and is quite characteristically that of
pine barrens. Among the many interesting species collected here,
those which were of most interest to me were Po/ygala lutea, Diodia
virginiana, Ludwigia hirtella, Pluchea bifrons, Alnus maritima, Sagit-
taria lancifolia, Xyris caroliniana, Woodwardia augustifolia and Lyco-
podium alopecuroides.
Both in Talbot County and near Ocean City, plants were found,
which seemed to me sufficiently different from the descriptions given
in the botanies to raise a question as to the correctness of my iden-
tifications. They were therefore sent to the Gray Herbarium of Har-
vard University where Dr. J. M. Greenman kindly examined them,
and I am under great obligations to him for helping me in- my diffi-
culty. Among these plants the following seem worthy of special
note. `
ASPIDIUM CRISTATUM CLINTONIANUM D. C. Eaton. Several plants
of this handsome fern were found in a little glade, two or three miles
southeast of Easton. The discovery extends the recorded range of
this variety considerably to the south.
POTAMOGETON MysTICUS Morong. This pond-weed was found
growing in company with P. pusillus, P. marinus, P. pennsylvanicus
and JVazas flexilis in a shallow body of water, which was fresh at its
inland end but opened into the ocean, near Ocean City, Md. As
this species has not been collected previously south of Nantucket, its
occurrence in Maryland seems quite remarkable.
1904] Woodward,— Two Connecticut Grasses 177
TIPULARIA DISCOLOR Nutt. As Gray’s Manual calls this orchid
“very scarce” and Britton and Brown say it is “rare and local,” I
was greatly surprised to find it quite common in almost every piece
of woodland I visited south and east of Easton. In fact it was
decidedly the most common of the seven species of orchids found.
Although some little time was spent in watching for insect visitors,
none were seen.
DESMODIUM PAUCIFLORUM DC. This plant was found in wood-
land close beside the glade where the Clinton fern was collected, a
locality apparently considerably east of its previously recorded range.
The flowers were perfectly pure white, in striking contrast to other
Desmodiums.
PLUCHEA PETIOLATA Cass. This species is not very rare in the
woodlands south of Easton, a place much north of its previously
recorded range. The first specimens were found beside the public
highway, in woodland, and were at once distinguishable from other
Plucheas by the longer petioles, higher stems and more convex inflo-
rescence; the general appearance was that of depauperate speci-
mens of Eupatorium purpureum L. Other specimens were after-
wards found in similar situations, moist but not swampy ground in
woodland and not near water.
In conclusion, I may add that specimens of these five species have
been deposited in the Gray Herbarium.
OLIVET, MICHIGAN.
NOTES ON TWO CONNECTICUT GRASSES.
R. W. WOODWARD.
Poa serotina.— In the summer of 1902, I noticed, at New Haven,
Connecticut, a peculiar grass growing for several hundred feet
along the edge of a shaded woodland road which leads up out of a
wet meadow. In 1903 the same grass was observed in about the
same abundance beside this road, and also at several other stations,
all of which were in more or less shaded situations. It proved to be
a woodland form of Poa serotina, Ehrhart, occurring in dry places,
and showing marked variation from the species. The culm is more
178 Rhodora [AvcusT
slender and the panicle less ample, with a varying proportion of the
spikelets undeveloped and consisting of a pair of empty scales. The
remaining spikelets contain, as a rule, a single, perfect flower with a
pedicel of a second abortive flower. The glume of this perfect
flower is somewhat webby at the base and slightly pubescent on the
lower half of the marginal nerves and the midnerve, with the inter-
mediate nerves obscure or wanting — well known characteristics of
Poa serotina. But a further and essential character of normal Роа
serotina is a spikelet with from two to four perfect flowers, while in
this woodland form, at least in all the specimens collected by the
writer, it is unusual and exceptional when a spikelet develops more
than one perfect flower. Spikelets with two perfect flowers occur,
however, occasionally. These match spikelets of normal Poa serotina
in every particular, and connect this perplexing variety with the
species. It should be added that the proportion of undeveloped to
See spikelets varies greatly, depending apparently upon the
density of the shade. In open woodlands nearly all of the spikelets
may be developed and consist of one perfect flower and a second
rudimentary flower, as described above. Specimens were collected
on July 16, July 21 and August 6, 1903. The ordinary form of the
species was in full bloom about July 15. "This woodland form is not
mentioned in the current standard manuals.
Agrostis intermedia, Scribner. — This species is common in dry
woodlands in this vicinity and sometimes makes a dense growth in
the more open spaces and in clearings. At one of the New Haven
reservoirs there is, bordering the water, a narrow strip of recently
cleared land, where this grass has come in, to the exclusion of other
species. I collected specimens here on August 14, 1903, and
endorsed the sheet, * very abundant, enough for a good crop of hay."
On revisiting the spot a few days later, I found that the same idea
had occurred to the men employed about the reservoir. They had
cut and cured and were just hauling away a small load of hay,
weighing several hundred pounds, which was practically all Agrostis
intermedia.
New Haven, CONNECTICUT.
PvROLA ASARIFOLIA, MicHx., var. incarnata, n. comb.— P. rotun-
difolia, var. incarnata, DC. Prodr. vii (1839) 773. P. incarnata,
1904] Clark, — Triosteum perfoliatum in Massachusetts 179
Fisch. ex DC. l. c., as syn. P. uliginosa, Torr. & Gray in Torr. Fl.
N. Y. i. (1843) 453, t. 69. P. rotundifolia, var. uliginosa, Gray, Man.
Ed. 2 (1856) 259.— P. rotundifolia, with which 2. asarifolia and P.
incarnata (P. uliginosa) have been very generally united, has white
flowers 1.5 to 2 cm. broad, and in America occurs in open dry or
sandy woods from Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia to South
Dakota and Georgia. 2. asarifolia and P. incarnata, on the other
hand, have pink or crimson flowers 1 to 1.5 cm. broad, and occur in
cold, wet or mossy woods or in sphagnum from the Gulf of St. Law-
rence to Hudson Bay and Alaska, south to northern New England
and New York, the Great Lakes and the Rocky Mountains; also in
northeastern Asia. Although in dried specimens somewhat resem-
bling P. rotundifolia, the plants in the field occupy an area so essen-
tially different and so constantly have pink or purplish smaller
flowers that they must be regarded as specifically distinct from the
larger white-flowered plant of dry woods of the Atlantic slope. In
their extreme forms P. asarifolia and P. incarnata are separated only
by leaf-outline, the former having oblate or round-reniform cordate
leaves, the latter obovate or suborbicular leaves rounded to the base.
A large series of herbarium specimens and many observations of the
plants in northeastern stations show no appreciable difference in the
flowers; and too often colonies with leaves connecting the two
extremes abound in swamps of northern Maine and Quebec. On
this account the plants seem to the writer best treated as phases of
one widely distributed species of the northern mossy woods.— M. L.
FERNALD, Gray Herbarium.
TRIOSTEUM PERFOLIATUM IN MASSACHUSETTS.— At a recent exhi-
bition of native plants at Horticultural Hall, Boston, much interest
was taken in specimens of Zriosteum perfoliatum, L., from East Wey-
mouth, Mass. ‘This species has not before been reported from
Massachusetts, the only station heretofore known for it in New Eng-
land being in Connecticut. For a long time Z77osfeum aurantiacum,
Bicknell, has been wrongly called Z. perfoliatum, but both species
were to be seen at this exhibition and the following differences were
most noticeable. The opposite leaves of 7: perfoliatum formed а
wide margin where the two united around the stem of the plant, the
margin thus formed often measuring half an inch in width on each
side of the stem, in this respect much resembling Eupatorium perfolt-
180 Rhodora [AvcusT
atum, L. In Triosteum aurantiacum, however, the leaves were
abruptly sessile. The leaves of 7: perfoliatum were so densely
pubescent as to be nearly viscid, while those of Z. aurantiacum were
slightly soft-pubescent. |
Although both species were in bloom at the same time, yet 7:
perfoliatum was not so far advanced as T, aurantiacum, thus indicat-
ing a later time of blossoming for the former species.
Triosteum perfoliatum was found growing at the edge of an oak
wood near a salt-marsh. Another clump, somewhat farther inland,
grew along a stone wall in an old field.
The specimens brought for exhibition were first identified by Mr.
W. P. Rich, and later verified by Mr. Alfred Rehder of the Arnold
Arboretum.— ALICE G. CLARK, East Weymouth, Massachusetts.
THE CONNECTICUT FLORA AT THE ST. Louis ExrosiTION. — The
Connecticut Commission, Department of Horticulture, Division of
Herbariums, of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, is exhibiting at
St. Louis in the Horticultural Building an herbarium representing
the flora of the State. It contains two thousand sheets so arranged
on swinging panels that every plant is shown to good advantage.
The work has been accomplished through members of the Connecti-
cut Botanical Society and other well known collectors; the following
having contributed: Dr. C. B. Graves and Mrs. Elisha E. Rogers
representing New London County; Mr. E. B. Harger, Mr. R. W.
Woodward and Mr. G. Н. Bartlett representing New Haven County ;
Dr. E. H. Eames and Mr. Amedee Hans representing Fairfield
County; Miss Mary C. Seymour representing Litchfield County ;
Mr. C. H. Bissell, Mr. C. A. Weatherby, Mr. J. N. Bishop, Mr. Irving
Holcomb, Miss S. Maria Williams and Mr. A. W. Driggs represent-
ing Hartford County. A large part of the material was collected the
past year, the work having been started at the opening of the season.
'This was desirable, as it represents an herbarium of the flora as we
know it now. After its exhibition in St. Louis this herbarium is to
be returned to Hartford, where it is hoped that it may be made
accessible to the public, and prove a help to the student and a
source of inspiration and stimulus to all interested in botanical re-
search. — A. W. Driccs, Hartford, Connecticut.
Vol. 6, No. 67, including pages 149-164 was issued 14 July, 1904.
Rhodora
JOURNAL OF
THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB
Vol. 6 September, 1904 No. бо
——
AS ALEOR’ Ss COLLEGRION OF ALGAE.
BEANK S. COLLINS. Mii
Мот long ago Dr. N. Wille of Christiania, Norway, placed in my
hands for examination a small but interesting collection of American
algae; interesting from the extension of range it gave to some spe-
cies, but even more interesting from the way in which it was made.
The specimens were collected by “ Steuermann ” Axel Moe, on vari-
ous voyages to this country ; from the ports at which the collections
were made, and from some of the notes, the vessels in which Mr. Moe
sailed were apparently mostly lumber carriers. A large part of the
lumber freight from America to Europe is in the hands of the Scandi
navians; the ships are not usually the most recent models ; often
they are vessels no longer available for other business, but the buoy-
ant character of the cargo, and the excellent seamanship of the
Swedes and Norwegians that command and man them, make them
useful for many years after they would have been given up by other
nationalities.
Mr. Moe had apparently no scientific knowledge of algae, but was
accustomed to pick up at any port, one or two floating seaweeds that
attracted his attention. They are all carefully mounted on paper,
with particulars of locality and date. Other specimens, mostly forms
of Sargassum, were picked up in open sea; and with them latitude
and longitude, to the minute, are given in every case. On one voy-
age his sister, Ragnhild Moe, was with him and collected a few
specimens ; all the others are his own handiwork. The time during
which these collections were made is from 1877 to 1902; the local-
jties range from Newfoundland and Bay Chaleur to Yucatan; the
only instances of fresh water algae are specimens of Stigeoclonium
182 Rhodora [SEPTEMBER
and Ulothrix, noted as “On pine logs coming down the river ” when
the ship was at some Florida port.
For new stations, we may note Goda Baltica (Gobi) Reinke, at
Louisburg, N. S.; heretofore known in America only by a single
finding at Newport, R. I. Choreocolax Polysiphoniae, Reinsch, from
Nova Scotia, Maine being the former northern limit. Dermocarpa
prasina (Reinsch) Born. & Flah., at Sydney, former northern limit,
Maine. Sphacelaria cirrhosa (Roth) Ag., St. Lawrence River; with
the exception of the warm-water colony at Quahaug Bay, Maine, not
before reported north of Gloucester, Mass. Dictyosiphon foenicu-
laceus, forma flaccidus, Kjellm., from Newfoundland ; а form extend-
ing from the north of Europe to Greenland, but not on record farther
south on this coast. Mesogloia divaricata (Ag.) J. Ag., Newfound-
land, not reported north of Maine. Uwa fasciata, Delile, Norfolk,
Va., Florida being hitherto the northern limit.
The few species from Progreso, Mexico, are very tantalizing.
Almost nothing is known of the algae of the Gulf coast of Mexico.
Murray, in his Catalogue of the Marine Algae of the W. I. Region,
after noting the rich flora of Florida, says, “The whole coast of the
Gulf 6f Mexico has been ascertained to be barren,” but here are
very luxuriant specimens of Caulerpa prolifera (Forsk.) Lamour.,
Codium tomentosum (Huds.) Stack., Bryothamnion Seaforthii (Turn.)
Kuetz., and Eucheuma isiforme (Ag.) J. Ag. Where these were
found, it is more than likely that forms usually found with them else-
where should also occur; and while we are grateful to Mr. Moe for
so much, we can only wish we had been there with him.
The collection includes about seventy species, and it is now depos-
ited in the herbarium of the Botanical Museum at Christiania, Nor-
way. May the example find many followers.
MALDEN, MASSACHUSETTS.
AN UNDESCRIBED VARIETY OF GOLDENROD.
C. B. GRAVES.
In the summer of 1892 I found in one of the swamps of Waterford,
Connecticut, a form of Solidago that was new to me. Notwithstand-
ing that it grew in a decidedly wet situation I was lead to think, on
1904] Graves,— Undescribed Variety of Goldenrod 183
account of its smooth stem and its general resemblance to .SoZiago
rugosa, Mill., that it was the nearly allied S. «/mifolia, Muhl., and so
considered it up to two years ago. At that time good material of
undoubted .S. ulmifolia was collected on dry rocky ground in the
north part of the county, and a careful comparison with the Water-
ford plant disclosed several marked points of difference. Further
study of this swamp plant during the past two seasons has made evi-
dent that its closest affinity is with S. rugosa rather than S. ulmifolia.
As to whether it should be looked upon as. specifically distinct
from S. rugosa there might be an honest difference of opinion, but
on account of the discovery of a few plants showing intermediate
characters it seems best to regard it as a well marked variety of that
species. In 1903 I found the same form in two sphagnum swamps
of Voluntown, Connecticut.
Mr. Fernald who has carefully studied the early descriptions and
types in Solidago kindly informs me that so far as he can discover
this form has not before been described.
It may be characterized as follows:
SOLIDAGO RUGOSA, Miller, var. sphagnophila,n. var. Stems from
horizontal rootstocks, 9 to r5 dm. tall, simple or occasionally branched
above, angular-striate, very smooth, usually dark red or purple but
sometimes green.
Leaves numerous, ascending, rather thin, moderately or slightly
rugose, pinnately veined, above smooth except near the very rough
margin, below somewhat pubescent mostly on the veins with short
white hairs, sharply serrate above the proximal third or quarter ;
leaves of midstem the largest, 7 to то cm. long, 14 to 2 or rarely 3
cm. broad, oblong- or elliptical-lanceolate, somewhat acuminate,
gradually narrowed to the sessile base; lower stem-leaves smaller,
narrowly oblanceolate, tapering into margined petioles; leaves of
upper stem and branches much smaller, oval or narrowly oblong,
acute; basal and radical leaves absent at flowering time and not
seen.
Inflorescence very variable, from simple to compound corymbose-
or racemose-paniculate, often large and open with long recurved
branches; racemes secund, rather densely flowered, more or less
pubescent; pedicels 1 to 3 mm. long ; heads and rays small, involucre
33 mm. high, its bracts in about three rows, linear-subulate to oblong-
linear, acute or obtuse, firm, smooth or the outer puberulent ; rays 6
to 11, disc-flowers 4 to 8; akenes greenish gray 13 to 14 mm. or very
rarely slightly more in length, narrowly oblong-obovate, cuneate at
base, angular-striate and flattened, hirsute with short ascending stiff
white hairs.
184 Rhodora [SEPTEMBER
Connecticut: Waterford, abundant in sphagnum swamp bordering
Fog Plain Brook.
Voluntown, Rhododendron Swamp, and in sphagnous
* meadow, edge of Great Cedar Swamp.
Not the least interesting feature of this variety is its time of flower-
ing. It is one of our early goldenrods, following close after S. juncea,
Ait., and S. odora, Ait., and antedating S. rugosa in the same neighbor-
hood by at least four weeks. This past summer it began to bloom
about August first, was well in flower a week or ten days later, and
by the end of the month — at a time when the species was barely
beginning — the variety was practically out of bloom.
Its preference for wet soil is also noteworthy. Thus far it has
been found only in rather open sphagnum swamps and wet boggy
meadows. Such of its relatives as are associated with it in these
situations, S. neglecta, Т. & G., S. serotina, Ait., and S. Elliottii, T. &
G., frequently spread up on to the higher and comparatively dry
margins of the swamp, but the variety under discussion seems not to
occur off the sphagnum.
It is readily distinguished from the species by its perfectly smooth,
more striate and usually darker stem, and its relatively smooth leaves.
Its early flowering season and its habitat also constitute significant
points of distinction. S. u/mifolia, Muhl., which at times rather
closely resembles this variety is a plant of dry wooded or rocky sit-
uations, and comes into flower several weeks later. It also differs
in its broader, more ovate, and more pubescent leaves, its usually
more slender and open inflorescence, and its akenes which are
longer (14-24 mm.) less distinctly cuneate at base and much less
pubescent than in any observed form of S. rugosa.
New Lonpon, CONNECTICUT.
NOTE ом HypROPHYLLUM CANADENSE. — Two references escaped
my notice when I was writing my recent paper (Preliminary Lists of
New England Plants, — XVII. RHODORA, VI, July, 1904, 151—161).
In the Botany of Vermont by William Oakes, published in Thomp-
son's History of Vermont in 1842, ZZydropAy//um canadense is credited
to the State, on page 192, in the following words: “ At the base of
Mansfield mountain, and frequent in the south west of Vermont.
Robbins. June.” This species should be marked with a line in my
list under Vermont.
1904] Evans, — Notes on New England Hepaticae,— II 185
In the Flora of Vermont by Brainerd, Jones, and Eggleston, pub-
lished in 1900, under Additions and Corrections, the authors, on
page 106, referring to Hydrophyllum canadense as occurring in Ver-
mont, cite the specimens collected in Charlotte by Mr. Pringle, and
discussed at length by me in the paper above mentioned, on pages
156—158, and say that they “were somewhat abnormal but were so
named by Dr. Gray.” This statement is entirely contrary to the
opinion expressed by Dr. Gray to Mr. Pringle that the plant was
“a monstrosity or abnormal condition of Æ. Virginicum,” but Pres.
Brainerd in reply to my inquiry writes me that the note is a “blunder,
resulting from mixing up the two names, ZZ. canadense and 27. virgin-
icum.” — WALTER DEANE, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
NOTES ON NEW ENGLAND HEPATICAE,— II.
ALEXANDER W. EVANS.
(Continued from page 174.)
10. LEPIDOZIA ЅЕТАСЕА (С. H. Web.) Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot.
5: 103. 1861. Jungermannia setacea G. H. Web. Spic. Fl. Goetting-
ensis, 155. 1778. J. sertudarioides Linn. f. Suppl. 449. 1781. J.
pauciffora Dicks. Fasc. Pl. Crypt.2: 15. 245, 7 9. 1790. J. Schultsii
Spreng. Plant. Pug. т: 64. 1813. Blepharostoma setaceum Dumort.
Recueil d'Obs. sur les Jung. 18. 1835. Lepidozia sphagnicola Evans,
Bull. Torrey Club, 20: 397. //. 162. 1893. The true Lepidozia
setacea is much rarer in North America than the printed records
would seem to indicate. In fact nearly all of the American material
which has been referred to this species belongs to the following, and
this is true even of the specimens distributed in Hep. Bor.-Amer.
76 and in Hep. Amer. 85. А number of years ago the writer
found an abundant supply of a Lepidozia growing in a bog and, rec-
ognizing its distinctness from what had passed for Z. setacea among
American writers, described it as new under the name Z. sphagnicola.
Recently, however, these plants have been restudied and carefully
compared with European material, and it has become evident that
L. sphagnicola is a synonym of Z. setacea and that it is our much
commoner plant growing in woods which is undescribed. Specimens
186 Rhodora [SEPTEMBER
of both species have been submitted to Herr C. Miiller, of Freiburg
in Breisgau, Germany, who has kindly confirmed the above con-
clusion. The only New England stations for Z. setacea which can be
definitely cited at the present time are the following: Woods Holl,
Massachusetts (4. W. £.); Bethany, Connecticut (4. W. £.).
тї. Lepidozia sylvatica, sp. nov. Z. setacea Auct. (in part).
Growing in more or less compact tufts, often in company with other
minute hepatics, brownish or yellowish green, varying to pale green :
stems о.о8 mm, in diameter, ascending, irregularly pinnate or bipin-
nate; leafy branches usually lateral, very rarely postical, obliquely
or widely spreading; flagelliform branches scanty, usually postical
but sometimes terminating a lateral leafy branch; rhizoids sparsely
developed, mostly restricted to the lower parts of the leafy axes and
to the flagelliform branches: leaves transversely inserted, distant to
loosely imbricated ; stem-leaves averaging 0.21 X o.18 mm., deeply
trifid or quadrifid to within two or three cells of the base, segments
entire, subulate, usually more or less incurved but sometimes straight
and squarrose, two cells wide (rarely three or four cells wide) in
basal portion and tipped with a row of from two to four cells ; branch-
leaves similar to the stem-leaves but smaller and usually bifid or tri-
fid; leaf-cells averaging 16 х 14 m, walls slightly and uniformly
thickened, cuticle smooth or very indistinctly verruculose: under-
leaves of the stem trifid (or very rarely quadrifid) to within one or two
cells of the base, o.15 mm. long, о.об mm. wide at base, segments
when well developed similar to those of the leaves, one or two
of the segments regularly aborted and reduced to one or two cells in
length; under leaves of the branches smaller and often only twice
divided: inflorescence dioicous: Ф inflorescence borne on a very
short postical branch, often with no leaves except those of the
involucre ; bracts and bracteoles in two or three rows, scarcely dis-
tinguishable from one another, those of the innermost row ovate, т
mm. long and o.35-o.5 mm. wide, usually bifid about one fourth
with acuminate and denticulate or ciliolate divisions and a sharp and
narrow sinus, rarely undivided, entire or sparingly toothed néar base,
cells longer and with thinner walls than in the leaves, cuticle more
distinctly verruculose; bracts and bracteoles of second and third
rows successively smaller and more regularly bifid; perianth nar-
‘rowly ovoid or cylindrical, 2.7 mm. long, o.6 mm. in diameter, terete
below, bluntly trigonous above, the keels separated by narrow grooves,
mouth more or less contracted, ciliate, the cilia one to four cells long
and one or two cells wide at the base, cells of the perianth similar to
those of the bracts: 4 inflorescence borne on a short postical or,
more rarely, lateral branch, usually proliferating at the apex into a
leafy axis ; bracts in four or five pairs, strongly concave, ovate, 0.35
mm. long, o.2 mm. wide, bifid about one-half, the divisions acuminate,
short-ciliate on the margins, sinus sharp, bracteoles mostly bifid
1904] Evans,— Notes оп New England Hepaticae,— П 187
with subulate divisions; antheridia solitary, oval: capsule oval, yel-
lowish brown, 0.9 mm. long, 0.5 mm. in diameter; spores minutely
verruculose, yellowish brown, 12 y in diameter; elaters reddish
brown, with two spirals, 9 in diameter.
On shaded banks and rotten logs. New Hampshire. White
Mountains (Oakes)! Massachusetts: Woods Holl (4. W. £.);
Amesbury (/. W. Huntington) ; West Newbury (Miss C. C. Haynes).
Connecticut: Westville (œ. Veitch, A. W. Е.); New Haven and
Orange (2. C. Eaton); Hamden (2. C. Eaton, А. И. Е.). The
Westville specimens collected by the writer in April, 1903, may be
designated the type. The following stations beyond the limits of
New England may also be noted: Quaker Bridge, New Jersey (.4.
W. Е.); Washington, D. C. (7. M. Holzinger); Tibbs Run, West
Virginia (4. LeRoy Andrews); Dickey's Creek, Virginia (Mrs.
Britton & Miss Vail) ; Enterprise, Florida (Z. M. Underwood).
The leaf subtending a lateral branch in Z. sy/vatica is sometimes
bifid and sometimes undivided; in other cases there is no subtend-
ing leaf whatever (fg. 3). The latter condition in fact is normally
found on one side of a branching axis while subtending leaves occur
on the other. The absence of such a leaf indicates that the whole,
instead of a part, of an apical segment has entered into the formation
of the branch. ‘This substitution of a branch for an entire leaf is of
especial interest and has not before been noted in the Hepaticae,
although its occurrence was long ago suspected by Leitgeb.? The
subtending leaves are sometimes found on the right hand side of an
axis and sometimes on the left, according to the direction of the
spiral. Similar variations also occur in Z. setacea.
In their vegetative organs Z. setacea and ZL. sylvatica resemble
each other very closely, and it is sometimes difficult to determine
sterile and poorly developed material. Usually, however, the leaves
and especially {һе underleaves offer a few reliable points of differ-
ence. Under favorable conditions Z. se/acea is more robust, and its
leaves are more regularly quadrifid; in many cases the antical seg-
ment bears an accessory tooth on its free margin, a condition which
is exceedingly rare in Z. sy/vatica, Occasionally a bifid subtending
leaf will show an accessory tooth of this character on each side. The
! These specimens have not been seen by the writer; further reference is made
to them on page 189.
? Bot. Zeit. 29: 562. 1871.
188 Rhodora [SEPTEMBER
cuticle of Z. setacea is distinctly verruculose while that of Z. sylvatica
is smooth or very indistinctly roughened. Unfortunately in slender
forms of Z. sefacea these differences are not always apparent.
The underleaves of Z. sylvatica are usually trifid but are occasion-
ally quadrifid on very robust axes and are not infrequently bifid on
slender branches. One or two of the divisions are tipped with the
remains of hyaline papillae and are thereby aborted in their growth
and reduced to one or two cells in length; the divisions without pap-
illae become almost as long as the segments of the leaves. In Z.
setacea quadrifid underleaves are the rule on principal axes, although
trifid and even bifid underleaves occur on the branches. Here again
the remains of hyaline papillae may be detected on the tips of the
divisions; apparently, however, they do not interfere to any great
extent with the development of the segments, which never exhibit the
extreme disparity in size found in Z. sy/vatica. Even on slender
forms of Z. sefacea this difference in the underleaves seems to be
constant.
The most important differential characters, however, are afforded
by the perichaetial leaves. "These have been repeatedly figured for
L. setacea, but unfortunately the figures show little uniformity. The
same statement will also apply to the published descriptions. In
Hooker's British Jungermanniae (1816), the perichaetial leaves are
figured twice: on plate 8, they appear deeply laciniate with very
slender divisions; on plate 1 of the supplement, they are ovate in
outline and undivided. Nees von Esenbeck ! comments on plate 8
and states that he has never observed the bracts so finely laciniate ;
Gottsche? criticises the same figures and also remarks that those
given on plate 1 are untrue to nature because they represent the
bracts as being undivided; Austin’ accepts the supplementary fig-
ures of the perichaetial leaves but rejects entirely those given on
plate 8. As a matter of fact the bracts are almost intermediate in
character between the two figures of Hooker; they are more or less
deeply trifid or quadrifid with lanceolate, acuminate, dentate or cili-
ate divisions separated by very narrow sinuses. In some cases the
primary divisions of the innermost bracts are not very deep, and
oftentimes the laciniation seems to be even better marked on unfer-
! Naturgeschichte der europ. Lebermoose, 2: 299. 1836.
? С. & К. Hep. europ. 655. 1879.
3 Hep. Bor.-Amer. 76. 1873.
1904] Evans,— Notes оп New England Hepaticae,— П 189
tilized flowers than on those with well developed perianths. Of
later figures those published by Stephani! and Müller? bring out the
characters pretty clearly. Pearson,? however, describes and figures
the bracts as “bidentate” with the “segments ciliate-dentate, acu-
minate ”; but, as these figures of the bracts are all drawn from
North American specimens collected by Oakes in the White Moun-
tains, it is hardly to be doubted that they represent Z. sylvatica
instead of the true Z. sefacea. It is also probable that Austin had
no American material of Z. setacea before him when he rejected
Hooker’s figures. Fertile material of Z. sy/vatica may be at once
distinguished by the perichaetial leaves, some if not all of which will
show the bifid character.
In the ciliate mouth of the perianth the two species agree with
each other but differ from the recently described Z. trichoclados С.
Müll. Frib.,* in which the mouth is minutely denticulate. Z. ¢tricho-
clados is now known from several widely separated localities in Europe
and is perhaps to be expected in North America. It is a fragile spe-
cies and is hardly to be distinguished in sterile condition from slen-
der forms of Z. setacea. It is remarkable, howeyer, for its short and
delicate bracts, which are ovate in outline, slightly bidentate at the
apex and irregularly denticulate in the upper part. Z. ¢richoclados
is also noteworthy because it matures its capsules in November; in
the other two species these are matured in May or June.
I2. SCAPANIA CONVEXULA C. Müll. Frib. Bull. de Herb. Boissier,
II. 3: 42. 1903. Mt. Katahdin, Maine (Æ. D. Merrill), the type-
locality.
13. SCAPANIA PALUDOSA C. МШ. Frib. Z с. 49. 27. 1. S. undulata,
var. paludosa C. Müll. Frib. Beih. zum Bot. Centralbl. 10: 220.
1901. Tuckerman’s Ravine and Mt. Pleasant, White Mountains,
New Hampshire (4. W. 2.) ; Mt. Mansfield, Vermont (4. W. Е.) ;
Magnolia, Massachusetts ( W. G. Farlow). |
The two species just noted are fully described by Herr Müller.
S. paludosa is by far the commoner of the two and has a wide dis-
tribution in Europe, especially in subalpine regions; S. convexu/a,
on the other hand, is known from the type-locality only. Both spe-
1 Ber. d. botan. Ver. zu Landshut, 7: f. 63. 1879.
? Hedwigia, 38: 77. 8, f. 14-16. 1899.
3 Hep. Brit. Isles, 124. 2/. 46, f. 13-17. 1900.
4 Hedwigia, 38: 197. 2/. 8, f. 1-13. 1899.
190 Rhodora [SEPTEMBER
cies are allied to S. undulata; S. convexu/a is distinguished by its
cordate antical lobe, the margin of which is coarsely spinose-dentate ;
S. paludosa is a delicate and flaccid species in which the antical lobe
is broadly orbicular in outline, more or less cordate where it meets
the postical lobe and distinctly decurrent on the other side. In S.
irrigua, which is also closely related to S. paludosa, the lobes of the
leaves are usually apiculate at the apex instead of being rounded.
In the writer’s Preliminary List of New England Hepaticae, 123
species are noted. Of this number, 75 are accredited to Maine, 81
to New Hampshire, 67 to Vermont, 76 to Massachusetts, 65 to
Rhode Island and 93 to Connecticut; while 31 species are accredited
to all six of the New England States. During the short time which
has elapsed since the publication of this list, additions have been
made to the hepatic floras of every State except Rhode Island, and
the majority of these are the result of explorations made during 1903.
The most noteworthy of these additions have already been referred
to in the preceding pages; the others are as follows:
For Maine. Riccia Sullivantii ; Waterville (E. B. Chamberlain) :
this record was inadvertently omitted from the Preliminary List.
Harpanthus scutatus; The Sands, near Prospect Harbor (Mrs.
A. R. Northrup) : specimens from this locality were kindly sent the
writer by Miss Haynes.
For Vermont. /rudlania Brittoniae; Jericho (А. W. E). F. rip-
aria; North Pownal (4. LeRoy Andrews). Jungermannia lanceolata ;
Willoughby (Miss Lorenz). J. pumila; Jericho (А. W. E.). Lophozia
Floerkti; Mt. Mansfield (4. W. E). Г. marchica, Mylia anomala,
Scapania irrigua and Notothylas orbicularis; Jericho (A. W. £.).
For Massachusetts. /vssombronia Wondraczeki; West Newbury
(Miss Haynes). Radula tenax; Magnolia ( W. G. Farlow). Sca-
pania curta; Mt. Holyoke (Miss Lorenz). *
"The census of New England Hepaticae now stands as follows:
total number recorded, 128 ; number recorded from Maine, 79 ; from
New Hampshire, 85; from Vermont, 78; from Massachusetts, 83;
from Rhode Island, 65; from Connecticut, 94; from all six States,
33.
YALE UNIVERSITY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 57.—Lefidozia sylvatica Evans. Fig. 1, part of
plant with perianth, the latter seen from the postical aspect and enclosing a
detached sporophyte, X 35; Fig. 2, part of sterile plant, postical view, X 50;
1904 | Fernald,— Identity of Salix pellita IQI
Fig. 3, part of stem with the bases of three branches, antical view, X 50;
Fig. 4, 4 inflorescence, lateral view, X 60; Fig. 5, stem-leaf, X 220; Figs.
6, 7, underleaves of stem, X 220; Figs. 8-10, perichaetial leaves of inner-
most row, X 35; Figs. 11-13, perichaetial leaves of second row, X 35; Fig.
I4, transverse section of perianth in upper third, X 35; Fig. 15, teeth from
mouth of perianth, X 220; Fig. 16, perigonial bract, X бо; Fig. 17, peri-
gonial bracteole, X бо. The figures were all drawn from the type-specimen
and were prepared for publication by Miss Edna L. Hyatt.
THE IDENTITY OF ANDERSSON’S SALIX PELLITA. — Salix pellita,
Anders. Mon. Salix (1865) 139, was based on two plants, one from
Lake Winnipeg (Bourgeau), the other from the Rocky Mountains
(Луай). Material of the Lyall plant in the Gray Herbarium is dif-
ferent from any eastern species, but is very near the recently described
S. subcaerulea, Piper, which occurs from the mountains of Oregon
and Northern California to Montana. In August, 1903, the writer
examined at Kew original material of the Winnipeg plant of Bour-
geau and found it quite unlike the Lyall specimen but exactly a
species which abounds along certain rivers of Maine and eastern
Canada ; and since the Winnipeg shrub was first cited by Andersson,
it, rather than the Rocky Mountain element of his complex species
must bear the name, 5. pg//ita. This species has long perplexed the
botanists who are familiar with northern Maine; and for want of a
more satisfactory disposition for the plant, it has been temporarily
placed with S. candida. From that species, however, S. pellita is
very quickly separated. S. candida, as yet unknown in Maine, is a
species primarily of larch or arbor-vitae swamps, the branchlets,
leaves (usually above as well as beneath) and capsules pubescent
with du? whitish Zanate or flocculent tomentum; and the young styles
conspicuously tinged with crimson. S. pellita, a species ordinarily of
gravelly or well-drained shores, has the young branchlets glabrous or
at most minutely pilose, the leaves glabrous or quickly glabrate
above, whitened beneath, at least when young, with /ustrous velvety
or silky pubescence; the ovaries and capsule sZEy-fomentose; the
styles yellowish or brownish. In northern Maine and adjacent Can-
ada S. pellita is one of the commonest willows, and the material now
at hand shows it to range from the Dartmouth River, Gaspé
County, Quebec, to the lower Androscoggin River, Maine, north to
Lake St. John, Quebec, and west to Lake Winnipeg. — M. L. FEn-
NALD, Gray Herbarium.
192 Rhodora [SEPTEMBER
TENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE JOSSELYN
BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF MAINE.
Dora Н. Moutrton, Secretary.
A party of twenty-six enthusiastic members and friends of the
Josselyn Botanical Society of Maine entered the St. John Valley on
July 6th, for four days work along the gravelly shores and steep
banks of the river, and among the adjacent bogs and hills. The
Society received most courteous treatment at Hotel Dickey, Fort -
Kent, where everything possible was done for the comfort of the
party. The evenings were spent comparing and discussing the
collections of the day. On Friday evening Mr. M. L. Fernald
delivered an address on “ The Flora of the St. John Valley " ; and Dr.
George Upham Hay, of St. John, New Brunswick, spoke of the
fungi collected, and extended greetings from the Botanical Club of
Canada, of which society he is the president. Most favorable weather
made it possible to explore a distance of practically thirty miles
along the banks of the river. Everywhere, on roadsides, riverbanks
and open places, the blue of Vicia Cracca, L., апа Campanula rotundi-
Jolia, L., was most conspicuous, and with the yellow of the butter-
cups and the white of the daisies, made clearly defined bands or
ribbons of color bordering the roads.
This region is rich in local plants, and among such species were
noted Astragalus alpinus, L., Tanacetum Huronense, Nutt., Castilleja
pallida, var. septentrionalis, Gray., Hedysarum boreale, Nutt., Vaccin-
ium caespitosum, Michx., Carex castanea, Wahl., Graphephorum meii-
coideum, Desv., Equisetum palustre, L., and Æ. variegatum, Schl.,
growing in scattered patches over the drier gravelly shores. Artem-
isia Canadensis, Michx., was seen on the beach at St. Hilaire, New
Brunswick, but not noticed on the Maine shore. In the deep wet
sands Utricularia intermedia, Hayne, flowered abundantly. Here
also, everywhere on the wet beaches, grew Primula Mistassinica,
Michx., and Tofeldia glutinosa, Willd., while back, in what might Бе
termed the river meadows, were an abundance of Anemone Cana-
densis, L., and large patches of Angelica atropurpurea, L. On the
steep slopes were seen Halenia deflexa, Griseb., Pedicularis Furbishiae,
Wats., and Clematis verticillaris, DC. In springy spots was found
Myosotis laxa Lehm., previously unknown in the valley. Back from
1904] Moulton,— Josselyn Botanical Society 193
the river in wet arbor-vitae swamps were found Microstylis mono-
phylios, Lindl., and Zuzula parviflora, Desv. In rich alluvial woods
grew Pyrola asarifolia, Michx.; in the upland evergreen woods Pyrola
minor, L.and occasionally Goodyera Menztesit, Lindl. (very scarce),
and Geum macrophyllum, Willd. Thlaspi arvense L. was frequent in
barnyards.
There are fourteen plants previously known as occurring in the
St. John Valley but not reported in the Portland Catalogue, which
are worthy of special mention. Possibly the most conspicuous of
this group is Oxytropis campestris, var. Johannensis, Fernald, growing
everywhere on the rocky beaches. On these beaches, also, Salix
glaucophylla, Bebb, and S. pellita, Anders., and on the wet gravelly
shores Calamagrostis neglecta, Trin., grow in great abundance. Poa
glauca, L., and Carex vesicaria, var. Raeana, Fernald, are more scat-
tered on the river banks. The latter plant has been previously
known only from Methaye Lake, Athabaska, Lake St. John, Que-
bec, and the Rangeley Lakes, Maine. guisetum pratense, Ehrh.,
abounds in alluvial woods; and Lycopodium complanatum, L. (true),
L. Sitchense, Rupr., and Z. sabinaefolium, Willd., grow in the upland
evergreen forest. Veronica serpyllifolia, L., var. borealis, Laest., in
springy spots, and Gnaphalium sylvaticum, L., in sterile soil, are both
rather common. Listera auriculata, Wiegand, somewhat rare, is
apparently found only in sandy alluvium. Viola Labradorica,
Schrank (true), found on ledges, has been previously known in Maine
from various stations in the St. John Valley and from the cliffs of
Mt. Katahdin.
Two plants new to the State may be credited to the explorations
of this time. Опе is Osmorrhiza divaricata, Nutt., local in rich
upland woods, a Rocky Mountain species first found in the East
at Rivitre du Loup, Quebec, by E. F. Williams and M. L. Fernald
in 1902. The other plant is Æguisetum variegatum, var. Jesupi,
A. A. Eaton, found on gravelly shores.
A new station for Anemone riparia, Fernald, A. multifida, Poir.
Erigeron hyssopifolius, Michx., and Cynoglossum Virginicum, L., was
found by a small party who remained longer in this region.
PORTLAND, MAINE.
194 . Rhodora [SEPTEMBER
NEW STATIONS FOR MAINE PLANTS.
Epwarp B. CHAMBERLAIN.
DuniNG the past few years several plants have come to my notice
whose distribution in Maineor in New England seems to warrant
calling attention to them here. Specimens of all the species here
noted are in my own herbarium; and in almost all cases there are
duplicates in the Gray Herbarium, or in the Herbarium of the New
England Botanical Club.
Carex alopecoidea, 'Tuck.— On alluvial banks at Vassalboro, Ken-
nebec Co., Maine, collected July 3, 1902. This is the first station in
New England outside of the Champlain valley.
Carex grisea, Wahl.— Growing with the preceding species at
Vassalboro. Previously reported in Maine only from Waterville.
Carex HougAtonii, Torr.— Roadside in Falmouth, a very limited
station.
Carex polymorpha, Muhl.—This rare and local sedge was found by
the writer and Mr. C. H. Bissell in July, 1902, while botanizing near
Underwood Springs in Falmouth. Since then the plant has also
been found in Cumberland. These stations extend the range con-
siderably from the station at Wells, where it was collected by the
Rev. Joseph Blake.
Carex vestita, Willd.— Brunswick, Maine, in a sand pit, collected
by the writer in 1898. Previously reported from North Berwick by
Mr. J. C. Parlin,in the second Supplement to the Portland Catalogue
of Maine Plants.
Scirpus pedicellatus, Fernald.— Specimens were collected at Cum-
berland in September, 1902, and determined by Mr. Fernald.
Apparently the plant has not been reported from Maine before.
Carya alba, Nutt.— Rather common in some parts of Falmouth,
Cumberland and North Yarmouth, especially in the localities known
as Bruce Hill and Presumpscot Gorge. There is also a specimen in
my herbarium collected in woods at Turner, Maine, June 27, 1897.
by John E. Dinsmore. These stations extend northward the range
given in Dame and Brooks, “Handbook of the Trees of New Eng-
land," p. 49.
Ranunculus ambigens, S. Wats,— Abundant in a muddy ditch at
1904] Graves,— Some Unusual Connecticut Plants 195
Cumberland Center. This station is near the northern limit of the
plant in Maine.
Sedum stoloniferum, Gmel.— This plant, a native of Asia Minor
and adjacent Europe, is well established and spreading in a yard at
Cumberland Center. Itis doubtless a relic of earlier cultivation,
but no garden has been on the spot for ten or fifteen years, while
the area occupied is steadily increasing. .
Potertum Sanguisorba, L.— Abundant in a mowing field at Cumber-
land Foreside.
Vicia fetrasperma, L.— Abundant at one station on the Maine
Central Railroad near Cumberland Junction, where it has persisted
for three years at least. This summer, 1904, it has also been col-
lected by Dr. D. W. Fellows at Cumberland Foreside, some three
miles from the first station.
Euphorbia hirsuta, Wiegand.— Very abundant along the Grand
Trunk Railroad in Cumberland and Yarmouth.
Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.— Occasionally found in swampy woods in
Cumberland and North Yarmouth, in some cases growing in large
clumps with trees зо or до feet in height.
Сайит boreale, L.— Quite abundant in а field at Pleasant Pond,
Caratunk, in Somerset county, where it was collected by Mr. J. Frank-
lin Collins and the author in August, 1902. It has been reported by
Mr. L. Н. Baker from Exeter, Maine, in RHODORA, I. 75.
Houstonia purpurea calycosa, Gray.— One clump of this variety
was found in 1902 at Cumberland Center; previously it has been
reported by Mr. J. C. Parlin from North Berwick.
CUMBERLAND CENTER, MAINE.
SOME UNUSUAL CONNECTICUT PLANTS.
C. В. GRAVES.
Panicum Commonsianum, Ashe.— In June, 1903, this species was
found growing sparingly on a gravelly railroad bank at Giant’s
Neck, in East Lyme. The determination was confirmed by Prof.
A. S. Hitchcock, of Washington, D. C. This is its second record
from Connecticut, the first being by Mr. C. A. Weatherby (RHODORA
Vi 42). Я
196 Rhodora [SEPTEMBER
Juncus tenuis, Willd., var. Williamsii, Fernald.— It may be of inter-
est to record the fact that the distribution of this well marked variety
reaches quite to the southern border of New England. Characteristic `
specimens were collected both last year and this present summer in
the town of Groton, close to the shore of Fisher’s Island Sound.
Rubus Canadensis, L.— Inasmuch as since the recent overturning
in the genus Rubus the older records will be of little value in fixing
distribution, it may be worth while to note that last August this
species, the smooth unarmed high blackberry of the mountains, was
collected by me at Bigelow’s Gorge in Union.
Rosa nitida, Willd.— This northern form was discovered in August,
1903, in an extensive cedar swamp in the northeastern part of Staf-
ford. The Gray Herbarium contains no material from any locality
south of the Massachusetts line, and so far as I am aware it has not
before been found in Connecticut. The record in Bishop’s catalogue
from East Hartford was, as I am informed by Mr. A. W. Driggs,
based upon an error.
Tilia pubescens, Ait.— Several small trees of this species were seen
last September on the wooded slopes bordering the Shetucket River
in the town of Sprague. They were sterile at that time, but com-
parison of the leaves with material at the Gray Herbarium seemed
to leave no doubt as to the correctness of the determination. This
form does not appear to have been previously recorded from New
England.
New Lonpon, CONNECTICUT.
Vol. 6, No. 68, including pages 165-180 was issued 6 August, 1904.
Rhodora.
LEPIDOZIA SYLVATICA, EVANS.
Plate 57.
Rbodora
JOURNAL OF
THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB
Vol. 6 October, 1904 No. 70
THE AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVES OF PYROLA
ROTUNDIFOLIA.
M. L. FERNALD.
Ir has long seemed strange that the handsome plants passing as
Pyrola rotundifolia should occupy in Europe and America geographic
areas of such different character. The European plant is a species
of northern and mountainous districts, extending from latitude 73° in
Greenland,’ latitude 67° in Lapland,? and Iceland and the Faroe
Islands across much of Europe and western Asia to latitude 45°, and
very rarely southward in the Pyrenees, Apennines, and other moun-
tains An extreme Arctic representative of the plant, 2, grandiffora,
Radius (P. groenlandica and P. pumila, Hornem., P. rotundifolia,
var. pumila, Hornem.) occurs in Greenland and the Arctic regions
of America, extending south in Labrador to Hopedale (latitude 55°
40’). In Europe the range of P. rotundifolia closely approximates
that of P. minor; and a third species, P. media, Swartz, unites to
such an extent the characters of P. rotundifolia and P. minor that
European botanists often find difficulty in distinguishing it.*
The large white-flowered plant which in America has long passed
as true Pyrola rotundifolia occurs in open dry or sandy woods, rarely
in swamps, from the Baie des Chaleurs, Quebec (latitude 48? то”)
west to South Dakota and south beyond latitude 35° into Georgia.
Its range in America is thus much more southern than that of 2.
! Lange, Consp. Fl. Groen. 85 (1880).
? N. J. Andersson, Pl. Vasc. Quickjock Lap. Lulensis, 27 (1845).
? See Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 492 (1879).
* * P. MEDIA, Swartz.... Perhaps a mere variety of P. minor, and sometimes
passing almost into P. rotundifolia’ — Bentham, Brit. Fl., ed. 4, 300 (1878).
198 Rhodora [Остовек
minor (the European associate of P. rotundifolia), a species occurring
in arctic and subarctic America, extending southward in cold fir and
spruce forests and deep swamps to Cape Breton, the higher moun-
tains of northern New England, the Great Lakes, and the Rocky
Mountains. At no point, except possibly the extreme northern limit
of P. rotundifolia and the extreme southeastern limit of P. minor
(where each species is rare and local) do their ranges coincide ; and
nowhere in America, so far as known, has there ever been found any
transition between the two species, such as is represented in Europe
by 2. media.
Superficially the three plants, the European Pyro/a rotundifolia, the
Arctic P. grandiflora, and the so-called P. rotundifolia of temperate
America, present little to indicate that they may not be phases of one
broadly distributed species; and as such they have been treated by
many authors, who, at the same time, have included with them /.
asarifolia, Michx. and P. bracteata, Hook., both species of well
defined characters and geographic range. In general, the plant of
temperate North America is taller and has larger leaves, while the
Arctic P. grandiflora is lower and with smaller leaves than 7.
rotundifolia of Europe.’ In general, too, P. grandiflora of the
Arctic regions and the plant of the eastern United States and Can-
ada have much larger flowers with thicker petals than the European
species, but in plants from northern Scandinavia the corolla is as
large as in average American specimens.”
A comparison of the stamens brings out certain points which indi-
cate, even more than the geographic range and the variation in size
and texture of the petals and the size of the leaves, that the three
plants are probably best treated as distinct species, or at least as
well developed geographic subspecies. In the large-flowered plant
of the eastern United States and Canada the filaments are shorter
1 Measurement of 50 American herbarium-specimens shows a range in height
from 9 to 36 (average 25) cm. ; of 28 European plants a range from 15 to 30 (aver-
age 20) cm.; of 25 Arctic plantsa range from 5 to 16 (average 10) cm. The
leaves of the American plants show a range in the length of blade from 2 to 6.8
(average 4.4) cm. ; of the European from 1.9 to 4.6 (average 3.3) cm. ; of the
Arctic from 1 to 3 (average 2) cm.
? Petals of 20 herbarium specimens of the plant of temperate America vary in
length from 6.5 to 10.5 (average 8.4) mm.; of 20 European specimens they vary
from 5.5 to 8 (average 6.5) mm. ; of 20 Arctic American plants from 7.5 to IL
(average 8.7) mm.
1904] Fernald,— Pyrola rotundifolia 199
while the anthers are distinctly longer than in the small-flowered
European plant. In the largest-flowered member of the group, P.
grandiflora of the Arctic regions, on the other hand, both the fila-
ments and the anthers are shorter than in either the small-flowered
European P. rotundifolia, or the large-flowered plant of temperate
North America.!
In Pyrola rotundifolia of Europe and the Arctic P. grandiflora
the anthers are muticous or rarely mucronulate at base. In the
so-called Z. rotundifolia of eastern America, as in 2, asarifolia and
P. bracteata, the base of the anther is distinctly mucronate. In the
specimens at hand this character is very apparent, but, for the most
part, current descriptions of P. rotundifolia, based upon both Euro-
pean and American material and generally including Z. asarifolia,
P. bracteata, P. grandiflora, etc., are similar to that in the Synoptical
Flora: “the mucro at base either short and distinct or obsolete.’’?
At least one monographer of the group, however, Dr. Alefeld, bas-
ing his description solely upon Old World material,3 says in his
extended diagnosis: *antherae....muticae."* In this connection,
furthermore, it is interesting to note, as our present knowledge of
plant-distribution might lead us to expect, that the material examined
from Japan, Manchuria, and Korea has not only the large leaves
and flowers but the large prominently mucronate anthers of the
American plant. This fact was emphasized in 1872 by the dis-
criminating Maximowicz who, in his * Diagnoses plantarum novarum
Japoniae et Mandshuriae," commented on the monograph of Alefeld
and stated that in the Japanese and American material the anthers
were all mucronulate at base, though in Europe, where they are said
to be muticous, mucronulate anthers often occur.5
‘The stamens of the American plant show a range in length from 4.75 to 7
(average 6) mm., the anthers from 2.75 to 3.6 (average 3.2) mm.; of the European
plant from 5 to 7.75 (average 6.27) mm., the anthers from 2 to 3 (average 2.5)
mm. ; of the Arctic plant from 4 to 5.5 (average 5) mm., the anthers from 1.7 to
2.3 (average 2) mm. ? Gray, Syn. Fl. ii. pt. 1, 47 (1878).
“3 Da ich in allen Herbarien nur europäische oder asiatische, niemals ameri-
kanische Examplare sah, so kann ich auch die von anderen Autoren angegebenen
Standorte dieser Art für Amerika nicht anführen."— Alefeld, Linnaea, xxviii. 64
(1856). * Alefeld, Linnaea, xxviii. 63 (1856).
5“ Signa, quibus denuo tentavit dignoscere P. asarifoliam et P. rotundifoliam
monographus Alefeld, sunt: calycis laciniae in priore breviores, antherae basi
mucronulatae et stylus corollam aequans. In meis speciminibus numerosis e
Japonia calycis laciniae occurrunt saepe lanceolatae, quales а monographo Р.
200 Rhodora [OCTOBER
Among the European specimens examined by the writer only two
show the mucronulate base of the anther referred to by Maximowicz,
but in these the mucro is much shorter than in anthers of the Ameri-
can plant and in their other characters the specimens are clearly
referable to the European type. The mucronate base of the anther,
then, although not an invariable character, is worthy at least of second-
ary consłderation in distinguishing from the European and the Arctic
species the plant of Eastern America and Asia.
In the European Zyro/a rotundifolia the anther-cells are slightly
constricted above, forming very short nearly straight necks or tubes
through which open the pores. In the Arctic P. grandiflora these
necks are essentially wanting; but in the plant of temperate America,
Japan, etc., the necks are continued as prominent curved processes.
In the form of its style the Arctic Pyrola grandiflora, furthermore,
presents a character which seems to separate it very clearly from the
European Z. rotundifolia and its larger American and East Asian rep-
resentative. In the two latter plants the style is terminated by a
distinct ring above which are the five protruding stigmatic lobes. In
P. grandiflora this ring is nearly if not quite obsolete.
From these comparisons it seems that the plants of Northern
Europe, of the Arctic regions of Greenland and America, and of east-
ern temperate North America and northeastern Asia are well defined
members of the subgenus Z%e/aia. Тһе two former are clearly refer-
able to Pyrola rotundifolia, L., and P. grandiflora, Radius. The
plant of eastern America and Eastern Asia has, however, been very
generally accepted as identical with the Old World 2, rotundifolia.
Only one author, so far as known, has previously maintained for the
plant specific validity. Robert Sweet, in 1830, gave the plant an
rotundifoliae tribuuntur, stylus corollam aequans vel superans, antherae vero
omnes basi mucronulatae. Ita inveni etiam in americanis, nempe calycis lacinias
variabiles, antheras vero mucronulatas. At in europaeis, ubi antherae muticae
postulantur, in permultis (scandinavicis, germanicis, galiicis) etiam mucronulatas
video." —Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pét. xviii. 623 (1872).
1 Pyrola rotundifolia, as published by Linnaeus in the Species Plantarum (396),
included the American as well as the European plant ; and among other citations
was that of “ Pyrola noveboracensis. Cold. noveb. 99." Colden's P. noveboracensis,
published in Act. Soc. Upsal. 1743, p. 122, no. 99, was probably the large Amer-
ican plant, but I am unable to find that it has been taken up by any post-Linnean
author as a species distinct from 2. rotundifolia. "Treated by Linnaeus and all
subsequent authors as a pure synonym of P. rotundifolia, the pre-Linnean name,
P. noveboracensis, can hardly be given nomenclatorial precedence over the post-
Linnean 2. americana, Sweet.
1904 | Fernald,— Pyrola rotundifolia 201
appropriate name, though, unfortunately, he failed to point out the
characters upon which he based his conclusion. Sweet’s Hortus
Britannicus was, as its secondary title explains, “a catalogue of
plants, indigenous, or cultivated in the gardens of Great Britain."
The species under each genus were numbered separately, then were
indicated the color, English name, geographic source, hardiness, dura-
tion, etc. The American plant, the ninth in Sweet's list of Pyrolas,
was thus entered :
“g. americana. (w.) American. N. America... .. H. y.
rotundifolia Ph. non Eng. bot.” !
The reference to Pyrola rotundifolia of Pursh, not of the English
Botany, alone defines Sweet’s species, for there can be no doubt that
Pursh's plant, “in dry stony or sandy woods: Canada to Carolina,” ?
was the common large-flowered plant of eastern America, which,
treated as a valid species, should bear the name Z. americana, Sweet.
Briefly, the conclusions reached in this study are, that Pyrola
rotundifolia, P. grandiflora, and P. americana, are distinct though
closely related species, each occupying a well defined geographic
area and maintaining with essential constancy certain characters
notably in the size of the petals, and the size, proportions, and
forms of the anthers and filaments.
The leading characters of the plants are:
PvROLA ROTUNDIFOLIA, L. Sp. 396 (1753), as to European plant —
including var. arenaria, Koch. Syn. 478 (1837). Thelaia rotundifolia,
Alefeld, Linnaea, xxviii. 60 (1856). Plant varying in height from
15 to 30 (average 20) cm.: leaf-blade from 1.9 to 4.6 (average 3.3)
cm.: petals comparatively thin, white or slightly purple-tinged, 5.5
to 8 (average 6.5) mm. long: stamens 5 to 7.75 (average 6.27) mm.
long; the anthers 2 to 3 (average 2.5) mm. long, muticous or rarely
mucronulate at base, the cells narrowed above to short straightish
necks: style with a distinct ring or collar below the 5 protruding
lobes of the stigma.— Greenland, Iceland, and Lapland, across north-
ern and central Europe and western Asia and locally southward in
the mountains.
P. AMERICANA, Sweet, Hort. Brit, ed. 2, 341 (1830). P. rotundi-
Jolia, Am. auth., mostly. Plant 9 to 36 (average 25) cm. high: leaf-
blade 2 to 6.8 (average 4.4) cm. long: petals thick, cream-white,
rarely pink-tinged, 6.5 to 10.5 (average 8.4) mm. long: stamens 4.75
to 7 (average 6) mm. long; anthers 2.75 to 3.6 (average 3.2) mm.
1 Sweet, Hort. Brit., ed. 2, 341 (1830).
? Pursh, Fl. 299 (1814).
202 Rhodora [OCTOBER
long, mucronate at base, the cells constricted above to prominent
arched necks: style similar to that of P. rotundifolia.— Baie des
Chaleurs, Quebec to South Dakota and Georgia ; Japan, Korea,
Manchuria.
P. GRANDIFLORA, Radius, Diss. Bytol: a7, t. 35, ig. @ (1821), И
rotundifolia, var. pumila, Hornem. dansk. oecon. Plantel., ed. 3, 463
(1821). P. groenlandica, Hornem. Fl. Dan. xi. t. 1817 (1825). и.
pumila, Ногпет. ex Cham. & Schl. Linnaea, i. 514 (1826). P.
rotundifolia, var. grandiflora, DC. Prodr. vii. 773 (1839). Thelaia
grandiflora, Alefeld, Linnaea, xxviii. 68 (1856). Plant 5 to 16 (aver-
age то) cm. high: leaf-blade т to 3 (average 2) cm. long: petals
thick, white to crimson, 7.5 to 11 (average 8.7) mm. long: stamens
4 to 5.5 (average 5) mm. long; the anthers 1.7 to 2.3 (average 2)
mm. long, muticous at base, the cells barely constricted above: style
without annulate tips. Greenland and Arctic America, south to Hope-
dale, Labrador.
GRAY HERBARIUM.
NOTES ON THE FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY,
MASSACHUSETTS.
RALPH HOFFMANN.
Tue following records from Berkshire County, Massachusetts, may
be of interest. They refer to plants which either have not hitherto
been recorded from Massachusetts, or are known from very few sta-
tions in the state. These plants fall into more or less well-defined
groups. In the cold sphagnum bogs and on the higher mountains
occur northern plants which either reach or approach their southern
limit for New England in Berkshire County. ‘The western and south-
ern river valleys, on the other hand, extend into New York or Con-
necticut, and on their well-drained slopes occur plants which for the
most part have been prevented by the unbroken Hoosac Plateau from
extending their range into central Massachusetts. ‘Two or three plants
are adventive but at least one is well-established.
Specimens of all the plants here recorded have been placed in the
Herbarium of the New England Botanical Club. They have all been
collected by me except in three instances where the plants were gath-
ered by Mr. M. L. Fernald. I have to thank Mr. Fernald for his
1904] Hoffmann,— Flora of Berkshire County 203
usual generous assistance in identifying or verifying the specimens,
and in the preparation of this article.
Aspidium aculeatum, Swartz, var. Braunii, Koch. In August,
1904, on revisiting the mountain brook which comes down the north
side of Greylock, where I had previously found Aydrophyllum Cana-
dense, I came across several plants of this fine fern. As faras I can
discover, it has not hitherto been reported from Massachusetts.
Aspidium simulatum, Davenport. In September, 1904, I found
this interesting fern not uncommon in the swampy woods bordering
ponds in Becket and Otis. I have little doubt that on further search
it will be found in similar situations in other parts of the county.
Most of the New England records hitherto published have been from
near the coast.
Potamogeton confervoides, Reichb. (P. Tuckermani, Robbins).
Grows in Lake Undine on the Dome at an altitude of 2000 feet.
The only other known station for Massachusetts is in Uxbridge,
where it was collected by Robbins. It is found at high altitudes in
New Hampshire and Vermont, and in several stations in New Jersey.
It is recorded in Bennett’s Plants of Rhode Island (p. 42) but no
locality is given.
Eleocharis intermedia, Schultes. This species has been collected
in northern Maine, in Vermont and in Salisbury, Connecticut but
has not, so far as known, been reported for Massachusetts. I col-
lected it in Pittsfield in 1902.
Scirpus lineatus, Michx. Collected at Stockbridge in 1902. It
has been recorded from Middlebury and Bristol, Vermont (Кно-
DORA, vi, 139), but not so far as I know from the other New Eng-
land states.
Eriophorum polystachyon, L., var. Vaillantii, Duby. Mr. M. L.
Fernald collected this cotton-grass at Sheffield in 1902. The atten-
tion of American botanists was first called to this variety by Mr.
Fernald in Кнорока, iv. 82, where he records material collected by
Dr. Fellows near Portland, Maine.
Carex aenea, Fernald. Occurs on rocky ledges on the Dome
Sheffield, and in Glendale (vid. RHODORA, iv, 227).
Carex Bebbii, Olney. Occurs in bogs and low ground in Pittsfield,
Glendale and Sheffield (vid. RHopora, iv, 228.)
Carex intumescens, Rudge, var. Fernaldii, Bailey. Occurs not
infrequently in wet woods.
204 Rhodora [Octoase
Carex pauciflora, Lightf. I collected this sedge in September,
1904, in deep sphagnum at the head of Ward Pond in Otis. A sheet
in the Dewey collection in the Gray Herbarium is marked Ashfield,
and Dewey reported that it was collected in Ashfield and Hawley by
Dr. J. Porter, Sill. Journ. x (1826), 42.
Chamaelirium Carolinianum, Willd. This plant was recorded in
1822 by Eaton (Manual of Botany, Ed. 3, p. 303) from Great Bar-
rington, and by Dewey (Hist. of Berkshire p. 52) from Stockbridge.
Several years ago a piece gathered in Stockbridge was sent to me,
but was subsequently lost. This summer I collected it in Great Bar-
rington.
Sisyrinchium mucronatum, Michx. Mr. Fernald collected this
southern species in light sandy soil in Sheffield in 1902. It had
been previously known only as far north as Connecticut.
Microstylis monophyllos, Lindl. There is no Massachusetts speci-
men of this orchid in the Gray Herbarium, but it is recorded as hav-
ing been collected at Berlin, Spencer, and North Adams (Niles,
Bog-trotting for Orchids p. 273), and it has been collected at Man-
chester, Vermont, and in New York State and northern Connecticut.
I found a single plant in a cold spring hole in Stockbridge in
August, 1904.
Arceuthobium pusillum, Peck. Grows on black spruce (Picea nigra)
in peat bogs at the edge of a small pond in Becket, south of Yokum
Pond, and at the head of Ward Pond in Otis. As I gathered it from
a low spruce in September, I was struck in the face by a volley of
seeds. ·
Oxalis filipes, Small. Mr. Fernald collected this southern species
in Sheffield in June, 1902 (RHODORA, v, 34). It had previously
been found at Northampton, Massachusetts, and Mr. Bissell has
recorded it from Salisbury, Connecticut (RHODORA v, 33).
Zex monticola, Gray, var. mollis, Britton. While collecting on the
western side of the Dome in 1902, I found a strange Ilex growing
commonly in shade in the moist woodland. Mr. Fernald has deter-
mined it as Z/ex monticola, var. mollis. The type occurs on the
Taconic and Catskill Mts. in New York, but the variety has not
hitherto been reported north of Pennsylvania.
Epilobium hirsutum, L. Well established along the edge of a
ditch in Lenox, forming a very ornamental border. The owners of
the property inform me that it has been growing there for a long time
1904] Hoffmann,— Flora of Berkshire County 205
but they know nothing of its introduction. It has been collected at
Portland, Maine, and in New Bedford, Massachusetts. |
Epilobium lineare, Muhl., var. oliganthum, Trelease. Grows іп a
sphagnum bog in Sheffield. This northern form has been reported
from Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont and has been collected
by Mr. К. С. Leavitt in North Easton, Massachusetts.
Gaura biennis, L. In 1895 I collected a plant of Gaura in a mow-
ing field in the Notch, North Adams, and in 1904 I found another
plant in a dry field near the Housatonic River in Lee. In Bishop's
Connecticut list (p. 39) it is reported as * becoming frequent."
Angelica hirsuta, Muhl. Grows in rocky woodland on the south
slope of Monument Mountain in the town of Great Barrington. It
is reported frequent in Connecticut but has not been recorded for
Massachusetts.
Pyrola secunda, L., var. pumila, Gray. Occurs in Stockbridge in
sphagnum near thickets of Salix serissima, Fernald. It has been
previously reported from northern Maine, Vermont, New York and
westward, but not, so far as I know, from Massachusetts.
Hydrophyllum Canadense, L. In Eaton’s Manual of Botany (ed.
3, р. 311) this plant is recorded from Williamstown, but it was
apparently not discovered by later collectors in that region, In
1899 I found it along a brook that flows down the northern side of
Greylock, crosses the road from the Notch to Williamstown and flows
into the Hoosac near Blackinton (vid. Deane, RHODORA, vi, 155).
On a second visit this summer, I found the plant common in the
rich soil bordering the brook. "The plant should be looked for on
other portions of the mountain. -
Verbena angustifolia, Michx. Collected in Egremont in 1902. It
has been previously recorded from South Hadley by Hitchcock and
from Amherst by Clark (Cobb’s Plants of Amherst, p. 16). It has
recently been added to the Vermont list (RHODORA, vi, 142).
Veronica Anagallis, L. Occurs in wet brooks in Stockbridge and
Sheffield. This western species is recorded from two stations in Ver-
mont, and there is a specimen in the Gray Herbarium collected by
Oakes in Ipswich, Massachusetts, but it has not, so far as is known,
been again collected in Eastern Massachusetts.
Veronica Virginica, L. Grows in alluvial soil in Stockbridge and in
Sheffield. It is common from Connecticut southward, but there are
no specimens in the Gray Herbarium from Massachusetts or north-
ward.
206 Rhodora [OCTOBER
Plantago media, L. A single plant was found on a lawn in Lenox.
It has previously been reported from Maine, Rhode Island, Ontario
and New York.
Galium Labradoricum, Wiegand. In cold bogs throughout the
county. This northern species has not hitherto been reported from
western Massachusetts, but it has been recorded from northwestern
Connecticut (Bissell, RHODORA, v, 33).
Galium trifidum, L. Occurs in Pittsfield and Sheffield and should
be looked for in Connecticut. It has not, so far as I know, been pre-
viously reported from Massachusetts.
Symphoricarpos racemosus, Michx., var. pauciflorus, Robbins.
Occurs on a dry hill in Sheffield. It grows in western Vermont,
but has not hitherto been known from Massachusetts. The record
for the state in RHODORA, vi, 55 is based on a specimen collected
in Sheffield in 1902.
Solidago rigida, L. There is an extensive patch of this fine golden-
rod on a dry hillside in Sheffield. It has been already recorded from
South Hadley, Massachusetts, and it occurs in Connecticut.
Antennaria petaloidea, Fernald. This species is not uncommon in
the county. It has already been recorded from Worcester County,
Massachusetts (Harper, RHopora, iii, 186).
BELMONT, MASSACHUSETTS.
NOTES ON THE FLORA OF DAY MOUNTAIN,
FRANKLIN COUNTY, MAINE.
С. Н. KNOWLTON.
Day Mountain is a steep rocky ridge of land lying mostly in the
eastern part of Avon, reaching down into Temple at the southern end,
and into Strong on the eastern slope and northern end. It is nearly
parallel with the Sandy River, and its general direction is roughly
north and south. The ridge is well covered with deciduous trees
except at the southern end. Steep and often perpendicular cliffs are
very numerous, some of them two or three hundred feet high.
The entire ridge is over three miles long and is divided into two
parts by a notch about one-third the distance from the northern end.
1904] Knowlton,— Flora of Day Mountain 207
In this notch, shut in by the woods, is a beautiful pond several acres
in extent. Aneroid readings taken by Mr. E. B. Chamberlain give
the following corrected results: southern end, 2059 ft. ; pond, 1369
ft.; northern end, 1601 ft.
From the pond a brook descends on the eastern side through a rocky
gorge, 20 to 50 feet deep, to the Sandy River, goo ft. below. About
соо feet of this descent is a splendid succession of waterfalls, which
is at high water remarkably romantic and beautiful. The northern
portion of the range seems to be composed of calcareous slate, while
the southern end is granitic in structure.
Allied apparently to Day Mountain as regards flora, is a long range
of hills stretching through Strong, New Vineyard and Industry, cul-
minating in New Vineyard Mountain. This range I have not explored
very thoroughly, and even Day Mountain itself, after seven visits, still
seems to offer additional finds to the careful observer.
The following are the more notable plants of the region. Some of
the ferns have been previously reported by Mr. H. W. Jewell (RHo-
DORA, iV, 247).
Adiantum pedatum, L. Frequent along the base of the mountain,
and in the southern towns of the county.
Aspidium aculeatum, Swartz, var. Braunti, Koch. Frequent in the
gorge, and at the base. Exceedingly abundant on one of the New
Vineyard hills.
Aspidium Goldianum, Hook. Wet woods near eastern base. It
also grows in Farmington.
Aspidium spinulosum, Swartz, var. dilatatum, Hook. ‘This grows
luxuriantly on the southern end of the mountain, above 1600 feet.
It is common as low as 1200 feet on all the other mountains of the
county which I have explored.
Asplenium Trichomanes, L., is exceedingly common and luxuriant on
dry shady ledges on the eastern side. This is its limit in this direc-
tion. It has been reported at Livermore, 3o miles away (Mrs. H. К.
Morrell), also at Mt. Pisgah, Winthrop (C. ZZ. Knowlton and Г. О.
Eaton).
Cystopteris bulbifera, Bernh. Wet woods at western base. Also
in Farmington.
Phegopteris hexagonoptera, Fée, is abundant in a clearing near the
southern end. It also grows at Farmington. This is well out of
range, as the nearest stations are near the Kennebec.
208 Rhodora [OCTOBER
Agropyrum caninum, К. & S. Dry rocks, common.
Asprella Hystrix, Willd., is very common in the dry rocky woods.
It also grows in wet soil at Farmington and Strong.
Deschampsia flexuosa, Trin. Abundant on the bare portion of the
top. It also grows on Bald Mountain, Perkins Plantation (С. Æ.
Knowlton and E. B. Chamberlain).
Milium effusum, L. The only station reported in the State. It is
very abundant, and is stoloniferous.
Oryzopsis melanocarpa, Muhl., is very common on dry ledges, and
has previously been reported in Maine only from East Auburn.
Pog alsodes, Gray, and Poa pratensis, L. Occasional in open places
on the summit of the higher part.
Habenaria bracteata, R. Br. Rather common in high woods.
Allium tricoccum, Ait. Very common. Also at Farmington.
Clematis verticillaris, DC. Dry woods, northern portion; the only
station in the region (E. B. Chamberlain and C. H. Knowlton.)
Ranunculus abortivus, L., var. еисусіиѕ, Fernald. Frequent in
moist woods. Also at Farmington.
Arabis laevigata, Poir. Not common here, but abundant on one
of the Strong hills across the river. Reported in Maine only from
North Berwick.
Draba incana, L. Abundant on dry ledges, the only Maine station.
Erystmum cheiranthoides, L. One station in an opening half way
up the mountain, as if introduced. No other station in the county.
Saxifraga Virginiensis, Michx., grows abundantly here and on the
New Vineyard hills, but apparently not on the lower land nor farther
north.
Ribes Cynosbati, L. Frequent.
Crataegus macracantha, Lodd. Frequent in open spaces.
Geum album, Gmelin. On dry rocks (C. А7. Knowlton and E. B.
Chamberlain). In the neighboring towns the white avens is G.
Virginianum, L. |
Geranium Robertianum, L. Very common in rocky woods.
There is one station in Farmington, and it seems here to reach its
northern limit in this direction. a
Celastrus scandens, L. The only station known in the Sandy River
valley. It grows along the Kennebec as far as Skowhegan, and at
Livermore Falls on the Androscoggin.
Conioselinum Canadense, Т. & G. One station near the river.
Also in Madrid, 15 miles north.
\
1904] G. E. D.— Death of William Wendte 209
Calamintha Clinopodium, Benth. Common in dry woods and
copses throughout the southern towns of the county.
Arctium Lappa, L., var. tomentosum, Gray. One station in a
clearing. A remarkably handsome form (C. H. Knowlton and E. B.
Chamberlain). |
Solidago macrophylla, Pursh. А little grows on the higher part
of the mountain. Common on elevations above 1800 feet, and very
abundant on Mount Blue, in the same town (Avon).
The flora of the pond is not appreciably different from that of
similar sheets of water at ordinary elevations. ‘The dryness of the
cliffs seems to limit their flora to plants of one type, but I may later
discover wet cliffs. The mountain is particularly interesting on
account of its many southern species, mingled somewhat with north-
егп plants.
LEXINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS.
Tue DEATH oF WILLIAM WENDTE.—On April 28th, 1904, William
Wendte, an esteemed member of the New England Botanical Club,
was killed by hostile natives in British East Africa. He was born
August 28th, 1877, and his sudden death at the early age of twenty-
seven is the saddest that has occurred in the history of the Club.
Mr. Wendte, although for many years keenly interested in plants, was
diffident in the matter of publication and left no printed papers to
record his observations. He had traveled somewhat widely, making
for instance a visit to the Hawaiian Islands some years ago. ‘The
plants which he collected there he generously deposited in the Gray
Herbarium. He first attracted the notice of professional botanists
by a series of minor but very discriminating criticisms on Gray’s
Manual, which he sent to the editors. He was elected to membership
in the New England Botanical Club, February 3rd, 1899, and
although living beyond the limit of resident membership he attended
the meetings with great regularity.
An active member of the Society of Friends, he had planned to
make an extended tour among the Friends’ Industrial Missions
throughout the world. He had reached the station of Kaimosi,
about twenty miles northeast of Port Florence in British East Africa
early in March. The hostile Nandi tribe had at that time become
210 Rhodora [OCTOBER
so threatening as to oblige the government to send a detachment of
soldiers to protect the Mission.
The exact manner of his death is unknown, but the presumption
is that, venturing too far into the forest while making some botanical
investigations, he was, in company with one of the guards, surprised
and killed by a party of the Nandis.
William Wendte was one of the most self-sacrificing spirits I have
ever known. Self with him was always a secondary consideration,
and he was happiest when doing something for others. His highest
ambition was to fit himself for a career of usefulness, and his death
was a great loss. Possessed of an extraordinarily amiable character
he made friends of all who came in contact with him, and he will
be greatly missed by those who loved him.— G. E. D.
ASPLENIUM EBENEUM PROLIFERUM. — Їп a recent number of
RHODORA ! the writer described a specimen of the above fern which
he found near Baltimore. A few days ago he came across another
while preparing to mount an unusually fine plant. Instead of the
two small, nearly entire fronds less than 4 mm. long, this plant had
two fronds the largest of which was about 47 mm. long. The other
frond was not yet fully developed, but it as well as the mature one
was pinnate and in no way different from fronds of the same size on
sporelings.
Soon after this eleven more specimens of this form were found
during the Botanical Symposium at McCall’s Ferry, Pa. Ten of
these were found in a space six inches square. They were of all
sizes from 50 mm. down to tiny plants with fronds 6 or 8 mm. in
length. All of these had pinnate fronds, and none of them showed
any approach to the simpler fronds of the plant first seen a year ago.
Only one of them was peculiar in having the young plant at the ex-
treme lower end of the stipe — practically in its axil — instead of at
the point where the lowest pinna had been attached. All of them
were on sterile fronds. From this and the dampness of the earth in
which they grew it seems evident that the proliferous character is
mainly caused by the accidental burying of the procumbent sterile
fronds under circumstances most favorable to the decided tendency
1 RHODORA, V, 272, 1903.
1904] Miss Eastman's New England Ferns. 21I
possessed by the fern in this direction. — C. E. Waters, Johns Hop-
kins University.
[Since the above was written two more specimens were found on the steep
side of arailroad cut. Plainly this form is not rare but has merely been over-
looked by collectors.-— C. E. W.]
JUNCUS EFFUSUS, VAR. COMPACTUS IN NEW HawrsHIRE.— In Pre-
liminary Lists of New England Plants, — XIII. Juncaceae (RHODORA,
vi. 34) Juncus effusus, var. compactus, Lejeune & Courtois, is recorded
only from Maine and Massachusetts. On r3 August, 1903, I found
this plant, with /. effusus, L., beside a brook in East Andover, New
Hampshire.— Manv A. Dav, Gray Herbarium.
PLANTAGO ELONGATA IN MassaACcHUSETTS.— The published records.
for this plant in New England, do not extend the range of Plantago
elongata, Pursh, further to the northeast than Greenwich, R. I. In
the spring of 19or, however, Mr. J. F. Collins and the writer collected
this plant in East Providence, R. I., and a few days latter in Seekonk,
Massachusetts. The stations are extensive and the plant well estab-
lished, so without doubt further search will result in extending the
known range towards Саре Cod.— Epwarp B. CHAMBERLAIN, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Miss EasrMAN's NEW ENGLAND FERNS AND THEIR COMMON
ALLIES! is a neat r2mo volume of 160 pages. The style is popular
without being effusive and the information given is unusually accurate
for a non-technical book. Even such recently published species and
varieties as /VepAtrodium pittsfordense and N. spinulosum, var. con-
cordianum are duly included, showing that the authoress has taken
considerable pains to follow up the latest work on her subject. The
nomenclature is in the main that of the sixth edition of Gray’s Man-
ual. In the present divergence of nomenclatorial practice it is well
nigh impossible, however, to treat any considerable group consist-
ently without creating some new combinations. Of these, the follow-
1 Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, July, 1904, $1.25.
212 Rhodora [OCTOBER
ing have been noticed in a brief examination of Miss Eastman’s
book. Dryopteris spinulosum, var. concordianum, Eastman, and
Aspidium spinulosum, var. concordianim, Eastman (=Nephrodium
spinulosum, var. concordianum, Davenport), Aspidium marginale, forma
Davenportii, Eastman (without synonymy but figured and doubtless
relating to NVeprodium marginale, forma Davenportii, Floyd), and
Aspidium pitisfordense, Eastman (Dryopteris pittsfordensis, Slosson,
Nephrodium pittsfordense, Davenp.). The introduction of such new
binomials and trinomials in popular works, and unaccompanied by
complete synonymic citation, although sometimes difficult to avoid, is
always unfortunate. When such names are so published, however,
the author will do well to distinguish them clearly either by the use
of different type (preferably full face) or still better by employing
the customary abbreviations, n. sp., n. var., n. comb., or n. nom. The
importance of thus clearly indicating new names is little appreciated
by popular authors and, indeed, by some technical writers as well.
Yet no small amount of our present nomenclatorial confusion has
arisen through negligence in just such matters, a form of carelessness
or possibly in some cases a false modesty, which has often led to the
oversight of names until long after others have become established.
Botrychium tenebrosum, A. A. Eaton, is appended to B. matricari-
acfolium. We believe it to be rather a shade form of B. simplex,
from which, in fact, it seems to possess no clearly marked distinction,
the position and emarginate nature of the sterile frond being highly
variable even in plants of the same colony.
The chief fern-allies are also described and figured. It may be
noted that the plant illustrated as Lycopodium complanatum is Mr.
Fernald's well marked variety аде оге.
The illustrations are half-tone plates, attractive and sufficiently
clear for recognition. But although a very fine screen has been used
and the printing of the plates is irreproachable the process is not
entirely satisfactory for the objects represented. The venation, for
instance, rarely comes out with distinctness. — B. L. R.
Vol. 6, No. 69, including pages 181-196, was issued September 21, 1904.
Rhodora
JOURNAL OF
THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB
Vol. 6 November, 1904 No. 71
HYBRIDISM IN THE GENUS VIOLA.
Ezra BRAINERD.
(Plate 58.)
Ат the close of my “ Notes on New England Violets” in RHODORA,
vi. 17, I ventured to suggest that the newly recognized species of blue
stemless violets occasionally produced hybrids. Another season of
diligent study of this problem, both in the field and in herbaria, has
brought to light numerous facts that confirm this theory. Indeed
the evidence, when taken in all its detail, seems to place the conclu-
sion beyond any reasonable doubt. The object of the present paper
is to report some of these facts and to present the evidence.
There is a widespread reluctance on the part of American botanists
to regard an intergrading form as a result of natural hybridism.
The systematists of the Old World have far less prejudice, perhaps
because they have studied for a longer time and with more care and
thoroughness the behavior of their species in the field. The burden
of proof is, of course, on the advocates of the supposed hybrid ; but
that proof should be considered with candor, and not thrust aside from
a preconception that hybridism is most improbable. For if hybrids
ever occur in a state of nature, and few will deny it altogether, we
should expect them to occur among the twelve or fifteen segregates of
the old Viola cucullata-sagittata group. These segregates are so
closely allied, that Dr. Gray, who was acquainted with most of the
extreme types, recognized only two polymorphous species with inter-
gradient forms, and that even to-day after prolonged study experts are
widely apart as to the delimitation of species. The floral structure
indicates that the petaliferous flowers are incapable of self-fertiliza-
214 Rhodora ' [NOVEMBER
tion; and when colonies of two species grow closely intermingled,
interbreeding is what might be reasonably anticipated.
In the present paper I shall restrict the discussion to the behavior
of the five species of this group that are most abundant in Western
Vermont, and that have naturally been studied in the field with most
assiduity. I name them with their contrasting characters in the
following table :
V. AFFINIS! . V. SORO- :V.SEPTEN- : V.FIMBRI-: V. CUCUL-
RIA !TRIONALIS: ATULA : ТАТА
mina E i A —:,/,——-———
PLANTS: glabrous : pubescent : glabrous
7—1, " V oom E
LEAVES: cordate- : broadly cordate-ovate : ovate- : cordate
acuminate : : oblong
e A ~ a A 1А
SPURRED PETAL: with few or no hairs : bearded : beardless
К n PE ^ "
CLEISTOGAMOUS horizontal or decumbent : erect or ascending
PEDUNCLES: i ; j :
r А RTT ^ NX 0
CLEISTOGAMOUS ovoid-acum ate : sagittate | =: subulate
FLOWERS: - - f
PT » Ew. А а A
CLEISTOGAMOUS oblong : subglobose: oblong
CAPSULES: usually m ttled with purple : always green
` mA m ^ (P A \
Cr'sr. SEPALS: lanceolate : ovate-lanceolate : narrowly lanceolate
СР" ^. — or ^ X EY
AURICLES : short, inconspicuous : long, spreading, : long, not
: hispidulous : spreading
The number of possible combinations in pairs of these five species
will be found to be ten. In general, if z represent the number of
species, and JV the number of possible pairs, we have the formula,
М№=}л(п — 1). That is, among twelve species of Viola there
would be 66 possible ways of hybridizing. If there were twenty
species of Crataegus so nearly allied that a cross could be effected
between any two of them we might have possibly 190 hybrids.
1 V. venustula, Greene, is found not to be specifically distinct from V. affinis,
Le Conte, as understood by Prof. Greene, or from V. obliqua, as interpreted by
Mr. Pollard in the Britton Manual.
1904] Brainerd, — H ybridism in the Genus Viola 215
This may be represented graphically by writing the five species,
as above, in equal spaces, and then drawing from the extremities of
these spaces straight lines obliquely upward to the right and to the
left. There will thus be formed ten squares, each of which may
represent the hybrid that might arise from crossing the two species
between the sides of the square produced downward. Thus, in the
diagram below, the square marked “а. c? would represent the form
obtained by crossing A and С; i. e., V. affinis x septentrionalis.
a.d b.e
ж ж ж
асс" b. а. сет
ж ж жж ж У. melissaefolia.
ж ж жж ж o
а. b Б. с ОСЬ а. е
ж ж
* * * ж * ж ж V. Porteriana
* *
A B C D E
VIOLA VIOLA | V. SEPTEN- V. FIM- ` VIOLA
AFFINIS SORORIA TRION ALIS BRIATULA CUCULLATA
Asterisks in the several squares indicate the number of different
stations in which the hybrid is believed to have been found ; from
which it would appear, if my conclusions are sustained, that out of
ten possible hybrids eight have actually appeared, and in most cases
more often than once. A somewhat detailed account of these eight
hybrids, of the associated plants, and of the circumstances attending
their discovery is herewith presented.
1. VIOLA SEPTENTRIONALIS X FIMBRIATULA. A deserted clearing
on the mountain side above East Middlebury, partly covered with
blackberry bushes and young pines, has been a favorite station for
V. septentrionalis; and in the more open spaces were to be found
also numerous plants of V. fimdriatula. Неге in the spring of 1902
I noticed in a tract of about four square rods a number of plants that
in leaf-outline and in size and color of flowers were quite intermediate
between the two species just named. The cleistogamous flowers and
216 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
fruit, which were carefully studied the following season, presented
the same intermediate characters; being greenish in general color
like the one parent, but showing in varying degrees blotches and
dots of purple like the other parent. I have again watched the
plants, in their wild state and under cultivation, during the past
season, and in all their stages of growth they have presented no
characters not found in one or the other of the associated species,
with one exception — the plants were nearly sterile. The capsules
contained on the average only one eighth the normal number of
seeds ; though along with these seeds could be seen on each of the
three valves from ten to fifteen aborted ovules.
Quite similar plants were discovered in August, 1903, in a rocky
` pasture near the village of Middlebury. The pasture has been in
use for over a century; but the thin uneven soil of the ledges has
never been plowed, and is more or less overgrown with weeds and
shrubs. For a stretch of a hundred rods along this tract are to be
seen colonies of V. septentrionalis and of V. fimbriatula growing inter-
mingled. With them are found twenty or thirty plants that are so
distinct from either that by the leaf or the flower they can be told at
a distance ; and yet on examination they are seen to be exactly inter-
mediate. In the late summer they produce numerous cleistogamous
flowers and fruit, but nine-tenths of the ovules remain unfertilized.
One of these plants is figured in plate 58, in which may be seen the
intermediate character of the leaf, and the dwarfed, almost sterile,
condition of the capsule as compared with the parent capsules.
The hybrid has also turned up in two other stations in the vicinity
of Middlebury. I have noted also the following dried specimens,
which I regard as identical with the Vermont plants : — “ Sandy
open woods,” Orono, Me., July 3, 1897 (M. Z. Fernald, N. E. Bot.
Club Hb.), June 4, 1898, no. 2256, and Sept. 5 & 16, 1898, no. 2706
(Gray Hb.) ; * Dry open woods," Cape Elizabeth, Me., May 11, 1902
( M. L. Fernald, Gray Hb.), in both stations the parent forms also
were found; “Dry open hillsides near Gap Mt.,” Jaffrey, N. H.,
June 13, 1898 (B. 2. Robinson, no. 658, N. E. Club Hb.) ; “Glade
in dry pine woods,” Seabrook, N. H., May 29 & July 2, 1899 (A. А.
Eaton, Natl Hb.) ; near Winchendon, Mass., Sept. 3, 1895 ( Nat'l
Hb.), V. fimóriatula is on the same sheet ; * Dry soil, pine woods,"
Amesbury, Mass., June 24, 1899 (A. A. Eaton, Nat’! Hb.), V. sep-
tentrionalis was collected by him at same time and place.
1904] Brainerd,— Hybridism in the Genus Viola 217
Last June I received among other plants three specimens of what
seemed to be this hybrid from Mr. L. W. Watson of Charlottetown,
Prince Edward Island. But the trouble was that though V. septentrio-
nalis was common, V. fimbriatu/a had never been reported from that
region, and was not known to occur in the Province of Quebec, or in
northern Maine and New Brunswick. At my request Mr. Watson
kindly revisited the station, and succeeded in finding there excellent
specimens of V. fimóriatula. We are taught in inductive logic that
one of the best possible verifications of an hypothesis is its ability to
anticipate the discovery of facts not before observed.
2. VIOLA FIMBRIATULA X CUCULLATA. This I found in Salisbury,
Vt., along a trout brook that crossed a sterile pasture at the base of
the mountains. Along the edge of the water and in moist hollows
V. cucullata was common, with short petioles and peduncles when
growing in the open, and with long petioles and peduncles when
growing in the shade of alders. On the drier knolls back from the
brook were colonies of V. fimbriatu/a. Beside them I observed last
May plants with wider leaves and larger less decidedly purple flow-
ers marked with a ring of dark-blue at the center. "They were exam-
ined again in August, and some eight of the plants removed to the
garden; the cleistogamous flowers and fruit of autumn, as well as
the foliage and the vernal flowers, revealed a plant midway between
the two familiar species with which it grew; but no capsule ripened
more than four seeds.
I also collected a similar plant in Cheshire, Berkshire Co., Mass.,
Aug. 26, 1903. V. cucullata was found near by, and V. fmbriatula
is a common plant of the region. ‘The specimen has two green fresh
cleistogamous flowers, three somewhat more advanced but brown and
withered as though entirely unfertilized, and one green capsule
shorter than the sepals and containing only three seeds but numer-
ous aborted ovules.
Just such a plant as these is described and figured by Mr. C. L.
Pollard in the Bulletin of the Torrey Club (xxiv. 404) as Viola
Porteriana. It was collected at Bushkill Falls, Pa., May 31, 1897.
Mr. Pollard in the article states that an abundance of V. fmbriatula
was collected on the same excursion; and I have noted in the
National Herbarium and the Bronx Park Herbarium specimens of
V. cucullata, collected at the same place and time, one by Mr. Pol-
lard and one by Dr. Britton. Profr. Greene (Pitt. iii. 256) undertakes
218 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
to identify this with P. dentata, Pursh, and Mr. Pollard has accepted
this name for his plant in the Britton Manual. Whether there is
sufficient warrant for this identification or not, I am confident that
` the Bushkill plant will prove to be a not infrequent hybrid between
V. cucullata and V. fimbriatula.
I would cite as further instances the following specimens: Dry-
ish hillside in open woods, Cumberland, Me., June 27, 1902, (Æ. В.
Chamberlain, N. E. Club Hb.); Jaffrey, N. H., July 25, 1896,
(Walter Deane, N. E. Club Hb.); Jaffrey, N. H., July 4, 1897,
(В. L. Robinson, no. 657 Gray Hb.), “Transitional form between
V. fimbriatula and (?) V. cucullata” ; Dry woodland, Indian woods,
East Lyme, Ct., June 19, 1900, (C. B. Graves, 119, Gray Hb. and
Hb. E. B.) ; Granby, Ct., July то, 1903, (C. Æ. Bissell, no. 8299);
Stafford, Ct., Aug. 26, 1903 (C. E. Bissell, no. 8269).
3. VIOLA SORORIA X FIMBRIATULA. This plant first attracted
my attention in May, 1902, growing at the base of a ledge in a
neglected pasture. The foliage and the color of the flowers at once
distinguished it from the plants of V. fimóriatu/a with which it was
intermingled. At the same time its narrow leaves and prominent
stipules separated it from V. sororia which grew about twenty feet
distant. I took but few specimens, as the colony was not a large
one; some of these I sent to Mr. Pollard, querying if it might not be
a hybrid. He considered it more probably a new species. I have fre-
quently visited the station since, and find that the fruit shows unmis-
takable marks of V. sororia. The plant much resembles V. fipiórza-
tula x septentrionalis; but the less ciliate sepals and their smaller
appressed auricles serve to distinguish it. It is less sterile than most
hybrids, but I have never found a capsule that contained more than
half the normal number of seeds.
I place with this specimens collected in Alstead, N. H., July 15,
1899, by Mr. Fernald (no. 335, Gray Hb. & N. E. Club Hb.). I
would also call attention to a quite similar plant collected by Mr.
Witmer Stone at Media, Pa. (no. 5147) and at Chadd's Ford, Pa., -
July 5, 1903 (no. 5150), and published by him as V. jimbriatula
aberrans (Proceed. Acad. Natural Sci. Philad., Oct., 1903, p. 683,
Pl. xxxvii, fig. 4-6.) Мг. Stone writes, regarding his 5150, “I think
V. papilionacea did grow in the vicinity; V. fmóriatu/a was there in
abundance; and my surmise was that my plants were hybrids between
the two.” І refer to this plant here, as V. sororia and V. papilionacea
1904] Brainerd,— H ybridism in the Genus Viola 219
are so closely allied that they might without much impropriety be
regarded as phases of one species.
4. VIOLA AFFINIS X SEPTENTRIONALIS.— My first and most im-
portant station for this is Knight's Island in northern Lake Cham-
plain, on which I have camped in summer for many years, and whose
two hundred acres I have thoroughly explored. I never observed
there but two species of blue stemless violets, V. afinis and V. sep-
fentrionalis ; but these grow in abundance in moist thickets of arbor-
vitae, under old appletrees and in moist meadow-land. While
studying these species critically in August, 1903, I was perplexed to
find several specimens that I could not satisfactorily place in either
category. The leaves were too acuminate and narrow for V. septen-
trionalis, but not sufficiently so for V. affinis; there was a slight
pubescence on the petiole and on the margin of the leaf and on the
auricles of the sepals, such as V. affinis never had, but not enough
pubescence for V. septentrionalis. What added to my embarrassment
was the fact that I was totally unable to find plump, full grown cap-
sules, though there were plenty of small seemingly immature ones.
I carefully weeded and mulched the large clump that I had left
growing, and waited for further developments. I visited the station
last May and frequently during the following July, and became thor-
oughly satisfied that the plant was a hybrid between the two species
so common on the Island.
A further incident is of interest, as showing that the seeds of this
hybrid, though few, are fertile and will produce vigorous plants.
When I finally on July 24th dug up the clump for herbarium speci-
mens, I found thirty-three seedlings closely clustered about its roots,
bearing each only one or twoleaves. These seedlings I carried home
and planted; they have all lived and flourished. Many of them
produced in September cleistogamous capsules; but all of the cap-
sules show the same paucity of seeds as those on the mother plant.
I found several specimens of this hybrid last May in an open
grove of sugar maples near Middlebury. ‘The ground was gay with
the large violet flowers of V. septentrionalis, and in the moister hol-
lows of the ledge there was an almost equal profusion of V. affinis.
Careful search revealed intermediate forms. One of these trans-
ferred to the garden has produced more than fifty capsules, all show-
ing the characteristic infertility of the hybrid.
I have collected a few specimens of the same thing at a third
220 Rhodora [NovEMBER
station, growing with both parents. But I have failed to discover the
plant in any of our large herbaria. However, the fact that V.
septentrionalis is unknown south of New England, and that 7. affinis
is apparently wanting in eastern New England, would seem to account
sufficiently for the non-appearance of the hybrid outside of the
Champlain Valley.
5. VIOLA SEPTENTRIONALIS X CUCULLATA.— This is another hybrid
necessarily restricted to northern regions. I have found single plants
at three widely separated stations, always associated with the parent
forms. At one of these stations near Silver Lake, Leicester, Vt., I
observed in a large assemblage of V. cucullata one plant with broad-
petaled violet flowers, strikingly distinct from the other flowers. An
examination of the leaves showed decided traces of pubescence. I
transferred the plant to the garden, where it has since produced
apetalous flowers and fruit in abundance. ‘The long somewhat his-
pidulous sepals display qualities inherited from both parents, but the
capsule bears only from опе to six seeds. Lest it may be surmised
that the moving of these plants has caused this sterility, I would here
state that I have the past season transplanted several individuals of
each of the five species under discussion when they were in flower
and later, that they have afterward fruited in abundance, and that I
have never found upon them a capsule that was not plump and
crowded with 40-70 seeds. Violets are transplanted with the great-
est ease, if set in moist shaded soil, and grow luxuriantly under
proper culture.
I received last May from Mr. Watson of Charlottetown, P. E. I.,
live specimens of V. medissaefolia, Greene (Pitt. v. 103) from the
type station. As these plants developed in the summer, they turned
out to be a good match for the Silver Lake plant that I had also un-
der cultivation. The leaves had the Same scanty finely appressed
pubescence and ciliation, the petioles the same sparse villose hairs,
the capsules the same narrow slightly hispidulous sepals and the
same paucity of seeds. The closing sentence of Prof. Greene’s note
shows that the plant suggested to his mind both of the species here
regarded as the parent forms.
Ialso place here without much hesitation a remarkably robust
. plant, collected only in petaliferous flower: “Sandy interval, Fort
Kent, Me., June 16, 1898” (M. L. Fernald, no. 2254, Gray Hb. and
М. E. Club Hb.) It has peduncles somewhat longer than the
1904] Brainerd,— Hybridism in the Genus Viola 221
minutely ciliate and slightly pubescent leaves; the cleistogamous
flower is nearly as long and slender as in V. cucullata, but with
slightly hispidulous auricles, somewhat as in V. septentrionalis.
Dr. James Fletcher, the botanist of the Dominion Experimental
Farm at Ottawa, who has given much expert study to the violets of
Canada, showed me when I visited him last September, a potted
plant of this hybrid that came from St. Stephen, New Brunswick. A
fine photograph taken last May shows over thirty large flowers on
slightly hairy peduncles but little taller than the leaves, and confirms
Dr. Fletcher's statement that it is one of the most beautiful of our
violets. Mr. Watson and Mr. Fernald have both spoken in similar
praise of their respective finds. It is a promising plant that merits
the attention of the florist.
6. У. SORORIA X SEPTENTRIONALIS. Ihavenotas yet succeeded
in finding this hybrid in more than one station. This was in a thicket
on a narrow terrace of fine silt bordering the river above Middlebury.
The plants were growing with a large colony of nearly glabrous У.
sororia, a form that might pass as V. papilionacea. A few rods
farther up the stream was to be seen V. septentrionalis. The hybrid
is distinguished from the plants with which it grew by the narrower
leaves, finer pubescence, somewhat spreading auricles of the sepals,
and the uniformly stunted and often distorted capsules containing
mostly aborted ovules. ‘The plants have not been seen in flower,
and require further study.
7. V.AFFINIS X SORORIA. This has turned up in two stations, fifty
miles apart. The first was on a narrow wooded island of four or five
acres, in northern Lake Champlain. Оп the north end of the island
is a large lagoon of stagnant water made by the joining of two sand-
bars driven northward by wave-action from the two sides of the
island. In the moist leaf mould on the borders of this pool are to be
seen luxuriant specimens of V. afinis, some plants in May bearing
each as many as forty petaliferous flowers. A little farther back in
‘drier and more shaded spots are colonies of V. sororia; and these
are the only two species of blue stemless violets to be seen on the
island. Not far from them I discovered, Aug. 6, 1903, a colony of
plants intermediate in foliage and pubescence. At the time I did
not suspect its relationship with the other forms ; I fancied when I
noticed its scanty pubescence, that I might have found the long
sought for V. papilionacea, and destroyed most of the plants in a
222 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
vain effort to get good fruit. The capsules all seemed but half-
grown; though as it afterward appeared many of them contained
ripe seed. Subsequent study of the plants preserved leaves no
doubt in my mind that they are the result of a cross between the
two associated species.
The other station for this hybrid is in my own dooryard. For
many years I had admired a large patch of biue violets growing in
moist loam under a large appletree. ‘The plants were cespitose and
numerous, and flowered profusely in May, presenting almost a con-
tinuous sheet of blue. Until recently they have been to me a great
puzzle; I could not satisfactorily place them with any of the common
species of the region. I concluded finally “it must be" V. papili-
onacea, an opinion that both Mr. Pollard and Dr. Robinson were
disposed to confirm. But the leaves were too small and too pointed,
the sepals too attenuate, the capsules too small and purple, when I
compared them with specimens of V. papilionacea from the Middle
States. Further investigation the past season solves the problem. I
find (1) several plants that are undoubtedly V. sororia, bearing pale-
bitie flowers, large broad pubescent leaves, large oblong capsules
with ovate-lanceolate sepals and abundant seeds; (2) more numerous
specimens of genuine V. affinis, bearing smaller acuminate perfectly
glabrous leaves, violet-blue flowers, small, short oblong capsules with
lanceolate sepals and abundant seeds; (3) still more numerous
plants, bearing leaves intermediate in outline, size and pubescence,
and capsules that are small often one-sided and relatively infertile.
The average number of seeds in ten capsules (all that were mature
on one plant), was six and two tenths.
8. V. SORORIA X CUCULLATA. On May 20, 1903, in Cheshire,
Mass., (alt. 1200 ft.), I found a large clump of a strange violet,
bearing numerous large blue flowers, growing in moist rich soil
under a wild appletree along the roadside. The plant was nearly
glabrous, the peduncles somewhat longer than the leaves, the sepals
lanceolate. I was at a loss whether to call it V. cucullata or V.
sororia; and hoping to remove the perplexity by getting mature
fruit, I revisited the station the following August. But in this I
was for the time being disappointed; for the capsules, though
numerous, were all small, imperfect and few-seeded. The long
auricles and erect peduncles pointed to V. cucullata, while the
pubescence of the petioles, more manifest than in May, pointed to
1904] Blanchard,— A New Species of Blackberry 223
V. sororia. Apparently my troublesome plant is a cross between
these two species, both of which were growing in the immediate
vicinity.
The same hybrid was found when in flower last spring in two other
stations, associated with the parents. In both cases plants were
transferred to the garden, and developed characters during the
autumn that are in perfect accord with their supposed origin.
I have gone, somewhat tediously I fear, into these details of per-
sonal experience, as I have felt that I could in no other way ade-
quately present the great mass of circumstantial evidence that to my
mind establishes the theory of occasional hybridism in this group of
plants. And this evidence, as the instances increase in number, has
a cumulative force. A single instance of a plant nearly sterile and
quite intermediate between two associated species might not bring
conviction as to its hybrid origin. But when forty or more such
cases are observed, always under similar circumstances, the evidence
has a logical force well nigh irresistible.
Along the southern New England coast and farther south are
found at least six other species of Viola in the same group with the
five under discussion. Are these six species equally guilty of hybrid-
ism with each other, and with any of the five here discussed with
which they may chance to associate? ‘This is a question so grave
and so complicated as to require a separate paper for its discussion.
MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 58.— Viola fimbriatula X septentrionalis: a,
autumnal state showing open capsule with seven seeds and numerous
aborted ovules. И. fimóriatula, J. E. Smith: 2, leaf; c, mature capsule; d,
same open, showing normal number of seeds. V. septentrionalis, Greene:
e, leaf; f, mature capsule; 2, same open, showing normal number of seeds.
A NEW SPECIES OF BLACKBERRY.
W. H. BLANCHARD.
I wisH to report a new blackberry which I think is sufficiently
common and wide-spread, as well as constant in its characteristics,
to merit a name and take its place with the five or six best marked
North American species. Probably every botanist in New England
224 Rhodora [NovEMBER
can find it on his or her own botanizing ground, for I have found it
abundant or common in five of the New England states which I have
visited. From the common high blackberry (Rubus nigrobaccus,
Bailey) it is readily distinguished by the entire absence of glandular
pubescence. It belongs to a group of forms hitherto generally
referred to A. argutus, Link, and R. Randii, Bailey. The type of
the former of these species is still preserved in the Royal Botanical
Museum at Berlin, and I have been able to examine an excellent
tracing of it, now in the Gray Herbarium. It has decidedly narrower
leaflets which are cuneate or obtusely pointed at the base but not in
the least cordate. In A. Randii, likewise, the leaflets are narrower
than in the plant here described and not at all cordate. Æ. Randit
is furthermore a much weaker plant scarcely or not at all armed, and
has a small flower and a small, dry, and seedy fruit. The type speci-
men is now in the Gray Herbarium.
The new species is readily distinguishable by its broad, thin pubes-
cent leaves, by its nearly round stem from two to four feet high, the
canes very often bending over as in the Black Raspberry, and by a
noticeable resemblance to the common running blackberry, Æ. villosus,
Ait. It may be named and characterized as follows : —
R. recurvans, n. sp. Plant softly and copiously pubescent but
wholly destitute of glandular hairs of any kind.
New canes. Stem glabrous, reddish on the upper side, nearly
cylindrical or with five rounded or rarely furrowed faces. Prickles
set in lines over the angles of the pentagonal pith, straight with a
slight backward slant, rather strong, one eighth inch long above the
enlarged basal part, about five to an inch of stem but varying con-
siderably in number and strength. Leaves large (sometimes ten
inches broad), all 3-foliolate or the upper often 5-foliolate. Leaflets
nearly smooth above with thick straight pubescence beneath, yellow-
ish green, coarsely and doubly serrate-dentate, generally thin ; the
middle one broadly ovate taper-pointed, about three-fourths as wide
as long cordate or subcordate, its stalk an inch in length; side
leaflets oval, cuneate at each end and nearly twice as long as wide,
their stalks one fourth inch long; basal leaflets oval, twice as long
as wide, wedge-shaped at each end, sessile. Petioles furrowed and
glabrous, the petiolules pubescent, both armed with hooked prickles.
Old canes. More or less densely pubescent on all parts, except the
upper surface of the leaves; some parts nearly woolly. Leaves more
deeply and sharply serrate-dentate than those of the new canes and
of a lighter yellowish green. Stem nearly round with prickles intact,
the main axis dying back to a considerable extent during the win-
ter. Secondary growth polymorphous and difficult to describe, —
1904] Blanchard,— A New Species of Blackberry 225
leaf-branches, leafy inflorescences and naked inflorescences occur-
ring on all parts of the main axis and often all three kinds growing
from the same old-leaf axil, the leaves often all unifoliate and of all
sizes and shapes. Flowers rather showy, one and one-eighth inches
broad. Petals noticeably broad, one-half inch long, one-fourth to
five-sixteenths of an inch wide, white. ‘The most noticeable form of
fruiting branch about six inches long, with one trifoliolate leaf, and
one or two oval unifoliolate leaves subtending the rather closely-
bunched four to six fruits. Fruit of medium size, cylindrical about
one-half inch high and rather longer than thick, maturing very early.
Drupelets larger than those of Æ. zzgrobaccus, Bailey, black, pulpy,
sweet, but lacking the aromatic taste characteristic of Æ. nigrobaccus.
Growing chiefly in open sunny places and ranging widely over the
New England States, being frequent as observed by the writer in
Southern Vermont, Southern New Hampshire, Western Massachu-
setts, Southwestern Maine, and Central Connecticut. As examples
collected by others may be cited the plant of Mr. M. L. Fernald, col-
lected at Gilsum, New Hampshire, July 23, 1899, no. 22 (hb. Gray),
and plants in the herbariums of Messrs. Luman Andrews and C. H.
Bissell collected in 1903 at Southington, Connecticut; also of Pres.
E. Brainard collected at Middlebury, Vermont. The range is likely
to extend north, west and perhaps south.
This blackberry is frequently erect with canes sometimes five feet
high and seven or eight feet long and a half inch in diameter at the
base, being two to four feet high generally, but it is more often
rather straggling, with the canes recurving and prolonged on the
ground when they frequently tip. The new canes considerably
overtop and often hide from view the fruiting ones, which on small
plants are close to the ground. The species often bears a fine crop
of berries but they are so early that they are overlooked, since they
are nearly gone when most of our species are at their best.
I have watched the speciesfor several years over a wide range and
find it easy to recognize. I have, it is true, found a few plants which
deviate somewhat from the above description, though they probably
belong to this species. Some of them are glabrous with thin leaves,
others glabrous with thick leaves, the former having long, slender,
recurving stems, generally tipping.
WESTMINSTER, VERMONT.
226 Rhodora [NoveMBER
A NEW VIOLET FROM NEW ENGLAND.
Homer D. House.
(Plate 59.)
ALTHOUGH the described species of Violets have increased greatly
within the past decade, it is perhaps more the result of careful study
of the features that constitute specific differences in the violets than
it is the segregation of already described species. At first glance the
peculiar violet described below would appear related to the Sagittata
group, but a study of several sheets from various localities shows that
its affinities lie in an entirely different direction.
Viola Novae-Angliae, sp. nov. — Acaulescent, from slender, as-
cending rootstocks : earliest leaves ovate or triangular-ovate, cordate,
crenate, rounded or obtuse at the apex, 1-2 cm. long, on petioles
2—4 cm. long; later leaf-blades thin in texture, triangular-lanceolate,
4-6 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad at the base, tapering to an acute
apex, the base subtruncate to cordate, margin crenate-dentate at the
base, obscurely and distantly crenate toward the apex; dark green
and nearly glabrous above, paler and more or less pubescent beneath,
especially on the veins; petioles 7—15 cm. long, pubescent with white
floccose hairs or glabrate in age: flowering scapes 6-10 cm. long,
not surpassing the leaves, bibracteolate below the middle, bractlets
ovate with subulate tips т mm. long: sepals oblong-lanceolate, 7—8
mm. long, glabrous, obtuse, 3-nerved, the basal auricle less than 1
mm. long, rounded or truncate: petals narrowly oblong, 12—15 mm.
long, deep purple-blue, spreading, the lateral and lower ones densely
villous with white hairs, the lower one veined with dark purple: cleis-
togamous flowers short-sagittate and blunt, 3-4 mm. long on short
horizontal peduncles, 15—25 mm. long, their capsules subglobose,
about 6 mm. long, or less. |
Sandy shore, Fort Kent, Aroostook county, Maine, M. Г. Fernald,
no. 2245, June 15, 1898. The type is sheet no. 338,658 in the
National Herbarium. j
The systematic position of this species is difficult to decide. By
its small cleistogamous flowers on horizontal peduncles it is related
to V. affinis LeConte. Its leaf-shape is somewhat suggestive of V.
emarginata (Nutt.) LeConte, but its dense pubescence removes it
from close relation with either of these species.
In addition to the type mentioned above the following specimens
may be referred here.
1904] Clark,— Dalibarda repens near Boston . 227
St. Francis, Aroostook Co., Maine, Fernald, no. 2244, June 18,
1898.
Blue Hill Reservation, near Boston, Mass., Charles L. Pollard,
Aug. 24, 1898.
Bridgeport, Conn., Æ. H. Hames, May 19, 1895.
Another sheet collected by Mr. Fernald at Orono, Penobscot Co.,
Maine (no. 2256) agrees with the type in all characters except the
shape of the leaf blades, which are more ovate and cordate in outline
and more densely pubescent.
WASHINGTON, D. C.
DALIBARDA REPENS NEAR Boston, — Although the dainty little
plant, DaZibarda repens, L., may not be in reality far out of its course,
yet it seems to have aroused much interest among botanists in this
section who have recently learned of its being well-established within
thirteen miles of Boston. Deep in the woods of Holbrook, far from
dwelling houses, it covers an area of fully a quarter of a mile in ex-
tent, usually being scattered about here and there, but occasionally
forming large mats, which are easily distinguishable from a distance.
Several hundred plants were in blossom at the time I first visited the
place with my mother, Mrs. G. L. Grinnell, who first found this little
colony. ‘lhe plants border a swamp but seem to keep up just out of
the wet. In company with the 2a//2arda I noticed cinnamon ferns,
mountain laurel, low blackberry vines, and Lycopodiums. There is
no doubt that the Da/ibarda repens, L., is as perfectly indigenous as
any of its neighbors mentioned, for the plants are widely scattered
and show evidence of long residence.— ALicE G. CLARK, East Wey-
mouth, Massachusetts.
MIMULUS MOSCHATUS IN MASSACHUSETTS.— While driving through
Warwick, Franklin County, in August, 1902, I met for the first time in
Massachusetts the Musk Plant (Mimulus moschatus, Douglas), a little
traveler from the Pacific Coast. Its comely yellow corolla smiled up
from a tangle of taller plants that crowded about a spring in a bank
. by the roadside. The little wayfarer seemed to be thoroughly at
home in its narrow quarters in the very course of the trickling water.
The slender viscid stems bore only a few flowers. Аз picked one
228 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
I detected a slight musky odor, and again got just a faint whiff of
musk when at my journey’s end I looked at the carefully cherished
specimen only to find a black and wilted plant without corolla.
Taking the same drive in August, 1904, I looked eagerly to see if
this apparently tender plant had survived the rigors of two New
England winters. I found the way-side spring and caught the gleam
of small yellow flowers near it. Mimulus moschatus was in fine con-
dition ; its ascending stems were well filled with buds and blossoms,
while other creeping stems by rooting at their joints in the springy
soil of the bank, had extended the colony to the roadside, where, in
the black ooze of the gutter, the plant had also established itself. So
far as I have learned the species has been hjtherto reported from
only two of the New England states, Vermont and Connecticut.—
M. E. WARD, Lynn, Massachusetts.
SUBULARIA AT EAST ANDOVER, NEW HaMPsHIRE.— The writer,
while fishing in Highland Lake, recently discovered growing on the
sandy bottom a small plant, which on investigation seemed to be the
little awlwort, Subularia aquatica, L. Knowing this plant to be
recorded from only two stations in New Hampshire, and wishing to
remove any question regarding its occurrence here, the writer sent
specimens to Mr. M. L. Fernald of the Gray Herbarium, who verified
the identification. As it is always of interest to the plant-lover to
learn of a new station for a rare plant, the writer takes pleasure in
informing the readers of Ruopora of this station. On investigation
the plant was found growing abundantly in suitable places all around
the Lake.— Grorce W. Нотт, East Andover, New Hampshire.
Vol. 6, no. 70, including pages 197 to 212 was tssued 29 October, 1904.
Rhodora. Plate 58.
F. Schuyler Mathews del.
VIOLA FIMBRIATULA X SEPTENTRIONALIS (fig. а).
V. FIMBRIATULA, J. E. Sm. (figs. b, c, d). У. SEPTENTRIONALIS,
Greene (figs. e, f, g).
Plate 59.
Rhodora.
Н. Р. House del.
VIOLA NOVAE-ANGLIAE House, sp. nov.
TRbooora
JOURNAL OF
THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB
Vol. 6 December, 1904 No. 72
ALGAE OF THE FLUME.
FRANK S. COLLINS.
On September 4th of this year, the writer visited “ The Flume” in
the Franconia region of New Hampshire. The Flume is one of the
well known objects of interest of the mountain region of the state, and
many readers of RHODORA are doubtless well acquainted with it; but
for the benefit of others it may be well to say that it 15 a narrow
passage, perhaps averaging 15 or 20 feet wide, between perpendicular
walls of rock, seeming almost of artificial construction, so straight are
the walls, and so even the width. А mountain stream rushes down
through it but there is a path all the way ; sometimes on a shelf of
rock, sometimes on planks fastened to the wall. The depth of the
cut, for such it probably is, though cut by natural not by human
agency, is so great that direct sunlight can seldom reach anything but
the uppermost part, and the moisture trickling from above combines
with spray from the stream to make an ideal region for algae.
Nearly everywhere the wall is covered with a dark reddish brown
coating; specimens of this taken at different points showed that it was
practically the same throughout, four species of algae being found
in all the specimens, though varying in relative abundance. Every
here and there on this coating were found masses of translucent
gelatine, colorless, or pale greenish or yellowish; these also seemed
to be of uniform character, seven species being found in each
specimen examined, but in varying proportions. Both the brownish
coating and the gelatine were more abundunt on the southwestern
wall than on the northeastern, plainly on account of the smaller
amount of light to which the former was exposed. The species com-
posing the brown coating were G/ococapsa Magma (Bréb.) Kütz., giv-
230 Rhodora [DECEMBER
ing the reddish tint; Stigonema minutum (Ag.) Hass., S. hormoides
(Kütz.) Born. & Flah., and Scyfonema ocellatum (Dillw.) Thuret. Sti-
gonema hormoides occurred also in the gelatine, but not the other three
species just named; and besides the .S/gonema, there were Aphano-
thece microscopica Nàg., Plectonema Nostocorum Bornet, Calothrix fusca
(Kütz.) Born. & Flah., Glococystis rupestris (Lyng.) Rab., С. ves-
iculosa Nag., and Mesotaenium Braunti DeBy.
Before the mouth of the Flume proper, the stream flows rapidly over
a smooth, sloping rock, in the form of a thin sheet rather than a
stream in the ordinary sense. All through this sheet were scattered
tufts of a bright green filamentous alga which, on subsequent examina-
tion, seemed to be a species of Zygnema, with filaments 25-28 p
diameter. No fruit being found, specific determination was out of
the question. Zygnemas are found in ponds and still waters gener-
ally, often forming large loose masses near the bottom where the
water is not very deep. The present habitat is certainly an unusual
one, and the smooth, unbranched filaments would seem little suited
to holding on to the smooth rock.
As an adaptation there had been developed short rhizoidal pro-
jections, much in'the same way as the forma polyrhizum of Rhizoclo-
nium riparium (Roth) Harv. attaches itself to surf beaten rocks,
while the forma implexum, with perfectly simple filaments, is at home
in quiet bays, lagoons and ditches. It is curious to note that another
marine JAZsoc/onium of our coast, R. tortuosum Kütz., though with-
out rhizoids, resists being swept away by the waves, by means of its
densely crisped and twisted fronds, which entangle it with any algae
with which it may come in contact.
Beside the species mentioned, there were found on the walls of the
Flume, the thin black sheets of Schizothrix Muelleri Nag. and in
quieter parts of the stream, Phormidium Retzii (Ag.) Gomont; on
rocks just outside the Flume, Stigonema mamillosum Ag.
The only reference heretofore to the algae of this locality that the
writer has been able to find, is by Prof. Farlow in Appalachia, Vol.
III, p. 232, 1884; the conditions of his visit were unfavorable, and
he reports only five species; Synechococcus aeruginosus Nàg., Nostoc
rupestre Kütz., N. muscorum Ag., Stigonema ocellatum (Dillw.) Thuret
and Trentepohlia aurea (L.) Mart. It is interesting to note that
none of these were observed at the present visit. This would seem
to imply either that there was more variety at different places along
1904 | Brainerd,— Scirpus validus and Allies 231
the wall than was detected by the writer; or that the species occur-
ring here varied from one year to another. In either case, it is
probable that a student spending some days here might considerably
extend the list.
MALDEN, MASSACHUSETTS.
SCIRPUS VALIDUS AND ALLIES IN THE CHAMPLAIN
VALLEY.
Ezra BRAINERD.
THE lucid account of Scirpus validus and its two allied species,
presented in the April number of RHopora by Mrs. Agnes Chase,
has doubtless led many students of Botany to examine these plants
in the field during the past season. The statement that S. Zezero-
chaetus had been found in New England only at Milton, Vermont, and
the fact that S. occidentalis had not been seen from Vermont at all,
were additional motives for the examination of the bulrushes, that
were known to occur abundantly in Lake Champlain. The result of
observations at many stations over a stretch of fifty miles is here
given.
I. .5. validus is extremely rare in the waters of the Lake. Only
one small colony was seen in a sheltered bay, where it was growing
in mucky sand оп the border of a marsh. It is, however, abundant
along sluggish streams and in small ponds back from the Lake. Its
weak stems ill adapt it to withstand the waves of large bodies of
water.
2. S. occidentalis is the prevailing species in Lake Champlain,
covering hundreds of acres. Its strong, pliant stems enable it to
grow even in exposed situations. It is found in water, one to three
feet deepeven in August. This and the matted interwoven condition
of the rootstocks make it difficult to secure proper specimens. "The
plant begins to ripen seeds some six weeks later than does S. validus.
The * Eastern form," with open panicles, is the usual one in Lake
Champlain; but in one colony near Pelot's Bay, North Hero, the
spikelets are in congested heads, as figured by Mrs. Chase in Plate
DOC.
^
232 Rhodora [DECEMBER
3. S. heterochaetus is also common in Lake Champlain, but is
found in more sheltered places than S. occidentalis. Its stems are
much more slender, but equally lithe and strong. A marsh of sev-
eral acres in Ball’s Bay, Ferrisburgh, is almost entirely given up to
this species. When Isaw it in August the golden fruit was waving
in the wind, and it looked like a field of ripened grain. Indeed, I
was told by an intelligent camper in this region, that small birds feed
extensively on the seeds of these plants in the autumn. S. etero-
chaetus flowers at a date midway between the two other species, and
is readily recognized by the color of the spikelets, their ovoid-conical
shape, and the three-cleft style.
The pleasure of finding that these two new species were so com-
mon in Lake Champlain, was not unmixed with a painful sense of
chagrin that for so many years one had been going in and out among
these bulrushes without observing their marked specific distinctness.
MIDDLEBURY, VERMONT.
NEW STATIONS FOR MAINE PLANTS, — 11.
Epwarp B. CHAMBERLAIN.
Alnus serrulata, Willd. —In 1898 a large clump of this plant
was found in a swamp along the bank of the Pemaquid river in the `
town of Bristol, Maine. This is the first undoubted station thus far
reported from the state, the shrub previously reported as A. serrulata
being a phase of 24. incana with rufescent veins. As the locality is
two miles or more from any house, and is one that is but rarely visited
save for wood cutting in the winter, there seems to be no possibility
of the plant having been introduced from farther south.
Antennaria occidentalis, Greene. (A. Farwellii, Fernald, not Greene.)
— A large patch of this plant was found on a railroad embankment
near Cumberland Center, Maine, in 1902, and specimens then collected
have been determined by Mr. Fernald. "The only other Maine station,
at North Berwick, is about forty miles southwest, and has been re-
ported in RHODORA, I: 152.
Desmodium Dillenii, Darlingt. — Specimens are in my herbarium
from Chesterville, Franklin Co., and also from Falmouth, Cumberland
Co. The Chesterville station represents the extreme northward exten-
sion of the species in western Maine.
1904 | Chamberlain,— New Stations for Maine Plants 233
Гота hederacea, Jacq.— Collected in 1903 on a roadside dump in
Falmouth, where it had escaped from nearby dwellings. ‘This is the
first report of the plant's occurrence north of Massachusetts.
Tpomea purpurea, Lam.— Not unusual on the dumps around Port-
land, and during the past season spontaneous in vegetable gardens at
Cumberland Center. While this plant is not a permanent factor in
the state flora, yet its prevalence in cultivation renders it probable that
specimens could be found on the waste heaps of most of the large
towns in the state, but to my knowledge the plant has not been
reported from Maine before.
Oxalis filipes, Small.— Specimens of a peculiar Oxalis were col-
lected in a mowing field in Falmouth in 1903. They were at first
determined as О. stricta, L., but recently Mr. Fernald has deter-
mined them as above. ‘The species is new to the State flora.
Panicum virgatum, L.— An abundance of this species was found
by Mr. C. H. Knowlton and the writer at Pine Point, Scarboro, in
July, 1903. The plant is of rather southern range in the state, and
is not common.
Polygonum tenue, Michx. — In September 1902, while crossing a
sandy field at Cumberland Foreside, Miss L. O. Eaton and myself
came across a small patch of a plant later determined as Polygonum
` tenue. This is the only station thus far known in the state and forms
the basis of the report in RHODORA, 4: 204.
Scirpus sylvaticus, L. — Specimens of this plant, since determined
by Mr. Fernald, were collected by Mr. J. Franklin Collins and myself
in r903 near West Falmouth Station in the town of Falmouth. Dur-
ing the past season Dr. D. W. Fellows and I found several plants on
Cape Elizabeth near Cape Cottage. Previous reports have not ex-
tended its range north of Wells.
Specularia perfoliata, A. DC. — А few plants of this species were
found in 1903 at the falls of the Presumpscot river in Falmouth.
The plant is of very local distribution in Maine, being known, be-
sides the present station, only from a few points in York Co., and
from Mt. Desert Island.
Specimens of all the species mentioned above are in my own her-
barium, and with one or two exceptions there are duplicates either in
the Gray Herbarium or in the Herbarium of the New England Bo-
tanical Club.
WASHINGTON, D. C.
234 Rhodora [DECEMBER
DivistoN Ім DESMIDS UNDER PATHOLOGIC CoNpiTIONS.— In
looking over certain desmid material during the past summer a char-
acter was noticed which to my knowledge has not been called to
notice in any published paper. It is a well known fact that the
microscopic plants, Desmids, Diatoms, and other small or unicellu-
lar algae furnish a considerable amount of the food supply of various
small fresh water animals. ‘The effect upon the plant cell in such a
case is peculiar. In several cases in material obtained from Read-
ing and South Framingham, Massachusetts, there were also in the
bottles various Entomostraca, the two genera bearing upon the mat-
ter in hand being Daphnia and Cypris. "These
small crustacea have bivalve shells which are
“©, transparent, allowing the food to be seen after
it has entered the digestive tract. It was
^ noted that the change was not always imme-
diately fatal to the Desmid that was swal-
lowed. In a number of cases the cell had
& net only continued to live but had continued
to carry on its division. In such cases, how-
ever, instead of the newly formed cells being like the old cells as is
the usual condition, they appeared as contorted and bizarre forms
quite unlike the old semi-cells. This is of course due in some way
to the action of the chemical contents of the digestive tract upon the
cells of the plants, thus causing truly pathologic conditions. It was
noted in three genera, Cosmarium, Euastrum and Micrasterias, that
such conditions occurred. The last, of which a figure is given, fur-
nishes perhaps the best example of deviation from the typical form.
The end lobe is fairly typical in its general shape but has an addi-
tional small lobe on the face. The lateral lobes are not as well
marked, being on one side almost entirely fused, on the other less
so. In both cases there are various additional smaller lobes. Alto-
gether, if broken away from the old semi-cells, it would never be
taken for a semi-cell of Micrasterias papillifera, which it neverthe-
less is. It would be interesting to determine the sort of form that
would be produced if these peculiar cells were to divide again. Some
clue as to whether or not these cells would exert an influence on the
semi-cells derived from them, might perhaps be obtained from actual
experimenting.— JOsEPH A. CusHMAN, Boston Society of Natural
History.
1904] Tilton,—— An Addition to the Fern-flora of Vermont 235
Some NorEwoRTHY PLANTS OF MaiwE.— On Sept. 7, 1902, a
single root of .So/idago asperula, Desf., with two or three stems was
found within the limits of Portland. Apparently it has not persisted,
as the locality was visited last year and again this year, but the plant
could not be found.
Centaurea nigra, L., is abundant on Long Island in Casco Bay ex-
tending over a large area.
Senecio Jacobaea, L., which Judge Churchill found common on
Prince Edward Island and working its way southward through the
Provinces (RHODORA, iv, 34), was discovered three years ago in the
Deering district, and though still growing freely it does not appear to
be spreading.
Coronilla varia, L. I collected this summer at South Freeport,
where it is thoroughly established, having overrun an old garden lot
and extended to the adjacent roadsides. This is probably the third
station for this plant in the State.
Allium tricoccum, Ait., abundant on Eagle Island, Casco Bay.
Veronica Chamaedrys, L., has recently been received from Mr. M.
H. Briant, West Buxton, who states that it has been growing freely
there in grass land for twelve years or more.
Other plants I mention which have been collected in Portland the
present season, are: ZZ4/aspi arvense, L., Sisymbrium Sophia, L.,
Saponaria Vaccaria, L.
I wish also to report Juncus oronensis, Fernald from Allaguash
River, northern Aroostook, seen by Mr. Fernald in my herbarium.
This, as he suggests, establishes an extension of range for this spe-
cies. — Dana W. FELLows, Portland, Maine.
AN ADDITION TO THE FERN-FLORA OF VERMONT. — Botrychium
Lunaria,Sw., is new to the listed flora of Vermont. I found a specimen
of it at Willoughby Lake last August. It grew in an upland field, at
the foot of a high wooded pasture, which extended back to the cliffs.
I was looking for Ophioglossum vulgatum, L., which I found in abun-
dance, but nearly all had been decapitated by the scythe. In the
same field grew also Botrychium obliquum, Muhl., and B. dissectum,
Spreng. I might mention too Senecio Robbinsii, Oakes, as a very
common plant growing here and in all the fields and pastures round
236 Rhodora [DECEMBER
about. Amid such environment I discovered Botrychium Lunaria,
Sw. The top of the fruited frond had been cut off by the mowers,
but the sterile frond and all the rest of the fern was in perfect condi-
tion. No other specimen was found, but a better time to look for it
would doubtless be earlier in the season, previous to the ravages of
the scythe and the rake. The fern has been identified by Mr.
George E. Davenport. — Ско. H. Tritton, Woburn, Mass.
ERRATA.
Page 21, line 14; for C. Zinctorium read G. tinctorium.
€ 334, " us; " PUBLICATION read PUBLICATIONS.
" 34, " go; " Greenii read Greenei.
"ae "o. 7. rro.
‚^ 57 “ 5; “ oblongifolium read oblongifolia.
*" 70, “ 9; " 1-2 mm. read 1-2 m.
“ 479, “ 30; * Noauk read Noank.
* 80, * то; * BorRicHIUM read BOTRYCHIUM.
" gr, * 6; ‘ Murdock read Murdoch.
* gs, “ 2; “ Caulophyceum read Caulophyllum.
* 97, * 42; * corymbosus regad corymbosa.
*" €* € 43; “ lanceolatus read lanceolata.
"o prO, “ 19; * Szbericum read Sibiricum.
“ t14, “ 14; © RHAPONTIUM read RHAPONTICUM.
* r21, * go; “ cornicula read corniculata.
* 140, * 20; “ Alleghaniensis read Allegheniensis.
* 142, * 25; “ Hedoma read Hedeoma.
«144, “ 1; * MONTANUM read MONTANUS.
" 145, “ 27; © frichomitrion read trichomanoides.
"44 “ а; 4 ЖУР vd XVI.
" 212, “ 2; © spinulosum, var. concordianum read spinulosa,
var. concordiana.
Vol. 6, no. 71, containing pages 213 to 228 and plates 58 and 59, was issued 30
November, 1904.
1904 |
Index
237
INDEX TO VOLUME 6.
New scientific names are printed in full face type.
Abies, 103; balsamea, 103.
Acalypha gracilens, 85; virginica,
Acanthaceae, 152.
Acer, 122; nigrum, 122; pennsyl-
vanicum, 122; rubrum, 122; sac-
charinum, 122; saccharum, 122;
spicatum, 122.
Aceraceae, 122.
Achillea, 132; Millefolium, 97, 132.
Achroanthes monophylla, 112 ; uni-
fol a2:
Achyranthus, 51.
Aconitum, 116; Napellus, 116.
Actaea, 116; alba, 116, 140; eburnea,
140; neglecta, 140; rubra, 116;
spicata, var. rubra, 140.
Addenda to the Flora of Vermont,
137.
Addition to the Fern-flora of Ver-
mont, 235.
Additional notes from Willoughby,
148.
Adiantum, 101; pedatum, ror; 207.
Agrimonia, 120; Brittoniana, 120;
striata, 62, 120.
Agropyron, 107; caninum, 107, 208,
forma caninoides, 107; Novae-
Angliae, 107, repens, 107.
Agrostemma, 115; Githago, 78, 115,
146.
Agrostis, 105; alba, 105, var. vulgaris,
105; hyemalis, 105; intermedia,
178; scabra, 105, var. montana, 105.
Ajuga reptans, 144.
Alder, 126.
Alders of New England, The green,
162.
Algae, 181, 182, 229, 230, 234; of the
Flume, 229; Sailor’s Collection of,
181.
Alismaceae, 104.
Alismataceae, 24
Allies of Salix lucida, Two north-
eastern, 1; of Scirpus lacustris,
North American, 65.
Allium, 110; Schoenoprasum, 110,
139, var. sibiricum, 110; tricoccum,
110, 208, 235.
Alnus, 113; alnobetula, 113, 162;
crispa, 162 ; 163; incana, 113, 126,
232; maritima, 176; mollis, 162;
serrulata, 232; viridis, 113, 162,
163.
Alsine borealis, 115; graminea, 115 ;
media, 115.
Amaranthaceae, 115.
Amaranthus, 115; albus, 82; graeci-
zans, 82; hybridus, 82; retroflex-
SASZ АГЫ:
Amblystegium varium, 72, var. ortho-
cladon, 72.
Ambrosia trifida, var. integrifolia,
144.
Ambrosiaceae, 6r.
Amelanchier, 120; oligocarpa, 120.
American Representatives of Pyrola
rotundifolia, 197.
Ames, O., Spiranthes Grayi, 44;
Spiranthes neglecta, 27. .
Ampelopsis, 122; quinquefolia, 122,
var. murorum, 141.
Anacamptodon splachnoides, 72.
Anacardiaceae, 121.
Anagallis arvensis, 142, var. caerulea,
142.
Anaphalis, 132; margaritacea,
Anchusa arvalis, 91.
Andersson’s Salix pellita, The Iden-
tity of, тот.
Andover, New Hampshire,
laria at East, 228.
Andrews, A. L., Bryophytes of the
Mt. Greylock Region, — III, 72;
Some interesting Mosses from a
southern Vermont Peat-bog, 43.
Andromeda, 125, 149; glaucophylla,
I25, 149; polifolia, 125, 149.
Anemone, r16; canadensis, 192; Cy-
lindrica, 97; rnultifida, 193; rip-
aria, 116, 193; virginiana, 97.
Angelica atropurpurea, 192; hirsuta,
205.
Annual Field Meeting of the Ver-
mont Botanical Club, Notice of,
164; Meeting of the Josselyn Bo-
tanical Society of Maine, Tenth,
147, 192.
132.
Subu-
238
Antennaria, 132; canadensis, 132;
fallax, 132; Farwellii, 232; mar-
garitacea, 97, neglecta, 132; neo-
dioca, 132, var. grandis, 132 ; occi-
dentalis, 232; petaloidea, 132, 206.
Anthemis arvensis, 142; tinctoria,
78, 144.
Anthoceros laevis, 74.
Anthoxanthum, 104; odoratum, 104.
Anychia, 50; canadensis, 50-53; ca-
pillacea, 50, 52; capillaris, 52;
conferta, 51, 53; dichotoma, 50-53,
Identity of, 50, var. capillacea, 50,
52; divaricata, 51, 53; fastigiata,
51, 53; filiformis, 52; lateralis, 51,
53; nudiflora, 51; polygonoides,
51-53.
Apera Spica-venti, 84.
Aphanothece microscopica, 230.
Aphyllon uniflorum, 129.
Aplopappus gracilis, 82.
Aplozia cordifolia, 170.
Apocynaceae, 127.
Apocynum, 127; cannabinum, 127,
var. glaberrimum, 127; hyperici-
folium, 97; medium, 127, 142.
Aquifoliaceae, 121.
Aquilegia, 116; vulgaris, 116.
Arabis brachycarpa, 140; confinis,
140; Drummondii, 140; laevigata,,
208; lyrata, 97, 117; perfoliata,
84.
Araceae, 109.
Aralia, 124; hispida, 124; nudicaulis,
124; quinquefolia, 124; racemosa,
124.
бо Ц 124.
Arceuthobium pusillum, 85, 86, 150,
204.
Arctium, 133; Lappa, 133, var. majus,
133, var. tomentosum, 209; minus,
132.
Arenaria serpyllifolia, 84; verna, var.
hirta, 94.
Arisaema, 109; Stewardsonii, 139;
triphyllum, 109. 163, An interesting
Specimen of, 163.
Aristolochiaceae, 114.
Aronia nigra, 120.
Artemisia, 133; Abrotanum, 133;
annua, 82; canadensis, 97, 133, 192 ;
puc 144 ; ludoviciana, 82,
4; Pontica, 133; vulgaris, 133.
Asarum, 114; canadense, 114.
Asclepiadaceae, 127.
Asclepias, 127; Cornuti, 83, 97, 127;
quadrifolia, 97; syriaca, 127.
Ash, 20.
Aspidium, 100; acrostichoides, 100,
Rhodora
[DECEMBER
var. incisum, 101, 137; aculeatum,
var. Braunii, 101, 203, 207; Boottii,
IOI ; cristatum, 101, var. Clintonia-
num, 101, 176; Goldianum, 101,
207; marginale, 101, forma Daven-
portii, 212; noveboracense, IOI ;
pittsfordense, 212 ; simulatum, 138,
203; spinulosum, 101, var. con-
cordianum, 212. var. dilatatum, IOI,
207, var. intermedium, 101, X mar-
ginale, 138; Thelyterpis, тот.
Asplenium, 101; acrostichoides, 101;
ebenoides, 32 ; ebeneum, var. Hor-
tonae, 138, var. proliferum, 210;
Filix-foemina, 101; Ruta-muraria,
94, 101; thelypteroides, 101; Tri-
chomanes, 101, 207; viride, 101.
Asprella, 107 ; Hystrix, 107, 208.
Aster, 131; acuminatus, 132; cordi-
folius, 131, var. Furbishiae, 132;
corymbosus, 131; diffusus, 131,
var. hirsuticaulis, 131; divaricatus,
I31; Faxoni, 131, frondosus, 82;
lateriflorus, 131; Lindleyanus, var.
comatus, 142; longifolius, 132, 143,
var. villicaulis, 132, 143; macro-
phyllus, 131; paniculatus, 131, 132,
var. acutidens, 143, var. bellidi-
florus, 132, var. cinerascens, 143,
var. lanatus, 131, 143, var. simplex,
143; polyphyllus, 94, 131; puni-
ceus, 132; Schreberi, 143; tardi-
florus, 132, var. vestitus, 132, 143;
umbellatus, 132.
Astragalus, 121; alpinus, 192; Blakei,
121 ; Robbinsii, 121. J
Atragene americana, 116.
Atriplex patulum, var. hastatum, 82,
var. littorale, 81, 82.
Aulocomnium palustre, 43.
Avena, 106; sativa, 106; striata, 106.
Awlwort, 228.
Balsaminaceae, 122.
Barbarea, 118; stricta, 84, 118; vul-
garis, 83, 118.
Batrachium trichophyllum, 117.
Bartramia Oederi, 145.
Bazzania deflexa, 74; triangularis, 74.
Bedstraw, 22.
Beech, 45; PartialReversion in Leaves
of the fern-leaved, 45.
Bennett, J. L., Notice of death, 146.
Berberidaceae, 117.
Berkshire County, Massachusetts,
Notes on the Flora of, 202.
Berteroa incana, 83, 146.
Betula, 113 ; alba, var. cordifolia, 113,
var. papyrifera, 113; crispa, 162;
1904]
lenta, 113; lutea, 113; papyrifera,
тіз рата 2, 9
Bicknell, E. P., Juncus aristulatus in
New England, 174.
Bicuculla canadensis, 117 ;
laria, 117.
Bidens aristosa, 49, 82; cernua, 132;
frondosa, 132, 143; vulgata, 143.
Black Raspberry, 224; Spruce, 42,
149, in Rhode Island, 41.
Blackberry 2819091 223.8225, A new
Species of, 223.
Blanchard, W. H., А new Species of
Blackberry, 223.
Blasia pusilla, 74.
Blepharostoma setaceum, 185.
Blitum capitatum, 114.
Blyttia Lyellii, var. Flotowiana, 165.
Boebera papposa, 144.
Bogs, Some interesting Rhode Is-
land, 149.
Boraginaceae, 127.
Boston, Dalibarda repens near, 227.
Botanical Club, Meeting of the Ver-
mont, 63, Notice of Annual Field
Meeting of the Vermont, 164;
Society of Maine, Tenth Annual
Meeting of the Josselyn, 147, 192.
Botrychium, 100; dissectum, 235;
Lunaria, 235, 236; matricariaefo-
lium, 80, 100, 212, in Connecticut,
Further Stations for, 80; obliqu-
Ming 225 Орех об оо 212:
tenebrosum, ато ternatum, var.
dissectum, 100, var. intermedium,
100, var. obliquum, 100; virginia-
num, тоо.
Bouteloua Humboldtiana, 82; oligo-
stachya, 82 ; prostrata, 82 ; uniflora,
82.
Brachyelytrum, 105; aristatum, 105;
erectum, то.
Brachythecium laetum, 72; plumo-
sum, 73; rivulare, 73.
Brainerd. E., Addenda to the Flora
of Vermont, 137; Hybridism in
the genus Viola, 213; Notes on
New England Violets, 8; Notice
of Annual Field Meeting of the
Vermont Botanical Club, 164;
Scirpus validus and Allies in the
Champlain Valley, 231.
Brassica2 7059. тт eeanvensis, Il
campestris, 117; juncea, 84, 117;
Sinapistrum, 117.
Braya, 117; humilis, 94, 117.
Bromus, 106; breviaristatus, 832;
carinatus, 83; ciliatus, 106; mar-
ginatvs, 83, 84; mollis, 83; race-
Cucul-
Index
239
mosus, 83. var. commutatus, 83;
secalinus, 78, 83, 106; tectorum,
83.
Bryophytes of the Mt. Greylock
Region,— III, 72.
Bryothamnion Seaforthii, 182.
Bryum, 72; capillare, 73; interme-
dium, 73; pseudotriquetrum, 73.
Bulblets of Microstylis ophioglos-
soides, 79.
Bulrush, Great, 65.
Bulrushes, 231.
Butomaceae, 24.
Buttercups, 192.
Calamagrostis, 105; canadensis, 97,
105; hyperborea, 105, var. amer-
icana, 105, var. elongata, 105, 138;
inexpansa, 105; Langsdorfii, 105;
neglecta, 193; stricta, 105.
Calamintha, 128; Acinos, 142; Clino-
podium, 128, 209.
Calla, 109; palustris, 109.
Callitrichaceae, 121.
Callitriche, 121; palustris, 121; ver-
na 12
Calothrix fusca, 230.
Caltha, 116; palustris, 116.
Calypso, 112; borealis, 112; bulbosa,
P.
Camelina, 78; microcarpa, 23, 83,
84 ; sativa, 78.
Campanula, 130, 146; aparinoides,
142; patula, 146; rapunculoides,
ізо wnotundifolla Жо тео 1920
uliginosa, 142.
Campanulaceae, 130.
Camptothecium, 43; nitens, 43.
Caprifoliaceae, 54, 129.
Capsella, 118; Bursa-pastoris, 118.
Cardamine, 118; parvitlora, 54; penn-
sylvanica, 118.
Carduus, arvensis, 133; lanceolatus,
I33; muticus, I33.
Carex, 108 ; aenea, 138, 203; aestiva-
lis, 138; albicans, 108; alopecoidea,
194; altocaulis, 108 ; arctata, 108 ;
aurea, 108; Baileyi, 108; Bebbii,
109, 203 ; bromoides, 109; brunnes-
cens, 109; canescens, 138, var.
alpicola, 109, var. disjuncta, 138,
var. subloliacea, 109, 138; castanea,
108, 192; communis, 108; Craw-
fordii, 109, 138, var. vigens, 138;
cristata, 109; cristatella, 109; debi-
lis, var. Rudgei, 108; deflexa, 108,
var. Deanei, 148; Deweyana, 109;
eburnea, 97, 108; echinata, var.
angustata, 109; filiformis, 108;
240
flava, 108, var. viridula, 108; foe-
nea, 138; gracillima, 108, X cas-
tanea, 139; grisea, 194; gynandra,
108; Houghtonii, 194 ; hystricina,
108, var. Dudleyi, 108, 138; interior,
109; intumescens, 108, var. Fer-
naldii, 138, 203; laxiflora, 108, var.
patulifolia, 108, var. varians, 108 ;
lenticularis, 108; leptalea, 109;
lurida, 1:08, var. gracilis, 108;
mirabilis, 109, var. perlonga, 138,
var. tincta, 109, 135; pallescens,
108; pauciflora, 204; pedicellata,
108; pedunculata, 108; pennsylva-
nica, var. lucorum, Y planta-
ginea, 108; platyphylla, 108 ; poly-
morpha, 194; polytrichoides, 109;
retrorsa, 108, rosea, var. minor,
109, var. radiata, 109; rostrata,
108; saltuensis, 108; scabrata, 108,
X crinita, 139; Schweinitzii, 3, 8;
scirpoidea, 97, 108; scoparia, 109,
var. condensa, 109, 139, var. minor,
138, var. moniliformis, 139 ; setacea,
139; setifolia, 108; siccata, 42;
stellulata, var. angustata, 109;
sterilis, 109; stipitata, 109; stra-
minia, var. echinodes, 139; stricta,
108; tenella, тоо; tenuis, 108;
teretiuscula, 109, var. ramosa, 3, 8;
tetanica, 3, 8; tribuloides, var.
cristata, 109, var. moniliformis,
109, var. reducta, 109; trisperma,
109; Tuckermani, 108; umbellata,
var. brevirostris, 139; utriculata,
var. minor, 108, vaginata, 108,
148; varia, 139; vesicaria, var.
distenta, 139, var. jejuna, 139, var.
Raeana, 193; vestita, 194; viridula,
108; vulpinoidea, 109.
Carices, 94.
Carum, 124; Carui, 124.
Carya alba, 194.
Caryophyllaceae, 115.
Cassandra calyculata, 125.
Castalia odorata, 116.
Castilleia pallida, var. septentrionalis,
94-
Castilleja pallida, var. septentrionalis,
192.
Caulerpa prolifera, 182.
Cauloph yllum, 117, 236; thalictroides,
95, 117.
Cedar, 93.
Celastraceae, 121.
Celastrus, 121 ; scandens, 121, 208.
Cenchrus tribuloides, 82.
Centaurea nigra, 235; vochinensis,
23.
Cephalozia, 173; catenulata, 173, 174 ;
Rhodora
[DECEMBER
divaricata, 173; Helleri, 172; Jackii,
173; reclusa, 173, 174; serriflora,
173, 174; virginiana, 173, 174.
Cephaloziella, 173; Jackii, 173.
Cerastium, 62, 115; vulgatum, 115.
Chamaedaphne, 125 ; calyculata, 125.
Chamaelirion carolinianum, 204.
Chamaenerion angustifolium, 123.
Chamberlain, E. B., New Stations for
Maine Plants, 194, 232 ; Plantago
elongata in Massachusetts, 211.
Champlain Valley, Scirpus validus
and Allies in the, 231.
Chase, A., North American Allies of
Scirpus lacustris, 65.
Chelone, 128 ; glabra, 128.
Chenopodiaceae, 114.
Chenopodium, 83, 114; album, t14,
var. viride, 82, 140; capitatum, 114;
foetidum, 83; leptophyllum, 82;
olidum, 82.
Chimaphila, 125; umbellata, 125.
Chiogenes, 126; hispidula, 126 ; ser-
pyllifolia, 126.
Chionanthus, 89; chinensis, 20; Note
on the Polygamy of, 89; retusa,
I9, 20, 89; virginica, 18, 20, 89;
'The Pseudo-monoclinism of, 18.
Chittendon, M. D., Notice of Annual
Field meeting of the Vermont
Botanical Club, 164.
Chloris cucullata, 82; elegans, 82.
Choreocolax Polysiphoniae, 182.
Chrysanthemum, 133; Balsamitae,
var. tanacetoides, 133 ; Leucanthe-
mum, var. subpinnatifidum, 133.
Chrysosplenium, t19; americanum,
119.
Cicer arietinum, 144.
Cichoriaceae, 61.
Cichorieae, 62.
Cicuta, 124; bulbifera, 124. к
Cinna, 105; latifolia, 105; pendula,
105.
Cinnamon Ferns, 227.
Circaea, 123; alpina, 97, 123; Lute-
tiana, 123.
Cirsium, 133; arvense, 133 ; lanceo-
latum, 97, 133; muticum, 133.
Cladium, 108; mariscoides, 108.
Clark, A. G., Dalibarda repens near
Boston, 227; An interesting Speci-
men of Arisaema triphyllum, 163 ;
Triosteum perfoliatum, in Massa-
chusetts, 179.
Clark, H. L., Notes on Maryland
Plants, 176.
Claytonia, 115; caroliniana, 115.
Clematis, 116; verticillaris, 116, 192,
208 ; virginiana, 97, 116.
1904]
Cleome serrulata, 79, in Maine, 79.
Clinopodium vulgaré, 128.
ісп ево
Clintonia, 110; borealis, 97, 110.
Club, Meeting of the Vermont Botan-
ical, 63; Notice of Annual Field
Meeting of the Vermont Botanical,
164.
Су ере.
Codium tomentosum, 182.
Coeloglossum bracteatum, 111.
Collection of Algae, A Sailor's, 181.
Collins, Е. S., Algae of the Flume,
229; A Sailor's Collection of Algae,
ISI:
Collins ШШК hes аск Spruce in
Rhode Island, 41; Some interest-
ing Rhode Island Bogs, 149; Some
Maine Mosses, 145. |
Compositae, 61, 62, 130.
Concord Nephrodium, Purdie’s, 33.
Conioselinum canadense, 208.
Connecticut Flora at the St. Louis
Exposition, 180; Further Stations
for Botrychium matricariaefolium
in, 80; Grasses, Notes on two, 177;
Helenium nudiflorum in Groton,
79; Noteworthy Plants of south-
eastern,— IV, 48; Panicum Com-
monsianum in, 42; Plants, Some
unusual, 195; Some Introduced
Plants of, 78; Some Introduced
Weeds of, 146; Two Noteworthy
Plants of New Haven, бо.
Conopholis americana, 152.
Convallaria majalis, 139.
Convolvulaceae, 127.
Convolvulus, 127; sepium, 127.
Coptis, 116; trifolia, 116.
Corallorhiza, 112; innata, 112; mul-
Horan To:
Cordaea Flotowiana, 165.
Coreopsis, 82.
Coriander, 23.
Coriandrum sativum, 23.
Corn, 83.
Cornaceae, 54, 124.
Cornus, 124; alternifolia, 54, 124;
Amomum, 54-56 ; Arnoldiana, 56;
canadensis, 54, 124; candidissima
62; circinnata, 54, 124; florida,
54; paniculata, 54, 56, X Purpusi,
Ба БОС, Витри 545 Бу; sericea,
55; stolonifera, 54, 56, 124.
Coronilla varia, 235.
Gorylus#1 tah rostrata, тта:
Cosmarium, 234.
Cosmos parviflorus, 82.
Cotula australis, 82.
Index
241
Crassulaceae, 118.
Crataegus, 120, 214; anomala, 140;
ascendens, 140; asperifolia, 140;
Brainerdi, 140; champlainensis,
140; coccinea, 140; contigua, 140;
delucida, 140; demissa, 140; dil-
atata, 140; dissona, 140; Eggles-
toni, 140; exclusa, 141; flabellata,
120, мат genialis era пум glauca:
phylla, 141; Gravesii, 141; Hol-
mesiana, I41; intricata, I41; Jes-
upi, I41; lobulata, 141; macra-
cantha, 208; matura, 141; media,
120, I41; membranacea, 141; mod-
esta, 141; pentandra, 141; polita,
141; praecoqua, 141; Pringlei, 141;
punctata, var. aurea, 141; scabrida,
141; submollis, 141; succulenta,
141.
Crepis, 78, 146; setosa, 144; virens,
78, 146, var. agrestis, 144, var. run-
cinata, 144.
Croton capitatus, 86; texensis, 86.
Cruciferae, 9, 117.
Cucurbitaceae, 130.
Cupressus thyoides, 97.
Cupuliferae, 113.
Cuscuta Epithymum, 78, 146.
Cushman, J. A., Division in Desmids
under pathologic Conditions, 234.
Cynoglossum virginicum, 193.
Cyperaceae, 71, 107.
Cypripedium, 111; acaule, 111; arie-
tinum, rrr; hirsutum тїї; parvi-
florum, III: pubescens, III; re-
ginae, tir, spectabile, 8, TII.
Cypris, 234.
Cystopteris, 100; bulbifera, 100, 207 ;
fragilis, 100.
Dactylis, тоб; glomerata, тоб.
Daisies, 192.
Dalibarda, 119, 227; repens, 119, 227,
near Boston, 227.
Dandelion, Fall, 23.
Danthonia, 106;
spicata, 97, 106.
Daphne Mezereum, 86.
Daphnia, 234.
Davenport, E. B., Recollections of
Charles Christopher Frost, 25.
Davenport, G. E., Death of William
Wendte, 209 ; Miscellaneous Noies
on New England Ferns, — VI, 31.
Day, M. A., Juncus effusus, var. com-
pactus in New Hampshire, 211.
Day Mountain, Franklin County,
Maine, Notes on the Flora of, 206.
Deane, W., Note on Hydrophyllum
compressa, 106;
242
canadense, 184; Preliminary Lists
of New England Plants,—XVI, 151.
Death of William Wendte, 209.
Delphinium Ajacis, 144.
Dentaria, 118; diphylla, 118.
Dermocarpa prasina, 182.
Deschampsia elongata, 82; flexuosa,
208..
Desmids, 234; Under pathologic
Conditions, Division in, 234.
Desmodium Dillenii, 232 ; pauciflor-
um, 177; rotundifolium, 141.
Desmodiums, 177.
Dianthera americana, 152, 160, 161.
Dianthus, 115; barbatus, 115; plum-
arius, 144.
Diatoms, 234.
Dicentra, 117; canadensis, 117; Cu-
cullaria, 117.
Dicksonia, 100; pilosiuscula, 100;
punctilobula, 100.
Dicranum, 43; Bonjeani, 43; monta-
num, 73; undulatum, 73; viride, 73.
Dictyosiphon foeniculaceus, forma
flaccidus, 182.
Diervilla, 130; Diervilla, 130; Loni-
cera, 54; trifida, 130.
Diodia virginiana, 176.
Diplolaena Lyellii, var. Flotowiana,
165.
Diplophylleia Helleriana, 172.
Diplophyllum exsectiforme, 171; ex-
sectum, (71; Hellerianum, 172.
Dirca, 123, palustris, 86, 123.
Distichium capillaceum, 145.
Division in Desmids under patho-
logic Conditions, 234.
Doellingeria umbellata, 132.
Draba, 118; arabisans, 97; incana,
118, 208, var. arabisans, 118.
Driggs, A. W., Connecticut Flora at
the St. Louis Exposition, 180.
Drosera, 118; rotundifolia, 118.
Droseraceae, 118.
Dryopteris acrostichoides, 100, var.
Schweinitzii, ror; Boottii, 101;
Braunii, тот; cristata, 101; Goldi-
ana, 101; marginalis, 75-77, 101;
noveboracensis, 101; pittsfordensis,
75, 71, 138, 212; spinulosa, 75—77,
101, var. concordiana, 212, var.
dilatata, 75, var. intermedia, 77,
101; Thelypteris, 101.
Dulichium, 107; arundinaceum, 107 ;
spathaceum, 107.
Dysodia chrysanthemoides, 82, 144.
East Andover, New
Subularia at, 228.
Hampshire,
Rhodora
[ DECEMBER
Eastman's New England Ferns and
their common Allies, Miss, 211.
Eaton, A. A., Note on Equisetum
pratense, 92.
Eatonia, 106; pennsylvanica, 106.
Echinocystis, 130; lobata, 130.
Echinospermum Lappula, 82; Red-
owskii, var. occidentale, 82, 84.
Echium vulgare, 83, 146.
Eggleston, W. W., Addenda to the
Flora of Vermont, 137.
Elaeagnaceae, 86.
Elements in the Flora of western
Maine, Some casual, 81.
Eleocharis, 107; intermedia, 107, 203;
obtusa, 107 ; palustris, 107 ; pauci-
flora 107; pygmaea 107; tenuis, 107.
Ellisia Nyctelea, 151, 155.
Elodes campanulata, 123.
Elymus, 107 ; canadensis, 107; Sitan-
ion, 83.
Elytrospermum californicum, 71.
Encalypta, 145; ciliata, 145;
counii, 145.
Entomostraca, 234.
Epigaea, 125; repens, 125.
Epilobium, 123; adenocaulon, 123;
angustifolium, 123; coloratum, 123;
hirsutum, 204; lineare, 123, var.
oliganthum, 205; strictum, 123.
Epiphegus, 129; virginiana, 129, 152.
Equiseta, 148.
Equisetaceae, 102.
Equisetum, 92, 102; arvense, 92, 102,
forma pseudo-sylvaticum, 102, var.
nemorosum, 102; fluviatile, 102;
hyemale, 102; limosum, 102; pa-
lustre, 192; pratense, 92, 138, 148,
193, Note on, 92; scirpoides, 102;
silvaticum, 92; sylvaticum, 102;
variegatum, 192, var. Jesupi, 193.
Eragrostis major, 82; neo-mexicanus,
82.
Erechtites, 133; hieracifolia, 133;
prealta, 133.
Ericaceae, 125.
Erigeron, 131; annuus, 131; bellidi-
folius 131; canadensis, 131; hys-
sopifolius, 131, 193; Philadelphi-
cus, 131; pulchellus, 131; ramosus,
1321; strigosus, 131.
Eriocaulaceae, 109.
Eriocaulon, 109; septangulare, 109.
Eriophorum, 107; alpinum, 107; gra-
cile, 108; polystachyon, 107, var.
latifolium, 108, var. Vaillantii, 203;
vaginatum, 149; virginicum, 108.
Erodium Botrys, 82, 144; cicutarium,
81, 82, 84; moschatum, 8r, 82, 84.
Ma-
1904]
Erysimum, 62; cheiranthoides, 84,
208.
Errata, 236.
Erythronium, 110; americanum, 110.
Eschscholtzia, 144.
Euastrum, 234.
Eucheuma isitorme, 182.
Eupatoriae, 62.
Eupatorium, 130; ageratoides, 97,
130; boreale, 130; maculatum, 130;
pertoliatum, 130, 179, forma pur-
pureum, I43; purpureum, 97, 177.
Euphorbia, 84, 87, 121; corollata, 85 ;
Cyparissias, 85, 121; Esula, 85;
glyptosperma, 84-86; Heliosco-
Pig, Зу Ehirsuta Е 85, 6 87. 195);
Ipecacuanhae, 85, 87; maculata, 85;
Peplus, 86; platyphylla, 86, 87;
polygonifolia, 86; Preslii, 86, 87 ;
prostrata, 87; serpens, 87.
Euphorbiaceae. 85, 121.
Eurhyncium Boscii, 73;
color, 73.
Euthamia graminifolia, 131.
Evans, A. W., Notes on New Eng-
land Hepaticae, — II, 165, 185.
Exposition, Connecticut Flora at the
St. Louis, 180.
gramini-
Fagopyrum, 114; esculentum, 114;
tataricum, 114.
Fagus, 113; americana, 113; ferru-
ginea, 113; sylvatica, 45, var. as-
plenifolia, 45-47, var. cristata, 45,
var. pendula, 45.
Fall Dandelion, 23.
Fellows, D. W., Some Noteworthy
Plants of Maine, 235.
Fern, 77, 176, 236; Clinton, 177; Flora
of Vermont, An addition to the, 235;
from Vermont, A new Hybrid, 75.
Fernald, M. L., American Represent-
atives of Pvrola rotundifolia, 197 ;
'The Green Alders of New England,
162 ; Identity of Andersson's Salix
pellita, тот; Identity of Michaux's
Lycopus uniflorus, 134; Prelimi-
пагу Lists of New England Plants,
— XIII, Juncaceae, 34; Pyrola asar-
ifolia, var. incarnata, n. comb., 178;
Two northeastern Allies of Salix
lucida, 1.
Ferns, 23, 95,97, 148; and their com-
mon Allies, Miss Eastman’s New
England, 211; cinnamon, 227; Mis-
cellaneous Notes on New England,
VI, — 31.
Festuca, 106; elatior, 106, var. pra-
Index
243
tensis, 106; Myurus, 83; tenella,
83.
Filices, 23.
Flora at the St. Louis Exposition,
Connecticut, 180; of Berkshire
County, Massachusetts, Notes on
the, 202; of New Bedford, Plants
new to the, 22, 144; of Day Moun-
tain, Franklin County, Maine,
Notes on the, 206; of Maine, Some
Plants new to the, 91; of Vermont,
Addenda to the, 137; of western
Maine, Some casual Elements in
the, 81 ; of Willoughby, Vermont,
93.
Flume, Algae of the, 229.
Foeniculum vulgare, 144.
Fossombronia Wondraczeki, 190.
Fragaria, 119; americana, 119; vesca,
119; virginiana, 97, 119.
Fragrant fungus, 125.
Franklin County, Maine; Notes on
the Flora of Day Mountain, 206.
Fraxinus, 126 ; americana, 126; nigra,
126 ; sambucifolia, 126.
Fringe-tree, 20.
Frost, C. C. Recollections of, 25.
Frullania Brittoniae, 74, 190; dilatata,
74 ; riparia, 190.
Fungus, Fragrant, 125.
Further Stations for Botrychium
matricariaefolium in Connecticut,
8o.
Galeopsis, 128; Tetrahit, 128.
Galinsoga parviflora, var. hispida,
9t.
Galium, 21, 22, 129; asprellum, 129;
boreale, 142, 195; Claytoni, 129;
Labradoricum, 21, 206; lanceola-
tum, 129; А newly introduced 22;
praecox, 22; Some Notes on, 2I;
sylvaticum, 142; tinctorium, 21,
22, var. Labradoricum, 21; trifidum,
21, 129, 206 ; triflorum, 129; verum,
322; Wirtgeni, 22;
Gaultheria, 126 ; procumbens, 126.
Gaura biennis, 205.
Gaylussacia resinosa,
carpa, 142.
Gentiana, 127; Amarella, var. acuta,
94; linearis, 127.
Gentianaceae, 127.
Geocalyx graveolens, 74.
Geranium Robertianum, 208.
Geum, 120; album, 208; macrophyl-
lum, 193; rivale, 120; strictum,
120; virginianum, 208. ,
Gilia, 153; androsacea, 153; coronopi-
var. glauco-
244
folia, 151, 152; inconspicua, 151;
leucocephala, 151; linearis, 84, 144,
151, 153; tricolor, 153, var. longi-
pedicellata, 151, 154.
Glechoma hederacea, 127.
Gloeocapsa Magma, 229.
Gloeocystis rupestris, 230 ; vesiculosa,
230.
Glyceria, 106; canadensis, 106; elon-
gata, 106; grandis, 106; nervata,
106; pallida, 106.
Glycyrrhiza lepidota, 82.
Gnaphalium, 132; decurrens, 132;
obtusifolium, 132; polycephalum
132; sylvaticum, 193; uliginosum,
132.
Gobia baltica, 182.
Goldenrod, An undescribed Variety
of, 182.
Goldenrods, 49.
Goodyera, , 112; Menziesii, 193;
repens, var. ophioides, 112; tessel-
lata, 112.
Gramineae, 104.
Graphephorum melicoideum, 192.
Grass, 90, 177.
Grasses, 148; Notes on two Connecti-
cut, 177. M
Graves, C. B. Noteworthy Plants of
southeastern Connecticut, — IV, 48;
Some unusual Connecticut Plants,
195; An undescribed Variety of
Goldenrod, 182.
Graves, F. M. Helenium nudiflorum
in Groton, Connecticut, 79.
Great Bulrush, 65.
Green Alders of New England, 162.
Grevlock Region, Bryophytes of the
Mt. — III, 72.
Groton, Connecticut, Helenium nudi-
florum in, 79.
Gymnospermae, 102.
Gyrostachys cernua, 112; gracilis,
112; Romanzoffiana, 112.
Habenaria, 111; bracteata, 111, 208;
clavellata, 111; dilatata, 111; fim-
briata. 111; Hookeri, 111; hyper-
borea, 111; obtusata, III; orbi-
culata, 111; psycodes, ІІІ, X la-
cera, 139; tridentata, 111.
Halenia deflexa, 192.
Halorrhagidaceae, 123.
Harger, E. B. Some Introduced
Plants of Connecticut, 78.
Harpanthus scutatus, Igo.
Hay, 83.
Heather, 24.
Hedeoma hispida, 142.
Rhodora
[DECEMBER
Hedysarum, 121 ; americanum, 121;
boreale, 97, 121, 192.
Helenium, 82 ; nudiflorum, 79, 81, 82,
in Groton, Connecticut, 79.
Helianthemum canadense, 97.
Helianthus, 132; annuus, 132 ; Maxi-
miliani, var. asperrimus, 147;
mollis, 88, 89, in Massachusetts,
Occurrence of Verbena stricta and,
88; tuberosus, 132.
Heliopsis, 83 ; scabra, 83.
Heliotropium Curassavicum, 84.
Hemerocallis, 110; fulva, 110.
Hepatica, 116; acuta, 116;
loba, 116.
Hepaticae, 74, 165; Notes on New
England, — II, 165, 185.
Heracleum, 124; lanatum,
Sphondylium, 144.
Heron's-bill, 81,
Hervey, E. W., Plants new to the
Flora of New Bedford, 22, 144.
Heterospermum pinnatum, 82.
Hieracium, 134; aurantiacum, 134;
Marianum, 143; Pilosella, 143;
praealtum, 144; scabrum, 134.
Hierochloe, 104 ; borealis, 104.
Hill, E. J., Note on the Polygamy of
Chionanthus, 89.
Hippuris, 123; vulgaris, 123.
Hoffmann, R., Notes on the Flora of
Berkshire County, Massachusetts,
202.
Holt, G. W., Subularia at East An-
dover, New Hampshire, 228.
Homalia, 145; trichomanoides, var.
Jamesii, 236; trichomitrion, var.
Jamesii, 145.
Hordeum, 107; jubatum, 83; pra-
tense, 83; vulgare, 107, var. Aegi-
ceras, 107.
House, Н. D., А new Violet from
New England, 226.
Houstonia purpurea, var. calycosa,
195.
Humulus, 114; japonica, 139; Lup-
ulus, 114.
Hybrid Fern from Vermont, A new,
acuti-
124 ;
75-
Hybridism in the genus Viola, 213.
Hydrocotyle, 124; americana, 124.
Hydrophyllaceae, 151.
Hydrophyllum, 156-158; appendicu-
latum, 151, 156; canadense, 151,
155-158, 160, 184, 185, 203, 205,
Note on, 184; sp., 158; virginicum,
151, 156-158, 185.
H ylocomium brevirostrum, 73.
Hymenatherum aureum, 81, 82.
1904]
Hypericaceae, 122.
Hypericum, 122; boreale, 122; can-
adense, 123; maculatum, 122 ; mu-
tilum, 122; perforatum, 122; vir-
ginicum, 123.
Hypnum crista-castrensis, 97; cu-
pressiforme, 97; cuspidatum, 43,
73; splendens, 97; Sullivantii,
73; umbratum, 97 ; vernicosum, 43.
Hypochaeris radicata, 23.
Hypopitys Hypopitys, 125.
Identity of Andersson's Salix pellita,
191; of Anychia dichotoma, 50; of
Michaux's Lycopus uniflorus, 134.
Ilex, 121; monticola, var. mollis,
204; verticillata, 121.
llicioides mucronata, 121.
Impatiens, 122; aurea, 122; biflora,
129 fulva i227 pallida, 122:
Interesting Rhode Island Bogs,
Some, 149; Specimen of Aris-
aema triphyllum, 163.
Introduced Сайит, А newly, 22;
Plants of Connecticut, Some, 78;
Weeds of Connecticut, Some, 146.
inula 1325 = Helenium; 132,
Ipomoea hederacea, 233; purpurea,
233-
Iridaceae, J11.
Iris, 111; pseudacorus, 143; versi-
color, 111.
Isoetaceae; 102.
Isoetes, 102; macrospora, 102, 138,
Tuckermani, var. borealis, 138.
Iva xanthiifolia, 144.
Ixophorus glaucus, 104 ; italicus, 104,
viridis, 104.
Jack-in-the-Pulpit, 163.
Jasione, 146; montana, 146.
Josselyn Botanical Society of Maine,
Tenth annual Meeting of the,
147, 192.
Juglandaceae, 112.
Juglans, 112; cinerea, 112.
Juncaceae, 38, 109, 174, 211; Prelim-
inary Lists of New England Plants,
— XIII, 34.
Juncoides parviflorum, 110.
Juncus, 109; acuminatus, 34 ; alpi-
nus, 34, 35, IIO, 139, var. insignis,
34, 35, 40; aristulatus, 174, 175, in
New England, 174; articulatus,
34, 35, 110, var. obtusatus, 34, 35,
139; balticus, 34,40; brachycarpus,
34, 41; brachycephalus, 34, 40, 110;
brevicaudatus, 34—36, 110; bufoni-
us, 34, 38-40, 109, var. congestus,
Index
245
34, 39, var. halophilus, 34, 39, 40;
bulbosus, 41; canadensis, 34—36,
var. brevicaudatus, 35, var. coarc-
tatus, 35, var. subcaudatus, 34;
castaneus, 41; Congdoni, 39; con-
glomeratus, 36, 41; debilis, 34;
dichotomus, 34, 37, 41; Dudleyi,
34, 109; effusus, 34, 109, 211, var.
compactus, 34, 36, 41, 211, in New
Hampshire, 211, var. conglomer-
atus, 36; filiformis, 34; Gerardi,
34, 40, 143; Greenei, 34; Leersii,
36, 41; marginatus, 34, 175; mili-
taris, 34; nodosus, 34, 109; oro-
nensis, 34, 36, 38, 41, 235; pelocar-
pus, 34; ranarius, 39, 40; scirpoides,
41; Secundus, 34, 139; sphaero-
carpus, 38, 40; stygius, var. ameri-
canus, 34, 4I; subtilis, 34, 41;
tenuis, 35, var. anthelatus, 35, 37,
var. Williamsii, 35, 109, 139, 196;
Torreyi, 35, 38; trifidus, 35, var.
monanthus, 41; Vaseyi, 35, 37, 38,
41.
Jungermannia aquatica, 167; catenu-
lata, 173; cordifolia, 170, 171;
emarginata, var. aquatica, 167, var.
grandis, 167; exsecta, 171; ex-
sectaeformis, 171 ; Helleriana, 172;
lanceolata, 190; pauciflora, 185;
pumila, 190; reclusa, 173; ripa-
гіа, 171; var. potamophila, 171;
Schultzii, 185; scitula, 172; sertula-
rioides, 185; setacea, 185; verrucu-
losa, 172, var. Helleri, 172.
Justicia americana, 161; peduncu-
lata, 161.
Kalmia, 125; angustifolia, 125;
glauca, 125, 149.
Kantia Trichomanis, 74.
Kennedy, G. G., Additional Notes
from Willoughby, 148; Flora of
Willoughby, Vermont, 93.
Kneiffa pumila, 123. .
Knight, O. W., Cleome serrulata in
Maine, 79; A new Sunflower from
Maine, 147; Some Plants new to
the Flora of Maine, 91.
Knowlton, C. H., Notes on the Flora
of Day Mountain, Franklin Co.,
Maine, 206.
Labiatae, 127.
Lactuca, 134; canadensis, 134. var.
integrifolia, 134; hirsuta, 134;
leucophaea, 134 ; sagittaefolia, 134 ;
Scariola, 49, var, integrata, 49; spi-
cata, 134.
246
Lamium, 127; album, 142; macula-
tum, 127.
Laportea, 114; canadensis, 114.
Larix, 103; americana, 103 ; laricina,
103.
Lathyrus tuberosus, 141.
Lauraceae, 35.
Laurel, Mountain, 227.
Leavitt, R. G., Partial Reversion in
Leaves of the fern-leaved Beech, 45.
Lechea minor, 141.
Ledum, 125; groenlandicum,
latifolium, 125.
Leguminosae, 120.
Lentibulariaceae, 129, 152.
Lentinus suavissimus, 126.
Leontodon autumnalis, 23.
Leonurus, 128; Cardiaca, 128.
Lepidium, 117; virginicum, 117.
Lepidozia, 165, 185; setacea, 185-
189; sphagnicola, 185; sylvatica,
186-190; trichoclados, 189.
Leptamnium virginianum, 129.
Leptilon canadense, 131.
Leptorchis Loeselii, 112.
Lespedeza Nuttallii, 141 ;
141.
Levisticum, 124; officinale, 124.
Liliaceae, 110.
Lilium, 110; tigrinum, 110.
Limnorchis dilatata, 111; fragrans,
111; hyperborea, 111.
Linaceae, 121.
Linaria, 128; Linaria, 128; vulgaris,
128.
Lindera Benzoin, 85.
Linnaea, 125,130; americana, 56, 130;
borealis, 54, 56, 130, var. americana,
56.
Linum, 121, medium, 141; sulcatum,
141 ; usitatissimum, 78, 121.
Liparis, 112 ; Loeselii, 112.
Listera, 112; auriculata, 139, 193;
convallarioides, 112; cordata, 112.
Lists of New England Plants, Pre-
liminary,— XIII, Juncaceae, 34;
AIV, 54; ХУ, ВЕУ XVI, 151:
Lobelia, 130; cardinalis, 142; Dort-
manna, 130; inflata, 130; Kalmii,
130.
Lobeliaceae, 130.
Lolium, 106; perenne, 97, 106; temu-
lentum, 138.
Lonicera, 23, 130; caerulea, 130;
canadensis, 24. 54, 56, 130 ; ciliata,
24, 56, 97, 130; coerulea, 54, 56,
var. villosa, 56; dioica, 24, 54;
glauca, 24; hirsuta, 54, 56; japon-
ica, 54, 57; Morrowii, 54, 57 ; ob-
125;
Stuvei,
Rhodora
[DECEMBER
longifolia, 54, 57, 130; semper-
vireus, 54, 57; tatarica, 54, 57;
Xylosteum, 54, 57.
Lophozia exsecta, 171; Floerkii, 168,
190 ; lycopodioides, 168 ; marchica,
1
go.
Loranthaceae, 85.
Lotus arabicus, 84.
Ludwigia hirtella, 176.
Luzula, 110; campestris, 38, var.
frigida, 35, 38, var. multiflora, 35,
38, 110; confusa, 35; multiflora,
38; parviflora, 35, 110, 193; sal-
tuensis, 35; spadicea, var. melano-
carpa, IIO ; spicata, 35.
Lychnis, 115; chalcedonica, 115;
Flos-cuculi, 140 ; Githago, 115.
Lycopodiaceae, 102.
Lycopodium, 102, 227; alopecuroides,
176; annotinum, 102; clavatum,
102, var. monostachyon, 102, 138;
complanatum, 193, 212, var. Cham-
aecyparissus, 102, var. flabelliforme,
102, 212, var. Wibbei, 102, 138;
dendroideum, 102; inundatum,
102; lucidulum. 102; sabinaefoli-
um, 102, 193 ; Selago, 94; sitchense,
193; tristachvon, 102.
Lycopus, 128, 136; americanus, 128;
communis, 134-137, 142; macro-
phyllus, 136, 137; membranacea,
134-137, 142; pumilus, 135, 136;
rubellus, 128; sinuatus, 128; uni-
florus, 128, 135, 136, 142, Identit
of Michaux’s, 134; virginicus, 128,
134-136, var. macrophyllus, 136,
137, var. B pauciflorus, 135, 136.
Lycurus phleoides, 82.
Lysias Hookeriana, 111; orbiculata,
Th.
Lysiella obtusata, 111.
Lysimachia, 126 ; stricta, 126 ; terres-
tris, 126; thyrsiflora, 126.
Lythraceae, 24.
Maclura aurantiaca, 49.
Madia glomerata, 81, 82.
Maianthemum, r10 ; canadense, 110.
Maine, Cleome serrulata in, 79;
Mosses, Some. 145; А new Station
for Nyssa sylvatica in, 164; A new
Sunflower for, 147; Notes on the
Flora of Day Mountain, Franklin
County, 206; Plants, New Stations
for, 194, II. 232; Some casual Ele-
ments in the Flora of western, 81;
Some Noteworthy Plants of, 235 ;
Some Plants new to the Flora of,
91; Tenth annual Meeting of the
1904 |
Josselyn Botanical Society of, 147,
192.
Malva,
122.
Malvaceae, 122.
Maples, 219.
Marrubium vulgare, 82, 84.
Marsupella, 167; aquatica, 167-169;
emarginata, 167-170, var. aquatica,
167; erythrorhiza, 167, 168; media,
167-170; sphacelata, 167-170, var.
erythrorhiza, 167; Sullivanti, 168.
Martynia louisiana, 152, 160.
Martyniaceae, 152.
Maryland Plants, Notes on, 176.
Massachusetts, Mimulus moschatus
in, 227; Notes on the Flora of Berk-
shire County, 202; Occurrence of
Verbena stricta and Helianthus
mollis in, 88; Plantago elongata in,
211; Triosteum perfoliatum in, 179.
Matricaria. 78; inodora, 78.
Medeola, тїї; virginiana, тїт.
Medicago arabica, 82; denticulata, 82;
hispida, 82; laciniata, 82 ; lupulina,
81, 82; maculata, 82; sativa, 83.
Medik, 81.
Meesia, 43; tristicha, 43.
Meeting of the Josselyn Botanical
Society of Maine, Tenth annual,
147, 192; of the Vermont Botanical
Club, 63, 164.
Melilotus, 120;
officinalis. 83.
Mentha, 128; arvensis, 128, var. cana-
densis, 128; canadensis, 128; pipe-
rita, 128; spicata 128; viridis, 128.
Menyanthes, 127; trifoliata, 127.
Mercurialis annua, 86, 87, g1
Mesogloia divaricata, 182.
Mesotaenium Braunii, 230.
Michaux’s Lycopus uniflorus, Iden-
tity of, 134.
Micrampelis lobata, 130.
Micrasterias, 234; papillifera, 234.
Microstylis, 112; monophyllos, 112,
193, 204; ophioglossoides, 79, 112,
Bulblets of, 79.
Milium, 105; etfusum, ros, 208.
Mimulus. moschatus, 227, 228; in
Massachusetts. 227.
Miscellaneous Notes on New Eng-
land Ferns, — VI. 31.
Miss Eastman's New England Ferns
and their common Allies. 211.
Mitchella, 129: repens, 129.
Mitella, 119: nuda, 119
Moerckia, 166; Flotowiana, 75, 165 ;
hibernica, 75, var. Wilsoniana, 165.
122; Alcea, 122; moschata,
alba, 63, 83, 120;
Index
247
Molina coerulea, go.
Monarda, 128; didyma, 128.
Moneses, 125; grandiflora, 125; uni-
flora, 125.
Monolepis chenopodioides, 82; tri-
fida, 82.
Monotropa, 125;
uniflora, 125.
Mosses, 43, 95, 97, 145; from a south-
ern Vermont Peat-bog, Some inter-
esting, 43; Some Maine, 145.
Moulton, D. H., Tenth annual Meet-
ing of the Josselyn Botanical So-
ciety of Maine, 147, 192.
Mount Greylock Region, Bryophytes
of the, — 111, 72.
Mountain, Franklin County, Maine,
Notes on the Flora of Day, 206;
Laurel, 227.
Muhlenbergia, 105 ; glomerata, 105 ;
mexicana, 105; racemosa, 105 ; syl-
vatica, 97.
Musci, 72.
Musk Plant, 227.
Mylia anomala, 190.
Myosotis, 127; arvensis, 142; laxa,
192; palustris, 127 ; verna, 84.
Myrica, 113; Gale, 113.
M yricaceae, 113.
Myurella, 146; apiculata, 146; Carey-
ana, 73,145; julacea, 146.
Hypopitys, 125;
Nabalus altissimus, 134; nana, 134.
Naiadaceae, 103
Naias, 104; flexilis, 104, 176.
Narcissus, 83 ; poeticus, 83.
Nardia crenulata. 75; emarginata,
var. aquatica, 167, var. major, 167 ;
obovata. 170; robusta, 167; sphace-
lata, var. erythrorhiza, 167, var.
media, 167.
Nasturtium, 118; Armoracia, 118;
officinale, 118; palustre, 118; ter-
restre, 118.
Naumbergia thyrsiflora, 126.
Nemopanthus, 121; fascicularis, 121.
Nepeta. 127; Glechoma, 127.
Nephrodium cristatum X marginale,
32; marginale, 77, forma Daven-
portii, 212; pittsfordense, 76. 211,
212; Purdie's Concord, 33; spinu-
losum. 31, 77. var. concordianum,
33. 211, 212, var. dilatatum, 31, 32,
var. intermedium, 3r. 32.
New Bedford, Plants new
Flora of. 22. 144.
New England Ferns and their com-
mon Allies, Miss Eastman's, 211;
Ferns, Miscellaneous Notes on,—
to the
248
VI, 31; The green Alders of, 162;
Hepaticae, Notes on,— II, 165, 185 ;
Juncus aristulatus in, 174; А new
Violet from, 226; Plants, Prelimi-
пагу Lists of, — XIII, Juncaceae, 34.
XIV, 54; XV,85; XVI, 151; Vio-
lets, Notes on, 8.
New Hampshire, Juncus effusus, var.
compactus in, 211; Subularia at
East Andover, 228.
New Haven, Connecticut, Two note-
worthy Plants of, 89.
New hybrid Fern from Vermont, 75;
Species of Blackberry, 223; Sta-
tions for Maine Plants, 194, IL 232;
Station for Nyssa sylvatica in
Maine, 164; Sunflower for Maine,
147; to the Flora of New Bedford,
Plants, 22; Violet from New Eng-
land, 226.
Newly introduced Galium, 22.
North American Allies of Scirpus
lacustris, 65.
Nostoc muscorum, 230; rupestre, 230.
Note on Equisetum pratense, 92; on
Hydrophyllum canadense, 184; on
the Polygamy of Chionanthus, 89.
Notes from Willoughby, Additional,
148; on Galium, Some, 21; on
Maryland Plants, 176; on New
England Ferns, Miscellaneous,—
УІ, 31 ; on New England Hepaticae,
—П, 165, 185; on New England
Violets, 8; on Publications recently
received, 23, 61; on the Flora of
Berkshire County, Massachusetts,
202 ; оп the flora of Day Mountain,
Franklin County, Maine, 206; on
two Connecticut Grasses, 177.
Noteworthy Plants of Maine, Some,
235; Plants of New Haven, Con-
necticut, Two, 89; Plants of south-
eastern Connecticut,—IV, 48.
Notice of annual Field Meeting of
the Vermont Botanical Club, 164.
Notothylas orbicularis, 190.
Nuphar, 116; advena, 116, var. hy-
bridum, 116, var. minus, 116;
minimum, 116.
Nye, H. A., Bulblets of Microstylis
ophioglossoides, 79.
Nymphaea, 116; advena, 116; Kalmi-
ana, 116; odorata, 116.
Nymphaeaceae, 116.
Nyssa sylvatica, 54, 164, 195, in
Maine, A new Station for, 164.
Oakesia, 110; sessilifolia, 110.
Oats, 78.
Rhodora
[ DECEMBER
Occurrence of Verbena stricta and
Helianthus mollis in Massachu-
setts, 88.
Odontochisma denudatum, 173.
Oenothera, 123; biennis, 123; fruti-
cosa, 97; pumila, 123.
Oleaceae, 89, 126.
Onagra biennis, 123.
Onagraceae, 123.
Onoclea, 100; sensibilis, 100, var.
obtusilobata, 100; Struthiopteris,
100.
Ophioglossaceae, 23, 100.
Ophioglossum, 100; vulgatum, 100,
235: `
Orchid, 27, 28, 63. 94, 177.
Orchidaceae, 28, 111.
Orchids, 28, 63, 94.
Orchis, 111; spectabilis, 111.
Ormsbee, C. W., Notice of annual
Field Meeting of the Vermont
Botanical Club, 164.
Ornithogalum, 83; umbellatum, 83,
143.
Orobanchaceae, 129, 152.
Orobanche, 129; uniflora, 129, 152.
Oryzopsis, 105; asperifolia, 105;
melanocarpa, 97, 105, 208.
Osmorrhiza, 124; brevistylis, 124;
divaricata, 193.
Osmun, A. V., Further Stations for
Botrychium matricariaefolium in
Connecticut, 8o.
Osmunda, 100; cinnamomea, тоо;
Claytoniana, тоо, var. dubia, 138;
regalis, 100.
Osmundaceae, тоо.
Ostrya, 113; virginica, 113.
Oxalidaceae, 121.
Oxalis, 121, 233; Acetosella, 121;
corniculata, 121; cymosa, 121; fili-
pes, 204, 233; stricta, 121, 233.
Oxycoccus Oxycoccus, 126.
Oxytropis campestris, var. johannen-
sis, 193.
Paeonia, 116; officinalis, 116.
Pallavicinia, 166; Flotowiana, 165,
166; hibernica, 75, 165, 166, var.
leptodesma, 165, 166, var. Wilson-
iana, 165; Lyellii, 75, 166.
Panax, 124; quinquefolium, 124.
Panicularia americana, 106; cana-
densis, 106; elongata, 106; nervata,
106; pallida, 106.
Panicum, 43, 104; capillare, 104;
Commonsianum, 42, 195, in Con-
necticut, 42; Crus-galli, 104; de-
pauperatum, 97; glabrum, 104;
1904]
miliaceum, 138; minus, 138; niti-
dum, 97; pubescens, 104 ; sphaero-
carpon, 138; unciphyllum, 104;
virgatum, 233 ; xanthophysum, 43.
Papaver intermedium, 144; Rhoeas,
144.
Papaveraceae, 117.
Parlin, J. C., New Station for Nyssa
sylvatica in Maine, 164; Some cas-
ual Elements in the Flora of west-
ern Maine, 81.
Parnassia, 119; caroliniana, 119.
Paronychia, 51; canadensis, 53.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 122.
Partial Reversion in Leaves of the
fern-leaved Beech, 45.
Pastinaca, 124; sativa, 124.
Pathologic Conditions, Division in
Desmids under, 234.
Pease, A. S., Preliminary Lists of
New England Plants,— XV, 85.
Peat-bog, Some interesting Mosses
from a southern Vermont, 43.
Pedicularis Furbishiae, 192.
РеПаеа, 101; atropurpurea,
gracilis, 101; Stelleri, ror.
Pellia epiphylla, 75.
Pantandrae, 6.
Peramium repens, 112.
Petasites, 133 ; palmata, 133.
Phaca Robbinsii, 97.
Phacelia brachyloba, 151; circinata,
I51; congesta, 151; Purshii, 151;
tanacetifolia, 151; viscida, 151;
Whitlavia, 151.
Phalaris, 104 ; arundinacea, 104, var.
picta, 104.
Phaseolus perennis, 89.
Phegopteris, 101; Dryopteris, 101 ;
hexagonoptera, 207 ; Phegopteris,
101; polypodioides, 101.
Philonotis fontana, 73.
Phleum, 105; pratense, 105.
Phlox, 154; divaricata, 155; macu-
lata, 151, 154, var. candida, 151;
paniculata, 151, 154; pilosa, 151;
reptans, 151; subulata, 142, ISI,
EERON й
Phormidium Retzii, 230.
Physalis, 128; heterophylla, 128; vir-
giniana, 128.
Picea, 103; alba, 103; brevifolia, 103;
canadensis, 103; Mariana; 103;
nigra, 41, 86, 103, 204; rubra, 103.
Pinaceae, 102.
Pinguicula vulgaris, 152.
Pinus, 102; Strobus, 102.
Plagiochila asplenioides, 75.
Plantaginaceae, 129.
тот;
Index
249
Plantago, 129; elongata, 211, in Mass-
achusetts, 211; gnaphaloides, 84;
lanceolata, 129; major, 129, var.
minima, 129; media, 206; Purshii,
84; Rugelii, 129.
Plants, New Stations for Maine, 194,
II, 232; New to the Flora of Maine,
Some, 9r ; New to the Flora of New
Bedford, 22, 144; Notes on Mary-
land, 176; of Connecticut, Some
introduced, 78; of Maine, Some
noteworthy, 235; of New Haven,
Connecticut, Two noteworthy, 89;
of southeastern Connecticut, Note-
worthy, — IV, 48; Preliminary
Lists of New England, — XIII,
Juncaceae, 34, XIV, 54, XV, 85,
XVI, 151; Some unusual Connec-
ticut, I95.
Plectonema Nostocorum, 230.
Pluchea bifrons, 176; petiolata, 177.
Poa, 106; alsodes, 106, 208; annua,
106; flava, 106; glauca, 193; nem-
oralis, тоб; pratensis, 106 ; 208, var.
angustifolia, 106; serotina, 106,
177, 178; tenuifolia, 83.
Pogonatum brevicaule, 73.
Pogonia, 112; affinis, 139; ophio-
glossoides, 112.
Polemoniaceae, 151.
Polemonium, Van-Bruntiae, 151, 155;
reptans, 151, 155.
Polygala lutea, 176.
Polygamy of Chionanthus, Note on
the, 89.
Polygonaceae, 114.
Polygonatum, 111; biflorum, 111.
Polygonella articulata, 140.
Polygonum, 114; aviculare, 84, 114,
var. vegetum, 140; cilinode, 114;
Convolvulus, 114; Hydropiper,
114; Persicaria, 114; ramosissi-
mum, 140; sagittatum, 114; tenue,
233:
Polypodiaceae, 100.
Polypodium, 76, 101; polypodioides,
76; vulgare, тот.
Polypogon monspeliensis, 82.
Polystichum aculeatum, 32; var.
angulare, 32 ; angulare, 31.
Polytrichum, 43; strictum, 43.
Pond-weed, 176.
Populus, 113 ; balsamifera, 113, var.
candicans, 113, 139 ; grandidentata,
113 ; tremuloides, 113.
Portulaca, 115; oleracea, 115.
Portulacaceae, 115.
Potamogeton, 103; alpinus, 103;
amplifolius, 103 ; confervoides, 203;
250
diversifolius, 104; heterophyllus,
103, var. graminitolius, 103; mari-
nus, 176; mysticus, 176; pennsyl-
vanicus, 176; pusillus, 104, 176;
Spirillus, 103 ; Tuckermani, 203.
Potatoes, 83.
Potentilla, 119; canadensis, 119 141;
fruticosa, 119; monspeliensis, 119 ;
norvegica, 119; simplex, 119.
Poterium Sanguisorba, 19s.
Preliminary Lists of New England
Plants, — XIII, Juncaceae, 34, XIV,
54, XV, 85, XVI, 151.
Prenanthes, 134; altissima, 134; tri-
foliolata, var. nana, 134.
Primula, 126 ; mistassinica, 97, 126,
192.
Primulaceae, 126.
Province of Quebec, Stellaria glauca
established in the, 9o.
Prunella, 128; vulgaris, 128.
Prunus, 120; nigra, 120; pennsyl-
vanica, 120; serotina, 120; vir-
giniana, 120.
Pseudo-monoclinism of Chionanthus
virginica, 18. в
Pteridophyta, тоо.
Pteris, 101 ; aquilina, 101, var. pseudo-
caudata, 138; atropurpurea, 97;
latiuscula, 138.
Publications recently received, Notes
on, 23, 61.
Puccinellia airoides, 83.
Purdie's Concord Fern, 33.
Pylaisia velutina, 73.
Pyrola, 125; americana, 200, 201;
asarifolia, 125, 142, 179, 193, 198,
199, var. incarnata, 178; bracteata,
198, 199 ; chlorantha, 125 ; elliptica,
125; grandiflora, 197-202; groen-
landica, 197, 202; incarnata, 178,
179 ; japonica, 199; media, 197, 198;
minor, 193, 197, 198; noveboracen-
sis, 200; pumila, 197, 202; ro-
tundifolia, 179, 197-202, American
Representatives of, 197, var. are-
naria, 201, var. grandiflora, 202,
var. incarnata, 178, var. pumila,
197, 202, var. uliginosa, 125, 179;
secunda, 125, var. pumila, 125, 205;
uliginosa, 125, 179.
Pyrus, 120; americana, 120; arbuti-
folia, 141, var. melanocarpa, 120;
communis, 141; Malus, 120; sam-
bucifolia, 120 ; sitchensis, 120.
Quercus, 113; rubra, 113,
Queria, 51; canadensis, 50-53, var.
capillacea, 52, var. capillaris, $2;
capillacea, 52; dichotoma, 52.
Rhodora
[DECEMBER
Quebec, Stellaria glauca established
in the Province of, go.
Radula tenax, 190.
Range of Saururus cernuus extended
into Rhode Island, 77.
Ranunculaceae, 116.
Ranunculus, 117; abortivus, 117, var.
eucyclus, 208; acris, 117; alle-
gheniensis, 140: ambigens, 194 ;
aquatilis, var. trichophyllus, 117 ;
micranthus, 84; recurvatus, 117 ;
repens, 117; sceleratus, 140; septen-
trionalis, 117.
Raphanus, 117; Raphanistrum, 117 ;
sativus, 144.
Raspberry, Black, 224.
Recollections of Charles Christopher
Frost, 25.
Rehder, A., Preliminary Lists of New
England Plants,— XIV, 54: Pseudo-
monoclinism of Chionanthus vir-
ginica, 18.
Representatives of Pyrola rotundifo-
lia, American, 197. ,
Reversion in Leaves of the Fern-
leaved Beech, Partial, 45.
Rhamnaceae, 122.
Rhamnus, 122; alnifolia, 122.
Rheum, 114; Rhaponticum, 114, 236.
Rhizoclonium, 230; riparium, 230,
forma implexum, 230, forma poly-
rhizum, 230 ; tortuosum, 230.
Rhode Island Bogs, Some Interest-
ing, 149; Black Spruce in, 41;
Range of Saururus cernuus extend-
ed into, 77.
Rhodora canadensis, 125.
Rhododendron, 125; Rhodora, 125.
Rhus, 131; hirta, 121; radicans, 121;
Toxicodendron, 121; typhina 121.
Rhynchospora, 108; alba, 108; capil-
lacea, 94, 108.
Rhynchostegium serrulatum, 73.
Ribes, 119; albinervium, 119: Cynos-
bati, 119, 208; floridum, 119; lacus-
tre, 119; oxyacanthoides, 119; pros-
tratum, 119; rubrum, 119, var. sub-
glandulosum, 119.
Riccia Sullivantii, 190.
Ricinus communis, 86, 88.
Robinia, 120 ; viscosa, 120.
Robinson, B. L., Identity of Anychia
dichotoma, 50; James Lawrence
Bennett, 146; Miss Eastman’s
New England Ferns and their com-
mon Allies, 211; Notes оп Pub-
lications recently received, 61;
Stellaria glauca established in the
Province of Quebec, go.
1904]
Roripa Armoracia, 118 ; Nasturtium,
118; palustris, 118.
Rosa, 120; blanda, 97, 120, 148 ; car-
olina, var. setigera, 120; cin-
namomea, 148; gallica, 141; nitida,
196.
Rosaceae, 119.
Rubiaceae, 129.
Rubus, 119; americanus, 119; argu-
tus, 224, var. Randii, 144; cana-
densis, 119, 196; cuneifolius, 49;
Idaeus, var. strigosus, 119; Mills-
paughii, 119; nigricans, 141; nigro-
baccus, 223, 225; occidentalis, 97,
119, 141; odoratus, 97, 119; Капай,
224; recurvans, 224 ; setosus, 119;
strigosus, 97, 119; triflorus, 97, 119;
villosus, 224.
Rudbeckia, 132; hirta, 132.
Rumex, 114; Acetosella, 114; cris-
pus, 114; montanus, 144; obtusi-
folius, 114; salicifolius, 140.
Sagittaria, 104; arifolia, 104;
minea, 104; lancifolia, 176;
folia, 104.
Sailor’s Collection of Algae, 181.
St. Louis Exposition, The Connecti-
cut Flora at the, 180.
Salicaceae, 113.
Salix, 113; alba, var. coerulea, 139;
amygdaloides, 3-5, 7; balsami-
fera, 113; Bebbiana, 113; candida,
3, 8, 191; cordata, 113; discolor,
113; glaucophylla, 193; humilis,
113; lasiandra, 2, 4,5; longifolia,
48; lucida, 1-7, 44, 113, Two north-
eastern Allies of, 1, var. 5-7, var.
intonsa, 2, var. macrophylla, 2,
var. serissima, 6, 7; nigra, var.
falcata, 113; pellita, 191, 193, Iden-
tity of Andersson’s, 191; pentan-
dra. 5, 49; petiolaris, 113; pur-
purea, 113; rostrata, 113; seris-
sima, 6-8, 205 ; sp., 7; subcaerulea,
191.
Sambucus, 129; canadensis, 54, 129 ;
pubens, 57, 129; racemosa, 54, 57,
I29, var. pubens, 57.
Sanford, S. N. F., Occurrence of Ver-
bena stricta and Helianthus mollis
in Massachusetts, 88; Range of
Saururus cernuus extended into
Rhode Island, 77.
Sanguinaria, 117; canadensis, 117.
Sanicula, 124; marylandica, 124.
Saponaria, 115; officinalis,
Vaccaria, 84, 115, 235.
Sarcoscyphus aquaticus, 167; Ehr-
harti, 167, var. aquaticus, 167, var.
gra-
lati-
115,
Index
251
erythrorhizus, 167, var. robustus,
167; sphacelatus, var. erythror-
hizus, 167, var. medius, 167 ; Sul-
livanti, 167.
Sargassum, 181.
Sarracenia purpurea, 3.
Sassafras officinale, 85.
Saururaceae, 85.
Saururus cernuus, 77, 78, 8s, 86, ex-
tended into Rhode Island, Range
А ОЁ, 77.
Saxifraga, 118; aizoides, 97, 118;
Aizoon, 118; oppositifolia, 97, 118 ;
virginiensis, 118, 208.
Saxifragaceae, 118.
Scapania convexula, 165, 189, 190;
curta, 190; exsecta, 171, 172; glau-
cocephala, 173 ; irrigua, 190; pal-
udosa, 189, 190; undulata, 190, var.
paludosa, 189.
Scheuchzeriaceae, 24.
Schizothrix Muelleri, 230.
Scirpus, 71, 107; atrocinctus, 107,
var. brachypodus, 107; atrovirens,
107 ; californicus, 66, 71; hetero-
chaetus, 66, 70, 71, 139, 231, 232;
lacustris, 65-67, 69, 71, 107, North
American Allies of, 65, var. occi-
dentalis, 68, 69; lineatus, 139, 203;
occidentalis, 66, 68, 69, 71, 231, 2328
pauciflorus, 94, 107; Peckii, 107 ;
pedicellatus, 194; rubrotinctus,
107; Sylvaticus, 233; Tabernae-
montani, 65 ; Torreyi,40; validus,
65-69, 71. 107, 231, and Allies in
the Champlain Valley, 231.
Scrophulariaceae, 128.
Scutellaria, 127; galericulata, 127;
lateriflora, 127.
Scytonema ocellatum, 230.
Secale 107; cereale, 107.
Sedge, 194.
Sedum, 118 ; acre, 118; stoloniferum,
195; Telephium, 118.
Selaginella, 32.
Senebiera pinnatifida, 82.
Senecio, 133; aureus, var. lanceo-
latus, 96; Balsamitae, var. prae-
longus, 143; Jacobaea, 235; Rob-
binsit; 96, 133. 205.
Setaria, 104; glauca, 104; italica,
IO4, var. germanica, 104; viridis,
104.
Seymour, M. C., A newly introduced
Galium, 22.
Sheldon. J. L., Some introduced
weeds of Connecticut, 146.
Shepherdia argentea, 88; canaden-
sis, 86, 88.
Sherardia arvensis, 144.
252
Silene, 115 ; antirrhina, 84; Cucuba-
lus, 83, 115, 146; dichotoma, 83,
144, 146; noctitlora, 83, 115; stel-
lata, 140; vulgaris, 115.
Silphium perfoliatum, 143.
Sisymbrium, 117; altissimum, 83,
146; canescens, 84, 140; humile,
117; officinale, 117; Sophia, 84,
235.
Sisyrinchium, 111; albidum, 48;
angustifolium, 111; intermedium,
48; mucronatum, 204.
Slosson, M., New hybrid Fern from
Vermont, 75.
Smilacina, 110; racemosa, 110; stel-
lata, 110; trifolia, 110, 148.
Society of Maine, Tenth annual
Meeting of the Josselyn Botanical,
147, 192.
Solanaceae, 128.
Solanum carolinense, 142; rostratum,
142, 146.
Solenostoma cordifolium, 170.
Solidago, 131, 182; asperula, 235;
bicolor, 131, var. concolor, 131;
canadensis, 49, var. glabrata, 49,
131; corymbosa, 97; Elliottii, 184;
flexicaulis, 131; hispida, 131; hu-
milis, 131; juncea, 184, var. - sca-
brella, 143; lanceolata, 97, 131 ; lat-
ifolia, 131; macrophylla, 131, 209;
neglecta, 184; nemoralis, 131;
odora, 143, 184; Purshii, 131;
rigida, 206; rugosa, 131, 183, 184,
var. sphagnophila, 183; serotina,
184; uliginosa, 131; ulmifolia,
183, 184; Virgaurea, 131, var. mon-
ticola, 131, var. Капай 131, var.
Redfieldii, 131.
Some casual Elements in the Flora
of western Maine, 81; Interesting
Mosses from a southern Vermont
Peat-bog. 43; Interesting Rhode
Island Bogs, 149; Introduced
Plants of Connecticut, 78; Intro-
duced Weeds of Connecticut, 146 ;
Maine Mosses, 145 ; ‘Notes on Gali-
um, 21; Noteworthy Plants of
Maine, 235; Plants new to the
Flora of Maine, 91; Unusual Con-
necticut Plants, 195.
Sonchus, 134; arvensis, 134; asper,
134.
пок brachycarpa, 140.
Sorbus americana, 120; sambucifolia,
120.
Sparganiaceae, 103.
Sparganium, 103; simplex, 103, var.
angustifolium, 103.
Rhodora
[DECEMBER
Specimen of Arisaema triphyllum,
Ап interesting, 163.
Specularia perfoliata, 84, 233.
Spergula, 115 ; arvensis, 78, 115.
Spergularia salina, 84.
Sphacelaria cirrhosa, 182.
Sphagnum, 44; acutifolium, 44 ; cym-
bifolium, 44.
Sphenolobus exsectaeformis, 171,
122; exeectus, 171, 172; Helleri-
anus, 172, 173; scitulus, 172.
Spiraea, 119; latifolia, 119; lobata,
49; salicifolia, 119; tomentosa, 119.
Spiranthes, 112; cernua, 28, 30, 112,
var. ochroleuca, 28, 30; gracilis,
28, 30, 112; graminea, var. Walteri,
28; Grayi, 44; neglecta, 27-31;
praecox, 27-29, 31; Romanzoffiana,
112; simplex, 44.
Sporobolus, 105 ;
var. strictus, 82;
vaginaeflorus, 105.
Spruce, Black, 42, 149;
Island, The Black, 41.
Stachys, 128; palustris, 128.
Station for Nyssa sylvatica in Maine,
A new, 164.
Stations for Botrychium matricariae-
folium in Connecticut, Further,
80; for Maine Plants, New, 194, II,
232.
Steironema, 126; ciliatum, 126.
Stellaria, 62, 115; borealis, 115;
cerastioides, 62; glauca, 90, 91,
Established in the Province of
Quebec, 90; graminea, 83, 90, 115;
longifolia, 90; longipes, 90; media,
ffs.
Stigeoclonium, 18r.
Stigonema, 230; hormoides, 230;
mamillosum, 230; minutum, 230 ;
ocellatum, 230.
Streptopus, 110; amplexifolius, 110;
roseus, 110.
Subularia aquatica, 228; at East
Andover, New Hampshire, 228.
Sunflower for Maine, А new, 147.
Symphoricarpos, 130; racemosus,
130.
Symphoricarpus orbiculatus, 55, 57;
racemosus, 55, var. pauciflorus, 55,
206; vulgaris, 57.
Symph ytum asperrimum, 142.
Synechococcus aeruginosus, 230.
Syntherisma linearis, 104.
Syringa, 126; vulgaris, 126.
cryptandrus, 82,
interruptus, 82;
in Rhode
Tanacetum, 133; huronense,
vulgare, 133, var. crispum, 133.
192;
1904]
Taraxacum, 134; officinale, 134, var.
palustre, 143.
Taxaceae, 24, 103.
Taxus, 103; canadensis, 103; minor,
193.
Tenth annual Meeting of the Josse-
lyn Botanical Society of Maine,
147, 192.
Thalesia uniflora, 129.
Thalictrum, 117; polygamum, 117.
Thelaia, 200; grandiflora, 202 ; rotun-
difolia, 201.
Thlaspi arvense, 83, 193, 235.
Thuidium paludosum, 74.
Thuya, 103; occidentalis, 93, 97, 103.
Thymelaceae, 123.
Thymelaeaceae, 86.
Thymus serpyllum, 146.
Tiarella, 118; cordifolia, 118.
Tilia, 122; americana, 122; pubescens,
196.
Tiliaceae, 122.
Tilton, G. H., Addition to the Fern-
flora of Vermont, 235.
Tipularia discolor, 177.
Tofieldia glutinosa, 40, 192.
Tragus racemosus, 82.
Trapogon, 134; pratensis, 134.
Trentepohlia aurea, 230.
Triadenum virginicum, 123.
Trientalis, 126; americana, 126.
Trifolium, 120; agrarium, 120; hy-
bridum, 120; incarnatum, 120;
pratense, 120; repens, 120.
Trillium, 111; erectum, 111; erythro-
carpum, ІІІ; undulatum, 111.
Triosteum angustifolium, 55; auran-
tiacum, 55, 57, 179. 180; perfoliatum,
55, 57, 179, 180, in Massachusetts,
179.
Trisetum, 106; subspicatum, var.
molle, 106.
Tsuga, 103; canadensis, 103.
Tussilago, 133; Farfara, 133.
Two northeastern Allies of Salix
lucida, 1; Noteworthy Plants of
New Haven, Connecticut, 89.
Typha, 103 ; latifolia, 103.
Typhaceae, 103.
Ulmus, 114; americana, 114; fulva,
114.
Ulothrix, 182.
Ulva fasciata, 182.
Umbelliferae, 9, 124.
Undescribed Variety of Goldenrod,
182.
Unifolium canadense, 110.
Urticaceae, 114.
Index
253
Urticastrum divaricatum, 114.
Utricularia, 129; biflora, 152, 158;
clandestina, 129, 142, 152, 160;
cleistogama, 152, 160; cornuta,
129, 152; fibrosa, 159; gibba, 152,
158, 159; inflata, 152; intermedia,
129, 152, 160, 192; minor, 152, 160;
purpurea, 152,159, 160; resupinata,
152; striata, 159; subulata, 152, 160;
vulgaris, 152.
Uvularia sessilifolia, 110.
Vaccaria Vaccaria, 115.
Vaccinium, 126; caespitosum, 192;
canadense, 126; Oxycoccus, var.
intermedium, 126, 142; Vitis-Idaea,
var. minus, 126.
Vagnera racemosa, 110; stellata, 110;
trifolia, 110.
Valerian, 9r.
Valeriana, 8; sylvatica, 8.
Valerianella olitoria, 92.
Vallisneria, 104; spiralis, 104.
Vallisneriaceae, 104.
Variety of Goldenrod, An unde-
scribed, 182.
Veratrum, 110; viride, 110.
Verbascum, 128; Thapsus, 128.
Verbena, 88; angustifolia, 142, 205;
hastata, 88, X urticifolia, 142;
stricta, 88, and Helianthus mollis
in Massachusetts, The occurrence
of, 88.
Verbesina encelioides, 82.
Vermont, Addenda to the Flora of,
137; Addition to the Fern-flora of,
235; Botanical Club, Meeting of
the, 63; Botanical Club, Notice of
Annual Field Meeting of the, 164;
Flora of Willoughby, 93; New hy-
brid Fern from, 75; Peat-bog,
Some interesting Mosses from a
southern, 43.
Veronica, 129 ; americana, 129; Ana-
gallis, 205 ; arvensis, 84; Chamae-
drys, 142, 235; longifolia, 129;
peregrina, 82, 84; serpyllifolia,
var. borealis, 129, 142, 193 ; virgin-
ica, 205.
Viburnum, 61, 130; acerifolium, 55,
58; alnifolium, 55, 57, 130; ameri-
canum, 57; asiaticum, 60; bractea-
tum, 59; cassinoides, 55, 57, 130;
Demetrionis, 58, 59; dentatum, 55,
58, 60, 61, var. longifolium, 61, var.
scabrellum, 59, 60, var. semito-
mentosum, 58-60 ; Hanceanum, 60;
laevigatum, 61; lantanoides, 130;
Lentago, 55; longifolium, 61;
Missouri Botanical Garden
TURO]
3 1753 00341 3272
254
molle, 58-60, var. tomentosum, 59 ;
nepalense, бо; nudum, $$, 57;
Opulus, 8, 55, 57, 58, 130, var.
americana, 57; pauciflorum, 55;
prunifolium, 55, 57, var. globosum,
58; pubescens, 55, 58, 60; scabrel-
lum, 58, 59; semitomentosum, 59 ;
venosum, 55, 58-61, var. Canbyi,
60, var. longifolium, 61.
Vicia Cracca, 192; Faber, 144; tet-
rasperma, 195.
Vinca, 127; minor, 127.
Viola, 9, 10, 14, 123, 213, 214, 223;
affinis, 123, 142, 214, 215, 219-222,
226; affinis X septentrionalis, 215,
219; affinis X sororia, 221 ; amoe-
па, 123; arvensis, 78, 83; blanda,
14, 123, var. palustriformis, 123;
Brittoniana, 16; canadensis, 95,
123; canina, var. Muhlenbergii, 123;
clandestina, 14; conspersa, 123;
cucullata, 11-13, I5, I7, 123, 141,
214, 215, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222;
cuspidata, 15; dentata, 218; Dick-
sonii, 15, domestica, 10, 15; emar-
ginata, 226; fimbriatula, 12, 16, 17,
214-218, var. aberrans, 218; fimbri-
atula X cucullata, 217; fimbriat-
ula X septentrionalis, 218; H ybrid-
ism in the Genus, 213; labradorica,
193; latiuscula, 11, I4, I5, I4I:
leptosepala, 13; macrotis, 13;
melissaefolia, 215, 220; nodosa,
15; Novae-Angliae, 226; obliqua,
214; palmata; 8, 12, 13, 15, var.
cucullata, 8, var. dilatata, 13; pa-
pilionacea, 12, 14, 15, 142, 218, 221,
222; pedata, 11; Porteriana, 215,
217; prionosepala, I2 ; pubescens,
123; renifolia, 14, 123; rotundi-
folia, 14, 123; sagittata, 12, 17;
scabriuscula, 123; Selkirkii, 123;
septemloba, 1i2, 16; septentrio-
nalis, 12, 15—17, 142, 214-217, 219-
221; Septentrionalis X cucullata,
220; Septentrionalis X fimbriatula,
215; sororia, I2, 14-17, 142, 214,
215, 218, 221-223; sororia X cucul-
Rhodora
[DECEMBER
lata, 222; sororia X fimbriatula,
218; sororia X septentrionalis, 221;
subviscosa, 16; tricolor, 123; ven-
ustula, тї, 13, 15, 17, 123, 142, 214.
Violaceae, 123.
Violet, 8, 12, 13, 15; from New Eng-
land, A new, 226.
Violets; О, Ії, 413; 220, 89t, "M6:
Notes on New England, 8.
Vitaceae, 122.
Vitis, 122 ; cordifolia, 97;
133.
vulpina,
Ward, M. E., Mimulus moschatus in
Massachusetts, 227.
Washingtonia Claytoni, 124.
Waters, C. E., Asplenium ebeneum,
var. proliferum, 210.
Weatherby, C. A., Panicum Com-
monsianum in Connecticut, 42.
Webera, 72 ; annotina, 74; cruda, 74;
proligera, 74.
Weeds of Connecticut, Some Intro-
duced, 146.
Wendte, William, Death of, 209.
Wiegand, К. M., Some Notes on
Сайит. 21.
Willoughby, Additional Notes from,
148; Vermont, Flora of, 93.
Willow, 1, 3, 4, 6, 126.
Woodsia, 100; alpina, 100; glabella,
97, 100; hyperborea, 100; ilvensis,
100.
Woodward, R. W., Notes on two
Connecticut. Grasses, 177; Two
Noteworthy Plants of New Haven,
Connecticut, 89.
Woodwardia angustifolia, 176.
Xanthium canadense, 82; commune,
143; pennsylvanicum, 143; specio-
sum, 143; spinosum, 82; struma-
rium, 82.
Xyris caroliniana, 176.
Zizia, 124; aurea, 124.
Zygadenus chloranthus, 40.
Zygonema, 230.