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BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 


— - Scientific, Educational, 


SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL 
The. Staff 
G. STUART hee Ph.D Se.D:, Pd.D,, Director 
3 CALVIN: W. FOSS, B.L., Libeates Een 
eau: FREE, Horticulturist’ 

ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator’ of Public inition 
ALFRED GUNDERSEN, ‘Docteur de Université. (Paris); Curator of Plants 
GEORGE’ M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant’ Patholo ogy... 
ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S. Curator: of Elementary: Instruction 


and © Ad ministrative Officers a 


‘HENRY BAUS SVENSON, PhD., Assistant Curator ot Plants Baia Bae 


Other Officers : ee 
MARY. AVERILL, toner, Curator of: Fopanese Gardening ae 
oral Art 


HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect’ 


RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT," PhD, ' Resident Iniestgator | 


MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., “Acting Assistant: Curator: 
of Elementary Instruction 
HELEN D. JENKINS, A.B. Tasiediior 
FRANCES M. MINER, A.B., Instructor. meen 
HESTER M. RUSK, A.M, Instructor 
L. GORDON UTTER, 8B, 35 M3S., ‘Research Assistant 


BELLE H. BURR, -A:B., ‘Curotorial Assista ant 
‘EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, bee Roce 
: “MAUD H. PURDY, Curatorial Assista 
ottobre t H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistont 


. LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer 
ADMINISTRATIVE 
pga C. DOWNS, .S: ecretary and. Accountant 


MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretary 
“NORMA SEORFEL BANTA, _Office Assistant 


MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD. A.M;; Sepstoryt to the Director 
FRANK STOLL) Registrar. and Custodian 
bleed ne H. DURKIN, Rees Seerdtary. 


URA.M. BREWSTER, Stenoorapile: 
PAULINE S. LEHMAN, B.A; Stenographer 
L. CONSTANCE. PURVIS, B.A,, Stenographer 

HILDA VILKOMERSON, ‘Stenggrabher: 
EVELYN M. WILLIAMS, s ore 


Fic. 14. Villa d’Este, Tivoli. Viale delle Cento Fontane. (6977.) 


BROOKLYN 
BOTANIC GARDEN 


RECORD 


VOL. XX JANUARY, 1931 NO. 1 


REPORT ON A EUROPEAN TRIP OF THE DIRECTOR 
To THE BoTrANic GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE: 

At its meeting on April 22, 1930, the Governing Committee au- 
thorized the director, as a delegate from the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- 
den, to attend the International Horticultural Congress in London, 
August 7-15, and the Fifth International Botanical Congress in 
Cambridge, England, August 16-23. The trip was planned so as 
also to afford opportunity to visit a number of European botanic 


—' 


gardens. 

Leaving New York by S. S. Lapland on Friday p.m., July 11, 
I landed at Cherbourg on Sunday, the 20th, and proceeded via 
Paris to Berne, inspecting the botanic garden there on July 21. 
This garden is located on a sloping terrace overlooking the River 
Aare, and the planting is laid out on the systematic basis. Pro- 
fessor Dr. Ed. Fischer has been the director for over twenty-five 
years. The Botanischer Garten and Botanisches Institut are de- 
partments of the Hochschule Bern and the garden, like our own, 
renders a valuable service to the local schools in the supply of study 
material, and also encourages the visits of classes with their teach- 
ers. The alpine section is an important feature, and the Garden 
has a cooperative agreement with the Alpengarten Schynige Platie 
by the terms of which the former has charge of the scientific and 
horticultural work. Several specimens of Yew (Taxus baccata) 
growing spontaneously in a dry wall and in natural cracks of a 
rock, along the northwest side of the garden are of much interest. 
The trees are many years old, and the sowing of the seeds in the 


1 


A 
cracks of the wall have been attributed by Dr. R. Stager to nut- 
hatches (Sifta caesia). 
The Swiss botanist, De Candolle, once wrote: 
Itahe, a laquelle ?Europe doit presque toutes ses meilleures insti- 


"C'est a cette 
tutions, qu’ elle doit aussi les Jardins de Botanique.” And so it 
is; for the oldest existing botanic gardens are in Italy. It was 
Italian universities that first developed botanic gardens as a part 
of their botanical departments, primarily to facilitate the teaching 
of botany. These gardens are, therefore, today of great historical 
importance and interest. The Italian itinerary follows. 


Italian Botanic Gardens 
I'rom Berne we proceeded to Padua wa Milan. ‘The public gar- 
den at Milan is locally commonly called a botanic garden. It con- 


tains many very beautiful but unlabeled trees, and the place serves 


only as a public park, 


Padua 

The Keale Orto Botanico di Padova, next visited, is perhaps the 
oldest existing botanic garden in the world, having been established 
on the site where it now is, by a decree of the Kepublic of Venice 
of June 29, 1545. It was here that Pier Andrea Saccardo, the 
most noted systematic mycologist of modern times, did his work 
while director from 1878 until his death, February 12, 1920. Sac- 
cardo’s herbarium is now the priceless possession of this garden. 
Here also is found the oldest plant under cultivation in a botanic 
a specimen of the Chaste Tree (Vitex Agnus- 


— 


garden in the world 
castus). This tree was planted in 1550, five years after the garden 
was established, and is therefore 380 years old. It is 1.8 meters in 
circumference. Here are the historically interesting *? Palate at 
Goethe "—Chamacrops humilis (about 310 years old and 10 me- 
* (about 135 years old 


ters high), and the “ Bignonia di Goethe 
and 8 meters high). These plants were studied by the poet Goethe 
in the preparation of his philosophico-botanical work, Die A/eta- 
morphosen der Pflanzen. 

The first Magnolia grown in Italy 1s at Padua, as are also a 
Deodar (Cedrus Deodara) 100 years old, and a fine specimen of 
the California Big Tree (Sequoia gigantea), planted in 1850, and 


— 


< 


a large Araucaria cxcelsa, planted in 1840, pressing against the 
roof of a glass house built specially for it and containing nothing 
else. Also an interesting specimen of the Maidenhair Tree 
(Ginkgo biloba), planted in 1750 and with a large pistillate branch 


7. oat 
aon 


Fic. 15. Padua. R. Orto Botanico. Goethe’s Palm (Chamacrops hiu- 
milis), planted in 1585. The palm is completely enclosed in the glass house 
in winter. (6971.) 


grafted onto the staminate trunk, thus bearing both kinds of flow- 
ers, and so artificially monoecious. This garden is affliated with 
the University of Padua, and the present director is Professor 
Giuseppe Gola. 

At the Padua Garden is one of the largest known collections of 
vortraits of botanists, dating from the first half of the thirteenth 
century. John Evelyn, the Diarist and author of the famous Silva 


(London, 1664), studied here in 1643, and we may note, in passing, 


— 


that Padua (the ancient Patavium) was the birthplace of the 
Roman historian, Livy. 


4 


Bologna 

The botanic garden at Bologna, next visited, was established by 
the Senate of Bologna in 1567 under the initiative of Uliss1 Aldro- 
vandi (1522-1605), who was made its first director and so con- 
tinued for 38 years (1567-1605). He was a pupil of Ghini. The 
present director of the garden is Professor L. Buscaliont. On the 
wall of the botanical lecture room of the University of Bologna 1s 
the following quotation from the Philosophical Botany of Lin- 
naeus: AMethodus naturalis ultiinus finis botanices est et erit. 


Florence 
In Florence, next visited, there are, in addition to the Botanic 
Gardens, the Reale Instituto Forestale di Villombrosa, the Arboreto 
Tozzie Siemoni, and the Gardino 


3oboli, famous for its topiary 
work, 


Unfortunately these gardens were closed during our very 
brief stay in Florence, but since the accounts of the founding of 
the Florence garden, as given by different writers, have not always 
been easy to harmonize (especially with reference to Ghini and the 
Pisa garden), it seems best to give a brief summary here, for which 
I have drawn fully on Saceardo’s La botanica in /talia. 

Cosmo | entrusted the foundation of a botanic garden to Luca 
Ghini. There are no official documents by which the exact date 
may be fixed, but Ghini was lecturer on simples in Pisa in 1544 
and founded that garden in 1547. The Florence garden is known 
to have been in existence in 1557, having been planted in the vicin- 
ity of San Marco. Subsequently it was neglected, but in 1718 it 
was flourishing again under the care of the botanical society of 
Florence. That society united with the Academy of Agriculture 
in 1783, and the garden became transformed into an agricultural 
experiment garden. Some years before (in 1737) Giovanni Tar- 
gionl-Tozzetti created a chair of botany at the natural history 
museum, and a portion of the Boboli garden was annexed to the 
botanic garden. At that time the old botanic garden of San 
Mareo became again a garden of simples. In 1883 the agricultural 
experiment garden was converted into an educational botanic gar- 
den, and shortly thereafter the botanical museum of 


Sobol was 
moved to the new San Marco building. 


Rome 


The director of the Reale Orto Botanico and of the Instituto 
Botanico of the University of Rome is Prof. Enrico Carano. It 


was not easy to find this garden. In many European cities the 


Itc. 16. Padua. R. Orto Botanico. Chaste Tree (Vitex Agnus-castus), 
planted in 1550. The oldest known plant growing in any botanic garden in 
the world. (6967.) 


6 


words “ Botanic Garden” or their equivalent in the language of 
the country, mean * Public Garden,” and sometimes the taxicab 
driver, accustomed to sight-seeing tourists, cannot quite believe 
that one really wishes the botanic garden, which commonly holds 
little of interest for the average “tripper.’ So when we said 


ims +9 


Orto Botanico”’ to the taxi driver in Rome he said “ Si,” and 


Fic. 17. Padua. R. Orto Botanico. Herbaceous beds. The highest 
ree in the central background is a Norfolk Island Pine (Araucaria ex- 
celsa). (6969.) 


promptly took us to the Borghesi Gardens, quite like one of our 
American public parks, and devoid of anything of botanical in- 
terest. We then showed him a map of the city of Rome, such as 
is commonly on sale in the city, and pointed to the words “ Boran- 
ICAL GARDENS,” printed in large and small capital letters, near the 
Coliseum. Shortly we drove up to that place, only to find a vacant 
and abandoned lot, in which were growing a few half dead trees, 


poet 


and various weeds. Inquiry from policemen and facisti (who 
were everywhere) and from proprietors of stores and_ others 


GE 


brought no information except how to reach the Borghesi Gardens! 
3efore starting out another day we found that the entrance to the 
Orto Botanico is at via Milano 75. This garden, of 5 hectares in 
area, was given to the city of Rome about 47 years ago by Prince 
Corsini. It is the direct descendant of the first scientific garden 
established at Rome in 1566 by Michele Mercati, probably under 
the guidance of his teacher and friend Cesalpino, who, in turn, was 
a pupil of Ghini. 

A school for the training of gardeners was started here in 1927 
by the head gardener (capa technica), Oronato Traverso, who 
graciously acted as our guide. About 50 pupils are now enrolled, 
and the first class graduated this year. Tuition is gratis, and the 
director of the school is Prof. Bruno Braschi. The garden is laid 
out on the systematic plan, and contains an old 15th Century 
fountain, 


Villa d’Este 


In addition to the botanic garden, the Villa d’Este (now a public 
monument) was also visited. As is well known, this Renaissance 
Villa includes one of the most lovely gardens in the world, probably 
being unequalled in its elaborate and almost unbelievably beautiful 
development of fountains. These were made possible by con- 
structing a subterranean canal under the city of Tivoli, thus sup- 
plying the garden with an almost unlimited quantity of water from 
the river Aniene (Anio). This supply was supplemented by an 
aqueduct which ane additional water over the mountains. The 
planting is so arranged as to form a perfect setting for the foun- 
tains and statues. One can hardly believe his eyes as, spellbound, 
he beholds this richness of beauty and loveliness. The designer 
was G. Alberto Galvani. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden library 
has enlarged views of the Villa in Forbes’ Architectural Gardens 
of Italy, presented to the library last year by Miss Louise and Mr. 
Charles ae er, of Brooklyn. 

Naples 

The botanic garden of Naples, with an area of about 13 hectares 
is beautifully situated on a sloping site. The laboratory buildings 
were badly cracked by the earthquake which occurred only a few 
days before our visit. New buildings are expected in the near 


8 


future. Emphasis is placed on the section of medicinal plants, 
used in connection with the instruction of classes in pharmacy and 
medicine. A “garden of simples” existed in Naples as early as 
1062. The establishment of the real botanic garden of the present 
was decreed in 1796, but was not actually begun until 1809, under 
the direction of Michele Tenove, who continued as its director 
from 1810 to 1860. The largest section is the arboretum. 


Pisa 

The garden next visited was the Reale Orto Botanico della R. 
Universita di Pisa. Whether the Padua or the Pisa garden is the 
older is a disputed point. According to C. Fedeli (Atti Soc. Tose. 
sc. nat. proc. verb. p. xxvu, pp. 8-20, 1918) the Pisa garden was 
founded in 1544, one year before Padua, but Roberto De Visiani, 
director of the Padua garden from 1836 to 1878, and his successor 
Pier Andrea Saccardo, insist on a later date (subsequent to 1545). 
Mattiolus, in the Preface to the 1559 Italian edition of his Com- 
mentaries on Dioscorides (Lf Discorsi ne t sei Libri di Pedacio Di- 
oscoride Anagarbeo della Materia Medicinale), wrote as follows: 


eer 


a 


Che most illustrious and most serene Venetian Senate, through 
the persuasion of the most excellent college of physicians of Padua 
and other most noble and divine doctors, a few years previously 
conceived and constructed in the most beautiful city of Padua a 
sumptuous garden (giardino) for the use of the public and the em- 
bellishment of medicine. . . . Moved by that, the most excellent 
Cosmo, Duke of Florence, at the special behest of the noted physi- 


cian, Luca Ghini, has caused to be constructed another like garden 
in the very ancient city of Pisa where, due to the work of its 
founder, there are growing today many rare plants which hitherto 
had never been found in Italy—imaintained for the convenience and 
public adornment of doctors, scholars, and any others who delight 


7 


in those things. 


From this passage of a contemporary Italian botanist,? writing 
before this had become a mooted question, it would seem to be 
1 Mattioli was born in Siena, March 23, 1500, and died at Trieste in 1577. 
The passage translated above is from page 2 of the Preface of an Italian 
edition (Venice, 1559), a copy of which is in the library of the Brooklyn 
Botanic Garden. The wording of this passage varies somewhat in the dif- 


an 


ferent editions. 


9 


a" 


fairly well established that the garden at Padua was inaugurated 
first and the one at Pisa shortly thereafter. As Professor Longo, 
the present director of the Pisa garden has said, since the date 1545 
for the founding of the Padua garden is substantiated by official 
documents, and since, up to the present, no documents have been 
discovered substantiating 1544 as the date of foundation of the 
Pisa garden, it may be necessary to continue “ the noble contest for 
priority between the two cities without a definite conclusion, with 
the certainty, however, that it is the glory of Italy to 
the first university botanic garden.” ? 


— 


lave instituted 


We may add that a due portion of this glory should be recog- 
nized as belonging to Luca Ghini (b. 1500; d. 1556) who, as noted 
above, was also instrumental in bringing about the establishment of 
the Padua garden as well as the botanic garden in Florence in 1550. 
He became the first director of the Pisa garden in 1547, being suc- 
ceeded by his pupil, Andrea Cesalpino from 1554 to 1558. Ces- 
alpino and Aldrovandi, the first director of the Bologna garden, 
were the first (or perhaps the first after their teacher Ghini) to 
form a herbarium, Cesalpino’s book De Plantis (Florence, 1583) 
is credited with having inaugurated the era of modern botany, while 
his instructor, Ghini, was one of the greatest teachers of botany of 
all time, pupils flocking to him from all over Europe. Surely to 
have had these two men as directors is glory enough to make any 
botanic garden fairly indifferent as to whether it was the first or the 
second to be established. The names of Ghini and his famous pu- 
pil, Cesalpino, are on the Laboratory building of the Brooklyn 
Botanic Garden. 


pany 


Among items of interest seen at Pisa may be mentioned the large 
wax models of the flowers of the “ Zucca” or Gourd (Cucurbita 
Pepo), and longitudinal and cross sections of the ovary showing the 
germination of the pollen-grains on the stigma, and the growth of 
the pollen-tubes through the tissues of the style. This model was 
made by Calamai under the direction of the now famous botanist, 
Amici (1786-1803), for the latter to use at the First Convention 
of Italian Scientists, held at Pisa in 1839. At this meeting Amici 
not only demonstrated the germination of pollen and the course of 

* Longo, Biagio. Le Piante pice notevoli del R. Orto Botanico di Pisa. 


Pisa, 1922. 


Fic. 18. Wax Model showing flowers of the “ Zucca” or gourd (Cucur- 
bita Pepo), and details of structure of the ovary showing the entrance of 
the pollen tube into the embryo-sac, as discovered by Prof. B. G. Amici in 
1830. Modeled under his direction. (6972.) 


il 


the tube down through the tissues of the style to and into the em- 
bryo-sac through the micropyle, but also evidence that the pollen- 
tube delivered the fertilizing or fecundating matter to the primor- 
ditm of the embryo (now called egg-cell or egg), already existing 
in the embryo-sac, fertilizing it, and thus initiating the development 
of the embryo. Prior to Amici’s investigations the German bot- 
anist, Schleiden, and others had held that the embryo arises in the 
end of the pollen-tube and is merely carried by it to the embryo-sac 
for further development. This wax model, in colors, is of very 
perfect execution, showing the histological details with great clear- 
ness. It is, of course, of the greatest historical interest and impor- 
tance. Without this discovery of Amici the whole modern sciences 
of genetics and eugenics would have been impossible. The model 
bears the following inscription: 

“ Preparasioni in cera demonstranti la fecundazione nella piante 
scoperta da Giovanni Pa ene e da lui esibite nella adunanza 
del / Octobre 1839 in occasione della prima Reunione degli Sci- 
ensiatt Italiani tenuta in Pisa. Opera dell’ artifici Luigi Calamai.” 

Among the plants of interest were a Maidenhair Tree (Ginkgo 
biloba), > tt an ee but now moribund; a Cedar of Lebanon 
(Cedrus libani), 5 ft. in diameter; a lovely clump of big Bamboo 
(Phyllostachys eer ce ; and a Magnolia grandiflora, 30 
inches in diameter. Grape vines were grown for the purpose of 
securing shade for other plants. The garden has, besides its sci- 
entific staff (a director and two assistants), one head gardener and 
5 gardeners. About 125 students of agriculture, medicine, and 
eae study each year at the garden. We were greatly in- 
debted to Dr. Ugolino Martelli, Professor in the University of 
Pisa and one of the assistants at the garden, who acted as guide 
and made our visit most pleasant and profitable. 


en Fy 


Genoa 
The Genoa garden (Orto Botanico della R. Universita di Ge- 
nova), was established in 1803, a small garden along the north side 
of the Palazzo Universatario, under the directorship of Domencio 
Viviani until 1839, It was here that I'rederico Delpino, the third 
director (1872-1884), carried on his well-known and valuable 
studies on the cross-pollination of flowers. Here also Ottone 


12 


Penzig (fifth director, 18860-1929; deceased March 6, 1929), did 
yodied in his two volumes on flanzenteratologic. 


Spang 


the work em 
The original small garden was enlarged from time to time by the 
addition of adjacent land, and in 1890 Thomas Hanbury (see 
under La Mortola, below), friend and admirer of Penzig, provided 
the University of Genoa with funds for the erection of a building 
to house the school, laboratories, museum, and other collections of 
the Instituto Botanico. In accordance with the only condition at- 
tached to the gift, the institute is known as the Instituto Botanico 
Hanbury. The building was dedicated in 1892 during the meeting 
in Genoa of an International Botanical Congress. The botanical 
museum, like the garden, is open at specified times to the public. 
The present director of the garden is Prof. Augusto Beguenot 
(1929- 
La Mortola 

A railroad journey of about four hours west from Genoa brings 
one to Ventimiglia, near the lranco-Italian frontier. A short 
automobile ride west of Ventimiglia brings one to La Mortola, the 
beautiful private garden developed by Thomas Hanbury, sq. 
(later Sir Thomas Hanbury, K.C.V.O.), an Englishman, the bene- 
factor of the Genoa botanic garden, and known the world over as 
a patron of horticulture and botany. The entrance gate is 338 ft. 
above the sea, and the gardens slope from that point down to the 
Palazzo Orengo, nearly 200 ft. below, and from there down to the 
ocean, which is in full view from various vantage points. The 
property was taken over by Hanbury in 1867, The garden has 
an area of about 59 acres, and has been developed in a strictly 
naturalistic treatment into a place of rare beauty and horticultural 
en, but experi- 


fu 


interest. It is not, strictly speaking, a botanic gar¢ 
ments have been carried on here for many years for the purpose 
of trying out the hardiness of plants from all over the world in 
such a dry climate, with soil only moderately fertile. 

A portion of an old Roman road, the Via Aurelia, built in the 
year 13 B.C. to connect Albingaunum (Albenga) with Nicaea 
(Nice) extends through the garden, and has been carefully pre- 
served. A stone tablet states that along this ancient road passed 
Pope Innocent IV, 7 May 1251; Catherine of Sienna, June 13706; 
Nicolo Machiavelli, May 1511; Charles V, Emperor, November 


13 


1536; Pope Paul III, 1538; and Napoleon Bonapart, 3 April, 
1796. Engraved on stone in the garden is this quotation from the 
Martial, Book IV, Ep. 29: 

Rara juvant: primis sic major gratia pomis, hibernac pretium sic 
meruere rosae. (Rare things delight: thus the earliest fruits give 
most pleasure, and winter roses bring the highest price.) 

It would require a book of many pages to describe the features 
in this garden of interest to the student and lover of plants—the 
wonderful cypresses and other evergreens, the enormous specimens 
of Aloe and century plants (4gave), deciduous trees of many 
kinds, ferns and flowering plants, grapes and fruit trees, vines and 
rock garden plants, Euphorbias and oranges 
to make a garden of su 


all arranged so as 
oreme beauty, as interesting to the landscape 
architect as the individual plants are to the horticulturist and bot- 
anist. There were broad masses of Iris, planted along walks that 
extended between two rows of trees. 


— 


— 


Though not a botanic garden, as that term is now understood, 
La Mortola has a botanical library of some 1500 volumes and 600 
pamphlets ; a herbarium of about 30,000 specimens, and a museum. 
The garden publishes a seed list, and has distributed without charge 
as many as 12,000 packets of seeds in one year. It was established 
in 1867 and the present owner is Commendatore Cecil Hanbury, 
K.C.V.O., F.L.S., F.R.H.S. The library of the Brooklyn Botanic 
Garden me a copy of the en ere Congratulatory Address to Sir 
Thomas Hanbury which was presented to Sir Joseph Hooker by 
Lady Hanbury. This address, beautifully engrossed, was to have 
been presented to Sir Thomas on his 75th birthday, June 21, 1907, 
but his death occurred on the 9th of March preceding. 

I cannot close this account of visits to the gardens of Italy with- 


= 


out grateful acknowledgment of the cordial reception and uniform 
courtesy everywhere extended. On account of its being vacation 
time for the colleges most of the garden directors were absent for 
field work, conventions, or vacation, but everything possible was 
done by those in temporary charge to make the visits pleasant and 
profitable. Many delightful and advantageous contacts were estab- 
lished, publications and information obtained, and arrangements 
made for the exchange of publications, seeds, and other material. 


14 


French Gardens 
Grenoble 
From Ventimiglia we proceeded by train to Nice and thence, via 
La route des Alpes, by auto-bus to Grenoble. The Jardin des 
Plantes here is affliated with the botanical institute of the Uni- 
versity of Grenoble. The herbaceous garden is arranged on the 
Systematic basis. Small rectangular concrete tanks built into the 


— 


1rerbaceous beds provide for aquatic plants in the same bed as their 
“dry” land relatives. Clumps of rock are also placed in the 
herbaceous beds to provide for saxatile species in their systematic 
sequence. ‘The systematic beds have borders of labelled horti- 
cultural varieties that may or may not be related botanically to 
1 to the appearance of the 


— 


the species in the beds. This adds muc 
garden. About half of the garden, containing trees and shrubs, 
serves also as a public park, and is apparently much used as such 
by the public. The garden was established in 1899; it has an alti- 
tude of 2075 meters, and an area of about ten acres. It is divided 
into the following sections : 

l. A large area, scattered with rocks, simulating a small valley, 
traversed by a rivulet which empties into a small pond. This sec- 
tion is devoted specially to the flora of Lauteret, the classic Alpine 
ground of botanists. 2. A large area, comprising the systematic 
collection, is devoted to the flora of the western Alps in general. 
3. All the rest of the garden 1s divided into eight regions, each built 
up of a collection of rocks, and devoted, respectively, to the follow- 
ing botanical regions: a. Jura (caleareous rocks); 6. Pyrinees; 
c. Mountains of the Mediterranean region; d. Caucasus and Ural; 
>, Eastern Alps and Carpathians; f. Himalaya, Tibet, Altai, Sibe- 
ria; g. Arctic regions; /. Miscellaneous mountain regions. 

The University of Grenoble maintains two other Alpine gardens 
—Chaumusse (altitude 1850 meters), established 1892; and Vil- 
-’Arenes (1675 meters), established 1899, 


~ 


— 


larc 


Paris 
From Grenoble we proceeded to Paris and re-visited the Jardin 
des Plantes which we first visited in 1927. It is not essential fully 
to describe here this famous garden, which has been so often de- 


1b 


scribed, except to note that its plantations are arranged on the sys- 
tematic basis, nearly the entire area being given up to beds and 
walks, with no lawn. The garden, of about 58 acres, founded in 
1626, as the Jardin Royal or Jardin du Roi, is of great historical 
interest. The famous Lamarck held a botanical appointment here 
from 1788 until 1793 when the Convention of June reorganized it, 
changed the name to Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, and 
shortly thereafter established a zoological park. The famous sev- 
enteenth century botanist, J. P. de Tournefort (1656-1708) was 
professor in the Jardin du Roi under Louis XIV. It may be re- 
called that his /nstitutiones rei herbariae (1700), was the first book 
in which characters were assigned to genera, and was the standard 
authority until Linnaeus. Tournefort was succeeded in 1708 by 
Antoine de Jussieu. The herbarium contains the collections of the 
Jussieus—Antoine Laurent (nephew of Antoine) and his son Ad- 
rien, and of Auguste de St. Hillaire. The systematic section of 
the garden is arranged after the Jussieu system of classification. 

The Porte d’Austerlitz, the main entrance, opens to the Espla- 
nade Lamarck, on which there is a statue of Lamarck erected in 
1908 with funds provided by universal subscription. On the front 
of the pedestal is the inscription, du Fondateur de la Doctrine de 
Evolution, and under the bas relief the following: La postérité 
vous adnurera,; Elle vous vegnera, mon pere. 

Among plants of special interest in the Paris garden is a large 
Cedar of Lebanon, with a label stating that it is one of the two 
first trees brought from England by Bernard de Jussieu (brother 
of Antoine and uncle of Antoine Laurent) in 1734, and therefore 
now nearly 200 years old. These trees are said to have been given 
to Jussieu by the English botanist, Collinson. 

A visit was made to the gardens at Fontainebleau, and the Baga- 
telle rose garden was revisited, but not the Roseraie de lV Hay les 
Roses, which I saw in 1927. 


Pére Lachaise Cemetery 
The famous Paris cemetery of Pere Lachaise is of considerable 
botanical interest for it contains the graves of numerous French 
scientists, including the zoologist, Jeffroy St. Hillare (protagonist 
for the doctrine of evolution against the non-evolutionist, Cuvier, 


16 


just one hundred years ago this year), and Parmentier, who intro- 
duced the potato into France, and succeeded in getting it generally 
accepted as a food-plant. His name is perpetuated in parmenticre, 
the synonym for pommie-de-terre. His modest monument in the 
Pere Lachaise cemetery bears the following inscriptions : 

On the north side: “ Wonument élevé a la mémoire d’ Antoine 
Augustin Parmentier par les pharmaciens civils et militaires de 
France, ses Eleves, ses Anis, ses Collegues.” 


ie 


On the east side: Bas-relief of a grapevine (left), a still (cen- 
ter), and a basket of potatoes (right). On the day of our visit 
(or shortly before) some admirer had laid a large potato on this 
face of the tombstone. 

On the south side: “ Jer repose Antoine Augustin Parmentier— 
Pharmacien—Membre de UInstitut de France—du Conseil Gen- 
eral des Hospices Civils de Paris—L’un des Inspecteurs Generaur 
du Service de Sante des Arines—O fficier de la Legion d’Honneur 
—Neé a Montdidicr en 1737—Mort a Paris en 1813.” 

On the west side: In bas-relief a wheat plant (left), a plow with 
large wheels (center), a plant of Indian corn (right). At the top 
a bust of Parmentier in bas-relief. 

These emblems all signify the various ways in which Parmentier 
introduced improvements in agriculture and in the dietary of the 
French army and nation. There is in the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- 
den a bronze tablet in memory of another member of the Parmen- 
tier family, who established the second commercial nursery on 
Long Island and the first institution in Brooklyn to be called a 
botanic garden. 


Ninth International Horticultural Congress 


From August 7th to 15th I attended the Ninth Annual Inter- 
national Horticultural Congress in London, as delegate from the 
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the New York Horticultural Society, 
the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, and the 
National Institute of Social Sciences. There was a large and 
representative attendance, and the meetings were held in_ the 
Society’s own buildings, admirably adapted for such a purpose 
and also for public horticultural exhibits. One could not help 


jaar 


contrasting the flourishing condition of organized horticulture in 


WE 


England—the Royal Horticultural Society, with its more than 
27,000 members, as of Nov. 12, 1929, 2437 elected in 1929, its 
ample buildings, its endowment of over £38,900, assets of over 
£256,000, and its annual budget for 1929 of over £53,000—with the 
condition at home, where, for example, the New York Horticul- 
tural Society has only 2200 members, annual budget of $126,000 
(1929), an endowment fund of $20,000 (1929), and has available 
only rented quarters for its offices, meetings, lectures, and exhibits. 
This contrast is due, in part, to the fact that the Royal Horticul- 
tural Society was established 120 years ago (1804), in a country 
whose civilization was old before America was discovered, and is 
the only horticultural society in Great Britain; whereas the New 
York Horticultural Society was established only twenty-eight years 
ago (in 1902), in a country of new civilization, where there are 
also several other similar organizations in adjacent states. But, 


—_— 


notwithstanding, America makes a poorer showing than England 
in proportion to total and per capita wealth and total population. 
Fortunately, the situation is steadily improving in America, where 
interest in ornamental gardening and all aspects of horticulture is 
constantly increasing. 

The Congress was held by the invitation of the Royal Hort- 
cultural Society and under the auspices of the International Com- 
mittee for Horticultural Congresses, with H. R. H. The Duke of 
Connaught and Strathearn, K.G., as ake The president of the 
Horticultural Society is Mr. G. W. E. Lowder, F.L.S., and the 
success of the Congress was due in ae measure to the efficient 
work of the secretary of the Society, Mr. F. R. Durham, C.B.E., 
M.C., and his able assistant secretary, Mr. A. Simmonds, N.D.H. 
The honorary secretary was Dr. M. J. Sirks, of Wageningen, Hol- 
land. 

The scientific programs on August 8-13, were devoted largely 
to practical matters, and were grouped under the three general 
headings of Propagation, Pomology, and Tropical and Sub-Tropi- 
cal Horticulture. It was interesting to note that many (perhaps a 
majority) of the papers might with equal propriety have been 
given on the program of a botanical convention. The centrifugal 
tendency among the plant sciences during the past twenty-five years 
has, in the opinion of the writer, been unfortunate and inimicable 


18 


to the best interests of all concerned. The essential unity of in- 
terest and problems was emphasized by the nature of the papers 
on this program, and we hope the future may bring about a closer 
rapport in organization, nomenclature, and otherwise among all the 


various aspects of pure and applied botany and its various or- 
ganized groups. 

A lecture on “ The Educational Work of the Brooklyn Botanic 
Garden,” given on the afternoon of August 13th by the Director, 
e discus- 
1e 


= 


was very well attended, and was followed by considerab 
Among the various excursions planned for the Congress t 


— 


sion. 
Director attended those to the Royal Horticultural Society’s beau- 
tiful gardens at Wisley; Messrs. James Carter & Co.’s Trial 
Grounds, Raynes Park; the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; and 
the Hampton Court Gardens, all of which yielded many ideas and 
ideals and much inspiration to be applied in the further develop- 
ment of our own Garden. 

There were of course the usual receptions and teas, including a 
reception by H. M. Government at Lancaster House on the eve- 
ning of the eighth, and a complimentary dinner given by the Royal 
Horticultural Society to the official delegates in Greycoat Street 
Hall on the eleventh. The meetings closed with a Flower Show 
in Greycoat Street Hall (the exhibition hall of the Society) from 
9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on the fifteenth. This was a remarkably beautiful 
exhibit. 

Horticultural Nomenclature 


The following resolution of the committee on nomenclature is 
of special interest : 

‘A list of names valid at the time it is made should be drawn 
up and should be good for, say, six years. It 1s imperative that 
this list should follow strictly the rules of botanical nomenclature 
so far as species and botanical varieties are concerned, and that the 
names of plants generally accepted as conformable to the rules at 
the time of the making of the list should alone be used. All per- 
sonal preferences and individual usage must be sunk if not in con- 
formity with these rules. This list should be used universally in 
catalogues, horticultural literature, and gardens for a fixed period. 
An international committee should be appointed to revise this list 
in the light of botanical research at intervals of six years. Such 


19 


alterations as are admitted at these revisions should be shown 
therafter in catalogues for the next period with the superseded 
name as synonym.” 

Irurther resolutions provided as follows: Names of horticultural 
varieties should, as far as possible, consist of a single word, and 
at most only three words are permitted. Varietal names in use for 
a variety of cne kind or genus of plant should not be used again for 
another variety of the same genus even in connection with another 
species. The varietal name should follow the specific name with 
or without the abbreviation “ var.” preceding it. 

The varietal name should not be in Latin unless it designates 
some character of the plant (e.g., nanus, albus), or its place of ori- 
gin (kewensis). Latinized proper names for varieties is not per- 
mitted. Thus, Victoria regia Tricker is the approved form, not 
Victoria regia Trickeri; Dianthus deltoides var. Brilliant (not bril- 
liantissimus). 

The prefixes Mr., Mrs., Miss, and their equivalents shou 
avoided, and also the articles “A” and “ The,” except in lan- 
guages where they form an integral part of the substantives (e.¢., 
“Giant,” not “The Giant’; but Pelargonium peltatum La 
rance). Iéxisting names need not be altered to conform to the 
new rules, but they apply to all new names proposed. 

During the week of the Congress the rooms of the Linnean So- 
ciety, Burlington House, Picadilly, were open as the London Re- 
ception Room of the Botanical Congress. These rooms, and also 
those of the Royal Society, also in Burlington House, were open 
for inspection by Congress members from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on 
August 14th and 15th. Among the priceless treasures exhibited 
1e original M.S. of Linnaeus’s Species 


ss 


d be 


— 


by the Linnean Society was t 
Plantarum, 
Fifth International Botanical Congress 


On August 16-23 I attended the Fifth International Botanical 
Congress at Cambridge, under the presidency of Prof. A. C. Sew- 
ard, Master of Downing College, and head of the Botany School 
at Cambridge. Sessions for the reading and discussion of scien- 
tific papers were held every morning and afternoon in the various 
rooms of the botany school. A reception was held on the evening 
of the 16th in St. John’s College by the kind invitation of the Mas- 


20 


ter and I*ellows, and an organ recital was given on Sunday evening, 
the 17th, in the beautiful chapel of King’s College. The evenings 
were devoted to popular lectures, and honorary degrees were con- 
ferred by the Vice-Chancellor of the University in the Senate 


— 


louse on the afternoon of August 20. A garden party was held 
at Downing College on the afternoon of the 20th by the kind 
invitation of the Master and Mrs. Seward, tea being served in the 
gardens. Delegates were presented to the President of the Con- 
egress at a plenary meeting at 6:15 p.m., on August 20. The final 
1 1¢°.23d. 


pears 
ann 
— 


at noon on t 


lenary meeting was helc 
2 oS 


Botanical Nomenclature 


Perhaps the most important work accomplished at this congress 


was the revision of the rules of botanical nomenclature. Hitherto 


different systems of nomenclature have been followed in different 
countries—the so-called “ American Code” by some (though not 
1) botanists in the United States, and the “Vienna Code,” 


adopted at the Vienna Congress in 1905 in other countries. The 


— 


a 


result has been unsatisfactory, and a hindrance to the advance- 
ment of systematic botany. At the Congress of Botanists held 
in Ithaca, N. Y., in 1925, the Cambridge Congress was charged 
with a revision of the Rules of Nomenclature for the scientific 


names of plants. At all the sessions of this Section, presided over 
by Dr. FE. D. Merrill, Director-in-Chief of the New York Botani- 
cal Garden, as chairman, there was manifest the closest interna- 
tional harmony, and the result was the unanimous adoption of 
an International Code of Nomenclature that will undoubtedly be 
followed henceforth by the majority of botanists of all countries. 


js 


This was a great step forwarc 


Hooker \lemorial Tablet 


Notice of this meeting should not be concluded without mention 
of the Unveiling and Dedication of a Memorial Tablet to Sir Wil- 
liam Hooker and his son, Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, in St. Mary’s 
Church, Halesworth, on Sunday, August 17, at 2:30 p.m. Some 
of the masonry of this old church dates back to the year 972 A.D. 
The tablet, of Hopton Wood Marble (Darbyshire), was designed 
by Mr. A. H. Gerard, assistant to the professor of sculpture of 


PAL 


the Slade School of University College, London, and was cast by 
Wedgewood. It is of incised relief, similar to that used by the 
Egyptians 3000 years ago. As explained to the writer by Mr. 
Gerard, the design on the lower border represents flowers that trail 
on the ground, the side border upright growing plants. The top 
border has in the center a conventional sun, the source of energy 
for plant life, and five conventionalized birds signifying seed dis- 
persal. ‘The plants on the side are a species of heather magnified 
40 times. The inscription reads as follows: 

“This tablet records the association with Halesworth of Sir Wil- 
liam Hooker and of his son, Sir Joseph Hooker, who in succession 
became the directors of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir 
William Hooker lived in Halesworth from 1809 to 1820, and here 
Sir Joseph was born in 1817. Erected 1930.” 

The tablet was unveiled by Sir David Prain, formerly director 
of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the dedication was by the 
Bishop of St. Edmundsbury and Ipswich (Halesworth is near 
Bury St. Edmunds). The scriptures were read by Lord Ulls- 
water, former speaker of the House of Commons, who read from 
Ecclesiasticus xvii, 1-11 and li, 23-30. The text for the address 
was Psalms civ, 24. “O Lord, how manifold are thy works! In 
wisdom thou hast made them all; the earth is full of thy riches.’ 
The speaker made a plea for a greater mutual toleration between 
science and theology, and for more serious attempts by both scien- 
tists and t 


— 


1eologians to understand sympathetically each other's 
aims, ideals, and methods. Among those present at the exercises 
at the church, and at the old homestead were two sons and several 
grandchildren of Sir Joseph Hooker. 

While at Cambridge I revisited the interesting and well-kept 
Cambridge Botanic Garden, which is in charge of Mr. Humphrey- 
Gilbert Carter, Curator. The garden, of 21 acres, belongs to the 
University of Cambridge and is governed for the University by 
the Botanic Garden Syndicate. There is here a small but excellent 
rock garden. The Botanic Garden supplies the material for in- 
struction to the botany school of the University. 

On Sunday, August 24, members of the Congress visited what 
is, perhaps, the greatest shrine in the world of biological science— 
Down House, Charles Darwin's residence at Down, Kent. The 
points of greatest interest were the famous sand walk, where Dar- 


in which 


is the room 


19. Darwin’s study at Down House. This 


Fic. 


(6973.) 


jin. of Species was written. 


the Oric 


Ze 


win took most of his exercise and did much of his thinking, and 
the old study in which the Origin of Species was written. The 
house and grounds were presented to the British Association for 
the Advancement of Science by Mr. George Buckston Browne, 
during its meeting in Leeds, in 1927. Many articles of association 
with Darwin have been assembled here and are being added to 
from time to time by gift. 

In may be incidentally mentioned in this connection that while 
in Cambridge I secured for our library an autographed letter of 
Darwin, as well as other autographs and several unusual portraits 
of botanists. 

After the conclusion of the Congress in Cambridge, the delegates 
were entertained at Kew, and also at the Natural History Museum, 
South Kensington. The botanical treasures exhibited at the Mu- 
seum included the herbarium of Sir Hans Sloane, specimens of the 
herbarium of Linnaeus, a collection of 3000 specimens forming 
the types of Linnaeus’s Hortus Cliffortianus ; the European herba- 
rium of John Ray (1627-1705) ; American plants collected by John 
Bartram (1699-1777), founder of the first botanic garden in 
America; collections of William Bartram (1739-1823), including 
the only known specimen of Franklinia altamaha Bartram (Gor- 
domia pubescens L’Heéritier) ever found growing wild. The tree 
is now apparently extinct in the locality where Bartram found it. 
(Several specimens are growing in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.) 
Also, the herbarium of Philip Miller (1691-1771), curator of the 
Chelsea Physic Garden; manuscripts of Robert Brown (1773- 
1858) ; drawings by Schleiden (1804-1881), founder (with the 
zoologist Schwann) of the cell-theory; a collection of microscopic 
slides of the mycologist, de Bary (1831-1888) ; Peter Collinson’s 
account of the first introduction of American seeds into Great 
* used by Robert Brown and (pos- 


Britain, and the “ microscope ’ 
Is. 


sibly) by the use of which he discovered the nucleus in cel 

Plants from the Chelsea Physic Garden were also exhibited. In 
1712 Sir Hans Sloane bought the Manor of Chelsea and with it the 
Physic Garden, founded by the Apothecaries’ Company in 1672. 
xroperty over to the Apothecaries in 1/22 for an 


He turned the | 
yer condition that 


annual payment of five pounds, and on the furtl 
the Apothecaries should, every year for forty years, deposit with 


24 


the Royal Society (of which Sloane was one of the founders), 
fifty herbarium specimens, mounted and named, all of plants grown 
in the Chelsea Garden, and no two alike. The Royal Society pre- 
sented these plants to the British Museum in 1781. 

The British Museum herbarium is in charge of Mr, J. Ramsbot- 
tom, who has recently succeeded Dr. A. B. Rendle. Dr. Rendle 
was honorary treasurer of the Horticultural Congress. 

Returning, I reached New York on September 16, 

Respectfully submitted, 
C. STUART GAGER, 
Director 


RE RORKEE ONS RER 1 On 8 NGEAND Aan, 
NORTHERN EUROPE 
Dr. C. STUART GAGER, DIRECTOR: 

I take pleasure in submitting a report of my travels to England, 
Scandinavia, Russia, and Germany during August, September, and 
October, 1930. I went to attend the International Botanical Con- 
gress in Cambridge, being particularly interested in the nomen- 
clature discussions and in the possibility of greater unity among 


— 


the various botanic gardens as to families and genera. I also 
planned to visit my native country, Norway, and from there to go 
to Russia chiefly to learn something about botanical publications re- 
lating to that extensive part of the temperate regions and of the 
possibility of exchanges. 

I went on board the 8S. S. Bremen at Brooklyn Friday evening, 
August tst. I was fortunate in having as stateroom companion 
Professor J. N. Couch, of the botany department of the University 
of North Carolina. It was the fastest trip I had ever made across 
the Atlantic, for by Wednesday evening we saw the lighthouses 
off the English coast, and Thursday forenoon called at Cherbourg, 
France. At noon we left the Bremen near Southampton. 

In London I attended some of the meetings of the International 
Horticultural Congress and of its Committee on Nomenclature ; 
also an interesting excursion to the John Innes Horticultural Instt- 
tution. It was decided to prepare an International List of Horti- 
cultural Species, in Latin only. Holland, Germany, and the United 
States now have horticultural name lists, but these do not corre- 
spond with one another nor with the usage in other countries. The 
new list is being prepared by Dr. Camillo Schneider and Dr. Rob- 
ert Zander, of Berlin, with the aid of specialists. It will be sub- 
mitted first to the Committee of about twenty members representing 
ten nations, with Dr. Rendle, of the British Museum herbarium, as 
chairman, and afterwards to the Paris Horticultural Congress in 
1932. This is the first attempt to seek international sanction for a 
list of horticultural species. As the horticulturists have expressed 
their intention to follow the botanical rules of nomenclature, it may 


ZS 


26 


be expected that the new list will be widely accepted also by botanic 
gardens, although such a list cannot be expected to include the very 
great number of species cultivated by botanic gardens. 

Registration for the Cambridge Congress was at the Linnaean 
Society, in London, where an exhibit of botanico-historical interest 
was arranged. A special train took the botanists to Cambridge, 
two hours distant, August 16th. The Congress continued one 
week. Dr. Diels, director of the Berlin Botanic Garden, was chair- 
man of the Taxonomic Section, and Dr. Merrill, director of the 
New York Botanical Garden, presided over the nomenclature dis- 
cussions. At first it appeared as if the work could not be com- 
pleted, but progress was speeded by a decision to consider only 
those points as to which there were decided differences of opinion 
in the International Committee. 


Three points especially caused prolonged discussion, namely, 
Latin diagnoses, nomtina specifica conservanda, and the question of 
homonyms. The American view of homonyms was carried, 
though opposed by many European and by some American bot- 
anists. Latin diagnoses were carried by a large majority, but it 
was decided to extend the enforcement of the rule till January 1, 
1932. 

At the final meeting the question of family names was reconsid- 
ered, on motion of Dr. Barnhart. Dr. Pennell’s proposal that 
family names should be formed from genera, with the names Criuci- 
ferac, Compositae also permitted, was carried. The similar pro- 
posal of British botanists, to 


— 


rave all orders terminate in -ales, was 
not carried. On motion of Mr. Ramsbottom, Keeper of the 
Herbarium, British Museum, a provision was made that new points 
were to be considered as tentative for five years and could then be 
reconsidered. A large General Committee on Nomenclature was 
formed, with American members Barnhart, Fernald, Hitchcock, 
Jepson, Maxon, Merrill, Rehder. The general executive com- 
mittee of seven were Barnhart, Harms, Janchen, Maire, Ramsbot- 
tom, Rehder, Sprague; that is, four from England and America, 
three from the rest of the world. Special committees were to 
consider nomina conservanda and other matters; that for the 
phanerogams and ferns consisting of seven, namely, Christensen, 
Fernald, Harms, Maire, Maxon, Rehder, Wilmott. The resulting 


—" 


27 


compromise on nomenclature will result in considerable modifica- 
tions of names in both the American and International systems. 

I attended some of the meetings of the paleobotanists, and was 
especially interested in hearing that there seemed to be agreement 
that the Rhynia group represents the earliest land plants and that 
this group was followed by three main lines represented by club- 
mosses, horsetails, and ferns. 

Returning to London, groups of botanists inspected Kew gar- 
dens under guidance. The spacious grounds with so many large 
trees are impressive. The group I accompanied was led by Mr. 
Summerhayes, who has recently published a monograph of Aus- 
tralian Frankemaceae. It was evident that many plants were hardy 
in the climate of Kew which cannot grow in Brooklyn. Among 
these the Chilean shrub, Eueryphia pinnatifolia, with its abundant 
flowers, was conspicuous. At the herbarium Dr. Stapf called my 
attention to the collection of illustrations. Duplicate copies of 
illustrations of numerous works have been cut out and classified, 
so that the various illustrations of the same plant are all together. 

Another interesting excursion was to Darwin’s home at Down, 
Kent. It was about an hour’s ride from London. It is now na- 
tional property, in charge of the British Association for the Ad- 
vancement of Science. We were met at Down by the anthropolo- 
gist, Sir Arthur Keith. Of special interest was the sand walk, 
about half a mile long, acquired by Darwin a few vears before his 
death, and where he took daily walks. 

On August 30th I went to Hull and then by the Ellerman-Wilson 
Line across the North Sea. We arrived at Christiansand, near the 
south point of Norway, about midnight Sunday. The next morn- 
ing there was bright sunshine but it was decidedly cooler than the 
last week in England. The morning stage had left early, so I 
arranged for my baggage and started on foot. [ walked about 
ten miles through picturesque and constantly varying scenery; the 
road wound by rocky hills with forests chiefly of spruce, pine, and 
birch. There were lakes, and small farms with gardens and fruit 
trees, with occasional views of the fjord, at the end of which I 
was overtaken by the afternoon stage. When darkness came on 
I stopped in a small town and the next day continued to my native 
town of Kragero. Here I remained a week on a near-by island. 
It was early fall, but everything was still green, with many flowers 


28 


in bloom, and much fruit and vegetables. Visiting the botany class 
in school I enjoyed seeing the pupils examine the fall flowers, but 
otherwise there was a great deal of book study. In an English 
class the pupils could read well, but were unable to speak English. 

By train to Oslo, through the valley and mountain district of 


Pelemark, I passed Gaustafjell, the highest mountain in southern 
Norway. At the botanic garden in Oslo I saw again Professor 


Holmboe, who had also just returned from England. He ex- 
pressed his satisfaction that unity had been attained in the rules of 


nomenclature. The Oslo herbarium is of considerable size and 
rich in Scandinavian and Arctic specimens. The lichen collection 
in charge of Dr. Lynge is especially extensive. He had recently 
returned from an expedition to Northeastern Greenland. In ear- 
lier years he had collected in Spitzbergen and in Nova Zembla. 


He introduced me to Professor Broch, professor of Slavonic lan- 


— 


guages, who had just returned from Russia. Thus [I obtained 
‘latou, Nor- 
wegian Consul in Leningrad, and Dr. Wolgin, secretary of the 


helpful information and letters of introduction to Mr. 


Leningrad Academy of Science. At the Russian Legation | was 
informed that there would be no delay in obtaining the visa to 
enter Russia. [| must bring three photographs, write out the re- 
quired information and pay $12. 

In Oslo I visited the school gardens, which are very extensive, 
perhaps fifty acres in different places. The children do not have 


poy 


individua 
not work so well as the present method. Groups of about thirty 


plots. They had begun that way, I was told, but it did 
children each worked under the direction of a teacher. The aim 
was not primarily educational, as with our Children’s Garden, but 
to produce as much vegetables and fruit as possible. Piles of fruits 
and vegetables were laid by the garden paths, one for each child 
working, and taken by them in bags or baskets as they went out. 
Often the parents stood at the gates with baskets to help carry, as 
the loads in the fall were so heavy. The children were especially 
concerned as to how many apples or pears they were going to 
have; the vegetables aroused less interest. Near-by, and also in 


gs 


laver or allotment 


— 


different parts outside the city, were “ koloni 
gardens. T[lere plots of about half an acre are rented by the 
municipality for a very low sum and families put up small cabins 
and live there during the summer months. 


29 


—" 


Going to Trysil, 150 miles northeast of Oslo, there was another 
drop in temperature. Endless forests, chiefly of spruce, character- 
ize this region; the birch trees were yellow, standing out brightly 
among the evergreens. Many people were busy making ditches, an 
operation required by the state whenever forest lands change 
ownership. 

I stopped over night in the Swedish border village of Charlotten- 
berg, so as to travel across Sweden by day. Here the compara- 
tively level landscapes, with more numerous farms and _ villages, 
form a contrast with mountainous Norway. 

Stockholm is beautifully situated on waters of the Malaren, 
branching bays of the Baltic. The botanic garden, formerly called 
Bergiansk Tradgard, now Bergielund, is a short distance to the 
north. It is about half the size of the Brooklyn Garden, with a 
picturesque situation by a lake. Dr. Fries, whom I had met in 
Ikngland, took me about the garden. Most conspicuous among 
the flowering plants at this time was the yellow climber, Tropae- 
olum peregrinum, There were many American goldenrods, but 
they had an unfamiliar appearance and it was difficult to recognize 
the species. Whether the difference in appearance is due chiefly 
to the different climate or in part to the greater length of day in 
this northern latitude, I do not know. The rock garden consists 
of three large piles of granite rocks, representing America, Scandi- 
navia, the Alps and Asia. 
ne Natural History Museum of Zoology and Geology is a 
large building not far away; by it is the separate botany building, 
including a large herbarium and museum in charge of Dr. Samuel- 
son. Dr. Asplund took me about the herbarium, especially rich 
in South American material. I was particularly interested in see- 
ing the original specimens of Frankenia Clarenii Fries. 

Some distance north of the botanic garden, at Berghamra, are 
about a hundred “ colony-gardens ” with small summer houses 
similar to those I saw near Oslo. Here the land is rented by a 


a 


special society. 

A night steamer took me over the Baltic to Abo or Turku, Fin- 
land, passing the Aland Islands and innumerable small forest- 
covered islands nearer the Finnish mainland. I then took a train 
across the country to Helsingfors. It 1s nearly level, with ex- 
tensive grasslands and forests. Ditches, twenty or thirty feet 


30 


rhe run everywhere through the farming regions. In Helsing- 
fc 


rs | found no difficulty in getting along with a few Swedish 
words, but 


_— 


n eastern Finland the people did not usually under- 


— 


stand any language that [ knew anything about. I stopped over 
night in the little village of Rajajoki only a mile from the Russian 
line, and here [ found it necessary to get along as best I could 
with sign language. 

In the morning the train soon crossed the little river separating 
Finland from Russia. There is a bridge, painted half red and 


pen 


half white, with soldiers on each side. The train stopped and 


— 


baggage had to be taken to the customs house to be closely ex- 
amined. After papers were looked over 1t was necessary to give 
information as to the exact amount of cash carried. An hour's 
further travel and the train stopped in the Finland station in Lenin- 
erad. 

Crossing the Neva on a crowded street car, | recognized from 
pictures the Peter and Paul fortress and the Winter Palace. I had 
some misgivings whether | would get off at the right place, but | 
did reach the Hotel d'Europe, and here there were no more lan- 
guage difficulties. 

Leningrad appeared like a very large city. The Neva divides to 
form two large island suburbs, Wassilevsky, with the university 
and museums, and Petrogradskaja, near which the botanic garden 
is situated. The main street, the Nevsky Prospect, is south of the 
Neva; it is generally called by the old name though the official 
hame is now Street of the 25th October. 

I was in Russia ten days, in Leningrad only, from September 
goth to October roth. The temperature was two or three degrees 
above freezing, except one day when a couple of inches of snow 
fell. It appeared like winter, but the snow was gone the next day. 
en, except that the poplars 


— 


The leaves of trees had nearly all fal 
along the many canals were still green. 

At the botanic garden I was cordially received by Dr. Roskevitz, 
and later met Dr. Komarov, director; Dr. Iljensky, in charge of 
living plants; Miss Hammerman, at the botanical museum; Dr. 
Fedchenko, in charge of the herbarium; Mme. Stroukow, his secre- 
tary; and Mr. Ohl, librarian. To all of them and others my 
thanks are due for making my visit to Russia very interesting and 
instructive. 


ot 


— 


notanic garden contains about 30 acres. The 
y two 


The Leningrad 
conservatory collections are very extensive. I mention on 
small but thriving specimens of Welwitschia mirabilis. They were 
in double pots, the outer only watered. They came from seeds 
en, South Africa. On my return 


— 


pony 


from Stellenbosch Botanic Garc 
to Brooklyn I found we also had acquired this interesting plant 
during my absence. 

The main building was completed just before the war. The 
very large herbarium is divided geographically into six divisions: 
European Russia, Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia, Northern China, 
and one division for other parts of the world. The specimens are 
arranged under the Dalla Torre and Harms generic numbers. For 
example, Frankenia occurs under 5233 under these various divi- 


sions. 

Mr. Ohl, librarian, kindly took out the most important systematic 
works of which I made a list, which was afterwards extended by 
Dr. Fedchenko. J was assured there would be no difficulty in 
making an approximate list of the genera of the higher plants 
within the Soviet Union. 

The Institute of Applied Botany, in a central part of the city, 
was being remodeled. It has extensive collections of varieties of 
wheat and of economic plants in general. At the Zoological Mu- 
seum I saw the famous Siberian mammoth. I also visited the 
Museum of Anthropology, the Hermitage Art Museum, and the 
Winter Palace, formerly the Czar’s residence, now a Museum of 
the Revolution, with pictures of war and suffering. 

From Leningrad I returned to Helsingfors and travelled by 
steamer for two days on the Baltic to Stettin, Germany, then by 
train to Berlin, where I also remained ten days. The first day in 
Berlin I saw a group marching with a red flag: “ Fur Sovjet gegen 
Young,” nevertheless, Berlin looked much more prosperous than 


— 


—_— 


a 


Leningrad. 

Dr. Engler, world famous systematist, for nearly forty years 
director of the Berlin Botanic Garden, had died in his 87th year, 
just before my visit, and, like Theophrastus of old, was buried in 
his garden. 

My stay in Berlin was favored with ideal fall weather, which 
encouraged walks in the botanic garden and the Grtinewald forest 
not far away. Here poplar trees and also locusts were still green. 


OZ 


The garden includes about eighty acres. There are numerous 
geographical divisions: German forest, various European and 
other mountain regions, American forests, ete. There is also an 
extensive arboretum, an herbaceous division, and a division of 
economic plants. 

In the herbarium I was chiefly occupied with the Frankenias. 
I was also interested in discussing, chiefly with Dr. Harms and 


Dr. Melchior, the subject of genera and nomenclature. I also 
spoke again with Dr. Gilg and Dr. Diels about the possibility of an 
English edition of Engler’s Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, to in- 
clude the decisions of the Cambridge Congress. I met Dr. Schnei- 
der and Dr. Zander, and learned from them more about the plans 
for the proposed International List of Horticultural Species. 
While in Berlin I had occasion to visit the very interesting 
Planetarium, near the zoological gardens. [very day and even- 


ing there are groups from schools or societies, or sessions for the 


~ 


general public. Around Berlin, too, they have extensive “ colony- 


’ 


gardens,” and it appeared that the children who had lived there 
during the summer not only had learned about plants, but had also 
become interested in the starry heavens. 

On October 25th I sailed on the S. S. Columbus, and on Novem- 
ber 1st reached Brooklyn, just three months after my departure. 

Respectfully submitted, 
ALFRED GUNDERSEN, 
Curator of Plants. 


DELECTUS SEMINUM, BROOKLYN, 1930 
List oF SEEDS OFFERED IN EXCHANGE 


These seeds, collected during 1930, are offered to botanic 
gardens and to other regular correspondents ; also, in limited 
quantities, to members. of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 

hey are not offered for sale. 

N.B. Applications for seeds must be received by us not 
later than February 28, 1931. 


SEEDS OF TREES AND SHRUBS 


GYMNOSPERMAE 
Cupressaceae Pseudotsuga 
Juniperus xifolia 


communis var. depressa Tsuga 
Pinaceae canadensis 
Pinus 
rigida 
DICOTYLEDONES 
Aceraceae 163 Araliaceae 227 
Acer Aralia 
Negundo spinosa 
Opalus 


Pseudoplatanus 
saccharum 


Anacardiaceae 153 


"IRosaieyeleacsbe on 
Vernix 
Aquifoliaceae 157 
Ilex 
crenata 
glabra 


Asclepiadaceae 248 
Periploca 
graeca 
Berberidaceae 93 
Berberis 
Regehana 
Thunbergii 
vulgaris 
Betulaceae 61 
Alnus 
glutinosa 
incana 


Betula 
lenta 
lutea 
papyrifera 
populifolia 
Carpinus 
caroliniana 
Ostryva 
virginiana 
Bignoniaceae 258 
Catalpa 
bignonioides 
Caprifoliaceae 271 
Diervilla 
florida 
rivularis 
sessilfolia 
Lonicera 


Maackui var. podocarpa 


Sambucus 
canadensis 
var. submollis 
racemosa 
var. tenuifolia 
Symphoricarpos 
albus 
occidentalis 


occidentalis var. Heyert 


Viburnum 
acerifolium 
dentatum 
hupehense 
Lentago 
Opulus 
pubescens 

var. affine 
scabrellum 
theiferum 
Celastraceae 158 

Celastrus 

scandens 
Kuonymus 

Bungeana 

patens 


Clethraceae 230 
Clethra 


alnifolia 
Compositae 280 
Iva 


oraria 
Cornaceae 229 


Cornus 
alba 
Amomum 
brachypoda 
canadensis 
florida 
obliqua 
paniculata 
paucinervis 


Elaeagnaceae 215 


Elaeagnus 
umbellata 


Ericaceae 233 
Erica 
stricta 
Kalmia 
latifolha 


Ericaceae 
—Vaccinioideae 233a 
Gaylussacia 

baccata 
Vaccinium 

stamineum 

Fagaceae 62 

Quercus 

alba 

coccinea 

ilicifolia 

Prinus 

stellata 

velutina 


Guttiferae 187 
Hypericum 
hirsutum 
maculatum 


Hamamelidaceae 123 


TTamamelis 
virginiana 

Liquidambar 
styraciflua 


Juglandaceae 60 
Carya 


cordiformis 


Lauraceae 102 


Benzoin 
aestivale 


Leguminosae 
—Caesalpinoideae 127b 


Gleditschia 
triacanthos 


Leguminosae 
—Papilionatae 128 


Amorpha 
fruticosa 
microphylla 

Campylotropis 
macrocarpa 

Caragana 
arborescens 

Colutea 
arborescens 

Cytisus 
scopar ius 


OTmMOosa 


Robinia 


30yntoni 
Pseudoacacia 


Wisteria 


sinensis 


Loganiaceae 245 


Buddleia 


albiflora 

Davidit 

Davidiu var. magnifica 
Davidii var. Veitchiana 
Davidii var. Wilsonii 
nivea 


Moraceae 64 
Jroussonetia 
papyrifera 
Maclura 
pomifera 


Myricaceae 57 


Myrica 
carolinensis 


Oleaceae 243 


Fraxinus 


longicuspis 

oregona 
Ligustram 

Ibota 

Ibota var. Regelianum 

vulgare 

var. atrovirens 

Syringa 

Josikaea 


Polygonaceae 77 


Polygonum 


Aubertii 


Ranunculaceae 91 
Clematis 
paniculata 
virginiana 


Vitalba 


Rhamnaceae 169 
Ceanothus 
americanus 
Rhamnus 
catharties 
Frangula 
Rosaceae 126 
Physocarpus 
opulifolius 
Potentilla 
fruticosa 
Khodotypos 
kerrioides 
Rosa 
damascena 
multiflora 


multiflora cathayensis 


virginiana 
Wichuriana 
Rubus 
odoratus 
Sorbar; iba) 
Aitchison 
arborea var. 
sorbifoha 
stellipila 
Spiraea 
albiflora 
Billiardi 
Douglasii 
latifolia 
tomentosa 
Rosac 
ee 
Aronia 
arbutifolia 
atropurpurea 
meclanocarpa 


126a 


glabrata 


Chaenomeles 
Maulei 

Cotoneaster 
Dielsiana 
Franchetit 
hor izonte ilis 


Oxyacantha 
persimilis 
Phaenopyrum 
pinnatifida 
Malus 
floribunda 
ioensis 
nl 
eee 
umbellata 
Prunus 
maritima 
Rubiaceae 270 
Cephalanthus 
occidentalis 
Mitchella 
repens 
Rutaceae 137 
Evodia 
Daniell 
Phellodendron 
japonicum 
Poncirus 
rifolhiata 
Ptelea 
crenulata 
trifoliata 
Ruta 
eraveolens 
Zanthoxy lum 
Bungei 


Salicaceae 56 


Salix 
serissima 


oF, 


Sapindaceae 165 Styracaceae 242 


Koelreuteria otyrax 
paniculata japonica 
Saxifragaceae 117 Tamaricaceae 191 
Deutzia apap e 
amarix 
scabra ee odessana 
var. candidissima pentandra 


ITydrangea 


arborescens Tiliaceae 174 


paniculata Tiliz 
ee Liha 
ae ae ne americana 
irginica 
Philadelphus Ulmaceae 63 
coronarius fl. pl, ae 
re Celtis 
Lemoinei . ; 
aoe occidentalis 
Lewisii 
See Verbenaceae 253 
yubescens ahaa 
Callicarpa 
Simarubaceae 138 Giraldii 
Ailanthus _ japonica 
glandulosa Vitex 
Agnus-castus 
Solanaceae 256 Negundo var. incisa 
Lycium 
barbarum Vitaceae 170 
chinense Ampelopsis 


heterophylla 


halimifolium 
Psedera 


Staphyleaceae 161 quinquefolia 
Staphylea Vitis 
Bumalda aestivale 
MONOCOTYLEDONES 
Dioscoreaceae 343 herbacea 
pinnata 


Dioscorea 
rotundifolia 


villosa 
Liliaceae 338 trifolia 
Smilax Yucca 
filamentosa 


glauca 


38 
Srerps COLLECTED IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES 
(CHIEFLY IN TENNESSEE) 


by Dr. H. Kk. SvENSON 


Abies Linaria 
Fraseri Elatine 
Arabis Lippia 
lyrata lanceolata 
Arenaria Parthenium 
patula integrifolium 
Belamcanda Petalostemon 
_ chinensis Gattingerl 
C he oe Polymnia 
ay canadensis Uvedalia 
Cimicifuga iia 
americana : 
Clintonia . canadensis 
borealis Salvia 
Coreopsis , lyrata 
tripteris Satureia 
Diphyllaea : glabella 
“yimosa Saururus 
Dodecatheon cernuus 
feadia Saxifraga 
Kryngium leucanthemiufolia 
aquaticum Scutellaria 
procumbens canescens 
Gillenia integrifolia 
trifoliata Sedum 
Helianthus 


ternatum 
Stachys 
tenuifolia var. aspera 


laetiflorus 
Tleuchera 
macrorhiza 


7 Streptopus 
ee roseus 
Hibiscus alain 
ilitaris = oe 
ee ay teretifolium 
Hydrophylum as 
- ° Thaspium 
my pinnatifidum 
a Trautvetteri 
virginica (?) rautve ie . 
aa : Pas inensis 
virginica pe 
Liatris erectum var. album 
eraminifolia undulatum 


spicata Vaseyl 


oo 


Viburnum Xytis 
alnifolium caroliniana 
nudum Zanthorhiza 

Vernonia apiifolia 
altissima 


SEEDS COLLECTED IN TENNESSEE AND’ OHIO 
BY Mr. A. J. SHARP 


Actaea Impatiens 
alba pallida 
Arisaema Inula 
polymorpha TTelenium 
Asclepias Penthorum 
variegata sedoides 
Aster : Polygonatum 
can acuminatus “commutatum 
Caulophyllum Tae 
thalictroides carolinianus 
Cocculus 2 
Me eee Senecio 
carolinus ‘ 
uonymus See pull 
ainericana Solidago 
upatorium oe glomerata 
urticaefolium Zanthoxylum 
ites americanum 


monticola 


SEEDS COLLECTED IN ATKINSON, Nortu CAROLINA 


BY Miss Catiie HARRELL 
Dionaea muscipula 
Address requests for seeds to 


SEED EXCHANGE, 
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 


1000 Washington Av 
Brooklyn, N 


es 


ee 


Osh ae 


-v™ _ —_ = a eee) eel gga etna Gly 9s a peste weet le cea nee ee i ee 
- i 7 - - 7 “4 7 - Sora 7 


iin! ale 


7 = 


en a 
7 — a 
a of het 


“ The spose Institute ot Arts and Sciences: 


: _ Ormcss. OF THE pe OF TRUSTEES 


eee «PRESIDE 
BSE ae EDWARD C. BLUM a os 
Bee TV icetPansi IDENT. SECOND Eee : 
. WALTER oy oS WILLIAM A: PUTNAM *: 


D VicE-PRESIDENT ~ 
“ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN 


Pee teuaee ene 
Gc eee SMITH z JOHN A. DENBIGH 


- Boranic GARDEN. GOVERNING COMMITTEE 
“MISS HILDA LOINES; Chairman 


EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex oe JOHN: W. FROTHINGHAM 
* MRS. WILLIAM: ‘H. CARY WILLIAM T. HUNT 3 
ee “WALTER: H. CRITTENDEN . - ALFRED W. Foxe ING 
GATES D, FAHNESTOCK. . EDWIN P. MAYNARD 
“MRS. ‘LEWIS W. FRANGIS WILLIAM: AY PUTNAM 


EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD 
ee THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
atone “THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN 
THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH: OF SNS 


param uae recsamc Tt 


S 


_ GENERAL cy FORMATION 


‘$10 ye year ou ning eee ie ee 
3 On concerning membership may 
mn Htonie Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y. 


ar; elegans 


a oh opposite’ Meries 


Bayes TH S Boric GARDEN s open free to the public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk ; 
ee on ‘Sundays and Holidays doen: at 
: NTRANCES On Flatbush Ome mca Empi ae Ate ¢ Mal Ibone Street), 
and near Mt. Prospect Reserveir ; on Was ington. paar “South of -Eastern ees 
Hie cll near emp Boulevard ; on. Eastern Parkway, west ‘ot the Mus 
uildin 
The. treet entrance to the Laboratory Building is. at 1000 » Washington. Agius 


IST. Mapes ee others. in advise the: falleetions the services oe a 


ee docent flay ‘be obtained. This perce: ei free: oF pee ioy ie members. of the Botanic 


‘ Garden; to others there isa. charge 


f er “pe \rrangements must 

be made by application to the’ Curato ae i ‘Public I tri ction 2 at least: one week in 
“advance... _No parties of less than six ‘adults el ie conduc 

5 A THE’ Garp RDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) sites to Prolneet Park 


Ce o Reac 
-” Station » “Interborough Subway to apres Barkvay: Brooklyn Museum Station ; 


‘Flatbu sh Av venue trolley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street, 
© Tor ompkins. Avenue trolleys to Washington ‘Avenue; St. John’s Place trolley to 


es St Sterling Place. and. Washington Avenue; Union’ ‘Street: or Vanderbilt Avenue - 
«trolleys -to® Prospect Park te and Union a treet, Rs 


te ae December 41, 1930, 


peas § 


sete PUBLICATIONS 
: OF THE 
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 


RECORD. - tablished, January, 1912, An administrative periodical issued 
quarterly ote 198) 3 Biee nthly beginning with 1 Contains, among other 
things, the Annual R of the director and heads of del departments, ‘special reports, 
announcements’ of es of instruction, seed list, bene ‘miscellaneous papers, 
and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Free teagan uy the Garden, a 
To others $1.50 a year, 25 cents a number. Circulates i in 4l coun : 
_ MEMOIRS. "Established, July, 1918. Published ieregularly., cate in 
” 47 ee 
Volume I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers ‘presented at 
the dedication of the laboratory building and plant houses, ‘April, 19-21, 1917. 
». 521 pages. Price $3.50, plus pos inn 
’ Volume II. The. vegetation o f Long I Island: « Part I ‘Phe vexetation of 
Montauk: A’ ase of etssiand and forest. By Norman Taylor, ‘June 11, 1923. 
108 Price $1.00, plus po 5 
Volume III. Vegetation "ot Mount Desert Island, Mains, and ‘its_environ- 

pene By Barrington Moote and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. 1st pages. 
rice na 
CON TEEAULIONS. _Established, April I, 1911. seen: originally published 
in periodicals, reis “ separates,” without change o numbere 
consecutively. This. Sines includes’ occasional papers, as well a as those embodying © 


2 the rene ‘of research done at the Garden, or by members oC its staff or students. 


wenty-five numbers Sota one volume. Price 25, cents ae a volume. 
Circulates in 34 countr 
55: Phystologic races of bunt of wheat. 14 pages 1928 
‘56. The inheritance of resistance ‘of oat hybrids ‘to loose and covered. smut, 
48 pages. 1928. 
57. New physiologic races of oat smuts. 22 pages. | 1930. 
58. A new. method of : producing and detecting sorghum hybrids. i2 pages. 


30. 
Pea aca Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or  biweetcly 
during April, May, June, September, and. October.. The purpose of the Leaflets. 
is primarily, to give announcements concerning flowering and other plant activities 


lates in 28 countries. 

GUIDES to. the patlections: buildings, and grounds. Price. based. upon cost 
of aah a ae Isstied as — ste ae see above 
Guide No. 3.. The story of ‘our e: A-chronicle of we Illustrated. 

aber ty Baceben: 1929. (Brooklyn Be Bot Gard. Record, 18¢: 28 3-307.) Price, . 
25 ce 


Cu ale No. The Japanese Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Cada, Il- 
lustrated. Publighed, July, 1930.. (Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record, 194: 197-234.) 
Price, 25 cents 

SEED D LIST. (Delectus Seminum) Established, December, 1914. Since 1925 
issued each’ year in the January number of the ei irculation includes 143 

~ botanic gardens and institutions located in’ 42 countri 

sp AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Established, Fs ehieey, ror4. Pub- — 

lished, in cooperation with the Boranrcat Society of AMERICA ay: except ' 

during August. and September. Subscription, ‘io a year. Ci irculates in 48. 

ies. 


“countr 

Sing Eine oh 26) OU Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly i in codperation 
ae cede L Society or America. Subscription, sige a year. Circulates 
in countri 


GEN ETICS. phd dl abit danny: 1916. Bimonthly, ast aac 0 a. 
year. Circulates in 37 countr 


BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD 


VOL. XX MARCH, 1931 No, 2 


RERBARIUM OF 
THOMAS J. DELENDICK 


TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT 
OF THE 


BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 


1930 


LISHED BIMONTHLY 
RINCE AND LEMON STS., LANCASTE 
BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND Somes 
ROOKLYN 


Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, rora. 


BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 
Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers 


SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL 
The Staff 
C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Director 
CALVIN W. FOSS, B.L., Librarian 
MONTAGUE FREE, Horticulturist 
ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction 

ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de l’Université (Paris), Curator of Plants 
GE 


RGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant Pathology 
ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B:S., Curator of Ele 


mentary Instruction 
HENRY KNUTE SVENSON, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Plants 


Other Officers 
MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and 
Floral Art 


HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect 
RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator 


MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., ed Assistant Curator 
of Siac deat I nstructio 
HELEN D. JENKINS, A.B., insta 
ELIZABETH ae A.B., Research dsc 
FRANCES M. MINER, AB. Ins 
HESTER M. RUSK, A.M., fai 
L. GORDON UTTER, B.S., M.S., ee res 


BELLE H. BURR, A.B., Curatorial Assistant 
EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, See Assistant 
MAUD H. PURDY, Curatorial Assistant 
MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial er: 


LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer 


ADMINISTRATIVE 
DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and Accountant 
MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretary 
NORMA STOFFEL BANTA, Office Assistant 
di eaten HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to me Director 
RANK STOLL, Regierar and Custodia 
wits H. DURKIN, Membership senna 


LAURA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer 


EVELYN M. WILLIAMS, Stenographer 


TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT 
BROOKLYN BOTANIC 
(GARDEN 


HERBARIUM OF 
THOMAS J. DELENDIcK 


50 


FOR EDUCATION 
FOR INVESTIGATION 
FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CITY 


BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
MARCH, 1931 


LANCASTER PRESS, INC, 
LANCASTER, PA, 


eye eat | ae ——— 
SOT itn ances a 
$a sel ~ ! 
: or ates) | yg ae. Pel BLE 
- ; A 


Fic. 1. Rose Garden, 1930. View looking south-west, showing lattice work Pavilion and three of the 32 new 
concrete posts to support festoons. The roses on the Pavilion bank are ‘Max Graf.” The bed in the foreground 
> and other Pernetiana roses. (60965.) 


contains “ Soleil d’Or’ 


HERBARIUM OF 
THOMAS J. DELENDICK 


TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 
1930 * 


REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 
To THE BoTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE 
I have the honor to present herewith 


1 the twentieth annual report 
of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, covering the year 1930. 


Looking Backward 


Edward Bellamy looked backward by turning his back on the 
future and looking over his shoulder. This was a literary device 
for centering attention on things that ought to occur and were 
likely to occur. That is the only excuse for looking backward. 
Ten years ago we made our first backward glance and thereby 
found that the Botanic Garden had made some progress; but the 
new shibboleth, relativity, showed us that the place where we stood 
was much further from the goal than from the starting point. 
Such an experience is always a great stimulus while hope re- 
mains, and now, at the end of the second decade of the Botanic 
Garden, it may not be uninteresting, nor unprofitable to look back- 
ward once more, not to find justification for drawing the famous 
conclusion of Jack Horner, but to get a full measure of the in- 
centive that comes from realizing how far we still are from the 
ideal of accomplishment. Perhaps it will be best to note first 
certain items of material well-being that may be stated statistically. 
Not that these things have been ends in themselves, or ever should 
be. They are only indexes of progress and means to an end—the 
fulfillment of the objects for which the Garden was established, 
namely, the advancement of botanical science and education 
Without progress in material well-being, we should be seriously 

1 BRooKLYN Botanic GArpEN Recorp, Vol. XX, No. 2, March, 1931. 


4] 


42 


handicapped in the really important essentials. The following 
items, therefore (Table I), are to be regarded merely as quantita- 
tive expressions of the fact that the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has 
made some progress during its first twenty years. 


TABLE I 


NUMERICAL COMPARISONS SHOWING THE GROWTH OF THE BROOKLYN 
Boranic GArveEN Durine Its First Twenty Years 


The first entry ts in the column indicating the year when the activity began 


19010 1OIT 1020 1930 
t. General attendance. ............... 10,000 | 312,000 | 1,006,027 
2%, so onaripa at lectures and Garden 
CIASSCS ss eee ok lois eas he hea 200 53,200 90,018 
3. ee of school classes (Began 
Sgt Gh Le De ee Ree ota (544) a 000 44,770 
4. perenutaee of all schools served. ibe 5% 2% 94% 
5. Pent pac cke ts of seeds cesteated: 
(Began 1914)... ...-- 28s. e ee eee (25,000) | 128,500 740,791 
6, Library: ee yer Ot books and pam- 
DhIlets sy eva wye teeta eek odes 6) 728 11,778 27,803 
eawevs Approximate number ot 
SPECIMENS aude. 4 eos eee a a hemes 1,739 | 157,000 228,140 
8. Number on monthly payroll. ........ I 5 4l 50 
10. Number members............... 0) a) 572 TITS 
tt. Tax Budget appropriation (Cents 
EIB OC opto aeudene scars, aati acetates $4,744] $14,550 | $08,478] $101,006 
. Private aie Budget (Cents omitted) 3T 5,020 | 34,163 127,860 
on seh Budget: Percentage of total 
Pb ees ides be cw eae otadcabs 489 472% 67% 44% 
14. Privat Funds: Percentage of total 
picsiahniat aeaeaashG ark Give Rucsape eek ie Sete 22% 28% 33% 56% 
Aeanuae of Endowment............ $50,000 $95,525 £990,897 
What We Inherited from the City 
The original 4o acres of the garden had been partly developed 
as Institute Park during the administration of Seth Low, mayor 


of Greater New York, and under the efficient administration of 
Hon. Richard Young, commissioner of parks for the boroughs 
of Brooklyn and Queens. I*ortunately Commissioner Young 
had carried out here the inspired conception of Olmstead and 
Vaux, and had constructed along the east (Washington Avenue ) 
and west (Flatbush Avenue) sides of the grounds substantial 
border mounds, well top-soiled and planted with a miscellaneous 


collection of trees and shrubs. 


43 


This idea was conceived by Messrs. Olmstead and Vaux in 
connection with the development of Central Park, New York, 
completed in 1858, and was repeated about nine years later as a 
feature of Prospect Park, Brooklyn, which was also designed 
by them. These border eee inside the fence, serve the pur- 
pose, often accomplished in European gardens by a high brick 


Presentation of the Richard Young Gate, May 


Fic. 2. 13 Vie 
from Flatbush Avenue. From left to right: Mr. William ate Peta Miss 
Hilda Loines, Hon. Richard Young, Pres. Edward C. Blum, Dr. C. Stuart 
Gager, Mrs. Louise Warner. (Photo by Martin J. Kunkel. Courtesy, 
Eagle Photo.) 


44 


wall, of screening out the commotion and dust and, to a certain 
degree the distracting noise of the street. This is in recognition 
of the fact that a public garden (or park) is not a thing to be 
looked at from the street, but a place to go into, to escape from 
an attempt to preserve 


the streets and other aspects of the city 


a bit of the country in urban surroundings. 

Commissioner Young had also carried out the grading in such 
a way as to provide a diversified topography, with several attrac- 
tive little hills, and a picturesque lake. Convenient gravel walks 
had also been made. Such was our inheritance. 


Progress of Development 


3ut a botanic garden is more than a park, however much it may 
serve patk purposes. In cooperation with Olmstead Brothers, 
landscape architects, comprehensive plans were made for the lay- 
out of the entire area as a botanic garden with specialized planta- 
tions, and special features such, for example, as the Brook, essen- 
tial to provide diversified concen for different kinds al plant 
lite, 

Lhe First Governing Conunittee 


The first chairman of the B oe Garden Governing Committee 
of our Trustees, Mr. Alfred TT. White, was not only a man of 
great public spirit; he was aa a trained engineer and an en- 
thusiastic amateur field botanist, and his counsel and constructive 
suggestions, and very intelligent sympathy were of inestimable 
value during these early years; and these facts, combined with Mr. 
White's moral and financial support during the early years (until 
his death in 1921), insured more rapid and substantial progress 
than could have been possible without him. Mr. White also 
gathered about him from the membership of the Board of Trus- 
tees, a Governing Committee whose understanding interest made 
it a is easure to meet and surmount difficulties that might other- 
wise have been only discouraging impediments. Among these men 
were President A. Augustus Healy, whose death in 1921 was a 
great loss. It should also be noted here that of the original Gov- 
erning Committee, Mr. Gates D. Fahnestock and Mr. William A. 
Putnam are still members. The other two members of the origi- 


45 


nal committee were Mr. George D. Hearn, deceased, and Mr. 
George D. Pratt, who no longer resides in Brooklyn. 


The Importance of Blue Prints 


After the initial grading, topsoiling, and construction of paths 
were completed, Mr. Harold A. Caparn was appointed consulting 
landscape architect, for a botanic garden must not only be botanic, 
it must be a garden, which should mean, of course, a place of 
beauty. “ All science is crowned in art. For science, as for all 
the rest of man’s experience, artistic expression is a crown of 
life, and nothing is right until it is beautiful.” + 

A botanic garden needs the cooperation of the botanist and the 
landscape architect, for it should be not only a place where differ- 
ent kinds of plants are exhibited, but where they are exhibited 
effectively, and not only for their own sake (botanically), but 
as materials for decorative planting and landscaping, 1.c., horti- 
culturally. 

The North and South Additions 


After the first planting plans were made and in part realized, 
the city added to our original 40 acres two tracts since known as 
the North Addition and the South Addition. These increased 
the acreage to approximately fifty, and the plans were revised to 
provide additional features, and additional area for each feature 
and each group of plants. 

It is not necessary here to relate in detail the steps in the 
gradual development of the plantations. The work 1s still under 
way. Let us hope that it always will be! “ A finished museum,” 
is a dead museum, and 


oe 


said a great museum administrator, 
dead museum is a useless museum.” So it is with a botanic 
garden—with a university, with science and art and education. 


Research and [:ducation 
Vhe inauguration and development of a program of botanical 
research and public education has gone forward part passu with 
the development of the grounds, as our nineteen preceding annual 


1 Harry Emerson Fosdick, Harper's Magazine, January, 1931. The italics 
are the quoter’s. 


46 


reports have recorded in detail. The fact is mentioned here 
merely to round out the picture in looking backward. 


Ideals for the Future 

But looking backward shows us now, as it did ten years ago, 
that we are further from our goal than we are from our starting 
point. 

A Perfectly Maintained Garden 

The owners of private places realize how essential it is to have 
constant contact with nature and with beauty. Except beautiful 
natural scenery, nothing meets this fundamental human need more 
completely than a beautiful garden. 

For the majority of people in a great city like New York a 
private garden is quite impossible, and yet it is to their advantage, 
and so to the advantage of society as a whole, that this inborn 
love of plant life and beauty shall be satisfied. 

Municipal parks meet the need of open spaces for light, air, and 
recreation, but lack the features necessary to stimulate and foster 
an interest in gardening and in wild and cultivated plants. lor 
this a botanic garden is necessary. 


bs 


Iveryone familiar with the administration of public parks, am 
with their state of up-keep in most of our cities, realizes how far 
they fall below the standard and accomplishment of private places 
—below the standards of the park authorities, even, for it 1s 
probable that no park commissioner ever had appropriations suf- 
ficient for his own program and ideals. 

While giving full measure of credit for the broac 


pany 


programs of 
park development and the generous appropriations for such pur- 
poses in this city and elsewhere, it will doubtless be generally 
recognized that public officials and the general public in the average 
American city need to be aroused to a fuller appreciation of the 
importance of parks and public gardens, and to higher ideals of 
maintenance, beauty, and educational ends. 


A Wonderful Opportunity 


The Brooklyn Botanic Garden affords an opportunity for private 
munificence to provide a public garden as beautiful as our most 


yr gts 
pte ee eae 
MEO 


ys 
‘a may * te 
Seta We ay oR 
sere Se 


Fig, 3. Jenkins Fountain. September, 1930. (7030.) 


48 


beautiful private places, not only for the enjoyment of the masses, 
but as an object lesson of what is really possible in the way of a 
public garden perfectly maintained. 

A public that has an opportunity to become familiar with a per- 
en will have higher standards for 


iu 


fectly maintained botanic garc 
public parks and gardens, and will demand of public officials 
greater efficiency and the approximation to higher ideals in public 
park and garden management. 

In no American city is there a public park or garden that is in 
ens in their suburbs, from the 


ary 


the same class as many private garc 
standpoint of design and maintenance. What a wonderful thing 
it would be if such a public garden could be provided for Greater 
New York. 

These, then, are the ideals for the future of the Brooklyn bo- 

tanic Garden: 

1. A beautiful public garden, perfectly maintained. 

2. Increase of our knowledge of plant life and gardening. 

3. Public education for adults and children on every aspect of plant 
life and ornamental horticulture. 

Vor the realization of this aim the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is 

ideally located. It is near the geographic center of the greater 

city’s largest borough, and is surrounded on all sides by a larger 

population—within a half hour’s ride or less—than any other bo- 

tanic garden in the world. 

In addition to the large general population surrounding it, the 
Botanic Garden is accessible, by a ride of less than one hour, to the 
student bodies of seven universities and colleges having a com- 
bined attendance of approximately 100,000 students, coming from 
nearly every state in the Union and from nearly every civilized 
country. 

An Urgent Need 


Although the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is now twenty years 
old, its small area of only 50 acres is not yet fully developed. 
Several acres are still under the plow. 

Compared to the standards of private places the entire area of 
the Botanic Garden is underdeveloped and inadequately main- 


tained. 


49 


This condition is due solely to lack of sufficient funds. 

Our ideal is to create here the most beautiful spot in Greater 
New York 
tained, and with its value enhanced many fold by the educational 
and scientific work carried on. 


a garden of rare beauty and design, perfectly main- 


It is hardly possible to exaggerate the civic and educational im- 
portance of the realization of this ideal 


what it would mean as 
a standard of excellence for public parks and gardens, as a 
stimulus to private gardening and interest in horticulture, as a 
contribution to public education and the advancement of a knowl- 
edge and love of plant life. 

Said George Brown Good, in the Smithsonian Report for 1897, 
“ The National Museum has 300,000 visitors a year, each of whom 
carries away a certain number of new thoughts.’ What thoughts 
and ideas would one carry away from visiting a perfectly main- 
tained public garden? No portion of the American public has 
ever yet had such an opportunity, for no American public garden 


— 


has ever had sufficient funds to make perfect maintenance possible. 


Who Should Be Interested? 


With the constantly increasing number of persons interested in 
horticulture and all aspects of plant life throughout the country, 
and especially in the vicinity of this city, is it not reasonable to 
expect a sympathetic appreciation of the importance of the ideal 
here set forth, and generous support for its realization? As this 
interest spreads and deepens there is bound to be increasing sup- 
port of botanic gardens. 


What Makes a City Great? 


During the year the Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce issued a 
folder calling attention to the industrial and commercial rank of 
Brooklyn. The increase in population during the past ten years 
was in excess of 600,c00. This is at the average rate of 160 per- 
sons or nearly 4o families of four persons each per day for a 
decade, making Brooklyn the third largest municipal city in the 
western hemisphere, exceeded by only Greater New York (of 
which Brooklyn is a part) and Chicago. As a shipping center 


— 


50 


Brooklyn ranks second in America; as a manufacturing center 
fifth. The manufactured products of Brooklyn now amount, in 
round numbers, to $1,400,000,000 a year. The wholesale prod- 
ucts amount to sae annually. 

The figures of the 1930 U.S. census show that the population of 
Brooklyn (2,596,154) has increased over 28 per cent. since 1920. 
Vhe attendance at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for the same 
period increased from 312,000 to 1,006,000 or 222 per cent. ‘The 
Tax Budget appropriation of the City of New York for the main- 
tenance of the Garden increased $32,528 (from $68,478 to $1ot,- 
000), or 48 per cent., and the Private Funds Budget $62,266 (from 
$34,163 to $96,429), or 182 per cent. 

The circular above quoted also records the activity of the 
Chamber in connection with the recent establishment of Long 
Island University (1926), Brooklyn College (1929), and the new 
Technical High School buildi 


— 


ing soon to be constructed at a cost 


of approximately $7,000,000, to provide vocational training. 
Everyone interested in Brooklyn may well be proud of this 
splendid accomplishment and growth. 

But what is it that makes a city truly and permanently great? 
There were much larger mediaeval cities than Pisa, Florence, and 
Padua. Whoever thinks now of the size of Athens during the 
period of classic Greece, or of the commerce of Alexandria? To 
mention these cities is to suggest the names of Galileo, Giotto, 
Vesalius, and Dante: Pericles and Aristotle; a great university 
(Padua), surpassing architecture (Athens and Pisa), literature 
that lives for more than 2000 years (Athens); a great lbrary 
(Alexandria); parks or groves where people went, not to eat 
lunches, play games, and litter up the place, but to walk and talk 
with philosophers. We forget that Florence and Padua are and 
have been important centers of manufacturing and commerce, that 
Alexandria was a great shipping center. To mention Milan is to 
think “ Cathedral” and ‘ Leonardo da Vinci,” forgetting and not 
much caring, that there is the financial center of Italy and a great 
manufacturing center. 

It is by no means intended here to endeavor to belittle the im- 
portance of trade and commerce, but it is the intention to em- 
phasize the mistake of any city stressing and supporting these 
things to the exclusion of things of the spirit 


ot 


When a city endeavors to bring to itself a larger factory, 
inducements can outweigh the educational and cultural advantages 
which the place offers as a residence for the families of the pro- 
prietor and his employees. What boots it that one can make 
large dividends or high wages if the community does not afford 
a healthy environment and enriching cultural opportunities for 
owners and employees and their families. 

These paragraphs, which may seem far a field in the report of 
a botanic garden, are preparatory to the statement that an educa- 
tional institution like the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, having more 
than 1,000,000 visitors yearly in a city of two and one half million 
population, and which renders to the community such diversified 
and extensive services as have been recorded in these annual re- 
ports for the past twenty years, should receive support in propor- 
tion to the value of its services and the resources of the community. 
One might, for example, expect that more than 627 persons could 
be found to enroll as annual members as the result of daily can- 
vassing for several years by all the methods that have been found 
effective elsewhere. Such expectations might be increased by 
knowledge of the fact that cities less than half the size of Brooklyn 
far exceed Brooklyn in such matters. 

It would be difficult to exaggerate the cultural impoverishment 
of Brooklyn if it were to be deprived of such institutions as the 
Botanic Garden, the Brooklyn Museum, and the Children’s 
Museum, all open free to the public, and not only carrying on 
their own educational programs, for children and adults, but 
supplementing and enriching the work of practically every other 
educational institution in the city. 

3rooklyn has been placed under an everlasting debt of gratitude 
to the small handful of citizens whose contributions of services, 
moral support, and funds, in supplement to the annual tax budget 
appropriations, have made the Brooklyn Botanic Garden possible. 
Without this private initiative and support much of the beauty 
of our grounds, and much—very much—of our scientific and 
educational work, including a large part of our service to the 
public schools, would have been quite impossible. 

t the close of these first twenty years the director wishes to 
express again his appreciation and deep sense of personal obliga- 


52 


tion to those who have given such generous measure of support, 
be it large or small. 


Need of Additional Endowment 


A detailed statement of our endowment needs has been given in 
previous annual reports. It should be kept in mind that funds 
are needed not only for the development and maintenance of the 
erounds, but to finance the scientific research (which is founda- 
tional to all else that we do) and the program of public education. 
for much of our work we are dependent on the uncertain income 
of pledges made annually ; the work itself is permanently essential. 
Our program of development has, as yet, been only partially 
realized, 

For the enrichment of work now in progress, for its logical ex- 
pansion, to meet increasing demands for public service, and to 
provide compensation comparable to what is being paid in other 
scientific and educational institutions, and to put this work on a 
permanent financial basis the Brooklyn Botanic Garden needs 
additional annual income equivalent to the interest at 51% per cent. 
on One Millon Dollars. 


bf 


“Real endowments are not money, but ideas,” says Mr. Julius 
Rosenwald in his recent article } urging the unwisdom of perpetual 
endowments for specific purposes: “ Desirable and feasible ideas 
are of much more value than money, and when their influence has 
once been establishec 


feds 


they may be expected to receive ready sup- 
port as long as they justify themselves. We may be confident 
that if a public need is clearly demonstrated, and a practicable way 
of meeting that need is shown, society will take care of it in the 
future.” 

We believe that the history of the past twenty years has clearly 


demonstrated a real need for such services as the Brooklyn Botanic 
Garden has rendered and is rendering to this community and to 
the larger world of science and education. Is it too much to hope 
that “ society” will, as Mr. Rosenwald assures us it will, provide 
the “ practicable way” to make possible the continuation of, and 
the enrichment and extension of our work? 


1 Atlantic Monthly, December, 1930, p. 740. 


Fic. 4. Conservatory Plaza, facing north, showing the new Jenkins Fountain, the Tropical Waterlily Pool, 
the new Steps, with Water Basin between, and the stone railing at the south end of the Laboratory Plaza. 
September, 1930. (7031.) 


54 


The following items reflect, in part, the activities and progress 

of the year 1930. 
The Garden and the Public 

It is gratifying each year to witness the extent to which the 
general public visit the garden as one would visit a museum, for 
study as well as recreation and enjoyment. One can rarely walk 
through the grounds without seeing visitors reading and copying 
labels, studying plants, and learning their names. An increasing 
number of visitors come to the Information Desk in the Laboratory 
3uilding for printed matter, or to ask for information. Inquiries 
by mail and telephone have fully doubled in number during the 
past ten years. 

3y means of frequent press releases sent out by our Feature 
News Service the public is kept well informed concerning the 
Garden. During 1930 about 750 clippings of news items were 
received. The series of 51 weekly articles on plant life and garden- 
ing contributed to the New York Sun during the year, as noted 
in the appended report of the curator of elementary instruction, 
have resulted in the establishment of a garden page in that paper. 


The Garden and the Schools 

As noted in the appended report of the curator of public in- 
struction, the Botanic Garden during the past year, has served, 
in one way or another, every High School in Greater New York, 
save one (the High School of Commerce, Manhattan) which has 
no department of biology. This includes 24 schools and annexes 
in Brooklyn, 14 in Manhattan, 6 in the Bronx, 10 in Queens, and 
2 in Richmond (Staten Island), a total of 57 schools. In each 
case this service has included the supply of living or preserved 
study material. 

In a similar manner we have supplied six colleges and univer- 
sities and one Junior college in Greater New York, and one in New 
Jersey ; also the eleven private and parochial schools of high school 
grade and the Maxwell Training School (and Annex) in Brooklyn, 
and the New York Training School for Teachers in Manhattan. 

In numerous ways we have also served 82 per cent. of the Pub- 
lic Schools (grades below the High School) in 1930, and 98 per 


Do 


cent. during the past ten years; of the Junior High Schools, 81 
per cent. in 1930 and 85 per cent. during the past ten years. 

This cooperation has been up to our capacity to respond, and 
the service could be enriched and extended if we had larger ap- 
propriations for this purpose in the Tax Budget. As it is, much 
of the cost of the service has to be met from private funds income, 
to the impoverishment of our scientific work, and the extension and 
maintenance of our collections of living plants, the herbarium, and 
the library, which are entirely financed ie private funds. Fuller 
statements of the work are given in the appended reports of the 
curators of public instruction and elementary instruction, and in 


Table IT 


The City and the Garden for Twenty Years 


It may be of interest, both locally and in other cities to know just 
what advantage the city has derived, in terms of dollars and cents, 
by the co-partnership with the Botanic Garden during the past 
twenty years. 

3y expending a total of approximately $376,422 in corporate 
stock, tax notes, and special revenue bonds for permanent improve- 
ments the city has secured the expenditure of approximately $176,- 
270 of private funds for the same purpose 
provement of city owned property. 

Since the Garden was established in 1910 the annual appro- 
priations of the City for maintenance (not including permanent 
improvements) have totaled $1,290,026.41. By making these ap- 
propriations the City has secured twenty annual appropriations of 
private funds amounting to a total of $814,859.41. The total 
maintenance cost, therefore, has been $2,104,885.82 

The total number of visitors to the Garden during its first 20 
years 1s approximately 9,000,000. 


rinanent im- 


—v 


— 


The maintenance, therefore, has, for the 20 year period, cost 23 
cents per visitor or only 1.15 cents per year per visitor. Of this 
amount the City has paid in the Tax Budget appropriations for 
the 20 year period a [4 cents per visitor, or only 0.7 cent. 
In other words, the Garden has cost the City less than three quar- 
ters of a cent per year per visitor. 


The Tax Budget appropriation of $101,006.67 for maintenance 
5 


56 


TABLE II 
STATISTICS OF SCHOOL SERVICE 
Conferences with Teachers 
Wo.oOf Cont GrGnCéS” 4. ene nieeie etd sine owe e e4 
No. of teachers involved ......0 0000 ees 
Ne, 0) Pupils WivOlved. conse atieted ieee epee 
Loan Lectures (Lantern Slides, etc.) 
No. of sets ae. Rees gay ie rs So eae eee A ea deere 
No. of teachers involved ....... 00.0 ee eee 
No.nwet pupils Gitend me .cases gi ec epe et ere es 
Material Supplied 
Total number of requests from schools ............--- 
Number of different schools ...............0.020-005- 
High Schools & H. S. Annexes ......... 0.0.00 ee 
Brooklyn (Total No. 33) 2.0.00... eee ee eee ees 
Oisens (Total ING. 13) cedssns se eetae deers 
Wanhattiat. 1. Total NG 28) 2. 00eicareisanekes 
ther Boroughs (Total No. 16) ............--. 
Junior High Schools (Total in Brooklyn, 17)..... 


Colleges and Universities (Total in Brooklyn, 7).. 


Training Schools (Total in Brooklyn, 2) ......... 
Elementary 
Brooklyn (Total No, 235) .............-00055- 
Queens (Total No. 150) oo... 2... e eee 
Manhattan (Total No. 192) ...............0005 
Other Boroughs (Total No. 137) .......-..5-55 
Private and Parochial 
IGN wet Cente va eae e Aeuwa aeetpaer eee eaeee 
Plementary” 2ssece2 ive heen eer epee se Sees 
Other Institutions. <..sie.acecteseisds tee ewed eee 
No. of potted plants for nature study ........... 
No. of Petri dishes filled with agar ............ 
Total number of teachers supphed ...........-. 
Total number of pupils reached ..............-. 
Living Plants Placed tr School Rooms 
NOs. Of ‘SCHOOIS! ccc ena neta eked te see be ae age eee 
M6, PlAMES® 04 cacao senate a a eat Sil aie arr aon 
INO: EACHERS:: nncjgteae ne ee dati eats ate tieg ehaayas 
N f UPIIS: cocaine 1 dees baste een 2d snen covet See 
Plants Didvabubed (Raised in Classes)... 00.0 e ee eee 
No. of teachers taking plants ............. 0.0.00 eee 
children taking plants .............0 0.000000 
Total number of schools pen oe ae ee 
Seed Packets for Children 
INO Of: 9SCHOOIS. oon -bberi Atay ded CP aa ee 
NG: Ol: TEACHOTS cit cect baeiee edt detec neteekee$ 
WN GulOt PUPS a aretame nae ees Goda een ae 
No 


ay 


E Bre Provided 
Oi Excl ts: Baie 6 fat cna basiayeath eg ore wie nen ea caree 
Wie wed: DY act4chaawadie$ oe cbohh ae bu advan ated telah eee es 


Nn Ui 


13 
4,015 
5,226 
4,811 


196,177 28 


246,065 


1929 
7 

288 
14,023 


07 
6,000 


443 
140 


263,662 
792,014 
30 
31,744 


WA 


for 1930 was an average of 1.7 cents for each of the 6,000,000 in- 
habitants of Greater New York. 
In addition to securing these generous contributions of private 


funds, the city has benefited by the permanent improvement of 50 
acres of park land; by the development of a scientific and educa- 
tional institution not only serving important needs of the local 
public, but also the larger needs of science and education through- 
out the world; by the development of a free public library on all 
aspects of plant life; and by the establishment of an institution 
which cooperates to enrich the public school system and the work 
of every higher educational institution in the entire Greater City. 
Through its Botanic Garden, Brooklyn enjoys educational and 
other civic advantages which are available to only four or five 
other cities in the United States. Several of these advantages are 
unique for Brooklyn. 


Research During 1930 


Expeditions —In addition to investigations carried on locally in 
laboratories, herbaria, and experimental garden, during 1930, there 
have been two expeditions for field work, namely, Dr. Reed’s trip 
to Japan primarily for the study of Beardless Iris, and to the 
northwestern United States to study cereal grains with special 
reference to pathology; and Dr. Svenson’s trip to the Galapagos 
Islands, as botanist of the Astor expedition. Preliminary re- 
ports on these trips were published in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden 
Rrcorp for November, and further reports will be found on pages 
78 and 90 infra. 

Needs. —The curatorship of plant breeding, which became vacant 
in 1927 has, for lack of funds, not been filled. In most of our 
colleges and universities, especially in the State Agricultural Col- 
leges and experiment stations, genetics work with plants is carried 
on with special reference to agricultural crop plants. It is highly 
desirable that more genetics work should be done with what is 
sometimes called “ floristic’? material, the cultivated ornamental 
plants and their wild relatives. It is particularly appropriate that 
this material should be the basis of work in an urban botanic 
garden. 


Our rose garden, with its growing collection of wild species as 


58 


— 


wel 
portunity for such work here, but creates a need for it, and it is 


as horticultural varieties, not only affords a favorable op- 


hoped that funds may soon become available for the initiation 
of work in plant breeding with special reference to the genetics 
of roses and other ornamentals. 

Research Papers Published.—The total number of research pa- 
pers published by the Garden in 1930 was 142, occupying 2451 
pages. These include the papers by those not members of the 
Garden staff, published in American Journal of Botany, Lcology, 
and Genetics. 

Special reports on Research during 1930 may be found on pages 
78-91, 

Library 

New Library Stacks.—As stated in the preceding annual report, 
the lowest bid for new metal library stacks was $3,426.23, received 
from the Art Metal Construction Co. The contract (Park De- 
partment No. 97422) was awarded to the lowest bidder and the 
work was completed March 25. This additional equipment. not 
only met a pressing need, but has added much to the attractiveness 
of the library. 


Growth and Use—As noted in Table I, page 42, the total 
number of volumes and pamphlets has increased from 11,778 in 
1920 to 27,770 at the close of 1930. Special attention is called to 
the important accessions, including the Pre-Linnaean works, the 
autograph letters and portraits of botanists, and association books, 
as noted by the librarian in his appended report. 

The increased use of the library from approximately 1400 in 
1920 to more than 3100 in 1930 is gratifying. It should be kept 
in mind in this connection that this is a reference library, no books 
being loaned to individuals. 


Herbarium 


New Cases——As recorded in the previous report, the contract 
(Park Department No. 96148) for supplying the new metal her- 
barium cases was executed on November 21, 1929, with the James- 
town Metal Equipment Co. The work of installation was com- 
pleted on February 3, at a cost of $5,957. This nearly doubles 


Be) 


the capacity of the cases, and provides a more satisfactory arrange- 
ment of the main room. 

Component Collections Additional assistants, supplied during 
the latter part of 1930 by the Emergency Work Bureau, have made 
it possible, under Dr. Svenson’s supervision, to mount a large 
quantity of hitherto unmounted material and incorporate it into the 
active collection. Attention is called to the statement (on page 
92) of new collections added to the herbarium of flowering plants. 


The Purposes of a Herbarium 


Perhaps no portion of botanic garden equipment is more difficult 
to explain to a Jayman than the herbarium. A library is under- 
stood; at least most people fhink they understand the uses and 
value of a library. A collection of living plants in a garden is 
understood. A botanical museum, comprising labeled specimens 
effectively exhibited has meaning to the layman. But what is the 
use of a collection of dried plants, pasted to herbarium sheets, 
labeled, and then filed away in the compartments of herbarium 
cases? 

Sir Joseph Hooker, the famous director of the Royal Botanic 
Gardens at Kew, had his troubles in trying to make government 
officials understand various needs of a botanic garden, among 
them, the needs of a herbarium. In a letter to Huxley in 1858, 
speaking of the necessity of a herbarium at Kew, he notes that, 
“it 1s impossible to work scientifically a garden of 20,000 to 
30,000 species, and name the things sent to us to name, without a 
first rate Herbarium and Library here. The seeds sent are often 
to be known only by the accompanying dried specimens which go 
into the Herbarium, and the latter becomes in a thousand ways an 
indispensable adjunct to the Garden and reciprocally (by being the 
depository of the plants once cultivated in the Garden) an integral 
part of the establishment, and a record of its progress and efforts, 
its successes and failures as a horticultural establishment, all quite 
apart from its scientific uses.” 

Later, when the Lemann herbarium of 30,000 specimens was 
offered as a gift to Cambridge University, Hooker refers to his 
old teacher Henslow trying to prove to the Cambridge Dons “ that 
such collections have other and higher value than old china’! 


— 


60 


In a letter to W. H. Harvey, in 1857, Hooker writes “ We have 
just drawn up the Garden Report and pitched in very strong about 
the uses of the Herbarium as a scientific adjunct to the Gardens.” 

Perhaps it may not be amiss to give here a brief statement, for 
layman consumption, of what the botanist conceives the uses of a 
herbarium to be. 

Dr. David Fairchild, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, 
in his recent book, Haploring for plants (MacMillan, 1930), writes 
as follows: 

“To those who hurry through life the hundreds of cases in the 
Kew Herbarium contain only so much dried plant material; 
mummies having little relation to the actual plants, fragments of 
flowers and leaves, brown with age and often falling to pieces. 
Such as these do not realize, I think, that although you can de- 
scribe a plant species in words, if you are clever enough, it is 
vastly more difficult to tell from the verbal description whether 
some plant which you have in your hand is that plant or not, than 
it is to turn to a dried specimen of it in a herbarium and compare 
its form with the one you have.” 

As Hooker stated, a well-kept botanic garden without some sort 
of herbarium is well-nigh an impossibility. Besides the constant 
utilization of our herbarium for comparison and naming of ma- 
terial which is sent us for identification, and the continuous refer- 
ence made to it in the identification‘and selection of material for 
our plantations and conservatories, it is also an important adjunct 
in classroom instruction, including courses given on medicinal and 
other economic plants. Numerous problems are brought to us 
during the year the only solution to which lies in the herbarium 
collections. 

The herbarium also serves as the basis of work on our local 
flora, for it includes the actual plants once growing in localities 
now completely covered by the urban expansion of New York City. 
We are specially interested in Long Island. In order to under- 
stand the place of our own flora we must have comparative material 
of the same and related species from other regions. 

In general, for researches relative to plant classification it is 
necessary to depend on herbaria. Their collections are more ex- 
tensive and diversified than the necessarily limited collections of 


61 


living plants. While botanic gardens can, at best, cultivate but a 
few thousand species, great herbaria contain millions of dried 
specimens. Further, many plant families are, for one reason or 
another, not suitable for cultivation and it is desirable that they 
be represented by at least a few herbarium specimens. 

In addition, we have the material (some of it tropical) which 
has been accumulated on expeditions in which members of the 
Brooklyn Botanic Garden have participated and which has been 
the basis of the published results of the explorations. A knowl- 
edge of the flora of many regions has been made possible by the 
ected by travellers who were not 


— 


study of herbarium specimens col 
botanists. 

Herbarium material is also indispensable to investigators who 
are doing monographic work on different plant groups or regions. 
In fact, most systematic work must be done with preserved speci- 
mens, the plants being collected in the field but studied at con- 
venience and leisure in the herbarium. The specialist may thus 
have at his disposal a rich representation of a given group or 
region, and moreover all the specimens in a herbarium are, so to 
speak, “in flower” at the same time and at all seasons of the 
vear. Reciprocally, such work always benefits a herbarium, which 
steadily increases in value as careful arrangement and authori- 
tative determinations of its eas are made. Mere size is 
not, of itself, an indication of the value of a collection, but rather 
the state of organization, perfection of the specimens, availability 
for reference, and the degree of reliability of carefully selected 
material for desired purposes. 

The scientific value of a herbarium is enhanced by the “ type 
specimens it contains. A “type” specimen may, in general, be 
defined as the specimen on which the original description of a 
species is based. Our own herbarium possesses many type speci- 
mens, especially in the group of the Fungi. 

A herbarium is also of value in numerous incidental ways such, 
for example, as the preparation of illustrations for botanical pub- 
lications, herbarium material being available in rich variety at any 


ay 


season of the year. In several instances, herbarium specimens 
have supplied very old seeds of definitely known age for experi- 
mental studies of the longevity of seeds. These studies, in turn, 


62 


afforded evidence disproving the widespread myth of the germina- 
tion of “mummy wheat,” claimed to be several thousand years 
Lamarck’s Evening-primrose and 


jor 


old. Herbarium specimens of 
other species of the genus Oenothera became of the highest in- 
terest and importance in connection with testing the hypothesis 
of evolution by ‘“ mutation,” as elaborated by DeVries about 25 
years ago, and still being investigated. These last two points are 
interesting illustrations of the fact that work in “ pure’ science, 
the collection of specimens and data, is often found to have a 
value wholly unanticipated when the work was done. 

And finally (for this is not intended to be an exhaustive treat- 
ment of the subject) herbaria are indispensable in connection with 
studies in preparation for journeys of botanical exploration for 
extending our knowledge of plants, giving the botanical explorer, 
in advance, a first hand acquaintance with what is already known 
a preparation which no amount of reading 


of the relevant flora 
printed descriptions could give. 

I*rom this statement the need of curatorial oversight and ade- 
quate assistance should be clear. The mounting of new specimens 
and assorting them into the collection, keeping the specimens free 
from insect pests, serving those who are studing the collection, 
these and other 


preparing duplicate specimens for exchange 
curatorial details demand constant and trained oversight and 
attention, 

Just as ina museum the library and the study collections are 
most useful to the educated while the public exhibits are useful 
to the educated and uneducated alike, and are a mental stimulus to 
both classes, so ina botanic garden the public exhibits appeal to the 
masses (botanists, horticulturists, and laymen), but the herbarium 
(as well as the library) serves chiefly the needs of the amateur 
plant-lover and the professional botanist. 


Plantations and Grounds 


Outdoor gardening work was resumed on March 17 with a 
force of ten gardeners, two of whom are required for the Con- 
servatories, leaving only eight to care for approximately 30 acres 
of plantations, including such highly specialized areas as the Rose 
Garden, Rock Garden, and Japanese Garden. The Native Wild 


Fic. 5. Rhododendrons at the outlet of the Lake. June, 1930. (7035.) 


64 


Flower Garden and the Econonuc Plant Garden have remained 

Vy nf sufficient 
gardening force to maintain them if they were reestablished. The 
vrading and development of the Horticultural Section on the North 
Addition (between the Museum and the Reservoir) which 1s 
planned for 1931 will necessitate additional garc 


temporarily abandoned for several years for lack 


er 


eners for main- 
tenance and guard duty. 


Twelve Months of Bloom 


Vhe Christmas Iris (/ris Vartani), a bulbous species which 
normally blooms in December in its native home in Palestine, 
was in bloom in the Rock Garden for several days beginning 
January 6. Snowdrops began blooming about February 2, and a 
number of yellow Crocuses were in flower on March 10, preceded, 
as usual, by the Winter Aconite. Thence we had a continuous 
succession of bloom throughout the entire twelve months of 1930, 
ending with Crocus salzmannt and Crocus longifolia which were 
in bloom in the Rock Garden in December. 


Rose Garden 


The roses wintered well over the season of 1920-30. The 
garden has been greatly improved by adding lattice panels and 
pillars to the north pergola and by the concrete posts to hold 
festoon chains. A more detailed statement concerning the Rose 
Garden is given in the appended report of the horticulturist. 


Japanese Garden 


When an art museum obtains an oil painting of a landscape and 
hangs it in the proper gallery the major cost for that exhibit has 
been met for all time. The same is true of a collection of wax 
models of flowers or any other exhibit in a natural history museum. 
Not so with a garden of living plants. The cost of construction 
and first planting of a rose garden, rock garden, Japanese garden, 
is only a beginning. Considerable sums for maintenance, re- 
planting, and care of plants must be provided from some source 
every year. Our Japanese Garden was constructed with private 
funds provided by our first chairman, Mr. Alfred T. White. The 


65 


expense of annual maintenance has likewise been almost wholly 
met (entirely so except for the wages of a guard in attendance) 
by generous gifts of private funds. A larger gift than usual in 
1930 made it possible to give a great deal of attention to the plants, 
and this work has been carried out by Japanese gardeners under 
the supervision of Miss Mary Averill, honorary curator of Japan- 
ese gardening. The planting of additional flowering cherry trees 
in the immediate vicinity of the Japanese Garden is noted in the 
appended report of the horticulturist. 

The larger bridge in the garden, completed in 1915, has become 
unsafe after fifteen years of continuous use and must be rebuilt 
this coming year. Numerous other repairs must also be made, 
and it is a great pleasure to record here that funds have already 
been pledged to the amount of $1500 to make possible this work. 


Wild Flower Garden 

Enclosure and Gates——Work on the erection of a fence to en- 
close the Native Wild Flower Garden, and the erection of the two 
rustic gates designed by Mr. Caparn, was begun about September 
15 and completed about September 30. The gates are of wooden 
frames and chestnut poles (DuBois French Provincial Woven 
Wood Fence material) with 30 feet of the woven wood fence on 
each side of the gates, furnished and erected by the Robert C. 
Reeves Co. The remainder of the fence is of Anchor Post gal- 
vanized wire chain link fencing. This work was also made possi- 
ble by a gift of $1610.22 by Mr. Jenkins. 

Planting Plans ——This area was, of necessity, temporarily dis- 
continued in 1924, largely for lack of funds. In the meantime a 
small grove, planted in that year, has developed sufficiently to 
provide the shade and moisture conditions of a small open woods. 

During late November and December much pruning was done, 
and work was commenced on the construction of a Sand Barren 
Pool, where we hope to be able to establish under fairly natural 
conditions such local flora plants as are found in that kind of a 
habitat. 

Conservatory Fountain 

The design for the Conservatory Plaza Fountain, by the con- 
sulting landscape architect, Mr. Harold A. Caparn, was approved 
by the Art Commission of New York City on April 9. This 


66 


design was published in the Botanic Garden Recorp for May, 1930, 
and the finished fountain is illustrated in fig. 1 of this report. 
The fountain is of Indiana limestone. 

The four bronze heads at the outlets of the bowl were designed 
by Miss Isabel M. Kimball, sculptor, of Brooklyn, the design being 
based on the head of a Catfish or Bullhead, whose body is imagined 
to extend back into the water of the bowl. The heads were cast 
and placed by The Gorham Company (Bronze Division), of New 
York. 


oe FF 


The contractor for labor and materials for the limestone bowl, 
pedestal, and base and for the stone and cement work for the lower 
basin was Wm. F. Evans & Son Building Co., Brooklyn. The 
work was completed on August 20. 


Laboratory and Conservatory Plazas 


Work on the first contract (Park Department No. 98166) for 
the improvement of the Laboratory and Conservatory Plazas was 
begun on March 22 by the lowest bidder, the F. A. Ryan Construc- 
tion Corporation (If. A. Ryan, Jr., President). The contract 
rice was $14,900, and the contract time was 90 working days. 
With extras allowed the total cost of the work was $15,040, leaving 
an unincumbered balance of $5951. The official date for begin- 
ning the work was \ 
October 7. 

Second Contract—P 
plazas, the cost not to exceed the unincumbered balance, were 
filed by Mr. Caparn with the Department of Parks, Brooklyn, in 
the latter part of June. 


—" 


— 


— 


ay 26, and the work was officially completed 


— 


ans for further improvements of the 


North Addition 


Plans for the improvement of the land between Brooklyn 
Museum property and Mt. Prospect Reservoir, known as. the 


North Addition, are progressing. ‘here have been unavoidable 


Cy 


delays. It is expected that the contract can be advertised for 


public letting in the spring of 1931. The appropriation for this 
work is $24,100 made by the Board of Estimate and Apportion- 
ment. 


67 


Guards at the Gates 


A news item in the New York Times states that park vandalism, 
in Central Park alone, has cost the city $200,000 in three years. 
The vandalism included injuries to benches and sprinkling system, 
the uprooting of entire trees, shrubs, and hedges, and other damage. 
Among the items listed are: 15 large trees above four feet caliper 
badly mutilated; 204 shrubs stolen: 4729 shrubs destroyed ; large 
areas of ground-cover plants destroyed by tramping. The land- 
scape architect and chief engineer of the Park Department are 
quoted as estimating that about 40 per cent. of the rehabilitation 
work accomplished during the past three years at a cost of $500,- 
coo has been undone by vandals. As a result the Fifth Avenue 
Association has asked the Board of Estimate and Apportionment 
for an appropriation for special park police to supplement the 


regular police. 

We have had occasion in several preceding annual reports to 
note distressing acts of vandalism in the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- 
den, and reference is made to the trouble in Central Park as illus- 
trating the fact that this Botanic Garden is not unique, in this 
respect. The situation has steadily improved here, and it is in- 
structive to note that it is the very remedy recommended by the 
Wifth Avenue Association for Central Park that has proved effec- 
tive here. In particular the plan, adopted for the first time in 
1930, of having a guard at every entrance to the Garden has prob- 
ably accomplished more than any other one thing by refusing ad- 
“gangs” of adolescents, children unaccom- 


cf 


mission to vagrants, 
panied by parent or other adult responsible for their conduct, and 
other persons obviously undesirable. This plan was begun on 
Saturday, April 12, and continued until October, with the exception 
of one week following Easter Sunday. 

The plan was made possible by a supplementary appropriation 
of $2000 made by the city on March 28 for per diem labor. But 
this is not, of itself, sufficient. Respectable looking parents have 
been known, in this Garden, to deliberately set young children over 
a low wire fence into a plantation of Daffodils, and watch them 
pick generous handfuls of the flowers. Such instances emphasize 
the need of ample provision for guards in addition to those at the 
gates. ‘There is slight satisfaction and no real restitution in having 
a vandal arrested and fined Five Dollars for destroying a rare 


jaan 
— 


68 


shrub of several years development or one that was perhaps ob- 
tained on some exploring expedition, and that can be replaced 
only in the distant future, if at all, because it is not on the market 
nor found in duplicate in other gardens. What false economy to 
expend money for the development of a beautiful garden and then 
not spend as much as may be necessary to prevent vandals doing 
more dollars worth of damage than it would cost to have the 
Garden properly policed. 

t is important also to have guards at the gates to sell guide 
books, maps, and post-cards, and to give entering visitors informa- 
tion as to the location of various exhibits, et cetera. 


— 


Miscellaneous 

Foot Bridge. —A foot bridge over the Brook, at the outlet of the 
Lake, was one of the needed features illustrated in the Garden 
Record for May, 1930. Work on the construction of the bridge 
was begun by John Thatcher & Son, contractors, on June 3 and 
completed on June 30. This bridge, designed by Mr. Caparn, was 
made possible by a gift of $1500 for this purpose by Mr. Alfred 
W. Jenkins, of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee. 

Sidewalk Paving —On February 28, the Board of Estimate and 
Apportionment, at the request of the Park Commissioner, James 
J. Browne, approved the contract, plans, and specifications for the 
construction and new alignment of new cement walks, replacing 
an old flagstone paving and an unpaved stretch extending from 
the Richard Young Gate, near Empire Boulevard, north to the 
service gate on Flatbush Avenue, at an estimated cost of ae 
Work began on this contract on May 5 and was concluded 1 
about three weeks. The improvement had been greatly needed ae 
a number of years. The cooperation of Park Commissioner 
Browne is specially appreciated, the expense being met from Park 


_ 


Department funds. 

Passing of the Water Tower. 
was established all views facing north have had their beauty en- 
hanced by the beautiful stone water tower that stood at the north- 
west corner of Mt. Prospect Reservoir, on Eastern Parkway. This 
tower is now no more. Constructed in 1893 at a cost of $95,000, 
it was demolished in January, 1930 to save an expenditure of ap- 


since the Botanic Garden 


69 


proximately $100,000, the estimated cost of strengthening its 
foundations in connection with the building of the second section 
of the Brooklyn Public Library located just west of the site of the 
tower. The necessity for its removal, regretted by the entire city, 
was predicted when the present site of the new library building 
was selected. 

Hardiness of Nelumbo.—Although certain species of palms and 
of broad leaved evergreens (e.g., Prunits lawrocerasus) are hardy 
at Kew, and not at Brooklyn, the Director of Kew, Dr. Hill, when 
visiting the Brooklyn Garden in 1926, was impressed with the 
vigorous growth in our Lake of the East Indian Lotus (Nelumbo 
nucifera), which had not proved hardy at Kew. At Dr. Hill's 
suggestion sections of rootstocks were sent to Kew for propaga- 
tion. In a letter received here in February Dr. Hill wrote that, 
although the winters at Kew are milder than those at Brooklyn, 
the Nelumbo propagated from our plants had failed to prove 
hardy. The explanation for this is not certain, but it may possibly 
be that the explanation is to be found in the fact that the 
suminers at Kew are not hot and dry enough to ripen the Neltimnbo 
tissues properly for withstanding the winter weather. 


Conservatories 


Attendance at the conservatories increased from 32,880 in 1929 
to 40,093 in 1930. Several houses have been rearranged and new 
features added, such as aquatic plants in aquaria, plants useful as 


city apartments, etc. A fuller ac- 


a 


houseplants in steam-heatec 
count 1s given in the appended report of the curator of plants. 


Exhibits 
During the year 17 exhibits were installed outside of the Garden, 
with a total attendance of 42,600. Among these exhibits may be 
mentioned the one beginning April 5, in the department store of 
Abraham and Straus, Inc., Brooklyn, in connection with a series 


eal 


of talks on gardening as noted in the appended report of the 
curator of elementary instruction. 

From April 18 to 27, there was a double-window display of 
material relating to the Botanic Garden in the show windows of 
the Abraham and Straus store. This fine courtesy was arranged 
through the good offices of our president, Mr. Blum. 


70 
Special attention is called to the account of our exhibit in the 
Brooklyn Savings Bank from November 17 to December 6, re- 
corded in the appended report of the curator of public instruction 


— 


under whose general supervision this attractive exhibit was in- 
stalled. 
Cooperation 


In our annual report for 1925 we gave a list of 840 institutions 
with which the Brooklyn Botanic Garden had been in cooperation 
that year. Such work has now become a daily occurrence, and there 
would be little point in trying to give a complete list of instances. 
It is gratifying, however, that we can now repay, in some measure, 
the very heavy indebtedness incurred in the earlier years of our 
own development; a few instances may be worth recording as 
indicating the diversity of this work and its geographic range. 

In February our plan of organization, method of financing, and 
plan of plantations were sent to a university in a western state 
which is considering the possibility of establishing a botanic garden 
in connection with its academic and professional schools. 

In the same month several colored lantern slides of views in this 
Garden were sent to the chairman of the Arboretum Committee of 
the State Federation of Garden Clubs of one of the Southern 
States. In acknowledging the receipt of the slides the chairman 
wrote: “In all my collection of views, taken in the various arboreta 
aud botanic gardens both of this country and abroad, I find none 
that exceed these in attractiveness and interest.” 

The March, 1930, issue of the Bidletin of the Missouri State 
3oard of Agriculture was a reprint (by permission) of Brooklyn 
Botanic Garden Leaffets, Series XV, No. 8-10, entitled, “ Our 
en vegetables,” by Dr. O. Ik. White, former curator 


anny 


common gar 
of plant breeding. 

In March The Regional Plan of New York and Environs was 
supplied with a photograph dlustrating our public education work. 
This was for publication in the final volume of the Regional Plan 
series, Plan Volume II, The Building of the City. 

In April an Agreement was entered into with the American 
Fern Society providing for the deposit and administration here of 
the Society’s library, in consideration of certain mutual advantages 
to be derived by this plan. Dr. Benedict, resident investigator at 
the Garden, is editor of the American Fern Journal, the official 


— 


— 


7A 


organ of the Society. The text of the Agreement is published as 
Appendix 8 of this Report (p. 164). 

In April, also, living plant material was supplied to a museum 
in another city for use as a model in making a museum group. 

In June, after considerable correspondence and searching of 
records, we were able to supply a large corporation with informa- 
tion concerning the naming of a red geranium. Through Mr. John 
Young, Secretary of the Society of American Florists, we learned 
that the variety was named after Col. S. A. Nutt by Mr. John 
Thorpe (now deceased), of Pearl River, New York. 

In September, plans and enlarged photographs of our Rose 
Garden were sent by request for exhibit at the First National 
Atlantic City Flower and Garden Pageant. At this time (Sep- 
tember ri) the American Rose Society held a meeting at which 
Municipal Rose Gardens were made a special feature. 

In November, living plants and cuttings representing 24 differ- 
ent kinds were sent to a New [england college for use in stocking 
their new greenhouse. 

In December, for a similar purpose, we sent 50 plants and cut- 
tings, In 40 varieties, to the State Llospital, Brooklyn. 


Gifts 


Gifts received during the vear are recorded on pages 82, 93, 
and 141. They have all been acknowledged with the thanks of the 
Governing Committee and director. Special note should be made 
here of a few of outstanding importance. 

March 6. The Conservatory Fountain, by Mr. Alfred W. 
Jenkins, as already noted on page 65. ‘Total cost, $5757.84. 

February 21. A check for $1000 from the National Research 
Council, Washington, toward the expenses of Dr. Reed’s trip to 


Japan to study Iris. 

May 14. A new foot-bridge over the Brook, costing $1521.93, 
from Mr. Jenkins. 

May 14. Fence and two entrance gates for the Native Wild 
Flower Garden. Total cost, $1610.22. Also from Mr. Jenkins. 

November 12. A check for $250 from the American Iris So- 
ciety toward the expenses of Dr. Reed’s trip to Japan to study 
Iris. 

Contributions of $2500 each from three anonymous friends of 


0 


ce 


the Botanic Garden, now for the fifth year in succession, for the 
support of the department of Plant Pathology. 


Membership 


There was a decrease in the number of annual members from 
648 to 627, as given on page 182 of this report. It may be 
noted here that membership in such an institution as the Botanic 
Garden is not a wholly selfish matter for, in addition to securing 
certain advantages for the member, it also affords an opportunity 
of contributing to a work of great value to the entire city, involy- 
ing the employment of personnel, and which depends in large 
measure on private funds income for its support. 


Plant Distribution 


At the annual distribution of surplus plants to members over 
5300 plants were distributed to 305 members. These included 
Asters, Sedum, Boltonia, and Pansies on April rr, and Chrysan- 
themums on May 20. 


Sixteenth Annual Spring Inspection 

The Sixteenth Annual Spring Inspection for members and 
friends was held as usual on the second Tuesday of May, which 
fell on May 13. Following the inspection of the plantations tea 
was served in the Laboratory Building by the Woman's Auxiliary 
to whom the Garden is again greatly indebted for the success of 
this always delightful occasion. 

The exhibits on view during the serving of tea included a num- 


coat 


ber of very beautiful paintings of wild flowers in their natural 


surroundings of fields, woods, and thickets ;a number of decorative 


panels of cultivated flowers; and two screens with floral designs. 
These were by Miss Beatrice Kendall, of Manhattan, who has 
made a specialty of the use of flowers, shrubs, and vines in the 
painted decoration of rooms, employing, wherever possible, the 
surrounding gardens or landscape as her material, in order to 
achieve a unity between the house and its setting. 

The new Library and Herbarium Equipment was also inspected, 
and several designs of Architect and Landscape Architect for ad- 
ditional outdoor features greatly needed and suitable for private 


73 


— 


gifts. The weather was very favorable, and there was a large 
attendance. 
Appointments 


Staff and Other Employees 


Dr. Henry Knute Svenson, Ph.D., assistant curator of plants, 
beginning January 2. 

Margaret M. Dorward, A.B., instructor, March 17-July 15; 
acting assistant curator of elementary instruction, beginning July 


10, 
Helen D. Jenkins, A.B., instructor, beginning April T. 
her, beginning May 1. 


Pauline S. Lehman, B.A., stenograp 
Elizabeth Marcy, A.B., curatorial assistant, beginning December 
ey 
Frances M. Miner, A.B., instructor, beginning September 1. 
Resignations 
Board of Trustees 
Mr. William A. Putnam. Resignation accepted December 


1930, to take effect May 14, 1931. 


4 


Staff and Other Finployees 

Kathryn Clark Bartlett, A.B., instructor, September 15, 1926- 
December 31, 1929; acting assistant curator of elementary instruc- 
tion since January I, 1930, resigned March 31. 

Elsie Twemlow Hammond, M.A., assistant curator of elemen- 
tary instruction since September 1, 1921, resigned March 31. 

Lucile Sargent MacColl, A.B., instructor February 1, 1929- 
March 31, 1930; assistant curator of elementary instruction since 
April 1, 1930, resigned June 30. 

Elizabeth Marcy, A.B., instructor since September I, 1928, re- 
signed August 31. 

Zelda J. Sargent, instructor since October 1, 1927, resigned 
April 30. 

Ruth M. Tate, stenographer since October 1, 1928, resigned 
April 30. 

Emergency Employees 


In connection with the unemployment situation the Garden has 
cooperated during the vear with the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities 


74 


and the Emergency Employment Committee, Mr. Seward Prosser, 
Chairman. Beginning on March 27 and continuing until Decem- 
ber ro, the Bureau of Charities sent us per diem men for outside 
work, the number varying from one to six. From December 8 
until the close of the year the Emergency Work Bureau of the 
Prosser Committee sent us outside men, the number varying from 
one to seven. ‘These men worked only three days a week. We 
also had from the same source two men and five women for inside 
positions, in the herbarium, library, seed room, and stock room, 
and for general stenographic work. These people worked six 
days a week, and most of them were to continue over into 1931. 


Organization Dinner 

On Vhursday evening, May 22, an organization dinner was held 
in the rotunda of the Laboratory Building. This dinner was the 
third of its kind, and marked the twentieth anniversary of the 
sotanic Garden, the actual work of which began with the appoint- 
ment of the first and present director, effective July 1, 1910. 
IXvery monthly employee was present except three who were out of 
the country or out of town. Also, as guests, President and Mrs. 
Blum, the Chairman of the Governing Committee, Miss Loines : 
the Chairman of the Woman’s Auxiliary, Mrs. Butler; the Presi- 
dent of the Garden Teachers Association of the Botanic Garden, 
Miss Adelaide B. Harrison; the President of the Boys and Girls 
Club, Oswald Elbert, and wives of staff members—sixty-three per- 


a 


sons in all. A beautifully engrossed scroll, framed, and bearing 
the signatures of 53 members of staff and other employees of the 
Garden, was presented to the Director in recognition of the com- 
pletion of his twenty years of service. No man ever had from his 
associates a more beautiful tribute, nor one more deeply valued and 
appreciated. The speakers included Miss Shaw, curator of ele- 
mentary instruction, who acted as master of ceremonies, President 
Blum, Miss Loines, Mrs. Butler, Mr. Elbert, and Mr. Free who, 
presented the scroll on behalt of the staff and other employees. 
A response was made by the Director. 

This account should not be closed without recording the fact 
that, at its meeting on June 23, 1930, held at the Botanic Garden, 
the Governing Committee presented to the Director a beautiful 
tray with tea and cotfee set of Tiffany silver, with a most gracious 


75 


expression of presentation engraved on the tray. Modesty dictates 
that no mention be made here of these two tributes. It is believed, 
however, that this statement is essential, not only for a complete 
history of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, but as a public and last- 
ing record of appreciation. 


Financial 


There is probably no more irrational standard of educational 
values than the financial. The value of education to an individual, 
the value of public education to society as a whole, to a state or a 
municipality, can never be adequately stated in terms of dollars and 
cents. However, if we recall that every individual must pay for 
educational privileges not afforded at public expense, and that 
charges (at least nominal in amount) for admission to museums, 
botanic gardens, and zoological parks are common in other coun- 
tries than this, it may not be amiss to point out what the minimum 
monetary value is of the educational advantages afforded the gen- 
eral public by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 

Out of over 1,000,000 visitors we are, perhaps, justified in con- 
sidering that, while many come merely to enjoy the Garden as 
they would a park or, in some cases, merely to pass through it, at 
least half the visitors came for the purpose of taking advantage 
of the opportunities for which the Garden was established, name 
to study and enjoy plant life. 


— 


ys 


On this basis, then, we may consider that in 1930 not less than 
500,000 persons came to the Botanic Garden for certain educational 
purposes for which, had this been a private Garden, they would 

each have paid not less than 50 cents admission, or a total of 
$250,000. 

Phe price of admission to several privately conducted gardens in 
America is $2.00. The price of each admission to private gardens 
in Pennsylvania.on “Garden Days” under the auspices of the 
Pennsylvania School of Horticulture for Women (Ambler, Pa.) 
is $1.00. The admission to gardens in Westchester County for 
the benefit of the Westchester County Children’s Association, in 
1929, was 50.cents. The charge for admission to New York City 
museuins having Pay Days is 25 cents. 

If we grant further that, with a charge of 50 cents for ad- 
mission, the attendance would have been reduced one half, the 


Fic. 6. Potted Iris Plants (Hanashobu) of Mr. T. Minoda 


—, 


negative taken in Kumomoto, Japan, expressly for Dr. George M. 


Kai (the Iris Society of Kumomoto). 


R 


(standing at the right). From photographic 


reed, June, 1930, 


Courtesy of the Mangetsu- 


92 


77 


total receipts would have been $125,000. Or, again, if we con- 
sider that it is worth at least 25 cents a visitor to the individual, 
the total of value received, on the basis of 500,000 visitors, is 
$125,000. 

But the appropriation in the city Tax Budget for maintenance of 
the Garden in 1930 was $98,930, in return for which the Garden 
rendered services having a monetary value of $125,000-$250,000. 
The advantages of the Garden to the general public were enriched 
by contributions of over $100,000 of private funds. As noted 


previously, this monetary measure takes no account of the in- 
tangible but important educational, cultural, aesthetic, and spiritual 
advantages derived from the Garden, and which are really its only 
justification for existence. 
The Financial Statement for the year 1930 may be found on 
pages 131-140. 
European Trip 


During the summer the director spent seven weeks in Europe, 
sailing from New York on July 11 and returning September 16. 
This trip was for the purpose of visiting botanic gardens in France, 
Switzerland, Italy, and England, and attending the Ninth Inter- 
national Horticultural Congress in London, August 7-15, and the 
Fifth International Botanical Congress in Cambridge, August 16— 
23. A full account of this trip may be found in the Brooklyn 
Botanic Garden Recorp for January, 1931. 


Appended Reports 


Reports on research, the administrative reports of heads of de- 
partments, and Appendices 1-8 follow as an integral part of this 
report. 

Respectfully submitted, 
C. Sruarr GAGER, 
Director. 


78 


REPORTS ON RESEARCH FOR 1930 
Plant Pathology 
3y GEORGE M. ReEp 


Studies on the Inheritance of Resistance of Oat Hybrids to Loose 


and Covered Simut 

I*or several years investigations have been carried on in order 
to determine the mode of inheritance of smut resistance in oat 
hybrids. A large amount of data has been obtained with second 
generation plants of several different crosses and, in some cases, 
the experiments have been continued through the third and fourth 
generations. During the past year, additional data have been 
secured with a number of hybrids, representing different combina- 
tions of smut resistance. 

In our last report we recorded some data on hybrids between 
Ixarly Gothland and Monarch. The former is very susceptible to 
the loose smut, but resistant to the covered, while the Monarch 
variety shows exactly the reverse behavior with reference to the 
smuts. 50 second generation plants were inoculated with the 
loose smut, and g (18.0 per cent.) were infected. In another 
series, 85 second generation plants were inoculated with the covered 
smut, and 9 (10.5 per cent.) were infected. During the past year, 
several third generation progenies were grown, some individuals of 
which were inoculated with the loose smut and other individuals 
with the covered smut. The most significant results, perhaps, are 
that certain progenies were found to be entirely resistant to both 
loose and covered smut, while other progenies were more or less 
susceptible to one smut and resistant to the other. The results 
indicate that the factors determining resistance to the two smuts in 
these hybrids are independent of each other. The facts are par- 
ticularly significant in connection with the data already obtained in 
such crosses as Hull-less & Black Mesdag, in which the resistance 
to the two smuts appears to run entirely parallel. 

The fourth generation progenies of several of our earlier crosses 
were also grown, with a view to clearing up some of the problems 
involved. A large amount of data has been obtained and, in the 
main, the results are in harmony with those previously secured. 

Most of the studies during the past vear, however, were con- 


79 


cerned with obtaining additional data on second generation plants 
of a large number of different hybrids involving various combina- 
tions of smut resistance. At least five different groups of hybrids 
were grown. 

t. In the first group, one variety resistant to both loose and 
covered smut was crossed with another variety which is susceptible 
to both smuts. Three different hybrids involving this type of 
combination were made. In every case, Markton was the resistant 
variety, being crossed with the susceptible varieties Canadian, Early 
Champion and Victor. These latter varieties usually give 100 
per cent. infection with both loose and covered smut, while Mark- 
ton quite regularly gives negative results, although occasionally an 
infected plant may be observed. 

2. A second group of hybrids involves the combination in which 
one parent 1s resistant to both smuts, while the other parent is 
susceptible to the loose, but resistant to the covered. The second 
generation plants of a hybrid between Early Gothland and Mark- 
ton were studied. 

3. The third type of cross was concerned with the case where 
one parent is resistant to both smuts, while the other is susceptible 
to the covered, but resistant to the loose. This is the reciprocal of 
the preceding type of cross. Again, Markton was used as the 
resistant variety, while Monarch was the other parent. 

The fourth type of hybrids involves a parent susceptible to 
both smuts, while the other one is susceptible to the loose smut, 
but resistant to the covered. Two hybrids of this type were stud- 
ied, one between Orientalis and Victor, and the other between 
Scottish Chief and Victor. The Victor variety is entirely suscepti- 
ble to both smuts, while Orientalis and Scottish Chief are suscepti- 
ble to loose smut, but resistant to the covered. 

5. The final group of hybrids includes crosses between one 
‘ariety susceptible to loose smut, while the other is susceptible to 
the covered. The second generation progenies of six different 


—" 


combinations of this type were studied. In every case, Monarch, 
a variety highly susceptible to the covered smut, and extremely 
resistant to the loose smut, was crossed with the following varieties : 
Early Gothland, Rossman, Danish, Danish Island, Orientalis, and 
Scottish Chief. The last named varieties show extreme suscep- 


80 


tibility to the loose smut, combined with high resistance to the 
covered. 

The progenies of 52 different crosses were grown. The gen- 
eral procedure in each case was to inoculate one set of second 
generation plants with the loose smut, and the other with the 
covered. A very large amount of valuable data bearing upon the 
general problem of the inheritance of the smut-resistant quality 
has been obtained. It is planned, during the coming season, to 
grow as many as possible of the third generation progenies of these 
various hybrids in order to determine quite fully the mode of in- 
heritance of the resistant quality. 

Some of our studies on the general problem of oat smut in- 
vestigations are in cooperation with Mr. T. R. Stanton, Senior 
Agronomist of the Office of Cereal Crops and Diseases at Wash- 
ington, D.C. Mr. Stanton has furnished some of the material for 
the study of the hybrids, and is also testing out, from the agronomic 
stan 


jae 


point, some of the lines which are promising on account of 
their smut resistance. 


Additional Physiologic Races of Oat Simatts 


The problem of the specialization of both the loose and covered 
smut of oats has continued to receive attention. A number of 
collections of both smuts have been received from Mr. T. R. 
Stanton, and these have been used to inoculate several varieties 
of oats. A number of new races have been isolated. These are 
particularly important from the standpoint of breeding oats for 
smut resistance. 


Influence of Environal Conditions on Oat Simaut Infection 

Some experiments have been carried out with reference to ex- 
ternal factors influencing oat smut infection. Usually, with a 
susceptible variety, by the proper combination of conditions, we 
are able to secure the infection of all the inoculated plants. The 
most favorable combination of factors 


—_— 


las previously been worked 
out. During the past year, however, experiments were conducted 
to determine whether the growth of the host plant would influence 
the subsequent development of the parasite. All the plants were 
subjected to the same conditions during the seedling stage in order 


Sl 


that penetration of the parasite might be secured. Then, during 
the further growth of the plants, various modifications in the 
nutrition were made. Asa result, some of the plants were small, 
and dwarf, as compared with the vigorous tall, branching, ones in 
the experiment. All of the cultures, however, showed practically 
the same percentage of infected individuals. In other words, the 
most effective factors influencing the appearance of smut in the 
plant are those involved in the very early seedling stages when 
infection occurs. After the smut fungus once gains entrance into 
the plant, the subsequent rate and amount of growth of the latter 
does not appear to prevent the final development of the parasite in 
the flowers. 
Sorghum Sinut Investigations 


— 


Studies were continued in connection with the covered kerne 
smut of sorghum, Many second generation progenies of different 
crosses of sorghum varieties were inoculated and grown to ma- 
turity. The hybrids involyed various combinations of resistant 
and susceptible varieties. 


‘ 


During the past year, a paper on “ A new method of producing 


7) 


and detecting sorghum hybrids ” was published and, in this paper, 
some of the data on the inheritance of smut resistance were 
recorded. 

The method is based on the fact that the seedlings of sorghum 
hybrids differ in color, some being green, while others are red or 
reddish purple. It is further observed that among the hybrids 
of green seedling and red seedling varieties, the red character is 
dominant. These two observations suggested a method of obtain- 
ing and detecting hybrids between certain varieties with compara- 
tive ease. 

The procedure was to use the green seedling variety as the 
female parent. The young flowers of such a plant were pollinated 
with the po 


— 


len from a red seedling variety, the operation being re- 
peated at intervals as long as the flowers continued to open on the 
green seedling parent. 


— 


It was expected that most of the flowers on the female plant 
would actually be selfed, due to the relative abundance of pollen 
from other flowers on the same head. It was assumed, however, 


that the foreign pollen of the red seedling variety would reach the 


82 


stigmas of at least a few of the flowers at the right time to bring 
about cross-pollination. 

In order to determine whether cross-pollination had occurred, 
the seed from the female parent was collected and later germinated 
in sand under favorable conditions. If cross-pollination occurred, 
leading to the production of hybrids, it was expected that two 
types of seedlings from seed of the same head would be obtained, 
most of them being green, having developed from self-pollinated 
flowers, this being the characteristie color of the female plant. A 
few seedlings, however, due to the presence of the foreign pollen, 
would be red, and consequently hybrids. 

The method proved entirely successful and, with comparative 
ease, we were able to obtain a large number of hybrids between 
different varieties. The obvious limitation of the method, of 
course, is that the green seedling variety must in every case be 
used as the female parent. 


Beardless Tris Project 

The Iris season of 1930 was spent in Japan, an account of which 
has been published in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp, 19: 
257-208, November, 1930. During our stay, we were able to 
visit a great many gardens where the Japanese Iris were grown. 
Valuable information regarding the culture of the Iris, the varie- 
ties grown, and the history of the Iris, was obtained. We also 
secured numerous photographs of different gardens, and made 
arrangements for the importation of special varieties. We have 
also arranged for the collection and forwarding of seed of the 
wild Iris from a number of different places in Japan. 

In our own collection, many of the varieties bloomed satis factor- 
ily. Practically all of them, however, had been transplanted in the 
fall of 1929, and the best bloom is not likely to be obtained in the 
following year. The plants, however, came through the more or 
less adverse season of 1929 in fairly good shape. 

A few additions to the collection have been made: Two varieties 
of Japanese Iris were received from Prof. Frank T. McFarland, 
Lexington, Ky. Mrs. Wheeler HH. Peckham, New Rochelle, N. 
Y., sent us twelve species of Beardless Iris from the collection at 
the New York Botanical Garden, which, for the most part, have 
heen recently described by Dr. John K. Small. Dr. Charles F. 


83 


Saunders, Pasadena, Cal., sent us plants of Jris unguicularis. 
Nine different species or varieties of wild Iris were collected in 
California and other places. Three species were purchased from 
C. G. Van Tubergen, Ltd., Holland. 


Forest Pathology 
By ArruurR HarMount GRAVES 


Breeding Work With the Chestnut 
As usual, the research work with the chestnut has been carried 
on in collaboration with the Office of Investigations in 
Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. D. A. As an ex- 
ample of the close interconnection of the various branches of 
plant science, this year the heading for this report might just as 
” since nearly all of the work has con- 


lPorest 


well be “ Forest Genetics 
sisted of breeding together the Japanese and American chestnuts. 
However, the original source of all the evil, the cause of the 
tremendous losses we are trying to remedy, is the parasitic fungus, 
Hendothia parasitica, and it is on account of such organisms. that 
the science called plant pathology has come into being 

It is well known that the Japanese chestnut, Castanea crenata, 
is usually a low, round-headed tree, and this statement applies also 
to the hairy Chinese chestnut, C. mollissima, while the native 
American species is characterized by a straight, tall trunk, at least 
when growing in the forest. As regards susceptibility to the bark 
disease, the Japanese tree shows marked resistance amounting in 
many cases to near-immunity. On the other hand, the American 
species is extremely susceptible to the disease, and it is this vulnera- 
bility that has resulted in the almost total disappearance of the 
chestnut as a forest tree from our American woodlands. We 
say “almost total’: there are some counties in West Virginia, 
Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia, where a small percentage 
of trees is still uninfected ' with the bark disease. The tremendous 
economic value of the American chestnut and the irreparable loss 
which its passing means to the American people have been set 


forth in my report of 1920. 
1Gravatt, G. F. and Gill, L. S. Chestnut blight. U. S. Dept. Agr. 
Farmers’ Bull. 1641. November, 1930. 


: we 3 : 
"PSEUDOB ORNIA " SPHENOPHYLLUM CAL ITES 
DEVONIAN DEVONIAN TO TRIASSIC CARBONIFEROUS TO TRIASSIC 
HORSETAIL GROUP 


— 


Fic. 7. Imaginary landscape, showing ancestral forms (reconstructed) of the modern 


This is one of eight transparencies to be installed in the Conservatories. (7015.) 


qorsetails (/qutsetiuim). 


85 


The Problem Stated.—It is clear from what has been said that 
from the standpoint of forestry the oriental chestnuts (considered 
as a whole) and the American chestnut have each a strong point 
and a weak point. The oriental trees are typically low and round- 
headed and hence not good for timber, but they resist the attacks 
of the parasitic fungus. The American chestnut, on the other 
hand, is a tall forest tree, but offers little or no resistance to the 
fungus. The problem is, therefore, to combine the strong points 
in these trees by breeding them together in the hope of eventually 
producing a race which is both disease resistant as well as possess- 
ing the dimensions and habit of a forest tree. 

Progress in 1930.—1 shall describe our work in some detail both 
because it may be of some interest to members of the Garden and 
also because from the outline of the methods here presented they 
may be able to carry on experiments of their own and thus increase 
the chances of obtaining the desired result in this region. 

Many of the sprouts from the stumps of diseased chestnuts are 
producing pollen, but the flowering period, that is, the season when 
the pollen is ripe and being shed, occurs (in this neighborhood ) 
usually from about July 1-12, a period which is somewhat later 
than the flowering time of the orientals, or at least of some of 
them. Therefore it is impossible to secure pollen from native 


— 


stock sufficiently early to carry on thorough crossing experiments 
with many of the orientals, although there are a few late flowering 
ones with which this can be done. With the cooperation of the 
office of Forest Pathology, U. S. D. A., we were able to secure 
ample supplies of American pollen from Washington, D. C. and 
from Ohio, where the flowering period is some days earlier than in 
the New York region. Three Japanese chestnuts were used for 
crossing experiments, as follows—all on Long Island: 

tr. At Old Westbury, on the estate of Mr. Beekman Winthrop. 

2. At Syosset, on the estate of Mr. Bronson Winthrop. 

3. At Oyster Bay, on the estate of Mr. Renville S. Smith. 
These trees have all been described in detail in my report for 1929. 
(Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp, 19: 64-67, 1930.) The 
owner, in each case, kindly gave his permission for us to use his 
ERCE: 


The first step was the bagging o 


_ 


the young flowers of these 
Japanese trees, which was done on June 23d, several days before 


&6 


any pollen was shed. The young stamens were removed and the 
balance of the catkin, bearing its young pistils, was enclosed in a 
paper bag tied to the twig with copper wire. This step was 
necessary to prevent any of the pollen of the tree itself from 
reaching its own stigmas. For this and the succeeding operations 
itis a pleasure to acknowledge the valuable assistance of Miss Rusk, 
who has had considerable experience in this kind of work. The 
first pollination with American pollen received from Washington 
was carried out on June 28th. The bags were removed and the 
young pistils gently rubbed with the dehiscing anthers from the 
catkins, in order that some of the pollen might fall on the stigmas. 
One, or a part of one, of the catkins was tied near the pistils and 
the whole re-covered with the paper bag. Altogether, about 75 
pistils (or rather, pistil groups, since each involucre surrounds a 
cluster of pistils) were pollinated in this way. 

A second pollination was made on July 1, using the same pollen 
from Washington, which germination tests in the laboratory 
showed to be still viable. [lowever, for the Oyster Bay tree, 
pollen from a native shoot of chestnut then in flower near by was 
used. 

A third pollination was made on July 7. This time fresh pollen 
was used from Ohio, sent by the U. S. D. A., as well as pollen | 
myself obtained from native shoots in central New Jersey. At 
each pollination great care was taken to prevent pollen from the 
tree itself reaching the stigmas. On this account we used an 
umbrella, holding it closely over the bag during the operation, for 
during these summer days the air surrounding these chestnuts 1s 
plentifully charged with the pollen grains from the millions of 
dehiscing anthers.?. In one case, namely on the Oyster Bay tree, 
the third pollination, July 7, was omitted, because the air was so 
full of the Japanese pollen. 

The bags were left on as long as any of the flowers on the tree 
appeared to be shedding pollen. Several visits of inspection were 
made, and finally, on July 30, all of the stamens being evidently 
withered and brown, the bags were removed. Although only 
grocers’ ordinary paper bags had been used, they had kept intact 

2 This was absolutely necessary in the case of the Syosset tree, which has 
two leaders, each a different variety, one of them, at least, being grafted. 
It is interesting to note that this tree always bears heavy crops of nuts on 


both leaders. 


&7 


through wind and rain. Also it was noticed that leaves, some of 
which had gotten enclosed in the bags, were still healthy and green. 
However, many of the pistils had fallen off inside the bags, either 
because the pollination had been unsuccessful or because they had 
been knocked off by the wind, or from both causes. Less than 
half of the pollinated pistil groups remained. For example, only 
five bags of the seventeen on the tree at Syosset contained growing 
nuts. 

The chestnut is reputed to be self sterile. If this were true it 
would not have been necessary to bag these trees at all after cross- 
ing with the American chestnut pollen; one might rely on the 
sterility of the tree’s own pollen. However, exceptions occur. 
Self fertilized trees are known to have developed a few nuts in 
some cases; and further, pollen from other somewhat distant 
trees might be brought by air currents. 

On September 18 two nuts were collected from one of the burrs 
on the Old Westbury tree. Only one other burr had developed to 
full size and this, being still unopened, was bagged to prevent 
possible loss of the fruit. On the basis of what I have said above 
about the self sterility of the chestnut, it is significant that those 
were the only burrs which developed on the Westbury tree. It 
would seem as if there were no question here but that a cross of 
the American and the Japanese species has been effected. 

On October 7 two burrs were collected from the Syosset tree 
yielding one nut apiece, and on October 14 three burrs from the 
Oyster Bay tree, yielding one, two, and two nuts respectively. 

These nuts (ten in all) have been kept all winter in the cool 
propagating house of the Conservatories, in sand and damp sphag- 


num moss, and are apparently in sound condition. They will be 
planted in pots about February 1. 

It should be stated that in addition to the work described above, 
sixty seedlings of the forest tvpe of Japanese chestnut were set 
out on land belonging to the writer at Hamden, Connecticut. 
These Japanese chestnuts, although not growing so tall and straight 
as the American species, give promise of furnishing timber for 
small telephone poles, fence posts, and wood for tannin extract, 
as well as furnishing desirable stock for crossing with the Ameri- 
can chestnut. Besides this, about three acres have been cleared 
and plowed to prepare them for future plantings of exotic and 
hybrid chestnuts. 


88 


Systematic Botany, 1 
sy ALFRED GUNDERSEN 
Frankenias 
I have in preparation a study of American Frankeniacene, but 
am very short of specimens from Mexico and Argentina. In the 
principal herbaria of this country and Europe I found only one 
collection from Mexico outside of Lower California, and from 
Argentina for Mrankenia proper very few collections. 


4 iy 
Sigua 


I*ic. 8 Passion Flower (Passiflora alata-caerulea). Longitudinal sec- 
tion of bud, and (at the right) the essential organs raised on the stalk 
(androgynophore). Explanation in the text. (7026.) 


Floral Structures 


IT continued the study of flower structures of which Miss Purdy 
made drawings, also of the distribution among various families of 
dioctyledons. I presented a brief paper on the “ Sequence of 
Genera Within the Family,” relating to Passifloraceae, Caclaceac 
and Amaryllidaceae at the Cleveland meeting of the Botanical 
Society of America. 


89 


The accompanying illustration (Fig. 9) shows the bud and 
central parts of a flower of Passiflora alato-coerulea from our 
conservatories. The passion flowers are characterized by having 
stamens and pistils raised on an androgynophore. But in the bud 
the parts are practically on the receptacle, the same as in Mitos- 
temma and other members of the family. The development of 
the flower of Passiflora is therefore suggestive of the direction of 
evolution of the family. 

Similarly in Glaucium flavum (Fig. 9) from our outdoor col- 
lections. The poppy family is characterized by a rather broad 
stigma. But in the bud we see a form of stigma more like the 
buttercup family. 

Again, in the flower of Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus, the crown 
is equal in length to the free perianth-segments, in the bud it is 
less than half as long, more like Narcissus poeticus, suggesting a 
direction of evolution different from that adopted in standard 
works. Other studies have been made of the flowers of Cactaceae 
and Aigzoaceae. 


DOOR OD.O00og0an 


O09 O02 


ae 


ODOR 


I*tc. 9. Horned Poppy (Glaucium flavum). Longitudinal section of bud 
showing Buttercup-like stigma in the bud, and (at the right) the mature 
broad stigma characteristic of the Poppy Family. Fuller explanation in the 
text. (7021 


90 
List of Families and Genera as to which Usage Differs 


This list published as [ternational Seed Exchange Communica- 
tion No. rr has taken a great deal of my time for more than a 
year. It includes the nomenclatural and taxonomic differences be- 
tween the Index Kewensis and De Dalla Torre and Harms’ Genera 
Siphonogamarum for Angiosperms, excluding only the two large 
families Compositae and Orchidaceae; it also aims to include 
under ‘ Addita” all recent generic names and others which are 
not in the work of De Dalla Torre and Harms. The number of 
such names proposed or revived since the Vienna Congress, is 
nearly 2,500. 


{4 
> 


With unity as to rules of nomenclature attained in the Cam- 
bridge Congress it may be expected that the numerous nomencla- 
tural differences will be gradually eliminated. While taxonomic 
lifferences are considered outside the scope of an international 
botanical congress, practical requirements in this direction may 
be in large part met by the decision of the London Horticultural 
Congress to prepare an International List of Horticultural Species. 


Systematic Botany, 
3y H. K. SvENson 


During the past year, my first with the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- 
den, [ accompanied the Astor I¢xpedition to the Galapagos and 
Cocos Islands as field botanist. In order to gain a conception 
of the extraordinary vegetation of these islands I spent a week at 
the Gray Herbarium at Cambridge, where undoubtedly the richest 
collection of Galapagos material is located. My brief stay in the 
Galapagos Islands was sufficient for me to realize that much work 
remains to be done on the relationships of the flora of the in- 
dividual islands, relationships especially important from the evolu- 
tionary point of view. | hope that I may again visit them. 

I have been identifying the specimens of this collection with the 
help of several specialists, notably, Mr. Paul C. Standley of the 
Field Museum who has named the Rubiaceae; Dr. H. A. Gleason 
of the New York Botanical Garden who has worked out the 
Melastomaceae; Dr. L. B. Smith of the Gray Herbarium, the 
Bromeliaceae; Mr. C. A. Weatherby of the Gray Herbarium, the 


— 


oy 


ferns; and Mr. Charles Schweinfurth of the Ames Botanical Lab- 
oratory, the Orchidaceae. It is anticipated that a detailed account 
will be published some time during 1931. 

The plants collected by me in Tennessee and Kentucky during 
the past summer are being studied. Some progress has also been 
made on the monographic study of the genus Eleocharis, a group 
of sedges, a second portion of which is now ready for publication. 
In the study of this genus I have borrowed material during the 
past year from Mr. C. C. Deam, the University of Illinois, the 
Gray Herbarium, the University of Tennessee, and the University 
of Texas. 

For some years I have been studying the genus Bidens (Beggar’s 
Ticks) as it occurs along the Hudson River, from the point of 
view of variation in species. I have accumulated a large amount 
of material, both from wild specimens and plants grown under 
glass, and intend to continue the problem during the summer. 


Genetics 
Studies on the Variation of Nephrolepis (Boston Ferns, etc.) 
By Rates C. BENEDICT 


The collections of Nephrolepis have been continued, including 
necessary attention to the propagation of the types shown in the 
public collection and those still under observation in the experi- 
mental house. Observations and records have been continued on 
several forms not yet reported. It is hoped that studies may 
soon be made of the effect of penetrating rays (X-rays and Radium 
rays) on vegetative mutation in these ferns. 


REP OR OR rE CURATOR OF PLANTS{FOR 4 930 
Dr. C. StuarT GAGER, DrrEcrTor. 


Sir: I submit herewith my annual report for 1930. Since the 
coming of Dr. Svenson in January my work has been greatly 
simplified by his taking charge of the herbaceous beds, the local 
flora section, and the herbarium of American plants, leaving in my 
charge woody plants and the herbarium of old-world plants. Dr. 
Svenson, assistant curator, reports as follows: 


92 


The Herbarium 


“ Shortly after my arrival in January the new herbarium cases 
were installed; this naturally required some re-arrangement of the 
herbarium material, and a reorganization of unmounted plants in 
storage. As a result all of our herbarium collections are now 
stored in fireproof cases. By good fortune we had the service of 
Mrs. Putz, a former worker in the Garden; thus we have during 
the past year been enabled to get several collections mounted, in- 
uding Mrs. Mexia’s Alaskan plants, given to us by Mrs. Adrian 


— 


2 
Van Sinderen, and a large part of a set of Pringle’s plants of 
Mexico. A vast amount of material is still unavailable for use, 
due to the fact that it is unmounted. During the past winter Miss 
Burr has gone over the mosses, in order to combine the various 
collections and to remove duplicates. 


“We are now engaged in the reorganization and sorting out 
of duplicates of the extensive collection of specimens of woody 
plants made by Dr. C. K. Schneider at the Arnold Arboretum in 
1916 and 1917. 

“ During the past year herbarium material has come on an ex- 
change basis from the University of California and the United 
States National Museum. There has also been received as a gift 
from Mr. Vincent Astor the specimens of plants collected by the 
Nourmahal Expedition to the Galapagos Islands, of which I was 
the botanist. 

“In addition to some local specimens collected by Miss Rusk 
aud myself, the herbarium has received a collection of plants 
made by me during the month of August in Tennessee and Ken- 
tucky. The total number of plants in my two collections (dupli- 
cates included) 1s approximately 5,000. 

“Tn addition to routine identification of miscellaneous material, 
the writer has determined Cyperaceae, chiefly Eleocharis, for 
several institutions. 


Classes and Lectures 


— 


“During the spring of 1930, with Miss Rusk’s assistance, a 
course was given for eight afternoons on the spring vegetation of 
the New York region, and in the fall a similar series of four 
afternoon classes was held. In addition I gave a course of four 


93 


lectures on the geography of plants of Eastern North America; 
two lectures were also given on the flora of the Galapagos and 
Cocos Islands, one on the evolution of plants, and one for Boy 
Scout Leaders on berries and fruits. 

“On the grounds the work during the past year consisted to 
a large extent of checking the identity of plants in the systematic 
herbaceous beds. A revival of the Native Wild Flower Section, 
which for several years has been neglected, has progressed to the 
extent of construction of a shallow sandy pond, simulating a pine- 
barren pond, removal of sand from the old bog, planting of 
large number of trees and shrubs (chiefly oaks, maples, and 
viburnums), and the clearing out of a large number of foreign 
shrubs. A limestone ledge for calciphile plants of our area and 
a small brook are included in the ultimate project for develop- 
ment of this Section. The surrounding fence gives the Section 


ary 


— 


ereater seclusion, by preventing indiscriminate entrance and thus 
oS 3 =) oD 
allows the accumulation of leaf mold in the wooded arez 

“ Preliminary accounts of the Galapagos Expedition have been 

5 pag 
published in the Bulletin of the New York Zoological Society, 
for July-August, and in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Rrcorp 
7» SD ; » 

for November.” 


Woody Plants 


— 


During the spring the collections of trees and shrubs of the 
systematic section were re-mapped, a much needed work. In the 
new maps we can see just what room is available in any area, 
circles of various sizes representing the plants. We have many 
rare, semi-hardy woody plants north of the nursery, which need 
protection. 

Iris Plantations 


Dr. Reed reports that a few additions were made to the collec- 
tion of Bearded Iris on the basis of exchange. Through Mrs. 
Wheeler H. Peckham, we received eighteen varieties from the Iris 
Test Garden of the American Iris Society located at the New 
York Botanical Garden. Seven unnamed varieties were received 
from Mr. W. C. Hutton, New Haven, Conn. Miss Bessie Mat- 
thews of Brooklyn presented a clump of a seedling tall Bearded 
Iris which she raised, and has named Dr. George H. Smith. 


94 


Conservatories 


Following out plans for the improvement of the conservatory 
collections, in the direction of gradually substituting definitely 
planned groups for miscellaneous groups, house plants and in- 
sectivorous plants were installed in House No. 4, and in December 
nine glass aquarium tanks were obtained for water plants. Houses 
rt and 12 were also rearranged, to include citrus and other 
subtropical fruits, Japanese dwarf plants, and other groups. 

Trans parencies.—Additional drawings for transparencies repre- 
senting fossil plants were made by Miss Purdy, eight being nearly 
ready at the end of the year. In this connection I corresponded 
with paleobotanists and visited Dr. Berry at the Johns Hopkins 
University, Dr. Hollick at the New York Botanical Garden and 
Dr. Wieland at Yale, all of whom gave valuable suggestions. 


Herbarium 

Thanks to the energy of Miss Burr and later of Dr. Svenson, 
the former chaotic state of our storage collections downstairs has 
heen largely overcome. 

Among collections acquired during 1930 were the following: 
400 specimens from the Galapagos Islands and 204 chiefly from 
Tennessee, collected by Dr. Svenson; 225 from Honduras, pur- 
chased from W. A. Schipp; 125 obtained by exchange from the 
University of California; 523 Philippine plants purchased from 
Mr. A. D. E. Elmer ; 272 from the state of Washington, purchased 
from Mr, J. M. Grant. 

The old-world herbarium has been separated from that of 
American plants. 

Cryptogamic Herbarium 

Algae, lichens, and bryophytes have now been provisionally ar- 
ranged in the new cases in the basement. Some duplicates of 
mosses have been sorted out. 

Dr. Reed reports that very few additions were made to the 
Herbarium of Fungi during the past year: 26 specimens of higher 
fungi were received from the University of California, on the 
basis of exchange ; three additional fascicles of the Fungi Exotici, 
published by Dr. TH. Sydow, and containing 150 specimens, were 
purchased. 


95 


Lectures and Classes 
Following lectures by Dr. Graves and Dr. Svenson, I gave two 
lectures at the Garden in March, “ Mesozoic Life: Gymnosperms 
and Reptiles,” and ‘“ Cenozoic Life: Angiosperms and Mammals.” 
Assisted by Miss Hester M. Rusk, I gave a course of eight lessons 
in the Botanic Garden on “ Plant Families.” 


Seed Exchange 


Seeds were collected in the southern mountains by Dr. H. k. 
Svenson and by Mr. A. J. Sharp; seeds of Venus’ Fly Trap were 
collected by Miss C. Harrell in North Carolina. 


European Travel 


As reported in the January 1931 Recorp, I attended the London 
Horticultural Congress and the Cambridge Botanical Congress and 
later visited Scandinavia and Russia, during August, September 
and October. 

Illustrations of Flowering Plants 

With a view chiefly to use for outdoor study and notes, 300 
copies of a book were printed in December containing 200 plates 
of flowering plants, illustrating about 1500 species. ‘hese are 
from Dr. G. T. Stevens’ work, printed in 1910, used by permis- 
sion of his son Dr. Charles W. Stevens of New York City. 


Labels and Signs 


Labels and signs were made by our labeler, Mr. John McCallum, 
as follows: 


Steel labels for herbaceous beds ...............2020022 eee ee 337 
Steelsamulyalabelshtors DEUS. .2-4 es aa hee ge tenets cece eens 138 
[eadelabelS ror woody plantse yooh ee serge ecto neke aeons 194 
eeadplabels store oclesou teller at. sels e Mer wee een era 143 
StrialPwOoOdenmlabel Smeets se ey. cd) ss act eee eens Ahan Acc ehceermnts 280 
WTO OGLETIBST OS eree en yn tin ts cities JANIE iia nol aps ne Sndern eye 132 
Cad boat destoulSpemme te pea. tess bts sh) sean. eae ts emcees 154 
EAT Oe, OOCEm la el Serge og as 2 crc lett th i sees eee ae omen 65 

Ay aN Vier Ne #2 tS ae am Rec rP RaDrar ea te ean ens 1,443 


jan 


Also numerous miscellaneous numbers and signs. 


96 


Statistics 
Species or 
Living Plants Received: Plants Varieties 
Te RC 6 acs rag roe cate ns pa edie enwes 282 161 
Te ose pace ga 5a eee ee oe 601 195 
Bo INGE cee sega eats pica darnnnnareee wna ees 6,041 308 
DJG VE SOME SEO: yuvck x yey urea ew aie whack ease Cadel, 105 105 
CTA seca ayuda eae aoe Gatetearn aed 106 31 
Lg oh 4 RR ee ee a ee a 7,135 800 
Living Plants Distributed: 
NI “ge Ua cauetsge deaeash aaah qleepee beta degkd desea eke Ries ee 5,311 
| gg co < C1021 21 <n ae a ae ne ee 339 
MOE eS copie hc tidiee 4g ata ne Se here esi ae de oe a aE 5,050 
Seed Packets Distributed: 
TE CA ce staked wis een aes a ee 4G. Sve eww enaes 2,307 
Seed Packets Reecived: 
ee ast ie ee eh od awa a eee 1,053 
POT ace ene ase peat ee sa ae de Gain 4 eA 33 
Pee ee aed ae eg aes ea bw ees 50 
CUO, -equce any icad oa ec aionea 9 4 kp aie nave das ee 8 
DEAL sakatacalnines sy bud ageet has iateaae ae eeteeinaues 1,139 
Flerbartwn Specimens Received: 
of PCMAG ces ee oe og Sake b tas Oe Ee oe el waa eee re 175 
BP PAs ees ineg ds eotre wailed eee alas eee eee ned eae 114 
DOP Oe <3 eae wow nis eo 2G be hk Oa 1,120 
Py OG oa wae da oe oe ae aaes ee eae 1,042 
WGA ana ee hte Gees ee een eg Paes Gees 2,451 


Respectfully submitted, 


ALFRED GUNDERSEN, 
Curator of Plants. 


97 


REBOOT hi CUO Oh Bw BEG wis RUG = 
TION FOR 1930 


Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, DIREcTOR. 


Sir: I take pleasure in submitting herewith my report for the 
year ending December 31, 1930. 


Garden Attendance 


The registration figures at the seven entrance gates totalled a 
somewhat lower figure than last year (Table III). The figures 
were lower than those of last year for every month with the ex- 
ceptions of April—r1io,147 as against 97,612 of April 1929, and 
November, 53,743 as against 53,254 of last year. However, the 
falling off may not be as great as appears on the surface; in fact 
the total number of adult visitors and of children accompanied by 
responsible adults may be in reality as great or even greater than 
that of last year. For early in 1930 guards were stationed at all 
the entrance gates with instructions not to admit young children 
inaccompanied by responsible adults. This action had become 
imperative on account of the continued vandalism of groups of 
young children (chiefly boys) who ranged up and down the 
plantations trampling on the plants, throwing various objects at 
the fish in the lily pools and otherwise disturbing them; catching, 
or trying to catch the frogs in the Japanese Garden lake, etc.; and 
behaving themselves in general as if the Garden were an area of 
wild land for exploitation or collection rather than a valuable 
assemblage of living plants for exhibition purposes. Repeated 
warnings and scoldings had been of no avail, and it was physically 
unpossible for the one or two policemen detailed to Garden service 
to cover the whole territory at once. Ilence the installation of 
guards at the entrance gates. It is interesting to note that the 
number of visitors to the conservatories increased from 32,880 in 
1929 to 40,093 in 1930. This in itself is a strong indication that 
the number of genuinely interested visitors to the Garden really 


increased last year. 


98 


TABLE I] 


ATTENDANCE At GARDEN DuRING 1930 


Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. May June ae 
At regular classes... 2... 1,300] 2,255] 3,743 3,401 3,582 2,078] 12,150 
At visiting classes.......) 7,741 860] 6,087 re 8,163 2,135 100 
At lectures to children. ..| 7,700 560] 3,149 6,521 5.763 2,020 50 
At _— to adults..... 0) ) ) 175 416 100 0 
At conservatories... .... 1,069 034] 3,173 5,700 5,177 4,030 2,576 
At i Sip. earning ye ob ae 40,453] 58,9086] 77,045] 110,147| 150,433] 113,155] 101,727 

Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. et 
At regular nee Phage Dbs 11,250 3,428 5,874 3,045 2,807 56,263 
At visiting classes....... oO 105 4,871 4,107 3,020 44,770 
At lectures to mine 7) 05 2,500 2,740 2,060 33,164 
A ctures to adults..... O (6) 230 (ore) 180 1,191 
At conservatories. ...... 2,336 3,383 4,000 2,804 Bas 51 0,093 
At grounds.............] 76,350 | 106,064] 82,949 | 55,743 2,075 | 1,006.027 


Attendance at Garden Classes and Lectures 


These figures are interesting since they show marked fluctua- 
tions from year to year, but in general it is evident that there is a 
considerable sustained increase. ‘The figures include attendance at 
regular Garden classes, of visiting classes, and at public lectures 
at the Garden delivered to children and sidults: 


Garo O20 5 chtassica tuetpc alec cue dhs a ecco tee bs eutarenaictae area et ecant te aa cece 87,760 
Mm O27 44. eget cand ioe ke ws ek ee seated iee & 07,884 
Wo “TOSS. seagrass Pane oe eee ae a ck 151,031 
BP’ SE QB Ol se toate A arenas ati ginko Gay nee ketenes Gants weno eek eae 110,649 
PEt, “POSO) eden tinued mn deannth atv edema eth Sot ok bode hod 135,088 


School Service 


It is a pleasure to record that during 1930 every High School 
in Greater New York, with a single exception, was assisted by 
study or loan material from this department at the Brooklyn 
Botanic Garden. In addition, three training schools for teachers, 
nine colleges and universities, eleven private and parochial schools, 
and thirteen other institutions were served. Fresh plant material 


99 


“a 


of Pea Family Clematis Aristolochia 


md 
roatiots tranaformed Peticles tvine about support 
tendrils : 


Aspa Tagu i 
Scales at bases of Oren abvahelos 


rig, 43 


he ae Se 


panese Barbarry 
Leaves cbanaturaes into spines 


Cermen Locust Bull's Horn Thorn 
Stipules transformed into epines 


sents malanoxylon 
ee transitd cn from 
gef to phyllode 


Fic. 10. Riker Mount showing various forms of leaves. An example 
of material prepared by the Garden for loan to the schools. (6993.) 


100 


illustrative of various plant groups and plant organs was furnished. 
A list of the kinds of material which are ordinarily sent out was 
given in my report for 1929. A new loan collection of lantern slides 
entitled “ Conservation of native plants,’ accompanied by a type- 
written text, was prepared and added to our series. The number 
of petri dishes filled with sterile agar continues to increase, 5,226 
dishes being sent to the schools. The figures for the distribution 
in former years are given in my report for 1929. As usual, Miss 
Rusk, who has been assisted by Miss Vilkomerson, has had entire 
charge of this part of the work which deals with high schools, 
colleges and universities, and institutions of similar rank. 


Adult Classes, New Courses, etc. 


In the new course entitled “The Story of Plant and Animal 
Evolution,” a series of four lectures given in March, I delivered the 
first lecture, entitled “ Water Plants and Water Animals,” Dr. 
Svenson the second, “ From Water to Land,” and Dr. Gundersen 
the last two: “ Early Land Life” and “ Modern Land Life.” Dr. 
Svenson and Miss Rusk took charge of the field course, “ Spring 
Flowers and Ferns of the New York Region,” which had been 
conducted in the past by Dr. Gundersen and Miss Rusk. In the 
spring, also, Dr. Svenson gave a new course of six exercises in 
“ Plant Geography.” Classes of student nurses from Prospect 
Heights Hospital and from Kings County Hospital came here for 
ten exercises in the spring and ten in the fall under my direction. 
The total registration for these classes (four in all) was 92. As 
usual, the medicinal plants growing in the plantations of the Gar- 
den were studied, and this field work was followed at each exercise 
by informal lectures in the laboratory, at which the structure and 
functions of plants and animals were compared. In the fall the 
course in General Botany (B1) for teachers was again offered, 
and Miss Rusk was given entire charge. The registration, 27, was 
the largest (with the exception of the year 1927, when there was 
a class of 30) that we have ever had for this rather technical 
course. Our plan was to offer this course in alternate years, but 
it is so difficult to present the subject matter of general botany 


— 


—" 


satisfactorily in 30 exercises that it may be advisable to lengthen it 
into a two year course. 


101 


In general, I feel that, considering our very small staff, adult 
instruction is going forward satisfactorily. Although tite total 
adult registration last year was 485 as against the high point of 
513 reached in 1920, this is in reality only a slight difference. In 
point of variety of courses offered there was a distinct improve- 
ment over former years. 


Flower Days 


The custom initiated four years ago of setting apart festal days 
for particular flowers, and holding appropriate exercises thereon, has 
proved so popular with the members of the Garden that these oc- 
casions must now be looked upon as regular fixtures of the Garden 
calendar. Members have expressed the opinion that they combine 
many desirable features: namely, the opportunity of viewing the 
floral displays when they are in their prime, and of inspecting them 
under expert guidance; incidentally of renewing acquaintance 
with the Garden; of listening to talks by well known connoisseurs 
on the culture, history, new varieties, etc., of the flowers concerned ; 
and finally, of meeting together in an informal way over a cup of 
ECan 

Last year seven Days were thus celebrated, as follows 


jen 
— 


eae pe 28. Crocus Day. 
coe Hilda Loines, F.R.H.S., Chairman of the Brooklyn Bo- 
nic Garden ee Commie: 
Iriday, Apri i. Daffodil I 
eader: Mrs Wheeler te Ree kham, Honorary Curator of Iris and 
Narcissus Collections, New York Botanical Garden 
Monday, aay 19. Rock Garden Day. 
Leader: Mr. Montague ree, Horticulturist, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 
Monday, MEN 26. Iris Day. 
ider: Mr. R. S. Sturtevant, Director of the Lowthorpe School 
enceeane pone crane an es and Editor of the Bul fe 
of the American Iris Soci 
Iriday, June 13. June Rose Garden 
Lead Jo 


O. 


on 
la! 


ader: Mr. John D. Arentshorst,* of Bobbink and Atkins, Rutherford, 


New Jersey. 
Friday, Otis 10. Fall Rose Garden Day. 
eader: Mr. G. A. Stevens, Assistant Editor of Publications, American 


Xose Society. 
* Mr. Frederick L. Atkins had kindly consented to preside, but was unable 
to be present on account of the illness which terminated in his death on 
November Io. 


102 


Iriday, October 24. Chrysanthemum Day. 

Leader: Mr. H. E. Downer, Horticulturist, Vassar College. 
The total attendance at these functions was 387, or an average of 
over 55 members and guests on each occasion. 


Exhibit at the Brooklyn Savings Bank 


Through the courtesy of the Brooklyn Savings Bank an exhibit 
of the educational and scientific work of the Garden was on view 
from November 17th to December 6th. The exhibit was installed 
in the handsome long corridor leading from the bank to its Fulton 
Street entrance, and was the first of a series of exhibits sponsored 
by the Bank, entitled “ Know Brooklyn.” Two tables were 
placed at each end of the corridor, one showing a model of the 
Children’s Gardens together with samples of work done in the 
children’s classes, the other displaying a collection of plants suitable 
for culture under modern apartment house pert and styled 
“Texhibit of House Plants.” Near the latter was placed a War- 
dian case equipped with suitable plants. On che west wall and on 
a narrow platform constructed along its base the work of the 
Garden was represented in some detail, including the following 
features : 

Maps of the Garden plantations. 
Diagrams showing the organization of the Garden and of its 
educational work, and its cooperation with other institutions. 

3. Enlarged photographs of children’s, high school, and adult 
classes at the Garden. 

4. Samples of study material distributed to schools, and Riker 
mounts loaned 

5. Poster showing petri dishes filled with agar. These had been 
distributed to schools and exposed under various conditions by the 
students themselves.! 

6. Water colors of types of Japanese Irises painted by Miss 
Purdy and Miss Mansheld. 

7. Exhibit of current issues of publications of the Garden and 
map of the world showing points reached in their distribution. 


i 


1This was made possible through the cordial cooperation of the students 
in the biology classes at the John Adams and Thomas Jefferson High 
Schools. 


103 


Saeku 
of sorghum, prepared by the department of plant pathology for 
the use of the high schools. 

g. Exhibit of pressed specimens of tropical water lilies collected 
from plants in the Garden lily pools and prepared by Dr. Svenson 


_— 


cer mounts of cereals, and mounts showing hybridization 


to show retention of color. 
10. Drawings by Mr. Caparn of proposed new features of the 
Garden, some of which have already been added. 
tt. Enlarged photographs and mounts showing wor 


—y 


< going 
forward at the Garden on hybridization of chestnuts for the pur- 
pose of securing disease-resistant forest tree types. 

During the first two weeks of the exhibition a display of varie- 
ties of the cabbage plant, including Brussels sprouts, kale, kohl 
rabi, Georgia collards, Savoy cabbage, and ordinary cabbage was 


ry 


on view in an alcove on the east side, but the poor light available 
finally necessitated its removal. 

It is estimated that about 3000 people came, and many favorable 
comments were received. The Brooklyn Savings Bank mailed 
about 20,000 descriptive circulars telling of the exhibit and of 
the work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 


Editorial Work 


I continued to serve on the editorial board of the American 
Journal of Botany, and also as editor of the Plant Section of 
General Biology for Biological Abstracts, and as editor of the 
Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions. As editor of the Brook- 
lyn Botanic Garden Leaflets I am pleased to report that as usual 
ten numbers were issued, as follows: 

Nos. 1-2. Spring Planting. By Montague Free. April 2. 

No. 3. Fertilizers for City Gardens. By Montague Free. April 
30. 

No. 4. The Principal Groups of Fossil Plants. By Alfred Gund- 
ersen. May 14. 

No. 5. The Plant Wards of New York State. By Ralph C. 
Benedict. June 4. 

No. 6. The Rose Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. By 
Montague Free. September ro. 

Nos. 7-8. Cabbages in the Classroom. |] 
October 20. 


3y Ralph C. Benedict. 


104 


Nos. 9-10. Forms and Tunctions of Roots. By Arthur H. 
Graves. December 17. 


Publicity 
Our newspaper releases relating to the activities of the Garden, 
such as new plants acquired, plants in bloom, improvements in the 
Garden plantations and conservatories, courses of study and lec- 
tures, results of research, etc., went forward as usual, with the co- 
operation of Mrs. Warner of the Brooklyn Publicity Bureau. 
Twenty-one news releases containing 47 articles about the Garden 
were sent out to the various metropolitan dailies. 745 clippings 

were received, as against 792 for 1929. 


Miscellaneous 

Bureau of Information—sSince I have referred to this part of 
my work in former reports in some detail, | have been tempted 
to omit any reference to it this year; and yet so many letters and 
inquiries—the latter both in person and by telephone—are an- 
swered in the course of the year that a considerable proportion 
of my time is here represented, and for the sake of mathematical 
justice it would seem that at least mention of it should be made. 

Post Card Bulletins —Post card bulletins were sent to mem- 
bers on February 28th, announcing the file of nursery and seed 
catalogs available for reference in the Library. On March 8th 
a notice was mailed to the effect that 1200 Boltonia asteroides, 300 
perenmal asters, and 300 Sedum acre plants were available for 
distribution. No special post cards were sent announcing the 
flower displays of the Garden, since the Flower Day announce- 
ments themselves answered this purpose. 

Inspection of Plonts.—In answer to requests several trips were 
made to inspect plants showing symptoms of disease. One of 
these cases is the famous Cedar of Lebanon at Mlushing, the trunk 
of which is much in need of repair. Suggestions for suitable 
treatments were made. 

List of Woody Plants —.A\t the request of the Committee on 
requirements for examination of candidates for first assistant in 
biology for New York High Schools, [ prepared a list of the 
“Important Woody Plants (trees, shrubs, and climbing plants) 


105 


Occurring in the Greater New York area.” This list comprises 
146 species and includes the more commonly cultivated kinds. The 
Board of Examiners has authorized the statement that, so far as 
woody plants are concerned, candidates will not be expected to be 
acquainted with any species not included in this list. 

Visit of Biology Teachers—On Saturday, October 18th, a 
delegation of the biology teachers of Greater New York visited the 
Garden under the guidance of Dr. Benedict to see some of the 
results of research now in progress. Jimson weed grown by Dr. 
Reed to illustrate Mendelian inheritance, sorghum hybrids in the 
experimental plot also grown by Dr. Reed, and cabbages and cab- 
bage varieties grown by Dr. Benedict were some of the features of 
particular interest. 


— 


Docentry.—During the spring and fall several garden clubs and 
other organizations were conducted through the Garden and Con- 
servatories by members of this department. 

Other Personal Activities —At the Children’s Fair, held at the 
American Museum of Natural History, December 4 to 10, I 
served on the committee of judges of the exhibits. Irom Decem- 
ber 28 to 31, as a delegate from the Garden, I attended the annual 
meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of 
Science, at Cleveland, Ohio. 

Lists of lectures and talks given to schools, clubs, and other 
organizations during the year, of field trips conducted and articles 
published, have already been submitted. 

Research—The report of research carried on during the year 
(pp. 83-88) has also been submitted. 

Respectfully submitted, 
ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, 
Curator of Public Instruction. 


ii Okie OM whe CURATOR OF GEIn VEBING AR y 
LN SN OeTION FOR =o26 
Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, Drrecror. 
Sir: I hereby present the nineteenth annual report from the De- 
partment of Elementary Instruction. 


106 


Since the work of this Department has followed along the gen- 
eral lines well-known to you and to our Board of Trustees, I shall 


pon 


simply pick out the high spots in our work. 
It wil 


tact with over 600,000 children in our different lines of activity. 


be of interest to note the fact that we have come in con- 


— 


This seems a rather significant figure, although 1f comparisons are 
made between the figures of the current vear and last year, there 
are places which show a decrease. This is due to the fact that 
we have reorganized our headings under which certain reports are 
made, but the total figures for the contacts of this year are greater 
than those of the preceding vears. 

Our work with the distribution of material and with assistance 
rendered in starting Nature kooms, both in the schools of this 
Borough and other boroughs, has increased. 

One class in greenhouse work has been added to the number of 
classes given in our extension courses. The demand for green- 
house work among the teachers is heavy and it seemed wise to add 
one more class instead of allowing the beginners’ class, B3, to 
increase. This class was limited to 60 members during the year 
1930-1931, but in reality we had a registration of 69. 

The total registration in children’s Saturday morning classes for 
the year (this includes spring, summer, and fall classes) was nearly 


ay 


600. The registration is larger than that in most of our private 
progressive schools, 
The perennial border in the Children’s Garden was remac 


- 


any 


e this 


jul 


year. The Shakespeare Garden has increased in beauty by the 
addition of flagged paths, and 1s, as always, one of the most used 
and interesting features of the Children’s Garden. This summer 
represented one of the best seasons we have had for outdoor 
summer work. During the season we had more children added to 
the work than we have had for some years. 

In the fall classes the range of age ran from five years to college 
students. We had three college students who, of course, were 
boys and girls belonging to our garden for years. It is a satisfac- 
tion and a compliment to the work that these young people, 1f they 
attend a New York City college, stay with us just as they did in 
their childhood days. Twice a year our boys and girls work for 
heir silver pins. This work is independent work on special sub- 


jen 


+ 


Fic. 


IT. 


Classes from the Schools come in Winter, as we 


| 


las at other Seasons. 


r 


—_ 


“he Guide-sheets, given to 


each pupil, serve to make the work more definite and help in the Follow-up Work at School. January 16. (6476.) 


LOT 


108 


jects chosen by the child under the supervision of the Acting 
Assistant Curator, and is carried on during the months of Jan- 
uary, February, March, and the summer season. This summer 
special problems, with no regard to honors, were carried on by 
different boys and girls in the garden. The subjects taken up 
were the following: The Growth and Study of Different Members 
of the Cabbage Family; How Different Fertilizers Affect the 
Growth of Kohlrabi; Herbs; Study of the [Effect of Mulch Paper 
upon Common Vegetables, such as Tomatoes. 

The total number of packets of seed which left our seedroom 
was over a million. Some of these seeds, of course, were used 
in our Brooklyn Botanic Garden teachers’ and children’s classes, 
and some of them were given to institutions to assist their work, 
so the million packets do not represent the actual sale of seed, but 


— 


this figure does represent the output of labor. 

Martin Nash received the Alfred T. White Scholarship for the 
year of 1930. He is a freshman at Long Island University. 

Nearly 200,000 people were affected by the conferences held by 
the Curator. These conferences for the most part represent plans 
for nature study and gardening for elementary schools in our 
own borough. These plans are not plans for the future, but they 
represent active and immediate work. 

It is difficult to ascertain the number of people viewing exhibits 
set up by the Department. For example, the one placed in Abra- 
ham & Straus’ store was viewed by numberless people, but the 
y determined. The Department 


— 


exact number was never accurate 
also set up an exhibit in the Brooklyn Eagle Building as part of a 
children’s exhibit and won for this a silver cup representing the 
best exhibit set up. 

As a new feature in our school contacts, the Brooklyn Botanic 
Garden this year gave a medal to all schools having school gardens 
up to a certain standard. Delegates from the schools receiving 
medals came to the Garden and received their honors. Mr. Van 
Evrie Kilpatrick, Director of Nature Garden Work for the Board 
of Education, spoke on that occasion. Twenty-five schools re- 
ceived medals. 

There have been many changes in the personnel of the Depart- 
ment during this year, and it might be fitting here to say that the 


109 


regular work continued without a break. The Acting Assistant 
Curator, Mrs. Kathryn Clark Bartlett, resigned as of March 31. 
Miss Zelda J. Sargent resigned on April 30; Mrs. Lucile MacColl 
on July 15, and Miss Elizabeth Marcy on August 31. 

Miss Margaret M. Dorward was appointed on March 17. Miss 
Dorothy Jenkins was appointed temporarily from April 1 to July 
15, and then permanently from that time on. Miss Frances M. 
Miner came on September 1. 

One of our own students, Miss Rosemary Kennelly, carried on 
the work of the Children’s Garden at the Brooklyn Home for 
Consumptives. 

I was asked to go to Cleveland, Ohio, to set in motion plans for 
a Garden Center for Cleveland. This was successful, and one of 
the few Garden Centers in the world is fairly launched in that 
city. The work of the Garden Center is to assist people in their 
plans for home gardens. 

I continued to serve as Honorary Secretary of the National 
Plant, Flower and Fruit Guild. 

My term of office as Secretary-Treasurer of the American 
Nature Study Society ended with the December meeting of the 
Society in Cleveland. 

During 1930 the Curator wrote a weekly article for the New 
York Sun. Because of the popularity of those articles during 
1929, the Sun started a Garden Page which is published every 
Saturday. The School Nature Study Union of England asked 
for an article on our work to appear in their own official organ. 
This article was published in July. An educational article on 
“The Value of Nature Study in the Life of a Child ” was written 
for the Delineator in May, an article which has been used by the 
public schools in their work. An article on “ Window Boxes ” 
published in 1929 in Your Home is to be re-published in England 
by the Amalgamated Press. This was requested by the Press in 
London and came through no effort on the part of the Your Home 
Company nor the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 

I would like to bring to your attention the following needs in 
the Department. First, a seed-filling machine. Considered as a 
whole, the seed work takes nearly one-half year of time of one 
assistant. This time should be put into strictly educational work. 


110 


The work in our three greenhouses has more than doubled in the 
last two years. These two things taken together represent an 
re demand upon us for 


— 


enormous amount of mechanical detail. T 
assistance in starting Nature Rooms and in helping schools is so 
great that the Curator feels the time of assistants would far better 
go to such work than to the mechanics of the seedroom and too 
much detail in the greenhouses. Perhaps one concrete example 
would open up a clearer understanding of this situation. When 
our teachers’ beginners’ class in greenhouse work meets, it takes 
the time of one person the entire day to set up the greenhouses for 
the class, to wrap up plants, and be ready for the proper running 
of the class. An extra assistant who could do more of the 
mechanics of the job and free the educational assistants would be 
a step forward. 

Again I would like to put on record the need of a bus for 
visiting classes and a car for the use of all departments where the 
distribution of material and the transporting of individuals 1s 
concerned, 

Respectfully submitted, 
ELLEN Eppy Sitaw, 
Curator of Elementary Instruction, 


REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN FOR 1930 

Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, DIRECTOR. 

Sir: I submit herewith the report on the library for the year 
1930. 

Accessions 

During the year, there were added to the book collection 1,067 
volumes and 844 pamphlets, making a total on December 31 of 
15,851 volumes and 11,952 pamphlets, or a grand total of 27,803. 

More than 100 volumes were received as gifts from authors, 
members of the Garden staff, scientific associations, institutions, 
and others who are interested in the work of the Garden. Special 
acknowledgment should be made to Mr. Henry S. Adams, Brook- 
lyn, who presented several expensive volumes on gardens; to the 
Brooklyn Museum Library for a collection of interesting out of 


12. Pupils of Public School 206, Brooklyn, about to carry home plants they have raised at the Botanic 
Garden. The course of instruction covered a period of six weeks. (7034.) 


LZ 


print books and pamphlets on botanical subjects; to Baron Kishi- 
chiro Okura, Tokyo, for the “ Catalogue of the Okura Exhibi- 
tion of Japanese Art held at Rome,” consisting of two large folio 
volumes of plates including many oo. of Japanese flower 
painting ; and to six members of the Woman’s Auxiliary and one 
other friend of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for the gift of 
“ Aristocrats of Japan’s National Flower,” consisting of 50 plates 
of chrysanthemums. Several rare Japanese books on Iris, secured 
by Dr. Reed during his recent trip to Japan, were purchased from 
a special Iris Fund made up of contributions from the American 
Iris Society and about a dozen friends of the Garden. Such 
generous gifts are deeply appreciated, since the library must de- 
pend on its friends for expensive and unusual acquisitions of this 
kind. 

Purchases of books have been divided between current publica- 
tions and important out of print works desired in rounding out our 
collection. We were fortunate in securing a number of scarce 
botanical classics as well as runs of several periodicals needed 
to fill in sets. 

The rare books by early botanical writers were purchased from 
the income of the Benjamin Stuart Gager Memorial Fund, which 
was given for this special purpose. Many other important works 
and periodical sets were checked in booksellers’ catalogues but 
could not be ordered because all available funds were exhausted. 
Besides the usual allotment for books, an additional amount of at 
least $5,000 could be expended to advantage during the coming 
year for needed books of this kind which are becoming increasingly 
scarce and expensive. 


List of Some Important Accessions 


Albertus de Bollstaedt (Magnus). Liber secretorum de virtutibus her- 
barum, et animalium quorundam. Venetiae. 1502. (Probably falsely 
ascribed to Albertus de Bollstaedt 

Aldrovandus, Ulyssis. Dendrologiae naturalis ... libri duo. Bononia, 1668 
(Colophon, 1667). (First edition. 

Annales d’horticulture et de botanique, ou flore des jardins du royaume des 

ays-bBas, . 1-5, 1858-62, 
Asami, Yoshichi. The crab-apples and nectarines of Japan. Tokyo, 192 
Bauhin, rate Historia novi et admirabilis fontis balneique ie 
Montbéliard, 


1S 


Botanische mittheilungen aus den tropen. Ed. by A. F. W. Schimper. V. 
-9, 1888-1901 

Botanische zeitung. Berlin, 1872-1888. 

Botanische zeitung. Regensburg. V. 2-5, 1803-06. 

Botaniska notiser c 22, 

Calcutta, Royal Botanic Garden. Annals. V. 1888-1918. (This 
was owned by Dr. Andrew Thomas one SS aporimenien! of ee 

valcutta Botanic Garden, and contains his bookplate.) 


Candolle, Hae ust Pyramus de. Essai sur les propriétés médicales des 
plantes. Paris, 1816. 
Celsus, rae Cornelius. De re medica libro octo. Paris, 1520. 
ie Charles R. Descent of man, 2 vols. London, 1871. (First edi- 


on. 

noe of cross and self fertilization in the vegetable kingdom. Lon- 

don, 1876. (First edition. 

Power of movement in plants. London, 1880. fee edition. ) 

Dodoens, Rembert. Cruydt-Boeck . . . Leyden, 

~—— Florum, et coronariarum Pees pera herbarum his- 
toria. Antverpia, 1568, (First editio 

— New herbal, or historie of plants . coer 1619. 

Duhamel du Monceau, Henri. Traité c 


Qo. 


e€ a5 conservation des grains. Paris, 


754. 
sner, Conradus. De raris et admirandis herbis. Tigurum, 1555. 
Grand’ Eury, F. Cyrille. Memoire sur la flore carbonifére du département 
de la ieoine. 3 vols. Paris, 1877. 
Hooke, Robert. Micrographia. eondont 16005. 
Hortus sanitatis Deutsch. Peter Schoffer. Mainz, 1485. (Facsimile edi- 
tion, Munich, 1925.) 
Index Londinensis. V. 2-4. Oxford, 
cd aes mitteilungen ftir ee Berlin. V. 1-10, 1911-20. 
rint. 
Ito, ee "’Chilcinsho- furoku (Supplement to Universal knowledge of vege- 
tation). 4 vols. Yedo, 1733. 


—— Kojaki-chikinsho (Universal knowlec 


or 


ge of vegetation). 8 vols. Yedo, 
710. 

——— Zoho chikinsho (Revised Knowledge of vegetation). 8 vols. Yedo, 
1710. 

Japanese prints. (A collection of 16 colored prints featuring Iris.) 

Kaempfer, Engelbert. Amoenitatum exoticarum ... Lemgo, 1712. 

Kono, Bi airen. Chi-Kusa-no-hana (Thousand varieties of flowers). 4 vols. 

18092. 

ee a inde. Voyage to Arabia the happy. London, 1726. 

Linné, Carl von. Fundamenta botanica. 3 vols. Colonia-Allobrogum. 1786- 
8&7 


7: 
—— Genera plantarum. 2 vols. in 1.) Francofurtum, 1789-01. 
—— Philosophia botanica. Stockholm, 1751. (First edition.) 


114 


—— pep oe — Berlin, 1780. (Contains an autograph letter 
signed from Sir J. A. H. Murray to Sir William Thiselton-Dyet 
Director of "Kew Gardens, regarding Linné’s use of the word “ pa 
tum”. 

—— Systema vegetabilium. 15th edition by C. H. Persoon. Gottingen, 


1797. 


— 


d- 


——- Sy on vegetabilium. 16th edition by C. Sprengel. Gottingen, 1825- 


28. 
Lobel, Matthias. Plantarum seu stirpium icones. Antverpia. 1581. (First 
dition 
Lonitzer, Adam. Kreuterbuch. Franckfurt, 15 
—— Naturalis historiae opus novum. 2 vols. Francofurtum, 1551-55. 
Malpighi, Marcello. Opera posthuma. Venice, 1608. 
Matsudaira, Sakingo. Hana shobu baiyoroku. Record of the cultivation of 
Iris Kaempferi written in 1853. MS, copied from the MS volume 
in the Imperial Library, Tokio, by Bunkio Matsuki, 1030 
—— Hana shobu kamei. Catstosus of 120 varieties of Iris Kaempferi 
written in 1856. MS, copied from the MS volume in the Imperial 
abr Tokio, by Bunkio Matsuki, 1930. 
Mattioh, Pier indrea. De i discorsi nelli sei libri di Pedacio Dioscoride 
Anazarbeo, della materia medicinale. 2 vols. Venetia, 1604. 
~ New kreuterbuch. Prag, 


o 
WwW 


Miller, John. Dlustratio sy sieatie sexualis Linnaei. 2 vols. London, 1777. 
— a oo of the sexual system of Linnaeus. 2 vols. London, 


Myioshi, "Manabtt Koganei sakura-hana zusetsu. (Hlustrations of the 


cherries of Koganeci). 2 vols. okyo, 1927-2 
Mizuno, I. Somoku kinyo shu (Collection of variegated plants), 8 vols. 
Kyoto, 1820. 
Nederlandsch kruidkundig archief, 1871-1930. 
Okura, Kishichiro (Baron). Catalogue of the — exhibition of Japan- 
e art held at Rome ... 1930. 2 vols. Tokyo, 1930. 


Persoon, Christian Hendrick. Icones pictae epecunan rariorum fungorum 
in synopsi methodica descriptarum. Pts. 1-4. Paris, 1803-0 
Ray, John, Collection of curious travels and voyages. 2 ears in 1. Lon- 


don, 1603. 
Reichenbach, Heinrich G. L. Iconographia botanica exotica... prima 
centuria tabularum. Lipsia, 1827. 
Revue de aa pulltea a de la Société francaise de botanique. 
—13, 1882-095. 
Setivee, ae Caesar. Commentarii et animadversiones in sex libros de 


causis plantarum Theophrasti. Geneva, 1566. 
—— In libros de plantis Aristoteli inscriptos, commentarii. Geneva, 1566. 
Senebier, Jeat lessai sur Tart d’observer et de faire des expériences. 3 
vols. G, eneva, 
de Broteriana. Boletin. V. 1—Ser. 2, V. 5, 1880-1928. 


bo 


coe 


Socieda 


115 


Societas pro fauna et flora fennica, Meddelanden. Nos. 23-50, 1898-10924. 
Société royale d’agriculture et de botanique de Gand. Annales. V. 1-5, 


1845-49. 

Sugiyama, Seijiro. Aristocrats of Japan’s national flower. 2 vols. 

Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de. Histoire des plantes qui naissent aux en- 
virons de Paris. 2 vols. Paris, 1725. 

—— Institutiones rei herbariae. 3 vols. Paris, 1716 

Vahl, Martin. Icones illustrationi plantarum Americanarum. Haunia, 1798- 
99 


Zanoni, Giacomo. Istoria botanica. Bologna, 1675. 


Autograph Letters and Association Books 


Additions to the autograph collection include letters of Darwin, 
David Don, Oswald Heer, J. S. Henslow, Huxley, Franz Unger, 
Sir William Hooker, one from William Ewart addressed to Sir 
Joseph Tlooker, and one from Sir James Murray, editor of the 
Oxford dictionary, to Sir William Thiselton-Dyer, Director of 
Kew Gardens, regarding Linne’s use of a botanical term. Several 
of these letters were taken from an old scrapbook which once be- 
longed to Charles C. Babington, Professor of Botany at Cam- 
bridge University, and were found last summer by Dr. Gager in 
a Cambridge book-shop. <A letter from the late Dr. E. H. Wilson 
was added to the collection because of its interesting content which 
records his “ firm conviction” that the Ginkgo Tree exists no- 
where today in a wild state. 

Some interesting association books acquired were the following: 
a presentation copy (“ from the author ”) of Darwin’s ‘ Notes on 
the Fertilization of Orchids ”; “ Notes on the Flora and Fauna of 
Round Island” by Henry Barkly and Nicolas Pike bearing on its 
title-page the autograph of Colonel Pike, an old Brooklyn resident 
who made original contributions to the knowledge of insular and 
marine flora and fauna while serving as American Consul at the Is- 
Annals” of the Royal Botanic 


€ d 


land of Mauritius; a fine set of the ‘ 
Gardens at Calcutta, in twelve folio volumes, formerly owned by Dr. 
Andrew Thomas Gage, Superintendent of the Garden; a copy of 
the “ Alphabetical Catalogue of Plants in the Garden of Thomas 
Hanbury,” presented to Sir Daniel Morris by Hanbury and con- 
taining the latter’s autograph; and also Sir Daniel Morris’ copy of 
“Reports on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. 


116 


Challenger ** which was “ Presented by Her Majesty’s Govern- 
ment.” The last two contain Sir Daniel’s bookplate. 


Exchanges 


The library receives over 9oo serials, including periodicals and 
publications of botanical gardens, agricultural experiment stations, 
scientific societies and institutions. More than six hundred of 
these serials are sent in exchange for Brooklyn Botanic Garden 
publications. In many cases these “exchanges” had not been 
received regularly or had lapsed over a period of several years. A 
checking of the entire exchange list seemed advisable and the work 
was undertaken during the summer and early fall. Asa result of 
correspondence many of the lacking publications have been secured 
or assurance received that copies will be forwarded as soon as 
issued. A few of the “exchanges ” have been crossed off the list 
in cases where the replies or failure to answer indicated that con- 
tinuation of the mutual arrangement was not desired. 


Use of the Library 


While its main use is in connection with the scientific work of 
the Garden, the library is open also to the public for reference 
purposes, and the following actual cases during the past year are 
typical of the service rendered: an illustrator of children’s books 
used colored pictures of Mexican flowers; a local physician who 
was preparing a book on hay fever made a study of the size and 
number of pollen grains of various flowers; a list of references in 
recent botanical literature to new species of Begonias was compiled 
for an agricultural experiment station in a neighboring state; a 
member of a committee of a local organization which is preparing 
a program for tree planting consulted articles on shade trees for 
city streets; a teacher in a stmmer camp wished a list of wild 
iool graduate asked 


ary 


— 


flowers which should be conserved; a high sc 
for information about schools giving courses in landscape garden- 
ing; a designer of silks used colored plates of flowers; the author 
of the annual article on botany in the New International Itncy- 
clopedia gathered his material in this library. 

Other subjects studied were: bread fruit tree, dwarfing of trees, 


117 


agricultural schools, chemical analysis of alfalfa and carob bean, 
botanical apparatus, propagation of ferns, pictures of a jungle in 
India, wild flower gardening, African thorn tree, hedges for gard- 
ens, tung oil, leather as a fertilizer, state flowers, care of shade 
trees, greenhouse management, poison ivy, celery leaf-spot, Medi- 
terranean fruit fly, lichens as food, effect of ultra-violet rays on 
tobacco plants, Japanese gardens, illustrations of a lemon blossom 
to be used in a candy advertisement, material for a talk to Girl 
Scouts on gardening, biographical sketch of the originator of the 
Boyd saxifrages, diseases of roses, plant introductions of Dr. FE. 
H. Wilson, varieties and culture of oranges. 


The collection of Pre-Linnean works now contains more than 
250 volumes, and not only gives distinction to the library but has 
frequent practical value. Out of seventeen works of early botan- 
ists requested on one occasion for the use of a group of high 
school teachers who were making a study of the history of botany, 
the library possessed fourteen, half of them in contemporary 
editions. An illustrator for a publishing house came several times 
to study old herbals for antique style of plant drawing. On an- 
other occasion the herbals were used by a book collector who was 
interested in colored illustrations in the early days of book making. 
A specific case was the use of Mattioli’s Herbal of 1559 for con- 
temporary evidence on the dates of the founding at Padua and 
Pisa of the oldest existing botanic gardens. 


Interlibrary Loans 


Thirty-seven volumes were lent to libraries of the following 
institutions: Brooklyn Museum, Boyce Thompson Institute, Co- 
lumbia University, Glen Ellyn (Illinois) Free Public Library, New 
York University, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 
Standard Oil Development Company, Elizabeth, N. J., United 
States Rubber Company, University of Tennessee, H. W. Wilson 
Company. 

Thirty-eight volumes were borrowed for the use of the Garden 
staff from the American Museum of Natural History, Brooklyn 
Museum Library, Brooklyn Public Library, and Columbia Uni- 
versity. 


118 


Miscellaneous 
The customary exhibits of books were arranged for the spring 
inspection and special flower days, also a display of seed and 
nursery catalogues during the week of March 3-10. 


The installation of the new book cases on the balcony and secon 


ae 


floor of the stack-room provided shelf space in the main library 
for several thousand volumes which had been stored in the base- 
ment for a number of years. This made necessary the moving 
and rearrangement of the entire book collection. 

A large accumulation of duplicates, comprising books, pamphlets 
and periodicals received from time to time as gifts or in exchange 
for Brooklyn Botanic Garden publications, was offered for sale to 
booksellers and finally disposed of for a substantial sum. 

Through arrangement with the American Fern Society, all the 
books belonging to the Society have been deposited in our library 
where they will be maintained as a separate collection. They are 
available for general use in the library or may be borrowed by 
the Society « 


r other organizations or institutions under the same 
rules and regulations that govern the loan of our own books (see 
Appendix 8, p. 164). 
The statistical report follows. 
Respectfully submitted, 
CaLvIn W. I*oss, 
Librarian. 


STATISTICAL REPORT ON THE LIBRARY 


Accessions 
Parts (Including 
Volumes Pamphlets Periodicals) 


TGR GWAC Cs hast aie see esoeanses savewnaone abate 3 50 3,081 
He ated ae Meet eee hedge wer een oe 101 450 2,013 
Publication .......... cee eee eens 0 141 320 
Purchase® isccsc Gs eee Gite eee danas 428 203 1,021 
By DINGS. dsesasc piece ead ne eee’ 502 re) 0 

Otay Wiis naien. sk Gawey erase le pat eens 1,067 844 75344 


119 


Total number of volumes in library, December 31, 1920............. 15,091 
Number or volumessadded dunine 1030020. eee noe 1,067 
Number of volumes discarded during 1930 (duplicates) ............ 142 
Deposit collection returned to the Brooklyn Public Library, in 1928, 
Dutsiotdeductedea tathra tatiinies gta tve.h cee A ee eR CR ee hs 165 
Total number of volumes in library, December 31, 1930 ............. 15,851 
Total number of pamphlets in library, December 31, 1920 ........... 11,108 
Nutmbermon pampoleteraddedadutine 10am ces Veen ne) eee ee 844 
Total number of pamphlets in library, December 31, 1930 ........... 11,952 


[ary 


Total number of volumes and pamphlets in library, December 31, 1929 26,199 
Net increase of volumes and pamphlets during 1030 ................ 1,604 
Total number of volumes and pamphlets in library, December 31, 

Oe ectiee re cas RAL Aa eo eRe tae OO kOe ce OP 27,803 


American Fern Society Collection 


Number of volumes received during 1930 .........-...cecceecececee 22 
Number of pamphlets received during 1930 ........... ccc eeececeee 28 
Number of parts of publications received during 1930 .............. JO 


Serials and Periodicals 


(Including only those of which numbers were received in 1930 ) 


LIDS Cla 1 Cl pea en OA et aldo Geshe Ae ae eg 122 
ELM cea pee R Ree. Se Arle Sade Aeon 5 ee nan A on Ce ap Ee am 115 
Chan Cnet ian arte nS alts” 5. eee eee eee oe 652 
FAUT Ca CLOT Mamie peta tee ak cc iate cel! useing dee ae 9 

SNOT aime amngiees geht ymin eva cd he: clan. Bam REN Tis eae 808 

Cataloguing 

Books bamphiletswand Seralsacatalogued a) .04.4.4008. 0) 1 eee 1,676 
Dotal number of cards typewrittem and filed {.....0.0..9 002... 3,523 


Printed Cards 


Torrey Botanical Club index cards on file, December 31, 1920........ 40,359 
TCLS C1 11 age 6 Omen Mine inte ent Rae ot cee (a MMe teclit | s Maee Rene ee 705 
Woh teil bs 1D ereres ap oyerea cin, cao eVox he ice eee ee eg een ae 41,154 


120 


Index Algarum Universalis cards, December 31, 1929 .............. 26,940 
Number of cards received during 1030 .........0. 000.0 cee eee eee 1,000 
Total Index Algarum Universalis cards, December 31, 1030....... 27,040 


Catalogue en fiches de la Bibliographie Technique et Agricole Tropi- 
cale, Institut Colonial de Marseille, December 31, 1920 ............ 4,816 


Number of cards received during 19030 ........ 0.00. c cee eee 1,690 

Total; December 37.1090 <5 s655:hs sh cea aiosd eb apn dia eee baw Fee es 6,506 
Miscellaneous 

Number of users of the brary 2.0.0.0... 0.000 ccc cc cee eee 3,113 

Books lent to members of staff ........ 0.000000 eae 1,096 

Books lent to other institutions .. 0.0.0.0... cc eee eee een as 37 

Books borrowed from other institutions 2.0.0.0... .0...0 000 cee eee eee 8 


(Note: The decrease in the number of users reported is due to a 
change in the method of compiling the statistics. Previous to 1930 
the number of readers, visitors, reference questions, and books lent 
were combined to show the total use of the library. On the same 
basis, the total for 1930 would be 6,638 as compared with 5,396 for 
1920.) 


REPORT OF THE HORTICULIURIS! AND HEAD 
GARDENER FOR 1930 


Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, DIRECTOR. 


Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report for the year 

ending December 31, 1930 
Personnel 

As in 1929, there were nine men on the gardening force. Con- 
sidering the amount of work to be done, more labor was available 
than in previous years. During the peak of the growing season 
sixteen laborers were employed. T*ive of these men were assigned 
as guards at the entrance gates on Saturdays, Sundays, and school 
holidays. Their duties included preventing the entrance of chil- 
dren unaccompanied by adults, and the bringing in of implements 
that might be used for digging in lawns and flower beds. This 
policy was instrumental in greatly reducing vandalism. 


121 


Labor Paid for by Charitable Organizations 

Beginning March 24th and ending December 12th, ten men 
worked for a total of 451 days of 6 hours. These men were paid 
by the Garden, the Garden being reimbursed by the Brooklyn 
Bureau of Charities. 

Beginning November 17th, six men worked for a total of 20 
days of 6 hours and 63% days of 8 hours. These men were paid 
in part by the Brooklyn Association for Improving the Condition 
of the Poor, but mainly by the Emergency Work Bureau. 


General Systematic Section 


A new fern bed was constructed and planted near the outlet of 
the lake. The old fern bed was completely remade and, in order 
to improve moisture conditions, was lowered about a foot below 
the surrounding level. 

About 250 trees and shrubs were set out on the Azalea Knoll, 
at the south end of the garden. These consisted of pin oaks (for 
shade), Azalea, Enkianthus (three species), Leiophyllum (two 
species), Pieris, and Rhododendron. 

As in previous years the collections in the systematic section have 
been augmented by plants acquired by gifts, exchange, and pur- 
chase. 

Conservatory Plaza 


As an aftermath of the construction in the Conservatory Plaza 
and vicinity of new steps, pool, and storerooms, the gardening 
and laboring force was involved in much work in the removal of 
subsoil, provision of topsoil, grading, and planting. 

About 170 feet of privet hedge eight feet high, that screened 
the service yard, had to be re-aligned in order to obtain sufficient 
room. 

The east and west flower borders of the Conservatory Garden 
were each extended southwards about 30 feet and partly planted. 

Five privet bushes fifteen feet high were transferred from the 
north end of the conservatory garden to the south end. Eleven 
Populus Bolleana, averaging twenty feet in height, were planted 
on either side of the lower steps, China Ileecevine (Polygonum 
Aubertii) and Japanese Creeper (Ampelopsis tricuspidata) were 
planted to furnish the walls on both the upper and lower levels. 


Fic. 13. 


i 
EGET, 
we 5 ul 
bowtie = 
Bees. F 


e 
ve 
. 


View facing North in the General Systematic Section. From left to rigt 


Negundo var. incisa, Catalpa Bunget, and C. bignonioides. 


July 26. 


it: Vitex Agnus-castus, V 
(6024. ) 


r 


col 


123 


A hedge of Box Barberry (Berberis Thunbergii var. minor) was 
planted around the semicircular pool at the north end. 

In the pool containing the Jenkins fountain a retaining wall of 
concrete was built to hold soil for planting. This was then sur- 
faced with between three and four tons of tufa rock. 

The grass verges to the flower borders were graded and re- 
sodded. 

Boulder Hill 


To replace Mugho Pines that failed to thrive, the area in the 
immediate vicinity of the Alfred T. White Memorial was planted 
with Rhododendron and Mountain Laurel. The material used was 
derived partly by purchase and partly by “thinnings” from our 
original Rhododendron planting. 

Over 400 square yards of ground was prepared for Rhododen- 
drons (to be planted spring 1931) by working the soil eighteen 
inches or two feet deep and mixing with it granulated peat moss 
and sand. 

The trail meandering along the crest of the hill was surfaced 
with broken flagstones for a distance of 550 feet. A trail with a 
foundation of ashes was made from the Jenkins foot-bridge, at the 
lake outlet, to the main walk near the Japanese tea house. This 
involved considerable regrading. 

Depressions brought about by wear and tear, etc., were brought 
up to grade by filling with topsoil, and reseeded with grass. 

On the west side of the hill 1000 bulbs were used to extend 
northwards the planting of Narcissus “ Sir Watkin.” 


Rose Garden 


Thirty ornamental concrete posts with “ vase” finials, designed 
by Mr. Caparn to support festoons of roses, were made by our 
own men during the winter. In early spring these were set out, 
chains attached, and 40 climbing roses planted to furnish them. 

The work of replanting the species borders, started in 1929, was 
completed during the fall of 1930. 

Rooted cuttings of 56 species of Kosa were received from the 
Arnold Arboretum and 22 grafted plants of varieties of “ moss” 
roses were received from the Jackson and Perkins Co. These 

10 


124 


were set out in the nursery. When they attain sufficient size to be 
planted in the rose garden they will enable us to eliminate many 


of the duplicates in the species borders. 


Local Flora Section 


%” 


In connection with the remodelling of the “ Local Flora” sec- 

tion, many “weed” trees and shrubs were removed. These in- 
cluded such species are dlilanthus glandulosa, Accr pscudo-plat- 
anus, Ligustrum, ete. One hundred and thirty trees and shrubs of 
species belonging in the local flora area were planted to take their 
place. 
Excavations were made for a pool, and topsoil from adjacent 
areas removed, to make room for sand to be secured in 1931. It 
is proposed to utilize this area to exhibit the vegetation of the pine 
barrens. 

The soil from the acid bog, which had become almost neutral, 
was removed, and considerable necessary grading done. 

Over 700 square yards of ground was prepared for Rhododen- 
drons that it is proposed to set out during the spring of 1931. 
This planting is intended, in part, to mask the new fence enclosing 
the local flora section. 

Ornamental Planting 


Bulb planting in addition to that already mentioned consisted of 
extending the Crocuses in the lawn among the Shrub Honey- 
suckles towards the north by planting 2000 corms. 

One thousand Narcissus “ :mperor”’ were used to extend the 
anting of this variety in the Pomaceae area. 
Two beds along the brook, formerly occupied by Iris, were 


— 


Pp 


planted with Gladiolus. 

Two hundred plants of the Memorial Rose, Rosa Wichuraiana, 
were planted on the terrace bank north of the esplanade and on 
the steep banks on either side of the walk near the Oak collection. 
It is hoped that this planting will solve a difficult maintenance 
problem. 

Thirteen trees of Japanese Flowering Cherries were planted on 
the south shore of the lake and ten Weeping Cherries on the east 


bank. 


125 


More than 30 large Lilac bushes were replanted to strengthen 
the line around the Lilac Triangle and to better space some varieties 
that were becoming crowded. 

A Japanese Barberry hedge, 270 feet long was planted at the 
base of the Museum bank. 


Miscellaneous 


The area southwest of the Reservoir, a little over one acre, was 
graded and seeded with lawn grasses. The rough trail that ex- 
tended from the north Flatbush Avenue entrance to the tar ma- 
‘adem road was dug out for a distance of over 200 feet and a 
road nine feet wide of cobble stones surfaced with ashes sub- 
stituted. The increasing use of this entrance by visitors made 
this desirable, as the old trail at certain seasons was extremely 
muddy. 

A flagstone walk, 150 feet long, was made as a “short cut” 
between the service gate of the reservoir and the road leading to 
the north Flatbush Avenue entrance. These flagstones and those 
used on Boulder [lll were obtained, for the hauling, when the 
flagstone walk extending from the Flatbush Avenue service gate 
to Empire Boulevard was replaced by one of concrete. 

Two “shanty” tool houses that for many years stood amongst 
the shrubbery opposite the Japanese tea house, were torn down, 


the surroundings graded and converted into lawn. Aesthetically 
this is a great improvement. 

The boulder retaining wall along the lake shore, south of the 
Japanese tea house, was rebuilt to eliminate the harsh line that 
formerly existed. 

Lattice panels and fasciae were put in place on the north side 
of the north pergola of the Rose Garden. 

A flight of concrete steps and gate pillars of concrete were con- 
structed at the south entrance of the Rose Garden. 

Two flights of concrete steps were made at the north end of the 
esplanade. 

Two garden seats of concrete and wood were set up and con- 
crete platforms cast. 

Concrete pillars were made and erected, and a wooden gate was 
constructed and hung at the garden entrance to the service yard. 


Rose Garden. 


General View facing South, 


estoon Posts. 


North 
June 23, 


coke Se aes 
an Te 
SS SS 


WSS 


SSS 


SSS 


Pergola in the foreground, and the two 
1930. 


Rows of 


9cI 


127 


The concrete copings surrounding two window areas at the 
north end of the laboratory building were raised eighteen inches. 
Subsoil from the Conservatory Plaza construction was hauled in 
to make the grade slope away from the building. It is hoped that 
these measures will put an end to the nuisance of occasional flood- 
ing of the hall and rooms in the lower part of the building. 

Three soil bins with concrete walls and floors were constructed 
in the service yard. 

Two manholes with concrete walls and slab covers were con- 
structed over the sewer that runs through the center of the garden. 
These were made to enable us more readily to remove poplar and 
willow roots that invade the sewer. 


— 


Seed and Plant Distribution 


In connection with the International Seed Exchange, 2397 
packets of seeds were distributed to foreign and domestic botanic 
gardens and to other institutions and individuals during the spring 
of 1930. 


Over 5300 plants were distributed to Botanic Garden members. 


Personal Activities 


In June, and again in September, I acted as one of the judges 
in the garden contest sponsored by the Jackson Heights Garden 
Club. 

I am continuing to serve as a Local Secretary of the American 
Rose Society. 

I attended the meeting of the American Rose Society at Atlantic 
City on September 11th and spoke on ‘The Work of Municipal 
Rose Gardens.” 

Respectfully submitted, 
MontTAGUE FREE, 
Horticulturist and Head Gardener. 


128 
REPORT OF THE RESIDENT INVESTIGATOR FOR 1930 
Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, DIRECTOR. 
Sir: I herewith submit a report of the various activities in which 
I have engaged during 1930. 
Genetics of Brassica 


A beginning at a new undertaking was started during the year 
with the more extensive culture of varieties of the genus Brassica, 
including cabbage, mustards, turnips, ete. {wo problems present 
themselves as of interest: first, an analysis of the types of varia- 
tion presented by this multiform group; second, hybridization ex- 
periments, in a preliminary way, to learn whether the group offers 
favorable ground for genetic analysis. In general, the cabbage 
types are so greatly diversified (one grower estimates that there 
are several hundred distinct forms in cultivation in different parts 
of Europe), and ordinary commercial seed often shows so wide 
a variation, that the genetic problem may prove to be almost im- 
possibly complicated. There is, however, need for the compara- 
tive description and illustration of the distinctive varieties from a 
botanical point of view. 


School Service 


In New York City, where contact with nature is necessarily 
limited for most people, it has seemed important to me to call 
attention to the biological interest which attaches to the common 
products of the markets. It was in this connection that the cul- 
ure of cabbage types was first undertaken, and for this purpose a 
Botanic Garden Leaflet article, “ Cabbages in the Classroom,” was 
prepared and distributed among biology teachers. A similar paper, 
“Lessons in Apples,” was published in Torreya earlier in the 
year, in which some reference was made to the botany and genetic 
history of apple types. A third paper, ‘A Laboratory Lesson in 
Variation,” dealing with the Boston fern as useful class material, 
was prepared for the November—December Torreya, the publica- 
tion of which was delayed until January, 1931. 

Here also should be cited cooperation with Dr. Reed and Dr. 
Graves in promoting relations between the Garden and high school 


129 


biology teachers. 


During June, collections of young plants of 


some twelve varieties of Brassica were made available for hig] 


schools. 


outdoor cultures of these plants on an appointed 


Saturday. 


In October, a group of biology teachers were shown the 
Several 


book reviews, committee reports, and other articles were published 


GENEALOGY [ 
OF THE GLARKI <7] 
AMERICAN VARIETIES VERONA ~ 
OF 
BOSTON FERN 


( pase ea 


ELEGANTISSIMA- CALVESTONI 
ROBUSTA* 


SPLENDIDA ------ BAERI 


Nee ELEG-GOMPAGT. 
| -COMPACTA CRISTATA 
WANAMAKER 


OWARF BosTo 
ae MUSCOSA 
si” 7% 


CHILD. 


[PleRson 
FERTILIS 


VIRIONSSIMA 
R Peseta 


| \ a 2uNNaTE~ SCHUBERT! 
ANNA FOSTER, SPORT 
AMERPOHLI 
EXALTATA“BOSTON FERN < 
HARRIS! ---- W.K. HARRIS 
DWARF 
SPORT 
2 
| a Bla ee DOLPHI-- 
ISEVELTI 
‘ ‘ ‘as _ WILSONI 


( WAGNER! 
SCOTTI . FALCATA 

OLZELI-:- 3°-PINNATE 

Wesel SCHOLZELI 


9 GRETNAI 
NEW JERSEY 


QUEEN 
SOPHIE 


KING 


GIATRASI 
of 
R 
CONSTANTINE 


NEW YORK 
of the American 


(3810. ) 


Fic. Genealogy 
(Nephr a pis exaltata). 


SMITHI 


GRACILLIMA ( 


EMERA 
WHITMANL \ FLEECE 
COMPAC 


Varieties 


MAGNIFICA 


weer CRAIGI 
TRAILING 


GooDl 
LD 


ELMSFORD! 


MILLSI 


SUPERIOR 


- VICTORY 


BROOKLYN 
BOTANIC 
GARDEN 


of the Boston 


Fern 


in the public high school journal, Bulletin of High Points, as noted 


elsewhere. 
At the May field meeting 
3i0logy Teachers, I was leader 


of the New 
for the stu 


York 


dy of ferns. 


Association of 
As rep- 


130 


resentative of the biology teachers on the Standing Committee on 
Science, which serves in a supervisory capacity for all high school 
science, I helped plan and work out a new method of selecting 
candidates for the license of first assistant (chairman of depart- 
ment) in the sciences. Further, in this connection, as chairman of 
the special Appraisal Committee for Biology, I have been engaged 
for the last two months of 1930 in visiting over twenty-five high 
schools to inspect the work of the thirty-four applicants for this 
license in biology. 

As chairman of the Program Committee of the Biology Teach- 
ers Association, I have arranged for six of the eight speakers on 
the current year’s program: Drs. McDougal, Rhoads, Merrill, 
Murphy, Snedden, and Melander. In June I was appointed 
a member of a new State Education Department committee to 
prepare a syllabus for General Biology, designed as a second year 
subject. Two articles have been prepared and accepted for pub- 
lication in School Science and Mathematics. One of these in- 
cludes a review of the American Journal of Botany as a source 
book for biology teachers. 

Beginning in September, I have been giving a course in “ Methods 
of Teaching Biology ” in the new Brooklyn College of the City of 
New York. For one session, the class met in the Botanic Garden 
Library with the assignment to look up (in the pre-Linnaean col- 
lection and elsewhere) some of the early reports of important 
discoveries in elementary biology. A number of the class have 
since been rather frequent in visiting the Garden, both for ma- 
terial and for reference work. One has become a Garden member. 


Editorial Work 


As one of the editors of the American Fern Journal, and a 
fern representative of the Garden, a large amount of corres oak 
ence has been taken care of. The fern Journal completed its 
twentieth volume with 1930, and celebrated by publishing an 
extra-sized volume, with articles from noted fern workers from 
widely separated regions. The Journal now has over 2800 pages 
in its twenty volumes. Its circulation and influence are continu- 
ously growing. 

Part of this correspondence has related to the installation of the 


Sil 


American Fern Society Library on the Garden shelves during the 
past year. ‘This event, most happy for the Fern Society, is to be 
signalized by a publication of a special supplement of the Fern 
Journal, which will include a statement of the formal Agreement 
between the Botanic Garden and the Fern Society, together with 
lists of the titles of the fern books, both of the Fern Society and 
of the Botanic Garden, with a statement of conditions under which 


these may be borrowed. 


Conservation of Native Plants 


The amendments to the State Conservation Law, relating to 
native plants, first proposed by the Syracuse Botanical Club in 
1920, were again introduced at the behest of the same organization, 
and this time successfully carried through both legislative houses 
and finally signed by Governor Roosevelt, becoming active on 
April 10, 1930. To help spread the message of conservation, and 
the particulars of this specific law, a Leaflet article, “‘ The Plant 
Wards of New York State,” was prepared and published in June. 
This includes a statement of the new law, together with two sig- 
nificant pictures: one showing East Green Lake (near Syracuse) 
in its earlier condition; the second, published by the courtesy of 
the Syracuse Post-Stancard, in its present state, as a refuse dump 


— 


for waste rock. 
Respectfully submitted, 
ALPH C. BENEDICT, 
Resident Investigator. 


PENN Chis Asn WE Nay EE OReTO20 
I. Tax Budget Accounts 
1360 Personal Service: 

AP DROP Gat ON eee MiGs <20hnyahcn gees 
Transferred from Miscellaneous New 

York City 3070 for Adjustment of 

Personal Service and Expenses in the 

Various Public Libraries and other 

Institutions (10 months) ........... 


$ 78,120.00 
Ry Aer 


4,116.67 $ 82,236.67 


FERS ELI GC Cis ete aC ete Sait), Sah RT ata ae eee ne 82,236.67 


132 


1361 Other Codes thar 
ane .t Fuel Suppl 
Appropriation ........0 ccc cece eee $ 3,500.00 

Transferred from Muscellaneous New 

City 3070 for Adjustment of 

Personal Service and Expenses in the 

Various Public Libraries and other 


t Personal Service: 
es 


Institutions 2... .. cee ee ce cee eee 500.00 $ 4,000.00 


~— a 


EXPCnded: ain exeee eh awakes an ku aera ak as 


Line 2 Office Supplies: 
ADPLOPHIAUON osc esan tes Pag tee da cedanee dads 
Hacpended®. ssas.p uae ae-cinsy eke esos ease a eo 


Line 3 Laundry, Cleaning and Disinfecting Supplies : 
APPOPLlatiOn: .ppc.vsersciadeesdannresrandaddwdar 
a P< 916) bd = d Ba Nt ee rt oR oP a 


Line 4 Botanical and Agricultural Supplies : 
ADPEOPNIAION-- s.cccw acheter dioica ercaaews $ 1,850.00 
Transferred from Miscellaneous New 

York City 3070 for Adjustment of 
Personal Service and Ixpenses in the 
Various Public Libraries and oth 


amt 


4,000.00 


$ 600.00 
600.00 
$ 120.00 
120.00 


Institutions . 60.0.0... ce eee eee 1,000.00 $ 2,850.00 
ESSPended. <uniwa cdahan se eteriea eae e dobtea eee 2,850.00 
Line 5 General Plant Supplies: 
APPLOPHIAUON: chee) aes e se eae ea ees $ 400.00 
FOR MONCEG: recs siics ats ase ved ates bene Noe ene wate es 400.00 
Line 6 Wearing Apparel: 
FAPPEOPETATION: ech $18 nue iatoie a se atelectasis $ 40.00 
Hxpended: chcccngosn tease ashes dee hoes 40.00 
Line 7 Office Equipment 
APPPOPriatiOn: «44% ee-eveienss tala attend Gao ates $ 250.00 
Expended 2... .. cc ccc ce cece ce cect een eenes 250.00 


Line 8 General Plant equipment: 
APPLOPMAUOU. aisslentcs oc es So eae uakeeo ees eerie 
EPEC CGs see scccic ere aee tein dene eee ed at aia 


$ 2,000.00 
2,000.00 


133 


Line 9 General Plant Materials: 
PDLOPGIAtIOlw cyan vate cece ier ee certains 
Delo. Dy choVe (Xe har ana esas eR eRe a oaks Aaa ae 


Line 10 Repairs and ea 
IADDEOPGIatlolly: stay san eet er eee $  4,000,00 
nied fee Miscellaneous New 
York City 3070 for Adjustment of 
Personal Service and Expenses in the 
Various Public Libraries and other 


$ 1,750.00 


1,750.00 


IMISCILU LION Sdeeeeeeee sat ye oe 1,000.00 $ 5,000.00 
lelp'qpleteld (ole aint oa any ne eee ees Ooi onion coun omoone 5,000.00 
Line 11 Light, Heat and Power: 
AM PROPMAtION Ue ape tree ee ee eee $ 425.00 
EXOT CCA ae araneceny ek ety eas takes ask ss sees oes ne emeuen 425.00 
Line 12 Telephone Service: 
PPLO Pia tiOlear ces eee Ne re. ties tadh eemetee nee eee $ 375.00 
ee FEE oe a SA lot tice ia vey att, Zee ese ce beer oa 375.00 
Line 13 Carfares: 
AD PRO Piel atl OMe Wap to. iia.ceseh ee haces Geers oe cee nace $ 60.00 
BERD CTIC CCl eee tee Hartt neces rie TEs eA Rien ss tecaparne es 60.00 
Line 14 Expressage and Deliveries: 
PAD DEOUEIA LION pee fogs Ni 2. eee ets ne $ 300.00 
1 END pYchaV Lele lee cy chester ot mee re eee men iste rect yh cen oe 300.00 
Line 15 General Plant Service: 
DAD PTO Petal Ol lee Pee soc ler ately Sera eee os rates $ 500.00 
Hiscpend ed Gee serie: Onto Oh. oe el eames neces rere 500.00 
Line 16 Contingencies : 
FA ORO Plat Oles Meee ford che ure ee ey ee $ 100.00 
exe pe IG CG digarersd eee wh testa 27 Ge MOR Aer ate Ae nee 100.00 


Swumary of Tax Budget Accounts: 


Appropriated 
Personal Service 
Original Appropriation ........... $ 78,120.00 
Supplemental (by transfers) ..... 4,116.67 


Other Codes 


Original Appropriation .......... $ 16,270.00 
Supplemental (by transfers) ..... 2,500.00 
ARO tell Re pare na ia Rohrer ade to er Ragen ce Tage a aoe 


BEX Den Gl CCl ee. esee ra Mpa rstir sc or atace eke amma peepee Begse es 


$ 82,236.67 


18,770.00 


$101,006.67 


101,006.67 


134 


II. Private Funds Accounts 


1. Endowment Fund ($50,500.00) Restricted* in Part: 
Income Account : 


TNEOME 1030) ies cceeess ba weak nG Resa a eee Mae we $ 2,777.48 

Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 555.50 

Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 2,221.08 2,777.48 
$ 0.00 


2. Life Membership Fund ($6,500.00) Restricted: 
Income Account : 


TMCOIME 1030) Gat cessceee se eet che fede eae eden aaeaies $ 357.48 

Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 71.50 
Transferred to Annual Membership Account 285.98 357.48 
0.00 

3, George C. es Library Fund ($500.00) Restricted: 
Income Accout 

Balance, ‘me Ty 10303 2c od cia Vie eede os $ 6.21 
Income 19030 ...... ccc eee cee eee eee ees 27.48 $ 33.60 

TR PeRCE gure ues ened estes cece $ 16.19 
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 5.50 21.60 
Balance, December 31, 1930 ............ 0.0 cece eens $ 12.00 


4. Benjamin Stuart all Memorial und ($13,417.20) Restricted: 


1 e Accoun 

Income, 1930 .... cece cece cee ee teens $ 737.92 
Transferred from Cary Library Fund ..... 86.54 $ 824.46 
Bxpended ii20c02el we doneinihetanicadeies $ 676. 

Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 147.58 824.46 


$ 0.00 


5. Martha Woodward Stutzer Memorial und (10,000.00) Restricted: 
neon count: 


Balance, eed Ty: L030 vie deta ewana aces $ 459.81 

INCOME 1030) oid saa dian Pees nae 550.00 $ 1,000.81 

COeGeO. 4. ds cna cance eee Ree es $ = 411.69 

Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 110.00 521.69 
Balance, December 31, 1030 .........0cceeeeeneceees $ 488.12 


* Restricted funds are those limited, by terms of gift, bequest, or solicita- 
tion, to the scientific and educational work of the Garden. 


135 


6. Mary Bates Spalding Fund ($2,697.00) Restricted: 
n ccount: 


Balance, January 1, 1930 ...........0 0000 $ 17.04 
iTiGOMEBIO ZO) ree ae eh es kee 148.32 
IRSA DIOL > 2) Grete eke cep ee eer ns pS 40.206 $ 205.62 
TSC DET Ce Claterwee st ate eg fee INE Pls De 5 Rarer Se 175.00 
Transferred to Endowment Increment 
ENB DRYGE” etree, ope Men itis Nina meena Hy 29.66 205.62 
$ 0.00 


. Spectal see ve ($243,149.27) Restricted: 


Income Acc 
Balance, capes TESTOR On ep it ee ae es $ = 343.35 
[barerovrele <ito\e¥0)- Gras: an eo Ee eee Ee 13,373.20 $ 13,716.55 
I pg nienlalalal 0) navenaare hae echoes eee oe cee era Bc $ 303.36 
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 2,674.6 
Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 10,500.00 13,478.00 
BalanceseD ecembernsis 2 lO30s..42 34. ame ee $ = 238.55 
8. A. Augustus ae Bequest ($0,798.31) Restricted: 
ncome Accou 
EM COME RTOS OR re ee ry soc ek oie penn mane be ota tee $ 538.88 
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 107.78 
Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 431.10 538.88 
$ 0.00 
9. Robert B. Woodward Bequest ($25,000.00) Restricted: 
Income Account: 
AIG OITIE ROG Oya meet ere pen tt etches: ck’ eerie trac: eee meee $ 1,375.00 
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ — 275.00 
Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 1,100.00 1,375.00 
$ 0.00 


10. Alfred T. Mane ee ial Tablet Fund ($3,889.85) Restricted: 


Income ae 
ANG OM CMTO BONNER eters tira eee aes on a ene Seeger ea $ 213.92 
pesca to Endowment Increment Fund $ 42.78 


Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 171.14 213.92 


136 


1. Brooklyn Institute Centennial Fund B. B. G. Share ($30,000.00) Re- 
stricted 
Income Account : 


TM COMG: 1090 vac ate ee ine 4 ee oe ae bate ee Bal ae Sak ak $1,650.00 

Transferred to E ‘ade ment Increment Ifund $ 330.00 

Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 1,320.00 1,650.00 
$ 0.00 


. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Fund ($250,000.00) Restricted: 
Income Account 


Balance, ee T) 1O30° 2s. 263560508 Seika $ 4,017.15 

INCOME T0303 sock we isias Sas Ro Sol ele Gees 13,750.00 as 17,707.15 

TEPC NGEG: sant either ba eos aes ee — 150.73 

Transferred to Endowment Increment [und 2 ae 

Transferred to Special Contributions ...... Q,200.00 

Transferred to Special Purposes (Miscel.) 80.10 15,189.83 
Balance, December 31, 1930 ........... iastauopanaie see ts $ 2,577.32 


Z 


13. Cittsens iro Fund ($253,929.26) Restricted: 
ncome Accou 


INCOME "T0304 csscie ve gaia deals Hera Sane Abd ake eis $ 13,966.10 

Transferred to Endowment Increment ltund $2,793.22 

Transferred to Special Contributions...... 11,172.88 13,966.10 
$ 0.00 


14. eile Membership. Restricted: 


edanee, Janvier Ty 1036 iin chanted ae dscacges $ 24.09 
Receiv a PPO MMU CR ine tasty. wine eae cies. 400. 83 $ 524.82 
Transferred to Annual Membership Account............. 524.82 
$ 0.00 

15. Annual Membership. Restricted: 

alance, January I, 19030 ...... 0... cee ee eee $ 2,580.12 

Received from dues 1930 .........0..0...005 5,840.00 

Transferred from Life Memb. Acct. ........ 285.08 
Transferred from Sustaining Memb, Acct. ... 524.82 $ 9,230.92 

Eexpended’ wivica.s gee hho dS eee dae Bo $ 5,470.11 
Transferred to Special Contributions ........ 2,000.00 7,470.11 


Balance, December 31, 1930 ......... 00.0.0 eee eee ee $1,760.81 


137 


16. Tuition and Sales. Restricted: 


Balan GeweaniaiyadeeelOGOn nea eae ta ss eee $ 1,747.03 
Received 1930 
Gi AR GHKEKOINS: “22, anes apa one oo ble ae oe Oe 2,461.95 
UeeS cedmaCkCtspeem megane we wiiiki. 87 eae 7,402.75 
(Het SYN LA, car tach s eee ae eee Ee 368.83 
deeMscellancousweneees tay ot ewe 6.76 $ 11,987.32 
Lscpenid CC Mame eyn: waren eee te rt tt 2 a) ia earns $ 4,201.10 
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund .. 1,838.13 
Transferred to Special Contributions ........ 2,000.00 8,120.23 
Jalancesl) eGemberg i lOSO. ens rcs ee ee ree $ 3,858.09 
17. Botanic Garden Collections Lund 1930. Restricted: 
BalancesaantuiatyvestlO 3 Owe acti en eee 710.72 
Received from Contributions ............... 6,539.00 
INMISCC]LATICOUSHe ett te ee a ea tenes Ger ees 995.33 $ 8,245.05 
Jey gnsold tahini rere cr ee ee rane ear $ 6,092.74 
Transferred to Special Contributions ........ 1,065.80. 
Transferred to Special Purposes. (Various) 32.80 8,091.34 
IB dlan cee) ecerm be renties 10g Olen cs cers emery aren bene $ 153.71 


18. Special Fund (Brooklyn Institute General Endowment Income: Annual 
Allotment) Restricted: 
Income Account : 


Iinleopene MOKIOL A a5 bad Bo Oe AO RRS Ne ee a On $ 1,195.00 
Dransterred to Special’ Contributions 2.2 4..0.2 2024. oe 1,195.00 
$ 0.00 


19. Cary Library Fund ($10,000.00—1/5 of Income to Brooklyn Botanic 
rarden) Restricted: 


BalancegeiantiarnyGls O80. trent. nee nae $ 14.50 
Income Allotment 1030 ..........0:6cee scare 110.00 $ = 124.59 
debs giierdkaul,. Bo mim ats n Mee tes en he en en $ 05 
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund .. 22.00 
Transferred to Benjamin Stuart Gager Me- 
TPULOPENENL IRUIBUOYGL 275 ces ete At ean a 86.54 108.59 
Balances) ecemb etaya te elO3Ons cnn. Ge ee eo $ 16.00 


20. Henry W. Healy Trust Fund ($247,421.17—%4 of Income to Brooklyn 
Botanic Garden) Restricted: 


[I COME IOS ORME cee) ee tei yr ese gna ee $ 1,058.89 
EGSGpericl CClt aves teen ee ie emia ene orton fen alse $ 375.00 
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund.. 211.78 586.78 


Balances Wecembher sive LOsOm vas aaionr cian vee saree $ 472.11 


138 


21. Special Purposes. cia by Terms of Gifts: 


is D. ee feller, Jr., Fund Income Account 9,200.00 
Citizens Endowment Fund Income Account — 11,172.88 
Annual Membership Account ............. 2,000.00 
Trition anid’ Sales: cs.e gc bce vase thie abe 2,000.00 
Collections Fund ............. 0.0000 cceeee 1,065.80 
Special Fund (Inst. General Endowment) .. 1,195.00 
Plant Pathology Research Fund ........... 5,930.00 
MiuscellaneOus:  ovvc« dans ese eeawendaa wieied 133.50 
CLIO 25). 2. has scone coca devsicl Beste anatase gana eias oladateaoe ah 


Balance, December 31 


1,320.00 


1030 gc. fare ee ee ease 


palace. Janvery T1038 «cc casa esac ae de ans $ 11,158.27 
Received Hachaiae panna s): 
Anonymous for Japanese Garden........ 2,000.00 
b. Various for Japanese Iris Test Garden.. 2,731.15 
c. Special Gifts for Children’s Work...... 65.00 
d. Conservatory Plaza Fountain ........... 5,560.00 
e. Jenkins Foot Bridge ............ 00.000. 1,500.00 
7 Veil: blower (Sarde: oj cncunnnGi ede kigue 1,750.00 
G. WisCe AMEOUS * 6 haettaiage ci yeimesieees 25.00 
h, Transf. from Collections Fund ......... 32.80 
1 Transf. from John D. Rockefeller, Jr., 
FeGnG:- 43523 t iene he hegre ee ae dee 80.10 $ 24,902.32 
TUX PEMGCE: eaters sod aise gacaa pee sin aon non deeans ohne ate areas 23,952.18 
Balance, December 31, 19030 ......sccsaevceesvuceseues $ 950.14 
22. Plant Pathology Research Fund. Restricted 
Balance, January 1, 1030 ............00.0005 $ 920.93 
THCOME: O30. ya.ca.d eae els eed gk es 10,212.20 $ 11,133.13 
Eixpended: ac:cvedvstivaavieuav awe tein aes $ 1,420.75 
Transferred to Special Contributions ........ 5,930.00 7,350.75 
Balance, December 31, 1930 2.2.00... 00.0 ccc ee eee 2 2973135 
23. Special Contributions (for 1930 only). Restricted: 
Balance, January I, 1030 .............0e000e 1,550.04 
Transferred from 
Endowment Fund Income Account ........ 2,221,908 
Special Account W. Income Account ...... 10,500.00 
A. Augustus Healy ees Income Account 431.10 
. Woodward Bequest Income Account. I,100,00 
A. T. ia ite Memorial Tablet Fund Inc 
GCOUNE: octaves wots ead bees 171.14 
Brook ho Inst. Centennial Fund Inc. Ac- 


49,174.32 


$ 818.02 


139 


24. Endowment Increment Fund ($01,918.24) MRestricted: 


Transferred from other accounts 1930....... $ 11,065.07 

interes tarlO3 Ome eater tent he Ree 4,339.22 $ 16,304.20 

MRFAnSHemnecdet Om esteNGlpallmmeseicsacactaks Wecve eae tence eee 16,304.29 
$ 0.00 


Summary of Private Funds Accounts: 
$ 23,560.15 


BalanceseaniatvalaelO3Or Gc ius i. cae 
(IMGOTHE BIOS OMe erent yt ter ees ete 104,300.45 $127,860.60 
ISOS aVSHaVGKeVak:. Gees emery Sess aera Cee ne Aen aE, $ 96,420.06 
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 
IPYet are ous here eats cree en ean eet 16,304.29 112,733.35 
Balances, Blecember 314-1930 i.0.2... 80. te ce ee $ 15,127.25 


III. Summary of Total Maintenance Budget for 1930 


Income 
ass Ude ete PLO PriatiOly: AAs V6: x a svt shes $101,006.67 
Private Funds Budget 55.0% ............0.5. 127,860.60 
LNG tral Maree tart lar AE Th ead eet os Ai Me cleat ig cman aaa $228,867.27 
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund Principal.... 16,304.29 
PADUA CEO CMM ie oe Pei hud dn Soon ey demon rE $212,562.98 
Expended 
Personal Service 
axed Veit set en $82,236.67 
Btivater Eitticl Sateen ee rer i's): 40,174.32 
BINGO tellers eee ep a i Bne Br 2. trachea $131,410.99 
Other than Personal Service 
Abeer “1 EYRGNENehe Eeeeerte ae eerie eee ee $18,770.00 
arg Va tC utitl CS eur eoe aeitne stot e seg? es 47,254.74 
AT xia ho i5ias ele sateen, Oe on ee ina seen ee $ 66,024.74 $197,435.73 
Balancers WD ecempeteyals. [OSOn = ean tek ta Si acs deb dali see ede deca aneets $ 15,127.25 


Respectfully submitted, 
DANIEL C, Downs, 
Secretary and Accountant. 


140 


— 


Note:—The above “Financial Statement” is a transcript of 
Brooklyn Botanic Garden accounts in the books of the Treasurer 
of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. The Treasurer’s 
accounts are audited annually by a Public Accountant, and a 
separate audit of this “ Financial Statement ” is not made in order 
to save unnecessary expense. 


—_ 


G. Foster SMITH 
’ 
Treasurer. 


IV. Tax Notes for Permanent Improvements 
N.D.P. 212Q—-Completion of improvement of Plaza of Brooklyn Botanic 
Garden, including construction of underground storage roon 
for tools and bulbs. (Including Architects’ Iees.) 
Appropriation 
: ed 


$ 21,000.00 
Lv pendec 
Architects’ Fees ......0. 0.000004, $ 1,160.79 
Improvement Work .............. 15,477.20 


sang Hecdodieta ech na dite beeen enn eee eA ee $ 16,637.00 


Jalanece, December 31, 1030 0.0.0.0... eee ee eee $ 4,362.01 
N.D.P. 212R—Completion of Metal Stacks i 
barium Cases 


nu Library Rooms and Her- 


and mezzanine floor in Herbarium Room, 
Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 
ALP PU OPEUMLOUE «ar eich tects ainda tempat og Ota aoe sea ee S$ 0,425.00 
Leaxpended 
Erecting Stacks ...............0- $ 3,454.23 
New Cabinets, etc 


5,057.00 


OWA shane tind hoch casts si acacgtee gen ee eee bl ae sie eae elas 0,411.23 
, 1930 


Balance, December 31, 1930 2.2.0.0... cee ee eee $ 13:77 . 


N.D.P. 212T—General Improvement of Land, lying east of Mt. Prospect 
Reservoir fronting on Eastern Parkway, including Architects’ 
Tees. 
ADPLOPMAHOM a4 boned cbee She etn ei ileal $ 24,100.00 

No expenditures during the year 1930. 
Certified as correct, 

Kpwarp S. Ryan, Chief Clerk 

Department of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn. 


Gis 


Anonymous 
Miss E. Addie Austin 
Mrs. Frank L. Babbott, 


141 


APPENDIX 1 
RECEIVED DURING 1930 
Collections Fund 
Alfred W. Jenkins 
Mrs. Thomas B. eee 
Jr. Miss Hilda Lo 


Mrs. Catherine W. Boardman Mrs. William “i Nees 


Mrs, Armin E. Brunn 
E cher 


Mrs. Edwin P. Maynard 
Miss Julia J. Pierrepont 


Mrs. Glentworth R. Butler Wilham A. Putnam 


Mrs. Percy Chubb 
Walter H. Crittenden 
Mrs. John R. Delafield 
Dugan Brothers 

Otto Ebel 

Miss Adele F, Emerson 
Mrs. Lew nS 
John W. Pea 


Mrs. Herbert F. Gunnison 
Mrs. A. Augustus Healy 


Mrs. Robert E. Henry 


Mrs. William A. Putnam 
Hon. William C. Redfield 
Herbert S. Smith 

Mrs, Seth Thayer Stewart 
Miss Elise W. Stutzer 
Herman Stutzer 

Mrs. Herman Stutz 

Mrs. Jeremiah R. Van Brunt 


Mrs. ieee M. White 
Allin) White 


Mr. and Mrs. James M. Hills Miss a E, Peas 

Mrs. William T. Hunter Harold T. White 

Miss C. Julie M. Husson Miss mee H. White 

Edward A. Ingraham Women of “76” chapter, D. A. R. 
Mrs. P. Chalmers Jameson Miss Abigail Young 


Iris Project 


Por Expedition to Japan 


National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council ..... 


American Iris Society 
T. A. Havemeyer ..... 


Mrs. Horation G. roe Pe atte cera hc tycsowe A ond OER ma ga 
IMS SeaViaia Ommeleo ivan Ca See Alia t lies © ci) ask ce Syne 


(Cealbew Sees eet 
Mrs. E. Paul du Pont 
Miss Grace Sturtevant 


Gifts of Plants for the 


Plants 


Iris Project are listed on page 82. 


$1,000.00 
250.00 
100.00 
100.00 
50.00 


142 


Japanese Garden 


Anonymous ib Sa Soca Tein) hogs pclae tel Seats: alates 2s, Han B ae techie “aigw ser Sy ne ge ah Beton? haa woh Ow 2,000.00 


Conservatory Plaza Fountain 


Alfred. “W... J ep kins? s:o%344:ac0s a5 sabe at eee eee ode $5,560.00 


Alfred We, Jenkins: aeuidag vax eucus sda sane va nsa ns eaee $1,500.00 


Wild Flower Garden 


Alfred W. Jenkins: For Gates and Fence ....... 0.0.0.0. 0.0 eee $1,750.00 


Special Gifts for Children’s Work 


Mrs. Earl Maxwell ....... 0.0 ccc cece seen ensue eaeesveeeueneveed $ 15.00 
Woman's Auxiliary of Brooklyn Botanic Garden ................ 60.00 
$ 75.00 

Miscellaneous 
Woman's Auxiliary of Brooklyn Botanic Garden and others .... $ 25.00 


Woman's Auxiliary of Brooklyn Botanic Garden for Spring In- 
SPCCHION. -<i4taxvwin svaduadeeneureo Glen te oop a seemed 16.00 


Miss Hilda Loines for Photographs .............. 00 0c cee eee eee 14.55 


Living Plants 


Mrs. A. G. Allis, 1 Agave. 

Miss Jean Badger, 1 Philodendron. 

Bobbink and Atkins, 351 Ro 

The Conard-Pyle Co., 21 ae 

Cottage Gardens Co., Inc., 7 Rhododendron, 1 Kalmia. 

Mrs. J. L. Crohus, 117 one collected in the Adirondacks. 

Mr. Tania: W. Cromwell, 3 Salix speciosa, 3 Salix elegantisstma, 3 Popithies 
generosa. 

Mrs. G. W. Dubois, 4 mane occidentalis. 

Mrs. Lewis W. Francis, 1 Semele androgyna. 

Mrs. S. Gerwin, 6 eee “ Camille.” 

Mr. Louis Herman, 1 Miami Cherr 

Mrs. Oscar R. Houston, 10 Chr ane “Smith Advance.” 

Miss “ene Matthews, 1 /ris 

Mrs. Regina Armstrong Niehaus: 10 Lilacs. 


143 


Jackson and Perkins Co., 22 Roses. 

M ©. M. Pratt, 1 Cyphomandra betacea. 
Mr. E. C. Robbins, 5 Epigaea repens. 

Diy, Gb oaunders, “61 ris. 

Mr. A. Schlevogt, 1 Rosa viridiflora. 

Mr. William Tricker, Inc., 20 Nymphae 

Mrs. S. G. Whiton, 2 Bryophylhoun cdi 
Mr. A. E. Wohlert 2 Prunus “ Kofugen.” 
Mrs. T. B. Wood, 1 Cypripedium a 


Seeds 
Mrs. A. G, Allis (1) Mr. R. C, Pickering (1) 
Gardenside Nurseries Inc. (1) Miss Sara Bigelow Reid (1) 
John H. Haymaker (2) Mr. Frank J. Reppa (2) 
Miss Hilda Loines (1) Dr. L. B. Smith (13) 


Miss Maybelle E. Moore (8) 


Phanerogamic Herbarium 


Mrs. George Stewart Brown, 10 uae 
Mr. Charles C. Deam, 16 specimens. 

r. J. A. Drushel, 40 specimens. 
Miss Sara Bigelow Reid, 1 ail 
Dr. John B. Todd, 1 specim 
Dr. J. K. Underwood, 23 specimens. 


Cryptogamic Herbarium 
Mr. Ernst Clayton, 7 specimens. 
Library 


Books 


ING Bry eee ilies dip esa eae vier ]) Ole) hi oye ON Paaems eoaeetearamer en hart ee ord Ofna cet 
Black, Hon. Loring ie BOO Lyn aN Pos, UR ee yn ahh Goes ea ear wears 
Blatt: MisseNataliescB roolelynN Yous: 03). ee ete te 
BS noale via @hatnbeteo me COlMMehCc inti. secutuner en toni cee ere 
Brooklyn Museum Bibrany; serooklymi JN. Vs wiisesw.ce aeee eree 
Gahote. D rwlinvaneels. Brook) yim a Nis Yo ji. is eee et center 
Giancne Institution of Hecnane Washington 1) iC hs ces: 
Committee on Municipal Affairs of Chiropean Club, Brooklyn, N. Y. .. 
Branciseevirse sarah. DG. Brooklyn, «NAY, Sead. tae fy. Pete 
Gaver: Di p@asotiattecbLoomdytia Ni. Yo.. yin lee oe eet eer ae 
GlucksonmWiteidterbert -Brooklvit, NN. Vie ibe eet ae eee et 
Gundersen, Dr, Alfred, Brooklyn, N. be 2 Aone Stich: Melton kon eater Mead ag ee I 


N Se eu 


an 


iS) 
te Ole Se Le 


144 


Indiana Department of Conservation, Indianapolis, Ind. .............. 
James Madison High School, Biology Club, Brooklyn, N.Y. ........ 
Kirk, Miss Isabel, Brooklyn, N. Y. pha eceunesai ies ala and Rune ae ee ae 
Knowles, Mr. John H., baa OHO cet ea aararrerece aes seacoast 
Lemée, Dr. Albert, Bt, We PaNCe. 55:5. carga casts intent e weston eas 


Marshall, Mrs. William Ng RO ly has Nek tse, ace ee pa eine ee 
Maxwell Training School for Teachers, Senior Nature Study Class, 

1028; _Brooklyn N. Yo: oss dese wed. ood oe cause aves burden anes 
Municipal Reference Lines: New York, N.Y. oo... cee eee eee 
Naomitsu, Marquis, Tokyo, 
Nebraska State Horticultural Society, Lincoln, Neb. ................ 
New York State Conservation Department, Albany, N. Y. ............ 
Chura, Baron iishicnive: “Tolevo, Japan onesies sk onnde ad pearcavaadae 
Pack, Mr. Arthur Newton, Princeton, N. Jo ooo... ec ee ee 
Parents’ Association, Public School 217, Brooklyn, N. Y. ............ 
Pennsylvania Horticultural Soe iety, Philadelphia, Hay. 40 Ganeenueeoaees 
Ont, Miss Li. Broo yi, Ny Vs - 4th awhyin caw eebsaieeysurcraees 
Pratt, Mr. Abram J., Brooklyn, N.Y. ... 00.0. cee ee eee 
Pardy, Wiss aud In, Becoe iN. Vs. ase piaeeciieueoteeeeeeis 
Republica Dominicana, Estacion nacional agronomica y colegio de ag- 

Pete ee NOG: cay ake dunn a bas Lo aaa baeaie ia unadeosceaen 
Rubio, Wir Nicholas: Ma... Barcelona. Spain. prec vc causes sande kiwasy 
Sargent, Miss Zelda, ee UN No. racetaaea ae veh hase sede uta 
Shaw, Miss Ellen Eddy, Brooklyn, N; Yo ..ccsccscacceusseuseveekes 
Smalley, Mr. Melvin, eee Teva tN (Nes, Spun traeesas gcpataueateee went Me wee as 
Smith, Miss Meet, Brook, Ay Yo acca eso av pee tuke nw dau 
Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology 


= 
~~ 


‘ol 
< 
sab) 
2 
a 
vi) 
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O 
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Svenson, Dr. Henry K., Brooklyn, N. Y. o.. 2. ee ec eee 
Loo, Public Ofice of the: City Ot, Japan” go.ca-k+ Seas aaveseen kaaeuk 
R. eed Botanico, Torino, Ttaly: aedate ene eek ene ene n ema 


PAMPHLETS 


Tete. he dye a ee I Ne Se Bape do ey wie eteasae's he ana 
Bartlett, F. A., Tree Expert ees Stamford, Conn. ...........00. 
Benedict, Dr. Reloh (ROOM ity Ie Noo asd coat ie aantieve ach ee doen aes 
Boeut, Prot F.,. Tunis; Atrica: aicscetianasa0ok see wee ws cuales aieead 


Borodin, Prof. D. N., Russian ecw Agency, New York, N. Y. 


— Labor atorium, aa » Netherlands Seite Aan tadavesudan ieee 


nw 
= 
it 
= 
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a 
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oe) 
o> 
bob) 
are 
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See vii Children’ S eee Beaok iyo, INST, iceapeses BAe ela eee 
Brooklyn Museum Library, Brooklyn, N. Yo wo... 0 0... cc cee eee 
Brooks. Dr. S. C., Berkeley, Cal. oo... cece ccc ec eee teenies 


— ot 


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LO ON 


bob RN WH bv 


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145 


Canada Agricultural Department Library, Ottawa, Canada .......... 
Carnegie ae of Washington, Department of Genetics, Cold 
Spring Harbor th Gp Ie CUD SS Oe ty mn AMR Td as at cna 
Cornell Cnverrey IRE Nas NE gr Re eo Mi ees A Re as DN 
Correns, Dr. Carl, Berlin, GOAT As tle eae eee en Ge Se 
CrehiisusiDrrartee | Se Bib tanesaieen al chic: memememenmrran. ta Nl) co os aN el. Eb e 
IDikideevn be 10), (Cyc lkerhtrieknolbcnedhahmeeinewet re sins ee ok ae eee oe 
English, Mr. Cat ve Pontlands"@1,68 a. 5.2 Soke Ree ene ne ae ene ee 
Erlanson, Miss E. W., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 
iniiygaleco femwWiladtimir Wes berew eR Uussia «,\c en eee eee ne eles 
Gageta tap Ga otiarteserooklyi.: Nic Wn tak cee Ont mneneeeneee ee. a 
Gagere Vino Cres thant - bitoni iN. Vo sas estn eee ame 
Caen 1S) aan Omelet Lon ania aie <i v 2 eet A Nene eres ete meaeanen 
General Outdoor Advertising C ompany, ING WEG Tach RIN RAV eet ree ad oo 
Girenidcers DY eM ei datihaede Boe \rores hitn Pal NEMNn Ac ae RM Rivets Na Wr ve «ty te ewe Jon 
Gray esta Harvard Unnrersine GambridgessWlasss ete ee 
Giiera Vii Noumane Minas) liza beth towiiln. As aves ieee oe mete ce tates 
tee Prof. Roland M., ae Gods, 25 icsre GRR tee See et et basis tote? 
leur ale kegel hee My Gri’ C rakes JN bebe nice A oe ee RE ae ee I et eres 
Sin Seiten) meee tS uinmiiin Gata | oer ac nia tent eae eee cee 
Institut Central d’Hygiene, Belg Pie. cee bs Salli ial, Li eye vty Seated Be: 
Jane tes Vite @harleswscalivaism AlCes cot, . sch nd enn ee eee eee 
KenoyermeDiamleesliewAt= Kalamazoo, Mich? .uscca.1.2) uns eee eee 
Leto iAlccpn Wile, |e) ined is hea ovataloz alas ch i \ cement eey A ee ae 
indsayeeVirsmelem Seton «Greenwich. (ont:  icsahe. eee ee enone, oe 
Floyds oie sem Nonuneal. «Canada a.3f-.ccteoterl ao eee See 
DELI Wi am) tones secutsl ee Giglt ies (Crem TaTy sser-0 2 koe te ee eee Be 


National Research See Washroom) 1s (Gins ieey eee nee etree 
INTedopave |) iaeetiecOdOm sVientia; AUISEtia. ai Gewese Seta eke pe nee 
R. Ou Botanico di oe trends Si) Acris det ren Uae NN be 5 cheered aa pa a a 
ud H., ees ANT Wits it oh ae teh cg tS gS aN 
irra) avis Ne we tcOr eae ss ae .8 8 aes Se a ae mutt ae Re 
Rijks Universiteit, Botanic Garden and Laboratory, Utrecht, Netherlands 
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N. Y. ........ 
Rothamsted Experimental Sarak ee dD alege enna reek oy aCe Pea 
Rtidenkor dor alhomas see Mews RasSia: 2 cy ahes se aan a ee 
Rusby, Dr. Henry Hurd, Columbia University, New York, N. Y. 
Salgues, Dr. René, Brignoles, France ......... 0.0... cece ee cee eueus 
Sie s|olaiit, ID seve abenze) tak wdaGomrolkithateelesle hi sh Ramee ene emi an ee ere naa, 
Saunders, Miss Edith R ee ne: Bt FEMA Ere i Rh oo pote 
Shaw, Miss pe en Eddy. TOO Lah yl IN Bee 2 ciscete btn all ear a9 cena Be Sa 
Sirks, Dr. J. age Hali@ lai Gls et ee nce eee tae ote fe ene 
Stevens, i Ne if F., Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. 
‘Sia0) AL SA Ges, Uietoeigiic, 1 Bhctoxo)ditg rial \ (agh saiac oa aa een eee brie rrr enya ate 


I 
a: 
S 
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fer 


= 


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NHN HB De HY + Bae 


mH Ww 
emo hn 


{6 


146 


Studhalter, Prof. Richard A., Lubbock, Texas ............. es ees I 
Svenson, Dr. Henry K., Scan ING. Mae aoaw daecndee ena oa ta ree aa I 
Thommen, Dr. A. A., New York: .N: Vu cicss5iti achat tener don 
a Society - Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries 
Wisseon Us: FR eeegec teen eh eusaseeepte ste ach Gone ea oeepepeas seers 
Wayside Home ee dor Girls, Valley Sein i Wey eestene hae ees I 
Youngken, Prof. Heber W., Boston, ‘Mass ary Popes a ahora ee ate eee See I 
Zilig, Dr. Herman, Pee Germatiry .......-..-.++ 2 
TOtAL aks ee eee ea ee aad Oo beans Aequshative eck he SpA eee ae eases 351 
PARTS OF PUBLICATIONS 
(Exclusive of Government Documents) 
Adams, Mr. John, Ottawa, Canada ............ sha Gesle ba aetna Sareea ade 4 
American Eagle, Estero, Fla. 22... 0... eee eee crnaunatened sae 14 
American Horticultural Society, Washington, D. C. b ave ceetanaatane oot 2 
American Nie of Natural History, Department o Sadan 
ew Yorks Ni Yo wcce dat-isaders gti eters He Laioeciaaenr ~o 
Argentine, Mins of ics Buenos Aires .........005. oes 2 
Bailey, Prof. L. Ithae he Vad Geter 5 cee esos a eer epee see ~8 
Benedict, Dr. ad. Ci ne Ne. Ya: oeene Mena dion tae ane ~ 2 
Brooklyn Museum Library, Brooklyn, N. Y. ....------- eee e ee enue san 20) 
Canadian Phytopatholovical Society: duiastass deniers es yes I 
eee Institution of Washington, Division of Plant Biology ..... - 2 
- Gardens Club, New York, N. Y. eats ple Geen reer eae ane I 
ne noo Lniversity, Botider,. Col. auscesy criere cin peer eesoeees T 
Committee on the Relation of Electricity to Agriculture, Chicago, Ti, 2 
Commonwealth Fund, New York, N. Y. ..... watt qduneegte Pee eae ts I 
wey Tree Expert Company, Kent, OIG» cis erate aaceat die eee oe ee 3 
Florida Entomological Society, Gainesville, Fla. .........-----+eees - 2 
Free, Mr. Montague, Brooklyn, N. Y. 2. ...s cee crs sees cee enw es 7 
Gasser, Dr,-C, Stuart, Brooklyn, IN. Vo aisksee ee eee tee tenons 08 
Imperial Bureau of Animal Genetics, Edinburgh, Seotlatid: cc. obednase 2 
International Educational Cinematographic Institute, Rome, Italy ...... 2 
Kenya Colony and Protectorate, Forestry Department, PTHCA: ewes ] 
Lit. £rore ae Cy. Pepe, Chine: «acess wendied ereaeeee ree eaaens I 
Lloyd Library, C incinnati, (OIG. enceesese eteceo tastes artcade Berets Hera eect 13 
Medical Society of the County of Kings, The Library, Brooklyn, N. Y. ot 
Minnesota, Ce of, Department of Botany, Minneapolis, Minn. 1 
Missouri, University of, Columbia, Mo. ...........e ee ee eee renee eens I 
Municipal Reference Library, New York, N.Y. .......e.e sees reece, 2 
National Central University, Department of Botany, Nanking, China 1 
National Plant, Flower and Fruit Guild, New York, N.Y. meiwee OC 
National Research Council of Japan, Tokyo, Japan ..............505- I 
New Jersey Dahlia Society, New Brunswick, N. J. 20.20. see cece eee 2 


147 


ews Jetseysotates Ll orticn| tinal society. Erentone Nia aces pare 
ING we VOrkseAca demyao te SCIENCES: hence atte. ye Totes oan 
Provincial Museum of Natural History, ae B.C. 
Queensland RrOvisionalk Morest: Board: Austral laments tec eee. 
ckett, Mr. A. W., University of Missouri, ae. WWiRovemn toe 45 he 
Rijks Pei Danii cic en al Vethetl ald: tcp nt ee eee aed 
Rockefeller rete for Medien Research, New York, N. Y. 


Rothamsted Experimental Station, Piaeyesden Eb ikety cy casera rie ee 
R. Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, MiadnidseS pain fecias (eee 
SchoolsGardenp associations ot New Vor use eee nse om. 
Societas Zoologica-Botanica Fennica aes Helsingfors, Finland 

Taihoku Imperial University Library, Formosa, Japan .............. 
dian lore Vines Noumat Brooklyn: ING Yo. fo8 cies reene on Oy en 


diexas A cadeiny-G1 .Science. San Antonio. | exass steer ee ee, 
Third British Empire Forestry Conference, Canberra, Australia 
Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan 
Wmion@ollesems chenectadyecN Vou oc <2! nk seas De eae are ye 
Warsaw, |’Ecole superieure Ae ncalt 1 Or tiara ae nano ate prays Pe eNO: 
Wild Flower Preservation Society, Washington, D. C. .............. 
Yale University, School of Forestry, New Haven, Conn. 


Portraits AND Pi OTOGRAPITS 


vier lm Vi ssys Vicity INC \womaor lcs BNI: V, > 4.4. aecectet ieee area ene 
tang F, A., Tree Expert Company, Stamford, Conn. 
Baur, Dr. Erwin, Muncheberg, Germany 
pec Dr. Ralph C., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Blom Vip dwarde@raBnoocyilw NV. .t0045 Gee nerd tere me ee 
Butler, Mrs. Glentworth R., Brooklyn, oe Ye 
ae Mr. Harold A., New York, N. Y 
Cary, Mrs. William H., Brooklyn, N. - ie hod te ee ee nae 
Cockayne, Dr. reonard: Wellington, New Zealand 
le eg Mr. Walter C., Brooklyn, N. Y 
i . Montague, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
ale a C. Stuart, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Graves, Dr. Arthur H., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Gundersen, Dr. Alfred, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
enkins, Mr. Alfred Rie Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Knowles, Mr. John H., Lo nea _Eng. 
Loines, Miss Hilda, see Y, 
R. Orto Botanico di Padova, " ulyedcctr Atul i ie ae aaa tet are 
Pammel, ane L. H., Iowa State oe ae _Ames, Towa 
Putnam, Mr. William A., Brooklyn, N 
Reimer, Miss Margaret B., Brooklyn, ae y. 


ww 
Sal 
| reer RRR sce ae Ann ans ae SS 


OE eee ee ee 


Ln an SL \O 2 oe oe en 


148 


Rixford, Dr. Guhian Pickering, San Francisco, Cal. ........ 000.0008 1 
Rusby, Dr. Henry Hurd, Columbia University, New York, N. You... 1 
Scott, Dr. Dulcinfeld Fl, Basingstoke. FNS... sacs cut smiekac gue d eee I 
Shaw, Miss Ellen eee Brooklyn, N. Ne a hraes baleen ate ane en I 
Vines, Prof, Sidney H., Langstone, Eng. 2.0.0.0... 0. eee I 
White, Mrs. pee M., Oyster Bay, L. TL ww... cee cee 1 

PIBOREUL, .dctepee thal Shear iden aurucahapkge dig aeaneneea eee gapreca Gnae casge wae ane Dee eae ate a 38 


AUTOGRAPHL LETTERS 


Gaver: Dr C. Stuart. Brooklyn. Ni Ye sss s4 a5 po 6h eo 4GS aaa oa a 2 
Vines, Prof. pidney H.,. uanestone, Bie. sei cs5i5 3 dGidoeden ai ole ea ewe I 
MOGUL: cerscant Sea? bt Ok: cians tneite yun ooo sg ey Te ge GE 3 


For the Department of Elementary Instruction 


Jartlett, Mr. H. Noble, Six outline maps of the children’s gardens and 
borders. 
Blatt, Miss Natalie, $1.00 for the children’s club room 
Blum, Mr. Edward C., One vase for the children’s club room. 
Butler, Mrs. Glentworth R., One prize cup competed for by the girls 
the outdoor garden. One flag with standard for the Boys’ and Girls’ 
Club. Two hanks of raw silk for the children’s work. 
Dorward, Miss Margaret M., One set of bird and animal paintings for 
e children’s club room. 
Elbert, Mr. William, One motion picture reel on the children’s work at 
1¢ Brooklyn Botanic Garc 
Flatbush Garden League (through Mrs. E. L. Carson), Prize book for 
the greatest improvement made by a first year child in the outdoor 


nN 


ian 
i?) 
=) 


garden 

Irancis, Mrs. Lewis W., $5.00 for books for the children’s club room. 

Garden Teachers’ Association, One prize cup competed for by the boys 
in the outdoor garden. 

Gluckson, Master Herbert, One book for the children’s club room library. 

Goodman, Mr. Bernard, $t.50 for the children’s club room library. 

Hyde, Mrs. Clarence R., One year’s subscription to the Nature Magazine 
for the children’s club room library. 

Maxwell, Mrs. Earl C., $15 for the children’s w« 

Murray, Miss Vieoinie, $1.00 for the children’s sn room library. 

Nash, Mrs. Edith, Specimens from the West Indies for classwork—allspice, 
nutmeg, cacao, starch from arrowroot. 

Parents’ ESSOoTAN OD of P. S. 217, $5.00 for the children’s club room library. 

Pond, Miss P. F., One bool: for the children’s club room library 

Purdy, Miss M: wud H., One book for the children’s club room library. 

Staa. Miss Ellen Eddy, Three gold honor pins for honorable service in 
the outdoor garden. 


149 


Smalley, Master aa One book for the children’s club room library. 
Smith, Miss M. Helen, $1.00 for the children’s club room libr 
Woman's ree of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, $50.00 Phe the chil- 
dren’s work. $10.00 for the children’s club room library. 


Miscellaneous 
Mr. A. A. Abrahams, 1 ee of seeds of various palms. 
Neal Arboretum, 6r rose plants 
Dr. Nathan T. Beers, 2 en prints (building and lily pool, and 
1 of lilies 


Botanic Gardens, Weieaee Nigeria, Africa, 3 packages of seed. 
Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 2 copies each of two photographs of Richard Young 


ate. 
Bureau of Science, Manila, Philippine Islands, 4 vols., “An Enumeration 
{ Philippine Flowering Plants,” Merrill. 
Cambridge (England) Botanic Garden, 10 Hphedra nebrodensis plants. 
Mrs. William H. Cary, 4 ue of Bulletin of Garden Club of America 
(Series ITT, ale 
Children’s Museum Geo 1 Ficus lyrata. 
are: Doran & Company, 1 book, “ The Rose Manual.” 
. William C. Eckman, 2 photographs of Fish Head Outlets on con- 
servatory fountain. 
Mrs. Edna Frank, 1 Rosa viridiflora. 
Mr. Henry Hottinger, 4 photographs (2 of water lilies, 2 of daffodils in 
Brooklyn Botanic Garden) 
Mrs. Frank Johnson, 1 colored photograp 
ily pool. 
Mr. William Matthews, 1 pencil sketch of the Torii in Brooklyn Botanic 


= 


1 of Botanic Garden building and 


Garden. 

M. Marie-Victorin, I specimen Botrychinin minganese (dried). 

Mrs. Edith L. Nash, specimens of allspice, nutmeg, cacao, and arrowroot 
from West Indies 

National Park Service, I pamphlet, “ Glaciers of Glacier National Park.” 

New York Times, 3 photographs of Dr. George M. Reed in Japan. 

r . Schumacher, 1 baby alligator. 

Sutton & Sons, 15 packets of seed of ee Des of Brassica 

Mr. V. C. Van Horn, 8 photographs made in Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 

Mr. L. Zilver, 2 ae photographs (t of new fountain, 1 of White 
Memorial Table 


APPENDIX 2 
PUBLICATIONS OF MEMBERS OF STAFF DURING 
TQ30 
Benedict, Ralph C. 
Syllabi for High Schools: I. Personal hygiene, IT. Home hy- 
giene. In collaboration with Elizabeth T. Fitzpatrick and 


150 


Paul B. Mann. Reprinted from Syllabi adopted by Board 
of Superintendents, June 21, 1929. 

Report of the editors for 1929. In collaboration with E. J. 
Winslow and C. A. Weatherby. American Fern Journal 
20: 34-36. January—March. 

What ferns grow best in the house? Jour. New York Bot. 
Gard. 31: 47-49. february. 

The proposed six-year science sequence: In rebuttal. Bulletin 
of High Points 12: 10-12. February. 

Report of the Resident Investigator for 1929. Brooklyn Bot. 
Gard, Record 19: 120-122. March. 

Studies on the Variation of Nephrolepsis (Report of Progress). 
Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 1g: 68. March. 

Lessons in apples. Torreya 30: 40-45. March-April. 

More or less laboratory work. In collaboration with George C. 
Wood, John A. Clark, and J. E. Whitsit. Bulletin of High 
Points 12: 51-52. May. 

Summary of the activities of the standing committee on science 
during 1929-1930. In collaboration with George C. Wood, 
John A. Clark, and J. E. Whitsit. Bulletin of High Points 
12: 52-54. May. 

Some valuable science periodicals. In collaboration with George 
C. Wood, John A. Clark, and J. E. Whitsit. Bulletin of 
High Points 12: 54-57. May. 

A gift-horse for general science. Bulletin of High Points 12: 
28-31. June. 

Plant wards of New York State. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaf- 
lets XVIIT. June 4. 

Cabbages in the classroom. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaftets 

III*™-§. October 20. 

Review. Curtis: A synthesis and an evaluation of the subject 
matter in general science. Bulletin of High Points 12: 
104-105. November. 

Review. Presson: A new standard test in biology. Bulletin 
of High Points 12: 105-107. November. 

A laboratory lesson in variation. Torreya 30: 145-153. No- 
vember—December. 


151 
Caparn, Harold A. 


Scientific and decorative principles in a botanical laboratory. 
American Landscape Architect. Pp. 12-16, 38-40. De- 
cember. 


Foss, Calvin W. 
Report of the Librarian for 1929. 


Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 
1g: 106-120. March. 


Free, Montague 


Nineteenth annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Re- 
port of the Horticulturist. 
1g: 100-106. March. 

Spring Planting. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 
April 2. 


Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 


Leaflets XVIIT™. 
Fertilizers for city gardens. 
VIIT?. April 30. 

The rose garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 


Bot. Gard. Leaflets XVIII®: 1-4. 


Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets 


Brooklyn 
September 10. 
Gager, C. Stuart 


Address of Welcome. Fifth National Shade Tree Conference. 
3rooklyn Botanic Garden. February 7, 1929. Proc. Ann. 
Meeting, p. 5. February. 
Aeration of tree roots: Theory. Proc. Ann. Meeting, Fifth 
Nat. Shade Tree Conference, pp. 26-27. February. 
Annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1929. 
of the Director. 
March. 
Botanic Gardens. Encyclopedia Britannica. Thirteenth Edi- 


Report 
Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 13-53. 


Unveiling of tablet to Sir William and Sir Joseph Hooker. 
Science 72: 238-239. September 5. 
The late G. P. Rixford. Nez York Times. November 5. 


Graves, Arthur Harmount 


The comparative resistance of root and shoot of the American 
chestnut to the chestnut bark disease. Proc. Ann. Meeting, 


Fifth Nat. Shade Tree Conference, pp. 50-57. February. 


LoZ 


The present status of the chestnut in North America. Report 
of the 20th Annual Meeting Northern Nut Growers Assn., 
New York City, September 12, 13, 14, 1929, pp. 48-54. 

Report of work in forest pathology for 1929. Brooklyn Bot. 
Gard. Record 19: 62-67. March. 

Report of the Curator of Public Instruction for 1929. Preok- 
lyn Bot. Gard. Record 1g: 70-81. March. 

Inwood Park, Manhattan. Yorreya 30: 117-129. October. 

Forms and functions of roots. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets 
XVIII? 1: 1-8. December. 

47 newspaper articles relating to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 

Eight Abstracts in Biological Abstracts. 


Gundersen, Alfred 


Communication No. 11: Familiae et genera quorum usus est 
diversus. Brooklyn Botanic Garden International Seed 
Exchange. April, 193 

The principal groups of fossil plants. Brooklyn Pot. Gard. 
Leaflets XVIII*. May 14. 

Report of the Curator of Plants for 1929. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 
Record 19: 94-100. March. 

Report of progress on research. (Various problems in Sys- 
tematic Botany.) Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 67-68. 
March. 


Reed, George M. 


A new method of producing and detecting sorghum hybrids. 
Jour. Heredity 21: 132-144. March. 

Beardless Iris Project. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 60-62. 
March. 

Plant Pathology. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 55-60. 
March. 

Specimens of cereals for high schools. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 
Record 1g: 82-86. March 

Report on a trip to Japan and to the Northwestern United 
States. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 257-208. No- 
vember. 


— 
tun 
Ss) 


Shaw, Ellen Eddy 


Soil, the garden’s theater stage. The Girl Scout Leader. Vol. 
WADA IN ol cell leaiaelat 

Report of the Curator of Elementary Instruction. Brooklyn 
Bot. Gard. Record 19: 86-94. March. 

Mary, Mary quite contrary. The Americal Girl. April. 

The value of nature study in the life of a child. 


Delineator. 
May. 
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. P. S. 217 School Publication. 
June. 


Nature study for teachers and children. School Nature Study, 

London. July. 

Uhe following articles appeared in the New York Sun on the 
dates indicated : 

dihe soils jantianry: 10. 

Chemistry of the soil. January 17. 

Plant foods. January 24. 

Chemical fertilizers. January 31. 

Seeds: what to order. February 8. 

Starting seeds indoors. February 15. 

The outdoor garden: how to plan it. Iebruary 22. 

Transplanting seedlings and starting moe March 1 

Implements for the garden. March 

The rose garden. March 15. 

Shrubs. March 2 

The perennial garc 

The lawn. April ae 

Planning the sma 


det 


March 209. 


_ 


| vegetable garden. April 12. 

The rock garden. April 19. 

Planting the small flower garden. April 26. 

Planting the small vegetable garden. May 3. 

The water garden. May Io. 

Dahhas, cannas, and gladiolus. May 17. 

Climbing vines and creepers. May 24. 

Garden pests. May 31 

Review of work done in the garden and setting 
seedlings. June 7. 


Transplanting and cultivating. June 14. 


out of tender 


154 


Staking and tying. June 21. 

Checking up on the flower garden. June 28. 

Trimming climbing roses. July 5. 

Checking up on the annual picking border. July 12. 

Midsummer in the garden. July 10. 

Ordering bulbs. July 26. 

The iris garden. August 2. 

Ivergreens. August 9. 

Planting midsummer blooming bulbs. August 16. 

Starting seeds of perennials for early bloom. August 23. 

Making cuttings. August 30. 

Planting bulbs. September 6. 

Taking in the house plants. September 13. 

Fall shrub planting for early bloom. September 20, 

Planting of callas, Easter lilies, and oxalis for winter and spring 
bloom. September 27. 

Making and remaking the perennial border. October 4. 

Late fall planting. October 11. 

Trall treatment of land. October 18. 

Hardwood cuttings. October 25. 

Indoor window boxes. November 1. 

Winter care of roots and bulbs. November 8. 

Putting the garden to sleep. November 15. 

Last call for planting. November 22. 

Winter bouquets. November 29. 

House plants in sickness and health. December 6. 

Plants for the sun room. December 13. 

Choosing plants for Christmas. December 20. 

What shall I do with my Christmas plants? December 27. 


— 


— 


Svenson, H. K. 


— 


Report on a botanical exploration trip to the Galapagos Islands. 
Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 269-284. November. 
The vegetation of Indefatigable Island. Bull. N. Y. Zool. Soc. 

33: 103-172. July-August. 


Io) 


APPENDIX 3 


DABS CE CQURE S.A) DORE SSES AND PAPERS Gl VEN 
BY MEMBERS OF STAFF DURING 10930 
By the Director of the Garden: 

January 17. Biological foundations of conduct. Reformed 
Dutch Church, Flatbush, Brooklyn. 

February 6. What are the aims of science? Y. M. C. A., 
Central Branch, Brooklyn. 

February 13. Why the controversy between religion and 
science? Y.M.C. A., Central Branch, Brooklyn. 

February 20. What is evolution? Y. M. C. A., Central 
3ranch, Brooklyn. 

February 27. Can the findings of science and religion be rec- 
onciled? Y.M.C.A., Central Branch, Brooklyn. 

March 16. The awms and methods of science. Y. W.C. A., 
Brooklyn, 

April 24. What the Botanic Garden means to Brooklyn. St. 
Ann’s Parish House, Brooklyn. 

May 8. The significance of the Brooklyn Children’s Museum. 
Presentation of gold medal to Miss Anna B. Gallup, Cura- 
tor-in-Chief, Brooklyn Children’s Museum, National In- 
stitute of Social Sciences. Hotel Roosevelt, Manhattan. 

May 20. Botany serving the public. Men’s Club. Reformed 
Dutch Church, Flatbush. 

May 20. Sotanical literature. New York Special Libraries As- 
sociation. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 

August 13. The educational work of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- 
den. Ninth International Horticultural Congress, London, 


England. 


— 


ae 


By the Curator of Plant Pathology: 
January 27. Jrises. Riverside, Conn. Garden Club. 
March 16. Faculty and students, Okuda Training School for 
Needlework. Tolx 
April 20. Sakura-no-kai—Cherry Society of Japan. Tokyo. 
May 2. Pan-Pacific Club of Japan. Tokyo. 
May 18. Ike-bana Society. Tokyo. 
12 


a 
ey 


INVO, 


156 


June 14. Hlanashobu Association. Horikiri. 

July 4. Faculty and students, Nakano Koto Jogokko. Nakano, 
Tokyo. 

July 7. Faculty and students, Imperial College of Agriculture 
and I*orestry. Morioka. 

October 18. Experiments with sorghums. New York Associa- 
tion of Biology Teachers. At the Garden. 

November 18. Examples of genetics. Biology Class, Girls 
Commercial High School. At the Garden, 


By the Curator of Public Instruction: 


January 15. The recent history and present status of the chest- 
nut in North America. Torrey Botanical Club, N. Y. Bo- 
tanical Garden. 

January 17. Bacteria. Special lecture to student nurses from 
Prospect Heights Hospital. At the Botanic Garden. 

March 18. Conservation and forestry. Brooklyn Scoutmas- 
ters. Under auspices of Children’s Museum. Girls’ Com- 
mercial High School. 

March 20. Conservation. Garden Club of Newark. 

April 28. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Asharoken Garden 

Club of Northport, L. 1. At the Garden. 

May 8 The evolution of plants. Girls’ Commercial High 
School class. At the Garden. 

May 14. Conservation of native plants. \Woman’s Auxiliary, 
American Institute of Mining Engineers. Hotel Biltmore, 
IN» We 

May 21. Suggestions for nature study for children. F 
School children. 

May 21. The work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.  Parent- 
Teachers Association. Flatbush School. 

May 28. Trees of Iceland. N.Y. Bird and Tree Club. Ameri- 
can Museum of Natural History. 

June 10. Reminiscences. Advanced Biology class. Boys High 
School. 

June 21.) Trees and shrubs of Greater New York. N. Y. Bo- 


tanical Garden. 


— 


atbush 


December 16.) The chestnut tree in North America. Advanced 
Biology Club. Boys High School. 


Isy 


By the Curator of Elementary Instruction: 


January 28. Graduation address. P. S. 140. 

March 17. Plant life. Child Study Association. 

April 3. Children and gardens. Kindergarten Mothers’ Clubs 
of Brooklyn and Queens. At Maxwell Training School 
for Teachers. 

April 7. Changes in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden from 1013 
to 1930. Woman's Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- 
den. At the Garden. 

May 2. Arbor Day. Two assemblies, P. S. ae 

May 2. Arbor Day. Two assemblies, P. S. 183. 

May 6. The value of gardening in the life on a child. Garden- 
ing Exhibit, Abraham & Straus. 

May 7. Window boxes. Gardening Exhibit, Abraham & 
Straus. 

May 8. The small backyard garden. Gardening Exhibit, Abra- 
ham & Straus. 

May 9. Summer nature study for the child. Gardening Ex- 
hibit, Abraham & Straus. 

May 10. The child’s own little garden. Gardening Exhibit, 
Abraham & Straus. 

May 14. Activities at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn 
Bureau of Charities. At the Garden. 

May 14. The children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 
Mothers’ Club, P. S. 2. At the Garden. 

May 15. Plant propagation. Woodmere Garden Club. 

May 20. The educational work of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- 
den. Cleveland Garden Club. 

May 21. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 
Mothers’ Club, P. S. 129. At the Garden. 

May 27. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 
Brooklyn Section, New York Public School Kindergarten 

Association. At the Garden. 

June 13. What the Brooklyn Botanic Garden offers to the pub- 
lic. “Central Bratich, Y. M. C. A. 

July 23. The garden in Maieunmen Community and Garden 
Clubs, Northport, L. I. 

July 25. Midsummer wild flowers. Columbia Broadcasting 


158 


Station, New York City, for the Coordinating Council on 
Nature Activities. 

October 4. Children’s garden work at the Brooklyn Botanic 
Garden, Nature Study Class from New York University. 
At the Garden. 

October 9. House plants. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 76. 

November 10. Flouse plants. Business and Professional 
Woman’s Club, St. Marks Methodist Episcopal Church. 
November 18. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- 
den. \Voman’s Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 

At the Garden. 

December 6. Children’s activitics at the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- 
den. Alumni Association of Tufts College. 

December 9. Flome nature study for children. W.N. Y. C. 
Broadcasting Station, for the United Parents’ Association 
and New York Principals’ Association. 

December 10. House plants and how to grow them. New 
York Horticultural Society. 

December 16. Christmas greens. P.S. 235. 

December 23. Christinas greens. P.S. 36. 


By the Curator of Plants: 
April 28. Ornamental trees and shrubs. Garden Club, Flush- 
ing, I 


May 14. Spring wild flowers. Garden Club, Saugerties, N. Y. 


By the Assistant Curator of Plants: 

February 25. Edible wild plants. Boy Scout Leaders, Girls’ 
Commercial High School. 

March 7. Spring flowers of the Eastern states. Brooklyn Art 
Guild and The Contemporary Club. Brooklyn Botanic 
Garden. 

October 14. Vegetation of the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. 
Department of Botany, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and 
Sciences. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 


By the Horticulturist: 
March 5. Beautiful Gardens. Dutchess County Horticultural 


Society. 


152 


March 18. Fuglish Gardens. Reformed Protestant Dutch 
Church, Flatbush. 

April 28. Rock Gardens. Long Island Division of the Feder- 
ated Garden Clubs of New York State, at the Garden. 
September 2. Gardening in General. Westhampton and Quo- 

gue Garden Club. 

September 11. The Work of Municipal Rose Gardens. 
American Rose Society Meeting, in Atlantic City, N. J. 
October 5. Beautiful Gardens. Jackson Heights Garden Club. 

November 15. Kock Gardens. Vast Flatbush Garden Club. 
December 6. Herbaceous Perennials. New York Botanical 


Garden. 


By the Resident Investigator: 
February 16. Creating new plants. Sunday Night Club of 
Flatbush Congregational Church, Brooklyn. 
April 26. Creating new plants—Exploding a myth. Saturday 
Night Club, Brooklyn. 
May 10. Native ferns. New York Association of Biology 
Teachers. 
May 15. Lugenics: A biologist looks into the future. Ameri- 
can Museum of Natural History. 
October 18. Varictics of cabbages. New York Association of 
Biology Teachers. At the Garden. | 
November 6. The problein of finding new plants: The story of 
modern plant breeding. American Museum of Natural 
History. 
By Instructors and Others: 
Miss Dorward: 
May 26. The planning and care of backyard gardens, IKings- 
lawn Community Church. 


Mrs. MacColl: 
March 20. House plants... Mothers Clubs Pe oS..105: 
May 6. The work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Moth- 
ese lib wines emien a “Ad the Garden: 
May 10. How to make blue prints. Gardening [exhibit, 
Abraham & Straus. 


160 


June 20. Opportunities offered by the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- 
Wen. 3. Oe LOO, 


Miss Sargent: 

March 13. Spring flowers. Fourth Unitarian Church. 

March 18. The educational value of gardening for children. 
Parents’ Association, P. S. 208 

April 3. The children’s garden at the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- 
den. George Washington School, White Plains. 

April 7. The children’s garden at the Brooklyn Home for 
Consumptives. \Woman’s Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Bo- 
tanic Garden. At the Garden. 


Miss Sutcliffe: 
January 25. The care of house plants. Garden Club of East 
Flatbush Community Center. 


By the Research Assistant (L. Gordon Utter): 


March 10, March 27. Plant breeding. Biology class, Girls’ 
Commercial High School. At the Garden. 

May 14, May ar. Plant breeding. Biology class, Thomas 
Jefferson High School. At the Garden. 


APPENDIX 4 
REPORT ON BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 
PUBLICATIONS, 1030 
American Journal of Botany 
Official Organ of the Botanical Society of America 


Volume XVII (1930) comprised, as usual, ten monthly issues 
(omitting August and September), with 70 papers, 1065 pages, 
63 plates, and 241 text figures (as against 66 papers, 881 pages, 79 
plates, and 154 text figures in 1929). Twelve papers were pub- 
lished on the “author payment” plan. Dr. Arthur Harmount 
Graves continued on the editorial board as representative of the 
Garden. Dr. Edmund W. Sinnott, of Columbia University, con- 
tinued as Editor-in-Chief. 

The circulation at the close of the fiscal year (November 209, 


161 


1930) was 1673 as against 1622 one year ago. The annual budget 
was $19,0733.51 against $15,807.77 in 1929. The year closed 
with a credit balance of $2578.88 and assets over liabilities of 
$6515.19, plus the value of back sets and volumes on hand. 


Ecology 
Official Organ of the Ecological Society of America 


Quarterly. Volume XII comprised 52 papers (besides reviews, 
proceedings, and miscellaneous matter), 797 pages, 20 plates, and 
177 text figures (as against 38 papers, 563 pages, 61 plates, and 
36 text figures in 1929). The circulation at the close of the fiscal 
year (November 30, 1930) was 1095 as against 1048 one year ago. 
The annual budget was $6486.31, the credit balance $204.00, and 
assets over liabilities $146.73 (against $5946.39, $1060.73, and 
$698.66 1n 1929) plus back sets and volumes on hand. Mr. Bar- 
rington Moore, Washington, D. C., continued as Editor-in-Chief. 
With the January 1930 issue Dr. Alfred Gundersen became the 
Botanic Garden representative on the editorial board. 


Genetics 
In Cooperation with the Editorial Board of Genetics 


Bimonthly. Volume XV comprised 18 papers, 589 pages, 7 
plates, and 67 text figures (as against 23 papers, 644 pages, 19 
plates, and 62 text figures in 1929). At the close of the fiscal year 
(November 30, 1930) the circulation was 680, the annual budget 
$5910.53, the credit balance $459.26, and assets over liabilities 
$676.63 (as against 623, $5957.63, $640.70, and $254.80 in 1929). 
Dr. Donald F. Jones, Connecticut Agricultural College, continued 
as Editor-in-Chief, 


Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record 


Bimonthly. Volume XIX (1930) comprised 289 pages. As 
usual, the March number comprised the Annual Report. The May 
number, entitled Views in Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1930-1935, 
was devoted to illustrations of architect’s and landscape architect’s 
plans of features needed in the Garden, which might be provided 


162 


by gifts of private funds or by city appropriations. Since this 
issue was published the following features have been completed as 
the result of gifts: Conservatory Plaza Fountain, Entrances to 
Native Wild Flower Garden, Foot Bridge over the Brook near 
the outlet of the Lake. Funds for one new Garden Seat have also 
been pledged, and the city has made appropriation for the develop- 
ment of the North Addition. The July number was Guide No. 4, 
The Japanese Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The cir- 
culation of the Recorp at the close of the year was 1608 copies. 


Leaflets 

Three single numbers and four double numbers were issued. 
Number 6 (September 10) was a brief description of the Rose 
Garden. The circulation as of December was 1930 copies. 

Contributions and Memoirs 

Numbers 57 and 58 of the Contributions were published. No 

ATemoir was issued. 
APPENDIX 5 
FIELD TRIPS CONDUCTIED-1930 

By the Director: 

May 3. Torrey Botanical Club. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 

~ oO ~ - 

By the Curator of Public Instruction: 

May 31. Department of Botany, Department of Education, 
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Kreischerville, 
Staten Island, to see stand of Pinus virginiana. 

September 13. Torrey Botanical Club. Fresh Kills, Staten 
Island. 

By the Curator of Plants: 

May 3. Torrey Botanical Club. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 

May 10. Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Department 
of Botany, Hollis, L. I. 

By the Assistant Curator of Plants: 

Iebruary 9. Torrey Botanical Club. Pleasant Plains, Staten 

Island. Winter Trip. 


163 


APPENDIX 6 
MEETINGS OF ORGANIZATIONS AT THE GARDEN 
1930 

March 10. Contemporary Club, Brooklyn Art Club, and Valley 
Garden Club. 

April 7. Womans’ Auxiliary of Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 

April 28. Conservation Committee of Long Island Division of 
Federated Garden Clubs of New York State. 

April 28. Ashero 

April 29. Columbia Dames. 

May 4. New York League of Mothers’ Clubs. 

May 6. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 134. 

May 6. Torrey Botanical Club. 

May 7. Women of ’76 Chapter, N.S. D. A. R. 

May 14. Heads of Department Association, Borough of Brook- 


ars 


kan Garden Club. 


lyn. 
May 14. North Country Garden Club. 
May 14. Brooklyn Bureau of Charities. 
May 14. Mothers’ Club, P. S 2. 
May 20. Special Libraries Association of New York. 
May 21. Nutley Garden Club. 
May 23. Brooklyn Iederation of Community Centers. 
May 27. Kindergarten Teachers’ Association. 
June 3. Garden Committee of Plandome Women’s Club. 
October 14. Department of Botany, Brooklyn Institute. 
October 20. Garden Department, Garden City—Hempstead Com- 
munity Club. 
November 8. National Recreation Association. 


ING Gigeoe @) GOamiizatton cea tu Se, pier i a eA cany acs 23 
ARoreuloainucrarsehn tees, meer teeter Meee EID ARs rR a ae ene ee A 813 


APPENDIX 7 
REPOKT ON PHOLOGRAPHIC WORK 


Negativesson miles) ecembens ete 1020 chy 9s nts arian | alavo estes 6,850 
ING Ra tIV.eS PAGGES STON CCCI Bie OS Oe ccs xp ces cB et 150 


Motalenesattves on. mle .l)eceimber 91,1030"... oe Se 7,000 


164 


Lantern slides on file December 31, 1020 ......00 000 0c e cece eee 5,370 

Lantern slides accessioned during 1030 ........ 00.0 c cece eee eeeeaes So 

Total lantern slides on file December 31, 1930 ............... 5,450 

Prints on file December 31, 1920 0.0... ccc c cece eee e eee nee e nes 3,226 
Prints made during 1030 ......... 000.00 ccc eee ee cee ee 2,007 
ed Or CistriDUted 2424 shanti eens ooh ohana nets 1,Q17 

Pye s aed, CA TORO 49.5 iced e ee uae huey ees asten eautts 50 

Total prints on file December 31, 1930 ........... 0.00.00 3,376 

Enlargements. made ws 64 chsan sos cuted ane ca pasindeweiop bales adee ete Bae 102 


Respectfully submitted, 
FRANK STOLL, 
Registrar. 
APPENDIX 8 
AGREEMENT BETWEEN BROOKLYN BOTANIC 
GARDEN AND THE AMERICAN FERN 
SOCIETY 


CONCERNING THE DEposITION OF THE LIBRARY OF THE FERN 
SocIETY AT THE BOTANIC GARDEN 


Wuereas, the American Fern Seciety wishes to make the con- 
tents of its library readily accessible to all students of ferns; and 

Wuereas, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden desires to cooperate in 
this object; and 

Wuereas, Dr. Ralph C. Benedict, Resident Investigator at the 
sotanic Garden, is an officer of the Fern Society, as Editor of the 
American Fern Journal, official organ of the Society, the over 
copies of which are now deposited at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden 
in accordance with the terms of an Agreement between the 
Society and the Botanic Garden, date January 15, 1927; 

It is hereby mutually agreed as follows: 

1. The American Fern Society will deposit its library, com- 
prising books, pamphlets, and periodicals received by it in exchange 
for the American Fern Journal or otherwise, at the Brooklyn Bo- 
tanic Garden, and the Botanic Garden will receive the same, anc 
subsequent additions to the collection initially transferred, for 
deposit on the shelves of the Botanic Garden Library. 


—_— 


—" 
eat 


165 


2. At the time of sending its library to the Botanic Garden, the 
Society will give the Garden, in duplicate, a full and complete list 
of every publication which it sends, and the Garden will sign and 
return one copy of this list as acknowledgment for what it re- 
ceives. 

3. The Society’s library is to be administered as a reference 
library under the same regulations that govern the Botanic Garden 
Library as a whole, and shall be freely accessible to the Society’s 
members, to the staff of the Botanic Garden, and to the general 
public, in harmony with such regulations as may be in force or 
adopted from time to time by the Botanic Garden authorities, 
concerning hours and days of opening and closing the Laboratory 
Building of the Garden, and access thereto and to its various 
rooms, 

4. a The publications belonging to the Society’s Library will not 
be available for use outside the Laboratory Building except by 
loan to some other library, scientific institution, or school, or to the 
Fern Society through its officially designated representatives. 

b In general, all loans are to be for a period not to exceed two 
weeks, unless special arrangement for renewal is mutually agreed 
upon by the Botanic Garden and the borrower. 


Ou. 


— 


c The borrower shall pay all costs of transportation both ways, 
including sufficient insurance to represent replacement value of the 
publication. 

5. The Botanic Garden agrees to give to the books and other 
publications of the Society, deposited with it, similar supervision to 
that given to its own Library, and the Society hereby absolves 
the Botanic Garden from all responsibility for loss or damage to 
said deposited books and other publications from any cause what- 
soever. 

6. The books and other publications deposited are to remain the 
property of the American Fern Society. 

7. Either party will give the other not less than one year’s notice 
of its desire and intention to terminate and cancel this agreement. 

8. The American Fern Society will remove all of the publica- 
tions constituting its library and all records and papers related 
thereto from the Laboratory Building and property of the Brooklyn 
Botanic Garden within not less than one year after notice from 


166 


the Botanic Garden of its desire to terminate and cancel this agree- 
ment, and the Botanic Garden will permit the removal of said 
publications and records within one year of notice from the Ameri- 
can Fern Society of its desire to remove them and cancel this 


agreement. 
lor the Brooklyn Botanic Garden 
Signed) C. Stuart GAGER, 
Direcion 
lor the American Fern Society 
srooklyn, New York (Signed) Wiiitram R. Maxon, 
April 21, 1930. President. 


OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 
Honorary PRESIDENT 
FRANK L. BABBOTT 
PRESIDENT 
EDWARD C. BLUM 
First Vick-PRrESIDENT Seconp Vice-PRESIDENT 
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM A. PUTNAM 
Trirp Vick-PRESIDENT 
ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN 


‘TREASURER SECRETARY 
G. FOSTER SMITH JOHN H. DENBIGH 


BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE 
MISS HILDA LOINES, CHatrMan 
EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex oo JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM 


MRS. WILL IAM iis Oe a WILLIAM T. HUNTER 
WALTER H. ors ALFRED W. JENKINS 
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK KDWIN P. MAYNARD 
MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM 


EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD 
THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN 
THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN 


167 


MEMBERS OF THE BOARD 
(Trustees are Elected ue the Life Me pon of the Brooklyn Institute 
drts and Science 


Babbott, Frank L. Jenkins, Alfred W. 

Bailey, Frank Jonas, Ralph 

Beers, I, LeGrand Lewisohn, Adolph 

Benedict, Henry Harper Lockwood, Luke Vincent 
Blum, Edward C, Loines, Miss Hilda 

Bowker, Richard R. *Matheson, William J. 
Cadman, Rev. S. Parkes, D.D. Maynard, Edwin P. 

Cary, Mrs. William H. McLaughlin, Hon. George V. 
Crane, Judge Frederick E. Morgan, John Hill 


Crittenden, Walter H. Morse, Horace J. 

J. Murray, Thomas E., Jr. 
Dettmer, Hon. Jacob G. SG eae aaron, 
Draper, Mrs. Mary Childs 
Fahnestock, Gates D : ; 
Fairchild, Julian P. Pratt, Mrs. Frederic B. 
Farrell, James A. Putnam, William <A. 
Ford, Sumner Shaw, Robert Alfred 
Francis, Mrs. Lewis W. 


Frazier, Kenneth Stutzer, Herman 


Frothingham, John W. Underwood, John AB. 

Good, Mrs. William H. Van Sinderen, Adrian 

lealy, Mrs. A. Augustus Warner, Dr. Edwin G. 
Hunter, William T. York, Rt Rey. Mer, John C, 


WOMAN’S AUXILIARY 
MRS. GLENTWORTH R. BUTLER, CHarrman 


Babbott, Mrs. een Bree fl fies Childs, Mrs. William H. 
Baldwin, Mrs. Wm. H. Coutts, Miss Frances H 
Blum, Mrs. Edward an Cranford, Mrs. Frederick L. 
Boardman, Mrs. George Cranford, Mrs. Walter V 
Braman, Miss Emily L. Cruikshank, Mrs. Russell V. 
Braman, Miss Irene M. Davenport, Mrs. Henry B. 
Brewster, Mrs. Walter Shaw Davenport, Mrs. Henry J. 
Brinsmade, Miss Alice ey Mrs. John R. 
Brower, Mrs. George E. Dil Mrs. Frank J. W. 
Brown, Mrs. G. Stewart Bae Mrs. H. Edward 
Cabot, Mrs. Irving L. Duncan, Mrs. Cameron 
Carpenter, Mrs. James O. Earle, Mrs. Willi lain Pair 
Cary, Mrs. William H. Eastman, Mrs. William F. 


* Deceased, 1930. 


Folger, Mrs. Henry C. 
Francis, Mrs. Lewis W., 


pia peat Mrs. oo L. 


Gager, Mrs. C. Stuar 
Gibb, Mrs. Lewis 7 


setze, Mrs. Otto 
Good, Mrs. William H, 


Greenman, Mrs. William B. 


Gunnison, Mrs. Herbert F. 
Healy, Mrs. A. Augustus 


Hyde, Ms Clarence R 


Ingersoll, Mrs. Raymond V. 


Ingraham, Mrs. Henry A 
Jameson, Mrs. P. Chalmers 
Jameson, Miss Jeanetta C, 
Jonas, Mrs. Ralph 
Jones, Miss Helen Swift 
Knox, Miss Maria 
Lathrop, Mrs. John H 
Mrs. Charles Downing 
ech, Mrs. John E. 
Littlejohn, “Mrs. Thos. B. 
Lloyd, Mrs. T. Mortimer 
Loines, Miss Hilda 
Lyman, Mrs. Frank 
Mackay, Mrs. Frederick D. 
Mark, Mrs. Henry A. 
Marshall, Mrs. William W. 
Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P 
Maynard, Mrs. 
Merrill, Mrs. Whitney 
Morse, Miss Alice L 


idwin P., Jr. 


168 


Noble, Mrs. Francis L. 
an, Mrs. George 

Otis, Mrs. Charles H. 
Palmer, Mrs. Carleton H. 
Parsons, Mrs. Frank H. 
vee ne Wheeler H. 

erkins s. Charles F. 
ae as “Wm. Sterling 
Pierrepont, Miss Julia J. 


Pratt, Mrs, Frederic B. 
Pratt, Mrs. Richardson 
Prince, Mrs. Benjamin 
Putnam, Mrs. W. Allen, Jr. 
Putnam, Mrs. MI liam A. 


Stewart, Mrs. Seth Thayer 
Stutzer, Miss Elise W. 
tutzer, Mrs. Herman 
Sutphin: Mrs. Joseph H. 
Swan, Mrs. Eugene L. 
Swift. Mrs. Fred Joel 
Thatcher, Mrs. [Edwin H. 
Truslow, Mrs. Walter 
Tuttle, Mrs. Winthrop M. 
Underwood, Mrs. John T 
Van Brunt, Mrs. Jeremiah R. 
Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian 
Warren, Mrs. Luther 
White, Mrs. Alexander M. 
White, Miss Harriet H. 


Woodward, Miss Mary Blackburne 


Young, Mrs. Richard, Jr. 


169 
LIST OF MEMBERS 
(Revised to February 25, 1931) 


For information concerning the various classes of membership consult 
page 184 at the end of this Report 


3ENEFACTORS 


By contribution of $100,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value 


*Samuel P. Avery *A. Augustus Healy 
*Carl H. de Silver *Alfred T. White 
*Augustus Graham *Robert B. Woodward 


PATRONS 


re contribution of $25,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value 


ie P. Ave *Alfred Duane Pell 

rank L. aie *Mrs. Caroline H. Polhemus 
eee Benson William A. Putnam 
Edwin Gould *Charles A. Schieren 
*Edward L. Graef John T. Underweod 
Mrs. John Hills *Alfred T. White 
Alfred W. ae Miss Frances E. White 
*Frank S. Jon Miss Harriet H. White 

Donors 


By contribution of $10,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value 


*Abraham Abraham *Samuel N. Hoy 

Frank L. Babbott Alfred W. ae 

Dr, Frank L. Babbott, Jr. Mrs. Mary BEBE Ladd 
*Henry Be Mrs. Joseph H. Lester 
*James A. H. Bell *IFrederick Loese 

*Miss Mary Benson Mrs. Ian MacDonald 
*Mrs. Eugene G. Blackford *Henry P. Martin 
*William Calverly *Miss Matilda McLean 
*William H. Cary *Joseph T. Perkins 

Mrs. William H. Childs *Mrs. ees a Polhemus 
Walter V. Cranford George D. 

Walter H. Crittenden William <A, eae 

Mrs. Ella J. Filson *Henry K. Sheldon 
*Edward L. Graef Mrs. Lydia Babbott Stokes 
*George A. Hearn Herman Stutzer 

Mrs. John Hills John T. Underwood 
*Joseph C. Hoagland Hon. Richard Young 


* Deceased. 


170 


PERMANENT MEMBERS 


By contribution of $2,500 or 


Abraham, Mrs. Abraham 


Barnes, Mrs. Ri ic a; “dS 


Beers, Miss M. Elizabeth 
*Beers, Mrs. Mary L. 
Beers, Dr. Nathan T. 
Benedict, Henry Harper 
*Benson, Miss Mary 
Blackford, Eugene G. 
Blum, Edw ard C, 


* Coffin, vee Sturgis 


el 
Day, Mrs. Emily L. 
*Dutcher, Mrs. Helvetia B. 
English, Mrs. J. Radford 
*Evans, Miss Mabel Louise 
Fahys, George 
*Fahys, Joseph 
First Unitarian Church Society 
Freifeld, Mrs. George 
Godfrey, Mrs. Edwin D. 


*Graef, Edward L. 


1 

Herriman, Miss Helen 
Higeg Tracy 
«Hoagland, Mrs. Joseph C. 
*THoagland, Joseph C. 
*Hoagland, Raymond 


more, 


I 
I 


or by gifts of equivalent value 


Toagland, Miss S. W. 
Todenpyl, Eugene, Jr. 


Tow, Miss Susan B. 


‘Jones, Fra fie 
*Jones, Mrs. Mary | 
*Jones, Townsend 


Joost, Mrs. Martin 


| 


eawrence, Henry C 


*Lawrence, Lysander W. 


i 


vawrence, Richard H. 


*Toeser, Frederick 
*Lord, Mrs. John Bradley 


Mrs. A. A. 


Low, 

MacDonald, Mrs. Ian 
Maxwell, J. Rogers, Jr. 
MeMahon, Jos. 7 

Morse, Horace J 
Oakley, Mrs. Taeodone Is 


Olcott, George 


— 


*Palmer, Lowell M. 
Peabody, George Foster 
*Pell, Rev. Alfred Duane 


Pell, Mrs. eae LG: 
Post, James 


Powell, Mrs. a i. 


k 
* 


* 


ok 


Pratt, Geor: 

Putnam, William A. 
Sanger, Wilham 
Sanger, William Cary 
Schieren, Charles 
Seamans, Miss Dorota 
Sheldon, Mrs. Henry Kk. 
Simonds, Mrs. William kh. 
Smith, Mrs. Annie Morrill 
Smith, Howard C 

St utzer, Herman 


Webster, Mrs. Mary L. 


tl 


*White, Alexander M. White, Miss Harriet H. 
*White, Alfred T. *Woodward, Mrs. John B. 
White, Miss Frances E. *Woodward, Col. Robert B. 


LirE MEMBERS 


By contribution of $5e0 or more, or by gifts of equivalent valiue 
Through the Botanic Garden 


*Atkins, Frederick L. Gould, Edwin 
Babbott, Frank L. Hicks, Henry 
Bailey, Fran Hunter, William T. 
Bobbink, Lambertus C. Jonas, Ralph 


Butler, Mrs. Glentworth R. (In Loines, Miss Hilda 


memory of Dr. Glentworth R. Osman, Fred D. 

Butler.) Potts, Maj. Charles E. 
Cary, Mrs. William H. Pratt, Charles M 
Childs, mvercley Smith, Mrs. Annie Morrill 
Engelhardt, George P. Southwick, Dr. E. B 


Frothingham, Miss Elisabeth W. Thatcher, Edwin H. 
Frothingham, John W. 


Through other Departments of the Institute 


Abraham, Lawrence E. Bouck, James B. 
Ager, John Winifred Bo leer Richard R. 
Albertson, Rev. Charles Carroll, Bramm, Miss Elizabeth 
D.D. 3rasher, Phili 

Allan, Mrs. Mansfield Brasher, Reginald R. 
Allen, Miss Mary W. Brockway, Miss Emma A. 
Anderson, Mrs. John Brown, Miss A. W. 
pe William A. Brown, John W. 

ers, Dr. H. Messenger *Buckley, Charles R. 
See Dice Franke sone it *Buckley, John D. 
Banbury, James J. Buek, Mrs. Cecilia 
Bannister, Miss Eleanor C, 3urnham, Dr. Clark 
Batterman, Charles H. Cadman, Rev. S. Parkes, D.D. 
Batterman, Henry L. Camp i Mrs. Wm. Mitchell 
Batterman, Miss Minnie P. Cary, Alice B. 
Baxter, F. W. aoe ie L. 
Baylis, A. B. Chapman, Miss Leila H. 
Baylis, Wm., Jr. Chapman, Mrs. Leila T. 
Bigelow, Edward F. Chauncey, Rev. 
Blumenthal, Maurice Chittenden, Miss istic deals 
Blydenbureh, Frank J. Claflin, John 
Bolwell, Mrs. Sarah A, Clarke, Rev. L. Maso 
Boody, Alvin Colyer, Mrs. Joseph i. Jr: 


13 


lye 


Corlies, Howard Irrank, Mrs. George S, 
Crane, Judge Frederick E. Frazier, Nenneth 
Crittenden, Walter H. Frothingham, Miss Elisabeth W. 
Crowell, Mrs. Jeremiah Irothingham, Miss Helen H. 
Cullen, Miss Margaret M. Frothingham, John W. 
Cunningham, Mrs. I. W. Gibb, William T. 

Curtin, John J, Gifford, Ira L. 

Curtis, Henry S, Gilbert, Miss A. Louise M. 
Dalby, Archibald B. Gilbert, Wilham T. 
Davenport, Mrs. ae iam_ B. Good, Mrs. John, Jr. 
Davis, William Good, Mrs. William H. 
De Motte, i J. Goodnow, David F. 
Denbigh, Dr. John H. Goodnow, Prot. Frank J. 
Dennis, Di ee S. Goodnow, Weston W. 
Dennis, ‘es. Frederic S. Grace Church (Brooklyn) 
Dettmer, Hon. Jacob G. Hall, Charles H. 

Dick, J. Henry Halsey, William B. 
Dixon, Theodore P. Harriman, Mrs. E. Hi. 
Dodge, Miss S. Ross Healy, Mrs. A, Augustus 
Dougherty, Andrew, Jr. Heckscher, August 

Doyle, Mrs. Allan M. Hester, Mrs. Ada Gibb 
Draper, Ernest G. Hall, William B 

Draper, Mrs. Mary Childs Hoagland, Miss Anna M. 
Dreier, Theodore Hollenback, Miss Ameha B. 
Dykeman, Conrad V. te) , dD. 

Eastman, Mrs. William F, Hooper, Mrs. heaters W. 
*E eer, Mrs. Theodore G. Hornaday, Wallia 

Elmhirst, Mrs. Dorothy P. Whitney*Horsman, Etna 7 
Inelish, George L. Howell, Hampton 

Ievans, Mrs. Gertrude C. *Hubbell, Rev. William S. 
Fahnestock, Gates D. Huber, Joseph 

Fairchild, Tals n P. Hudson, Mrs. Laura kK. 
Fara Forni, Mme. A. F. Hulbert, Mrs. Henry C. 
Farmer, Walter B. *Hulst, Mrs. M. H. S. 
Farrell, James A. Husson, Miss C. Julie M. 
Farrier, Albert Moses Hyde, Henry St. John 
Farrier, Frederick B. Hyde, James 

Ferrier, Miss Elizabeth A. Ingraham, Miss Frances 
Field, Miss Elizabeth Ingraham, George S. 
Fish, Mrs, Ivy Chapel Jeffrey, Dr. Stewart L. 
Flage, Mrs. T. Benson Jenkins, Alfred W. 
Flinsch, Rudolph KE. F. Jennings, Walter 

Foote, Alfred Sherman Johnson, Alvan R 

Ford, Sumner Jones, Miss Emily W. 
Francis, Mrs. Lewis W. Joost, Mrs. Martin 


Francken-Sierstorpff, Countess von Kahn, Mrs. Otto 


Kelekian, Dikran G, 
Kellogg, Dwight H., 


Mary A. 
Kenyon, Mrs. Irene 


aa hitman W. 


Kennedy, Mrs. 
Babbott 
E 


Lewis, Mrs. August 


Lincolu, Mrs. Dorothy Chapel 
Litchfield, I. Hubert 

Edward H. 
*Litchfhield, Edward H., Sr. 
Littlejohn, Mrs. Thos. B. 
Lockwood, Luke Vincent 
Love, Mrs. Henry 

Low, Ethelbert Ide 

Low, Josiah O. 

Ludlum, Clinton W. 

Lyman, Frank 

Lynde, Mrs. Martha R. 
Macbeth, Robert W 
MacDonald, Rev, Robert 
*Marshall, 


McKay, Mrs. Ween S 

McL pena ea Gestee Wie 

Mead, W. 

Melish, a oe H. 

Mercer, Rev. Arthur 

Moffat, Davic 

Moffat, William - ite: 
WwW. 


fu 


Herman 


Mundhenk, 


WES) 


Murray, Thomas E., 
*Nichols, William H. 
O'Connor, Mrs. W. B. 
Ogilvie, Donald Manson 
ae Miss Martha W. 
rr, Miss Mary Moore 
nae ne, Mrs. Dean C 
Packard, Miss Mary S. 


rs. Louis Harman 


Pierrepont, John 
Pierrepont, Seth Low 
Pothemus, Miss R. A, 


Potts, ee eg E. 
Pratt: “Gha 

Payatit: aa Eien B. 
Pratt, Frederic B. 
Pratt, Harold I. 
Prentice, fs Howard 
Prentiss, Russ 

Prosser, T ee 

Prosser, Thomas Harold 
Prosser, Walter R 
Putnam, Harrington 
Putnam, Mrs. Wilham A. 


Russell, James we es 


Sackett, Charles A, 
Sanbern, Mrs. Frank H. 
Sanger, Miss Lillian 
Schenck, Miss Eunice M. 
Schieren, Harrie Victor 
Shaw, Robert Alfred 
Sheldon, Mrs. Anna B. 
Sheldon, Henry 

*Slack, Mrs. Julia G. 
Smith, G. Foster 


174 


Smith, Mrs. Katherine L. 
F 


. Roy G. 

Srevens: Sheptierd 

Stewart, Douglas MacC, 

Stokes, Mrs. S. Emlen 

Sullivan, Andrew T. 

*, Miss Bessie 

sr, Mrs. Helen S. 
, William H. 

; Mrs. Anna K. 


Irs. George S., Jr. 
3ertha C 
Tuthill, Miss Isabel H. 
Valentine, 
Van Anden, 
*V 


Miss Susan M. 
in Nostrand, Mrs. John B. 


SUSTAINING 


*Van Wyck, 


Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian 
Van Sinderen, Adrian 
Richard 
Waener, Miss Marie 
Walbridge, Robert R. 
Tarbasse, Mrs. James P. 
Tard, Miss Helen 

farner, Dr. Edwin G. 
Weber, Mrs. Herman. C. 
, Mrs. Edward H. 
. Harold T. 


= 


ey, Sumner B. 

Wisner, Mrs. Horat 

Windward: Miss Mary es 
York, Rt. Rev. Mer. John C. 
Young, Hon. Richarc 

Zabriskie, Mrs. Cornelius 

Ziegler, Mrs. William 


MEMBERS! 


By payment of $25 anally 


Anderson, John (G) *Irothingham, Mrs. oes S. (M) 
3abbott, Dr. Frank L., Jr. (M) eng Mrs. S. 

Baker, Joseph J. (M) rood, Mrs. William H. (M) 
Boetticher, Miss E. C. (G) niet g, Morris (M) 


3rinsmade, Miss Alice 
Brooks, Mrs. Edward B. (G) 
Bryant, Miss Helen W. (G) 

. Irving T 1) 

, Miss Mary (M) 
Mrs. Edwin H. 
ies, Alice B. (M 
wae Katherine S. (M 
Edwards, Mrs. Wim. Seymour 
Emerson, Mrs, William (G) 
John | 


(G) 
) 


oe 


Enequist, 


Faber, 


, Charles (M) 


Frothingham, John W. (M) 
1(G), 


Department. 


Through the Botanic Garden; 


“is 
Hart, Miss eee (E) 
Havemeyer, T. A. (G) 
Hincken, Miss Elsie O. (G) 
Hottinger, Henry (G) 
Ingraham, Edward A. 
Ingraham, Mrs. Henry 
Jacobs, Mrs. Harry 
Jenkins, Mrs. John Sloane (M) 
Judge, Paes P. (M) 

Kay, 


(G) 
CDG a) 


. James E. (M) 

ae Mrs. A. S. (M) 
Lambert, Frank (M) 

. Mrs. Amos §S. 
“ry, Miss Mary (G) 
. Mrs. John FE. (G) 
Miss Anna A. (FE) 


GNP 


(E) 


Logan, 


(M), Museum; Feducational 


175 


Loomis, Guy tee Robinson, J. J. (M 

Louria, Dr. Henry W. (M) Rossin, Altea Si ae 

Low, ie Chauncey E, (M) Rothschild, Simon F, (G) 
Low, William a (M) See, Alonzo B. (M and G) 
Mercelis, Edo E. (G) *Somers, Harold (M) 

Merritt, Mrs. Ee H. (G) Steinbrucker, Charles (M) 
Morrow, Mrs. Thomas I. (G) Stimpson, Edwin B. (M) 
Mioitany Dr ela) s AGN) Sutphin, Mrs. Joseph H. (M) 
Perkins, Mrs. Charles E. (E) Uhrbrock, Mrs. E. F. (G) 
Pierrepont, Miss Julia J. (M) Underwood, Mrs. John T. (M) 


Pinkerton, Mrs. Robert A. (E) Van Nuis, Mrs. Charles S. (G) 
Poughkeepsie Nursery Co., Inc. (G) Van Vleck, Durbin ‘en 

Pratt, Mrs. Nathaniel W. (G) Wood, Miss Emily S. (E 
Redfield, Hon. William C. (M) Zabriskie, Mrs. Cornelius 165 
Reimer, Miss Margareth B. (M) Zoebisch, Mrs. C. T. (M) 
Righter, Miss Jessie H. (M) 


3ROOKLYN Botanic GarpeNn ANNUAL MEMBERS 


By payment of $ro annually 


Abraham, Meyer Bedford, F. H. 

Adams, Henry SS. seers, John Frank 
Allison, Mrs. Walter G, Behr, Edw 

Almirall, Mrs. Juan A. Bennett, Miss Teese: M. 
Anderson, Mrs. John Benson, Mrs. Philip A. 
Anderson, William C. Berman, Mrs. dae H. 
Anderson, William W. Bernstein, A. N 

Andrews, Miss Grace Betsch, William GC. 

Appel, Miss Edna A. Betts, Miss pone at 
Ashton, Thomas J. Bildersee, Miss Adele 


Atkins, Miss Annie G 
Auerbach, Dr. Romeo W. 
*Augcur, W. 

Augur, Mrs. w. A, 


s 
Bishop, Mrs. Elizabeth L. 
Bixby, Willard G 
Blackman, Mrs. Edwin L. 
Blackman, Dr. William W. 
Blankley, Miss A. Grace 


Baile Mee Ve Blatchford, Miss Stella 

‘] 4 Vea Bleckman, Eli 

Bite Roce | Bleeks, Miss Clair 
BanCrOne Nie LT enrictts Blum, Mrs. Edward Charles 
*Bangs, G Roy 3oardman, Mrs. George M. 
Banker, John F, Bohm, Albert 
Bartlett, Mrs. L. H. Bornmann, Dr, Alfred 
Beardsley, Mrs. Thos. H. Bossert, John 
Beatty, Dr. George Wesley Bossert, Mrs. L. 
Becker, Frederick W. Boyle, Mrs. Walter G. 


Becker, Miss Johanna L. Bradley, Miss Rose 


176 


Braman, Miss Irene M. Cranford, Frederick L. 


Brennan, James V. Crawtord, Mrs. G. H. 
Brewster, Mrs. Walter Shaw Creamer, William G. 
Bricker, ven M. J. Cruikshank, Russell V. 
Brinsmade, Miss Alice Curnow, Dr. Dorothea 
Britton, Dr. N. L. Curran, Mrs. P. A. 
Brower, Miss [Edith D. Cuthrell, Mrs. Faith B. 
Brown, Mrs. G. Stewart D’Alboro, Dr. John B. 
Brown, Roscoe C. E. Dana, Mrs. Arnold Guyot 
Browning, Dr. William Danicl, Mrs. William W., 
3uckley, Jane T. Dann, James FE 

Burkard, Mrs. Anna Darrigrand, Miss Lucie P. 
Burrell, F. A. M. Dauernheim, A. M. 

Butler, Edward M, Davenport, Mrs. Henry Benedict 


3utterick, Miss Mary EF. Davenport, Mrs. Henry J. 


Cabot, Dr. Irving L. Davidson, Mrs. John 
Cahoone, Richard M. Davis, Jacob 

Calder, Hon. William M. Davis, Mrs. Thomas J., Jr. 
Camp, Miss Caroline D. Davison, Mrs. George Millard 
Campbell, Miss Mary Day, Mrs. Eugene A. 
Canis, Prof. Otto P. M. Decker, Mrs. Charles A. 
Carey, Mrs. Maude B. deComps, Miss Pauline C. 
Carpenter, Mrs. Norman J. deForest, Robert W. 

Cary, Mrs. William H. Delafield, Mrs. John Rk. 
Casamajor, Mrs, Louise J. *Delatour, Dr. H. Beeckman 
thaffee, Mrs. D. Dwight Delchsur, Mrs. Arthur C, 
Chanin, Irwin S. De Silver, Mrs. Albert 
Chapman, Mrs. A. Wright De Voe, Mrs. Franklin M. 
Chardovoyne, Henry 5. De Yoanna, Dr. Gaetano 
*Chauncey, Mrs. George W. Dialogue, Miss Mary E. 
Child, Dr. A. L. Diaz, Miss Florence 
Cisney, Thomas E. Dickey, Miss Annie Louise 
Clark, Dr. Frank H. Dietz, Nicholas 

Clark, Miss Jeannette Diller, Mrs, Frank J. W. 
Clark, Dr. John H. Doane, Albert C. 

Clark, Dr. Raymond Dobson, Harvey O 

Coffin, Mrs. I. Sherwood Doherty, Philip A. 

Cohn, Dr. Michael A. Domon, Mrs. Samuel H. 
Combs, Miss Mary H. Donoho, Mrs. Roger 
Conover, Henry S Donovan, Miss Loretto V. 
Conroy, Miss Ellen J. Doody, Mrs. Gertrude M. 
Contemporary Club, The Douglis, Mrs. Minnie G. 
Cooper, Mrs. Marin Le Brun Dreier, Mrs. H. Edward 
Corcoran, James *Dudley, Perey S. 
Cottrell, Frederick A, Dunean, Mrs. Cameron 


Cowell, Mrs. Thaddeus G. du Pont, Mrs. T. Coleman 


177 


Dusseldorf, Mrs. Louis M. Goddard, Mrs. Eleanor S. 
DuVal, Guy Goetze, Mrs. C 

DuVal, ve Guy Goldin, Robert 

Dykeman, Mrs. Conrad F. Gonnoud, A. J. 

Earle, Mrs. Wm. P., Jr. Goodfellow, Mrs. M. P. 
Ebinger, Walter D. Goodman, Joseph 

Eccles, Mrs. A. J. Gotimer, Eugene C, 
Eckstein, Harry Graham, Dr. J. C 

Edgars, Norman K. Gray, Robt. L. 

Eilers, Miss Emma Greve, William M. 
*FIdert, Cornelius Griffin, Frank E. 

Eldert, Mrs. Cornelius Gruhn, Otto 

Elhott, Mrs. F. E. Gunnison, Herbert F. 
Elmer, Mrs. Charles W. Gunnison, Mrs. Herbert F. 
Epstein, Miltor Gunther, Wm. H. 

Ericson, Carl O. Guyer, Louis G., Sr. 
Ericsson, Miss H. Wilhelmina Haack, Karl F. O. 

Etzel, Mrs. Mary M. ous Crowell 
Fairbanks, Maria B., Haeslop, as. Henry M. 
Fairchild, B. T. Hahn, Mrs 

Feldman, Herbert Halperin, Nathan 
Felzmann, Ernest F. Halstead, Mrs. J. Morton 
*Ferguson, William C. Halstead, Mrs. Kenneth B. 
Fisher, Miss Edna M. Halsted, Mrs. Henry M. 
Flathman, John H. Hamilton, Mrs. a ge S. 
Flushing Garden Club, Ine. - anan, Mrs. H. 

Fogel, Louis E. Hanks, Lenda a 

Ford, Mrs. Alva B. Hanson, George C 

Foster, Miss A. M. Hardie, Dr. George R. 
Franck, Miss Esther Hareitt, Dr. Ct 

Friedman, Nathan Harrison, Miss Katharine I, 
Fuchs, Miss Louise Harrisson, Mrs. Stephen M. 
Gallagher, J. J. Hart, Miss Fanchon 

Gans, Marion §S, Hart, Miss Lauribel 
Germain, L Hasenflug eae 

Gerwin, Mrs. Sarah Havens oe eRe 
Getrea, Miss Adele K. Hawes, eee 
Gibson, Mrs. Henry S. Haynes, ae ne 
Gibleski, Stanley Hearns, Mrs. Frank T. 
Gilas, Anthony Heath, Royal 

Gill, Miss Emma Hecht, Milton 
Gillingham, James L. Hechtman, Dr. A. 

Girls’ High School Heffley, Norman P, 
Gladding, Walter M. Heissenbuttel, Mrs. Wm. F. 
Glassman, Miss Meriam A. Heller, Dr. Jacob 


Gload, Mrs. Elizabeth Hetkin, Henry 


Heyson, Mrs. Maude 
Higgins, Dr. Alice K. 
Higeins, Tracy 

* Hall, Lester W. 

Tlills, Mrs. James M. 
Hills, Mrs. _John 


Hirsch, Dr. John 
Hirschberg, Benjamin 
Hirschberg, Mrs. Samuel 
Hoffmann, Mrs. George J. 
Hogg, Miss Elizabeth 


+ 


Hollenback, Miss Amelia B. 


Hollwegs, Miss Katherine 
Holmes, Miss Grace L. 
Hoogland, John W. 
Hooker, Mrs. Samuel C. 
Hooker, Dr. Samuel C. 
Howe, Mrs. Arthur M. 
Hubbard, Miss Harriet F. 
Huber, Joseph 
Hughes, Mrs. Mary 
*Full, Mrs. Charles A. 
Hume, Mrs. Henry M. 
Hume, Mrs. Russell S. 
Hurley, Dr. Walter E. 
Hutton, Miss Sarah F. 
Ingersoll, Mrs. R. V. 
Ingraham, Miss Grace 
Ingraham, Henry A. 
Scale Miss Mary A. 
Ingraham, Dr. Ruth 
Irish, Will iam S. 
Irwin, Mrs. Henry, Jr. 
Jackson, Edward 
Jadwin, Mrs. Palmer H. 
Jaffe, Mrs. Moses 


James, Mrs. Darwin R., Jr. 


James, Mrs. Warner 


Jameson, Mrs. A. Stedman 
Jansen, Miss Dora 
Jantzer, George E. 

eck, Mrs. IXatherina 
Jennings, Miss Annie B. 
Jennings, Dr. Frank D. 


178 


Jewell, John V. 

Jewett, Dr. William A. 
Johanns, Mrs. Frederick L. 
Johns, Mrs. Edward B. 
Johnson, Mrs. David C. 
Johnson, Mrs. Edythe G. 


Jones, Miss Helen Swift 
Jones, Mrs. Jane Bates 
Tones, Mrs. Mabel G. 

Jones, Mrs. Richard W 
Jones, Mrs. Wallace Thaxter 
Judd, Mrs. Orin R. 

Kant, cs H. 

Kasper, Dr. Gerard 

ke are Dr. Abbott A. 
Kay, Miss Lillian S. 
Keating, a Margaret R. 
Kendall, Mrs. George M. 
Kennedy, Mrs. Sinclair 
Kershner, M. Michael 
Keyes, Dr, James 

Kirk’s School, Miss 
Kirschenbaum, Miss Pauline 
Kiss, 
*Klein, Nat 

Klempner, Mrs. Ida 

Kolb, William D. A. 
Kovaleff, Miss Augusta 
Krakow, Mrs. Marie M. 
Kramer, Dr. Howard 
Krapf, George J. 

Kuffler, Mrs. A. 

Kurtz, Het 

Lachicotte, Rs Walter Betts 
sta Bruce Stewart 
Lafrentz, F. W. 
ae Miss Bertha 
Lane, Miss Ella M. 
Lanes, Dr. Abraham H. 
Lang, Frank T. 
Langdon, Palmer H. 
Lanman, D. 


Lathrop, ia oe H. 
Latson, Alm 


Lawton, Alfred C 

Learey, Mrs. Arthur R. 

Lehrenkrauss, Julius 

Leonhardt, Dr 

Lester, Mrs. Maxwell 

Levin, Philip 

Levingson, Isaac 

Lewis, Dr. M. T. 

Lifland, Miss Florence J. 

Lindsay, Miss Adele G. 
ipper, Aaron 

Litchfield, Miss Cornelia 

Littlejohn, Mrs. Thomas B. 

Lloyd, Mrs. R. I. 

Lloyd, Mrs. T. Mortimer 

Loines, Mrs. Stephen 

Louria, Dr. Henry W. 

Love, John H 

Low, Josiah O. 

Low, Mrs. Walter Carroll 

Lucia, Dr. William A. 

Lyman, Frank 

Lyons, Edward 

MacCulley, Miss Minnie 


MacLenathen, Mrs. Harrison W. 


Macon, Mrs. W. W. 
Magnusson, Mrs. Edward 


Mangel, Walter 

Manley, Dr. Mark 
Manville, Mrs. H. Edward 
Margulies, a 

Mark, Jac 

Marks, i Alexander D. 
Marsh, Miss Mabel R. 
Marshall, Mrs. William W. 
Martin, Mrs. Delmer Duncan 
Matschat, Mrs. L. 
Matthews, Mee Benlan F, 
Max, Louis 

Maxwell, Mrs. Earl C. 
Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P. 


179 


McCarthy, Edward Joseph 
McConnell, Miss Margaret E. 
McCormick, John, Jr. 
McDermott, Mrs. Arthur 
McDonald, Dr. Milo F. 
McKelway, Mrs. St. Clair 
McKensie, Mrs. Andrew C. 

s 


McNeill, Malcolm, Sr. 
Mead, D. Irving 

Meeker, Snirel M. 
Mellucci, Angelo 

Mercelis, Mrs. Edo E. 
*Merovitz, Harry P. 
Merovitz, Mrs. Harry P. 
Merritt, Miss Lilla H, 
Messeberg, G. 

Meyenborg, Miss Evelyn A. 
Meyer, Mrs. Aida M 
Mitres, G. 

Moffat, Mrs. F. D. 
Mooney, James A. 
Morgan, Miss Charlotte E. 
Morse, Miss Alice L 
Moult, Mrs. John F, 
Muller, Adolf 

Munger, Van Vechten 
Munkenbeck, Earl T 
Munson, Mies Katherine F, 
Murchie, Wilfred E. 
Nathan, Sigurd 

Needham, Henry C. 
Nellis, Dr. Frank G. 
Nesmith, Miss Charlotte 


Newbold, Frederick R. 
Newman, Miss Louise M. 
Nezold, Max 

North, Nelson L. 
Nowack, Miss Bessie 
a: Mrs. Henry F. 
Noyes, Mrs. Jessie Cooke 
Nurick, Miss Helen D. 


Ohly, Dr. John H. 


Ott, Mrs. Louis 
*Ovineton, Charles Ix. 
eirecine Mrs. Charles Ix. 
affard, Dr. I. C. 
- ie Mrs. Clinton B. 
Parrish, Dr. John W. 
Parshelsky, Moses L. 

Parsons, Miss Bertha R. 
Parsons, Frank H. 
Pasternack, Mrs. ae 
Pearson, Mrs. Charles 
Peck, Mrs. Bayard L. 


Peck, Fremont € 


Peckham, Mrs. Wheeler H, 


*Peirson, Mrs. William B. 


Perr 
one ve m. Sterling 


Pfeif fer, ee. W illiam C. 
Pierrepont, Miss Anna J, 
Pierrepont, Miss Julia J. 
Pinkerton, Mrs. Robert A. 
Platt, Miss E. L. 

Platt, Mrs. Willard H. 
Plump, eet June H, 
Pond, Miss Pearl F. 
Pond, W ee lee 
Popper, Mrs. William C. 
Post, Mrs. James H. 
Post, Miss Jessie W 
Potter, Mrs. R. Burnside 
Pratt, Abram J. 

Pratt, Frederic B. 

Pratt, oe I. 

Pratt, Mrs. K. Sloan 
Pratt, Mrs. aug irdson 


pu 


Prince, Henry Starr 
*Prince, J. Lloyd 


180 


Prosser, Mrs. Alfred L. 
Prosser, Miss Ella W. 
Provost, Miss Eva M. 
Public me Brooklyn 
Purdie, Miss B. $ 
Purdy, Miss ae H. 
Rafferty, Miss Margaret M. 
Raftery, Miss Clara 
Raiman, Mrs. Robert I. 
Randall, Arthur E, 
Randall, Mrs. H. S. 
Redfield, Hon. William C. 
Reed, Mrs. George M 
Reinhardt, Mrs, Charles 
Rentrop, Mrs. Bernard 
Rhoades, Mrs. Lyman 
Richardson, William C. 
Righter, Miss Jessie A 
Ris, Mrs. Bernard 
Roberts, Miss Marion L. 
Rodman, Wilham A 
Romanovsky, Dimitry 
Rosati, Dr. Vincent F. 


Rowe, Mrs. Frederick W. 

Sea Dr. Jacques C. 
. Miss Harriet L. 

Ryerson, aa ilham F, 

Rynd, Ge Bs 

Salamone, Charles 

Salsberg, Dr. Philip L. 

Salt, Mrs. A 
Sartori, Tosegh | 
Satterlee, Mrs, Herbert i 


Schiller, Miss Frances 
Schlein, Dr. Julius 
Schlossberg, 
Schneirow, Simon 
Schreiber, Chi irles W. 


Scott, Mrs. S. M. 
Seaman, Miss Mary T. 


181 


Sellner, Mrs, A. A, Strong, Dr. L. V 

Shapiro, Michael Sullivan, Miss Bessie 
Shaw, Mrs. Aubrey N. *Swahn, Mrs. Fanny D. 
Shaw, Mrs. Frank S. Sweedler, Nathan 

Shaw, Robt. Alfred Sweeton, Miss Hannah M, 
Shay, Dr. James J. Szerlip, Sidney 

Shelton, Stephen L. Taber, Mrs. D. Shearman 
Shepard, Charles S. Talmage, Mrs. John F, 
Shevlin, Mrs. George C. Taylor, James W. 

Siebert, Mrs. William Taylor, Miss Venetia C. 
Simpson, Miss Etta Thayer, Mrs. John Van Buren 
Simpson, Mrs. T. A. Thirkield, Mrs. Gilbert H 
Simrell, Dr. George W. Thomas, Mrs. O. W. 
Slee, John B. Thommen, Dr. August A. 
Sloan, Mrs. Matthew S. Thompson, William Boy ce 
*Smiley, Daniel Thomson, Mrs 

Smith, Mrs. Annie Morrill Tiebout, @errcie ek, Jr 
Smith, B. Herbert Tiebout, Mrs. Ralph H. 
Smith, Miss Bertha H. Tilley, Dr. R. McFarlane 
Smith, G. Foster Trenchard, Henry 

Smith, George W, Trismen, Frederick 

Smith, James A. Trowbridge, Miss Cornelia B. 
Snyder, Dr. Wm. I Truman, Miss Nellie S 
Soment Mrs. fie IL Tyler, Mrs. Walter L. 
Somers, Arthur S. Tyrrell, Dr. G. W. 
Somers, Dr. James A. Ughetta, Miss ee 
Southard, Miss Edith Brett Uhdal, John 

Sparrow, Robert G. Utter, Miss aoe 
Spring, Miss M. Louise Vail, Harry C 

ue Dr. J. A. Valentine, Stephen 

Staber, Maud J. Van Brunt, Jeremiah R. 
SeniLy Mrs. A. W. Van Norden, Mrs. Mary 
Stasek, ae Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian 
Steen, Charles Van Sinderen, Adrian 
Steeves, ane ce leds Van Sinderen, Henry B. 
eee Mei Van Vleck, Miss Clara 
teinbrucker, Gure W. Varin, Miss Dora N. 

et agen, Fred L. Veatch, Mrs. A. C. 

: Dr. Bernard Vernes, Mrs. S. M, 
Stevenson, Charles G. Vernon, Paul F. 

Stewart, Miss E. Grace Me Campe, Mrs. Edward 
Stewart, Mrs. John Wood Zon Lehn, Mrs. Richard 
Stewart, Mrs. Seth Thaver 7 aldes, Mrs. Ic 

Strack, Dr. Gustave Walsh, James ie 

Straus, Hugh Grant Walton, Mrs. John J. 


Street, Mrs. Herman E. Wardell, Mrs. Tylee W, 


182 


Wark, Charles F. 

Warren, William H. 
Waters, Mrs. W. H. 
Wayman, Robert 

Weaver, Mrs. Susan 
Weber, Louis 

Weck, Mrs. Edward 
Weeth, Dr. Charles R. 
Weinberg, Henry 

Weld, Francis M. 

Wells, Mrs. Walter F. 
Wemyss, Frederick S. 
Wenzel, Fred. 

Werner, Mrs. Frederick J. 
Whitaker, Mrs. Blanche F. 
White, Mrs. Anna Kk. 
White Memorial Foundation 
Wikander, Miss Elin 
Willard, George N 


SUMMARY OF 


ors 
Permanent Members 
Life Members 
Through the Botanic Garden 


Through Other Departments .... 


Sustaining Members 
hrough the Botanic Garden 
Through Other Departments 


Annual Members 


Williams, Mrs. John O. 
William 

Winey, te : 

Wing, Benjamin 

Wing, Miss Beulah A. 
Wittmer, Mrs. Mary 
Wolfe, Mrs. Christian F. 
Wolfe, Dr. Samuel A. 
Wolfer, Dr. Henry 
Wood, Dr. Thomas B. 
Woodruff, Miss Helen G. 
Woodward, Miss Mary Blackburne 
Yeaton, Mrs. Ralph C. 
Young, Mrs. Charles T. 
Young, Mrs. Richard, Jr. 


dae. Chas les F. 


MEMBERSHIP 


toes and idosi gy fuatedndaueteceiava assests 2 6 
sot oyetea ara avgtatiwsealesseda ae aniaue oantesae 16 
BAF dbo ik dancin eaten nena 34 
Acttin di te qretnnlandnseacas falattn tea ae 90 
Pt cet as Ragan db apes tal’ auras 20 

bdt eahGun de doee 4 dea a muna een ee 
da ete Gg bark Aadeneiaeeateeanaes 44. 68 


183 


Cue Ose ANG rea RD EN AON Glas 


Tue Brooxtyn Botanic GARDEN, established in 1gto, is a De- 
partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is 
supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by 
private funds, including income from endowment, membership 
dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City 1s 
bon the Department of Parks. 

The City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds, 
keeps them in repair, and in- 


ea 


lights, and heats the buildings, anc 
cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of 
maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings 
(about $300,000) and of other permanent improvements (about 
$253,00) has been met from private funds. 

Appointments to all positions are made by the director of the 
Garden, with the approval of the Botanic Garden Governing Com- 
mittee, and all authorized expenditures for maintenance are made 
in the name of the private organization, from funds advanced by 
the Institute, which, in turn, is reimbursed from time to time by 
the City, within the limits, and according to the terms of the 
annual appropriation. 

All plants have been purchased with private funds since the 
Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the 
practice of the Garden to purchase all books for the hbrary, all 
specimens for the herbarium, all lantern slides, and numerous 
other items, and to pay certain salaries, with private funds. 

The urgent needs of the Garden for private funds for all pur- 
poses. are more than twice as great as the present income from 
endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. The di- 
rector of the Garden will be glad to give full information as to 
possible uses of such funds to any who may be interested. 


* A written Argeement, dated August 17, 1914, between the City of New 
York and the Institute, touching the Botanic Garden, published in full in 
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, for April, 1915, amends the agree- 
ment of September 9, 1912, which amends the original agreement of Sep- 
yer 28, 1990, poneneae in the Record for January, 


tem 


184 


INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP 


The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in 
three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2. 
The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. 

Any of the following seven classes of membership may be taken 


out through the Botanic Garden: 


ty Ptah) WEE 42 ee ah oe ae yeas $ 10 
S USNs Meer ochecdctedazaxee 25 
oe Ag PORNO ee tuba ace eee Sale 500 
4. Permanent member ................ 2,500 
fs OO. ois Pea ap aes se ee 10,000 
CO; Oe: getheen eee eos 25,000 
7 WONCTICIOr 24.5 25008 5a6e-ee0 ee nee cen 100,000 


Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in 
Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to seven 
carries full privileges in Departments one to three. 

In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic 
Garden for public service through codperating in its development, 
ping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge 


and he 
and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to 
afford additional and much needed educational advantages in 
srooklyn and Greater New York, members may also enjoy the 


privileges indicated on the following page. 

Further information concerning membership may be had by 
addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, 
N. Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone, 


6173 Prospect. 


185 


PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP 


I*ree adnussion to the buildings and grounds at all times. 


if 

2. Cards of admission for self and friends to all exhibitions and 
openings preceding the admission of the general public, and 
to receptions. 

3. Services of docent (by appointment), for self and party, when 
visiting the Garden. 

4. Admission of member and his or her immediate family to all 
lectures, classes, field trips, and other scientific meetings 
under Garden auspices, at the Garden or elsewhere. 

5. Invitations to spring and fall ‘* Flower Days.” 

6. Special lectures and classes for the children of members. 

7. Copies of Garden publications, as follows: 

Record. 

b. Guides. 
Leaflets. 

d. Contributions. 

8. Frequent Announcement Cards concerning plants in flower 
and other exhibits. 

g. Privileges of the Library and Herbarium. 
- of plants, indoors and 


10. expert advice on the choice and care 
out, on planting the home grounds, the care of lawns, and 
the treatment of plants affected by insect and fungous 


pests. 
1. Identification of botanical specimens. 
(2. Participation in the periodical distribution of duplicate plant 
in accordance with special! announce- 


— 


material and seeds, 
ments sent to members from time to time. 


186 


FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC 
GARDEN 


Form of Bequest for General Purposes 
I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts 
and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, the in- 


come from which said sum to be used for ae educational and suieniae work 
of the Brooklyn Botanic Garde 


is 


Form of Bequest for a Curatorship 


I hereby give, devise, and es ria to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts 
nd Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum 


— 
= 


yn ollars, as an 
ier ment for a curatorship in the eee Botanic Garden, the income 
from which sum to be used each year towards the payment of the salary 
ofa ator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may be 
ee oe name of the donor or other person) curatorship. 


Form of Bequest for a Fellowship 
I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts 
and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, the income 
from which sum to be used in the payment of a en He advanced 
botanical investigation in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the 


gett ce cA sata ae, eatin se wade ata hn he estan ahora fellowship. 


Form of Bequest for other particular purposes 
designated by the testator 
I hereby give, ne and bequeath to The Brooklyn ar sa of Arts 


and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. ollars, to be used 


(or the income pene Ww ane to be used) for the Brooklyn pene Garden * 


* The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment 
is needed. 


Botanical resea 
2. Publishing the ne of botanical investigations. 
3. Popular botanical Hs ene 
re endowment of a lectureship, or a lecture course. 
_ Botanical at eke for publications and lectures. 
e purchase and collecting of plants 


the e purchase of publications for the hbr 
. Extending and enriching our work of public eduction 


The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences 


OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


Honorary PRESIDENT 
FRANK L. BABBOTT 


ENT 
EDWARD C. BLUM 
First VIcE-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT 
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM A. PUTNAM * 


p VicE-PRESIDENT 


ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN 


TREASURER SECRETARY 
Gah eS PERS SMEPE JOHN H. DENBIGH 


BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE 
MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman 


EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM 
MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY WILLIAM T. HUNTER 
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ALFRED W. JENKINS 
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD 
MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM 


EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD 
THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN 
THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN 


GENERAL INFORMATION 


Membersuip.—All persons who are interested in the objects Ve maintenance 
of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are eligible to membership. Members enjoy 
special privileges. Annual Mem bership, $10 yearly; Sustaining Membership, $25 
yearly; Life Membership, $500. information concerning membership may 
be had by addressing The Director, Sean Botanic earn Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Telephone, ous Prospect. 
T NIC GARDEN is open see | to the public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; 
on See. aid Holidays open at Io 
ENntTRANCES.—On Flatbush eee near Empire Boulevard (Malbone Street), 
and near Mt Prospect Reservcir; on Wa shington Avenue, south of Eastern Park- 
way ae near Empire Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum 
Buildin, 
ae eet entrance to the Laboratory Building is at 1000 Washington Avenue, 
opposite Montgomery Street. 
Tt Mempers and others in studying the collections the services of a 


arden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. rrangements mus 
be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction at least one week in 
advance. Nie parties of less than six adults will be conducte 
To REACH THE GARDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) Subway to Prospect Park 
Station; Interborough Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station 
se bu sh au venue trolley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street, 
s Avenue trolleys to Washington Avenue : St. John’s Place trolley to 
Siedine Dae and Washington Avenue; Union Street or Vanderbilt Avenue 
trolleys to Prospect Park Eva and Union Street. 


* Resigned December 11, 1930, to take effect May 14, 1931. 


PUBLICATIONS 
OF THE 
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 


ORD. Established, A ERUALY, 1912, An administrative periodical issued 
quater (1912-1928) ; ae nthly beginning with 1929. Contains, among other 
things, the Annual Report of ‘the director and heads of departments, eae reports, 
Revie icetnent s of bees of instruction, seed list, ye miscellaneous papers 
and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Fre members of the Gar den, 
To others $1.50 a year, 25 cents a number. Cirsnlatectl in oa countries. 

RS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly. Circulates in 
47 countries. 

Volume I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at 
the dedication of the a AOY building and plant houses, April I9g-21, 1917. 
521 pages. Price $3.50, plus p 

Il. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of 
Montauk: ae study of Mies eae ila forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 
108 pages. Price $1.00, plus post 

Volume III. Vegetation of Sareunt Desert Island, Maine, and its environ- 
ment. By Saaee rington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. I51 pages. 
Price $1.60. 

CONTRIBUTIONS. edie April 1, 1911. Papers originally published 
in periodicals, reissued as ‘ separates,” without ge of paging, and numbere 
pe eobaly, This series solide occasional=papers, as well as those embodying 
the results i research done at the Garden, or ‘by members of its staff or students. 

dente: -five appears eats one volume. Price 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume. 
Circulates in 34 c 

55: Piiisiotogts + races of bunt of wheat. 14 pages. 

. The inheritance of resistance of oat hybrids to Tobie and covered sinut. 
48 pages. 

57. New physiologic races of oat smuts. 22 pages 

58. A new method of producing and detecting Coie sees I2 pages. 


LEAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Sema weekly or biweekly 
during April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of the Labels 
is primarily to give announcements concerning flowering and other plant activities 
to be seen in the Garden near the date of issue, and to give popular, elementary 
information about plant life for teachers and others. se to Paibers of the 
Garden. To gies fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. Circu- 
lates in 28 cou 

GUID ae callscriegss ey ee grounds. Pe based upon cost 
of publication. “ss a num She ay . ge 

Guide No. The ne our cle ge corn. Illustrated. 
Published, Dawes a "(Brooklyn 1 Bot ec fee 186: 283-307.) Price, 
25 cents. 

Guide No. 4. The Japanese Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Ii- 
lustrated. Published, July, 1930. (Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record, 194: 197-234.) 
Price, 25 cents. 

SEED LIST. realest arn) Established, December, 1914. Since 1925 
issued each year in the January number of the Recorp. Circulation includes 143 
botanic gardens and ieetieationss located a 42 countries 

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Established January, 1914. Pub- 
lished, in codperation with the Boranicat Socr or AMERICA, monthly, except 
during August and September. Subscription, "$100 a year. Circulates in 48 
countries. 

ECOLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation 
with the he Socrety oF AMERICA. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates 
in 48 co 

GEN rice. Established, January, 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a 
year. Circulates in 37 countries. 


pO ee a 


KLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD 


MAY, 1931 NO. 3 


\___ BROOKLYN“ BOTANIC"GARDEN- 


GUIDE, NOw5.. 


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PUBLISHED QUARTERLY 
AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS, LANCASTER, PA, 
BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 
BROOKLYN, N. ¥ 


Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912 


BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 
Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers 


SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL 
The Staff 
(er sear GAGER, Ph.D., Se.D., Pd.D., Director 
CALVIN W. FOSS, B.L., Libratenn 
oNteGs FREE, Horticulturist 
ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction 
ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de l’Université (Paris), Curator of Plants 
GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant Pathology 
ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S., Curator of Elementary Instruction 
HENRY KNUTE SVENSON, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Plants 


Other Officers 
MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and 
Floral Ar 


HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect 
RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator 


MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., Acting Assistant Curator 
of Elementary Instruction 
HELEN D. JENKINS, A.B., Instructor 
ELIZABETH MARCY, A.B., Research Assistant 
CES M. MINER, A.B., Instructor 
ESTER M. RUSK, A.M., Instructor 
L. GORDON UTTER, B.S., M.S., Research Assistant 


BELLE H. BURR, A.B., Curatorial Assistant 

EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, Library Assistant 
MAUD H. PURDY, Curatorial Assistant 
MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistant 


LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer 


ADMINISTRATIVE 
DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and Accountant 
MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretary 
NORMA STOFFEL BANTA, Office Assistant 


ieegor yt HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to the Director 


aco bt) Be agian and Custodian 
ery H. DURKIN, Membership Secretary 


LAURA M. poe yee ee 
PAULINE S. LEHMAN, , Stenographer 
L. CONSTANCE PURVIS, aa Stenographer 

HILDA VILKOMERSON, Gienogmaaher 

EVELYN M. WILLIAMS, Stenographer 


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« Garden. East side. View facing northeast. /beris sempervirens and Statice Armeria 
(6495) 


Fic. 1. Roe 


BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD 


VOL, XX MAY, 193! NO. 3 


THE ROCK GARDEN 
OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN! 
By Montacur FREE 


Rock gardening is a branch of ornamental horticulture that has 
Jong been popular in Europe, more especially in the British Isles. 
Of late years it has made rapid strides in the favor of garden 
lovers in North America. 

The Rock Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was con- 
structed in the spring of 1916. It is believed that this was the 
first rock garden of any considerable size to be constructed in a 
public garden or park in the United States. The rocks used in 
its construction are, for the most part, glacial boulders which 
were uncovered in the course of grading operations on other 
parts of the grounds. These boulders are very unprepossessing 
material for the construction of a rock garden, their rounded con- 
tours almost prohibiting any natural and artistic effects from 
being obtained. Their hard, impervious surfaces are far from 
ideal from the standpoint of the cultural requirements of the 
alpine plants, which revel in rocks of a rough, porous nature that 
will hold moisture and to which their roots may cling. In spite 
of these disadvantages, one is cheered by over-hearing visitors 
commenting on the “wildness” and natural appearance of the 
garden. In order to provide quarters for plants that delight in 
rock crevices, a number of the larger boulders were split and the 
fissures filled with suitable soil. The fact that in 1918 over six 
hundred species and varieties were growing in the garden, many 
of them alpines considered very intractable in this part of the 
country, is testimony that the difficulties of cultivation have, in 
part, been overcome. The number of species represented today is 


at 


— 


Plant nomenclature in this guide is based, as far as is possible, on 
Hortus, by L. H. Bailey and Ethel Zoe Bailey. The Macmillan Co., 1930. 


187 


188 


almost eight hundred in spite of losses due to vandalism, careless- 
ness on the part of visitors, and lack of adaptability to our condi- 
tions on the part of some of the alpines. 

What is called a “moraine garden” was constructed in 1917 
to care for some of the more capricious alpines. It was made by 
excavating the soil over a small area of the rock garden to a depth 
of eighteen inches or two feet, and replacing it with a mixture of 
three-quarter inch crushed stone, five parts; sand, one part; and 
leaf mould, one part. This sounds like a hungry and unpromising 
mixture for plant culture but it provides perfect drainage, and 
encourages the roots to penetrate deeply where it is cool anc 
moist, a most important point in the cultivation of alpines. I 


_ 
or 


also insures perfect ripening of the top growth, enabling the 
plants better to withstand the vagaries of our winters. Among 
the subjects planted in the moraine are the more difficult species 
of Androsace, Saxifraga, Primula, and Asperula. Their growth 
was so encouraging that in the fall of 1922 a further area was 
excavated, more than trebling the size of the moraine. 

The Rock Garden was further extended in 1921 by construc- 
tion on the east side of the main walk. 

The general idea in making the garden was that of representing 
a boulder-strewn slope. This design, of necessity, was modified 
in places to provide proper cultural conditions as to drainage, depth 
of soil, and shade. The desirability of walks or trails, so that 
visitors might get near enough to the plants to appreciate their 
beauty, was another factor which prevented the idea of a boulder- 
strewn slope being carried out in its entirety. The provision of 
ae plants in a rock garden which 


— 


adequate facilities for viewing t 
is open to the public is always a problem when a naturalistic effect 
is desired. Jf the walks and trails are constructed of rocks similar 
in character to those used in the body of the garden, and made 
without definite boundaries so as to merge into the garden, many 
plants are doomed to destruction by the feet of visitors. 

As it was decided that easy accessibility to the plants was of 
greater importance than maintaining intact the idea of a stony 
slope, our garden is well provided with walks and trails. These 
are made of broken flagstones, laid informally, and, in the case 
of the small trails, with a stepping-stone effect. There is very 


—_— 


Fic. 2. Rock Garden looking north. (2582) 


681 


190 


little excuse for deserting the walks for the purpose of inspecting 
the plants. 

As the rock garden is intended primarily to supply proper cul- 
tural conditions and to display in a suitable setting alpine and 


— 


saxatile plants, it may well be considered as an ecological exhibit. 
With this in mind, the garden was located opposite and adjacent to 
the Ecological Section, in point of fact being a part of and tying 
up with latter feature. The desirability of making the rock 


Fic. 3. Alyssum saxatile, Thymus Serpyllum, Achillea ageratifolia, (3232) 


garden an adjunct to the [cological Section resulted in a general 
easterly exposure which is not considered ideal from the gardening 
standpoint, because of the lack of shade for the plants that object 
to full sunshine. This disadvantage has been overcome by saving 
a few small trees that happened to be on the site and by « disposing 
the larger boulders so that they cast some shade. 

Rock Gardens, as we know them, undoubtedly originated in 
order to provide proper cultural conditions and suitable settings 


Lea 


for the plants of the high mountains. These aristocrats of the 
mountain tops need special treatment in order to enable them to 
thrive under cultivation in lowland regions of the temperate zone 
and this can best be provided in a rock garden. The thing to 
remember in the construction of an alpine and rock garden is that 
the majority of these plants require a soil that is gritty and well 
drained, for most of them resent stagnant water at the roots. In 
making a rock garden, therefore, one should provide perfect 


jan 


drainage and a sandy, porous soil to be used in filling in the 
spaces between the rocks. When a soil of this kind is used, it is 
easy by the addition of crushed limestone, bluestone screenings, 
peat, or humus, as the case may be, to modify the soil in such a 
way as to make it suitable for the more pernickety plants. 

Mr. Clarence Lown, dean of rock gardeners of the United 
States whose recent demise (1931) was a great loss to our horti- 
culture, had great success in growing alpine plants, and in his 
garden at Poughkeepsie had the choicest collection in the country. 
Mr. Lown has said: 

“If ordinary soil is used in the rock garden and no especial 
pains are taken as to drainage, many of these plants will do 
beautifully in the early months and the gardener will be delighted 
with the ease with which they may be grown. But this is some- 
what in the nature of a false triumph and a different story is told 
when real summer comes. The heat is bad enough and if the 
weather be dry, watering is to be done at evening; then the plants 
will be fairly comfortable. But it is when we have a spell of hard 
showers, with heat and humidity that these same plants suffer. 
The ground remains soaked around the crown and the leaves do 
not dry off quickly enough and the result is the damping of some 
choice plants. The porous soil advised will in great measure 
prevent this by giving quick drainage. 

“ A great many of the plants suitable for growing in rockeries 
will not require any special soil mixture, but all or nearly all will 
grow well in it and, to assure better success, it is advised that the 
soil mixture be approximately as follows: 

3 parts good loam from rotted sods, 1 part sharp sand. 
2 parts humus. I use swamp muck that has been exposed to 
weather for two years and become fine. When freshly 


Fre. 4. Rock Garden in fall, vi 


ew facing 


northwest. 


Flagstone trail interplanted with Masus reptans. 


2585) 


col 


193 


dug, it is lumpy and sour. Wood soil would probably be 
better but that would be hard to get in sufficient quantity. 
2 parts crushed stone, such as is used for finishing roads, or fine 
eravel. 
Y2 part crushed limestone or old mortar; as most rock plants like 
lime or do not object to it. 


‘This mixture should be not less than 14 inches deep, the 
deeper the better. This makes a porous soil giving quick drain- 
age, and enabling the plant to root more deeply than it would in 
a stiffer soil, and so withstanding drought better. The stone in 
it aids in keeping the soil cool. 

“Do not forget to give a top dressing of crushed stone or fine 
gravel around the plants. This serves to keep the crown from 
getting waterlogged and also keeps the surface of the ground cool. 

“This mixture is as good as any for a foundation soil and 
agrees with most of the plants, but, of course, no one stated mix- 
ture can be expected to serve for all. Some, the Encrusted Saxi- 
fragas, for example, like much more grit; and some like more 
humus, ssusonllhy any that grow naturally in woods or partly 
shaded places.” 

The purpose the rocks serve in a rock garden is that of giving 
shelter, conserving moisture by preventing evaporation from the 
surface, and helping to keep the ground cool. 

In placing the rocks one can be guided by the views of those 
who assume that the plants which the rock garden contains are 
all important and that the arrangement of rocks is of little con- 
sequence, except in so far as it contributes towards the well-being 
of the plants; or, one may take the point of view, which is 
perhaps the better one, that the arrangement of the rocks should 
be as natural, as pleasing, and as artistic as possible, consistent 
with providing suitable accommodations for the plants that the 
garden is to contain. Anyone contemplating the construction of 
a rock garden would be well advised to study rock arrangement 
as it occurs in Nature and be guided, in part at least, by Nature’s 
methods. 

It is desirable that the finished product should in itself look 
natural, and essential that it be in harmonious relation with its 
surroundings. 


io 
* 


194 


(6110) 


ifter an ice storm. 


arden < 


Ic 


Rock ¢ 


a 


Fic. 


195 


lhe forms that rock gardens take are, like Cleopatra, of “ in- 
finite variety.” They range from the many “ pocketed” con- 
struction, designed to accommodate a large collection of alpines, 


= ee = Sean me BES . c t. 
to the “moorland” garden consisting merely of an outcrop of 


rocks furnished with a few species, only, of heaths and similar 
plants. 


1G. 6. Alpines planted in bowl for table decoration—Maszus reptans, 
Androsace carnea var. brigantiaca, Primula acaulis var. The tall primrose 
in the rear is Primula Kewensis which is not hardy. (5082). 


| aay 


To the best of my recollection every book that I have reac 
dealing with rock gardens, every article on rock garden con- 
struction, and every nurseryman’s catalog that gives hints on 
rock garden making, is insistent that the rocks should be so placed 
that rain is conducted towards the roots of the plants. In other 
words, don’t place the rocks as though you were laying shingles 
on a roof, but tilt them so that the water is conducted towards 


196 


the soil of the rock garden. In the case of almost vertical con- 
struction avoid overhanging rocks, but instead build with a batter, 
recessing the rocks slightly as you build, taking care that the upper 
surface of each stone slopes down and inward. 

When stratified rocks are used, it is desirable so to place them 
that the lines of stratification are uniform throughout, though not 
necessarily horizontal. It is true that in nature one often finds 
the stratification considerably confused and jumbled due to geo- 
logic upheavals, but is is difficult to make such a style of construc- 
tion look convineing in an artificial rock garden. 

One of the most satisfactory kinds of rock gardens is that made 
in the form of a winding ravine. A garden constructed on these 
lines gives every lesideratum when dealing with diff- 
cult plants. A very good illustration of this type is to be found 
in the Hanbury Garden at Brockhurst in Sussex, England. 
Here a large part of the garden was made by excavating in sand- 
stone rock, thus forming a deep ravine with almost vertical sides, 
the crevices in the rocks afterwards being filled with suitable soil 
and planted. The rock obtained in excavating was used to extend 
the garden. 

Of an entirely different type is the rock garden at Friar Park, 
Ilenley-on-Thames, the country estate of the late Sir Frank 
Crisp. This is one of the largest and most pretentious rock 


gardens in existence covering, as it does, several acres of ground. 
Over 7,000 tons of rock were used in its construction and many 
of the pieces weigh up to 12 tons. This garden is of the mound 
type and a feature in it is a replica, made to scale, of the peak of 
the Matterhorn. 


an 


Other developments of the rock garden idea in gardens may 
be seen exemplified in the garden of Childerly Hall in Cambridge- 
shire, England, where tere | is a pleasing rock arrangement of the 
flat type, the planting associated with it being of the herbaceous 
perennial order, as well as the plants that one usually associates 
with the rock garden. 

The late Reginald A. Malby constructed a fascinating and 
unique rock garden in his London back yard on a plot of 30 X 70 


feet. This garden is unique in that the “ rocks”? used are pieces 


of concrete obtained from a demolished road. These irregular 


Fic. 7. Alberta Dwarf Spruce (Picea glauca var. conica, sometimes sold erroneously as P. Albertiana) and 


Campanula rotundifolia var. Hostii. (6346) 


Z61 


198 


lumps of concrete were treated with an iron salt to soften their 
harsh and forbidding color. On this small area, Mr. Malby, 
addition to growing a respectable collection of alpines, had a pool 
and a bog garden. A full account of this interesting garden may 
be found in The Story of My Rock Garden, by Reginald A. 
Malby 

Mr. Clarence Lown, at Poughkeepsie, created a rock garden 
of which any country might be proud. In his garden, Mr. Lown 
did not attempt any pretentious landscape features. The garden 
on the whole consists of flat rocky beds, yet it is charming and 
restful and, as previously mentioned, contains an amazingly good 
collection of alpine and rock plants. 

Mr. and Mrs. Walter Beck have made a delightful and artistic 
rock garden at Millbrook, New York, by adapting a steep slope 
overlooking a lake to the needs of a rock g garden and by construct- 
ing rock work on the upper levels. In this garden, alpine, rock, 
woodland, and bog plants grow in happy profusion. The beauty 
of the garden is further enhanced by the lavish use of water in the 
form of rivulets and pools. This may serve as an example of a 
rock garden partly natural, partly artificial, part of it in the open 
(a necessity, if alpines are to be grown), and part in woodland. 

In many gardens advantage has been taken of natural outcrops 
of rock to construct a rock garden. Such gardens are usually 
the most convincing from a landscape standpoint, though they do 
not always provide the maximum in respect to the cultural re- 
quirements of the rock plants unless considerable tinkering is done 
with a view to providing bigger and deeper “ pockets” for them. 

Alpines and rock plants can be used to good advantage in parts 
of the garden other than the rock garden proper. They are, of 
course, the plants for wall gardening, and are well adapted for 
use in “ pavement planting "—that form of gardening which uses 
plants in the crevices between flagstone walks. The problem of 
a satisfactory dividing line between perennial border and walk 

can often be solved by using rocks and planting between them 
with alpines so that they become partly covered with vegetation. 

This has been done with great success in many gardens and notably 
so at Aldenham House, near London, England, where a gravel 
walk is separated from the border by a device of this nature, thus 


— 


199 


providing an informal and beautiful edging to the perennials. 
In the Brooklyn Botanic Garden rock garden, in which glacial 
J 5 ) d 
boulders are used, the general idea in construction was to simulate 


such a rock-strewn slope as one would be likely to find on a 
terminal moraine, since the Botanic Garden is located on the 
slope of such a moraine. 


What is and what is not admissible to the rock garden in the 
way of plants is always a vexed question. We think of a rock 
garden primarily as a home for alpine and saxatile plants, and, 
in temperate climes, the bulk of its inhabitants should be drawn 
from this source. But not all of the mountain plants are desirable— 
some are nothing but lusty weeds, especially under lowland condi- 
tions—and there are many plants that fit admirably into the rock 
garden picture that would be excluded if measured by the yard- 


200 


stick “alpine and saxatile.” One enthusiast vehemently asserts 
‘that nothing should be grown in the rock garden that can just 
as easily be grown under ordinary garden conditions.” But such 
a definition, if accepted, would eliminate many plants that are 
considered essential in the well-furnished rockery. One thing is 
i acme of foolishness to go to the trouble of con- 
structing a rock garden and then furnish it, as is oftentimes done, 
with such florists’ flowers as geraniums, petunias, and nasturtiums. 
Bearing in mind the fact that bedding plants do not belong in the 
rock garden and remembering that among the chief characteristics 
of alpine plants, which in general do belong, are their dwarfness 
of habit, quality of bloom and brilliancy of color, let us agree with 
the late Reginald Farrer that our conception of acceptable plants 
‘includes everything that will look well in a rock garden.” 

Although many of the alpine plants are difficult of cultivation 
in the lowlands, there is no lack of appropriate material that will 
thrive, if given a reasonable amount of care. 

Amongst the easily grown rock plants one might mention many 
species of Savifraga, a genus that is predominantly alpine and 
saxatile. S. Cotyledon, S. cochlearis, and S. Macnabiana, be- 
longing in the group whose leaves show encrustations of lime, can 
readily be grown by planting them in well-drained soil in which 
there is a liberal mixture of broken limestone. The mossy varie- 
ties of Saxifraga are not difficult provided they are given a well- 
drained, stony soil with plenty of humus. They also appreciate 
a little shade. The surface of the soil about the plants should 
be covered with small stones to prevent evaporation of moisture 


and to keep the ground cool. 

The hardy Pinks never look out of place in a rock garden pro- 
vided that one excludes the florists’ varieties. The most desirable 
of them all is the Glacier Pink (Dianthus neglectus) and the Al- 
pine Pink (Dianthus alpinus). This family contains many other 
excellent rock plants that can be grown with very little trouble, for 
example: Saponaria ocymoides, Gypsophila repens, and several 
species ee Arenaria, Silene, and Cerastwum. 

Of course, everyone who has a rock garden will want to grow 
the Edelweiss, and fortunately this can readily be accomplished 
by providing a well-drained soil, plenty of limestone, and an open 


201 


situation. If one has patience, this interesting plant can be easily 
raised from seed, but one must not expect flower heads the first 
ear. 

The following list of easily grown rock plants, in addition to 
those already mentioned, may be seen at the proper season in our 
Rock Garden: 


Plants Easy to Grow 


Alyssum saxatile (Golden-Tuft), E. Europe. Fls. golden yellow; 1 ft. 
April, May. 
Anemone Pied (Pasque Flower), Europe. Violet fis. covered with 
long silken hairs; 6 in. to 12 in. “il 
AGES canadensis. Neri America, Scarlet and yellow fls.; 1 ft. to 
ft. May 


Aquilegia cerulea (Rocky Mountain Columbine). Blue and white fls.; 1 
o 2 ft. May, June 
Arabis albida fl, pl. Mediterranean region. Double, white fls.; 9 in. 


pril, May. 
Aster ae Europe, Asia, North pe Bright purple, daisy-like 
; Orin) (6-12 in, May... June 
poe in var. Spreading prostrate ss SARTS: Colors rose, lavender, etc., 
May 


Campanula cespitosa. Europe. Pale blue fls.; 4 in. to 6 in, June, July. 

Campanula carpatica. Carpathians. Porcelain blue fis. erect on wiry 
stems; 9 in. July. 

Campanula Us gesen cat Italy. Blue fls., dwarf, spreading by underground 
stems; 4 in. June, July. 

Cerastium fomontosion S. Europe. Creeping species with gray foliage, 


On. Nay: 
expat cer ae Himalayas. Fls. white, red-veined ; creeping habit : 
Lay. 
Ch repens. Europe. Dwarf creeping plant, white fls.; 4 in. May, 


une. 
Helianthenuum monmularium vars. (FT, vulgare) (Rock Rose). (Not re- 
lia yardy north of Philadelphia.) 9 in. to 12 in. Dwarf. ever- 
green shrubs, brilliant fls. during summer. 
Floustoma caerulea. N. Eastern States and Alleghenies. (Bluets. Quaker 
L [ 


Iberis Uinlatem: (Perennial Candytuft) S. Europe. White fls.; 9 in. 
to I May. 

Tris Mie. eee of Virginia and southwards. Dwarf Iris with 
ight ay. 

PEGI alpinum, (Edelweiss.) Whitish floral lvs.; Europe. 4 in. 
to 12 in. May, June 


Fic. 9. Pasque Flower (Anemone Pulsatilla). (5824) 


203 


Fig. 10. Pasque Flower (Anemone Pulsatilla), in fruit. (5825) 


204 


Myosotis alpestris (Alpine Forget-me-not)., Europe, North America. Blue 
with 


yellow throat; 9 in. May. 
Nee rivularis (White-Cup). S. America. White fls. yellow or 
osy throat; 3 in. June, July, August. 
Phlox divaricata. America. Lavender blue fls.; 1 ft. May. 

Phlox subulata vars. FE. N. America. White, pink, ete.; 6 in, May. 
Saponaria ocymoides. Europe. Dwarf creeping habit, rose colored fls.; 
6 in. tog in. May. 
Saxifraga, mossy vars. White, pink fls.; 3 in. to 9 in. 

Sedum, dwarf vars. Various colors; 3 1 i 
empervivum, in var. Reddish and yellow fls.; 6 in. to 12 in. July. 
Silene alpestris. Eastern Alps. White fls.; 4 in. to - in. May, June. 
Silene Schafta. Caucasus. Pink fls., ploains in fall; ) in. 
Statice Armeria var. Laucheana. More brightly color Me than the common 

irift.’ May. (Uusually cataloged by nurserymen as Armerta 
ain var, Laucheana. ) 
Trollius laxus (Globe Flower). N. America. Yellow or orange; 


April, May. 


T ft 0 


2 it. 
Viola cornuta. Blue fis., blooms through summer; 6 in, to 9 in. 


In the following list are some of the plants that have flourished 
in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden without over much coddling. 
They are not too intractable, but require that a little more atten- 
tion be paid to their needs than those mentioned in the preceding 
list. Not all of them are commonly offered in the trade and it 
may be necessary to do considerable searching of catalogs of 
specialists before it is possible to acquire them all. 


Plants Fairly Easy to Grow 


ndrosace lanuginosa. Himalayas. Trailing stems, rosy lilac fls. June- 


nS 
yy 


September. 

Androsace sarmentosa. Himalayas. Strawberry-like runners, pink — fis. 
May. 

Belliwn bellidioides. S. Europe. A miniature English Daisy. 

ee a (C. pulla x carpatica var. turbinata.) Dwarf, dark 
pur 

saci pins Alps. 3 in. Big, rose pink fls. June. Needs much 

hed limestone. 


Draba ee Europe. 3 in. Brilliant yellow fls. Good for a crevice. 


are 
Dryas paoieraa oe Avens). N. Hemisphere. Creeping evergreen 
shrub. Whi s 
Genista silvestris var, | as (dalmatica). 
with yellow fls. June 


Pyrenees, Dwarf spiny shrub 


205 


Gentiana acaulis ears Gentian). Alps. 4 in. Real blue fls. May. 

Geranium argenteum. S, Alps. 6 in. Silvery Ivs., mauve pink fls. July. 
aritty, well- e ained soil. 

Hypericum olympicum., Greece. 6 in. Trailing stems, yellow fls. June- 


uly, 
Lithospermum purpurco-ceruleum. S. W. Europe. Trailing shrub, dark 
blue fls. June. 
Penstemon glaber (Blue Penstemon). N. America. 1 ft, 6 in. Large 
right blue fls. July, August. 
Penstemon rupicola. Rockey Mountains. Very dwarf, rose-crimson. May. 
Polygonum affine apa Knotweed). Himalayas. 1 ft. Prostrate 
growth, red fis. racemes. 
Primula Auricula eens Alps. 6 in. Golden yellow fls. April 
Primula frondosa. Balkans. 4 in. Rosy lilac fls. Needs cool, well-drained 
situation. 
Silene acaulis (Moss Campion). Alps. Arctic Regions. Dwarf mossy tuft 
ith bright pink fls. May. 
Statice (em eria) cespitosa. Spanish Sierras. Tufted, dwarf. Pale pink 
. May, June. 
Statice (Armeria) juncea. Corsica. Tutted, “Gyan sb inksdtis: yevicy. ascat- 
tered fls. to Novembe 
Trollius pumilus (Dwarf Sia Himalayas. 6 in. Bright yellow. 
pril, May. 
Veronica ee (Creeping Speedwell). Corsica. 4% in. Creeping, pale 
blue fls. May. Requires moist cool situation. 
Wahlenbergia Pumilio. Dalmatia. 3 in. Tufted and floriferous,  bell- 
shaped lilac fls. June 


i 


The lists could be greatly extended by the addition of dwarf coni- 
fers, such as: Siebold Arborvitae ( Thuja orientalis var. Sieboldi) ; 
Prostrate Juniper (Juniperus cominunis var. depressa) ; Dwarf 
Hinoki Cypress (Chamecyparis obtusa var. nana); Moss Reti- 
nospora (Chamecyparis pisifera var. squarrosa) ; and the Dwarf 
Alberta ‘Spruce, Picea glauca var. conica (sometimes sold errone- 
ously as P. Albertiana), a very slow growing form (Fig. y) 3 terns 
such as: Ebony Spleenwort (Asplenium platyneur on) ; Maidenhair 
Spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes) ; Wal king-Fern (Campto- 
sorus rhizophyllus) ; Purple Cliffbrake (Pellea air opurpurea) 5 
Common Woodsia (MW oodsia obtusa) ; mountain species of bulbs; 
and many of our own native alpines. 

ne true rock gardener gets his greatest thrill, however, from 
those species that are reluctant to thrive in his climate. To grow 
the more difficult and capricious alpines is indeed one of the most 


— 
Oe 


206 


fascinating features of rock gardening. Connoisseurs get un- 
bounded pleasure from the successful cultivation of such treasures 
as Anemone vernalis, Campanula Allionii, Gentiana verna, Saxi- 
fraga Boydii, Diapensia lapponica, Asperula suberosa, Ramondia 


pyrenaica, Rhododendron lapponicum and others of a similar na- 


ture. Those who have mastered the cultivation of the easily grown 


Fic. 11. Mossy Saxifrages. (2604) 


alpines should try the more difficult subjects. Many helpful hints 
on their cultivation can be obtained from such books as, Adven- 
tures in My Garden and Rock Garden, and Pleasures and Problems 
of a Rock Garden, by Louise Beebe Wilder; The Rock Garden 
Primer, by Archie Thornton; My Rock Garden and The English 
Rock Garden, by Reginald Farrer; Rock Garden and Alpine 
Plants, by Henri Correvon, 


207 


CHRONOLOGICAL GUIDE TO THE ROCK GARDEN OF 
THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 


January 


In 1930, there was something of interest in bloom in the Rock 
Garden during every month of the year. 

In January the pale lilac blossoms of the Palestinian Iris Var- 
fam displayed themselves during the first two weeks. A. cold 
spell necessitated covering until February 20th when flowers again 
were produced, continuing until about the middle of March. 
January usually sees some open flowers on Erica carnea, the Alpine 
Heath. 

February 


During the latter part of February some of the mountain cro- 
cuses begin to bloom—notably Crocus Korolkowi and C. vitellinus. 
Snowdrops also may be expected to exhibit their pale drooping 
blooms along with the cheerful yellow of those of Eranthis hye- 
malis, the Winter Aconite. The kind that we grow in the rock 
garden is . hyemalis var. Tubergeni, which has much larger 
flowers than those of the type. 


March 

In March the bulbous plants are augmented by Narcissus cy- 
clamineus, very distinctive with its completely reflexed perianth ; 
Scilla sibirica, the Siberian Squill; Hyacinthus asureus (very sim- 
ilar to the Grape Hyacinth, M/uscari) ; several species of Iris, and 
quite a few crocuses. 

These bulbous irises coming, as they do, at a time when outdoor 
flowers are scarce, are altogether charming. We grow several 
species in the Rock Garden including /. Histrio, histrioides, Var- 
tant, reticulata, and reticulata var. Krelagei. I. reticulata is, to 
my mind, the best of the easily grown, spring flowering, bulbous 
irises. Its flowers of rich blue-purple and gold have a delightful 
violet fragrance. 


Fic. 1 


2 


Tris pumila 


rarieties. 


(5808 ) 


802 


209 


Many species and varieties of Crocus are now opening their 
flowers to the sun. Amongst them are C. susianus, the Cloth-of- 
Gold Crocus, and C. biflorus, the Scotch Crocus. This genus is 
fairly well represented in our Rock Garden, with twenty-six species 
and varieties of spring crocus and twenty of the autumn blooming 
kinds. 

The non-bulbous plants are represented by Helleborus A 
a dowdy, homely relative of the exquisite “ Christmas Rose” (H. 
niger). The latter, however, has never seemed to appreciate our 
tender care and resolutely refuses to thrive. We, therefore, have 
to fall back on its ugly sister or cousin in order to have the genus 
represented, and this 1s our only, and it must be admitted, some- 
what slight justification for growing H. fawtidus. It is not neces- 
sary to offer apologies for Draba aizoides, which pleases us with 
its bright yellow flowers during this month. Like the ‘“ Christmas 
Rose” it has a host of poor relations which are nothing better than 
pernicious weeds, but it also has many aristocratic connections 
such as D. athoa, bryoides, cuspidata, Dedeana, and Kotschyi, 
which are an ornament to any rock garden. 


April 

Although April finds the rock garden still somewhat bare there 
are enough plants in bloom to give an inkling of the plethora to 
follow. Considerably over fifty species and varieties may be 
expected to display their flowers during this month including, of 
course, some hold-overs, from March. Bulbous plants are still 
much to the fore including Grape Iyacinths (Muscari botryoides 
and varieties, AJ. moschatum, M. elegans, and M. racemosum) ; 
a few tulip species, of which the most notable is Tulipa Kauff- 
manniana, sometimes called the Water-lily Tulip; Narcissus, and 
the Glory-of-the-Snow (Chionodoxa species and varieties). The 
latter are eminently satisfactory rock garden plants. They thrive 
and increase with practically no care, their flowers of various 
shades of blue, with some pink and some white forms, are cheerful 
and welcome, and they lend themselves admirably to association 
with dwarf carpeting plants. Several species and varieties are 
grown, the commonest being C. Lucilie (Tig. 8) 


Spring Adonis 


(Adonis vernalis). 


(5797 


OIZ 


fat 


Narcissus is represented by the charming Angel’s Tears Daffodil 
(N. triandrus), from Spain and Portugal, and the “ Petticoat 
Daffodil” or “ Hoop-Skirt Daffodil” (N. Bulbocodium), South- 
ern France to Morocco. Both of these are on the border line of 
hardiness with us, but they came through last winter very success- 
fully and we are hopeful for the future. 

There is a miniature replica of the trumpet daffodils that may 


in some years be seen in our Rock Garden. This is Narcissus 


minimus which grows only three inches high. Unfortunately, it 
is not very permanent. 

Non-bulbous plants are now beginning to give a better account 
of themselves. The Himalayan Primrose (Primula denticulata) 
produces its lavender flowers in dense globular heads, and various 
forms of the Auricula (?. Auricula) display their umbels of 
sweetly scented blossoms. We envy the English the myriads of 
handsome primroses available for their rock gardens. Correvon 


212 


lists over two hundred species and varieties that are being grown 
in gardens.* ‘Two of our native Bleeding Hearts—Dicentra 
eximia from Western New York and the Mountains of Virginia, 
and Dicentra formosa from the Pacific Coast—come into bloom 
towards the end of the month. They are similar in appearance, 
both having finely divided foliage, with flowers of deep rose in 
eximia and pale rose in formosa. Both species grow well in shade 
and are tolerant of sunshine. There are colonies of these plants, 
from self-sown seed, all over the rock garden. 

Another native, the interesting Mountain Pachysandra (P. 
procumbens) hailing from the mountains of Kentucky, West Vir- 
ginia and southward, is conspicuous on account of its white fila- 
ments protruding from the inconspicuous brownish sepals. This 
species, unlike its popular relative, the Japanese Pachysandra_ so 
widely used as a ground cover, is seldom seen in gardens. Its 
foliage is dull compared to the oriental species, but its early blos- 
soming makes it worth growing in limited quantities. 

The buttercup-like flowers of Trollius lavus, the North Ameri- 
can representative of the Globeflowers, are not so showy as those 
of the European and Asiatic kinds, but the plant is valuable for 
a wet spot in the garden because of its dwarfness and earliness. 

Toward the middle of the month the “ Pasque Flower ” (Anem- 
one Pulsatilla, Fig. 9) is displaying its rich purple flowers with 
their masses of yellow stamens. Each flower is surrounded by 
a lacy ruff of gray-green, hairy bracts. Its achenes with long 
feathery styles (Fig. 10) are much in evidence after the blossoms 
have fallen, and serve to prolong the period of its attractiveness. 
It is widely distributed in Europe and Siberia in both alpine and 
lowland regions, and is quite amenable to cultivation. 
in the same genus, is the 


—_ 


A close relative, formerly considerec 
well-known Hepatica americana with flowers of white, blue, or 
pink. It is a welcome sight when seen in our rocky woodlands 
and is equally acceptable in the rock garden. Hepatica has simple 
lobed leaves and the circle of bracts close to the flower, while 
Anemone has compound or dissected leaves and the circle of bracts 
further down the flower-stalk. 

* Rock Garden and Alpine Plants, by Henri Correvon, The Macmillan 
Co., New York. 1930. 


ah) 


Several members of the Mustard Family are now becoming con- 
spicuous. Draba aizoides, about two inches high, remains in good 
condition and is joined by D. cuspidata, similar but somewhat 
yssum (4. montanum), a very dwarf 


—_— 


larger. ‘The mountain A 
species with hoary leaves and yellow flowers, opens its flowers 
about the 14th and remains in bloom for about six weeks; the 
well-known “ Goldentuft ” (4. savatile, Fig. 3) and its varieties, 


follow closely on the heels of A. montanum. The Goldentuft is 


Fig. 15. Saponaria ocymotdes and Roof Iris (Jris tectorum). (3472) 


very successful in a dry situation, and is one of the best wall- 
garden plants for our climate. The “ Wallcress” (Arabis al- 
bida) usually shows its white flower buds during the second week 
of April and gives a good account of itself until beyond the middle 
of May. Because of its lasting qualities the double flowered form 
of this species is much to be preferred. The deep blue flower- 
spikes of Muscari racemosum and the white candelabra of Arabis 
form a charming combination when these two species are inter- 
planted. Arabis albida, in this country, is usually offered in cata- 


214 


£.@e4 
2% 


é 


€ 
’ 


é 


,* 


* 


* ¢ 


Globe-Flower (Trollius curopeus). (6206) 


European 


16. 


Fic. 


FANG 


logs under the name A. alpina, a different species of not much 
account. rabis aubretioides, a charming dwarf species from 
Asia Minor and Persia, is not very permanent with us, but when 
it does deign to favor us its pink flowers are much admired. 

Several forms of the large leaved saxifrages, referred by some 
authorities to the genus Megasea and by some to Bergenia, dis- 
play their handsome pink flowers about the middle of the month. 
These saxifrages are useful in the large rock garden and would 
be more so were it not that the beauty of their evergreen leaves 
is usually marred by the rigors of our winters. Several species 
and varieties of mossy saxifrages (Fig. tr) are in bloom by April 
20th. In former years these saxifrages did marvellously well in 
Brooklyn but of late, for some unknown reason, we have had 
some difficulty in keeping them alive. 

Other plants that bloom during April include Brunnera macro- 
phylla, better known as Anchusa myosotidiflora, and Omphalodes 
verna, both members of the Borage Family with real blue flowers; 
Epimedium alpinum var. rubrum, and other forms, all good shade 
plants with handsome foliage; Euphorbia Mysinites, a spurge with 
trailing stems and glaucous foliage; and many forms of Jris 


pumila (Vig. 12). 


May (First Half) 


The rock garden is so lavish of bloom during May that many 
worthy plants must, in this brief guide, remain unmentioned. 
The Alpine lorget-me-Not (Myosotis alpestris), of azure blue, is 
at its best during the early part of the month. It should be planted 
where it receives partial shade, and, as it is more or less biennial, 
seeds should be allowed to form so that they may provide seedlings 
to carry on in succeeding years. 

The various forms of Aubricta deltoidea, floriferous dwarfs 
of the Mustard Family, ranging in color from white through pink 
to dark purple, are a disappointment to those who are familiar 
with their long blooming qualities as exhibited in mild climates 
like that of England. But even here they are worthy of inclusion 
in the rock garden although our hot sun causes them quickly to 
pass out of bloom. Our best variety is one received under the 
name of A. deltoidea var. purpurea, 


216 


Others of the Mustard Family that are conspicuous at this time 
are the Perennial Candytuft (Jberis sempervirens), with white 
flowers and evergreen foliage, and a Blister Cress with brilhant 
orange flowers. This last mentioned unfortunate suffers from 
many aliases, being known as Erysimum asperwmn, Chetranthus 
Allionii, Erysimum Allionti, and [. Perofskyanum, while some 


Fic. 17. Japanese Primrose (Primula japonica). (4565) 


authorities maintain that Hrysimum should rightly be called 


-— 


Cheirinia! little later in May the yellow flowers of a variety 
received as [rysimum asperum var. perenne help to brighten up 
the rock garden. 

The first of the Columbines to bloom with us is the glaucous 


ta] 


leaved Aquilegia flabellata var. nana-alba, from Japan. It is 


usually in bloom the first week of May, has white flowers, and is 


27, 


about nine inches high. Closely following it is our Common 
Columbine with flowers of cinnabar red and yellow. This com- 
monly grows wild in rocky places and is thus very appropriate in 
a rock garden. About the same time we expect to see the ex- 
quisite Rocky Mountain Columbine, A. cerulea, with its flowers 
of white and blue, with sometimes a suggestion of yellow. The 
deep blue flowers of the Alpine Columbine (4. alpina), from 
Europe, open in May and continue into June. These four colum- 
bines form an adequate representation of the genus for rock 
garden purposes, the many garden hybrids being more appro- 
priately cared for in the perennial border. 

The Rock Jasmines (Androsace), typical alpine plants, are rep- 
resented during the first week of May by 4. sarmentosa, a species 
with pink flowers in umbels rising about three inches from the 
ground. It comes from the Ilimalayas, and has attractive rosettes 
of grayish foliage produced at the tips of runners. The rarity of 
Androsace in American gardens may be 


by 


educed from the fact 
that the genus is not even mentioned in “ Standardized Plant 
Names.” The saxatile group represented by such species as A. 
helvetica, A. alpina, etc., are very difficult to grow and are seldom 
seen in gardens. The kinds that we have had success with belong 
in another group, which, instead of forming the tight cushions of 
the helvetica series, is inclined to make trailing stems, or runners, 
somewhat after the fashion of the strawberry. Included in this 
group are A. carnea brigantiaca (tufted) (Fig. 6); A. sarmen- 
tosa and its varieties; A. primuloides, similar to the last but later 
in coming into bloom; A. foliosa (end of May), a rather lush 
looking plant from the Himalayas that is not very permanent; and 
A. lanuginosa, which flowers from June onwards. The dainty, 
fragile looking A. lactiflora, which is an annual, springs up from 
self-sown seeds, and its white flowers are charming throughout 
the month of May. 

The Spring Adonis (Adonis vernalis, Fig. 13), with its enor- 
mous, glistening, yellow flowers and refined, much divided foliage, 
is one of the bright spots in the rock garden at this time. It grows 
well in moist soil and is vastly superior to the earlier blooming 
Amur Adonis which looks somewhat carroty, and consequently 
weedy, after it has passed its blooming period. 


218 


Violas of several kinds; varieties of Phlox subulata; Silene 


caroliniana (S. pennsylvanica) ; mossy saxifrages; Primula Ste- 
boldi; Iris cristata (Vig. 14), from the Mountains of Kentucky, 
Virginia, and the Carolinas; /ris tectorum (Vig. 15), the Roof Iris 
of Japan, in blue and white forms, Houstonia; Epimedium,; Fritil- 
laria meleagris varieties; and Tulipa chrysantha; are amongst the 
plants in bloom during the first two weeks of May. 


Fra. 18 Saxrifraga Macnabiana in rock cleft. (2605) 


May (Last Half) 


The European and Asiatic Globe Flowers (Trollius, Fig. 16), 
glorified buttercups of moist alpine meadows, are, with the ex- 
ception of such dwarfs as 7. acaulis and T. pumilus, too robust 
for the small rock garden. We grow large patches of 7. astaticus 
and T. curopeaus in a low moist place where their yellow flowers 
form a pleasing contrast with the blue of Veronica Teucrium, 
planted nearby. 


Ze, 


There are many charming “ Speedwells” (Veronica) coming 
along at about this time. Veronica rupestris, raised from seeds, 
gave us a heteromorphic conglomeration of dwarfs not over three 
inches high, which are simply smothered with racemes of flowers 
in shades of pink and blue. 

Veromca pectinata makes a close carpet of gray, woolly foliage. 
There are two forms, one with rose colored flowers, the other 
with blue. IV’. gentianoides has bright green foliage with spires 
of blue flowers about eighteen inches high. V’. repens is a diminu- 
tive creeper with pale blue flowers, barely attaining a height of 
one half an inch. A little shade and moist well-drained soil is 
appreciated by this delightful Speedwell. Others of this genus 
that are worthy of mention are ’. Allionii and V. filiformis, both 
valuable carpeting plants. 

The silvery, and gray leaved Millfoils are good for sunny, dry 
If treated liberally in the matter of 


— 


places in the rock garden. 
soil they grow too lush and pass out during the winter or during 
hot humid spells in the summer. One of: the best of the silvery 
kinds is Achillea ageratifolia var. Aizoon (Anthemis Aizoon), 
European Alps, which displays its heads of white flowers on eight 
inch stems at this time. Another desirable species is A. serbica 
from the Balkan region with gray-green, toothed leaves and 
white flowers. 

Primroses of various kinds are now blooming. Those with 
flowers in whorls are represented by Primula japonica (Fig. 17), 
with leaves which remind one of Romaine lettuce, and flowers 
ranging in color from white to carmine. This is a strong growing 
kind that delights in moisture. Others in this group are P. 
Bulleyana, bright orange, and its hybrids. The Asiatic P. Sie- 
boldi, belonging in the cortusoides section with loose heads of 
flowers on fragile stems, grows well in half-shady places in soil rich 
in humus. There are many garden forms of this species. Then 
we have a number of kinds received under various names that 
have a strong resemblance to the Cowslip (Primula veris). These 
have yellow flowers, in umbels, that possess a faint, delicious 


— 


perfume. 
The Alpine Aster (A. alpinus), of which there are many, many, 
forms is now profusely in bloom. The variety alba is not so 


220 


much, but the purple flowered 


—" 


<inds are excellent—in particular, 
the variety speciosus. 

The saxifrages are now beginning to be more in evidence. By 
7 ” section 


the end of the month, many belonging to the “ encrusted 


— 


Fic. 19. Iris flavisstma 


I. arenaria). 5709) 


will be showing their white or pink blooms. Saxifraga Aizoon 
and its varieties are admirable, either for their silvery foliage or 
for their flowers. S. Cotyledon displays its two foot panicles of 
white flowers. S. Macnabiana (Fig. 18), a hybrid, of shorter 
growth, its white flowers dotted with red, is perhaps the most 


fafa 


easily contented of this group. London Pride (Savifraga um- 
brosa), is excellent for a shady situation with good soil. It makes 
rosettes of spatula-like leaves with pink flowers in airy panicles 
eight to twelve inches high. Another shade-lover is S. rotundi- 
folia with white flowers and orbicular leaves on longish petioles. 

The Golden Drop (Onosina echioides), though scorned by some 
as being coarse and weedy, with us may usually be relied upon 
to make a handsome display of clear yellow flowers. It needs a 
hot sunny situation and rather poor soil. 

The Sea Pink or Common Thrift,—you may call it Statice Ar- 
meria, Armeria vulgaris, or Armeria maritima—is valuable for 
its long blooming qualities, dwarfness, and neat, bright green 
foliage (lig. 1). Its variety Laucheana has brighter, darker, 
rosy flowers. The prize of this genus, however, is the rare /. 
cespitosa, about two inches high with almost stemless heads of 
pale pink flowers. Another species, 4. juncea, blooms off-and- 
on from May until November, and in beauty and rarity ranks 
between A. cespitosa and the Common Thrift. 

The rare and charming /ris flavissima (I. arenaria) (Fig. 19), 
in its good tempered years, gives a succession of yellow flowers on 
stems three or four inches high. In a shady spot in rich woods 
soil the dainty [ris gracilipes is most at home (Fig. 20). Farrer 
displays much enthusiasm in his description of this species: “ Of 
all my little Irises . . . [ris gracilipes is queen 7 
thing, forming a tuft, but never spreading along the ground, with 


a grassy-growing 


three or four flowers carried on airy stems five inches high or so. 
And these flowers are, in shape, miniatures of the half-hardy 
fimbriata with spreading bold falls and tiny standards. But in 
build and coloring they are more exquisite than most things seen 
outside a dream, cut from the filmiest soft pale-blue silk, crumpled 
into half a dozen different lights and tones with a deeper eye sur- 
rounding the pale lined blotch, and following along the crest.” 

The Rock Candytuft (/beris savratilis, Fig. 21) is now at 
its best. This is a valuable long-blooming species, dwarfer, and, 
if anything, more floriferous than the more commonly grown 
I. sempervirens. 

Other plants in bloom at this time include: Mazus reptans (Figs. 
4 and 6) from t 


— 


re Himalayas, a carpeter that is sometimes too 


Zee 


rampant; Lychnis alpina, a biennial of only moderate value; 
Phlox amena, divaricata, and subulata varieties; Dodecathcon 
radicatum, a Shooting Star from the Roc 
Saponaria ocymoides (Fig. 15), a trailer smothered in blossoms 
of white or pink, which, with /ris tectorwim (Fig. 15) has formed 
ar colony from self-sown seeds; /ris verna, a dwarf 


a 


<y Mountain Region; 


— 


a spectacu 


Fro. 20. Iris gracilipes. (6916) 


native with violet and yellow flowers; Helianthemum,; Gypsophila,; 
Dianthus, and many others. 
June 


Although many members of the Caryophyllaceae (Pink Family) 
< garden representatives of this 


begin to bloom in May, the roc 
family are perhaps more numerous and at their best in early June. 


HiGs 21. 


Iber 


is saxatilis growing in 


rock cleft. 


(2601) 


€e¢ 


224 
The mountain pinks contain some of the choicest rock garden 
plants. Dianthus alpinus, a dwarf with enormous rose-pink flow- 
ers; D. neglectus, also dwarf, its pink flowers having the reverse 
of the petals a satiny buff; D. sylvestris, a little taller, with pink 
flowers on gracefully arching stems, are among the best. 

Dwarf species of Baby’s Breath (Gypsophila), include G. 
cerastioides from the Himalayas, white flowers with purple lines, 
produced very abundantly, and G. repens, trailing, with glaucous 
There is a double flowered form of 


peso 
— 
—y 


foliage and white flowers. 
the latter, one with pinkish flowers, and one variously known as 
var. major or var. monstrosa (Fig. 22), that reaches a height of 
a foot or eighteen inches. One of the best of the Sandworts, 
Arenaria montana, a straggler with large white flowers, is not very 
permanent with us. I have seen this spécies in England thriving 
amazingly ina brick wall laid up without mortar. A. stricta makes 
a cloud of linear foliage on fragile stems topped with small white 
Arenaria Bauhinorum (A. liniflora) about three inches 


flowers. 
The 


high is almost completely smothered with white flowers. 
Arenaria and closely allied Alsine, Sagina, and Cerastium, though 
often beautiful, will bear close watching in the rock garden as 
many of them are insidious invaders by underground runners 
or seeds, and quickly crowd out less robust plants in their vicinity. 
In this category belong Snow-in-Summer (Cerastium tomento- 
sum), having white leaves and flowers, and the somewhat stronger 
C. Biebersteinii with gray leaves and white flowers. 

Saponaria ocyinoides continues its sprawling career into June. 
en to 


— 


This, too, tries to take possession of the whole rock gar« 
display its white, pink, or parti-colored flowers, but it is easily 
controlled. The Pyrenean S. cespitosa is far less rampant. It 
has close tufts of shiny foliage, and rosy flowers on ascending 
stems of six inches or so. 

The Alpine Catchfly (Silene alpestris) makes close mats of 
foliage surmounted by myriads of pure white flowers on three- 
inch stems. S. acaulis, which might be so wonderful as a rock 
garden plant but which seldom is, has its pillows of foliage, formed 
of closely crowded rosettes of linear leaves, sparingly spangled 


with stemless flowers of bright pink. Under the right conditions 


225 


it is capable of being so floriferous that the foliage is almost com- 
pletely hidden. 

“in the rock 
garden at this time are, in addition to many named kinds, dozens 
of nondescript Dianthus varieties that originated as self-sown seed- 
lings and which we have perhaps not been ruthless enough in 
removing. 


Other conspicuous members of the “ Pink Family ’ 


Fic. 22. Gypsophila repens var. monstrosa. (2599) 


The Alpine Toadflax (Linaria alpina), unlike many of its rela- 
tives, 1s never too much of a good thing. It is a lovely plant only 
a few inches high, with delicate gray foliage and flowers of violet 
and orange. Not truly perennial, it usually may be relied upon to 
perpetuate itself by self-sown seeds. It blooms throughout the 
e summer. Cymbalaria pilosa (Linaria pilosa) at home in 
the Apennines, forms a mat of soft hairy foliage and is in bloom 
from June to September. Its lilac flowers are purple striped on 


— 


who 


226 


the upper petals, with white and yellow centers. We used to grow 
Cymbalaria hepaticefolia (Linaria hepaticefolia), but it proved 
to be so ubiquituous that it was deemed advisable to eliminate it 
before it got beyond control. 

The Yellow Corydalis (C. lutea), seeds itself freely and finds 
harborage in chinks between the stones where it displays its 
handsome glaucous foliage and its yellow flowers from May to 
September. It delights in shade. 

A Willow-herb from New Zealand has seeded itself here and 
there throughout the rock garden. It is Epilobinm mnummulari- 
folium, a tiny creeeper that closely hugs the ground. Its small 
round leaves vary in color from light bronze-green to copper 
according to exposure and the time of year. Its little bits of 
flowers are of small consequence except as a means of repro- 
duction. Its seed-pods almost humorously resemble those of its 
cousin, the Great Willow Herb (F. angustifolium), thus disclosing 
its botanical affinities. 

June is the Bellflower month. Many of them just come and 
go, some are weedy and fit only for the wildflower garden, but 
some are permanent and beautiful. In the last group, we must 
include the Carpathian Bellflower (Campanula carpatica) and its 
many varieties. The variety turbinata of this species is reputed 
to be one of the parents of C. pulloides (C. pulla x C. carpatica var. 
turbinata), handsome with violet colored flowers. C. garganica 
and its varieties; C. rotundifolia var. Hostiu (Fig. 7), a glorified 
Harebell; C. eee C. rotundifolia, the Harebell, or 
Bluebells of Scotland, and C. versicolor, a moderately tall species 
along the lines of the Peachleaf Bellflower, are all good and easy 
to grow. The very rare Campanula speciosa (Fig. 23), from 
high limestone cliffs and screes in the Pyrenees does not, unfor- 


J 


easy to grow” grout 


oe 


tunately, belong in the 
us. The photograph of a group growing in our garden gives an 
inkling of what a glorious rock plant this species is. It forms a 
rosette of narrow, hairy leaves from which springs an upright 
spike of bloom—the individual flowers being like those of Canter- 
bury Bells. When, and if, obtainable it should be planted in 
well-drained, gritty, limestone soil. 


227, 


Those seeing the Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum, Fig. 24), 
in a city garden with its flannel-like bracts of a dingy gray are 
apt to wonder why so much fuss and furor about so unattractive 
a plant. But they should remember that its bracts are seldom so 
white as when produced under alpine skies and their woolliness 
catches the soot and dust of the city to perfection. 


Fic. 23. Campanula speciosa. (4062) 


The Whitecup (Nierembergia rivularis), a relative of the po- 
tato, not over two inches high, produces its white flowers with a 
yellow throat, which are almost two inches in diameter, from 
June until the fall. 

The dried-up looking Phlox Hoodti, growing in the moraine, 
now surprises us by mantling itself with white flowers, faintly 
tinged with lilac. 

Several varieties of Cranesbill (Geranium) are at their best in 
June. Geranium sanguineum in its larger forms is too rampant 


228 


for the small rock garden, but the varieties lancastriense and 
prostratum may be admitted without much danger. ‘The silvery- 
leaved, pink flowered G. argenteum is the prize of the genus, and 
G. cinereum, with gray leaves and mauve flowers, 1s a close second. 

The overwhelmingly North American genus Penstemon has 
many representatives that bloom this month. P. wnilateralis, from 
the Rocky Mountains, with pink and blue flowers, is among the 
showiest. 

The Sunrose (Helianthemum), sometimes called Rockrose, 1s 
a genus that is most floriferous in poor calcareous soil and a 
sunny situation. We grow many forms, some of them, varieties 
of H. nuimmularium (H. vulgare), are rather too robust for the 
small rock garden. H. canwm, however, 1s never too rampageous, 
only a few inches high, but prodigal of its clear yellow flowers 
displayed over the gray-green foliage. 

Early in the month the Scarlet Mallow, Malvastrum coccineum 
begins to display its flowers of intense copper-scarlet against a 
background of gray foliage. It is a trailer and comes from our 
own north-west. Correvon has high praise for it, which is well 
merited, but he complains “It never seeds with us and we have 
great trouble in finding cuttings on it.” 

From the Pyrenees and Spain comes a trailing Snapdragon, 
Antirrhinum Asarina, that is valuable for planting in rock crevices. 
Although not hardy over winter with us, it usually may be relied 
upon to persist by means of self-sown seeds. 

Other genera that we expect to find in bloom in June are Sedum 
and Sempervivum; dwarf thymes in great variety, Viola; Gino- 
thera; and many others. 


July 


By this time the number of species in bloom in the rock garden 
is on the wane but there is still enough variety to make a visit 
worth while, for, in addition to newcomers, many of those which 
started blossoming in June continue their career into July or even 
BUGE. 

The Golden Ilax (Linum flavum), which by means of. self 
sown seeds has taken possession of a good sized patch of the rock 
garden, provides a brilliant spot of color at this time. This is a 
plant that is undeservedly neglected in our gardens. 


229 


It would seem to be a hopeless task to attempt to single out the 
Sempervivums by name—their nomenclature is confused and there 
are so many of them. According to Correvon, Dr. Jordan of 
Lyon claimed to have growing in his garden 6,000 different forms 
of Sempervivum! They are indispensable in the rock garden, 


but their value is largely in their foliage, displayed in rosettes of 
varying form. The Spiderweb Houseleek (S. arachnoideum, 


Fic. 24. Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum). (2607) 


Fig. 25), is however, attractice when in bloom, with its starry, 
red flowers on slender stems. Other distinct kinds are: calcareum, 
Fauconetti, blandum (rubicundum of catalogs), and soboliferum. 
Much the same kind of remarks apply to Sedum except that, 
thanks to Praeger’s monograph,! there is a possibility of christen- 
1 An account of the Genus Sedum as found in Cultivation. Journal of 
the Royal Horticultural Society, Vol. 46. 


Zou 


ing them with a reasonable degree of certitude, and on the whole 
their flowers have greater variety and are more attractive. Sedum 
acre is one of our worst weeds, but we tolerate it because it makes 
mats of bright green foliage topped in late June and early July 
with brilliant yellow flowers. S. cerulewm, the opposite of acre 
in almost every respect, is an annual with fat leaves and pale blue 
flowers. S. album, green leaves, white flowers; S. altissimum 
eray leaves, creamy flowers; S. dasyphyllum, very dwarf, gray 
leaves with white or pinkish flowers; S. spurium and its varieties 
(var. coccineum is the best) are among the Sec 
July. 

Mentha Requieni should be planted in a moist situation, near a 
walk so that it may, occasionally (not too often), be stepped 
on to enable one to enjoy its delicious aromatic fragrance. It 1s 
a Lilliputian mint closely carpeting the ground, and its violet 
colored flowers, in late June or early July, are so tiny that even 
the observing are to be excused if they fail to notice them. 

A delightful form of the Virginia Spiderwort (Tradescantia 
virginiana, Fig. 26), with large, pale blue flowers, made its ap- 
pearance in the Rock Garden a few years ago. We have no record 
of ever having planted it there. Theoretically it should be up- 
rooted, because it does not belong, but it fits in so beautifully in 
its self-chosen position that no one has had the heart to banish it. 

The Alpine Poppy (Papaver alpinum) is a miniature edition of 
the popular Iceland Poppy. It is not very permanent and_ re- 
quires a limy, gritty soil. It is so delicate and graceful and there 
is such a wide range of colors in its various forms that it 1s well 
worth fussing with. 

The nodding blue flowers (it is the sepals that provide the color) 
of Clematis integrifolia are usually at their best early in July. 
This Clematis is herbaceous in character, erect, and about two 


aeary 


ums blooming in 


feet high. It is all too seldom seen in gardens and may be grown 
in the perennial border as well as in the rock garden. 

From the far away Himalayas comes the Nepal Cinquefoil 
(Potentilla nepalensis). This species is valuable for its late and 
long blooming habits, and its cheery flowers of cherry red. 

Mazus reptans (sometimes sold erroneously as M. rugosus), 
also from the Himalayas, continues to produce its flowers of violet 


Fic. 25. 


Spiderweb Houseleek (Sempervivum arachnoideum). 


(6348 ) 


Le? 


202 


and gold into July. Although only an inch or two high, it 1s, 
when planted in good moist soil, so rampant that it must be closely 
watched to prevent it from smothering its less robust neighbors. 
It is good for carpeting the ground between stepping stones. 

Very attractive in early July is Jasione montana, a relative of 
the bell-flowers (Campanula). Unlike many of our alpine and 
rock plants it has no lack of common names—you may call it 
Blue-bonnets, Blue-buttons, Blue-daisy, Iron-flower, Sheep’s-bit, 
or Sheep’s-bit Scabious! Its flowers are produced in heads on 
stems about nine inches high. 

The Lady’s Mantle (Alchemilla alpina) from the Turopean 
Alps, has worthless flowers but compensates in the beauty of its 
foliage. Its digitate leaves are glossy green above, and _ silvery 
below with silken hairs. A relative, 4. major, also a native of 
the mountains of Europe, has claims to distinction as a foliage 
plant with pale green leaves not so deeply divided as those of the 
first named. 

Talinum calycinum is an interesting native whose range is 
through Arkansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and southward into Mex- 
ico. It is related to the ever popular Portulaca. Its deep pink 
flowers are produced over a long period. A sunny rock cleft or 
well drained gritty soil suits it admirably. It has survived two 
winters in our rock garden but whether it will persist if subjected 


— 


to a real hard winter is open to question. 

The Alpine Sculleap (Scutellaria alpina) is another plant that 
commends itself for its long blooming habits. Although not 
showy, its lilac-blue and white flowers are pleasing and are in 
evidence from May until September. We grow also the var. 
prostrata which is perhaps more typically alpine in appearance. 

The Tunic-Flower (Tunica Saxvifraga) may be expected to give 
blooms from May to November. It is well suited if planted in 
poor soil in a dry, sunny situation where it produces its small 
rosy pink flowers in great abundance on wiry stems. 

Writing of Gentians Farrer says? “ Give them pure, cool air. 
They are as much dependent on good, bracing air as Mrs. John 
Knightley and her babies. They might almost be called compara- 
tively careless about soil if only the atmosphere be moist and clean. 


1 Reginald Farrer, My Rock Garden. Edward Arnold, London. 1920, 


7g 


They demand, in fact, hill air.” If this is so, and our experience 
with Gentians supports Farrer’s contention, what chance have we 
in Brooklyn of growing these aristocrats of the mountain tops? 
Occasionally we get a bloom on Gentiana acaulis, such mediocri- 
ties as G. cruciata and G. tibetica from time to time thrive lustily, 
but such happenings are of little moment compared to the glorious 
manifestations of which this race is capable. One handsome 
species, however, we may plant with good expectation of success, 
and that is G. septemfida, whose flowers of soft blue are produced 
from July to October. 

Other flowers that may be seen in the rock garden in July in- 
clude Campanula, Phytewma, Symphyandra, Horminum, and 
Minulus. 


August 


Most of the plants blooming in August are hold-overs from 
preceding months. 

The Balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum) starts its blos- 
soming career in late June and continues into August. Its dull 
blue flowers, balloon s 


—_" 


yaped in bud, are legion, and prodigal in 
their production of seeds, which, unfortunately, scatter and ger- 
minate freely, necessitating ruthless weeding of the seedlings if 
they are to be kept from monopolizing the whole rock garden. 
The var. Mariesti, dwarfer and less rampant, is to be preferred 
in the small garden. 

The Knotweeds (Polygonum) on the whole must be rigorously 
excluded from the rock garden. An exception is P. affine (P- 
Brunonis), a trailing species from the Himalayas which has at- 
atractive foliage and spikes of red flowers. We grow also P. 
alpinum (May, June) which, although its white, feathery panicles 
are beautiful, 1s to be viewed with suspicion because of its invading 
tendencies. 

An interesting little Tickseed (Coreopsis rosea) is now in bloom. 


It is native to the Eastern States from Massachusetts to Georgia. 
Perhaps some will cavil at this species being allowed in the rock 
garden, but its daisy-like, rosy flowers with yellow centers are 
welcome at this time and it does not look out of place. It attains 
a height of about eighteen inches. 


Fic. 


26. 


Spiderwort (Tradescantia virginiana var. 


(6349) 


235 


The delightful trailing Androsace (A. lanuginosa) and_ its 
variety Leichtlinit continue to bloom along with the Whitecup 
(Nierembergia rivularis). Other August flowers are Allium. ti- 
betica, Veronica maritima (V. longifolia), Vittadinia australis; 
and the bulky Ligularia clivorum (Senecio clivorum), better 
suited in the bog-garden than in the rock garden. 


—_— 


September 


The Mount Etna Lily (Sternbergia lutea) has bright yellow 
goblet-like flowers which it displayed for us last September. Its 
habits are faulty when considered in conjunction with our climate, 
for its leaves are formed after it blossoms with the result that 
they are likely to be injured by frost before they have performed 
their allotted task of providing for the following year. 

Hardy Cyclamen may be expected to display their blooms at 
this time. We grow C. indicum (C. hederefolium) and C. euro- 
peum. To many, these Cyclamen, which in Europe are some- 


times called by the unromantic name “‘ Sowbread,” are more attrac- 
tive than the larger and showier florists’ Cyclamen. These wild- 
ings are not easy to grow in our climate and when winter goes 
we watch for their reappearance with mingled hope and fear. 
The clear blue flowers of Ceratostigma plumbaginoides are now 
at their best. At one time we were allowed to call it Plumbago 
Larpente, which was bad enough, but the powers-that-be have 
decided that the first mentioned name is preferable so we must 
name, “ Larpente Plumbago,” may 


LB) 


fall in line. The “ common ” 
offer a means of escape for those on whose tongue and ears the 
Latin forms are unfamiliar. It is so beautiful, and so valuable 
in its late blooming habit, that it is indispensable. It is a sprawly 
plant, with good foliage that often colors beautifully. It is one 
of the latest plants to start into growth in the spring and this 
must be kept in mind when digging or cultivating in its vicinity 
during the first part of the year. 

If the season of bloom in the rock garden is to be prolonged 
beyond August we must not be too severe in our interpretation 
of our definition of what is suitable rock garden material. ther- 
wise it might seem necessary to omit the Azure Sage (Salvia 
azurea), and S. Pitcheri (S. azurea var. grandiflora). Their 


Fic. 27. Aster “ Mauve Cushion.” (4815) 


237 


height of three feet or more combined with a leggy, floppy habit 
of growth is against them, but their azure flowers are charming, 
and, if planted in poor soil in a hot dry situation, their tendency 
iness is to a large extent overcome. 


— 


towards height and stragg 

The somewhat woody Chamaedrys Germander (Veucrinm 
Chamedrys) is of value more for its neat glossy foliage than its 
inadequately displayed flowers of rosy red. These are not en- 
tirely despicable however, and its aromatic foliage and late bloom- 
ing commend it. 

September sees the opening of the flowers of the dwarf, spread- 
ing, perennial aster, listed in catalogs as Aster “ Mauve Cushion ” 
(Fig. 27), which continues in bloom well into November. It is 
reputed to come from Japan. The name “ Mauve Cushion’’ is 
descriptive except as to color, which is an extremely pallid tint 
of mauve to say the least. [for rock garden purposes it is best 
irives in 


— 


planted in poor soil to curb its exuberance. Although it t 
full sunlight, it will also endure considerable shade. 


October 


In October bulbous plants are with us again in considerable 
force. 

Several species and varieties of the Meadow Saffron, unfor- 
tunately sometimes called Autumn Crocus, are now conspicuous. 
In their finer forms these resemble Brobdingnagian crocuses, al- 
though in reality they belong in the Lily Family, while crocuses 
are afhliated with the irises. Colchicum speciosum and its varie- 
ties (in addition to the type we have var. album and var. atro- 
rubens) are considered the most desirable. The first named has 
flowers of clear rosy pink, album is pure white and atro-rubens, is. 
according to a catalog description, “ ruby-violet with white throat.” 
Some of the species have curious tessellated flowers of purple and 
white as in Parkinsonit (we do not have this kind), or purple and 
lilac as in variegatum which blooms in September. The common- 
est species is C. autumnale, of which there are several forms, 
including a white one, var. album. We bless these Meadow Saf- 
frons in the fall when their cheery blossoms brighten up the rock 
garden, but in the spring, when their coarse, heavy foliage dom- 
inates the scene we are tempted to wish them elsewhere. 


238 


No serious complaint is entered with regard to the foliage of 
the autumn crocuses which, like that of their spring blooming 


sisters, is grass-like and comparatively inconspicuous. ‘These au- 
tumn blooming crocuses have, until recent years, been much 
neglected in this country, but now-a-days their value is becoming 
better appreciated and in consequence they are less of a rarity in 
gardens. Their colors, in general, range from white to purple. 
The showiest and most desirable species is Crocus speciosus with 


Fic. 28. Crocus zonatus—ground cover Cerastium Thomasit. (25098) 


flowers of bright blue. There are several varieties of this species, 
of which we grow the following: Aifchisonii, albus, “ Artabir,” 
globosus, and “ Pollux.” The pale lilac flowers of the Cilician 
C. zonatus (Fig. 28), also display their fragile-looking perianths 
along with those of the bright lilac C. sativus. Forms of the last 
named species are grown commercially for the production of Saf- 
fron used in coloring cakes, etc. The use of the stigmas and the 
upper part of the styles as a source of Saffron has been known 
since the time of Homer. 


239 
November 


With the exception of some of the autumn crocuses, which still 
continue into this month, blossoming is now limited to stray flowers 
on those persistent species that commenced their efforts months 
before. If the weather is not too cold and boisterous a fair dis- 
play may be made by such plants as the Harebell (Campanula 
rotundifolia) ; Daphne Cneorum, Callirhoe involucrata; Tunica 
Savifraga; Dicentra eximia; and two or three species of Statice. 
Statice juncea is especially noteworthy for its late blossoming ; 
sometimes as late as Thanksgiving it may be seen bravely dis- 
playing its heads of pink blossoms. 

The comparatively new hardy perennial, Chrysanthemum kore- 


— 


anum, holds its white flowers, tinged with pink in age, well into 
November. This species is better fitted for the perennial border 


than the rock garden. 


December 


He who maintains that the rock garden is attractive even in 
December might be rated as an incurable optimist, but nevertheless 
a real rock garden enthusiast can find joy in the dwarf evergreens, 
including various Conifers, Sedum, Sempervium, Iberis, etc., that 


chy 


are so appropriate in the rock garden; the bright-red berries of 
the Rock Spray (Cotoneaster), and the few flowers that. still 
remain. These last are usually limited to a few species of Crocus 
that have the temerity to continue opening their flowers in spite 
of the season. Amongst these tardy bloomers are C. ochroleucus, 
with creamy flowers tinged with yellow at the throat; C. Sals- 
mani, that sends up its dark lilac flowers in succession as though 
it had no intention whatever of stopping; C. asturicus, and C. 
longiflorus, with lilac colored flowers. The latter is the showiest 
of this ambitious quartet. 

And so the rock garden year comes to an end, not in a blaze 
of glory, it is true, but with the promise of good things to come— 
for the flower buds on the Alpine Heath (Frica carnea) are al- 
ready plainly visible and ready to open as soon as the weather man 
gives them the slightest encouragement. 


240 


SreLEcTED List of Books ON Rock GARDENS AND ALPINE PLANTS 


The books in this list (with the exception of the titles marked with an 
asterisk) are in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Library, which is Res to 
the public from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M., Monday to Friday, and 9 A.M. 


on Saturday. 


Adams, H. S. Making a rock garden. New York. McBride, Nast, 1912. 
oh Mountain Club. Plants of Mt. Washington, N. HT. List of 
of the plants to be found in Alpine and sub-Alpine region of 
M ft a and the Great Range. 20. 

*Arber, Newell. lant life Switzerland. London. John Murray, 1910. 
Sone. A. W. Flora of _ Mie bene a description of all the species of 
flowering plants indigenous to Switzerland. 2 vols. New York. 
Truslove & Comba, 180 

*Brett, W. Rock plants. Tondett Geo. Newnes, Ltd., 

Brown, S. Alpine eee of the Canadtan Rocky aes Hlustrated 
with water color drawings. New York. Putnam's Sons, ¢1907. 
Casey, C. Riviera nature notes: A popular account of the more conspicu- 

ous plants of the Riviera and maritime Alps. 2d edition, London. 
Quaritch & Co., Ltd 
Correvon, H. Les plantes des aoa et des oe leur acclimatation 
et leur culture dans les jardins, Geneve, 19 
Rock garden and Alpine plants. New sea ‘Aecetiine Co., 1930. 
and Robert P. La flore Alpine. Genéve. Corraterie, no date. 

Cotter, J. L. Simple guide to rock gardening. London. Sheldon Press, 
1926. 

Edwards, A. Rock gardens: how to plan and plant them, With sections 
on the wall, a marsh, and water gardens. London. Ward, 
Lock & Co., Ltd., 10920. 

*Parrer, R. Among the hills. Vondon. Headley Bros., 1913 

——. English rock-garden. 2 vols. London. Jack, Ltd., 1910. 

My Was garden. VLondon. Arnold, 1920. 
*Hamblin, S. American rock gardens. New York. Orange Judd Publ. 


gee 


‘m 


3 
a 


Co. ine: 
Hegi, G. Alpine ae the most common. plants of Switzerland, Austria 
and Bavaria. Tr. by W. M. Deans. London. Blackie & Sons, 


1930. 
*Hoffmann, J. Alpine flora: for tourists and amateur botanists. New edi- 
Hon, Longmans, Green & Co., 1927. 
ae E. H. Rock garden. New edition. London, Country Life, Ltd., 
I 


Kew. i al Botanic Gardens. Hand list of rock garden plants cultivated 

in the Royal Botanic Gardens. 1925. 

Macself, A. J. Alpine plants. eondon. Thornton Butterworth, 1923 

Malby, R. A. Story of my rock garden. 4th edition, London. Headley 
ros., no date 


241 


Marret, LL. Icones florae Alpinae ee Paris, I9II-1924. 
McCully, Anderson. American Alpines in the Garden. Macmillan Co., 
ork, I031 

NCE He, EB: Roe gardens; how to make and maintain them. New 

York, Scribner’s Sons, 

Miyoshi, M. and Makino, T. Post atlas of Alpine plants of Japan. 2d 

edition revised. Tokio, 1907. 

Rockwell, F. F. Rock ae New York. Macmillan Co., 1928 

*Sanders, T. W. Rock gardens and Paes plants. 3d edition. London. 
W. H. and L. Collingridge, 7, 

Schacht, W. Blumen in den vie "Berlin, Sommer, 1929 

Schreiber, T. F. Schretber’s kleiner atlas der ae ee Munchen, 
no date 

Schroeter, C Pflanzenleben der Alpen, 2d edition, revised and enlarged. 
Zurich. Raustein, ee 20. 

Schroeter, L. and Schroet » C. Taschenflora des Alpen wanderers. t2th 
and 13th editions. He ich. Raustein, 1904. 

ee H. S. Alpine hs of Europe, together with cultural hints. 

London. Routledge, ror 

oa, See plants and flowers of Swiss wood and meadow. New 
York. Dutton & Co., 1913. 

Thornton, A. Rock garden primer. New York. De LaMare Co., Inc., 


an 


a 


* 


1920. 
Wilder, L. B. Adventures in my garden and rock garden. New York. 
Doubleday Page & Co., 1923. 

Pleasures and problems cay a rock garden. New York. Doubleday, 
porn 1928. 
r, D. Alpine plants. 2 vols. London. Bell & Sons, 1874. 
*Wright, W. P. Alpine flowers and rock gardens. 3d eran New York. 

Dodd, Mead & Co., 1925. 


The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences 


OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 
Honorary PRESIDENT 
FRANK L. BABBOTT 
PRESIDENT 
EDWARD C. BLUM 


First Vice-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT 
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM A. PUTNAM * 


THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT 
ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN 


TREASURER SECRETARY 
G. FOSTER SMITH JOHN H. DENBIGH 


BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE 
MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman 


EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM 
MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY WILLIAM T. HUNTER 
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ALFRED W. JENKINS 
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD 
MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM 


EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD 
THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORE 
HE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN 
THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN 


GENERAL INFORMATION 


MemBeERSHIP.—AII persons who are interested in the objects and maintenance 
of the Brooklyn pas (Garden are eligible to membership. Members enjoy 
special privileges. Annual Membership, $10 vee Sustaining Membership, $25 
yearly; Life Membership, $500. Full information concerning membership may 
be had by paid The Director, Brooklyn ee he Guten Beery. Ne 
Telephone, rare Prospect. 

Tue Bor oe is opens ne ne the public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; 
on Sundays and casi s open 

ENTRANCES.—On Flatbush ae near Empire Boulevard (Malbone Street) 
end near ML. Prospect Reservoir; on Wash ington Avenue, south of Eastern 

way apd near Empire Boulevard; on Eastern Par kway, west of the Museum 
Buildin 

The street surance e is Laboratory Building is at 1000 Washington Avenue, 

opposite ees 


’ 


o Ass ee se others in studying the collections the services of a 
ee may cis acne ed. This s suas is aod gt soetes to TAR GES of the Botanic 


Garden; to others there is a ch of 50 s per person. Arrangements must 
be made y pop ceton to the Cinalior of Public Instruction at ee: one week in 
advance. No parties of se than six adults will be conduc 


THE GARDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) Subway to Prospect Park 

Station; Interborough Sere to Eastern ee, Brooklyn Museum Station ; 

ee a pevenue trolley to Empire Boulevard; nklin seein Lorimer Street, 

r Tompkins Avenue trolleys to Washington Agere: St. John’s Place trolley to 

Sees ee and Washington Avenue; Union St treet or Vanderbilt Avenue 
trolleys to Prospect Park Plaza and Union Street. 


* Resigned December 11, 1930, to take effect May 14, 1031. 


PUBLICATIONS 
OF THE 
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 


ORD. Established, January, 1912 An administrative periodical issued 
eg (1912-1928) ; bimonthly begi nning with 1929. Contains, among other 
things, the Annual Report of the director and heads of departments, special reports, 

announcements of courses of instruction, Ber list, er iee miscellaneous papers, 

and notes eee Garden ae and events. Free to members of the Garden. 

To others $1.50 a year. Circulates in 41 pire ntries. 

MEMOIRS. "Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly. Circulates in 

47 stale 

e I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at 

the Teliaition of the laboratory building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. 

521 pages. Price $3.50, plus postage. 

olume II, The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of 

Montauk: in study of grassland any forest. By Norman Taylor, June II, 1923. 

108 pages. Price $1.00, plus posta, 

Volume III. Vegetation of wean Desert Island, Maine, and its environ- 

Bene so, mB rington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. I51 pages. 
rice $1.60 


Gate eck $5.00 a volu me. Circulates th a anne ries, 
55. Physiologic races of bunt of wheat. 14 page 1928. 
6. te inheritance of resistance of oat husk to loose and covered smut. 
48 pages. 28. 
57. New physiologic races of oat smuts. 22 pa 1930. 
58. A new method of producing and detecting orale hybrids. 12 pages. 


0. 

LEAFLETS. Established, ane 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweekly 
during April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of the Leaflets 
is primarily to give ee eects concerning flowering and other plant activities 

e seen in the Garden near the date of issue, ands to give popular, elementar 
information about plant life for teachers and others. Free to members of the 
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lates in 28 countries. 

GUIDES to the sue Ue Lp rao and ere. Fes based upon cost 
of publication. Issued as num of the Record; see ab 

Guide No. 3. The story of our foe. A aaa af corn. Illustrated. 
Published, Deceinber, 1929. Price, 25 cen 

Guid ee o. 4. The Japanese paey: Illustrated. Published, July, 1930. 
Price, 25 cen 

Guide ee 5. The Rock Garden. 28 illustrations. Price, = cents. 

SEED LIST. (Delectus wget peel se December, 1914. Since 1925 
issued each year in the January num the Rec aed Circulation cae Es 160 
botanic gardens and institutions ected | in vO countri 

AMERICA N JOURNAL OF Aaa Established January, 1914. Pub- 
lished, in codperation with the BoTaNICAL Society or America, monthly, except 
during August and September. S peeription, Goa a year. ‘Circulates in 4 
countries. 

ECOLOGY. eae January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation 
with the Ecotocrc L Society oF AMERICA. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates 
in 48 countries. 

GENETICS. BSG DSC: gantry, 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a 
year. Circulates in 37 countr 


ANDTHE 
SERVICE OF 
THE CITY 


BROOKLYN BOTANIC nee 


Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers 


SCIENTIFIC AND AND. EDUCATIONAL 
The Staff 
UC. pre re Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Director 

C NW. FOSS, B.L., Librarian 

fa eee FREE, Floricienta 
ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction 
’ ALFRED. GUNDERSEN, Docteur de PUniversité Seige pees of Plants 

‘GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant P 

ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S., Curator of ieee ihe ee 
HENRY KNUTE SVENSSON, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Plants 


Other Officers 
MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and 
Floral Art 


HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect 


RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator. (Ferns) 
nt ani H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Tie tigaloe (Economic: Plants) 


MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., Acting Asststant Curator. 
of Elementary Instructio 
‘HELEN D. JENKINS, A.B., Instruc 
ELIZABETH MARCY, A.B., Research Aston 
FRANCES M. MINER; AB. sbeec 
HESTER M. RUSK, A.M.,, Instruc 
L. GORDON UTTER, B:S., M.S., Breet ene 


BELLE. H. BURR,? AvB., Gaihal onal Assistant 
EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, ras shoal 
MAUD. H. PURDY, Curatorial Assista 
MARGARET BURDICK. PUTZ,2. Curatorsial eae 
MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistant 


LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer 


~ ADMINISTRATIVE 


DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and Accountant 
MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretary 
NORMA STOFFEL BANTA, Office Assistant 


MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, A:M,, Secretary to the Director 
ANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian 
WILLIAM H. DURKIN, Membership Secedions 


LAURA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer. 


EVELYN M. WILLIAMS, Stenographer 


1 Resigned, July 31, 1031.’ 
2 Beginning August 1, 1931. 


BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD 


VOX J OEVA Tesi NO. 4 


HYBRIDS OF IRIS FULVA AND IRIS FOLIOSA? 
By Grorce M. REep 


The most outstanding of American species of iris is undoubtedly 
the copper-flower iris—IJris fulva. This plant is unique among all 
the members of the iris genus on account of the exceptional color 
of both the sepals and the petals, which have been variously de- 
scribed as red, brick red, copper colored, and terra-cotta. It is, 
however, very difficult to give an accurate description of the color 
of the flower, but perhaps the statement that it is deep orange-rec 
with the appearance of being burnished with copper, will give a 


aa 


’ 


fairly definite idea. 

This very distinctive iris has some value as a garden plant. Un- 
fortunately, in the north it is not particularly vigorous, and it is 
also a shy bloomer. Perhaps the greatest value of the iris is due 
to the fact that it has been hybridized with other related species, 
and some of the new types produced have great garden usefulness. 
Apparently, Dykes was the first one to cross /ris fulva with J. foli- 
osa, obtaining in 1910 a plant which he named Fulvala. Dorothea 
KK. Williamson is another variety which was produced by William- 
son in 1918 by hybridizing /. fulva with f. foliosa. Still more re- 
cently, Berry, in California, has obtained good garden plants by 
crossing /. fulva with J. savannarum, Cacique being listed in 1925, 


D) 
and Sagamore in 1928. 

[ris filva belongs in the Hexagona Group of the iris genus. It 
is more or less closely related to the species /. hevagona and f. foli- 
osa, all of which are characterized by an ovary which has six longi- 


al 


tudinal ridges, giving a six-sided or hexagonal appearance. 

Irts Futva.—We have already mentioned the most striking fea- 
ture of this iris, namely, the peculiar color of the flowers. Colored 
illustrations of the flower have been published in the Botanical 

! Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions, No. 59. 


243 


244 


Magazine for 1812, Plate No. 1496; in The Genus Iris (Plate 21, 
1913), by Dykes, and in Addisonia (Vol. 12, Plate 388, 1927), by 
Small. 

The flower stalks are rather tall and slender, and bear a terminal 
cluster of flowers well above the leaves. Vhe height of the stalk 
and the length of the leaves vary greatly with the conditions under 
which the plant is grown but, under a favorable environment, the 
flower stalk may be four or more feet in height. There are usually 
two terminal flowers enclosed in the unequal bracts, one of which 
One or more lateral flowers 


— 


is very much longer than the other. 
are generally produced in the axils of the leafy bracts lower down 
on the flower stem. 

When the flower first opens, the segments droop down, but later 
become elevated, assuming a horizontal or slightly arching position. 
The sepals, or falls, and the petals, or standards, are very similar 
in color, the former being slightly darker and richer in effect. The 
style-branches are rather narrow, with quite small crests; the tips 
of the stamens extend out as far as the stigma. These features are 
well shown in our colored plate. 

The ovary has six longitudinal ridges or ribs, which give it a 
hexagonal appearance. The mature capsule, however, is nearly 
ellipsoidal, being about two and one-half inches long by one and 
one-half inches in diameter. It encloses a large number of seeds 
arranged more or less in two rows in each of the three chambers. 
The seeds are quite large, pale brown in color, with a thick corky 
husk. They are more or less flattened, semicircular, and irregular 
in shape on account of the pressure within the developing pod. 

The iris was first described by Ker-Gawler in the Botanical 
Magazine for 1812, and illustrated by colored Plate No. 1496. 
Ker-Gawler refers to the iris as “ An unrecorded and singular spe- 
cies, differing from any known to us in the colour and inflection 
Found spontaneous on the Banks of Mississippi, 


of the corolla. 
Intro- 


in low grounds not far from the town of New-Orleans. 
duced into this country in 1811, by Mr. Lyon, a very intelligent 
and industrious collector of North-American plants. Hardy. 
Blossoms in June. Seeds freely, and is easily propagated by di- 
viding the rootstock.” 

Two years later, Pursh, in his Flora of North America (1: 30, 
1814), described the same plant as Jris cuprea, again referring to 


1S) 
as 
one 


the peculiar color of the flower. He states that it was found, “ on 
the banks of the Mississippi near New Orleans; discovered by 
Mr. Enslen, Collector to the Prince Lichtenstein of Austria. 
Flowers of a beautiful copper colour, veined with purple.” 

Dykes, in The Genus [ris (p. 84), gives the distribution of this 
species as the immediate vicinity of New Orleans. As a matter 
of fact, it is widely distributed in the Mississippi Valley, and oc- 
curs in the swamps from Southern Illinois and Missouri to Lou- 
isiana and Georgia. It seems to be particularly abundant in the 
Coastal Plain of the lower Mississippi. Small, in Addisonia (12: 


— 


7, 1927), describes it as forming numerous large and small colonies 
in the general vicinity of New Orleans, sometimes occurring in 
practically pure stands. 

Irts FortosA.—The leafy blue flag, /ris foliosa, is of special in- 
terest because of the hybrids which have been produced between 
itand /. fulva, This iris has evidently been confused with J. hexa- 
gona, a large, robust species, found on the Southern Atlantic 
Coast and along the Gulf of Mexico, usually growing in the rich 
black loam where there is an abundance of water. It is also late 
flowering, coming into bloom long after the other irises have 
ceased to flower. 


=o 


Iris foliosa was apparently first known as J. hexagona var. 
lamancet, being recorded as such by Lora S. La Mance and named 
but not described by Mr. J. N. Gerard (Garden & Forest, 1895, 
1896). The plant, however, was first clearly distinguished by 
Mackenzie and Bush in 1902 (Transactions of the Academy of 
Science of St. Louis, 12: 81), who stated that it, “ Grows in dense 
masses 1n low open dry woods and prairies in Kentucky, Hlinois, 
Missour1 and Kansas. This species is distinguished from Jris 
hexagona Walt., a species of the Southern States, to which it has 
been referred by Watson and other American botanists, by its 
smaller pedicelled flowers.” 


—" 


The flower stalk of ris foliosa is short, zig-zag, more or less 
prostrate and hidden by the leaves. There are usually two ter- 
minal flowers, as well as several in the axils of the leafy bracts. 
The falls are light bluish-purple, except near the base of the blade, 
where there are numerous white lines on either side of the clear 
yellow linear ridge which extends down the claw. The standards 
are light bluish in color, becoming pale, nearly white, towards the 


246 


base. The style-branches are greenish white towards the base, 
with the large crests pale bluish. The flower has been illustrated 
by Dykes in The Genus Iris (Plate 20), and by Small in Addisonia 
(Vor, Plate 215.1024), 

The ovary of /ris foliosa is six-angled, or hexagonal, due to the 
longitudinal ridges. The mature capsule or pod is nearly spheri- 
cal, about an inch in diameter; it contains relatively few seeds, 
which are quite large, more or less irregular in shape and size, with 
a thick corky covering. They are very similar in appearance to 
those of J. fulva. 

Tris foliosa is a more northern species than J. fulva, but the two 
overlap in a part of their area. The former is doubtless widely 
distributed in the valley of the Mississippi and its main contribu- 
taries. Waller, in the Ohio Journal of Science (31: 38, 1931), 
records it as widely distributed in Ohio. He states that the habitat 
of the plant is the small stream terraces, succeeding well in partly 
shaded positions. This iris also differs from J. fulva in mani- 
festing a very marked winter habit. The leaves die down in the 
fall, and the new ones grow very little, if at all, until the following 
spring. In J. fulva, however, the new leaves push up in the 
autumn and may be of a considerable size during the winter period. 

Hysrips oF Iris Futva anp I. Forttosa.—Apparently, Dykes 
was the first one to hybridize these two species, taking the pollen 
of Iris foliosa and placing it upon the stigma of J. fulva. From 
the resulting seeds he grew several seedlings, and one of these he 
called J. fulvala, the name being made up from fulva and lamancet, 
According to his description, the color of J. fulvala was, “a rich 
velvety, reddish—almost crimson—purple, becoming yellow to- 
wards the center of the flower, the falls bearing a central, deep 
yellow slightly-raised ridge, which is distinctly pubescent.” Ac- 
cording to his note in the Gardners’ Chronicle (48: 2, 1g10), it was 
not until rg10 that the seedlings flowered. From the same pod of 
seed he obtained another plant which produced flowers of a deep 
blue-violet color. 

In his The Genus Iris, published in 1913, Dykes gives a colored 
illustration on Plate 21 of the flower of Jvis fulvala, and describes 
the plant, ‘as a compromise between the features of the two par- 
ents. Thus the foliage neither dies away entirely in autumn like 

that of 7. foliosa, nor remains green and of considerable length like 


—_— 


247 


that of J. fulva. For the young growths push up soon after the 
flowers are over and are 4 or 6 inches long in winter, while those 
of I. foliosa are still only 1 in. long, and those of J. fulva a foot 
at least. “The stem is more like that of J. fulva than like that of 
the pollen parent, but it is sturdier. The flowers are of the shape 
of J. foliosa, with perhaps more rounded segments, and the colour 
is distinctly a compromise between the terra cotta of J. fulva and 
the blue-purple of J. foliosa. The figure of a flower of J. fulvala 
shows the form in which the influence of the colour of J. fulva is 
most apparent. I have also from the same pod of seed other 
plants in which the shade of colour has distinctly more of the blue- 
purple of [. foliosa in it.” 

In 1918, Mr. E. B. Williamson listed a new garden variety of 
iris under the name of Dorothea K. Williamson, which was ob- 
tained from hybridizing Iris fulva with I. foliosa. This plant is 
now well known in our gardens, since it has exceptional qualities. 
It is a very vigorous grower, and produces flowers in great abun- 
dance. The leaves are taller than those of either J. filva or I. foli- 
osa; the stems are longer than those of /. foliosa, and bear several 
flowers, which may be open at the same time; the stems, however, 
do not exceed the leaves in height. 

The falls remain nearly horizontal. They possess the quality 
of an iris flower which is described as “ substance.” The stand- 
ards spread out in about the same plane as the falls. The color 
of the flowers matches fairly closely the Hyacinth Violet of Ridg- 
way, on Plate 11 of his Color Standards and Nomenclature. The 
flower differs from Fulvala in that the falls are more pointed and 
in the bluer tone of the color. The color of Fulvala corresponds 
very closely to Roods Violet on Plate 11 of Ridgway. 

We have also crossed these two species using, however, the 
pollen from Jris fulva on the stigma of J. foliosa. The original 
crosses were made in 1924 and, from the seed obtained, several 


seedlings were grown. These first flowered in 1927. All the 
plants had the same general appearance so far as shape and color 
of the flower were concerned. They manifested a somewhat less 
rank and vigorous growth as compared with either Fulvala or 
Dorothea K. Williamson. In shape, the flower was very similar 
to that of Fulvala, the parts, however, being slightly smaller, and 
the tips of the falls a little more pointed. The color was not so 


248 


richly developed as in Fulvala, corresponding fairly well with the 
Petunia Violet of Ridgway, a shade differing from the Roods 
Violet of Fulvala mainly in having more grey in it. 

Both the species /ris fulva and I. foliosa and the three hybrids 
between them—Fulvala, Dorothea K. Williamson, and our own— 
are very fertile at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. A large propor- 
tion of the flowers normally set pods in which are well developed 
seed. The seed also germinates quite readily, although it usually 
takes several months for the young seedlings to emerge from the 
soil. 

SEEDLINGS OF DoroTHEea K. WittiAMson.—lIn 1925 a flower of 
Dorothea K. Williamson was pollinated with pollen from this 
same variety and the ripe seed from the pod was carefully saved 
and planted the same fall. The seed germinated and several seed- 
lings were grown to the aeye ae stage. Four of these first blos- 
somed in 1928, and these same ones, with two additional plants, 
produced flowers in 1929. 

The plants were all more or less similar in their general features. 
They resembled somewhat closely the Jris foliosa grandparent. 
There were minor differences between the plants in the height, 
width, and color of the leaves. The flower stems were short, more 
or less zig-zag, and hidden, or nearly so, by the leaves. Most o 
the plants lacked the characteristic vigor of their immediate parent, 
Dorothea K. Williamson. None of them showed any approach to 
the tall slender habit of J. fulva. 

The most striking thing about all of these plants was the great 
variation in the size, shape, and color of the flowers. [ive distinct 
plants were numbered and described and colored figures of the 
flowers are shown in the plate. 

Plant No. 1.—TVhe flower of this plant shows marked similarity 
to that of its immediate parent, Dorothea K. Williamson, the parts 
having the same general shape and position. ‘The falls are rela- 
tively narrow and pointed; the standards are also narrow and 
lanceolate; the bases are white, this color extending part of the 
way up the central portion. The style-branches are white, or 
nearly so, except at the tips, where there are some purple areas 
on the crests. The color of both the falls and standards is slightly 
more blue-purple in tone as compared with Plant No. 2. 


NOSWVITITAA M 
VAHLOYUOA 


VSOTTOI 
S1ul 


LE6l ATAL QYOO3Y N3GHVS OINVLOG NATHOOUS | 3LV1d 


NOSWVTTTIA YW VAHLOWOd AO SONTIGIAS AATA 


249 


As a flower, it is decidedly inferior to Plant No. 2, and also to 
Dorothea K. Williamson. This is due mainly to the narrower, 
more pointed floral parts. The plant is also dwarf, with com- 
paratively short leaves and flower stems. 

Plant No. 2.—The flower is quite suggestive of Dorothea K. 
Williamson, the falls, standards, and style-branches having about 
the same color tones. The poise of the floral parts is also very 
similar, the falls and standards being fairly rigid and extending 
horizontally or nearly so. The falls, however, are narrower and 
more pointed as compared with Dorothea Kk. Williamson, and thus 
give the flower a smaller, more slender effect. The standards are 
also narrower and spatulate rather than oblanceolate. The style- 
branches have more of a dull greenish purple color towards the 
base, becoming a brighter purple on the crests. 

Plant No. 3.—The flower of this plant is a curious mixture of 
yellow and light blue-purple. The poise of the flower is about the 
same as in Dorothea K. Williamson. The blade of the falls is 
broader, more elliptical, and not so pointed. The distribution of 
the color in the falls suggests that of the original /ris foliosa parent 
except for the fact that the white at the base of the blade of the fall 
of the parental species is replaced by yellow. The blue color is 
not so clear, being a mixture of a bluish purple with the yellow. 
The standards are oblanceolate, bluish purple, somewhat darker 
than the falls, and distinctly yellowish towards the base. The 
crests and tips of the style-branches are reddish purple, the latter 
becoming greenish yellow to green at the base. e flower is 
very senneaae but shows its relationship to the original J. foliosa 
parent. The plant is quite vigorous and floriferous; it spreads 
more rapidly than any of the other seedlings, and may have some 
value in the garden. 

Plant No. 4—The flower of this plant in some ways is the most 
unusual of all on account of its bright yellow color. It is perhaps 
surprising that a yellow flowered plant could be descended from 
Tris fulva and I. foliosa through Dorothea K, Williamson. The 
shape of the floral parts and the poise of the flower are somewhat 
similar to that of /. fulva, both the falls and the standards having 
an arching, or a drooping position. The style-branches are green- 
ish yellow at the base, becoming brighter towards the tips and on 
the crests, the latter being very slightly blotched with reddish 


250 


purple. The entire plant suggests a dwarf, more narrow-leafed 
!, foliosa, with a yellow flower of the general shape of J. fulva. 

Plant No. 5.—The flower color of this plant 1s very exceptional, 
matching quite closely the Mallow Purple of Ridgway (Plate 12). 
The more usual terms of cerise and old rose have also been applied 
to describe the color. The poise of the flower and the shape of 
the parts are very similar to that of Dorothea K. Williamson. 
The falls are somewhat narrower and more pointed, and the stand- 
ards are oblanceolate, similar in color to the falls, with the same 
Mallow Purple prevailing in the style-branches and crests. It is 
clearly an outstanding flower, and is perhaps the most promising 
one of the seedlings. The plant, however, lacks the vigorous 
growth of Dorothea K. Williamson, and the flower stem is shorter 
and more concealed by the leaves. 

SEEDLINGS FROM Promiscuous Crossincs.—During the 
ent season a large number of seedlings have bloomed for the first 
time. The seed parent of all of these plants was recorded but for 
the most part open pollination occurred and, consequently, the male 
parent was unknown. Many plants of Jris fulva, I. foliosa, 
Dorothea K. Williamson, Iulvala, and our own first generation 
plant of the species cross were growing in a bed close together, and 
it was possible for pollen from any one of these to be carried to 


nres- 


— 


the flowers of any other. 

Undoubtedly cross pollination involving these different plants 
has occurred, and the result is that the seedlings show a remarkable 
array of variation in form and color. Many of the plants have a 
flower similar in shape to that of Dorothea Kk. Williamson, while 
in others the form and poise of the flower approach Jris fulva or 
I. foliosa. The plants also vary a great deal in their vigor, involv- 
ing marked differences in the length and breadth of the leaves and 
the height of the flower stem. 

A good many of the seedlings produced flowers more or less re- 
sembling those of Plants No. 1 and 2 as described above. They 
showed different shades of bluish purple, combined with varia- 
tions in shape. Other seedlings had flowers with various shades 
of reddish purple; some of these, in shape and poise, approach 
Dorothea K. Williamson, while others had a remarkable resem- 
blance to /ris fulva. 


fae | 


Several seedlings with a distinct yellow color appeared. Most 
of these had some touch of reddish purple in either the standards 
or the style branches, and in some cases a flush of pink occurs on 
the otherwise yellow falls. Some of these are similar in form and 
poise to Dorothea K. Williamson and, consequently, quite unlike 
Plant No. 4 as described above. 

The flowers of a number of seedlings resembled rather closely 
Plant No. 5 as described above. These differed, however, in the 
tint of the color, some being much darker than others. Most of 
them had the general shape of Plant No. 5. 

Among all these seedlings there were several very promising 
plants, and one in particular was outstanding. It was a vigorous 
plant with a rather tall stem, bearing many flowers; the flowers 
were rather large, of good substance, and the general poise of ris 
fulva. The color, however, was a dark red; the color of the falls 
matched rather closely the Aster Purple of Ridgway. The stand- 
ards were somewhat lighter, being Liseran Purple to Magenta. 
From a distance the plant stood out prominently on account of its 
unusual red appearance. 

PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF Irts.—Most garden varieties 
of iris have originated from the crossing of two plants differing in 
one or more characters. The new individuals grown from the 
seed, if they are worth while, are propagated by the division of 
the rhizome, and in this way the new type is rapidly increased. 
Such hybrid plants, however, do not breed true from seed and, 
when such a garden variety is self-pollinated, additional new types 
of greater or less value may be obtained from the seedlings grown. 

Vhere are many records of crosses having been made between 
distinct species of iris. The immediate plant resulting from such 
a cross is the one that is generally grown and, if it possesses valu- 
able characteristics, it is increased by the common method of vege- 
tative propagation of the rhizome. As long as the plant is repro- 
duced in this manner, it retains quite definitely all of its character- 
istics. If, however, such a hybrid plant is permitted to produce 
seed and the young seedlings are grown to maturity, many new 
types combining the various features of the original parents may 
be found among the offspring, since the segregation and recom- 
bination of characters familiar to plant breeders occurs in this 
particular generation. 


The crossing of species which differ in many characters ofters 
unusual possibilities in the production of new varieties. First 
generation plants are more or less similar, and may be propagated 
indefinitely. It is interesting to note, however, that Fulvala, Doro- 
thea K. Williamson, and our own first sence on hybrid plants, 
differ in some important points from each other, although they 
are all hybrids between the same two species—/ris fulva and I. 
foliosa. The differences in these first generation plants may b 
due to the fact that different strains or local races of one or both 
parental varieties may have been used in making the original 


=) 
fa) 


crosses. 

Our results with growing the second generation plants from 
self-pollinated seed of Dorothea K. Williamson are conspicuous 
evidence of exceptional opportunities in the production of new 
types of iris. The various characters of the original parental spe- 
cies are recombined in all sorts of new ways, various colored flow- 
ers on different types of plants being obtained. We have described 
and illustrated only a few of the possible kinds. Many further 
combinations may be found when additional seedlings are grown 
to maturity. In such a cross, involving marked differences be- 
1e original species, a large series of new forms may thus 


— 


tween t 
be secured. 

There are still further possibilities in crossing the first genera- 
tion plant with either of its parents. Such crosses are known to 
the plant breeder as “back crosses ”’ and, in this particular case, 
we might expect to obtain exceptional results by hybridizing the 
first generation plant, as Dorothea K. Williamson, with the /ris 
fulva parent. 

Tris fulva undoubtedly offers many opportunities for the produc- 
tion of new kinds of iris. If it is hybridized with tall and more 
vigorous types than J. foliosa, very desirable varieties might be 
secured, in which the height and vigor of one parent would be 
combined with flowers of exceptional coloring, size, poise, and 
substance. The possibilities of such results are indicated by 
Cacique and Sagamore, obtained by Dr. S. S. Berry, in which, 
apparently, J. fulva has been hybridized with /. savannarunt. 
Many additional seedlings of our own crosses are also being 
grown, and the future possibilities are practically unlimited. 


253 
The Colored Plate * 


The colored plate is made from the original watercolor draw- 
ings by Miss Louise B. Mansfield. On the upper half of the plate 
there are grouped the tips of the flower stalks of the two parental 
species, Iris fulva and J. foliosa, and the first generation plant, 
Dorothea KK. Williamson. On the lower half of the plate are 
shown the drawings of five seedlings from a selfed flower of 
Dorothea K. Williamson. These belong to the second generation 
of hybrids. 

The figures show the characteristic shape, color, and poise of 
the flowers. They are all reduced one-half in reproduction. The 
characteristic differences of the original parental species, the first 
generation plant, and the five second generation plants, are well 


— 


shown. 
e colored plate illustrating this paper is published with the aid of a 


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gift from the Woman’s Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 


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EDWIN P. MAYNARD... 
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‘PUBLICATIONS 
‘OF THE 
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 


ECORD. Established, January, ae An administrative ‘periodical : issued A 
pt 


R 
quattesly Cioxe-1028) + bimonthly beginning with 1929. Contains,. among 
Annual Report of ake director and. heads ‘of GoPets special reports, 

announcements of Paes of instruction, seed: list t, guides, miscellaneous ‘papers, 
and notes Cog ae Garten progress and events, Free to members of the Garden. 
~ To others $1.50 a y Circulates in 41 countries. 

MOIRS. "Established, July, 1918. _ Published irregularly. Circulates in 
47 conics 


“ Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers Dee scmeedl at: 


‘the deication’ of the Laberee ey building. and plant houses, ‘April 19-21, 1917. 
521 na ’ Price $3.50, plus po 


e II. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The yesenicn is 
I 


Montadie: ayn study of fae e and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 1 
108 pages. Price $1.00, plus 
Volume III, Vegetation ae Mount Desert Island, Meta and its environ- 


ae : sco “Bar rrington Moore and Norman Taylor, June To, 2027. 151 pages. 
rice 

CONTRIBUTIONS. _ Established, April 1, 1911, - Papers originally published 
in periodicals, reissued as “ separates,” without rat of paging, and numbered 
consecutively. This series includes: eens papers, as well as those embodying — 
the results of research. Twenty-five numbers consttt one volume. Price > 25. 

cents each, $5.00 a volume, Sot ve - countrie 
Hi Pisin races of bunt of wheat. 14 pages 


48 ene 192 
57- New physiologic races of oat smuts. 22 pa 


1928. ! 
. The bs Gai ance of Piaee of ia hybrids: to loose and cpg: smut. 


ges. 1930. 
58. AS new method of producing and detecting Song hybrids. 12 pages. 


LETS. Established, April 10, 1913; Published ‘weekly or spe Re r 


. TRART 
during April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of the L 


G 
of publication, Issued as num of the Record; see a 


story of our mete. A. chronicle - corn. Illustrated. : 


Guide No. é 
3S Published, Beveiven 1920. Price, 25 cen 
at Guide No. 4. The Japanese Carter Tildstrated) ‘Published, july, 1930. 
- Price, 25 cents. 
Guide No. 5. The Rock Garden. 28 illustrations. Price, 35 cents... 


SEED LIST. (Delectus pennant) Established, December, 1914... Since 1925 
- issued each year in the Janua number of the Rec epee Circulation: includes 160 — 


botanic gardens and zastitution located’ in 40 countries 

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Established, January, 1OI4. 
lished, in codperation with the Botanica, Socrety or AMERICA, monthly, except 
during August and September. Subscription, $7.00 a. year. -Circulates. in 48 
countries, 


ECOLOGY. eis aa January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation 
with the Hc ete ICAL SOCIETY MERICA. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates 
in 48 cou 


GENETICS, Established, aes 1916. Bimonthly. Lana ee a 
year, _ Circulates i in 37 countr 


to cee collections, _buildings, and grounds, P Price based upon Cont 


BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD 


VOL. XX SEPTEMBER, 1931 No. 5 


PROSPECTUS 


OF COURSES, LECTURES, AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL 
ADVANTAGES OFFERED TO MEMBERS AND TO 
THE GENERAL PUBLIC 


1931-32 


PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY 
AT PRI STS., LANCASTER, PA. 
BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 
BR 


Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912. 


BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 


Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers 


SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL 
The Staff 
C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., os Director 
CALVIN W. FOSS, B.L., Lib 
MONTAGUE FREE, Heseuertie 
ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction 
ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de Université (Paris), feta of Plants 
GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant Pathol. 
ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S., Cannor of Elementary ee cuction 
HENRY K. SVENSON, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Plants 


Other Officers 
MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and 
Floral Art 


rt 
HAROLD A. CAPARN, Ci onsulting Landscape Architect 


RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) 
RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) 


MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., ame Assistant Curator 
of Elementary I nstruct 
N D. JENKINS, A.B., ecw 
ELIZABETH MARCY, A.B., Research Assistant 
FRANCES M. MINER, A.B., Instructor 
HESTER M. RUSK, A.M., Instructor 
L. GORDON UTTER, B.S., M.S., Research Assistant 


EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, Sie Assistant 
MAU . PURDY, Curatorial Assistant 
; MARGARET BURDICK PUTZ, pedis, Assistant 
MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistant 


LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer 


ADMINISTRATIVE 
DANIEL C. Pate Secretary and oe shea 
MAUDE ORIS, Assistant Sec 
NORMA oe BANTA, Office pie 


MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, A. see Secretary to the Director 
FRANK STOLL, Regist ‘ustodian 
WILLIAM H. DURKIN, enLEGRS Secretary 


AURA M. aan es Phlepie-oa! 
PAULINE LEHMAN BROWN, B.A., Stenographer 


eng VILKOMERSON, So tenographer 
ELYN M. WILLIAMS, Stenographer 


GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE NATURE 
AND ACTIVITIES OF THE BROOKLYN 
BOTANIC GARDEN 


THE Brooktyn Botanic Garpen, established in 1910, is a de- 
partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is 
supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by 
private funds, including income from endowment, membership 
dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is 
through the Department of Parks. 

By an Agreement with the City of New York, the functions of 
the Garden have been defined as two-fold, and may be summarized 
as follows: first, the advancement of botanical science through 
original research; and second, the dissemination of a knowledge 
of plants. 

The first of these activities is carried on by director, curators, 
resident investigators, fellows, and others, who devote all or a 
part of their time to independent investigation. 

The second, the dissemination of botanical knowledge, is ac- 
complished in the following ways: 


I. By the teaching of classes— 

a. of children who come voluntarily outside of school 
hours; 

b. of children who come with their teachers from pub- 
lic and private schools for special lessons on plant 
life and closely related subjects ; 

c. of adults who are interested in some phase of pure 
or applied botany. 

II. By lectures at schools and elsewhere by the various. staff 
members. 

III. By broadcasting. 

TV. By loan sets of lantern slides accompanied by lecture text, 
for use in the sc 


— 


1ools. 
V. By the distribution to schools of study material for classes 
in botany, biology, and nature study. 


1 


il 


VI. By public lectures and educational motion pictures at the 
3otanic Garden. 
VII. By maintaining labelled collections of living plants, arranged 


fy 


systematically and otherwise on the grounds and in the 
Conservatories of the Garden. 
VIIL. By the herbarium, containing specimens of preserved plants 
from all parts of the world. 
IX. By maintaining a reference library on plant life and related 
subjects, open free to the public daily (except Sundays 
and holidays). 


v 


By the following periodicals, published by the Botanic Gar- 
den: 


1. American Journal of Botany. 

2. Ecology. 

ox (aenetics, 

4. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, including Guides. 


wal 


Leaflets. 
6. Contributions. 
7. Memoirs. 


XI. By popular and technical articles in journals and the public 
press. 
XII. By the maintenance of a Bureau of Public Information on 
all phases of plant life. 
XIII. By providing docents to accompany members and others 
who wish to view the collections under guidance. 
XIV. By cooperating with City Departments and other agencies 
in the dissemination of botanical knowledge. 
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is also taking an active part in 
the movement for the conservation of our native American plants. 
A brief summary and report of the public educational work of 
the Garden from 1910 to 1928, with some attempt to set forth the 
fundamental principles upon which it is based, was published in 
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp for July, 1929. On _ re- 
quest, copies will be sent gratis to those engaged in educational 
work. 


CONTENTS 


I Cooperation with eocal Schools Reewer ss aac 
He Dinediol dubic sito cinatlonl, aac. eemener St er etaky 
| BIL em eek cra 6 eh capes Paes Uae nee eRe YT cee, 20 oer Sen nee aA 
ONE CA CHIINSe co ba tee gear asst lac ieee eaten A= ae ee me 
Wiss COUSeS s Oleg HIS Unt Gl ON (atric ee eee net Suara epee 
eCourses LOtuuereneral bP illicuamenre ence es 
e allG@OUnseS. Fc. chines Mnnee earner mat 
Zoe S Piel Cas @OUGSCS. Cs. di a eee tee ae eee ren 
B. Courses for Teachers: Given in Cooperation with 
the Brooklyn Teachers’ Association ........... 
Gre @lnilclcenys: s@Ouisses: 6258 oul See, res tn Pane eal 
DF Gourse ton ssencdent «Nursesh sew nets 

IX. Consultation and Independent Investigation 


Wolke VINCE ane OUG me fete iit 506 5 eee he, ote ee eae 


Plantations, Conservatories, Herbarium, Library, Lab- 
oratory Building, Instructional Greenhouses, Chil- 


of > 
dren’s Room, Children’s Garden Building, Children’s 


— 


Garden, Rose Garden, Japanese Garden, Etc. 


BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD 


VOL. XX SEPTEMBER, 1931 No. 5 


PROSPECTUS: 1931-32 
l COOPERATION WITH BOCA SCHOOLS 


The Brooklyn Botanic Garden aims to cooperate in every practi- 
cable way with the public and private schools of Greater New 
Yor 


lated subjects. The purpose of the Garden in this connection is to 


dz, 


<in all matters pertaining to the study of plants and closely re- 


supplement and enrich the school work in the way of instruction, 
demonstration, methods, study material, etc., which otherwise 


would not be available. 


Geography classes, as well as classes in nature study and botany, 


=4 


find the collection of useful plants in the economic plant house, 
and also the Japanese Garden, valuable adjuncts to their class 
work. Arrangements may be made by teachers of geography 
to have their classes study these collections under guidance. Illus- 
trated lectures for geography classes may also be arranged for at 
the Garden. 

The systematic collection in the main part of the Garden, where 
the living plants are arranged by orders and families, is proving 
of great value for demonstration to visiting high school classes in 
botany. 

A. Talks at Schools——The principals of public or private 
schools may arrange to have lantern talks given at the schools on 
various topics related to nature study, such as garden work with 
children, tree planting, the conservation of wild flowers, and 
Arbor Day. If an illustrated lecture is desired, the lantern and 
operator must be provided by the school, but slides will be 
furnished by the Botanic Garden. Address the Curator of Ele- 
mentary Instruction for a list of talks and for appointments. 

255 


jar 


256 


B. School Classes at the Garden——(a) Schools not provided 
with a stereopticon, and other schools, may arrange for classes, 
accompanied by their teachers, to come to the Botanic Garden for 
lectures either by the teacher or by a member of the Garden Staff. 

(b) Notice of such a visit should be sent at least one week 
previous to the date on which a talk is desired. Blank forms are 
provided by the Garden for this purpose. These talks will be 
illustrated by lantern slides, and by the conservatory collection of 
useful plants from the tropics and subtropics. Fall and spring 
announcements of topics will be issued during 1931-32. 

(c) The Garden equipment, including ereenhouses, plant mate- 
rial, lecture rooms, lantern, and slides, is at the disposal of teachers 
who desire to instruct their own classes at the Garden. Arrange- 
ments must be made in advance so that such work will not conflict 
with other classes and lectures. For High School classes address 
the Curator of Public Instruction. For Junior High and Ilemen- 
tary School classes address the Curator of Elementary Instruction, 

(d) The principal of any elementary or high school in Brooklyn 
may arrange also for a series of six lessons on plant culture to be 
given during the fall or spring to a class. A small fee is charged 
to cover the cost of the materials used. The plants raised become 
the property of the pupils. The lessons will be worked out for the 
most part in the greenhouse, and the class must be accompanied 
by its teacher. This is adapted for pupils above the third grade. 

C. Lectures for High School, Junior High School, and 
Teachers’ Training School Students.—To supplement biology 
sttidies in the schools of Brooklyn, a series of late afternoon 
lectures will be held in the spring of 1932, arranged especially 
for high school students. The subjects will be selected from 
among those in the New York Biology Syllabus, and will follow 
as closely as possible the sequence of that outline of study. When 
entire classes attend, it is recommended that they be accompanied 
by their teachers. Announcements of topics will be issued early 
in 

D. Seeds for School and Home Planting —Penny packets of 
seeds are put up by the Botanic Garden for children’s use. In 

the early spring, lists of these seeds, order blanks for teachers and 
pupils, and other information may be secured on application to 
the Curator of Elementary Instruction, 


257, 


EK. Conferences.—Conferences may be arranged by teachers 
and principals for the discussion of problems in connection with 
gardening and nature study. Appointments must be made in 
advance. Address the Curator of Elementary Instruction. 

F. Study and Loan Material.—To the extent of its facilities, 
the Garden will provide, on request, various algae and protozoa, 
as well as living plants, leaves and twigs, and other plant parts for 
study. When containers are necessary, as in the case of the 
algae and protozoa, they must be furnished by the school. In al! 
cases arrangements must be made by the teachers for calling for 
such material. It will greatly aid in the speed and efficiency of 
service if teachers will write or telephone a day in advance of 
sending for material. 

Tor the following, address, by mail or telephone (Prospect 9- 
6173), Miss Hester M. Rusk. 

le Aloae: 

Pleurococcus 

Spirogyra 

Vaucheria 

Desmids 

Blue-green algae: Oscillatoria and others. 


2. Types of fungi and lichens. 
3. Liverworts: Conocephalus and Lunularia. 
4, Moss plants: protonema, “ felt,” and capsules. 
Speers’ 
Prothallia: for these a covered Petri dish or tin box 
should be sent. 
Fronds with spores. 
6. Elodea or Nitella—to show movement of protoplasm. 
7. Corn or sorghum stems, dried. 
8. Twigs of maple, basswood, ailanthus, and others. 
9. Simple and compound leaves. 
10. Various seeds and fruits to illustrate methods of dispersal. 
11. Specimens loaned for exhibit: e.g., leguminous roots with 


tubercles, plant diseases, modified leaves, demonstrations of 
Mendelism. 


12, Protozoa: Paramoecium, Euglena, and others. 
13. Sterilized nutrient agar for the study of bacteria and molds. 


258 


This agar will be furnished in bottles; or, if teachers will 
send in their own Petri dishes, clean and dry, at least one 
week in advance, these will be filled ready for use. 
lor the following, address, by mail or telephone (Prospect 9- 
6173), Miss Margaret M. Dorward. Messengers should call for 
this material at the Information Booth on the ground floor. 


I4. Geranium, Coleus, Tradescantia—variegated green and 
white, loaned for photosynthesis experiment. 

15. Cacti, pitcher plant (Sarracenia), Selaginella, sensitive plant 
(Mimosa pudica), Venus Fly-tray (Dionaea muscipula), 
and others—loaned for demonstration. 


— 


16. Mounted specimens of leaves of trees mentioned in the 
Syllabus of Nature Study 

17. In spring time, for school gardens, the surplus supply of 
seedlings from Botanic Garden classes. 

G. Demonstration Experiments.—cachers may arrange to 
have various physiological experiments or demonstrations con- 
ducted at the Garden for the benefit of their classes. Commiunica- 
tions in regard to these matters should be addressed to the Curator 
of Public Instruction. 

H. Loan Sets of Lantern Slides.—Scts of lantern slides have 
been prepared for loan to the schools. [ach set is accompanied 
by a short lecture text of explanatory nature. In all cases these 
sets must be called for by a school messenger and_ returned 
promptly in good condition. Address, by mail, or telephone, Mr. 
Frank Stoll. The subjects now available are as follows. Other 
sets are in preparation. 

Plant Life 


Spring Wild Flowers 


Go DO 


Coa ca Trees 
Fall Wild Flowers 
Forestry (2 sets) 


ON tn 


Conservation of Native Plants 


Lia Sue Or UB LC. Ja Oi Mie CaN 
Ikach year hundreds of requests for information about plants 
are answered by the various members of the Garden staff, per- 


259 


sonally, by mail, or telephone. These questions, many of them 
most unusual and interesting, extend into practically every field 
of pure and applied botany, and the information sought 1s gladly 
given wherever possible. Inquiries should be directed to the 
Curator of Public Instruction, preferably by letter. If the iden- 
tification of plants is desired, it is best to enclose as large a speci- 
men as possible of the plant in question. If diseased plants are 
concerned it is advisable to enclose a representative specimen of 
the part diseased. 


ite DOCH N Thay 


To assist members and others in studying the collections the 
services of a docent may be obtained. Arrangements should be 
made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction one 
week in advance. No parties of less than six adults will be 
conducted. This service is free of charge to members; to others 
there is a charge of 50 cents per person. For information con- 
cerning membership in the Botanic Garden see page 3 of the 
cover of this Prospectus. 


Lee ei ACN Ge SA aie 
RatpH Hort CuHeney, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic 
Plants). 

Die BOstonmuiniversity, 191a: Avi, NOLO VES.) Elatvard, 
1922,-5¢.D%,19235 Assistant in Zoology, Radclitte College, 1921; 
Assistant in Botany, Harvard, 1922; Instructor in Zoology, West- 
ern Reserve University, 1923; Assistant Professor of Biology, 
New York University, 1924-1929; Professor of Biology and 
Chairman of the Biology Dept., Long Island University, 1929-. 
MarGarET MAXWELL Dorwarp, A.B., Acting Assistant Curator 

of Elementary Instruction. 

A.B., Smith College, 1927; Assistant in Botany, Smith College, 
1928 ; Instructor, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1930; Acting Assist- 
ant Curator of Elementary Instruction, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 
1930- 

MontaGue Free, Horticulturist. 

Botanic Garden, Cambridge, England, 1899-1906; Warley Place 

Gardens, England, 1906-1908 ; First Class Certificate, Royal Hor- 


260 


ticultural Society, 1910; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Certifi- 
cate), 1908-1912; Dept. of Floriculture, N. Y. State College of 
Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y., 1912-1913; Instructor in Floriculture, 
School of Horticulture for Women, Ambler, Penna., 1913; Head 
Gardener, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1914-1920; Horticulturist 
and Head Gardener 1920-1924; Horticulturist, 1924-. 


ARTHUR Harmount Graves, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruc- 
tion, 

A.B., Yale, 1900; Ph.D., 1907; University of London, 1914- 
1915; Assistant in Botany, Sheffield Scientific School and Yale 
School of Forestry, 1902-1904; Instructor in Forest Botany, Yale 
School of Forestry, 1904-1906; Instructor in Botany, Sheffield 
Scientific School, 1906-1909; Assistant Professor, 1909-1914; 
Associate Professor of Biology, Connecticut College for Women. 
1916-1917; Pathologist and Collaborator, Office of Investigations 
in Forest Pathology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1918-; 
Curator of Public Instruction, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1921-. 


= 


ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de l'Université (Paris), Curator of 
Plants. 

A.B., Stanford University, 1897; A.M., Harvard University, 
1907 ; Decent de l'Université, Paris, 1910; Teacher, secondary 
schools, Boston, Mass., 1898-1903; Assistant, Arnold Arboretum, 
1910-1913; Herbarium Assistant, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 
1914-1915; Assistant Curator of the Herbarium, 1916-1919; 
Associate Curator of Plants, 1920-1924; Curator of Plants, 1924. 
H. Dorotity JENKINS, A.B., Instructor. 

A.B., Mt. Holyoke College, 1927; Assistant, Newark Museum, 
1929-1930; Instructor, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1930-. 
Frances M. Miner, A.B., Instructor. 

A.B., Smith College. 1927; Local Director, Elmira Council Girl 
Scouts, Elmira, N. ¥., 1927-1930; Director, Elmira Girl Scout 
Camp, 1928-1930; neers Brooklyn Bane Garden, 1930-. 
Grorce Marrirw Reep, Ph.D., Curator of Plant Pathology. 

A.B., Geneva College, 1900; A.M., University of Wisconsin, 
1904; Ph.D., 1907; Professor of Natural Science, Amity Col- 


261 


lege, 1900-1903; Assistant in Botany, University of Wisconsin, 
1904-1907; Instructor, 1907; Assistant Professor of Botany, 
University of Missouri, 1907-1912; Professor, 1912-1918; Pa- 
thologist, U. S. Department of erica 1919-1920; Giitor 
of Plant Pathology, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1921-. 

Hester M. Rusx, A.M., Instructor. 

A.B., Columbia University, 1912; A.M., 1917; Instructor in 
Botany, Nebraska University Agricultural High School, 1913- 
1915; Assistant in Botany, Barnard College, 1915-1918; Instruc- 
tor, 1918-1920; Technical Assistant, New York Botanical Garden, 
1920-1926 ; Curatorial Assistant, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1926- 
1927; Instructor, 1928-. 

ELLEN Eppy Suaw, B.S., Curator of Elementary Instruction. 

B.S., Tufts College, 1902; Tufts Medical School, 1902; Super- 
visor of Nature Study and Head of Science Dept., High School, 
Wayland and Cochituate, Mass., 1902-1905; Supervisor of Nature 
Study Dept., State Normal School, New Paltz, N. Y., 1905-1906, 
1907-1909 ; Supervisor of Nature Study, Rochester City Training 
School, 1905-1907; Lecturer in Nature Study, State Board of 
Ieducation, New York, 1907-1910; Teacher of Nature Study, 
Winthrop College Summer School, Rock Hill, S. C., 1910-1911— 
1912; Supervisor of Nature Study, Ethical Culture School, New 
York City, 1910-1913; Lecturer in Spring Garden Course at 
Pratt Institute Kindergarten, 1912-1916; Lecturer in Nature 
Study, State Board of Education, West Virginia, 1912; Curator 
of Elementary Instruction, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1913-. 
Henry K. Svenson, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Plants. 

A.B., Harvard University, 1920; A.M., 1922; Ph.D., 1928: 
Assistant, Arnold Arboretum, 1920; Instructor in Biology, Union 
College, 1922-1925; Assistant Professor, 1925-1927; Assistant in 
Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, 1928-1929; Editorial 
Work on Biological Abstracts, 1929; Assistant Curator of Plants, 
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1930-. 


Vie COURSES .OF INSER UCR ON 
Courses of instruction are offered in Botany, Gardening, and 
Nature Study, and are divided into 4 classes: 


262 

A. For the general public (“ A” courses, p. 263) 

B. For teachers (“ B” courses, p. 266) 

C. For children (“ C” courses, p. 268) 

D. Other courses of a special nature (“ D 

No course will be given when less than ten persons apply for 
registration. Since registration in many of the courses is re- 
stricted to a fixed number on account of the limited space avail- 
able in the greenhouses, and for other reasons, those desiring to 
attend are urged to send in their application for enrollment and the 
entrance fee to the Secretary, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, several 
days in advance of the first exercise. This avoids delay at the be- 
ginning of the first exercise, ensures a place in the course, and 
enables the instructor to provide adequate material for the class. 

The following equipment is available for the courses: 

1. Three Classrooms (in addition to the Boys’ and Girls’ Club 
Room in the Laboratory Building), equipped with stereoscopes 
and views, a stereopticon, plant collections, economic exhibits, 
models, and other apparatus and materials for instruction. 

2. Two Laboratory Rooms, with the usual equipment for plant 
study. 

3. The Instructional Greenhouses, three in number, for the use 
of juvenile as well as adult classes for instruction in plant propa- 


vy 


eonrses:p. 271) 


— 


gation and related subjects. 

4. The Children’s Garden, on a piece of land about three- 
quarters of an acre in extent, in the southeast part of the Botanic 
Garden, divided into about 150 plots which are used throughout 
the season for practical individual instruction in gardening. 

5. The Children’s Building, near the north end of this plot, con- 
taining rooms for conferences and for the storage of tools, seeds, 
notebooks, special collections, etc. 

6. The Auditorium, on the ground floor, capable of seating 570 
persons, and equipped with a motion-picture lantern and_ stere- 
opticon, 

In addition to these accommodations, the dried plant specimens 
in the herbarium, the living plants in the conservatories and 
plantations, and the various types of gardens are readily accessible, 
while the main library and children’s library, which contain a 
ection of books on every phase of gardening 


— 


comprehensive col 


263 


and plant life, may be consulted freely at any time. See also 
pages 274-278. 


A. Courses for the General Public 


The following courses are open to any one who has a general 
interest in plants. Teachers are welcome. Unless otherwise 
specified they are free to members of the Botanic Garden; * for 
others a small fee is required, as indicated. 


1. Fall Courses 
A4. Gardening in the Fall—Five lessons, with practical 
work in the greenhouse, on the methods of making cuttings, the 
various kinds of bulbs for fall planting, their treatment and care, 
the proper management of house plants, and a discussion of the 
kinds suitable for cultivation. On account of restricted space in 
the greenhouse, this class must be limited to 40. Registration ac- 
cording to the order of application. Fee, $5. Mondays, 4 partie. 
October 5 to November 9. (Omitting October 12.) Mr. Free. 
AS. Trees and Shrubs in their Winter Condition —Fight 
outdoor lessons in the parks and woodlands of Greater New 
York on the characteristics of our common trees and shrubs, 
both native and cultivated, emphasizing their distinguishing fea- 
tures in the winter condition. Fee, $4. Saturdays, 2:30 p.m., 
October 3 to December 5. (Omitting October 10 and November 
oe) Dr. Graves. 
A13. Flowering Plants of Greater New York: Fall Course. 
—Three sessions. Field identification of the flowering plants of 
Greater New York, with special reference to fall-flowering species 
and methods of seed dispersal. /’ee, $1.50. Saturdays, 2:30 
p.m., September 26 to October 17. (Omitting October 10.) 
Dr. Svenson and Miss Rusk. 
A19,. Ornamental Shrubs: Fall Course.—Eight outdoor 
trips in the Botanic Garden and in Prospect Park for the purpose 
of becoming acquainted with the common species and varieties of 
cultivated shrubs. This is a continuation of the spring course 
* For information concerning membership in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden 
consult the third peek of the cover of this Prospecrus. 


264 
and includes a study of the fruits. Lee, $7. 
p.m., September 30 to November 18. Dr. Gundersen. 
A20. Advanced Course in Gardening.—Ten lessons. This 
course presupposes a knowledge of the elements of eardening 
equivalent to that contained in courses Al and A4. It consists 


Wednesdays, 4:10 


of lectures illustrated with lantern slides and living material, and 
includes frequent tours in the Botanic Garden where the various 
types of gardens and other subjects of the lectures will be demon- 
strated. The subjects treated are as follows: 


Oct. 22. Water Gardens 


* 29, Rock Gardens 
Noy. 5. Perennial Gardens 
“12. Rose Gardens 


“49, Trees and Shrubs 
Dec. 3. Iris—Dr. Reed 
“10. Insect Pests 
“17, Diseases of Herbaceous Plants—Dr. Reed 
Jan. 7. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs—Dr. Graves 
“ 14. Plant Breeding—Dr. Reed 
Fee, $20.00. Single periods, $2.50 each. Members of the 
Garden are entitl Thursdays, 3:30 
5 Mr. Free, unless 
Mr. Free, Dr. Reed, and Dr. Graves. 
A21. Backyard City Gardens.—Iive lessons for the city 
gardener. 


ed to a 50 per cent. discount. 
pm. to 5 p.m. October 22 to January 14. 
otherwise indicated. 


A course planned for those who must work in re- 
stricted areas. The work is practical and the material used will 
become the property of the student. The topics are as follows: 


Sept. 29. The Outdoor Bulb Bed 


— 


Oct. 6. Checking up the Perennial Garden 
“13. Taking up House Plants 
“ 20. Roses and other Shrubs—Fall Planting 
oe 
27, 


Potting of Bulbs for Indoor Bloom 


Fee, $10. Tuesdays, 2 p.n., September 29 to October va 
Members of the Garden are entitled to a 50 per cent. discount. 


Miss Shaw. 


265 


2. Spring Courses 


Al. Plants in the Home.—How to grow them. Five talks 
with demonstrations. Practice in potting, mixing soils, making 
cuttings, etc. This course deals with the principles to be fol- 
lowed in raising plants. The members of the class have the 
privilege of keeping the plants they have raised. On account of 
restricted space in the greenhouse, this class must be limited to 40. 
Registration according to the order of application. Fee, $5. Fri- 
days, 4 p.m., February 26 to March 25. Mr. Free. 

Ag. Plant Families.—FEight outdoor lessons in the Botanic 
Garden, taking up the structure and possible lines of evolution 
of flowers and the characteristics of the more important plant 
families, such as the Magnolia, Buttercup, Mustard, Pink, Rose, 
Plum, Apple, Geranium, Mallow, Carrot, Dogwood, Heath, Po- 
tato, Figwort, Mint, and Composite Families. fee, $4. Tues- 
days, 4 p.m., April 12 to May 31. Dr. Gundersen. 

A9. Trees and Shrubs of Greater New York.—Ten outdoor 
lessons in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York, the 


principal object being to gain a ready acquaintance with the com- 
mon trees and shrubs of the eastern United States, which are well 
represented in this region. The species are considered in sys- 
tematic order, and the features pointed out by which they may be 
most easily recognized ; also their habits, rate of growth, economic 
value and use, methods of planting and propagation ; importance in 
forestry, horticulture, and landscape art. Fee, $5. Saturdays, 
2:30 p.m., April 2 to June 11. (Omitting May 28.) 

| Dr. Graves. 
Fight weekly field trips dealing 


A18. Ornamental Shrubs. 
with the shrubs used in ornamental planting, their habits, uses, and 
botanical relationships. The classes are held out-of-doors, weather 
permitting, in the Botanic Garden and in Prospect Park. Fee, $4. 
Wednesdays, 4 p.m., April 20 to June &. Dr. Gundersen. 

All. Flowering Plants of Greater New York: Spring 
Course.—A field course of eight lessons in the parks and wood- 
lands of Greater New York. The common native and natu- 
ralized wild flowers are studied as they come into flower, and 
their distinguishing features pointed out. J’ee, $4. Saturday 


266 


afternoons; April 16 to June 11. (Omitting May 28.) Dr. 
Svenson and Miss Rusk. 

Al6. Plant Geography.—A course of six lectures and con- 
ferences on the chief geographic areas of the eastern United States, 


and their representative vegetation, with occasional excursions 
Saturday afternoons. Fee, $3. (Not offered in 1932.) 
Dis Syensor: 
A22. Theory and Practice of Children’s Garden Work.—- 
live sessions. This course is planned for parents and others 
interested in children’s gardening. Practical work will be done 
by members of the class similar to that given to children at the 
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and the psychological basis for such 
work will be discussed. Fee, $5. Alternate Thursdays, 4 p.m., 
April 7 to June 2. Miss Shaw and Miss Jenkins. 


B. Courses for Teachers: Given in Cooperation with the 
Brooklyn Teachers Association 


These courses have been accepted by the Brooklyn Teachers As- 
abus of Courses. On satisfactory 


— 


sociation, and appear in its Syl 
completion of each course, the student 1s awarded a certificate by 
the Brooklyn Teachers Association, in cooperation with the Brook- 
en. The courses are also accepted by the New 


jaar 


lyn Botanic Gare 
York Board of [Education for credit toward higher teaching 
licenses, one credit being granted for each 15 hours (with the ex- 
ception of “ B8, Plant Culture”). Credits may also be used 
toward advanced standing in colleges or universities. Through 
an agreement made in January, 1931, with Long Island University, 
undergraduate credit for these courses will be allowed toward 
fulfilling the requirements for a university degree, provided the 
admission requirements at the University and the laboratory re- 
quirements have been fulfilled. Nature materials used in the 
courses, and plants raised become the property of the student. 

Members of the Garden are entitled to a 50 per cent. discount 
from the regular fee for all “B” courses; from other persons 
the indicated fee is required. No course will be given when less 
than ten persons apply. 

Bl. General Botany (B).—A two-year course, of thirty ses- 
sions each year, on the structure and functions of plants. The 


267 


first year (A) is spent on seed plants. The second year (B) 
the lower groups are dealt with—bacteria, algae, fungi, lichens, 
mosses, ferns, their life histories and relationships. Optional 
laboratory work each week with the compound microscope. 
For the year 1931-32 the latter half of the course (B) will be 
taken up. The first half is, however, not a prerequisite for 
the second. Students may elect either or both parts of the 
course, which are given in alternate years. Fee, $5 each year. 
Laboratory fee, $5. Thursdays, 4 p.m., beginning October 7. 
Miss Rusk. 
B2. Nature Study.—Thirty sessions. This course is based 
on the New York City outline of nature study for grades three to 
six inclusive. Mounts, charts, and diagrams are made. The stu- 
dent becomes familiar with actual material. The course is en- 
tirely practical, work being done in both field and laboratory 
Fee, $10. Tuesdays, 4 p.m., beginning October 6 
Miss Shaw and Miss Miner. 
B3. Principles of Agriculture and Horticulture.—Thirty 
sessions. This course is especially helpful to teachers. The prin- 
ciples of horticulture are considered and applied in a practical way 
through greenhouse, laboratory, and lecture work. The green- 
house work includes the following subjects: plant propagation by 
means of bulbs, rhizomes, roots, seeds, etc.; the care of the green- 
house; house plants; window-box materials; fertilizers. Insect 
and fungous pests, grafting, and pruning are also included from 
both a practical and a theoretical point of view. Class linuted to 
60 members. Fee, $15. Wednesdays, 4 p.m., beginning Sep- 
tember 30. iss Shaw, Miss Dorward and Mr. Free. 
B4. Pedagogy of Botany and Educational Principles of Chil- 
dren’s Gardening and Nature Study.—( Not given in 1931-32.) 
B5. Children’s Garden Practice——Fifteen sessions. ‘This 
course is entirely practical and includes all the outdoor work of the 
student in his own garden, applying the principles of agriculture 
and gardening, and work with children in the garden. Open only 
to those who have taken the spring course in 1930. (Not offered 
in 1931-32.) Miss Shaw and Miss Dorward. 
Bo. Field Botany.—Thirty sessions. This is mainly an out- 
door course, given in the Botanic Garden and Prospect Park, hav- 


268 


ing for its chief object an acquaintance with the plants one meets 
with commonly in Greater New York and vicinity, including seed 
plants (trees, shrubs, and herbs), ferns, mosses, hepatics, algae, 
and fungi. fee, $10. Wednesdays, 4 p.m., beginning September 
30. Dr. Graves and Miss Rusk. 

B7. Greenhouse Work.—Thirty sessions. A course for those 
interested in the propagation and care of house plants. Lessons 
in repotting ferns; forcing blooming plants; shaping plants; plant 
insects and diseases; making window boxes, Wardian cases, and 
all carried on in the greenhouses. [Emphasis 


. 


desert gardens 
will be laid on problems of a practical nature. Limited to those 
who have taken B3 and planned to follow this course. Fee, $15. 
Mondays, 4 p.m., beginning October 5. Miss Dorward. 
B8. Plant Culture.—A course of twenty weeks duration for 
those who have taken B3 and B7. No credits are given for this 
course. Fee, $15. Thursdays, 4 p.m., beginning October 22. 
Miss Shaw. 
B9. Economic Plants.—Thirty sessions. The most impor- 
tant economic plants of the world are considered—their history, 
culture, formation of their useful products, and the extraction 
and preparation of the latter by man. Herbarium specimens and 
other material, as well as living plants in the conservatories and 
plantations of the Garden will be used for demonstrations. Be- 
cause of its practical applications, this course will be of especial 
value to teachers. Fee, $10. (Not offered in 1931-32.) 
Dr. Cheney: 


C. Children’s Courses 


The following courses are open to all boys and girls. Enroll- 
ment in these courses entitles the boy or girl to membership in the 
Boys’ and Girls’ Club of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. This club, 
having an active membership of about 1,000, meets twelve times a 
year for discussion of subjects related to plant life. Papers, by 
members, on various botanical and horticultural subjects, are read 
at these mectings, and the speakers are then entitled to a silver pin, 
providing they have satisfactorily completed courses of study at 
the Garden extending over at least six months. For information 
concerning Children’s Room, the Children’s Garden Building, and 
Children’s Garden, see page 277. 


269 


C1. Fall Greenhouse Work.—The following courses are for 
both beginners and advanced students: 

Class A.—Open to boys and girls who have never taken any 
greenhouse work before. Saturday mornings at 9:15. Fee, fif- 
teen cents. October 24 to December 19. 

Miss Miner and Miss Jenkins. 

Class B.—Open to boys and girls over thirteen years of age 
who have had one year of greenhouse work. Fee, fifteen cents. 
Saturday mornings at 9:15, October 24 to December 19. 

Miss Miner. 

Class C.—Open to boys and girls who have been in at least two 
fall greenhouse classes before this. Time of class, 10:30, Satur- 
day mornings. Fee, fifteen cents. October 24 to December 19. 

Miss Dorward. 

Class D.—Open to any boy or girl. Subject: the making of 
garden Christmas presents. Saturday mornings at 10:30. Fee, 
fifteen cents and cost of materials. October 24 to December 19. 

Miss Dorward, Miss Miner, and Miss Jenkins. 

Class E.—Silver Pin work as applied to greenhouse and garden 
work. The members of this class will be selected from students 
cligible for this work. Given in January and February, 1932. 
No fee. Miss Dorward. 

C3. Preparation for the Outdoor Garden.—The following 
classes are open to boys and girls during the spring of each year. 
The courses are planned for a better understanding of plant life 


and so that the outdoor garden may become a more intelligent 
piece of work. On account of limited space in the Children’s 
Greenhouse, classes are limited to twenty. The fee for each 
course is fifteen cents to cover the cost of material. 
oys’ Spring Course.—(a) Saturday mornings, 9-10:15, March 
5 to April 30. (b) Saturday mornings, 10:30-11:30, March 5 to 
April 30. Miss Dorward and Miss Miner. 
Girls’ Spring Course.—(a) Saturday mornings, 9-10:15, March 
5 to April 30. (b) Saturday mornings, 10:30-11:30, March 5 to 
April 30. Miss Miner and Miss Jenkins. 
C4. Advanced Work for Older Boys and Girls—How to 
raise plants, mix soils, transplant, start seedlings for outdoor gar- 
dens, etc. Boys and girls who have taken spring courses under 


yar) 


C5 are eligible for advanced work. The fee for the course is 
twenty-five cents. Each student may take home his plants and 
This course is open to both boys and girls over twelve 
Saturday mornings at 9:30, beginning February 6. 

Miss Dorward. 


seedlings. 
years of age. 


C5. The Beginners’ Garden.—Open annually to 50 boys and 
girls who have never had instruction in gardening at the Brooklyn 
Botanic Garden. This course takes up the subject of the small 
garden, what to plant, how to plant it, care, replanting, ete. Ap- 
plication for plots should be made in person or in writing before 
March 5. Size of plots 8 ft. by 10 ft. All crops belong to the 
individual. Fee twenty-five cents. Saturday mornings, 9-12, 
May 7 to October 1. Miss Shaw and Assistants. 

C6. Second Year Gardens.—Open to 75 boys and girls who 
have had one or more seasons at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden—a 
continuation of Course C5. Registration should be made before 
January 1 of each year for the ensuing year. Fee, twenty-five 
cents. Saturday mornings, 9-12, May 7 to October 1. 

Miss Jenkins and Assistants. 

C7. Junior Garden Assistants.—Open to older boys and 
girls, or to those who have mastered Courses C2 and C4. Size of 
plot 10 ft. by 20 ft. These gardens are for the raising of vege- 
tables. The work is in the nature of a project, “ How much can 
one raise on a plot 10 ft. by 20 ft.?” Hours to be arranged. 
The student must put in at least two periods a week during the 
summer vacation, and, if possible, three. Registration date: 
April 2. Fee, fifty cents. Miss Dorward. 

C9. Nature Study for Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Camp Fire 
Girls, Scout Leaders, and Others.—Short courses of at least 

four periods each, with talks, demonstrations, and field trips in the 
grounds of the Botanic Garden and Prospect Park to study trees, 
shrubs, etc. The instruction and schedule dates will be adapted 
to meet the needs of the various groups that apply. Open only to 
groups of at least ten persons. Hours to be arranged. No fee. 
Dr. Graves, Miss Miner, and Assistants. 

C10. Special Work for High School Pupils—A course in 
ening or greenhouse work adapted for high school pupils. 


fas 


garc 


ra 


Classes to be arranged for by the high school teacher. [ee for 
materials used. Miss Shaw and Assistants. 


D. Course for Student Nurses 


General Botany With Special Reference to Medicinal 
Plants.—A course of conferences, demonstrations, and field 
trips for student nurses. The general principles governing the 
life of plants, as well as the use and care of flowers in the sick 
room will be considered. Special attention will be paid to the 
identification of officinal plants in the field. Hours to be arranged. 
No fee. r. Graves. 


E. Consultation and Independent Investigation 
1. Consultation 
Consultation and advice, and the facilities of the laboratories, 
library, and herbarium are freely at the service of members of the 
sotanic Garden and (to a limited extent) of others with special 
ants or plant products, especially in the 


= 


problems relating to p 
following subjects: 
1. Plant diseases (phytopathology) and classification of 
fungi (mycology). Dire Reed: 
Plant geography (phytogeography) and ecology. 
Dr. Svenson. 
3. Classification and identification of flowering plants (sys- 
tematic botany). Special groups studied in the Garden, supple- 
mented by herbarium studies. Dr. Gundersen. 
+. The growing of cultivated plants and their arrangement; 
also their adaptation to soils, climate, and other factors (horticul- 
and gardening). Mixer ree: 


pean 


ture anc 


2. Investigation * 
For the following research courses, open to those properly quali- 
hed for independent investigation, there is a charge covering all 
* Courses of graduate rank offered by the Botanic Garden, when approved 
by the Faculty of the Graduate School of New York University, are listed 
as courses in the Graduate School, and are given the same credit as other 
graduate courses. Properly eaten students ae take these courses may 


a. 


272 


expenses, including laboratory fee, of $30 for each full course of 
100 credit hours, and $20 for cach half course of 50 credit hours. 
E6. Research in Mycology and Plant Pathology.—Inde- 


pendent investigation of problems relating to fungi and fungous 


diseases of plants. Dr. Reed. 
E8. Research in Forest Pathology.—Independent investiga- 
tion of the diseases of woody plants. Dr. Graves. 


E9. Research in Systematic Botany of the Flowering Plants. 
Dr. Gundersen and Dr. Svenson. 


VI 
MISCELLANEOUS 
Press Releases 


In order to keep the public informed of events at the Garden, 
news items are sent at fairly regular intervals to the metropolitan 
dailies and to many of the suburban papers. These news re- 
leases consist of announcements of the periods when the principal 
floral displays are at their best, of the acquisition of new plants, 
the blossoming of rare species, improvements in the plantations, 
the installation of new collections and exhibits, the results of 
research and exploration, ete. The commencement of the various 
public courses, as well as public lectures and meetings of various 
societies at the Garden, are also announced through the public 
press. Circulars descriptive of t 
are distributed, without charge, according to a regular mailing list 


— 


1e various courses and lectures 


and sent to all the libraries and schools of Greater New York. 
Requests to be placed on this mailing list should be addressed 
to the Curator of Public Instruction. 


Popular Publications 


The publication of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets com- 
menced in 1913. Approximately ten numbers—sometimes more 
—constitute a Series, one series being issued each year. The 
current series 1s Number XIX. At the end of every four years, 
present them in oe of the requirements for advanced degrees given 
by the University. raduate credit has also been allowed elsewhere for 
such advanced work nee at the Garden. 


273 


for convenience in binding, a table of contents of the Leaflets 
published during the four year period is issued. 

The purpose of the Leaflets is primarily to give announcements 
concerning flowering and other plant activities to be seen in the 
Garden near the date of issue, and to present popular information 
about plant life in general for teachers and others. The Leaflets 
are free to members of the Garden and (on request) to teachers 
in the schools of Greater New York. For others, the subscrip- 
tion is 50 cents per year, or 5 cents a number (4 pages), double or 
triple numbers (8 or 12 pages) at the same rate. 

Besides the Leaflets, numerous popular articles on various 
phases of plant life and gardening are written by members of the 
staff for publication in periodicals and newspapers. 


Guide Books, Maps, and Souvenir Postcards of the Garden 


For those who wish to become acquainted with the various 
features of the plantations, including the general plan of the 
systematic section and the nature and location of the various 
types of special gardens, a guide book is now available entitled 
“Gardens Within a Garden: a General Guide to the Grounds of 
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden” (Brooklyn Botanic Garden Rec- 
ord, 18: 153-188. May, 1929.) “The Story of Our Metate: 
a Chronicle of Corn” (Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, 18: 
283-307. December, 1929.) is the title of another guide which 
gives an illustrated account of the ancient metate (now used as a 
bird bath) at the northern end of the Rose Garden. ‘“ The 
Japanese Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden” (Brooklyn 
Botanic Garden Record, 19: 197-234. July, 1930.) copiously il- 
lustrated, outlines briefly the history of Japanese Gardens and 
explains the meaning of the various features of the Brooklyn 
Japanese Garden. ‘ The Rock Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic 
Garden ” (Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, 20: 187-241. May, 
1931.) includes a general discussion of rock gardening, with sug- 
gestions for construction and planting, as well as a chronological 
guide to the Rock Garden, in which the characteristic flowers of 


— 


2ach month are described. 
These guides have been mailed free to members of the Garden, 
and the first three are on sale at 25 cents each. The price of the 


274 


Rock Garden guide is 35 cents. By mail, 40 cents. Other 
guides, descriptive of other special features of the Garden, will 
be issued later. 

A detailed map of the Garden, showing not only the various 
types of gardens included in the Botanic Garden area, but espe- 
cially the location of the various orders and families in the Sys- 
tematic Section, is appended to the General Guide. Copies are 
on sale at 5 cents each. 

A colored picture map of the Garden, 714 x 3% feet, designed 
and executed by Miss Helen Sewall, is on view in the Laboratory 
Building. This map was presented to the Garden at the Annual 
Spring Inspection, May 14, 1929, as a memorial to the late Dr. 
Glentworth R. Butler by members of the Woman’s Auxiliary and 
other friends of Dr. Butler. Photographs of this map (in black 
and white) may be had at 20 cents each. 

Souvenir postcards, in colors, may be had at 15 cents a set (6 
cards); two for 5 cents; 3 cents each. The subjects are: Scene 
in the Children’s Garden: The Brook; Daffodils in the Lawn; 
The Lake; Children’s Building and Formal Garden; The Kock 
Garden (Waterfall and Iris); The Japanese Garden (Wisteria) : 
Inflorescence of Sago Palm. 

Orders for guide books, maps, and souvenir postcards, ac- 
companied by remittance, should be sent to The Secretary. ‘Vhese 
articles may also be obtained at the Information Desk in the 
Laboratory Building. 

VII 
OTHER EDUCATIONAL FEATURES 
Plantations 


The plantations comprise the following sections: 


1. General Systematic Section (trees, shrubs, and herbaceous 
plants arranged according to orders and families). 

2. The Local Flora (native wild flower garden). 

3. ecologic Garden. 

4. Rock Garden. 

5. Japanese Garden. 

6. Rose Garden. 


LES 


7. Iris Garden. 
Water Gardens. 
9, Children’s Garden. 
10. Shakespeare Garden. 
Horticultural Garden. 
12. Experimental Garden. 
13. Nursery. 
As noted under Docentry, arrangements may be made for view- 
They are open free to the 


nr 


— 
—v 


ing the plantations under guidance. 
public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Sundays and holidays from 
10 a.m. until dusk. 

Conservatories 
and 


The Garden conservatories contain a collection of tender 
tropical plants. Of special interest for teachers of nature study 
and geography are the following useful plants from the tropics 
and subtropics: banana, orange, lemon, lime, kumquat, tamarind, 
West Indian cedar (the source of the wood used for cigar boxes), 
eucalyptus, Manila hemp, sisal, pandanus (source of the fiber used 
for making certain kinds of fiber hats), fig, grapevines from 
ate palm, coconut palm, chocolate tree, 


k 


north and south Africa, d 
coffee, tea, ginger, bamboo, mahogany, balsa, cocaine plant, blac 
pepper, annatto (used in coloring butter and cheese), cardamom, 
olive, pomegranate, logwood, durian, mango, sugar cane, avocado 
(so-called “ alligator pear’), West Indian and other rubber plants, 
banyan, religious fig of India, and numerous others. 

It may be of interest to teachers that the nine extant genera of 
cycads are now represented in House 12. During the year, 
Stangeria parodoxa, from Natal, has been added, thus completing 
the collection. To reach the cycad house take the first door to 
the /cft after entering the central or Economic House and pass 
through to the end house. 

The Conservatories are open April 1 to October 31, 10 a.m.— 
4:30 p.m. (Sundays, 2-4:30) ; November 1 to March 31, 10 a.m— 
4 p.m. (Sundays 2-4), 


Herbarium 
The Garden herbarium consists at present of about 190,000 
ferns, mosses, liverworts, 


This 


specimens, including phanerogams, 
lichens, parasitic and other fungi, algae, and myxomycetes. 


2706 


collection may be consulted from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m. by those inter- 
ested, and specimens submitted will be gladly identified. 


Library 


The rapidly growing library of the Garden comprises at present 
more than 16,000 volumes and more than 12,000 pamphlets. This 
is not a circulating library, but is open free for consultation to al 


_— 


persons daily (except Sundays and holidays) from 9 a.m. until 
5 pm. (Saturdays, 9 to 12). More than 900 periodicals and 
serial publications devoted to botany and closely related subjects 
are regularly received. These include the transactions of scien- 
tific societies from all quarters of the globe, the bulletins, mono- 
graphs, reports and other publications of various departments of 
the United States Government, as well as those of foreign govern- 
ments; of all state agricultural experiment stations and agricul- 
tural colleges; the publications of research laboratories, universi- 
ties, botanic gardens and other scientific institutions of the world, 
as well as the files of independent journals devoted to the various 
phases of plant life. The library is especially rich in publications 
of foreign countries and has a growing collection of incunabula 
and other pre-Linnean works. 

Bibliographical assistance is rendered to readers by members of 
the Library staff. 

Laboratory Building 

The Laboratory Building contains (besides offices of administra- 
tion and the Library and Herbarium mentioned above) four lab- 
oratory rooms, a culture room, three classrooms with stereopticon 
and other equipment for instruction, a room for the installation of 
temporary exhibits, six private research rooms, and an auditorium 
seating about 570 and equipped with motion picture machine, 


— 


stereopticon and lecture table supplied with water, gas, and elec- 


tric current for lectures involving experimental work. 
Instructional Greenhouses 
A range of three greenhouses, each about 20 x 30 feet, 1s pro- 
vided for the practical instruction of children and adults in plant 
propagation and other subjects. 


HEE 
Children’s Room 

A gift of $1,500 in 1921 from Mrs. Helen Sherman Pratt, 
supplemented in 1923 by a further gift of $500 from Mr. George 
D. Pratt, has made it possible to provide a beautifully decorated 
room for the use of the Boys’ and Girls’ Club. Any boy or girl 
who is enrolled, or has been enrolled, in any of the children’s 
classes at the Garden is eligible for membership in this club, which 
how numbers about 1,000 active members. The room contains 
shelves for a nature-study library, of which a nucleus has already 
heen secured, and is equipped with stereoscopic views, photographs, 
and preserved and living specimens of plant life, for the instruction 
and entertainment of boys and girls. The room is open free to all 
children. Contributions of specimens and of books on nature 
study and closely related subjects will be most welcome. 


Children’s Garden Building 

This is located in the northern part of the Children’s Garden 
plot and contains a conference room, and rooms for the storage of 
garden tools and implements. The furniture in the conference 
room was a gift from Mrs. James H. Post. Various collections 
of plants, seeds, and insects of economic importance in the garden 
are accessible here for consultation by the children. A garden 
library, a gift of friends, has been added. North of the Chil- 
dren’s Building is a plot planted to ornamental shrubs and_her- 
baceous perennials for the instruction of the children. 


Children’s Garden 

A plot of about three quarters of an acre in the southeast part 
of the Botanic Garden is devoted to the theoretical and practical 
instruction of children in gardening. The larger part of this area 
is laid out im garden plots which will accommodate about 150 
children, 

Rose Garden 

The Rose Garden, occupying about one acre in the northwest 
part of the Botanic Garden, was formally opened to the public 
on Sunday afternoon, June 24, 1928. This garden was imade 
possible by a gift of $10,000, later increased to $15,000, from Mr. 
and Mrs. Walter V. Cranford, of Greenwich, Connecticut. 


2/8 


The general plan of the Garden is as follows. At the north 
end, entrance is gained through a Doric pergola. Three parallel 
rows of beds extend to the southward from the pergola, as far 
as the pavilion. In the central row of beds, varieties of hybrid 
perpetuals have been planted along with many of the small 
polyantha type; each of the two side rows contains varieties of 
hybrid teas. In the location of these varieties the older forms 
appear at the beginning, near the pergola, the most recent produc- 
tions near the pavilion, with the intermediate forms in chrono- 
logical sequence between. Varieties of pillar and post roses are 
planted at regular intervals, on suitable supports, in the beds, with 
standards between the beds of the side rows. The trellis sur- 
rounding the garden as well as the pergola and pavilion furnishes 
support for climbing roses, while the marginal beds along the 
trellis are for wild species and their derivatives. South of the 
pavilion, three additional beds are devoted to historical roses, 1. 
those mentioned in ancient literature, and to roses of commercial 


a 
ay 


CS 


use, 
The Rose Garden is open to the public from 1 to 5 on week- 
day afternoons, except holidays. Children are admitted only when 


accompanied by responsible adults. 


Japanese Garden 

The Japanese Garden, first opened to the public in 1915, was a 
gift to the city from Mr. Alfred T. White, “the father of the 
Botanic Garden.” Designed by the Japanese architect, Mr. T. 
Shiota, it represents truly the Japanese idea of a garden. Irom 
the tea house (near the east entrance) one can see the machiat or 
“rest house,” the island with the drum bridge, bronze storks, stone 
and wooden lanterns, the waterfalls, and the wooden Tort standing 
in the lake. For details and explanations of the meaning of the 
various features see ‘ The Japanese Garden of the Brooklyn Bo- 
tanic Garden” (Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, 19: 197-234. 
July, 1930.) This garden has been enclosed by a “ woven wood ” 
fence, of chestnut poles, imported from France. This fence was 
presented by a friend of the Botanic Garden. During the past 
year a new bridge has been built near the base of the waterfalls, 
replacing the old structure, and other additions and improvements 


have been made. 


The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences 


OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 
Honorary Present 
FRANK L. BABBOTT 
PRESIDENT 
EDWARD C. BLUM 


First Vice-Presipent SEcoND VICE-PRESIDENT 
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN 


Tuirp Vicr-PrEsiweNnT 
SUMNER FORD 
TREASURER 


SECRETARY 
EDWIN P. MAYNARD JOHN H. DENBIGH 


BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE 
MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman 


EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM 
MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY WILLIAM T. HUNTER 
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ALFRED W. JENKINS 
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD 
MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM 


EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD 
THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN 
THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN 


GENERAL INFORMATION 


Membersuip.—All persons who are interested in the objects and maintenance 
of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are eligible to membership. embers enjoy 
special privileges. Annual Membership, $10 yearly; Sustaining Membership, $25 
yearly; Life Membership, $500. Full information concerning mem ership may 
be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington 
Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Telephone, Prospect 9-6173. 

THE Botanic GarbEN is open free to the public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; 
on Sundays and Holidays open at 10 a.m. 

ENTRANCES.—On Flatbush Avenue, near Empire Boulevard (Malbone Street), 
and near Mt. Prospect Reservoir; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern 
way and near Empire Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum 
Building. 

The street entrance to the Laboratory Building is at 1000 Washington Avenue, 
opposite Crown Street. 

Assist MemBers and others in studying the collections the services of a 
docent may be obtained. This service is free of charge to members of the Botanic 
Garden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. Arrangements must 
be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction at least one week in 


To CH THE GARDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) Subway to Prospect Park 
Station; Interborough Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station ; 


on Long Island take Eastern Parkway and turn left at Washington Avenue; from 
Manhattan, take Manhattan Bridge, follow Flatbush Avenue Extension and Flatbush 
Avenue to Eastern Parkway, turn left following Parkway to Washington Avenue: 
then turn right. 


PUBLICATIONS 
OF THE 
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 


RECORD. Established, January, 1912. An ee periodical issued 
quarterly Re 2-1928) ; bimo nthly beginn nning with I Contains, among other 
hings, the Annual Re eport t of the director and heads of depaniinents, special reports, 
announcements of courses of instruction, seed list, guides, miscellaneous papers, 
and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Free to members of the Garden. 
To others $1.50 a year. Circulates in 41 countries 

IRS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly. Circulates in 
47 countries. 
. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at 
the dedication of the erie nee and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. 
521 p. Lie Price $3.50, plus 
e II. The vege teion ae Long Island. Part I, The Baler of 
Monta TA study of grassland and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11 3. 
108 pages. Price $1.00, plus 

vi olume III. Vegetation of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environ- 

ment. $10. Barrington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. I5I pages. 


CONTRIBUTIONS. ey April 1 1911. Papers originally published 
in necioaiaare, reissued as “ separate 3,” without change of paging, and numbered 
consecutively, This series we ree ce pers, as vail as those embodying 
the results of research. wenty-five pelea ae Bs ii one volume. Price 25 
cents each, $5.00 a volume. Circulates in 34 c 

57. New physiologic races of oat smuts. 22 ips ges 

58. A new method of producing and detecting orgies “bes: 12 pages. 
1930. 

50. Hybrids of Iris fulva and Iris foliosa. 10 pages. 1 colored plate. 1931. 

60. The Iris of Japan. 48 pages. 10931. 

ae YS Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or Migvicees 
during April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of the Leaflets 


information about pleae life for teachers and others. Free to members of 
Garden, To others, fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. Circu- 
lates in 28 ccnteies: 

GUIDES to the collections, pues and grounds. ae based upon cost 
of publication. ane as numbers of the Record; see abov 

Guide No. The story Ag our metate: a chronicle oF corn. Illustrated. 
Published, Dect 1929. Price, 25 cents 

uide No. 4. The Japanese Caries Illustrated. Published, July, 1930. 

Price, 25 cents. 

Guide No. 5. The Rock Garden. 28 illustrations. Price, 35 cents. By mail, 
40 cents 

SEED LIST. (Delectus pet Established, December, 1914. Since 1925 
issued each year in the January num of the Recorp. Circulation includes 160 
botanic Ep and institutions located ah 40 countries. 

ERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Established, January, 1914. Pub- 
lished, i in codperation with the BoranrcaL Society oF AMERICA ‘A, monthly, cng 
durin ae =i t and September. Sivectiaey $7.00 a year. Circulates in 48 
countri 

OLOGY. Established, peace 1920. Published quarterly in codperation 
Nee ae ten Socrety oF AMERICA. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates 
in 48 co 
GE Mace eternity ene, 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a 
year. Circulates in 37 ¢ 


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Fic. 1. Neagari, or Uprooted Dwarf Pine. (6181) 


BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD 


VOL. XX NOVEMBER, 1931 NO. 6 


JAPANESE (ROUTED Rib ES CELA CEUIN © kal) 
By Bunxio MatTsuKI 


The vogue for cultivating potted trees in Japan may be traced 
back to the early Fujiwara period (about 1000 A.D.). In English 
books these plants are usually referred to as “ dwarf trees,” but 
this term is never used in Japan as they are always given the name 
of “ potted tree ”—the older word used 1s Hachinoki, and the more 
modern one Bonsai. 

The first mention of Hachinoki appears in the Ashikaga drama- 
tized literature; an incident in the Kamakura era in the village of 
Sano, in North Japan, is depicted in a well-known “ No play.” 
On one stormy, snowy night Hojo Tokiyori, the Regent of the 
Shogun, in disguise as a Buddhist monk, asked for shelter in the 
house of a poor farmer. The owner at first refused because of his 
poverty, but the traveling monk insisted on shelter for the one 

night. Alas, there was no wood to burn in order to combat the 
cold except three potted dwarf trees—pine, plum, and cherry. 
The poor farmer sacrificed these for the comfort of his honored 
guest. The host turned out to be Genzaemon Sano, a famous 
Samurai, who was ruined and sunken in the world on account of 
being dispossessed of his property during his absence on war serv- 
ice by a selfish relative. The traveling monk departed the next 
morning without disclosing his identity. However, as soon as he 
reached Kamakura he summoned Sano and restored to him all his 
former estates and, in addition, three districts bearing the names of 
pine, plum, and cherry. This lyric drama is still played far and 
wide in Japan, and many Japanese feel a romantic glamor in keep- 
ing Hachinoki in their possession 

The Japanese people delight in landscape gardens, and many 
large ones have been developed in various parts of Japan. Potted 


fas) 


_— 


280 


ric. 2, MJatsu, or Japanese Pine. 
flower pot. 


This specimen is planted in a Tokonabe 
The trunk and branches are elaborately trained and the age of 
the specimen is about twenty-five years. 

‘he pine tree is very popular in Japan, and is widely cultivated for the 
Bonsai (potted plants or trees). is often associated with the bamboo 
(Take) and plum (Ume). The Chinese pronunciation for these three plants 
is Sho, Chiku, and Bai. The pine is a symbol for unchanging, the bamboo 
for straight-forwardness, and the plum for perseverance and fragrance. T 
combination of the three is considered an auspicious grouping, and_ their 

sat are favorite decorations 


parties. (6180) 


for weddings, birthdays, and longevity 


281 


trees also give to the Japanese the pleasure of a miniature landscape 
panorama, and beautiful trained specimens create a similitude of an 
ancient arbor. There are four seasons of the year in which potted 
trees are especially in evidence. In various cities in Japan Hachi- 
uye dealers display many hundreds of specimens in vast gardens 


Fic. 3, Hiba (Chamaecyparis obtusa). This specimen is in a Seiji 
porcelain flower pot. The specimen is about fifty years old. The dwarf 
Hiba is very much admired in Japan, as it is one feature of the tree to con- 
vey the idea of an ancient arbor. (61 9) 


for their clients to select from. Collectors of the plants are very 
numerous, among them being men of rank and letters, politicians, 
merchants, and others. Some collections are extremely valuable, 
frequently being sold for many thousands of dollars. 

The varieties of trees used for potted specimens are very nu- 
merous. Many species of pine, cedar, hiba, oak, plum, wisteria, 
maple, cherry, gingko, azalea ivy, bamboo, and shrubs are very 
popular. In Tokio and other places there are often beautiful ex- 


282 


hibitions of potted plants, for well-known collectors send some of 
their prized specimens. ‘The writer once enjoyed seeing an exhibit 
in autumn in Tokio where more than two hundred specimens were 
displayed. One of the most artistic and exquisite was a rec- 
tangular shallow jardinier, not larger than fourteen by eight inches, 


Fic. 4. This is another specimen of Hiba, and is planted in another type 
of Seiji porcelain pot. The age of this specimen is over forty years. This 
style of dwarf tree is known as Uprooted Hiba or Ne-agari Hiba. The 
cyp is one of the favorite evergreen trees in ee being especially 
admired by the artists. A number of the great master painters of the Kano 
school have portrayed it in Kakemonos, screens, and sliding doors. (6178) 


in which there were planted five dwarf gingko trees not more than 
a foot in height. The gnarled trunks and boughs suggested every 
appearance of ancient arbors while the foliage, the size of clover 
leaves, turning into various hues of brilliant yellow enhanced the 


ZS3 
specimen, suggesting glimpses of perfect autumnal gingko groves. 
Another jardinier which still lingers in my memory was a dwarf 
ivy of five shades, known as Goshiki-tsuta. Its tiny foliage gave 
gorgeous autumnal hues from various yellows to brilliant crimson. 


How To Train Dwarr TREES 
There are various methods of training plants in order to give to 


them the appearance of ancient arbors. Japan is rich in mountains 


G: 


Kashiwa, or White Oak. This specimen is planted in a Mino 


I 

pottery jar. The age of this specimen is about sixty years. 
times the oak and pine are two favorite kinds of trees. 
green, b 


Since ancient 
The oak is not ever- 
ut is greatly admired on account of its leaves which, although dead 
and brown, remain on the branches throughout the winter, thus indicating 
persistence and fortitude. The pine tree is evergreen and fragrant, and these 
two trees are utilized as symbols of good omens for decoration at birthday 
parties and wedding day ornaments on porches and verandas. (6183) 


284 


and hills with abundant trees and shrubs growing wild. Often 
those who train specimens roam over certain areas of the moun- 
tains and ravines which are little accessible to ordinary travelers, 
in search of suitable young trees, and begin the training of the trees 
in their natural habitat. Later the undesired portions of the shoot 


lic. 6. This is another specimen of Kashiwa in Chinese pottery jar, and 
is about sixty years old. (6184) 


are cut away and the entire plant is dug up. These uprooted plants 
are known as Neagari, or uprooted dwarf trees. The dwarf pine 
tree illustrated in Figure 1 is an example. In some cases a small 
artistically shaped stone is placed so that the partly bent trunk and 
root embrace it. Spring and autumn are the most suitable seasons 
in which to begin the training of the trees, and they are kept for a 
vear or two in their natural soil, the trainer paying many a visit to 
the site. 


285 


‘1G. 7. Tsutsuji, or Azalea. This plant is called Kirishima Tsutsuji in 
Japan. It is a very rare potted tree or Bonsat in this country. This speci- 
men is planted in a Shigaraki ee jar. The age of the specimen is over 
one hundred and twenty-five years. The massive short trunk is suggestive 
of an ancient gnarled stump a measures sixt incl in circumference. 
It is provided with a myriad of offshoots nee ee beautiful pale pink 
flowers during the month of June. The flowers are much smaller than in 
the Satsuki. (6176) 


Some growers have a large space in their gardens in which they 
train the trees in pots or in the soil. The trunks and branches 
must be twisted in order to produce the desired gnarled effect. 
The method varies according to the kind of tree, but in the case of 
the pine and hiba several longitudinal cuts about two and a half 


286 
inches in length are made around the column of the trunk or 
The stems are then gently twisted and tied with soft 


branch. 
It requires great skill 


copper wire or, better, with wisteria twine. 
to make the scar as invisible as possible, for the value of the speci- 


men is greatly lowered if the scars are very pronounced. 


Fic. 8. Tsutsuji, or Azalea. This specimen, in a Shigaraki pottery jar- 
dinier, is about fifty years old. (6378) 


The operations on the trees must be performed during the early 
forenoon, for it is believed that at that time there is less likelihood 
of the stem or branch breaking off. In order to facilitate the work, 
the trainer applies a solution of Funori, a Japanese glue, made 
from the marine alga, Gloiopeltis furcata. This softens the stems, 


287 


makes them more tender, and thus facilitates the twisting with less 
chance of the breaking the trunks and branches. 

The trees are planted in jardinieres of various types. Fre- 
Along with the trees, va- 


quently these are extremely valuable. 
If the stone 


rious stones are placed, increasing the artistic value. 
has a very fine patina its value is naturally much greater. 


Fic. 9. Tsutsuji, or Azalea. This plant, also in a Shigaraki pottery 
jardinier, is known in Japan under the name of Satsuki. The flowers are 
much larger than in the Kirishima variety. ne specimen is more than one 
hundred years old. (6229) 


The plants are cultivated in earthen pots and can easily be moved 
about when it is desired to observe them. It is better to keep them 
in porous unglazed pottery (Suyaki pots) of a suitable size so that 
they can be transferred to the choice valuable pot when the occa- 
sion arises. The soil is changed yearly in the spring, and care 
must be taken not to overfertilize it. A small portion of manure 


288 


Fic. 10. Tsutsuji, or Azalea. The specimen, a Satsuki variety in a 
Shigaraki pottery jar, is about forty years old. (6175 


is mixed with ordinary loam. Pebbles or broken bricks are placed 


over the drainage holes in order to facilitate the drainage. 


SPECIMENS IN THE CONSERVATORIES OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC 
GARDEN 

The potted Japanese trees described under the following illustra- 

tions were the generous gilt to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden from 

Mr. Ernest F. Coe, then of New Haven, Conn. There were 32 

trees and shrubs, representing 21 species, imported from Japan by 


289 


Mr. Coe. They were received on June 5, 1925, in their original 
Japanese containers. The collection included Pines, Junipers, Cy- 
press, Oaks, Maples, Aucubas, Skimmias, Palms, Azaleas, Wiste- 


ric. 11. This jar contains Azalea, MeDle e, and Dwarf Elm. The square 
jar is of Shigaraki pottery. When dwarf trees are planted with shrubs in 
one dish it is called Uvekomi Bonsai or Potted Dish in Variety. The Elm 

called Yenokt in Japan, and ranks next to the Oak in favor. “The Azalea 
(Toutsuji) and Maple (Momtji) are considered suitable for cultivation in 
one dish. The specimens in this pot are approximately twenty-five years 
old. (6177) 


ria, Euonymus, Bamboo, and Ilex. The gift was acknowledged on 
pages 48 and 100 of the Fifteenth Annual Report of the Garden, 
1925. (Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 15: 48, 100. April, 1926.) 


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