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4
THE
MODERN PART
OF AN
Univerfal Hiftory,
F R 0 M T H E
Earlieft Accovnt qFTimk.
VOL. XII
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THE
MOD ERN PART
O F AN
Univerfal Hiiftory,
F R O M T H E
Earliefl Account of Time,
Compiled from
Original Writers-
By the Authors of the Antient Part*
VOL. XII.
LONDON:
Printed for S. Richardson, T. Osborne, C. Hitch,
A. Millar, John Rivington, S. Crowder,
P. Datsy aad a Law, T.Longman, and G.Ware.
.M.DCC.LfX.
Ill'
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t']
Modem Hiftoiy:
BEING A
CONTINUATION
O F TH E
Univerial Hiftory.
BOOK XV.
Hifiory of the Othinari Empire.
CHAP* I.
Origin of the Othman Turks, and Hifiory^ till tbeif
fettling in Afia Minor, under the Seljuk Soltans,
Remarks en their Hiftorians\ with the Reigns of
Solcyman Shah and Ertogrul.
TH E- obfervation, that the mtateft enfif4res huTt OHnn of
fprung from the itioll inconiiderable people, whofe theOm*
origin is obfcure, may be applied with as Ihuch maiw^
juftice to the OthmAn, . or Ozmdn (A) Turks ^ a$ tO
amy othei^ nation Whatever. There can be ilo doiibt that
they came originally from TurkeJlAn, or fome other part of
Tartdry : but it is not ejlfy to fix the particular province
6f that vaft region from whence they iffued ; or to deter-
mine the particulslr tribe from which they derive their
iefcent.
(A) OthmAfls an AraBic word, Turks, who dwelt a long time in
of which Oxmdtt is the Perjitm Ferfia, They are called AH
pronunciation, followed by the Othman^ or th^ Qfkman Feaf/e.
Mod. Hist- Vol* Xn. B We
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Z kijiory of the 6thman Turks, B. XV,
We arc told by a late writer, that ith agreed by all, that
the Othman Turks arc dcfcended from one of the moft noble
of the OgAzian families*, who derive their pedigree front
Og4zKhany one of th( moft ancient heroes of the Turki/kti^-'
Their we- ^*^°5 ^"^ Iie«ce they affume the name of ^^Aaizirj. But^
neology ^^h^' the Turks j and Mohmnmedan TaXars^ rectooa Ogjiz ai^png
fujpiciosu, the anccflors of the Turks in general, yet none of them fpeak of
a particular tribe, or branch of the Turkifb nation, under the
name of Ogizians (B), as appear from what hath been before
related ^ : and if thene had been any fuch, it does i)ot ap-
pear how xh/tOthm^m can be mere.in^tkd to that name thaii
the Seljik Turks ^ who derived themfelves from OgAz^ as well
as they. But, after all, tiie geneaiogy which is given of the
race of Ogiiz (if not the perfon of ^'^i^z himfejf ) may well
be fiifpcdled of beieg fi<5iitiauv; fiace S4u^i Effendiy one of
th&moft efkemed IiHloriaQs ajiiong the Titrks^ (peaks but>du-
biouflyof it, or as a thing not fufhciently vouched by thofe
who exhibit it ^,
Nam The ii2imt erf Turk being brought Into great contempt ifi
Turk the Eaft, by the Arabs and PerficmSi who have ftigmatized it,
cdiom: as a yrord implying rudenefs and barbarity, the Othman Port
"wdll not be called the Turjdfh Court : nor does it fu&r that
word to he ded^hut in.xe&cence to the language ; aa«
Turkije vihirmifin ? Do you underjiand Turkijb P Othm&nije
vilurmjin^ being improper.: for OfhmAnije denotes politenefs
of manners ; as, on the contrary, Turkije fignifie^ rude and
uncivilized. Hence the common fayii^ ^rk mudieti vm
\ rinde ; diat is, A Turk ihro* the whole cmtrfe ef his life : as
mud) a» to {ay. He vtill always be a down, and never ham
the politene/s of the Othm^^, Yet thcfe Qfhminj wctc, ^)er-
haps, the moft rude and unpolite of alt the three Turkijb
branches, till they conquered Gonjlantinople.
JW &sdht ^ ^^y *^ afhamed of their name, and will not ownit bc-
ft^ ^ long^ to them, feveral ftories are frained to inform us h«w it
^^ came to be given to them* Firft, prince Cantemhr affirms,
/ (whether of his own head, or. after fome Turkifb authoj;;,
* Cahtemir, Hii. Oth. Emp. pref. p. 12. *> See befbrq^
Vol. IV. p. 19. * Camt. ubi fupr. p. 14. Sec aWb before.
Vol. IV. p. 5, & fcqq, ' Caat. pjef. p. a.
(B) Kbalkokomdilas relates, that felves. Bet this only fhew^,
in hit time they talk'd of a tribe that they ta] Iced then as they do
of Tartars called Oguzi^fns, now ; haviqg b^^iui to coatrhr^
ftom wbesce they deriy ^ them- and write their hiilory «
i|oes
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Cr. i9 tii RHgn 0/ OthaAn: g
iocs not zppcaoc (C), that the name of Twris wu ^VCQ to *
Meym&n (the gnmd&ther of C^/ibnibf ) and iiis followers, by
the Pcrjums (meaning the Seljuks of Rim), upon a fup*
poiition, that diey were part of the Jtf^hiz Kbin ScytUans^
as he calls the Mcgols. For it muft be obferved, that this
author foppofes the name of Turks to have belonged to the
nations, or tribes of peofiCf whom Jengbtx Khkn broo^t
from Tatary, when he invaded the fouthem countries of
AJia\ and that, on thdr di^erfing themfelves thro' Perfia^
miJfia Minor, the name of Turh firftbcpune known there%
Whereas the followers of that conquen»- were tiniverikllyO* ^oi^
known only by the name of Mogols, or Tatars ; and that ctfX'**"^*
Turks (with which the Perfians had then been for many a^
acquainted) was introduced into Afia Minor by the SeljikiaiUp
above 200 years before.
Secondly, he fuggefts, that when, on Jenghtz Khin*% in*
vafion, the Perjian governors (hook off the Perjian yoke^
JIadm, Soltan of Ikonium (whom he makes one of them)
forced numy of the Scythians to fuhfUt to his obedience : and
mixing them with the pea/ants, to till the lands, called them by
the common name of Turks. And hence, continues our author,
it came to pafs, that he who before was called governor rf the
Perfians, or Soltan of Ikcxiium, was afterwards fiiled Sokin ff
the Turks* Whether prince G<«f««i> framed this apology him** y^ ^^.
felf, or took it from tome Turkifh author, it is certain nothingy^n^ fi^en^
canbe mort abfurd or contrary to the truth of hiflory . It is ob*
fervable here, that by the Perfians he means the Seljukians of
Jiiim, or j^natoHa ; in which, to ferve his turn, he feems to
follow the Greek writers : not confiderii^, that they ufe the
words Turks and Perfians fynonymoufly ; and that they call
them Perfians, only becaufe they came from Perfia, when
they invaded the ftonian dominions, as We have obferved mort
than once in the preceding hiftory : not that they believed
them to be naturjd Perfians ; for they relate exprcfly, that
Tangrolipix (as they call Togrol-beh) the firft Seljukian Sdtan,
and his followers, were Turks ^ ^
His laft plea is. That OthmAn, on his bcli^ proclaimed A]f;^^
Soltin, after Aladin'% death, to banifi) front the people the ig- «»/«*&•
nominious and odious name of Turks, ordered it to be confinti
• Cant. prcf. p. 7. ' Sec before. Vol. IV. p. 89.
(C) He feldom cites his authors diftinfUy, or difiii^uiflies his
own opinions ftOm theirs.
B4 As
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4 Hijiory of the Othman Turks, B. XV.
fo the pedf ants (D), and the reji to be called Othminli, or
Othmans. What ! were the Perftans to be called Othmans ?
was the namie of Seljuk to be buried in that of the fon of
Ertogrol ? No furely, not fo long as any of the Seljnkian
princes, who after the death of the laft Soltan had fet-up
for themfclves, remained in power : although our author,
following the partial Turkijh hiftorians, will have it, that they
all fubmitted at once to Othman,
'Real To return to the point : the truth is, that though the
ywfks: Othmans^ as well as Seljuks, when they grew powerful, af-
fumed thofe appellations, either being too proud any longer
to bear a name which was fallen into contempt, or elfe to
honour the founders of their refpeftive empires ; yet they were
ncverthelefs Turks in reality : and, in faying they were Ogu-
ziansy they confirm that opinion the more, fince Oguz was
t)ut a few dcifcents from Turk. Nor can we fee, why they
Ihould.be afbamed of the name ; fince Turk, whom they feign
> to be a: fon of Japhet, is acknowlegcd as the common an-
ceftor of alt the tribes, or nations, inhabiting Tartary. Be-
sides, as the Othmdns came originally from thence, they muft
fiecds be Turks by defcent, let them call themfelves by what
name they will : and methinks they ought to prefer that name
^hovt any other, as it denotes their beirtg dcfcended imme-
diately from Turk, their great anchor ; and that all the other
tribes of Tatars are fprung from theirs.
their eri' As to the particular part of Tartary where this fuppofed
ginMlcoun- Qg&zian hord, or tribe, originally inhabited, all the Turkijh
'^' fiiftorians, we are told, agree, that it dwelt in the neigh-
bourhood of the Cafpian fea, and was efpecially of thofe Tatars
Mrhom they commonly call Konar Kocher Tatar Tayfeli ; that
is, flaying and going: as much as to fay, without fixed ha-
■bitations. Prince Cantemir is inclined to believe, that thefc
Ogitzians dwelt in the country between that fea and the ^ak^
•called Karabogdz, at prefent inhabited by the Karakalpaks,
who lead a wandering life, and fpeak the Turkijh language ;
although the Turks greatly differ from them in their manners
wery^n- ^nd way of living *. That the Turks fhould differ from them
'^^^' " at prefent, in thofe refpefts, is not to be wondered at : but it
is probable> that, when they lived in thofe defarts, they had
a great conformity in manners, either with the Karakdlpaks,
« Cant. ibid. p. 12.
* il] Whftt heed had he to do what J/adin had done before I
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C.I. to the Riign of OthttAn. 5
or the Turkmans ^ their neighbours (E) ; from whom the Oth-
mn^ as well as the Seljuk^ Turks have been reproached with
being defccnded. But thie affair of country or nation, about
which fo great a bufUe is made, is a very idle ridiculous con-
cern, fince thefc qualifications can conifer no honour on ^
people if they be wicked, nor refleft any diihonour on them in
cafe they be virtuous-
Althodgi* the Turkifb hiftorians run up the genealogy Anetfton
pf the Otbmdn Turks as high as Oguz and Japhet, live gene- ^Oih-
rations beyond him, yet it does not appear that the anchors °^
d Otkmhiy who, as Prince Cantemir confeffcs \ an but darkly
fet'forth in the Turkifh aMthors (F), can be traced with any
certainty beyond the third degree, <x that of his great-graad-
father. Thefe, according to the tradition in the time of
Khalkokondylas, were Ertogrul^ OgCizalp, and Duzalp : ac-
cording to the Turkifb annals, Saadi itffendiy and other eaflem
writers, their names were Ertogrul, Solcyman SAU, and
Kiya aleky called by lanve Kiya KhAn.
Of Kiytt KhAn, father of Soleymdn Shah, or indeed of any
of the three anceftors of Othmdn, very little is related by thIe
Turkijb hiftorians ; and even that little is liable to many ob-
jciflions.
SAADIeffendi, author of the annals fo approved, as v^t fettle in
arc told, by the Othmdns, relates, after the beft antient wiit- Periia :
ers, that at the fame time when the family of Seljuk removed
from Mawara'lnahr (or the country beyond the river AmA)
into Irhi (or Perfta at large, lying to the fouth of that river),
with them alfo Kiy<i Khdn^ father of Soleymdn Shdh, prificc
of the Oguzians, departed with his tribe from Marik Sh^hjdrt,
;ind poiMTed himfelf 6f the dty of Makhan (G)': but that after
Jcnghtz
^ Hift. Othm. pref. p. 12. * Herfelot's Didl. Orient,
p. 822. SoleymatiSchah.
(E) The Turkijh annals tef- Amu, and about 160 miles from
dfv, that Brfokrul, father of the Caff i an fea. Cantemir^ from
Qthmdn^ refided for a time near fomc Turki/h author, choofes to
the Euphrates^ in moveable ha- give the place from whence he
bitations, like Jthe inhabitants retreated' the name of Aw, al-
of Tatary. though he knows not where to
(F) He even owns, that the put it. Not' finding it in the
lcamedT«ri^ confefs, that every maps of Chriftians, he fuppofes
thing in the Othman hiftory, be^ it to be either Herat, capital of
fore Saleyman, favours of fable. Khoraffdn, or elfe Nurketznr^ ii>
(G) Makbdn, or Mahdn, ir Mazanderdn (which he makes a
between Ba^werd, or Iburd, and part oiGhildn) ; but the firft it
DMTUfi. not far from the river not near the C(tffian fca, as h»
B 3 fays
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45 Hiftory Bf ibe Othmah Turks, B. XV.
A. D. fengHz KhSrCs irruption, Soleymdn Shah, fon of Kiya, or, as
1 2 14. fomc write it, Kiya aleh Khariy whofe dominions reached to
Ky^^^^J Ahlad (H), to avoid the fury .of the Tatars^ was forced to re-
linquifh his poflcfBons, and with his people go in queft of new
habitations towards the country of Rdm ^ (or Anatolia).
rm&vt HESHRI^ a much older hifiorian than Saadi, fays the
mueft^ Og^zians pofleflcd the country of Ahlad 1 70 years before So^
nvards. leymAn; under whom, in 611, they made their firft expedi-
H|i* ^ * • tion towards the regions of Afia Minor, But the Tatars
^ A. JJ, haidng Irft nothing lindeftroyed, Soleymin, with his follow^
'*'*' ers, abandoning i?tfw, removed back to Azerhejm{l), and
riiere, for fome time, led a country or unfettled life. At laft,
Hcj. 616. in the year 6i6, preffi^l for want of neceflaries, he advanced
A. D. a fecond time with 50,000 men towards Rum, to recover his
'^'9' former pofleffions: but, in attempting to fwim over the Eu-'
phratts on horfe-back, was drowned K
The place where this accident happened, according to the
< Tajo' Hawarikh of Saedo'ddtn, was over-againft the cafUe
Khayhar, or JMer, and he was interred in a place called at
prefent Mazar dhi Turk «». The Tarikh Othmdni relates that
SoltAn Aladin, of Seljukian extraflion, flying from KhoraJJhi
to the country of Tunndn (K), and feizing the city of Scvafta
* Cant, prcf; p. 12. & fcq. D'Herbblot, p. 822, art.
SolimanSchah. ^ Ibid. *" Ibid.
fays the ^urks place Vere ; and whereas they are three difier-
the latter is too much out of the ent provbces of Pirfia ; the
way from Maru Shah Jan and firft to the north of Jxeriejan,
Mohan, We rather judee, that or ASerUjdn ; the laft, called
he reads JV'/r^ by Miftake for JGthefidnhythePerfiatts/is^^zrt
Neza, the r and z, in the Jrahic of Ftrfian irdk. The fame aa -
charaders, differing only by a thor commits a farther miftake,
point. This l^exa, Ne/a, or in faying Azerhijdn is a pro-
Ifafaj (as it is written in the vinceboraering on ^yr/<z, where*
. tranuation of AbuTghdsa Khan's as all Me/of otamia and Kvrt^fidn
Hiftory of the Turks), lies be- lie between. What is ftill worfcr
tween MahSn and Maru Shah and argues a great deficiency ki
jdn, diftant from each about geography, he puts the river
140 miles ; and, for its delight- Nilf for one of the boundaries
ful fitaation, is called Little ofEuropt. Seehis^OthntduHift.
Damajkus. p. 4. and the notes 8^9.
(H) Akldt, or Ktldt, in the (K) Not Karamania, as Gau*
Cr£a/^r»iM/>, often mentioned dier fuppofes ; nor Ionia, as
before. Cantemir will have it ; but
(I) Cantemir fiiys Axerh^dn Greece, Qt the Greek empire in
is Shinwdn, or Btlddo'ljehdli general.
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C u U the Ragn 4>f Othm^ .7
ifx Sivas) aflumed r^al power : at the fame time, MakUn A. D,
(dng deftroyed, Soleyman Sh^, giving way to the iddence of > * i 9-
the Tatars y repaired to Erzwgdn (L) (or Arzingin) ; from ^""N^V
thence, penetrating into Romania {R&m, or Riimli)^ came to
Amafia. Then, altering his courfe, marches to Halepf and
theacc to the city of Jabhn on the Euphrates (M), where he Solcymla
encamped : and, in attempting to fwim over the river on 5^*V.
hoHe-back, was drowned **. drowmd^
Ti?is retreat oiSoleytnan is by thehiftorians marked to have
happened after Jenghiz Khdn had deftroyed the city of B^kt,
in KhoraffSn ; and had flain> after expelling from his Jung*
dom, Kurzem ShAh (N).
This hiftory, as delivered by the Tttrki/h biftorians, made Q^gg^
ifcof by Canfemir, is liable to feveral objeSions, ' Firft, whgt !jJ7
k aflertedy that the dominions of SoUymiu extended from
Mahdn, in Khoraffhi^ to JhlM^ in Armenia^ is contrary to the
troth of hiftory : for ail Perjla^ and great part of Armema^
was, at that time, under the-obedience of the Karazm Shihs ;
and brfora them, were in the poffeiEon of the Selj&kians of
Irkn. Nor is it likely, that Ahldd was at all in the hands of
the Og^zianSy much lefs for 1 70 years before SoleymAn's re-
treat, if indeed he ever was jpoflefled of it : for it is hardly
pof&ble, that two places, at fo vaft a diftance as MakhAn and
Ahlady (hould be fo long fubjeft to petty princes, whofe do-
minions were almoft wholly confined to thofe two ddes, and
whofe names were fcarce known to the hiftorians of thofe
countries. Add to this, that his being forced to reEnquifli
his pofleflions, with his followers, conflfting of 50,000 men,
^ Cant^ pref. p, 13. Annal Soltanor, p. i.
(L) A city on the Euphrates^ from fhtnct is applied t9 * the
to the fouthwcft of ArzerOm. countries herderipg on that/ea [2)^
Cantamr wrongly fuppofes. Whereas the fea takes the name
that by Erxingan is meant Ez^ of Kurjcem, or Karazm, from
irhejan, ot AJberbijany the an^ the country of Karaxm, or
0teBt Media- Pref. ^o his Othsn. Khomuarazsn, iituate on the eaft
Hift. p. 12. fi4e thereof. The 5i&«i& here men-
( M ) Below Bir, towards tioned is Mohammed Karazm
Raika. Shah, the laft of that Turkijh
(N) Or Karazm Shah. Can- race fpoken of before, Vdl. IV,
iesnir difcovers great want of p. 3^0, &req.: but, beeaufe the
reading on this occafion ; he furkijh hiftories do not mention
fi^ys, that Kurzem Shah fig- his name., our princely author
jw/f/the king of ^^/^/^(aking- did not know it : which (hew*
dom of his own making) ; for his reading did not go much
that Kurzem, txith /itf Turics, beyond the furkijh hiftorians.
(\)Jipnfe5 the Cafpiany^/r ; and
CO ^'*/' /'♦. >*^ (*) ^ifi* Otbman. p. ^
B4 U^
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' Hijlory of the Othman Turks, B. XV,
- to feck new habitations in J^iniy docs not at all confift with
his 9harafter of a prince poflefled of large dominions ; who,
' in that cafe, would have been able to have raifed more nu-
merous forces, and to have withftood the Mogols, inftead of
flying frpm th^in without fighti^g a ftroke.
tdOhjee- Secondly, what i^ related of Soltdn Aladtn (or Alao^d-
tioK, din) flying from Khorajfhn at the fame time, that Sofeymdn re-
treated from thence^ and aflumiiig royal power in Sevajia by
right of conqueft, is all a fiftipn : for Alao'ddtn came by fuc-
ceflion to be Soltdn of Kqniyah, or Ikoniupit on the death of
Pej. 616. his brother Jzzo\ddiny in 616 ; and, for any thing that ap-
A. D. pears, was never out of Anatolia before his acceflion to the
'^'9' throne. Indeed all that is related of this Soltdn, and of what
pafled between him and the anceftors of Othmdn^ is merely
fiftitious, as will be (hewn hereafter.
idOhjec- Thirdly, what is faid with regard to the time whtn
$ion, Soleymdn made his retreat frpm Makhdn ciarries the marks of
a bungling piece of forgery : for it ,is affirmed to have hap-
pened in 61 1* (O), and yet to have been after the death of
Pej. 617. Karazm Shdh, which was in 617, and of the deftruftlon of
A. D. Bdlky which came to pafs the year following, Nay, Jenght%
1^20. Khdn'z forces did not pafs the river Amu into Khorajfdn, the
moft northern province of Perfta, till the year 0I7 '^j which
was the year after Soleyman's death. So that, inftead of be-
ing forced out of th^t country by the Mogols^ or Tatars , h%
muft have left it fix years before there was any apprehenfion
of their coming. This ihews alfo the inconfiftency of th^
reafon a/Tigned for his quitting 'the country of Anatolia, and
returning to Azerhejdn ; namely, becaufe the Tatars had left
nothing undejlroyed there. Whereas they had not then en*
tered upon their Perfian expedition. Nqr did they penetrate
into Afia Minor during the reign of Alao*ddtn ; which ended
Hej. 634. in 634 : nor fpr feveral yeai*s after. If Prince Cantemir had
A. D. examined the T'tcrkijh hiftorians critically in this part which
1236. relates to the origin of the Qthmdns, it is prefumed he would
have followed them with mqre caution, au4 not exaggerated
matters (P), aft^r Saadi effendi, and the other later writers,
^ Sec La Croix's Hift. of Jcnghiz Can, p. 338, 5? 283, &c.
(O) According to Nijhrin, I^erc, and of the Ogiizian Ta»
Saadi effendiy ^d Qther ^nrkifif tars, lord Mfo of the region of
hiftorians. ^iarn Shah j^n 5 excelling alt
(P) Cantemir fpeak? pf th^ the frinces of his nation in nohle^
retreat of this obfcure prince in ne/s of birth, glory of anceftorsy
fhe& pompous words : ^hen it and his o*wn 'virtues, in the year ^
nv^s that Soliman Shah, fon of &c. 0th, Bifi, p. 2, & fcqq.
K}>'§ Khan, frince of the city of
Vhq
Digitized by VjOO^ IC
Q.h io the Reign of OAnAn^ 9
viohad more the Ottmdn glory, than the truth df hiftory, A. D.
ir new. But to return to the hiftory itfclf. ^^S^'
SOLETM^Nlckforxrions, Sungurtekin, Jfundogdi {QJ, ^-'^"V
Erdognil (or Ortogrct) Gdzi, and Dundar, or Dumdar. The *'^8 /
twofirft, on their father's death, returned into Perfia. Erd$- ^^*^'^^'
^/aod Dtundar, with their part of the forces, firft pitched
tbdr tents in a place called Shirmakichuker (R). Dumdar
dying here a few days after, Erdogrul moved towards jffia
MinoTy fubduing fereral provinces in his way (S) ; and, from
hiscompelUng thofe he defeated to embrace his religion (T)»
obtained the name of Zelefis, very famous in tboie parts.
After this, that he might not feem tyranicaUy to covet the
pofleffions of others, he fends his ddeft fon Saru-yati (U),
(afterwards celebrated by the epithet of Savucbi Btg) in an
homble manner to Jladin (X), SoltAn of Ikenium ; defirii^ a
habitation fbmewhere in his kingdom for himfelf and his Mr
lowers. Aladiriy thinking it better to make this powerful, repmrs n
though new, neighbour, his friend than his enemy, and above Aiia Mj,
all tlungs wanting a good general to lead his armies, readily nor .
grams his requeft : and, (ending back Saru-yati, with am-
bafladors, to Erdogrul, promifes, that, in cafe by his valour
( Q^) Thcfc two are named
mD'Hirie/ot Sanku Zenghi and
Qhundogdi. D'Hprb. p. 82?,
art. Soliman Scb^h,
(R) Syrmaiyxukur, p. 8. of
Ac Otb. Hift, probably Chir^
mleky in Diyariekr, between
Birznd Orfa,
(S) In the hifiory, p. 8. it is
miy that he reduce4 by arms,
w policy, all the countries be-
tween Mtffo and Cefarea (that
is in Afia Minor), with their
cafllcs and to^ns j introducing
fvcry-wherc the Mohammedan
religion, which he profefled.
(T) As if the inhabitants of
thofc parts had been infidels,
and not Mohammedans,
(Uj Elfewhere written ^aru-
jot. Hift. Oth, p. 9.
|X) Cantemir, p. 8, note 6,
%s he is called the fecond by
^Turkifi hiftorians, although
^ty do not mention a firft.
^ence he fuppofes the MtJia-
fin is the Jtcatings of Nkefbo-
rus Gregoras, who fled to Mh
chael Faleologus, in the year
661, or. of Chrift 1261. Bat
that Azatines, ox Jzxoddin, was
the next fucceflbr except one to
Aladin I. as we have (hewn be-
fore, V9I. IV. p. 251, & fcqq.
And if Erdogrul repaired to
Aladin foon after Soltymdn^
death (as it ftould feem from
the hiftory he did), this muft
have been the firft Aladin^
(;ncc he was proclaimed BoU
tan in the fame year that So*
leymdn is faid to have been
drowned ; and the Axxo^ddin^
before- mentioned, did not be-
gin his reign till the year 642,
or i244of Chrift; which is 28
years later '. but, indeed^, the
whole oi Ertogrurs tranfa^iont
with Aladin are manifeftly ficti-
tious, as not in any refped
agreeable with what it related
of that victorious Solfdn, by
hiftonans of unqueftionable au<>
ihority.
Digitized
bvCoogk
lo "l^ffry tfftbe Qthmitt Turks, B. XV.
A- fe. Ikt MMlnder 6f the Tatars were driireii eiit of hi§ A>in!m-
t?36. cms, not only to place hkn at the head of his annies> but a]fi>
>-*V**^ td aflbdftte Km in his empire. Erdogrui, on this encoarage-r
thtat repairing to jUa&i^s courts was affign^d Kar^edagM^
to the country of Amyra^ for die place of his abode.
^^Ij fjj^ '■ About tlris very time, a numerous body <rf Tatars hap^
Ibiogois ; pddii^ to kivade the r^[ion of Ancyra^ Aladin^ ii^hq had bee^
long mfefted by them and often brought to the laft extremity,
^lBm& foch forces agsunft diem as could be af&i^bled in bifte ;
|>nty bdng inferior to the enemy's, diey were put into diforder
^ die firft Quiet. Ertagrtd^ he»ing of the battle, came up op-
fdrttmely with 5000 men ; who, feeing the Soltm'% forces
A^ng and difperied, advtfe him to j<nn the conquerors, aod
S&at the fpoiis of the runaways : but he, fcorning to drav
lite fword upon the proftrate, bravely attacks xhsrTaiarSy afid
|nfts them to fH^. The St^tiuy mindful of his prom)fe$,
nyyrily rewards Erdogrtdy commits to his government the
- wh<^ province of Ancyray and maites him generaliflimo of
his annies (Y). After this, Ertogruly jcxnlng his fqrces to the
S(^An\ not only puts a ftop to the incurfions erf" the Tatars,,
but coiiq)efe them to retire from the borders of the king-
dom. He likewife fubducd other countries from the Ro-
his death. manSy and annexed them to Aladin'% empire. In the year 680,
accordhig, fays our author, to the accurate hiftorian Saadi^
Hcj. 680. he crowned his viftories with the conqueft of the famous city
^'P' of Kutahi (Z) from the Greeks. At length, being worn out
** with wars and old age, he died in the fame year, according
to the (amehillorians, but, according to Ni/hrfn, in 687 (A) ;
and was buried at the cafUe of SugucMi (B), where his fe-
pulchre is at this day religloufly vifited by Mohammedans p.
Othman ERTOGR UL left three fons ; Othmiriy JunduZy and Sar-
exalted I viz. To Othmin (who, though the eldeft, received in Aia-^
dtn*s family the diminutive appellation of Othjrthichiky or
Othminjik (C), he left by will the inheritance, which he had
received from Aladin. The grateful Solt&n not only confirmed
his bequeft, but made him chief of all the Tekaddum^ gover-
» Cant. prcf. p. 13/ Hift.p. 9, 10.
( Y ) Yet we don't find, that (A) TheTurHiJh annals place
he perifbrmed the chief part of his death in the fame year,
his engagement, which was to (B) Or Soguta,
afibciate him in the empire ; (C) This nickname, which
nor how£n/B>^iJrefentedfuch fignifies Little Othmdtt, is no
a difappointment. great fign that he was in great
(Z) Or Kutajfeh, the andent efieem.
Kotyaum and KoHacum.
i nora
Digitized
byGoogk
C. I. t9 the RiigH #/ Odunia; ft
fioRorcommaaders; and fent him the Tab-laUk^ofmiliiarj^ A. ]X
t^ ; that is, the drums, ftandards, and odier ornaments df > sii*
igmod ; wldi full power over his whole army. More than ' '^^J
dtt, ifl aU the cities and provinces which had been fabdned
by his father, or (hould be fubdued by himfelf, he permktei
iinn to coin money in his own name (D) ; and to have the
Kktk (£) ; that is, tm be mentioned in the public pntycrs.
dTHMAN now feemed to want noriiii^ <^ the royal dig- cmftifk
iiity, but the title of Soltin\ which, however, he did vat /hm the
thiak bit to afTume, during the life of Ahu&ni^) : but, pra- Greeb :
lcr?iog die allegiance he had fwom lo that prince, judged it '
betfier to fight in his defence. He firft reduced the princot
wlip had revolted from the empire : then turnii^ his anna
i^amft the Greeks^ in the year 687, todc the town of Kuhui^ i]|j. 6i^
^ firft fruits cf his victories, and added it to JkdinH do- A. D. '
iniuons. The lame year, he took Kahmos, or KaUimha^ laSi.
brother to the captain of Karafberi (G), or the hlack eky %
whomhecaufed to be flay'd, and then orders the whde army
to piis on his grave ; from whence the field, called befort
7imflfi&(H), fUll retains the name of It IJbni^ or dogs fnfs.
Othmki loft many men in this confliA, and amoi^ the reft his
brother Junduz ; who was buried in his father Ertogruts fe«
pnlchrc near Suguchik. Immediately after this viftory^ he
tookalfo the city of Karakbifar (t), and annexed it to the
&J«ttm emphre.
AlADIN the fccond, or younger (K), bring informed diiifuasiit
Oilman^ viftorics, invcfts him with the govcnuuent ofEJki* Mogob:
Jbihr.
(Q) And the title of S^hdnt far ; but in the preYace, p. 14,
to will afterwards appear. Carajebifar. From the context
(£) Kbvtba iignifies acclama- it ^eems to be po other thaa
'^«, or petition, in the public i^rfl/&/ri before- mentioned,
iwyers, fud (by the Kbdtib, or (K) This is the firft time -<*W»
*««) for the health and fa- din is diftinguilhcd by the qua*
^e4 majefty of the emperor, lity of fecond, although Canter
tod for vidory over his cne- mir fays the Turks mention not
^t particularly the Chrifti. a firft : neidier does he before
ins. Cant. fpeak of a Seffukian empire |
(F) Yet dfewhere he exprefly but inftead of Siljukians^ or
^s, chat Jiadin allowed Turks, afFeds to call the Soltdnt
^to afe the title of Soltdn. of Rumy and their fubjeds, P/ri
W. p. I J. fiatt^ He tells us, prcf. p. 1 1.
(G ) Rather Kara/habr. that the proper name of this Ala* •
( H ) Or Tomalij ; poflibly din viz^ Key Kbofrrwi which was
'^ja the hill of that name, the name of the nth and i^th.
^iuch is the Tmolus ii> Pbrygia. Saltans of Rum j but if this is e
(1) Written here Qaradi* different y^/«^« from him men-
tionel -
Digitized by VjOOQ 16
Hcj. 688
'128;.
mi Ak-
$rtai
Pcj. 699
A,17.
^299.
i/i^^^ry ^/^tf Othmin Turks, B. XV,
jhehr, or the old city (L). The next year, 688, Otkmh^
epcpels the M^d Tatars ^ quite fupprcflcd theu- incurfions 00
all fides, ahd gained many fignal viiiories. At length, havr
ing aflembled inhabitants, and enlarged Karakhifar with build-
ings and wall§, he made it the feat of his refidence Her«
our author obferves, that the SfljAkim hiftorians (M) differ
in their computation (N) ; for they put the viftory over the
Mogol Tatars in the year 698, that is 10 years later ; and he
beiieves this date trueft (O), becaufe Saadi, in the following
^ops of Othmin^ ufes that fupputation. ,
In 698, Othman takes the cgiUc of Jarhiffar by ftratagem ;
after which he adds the towns of Bilejiki and AynegUol^ with
many other caftles and their territories, to Aladin'^ don^ni^
ons. Next year, a fwarm of Gazanenfian Tartars (P) invade
ing his kingdom,, the princes and great men revolt a fecond
time. By this defeftion, the SolthrCz affairs becoming defpe-
rate, he is forced to abandon his dominions, and privately fly
to Mikhael Paleologus^ the Greek emperor ; who, inftead of
aifUling, imprifoned him ( Q^).
The
tioned bpfore, he is more likely
to be Kayhhdd^ the lad of the
Seljukmn Saltans 9 who began his
reign in 687, or of Chrift 1 288 :
but then the ^tfiAladin yf\\\ have
a monilroue long reign of 7 1
years; which befidcs is contrary
to the Seijukian hiftory, which
plaoes four Sohdns between the
firft KaykoBad znd the fecond.
( L ) The Paleopolis of the
Greeks.
(M) Can f emir has fpoken of
Otbmdnic hillorians, but not of
Seljukian writers before : and in
all likelihoodji according to his
inaccurate and confufed way,
he \xi this pl^ce confounds one
kind with the othe?-. Had he
confu}t^the5^^«>^/^hillorians,
he would probably have made
the Othman hiftory tally better
with the Siljukians from which
Jt ,widc]y differs.
(N) It muft be underftood
from the Otk}ndiiic hiflorians.
fO) Here then is a milUke
of 10 years in the Qtlmunit
computation ; and \f^aadi fol-
lowed the chronology of the
Mjukian hillorians in this and
the fucceeding aftions of Otb^
vtan^ why not in thofe preced-
ing it ? Were the Othmdns mor^
exa^ in marking the date of
fa£is in the beginning than in
the progrefs of their affairs ?
From this circumftance we think
he ought to have preferred th«
computation of Nifirin^ with
regard to ErtogruPs death, in
687, to that of his accurate Sa^
adiy in 680.
(P) By this very improper, if
not abfurd, expreflion is to be
underftood Tatars, or Mcgo/s,
fent by Gazan, or Kazan Kldm^
who reigned at that tim« in
Perfia.
(Q^) This is a very great
blunder of our author : for now
could Jladitt fly, in 1299, ^^
Mikhael Paleologus, who died in
1283 ? He feems to have had
Saltan A'ZMtddin in view 5 whom,
as we have before remarked, he
cpnfoundi
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C /. to the Reign d/Othman.
The governors, on his retreat, divide his dominions among A
^anfdves : but Otbmdny far fuperior to the reft in power and
•"caltft, prevailed 'with them all, partly by great prcfents,
/^j by acommanicadon of jx>wer, and partly by threats (R), "t^^'j
^actnowlege him for fovereign of the whole empire. Where- ^!^.
lorc, by unanimous confent dF the great men and the army,
i)e is, in the beginning of the year 700, declared Solt^n^ ^A. D.
and in the city of Karakbifar affumes the title of emperor of lioal
Ad Otbmdns % into which name he changes that of Og^zians^
Or Turks, as they were commonly called uiKler both the Aia^
ins. From hence, fays Prince Cantemir, fome hiftorlan^
date the beginning of OtkmSn'i reign ; and he follows theit
anthority againft that <rf Saadi effendi : although, according to '
kiin, this latter contends, not withoet ftrong reafons, that
the firft year of his reign commenced in 687 ; when, after
the taking of KarabMfar { S ), he, With Ala<Un\ oonfcnti .
tad his name mentioned there in the public prayers, and coined
money imprefled ^rith the title of SolUn*
OTHMAN9 l>eing thus poflefled of the empire, fets hii ^tt^ntt
fens over the provinces and dties to govern and proteA thtm. M^'rw^
The Sanjdk of ICarajeddgM (T) was given to Orkhdn ; that
<£EjiiJbahri to yunduz alsh ; that of Ayn Onghi to Aygiti
aUb", that of j4a^hiJpSLr to Hufan aleb ; and that of Aynegtnd
to Dorgftd Aleb t biit Jlao'ddin^ his youngeft fon, with the
gOTemment of tlie city Bil^, or Bilcjlki, was committed td
the care of his mother and fiithcr-in-law Bali^, The <dty
of KuhrUnJfar being alfo taken the fame year, OtkmAn rc^
moves the imperial feat from Karakhiffar to JeHght/bdhrt^
tonfoands with the firft JiaMn ; ans he means by the Greek 01
or die confounds the fecond Turkifif.
AloMn (who he fays was Maltk (R) So in the hiftorjr, but ia
Zbiby or the Mdloko of Gregoras, the preface, p. 1 ^ he is faid to
fon of the £rft) with his father : have obliged (or forced) thcjn
for he adds, although he is faid to feek his protedion and fa*
by Nicephorus Gregoras to be af. vour.
terwards delivered out of pri-* (S) The taking of this city it
fon by his fubjc£is, yet it ap- afcribed to Ertogrul by other
pears by the unanimous tefli* Turkijh hiftorians, who differ
mony of hiftorians, that he died greatly from thofe made ufe of
in the year of the Htjrabyo^t by Cantermr, Sec Letmcla'^. ,
of Chrift 1303. There muft be Uifi. Muful. 1. ii. p. 101.
fome farther miftake here ; but (T) A city afterwards vtry
we have not Gregoras to exa- famous by ^C name of Soltetn
mine the matter by. He Ihould 0%hu
«lfo havc.^old u« what hillori-
which
Digitized by VjOOQIC
A- IX whkh he adorns with jftately buildings, and ftrongly forti*
i«99* fies'.
^m^m Mi This is the account which Prince Cantemtr pvcs us from
the Turki/b hiftorians, of the origin and foundation of the
Othmin empire : but it is no lefs liable to objections than what
he has deliveried, from the fame authority, concernmg the ori-
0^eff.^ I. g^ of the Otbmdn fartiily. i. It is not at all probable, that
Erdogrul, with but half his father's forces, could conquer all
the counti^ between Hdleb and Kayfariyah^ or Cefarea^ in
Cdpadocia ; one part having been in the hands of the fuc-
jceffi>r8 o{ Saldho'ddin, or Saladiriy powerful princes; ani the
reft fubjeft to Alao*ddin Kaykohdd^ the tenth and greateft of
OlieQ. 2. idl the Seljukidn Soltdns of Mm. 2. There could be rib room
for making the vanquiftied embrace Mohammedifm^ fince all
ihse inhabitants of tbofe countries, excepting a few, were
Oijiff. 3. Mohamnedans for many ages before. 3. iT Ertogrul had
conquered fo many countries as is pretended, how came he
to be fo much at a Ipfe for want of a habitation, as to beg on^
tt^mAlao'dMn?
pijiSf* 4* 4* The conditipn of the Soltin*s granting his requeft could
never be that of drivii^g out the Tatars ^ fince the Tatars did
not enter into his dominions during his reign ; and, if they
hadjp it is highly improbable, that Ertogrul^ with only 5000
men, fliould defeat thofe people, who ha4r defeated the forces
of Alao'ddin^ a very powerful prince.
Ofyff. 5. 5. It is faid in one place, that Othmin^ by Alao^ddirCs con-
fent, had the title of SoHkn ftamped on his coin ; and, ia
another, that he was afraid to afl\ime that title (U). This is
a flat contradiftion : nor is it fcarce poflible, that Mao'ddin^
tor^haA be bdeoife weak a prince as he is reprefented by the
Turki/b hiftorians, ftiould have granted Othmin leave to afTume
ttll ^ royal honows.
Oi/id. 6. 6. It is not probable, that Othmdn fliould add the coiv
quefls which he made from the Greeks to Alad*ddtn's dominions,
u he had been allowed by agreement to keep them,himfelf.
Ohjid. 7. 7. It isjmpoffihle, that Alaq'ddtn fliould fly, ip the yo^r
.1^99, to Mikhael PaleologuSt .^he Greek emperor, who died
16 years before : nor is it probable, that he ihould.reign from
12 19 to 1^99 ; as he muft have done, in cafe the Turjdjb
hiftorians mention only one Jlao'ddin, whom they call the fe-
^ cond. But the falfity of this is demonftrable from the oriental
* Camt. prcf. p. 13. Hift. 10—15.
(U) Although he had a right ei in the empire, in cafe be
to it, by what is faid in a third drove out the Tatars, as it is
place, that he fhould be affociat* pretended he did.
' hiftorians,
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. f. Ut^kRingncf OthjxAi^ if
Ittflfmns, who redEon fix kio^ Tvithin that iaiiervil } fear it. D«
afwiuHH lure mentioned by the Greek wricers. ' is99*
8. It is not probable, if the governors divided JUu^dJtn^t ^-*%r"^
ADpice among themfelves upon his retreat, that they ihoald O^S. A.
imfflediately Aibmit tofltin^, and acknowlege him for tbdr
Man. Befides this, is coatradided by the (irsek htfloriaiiv
tod even by the Turki/b hiftorians themfdves ; aooordiig to
whom it appears, diat thofe princes maintained thdr powert
as foversigns, or Sdtim, fo(kpendentiy for a long time, till
Aej were gradually fubdued by the fncceflfors of Otbrnin.
9. SAADI contending fo ftrennoufly for comaoffpring QhjtSi. ^
(Hbrnin^s rdgn ten years ear Uer than die other TuridfbYiBb^A-
aos, and ^en durii^ the mgaolAIao'tiOn himfelf, (hrw« how
fNutial hewas in£&vour of the^/^myl/iglory: ziidCantsmk\
rgefting his authority in this point, ihews that he did not
li^nkhim fo infallible, but tbat^iie m^^ in other cafes iuwe
iifed him widi more caution.
10. Lastly, the diftribution made, among hisfonsbyOf^ Oije^.to*
miln, g[ his territories (which appear to be no more thui the
few cities he had conquered, at no ^eat diftance one bom
the other) is a fufficient proc£ that his dominions at that
dme were far from bring large ; much farther from comprifiag
the whole Seljukian empire, or country of J?i(i9i.
From the preceding remarks, we prefume it is maiAieft, Cmfibfanf
that the original of the Othmdn Turhy and thdr pow^, is
very obfcure; and that ihrir hUlorians, efpedally :^uut
efendif and other later ones, have-rendered it ftUl Qiore doubt*
ful, by die inconfiftencies which the vain define of aggnm*
difing the founders of their empire has betrayed themmto.
On die contrary, the TurMflb annals tranflated by Gaudifr^
which Can/^mtr treats as fabulous, and with fo muchxxm-
tempt, are free from thofe flains which difcredit the writings
of that prince's favourite authors.
For although thofe annals recite the fufpiciotis genealogf
of Otbm^y and fuppofe Soltan Jla^*dfiin, as well as Schymdn
Sb4k, to be driven out of Perfia by the Tatars \ yet nothing
occurs afterwards incoHfiiknt with the Seljukian hiftory, or
die probability of fafts.
THEY'only relate in fubflance, that Soleyman Shah, com- Otlir
ing to Arzing^n, made an inroad into Afia Minor as far as Turkifh
Jmflfia, and carried off much plunder: that then, turning offacctMna,
towards Halep^ he was drowned at Jabber : that hercupoa
Ertskul (or Ertognd) marching up the Euphrates to the Paf'
fonian (X) plains, there encamped with 400 pcurtable houlea
(X) Or the plain of P^ Leuncla<ik. Bft, Mt^el. ^re*
Wafi, iz miles beyond i^rriiRr. L 2. ^. 97^.
after
Digitized by VjOOQ LC
tiiftoryef ibt Othmah Turks, B. XV*
after ttieir manner : that he continued therefor a time, during
which interval he had many bickerings with the neighbour-
^ ing people : that, at length, being informed that SoHdn
more t^'- -^^^'^^^^ ^^^ fubducd fcvcral provinces in j^fta Minor ^ and
fijent tfW^^^"^^ ^ great empire, he fent Sarigati^ one of his three
I ions, thb other two being Gundus and Ozmdn, to intreat that
he wbuld grant him fome place in his dominions^ where he
xnight dwell with his followers : that Jlao'dd/n, readily con-
fcndng to Mis petition, apjpointed them a country fit for their
habitation, both in the iummer and winter feafons : that a
. certain nation (Y) at the fame junfture advanced againft the
Sobin ; and, whUe this prince marched with his forces to
give them battle,. £r/oi^/, with his fons Sarigati and Ozmdn^
made the beft of their way towards £«^r/ (or Ancyra) : that
. MrtokUh fettUng thereaixjut with his people, never ceafed har-
. - ttiffiog the neighbctoring^r^^fe with incurfions (Z) : and that^
^ J^ having governed them for 52 years, he died in 687 : that^
' f6me territories being conqu^ed, his fon Ozman founded a
principality, or dominion, and divided part of it among the
commwiders who came thither with his father Ertokul : that
afterward Ozmkn^ and his foh Ur KhAn^ joining their forces^
turned thek arnn agednft the Chriftians \ and, lajring all
•yafte before them, took Ifnik (or JV/W ').
frfifrom In this account of the origin of the power of the OthtnAn^
fabUt. or Ozman, Turks, you hear nothing of the Oguzians reigning
from Makhdn to JkhlAt, in Jrmenia ; or of their holding this
laft city for 170 years before Soleymin Shah: nothing oi Er^
togruPs conquering all the provinces between Hahp and Gr-
Jkrea ; OTo{Jlao'(Min*s being invaded by the Tatars, and their
^xpulfion by Ertogrul with a handful of men : nbthing of the
fame Alao'ddvi's living to the time oiOthm^n, much lefs to the
year 1 3.00 ; of his conferring the regal honours on Othmdn ; or
the governors unanimoufly proclaiming him Soltdn on Alao^d*
din^ retreat.
Juthori To confirm tfie judgment which we have pafled on the
moft op* hiftorians made ufe of by Prince Cantemir, we (hall produce
fr^eJ^ the authority of Count Marjigli\ who, during fome years
ilay In Turky, made it his bufmefe to eeq*ikg into thf aatient^
' Annal. Soltaner, p. t,
(Y) The later Tari/y^ writers, (Z) They were (0 far from
in making this nation Tatars, defeating tne Tatars, or going
liavc expofed their ignorance, to aflift their bencfaftor, that
and convifled thcmidves of they provided for their own fa*
f^gtry^ cunty by flights
as
Digitized
byGoogk
C /* to the Reign $f Othman.
»fdl as modern, ftate of the Othman empire. This noble-
flan remarks the fame difiercHce as we have done among
tic Turkifb authcn^, relating to the origin of the Othman fa-
mily; and declares, direftly contrary to what Prince Cante-
m affats, that thofe only are generally approved of which
xcprcfent the fiafts agreeable to the Turkifb annals of Gaudier.
Bat to give Count Marfigli's own words, he obfcrves, fpeak*
mg of the origin of the OihmSn empire, " that the moft
" learned among the Turks acknowlcge, that Erdogrul, y^, ^^^
" whom fome call Orckgrul, Orthogrut^ and Urtukul, was furies,
" the Morzar (A), leader, or chief, of the Tartarian Turk*
" m&ns : that his father SoleymAn Shihy governor of Msi^
" him^ a city of Khoraffhi^ b^ng driven out by SingUJism^
" fled with his Turkmdns into Armenia^ called from them
" TwrkomUnia : that joining himfelf to Aladin^ SokJbi of
** Stmum, he began to fetupfor afoverdgn by the aiEftancc
** of that prince's troops : that, Erdogrul dying in 687, jAu
** (Bn continued the fame favours to his fon Ozman, or Oft*
** mJm, honouring him with the drum, the fbindard, and the
** fibre ; which are the marks of foverd^ty (B) : and pwr*
** mitting him to conquer AJia Minor from the Greeks "
This, Count Marjigli affirms, is What is related in the
7ur}djh hiflories moft univerfally received : but, on the othec
fide, thofe, who would flatter the Otfmdn line, fay, *' that
•* Soleymdn Shah was defcended from Singhijkam ; that his
" fon Erdogrul was acknowleged as fovereign by Aladin him*
" fdf ; and, in /hort, that Ofman obtained the kingdom of
" Ikmium by grant from Aiadift, during his life-time •.*'
As the dominion of the Othman Turks ftill fubfifts, they TaifciA
arc more happy than the Seljtikians, in having a great number hi/toritmi*
of national, ordomeftic, writers extant in the world, to pub-
Mi the aftions of them and their monarchs from the fbunda- '
tion of the empire.
The chief Turkifb authors, whom Prince C^ntemir made
nfe of in framing his hiftory of the OthmdnSy feem to have
been two ; both bearing the name of Sdadi Effendiy but dif-
fingnifhed by other marks. The firft is called Saadi Effendi Saadi Ef-
of Lariffay and ftiled by Cantemir, the moft learned Saadi, fcndi r/
author of the elaborate Synopfts Hiftoriarum. This, he tells Lanua.
OS, was coUedled from the moft celebrated hiftorians, Mev
Iwa Idris, ^Nejbrin, Saadi, Tajoitaverikb, Pechovi, and
* Suto Militare dell' Imperio Ottomanno^ p. 6.
(A) Murza, or Murfa, ibvcreignty, being the honours
(B) But not all tbe marks of belonging to gea^rais .
Mod. Hist. Vol. XIL C Hezarfin
' Digitized by VjOOQ LC
^S Hiftorycf tbeOthmznTurUB, B.XV.
A. D. Hizarfen (C). U was publUhed in 1696, and dedicated to
1 299. Soltdn Moftafa ; who in that year began his reign ^
i.i«ii«U Cj4NTEMIR*9 hiftory feems to be a tranflation, or
abridgment, of this author; and yet he no- where expreQy
tells us fo. It is true, he quotes others in his preface, notes,
and hiflory, preceding Othmdn : but gives little or no account
of them, or how far he has made ufe of them ; only fays, in
general, that he has coUeAed his hiftory from the h^StTurkiJb
hiftorians, and delivered matters in their own words **•
Saado*d- The other Saadi is the fame with the author of theT'^V/-
?" ^^ tev^r/AA mentioned above, among thofe from whom Saadi of
hammed, x^^j^ compiled his Synopfts. His name, according to D^Her--
belotf is Saado'ddtn Mohammed'^ebn Haffan^ the moft famous
and elegant of all the Turkijb hiftorians. He was preceptor
to Solt£i Mordd (or Amurath) IIL fon of Seltm^ and advanced
even to the dignity of Mufti ^ or pope (D), He is commonly
called Khowajeh, or Kht^a Effendi, and has compofed, in very
elegant 7i/r*//i, the book, intituled, Tajo'ltawartkh^ or al 7V-
varikhf as the Turks pronounce it ; that is, the crown ffhif-
tones ; which is a hiftory of the Othmdn Soltans from the
commencement of their monarchy to SoleymiUi I ^. Prince
Cantemr calls this work Saadi TajoHtavarikh^ and its com-
piler Saadi Effendi, the famous author of the OthmAn knnals
Tajo'ltavertkb, fo approved by the Othmins ; and gives him
the charafter of one who was not more zealous for the 0th-
v^ glory p than hiftorical truths \ which judgment, we appre-
hend from the remarks that have akeady b^n m^de on him,
will not be thought ftriftly true.
Turki(h Before Prince Cantemir's hiftory appeared, we had a
mnna/s. Latin tranflation of a Turki/h author, by John Gaudier^ alias
Spiegel^ under the title of Annates Sultanorum OJmanidarum ;
which carries down the hiftory from their oripnal to the
year 1550 ; and feems to give a plain and undifguifed rela-
tion of fafts, from the earUeft hiftorians. However, Princ^
} Cant. pref. p. 7. « Ibid, Hid. Othm. p. a66.
> D*Hbrb. p. 728. Art. SaadeddinbenHaflan. r Cant.
pref. p.6, 7, 12,14.
(C) Hufeyn Efftndi Hezarfen^ tranflatcd by M. De la Crotx
ox Haxarfin^ a modem ^vri ; fenior,interprecertoZ^/;XIV.
who has given an hiftory of all of France, See De la Crnx's
the Turkijb monarchies. It is Hift. of JengbiK Can, p. 427,
an abftradi of Jl Janndbi the and pref. to HiJl.efTimoMr Bee,
Arabian's general hiftory of p. 22.
j^a ; and was pnbliftied in (D) He diedin A[;V«i( 1008,
Turhijk^ in 1672. It has been A. D. 1599.
Cemtemir
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Q.i: U thi RfigM of OtiiaAni
Qniemir endeaVoulr^ to Vouiid the credit of thefe tnnak
(iutkigh the fides of Gaudier ; whom he charges with too
Udly affettingfor truth vthat he had taken from feme Turkifh ^
cbfOmcle concerning the Oxbmin race. He then produces
pafiages out of it, wherdn he aU^;es the names to be cor-
rapted, and put out of their true order, as well as other'mat*^
ters to be reported falfely by Gaudier ; which is very unfair^
as he knew ttiat perfon (Ud no more than tranflate the work.
And the matters, which he fays are reported falfely, may bo
prefumed to be thofe reladng to the origin of the OthmdnSf
andthmr power; which die author has not fet-offwith fo
much fplendor as the Saadi EffendVs. To us, there fcems to
be nothing fabulous in it, but what concerns the genealogy
of Othm&ny and afieAs it in common with the other hiftories.
In (hort you meet, in the annals, with none of thofe glaring Jadgmmt
marks of forgery, which appear in the hiftorics made ufe di^htrten.
by Prince Cantemir. However, as the flaws to be found in
the Othman hiftory chiefly afleft this part of it, which the
writers had mod temptation to adulterate, we fliall for the
future follow them with lefs fcruple ; our defign being, not
to defiroy the authority of the Turkifb hiflory in general, as
delivered by their own authors, but only to feparate the fpu» ,
rious part from the genuine ; and point out the abfurdities
which their pride has introduced, through a vain imaginadon,
that it would diminifli the luftre of a potent empire^ fliould
it be thought to have arifen from an mconflderable banning ;
and that die origin df its founders was obfcure. This book
was publiihed by Leunclavius^ with very learned and ufeful
notes, geographical and hiftorical, under the tide of Pan*
deas.
Princb Cantemir*% cenfure feems to be pointed at the fame Cenfure
annals, when he fays, ** that the Tevartkhi al Othm4n (£) is (f Canto-
•* one of the fabulous hiflories, which were written very foon mir ;
" after the foundation of the Turkifb empire : that fome
'* ChrifHan authors feem to borrow their chronology of the
** Otbmdns from thofe books ; but that they are not approved
** of by the Turks, and are bitterly inveighed againft in the
" Tajo'ltaverikh *." Becaufe, we prefume, they do not fuf-
ficiently exalt the Othman glory, by exaggerating their rife
with fuch fhining, but falle circumftances, as later hiflori-
ans have done : for the nearer the hiflorians were to the times
« Cant. Hift. Qthm. prcf. p. 9.
(E) That IS, the hifiorVf or There area great many under
OMMols, ef the Othman Solt&ns. this tide. ^ecD'Herheht, p.86o.
Ca r-^^^T
, Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftory of tie Othman Turks, B. XV.
they wrotc-of, the more likely they are to rekte the truth.
As doi6eftic authors are generally iiKlined to magnify the ori-
' gin of their nation and monarchs, it is not probable, that
they would fupprcfs thofe fafts which redound moft to the
glory of both ; and fubftitute others not fo much to their ad-
vantage.
his unjuft But-, whatever gr9und Prince Cantemir might have had to
r^fltQion penfure the Othmhn annals, and other hiftories of the Turks^
we cannot imagine what could induce him to fall-foul on Jbit'l'
faraj (whom he mifnames Abulfarago)^ or even to mention
him. Speaking of Chriftian hiftcaians, who, in their accounts
of the Turkijh affairs, have loaded their works with fables,
barbarifms, and anachronifms, he fays, he has often wondered,
that men oflearniiig^ and, in other refpeHs^ of great penetra-
tion, could be ever induced to credit the indigejied and abjurd
narrations, of Abiilfarago ; who, aniong the TJurks,* ^rarc^
9n Abu I- ^gj^n^ ffj^ j^p^ ^ hiftorian. Surely Prince Cantemir muft
^*J * have been wholly a ftranger to that author, or muft miftake
him for fome other : for how little foever he may be intitled
to the charafter of an hiftorian (his hiftory being no more than
a coUeftion of feleft fafts reduced into chronological order),
yet none before this princely cenfor ever accufed his Compen-
dium of Dynafiies, as conjifling of indigejied andabfurd narra*
tions ; nor is any work pethaps freer irom fables, barbarifms^
and anachronifms : except by fables are meant the traditions
of nations, and by barbarifms the oriental names of perfons
and places ; in which cafe Prince Cantemir's own hiftory is no
!efs liable to objeftion than that of AbiiHfarcg ; who was a
perfon of eminent learning, and dignity in the Syric church.
And as for anachronifms, no author perhaps has given the
dates of aftions with greater care and exaftnefs.
What makes this ceftfure of Prince Cantemir the more un-
accountable, and would induce one to imagine, that he has
miftaken this author for fome other, is, that AbuHfaraj does
not mention one word of the Othmdn Turks throughout his
annals ; and cdhfequently is, with no manner of propriety,
introduced by Cantemir, even fuppofmg he was fuch an au-
thor as his cenfor reprefents him.
condemns The European authots indeed are juftiy cenfured by the
European prince, as being full of fables, baibarifms, and, anachronifms,
autbon: owing to their ignorance in the oriental languages and hifto-
ries ; of which his quotations from Nicephonts Cregoras, and
Lonicerus, concerning the fuccefibrs of Jcnghiz Kha}v^, are
■ Cant. pref. p. 9.
flagrant
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. I to the Reign of OUjpain.
&grant proofs : but, on the other fide, it may be as jufUy
/Korted, that he himfelf has conunitted miftakes in hiilory,
chronology, and ^geography ; which he could not have done, '
tad he been only tolerably verfed in the oriental authors. Some
inftances of this have been already produced ; to which we
ihall here add, one or two more. The firft concerns thofe fame
ftcceflbrs of Jenghiz Khdn in Pcrjia ; with regard to whom
he fays. It is agreed by aii, v}h have left written hijiories of
the eajiem nations^ that the Tartarian princes^ faccejfors of
Jenghiz K^han, were in the year of /A^r Hejrah 656, and of
Chnft 1258 {forty 'four years ^^or^Othman) fubduedby Ebu-
bekir, fon of Saadi, king of Perfia, and their provinces re*
Jloredto^the Periian monarchy y excepting thofe which were held
byfome 2ftheS2itr2Lf>x (^rgovemorsj ; who^ in the expedition
of the Tatars, took the opportunity to fet-ttp for themfelves :
among whom were Aladin, Soltan ^ Ikonium, \ind Soley-
man, grandfather ofOlhmin, Hence, fays he, it is evident,
that the Tartarian kingdoms, in Afia, were overturned by the
Perfians ^ong before the beginning of the Othman empire ^.
Prince Gantemir aflerts two points in this paragraph, inoriiMtal
which are the moft contrary to feft that can be imagined, bljfory,
Firft, that the Tartarian kingdoms in Afia were overturned
by the Perfians under Ebnbekir, in 1258. This is fo far from
being faft, that the monarchy was then at its greateft height
under the famous Hulak^ Khdn, firft of the race of Jenghiz
Khan in Perfta : and although, after the death of AbH fdid
Beh&der Khan,^ fucceflbr of Ht(fdk£, in the year 736, no fole i^* .5/5
monarch of the houfe of Jenghtz Khin, fucceeded him ; yet jl[ £>, '
the Mogols^ whcrfe commanders divided the regal power among 133c.
themfelves in the feveral provinces, held the Perfians in fub-
jeftion till the reign of Tim&r Bek ^, or Tamerian, This is
agreeable to the unanimous teftimony of the oriental hiftori-
ans ; nor can any one of any authority, much lefs all, be
produced to fupport Prince Cantemir^s afTertion. And as to
his Ebubekir (rather Abu Bekr) fon of Saadi, he feems to be '
no lefs imaginary as to his exiftence than his conqueft.
Secondly, in faying that Aladin, Soltan of Ikonium, Setondin^
and Soliman, grandfather of Othndn, were among the go- fatten ^
vernors who fet up for themfelves, he affirms two flifts,
one of them contrary to the<iuthority of the beft hiftorians,
the other, to what he elfe where relates himfelf: for it appears
from the -foregoing hiftory of the Seljuks, that Aladin \vas
* Ibid. p. 9. « SeeD'HERB. p. 32. Art. Abufaid
bea Algiaptu,
C 3 no
Digitized
by Google
2 2 Uifioffof the Othman Turks, B. XV.
A. D. no governor, but an abfolute prince ; and by his 'own ac-
1335. count, Soleymhn was fovereign prince of a territory, or ter-
^/■VV^ ritories, in Khoraffdn^ a province of Perjia*. Nor does he,
in the lift which he afterwards gives of thofe governors, men-
tion Soleymdn ^ : but to make amends, he inferts among them
Khurzem ShAh, king of Cafpia^ as he calls him; and tells
you, that Aladiuy as the chief of them, alone enjoyed the
title of Soltdn, Now this Khurzem Shdh^ whom he makes
a petty governor, was no lefs a perfon than the Great Mo-
hammed Karazm SMh, lord of all the countries from 7f/r-
keftdn to the river Tigris. He likewife enjoyed the title of
Soltdn^ as well as Aladin^ or Jlaoddin, who, compared with
him, was but a little prince.
His cen^ f R^M the forgoing inftances, the reader may be apt to
furia j^dgc ^t fvxnct Cant emir was but little acquainted with any
part of the Mohammedan hiflory, except that of the Othmdn
Turks : but to have written well on their affairs, he ought
at lea|l to have confulted the Seljikian authors, in cafe any
be remaining, ^ he feems to intimate, by what has been men-
tioned before ; if he has not committed fome miftake on that
occafion, which is not improbable.
It is very ufual ydth prince Cj«/^m/r to aflert things with-
out bringing his vouchers ; ^nd to g^ve his own opinion, or
and com* '^port of matters, for that of others. He is apt alfo to mix
pundatiott. the different accounts of authors togeth^, without dlffin-
guiihing them ; which, with bis own hiftorical and geogra-
phical miftakes, makes a ftrange rhapfody of error and confu-
sion throughout his preface, and in the beginning of his hi-
ftory: but he grows more correft, as he advance from the
early times of the OthmAn monarchy; and ii^deed is recom-
mendable not only for haidng given us a Turkifb hiftory,
taken immediately from the Turkifb authors, but alfo for a
great numbpr of very ufeful notes wherevi^th he has im-
proved it.
The'Sy- With r^ard to theCr^^*, commonly called the Byzatt"
sywtine tine hiftorians, there are but three or four who treat of the
bijip{ians, affairs of the Othmdns^ Tiasncly fficephorus Cregqras^ the em-
peror John Kantakuzenus, Dukas, and Laonicus Khalkandylas,
^ or Khalkokondylas. The firfl of thpfe authors, as prince Cw-
temir obferyes, is rather a rhetorician than ^n hiftprian, as
, indeed moft of thofe writers are, who fpeak of foreign affairs
pnly occafionally, and negleft the eflendals of the hiltory and
phronojogy ^o ^t^end to ^e poliftiag of their ftile. Kanta-
kuzenus does not (ay a great deal on the fubje^ ; but Dukas
f pAVT. H|ft. Othm. p. 3« > Sfc f>ref. p. 12.
' ^ \ treats
Digitized by VjOOQlC
C.2. . i0 tie Riign of Othmkn.
trots mpkmOy, and like an hiftorian, of the Turkijb wars,
km the death of Orkhatty to the taking of ConftantinopU by
Mohammed H. Coujirtj who tranflated feveral of the Byzan^ ^
/wf writers into French, fays, His work U morf extcnjive than
that of Khalkondylas, becaufe h goes farther back ; and th(^
it is conduced with much more judgment -
HowKVEE that may be, the hlftory of Dukas is not near ^^^rf
fo rploimnous as that of KhaikondylaSy who has profcfledly ^^ifl^rn
writteq a hiftory of the Turks to the fame period. But no- *«*^'^*»
thii^ can be more jejuQe or iacorr^A, than his account of the
orig^ of thofe people, and the firft Othman Saltans. He
quotes no authors for what paflcd before hi? own time ; and
Kideed feems tp follow none. The fmall conformity there
is betweea his account of affairs, and that given by Pakkamir^
KantakuzentiSp and Dukas, fhews that he was quite una^»
qiiSinted with thofe authors ; and that he rather wrote what
he remembered to have heard, than from books. This is
confirmed by his feldom marking the date of fafts ; whi(:h,
tho' cqyaijy eflcntial to th^m, as th^ fccne ^f aft^on, is not
fo ealily retained iq memory.
From the taking of Cojifiantinople, the hiftory has been car^
ricd down to the prefent by the Venetian^ German, and other
Weftem authors. Among the reft, John Leunclaviys, a 6Vr»
man, hath, befides the annals befor^-mentipned, publifhed
TheHiftory ^ theTmks, taken from their own H\ftorians{f)^
Thefc, at the fame time they add many things not found
in the annals, differ much from the annals ; and the hiflo*
rians made ufe of by prince Cantemir differ ^\\\ njore from
them. Hence it appears, that the Turks have more than once
brought their hiftory under the hammer ; and that the firft
eflays not pleafxng their vanity, they have raifed it a-new upon
a plan more to their liking, but ftill more inconfiftait with
truth.
LEUNCLAVIUS has improved his hiflory with m- Great
dexes, in which are enpUiped all the Turkijb words that qq' fault 9
cur, with the fituatiojis of pUccs, and the names they had ^^'^
before the Turks changed them ; a work which m^nifbfts the
great learning, genius, and application, of its author : but
the misfortune is, he has mixed what th^ Greek^s, ^nd others,
have written, with the Turkijb memoirs, and not gUv^ys fuf-
ficiently diflinguifhed the reports of one author from thofe
of another. This fault, which has been the ruin of hiftot-y
}n every country, ought to be carefully avoided; for the
[T) Hiftori^e Mufubname Tur- exfcripjt<g, IJb. J^jii. Fxancfqrt^
i^um 4' m^f^^^ntis ifforum I591.
C 4' early
- Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hifttnry df theOihmih Turks: B. XV,
tarly hiftorians being compotmded together in one Hge, and
Aofc rfecom pounded "vt^hh others in the next, fidfhood be-
' comes blehded with truth, in fuch a manner, that, for wattt
of referrmg things to their proper authors, there is no fepa-
rating the one from the other; and thus the whole falls
under the. fuipicion of fable and forgery with pofterity.
ifpedally After all, Leimclaviits hath tranfgrefled in this refpedt
$hc latter, much lefs than the generality of hiflory writers fmce his time j
whofe works ought to be confidered rather as the produce
of their own invention, than hiftbries framed from the me-
moirs of other men. At leaft, citing no vouchers -for what
they deliver; and being themfelves many ages poftcriop to
the fa6ls they relate, . their teftimony can b^ of no manner of
authority with perfons of judgment; who will always expedt
good evidence for the truth of what they read.
C H A P II.
The Reign of Othman, or Oztnan,
Firjl Khan or Soltan.
Riff of *WT^ ^"^^ '^^ ^^^ Greek writers an account pf the rife of
Othman. W Othmcin, more exaft perhaps than that ^hich we
meet with ;n the Turhijh ; and at the fame time not incon-
iiftent with theirs. Laonicus Khalkondylas informs us, that
the Oguzians, after their coming into Jfta Minora fettled in
a little town or village, called Sogt{ta{A)y on the borders of
Myjia, and hot above* 1 5 or 1 6 leagues diftant from the Pro-
pontis. A river of the fame name runs thro' th? place, which
was before named Itaa (B). It is well known that the Ofh-
m&n monarchs have always held this town in great efteem,
■ often vifiting \\ and bellowing more favours on the inha-
bitants than thofe of any other place.
l^le^ei After the Oguzians had dwelt here for a long time, 0th-
thief. man, by his courtefy and gifts, fo gained on them, that they
chofe him for their chief. This done, he immediately armed
them ; and falling on all fides on the Greeks, with whom
. before they had frequent bickerings, defeated fome, and
drove otheVs out of the country, which they took pofleffion
of. After^ this he gained frequent viftories ; which coming
to the ears of Solt^'n Jladin, he made him his lieutenant-gs-^
(A) Rather Suguchik, or Su- of willows ; fo that theTurkrf^
utjik, as the Turks call it; that name is only a tranHation of
r;
B, i}it 'village of fwiliofws. the Greek,
* iB) //<r« f^gnifiesalfoa place
ficral;
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
jxni: bst ^Aftfin^yiog fecmater, great dHfvMaioirdiM^ A. A.
JUr^reat officers. At length riiev eateaed intoa layt rf *p>fl%i> i|«^*
conquefts, vnth tkek joint Ibroes, and tbem ^kni» dhcm ^ ~x ^^
amoQgft tbcmfelves. la thefe ^eKpedUom Otkmim ^^%^mA
Ins valour and condcift above all theveft. Thr iiMnmuMliaj^ Om 9ftb$
vhowene feven in DWMber, divided dbcterdtDonthB^ hiil
conquered, by catfUog lots ; which fell in the faUDvng anie-
Iter: 1. AU the inner par« of Pkrypa^m far m^Ukumd
fhikdeiphia, feH to the ffaafe of iKarmmim ; t. £ardahimd
die maritime pro^nces of /^m, which dLtBndori to iSbairoa ;
3. Kidamuz, a&d his fon JtT^tr^;^ (C), poileflfid L^/4, to i^e
frcmticrs df ^^ ; 4. Bithyma, with ail the sGonntries 1^
vzrds moimt Oiymfius, IcU to tMmdm aad 2jDbrj<; 'j^^ J^t^
Jagonia, with ty^er lands, extending to ^AePr^witit^ it*
came the lot of the sons of Omur (D). As -for Jtimuns, it
is faid he was not of the number ; hot that haw^g at Ae ihe-
giDomg of thefe revoktons feizcd x>n Jlmjiinm^ lie Meas after-
waids driven out, and retired into Il^iay whose he ibvila
private ftfe*.
This heptarchy or diviSon among the ^ir^xJrie&, yttfewtn
ftall fee confirmed hereafter by Pakhermre and BiAas^ jiad Xorkifh
even hy the circumftances of the Turldfi> hiftory ts£(M : homt^inas
whence it -appears, that «kho' OthmAn coDtionafl :his /ooa-
quefts, and might have improved hisjfiiare more than \fii|ne^f
the other Tttrkijb commanders, yet he was Jtill upon the iaae
footing vath them ; nor feems to hoice aillimed aay titlA i^t
anthoritymore than the others had done : hut asifaieiai^the
foundation of a great empire, which his ihcoepbis q«>mfflc«B^,
it is proper that 'his reign -ibduld conrntenceAara cheftime )Chat
be became an independent prinoe, after the extis&iou of ithe
Selj&kian monarchy, when the 'partition that was anpcfe hy <the
Turkifiy commandei^ took plaee ; ^^ichmuftjhafe^reaUnthe
year 1300, or not long after.
Among the exploits fdready -mentioned to 'haw tean per-«4iWBMfe*
formed by Othmdnh^f ore the diflr©ktionofrthe'AW^&b'i7;;,«»- ji'ki*
narchy, that of his taking the city of M^*it/'(£) defa?vesia
more particular account. T-he 7«r^ hiftorians-write, that Hej. 698.
in the year 6c;iS, MikhaeiKofa, ih^t is, ^G oat's ^hard, governor A. D. .
6f BUejiki, 'ha^'ing invited Othm&n to ^the 4nan:iagc of his >298,
• Khal-ko«dvla6, 1. -I. c. 4.
(C) By others Karafe, vol. iv. p. 272.
(D) Or Amur^ flain by Saltan (E) Or "Bykflk, by other*
Uajfud, of i2ijw. See before, written 'J5//if2:»^.
^ daughter.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
mtiothir
Hiflcry of the Oihmin Turks. B, XV
liaughter, the other Creek governors (F) of the neighbouring
places refolve to feize him. Bdng informed of their de/ignj
by his trufty friend Mikhael, he orders fome hundreds of tol-
diers to conceal themfelves near the place, and 40 well armed
flueny drefled Uke women, to enter the cafUe of Jarbifar, and
in the night fet fire to the houfes about it ; mean tune he re-
pairs ^th a finall retinue to Kbakirhunarf a place in the fub-
arbsy where the marriage was to be celebrated. At the dme
appointed, the 40 difguifed foldiers fet fire to the town, then
without garrifon; which, as foon as Othmdn perceived^
he g^ves the fignal to the foldiers in ambufli, who, rufliiog
OQ the guefts buried in wine, flew them all, widiout dl-
ftinAion of fex, excepting Mihhaelj and a few others ; among
whom was the bride Holofira^ of noble defcent. This lady
Othm&n afterwards married to his fon QrKb&n ; by whom fbe
had Soleyman and Mur&d.
This affidr b reprefented fomewhat differently by the
Chriftian writers. According to them, Mikhael KoJJi^ go-*
vemor of Hirwftn Kata (G), invites his friend Othmin^ with
the Chriftian governors or the neighbouring cafUes, to his
daughter's wedding. Othmarij by his noble prefents on that
occ^on, raifingboth theenvy and jealoufy of thefe governors,
they combine to deftroy him. To efieA this, the governor <^
Silejtki, the moft powerful of them, being to marry the capK
tain of Jarhiffar't daughter, invites Othmdn to the nuptials ;
and fends Kqjji to conduA him thither, Kojji found OthmAn
very willing to go ; but unwilling that fo brave a man fliould
peiiih by treachery, difcovers the plot to him. The Turk^
reibhdng to be revenged, bids Kqfft tell the governor, that he
would certdnly wait on him ; but b^ng at war with a neigh-
bouring prince, and fearing a furprize in his abfence, defired
the liborty of fending his mother-in-law and wife, with their
attendants, and fome of his b^ft goods, to BileUki.
This bdng jreadily granted, Othmdn difguifed 40 young
men like women, and uowing feveral others in packs like
goods, comes to the place where the marriage was next d^y
to be folenmized, being an open field, at fome diftance fi*om
the caftle* As foon as th^ pretended ladies and goods were
received into Biltjiki^ the foldiers throwing off the maf|k»
(F) The Titrkifi aqthors, tp
magnify the exploit, call them
princes.
(G) He was more likely go-
vernor of this caftle than of 2i-
lijiki ; fince this latter was given
10 Balii^^ at ))efare ir^latcd 1
which could not well be, MKoJp^
his friend, had been governor
of it, as the tranflater of Can-
temir well obferves j unjefs, in-?
4eed» hp was proQ^oted to a
b(;tt^ j^ov^ninent.
Digitized
byGoogk
with
Q.i I'Soltan Othmlm %y
vnA iomc diffictilty feize the fortrefe. When the governor A« ]>«
was retired to his bed-chamber, Othm&n^ who concluded his >3^^
Aatagem had fucceeded, takes horfe, with his followers, and V^>^^
fiicnd Koffiy and rides full-fpeed to Bilgfki. The govemoTy
infonx^ of his fudden departure, purfues, and overtakes
Jam; but his attendants being, for the moft part, dnink^
te isflain hjOthmin in the conflift, and the reft put to flight.
Having th};w taken Bilejfki, Othmdn next morning likewife
fnrpriied Jarhijfar^ where he took prifoner the captain, tsA
his beaudful daughter th^ brides who were preparing to go
to the wedding **.
We meet with little or no account in the Turkijb Y&Siotj DeftB m
of the actions of Othmdn for the firft 17 years of his reign ; &*' ftttj*
which argues a great want of records during that time. To
fill up this gap, we are only told, that after he had removed
Jiis refidence to Jenghijbahri, as before mentioned, he fpent
feme time in regulating his domeftic affairs. We fliall there-
fore, in fome meafure, fupply the defcft out of the Byzan*
ibie hiftorians ; by fliewing the miferable ftate to which the
Creek affairs in JJia were reduced at the time that Othmdn
appeared there.
We have related, towards the clofe of the Se/jikian hiftory, ^2* «tf^
by what means the affairs of the Eafl, which had been re- ''^*' **•
Ifared by Tarkoniates^ came to be again ruined. Sometime ^'^^^
rfter, fix thoufand Alans {U)^ who had ferved Nogas{}) the
Tatar y came to offer their fervice to the emperor Andronicus% A. D,
who receiving them as fuccors fent from heaven, divided them 1304.
into three parts : the greater number he fent before into the
Eaft, and referved the moft valiant for the young emperor ^'-
khaely who, eager to be in a£lion, followed foon after, and en-
camped at Magneftay near the defert. From thence he fent
out parties, who fcoured the enemy's country, and brought
off miich plunder ; while the Turks betook themfelves to the
hills, and their ftrong holds : but afterwards afTembling thdr
forces, and defcending into the plains, the emperor was prc-
*> Cant. Hift. Othm. p. 13.
(H) There were at that time queft along the north fide of the
Sooo of that nation fit to bear Danube ; but in 1 297 he was
arms. . defeated, and killed, by Tuktaist
(I)ThisiV(ir^/7/ was oncofthe defcended from the princes of
ftf/arcommanders, who having the kingdom which iVisi^ii/V had
fobdued the country to the north feized. PacL in Mich, Isf An-
of the Euxine fea, fet up for dronic, 1. 9. c. 26.
)umff If, and extended his coi^?
v^Uedl
Digitized by V^OOQlC
^S Hiftory $f tbi Othm,ln Turks. B. XV
.A. D. vaikd po jto x^tr«^t, by the chief officers of hia army, wlx
f^of- ip^oificd the forces <>f the enemy.
t^^v^'V^ T^js ibamefvil i^etre^ eacouraged the Twr^Jt to make in
encourages .^q^^jJo^s as fi^r as the 6el4 of Menomene^ and ruin the countr;
the Turks. ^ ^ fides, while the emperor was Ant up in Magnejta. Th
/tLms, after this, demanded leav^ to return ; and as the whdl.
\ .^efiwice of the empire then depended on them, wl^ea tii<
jrouiig emperor foiyid th;a.t he could detain them no longer
A. D. Ji^ retired fecretly as he could from Magnejia^ in a dark anc
• 303- flormy night. The Turi^s had fo over-run the country to tbi
fouth of PergamtiSy that the inhabitants, abandoning theii
boufcs and effefts, ifed forTafetjf, fome into that city^ other j
p) Endr.9mit (or Jdromitium) and to the fea-coeft pear hamj>'
^kus ; while many crofled the He^llej^ont into Europe 5 fb
gieeat was the general fear and diftrefs.
Tj^ Eaft being thus inclofed, as it were, by the Turks^
Othman frpm-one feato the other, Othmhn appeared the 27th day of
rcxrvagei July^ at the head of a very numerous arpiy, near Vafeiini, a
^^A^^n^ jilace not far flom Nikomedia. After having pillaged the couji-
"^^ ttry about Nice^ he crofled the mountains, to go ravage t^ie
^302. territories ol the Jli/ons ; and was joined by more forces from
Papb/ugonia, who feemed refolved to over-run at oncjg all
• wlvich remained to the Ramans. All the troops which Muzahn
h^d, both of , Romans and Alans, to oppofe fuch formidable
^fiemies, did 'uot amount to 2000 men : befides, a mifunder-
. ilaudingariilng between the two parties, they made but fmali
j^efiftance. A good number was flain by the Turks, and the
Momans fled fliamefuUy to Nikomedia ; while many uhlans loft
. -their jd ves to favour their efcape. After thi? defeat, the people
. ;i:an for fl:ielter to that city ; and the Turks ranged the coun-
^Xcy -every-where, without oppQfition, to the very walls of
Pryfiiy Nice, and Endromit^ \Yhci:e the emperor .then was.
^In^^OAt, the whole Eail was ruined by the fury of arms, ex-
•;Ceptingthe ibrong-holds and fortified places. Theife was only
_ ^. fmali fpace of land towards the fea, about Akhirao, Cyzicus,
Piga, and Lopadion, which was exempt from pillage.
With regard to the illands, .after the pirates abandoned
A. D. Tcnedos^ which had long been their place of rendezvous, the
'3^3' Turks feized it; and, with the veflels they built there, fub*
dued the iflands of the Archipelago, Samos, Karpathus, and
even Rhodes, which they entirely laid wafte.
The em- The en>perQr finding that he could not by force of arms
firor'spo- reprefs the enemy, who made iucurfionsas far as the Bojphorus^
''^J'* 'had recourfe to other meafures, Kuximpaxis (K), a Tatar^
, (K) ?erh^^jKu/Jmfa/hi, ox Eajhi.
Digitized by VjOOQ iC
C.i 1 Soltart Othman.
oD the death of A'ogalf, to whom he was ftriftly attached,
Bei with his wife and children, towards the Eaft ; but being
dfiFca by contrary winds tov^ards Herdklea, impfored the "
sapcFor's protcftion, was received, and changed the McBam-
nkm faith for the Chriftian. AndronicHSy sd'ter this, having
feooght about a match between the daughter of Iiis convert
ffld SoBman PaxiSy chief of the Turks, who were neareft the
feooders, gave the government of the country round Nifio-
9u£a to Kuximpaxis ; in hopes Sollman would fpare the Ro-
nan frontiers, out of refpeft to his father-in-law. Bcft this
pcce of policy did not fuccecd to his e3({)e6tation : for altho*
S:£man forbore incurfions, yet he could not reftrain Jfnu^ .
rfl/(L), another commander, from pillaging; the chiefs aft-
ing iadependently of each other. Beftdes, the moment one
dSfeffetftill, his foldiers lifted under another, who continued
to ravage the country ; fo that Soiiman's men committed the
tune hoftilities, as if their chief had been at thdr head''(M).
In (hort, there were then in arms feveral parties under fo Turkifii
many difierent commanders, as Atman (or Othm^)^ Attn (or princes.
Ay£n)f Alifuras Mantakkia (N), Lcmiyes, SfondiUs, Pagdin^ ^^ jy^
and others, who, like a devouring fire, had ruined all the i304*'
conntry (O). The emperor had tio. forces to oppofe tl>e
enemy, and but otie way left to ralfe any ; and that was, by
making ufe of the fiihd out of which the penfions of the
diurches, monafteries, and his guards, were paid. The
emperor Mikhdel finding it not fare to remain at Pergafnus, ■ ,
went with his troops to Cyzicui, whither the people, who
could efcape, retired with their efFefts; but fearing to be be-
llied, he foon after removed to Piga, a little city near the Fio/ffrt
fea, where he fell into a dangerous ficknefs, caufed by grief ^z*/*-
and vexation. A little before this, on the 8th of Jugvft, there f««^'-
happened an earthquake. It was fcarce fell zhout^ajifinople;
but at Rhodes it was fo violent, and did fo much mifchief, the
like was never known. It was alfo very great at Alexandria^
and the country round : it fhook Korori, Meihone, a part of
the Moreay and the ifland of Kandia ; in all which places much
damage was done.
« Pakh. 1. lo. c. i6, 17. 19, 20. 25, 26. 29, 30.
(L) Or MorM fO) The author fays, beyond
(M) The modern pradlice of Bithynia, MyfJa, Phrygia^ and
one prince lending' another Zv^/^; but thcGr^/r^/icem theo
forces againft his ally is not to have hnd nothing left them
■nlikc this. in Pl^rygia^ and but very litrle
(N) Called afterwards Ka- in the other tliree provincce.
TMiat^ Mantakhia.
Digitized
by(Ebogk
lanstfT*
]SiJlory of the OthxtAn Turks. B^ 3tV*
In September foUowng, in the fecond indiftion (P),
lioger (q2) came, at the inidtation of the emperor, with fevdn
ihips, and a fleet of his allies, both Catalans and AmoMVit^
2!*' ^^' ^^^ (^)' ^^ ^^^ number of 8000 men. 'f his Roger had ferved
In the wars between the kings of Sicily and Naples ; which be-
ihg at an end, he; to avoid falling into the hiinds of the pope,
who had denknded him, had recourfe to the empetror. Femana
' Ximenez had arrived before, vath his fubjefts armed, to ferv€
for payagainft Utit Turks. The emperor^ charmed with fb
large afuccour, conferred on ^c>y^r the title of Grand Duke ^
and gave him his niece in marriage : but his troops being tranf^
ix>rt^ to Cyzicus, committed all forts of violences, plundered
the towns, carried off the Women, and treated the inhabit-
ants as if they had been flaves* demand did what he could,
by his remonftances, to reltrain their outrages; but finding it
in vain, returned home with his troops : nor would the em-
peror Mikhael reiceive the Grand Duke, when he went to vi/it
hinj at Piga.
Sardes ^ As the emperor had not yet forces fufEcient to make head
againft the enemy, he had recourfe to Kazan Kh&n{S)^ of the
Tatars f who accepted his offer of an alliance, and promifed
to put a ftop to their ravages. As fbon as this hews came to
their ears, they flackened their incurfions ; and j^lais began to
think how he fhould preferve the rich booty which he had
gathered mMyfia, There was at Sardes an exceeding ftrpng
fort, which formerly had ferved for a citadel : it was inac-
ceffible on one fide for rock, and on the other for precipices.
jilais fent to acquaint thofe who held it, that in cafe they
would give him one half, which was feparated from the other
by a ftrong wall, with only a gate of communicadon, he
would fuf]& them to cultivate their lands in peace. This
offer neceifity induced them to accept of, againft their indi-
nations ; and indeed the fear of the Tatars was no fooner
over, than Alais formed the defign of making himfelf mafter
of the whole citadel. This coming to the knowlege of the
Romans^ they refolved to prevent him ; and fending for fome
troops, who were in the neighbourhood, came upon xheTurks,
when they were afleep, and put them all to the fword *.
* Cant. Hift. Othm. 1. 11. c. 9—17.
(F) Which anfwers to the fuppofes that they drew their
year 1 304. origin from the ^vares.
(QJi Called by clditxzRon* (S) Our author writes Coauiisif/
icorius, or Rouzerius. , Cam*
(R) Facbamire, U tt. c. zi.
Mean
Digitized by VjOOQiC
Oil I Soltan Othmiiu |t
Mn« time, the miferies of the Eaft increafed daily : the A. D«
amj took Cele, ^raiilus, and Hiero, where they excr- i ^oj.
dMthc grcateft cruelties. Nikomedia was extremely prefled V-#^"V^
iith hunger and thirft ; BeltAome^ Angelkome, Anagourdc^ Pla- ^/^^ **•
tmunit and Melagetan^ were almoft empty of people : Kml- ^^ ^^^
Im and Katadum were in a worfe ftate. The roads from*' j^ j^
Ike to Heraklea and Nemikome^ before the moft frequented gioc!
of all, were then quite defert. There was only one (mall
road opened from Cio thither, through the foreft. Paflengert
ofed to crofs the neck of land from Cio^ by night ; and then
cnbarkiog in the other bay, go by water to the only gate of
Alf^fT), which was open.
The emperor having fent fome troops to Kaiacium^ they Othmla
wcrenofooner arrived, than 5000 Turks (under Othmdn) ap- takes Bc-
peared before the place. Tte foldiers, unable to oppofe them, lokomc.
fled; and a multitude of women and children were taken
prifoncrs under the walls of the fort. After this they de-
flroyed the country. As Othndn was on his return, he learned
that the inhabitants of Belokome (U) had joined the Roman
troops in their retreat ; fo that the place was without defence.
Hereupon, he took it by force, flaying part of the people, and
feized a prodigious quantity of riches. *
While the Catalans exercifed horrid cruelties at Cyzicus, Philadcl-
Mfuras befieged the city oi Philadelphia with an army of Kar- phia bf
nmanst the tnoft powerful people among the Turks (X), tookjte^ed.
all the neighbouring forts, and reduced the place to great
ftraits. In March the * army fet forward from Cyzicus, con-
fining of 8000 men, one thoufand Romans^ 6000 Italians (Y),
and 1000 Jians. Marulus commanded the Romans ; but
tie Grand Duke Roger was generaliffimo, with an abfolute
power. On his approach to Ghermcy the Turks ihamefully de- A. D.
ferted their fort, leaving their baggage behind. From thence 1306.
ic paffed by Kliara, and other places, to fuccour Philadelphia.
On Usway the inhabitants of Tripoli^ which had been taken
fooe time before by the Karmanians, fent to defu-e his affift-
^. He atucked the Turks at Julak, and defeated them;
(T) Hence it appears, that ^/////i/; faid to have been taken
tkcrc is a river which comma* in Madin\ time,
^catcs with the lake of Nicei (X) By this it appears, that
^^ the eaft or north-eaft fide Othmdn'^zsnox. yet become the
"hereof diat city ftands. moft confiderable in the hep-
(U) This Belokome^ or Belli- tarohy.
*«« (as A;Mr/fli«xf«»/ writes it, (Y) That is, Catalans and
^lo.iv. cap. 17.) feems to be Amogamares.
8 Uielr
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiflcryof the Othmin Turks. R XV
their general Jli/uraSy who was wounded, flying to Anur (Z
fbr fafety : and thus the fiege of Philadelphia was raifed.
. '^ , ALtHOUGHf Tripoli was formerly no more than in the ran.1
Tripoli of citadels, the emperor Dukas enlarged and fortified it, f^
taken ^ ^^ fgf^g 2ls a bulwark to cover Philadelphia. The repon
went, that this laft city never had been taken fince the deluge ;
which tradition made the inhabitants fo vain, that they de
fpifed the arms of the Turks. Tripoli, however, came to Ix
beficged by them, at length ; and the inhabitants being re
duced to famine, by fuccours not coming to their relief, pre
hi firata- vailed on the Turks both to fupply them with provifions, anc
ggfig fuffer them to go out to buy neceflaries. The Turks taking
advantage of the liberty they had of going to Tripoli to fell
their provifions, by means of fome inhabitants whom chej
bribed, introduced facks full of trumpets, drums, and othei
warlike mufic, inftead of corn. At midnight the Turks ^ whc
came with the facks, founded the inftruments ; and while the
peopk were confounded at the unexpefted noife, the traitors
opening the gates, let in Alifuras, whom it afterwards ferved
for a place of retreat, from whence to make incurfions with
his Karmanians .
Roger'i Roger, after his Viftory, returned by the forts of KuUi
exaSiions. and Turnus, to Philadelphia, where he raifed immenfe fums
A. D. by force. He exercifed the like exaftions zxPyrga and Ephefus^
1306. in the ifle of Scio, Lemnos and Mitylene, torturing people to
difcover their hidden treafurc, and putting thofe to death who
refufed, not {paring the emperOr*s officers, and even gover-
nors of places (A). A little before this, the inhabitants ol
Magnefta, having been ill ufed by him, on the arrival of Roman
troops, killed fome of his Italian garrifon, and imprifoned the
reft. On this advice, Roger hafted to befiege the place : but
finding, after feveral fruitlefs attacks, that there was no likeli-
hood of taking it, he offered to retire, provided they would
deliver him his money and baggage, which he had lodged
there. This they rejeftecj with fcorn, and added fneers to
their refufal *. -
« Pakh. 1, II. c. 21 — 26.
(Z) Or Omer. raife the whole, he ordered his
, (A) At Mitylene he con- head to be cut off." That in-
demned Makramus, governor of ftant the executioner feizin^
thefort of ^(ontheM^^iw^^r^ him by the hair, laid him all
for having deferted that place, along ; and faflencd him to the
tho' no longer able t«o keep it. block with fuch violence, that
Afterwards his life was granted, he put his neck out of joint;
^ on condition he paid 5000 and then gave him the fatal
crowns ; but not being able to ftroke.
While
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C 2. I Sokan Othm^fl. 3|
While Reg^r lay with his forces before Magntfia^ the A. D.
fvks lavaged the Roman territories, without contrpul: and 13^6.
tbo* the emperc^ oftea fent orders to him to withdraw, he ^^^^T'^^^^^^'
paid DO T^gaurd to them : yet at laft, wearied out with ^tigue, ^^'^^
tfce grand duke was obliged to raUe the fiege. In his way ^^^^i'*'
bock toMityUne he burdened the cities with great exa<Stions;
aad frofn thence pai&ng with his troops to luxpipfacus, he
aoiled over to CaUipoli \
While thofe uoops were committing great d^forders in Philadel*
Europe^ the Eaft was negle^ed; aad PUI^pkh fp clofely phia *#-
beCeged by the Turks (B), that the inhabitants were forced/V^
to feed on dead bodies, for want of proviiions. At the fam^ '
dme they attacked the ifland of Scio with 30 (hips, and put
all the inhabitants to the fword, ^xc^pting fome -^ho Qad to
a fort, aad others who efcaped In 40 ve0els, only to be caft
away near Skyra* Altho* the emperor conferred pn Bogir
the d^ity of Cafar^ in order to fatisfy his ambition, if
poflMe, and prevail on hun to defend the Eaft againft tb«
7kr)t^,-yet ftiU he eluded the performance of his eqgagements
by his ufual artifices. - He promifed, on regdving that ho-
Qonr, with 1 1 ,000 crowns in gdd, to pafe over immediately
into Jfia with 3000 men, and.difmifs the reft; but inftead
of difbandiog any, he fent fome over to Cyzicvs, Piga, and
Li^padion; aad retained the Catalans, under pretence that
they had not received their pay.
After this, wanting to know the ftrength of the emperor Roger
3VcbaePs army, he went \n March to Jdrianople, with a guzxd Jlai^.
rf 1 50 men, under pretence of taking leave of that prince,,
whom he had never feen before he embarked. Micbaely tho'
fiirjnifed at his arrival, received him with many carefles; but
two or three days after, as he was entering alone into the apart-
ment of the emprefs, George^ the chief of the Alans ^ whofe
fon had been killed by the Catalans at CyzicuSy took that op-
portunity to revenge his death, and ran him thro' the body.
Thus feU, fays our author, this unjuft and infolent, but
fierce and 'iatrepid barbarian. While the y^fiatics, in revenge
for his cmekies to their countrymen, were cutting his body
m pieces, his Italians, who were without, were fdzed and
caft into prifbn^. - ,rt ^
The Catalans, on the news of their chief's death, put the Tbe Ca-
inhabitants of Kallipoli, of which they had long been matters, talans r^-
' 'venge*
*Pakh. 1. 12- c. 3. 8 Ibid. 1. 12. c. 14. 22, &fcqq[,
(B) Under ^/(/ir«/, we prefumc,
MoD.HiST.,VoL.Xir. D. ^
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Uiftory of the Otbtoan Turks. B. XV.
to the fword, excepting fome vihom they rcferved to ex-
change for thofe who were at Adrianople, The emperor, on
' this news, fent fome troops to befiege the fort of Kallipoli ;
but the Catalans were fo far ftx)m apprehending any danger,
that they paffed aver into Jjoy and put -to the fword all- the
grown-up people in Permthus, and the neighbouring country.
Thofe who efcaped fled to Conftantinople, which was no-w,
as it were, the only afylum left for the inhabitants of the
provinces to retire to, from the general defolation caufed by
the Turks y and other enemies of the Romans *.
7he imfH" The young emperor was the more intent on relieving J^^A
ror Mik- lifoli (C), which was befieged by the Amogavares, as he was
^^^ informed they expefted fuccours, and had invited over the
A. D. furks\ and fent three commanders with troops fufficient to
'^^^* defeat them : but the enemy having drawn them into an am-
bufcade, by leaving droves of catde without the town, to
allure them^ forward, they were defeated themfelves, and
many flain in the purfuit. Michael, to efface the fliame of
this defeat, left Adrianople with his army ; and being ar-
rived at ^ place called Imeri, ranged them in order of battle ;
the van confifted of the Alans and Turks, called TurkopoU j
the main body of the Macedonians and troops of the Eafl ;
the rear was compofed of the JValakkians and volunteers. The
Roman army confifted of five legions, and that of the enemy
of four, whereof one was Turks (D)*
dtfeattd hy The Alans zndTurkopoli{E) began the battle ; butafter the
them. . firft attack on the Catalans, who flood like rocks, thqr turned
. their backs and fled ; which difcouraging the refl, they bcgaq*
to retreat. The young emperor endeavouring, by his example,
to make them fland their ground, was in the utmoft hazard
of being killed or taken, for he flood firm in the midft of
I danger; and could hardly be brought off by the perfuafions
of thofe about him, fhedding tears, and tearing his hair for
vexation. The confequence o£ this defeat muft have beea
*> Pakh, c, 14, & feq,
. (C) To reconcile this with into Eurppe, under Or Khan, it
what is faid a little above, it muft be upderftood of the Otb»
muft be fuppofed that the fort man Turks only.^
ofCallipoli was in the hands of (E) The Turkopoli yftrt Turks
the Ca/«/fl»j, but not the city. left \n Thrace, by Self an -</«-
(D) We have before this fe- xoddin, the 1 2 Seljukians oi Runt,
veral inftances of the Turks paf- when he fled from Aynum ; and
fmg into Europe: fo that when becoming Chriftians, were en-
authors telJ us they firft pafTed rolled among the Gr^rifoldiers.
very
Digitized
by Google
Q.i 1 Soltan Othidb. 3^
WTffad, if the enemy had riot been hindered from pur- A. D.
aig the Romans f under the imagination that they wanted i $oS.
to draw them into an ambtifcade. The Jlans^ to make the ^•v'>i^
aqKTor amends for lofing him the battle, began to fconr the
coontry, and pillage his fiibjedts, aa other fintogers had
done.
Although the troops -Which guarded the ftraits of Their a/^
^kb hindered the Turks to approach it, yet they 1«rere as lies AtlJuL
AtDch mafters of the other fide : but Zakaria Mdnuel^ by the
rcputadon of the valour of the Italians who were under his
command^ kept them at at diftance from Endromit and Pho*
uaK '
Soon after (F) the Turks difiering ^th the Italians about
the divifion of the plunder, part of them took (hip, with a
dcfign to pafs the ftrait of Kallipoli ; but meeting with Jndrruf
Mure/If who was pay-mafter of the navy, they were sil cut
to pieces, which made the reft continue with the Italians ^
and ravage Thrace.
Mean time the fort of Kubuklewn^ in Myjia, being hard A. D,
piefled by the Turks (G), MakrenuSy governor of Lupadionj fcnt i 308.
thither 60 Amogavar^s ; who having treated fecredy with Amogt-
thccQemy, as foon as they got into the place, flew the re-^^^^' -.
mainder of the garrifon, drove out the inhabitants, and de- '''^^^'CT»
livered it up to the Turks ; after which they were coftdufted
to LampfakuSy and from thence crofled the Hellefpont into
Europe.
MURESK was made admiral for the exploit above-men- andfuc*
tioDed ; but having only two (hips left of his fleet, was foon ctfs^
after met by the enemy, conimanded by one Philipy whom but
a little before he had fought, and taken : but now fortune
dianging fides, Philip took him, after killing all his men ;
and in return of generofity, ra:nfomed him for 3000 crowns.
The AmogavareSy grown more bold by this advantage,
treated with 3ie Turks commanded by Atin (H), and brought
over 2000 into Europe^ with fome Romans^ who had joined
them in Jjia : by tMs means grown formidable, they did
* world of mifchief in the opefi country,
* Pash. c. 2gf, 30. 32.
(F) This was in the 23d year dia to his (hare.
uf the reign of -</»i^^«/V«j, and (H) Ot Ay dirty who gained
ladi of MikhaePs. a fovereignty about Jhidosy at
(G) Perhaps under Kalamus^ the entrance of the ftraits of
•r4u9 fon Karez^ who had Iy» KaUifoH.
D Z The
Digitized
byGoogk
Hiftory of the Othmaiv Turks. B.XV. i
The Turks having feized the fort of Examiles, the em- \
^ot knt Marulus with what Mttle troops could be gathered,
to prevent their farther progrefs : oa his approach to Jpros,
Catalan Rocafort, the Ckttalan, who was at the fort, fent to tell him
kna'very, j^^ intended to go over to the emperor with 200 men; and
that in cafe they ^ould give him 5000 crowns, be would kill
all the Turks who were in Eutape. Marulus defiring to know '
in what manner, he could deflroy foch a prodigious mul-
titude as there was of them, anfwered, that he would fepa-
rate them into fmall bodies^ and fodeftroy them one after the
other ; and that, as an eameft of his performance, he had fent
him the heads of feveral whom he had already killed. Ma-^
rulus believed this an argument of the Catalan's finccrityj, and
would have been his dupe for the money, if a woman had
not known one of the heads to have been that of her hufband,,
ilaiflf in the laft rencounter, *
Say fan The emperor, to remedy the affairs of the Eaft, fent over
.pif* ^ corn to the garrifons, and demanded of Karbaga (I),. Khin of
lip eias. ^^ Tatarsy the fame favour which he had dcfired of Kazan
Kh^y his jMredeceflbr. His ambaifador brought word that
the Khan (K) was very >yilling to grant his requeft ; that he
had aftually raifed an army of 40,000 men > and that his
nephew was already advanced, at the head of 20,000, as far
as Kogniy with orders to follow in all things the emperor's,
direftions : but while he was bufy to prepare prefents, and
inftruft his ambaflclors, news came of the taking of Ephe/us
• by Solt^n Say/an ; who having thrown off his allegiance to
his unkle Karamin Mantakhiay was become very powerfuU
The inhabitants, to avoid the extremities of war, furrendered,
upon articles, whidi were ngt well kept : for moft of them
were fent to the fort of Tyreum^ for fear of infiirrefUons ; and
fome were maflacred.
Ilhak Ma- i^ the mean time, a Turk^ named IJhak Malek^. feat pri-
IckV oj'fr. vately to offer to join the emperor : who, ready to catch at
every appearance of advantage to his affairs, promifed hina
the daughter of anjocher Makk (L) in marriage, with con-
fiderable prefents on that occafion. Among the fervices which
Maiek propofed to do, one was, to engage the Turkopo It to
quit the intereft of the Catalans^ provided their wives and
(D This was Mohntnmed^ fan Korhagathy feem to be corrup-
of Argufty who fuccci^ded his tions.
•brother Kdzdn^ in 703 of the (K) In the original Ca^^ or
7^yV/7, of Chrift 1 103,.- He was Kum,
furnamed G<7)V7//!?oV.///» Kkodd- [h) k {on of SoItdnJz^zo* if ^irty
bendiih. Ahulfidah writes Khof- and afterwards Soltdrtt the fame
licuda\ of Vfhich KorhagOy 2tXL^ y^nh MaJJud. See before, vol. iv,
p. 27 1, This happened in 1308.
c children
Ca. I Soltan Othmln.
chiUren were reftored them. This negotiarion having been
da&jvered, Roccfort accufed Maleky and ft)me of his aflbciates,
THtfi treafon. They faid in their defence, that they had no-
rfiiig in view but to ferve the Ttrricj^/i, by drawing their fa-
milies out of the emperor's Wands. However, I\/Lal€k found
means to crofs over into Afta^ while the Catalans fcoured the
fa in ftiips, and carried their ravages, by land, to the very
gates of Conftantinople ^.
The Genoefe were at length prevailed on to attack Calliftoli, Genoefc
and burned a market without die town : but Come of the cowardice.
chief among them being flain, and Mure/i, the Raman ad*
miral, wounded; apprehending likewife, by ihe motions of
the befi^ed, that they intended to make a fally, they wcrt
h aftonifhed, that they haftcd to their fhips, and returned to
their own country, without doing any thing more. This
retreat encouraged the Catalans to fuch a degree, that they
rcfufed to make peace with the emperor, unlei« upon their
own terms. They were ferther animated by the* arrival of
40Q Turks from Jfia, who took the fortrefs on mount Ga/ia^
and made incurfions as far as Rodefto and Bizya^ or Biza ;
wherefore the emperor, to prevent their advancing nearer
Conftanttnopley ordered all the ftock which wa© upon the
ground to be burned, as far as Selivrea^ and beyond it. '
ISHAK MALEK, after this, fent to renew his propofal T'^^TuAs
with the emperor AndromctiSy demanding the daughter of ^"'''^-
Maleky who had been promifcd him. He likewife required ^^'^^
that die emperor would confer on Maleky his unkle, and
father of that princefs (M), the dignity of Soltdn. Androntcus^
not thinking it proper to agree to this demand, only fent
MaUk with his daughter to Piga, and gave him the govem-
naent of that city : in the mean time, {hips were getting ready
to carry into AJia the Turks whom IJhak Malek had ei^ged to
draw off. As the Catalans and Turks were before Rodefto^ eager
to take it, becaufe it hindered their incurfions iato Thrace^
the emperor fent two vefTels to carry off the ufelefs people^
which the Turks, by pretending to fly, gave an opportunity
of doing : and the befieged refuming courage, m^c the Ca^
talaus v/nhdraw. However, it was taken foon after by R^*
cafort ; and retaken by Dukas, the grand heteriarch.
^ Pakh. 1. 13, c. 3, 9—15.
(M) There muft be fome great of Malek Ma/ur, or MrrJuJ, 'a^
miftake here ; one Malek (which terwards Soltan, who wais flain^
i* only a title) being confounded or died, in 1 28S. -
with another. She was daughter >
D' ISHAK
Digitized
byGoogk
3| ; Hiftory of the Othman Turks. B. XV ,
' A. p. IBHAK MALEK^ purfuant to his agreement,' crofled
»3®?- the HelUj^ont with the moft confiderable among the Turks^
^jfyr^ As it was np dJiScu^t matter for hini to p^riuade thofe people
Malck p feparatip frpm the Qiialans^ they bolcQy attacked the /to-
•^ !"' Jians whp cQnunandjed them; and having flain them, raa to
jth^ Ibore, in pfder .to get* aboard the fliip? %nt thither to carry
them ov6r into Jfid. The news of this murder, and their
flight, cpimng qpicUy tp the ears pf th|5 Catalans/ th^y pur-
fued th^njL immediately, and pblige4 thpm to fubmit, after
killing above 200, Th(? Turks, reduced in tjiis manner,
offered to ferve theni as before ; but the Catalans refufed to
jtruft them, unlefe they d^liverf d up IJhak Malek, his brother^
and Taiant:^iaris, commander of die Turkopoli, who tKey
fufpefte4 a$ the authors of thqr revolt. Wl^en thofe three
perfons were put into their hands (N), they cut ofF the heads
of the two brpther$ ; and on dripping them, found under
the arm of {/bak a letter of the emperqr's, inviting the Turks
to embrace Jii§ party, ' ,
fffeTw' Matteb-s being thus agreed, it was propofed to befiegc
kopoll Je- fChiorli ; but the Turkopdi refufed to march, till their chief
fart^ was rele^ed. This 4one, they all feemed united in the fgm^
defiga ; but fpon fcparated again. The Catalans attacked the
city, and were repulfed by the garrifon. Tukantziaris retired
with the Turkopoli to the fort of Apros\ and the Turks , whq
j-emain^d before Khiorli, ]inderAanding that there wpre Catalan
ihips on the cpafl, had a n)ind to feize them^ in order to pafs
pyer into JJia : but the men on board drove them off.
P^hminV Whij-e the Cat avians were continuing their ravages in Eu^
'^i'vancti, rope^ Othv^n made no lef§ havocl^ \n Afia Minor \ in refent-
ment that Maryy the emperor's fifter, and queen of the Mu--
guls (0), had treated him with contempt, and threatened tp
<:ompfain of hiiQ 10 Karbaga {ox Khurbanda,)/' This Khdn had
detached 30,000 meh frpm Perjia ; who being arrived on the
^afterji frontiers pf the empire, Andrtfnicus fent them rich pre*
fentsf. But th^ir arrival, inftead of abating Oihmdn's courage,
the more inflamed it ; for he took the fort of ^rikoklia^ and
f^jvagcd Uie CPi^ntry about Nice and Pithia^ to the very fea*. *
\ PaKH. L 13, C 31—20.
(N) They fecm by this to (O) So called, we prefumc,
kiyc been with the Turks | for becauff; (he ^as to have b^Q
tiipycpbldnothave beep in their marrieid to Hulaku Khan, She
power if they bad |)cen over in Teems to have refided at Nict.
^;* ^'' •" ■ "' ''^ ^^tPakbamr, 1. 13. c. 25. '
Froij
' Digitized by VjOOQIC
CXs. I Sokan Othm^. 39
Tiou Ducas we leara the (late of JJia Minor, in the 30th A. D.
prof the rdgn of Andronicus PaUologus (P), The dty of « joS.
Efiefus, capital of Jfia, with the province of Karia, were «^'^^*V'-
/aiaced under the power o£ Montakbitu Atin (by others called Z^'^C-
jfySnJ had fubdued Lydia, as for as Smyrna ; Sarkhdn con-
quered Maniffa (or MagneJiaJiznA the country round, as far
as Pergamus^ -with all the province of Magedon ; Karmion (by
others named Karam&n) leized Phrygia ; JCarafe (or Kardz)
fnbdued the Greater Phrygia, which extended from the city
d Ajfo to the Hellejp(mt ; and Othniin reduced all Bitty nia,
widi part of Paphlagonia ".
Thus far the C7r^^i hlftorians ; let us now return to the Niko-
Turkijb. Otbmdn haying fpent fome time in regulating his media
domeffic aflairs, to prevent the foldiers frona being corrupted A^'^*"^'*
with luxury and eafe, he invefts Iznikmid{Q) (or Nikomedia) ;
but being repulfed, after a tedious leaguer, he raifes the fiege,
and builds over againfl It, on a high mountain, towards Jen-
ghifbahri, a ftrong cafUe (R) ; which he commits to the care of
the famous Targan, and theii retires into winter-quarters. ,
About this time the governors of the Greek provinces, Kutahia
among -whom Ornus, or Honorius, governor of Prufa, was taken.
the chief, alarmed at the progrefs oX Othmhn\ arms, agreed
to meet, with their forces, at KoyunhlJJar, in order to march
and furprife him : but Othmdn, difcovering their defign by
his fcouts, on a fudden draws together his troops ; and un-
expeftedly coming, routs them. The governor of the city
Kojlel, and many others, were flain ; OrnJis, and the governor
of JCutabiy efcape^by flight. Othmdn purfues ; but unable to
overtake them, befieges that city (lately recovered from the
Turks by the Greeks J and takes it. Here he loft his grandfon
Dogris, who, with (ome foldiers, was drowned, by the break-
ing of a timber bridge, over which the army pafTed, under
the walls of the town. The body being found, was buried
m the fuburbg o( Koyinbijfar.
"» DuKA3. c, 2.
(P) Called the elder; which them here, as pofterior to the
anfwers to the year of Chrift, o^ers in. time.
1 3 1 3 . (R ) Meulana Idris maket this
(QJ This and the following caftle, called Xargan, from itt
fads not being dated, nor men-, f aptain, to be built not by Oth»
tioned in the foregoing Greek man, but Or Khan.
account of matters,, we place
P 4 Most *
Digitized by VjOOQiC
40 Hijidry of jr*i?Othm&h Turks. B. 3tV.
A. D. irosT df Bithyriia being cbnqtfered, Otkndn at len]gflh, ia
1318. 717^ bcfieged Prufa (S), the capital of Bithynta : btit thp
^^^'"'^''^^ city being fo ftrongly fortified arid garrifoned, that Otfm^
VrMb'he- defpaired oif' taking it, he buildis over<igainft it two ftrong
f!^, caftles, to prevent any fupplies getting in ; and appoints his
j^'^*'^' nephew ArtiMr, and the famous BalanjiL governors, with.
^ ' order not »to rholeft the inhabitants; who by that means Re-
tired to thofe caftles as fanftuaries, land fubmitted ioOthmdn.
It was Othm^n's cuftom, after the conqueft of a certain
liiimber of cities, to reft a while, and ftrengfheri bis new
acq^iiiltions. Having fpent fome years in this einployment,
bis foldiers, impatient to be in aftidn, petitioned to be ledl
PthmanV out to new conquefts oh the G^r^ek empire. Othmdn likes
fdiii. the propofal : but tells them, that by the Mohammedan la-w
the Chriftians ought firft to be invited to embrace it ; and in
cafe of refufal, were to be declared enemies of God and truth ;
and as fuch, to be chaftifed with fire and fword. Accordingly
an edift is carried by his ChaiiJh{T) to all the Chriftian go*
vcrhors (U) of Jfia Minor ^ notifying ; that they muft either
embrace Mohdmmedifm, pay tribute, or be fubdued by the
fword. The firft who flibmitted to this thundering edift,
and turned Mohammedan^ was MikhaelKofay lord of BUejik (X) ;
while thofe of the cities Loblehijtj Lefka^ and Chadarli, be-
came tributary.
Several About the fame time the cities of M?r/ww/, '^^>'«^^ TJi-
diies, !&c. rakliy Enghijefif Kaya hiffavy Hejeji^ Jk hijfary Kara cMn^
Tekkiirbanariy and fome others, being weakened by the fre*
quent incurfions of Chaujhi hegy formerly ErtogruVs feryant,
he at length takes them all, and annexes them to the Othminik
dominions (Y). Whilft thefe conquefts were going forward,
a nation oi Tatars y called Chaudar, coming from the kingdom
of Kermian (Z), fuddenly invade Othmdn's territories, deftroy-
(S) Now called Burjahy the Bat ftncc the Turkijh annals
umient feat of the kings of 5/- afcribe thofe conquefts to his
thyma, fuf ceflbrs, we ought to fubmic
' (t) The Chaujhy QitChanvfiy to their authority. Cant,
arc meflcngcrs of ilate. (Z) /jT^rw/fl//, in the margin,
• (U) Prirtces in the original. is faid to be Phrjgia : but per-
(X) Before Baliad is ^faid -to haps we are to underftand by it,
fiave been xnade governo'ir of the eaft part of that province,
this city. wherein Ikonium is fituated ;
(Y) Some Chriftian writers which, according to Khalkon^
nfcribc many more vidories to dylas^ Ktrmian had feized, on
pthm'an ; as the taking pf Nicty . the diflblution of the Seljukiam
^n Bithym^^ ; Awyray in P^ry- monarchy. Yet afterwards we
\ia\ and other cities of Ana- j^ndKaraman 2xKogniy andiif^.
y//4 ^ alfo Neafolhf iq. Thrace* man ^XKotyaumt now Kutayeh.
Digitized by LjOOQ IC ^
i
Ci I SohAn OtkmAn.^
i^2lt«i&fii«u€fWoi4,t6the>vaU8cf fird(i6^ Upon
V&isg hb forces, afttKcks due etimiy oesr (^4^ (t town then ^
iQ ruins near Karidt -bijaf) mA roon thaky Jdffing great nam**
bers, and takingmore prifcmarft; iffho^ on tbeir raibradng tht
MAk, were refk»red to bberty, and ifetdttd in the jorifdidion
of Karak hiffkr.
ORKHANy who excelled all the fons of Otbmin m virtue Q/?///
and iMavery, ftibdned the cittes of Karacbeb^y Alebfuij PifM^^^
psy and Trkin htjfari. After this, leading the command of the
anny to KognuTuMem^ 'diat general takes -by ftorm the caftles
d Jbari and Tuz bazSri; then lays 'wafte the territory of
ba^mklf to the very walls of .that city. The Creek emperor,
bdog informed of tnis danger, fent fome thoufands of wdl*
armed forces to the governor's relief: but -^WoVr^few^n (A),
another of ^/ii^m^R's commanders, coming on them fuddenly
in the field of Taylaaavay defeated them, killing or t^ng
almoft all of them in the purfuit.
Although OthmAriy exhaufted with continual expedi-Prufa
dons, and old-age, was feized with the gout ; yet preferving ^^^f*
the vigonr of his mind, and defirous to purfue his good for-
ttoe, fent OrKhduj with numerous forces, to fubduc Bithynta^
governed by Ornds ; and, if poffible, to take Prnjay the me-
trqpolis. Ornds, not ftrong enough to meet the enemy iu the
fidd, (hut himfelf up in the city, which was very ftroug,
and ftored with eight years provifions ; fo that Or Khan, who
fet down before it, met with a gallant reBftance. But after
aloi^ and obftinate iiege, Mikhael Kofa, who was now^r
J&^'« chief couniellor, artfully perfuaded Ornus to furrender,
upon capitulation; the lives of the inhabitants being fpared, 9'^°**'^
on paying 30^000 gold crowns. Thus Pm/a was delivered ^^'
Up(B) in the year 726, without the effufion of one drop of Hej. 726.
Turkl/bhlood. A.D.
(A) Or as it is pronounced, tended by about 40 perfons ;
Ahd<Prrab7nan, in which cafe his army was to
(B) 'KbalkofnJylas, and after retire. The crcdnlous monks
him moft Chrillian hiftorians, readily complied ; and a coffin,
fay that Oibmdn tetTk'this city, full of arms, with Othmdn him-
and was buried there. Others felf, in difguife, and 39 others,
relate, that the <;^le Holding being admitted, they ieized the
out after the town was fuiren- gate; and letting in more troops,
dered, he ordered it to be re- took the caftle. This ftory is
|K)rted that he was dead ; and told by Faul Lucas^ in his
had deiired to be buried in the Travels.
Greek convent in the caftle^ at-
1327.
I
At
Digitized by VjOOQLC
Hiftoty. cf the OchmSli Turks. B. X Vi
Air the fame timV Or KhA^, receiving ^ me(&ge from lii3
father to repair to htm in hafle, fet out with a few attenc^an ts
for Jenghijbariy where he found him aimofl expiring. Oth^
man having given liim his bieifing, and appointed him fails
fucceflor, died in the month of Ran^adan (C), in the fixty-
ninth yearf of Us age ; after a jreign of itwepty-fix jl?ars (I>}^
three months, and ten days ".
CHAP. III.
Reign of Or Khan.
«. Sohan^ /^R KHJN{h) was faluted emperor the loth of the (ame
Of Khan, v/ month and year in which hi^ father died, being then
himfelf thirty-fix years of age. There is a great difagrec-
• ment npt only between the Chriftian and Tiirkijb hiftoriaos,
but alfo among the Chriftian hiftorians themfelves, both with
regard to the circumftances'of fafts relating to the Othmdn
Saltans (efpeciajly the firft of them), and the time Mrhen
they happened, of which we are going to produce fome in-
ftances. The Turkijb hiftorian or hiftorians, followed by-
prince Cantemir, mention nothing of the tranfaftions of Or
Khdn's reign beforethe taking of Nikomedia, which they place
in his fecond year; that is, in 1328. -The Creek hiftorians
relate fome matters of confequence which pafled before that
eveqt, but differ much from tne Turkijh in point of time.
KANTAKUZENUS informs us, that the young em-
peror Andrqnicus having made peace with Tamer Khdriy fon of
Giaxe, prince of Phrygia^ who ufed to ravage the cities on
the Hellefpont ; nexjbyear (B) refolved to attack the Turks, who
inhabited Bithynid under tents^ in the middle of fpring :
but they, hearing of his defign, quickly* retired into the
mountains. Or Khdn, their Solfdn, underftanding that the
emperor advanced throygh Me/otfiynia, the avenues to which
are of difficult accefs, raifed what forces he could, and feized
the hills. The Romans being come to P^lekanq, (C), Qr Khdn
■ Cant. Hill. Otbm. p. 15—19.
Emperor
Androni-
cas
(C) Which is the Seventh
month of the Mohammedan year.
(D) Thefe make but 25 folat
years live months and 1 7 days ;
yet Lonicerusy and other Chri-
llian writers, give him a reign
of z% years.
(A) Or Vr Khan. Gregorms-
calls him Hyrkanus,
(B) This, according to the
computation of the Greeks^ Was
in 1329.
(C) A fort on the Sangariuj^
Digitized
byGoogk
feat
C.J. ^ 2 Soltan Or Khan, 43
fcntdown part of his army to attack them. Bdng repulfisd A« D.
k feveral reacounterSy the Soltdn ordered bis brother Par" 1327*
zak to fell on with all his troops, and defcendcd himfi^ to ^'^v'— ^
oWore the battle .• but they were defeated at the firft chaise ; fJ'^/.
the Romans, with the emperor at their head, purfoing them ^'^'^^^f
to the foot of the hills, where Or KAM had ftood. Howr
cTcr, very few men fell in all thefe attacks ; and the emperor^
feeing the Turks had no mind to come to blows, returned.
The SoltAn, by the advice of Kaulauze and Kateghiate Pahh
ture, two of Othmdn's old commanders, followed them as
fer as PbUtjlkrene, the Romans retreating in great diforder :
bat there^ uniting again, marched back to Skutarion in the
6cc of the enemy *.
After this, the emperor, ha^dng vifited Scio, went to viJUidty
Pbocea, where Sdrkdn, Solfin of /<?ww,. came and concluded Soltani.
a treaty with him (D). Jytin, Soltdn of Karia, being fick,
could not viiit him, but fent feveral rich prefcnts. At his
return he defeated an army of Turks ^ coming in Icventy
ftiips, who had landed in Europe, and ravaged the country
about Trajanople and Vera, killing a great number, and
forcing the reft to reimbark. Two years after, he obliged
others to return, who had crofled over in the fame manner *.
A)^D DOW Or Khan befieged Nikomedia (E), a great and Nikomc-
populous city on the gulf of Aflakena : but while the em- dia^-
peror was at fea, haftening to its relief, the Soltdn fent Kofi'l^*
Jell him, he was ready either to lay down his arms, or give
him battle. This overture being improved into a peace,
QrKhdn ient the emperor horfes, hounds, carpets, and furs;
;md Andronicus, in returri, prefented him with plate, cloth,
filks, and a veft, which pleafed the Soltdn moft of all. How-
ever, the fame or next year the Turks came and blocked up
jhc avenues tp that city, which they found too ftrong to at-
tack, and prevented the fupply of provifions. This brought
the emperor over again ; but the enemy did not wait nis ^
coming *^. It feems ftrange that KantakuzenuSy who fpeaks
pf thefe attempts of Or Khan againft Nikomediay and is fo
cxaft to mark all the little invafions and ravages of the Turks
in Europe, fhould not mention the taking either of that city, and taktu.
or of fliceay by the fame prince, which happened not long
ijfter. According to the Turkijb hiftorians, that Soltdn, in
• Kahtakuzenus, lib. ii. q. 6, & fcq(|. ^ Ibid. c. ij,
%\, « Ibid. c. 24. 2$.
(D) Thi« cveot is placed in (E) This a6lion is referred
the iamc year' with the former, fo the year of Chrift 1 33 1 .
the
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hijforycf OiOthmzn Turks. ^ B. XV,
Aefecond year of bis reign (F), at once over-ran the wholi
Pfoviace of Semindura^ exteiiding from the city Aytoi (G) Cc
IznigmJdy or NUmne^a^ which he then lays Cege to. Oj
r. the approach of iiis army, KaJojaneSy the governor, flies b|
• nxght to the caftk of KoyAn Hiffar, Or Khhn^ being informeJ
hereof by fame captives, fends part of his forces to attack it.
The place being eafily taken, and Kalyanes flain with an ar-
row, te ordered his head tX) be fixed on a pole, and fliewn to
the Nikomtdiam^ ; who, terrified at the fight, on obtaining
liberty to retiie with their cficfts to ConJiantinopUy furrender
ihe city.
Altera- .-^N 728, JUbeg took by capitulation the city of HerkU
thus madt (<^ed afterwards Kara Mufeke)^ capital of the province of
HtJ. 728. Simendura. Or Khhty having now fubducd all the fortified
A, t). places of BitJjynia^ excepting IsMik or Nicea^ removes his
1328. feat from Jenghi Shafjri to Prufa : and, by his brother Ala^
o'ddin^s advioe, aboUihing the S€ljukian money, coins other
in his own nam^, called Nikra (H). He orders the inha-
bitants of cities to l?e diftioguiihed from thofe of villages by
different habits ; apd his foldiers, who before went jclad like
the ChrifUans, to wear a different drefs. He likewife efla-
bliflied a militia of foot, and- taugbt them to make engines
for t^ng towns, which before they were intirely ignorant
of. Laftly, he made his brother Alojo'ddin general of his
. armies ; and fet him over the public afl&irs, with the title of
Prime JVazir or Vizier,
in the Next year Or Khan firft afligned the foldiers (who before
army. were 'all volunteers) regular pay of a Nikra per diem^ when
upon duty ; but when not, tliey were to live on their own
pofleffions, free from all taxes. As this infantry, being t^en
from the dregs of the peafants, was given to mutiny, he
abolifhes it ; and fubfliiutes in the room another, compofed of
fuch Chriftian youths as could be procured, who were firft
inftimfted in the Mohammedan faith, and then inroUed.
However, any Turkijh peafvmts, who, contented with fubflft-
ing themfelves, were willing to be inrolled, were permitted
to ferve among the horfe, under the Sanjak Begs and BalAk
BaJhiSy by the name of Mufellem j^that is, free.
Tzpik, or The number of Or Khdn's forces being thus gready in-
^^^^*> creafed, he the fame year befieces Iznik ; which, at two
taken. ^^^^ ^^^^ being almoll wholly delbroyed by the war, famine,
(F) That if, in 1J28: but ' (G) Or Ay dos.
this docs by no means agree (FI) Tn value about the fourth
with the chronology of the partof adrachmoffilvcr,>vhich
Gretki. is the eighth part of an ouhbe.
and
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C.^. 2 Soltan Or Khan;
auJ peftilence, furrenders (I). The inhabitants having only
isfed kave to retire to Confiantinople^ the conqueror per-
mits them alfo to carry what efFefts they could uith them 3
wiich geoerolity fo affefted them, that t)iey chofe to ftay and
iwsome tributary. Or KMn^ in the year 730, entci$ the Hcj. 730.
diy ; and when the Greek women, whofe hu(bands had bceft A. D.
killed in the war, bewailed themfelvcs in his prefence, he 1330.
commands his courtiers and nobles to marry them. The
&ffle of fiis clemency fpreading through the country, not
only the inhabitants, who had fled to avoid the fiege, return §
but thofe of other Greek dties and towns flock thither : fo
that in the fpace of one year Iznik feemed to rival Conjianti^
nople itfeif in the number of inhabitants.
^N 734> Or Khan takes by capitulation the cafUe of Kern- Prufa
W, fortified both by nature and art, after a vrholt year's adorned,
ficge. It had been often in vain attempted by Oilman, ^^j- 7'i^
Two years after he adorns Prufa with a magnificent Mejhi ^' ^*
ormolk, hofpital, and academy; which lafl was founded m *^J^
a inonafl:ery, and became fo fampus for profefl^brs in the
fciences, that many flocked thither out oi Arahia and Pcrji4i
(before looked on as the grand nurferies of learning), to pur-
fue their fludies under Othmanik mailers.
OR KH AN^ grown powerful by his conquefts from the ^om^-
Greeks, and for the prefenr fadsficd with what he had taken J"k/nW<#
from them; next year forms a defign to unite to his domi- "^J* 73J-
moQs the other JJiatic provinces, which were fubjeft to '^* ^•
fome Mujfelmdn princes, the remains of the Se^ukian em* '^^^'
pire (K). ' He be^ns with &ajhim Beg^ a minor, fon of Aji-
Ian Beg ; whom, under pretence of beipg his guardian, he
places near his perfon and then feizes his province^ Tur/on -
Beg, another young prince, gives up the cities qf Aydin^
jik (L), Minas, BoMkefra^ Bergama (M), and Ermtd. Ubf
Ud (N), Kubleus^ and Ebleus^ Greek cities in the neighbour-
hood of the former, were taken by force of arms. Muchalche,
to avoid the fame extremity, delivers-up his pofleilions (from
(I) The Greeks fay, the em- port, retarned to the ficgc of
pcror (Andronicus the younger) Nice, Khalkond. lib. i. c. 6.
paffcd into Afia to fuccour iW- (K) That is, thofe, or their
tta: that Or ij^« immediately defcendants, who had divided
liaftened and gave him battle, with Othmdn the country by lot.
Bear Philokrena, on the fea- (L) Hence, probably, ^urfon
coaft: that the emperor, being was the fon w Ay din, or Attn ^
wouoded in the leg, and many a Se^juk commander, often men-
of his troops killed, retired inta tioned before,
the city; and that Or A)&tf«, not (l/i) Ox Pergamus,
kaving vciTels to block up the '(^) Lofadion.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
heconu tri'
tutarj.
Hcj. 738.
A. D.
1338.
Amirra-
vages
Thrace.
A.D.
1332.
Hi and
Sarkhan
A.D.
Hifidfycf/hdOthmzn Turks; fi. X V.
him ftill called by the Turks Mucbalich), to be held of Or
Khan in vaflalage.
Mean time, Turfon Beg having offered td futtender hiaf
whole principality to that prince, his brother jy^/// -ff^^ re-
fofed to give his confent, and took up arms? but, being
obliged to quit the field, fled to Bergama. Ot Khdn^ inter-
pofing in the quarrel, orders them to meet under the wallsf
of that city, and divide the poflcffions. They met, and
Hijil Beg, under colour of embracing his brother, fhtbbed
him, and then fled into the city, intending to iland but
againft Or KMn : but the inhabitants, both detefting thcf
murder, and fearing the Othman's power, deliver-up to him
both the city and their prince ; who died after' two years
imprifonment at BUrfah. The prince of Ulubad alfo, being
falfely accufed of a revolt, is put to death. Hereupon the
whole province of Karafus fubmits to Or Khkn : and, in the
year 738, j^naMior and Emr^d, two maritime towns of the
Greeks f hearing that he was preparing to attack them, fur-
rendered to him, as did fevcral others, after their example*.
There is hereabout a chafm in the Turki/b hiftory, of
more than twenty years ; which luckily the Greek writers
furnilh us vnth materials to fill up. Jytin (or jtydin)y be-
fore-mentioned, being dead, his fon and fuccedbr y^mfr, Sot*
tdn of Smyrna, Ephefus, and fome other cities of Ionia (O),
croffing the Egean fea, udth feventy-five veflels, landed a€
Samothrace, and then at Porus in Thrace. There the em-
peror Andronicus met them, but would not venture to fight,-
the Turks being ten times more numerous ; and the enemy,
not liking the ground where they were, chofe, after a fliort
parley, to retire to their fliips.
After this Andronicus fent an embafly to Sarkhdn, who
commanded about Phocea (P), and made a treaty with him ;
by which the Solt^n was obliged to aid him both by fea and
land. The emperor in return was to fet at liberty his fon
SoU^mdn, with the other Turldjh youth, detained as hoftages
at Phocea. But the Genoefe, having feized that place, refufed
^ CANT,Hift.'Othm. p. 24— 27.
(O) Ditkas relates, that Amir
having fucceeded his father
Attn (or Aytin) in the fove-
rcignty of Smyrna and fome
places round it, fubiiued, with
incredible bravery and applica-
tion, feveral ports of Ionia, and
athickforeft; which, enabling
him to build gallies, he ruinecf
the cities and iflands iii thoib
parts, MityUne, Khio, Samos,
Naxosy and feveral othersw
Dukasy cap. jr.
(P) Before he is oall^ ^•A
tan of Ionia, and a little below
Soltdtt of Lydiu.
- to
Digitized
byGoogk
C. 3. 2 Saltan Or Khan. 47
tD(fcfi?er them. While the emperor lay before it, he was A. D^
v&ed by the three ions oiAytln^ Solthi of Jpnia (Q^), whofe « 34* •
Mmes were Thefeus^ Amtr (who had invaded 7*r/u-r), and 'JT^^T^
yaymafas. The fiege having lafted five months, news was *^ '^
ktu^ht that a Genaefe fleet .was coming from Mytilene^ to '•^•^•^
idieve the place. Hereup9n Sarkhdn furniihed the emperor
wirfi twenty-four (hips, befides many troops both horfe and
fcot. Amir brought thither thirty vcflels^ at the requeft of
John Kantakuzenus^ the grand domeflic, who had contracted
ao intiqiacy with him long before. But after all thefe pre-
parations. no emany appeared *.
Towards the eiui. of fumoier news came, that an army T^Toifcs
rf Turki/b infontry, belonging to Or Khan^ were failed aboard dtftaitd
thirty veflels towards Conjtaniinopk. They landed in two A. D,
bodies near Ennako/ia. The grand domeflic cut one all to '334*
pieces, and the emperor deftroyed moft of the other> there
icmsdmng only enough to fill one fhip. Putting out of thefe
e^ht men aboard a fecond, and ten more in a third, they
retunied home with a fair wind (R). After this, the Romans
took dght veflels out of nine, full of Turks ^ fome of the
moft wealthy in the nation ; whofe friends paid confiderable
fiuns for their ranfom K , ^ .
News arriving, that Sarkhan Sqlt&n^ of Lydiaj and Chiaxe onfe^virml
(prince ai Phrygia) were ready to crofs over into Thrace , to occajwm^
ravage the country ;. John Kantakuzenus, the grand domeftic, ^^ ^*
firft fent ambafladors to make peace with Or Khan, Saltan of *34**
Eqfiem Bithynia (S), and then prepared to go meet the
enemy. At the fame time that he arrived in the Kherfonefus,
the Turki/b infantry from Pergamus landed there, and were
defeated without making refinance. Some time after they A. D.
»34«-
• Kantak. lib. iL c. 2S— 30. ' Ibid, c 34.
( Q^Though we are* told be- attribnte inconiiftencies to pro-
fore, that 4y^in was dead, yet vidence, betrayed him into that
ke is fpoken of here as if he was profane exprefllon.
then living. He was only Soi- (S) It appears by this, that
tan oiKaria, It is Amir who is Or Khan had been for many
c^ed So/tdft of Ionia; doabtlefs years at war with the Grtteksi
from the conqueft which he in which fpace he nuift have
made of part of it, according taken Nicea, Nikomediay and
to Dukai, in the former note. the other cities mentioned by
(R) Oar author confiders it the Turkifi hiftorians; though
as an afioniflnng order ^ or courfe not a. word is fpoken of them
tf frovidencey 'which frp<vided by Kantdkuzenus, ready enough
/Aow a/aje retreat after ajhame^ to report the Greek difgraces ia
/«/ defeat. But ki$ weaknefs to ether refpefts.
resumed
y Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hijlory of the Othman Turks. B. XV.
returned from Afia^ to retrieve their honour ; but roJeived
their difgrace by a fecoad defeat ; which obliged Ghiaxt to
' make |>eacc.
Mean time Sentiakherim with the i^awwngallies, furpiifing
the Turks, routed them, and ravaged the province of Sar^
khan, took a little fea-port town, and returned with many
prifoners g. .•
Uttpa" Our zuthor KantakuzenuSf af^er he had afTumed the title g£
ralieled emperor (m oppofition to Paleakgus), was reduced to fuch di*
friend/hip ftrefs, that he was obliged to fly to the Krdl of Servia ; while
•^* ^* his wife Irene and children were befieged in Didymotikum, the
*344' only place of refuge left them. Jmir, fon oS Ayiin, heaHngr
of this, witli all hafle gathered forces, and entered the nK>uth
of the Hebrus with 380 veflels great and finall, on board of
which were 29,000 men. As ioon as xh^Butgarians, who had
long befieged the town, received notice hereof by their fpies^j
they fled with the greateft precipitation, to the aftoniflmicne
of the befieged ; who knew not the caufe, till adidce came
from Jmir of his arrival, to the emprefe Irene. That prin-
cefs fent the nobles and the garrifon to meet him. On
hearing that the emp«t>r was living, he flied tears of joy, and
gave thanks to god, who, he faid, had infpired him to come
to the aid of his dear friend.
c/Sohin He then marched at the, head of 2000 men on foot to
Amir Didymotikum; rtor would ride himfejf, fmce, as he faid,
there were not horfes enough for his foldiers. After he had
ftaid there a while, he fet out with ^1,000 men to feek the
emperor ; but, purfuant to the requeft of a letter forged by
the inhabitants of Phera, as coming from Kantakuzenus, de-
firing him to retire, he, not fufpeifting the falfity of it, rci
turned to Afta with his troops •». He had fcarce laid up his
(hips in port, wh^n a genuine letter came from Kantakuzenus,
defiring his afliftance. Amtr hereupon fitted out 200 fail ;
and, though Jpokaukiis, chief mlnifter to Paleologus, fent to
divert his coming, by prefents, he frankly told the ambafla-
dors, that he was refolved to aid Kantakuzenus with all his
power, and refufed the gifts ; faying. It would be bafe to
receive prefents as a friend, and prefently after make 'war
like an enemy.
/d?Kanta- Accordingly, fetting fall from Smyrna^ he came to
kuzenus. Eubea ; where, underftanding that Jpokaukus was marched
from Thefoknika to Berea ; and judging the emperor, his friend,
muft be thereabouts, this generous Turk dlrefted his courie
« Kantak. lib, iii. cap. 9, ^ fcaq. * Ibid. c. 56. ,
&feq. * •
to
Digitized
byGoogk
Cvj. 2 Soldo OrKMru
todiefirft place, in order to find him out. The emperor,
hang Informed of his arriTal, iet forward from Berea. Upon
las approach Arrdr went to meet him» with his principal
efficen; and, when near alighting, fell proftrate to iklute
Uiii, and marched a-fbot, nor would rembunt bat with
Bodi importunity. Afterwards they went to the Morea^
vbere Amtr fell fick. On their return to Didymotikwn they
met with and defeated the enemy under Franzes. In this
KD0oaBter.i4bn/r, who, though not yet recovered, was among
the foremoft in the fight, received threfe thrufts with a pike,
viuch his cuirafs warded-off. He had mounted his horfo
without his armour ; but, remembring the emperor*s advice
a few days before, alighted s^ain to put it on, and thus
dcaped being flain.
The enemy firove in vain by large promifes to detach His noi/g
Amir from the interefl ci Kantakuzenus : but what thtjj'^^^
could not do by the prince they did by his mercenary officers ;
who, having been ten months fiom home, were the more
eafily induced, by hopes of rewards, to importune their chief
to return. This, to hb great regret, he was forced to do,
after having fent an ambaflador to advife the emprefs Jnn to
peace ; but to i;\o eflfeA. At their audience Apokaukus threw
out finreral reproachful expreflions againft Amtr : among the
reft, diat though he was raifed to the dignity of Soltdn, yet
he was fo mean-fpirited as to follow Kantakuzenus like a (lave
inafdu-eign country, and to (land as a guard at his tent*
door. The ambaflador, taking occafion from this infult
c^ered to the Soltdn hid mailer, to fet forth the bad qualities
of his accofers, returned an anfwer which quite furprifed
them ; and for its mafterly flrokes fhould have had a place
here, if our intended brevity would admit of it.
AMIR at parting promifed Kantakuzenus to fend YAm ^^dangers
forces in fifteen days, to return himfelf as fbon as poffible, ^^^/^i^"
and flay with him till he had finiflied the war. Although ^' ^*
his departure gave the emperor much uneafinefs, it proved *^^^^
locky for Amir himfelf. Twenty-four gallies of Rhodes and
odier countries of the Latins knding at Smirna, took a
fort (T) in the port^ and burnt fome fhips, notvathftandins
(T) Dukasfays, they built a himfelf: but that, behig half-
fort, named St. P€tetr\ to re* way up, he opened his cafk a
cdvc fugitives, which Amir on little, to fee how many battle-
kis return vigoroufly attacked ; ments there were upon the
and, having pafled the fofs, walls, and at the fame time ^-e*
ordered ladders to be fixed to ceived an arrow between his
thewalls, which he mounted firll eyes, which ilruck him dead.
Mod. Hist. Vol, XII. E Dukas
Digitized
byGoogk
Hijiory of tie Othman Turks. B. XV.
all the care Amir took to prevent it : and had he not arrived
as he did, the city itfelf might poffibly have fallen into their
hands ^.
Or Khan The emperor Kantakuzenus, being informed that the em-
fends aid prefs Ann had fent to defire fuccours <rf Or KhAn^ fent alfo
^' ^- lo that prince ; intreating, that he would grant him a fupply,
*345* rather than the fa^lion 2X Confiantlno^le \ which Or Khdn
agreed to. His territories being fo very near, the emperor
received fuccours from him as often as he WQuld ; for he
commanded in the maritime parts of Paphlagonia^ and as far
as Phrygia : but that proximity contributed not a little tc>
ruin the lands belonging to the empire : for the Turks often
crofled the fea unfent for, and attacked the cities which re-
fufed to fubmit to Kantakuzenus,
AmirV AMIR, SoltAn of Ionia, was hindered, by the burning of
magnani' his ftiips, to fuccour KantakuZenus, as foon as he intended ;
»'<7 •" nor was it eafy for him to march by land, on account of a dif-
^' ^^^ pute which he had with Sarkdn, Soltin of Lydia, about their
*^^^' limits : but, being impatient to perform his promife, -he of-
fered to give up the country in queftion for liberty of paflage«
Sarkan not only readily agreed to Amir's propofal, but fent
with him his fon SoieymAn, to ferve the emperor. The Sol^
fAn then fet forward at the head of 20,000 men ; and, crof-
ling the Hellejfont^ joined Kantnkuzenus at DidymotiktiTn.
From whence marching to Peritheorion againft Momitziltis^
who had only 4000 men, a fierce battle was fought-; but
their general at length being killed, all the reft were either
flain or taken.
aj/ifts in The K^al of Servia having raifed the fiegc of Pherus on
cotMcil ', the firft report of the march of the Turks to relieve it, it
vi^s agreed in a council of the principal officers, at wtdch
Amtr and SoieymAn affifted, to go and befiege Conftantinople^
on a fuppofition that they would find no difficulty to take it,
in the confufion things were in by the death of Apokaukus^
who was (lain in a tumult at the public prifon : but whea
' they came there, they found that his executioners had beea
maffacred by the mob, and that all things were again quict.^
^ Kantak. c. ,63. 66, 68.
Ditkasj cap. 7. But this cannot tion, or faw Kantakuxenus ; for
be fadl; for it appears from he conneds the affair of the
Kattta^ttzenuj that Amtr (cm him Italians at Spiyrna zndtht Soi^
feveral fuccoars after that, and tans death with his firlt expedi-
came himfelf twice in pcrfon- tion to Didymotikum, when the
Whereas, according to Dukasy emperor was abfcnt.
he never made- but one expedi-
V ' S Ik
Digitized
byGoogk
C\f 2 SoItanOrKh^r |l
In thdr return to Macedonia Soleymdn was attacked at A.Q-
j^dmea with a violent fever. Thofe who attended him '34S-
fiFe him cold remedies, which chilled the blood about his ^""' v-H
heart, and brought on deadly faintings. Amir, who dif- ^'^^'^^ '•
covered the caufe of thofe dangerous fymptoms, ordered him ^®y"***
to take treacle and old wine, which brought back the fever :
bnt the others applying then- firft medicines, froze his blood
t9 fuch a d^ree that he died immediately. Thofe who had
the care of Soleymin accufed Jmtr of being the caufe of hi«
death, and that he had given him poifon in giving him
inne (U). jimtr, apprehending that Sarkdn might give credit
to thofe calumnies, and take up arms againft him, refolved
to return before the report ihould gain ground. And indeed
te found it no eafy matter to clear himfclf from the charge
in the eyes of Sarkdn, although he was intirely innocent oV
the matter K
Some time after he arrived at Smima, twelve gallies puty^/ a
in there^ commanded by one Martin, with a patriarch oi patriarch.
QmftantinopJe on board, fent by the pope. This prefumptu- A. D*
ou» prelate would needs enter the cathedral of Smirna, and '34^»
ordered the army to follow him ; contrary to the advice of all
the fea-officers, who reprefented the danger and raftmefs of
fuch a proceeding. Accordingly, while he was celebrating
mafs, yinur came with his army, and flew him at the altar,
with Martin and fome others, whom he found in the church :
for as foon as the Italians faw the Turks approach, they fled
to the citadel. • At the fame time thirty-two noble Genoefi,
having equipped fome gallies at their expence, went and took
Kino.
The fame year Or Kh^n fent to the emperor Kdntakuzenus, Tham^
to demand one of his daughters in marriage ; of&ring in that/*r^*'
cafe to ferve him againft all his enemies, not as his friend and daughter
ally, but as his fon and fubjeft. After the ambafladors were
returned, he confulted his principal officers of the army, who
all ad^fed him to embrace the propofal. He fent likewife to
defire the advice of Amir ; who made . anfwer, " that the
" friendftiip and alliance of that prince (X) would be very
' Kantak. c. 8i. 86. 89. %
(U) Becaufe the Mohamme- when an emperor himfelf could
dans are forbidden to drink not forbear giving that name
wine. of reproach to the very prince
(X) It is, of that barharian, with whom he was going to
in ^e original; which (hews the make an affinity, by the mar^
€xce£ve vanity of the Grgtht, riagc oj kis daughter.
E 2 \\ ufefui
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hijiory of the Othman Turks. B. XV.
ufefiil to the empire : that although he had no occa/ion
for his fuccours againft the domeftic enemy, which was
already almoft quite humbled, yet they would be of fer-
** vice againft the foreign enemies, who had done him many
** injuries ; that he was aflured Or Khan had not a more
" fincere and ftrong defire than himfelf to ferve the emperor ;
** but was fenfible he had a better opportunity of doing it,
" becaufe his territories lay oppofite to Thrace. He added,
** that the emperor ought not to make any difficulty in con-
** trafting this alliance, Jince many of his predeccflbrs had
** not difdained, for the advantage of their affairs, to give
" their daughters to Scythians and other ftrangcrs (Y) ".
grouted in The emperor admired the modefty of Amtr^ in acknow-
marriage leging that the fuccours of Or Khan would be more advan-*
tagcous to him than his own: and, following his advice,
fent an ambafly to that prince, to let him know, that he
would grant his requeft ; and to defire him to fend troops
to conduft his daughter to him. Or Khdn forthwith dif*
patched thirty fhips, with a great number of cavalry, and
(0 Or the chief men of his nation. Hereupon Kantakuzenus^ re-
Khan, pairing with his army to Selivrea, ordered a throne to be
creftcd without the town, and a tent near it, where the
emprefs pafled witli her daughters. Next day Theodora^ the
bride, mounted the throne, to be viewed by the people, ac-
cording to a cuftom obferved by the emperors when they
married their daughters to foreign princes. The emprefs
with the reft remained in the tent, and the emperor appeared
alone on horfeback. The filk curtains, adorned with gold,
which (hut up the throne, being drawn, the princefs appeared
fitting, furrounded with torches, held by eunuchs, on their
knees. This ceremony was accompanied by mufic, and
verfes made by the beft poets in praife of the bride. After
this the emperor having feafted his army, and the moft con-
fiderable perfons among the Turks^ for feveral days, fent her
to her hulband, who received her with tranfports of joy.
The emperor her father takes care to inform us, that altho^
- fhe married a Barbarian, {he loft nothing of the fplendor of
her birth ; and, inftead of being converted herfelf, converted
feveral to her own religion, by the ftrength of her reafons.
Amir'/ The emprefs Ann, finding that (he had nothiag to exped
lafii,?i to on the ilde of Or Khdn, fent to Sarkan, Soltdn (Z) of Lydia,
(Y) And even to Turh, of (Z) He is called governor
which the reader will find in- here ; fo little cxaftncS there is
fiances in the hiftory of the SiU among the Greek writers.
jukianu
who
Digitized by VjOOQiC
C}. 2SoIdnOrKhan.
vkitadUy affified her with troops. Amtr^ vexed to fee
k£s inarch againfl the emperor his friend, and refolving to
im him the beft he could, got 2ooo of his own troops to ^
joip Sarkam's, as is ufual in the Turkifb expeditions ; but gave
tb^ commanders private orders to go over to Kantakuzenus^
mcafe Sarkan^s foldiers could not be gained to his intereft.
Tliefe latter ftood waverii^ till they (aw. the emperor rc^jfirvt his
toffve them battle^ and then fent to offer him their fervice ;/rienJ*
bat defired firfV, that they might ao tQ ConftantinopU, and
receive the money which the emprels ^nn had promifed their
mailer. They did fo; and, at thdr return, the emperor
bmg no further occafion for them, difmii&d them ; but
as they could not leave the country without committing ra-
vages, according to cuftom, they made an incurfion into
Btdgaria, and then loaden with fpoils returned home ^.
Soon after, peace being made between the two parties, and Or Khln
Kantakuzenus acknowleged. emperor jointly with John Pale- '^ififf
iiogus^ then but fifteen years of age, Or Khdn with all his fa- Kantaku-
mily came to Skutarion (A), to felicitate him on that occa- *^2"^^
fioH. The emperor crofled over to meet him there, where '
they feafted for feveral days, and took the diverfion of hunt- .
ing. The emperor and Or Khdn fat at the fame table, and
the four fons which the Soltdn had by his former wives at
another. The principal Romans and Turks fat on carpets.
When thefe diverfions were over, Or Khan remained aboard
his Clips ; and Theodora^ with her four brothers-in-law, went
with the emperor her father to Conjiantinople \ where having
ftaid three days, they returned to Bithynia.
Soon after this, the Krdl of Scrvia having invaded tht fends him
empire, Kanfakuzenus fent to defire fuccours of Or Khan^ his «'<^*
fon-in-law; who immediately fent him 10,000 men, com-
manded by his four fons and by Soleyman. The emperor
joined with them his fon Mat hew ^ with a fmall.body of Ro'
mansy and forbad them to commit any diforder in. the terri-
tories of the empire : but when they were come to Mygdomap
and underftood that the circumjacent country belonged to
the Krdl, they fell to ravage it, in fpite of all their com?
manders could do. They flew a great number of the inhar
bitants, and took a great number prifoners ; after which they
returned home by way of the Hellefpont^ loaden with booty :
add this was all the fervice the emperor had from them.
k KanTak. lib. iii. c. 95, & feq,
(A) Commonly called Skutari, on the Btffhorus^ oppofite to
E 3 Some
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
Hfpry of thtbthtj^liXi Turks. B. XV;
Sowfe time after 2000 Turkt having parted thfe ttetkjpcnf,
and plundered Thrace ^ '^erc met> returning with thfeir booty,
► by the emperor, ^Vho cut to pieces moft of ont t>arty, with
their leader Kara Mahemet \ me reft, commandfed by Mhrd"
tumariy furrendered, and were fent bomfe. Thefe were Turks,
who, having ferved in the kte wars between the two eih-
perors, were afcquainted with thie country. At the faixte
time Mathew, the empfcror's eWeft fon, who was ^oVemttt*
of the cities of KMlddka in Macedonia^ defeated another
troop of Turks who had landed in xh%t part 6f the country,
not one efcaping either thfe fword or captivity.
Or Khan 7'i/£ SALO NIC A bemg befieged by the AV^/ of S^n/ia,
0ffs him, Kantakmenus fent for fucpour to Or Khdh, who fent him
A. D. 20,000 men, under his ton Soleym&n': but, bfeing cotec as
'353' far as Anaktaropolis in Thrate, he recdved a letter from hfe
father to return as fecretly as poflible ; bec?aufe he ftdod in
need of his troops, to defend hhnfelf againft the moft powfei*-
fiil princes his neighbours, who had attacked him. For aH
Or Khin^%% in fuch hafte, Soleymin ftaid to plunder Bul-^
garia before he went \.
ftnd his In the war begun between the Venetians and Genoefe, zboxit
fnemies. i difference which happened i^ the Tanais between a Tartar
. A. U. and a Venetian^ the emperor declared war againft the Genoe/e,
?3S4' then inhabiting Galata, a fuburbs of Ccnfiantinh/>e -, and C?r
Khan aflifted the Genoe/e, not only on account of the money
he W^s to have, but aJfo becaufe he was offended that thfe
Venetians ftiould come into his, neighbourhood with a humer-
pus fleet, without paying him the leaft compliment. Accord-^
ingly he fent an army of both horfe and fcJbt, who encamped
bti die conllnent oppofite to Conjlantinopley and were of great
Tervicp to the Genoefes,
$ends more Iif the War which broke but fobn after, between the two
fid^ (Smperors Kantakutenus and his fon-in-law Paleologus, Or
A. p. Khan fent fome troops to his aiUftahce ; with which he went
'355* ^nd relieved Andrianople^ wherp the young emperor had b<*-
'jfieged his fon Mathew. Pateohgiis having obtained forces
from the Servians and Bulgarians^ Kdntakuzenus applied
again to his fon-in-law Or Khan, who fent io,c>oo horfe,
^nd€r So- under the command of his eldefl fon Sojeyfnan ; who, croffing
leyman. the Hellejpont^ encamped next <Jay on the Hebrusy where the
Servians and Bulgarians lay, without either party knowing
they were fo near each other. Thp day after, in their
march they met the enemy, who were quickly defeated, and
^ f^iq Qr taken, e^^cept thejr commander and a f^w fol-
? Kantak. }, iv. c. ^. 10. ^6,
Jowcr^
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C> 2 Soldn Or Kh4n. .
ioffcrs* The Turks hafted to Adrian^ to falute Kanfaku^
anr. Whik they were ia that neighbourhood, Paleohgus
iott letter, with prefents, to draw Scieym^ over to his in- ^
teneft. Soleymin recdved .the ambailadors civillj, and re-
fbicd their mailer's prefents ; but promifed npt to SiA againft
jmn. Nefcrthelefs he fent the letter to Kantdkuzenus^ as it
vere to let him fee the incivility of the writer, who had not
ghren him the title of emperor : after which he returned to
jffia with his troops ".
The Turks ^ in their late expeditions to ferve Kantakuzenus, Places h
hxmg feized-on feveral places in Thr^ue^ and among the reft Thrace
tkfiMt of Zimpe^ that emperor was exceedingly ofiended; A. D.
and, opj^hnving forces fufiident to drive them out, wrote to i355-
OrKhaty his fcm-in-law, defirinff him to furrender them,
and not difturb their friendihip by detaining them. How-
ever, SoleymAn refufmg to deliver Zimpe without a coiflider-
ation, Kantakuzenus fent him 1 0,000 crowns In gold. At
this time an earthquake overturned almoft all the maritime
d6es rf Thrace^ the walls as well as houf^, and efpecially
KaBpolisy the moft famous city of that country, then in .the
hands of the Turks \ who; on this ckxafion, made captives great
numbers of thofe Romans who had efcaped the explofion.
SOLETMJN, who was then ^tPega, a city beyond the/eizeJh
HeUeJf>onty being informed of the havock which that accident V^rTurksj
had made,^ forgot the treaty which he had fo htely made with
Kantakuzenus I and, crofliagiato Thrace, repahed the cities,
and pec^ied them with new inhabitants. He took particulv
cue to rebuild Aa/Zi^/ij, filling it with his principal fubjeAs.
After which he nmde incurfions into Bulgaria, ravaged the ^
coimtry, and carried-(^ the inhabitants. The emperor had
no other remedy left, but to intreat Or KhAn to order his fon
to give-up' the towns which he had feized, without any colour, iemandrd
daring the peace ; reprefenting it as the higheft injuftice in i/^ohy^
hini, to keep the fort of Zimf^e after receiving the price of it. ^^ •
^oleymdn alleged, that he had not taken them by force of
tnns ; but found them dcfeited, and therefore refolved to
keep them. Or Khdn, though an accomplice in the affair, yet
willing to preferve the favour of the emperor, his father-in-
bw, defired a little time to difpofe his fon to a compliance.
In (hort, upon an offer of 40,000 crowns, S&leymdn confented
toreftore them. Kantahizemis, on this occafion, crofTed the
fed to Nikomeduiy to confer with Or Khhn ; bat, the latta* be-
*w»g out of order, could not then fettle matters.
» Kantak. lib. iv. c. 26. 31, & feqq^.
{
E 4 Soon
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
^6 Hift&ry pf the Othman Turks. B. XV-
A. D. SodN after, SoleymAn marched at the head bf a powerful
?355- army againft the GaJates of caftcrn Scytbia (B); *a<id took,
^^^^^y^ iiuring the fummcr, two of their moft famous cides, Ancynt-
fromife to ^^ j Kratea. ' At his return, in autumn, he fent, jointly with
^^h°^^ his fethcr, an embafly to acquaint Kantakuzenus, that he
was ready to reflore the cities of Thracr, whenever he was
pleafed to receive them. Accordingly a day was appointed for
that purpofe ; but it does not appear, that the places were
reftored, although it is faid the peace was concluded.
Presently after this, a peace taking place between the
two emperors, Kantakuzenus and Paleoiogus, the former rc-
nounqpd the world, and went into a monaftery ; after hayingr
conditioned with Paleologus, that his (onMathew ftiould enjoy
that part of the Empire which had been affigned him, with
the title of emperor : but the two young emperors did not
long continue in amity ».
Or Kh4n In the mean time, a pirate-fhip of Old Phocea, where Ai&-
4upes?2L' thetes commanded, failing into the gulf of y^^i*^^ (C), to
jcplogus: f^rry-ofF people, happened to take Khalil^ the fon of Or Khdn ;
whom they brought back to Phocea. Or Kbdn, not being
able to attack the place by fea, for want of fhips, nor by land,
for want of troops fufficient to open a way thither through
the country, applied^ to Paleohgus ; who promifed to pro-
cure the releafe of Khalily provided he forbore any Jongcr to
affifl Mathew with forces.
OR KHAN confenting, Paleohgus fe^ds immediately to
Kahthetes^ thinking that he would give-up Khalil at the firft
demand : but, finding that he could prevail neither by prOH
piifes nor thr^ts, was forced to buy his deliverance at the rate
of i 00,000 crowns of gold, with the dignity erf Panhy^rfe*
\bafte into the bargain.
^ «/E/»/ MATHEIV^ being informed, that the governor oiPberus
teat^w.^ was difpofed to deliver up to him that important place, with
the widow of the Krai of Serviay lately dead, and the trea-
fare (he had in pofleffion, promifed to be there a month after,
^ean time he iends for a reinforcement to his brotter-ia-law
f Kantak. c. 38, &feqq.
(B) This (!an only be u|x4cr<' nqt extend far eaftward in JjSa
ftood of t{ie people of Galatia Minor. But the TuriiJ& hiftori-
(fubjed then to the Tatars), to ans do nol^fpeak of thefe con*
which Ancyra and Katea be- quefts.
}onged : for at that time the ter- (C) At the end of which AT/-
fUories of the Othnidn Turh did kctnTdia^ now Jfmid^ ftands.
Or
poogk
Or Ok (D) ; vAo being then at Auido (ot jfikhs), kt Um
lait^ooo Turks (E) : btit tbtfe bdi^ bent more on plunder-
Jo;; than fightii^ behaved in fo di£arderly and cowardly a '
aasner, that they not only mined the defign for which he had
denuaded them, but, flying firft from a party of their own
troops whcMB they took for Servians^ and afterwards from the
Savums themfelves, Matbew^ who was thus deferted by
tbem, was taken prUbner near PlnUppii and, to obtain his
liberty, was obliged to lay afide the title of emperor ^.
Having thus, from' the Greik hiftorians, fupplicd the Va- Soleyin^
oncy foood in the TurkiJbhiSiafj^ down to the year 1355, *^^^'
welhail return to the Turkijb writers ; by whom we are told, T*"*^^ ^
tbat^ KhitfCz ambidon cnoeafing with his {bccefles, he fends
Us ion Sdeymkn (F) to attempt a pafliige into Europe ; join-
ii^ with liim his three moft rajaM>us captains, Ache Beg^ Cazi
FazUy and Omus Beg. Other writers name them Cizi Faril^
TakMje Beg^ and MS(hal Beg (G). Soleymin^ taking with him
dgbty fdeA men> under pretence of hunting, enters the coun-
try (^ jtydinjik^ and furveys the coaft : but, as the Greek
emperor had made it death for any perfonr to pafs either into
or out <^ Jjiay even in a boat, he, by th^ help of two rafts,
Wd upon bladders tied together by the necks, crofled over
with his company to the caiUe (^ Hamni, in Europe (H). On
• Kantak. l.iv. c. 44, 8c feq.
(D) It is remarkable, that Turkijb hiftorians, defcended
Kutitakuxeuuj feeros to affed from the emperors of Trape-
mentioning the relationfliip be- zomi ; and fo beloved by Or
tween him and Or iC^i«, as of- Khan, that he would do no-
ten as he mentions him ; yet thing without his advice. There
never gives him the title of 5^/- is a, yery beautiful bridge at
/Av, that we remember, iince jidrianople over the river Arta^
the marriage of his daughter. called Mikhal Ogli Kuprifi, that '
(E) It feems a great area- hy the bridge ^Mikhael'/y^ff;
Bient of Or Khdn% friendihip who built it. Lant.
for his wife^s family to aifift (H) This expedition is dated,
Mather ^ after he had promifed according to Cantemir^ in the
Paleologus not to aflift him. He year 738 ; but that muft be a
alfo forbore atucking the Ro- miftake for 758, as the Turkijb
man empire in Europe ^ while annals of Gaudier ^ and thofe
his father- in law and brother- employed hy Leuncla^vius in his
in-law were upon the throne : Hijloria Mufulmanorum, put it ;
prefently after their abdication, othcrwife there will be 22 years
be began to invade Thrace, between So/eymdns pafiing into
|F) This feems to be the ^«r<7/^ and his taking G^/^/(?//l
ffv^fl* leader of Grf^^rAT, Lxiv. wliich yet from the hiitory it-
C. II. felf appear to have happened in
(6) He was^ according to the the fame year.
tKeir
Digitized
byGoogk
Hijiory of the Othmath Turk^. - B^ XV.
their fending, they feized a peafiint ; who, by a paflTage under
ground, brought them into tfie town by night (I). Soiey^
^mAfiy treating the ihhabitant^ gently, prevailed on them to con-
duft the (hips, which lay in the harijours of Balayr and ^k-
chiUman^ into Afia ; from whence, in a few hours, they car-
ried back 3000 Turks y with whom next day he furprifel the
caftle of Hydfidfonia ; which he committed to the cftre of
jfche Beg : from whcrai that territory bears the name of
Acheovaji,
takes Ga- KALLAKONIAS^ governor of GtzKboUjy or KaSkpolis^
liboli : aflemMing what force he could in hafte, fets forward to at-
tack &oleytm&Yi ; but being inferior to the enetfiy, both ki num-
ber and courage, they are obliged, after a long difpute, to
retreat Itito the city, which they bmvdy defended for a loe^
time : till being weakened by fretjttent aflaute, *nd deftitme
'of provifions, they at length, in the year 760, delivered u^,
Hcj. 760- Tjy capitulation, Katlipalisy with the whole province, of Khay^
^' ^' rehoU, or Kharipolis (K). When the emperor heard of the
'^^^' taking of that city, wHch was efteemed not only the key
X of Conftantmopley but the bulwark of Europe, he is reported
•to havefaid, that the Turks had only taken 4 hog-ftye (L) and
a pottle af'iuine.
yiUd h a NeIstt .year, SoMn Or Khai} fends a fecond army into Eu-
fall. ^^^^> under the conduft of his fecond fon Morid\ who,
while Soleymdn fubdues Malga^ra and Ibfalaniy takes the caftle
of Epibatos^ about 10 hours (M) from Conftantin^ple. He
then lays fiege to Chorlu (N)> a ftrong city between that o^n-
(I) This romantic pafTage of musy and litaate on the river
the ftraits fcems to be a fiSioh Tunje, Cant.
to magnify the concage and ad- (L) This was not fpoken of
drefs of Soleyman ; nor was it Galipoliy bat in allufion to Key-
the firft -time by many, that the rtdokajlron^ or hogs- caftle ^ called
Othinan Turks pafTed into Eu- by the Turks EarnnU a» above.
Tofey as their hinorians pretend ; Leunclainm writes Zemenik, or
many large bodies of them, Zembenik ; the fame, we pre-
fome under the command of fume, that Kantakuxenus names
So ley man himfelf, having been Zimpa.
over feveral years before. Du- (M) The Turks reckon coffl-
kas fays, chap. 2. that they firft monly by hours, not miles, or
Faffed in the firft year of John leagues.
'aleologus ; which was in 1 341 . (N) Chorlu, Chiurli, or Tztfr*
\K) It feems to be Khriftopolisy 7/, as it is written by authors of
not Tanholiy as Johan, -DuTif. different nations, istheantient
would have it : for Tanboli is in Tyrullunty or Turulluniy fnifcalled
Thracty about 70 miles from by fon^ Tyrilos, Izhrallovy hi-
Fhilipopolisy under Mount He- ralla, and Tirallum,
tal
Digitized
byGoogk
t. J. ^ SbMn Or Iftin.
bl nd Mrkai^\ before wfakh Jie \^«tt ^hueral tlA^ vt^
ftiki, imd loft a great number of meo: but, being over*>
jvterdl Willi numb^ the iahabimats were at length ali ^
ihm, and the town qui^ deimdMhed. The ])eople of Pirgos^
between Cborbi and JJrianopk, frighted with this feverity,
abandoned the'place to Marad; who prefendy returns to Jfia,
karing SoUymdn. Mot long after, as this prince was exer«
dfiog his troopS) by dardi^ their fpears and- fhooting thdr
arrows, his unruly horle ran aWay with him ; and, breaking
his 1^ agmnft a tree, he fell to the ground with fuch violence
diit lie inftabtly died (O).
Tftfe dc^h*<rf Ins bdoffed fen fh*ift* thr Khhi to Aelieart ; Death of
Jtt, IHU intent on conquefts, he fcftids Ache Beg^ with an Or Khan :
trtS^, to befiege DydrmotfjykoH. This general, approaching
^dty befoi^ he was ecpefted, accid^tally fdzcs the gover-
nor, who was taking a walk. The governor, who was of
the imperial race, to gain his Hberty, furrenders tht city;
which, however. Or Kkdn rcftored, to oblige the Gretian
prince ^P), his friend : but the illnefs, contrafted by the death
of his fon, increafing,' he died himfelf two months after ; hav-
115 lived 70 years, and reigned 35, according to SaaJVs com-
putation. He was buried in the monaftcry (QJ oiPrufa^ or
Burfahy and left the kingdom to his fon Mordd.
The Turks greatly extol this iS^/^^w's clemency, valour, and ti^ ^^^
pftice, as well as his liberality to the poor. They &y, he ra^er.
daily converfed with the learned, and would undertake no-
thing of moment widiout their advice : that he was the firft
«f their monarchs, who founded MeJhCs (R), Jami (S),
Madrafeh^
(O) According to Khalkondy- nOt well be fuppofed, in cafe
Uti^ be fell fick and died, but he had killed Soleyman, whofe .
Duias relates, that, as he ravag- death did not happen till the
cd the Kher/onefusy the Dejpot, year 1359.
Mathenv Kantokuz, mby came up (P) This was John Kantaku*
with him near Hexami/ion, and zenus. Cant,
flew him, with a great number (QJ It is now turned into a
of his men. Dukasy cap. 10. T^iw/, or ^^w/?/?, though ftill re-
But th'S cannot be the cafe : for tainip^ the name Ma7iajlir.
tollman was alive in 1355, (R) So the Turks call their
when Katakuxenus went into a common temples, or churches,
BiOnaftery; and Dii^^j places 5tf- after t4ic Perjtans; which word
Ujmdns death before that event. Europeans have corrupted into ,
leiidcs, it appears that Or Khan mofk. The Arabs name a tcm-
Was in friendfliip afterwards pie Masjed,
With 'MdtheiMj who received (S) Jami is a temple privi-
Aiccours fromhim j which could Icged for the devotions of Fri-
day
Digitized
byGoogk
(5p Hiftory of the Othman Turks. B. XV
A. D. Afadrafih (T), or fchools, B,nd Imarets (U), or hofpluls : tha
'359- he had a red face, blue eyes, yellowifti hair, and was of ;
S/'y^ middle ftatur?, though, corpulent, appears from his pic
ture (X) in the faray, or feragUo^. .
3. S el tan
Mor^d I.
CHAP. IV.
Tbe Reign of Morad Khdn I.
JLTORAD^ or Amurat, as our hiftorians name him, af-
•*- ^ cended the throne in the 41ft year of his age, and af^
fumed the title of Khoia Vendihar ( Y)^ pr Gofs labourer^ to (hew
his reli^ous difpofition. In the iirft y^ar of his reign, he took
the ftrong city of Ang4ru or Ancyra, with feveral caftlcs in
thofe parts. Quickly after he fent his prime Waztr^ Ataheki
Shabtn Lola (Z), a brave and wife general, with ibme light
P Cant. Hift. Othm. p. 28, & fcqq.
day (wkich is the Mohammedan
fabbath\ called Junta Namdzi^
which it is not lawful to per-
form in the Icffer mofks. Thofc
built by the Sohdn are called
Sela/in, or royaL Cant.
(T) Madra/eh, or Medrefih,
are academies, or great fchoolt ;
which, if not in the court of
the 'Jami, are always very near
It. The common fchools are
called Mekteh. The perfons fet
over thefe academies are called
Muderis I th^it is, fchool- ma ft ers;
who have falaries proportioned
to the revenue of the "Jami.
Hence it is, that fome have 300
afpers a day, while others have
but 70. Out of thefe fchools are
taken the judges of the princi-
pal cities and towns, called Mo-
la ; who is a fort of archbiflipp,
or metropolitan. Cant.
(U) Imaret is a houfe near
the Jami, for the relief of the
poor and reception of travel-
lers, like an inn. Cant,
(X) Prince Cantimir has em-
belli(hed his hidory with the
pidlures of all the Sc/tdns,
copied from thofe in the fera-
glio, by Leuni Chelebi^ the Sot-
tans painter.
( Y ) Or addiited to divine
things. It is a Perfian word.
(Z) Lala £gnmes tutor, or
f after 'father. It belongs to Uiofe
who are preceptors, and gover-
nors, to the young princes, and
was firft given to this IVazir,
The Saltans fmcg then, both in
fpeaking and writing, are ac-
cuftomed to give it to all other
H^azirSf as La/am Alt Fdjhi,
and Mi Lala Ali Pajha, The
Agafe, or general of He Jani-
zaries, znaBo/lanji Bdjhd, have
the fame title. The firft, bc-
caufe it is his bufinefs to guasd
the fons of the Saltans froni be-
ing killed by fathers or bro-
thers : the fecond, bccaufe he
has the care of the Soltdns pa-
lace, efpecially in his abfencc ;
being the Greek Curofalatis,
Cant.
troops,
Digitized
byGoogk
C 4- 3 Soltan Morad I.
trdops, to crofs the Straits of Kaliipolis, and bcficge jidria*
m^, while he followed with a more powerfal army : but,
horing on the way that his Waztr had taken the city (A) at '
the firft afiault, he returns to Pni/2r, and orders him to march Adria-
iDto the bowels of Thrace ; appointing Haji Orn^s Beg to be °®P'^
SegUr Beg (B) of Rum eli (C), or his European conquefts. ^'^**
Tbt Wazir executed his orders fo fpeedily, that Felibe (D),
Ejtiy ZaghenUy and other neighbouring places, fell into his
hands.
Next year, Mor&d built a fpacious Jami at Adrianople^ HeJ. 76*,
Ml called MorAdiyeh^ or Morad'-s temple, on this occafion. A. D,
One time going before the Mufti, who then difcharged the »36'*
office of judge, to give-in his evidence, he was rejefted, as not
worthy of credit. The Soltdn wondering at this ftrange pro*
oeeding, and afldng the reafon, the Mt^ti anfwered, " that
** he reckoned his teftimony true and unexceptionable, as be-
** ing imperial ; but of no validity in judicial matters, be-
" caofe he never joined in common prayers with the reft of ^
" the Mu/ulmdns (E)." Mordd, upon this, reformed his con-
duA, and built the Jajiii^ as an atonement for hi$ former
mifcondoA.
In 763, Om^Sy Begler Beg of Rim eR, takes Ipfala and Hej. 763,
Malgaruy ravages the country, and carries-ofF infinite cap- A. D,
rives. From hence, Kara H alii Pajha, the prime fVaztr, 1362.
takes occafion to fay merrily, " that although all fpoils were Oriier of
" (aid to belong to the emperor, yet if the number of cap- Jani^a-
** rives were ever fo great, they were all engrofled by private "^
** perfons ; fo that none fell to his majefty's fhare : he there-
** fore thought it but reafon, that fome of the Soltdn^s Aga-
•* vat (F) fhould be appointed at the Straits of Kaliipolis to
(A) Khalhndylas fays, it was Roman or Greek emperors,
taken by SoUymdm whom he (D)Ox Pbilippi.
makes to fucceed Or Khan. (E) It is a corruption of Mof-
(B) Beglerheg fignifies prince It man ^ MiJIemany or MuJIuman :
of princes, A title belonging to as is alfoM«/i^r/»tf«, from whence
all Wasdrs of three horle tails ; Bufurman,
bat cfpccially three ; i;/z. thofe (F) Aga^vaty vulgarly v^^^A^r,
^i Rum eli. Anadoli, and ^hdm, is the plural of ^^^ ; which fig-
or Syria, Cant. nifies lord or mafter^ and is ap-
(C) By Rum eliy^tTurh y^n- plied to any perfon out of re-
derftand all the countries of the fpe£l % but principally to the
Rffmans, or Europe in general, officers of the court, or Port ;-
ai well as that part of it under and fome of the army, as the
Aem in particular. Cant. The fanizar Agaji, Spahilar Agafi^
term may be extended to that and Silahrad AgaJi ; that is, the
part of their empire in AJta^ generals of the ]2imz^neSy S^^hU
which was formerly under the and Infantry.
« feizc
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
6z Hijlory of th OthmSn Turks. B. XV
A. I>. " fdze every fifth captive ; of whom the moft perfonable an<
X362. " robuft might ferve at coiwt, and in the army.'* Morac
\ffr\r'^ liking the propofal, an cdift wi^ publiflied for that purpofe
and, a great numb^ of captives being brought together, th<
^ . Soltdn (endrs his new army to Haji Bektajh (G), a religioui
infttttued, Turk, famous for his miracles and jprophecies, defiring him tc
give them a banner, pray for their fuccefs, and appoint their
a name. The Sheykh (H), putting the fleeve of his gown o^
one of their heads, faid. Let them be 'called YtngYCichtri (I) \
Let their countenance be ever, bright ^ their hand vi6lorious^
and their /word keen : let their f pear always hang over thi^
heads of their enemy ; and where-ever they go, may they r^i
turn with a white face (K). From this time, thofe foldicrs
retained that name, and covering for the head (L).
Farther ^^ means of this new infantry, in 766, Batha, in Jfia,
acquifiti* ^f'* ^^ Europe^ Zagara and Gumurjina, arc reduced. Nc^ct
MS, year, Jndronicus^ Paleologus (M), the Crejk emperor, delircs
Hej. 766. Mordd's aid againft the king oi Bulgaria. The Soltdn, pur-
A. D. fuant to his requeft, fends an army into Europe, under Lak
'S^S' Shahrn; who, coming upon the enemy unexpeftedly, in a
place called Zermen, eafily put them to flight. The feme
year, he orders to be built at Prufa, in the ftreet Kapluje',
a large Jami, or temple; a Madrafeh, or college; and an
Jmaret, or hofpital.
MO RAD, to divide, and gain over to his intereft, the
Other princes (N) of Jfta Minor, in 783 marries his fon Bay
(G) He was founder of the
order oiDarwifljes, or Der^ifes^
a kindofr^rif^ monks, called
^ from him Bektajhi, His tomb is
held in great veneration at a
village Q,2X\zdiBeJhiktdJb, on the
Bo/j^rus^ not far from Galata,
one of the fuburbs ofCo^Jfanii-
no fie. Cant.
(H) Sheykh J corruptly written
Shek, Sec, ignifics frelate, and is
like an abbot. Tlie title is
given to the fuperiors of the*
great yami, and of the Dar-
'vjjjhfs. Hence the Mufti alfo
is czWcd Sheykh alljldm ; that is,
prelate of the* fe^vgd, and high
jfrieft. Cant.
{I) Compounded of Enghi,
new, and Q)err, foldiers. By u*
called 7a«wr/Vj. Their ufual
number is 40,000 ; and they
have precedence of all the other
foldiery. Cant, ' '
(K) That is, with praife, or
hoBOur ; as blackface is a term
of difgrace. Cant.
(L) Which is a whilb cap, or
covering, called Kiche, in form
of a fleeve. In which only they
differ in drefs from the refl of
the infantry.
(M) Andronicus for a while
ufurpcd the throne from his fa-
ther John,
(N) Called petty princes ia
Cantemirs authors.
yezlfl
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. 4* 3 Solc&n Nfor^ I. 63
yeiUioc Bajezet) to a daughter of Ghermian OgU (O) ; with Hoj. yg^,
mhm he receives as a portioa Kutahia, EgrigoZy and Tai^b*
aik. By his addrefe, Hamid Ogli (P) offered to hold in fee
of the Othman empire the cities of Elvadz^ Enijbahry Ar-
jtmhy KaragAlfy and ^eydi/bahrii which example others
iJIowed.
The affairs of Jjia bdng thus fettled, next year Morad Moham*
pafles the Straits rfKallipolis with a great army, a|id befieges mcdan
the fbrong cafUe of Bolina : but, meeting with great oppoii- miracle,
tkm, is faid to have implored'theaffiftance of heaven, and that ^^J- 7^4-
the fame night part of the wall falling 4own (QJ, the Othmdtis ^'^'
entered by the breach, and put all the garrifon to the fword, *5
A great number c^ red hats (R) being found in the magazine,
MdriidiAributed them among hi^ foldiers, atul ordered others
of the fanoe colour to be made for the reft of his army. The
tune year, I/iandeHa, Darme, and the ftrong town of Aa-
valla, with almoft zHArnaud (or Albania) were fubdued : as
ia the year 788, were the towns of Zikhne, Karq/eria, and
Mmaftir.
The neighbouripg flates being alarmed at the great in- Morad
creafe of the Othmdn power under this Soltdn^ a league was in'vad.s
formed againft it by the WalakhtanSy Hungarians^ Dalmatians y Seryia :
and TrihaUians (S), with thofe of Arjiaud not yet fubdued, Hej.79i.
under the conduft of Lazarus ^ prince of Servia. Mordd, A. D.
having jwrepared to maet this ftorm, attacks th^Chiiflian army * ^^^'
in the plain of Kajbvoy in Servia ; where a fierce and doubtful
battle is fought : but at length the confederates are put to
fight^ Lazarus himfelf is taken, his nobles are ilain, and the
(O) Prince ofPhrypa Majcr^ fcendant of Hamdy as the name
one of the Perfian governors, imports,
who revolted at the time of ^(Q,) The Mohammedans, as
Ja^btscKhdtt*scjqpedition, Can' well as Chriftians, believe that
/eavV. He was rather the fon God efpoufes their caufe, and
or grandfon of Ghermian, or works miracles for the dedruc-
Kanmmn^ who refided zxKuta- tion of their enemies.
hia {thcKoty^um of the Greeks); (R) IJlu/kcms to have been
which it is fh-ange he fliould formerly a covering for the
pve away to fo formidable a head; but is atprefent difufed
aeighbour as the Othman SoUdn by the Turks, who ufe neither
was become. helmet nor bread-plate, nor any
(P) He was one alfo of the other armour ; in a belief, that
Perfian governors (fo he calls if a man was made of adamant
die Se^ian Turks), who gave he could not efcape the fate
his name to the province called which is decreed for him. Cant.
in the maps Hamiday as iscuf- (S) The people of Bulgaria
tomary with the Turks, Cant, znd Servia.
hMmUdOgli was the fon or de-
run-
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
HifiGTy of the Othman Turks. B. XV
run-aways long purfued by light-horfe. The Soltdn, walking
over the field of battle and viewing the dead, told the Wlazir
' he thought it ftrange, that among the enemy's flain he iaM
"^ none but beardlefs youths. The Wazir made an anfwer pro-
per to flatter his prince. The latter, continuing his difcourfe
faid, it isfiill more Jlrange how IJhould be deceived by a vi/ion
lajl night in my Jleep : for methought Ifaw my f elf flain by tht
hand of an enemy. At that inftant, a Chriftian foldier, Mr ho
Concealed himfelf among the dead (T), perceiving it ta be the
Soltan by his talk, animated by thoughts of revenging his coun-
try, fuddenly ftarts up, and plunges a "dagger in his belly.
The Triballian is inftantly cut in pieces ; and Mor&d dying
• ff • . within two hours, his body is carried by the Wazir and Ba*
^'T^^^* jy^ jQ the royal tent, and embalmed. After this, the great
men aflembling about the choice of a new emperor, Ilderftn
Bayyezidj his eldeft fon, is declared Soltdn.
his cha-- The Turks greatly extol Morad^ as a mirror of juftice, a
raQer: prince of invincible fortitude of mind, very regular in his de-
votions, and a lover of no converfation fo much as of the
learned. He isalfo praifed for his remarkable abftinence ; fo
^ that he was netipr feen cloathed in any thing but Sof (U). He
lived 71 years, and reigned 30*.
We find but litde relating to this Soltin in the Creek writ-
ers, and that delivered without order. The firft enterprize of
Mor&d^ or Amurat^ according to KhalkondylaSy was againfl the
Triballians ; in. which he defeated Sufman^ Dejpot erf Servia^
• Cant. Hift. Othm. p. 36—45.
( T ) Moft Chriftian writers mtrat having made a fign with
fay, this was a {txwzni oi Laxa* his hand for the foldier to ad*
fw/, Defpot of Serbia, and call Vance, he approached ; and»
him Milajh Kobilonntx. Khalko- having plunged his fword into
kondylas makes him a Tribal- the Saltan's breaft, was immedi*
iian, Orbinus Raguzeus pre- ately cutin pjeces. Daitii/, c. 3.
tends, that Mor£d was flain in (U) Sof, or Suf, is a fine cloth
his own tent by Lascarus, which made of wool, as fine and light
is highly improbable. Cantemir. as mav be. It is chiefly worn by
What Dukas relates is more ecdeuaftics, who are forbidden
likely : that a young Sewian^ by their law the ufe of filk. The
when the attack began, ran perfon, who wears a garment of
from the Chriftian army to the Sof is called Sofi, Cantenur.
Turkijb; and that, being feized. And hence Sbab J/mael, of Per*
faid he came to difcover to their Jia, was called Sofi Jfmaelj hit
Soltdn a fure way of coming-ofF father having been a religioat
vidorious in the war : that A' perfon*
and
Digitized
byGoogk
Cf S iBoMn MoHid KhSfi I,
Mtilook (he very opulent city of Pherres. The fane an*
lAns %, that Amurat b^^an this war for love of St^inan*%
bmuM daughter ; which by that meaas ho hoped to have '
dMoei. After this, he bbUged Dragas, ion of Zarkkui^^fif!f.
\xiQi Ma/icy and Bogddn^ or Pogddhy who commanded ''^^""
die eoantry about Mount Rhodt^e^ to become tributary, aad ^**"**''
«9 attend him in his wars. He fubdued other princes, who
were TribattianSy Kfioats, or ^Manians.
A REBELLION rifing in /ffia^ he pafled ov«r, and <pieUed RibelBm
k. Upon this, he recdved advice, that his eldeft fon Sauz (X) of Saoz
kd joined in a conffMracy with Andronikus, ddcft fon of Jolm.
PaleobguSy to dethrotK their fathers, and make perpmial
peace: Merid haftens back to Eurepey and complains to the
emperor, ^lat Andrmpkus had corrupted his fon. Then majrch«
ing wth his forces to Apikridium, the place where the priqcca
\ftre encamped, not far from Confiantinopley he went to iiAen
at their tent ; and having heard' their diicourfe, called to the
officers, who were about them, by their names, and by an art*
M fpeech drew part of them over. The rdft fled with the
priaces to Didymoiikum^ where Amurat followed ; and, feiz* j k ^
ing ^au%y had his eyes put out. Androrukus was ferved in the ^^icui.
Jkme manner by his fether ; who durft not refnie to do what
yAmirof required. B<Hting hot vinegar was made ufe of on
that occasion.
After this, Manuel, the emptor's iecond ion, who had Attempt of
^tgOY&naasBtK^TIfefihnikaf formed a defig^ to feize the dty Manuel.
oiPherresi "wYiidi Amurat hearing of, km Kharatin Ba/ha (Y)
to trice his city, and bring him bound to him. Manuel ^ un-
afajk to refift, fled : but his father not daring to recdvehim,
he teok a refolution to go and aik pardon of the Soltdn him-
fcl(; who, pleafed with his beha^ur, recdved him vnxh em-
braces, and fent him back loaded with prefehts to Confianti^
nople,
JOHNPaieohgus, to put a ftop to the growing power of fhiempe^
Ae Turks y pafled into //<rfy, and applied to the Venetians for r<7r Pake-
aid 5 but H^t with nothing but fair words. Having borrowed logus
a lacga fom titiere, he vtfvted, to as little purpofe, the other
hdian princes, and then went to France \ whofe king (Z), ,
by reafon of the inteftine broils, was in no condition to afSft orrefadM
him. At his return to Venice, he was arrcfted'for the money Italy.
{%) Vukas calls tim Kuntu%, Sauz rcbeljcd, as in faft they
{Y) Or Hayradi^/i, cUd. For want of chronology,
(Z) At the end of the chap- the events are ranged out of or-
ter,theauthorrays,there affairs der, and fometimes twice re-
tiappcned before Andrmikus and peated.
Mod. Hist. Vol. Xn, F r-^^ t
Digitized by CjOOQ IC
Hiftory of the Othtoan Turks* B. XV,
he had taken-up when there before. Hereupon he fent to his
fon Andronikus^ whom he had left regent, to raife the fum
' out of the revenues of the clergy, and by other means. >/»-
dromkuSf not caring to part with his authority, fent wc^d^
that the people were averfe to the propofal : but Manuel^
raifing.all the money he poffibly could, in hafle fet fail for
Itufyy with defign to remain in his father's ftead, in cafe that
fum was not fufiicient. This got him his father's love and
his brother's hatred..
Presently after, Jmurat^ having difcovered that Manuel
was forming defigns againft him, Kharatin deprived him of
his city and government : and as the emperor had forbidden
him to retire within his territories, he fled to Lejbos ; whence
being ordered to depart, he paded by fea to Treas^ and thencq
hi poft to Prufa.
AmaratV The Soltdn delayed no longer to march againft the Tribal--
death : Uans, and their prince Eleazer (or Lazarus)^ who was joined
by the Hongarians. He gave one daughter to Sufman (A),
lord of the Odryjians^ or Moldavians. The other to Buikus,
fon of BrankaSj Ion of Plandikasy who held Kqftoria^ and that
part of Macedonia called Okhrida, formerly belonging to A7-
kholasy (onoiZttppan. Thus ftrengthened, he thought himfelf
fure of viftory. He had alfo, after the death of Unglefes an4
KhrateSy conquered Piftrinum and Niftra ; and extended his
botders as far as the river Save^, He was encamped in the plain
of Ko/oba ; where Amurat attacked him, and gained the vic-
tory, but loft his life.
marioujly His death lis varioufly reported. The Turks fay, that, as
reported, he followed Eleazer, who fled, a Triballian foot-foldier met
and ran him through with a pike. The Creeks pretend, that
before the battle, one Milo, having propofed to Eleazer to
kill Jmurat, rode up armed to the firft ranks of the Turks^
jiift going to give the charge ; and defiring to fpeak with the
Soltdn, who was in the midft of hiis janizaries, ran him.
through the body, and was then cut in pieces *.
Androni- The account, which Dukas gives of thefe affairs, is as
kMs blind' foUows. When Of Khdn died, John Paleologu^ (B),x(wha,
'^. aft»
» Khalkokdylas, 1. L c. 8— ij.
(A) The fame mentioned be- coun^e ; yet Gregoras, DukaSf
fore perhaps. and Khalhrufylas, reprefent him
(B) iCant^kuzenus fpeaksof thiS as extremely debauched. Dukas
emperor when fifteen, as a youth imputes his going to Italy to the
of great hopes, fine parts, and ^ mild reproof given him by his
'* , collcgtic
Digitized
byGoogk
C. 4. i SoMn Morad Khia I.
after his return from Italy, had obliged Kantakuzemu to re-
tire into a monaAery )y was 2 5 years c^age. He had three fons,
Jndronikus, Manuel, and Theodorus. Ahdrmikus forpafled all '
thofe of his dme for ftature, ftrength, and majefty oiF perfbo.
Jmurat had the fame number, YcJkub, Kuntuz, and B^azet.
Jnirmikus and Kuntuz, who were of the fame age, one day ^^ ^
confpired againft their fathers ; which coming to the know- 1387.*
1^ of Amurat, he ordered his Ion's e]^e$ to be put out, and
threatened to declare war againft Paleologus, if he did not
do the fame .by his. The emperor, through fear, or fome dethmui
other weaknefs, did more than was required of him : for he In'fatbir:
caufed the eyes, not only of JndronHus, but of his infimt fbo,
to be put out ; and then imprifone4 him, with his wife, in th«
tower of Anema. From thence they efcaped two years after by
means of the Cenoefe of Galata ; who, glad of the occaiion»
affifted him with forces againft his father. After a few days
Andronikus was admitted on certain conditi<xis into the dty :
but, being entered, he, contrary to his oath, confined his &-
ther and brothers in the fame prifon*
Two years after, they having in their turn made their ef- rtfiorf
cape to Skutari, Andronikus, unwilling to involve the finking him.
flate in a dvil war, refigQed the throne to his father, and ob-
tained his pcrdon. He fUll faw with one eye, and his fbn
with both. The emperor gave to Andronikus Selivrea, DoH'^
don, Herakka, Rodefto, and Pamde ; in the firft of which he
refided. Then he ordered Manuel to be crowned, and pro-
claimed emperor.
To return to Amurat. This prince, havirfg reduced moft Annirac
of the cities of Thrace, beileged AdrianopU% which he took^JUdn*
with ail Thejfcdy, except Thejfalonika. When he had con-
quered almoft all the Roman dominions, he turned his arms
againfl the Servians, mined many of their towns, and car-
TotA'cff a multitude of ^rifoners. Hereupon Lazams, (om,
d[ Stephen, their Kril, raifmg all his forces, fought a battie;
in which great numbers fell on both fides. During the en« A. D.
gagemen^ a young Servian ran towards the Turidfb army ; ^^^*
coUegoe on that occafion. After noefes pretending to be in ^reat
tMTO years rambling there and in di&refs, the foldiers in gamfon*
Qermm^, he returned (with the with defign to afllft them, open-
money gathered to recover the ed a door ; through which 500
dirone) to Temd9s^ There meec- of Paleohgta's men entering let
ing with Gaiiimczio, a noble in 20QO more who were aC
GiMoefe, who had two galleys, hand, and that took the Qty4
i^tii^tdtoC»Mfiantinopli. Tlit which KofUaJbiZinus forthwith
wind blowing hard* and the (re- refigned..
f a and,
Digitized
byGoogk
vtan.
Hiftoty of the Othm&n TuAs. B. XV.
and, being feized, pretended he came to put the Soltm in a
way how to gain the viAory. Armrat making a fign ^ath hU
^ hand to advance, he drew near ; and, plun^ng his da^er in
, ^, dhat prince's breaft, was immediately cut in pieces. The
via^ ^^' Turks ^ though aftoniftied at the accid^t, yet did not lofc
their dHo-etion. They erefted his tent in the middle of the
army, put him in it, and renewed the fight with extreme
fory. The Servians, who knew nothing of what had hap-
pened, foon gave way ; and the Kril bdng taken, with the
chief men of the nation, were carried to the tent, and iacri-
# . ficed at the feet of the expiring Amurat. All this was done
widiout either of the two wings of their anny knovnng any
thing of the matter. The right was commanded by Tak&b
the elder, and the left by Bajazet the younger brother <=.
We have chofen to give feparate extra^s from thefe two
authors, that our readers may the better judge of their com-
pletenefs or deficiency, as well as of their agreement or dif-
agreement with th^mfelves and the Tvrkifh hiftorians ; and
from thence form a judgment of them in general.
C H A P. V.
The Reign of Ildcrim Bd-yezid (A).
4.Soltan IT^ KU B Chelebi (B), the younger brother (rf Ba-yezti,
Ba-ye- ^^^ being pleafed with his advancement to the throne, at:
zid, tempts to mife a fedition; but the thing being feafonably dif-
covered, he is, by the coHunand of the Soltduy and conleat of
the .chief men, ftrangled with a bow -firing (C). Lazarus alfo,
Sll-inceof Servia^ being confidered as the occafion of MorM^
eath, was, by Bd-yezid's order, brought before him, and
beheaded. After this, difmifliHg the army, he fends his fa-
« DUKAS, C. 3, -& 12.
( A ) Or Wdtrhn Ba-yeztJ, enough, was changeil to that of
vulgarly called Jhu Yaxid, as £/f»4i*, from the Gr^/it' A i/dfi'7«V. ,
Dr. Poccck writes. S^f. to Ahul- Cant.
fartjy p.45. AmhJhSJy^ in his hif- (C) Thisdeathistlie moftho* -
ory Ot limur, ufes Abu Tezid hourable among tht Turks ^ and
for Bdyezid ; which is by £"»- only imlulged to the great ; ^ut
rof«tf»j vulgarly fpclled^/T/V?*:^/. beheading is infmmoas. Ca*/.
(BJ Chelebi y lignifying nobly Dukas {a,ys,t\k2i%Ba^zet9WhXim.
defcmded [or a gentkman\ was he makes the younger brother,
formerly the tftle of the Soltdns fcizing the throne, ordertA 2^ii*
fons before chey cainc to'the em« kub\ eyes to be put o«t»
pire : but this, not fecuiing loftjf
- ^ thcr's
^ ■ Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C^. 4 Soltaa IJderim Ba-yczid. 6^
tiler's body to be buried at Pmfa, or BUrfah^ in tlic roy^a! A. D.
Jim\ and, following himfelf, erefts to his memory a moft *39o-
cfcgant marble Kvhbeh (D), or monument. v*»«^* .j
The next yeir, purfuing his father's conquefts, he takes', Scljuk
in Eurspey KaraUva and IJfeih ; and, in Aftaj adds i^ydin^ princes rr-
SdriKhdn, Kdrs (E), and 7>f(w/<^<i (F), to his dominions (G). //«cr</;
After this, a difpute arifing between him and his father-in-law
Gl^^rman Ogli (H), he vanqnifties ; and, banifhing him to Ip-
faiay fdzes his kingdom (I). The prince of Karamania (who
Ind.manied the SdlthC^ fifter) would have ftiared the fame
fate, had he not refolved on the \vzt againft Moldavia ; iji-
teii£ng to revenge in perfon the defeat, which his army, un-
to Surafier Soteymdn Bajb&y received two years before at*
Hierafus. With this view, hafting back to Europe^ he lays a defeats thi
brid^ over the Danube^ ravages all Moldavia^ and encamps MoJ<lavi-
zxRazhbey a village on the river Siretus. Soon after IJlefan (K) ^^' •
(D] It is a monument with a
tower, placed qver the graves of
Wazirs and other great men.
(£) The fame with Karaz,
or Karafia,
(F) Thefe countries bear the
names of their firft princes, who
ivere Seljuks^ as before men-
tioned.
(G) Dukas relates, cap. 4,
that Ba-jexSd firft reduced the
Servians, and then Kanaian,
fxmce of Koiia^um (or Kotiaion) 5 ^
next he hade himfelf mailer of
Igma^ and TeJ/i, fon of Jtin (or
Jytin), and baniflied him to Ni'
cea ; where he died. He then
Seized Karia and Lyciay whofe
g;overnor, EU^ fled to the Fer-
Jians, In his way from Sardes
ID JdttniJJa (or Magnefia\ near
Mount Sypulusy K^eder, fon pf
Sarka/t, prince of Lydia and
jEoSa, came to fubmit to him.
Ba-yezid^ after giving him his
daughter in marriage, fent him
to Prtifaf and foon after dif-
patched him by poifon. This
done, he marched to Philadel-
phia, which had hitherto fingly
fiood out ; but wanting provi*
lions was forced to capitulate.
Recamiog to Europe, he rebuilt
the fort of KaliipoHs^ which thp .
Tisrks and Catalans had demo>,
lifhed ; built a port for the gal-
lies, and a tower for fccuriiy of
the port.
• ( H ) Rather Ghermiany or
Kermiari Ogli ; that is, the Jon
or dtfcendant ^Kermian.
(I j Dukas fzysj c. 4, that af-
ter taking him, with Kotiakum^
the capital of Pi6ryj^Vr, he fenc
him to Prufa ; but that, inftead
of going, he fled into Perfia.
(k) He was the greatell hero
of hi$ age, made great conquelU
from the Hungarians and Poies^
fubdued IValakbia as far as Bu^
kureft (the capital) ; Bajharabia^
now Bujaki the city Kili, at
the mouch of the Danube, and
Jk Kermdn, the Albm Grreca^ or
Oxia of the antients. He reign-
ed 47 years. His {on, Bog^^n^^
made Moldavia tributary to the.
Turks, who now call the inha-
bitants, from him, Bogddni ;
whom before they named Ak
Iflak (or .vulgarly Jk VlakbU
that is, the White Walakhians^
as they fHll call ^e fValakhians
Kara Iflak, OX Black WalMians.
Cant.
F3
Digitized
byGoogk
Hifiary of the Othm&n Turks. B. XV.
(or Stei>hen)i prince of thatx:ountry, arriving witli his amay^
fights a fierce battle ; but is overthrown. On this, he fled to
Nemz ; where, with a ftrong garrifon, he had Irft his nao-
ther ; who, from the walls, denies him entrance, and bids
him return, and retrieve his honour : faying, " fhe would ra-
" ther fee him perifti by the hand of an enemy, than branded
•* with the infamy of being faved by a woman." Jfttfizn,
flung with his mother's reproaches, departs from the city ;
^^^' , and by a trumpet, whom he met, gathers 1 2,000 Moldavians,
thrcnvnfy^^^^ had efcaped the f word. With thefe, felling on the
' ^^* enemy, difperfed over the field, and intent on fpoU, he put
them tor flight. Then, at Vajhlui^ twenty miles from 7^s^
(capital of Moldavia) routs the Turkifh army (L), takes the-
royal tents, ^nd obliges the SoltAn^ who was before the terror
of the world, to fly with a few attendants to Adrianopk.
Karaift* Mean while, Karaman Ogli hearing of tliis^great over-
Oo\\j!ain. ^^^9 ^^^ believing he had now a fair opportunity of cru/h-
* ing his power, befiegcs Kutahia, and ravages the Othmdn do-
minions in j^/ia, Bd-yezfdf more *enragcd at this than dif-,
couraged, with his ufual fpeed (M) raifes an army in Europe^
and before his arrival in Afia was fufpefted, meets the enemy
divided into many parties, and defeats them at the firft onfet.
Karamhn Ogli (N), flying with his fons to Jkjamiy is taken by
the purfuers ; and, being brought before the SoltAn^ is, by
his orders, beheaded, and his two fons condemned to perpe-
tual imprifonment at Prufa. Thus all Karamania fell under
the viftor*s power.
Farther In Europe^ he takes NigheboHy Silijlra, and Urv/chik, towns
conquejls, on the Danube ; and next year, in Jfta, reduces Amafia^ To-
(L) In this fecond battle he lightning. He acquainted no
, sna^e a memorable {laughter^ perfon with his defiens, and
which feven vaft piles o^TurklJh executed all matters of difficulty
bodies, erected after the battle, himfclf. CMfii.
witncfTed, by the confeffion of (N) Cant emir fays, pref. p.
Be^Larfen himfelf, the faithful 10, that /i>^ Karamanian^r/«f/x
^urktjh hiftorian. Cant, are falfely reckoned Oguzians^
(M) TheTjrry^/^hiftorians.to the founder bein^ one of the Per- ,
extol this Seltans expedition in fian governors ^ who revolted on
affembling troops, marching and Jcnghiz KhanV /«i;^(?«. Not
attacking his enemies, reprefent conlidering, or knowing, that
the natural fpeed of the Tatars^ thofe he calls "Perjians were Sel"
when compartd with his, as the jtdtianu and that the Seljukians
creeping ofafnail. He appeared derived their pedigr^ from
in Afia^ when thought to be in Oguz: and in all prob£jity the
Ej/ro^^andthe country, his com- Othmdns did it in imitSlioa of
ing preventing report; whence them.
th^y called him Hdniut, or
Digitized
byGoogk
hid,
C. f 4 Soltan Uddim B4-yez!d* 7 1
ItHNAfar, Sdmfun, Md Janfk (O) ; which hid been fiib- A. D.
jrfi to Soit/in Burhan Elkdin (P). • 39« •
After this, he returned to Europe. But had no fooner ^<^^y^^
paflcd the Straits <f KaJJipo/is, than he was informed^ that
&trumiQ^ Bd-yezid, prince of Kqftamoniy taking advan-
tige of his abfence, laid wafte his provinces in Jfia Minor,
The Soltdfiy leaving Europe to his generals, with the greater
part of his army repalles the flraits : but before he cam^,
Kutrtim was dead, and his fon Isfindar Beg (R) fent ambaf*
iadors to beg pardon for his father's offence, and promifed Tub*
miiEon. Bd-yeztd hereupon receives him into favour ; and, Kaila*
placing garrifons in the cities of Kqftamoniy TarakU Borii, niona.
indOtlfmaftjtk{S)y haftes back to Europe, and in the fame cam^ Thcffalo-
pain takes Selanik, or Thejfaknika. oika.
This
{ O ) He fliould have added
^invis^ or Sebajfe^ which fell
into his pofieffion, either this
time or very foon after; for,
according to the ^urkijh annals
of GauMtr^ BajePud inarching
to that city, in 797, A. D.
1394, the- Kadi Burhdn {\irren-
dered it to him, and he left his
fon Soley»id» governor of it.
(P) He fccms to have been
one of the Ferfian governors
before-mentioned \ his prinei-
pality was part of Armenia Ma^
J9r, Cant. According to Arab
ShdFs Bift. Tim. 1. 4, his name
was KaM Burbano ddin Jbul
Jhhds Ahmed. He was lord of
Ka^ariety Tuiat, and Si*wds, in
AJimhDu9ri his father was chan-
cellor to Soitam ArtaUu, lord of
Ki^aritaby and certain coun-
tries o( Karmnan. Ariatas 6y'
bg, he was made one of the
legents during the minority of
his fon ; who dy'mg, he feized
die Sokanai. He was learned,
Murageons, and a friend to Bd-
ytxid; having put to death Tim-
iir*s ambafiadorsy who had fum*
aKMicd him to fubinit. Butbe«.
ibre Timir invaded Ba-yevdiy
the Kadi was (lain by Qtbmdny
the Turkman. Shanfo'ddtn Alt,
in his Perfian hiftory of Timur^
1. v. c. 13. fays, he was put
to death by Timur : but we pre-
fer Arab Sbdb*s account, who
eives the particulars of his
death ; and, being a mortal
enemy to Timur^ would gladly
have had that princess death to
lay to his charge.
( Q^ ) His name intimates his
being lame in his feet or joints,
or weakened by fome nervous or
paralytic diforder. He was per-
haps one of the Perjian gover-
nors alfo. Cant, Vtry proba*
bly; for, on the fall of the SeljH"
kian monarbhy, the whole do*
minion came to be divided in-
to lefler ftates, efpecially when
the Tatars were withdrawn;
whereof the Greek and Turkijb
hiftorians only mention thofe
which lay moil weftward.
(R) Or Lfmdiar Beg.
f S ) A city, accojiding to
Busbekius, in Bithynia^ beyond
Mount Olympus, founded by Otb-
man, and therefore famous. Nor
is there any other city in the
whole Turkijh empire befides
this, which bears its founder's'
name, though many were built
F4 by
Digitized
byGoogk
72 Hiftity vf the Ottelan Turici;: B. XV ,
A. D. Ti*fs c*pe!iiti(5n over, he returns to Prx^ > where ne^rs iE
1394. prefently brought, that Sigijimnd, king oi Hungary^ in con-
t^'T^^*^ jtinftloii "stith other ChriJftian princes, having raifed an army
Chrifltan ^f 106,000 men, had entered the borders of the Turkijb em-
^feated P""^'" ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ Nikopolis. Bd-yezid in hafte aflembles
'^^ ^ * his forces, not exceeding 6d,ooo men ; and, paifing into Ew
ropey attatks the confederatfeS with Aich fury, that they vrerc
drfeated at the firft charge with great flaughter. All Sigif-
tmnd's partners in this expedition were tal^n or flain; him-
■felf only, efcaping firft to Cor^ahtinople (T), and thence by
'prater into his own territories. Th^e were found in his
eimp itiany warlike engines^ and a lar^ trcafurc ; with which
tiie Solt&n built both at Jdrianople and at Pryfa a noble fdmt^
with a Madrefeh and a Damjl-Jhtfa (U), or hof^tal far th^
fickr
Xjuzelhif- B A'TEZ ID^ having now nothing to fear from the weft-
far built, cm princes, turns all Ws forces ^ainft Thrace ; where he
Hej. 797. takes a caftle fituate on the Euxine fea, about 60 miles from
^' ^' Conftantinople ; and, to deprive thtEurvpeans of the meHns' to
* 394' paf$ into Jfia, builds a ti^w tity itl a place called Bqgaz Kc^
^fen. This he very ftrongly fortifies, and names Guzel^
Conflan- mf^r (X), or the beaut tfid cafile. The fame ydfer, he en*
tinople camps ^itJi a great aritiy ufider the walls of ^otiftdnlinople,
in'vefied. without oppofitiofi : but, ^ when preparations were made fot
an aflault, the prime Wazir dimiades him from the fiege :
reprefenting the danger of' a revolt in the new conquered
citiesT, not yet fettled, and oi alarming the Chriftian princes
into a confederacy. 0n thefeconfiderations, although he did hot
dfcfpait of liaking the city, yet; he advifo that the fiege fhould
be dtefeited, left, by grafping too mtrch, all ftiould be loft 5 and
that ambirfTadors ftiould be fent to the Ifiainbd tekkutri (Y),
by order of tiie SoMns. Cant, motmtains of Nitea ; frofii
Bat there Is ahotfeer Othtn^Hjik whence Conftantin^e is Yup-
^ on the rivw KexU Er^vk, be- pHed with matferiafs ifor build-
tween tbfia ^nd Afnafia^ ndt fair mg and fhippih^. £€uit^
from the B^ack Sea 5 if Bksbe- - (Y) Ifiafnbal Soems to be a
hus has fiOt tniflaken Chefuua- corrupdon ei Canflwuinopiei kt
tion of thfe place . the more kamed ^nrks, aad the
(T) This is the common bpi- emperor in his mandates writes
iri«)n of thieChriftian writers. Confiantakiyek Tekkur {ox Tiy^
( U) That is the- gate of i^abh^ gur) fignifies govtrnofi : hot they*
from^^^-y^ gafty znAfiifUy a fotfletimes call tlic emperor iugj- "
ftMtiiy. * fer^ Or Cajar, It is their inlo-
' (X) At prefer called Bcgdx- knee to call him only govcr-
^iechidy oar the faffage bf the nor* of ConftttKtmph, though at
Jiriaits^ between the Pr^pontfs that tiRi»e he had nothing left
^nd the J^mid DJ^kriy that is- without the wailt of rfic city.
,' - upon
i Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C.;. 4 Soktn Uderim Ba-yezid.
opoD a preTumpdon, that, as be could have no hopes of lav-
tng the city, he would gWlly fubiiit to any terms that were
jDfofed on him. , ^
Hereupon Ba-y^ifd fends his ambafladors to Paleolo- Entpert
gus (Z) with a letter, requiring him to deliver up the city to iicomu
im \ telling him, he had fubdued the refl of hie dbmiuions, iribuimy^
and that beyond the walls he hid nothing left : brft the am-
hafladors had ordeis, in cafe they found the Greeks averfe to
forrender the city, to conclude a peace on their paying a yearly
tribute. This contrivance had the effcft; and a truce is Kadi «f
made for ten years, on condition, that PaUohgus pay annu- Coniaiu
ally 10,000 Filuri Jltuti (A) ; that the Othmans'bc allowed to tinope.
build a Jami (B) and Mekieme (C)in Conjiantinople; alfo to
appoint a Kddi^ or judge, who was to decide between Moharri'
nudans : but when the difpute was between a Chriltian and a
Mohatnmedan, then the patriarch was to determine it. The
lame regulation was to take place alfo at Adrianople *.
This is the accoiint given by the Turkijb hiilorians re- TbeiJUs
lating to the Greek affairs. Let us now fee what the Greeks ravaged.
thcn5y ves fay upon the fubjeft. According to Dukas (D)^ after
Ba-yezid had made himfelf matter of Bithynic, Phrygia^
BulgariUy and Karia (E), he fent to require the emperor
John PaUohgus to pay tribute, and order his Xon Manuel with
100 men to follow hina in his war a^nil the Turks of Pam- - «. .
fh^a, John, who had no expeftation of fuccoui d from any *
ftate whatever, was obliged to comply. After this the '39'«
Sdt^n prohibited the exportation of corn ; which was annia-
ally made from Afia to the ifles of LefhoSy Khio, Lcnmos^ and
"Rhodes^ Havii^ alfo fitted out a fleet, he fent 60 great vef-
fcls to Khio, burned the city, and towns^ about it, ra\ aged
» Cant^mi&'s Othm. Hift. p. 47, & feqq.
(Z) This was Manuel, who 'Mehemt Tiijha, CaMt.
began his rei^n ill 1384. (D) What iCbalhnel^ldts \iVLt
(A) It is a pecoliar apfpdia- written with regard to BS-ye^H
tion of the Turkijh rufps, or ^he and his wars \ooki more like a
/Vir^'^M goldeB crewh, ik v^lae i*oifunice llian aliiftary ; bexng
300 afpers. Cam, made o)p . ckiefiy of fraited
(B) The Jam of Danvd Pa- fpeeches, leKcrs and . anfwers,
Jtd was builc on this occaiion. to fupply the want of good ma^
Cent. ... teriaJs : very few fadts being
(C^ This is the hail of judg- mentioned by him, hor are
ment, where caufes were heard thofe related with any accuracy
and determined. Th^re ate or order,
more than 20 Mekhfne in Con- (E) Gf vC^hich MelaJ/us was
fitHtinafli ; the chief that of' ihecaptal. I>uka$^ «ap. 17.
■ ' the
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Manuel,
imperor.
Thellalo
nika
Utken*
Chnftian
frincis
their
forces de*
feated.
Hifidry of the Othm4n Turks, B.XV.
the iflcs of the Archipelago^ Euboi^ and part of Attikd. The
emperor, ftill more alarmed at thde proceedings, rtfdved to
fortify the city on the fouth fide along the fliore, and built
two towers on the fide of the Golden Gate with the ftoncs of
. a church, whfch he had pulled down for that purpofe.
But, as foon as the war 'mPampiilia'wzs finiftied, B&^yezid
having fent to tell him, that, if he did notdemolifh thofe forti*
fications, he would put out the eyes of his fon Manuel, the em-
peror was forced to do what was rcquh"ed ; and foon after
died, as much oiF grief for the bad ftate of his afiairs, as of
his diftemper. Manuel, being informed of his father's deaths
efcaped from Pru/a, and got to Conjlantinople, When this
news came to the ears of Bd-yeztd, who had a defign to flay
him, he fent to make fcveral unjuft demands ; and, amoi^
the reft, to have a Kadi eftabliftied in that city, to decide the
differences between the Mufulmans fettled there on account of
trade; adding this threat : If youwill not obey my commands^
Jbutyourfelves up within the walls of your city ; for lam tr^
pojfejjion of all without.
The tyrant, after this, pafling from Bithynia into Thrace,
ruined all the villages between Panida and Conflantinople, car-
rying-off all the inhabitants. Next, he tookTheJfalonika, and all
the neighbouring places. He fent Abranefus into the Morea to
ravage Akhaia and Lacedemon ; while Tarkan was detached* to^
w^rds the Euxine fea, to put every thing on that fide to fire
and fword. He likewife Ihut up sdl the avenues to Conftantt^
nople, that the inhabitants might neither go in or out, nor be
fupplied with provifions ; which foon produced fuch a fcarchy,
that they were forced tp pull down the houfes for wood to
make fires.
The emperor hereupon wrote to the pope, the king of
France, and KrAloi Hungary, to let them know the extremity
he was reduced t© j-and the danger i^fhich the city was in of
falling into the hands of the enemies of the crofs, unlefs im-
mediately aflifted. The princes of the weft, touched with
ManuetsltXXj^r, arm in his defence; ^nd, in the beginning of
fpring, the duke of Burgundy ^ befides feveral Englijb, French^
and Italians, met in Hungary ; where being joined by Sigif
mond, Krhl of that country, and king of the Romans, they
pafTed the Danube at Nikopolts, Bd-yezid, having drawn all
the forces of his empire together, npt omitting thofe which
guarded Conjlantinople, marched along by Philippopolis, and
the mountains near the marflies ; where he waited for them.
Next day, the Chriftians appeared ; and, having made the
Tortoife, broke the main body of the enemy,^ and penetrated
to their rear. When the Flemmins few that the Turks (who
fought
Digitized by VjOOQIC
C.5' 4 S(Jtan Ilderim Ba-yeztd.
fbogbt with flii^ or bows) bqpm to fly, they purfued them
iodiferder, and made a great ilaughter. Then the guards of
Aepkcc (F), gathered out of kvmi ChrilHan nations, iffiied ^
firth of th^ ambufcade ; and, fidling impetuoufly, with a
great cry, upon the French and Hungarians ^ endofed them ;
and, having cut them in pieces, put the reft to flight. The
FlmmnSy feeing their frieqds defeated, fled themielves, and
Tore purfned to the Danube ; where fuch as efcaped the fword
were drowned. Several lords of great quality were taken ;
among the reft the duke of Burgundy^ count of Flanders ;
whom Bd-yezid fent to Prufa^ and afi^rwards rdeafed for a
great ranfbin.
The Soltan^ elated with this fuccefs, fent to fummon the Manud
emperor to furrender Conftantinople ; who did not vouchfafe '^^^f'L
to fend him an anfwer. Hereupon BA-yeztd^ afleAing to fup- ^' *^*
port the right which John^ the fon of Andronikus (G) had to *^93«
the empire, told him, that, in cafe he would yield the throne
to the lawfiil heir, he would lay down his arms, and maintain
peace with the city. Manuel, being a very wife prince, and
fearing the people, who began to divide in parties on this oc-
cafion, might be conftrained by the fcarcity, which increafed '
every day, to renounce their reUgion, and pve-up theur coun-
try, fent to his nephew John, who was then in the neighbour*
hood of Conflantinople with 1 0,000 Turks \ offering to yield
the city to him, provided he would only let him take the
galKes, which were then in the port, and retire with them
whither he pleafed. This being agreed on, Manuel put
John in poileilion of the palace ; and, going on board with
his wife and children, departed.
MJNVE L, arriving m the Morea, left his nwfe, and two ^^ ^'fi^
young children, Jehn and Theodorus, at Mochn. Then, fend- J^**^
ing back the gallies, went on board a large Aiip for Venice.
From thence, paffing through Italy, he went to France and
Germany. The princes received him every-where with great
honour, and made him rich prefents. He afterwards re-
tomed to Venice, and from thence xoModon ; whdre he abode,
cxpefting to fee the ruin of the empire.
BA'TETilD imagined that John would have furrendered
Conftantinople to him, as had beoi agreed on, in confideradon
of die Morea, and a treaty of peace. But John found means A. D.
to compound the matter by delivering up Selivrea, and ad- *394«
(F) This is to be anderfloo4 and brother of Mi«iAf/, who had
of the Janixaries, vifho guarded Seli'vrea, the only place which
the p^ce i which our author his fon John had left at his fa-
calls the Fori. therms doith.
(G) A fon of John Pakologus,
mitdng
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hijkfiry ^ ibe Othma* Torkfi. B. XV.
mittjog a judge lo(U) the city, to wbkh his cfla|>ir^ M«s cao^
£ned.
Wj^ile Ba^y^ztd^of^^Aj after fo ifuMiy conqaefts^ to take
TimurV a little reft, aewB came diat37>w^ ^^A, <Jr Tiwwi?^rt^(H), 'was
tm^afion : a^dyanciag to invade his dominions. Some authors {uretend,
thAtPalepkipu bad in his diftrefs wrtttdH to this Tatar piince ;.
promifing for his ^fiance to, hold his empire of him : but
t|iat he refuied to accept thereof, though at the fame time he.
engaged to fuccour him ; and this is thoitght to be one reafba
cf Tim^y expedition ^. But DukaSy the Gteak hiftoria0^
who has written beft of thefe affair S^ far from aifigning any
fuch rcafon for it, writes that Timur made this war in bebalf
i '.of -the Mohaipmedan princes, whom i5^-j^wrf had fhipped of
their dominions ; and that he commended the SoUAn for fpoU-
iQg the Chrcftians^ at the fame time he condemned 'him fibr
ijitading the Mu/ulmans ^ ; which we find Is nearly the truth
of the cafe, as delivered by the oriental hiftorians.
0ccafiM of According to the Turki/h writers, Ahmed Halamir (I)>
it. Khan of Baghdad, having, In the year 800^ revolted frcto the
Hej. 8oo, Solt^ of Egypt to Bi-yezid. This Utter by his means wrefts
A. D. from the Egyptians JlbyUn, MMJatia^ J^iyurghe (K), and-
>397* Nehhi. In his return, he enters the piiOfvince of Jrzingin (L),
' ^ Cantemir's Othm* Hift. p. 53* ^ Dukas, cap. 15^
(ri) As the Eurppeans cill in Perjtat after the deatK of
him. It is a corruption d^^i- ' Ahufaid Khan, from whom he
Tfikr lefi^ {or ^tfih- link) which, defceilded. He was the fon of
in Pferfian, figwifics imt kmtin Bheykh Awis, or Wm ; who be-
his thigh. Cant. Timur Ie»i {ig- ' came Sa/iSn of Ba^hd^J by ufur*
m^litme Timm a nickname pation, and 'tied 4o Malrk al
'.grven him hj the Fttfiai^s and N^tor^ fofCcf Mariek^ MamMi
'turks, Timihrp which wai his W/i»of £,g;^»pii the appfoach
• proper name,iigniiies trap. His of Timur ; after whofe death he
empire began in M^wtfr^VzrtfJ&r, was releafed, and returned %p
Ct G/eat Buiharia, <hc cavitdl Baghdad, the feat of' his king -
Whfcreof was ^^;w/;^;ffl«^; which dom. Set D'^Herh. p. 149. art.
hfe ofttfp^d "fiom the fncceflbrs J^vil AhTHed hen Avis. SharU
oi Japatay, or Zagatay K&Mn, fi'ddiii's'HifiSiittvr, 1. iii. c. 30,'
fta xnjmghtsc Khdn, and whofe & feqq. Alfo before, Vol. V. p.
limits he e3( tended over Tiartorj^ «o2. *
• ' part of Indi4t, Perfia, *nd the <K) RaA* Di'vnghi. - *'
counirie$ weftward as far aj the {L).PYilH)e Civ»/fmrr, propa-
Archipelago, See hi^ hiftory, gating an error before taken
vtoi. V. p. 208. notice (if, Tfead»Sjsf>-^^*^?T^ which
(J) HAl^ir impoits, in the is the tAtttttt Media Atrt^patia ;
Aiikim^ frffenty "or ptrpetual, whereas Afzing^ is a Crty on
lord. He was one ef tK^e prif^- the Euph^ej, towards* Arsa*"
ces who fct up for themfelves rum* • '
3 fubjcft
Digitizeci by VjCOQ IC
fol^cfl'to TtfArm iJ^g" ; and, dcfeadng the governors thereof,
it^ok on him a heavy tribute. Shortly after, fufpefting his
6khf, he carries his wife and two foiw in hoftage to Prv/a. ^
SoBK hiftorians of lefe authority fay, that the motive to this
afiioQ was his being enamoured with the lady; whom he
fbfced firom her huiband. Tabrin Beg (M), not brooking
the injury, puts hiimfidf under Trwrfrt protcftlpn, and cx-
dtes him' to make war on BA-ynid.
AccoRDrNGLT, in 804, that conqueror moves againft l^i^ytaSA
\m ; and, being met by Ildertm near Ph^a, a fierce battle de/tated.
. is fought, in which there fell on both fxcjcs more than 340,000 Hcj. 804.
men. At length the Turks are defeated ; Mufiifa^ Bd-yezicf^ A. D.
ddeft fon, is flain, fighting gallantly ; and the Solt&n him- '-4^««
lidf, bring taken prifoner, is (hut up in an iron cage, where
he ends his days. Timir hereupon enters Prufa^ and forces
the reil of the Afiatic countries to fubmit to his yoke ^.
The forgoing account of this war is fo very fliort, as well Tmkifli
as inaccurate (for neither the time nor the place of the battle, ^comm
DOT the treatment BA-yeztdmet widi,'are truly related)^ that ^^^^
one would imagine the Thrks have no good memoirs amoi^
Acm conoemiiig it. The place of battle indeed feems to have
been infiarted by Prince Cant emir by conjcfture : fi)r, in a note,
after t^ng us, that moft Chriftian writers (N) fay the battle
vras fbu^t on the banks of the Euphrates^ he alleges, that, as
all the Turkifb writers affirm ,that TimAr immediately after
the battle entered Prufa^ it is a clear proof, that it was fought
on the plains of that city. But this is contradifted by the
oriental (O), as well ias Greeks hiftorians; and even by the
Turktjb author of the aQnals of (7<ji/rf;^r * (which he fo much
runs down) ; who all agree to make the field of battle, tbf
plain of Enguriy or Ancyra*
* Caht. ubi iiipr. p. 54, & fe^q. • P. t%.
(M) Heis caJl€(i7W&ir/^ia their depeodencics. Takarttn
llm^oddtns tiifiory of Tiaur, gave notice to Timur of thi« ,
who, in 13879 ^Bjit to Arf^n- uimmons; which, according to
jailor Jrxengau) of which he Shartfi'ddm^ was die chief caufe
was priAce, to fummon him to of the war- Bid. 1. v. c. 13, ^
become tributary i. which he feq.
dk. Thereupon ^imir fcnt hiju ( N) He ms& have conftUed
the patents of inveititure. Hift> very bad writers then^ for the
9V«Kr, 1. ii. c. 58, 59- Apottt beft fay, it was fougkt near )dn*
^ year 1400, Bd-yfizaditntio cyra^ ox Enguri,
ixAti,7akarten, to repaicto his (O) As Arab Sbdi and Sha^
court,' and remit ^im the tri- nfodStu See aHb D'Htrb. art,
bites of Jrz4njdn, Arzirum, and 'fimur*
How-
Digitized by VjOOQ iC
7$ Hijiofyff thOAttAnTmks. B. XV".
A- D. • However that be, we prefumc it will not be unacceptable
1401. to our readers, to add a relation of that memorable eyent,
V>/7^ extrafted from an oriental author, who has written the life
Timiir'i oiTtmur Bik (P) with great minutenefs, judgment, and ac-
»v»v^. cm-acy.
The occafion of war between 77»z«r and B^-yezfd, ac-
cording to Shartfo'ddin ali Tezdi, was this. Bd-yeztd hav-
ing, aSer the death of the Kadi Burhano'ddtn^ made himfelf
'mafter of Siwds (or Sebqfte) and Malatfyah ; fent in very-
haughty terms to fummon Taharten (Q^), prince of AicT^n^
jdn^ to come to his court, and remit the tributes of that city,
Arzerim^ and their dependencies, to his treafury. Taharten^
immediately fent advice of this to Tindr (R) : who was fur-
prifed at the boldnefs of the Othmdn^ knowing that Taharten
was under his proteftion ; and fent him a very mortifying
letter (S), in which he calls him a ^ifnurCy a little prince i
and (what doubtlefs gave moft offence of all), a Turkman.
Bd-yezfd anfweis the ambafladq^, thiat he wanted to be at
war with their maftcr; and that iif Timi^r did not come to
feek him, he would go feek Ttm&r into the very heart erf"
ie tahs Perjia, At the return of the ambafladors, Tlmur, who was
Siwas : ^i^^a in Georgia^ fet forward towards Jjia Minor, which he
■ J a g' J entered the RrA o£ Moharram, 803 ; and, marching to Siwds
i^.1400 (^^ Sebajle), fent in purfuit of Mehemed Chelebi, furnamcd A^-
rijbchi\ whofe troops, being overtaken, were cut in pieces.
He then befieged the city, the walls of which were fo ruined
(P) Two authors, who have tis ie la Croix ^ junior, intcrprc-
written the hiftory ofTifnur, or tcr to Le<wit XIV. of France j
TaMerlan^ have come to Our and from thence into Englijh^
hands. < The firft, Ahnud ehn and publifhed, in 1723, in two
Arab Shdbf who publifhed it in volumes, oflavo.
Arabic, He was a &mous doc- ( QJ- The fame with Tehrim
tor of thi Mohammedan law, a Beg^ in the Tnrkt/h hiftory. The
native of Damajkus, and died, difference is doabdefs owing to
fii7«8^4, A.D.i4p. Itistranf- fome miftake in pointing th^
lated mto Frenclf by M. Vatier, charaftcrs.
The other is Mulla Sbarz/d'ddin (R) According to the annaU
Ali^ a native of Tezd, in Proper of the Otbmin Soltdns, tranflated
Perfia. He wrote in Perjian, by Gaudiery Germiati, DuKtnon
and pnblifhed his work at Sbi* Beg, prince o( Aydtn, and Men*
rdz, capital of the fame conn- takhia, joined with 7ebrin Beg
try, by order of IbrdMm Soltdn, in (Ending an embaiTy to Timir.
grandfon of Timur, in the year AnnaL 7urc, p. 22.
1424; that is, 19 years after (S) It wasdireftedto thePa-
that conqueror's death. It was di^dh, or emferor,- of Pthn, Ba*
Crtnflatcd into French by M. Pe» jiz^d^ the thunderer.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
C. 5. 4 Solt&n nderim Ba-yezid; 79
by httoing and iapping in dghteen days, that the inhabitants, A. D.
dmingont Moftafa^ the governor, implored the mercy of 7i- ■4^'*
ar; who granted it to the Mujubnans, but made flavet of ^^■^VN'
die Chriftiaiis. He ordered aUb 4000 Armenian cavahry of
thcgarrifon to be thrown into pits, dug for the purpoie, and
covered with earth ; razing at the fame time the walls (T) of
TIMURf after this (loth perhaps to crufli DA-yizid^ for •frnftmi
the resdbn hereafter g^ven) inftead of penetrating farther into
Bm^ tumed-ofTtowards Syria ; which he conquered from the
^i« of EgypU in revei^ for givii^ refuge to Sokiin Ahmed
]ekfr (U), and Kara Tufef, the Turkmdn (X) ; after which
k went and fubdued BaghdM. While TvmAr was thus em-
pbyed, Bd-yezidy at the inftigadon of thofe two princes to
revenge the ruin of Shuas^ went and took ArzenjAn^ after
roudng Taharten% and fent that prince's wife and children
priioDers to Bni/it^ or Prufa. Thn^r, on thb news, detached
a large body of troops, under the command of his fon, the
Mfrza Sbdh Rukh, to attack BH-yeztd. But this Soltkn, hav-
ing feat ambafladors to Tim^r, with a letter fidl xA fub-
miffion, and prevailed on Taharten himfelf, on promife c^
releafing his family, to intercede for hun in perfon, the^rAS^
Tatar monarch was appeafed. However, he told the am- ^"u*
baflador, that he expefted two things of his mafter, if he
intended to remove the caufe of quarrel between them :
one was, to deliver to him the fortrefs ci Kemak ( Y }»
which he faid belonged to the countries under his obedi-
ence; the other was, either to put Kara Tufrf to death, to
fend that robber and murderer of merchants, the worft of
villains, in chains to him, or at leaft to expel him out of his
^iomlnions. He promifed, in cafe of his compliance, not only to
aake peace with him, but alfo to fend him powerful fuccours
againft the infidels, whom he was at war with ; on accoui^t '
* Suarifo'ddin's Hift. Timftr, 1. v. c. 13, &feqq.
(T) Dukas gives nearly* the Timur^ 1. v. €.64. in a note,
tame tccoont; only he fays, die (U) The fame with Ahmed
walb, being undermined quite HaUnrnr.
round, fell down at once, when (X) He was the firft of die
the props or (horings came to d^ynaft^ 't)f the Kara Kuyoitikf
be homed ; and that the prin- or black Jbeep,
cipal inhabitants were thus bn- * ( Y) Kamahy or Kamkh^ a very
ried alive, tied neck aiid heeh. fbong caftle, fituaced on a high
/Mai, c. 1 5 ftimur conferred the rock, on the weft fide of the Eu*
government of the city on Kara fbrate^^ 21 miles fouth of ^Ar*
Ozman, fon of the Kadi Burba- sdnjdm.
«'^)i, bcfore-mcntion^. Hiji*
of
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
to Hj/larytftheOOmAtiyiHki B, X^
A. D. of which Avars, he fkid, it was diat he had forbom fo long r«
, 1402. ' invade his territories.
ty>r><J TIMUR, having treated the €tfmAn amfeaffadors witrJ
Bayezid'/ gi^t hononr, fent one of his owii in their company, with.
9bfiinacy, letter to BA^yezfi'y and afterwards another.
Hq. 804. When two months beyond the time agreed on for thrf
A. D. return were paflcd, he grew imp^ti^nt, and marched toward
1402. Anatolia. Being arrived ^t the caftle of Kemaky he befiegcd i t
and, haying taken It, g^ve the governnient thereof to Princ
FB-OM thence he marched to -Sfiy^, where one of his am
baflkdors met him with frefti ambaffadors from Ba-yezid, vlxh
an anfwer to his letter, cpnceived in very haughty terms
which provoked Tinier. However, at difmiffing thofe officers
he tola tjiem, that, copfidering their matter employed hi
whole ftrerigth againft the infidds, he was forry to be con
ftr^ined to invadp his dominions ; and that he was ftill willin|
to live at peace with Wm, provided he only reftored the officer
belonging to Prince Taharten ; and fent him one of Ills' fbng
who mbtild be treated with as much regard as his own.
€^ms to TIMUR^ haidnff reviewed his troops in the plain of Shv^j
Angori.' wsls informed that Sd'yeztdvrsis arrived at TojK^t : but becaufi
the road thither was full of forefts, heto(:)k thzt of Kay/arfyai
- from whence he matched towards Ankora (Y) ; which he vi
goroufly attacked. There advice being brought that Bd-yezt
W2fs advanced within four leagqes, to relieve the place, he raife<
tfie fiege ; and haiting after 'a fho;-t march, caufed his cam]
to be indofed by a trench fortified with- buckler? andpaKfedes
He had the river which waters the city bdrind him (Z) ; aixd a
the OthmSnf had no Wate?*, but that of a little fpring at the foo
of a hill near the pafTage of their army, he fent to deftro]
it^
f Sharifo'd. Hift. Tim. 1. j. c 34t^46.
(Y) Atrgurj, or Engun\ the Iftavlngliis comnxQcUaua flatioii
ancient Jncyra (rather JjitJtura.) to take xh,pdiv4;rfiQn of hjintioc
^ The GrM htilorians alfo make with hi^ troops, fimir went ape
tU3th£ jplaceoi* battle.. . «.took poiTemoQ of it. Me^i
(Z) Dukas tells us, that^^- time the heat being fo extreo^
.jK^had ewjainped in a plain, that 5000 T'ttri/ died with thirft
by a river, while Tiwur's army Jhe was obliged to give thcT^wuw-j
was po^ed on a drv fpot of b^tktke next day. jDz^. c.15.
ffomdi bat ch^t the Salfdn
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. ;. 4 Solclh Ilderim B^-yczid. 8 1
71MUR having fpent the night in prayer to God for A. D.
I'i&ry, in the morning ranged his army (A) in order of bat- 1402.
tfe. The three bodies into which it-was divided were com- ^— *v*«-J
manded by the Mtrzas, his fons and grandchildren (B), affifted ^f'^^ ^/
by his moft experienced captains, who afted as lieutenants- ^^°*^'«»
fowal ooder them. The Mtrzas Sh&h Rukh and Kalil Solt^n
were at the head of the left wing ; the van whereof was led
\>y die Mirza Soltdn Hujfeyn. The right wing was under the
coiBmand of the Mtrza Mirdn Sh&h ; and its van, of the
Mrza Mubekr. The main body confified of a vaft number
of die greateft lords of Jfia. Forty colonels were at the head
of their regiments on the rights and as many on the left.
The Mtrza Mehemed Soltdn was general of the whole body;
and before him was carried the great flafF, on whofe top was
a red hcwie-tail, and on that a half-moon (C). He had for
his lieutenants-general the Mirzas Pir Mehemed^ Omar Sheykhy
Ejkknder^ and other princes, his brothers (D). Tim&r himfelf
commanded the body of referve, compofed of forty complete
companies. He ordered feveral ranks of elephants, with fplen-
did trappings and towers on their backs filled with archers,
to be polled at the head of the whole army ; as well to inti-
midate the enemy, as to feive for tropliies of his Indian
wftories.
BjI^-YEZ id alfo took care to draw up his army in order. ^^^ Bay-
The right wing w^s commanded by PaJirLaus^ 2x1 European (E), eztd's
his wife's brother, with 20,000 cavalry of Europe^ all armed swings.
in fteel from head to foot ;• fo that nothing could be feen but
their eyes. Their armour was fattened below the foot by a
padlock^ which was to. be opened before their cuirafs or hel-
met could be taken off. The left was condufted by Muful-
wAi(F) Chelebiy fon oi Bd-yeZtd, and compofed of the Troops
of Anatolia. The main body was commanded by Bh-yezid
himfeif, having for his lieutenants -general his three fons, Mufa^
(A) Khalkondylas makes the (C) The enfigns of thcO//&-
anny of ^emur 800,000, and mans themfelves.
^f Bd'ye%td only 1 20,000 : but (D) fimur had four fons, and
Scbilferger, who was in the bat- 32 grandfons, living when he
tfc, (ays the firft had i ,600,000, died, all denoted by the title of
and the! atter 400,000. Kbalk. Mirza,
I. 3. c. 10. (E) This was Stephen, fon of
(B) Dukas {zyi, c. 15. That Lazarus^ ^^-j^zz^'s brother-in-
hc gave the right wing to his law; according to Diz^^j.
fon, the left to his grandfon, (F) Cantemir fuppofes him to
and commanded the rear him- be the fame with Solcymdn, Le-
iclf. uncla'viui Pandect^ No. 59, en-
Mod. Hist. Vol. XII.
deavours to prove it.
Digitized by VjOOQiC
Hlftory cf the Othman Turks. B. XV
j4yfa (G), and Mofiafa, Mehemed Chelehiy furnamed Kirifbc/ji
the moft flciiful of his five fons, was at the head of the rear
and had for his lieutenants fixPaftias, with a great number o
other brave officers. *
^he battle Abotjt ten in the morning (H) the y^/^zr infantry, witi
begins. their bucklers before them, ported themfelves on the neigh
bouring hills ; and while the OtfnnAns advanced in gock
order, and full of fpirits, the drum was beaten for the battle t<
beg^n, and the great cry, Siirun, made (I) at the found of th<
hujgc trumpet Kerrenay. In this interval Tim^r got ofF hij
horfe to go to prayers; then remounting, gave orders fbi
attacking the enemy.
The Mirza Jb^ bekr^ at the head of the van-guard of th<
right wing, began the battle, by a difcharge of arrows on the
Tufk's left wing, commanded by Mufuhnan Chelebi^ Bd^yez^ct*^
cldeft fon(K), ^ho performed noble aftibns: but not being
able to withftand the ftrength and intrepidity <rf the Tatar
troops, was forced to fly. The Mirza Saltan Hilfeyn, who
commanded the van of Timur's left wing, fell on the enemy's
right, and made a cruel ilaughtcr : but Tim^r perceiving thai
he had advanced too far, fent the Mirza Mehemed SoltAtiy at
the head of' all the BehSdrs, (6r forlorn hope) to fupport
him.
TheTixxks These rufhing full fpeed into the OtbmAn army, broke
give ivay, the ranks, and put them into great diforder. The Europeans y
on the other hand, gave marks of a prodigious valour, each
party repulfing its advcrfary by ttirns : but at length xh^Tatars
gained the advantage, by the death cf PefirLaus (L), and
the daughter of the infantry of the Turk's right wing. The
(G) By others written Ifa. head of 5000 Servians, rufhed
(H) This battle was fought firft on the enemy ; who opened
on Friday the 1 9tK of Zilkadch their ranks to let them pafs, aed
(or Dhulkadih) ; which anfwers then difcharged their arrows,
to the lilof yt4ly, N. S. The which did them no harm, their
year of the //(/Vtfij 804, anfwers armour being propf. Thus
to the Mogol } ear of the horfe ; they were treated on a fecond
which is the 7th of their cycle attack; whence 5/^//^/»perceiv -
pf 1 2 years. \i\g no good could be done
(I) Dukfis fays they began againftthem,whifpered-5^-j'f«f^
thefightwirh profound filence. to retire. Finding the Soltan
(K) The Turkijh hillorians deaf to his advice, he fet A/a-
make MuJJafa the eldeil, ac- fulmdn; that prince's eldeft fon,
cprding to Cayitemir. in the middle of his troops 5 and
(L) ijiJ:c.s 3 elates, thajt 5/^- breaking thro' the thicK ranks
fhevy fon of Lezatas^ Bd-y aid's of the Scythians, with his fword
fon-in-law, enraged at the trea- opened himfelf a paiTage to go
chej)' of the dcfcitcrs, at the to Prufa.
• Mirzas
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
05- 4 Solcin Ilderhti ^jciid. 8^
JiSnas Pit Mehemed^ Omar Sheykh^ and Ejiander^ who ^rerc A. D.
licBtcnants to thdr brother Mirza MehemedSohan^ chafed the 1402.
Otkmin infkntry from the hilk where they were pofted. Timur <*-/-VV^
pcqring the enemy began to give way, ordered the Mirzas
ttd Amirs (M) to fall upon them with the whole army. Thefe
jocnds according advanced, f\vord in band ; and having
Bade a terrible flanghter of part of them, the reft fled.
While the Mirza Mthemed Sohan rooted the right wing, j4re quite
fa companies of his foldiers afcended a hill (N), which pr6- oitr-
pcriy was their fk>ft. Bd-yezfd obferving their imall number, thrown*
ittacked tfaem, at the head of his main body ; and having
drircn them from thence, drew up his own men there. Tlw
fa companies having joined the Mfrza, rallied ; and being ^
rdnfbrced wirii fevanal regiments, returned, with defign to
attack Ba-yezid's main body. TTie Othmkn emperbr havirig
from the hiU carefrdly examined the difpofition of his army,
md perceiving the diforder, or rather defeat, of his twb
Wings (O), whofe foldiers fled to join him, he was felzed
with fear. Mean while 77jn^r having advanced with theTW/rzti
^hUi Rttkhi entered into the midft of the enemy. The Mirzas
and Amtrs of the right and left wings hafted thither likewife ;
and being come up, all the troops falling upon Bh-yezid^ fur-
ronnded him, with hi army ; like beafts inciofed in the circle
rf achace{P).
(M) Thefe were the great calling to Bi-yezld id dlfmounf^
commanders who fer\'ed as and come J^eakto'X7^^x\^Vi^'wh9
licmcnaiits'-general under the called for him^ he alighted ;
Hffjctfi, «r princes, fons of T'/wwr. and being fet on a little horfe,
(N) Dukas alfo takes notice for the ptirpofe, was carried to
of tkis : he fays, that Baye%et tlie viftor's tent,
aftrended a hill with 10,000 (O) Dukas^ c. 15, iroputc4
JanhcaritSy the reft of his army, the overthrow Ci{Bdyc%id to the
who fled, being flain : that the defcrtion of fome of the con-
^fTfiSftfffi, feeing the 5ff//iw taken quered princes. He fays, that
as in a net', agreed to fend the one of the chief commanders,
foldiers home naked ; according who had formerly ferved Atin^
tt) aa aweitfrtt cuftom among the hearing that he was in Tamer-
Rowxanj, Pcrfians, Serbians, and lan^s army, went over to it with
Scyti^amy not to kill their ene- 500 horfej whofe example was
mies, on account of religiori, followed by the troops of ^^r^f^ir,
nor keep them prifoners, but MantaMay^ndKarmian, moved
only to ftrip them, and ffpnd thereto by the voice and gefturc
theto back: hut iht Tanizaries of their princes: after which
falling on them like lions, and thcTfl/arj furronnded theTwryfj.
being not above one to ten, were (?) Alluding to the Tatar
all cut in ^eces; then the enemy way of hunting, ^
G % ' The
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Ba-yezid
' Ht^^ry (?/ /i^ Othman Turks. B.XV.'
The ^olt&n^ notwithftanding the miferablc ftate to whicH
he was reduced, maintsdned Ws ground all day, lildfe a brave
hero, and fldlful warrior 5 and when night came on, he de-
fcended from the hill, and fled (Q^) : but being vigoroufly
purfued, he was at laft overtaken and fdzed by Solt&n MahmAd
Kh&n (R) ; and, at fun-fet, prefented by the Great AnArs to
Timur J who; moved to fee fo great a prince in that condi-
tion, ordered him to be unbound, and brought before him
with refpeft (S). He went to recdve him at the door of Ids
tent with great ceremony; and making him fit down by him,
in mild terms accufed him with being the caufc of his orwn
misfortune, byrefufing to comply with his reafonablc demands.
Bh-yezid having confcfled the charee, and afked .pardon, the
conqueror gave him a fplendid veu, promifed to ufe neither
him nor his friends ill; and treated him as a great emperor.
The captive Solt&n percdring Timdr^s generofity, befought
him to order fearch to be made for his fons Mu/a and Jlfo--
fiafa (T), who were with him in the battle. Search was ac-
cordingly made, but only Muja found (U)*. This prince, Tim4ir^
[fX^ The weather was fo hot,
that moft of the foldiers who
fled died for thirft, they having
no water in the place where they
went to reftthcmfelvcs. Dukas
fays, 500 ^urks died of thirft.
See before note .
(R) The Great Khan of Ja^
gatayy now called Qreat Buk-
haria^ who had the title of
Khan, while "[imiir poflefled all
the power*
(S) Dukas fays, that Tamer Jan
kept him a long, time (binding
at his tent door; whilehe played
at chefs with his fon Siacruc
- (Shah Rukh), the foldiers (hout-
ing for joy ; and faying. Here
isBii-yczid, genera/ of the Turks,
reduced under your po^er, and
loaded ^ith chain i. At laft,
Jamerlan breaking off the game,
and looking at his prifoner, faid,
,Is this he <who ordered us to fe-
parate ourfchves from our av/Vf/>
if fwe did not make njcar upon
him? Bd-yeztd anfwered he w^as
the perffn ; bat that the vidor
ought not to infult the vanqaifh-
ed. The conqueror then made
him fit oppoiite to him, and cojn>
forted mm ; promifing not to
put him to death, or treat him
with the fame cruelty as he had
done others.
(T) According to Dukas, Bu^
yexid had with him in the bat-
tle four fons, Mufulmany EJfes (or
IJfa)y Mahomet^ and Mofes (or
Muja)f beiides Mofafa and Or^
khan, who were left at hotne,
being children. Dukas, c 1 7,
Muftdman feems to be Soley^
man,
(U) Nor did he ever afcer-
wards appear ; which procured
him the epithet of Nabedid, or,
7he loft. Some Chriflian au-
thors call him Erdogul, Can*
temir.
after
Digitized
byGoogk
C 5. 4 Solcan Uderim Ba-yez!d. 1$
after prefenting hini a veft, fcnt to his father; for whom he A. D.
orderal a royal pavilion (X) to be erefted, near his own «. Ho*-
After this viftory, Tai^h^ governor of SiwdSy delivered ^^^'^^^^
the city and caftlc to Tim4r, who then fent out feveral detach- AnatoKa
waits to fcour th^ country on every fide, and ravage all Jna- /aUwafie.
tJia; where the Tatars found fuch ftore of wealth, that every
jnan became rich with his (hare of the plunder.
The Mirza Mehemed Soltttn was fent to Prufa to feize the
treafures of Ba-yesud; but Mufulmdn Chelebi had got thither
before him, and carried them off. However, he fcized the
Soban*s wife and two daughters, who had hidden themfelves
at Tenijbahr (Y) ; with the daughters of Soltan Ahmed Jelayr^
king of Bdghdddy whom ffd-yezid had demanded in marriage
for his fon Mojiafa : but Kara Tiifif had fled before the battle
into Arabia. - '^
PRUSAvf^ burned, Nicea pillaged, and the country ra- Timfir'/
Taged, as far as the Thracian BoJphoruSj over vfYachMiifuhn^nS^'^^Py^
Cheltbi fled ; leaving his wife and efFefts a prey to his purfuers.
TtmAr wzs then at Kyutahiyeh (Z), a delightful city, two days
journey from Pru/a, where he (laid aftionth ; during that time,
he fent Bd-yezid Ms wife Deftina (A), daughter of Laus (be-
fore mentioned), with his daughter, and all his domeiUcs :
but was defirous that princefs, who till then had been tole-
rated in the Chriftian religion, even in the faray (or feraglio), ^
fiiould embrace Mohammedifin, On the other hand. Amir
Mehemed, fon of KarhnAuy who had for 1 2 years been kept
in chains by Bd-yezid, being brought to court, Tim^r honoured
him with a veft and belt, and gave him the government of the
whole province of Kardmaniay with Koniyahy Laranda, Ak
Saray, Anzarya^ Alaya^ and their dependencies **•
• Sharifo'd. 1. 5. c. 47-49. ^ Ibid. 1. j. c. 50-52. Dukas^
C 16, U. feq.
(X) Z>ff^ relates, that his fon fpurious, own it was done,
Mdfiummd attempted to deliver upon Ba-yezid^s telling Timur,
him, by a paflage made under- that he would have ferved him
eroand to the tent ; which was in the fame manner, had he
difcovered by the guards, who fallen into his hands. See An-
observed the earth to move. But maL Soltan. Othm. p. 25.
ndtherhe notKhalkontfylas men- (Y) A city four leagues from
tion any thing of the iron cage, Prufa.
which appears to be a Turkijh (Z) Dukas calls it Kotiayon,
fi^on, to dilhonour Timury by (A) European romancers call
dilhonouring their emperor, her Roxana j and pretend fimur
However, ^omc of thofe who kept her for his own ufc.
rdate that fad, whether true or
G 3 ' TIMUR^
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Greeks
Htfiory of tU Othipin Turks. B. XV.
TIMUR^ marching ixom Kyutahiyeh to TanguHik, ipadc
feafts and balls, to which Ba-yezld was invited for his enter-
tainment, ^imur did every thing to pjeafe him ; and ever
bellowed on him the kingdom of Anatolia'^ which he poflefled
before, by placing the crown on his head, iind granting him
the patents ufual on thofe occafions.
TIMUR from hence fent ambafladors to Conjlantinopl^^ to
ferorfub' fummon the Tekkdry or Greek emperor, to pay the tribute and
^^^^' cuftoms ; alfo two meflengers to Mufulman Chelehi^ Bd-ye%^d*s
fon (who reiided at Guzelhiffary built by his father, oppoAtfS
toConftantinople)^ to tell him that he muft either repair to court,
or fend Timdr fome money ; and that otherwife he would crofe
the Straits in queft of him. Some time after the ambafladors
returned, with two from the Qreek Tekk&r^ to notify their
matter's fubmiffion. The meflcngers likewife arrived with
Sheykh Ramadan^ prime minifter to B^-yeztdy and Grand Kadi
of the Empire^ who brought a letter from Mufulman Chelebiy
fignifying his obligations for the favours fhewn his father;
and his readinefs to wait onTimur^ if it was his pleafure.
After this, Timir loiderftanding that there were on the
fta-coaft two ftrong fortrefles, named £2»2/r (pv-^ Smyrna) one
inhabited by Mu/ulmdns^ the other by Chrittians ; he, out of
zeal to religion, went and befieged the latter (B), which he
took in 14 diys^ net without great oppofition : for it was built
fo ftrongly with free-ftonc and morter, that Sol tan Mordd
had feveral times attempted it," and Ba-yezid hcfiegcd it fevcn
years in vain. To attack the place on the fide of the fea, as
well as land, they built in the midft of the water great fcaffblds,
©ear one another, each fupported by three feet. From thence,
to the two fides of the cattle, they made an even way, which
they fecured on each fide; fo that the Mu/uimAns, armed with
their bucklers, fought on thofe fcaffolds, and made their at-
tacks as fecurely as on fand : befides, the pafTage to the fe^
}5eing by this means Aiut up (C), there was no poiTibility of
bringing any fuccour to the place. Mean time, they at once
battered and undermined the walls and towers : when the
fepping w;^s finiihed, they fet fire to th.e props, and, of a fud-
Chrjfiian
,8myrna
ruined.
I
(B) Dnkas calls it a little city,
L'hich the knights oi Rhodes had
fortified in the time of Amir;
and fays^thpinbabitants thought
j$ iiTj pregnable, !?ecaufejp^-ym^
jiacf been pbligQ.d to turn the
fic^e into q, bloc^acjd.
[C)' Duias fivys, Tamerlan
^a^ pp the port, by ordering
part of his ^ririy to throw every
man a ftone into the mouth of
it : that this was cjieftuallydone
in an hour or two ; and that i f
the befieged had not gotten out
their fhips to fea before-hand,
tjiey would all have been de-
urpyec}.*
Digitized
byGoogk
den^
C. 5. 4 Soltan Ilderim Ba-yezid. i /
deo, the baftions and curtains fell down. The Mufulmans A. D.
then entering the town, put the inhabitants tp the fword, after "4<53-
they had made a moft brave defence ; never ceafing to throw ^^•N'^-^
pots of naphta and wild-fire, arrows and ftones, on the be-
ii^ers: a few efcaped, by fwimming to the fhips(D). Their
houfes were all demoliflied. Thofe of Fcja (or Pkocaa) avoided
the fame misfortune, by fubmitting to pay tribute (E). At
the fame time Sheykh Ramadan having come a fecond time from
Mufulmdn Chelebi^ with rich prefents, and humble fubmiflions ;
Tmur confirmed him in the principality of Ifra Taka (F), by
patents fealed with his red hand, and fent him a veft woven
with gold,*^ a crown and a belt. An ambaflador from Iffh Che-
hbi (Q), another of Bd-yezicts fons, was foon after received
with honour.
TIMURy before he left Ezmfr^ fumiftied the inhabitants Death 0^
of the Mohatrtmedan fortrefs with arms ; and ordered them to Ba-yczid.
build a ftrong citadel near the place where the Chriftian town
flood, in order to hinder iht Europeans from ever fettling there
any more. Being come to ^^oltdn Hijfar^ he gave the cities
d Kyutahiyehy Tanguzlik, and Kara Shahry wi^h the province
of Ghermiaueyliy to Yakub Chelebiy tb whom they belonged by
right of fucceflion. Then he went and took the town of
EgrlJur {li)y fituate on the lake Falak MdJ{l)y in the country
or Haniid Eyii. Afterwards he marched on to M Shahr,
At this place BA-yezzd, who had fallen ill at Egridur, died of
an apoplexy the 14th of ShabanSOy ; which misfortune Timiir M^^^<^h 23,
(D) The knights of ^W^j ing to the Genosfes, the firft to the H°3-
fled firftinto the caftle, and then princt; of Lrfics, they fent early
into the gallies, which were to Tamer tan ^ who received their
near it. The Chrillians, who prefei^, and made peace with
had taken refuge in the pface, them. After tlia:, having font
followed into the fea, with their his grandfon to obferve the
wives and children ; fcme laid firength of thofe places, the
hold of the rudder, others of prince of /.^^.9i went in a galley
the oars, praying to, and (Trying to receive him ; entertained him
to be taken on board : but magnificently ; and, having
the compalTionate knight^thruft (hewed him all forts of diver-
thcm otf with forks, leaving fions, fent him back with very
them half-dead, and put to fea. rich prefents. Duk.u^ c. 17.
Being feized by the Scythians^ to (F) That is, Titrky in Europe^
the number of 1000, Tamerlan \G) He is mentioned by Du^
ordered their heads to be cut kas in a former note. -
ofr,and a tower to be built with (H) Or Jgridi.
Acm and ftones mixed. Dukas, (I) This lake is five leagues
c. 17.' long and four broad, with two
(E) Of thefe two Pboceas, the ifles in it, called Ghidijliin and
old and new, the latter belong- Najittn,
G 4 bewailed
Digitized by VjOQQIC
Hiftory of the Othman Turks. B, XV;
bewailed with tears ; having refolved, after the conqueft of
Anatolia^ to reftore him. He gave largeffcs to Bd-yexicTs
officers ; and difmifled Muja Chelebi, with a royal veft, a belt.
Hi J pomp' ^ fvvord, and a quiver inlaid with precious ftones, a load of
ouj/une- gold, and 30 hones ; telling him, that his father's corps ftiOHld
be conveyed to Prufa (K), with pomp becoming the greateft
king, to be interred in the maufoleum built there by himfelf.
TIMURf in leaving Anatolia^ the conqueft of which he
atchieved in one year, carried with him the Kara Tatars^ fet-
tled about Kayfariyah and Amafta^ in order to re-people fomc
lands in Tartary *^.
^eign and BA-TEZJD reigned 14 years three months, and lived 58.
charaaer. He was famous for firmnefs of mind, and quicknefs of aftion ;
fubjeft to anger, but foon foftened into clemency : fo great a
lover of architefture, that temples, academies, and hofpitals,
were erefted by him every year. He was the firft of the Oth-
mdn race, who waged naval wars ; having built about 300 long
veflels for that purpofe.
Concerning his fons, under the corrupted names of £r-
dogidy Iffdy Kalepin, CyricelebiSj and Cibeiiny many things arc
related by the Chriftian writers (L) ; which appear to be fiftiri-
ous, both from the courfe of the hiftory, and teftimony of the
Turkifh authors. Thefe latter unanimoully afcribe to Bd-yeztd
four fons, Mojlafa^ who fell in the battle, ^o/rywi/z, Mu/a, and
MohAmmed, Altho' the three laft fwayed the Turkijh fceptre,
yet Mohhmined only is reckoned among the Othman emperors :
becaufe he enjoyed the whole empire, which neither of the other
two did ; one governing \n Europe^ while the other reigned in
« Sharifo'd, L 5. c. 53-63. * Cant. Othm/Hift. p. 56,
& fcq.
(K) Dukas hy$, that Bd-yeztd OrthobuUs^ who, he fays, was
died mPhrygia Salutaris^ called taken in Sebafie^ or Siiudst and-
by the Turks Karafdr : that it put to death by Timurs order,
was reported he poifoned him- I^a is mentioned by Duias, and
felf, to avoid being led in tri- is the ^o/ua of the former.
umph : that, when near his The third and fifth feem to be
death, he fent to defire of Ta- corruptions of Chelebi^ the tide
merlan, that his body might be formerly of the O/i^/sviii princes;
buried in the tomb which he andCynV^/^^i/ is, doubtlefs, Aif-
had built at Prufa', which re- rijhchi Chelebi, the furname of
queft was granted. Mehemetr George Phranza^hi,
(L) Khdlkondyhs mentions c. 8;j, calls him Cyritzis.
InUrregnum
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C.5« Jnterregnuml J^
A.D.
Interregnum under Solcyman Chelcbi (A). KysrsJ
VOLET Mj4Ny fecond fon of Bd-yezfd, having efcaped out Solcymin
^ of the battle with his father's Prime WazJr, M B^bd^ fled Chelcbi
M to Nicea ; from whence, fhortly after, he rep^ed to Jdria-
n^ic, where he was fainted emperor by the remains of the
European army *.
Thb ^r^^^ writer Dukas relates this matter after another man-
ner, and with drcumftances which make his account credible. A. D.
Accordii^ to him, Mufulman (who is the Soleym&n of the Turkifb ^ 4^*«
hiftorians) paffing over from Jjia to ConftantinopUy implores the
proteftion of the emperor Manuel (who, on the defeat of
Bd-yeziJ, refumed the fovereign power (B), with the confent
of the great officers) : -and dcfiring only the government oE
Thrace, with fome other provinces, agreed to give up Theffa-
lonlka ; the cities along the Strymoriy as far as Zeturuon, to-
gether with the Morea ; the places from Panida to the facred
entrance, and the forts on the Euxine fea, as far as Vama»
After matters were concluded, the emperor fent him to Adrian
nopky and difpatched proper perfons to recdve the above-mcn-
tkmed cities in his name^ and drive out the Turks, Thus far
Dvkas^.
TIMUR, on his arrival at Prufdy fends ambal&dors to SfoUigti
that prince, with a letter, importing, ** That he was forry for Timilr.
" his father's unexpefted death ; and that provided BJfyeztJ's
" family would only acknowlege his clemency, he would, in-
" flead of an enemy, be a friend, nay, a father to them."
SoUymdny inflead of complying with the conqueror's propofal,
treats his ambafTadors injurioufly ; and returns him a proud ^
anfwer (C). Hereupon 'fimdr fends for his brother Mufi
Chelebiy and confers the empire on him ; faying, Receive thy
father's inheritance, for it is not kingdoms^ but a kingly mmJp
lfeek\
Here we fhall break off the thread of the Othmdn hiflory State of
again, as delivered by the Turkifb hiftorians, to conneft wth AnatoUa*
» Camt. Othm. Hifl. p. 58, & fcq. * Dukas^ C. 18.
* Camt. p. 59.
(A) This SoUymdn Chelebi is . (B) Baniflung John to Lefiot.
the fame whom others call ilf«- (C) The tenor of thefe letters
fulwm Chelebi, and feme, Gz- is not given hy the Tutkijb
Upiut which is a corruption of writers ; but they own TimOr
Wthi, was jnfUy offisilded widi them.
3 it
Digitized
byGoogk
90 Hiftory of tht Othman Turks. B. XV
Sokynun it that of the Greeks : "vhich yet we fhall do, without con
Chekbi. founding one with the other ; smd in fuch a manner, that th<
V^p^yi— ly reader m^y perufe the tccoum on each fide, withcmt interrup
tion. According to Dukas, after the Scythian {or Tatar) in'
yafion, while Thrace enjoyed a profound peace, the provinces
of Jfia v/ere in great confufion, as well as afflifted with th<
plague and famine. Karmian^ furnamed Alif&r, by confenl
of Tamer lan^ took pofleflion of the countries which belonged
to his anceftors. Sarkdn re-entered Lydi<i ; Or KhAn, and tJh^
two fons of Jtin (or Jydinjy Jmir, and I/a^ had Ionia ; while
EJi, fon of Mantakhiay enjoyed Karia and Lycia^
Moham- MOHAMMED (fon of Bd-yezidJ, remained at Ancyra,
ined Je- with Mufa^ his youngeft brother, in a private condition, with-
feats Ifa. o^it any fovereign power ; nor was Moftafa in a better ftate.
However, Mohammed fent Temirta, who had been one of his
father's generals, to attack J/hj whom he took, and flevr ;
which raifed both the reputation and power of his mafter in
Gahfia,
Exploits of Mean time one Cineis (D), whofe fatiier, Kara Su Bq/hd,
Chuneid ha^^g been for a long time governor of Smyrna, was hig^y
^^%* efteemed by the people of Ionia, made war againft the two
foas tof jitin (or AydinJ, who pofTefled Ephefus, which he
^oiok in a feiv days ; and then fends to tell Mufulman, it was for
him that he had conquered the principality of Jtin, At the
fame time he demanded fuccours to make head againft his ene-
^ mics; which being fent" him from Kallipolisy the fons of jiltin
were quite driven out of the country.
His father In the fpring, two years after the Scythian invafion, Jmir,
taken. -whofe brother was dead, retired to the court of Mantakhia
ffHe ^, |)rince rf. Karia, his unkle ; who, at his requeft,
lurched with him, at the head of 6000 men, towards Ephe/bs,
where Karafu commanded with 3000 men, and made a ftout
4efeo«e. But the enemy having fired the city, the inhabitants
(UFire.ndei*ed it ; and Kara Su Bajha retired into the citadel,
where he held out till autumn, expefting relief from his fon
€in4U^ who was at Smyrna. He then yielded the place to
tht coaq^ief or, who carried him into his dominions ; and im-
prifoned him with others in the fort of Mamala.
Set at li- ALyHOUGH Cineis C(>uld not fuccour his father by land,
kerty. he did by fea : for arriving at the fort in a galley, he g^vc
notice to the prifoners ; who, making their guards drunk, let
themfelves down by ropes in the night, and efcapcd to Smyrna*
(T>) This is the fame with read, Chuneid, whereof Cineis
Tzunnt, or Hxuncites beg, in is a corruption.
l^unclavius ', which may be
Towards
Digitized
by(iioogk
C.5. Jntenignum. ^i
Towards wiater, Cineis marched to att^ E§hefus \ vhich, Sokvmaft
00 Jmir*% retiring ioto the citadel, he plundered^ and com- Chelebi.
flited unheard-of cruelties. At length, on promife of his ^'-•"V^t^
(Jacghter in marriage, Amir came forth, and embraced Ciims ; ^S^^"
vho proclaimed him lieutenam-general of the country of A tin '^V^ ^'
(QT/iydsn)y 3Jid (hook off Mu/uhndn's yoke. ^^^'
CINEIS afterwards, accompanied by Jmir, viiited his^'w/Ay-
toritories, and* di-ew over to his intereft the cities fituated on ^*°«
thsAIenander, with thofe oi Philadelphia ^ Sardes^ and Nymphea^
as fer as the river Hermon ; making his relations and friends
goremors. In fhort, Vhile he was ztEphefus with his future
fon-in-law, it was reported of a fudden that the duke (E) was
dead ; ^ and next morning his corpfe was carried to Fort
Pirgion, near Mount Tmolus, there to be buried in the fe-
pblchre of his anceftors.
Then Cineis ^ taking on him the government as an inherit- Excites the
ance, fet up for a fovereign prince in Afta : but Mufulman Scljfik
m>t being able to bear this, refolvcd to humble him ; and P^^^^^*
croilii^ over to Pruja^ was received with great joy. While
he was railing forces for that purpofe, in the beginning of
fpring, due is hafles firft to Karamdn, 2X Kogni (or Ikonium)^
and then to Karmian, at Kotiayon (or Kctiaum) ; whom,
after putting them in mind of what they had fuffered from
Bd-yezfdy he advifed not to wait till the ferpent he had left
behind fwallowed them all up, but to cruih him before he
grew any bigger.
Induced bythefereafons, they accompanied him to ^/A^/, a^aiftji
vnxh their forces. Kardman brought 30,000 men, Karmian Moful-
10,000, zndCineis had 5,000. Mean time, Mu/ulmdn, with™^-
25,000 troops, marched by Lopadion, and the field oi Mono-
mene, to Smyrna. Being fomcwhat difturbed at the jun^Hon
of thofe two princes, he proceeded to Mefaulion, near Ephefus,
where he intrenched himfelf, for fear of the enemy; and kept
ia the midfl of his camp. The two armies were but fix leagues
afandcr, yet durft not venture to approach nearer one another.
During this fufpenfion, Cineis was informed by an iviti- Flits u
mate friend, that Karaman. and Karmian intended to feize Muful-
him that night, and make their peace with Mufulmt^n, by de* uian.
liveriag him up. Cineis, on this advice, orders candles to be
lighted in his tent, and rides pofl-hafte to the citadel, of which
his brother Bd-yezid was governor ; and exhorts him to defend
the plac^ tUl next day : then in the night repairs to the camp
of Mufulman, with a cord about his neck, and confefling his
guilt, fubnaits to his mercy. Mufulm&n forgives, and prelents
{E) That is, Jmir.
hinj
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
gi Hiftory of the Othman Turks. B. XV
Soleyman him with a rich vcft > then marches towards Ephefus. Th<
Chclebi. two princes having been to look for Cineis at midnight, in hii
^•W^ tent, and not finding him, were in fear of being furprifed,
The army, in confufion, began to pack up their baggage ;
and, ^t fun-rife, while they forded the Menander on one fide,
Mufulmdn eroded it with his army over a bridge near Mount
Calefius^ and entered Ephefus. Cineis would have had him
purfue the enemy ; but not caring to truft him, would not
follow his adwe. In fhort, he encamped thereabout, and
flayed four months, wholly plunged in debaucherf and plea-
fures, to which he\vas ftrangely addifted**.
Let us now return to the Turkijb hiftorians. Soleym&n^
upon the news that 7/m<^r had advanced his brother Mvfa to
the throne (F), pafles into Afia with the European forces, and
marches direftly to Prufa{G). From thence Mufa^ being
much inferior in ftrength (as the Jfiatic troops could not be
fo foon recruited) fled to Karamdn ogli(H): but not thinking
himfelf fafe there, refolved to retire to Isfendar beg (I) ; from
which he was diverted by the ambafladors of that prince, who
apprehended Soleymdn's refentment. Nor did he judge amifs,
for Soleymdn prefently advanced towards Isfendar beg's domi-
* DUKAS, c. i8.
Defeats
Mofa.
(F) Duias mentions nothing
of Timor's fetting up Mu/a ; but
fays, he fled from Jncyra, where
he dwelt, with Mahomet, to
Spintiar (that is Lfandiar) a
Turkman, who poiTeUed Zinofe %
and that Spintiar permitted him
to crofs the Euxine fea, to go
into }Valakhia\ where he ga-
thered forces. The reft of his
relation agrees very well with
the furkijh account, excepting
in a few paflages, inferted in the
notes.
(G) This we conceive was at
the fame time, when, as hach
been before related, he was on
his expedition againft Cineis ;
againft whom he marched,
finding Mufa fled from Prufa.
(H ) ThtTurkiJh writers make
the K^ramdnian kingdom more
ancient than the Othman ; and
even coeval with that of IkQ*
niumf under Aladin, Hence
Cantemir cenfures the Greek
writers, who refer the divifion
of the Perfian provinces to the
time of Othman : but he runs
upon a falfe fcheme, for want
of being acquainted with the
Seljukian hiftory ; from whence
it appears, that the diviiion hap-
pened at the time of Othman^
appearance, or not long before.
The fame author fays, Kara-
mania contains the greater part
of the Old Kapadocia and Gala*
tia : he might have added part
of Phrygia and Qlicia ; which
laft alone is coniidered by mod
Chriftian authors as the king-
dom of Karamdn,
(I) Or hfandiar beg. He
was fon ot Kutrum iayezH
prince of Kaftamona^ before
mentioned, Pbranxa writes,
S/entiar*
mens*
Digitized
byGoogk
C. $. Intemgnum': 93
nfoQs: bat being mads fenfibk that his brother was iK>t thei^ Solev^^
be returns to Pru/a; where, defpifing Mu/a*s attempts, he Chclcbi.
fff€s himfelf wholly up to gluttony and drunkcnncfs (K). <■ -^"^i
His brother Mohammed, prince of Ama/ia, having fent am-
bafiEulors to falute him emperor, and offer prefents, he fpeaks
foj fharply to them, and difinifles them without any anlwer ;
vrtkh imprudent condud alie|iated Mohammed's affeAion from
iiiffl, and prored extremely prejudicial to his a£&irs.
Mean while, Mufa Chelebi, who, after IsfamUar he^% re- IBsbucnrji
poUe, crc»ed into Europe in a litde boat, which he found near
Nicea, wandered thro' feveral countries, and at laft flopped
in Walakhia, There aflembling a great number of foldiers,
who were in his intereft ; and being afSftcd by fydlakhian
troops, he re-enters the Turki/b empire, and bea>mes mailer
of Adrianople. This news awaking Soleymdn from his dream
of luxury (L), he, in 809, aflembles the Afiatic army, and Hej.8o9»
pafles into Europe. But Mufa, either thro' natural timorouf- A. D*
ods, or diftruft of his fhrength, not daring to fhnd a batde, ^¥^\
returns to Wabkhia: while Soleymdn, afcribing his fuccefTes
wholly to his own bravery and prudence, returns to his former
vices (M )• Military difdpline is needed ; honours are con-
ferred on wine-fellers and pimps ; in a word, the court has
the appearance of a brothel-houfe rather than a fchool of
virtue.
MUSA CHELEBI, thinking he might turn his hro- HeuUUeii
ther's luxury to his advantage, applies fecredy, by letters, to
the generals and great men (N) 5 who, offended with Soley*
7nhi*s excefles, are eafily perfuaded to revolt. In efieft, Mufit
re-aflembling an army, by long marches arrives at Adria^
noplt, before his brother knew any thing of the matter ; who
being wholly unprepared to oppofe him, left th^ city, in order
to fly to Conftantinople : but loitering by the way, to get drunk
at every houfe, he is taken in a bath at a certain village, and
flain by one of the foldiers of Mu/a ; who ordered the body
(K) All the 7«r<f/^ emperors Mm, boundlefs in his luft, and
were perfedly fober men, and for that reafon ftrangled. Qmf.
religious obfervers of their p. 6i, note 9; and p. 63, note
law, excepting this Soleyman 14.
Solidn Selim, called Meft, qt (L) Dukas ufes nearly the
dnmkard; andMv-^, whotook fame expreffion.
Baghdad: They reckon only (M) Dukas takes notice of
two others, who have been re- the luxury oi Mufulman, or So^
markably addidlcd to vice, Mo- Uyman ; and fays, he would £t
Jiifa I. who, unfit to govern, whole days at the table,
was twice depofed ; ana Ihra- (N) Dukas lays the fame.
to
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
On ivhat
occajton.
His Cha-
ra3cr.
Hiftory of the Othmsbi Turks. B. XV.
to be buried in thi fcptilchrc of his graiHlfatheritf<?ri^ called
Khodavendikar **.
DUKJS relates the death of Mitfnhnan^ arSoleymarr^ in
a difierent manner. According to him^ ttett prince departing
from Adrianopie to go to Cortftantmopky with only a few horfe,
th^ defcrted him on the road^ to johi MafcC% party ; fo that
enterii^ alone into a fmall to^, whofe hdiafoitants, from
the richncfs of his habit, judged him to be a prince, five
young Hjen ran to meet him with their bbws. At^^tb bdng
fWrprifed, he fliot two of them dead: herftfnpon,^c other
three niaking a ibmd, to teredge die lofe of the^ brothers,
(hot at him all together ; and hanring bronght him off his horfe,
cut off his head.
MVSAj who Mras received with acclamations at Adna*
m^t bewared his brodier's desrchy and had his body pom«
}toit(ly bnried at Prufa. He Elsewtfs cawfed the diree young
nien^ who had killed him y to be apprehended ; and having
afftebled the inhatntants €& the place, commanded them to
bebotmd, and burnt in thdr.refpeftive honfcs, with their
wives and children *.
. &OLETMAN nricd afi&irs fevcn years and lo- months.
He Mias a yonng mav, far e»cceding the reft <^ hi6 brothers
both in good axid bad qoalttaes % a v^ant and moft fortu-
nate general ; a prin.ce of great clemency and generofity (0) ;
bijt Ruined by his luxury ^
Mufa
Chelebi.
Interregnum under Maib Chekbi.
XIJHILE Ma^ reaped the reward of his labours at AJri*
^^ ano^y by bckig fiduted empcrdr by the Stiropean^^mj,
Mohammed, lord c^ Amafia, railing wim iw<x:s he was able,
IK order to revei^e the murda: of SphymArir who was his
Votheir by the feme; venter, goes and feizes Prttfii ; where he
is created emperor by his army. But thinking -it prudent to
fettle the afikirs of A/ur before he pabliftied his rdblution to
depoie Mt^tty be marches againft the plundering Tatars
(wot yet quite expelled), and other bands of robbers, who,
* Cakt. ubi fiipr, p. 60-63.
ubi fupr. p. 63-
(O) Du^as (ays he gained the
atTedions of thejieople of every
town he came to, if he Hayed
there ever fo Ihort a time^ by the
* DuKAs, c. 19. ^ Cant.
wealth he diftrlbuted among the
poor and indigpnt; raifing many
from beggary into a condition
of living comfortably.
fmce
Digitized
byGoogk
C. 5. htirregmim. 95
fince Tim&r's invafion, infcftcd Jnatoka ; thcfe he extirpates Mufa
in the firft year of his reign, in which he furprifes, takes, ^**«^cbi.
and beheads Karade^let Shih^ the only forviving leader of *- ~» " ^
thofc Tatars ; who, in his abfcnce, was deftroying the coun^
trj about Amajia : fo that in a fhort time peace is rcllored to
the land, which gained him much reputation*.
MUSACHELEBI, alarmed at Mohammed! % fucceflcs, ^c/^*^'*
^ divert him from any attempts againft the weftcrn part o^^theYiMn-
the empirj, offers to refign to him all the eaft ; and, to fiiew |?"^q* '
thatius propofal was lincere, in 814, turns his arms againft a r)^'
the Chriftians. Fortune proving favourable to him, he, that |^n.*
year, took the towns of Pefaverd and Matruna, in the Morea.
Ekted with this fuccefs, he, the next year, attempts greater
things ; and, aflembling a ftronger army, attacks the Ban*
garians, under their king Sigifinond (A), near the dty of Sa-
mandriaj not far from the Danube, and dcfeatSN them with
fuch a flaughter, that fcarce a man is left to carry back the
news. It is faid, that nothii^ incumbered the enemy fo
much as the immenfe quantity of riches they brought with
them, fo that the Janizaries meafured the gold and filver,
which was found in their tents, in bowls and hats. The
reft of the fpoil fupplied the charge of building a large temple
called Jami Jtik, or the old Jami, which is infa ibed with
Mufii*^ name.
But this great honour gained to the Turkijb arms could hetroytdfy
not fecure Mufa Chelehiy otherwife a prince of an excellent hi^ojficersi
difpofition, great juftice, and moderation, from the frowns of
fortune : for, about this thne, Korjbah Muluk (B), and the
famous ^(ifietzX Ornus Beg {Q), without any provocation, re-
volt to Mohammed \ figncfying to him by letters, that the
Othmin empire, weakened by two; dril diffenfions, would
not bear to be governed by two heads ; and that the whole
army, obferving Mtrfa*^ timorous nature, were of opinion the
empire fhould $e cdnferred on him alone. They therefore
defired him to haften over, promifmg to put the whole into
his pofTeflion.
MOHAMMED CHELEBI, at the receipt of thefe let- drfeatedhy
ters, prepares to crofs into Europe^ On the other hand, Mu/a Moham-
med;
» Cant, ubi fupr. p. 64, 65. 78.
(A) Moft of the Chrlliatl is the proper name; Korlhdh
Mrritcrs afcribe this expedition fignifies the One- ejed king.
to Cjriceleiif whom Cantemir (C) Others read E^vritttu for
takes to be Soleymdn, and places Ornus ; that is, Honorius^ who
it in the year 1409. feems to have been a convert
(B) Mulukf Mu/i, or Moik, from the Greeh.
5
aflembles
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Biftory of the Othman Turks. B. XV
aflembles his army, in order to fecure the flraits of KalUpoR
before his brother's arrival : but, finding his generals onl]
made a (hew of fighting, he, in the very heat of the batde
withdraws out of the field, and efcapes into Laz Vilayeti (o
Servia) ; while Mohammedy prevented by the feafon from pro
ceeding any farther, returns with his army, to winter ztPrufa
Mufa Chekhiy aiSfted by his old friend the prince of Set
via (D) 'wdth warlike ftores and forces, returns the fame win
ter into his empire, and becomes matter o( AdHanopky whicl
was deftitutc of a garrifon. There he finds KorJbAh m
Orn&s Beg, whom Mohammed left defignedly in Europe; anc
cither becaufe he faw that they could not efFeft their intcn*
tions, or led to it by his merciful temper, he both pardons
and receives them into favour.
But the event (hewed, that however good it may be in 2
prince to pardon, he ought never to truft a traitor. Foi
thefe ungrateful generals invite Mohammed a fecond time to
fcize the empire ; who, coming from Nieea with a greatd
army, pafles the Bofphorus by the permi(rion of the Iftambol
Kayfari (or Greek emperor) under the walls of Conftantinople,
The fame day he enters (E) the city, and is honourably re-
ceived byxthe emperor, who, makes him rich prefents. On
the third day he fets out for Andrianopk, and in the fecond
day's march is met by Korjhdh Muluk and Orntis Beg : who,
having withdrawn from thence in the night, fell proljkrate at
his feet ; and kiffing, according to cuftom, the ground, fa*'
lute him emperor in the name of the European army.
tnken, and MUSA CHELEBI, deferted by his people, with a fe^
Jlain. attendants, refolved to retire to his old fanftuary Servia:
but, being fcarce out of the fuburbs, he is furprif(Kl by Mo^
hammed, who had advanced before with a feleft band o{
foldiers. Defpair rendering him valiant, he draws up his
men, and fights with great bravery : but being overpowered
ruined by
mercy I
(D) The Turkijh writers fcl-
doHi give the names of Chriftian
princes, only mention their ti-
tles and dominions : as Majar
Kirdii, king of Hungary ; Nemche
Mtrdli king of Germany j Rum
Tekkuri, emperor (or governor)
oixhtRofnans, &c. But it ap-
pears from the Chriflian hifto.
rians, that this was George, Def-
pot of Ser<via, whofe daughter
Mordd II. married, and after
deprived her two brothers of
their (ight. Cant, *
(E) Prince Cantemir fays,
that the pafTage of Mohammed
through ConPantinople, and the
honours paid hii;n there, are not
mentioned by any Greek or La-
tin writer, except Phrantca : but
we (hall fee hereafter that Duhs
mentions thetn ; and afcribcs
his laft expedition wholly to
the invitation of the emperor
Manuel.
by
Digitized
byGoogk
C.5« Interrtgnuml 97
by numbers, at laft betakes himfelf to flight, yet is/oon over- Mafa
taken by a horfeman, and brought to his brother, who in- Ghclcbi.
Ihntly puts him to death ; after he had adminiftered the ^ ""V^i^
Ti^it^ affairs in Europe three vears and fix months (F). This
event happened in the year or the Hejrah 816. Mohammed jjel. gig,
to reward the foldier made him one of his counfellors, and a!d. *
aod at laft advanced him to the.prime wazfrfliip. He after- 141 3.
wards became a famous general ^.
The ftory of Mufa is told by Dukas (o differently in al- Defigns
moft every circumftance, that we (hall give it from that an- Moinfi
thor feparately, not fearing to difguft the reader by repcti- Greece j
dons. This prince after the death of Mufulm&n (or Soley-
m^) having aflembled all the great men of Thrace^ Mace^
donia^ and other provinces, told them : that none but the em-
peror and the Creeks had brought the Scythians^ Perjians^ and
other foreign nations down upon them : that it was not juft
that Conjiantinople fhould extend its empire fo wide, and pof-
fefs fo great a nunaber of cities, efpecially Thejfalonika^ which
had coft his fether Bayeztd fo much trouble to fubdue : that
therefore he was refolved, if poflible, to take the mother of
dties, and change. the temples of idols into tem|^ of God
and their, prophet. ^
His refolution being applauded by the aflembly, he mzxchtdi futdues
and fubdued Servia, which Stephen, fon of Lazarus , hadServia;
abandoned at the news of his approach. There he ravaged
the country, carried off the handfomeft young men, and put
the reft to the fword, feafting his great officers over the dead
bodies of Chriftians.
Soon after his return he fent to hcUcge Theffahntha ; and, iefieges
having taken jsvery thing whicb is beyond the Strymoriy except Conftan-
Seturioriy marched towards Conjiantinople, As he found thcv^i^^opl^*
towns thro' which he pafTed empty of people, whom Manuel
had brought into the city, he reduced theiii toaflies. The be-
fi^ed were fo fortunate in their fallies that they killed three
Turks for every friend they loft : but as Mu/a could better A. D;
fpare ten foldiers than the emperor one, and, finding he car- i4M*
** Cant, ubi fupr. p. 65—68.
(F) The Chriftian writers dif- teen years ; whereas the 7«ri/, ,
fcr much from the ^urkijh in afligning to the laft eight years,
die years aligned to the reign of and ten months, allow to the
the^ three fons of Baye^dd. three twenty years, two months:
They give to Soltymdn fix years i fo that the interregnum lafted
to €hr KhoMf Mufa (his pretend-- eleven years and four months.
ed ancle )« and Mohammed, four- Cant,
Mod, Hist. Vol. XIL H r^"^^ a
Digitized by VjOOQIC
98 HiftjoryoftbeOiUxmlsiTwVs. B.XV
A. D. ricd on the attack with great vigour, Manuel fcnt tb Mahome
H«4' his brother, who was at Pruja, to come to his affiftancc, anc
yp^v'"*^ try to obtain the Othman empire at the fame time. Mahme
Mahomet j^ng arrived wth his troops at Skutari^ the emperor wen
jintfor. ^.^j^ j^.^ gallies and brought him over to Conftantinopk, wheri
he was received with great magnificence. Mahomet havii^
been defeated in two fellies, he intreated Manuel to let hin
lead his troops towards Adrianof^l^ ; from which courfe he pro
pofed more advantage to both xjiipx affairs than by continiufl(
• in the city. The emperor, embracing him, gave his confeot
and next day Mahomet fet out, pending one half of his force
towards the Euxine fea, and dire^^ing his march with tht
other half to Jdrianople.
JAuhJe- As fooii as Mu/a was informed of his departure, he pur
ftatetl, fued the troops which went towards the Euxine fea, andcami
up with them ; but, being defeated, his foldiers lifted unde
Mahomefs enfigns. Mu/a fled, and fell in a marfh, when
he killed an officer of the enemy, who purfued him. Oneo
the officer's fervants, willing to revenge his matter's death
ran at the prince, and, having cut-off one of his arms, wen
and inforKd the emperor of what had happened. Mufabii
' loft fo great a quantity of blood from the woiind, that whei
anijtatn. they capie to look for him, they found him fallen-off hi
horic, and dead. The body was carried to Mahomet^ wh
having wept over it, according to cuftom, fent it to be burie*
at Prufa ; after which he returned to Adrianopkf where h
received the homage of the great men *^.
Remarh We muft leave the reader to judge at his leifure, whici
hiftory deferves belief moft, with regard to the afiair in que
ftion, the Ttirkifb'oi the Greek \ and fhall only obferve, tha
as Dukas fecms to deferve full credit, efpedally with rqpin
to the manner of M9bammei% obtaining the crown by mean
of the emperor AfanuePs invitation, as well as of Mufa^
death, (that author having been upon the fpot when thol
affairs happened) : his account as to Mohammed appears cot
firmed by the confiderablc ceffions made by that SoltJIn to tfc
tmperor, and the regard he paid him duripg his reign.
5 DvKAti^ c. 19.
CHAI
Digitized
byGoogk
CHAP. VI.
The Reign of Mohammed L
JUrOHAM ME jD, immcdiatdy after the death of his bn> c. Splt&t^
*'^ ther Mufa^ is proclaimed at Adrianople empenor of the Mobtni'^
M Otbmin dominions (A), in the 39th year of liis age. But "^ ^*
ke is fcarce warm in the throne before he is threatened to be ^J* ^
pulled off it : for Karamin Ogli (B) thinking this a proper ^' ^*
jonfture, when the OthmAns were embroiled in civil wars, to ***'*
crofii their power, aflembl(ss his forces ; and, laying wafte
all Bitiynia, encamps under the walls of Prufa^ burns the
fttbarbs, and cldTely beiieges the city one-and-thirty days.
Mohammed on this Hews crofles the (traits of KaUipolis with
liis army, and ftrengthens his forces with thofe of Sab Beg
and Gherrman OgH : but Karamkn^ being informed of his
coming, inftantly vnthdraws from before Prv^a^ puts on the
NM^khief{C), and entering the emperor's camp, confefles
his hxxk on t^ knees, and aiks pardon; which is granted
him, on certain conditions.
Next year Mohammed erefts at Pru/a a large Jdmi, Bna- immiU$
nt, and Madrefih^ with a fpacipus Khin^ or e&change, for ^^**-
thc nfc of merchants. But whilft he thought to take fome ^^
Rpofe, Karam^f hearing that his forces were difmifled,
breaks the treaty without caufe, and invades his domimons.
The emperor, ftdl of indignation, marches againft him with
cboien troops, and puts him to flight, though he fought
(A) That is, the dominions prince, through the whole race :
of thcy&w or poperity of Otb' lb that there is no diftinguilh-
ntm: AH Othman denoting not ing one from another ; but the
0BI7 ^^ imperial race defcend- hiilory feems to be fpeaking al« ^
cdfirom Othman^ but alfo the waysofthe fame prince. Amoft
whole T«ri^ nation in general, barbarous pradice, as if, in-
^ctfi'vayfiAHOtbtnani that dead of giving our kings fmce
isi tbt Alt Othman hords^ or the conqaeft their proper names^
trihii. The emperors are fUled we ihonld call them all by one
M Othman Padifidb ; that is, general appellation, the Jons of
tht emperors of the fins of Oth- IVilliam*
mn. For this reafon, prince (C) A Turiijh phrafe, figni-
^emir intitled his. The AU . fying furrender, or ztetitson for
Otbmdn Hifory. Cant. p. 2. ffraee and favour ^ called Aman,
Note f. Hence tip faying, he tut on the
(B) That is, the Ton or de- Nekkerkhiefi that is, he declared
fecwbnt of Karamdn : which him/elf his fuhjcB for the future.
yigoe expreflion is made ufe of Cant
ioftead of the name of the
H % bravi
Digitized ■-•
^J^bogle
Ulftory of the Othpin Turks. B.. X-V,
bravely. Both the aggreffing prince and his fon are taken
prifonersj and brgugnt h^ove^' Mp^ammedy who, reproach-
'ing him for his breach of faith, faid, It ipas thy part to
covnnit the treachery ^ and it i^ itiihs t^ aS agreeably to my
digT\ity : for it is inconfijient with the imperial hotiour to "re^
turn like for like to wicked and profligate men. TWs fpolcci^,
' .' the emperor difmifled him, and reftores him his provinces;
only placing garrifons in Sivrihijfar, Nukteydak,- Eni/hAbri,
^ediShihri, NttmMy knd Jyn.
fiWlsfan- ' A^y^i?^7>f/^ TV .being thus humbled, Mohammed thini^s it
diai: Beg. ^proper to chaftife Isfindar Begy prince of- Kaflttmoni^ "w^ho
was his confederate ig the expedition. Accordingly, marchi ng
againft him, he takes the principal towns of .that country
•and Janlk. Next year he reduces other places, as Burr,
Jigha, Tofiay Bakirkureft, with Changhiri, Vfherc Is/andiar
refided, and diffributes that prince's great treafures among
the foldiers (D). At the fame time he builds a ftately pa-
lace (£) at Jmafia ^,
Walakhi-' DU KAS places this tranfaftion fomewhat later in time.
ans pay According to that hiftorfan, the emperor Manuel, prefently
tribute : after Mohammed\s elevation to the empire, fent fome of his
^* ^' chief officers to put him in mind of the promifes he had made
^^^^ hiYti "Whilt at Conjkintinople. The new ^S^^^w faithfully dif-
charged his engagements, reftoring the forts abotft the Euxirie
fea and i:he ' Pr^/2^/V, with thc& of Thejfaly. And at dif-
ferforms miffing the' ambaffadors, loaded with prefents, faid. Tell the
bii treaty, 'emperor my fat her , that having been eftahHjfhed by his Jt4c-
coirrs and the grace of God in the' throne ^ my ancejlorsy I
fball for the time to come he as obedient to his will as a Jon
might to be to the wilt of his father ; nor will '^ever fail to
acknowlege his favours, JVhatever he orders me to do, I /ball
execute with plcafure and difpatch. He gave likewife a kind
j-eceptlon to the ambaffadors of Servia, Walakhia, Bulgariay
of duke Joannina^ the Defpot of iMcedemon^ and the prince
. oiJkhaia; did them the honour to make them eat at his
, table, drank to their health ; and at their audience of leave
faid, Tell your mafters that I cffer them peace ; that I ac-
^ Cant, ubi fapr. p. ft.
(D) It iscommontopromife jjwV's hiftory fays hfandiar was
all the goods of the enemy, . taken and^flain.
unlefs the city is taken by fur- (E) For a place of retire-
render; the walls only, and go- iiient and diverfion ; this city
vernment pf it, being refervedi having been an appendage for
to the emperor. / Cant. The younger children.
marginal note of prince "Cante-
Digitized
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C. 6. 5 SoMn Mohammed I.'
apt of that which they cffer msy and that I hope the God of
feace will punifb thofe who violate it.
Afterwards Manuel^ failing to the Morea, reduced to'
his obedience the prince of Akbaia^ and xhQ Navarrois . Then ^^^?^ ^^*
Jewing his fon the Defpot (F) behind, in his return conferred, ^
at Kallipcliy with SoftAh Mahomet y who went aboard his
jiUjr, and dined with him.
It is here Dukas telk us, that Mahomet ^ having fettled Prufa r#-
thea&irs of Europe, pafled into y^j, and rebuilt the edifices huHt.
which had been burned at Prufa by Karam^ ; who had
jdondo^ that city, and burnt the body of Bayezid^ in re-
?eage for having put his father to death at Kogni; But this
iovafion, he fays, happened while the SokAn was at war with
Muja ; which is coniiftent enough with the Turkijb account ;
aad he places the chaftifement of i% fome years (G) after.
* MO HAMMED after this marches againft Gneis : who, Chuocid
a litde before the Soh^ had declared himfelf againll his'^^'^
brother Mufa, fled from Thrace (H) ; and, paffing *mto Afta^ EpHefas,
raifed an army of Smyrnians and Thy ream (I), with which
he too)LEpheJus ; and, putting Mu/uhndn's governor to death,
rdumed the power ot a, fovereign prince. The refufal of
Gneis to furrender the places which he had feized, was the
occafion of this expedition of the Soltan ; who, having taken
from him the city Cima, the fort of Jrchangely called by. the
Turks Kaghiafiky fituate in the field of Menomena, with the
' dty of Nymphaumy 2X, length fat down before Smyrna, where
Cineis had left his mother, his children, and Bkyezld his
brother, being retired himfelf to Ephefus. .On the firft news
of the SokAu's arrival, the governors of the neighbouripg
iflands, who hated Cineis, ran to receive him. The princes
of Pbocea, JGirmidn priilce of the Higher Phrygia, Mentak-
hia, pnaceotKaria, the prmce of Lefios, the prince of A](/9,
the great mafter of Rhodes, and others, came to wait on him>
and were received as kindly as if they had been his brethren.
(F) This was Theodore, who, way : but that, afterwards, he
as well as his elder brother pardoned Karamdn, who had
John, had been proclaimed em- fled, and ref^ored him his pro-
pcror ; and was made DeJ^t of vince, on promife of fidelity to
Lacedemon \n the MoreaJ the 0/i&««» family. Dukas, c.
(G) In. or after the year 22.
1419, and the expedition (H) Mufulmarii or Bttleyman^
agaii^ Cineii, He fays, that had made him governor of J5ttA»
Mahomet, to revenge the aflies g^ria.
of his anceftors, went and took (I) ^hyta, or Tyrea, a city
Kogm (or Ikoftium), burning hear Sfnyrna, Dukas 19. Stilt
fereral towns and villages in his hi being.
H 3 The
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hifiory $/ the Othmin Turks. B. XVj
The city having been furrendered to him on the loth day of
the fiege, in which he was aflifted by thofe princes^ he de^
molifhed the fortificadons, and beat down the walls in (everal
places ; but fullered the inhabitants to continue there.
^he citadel He likewife, during the night, ordered the dtadel to be
demolijhed. ruined ; which, ha^ng been deftroyed by Tindr, the grand
mafter of Rhodes had half rebuilt, in fpite ol Cineis. He "was
excited to this by the Mohammedans in thofe parts, vfho
complained that it ferved to encourage "the I(mian flaves .to ran
away from their mafters. The great mafter, who was vary
angry at this proceeding, threatened to make reprifals on his
coafts, unlefs he fuHered him to rebuild that fort. Moham^
med anfwered with great moderation, and, after fhewing the
nece/Iity there was of deftroying that fort, as it was a con*
tinual caufe of quarrels between the knights of Rhodes and
the Turks, gave him leave to build another fort on the bor-
ders of Karia and Lycea (K). He heard no kfs favourably
the demands of the princes of Khioy Lejhos, and ihePboceanSt
fending them all away well fatisfied. He likewife pardoned
Cineis ; who came and took the oath of fidelity to him. Then
giving the government of that produce to the fon of AIcdc
ander Stdmany whom he had brought over to bis religion, he
returnea into Europe.
When Mohammed came to KallipoU^ he (ent a fleet againft
the duke (^A^tfxoj and other iflands in ihtJrchipelago^XxcaaaSt
he had not been to falute him, either at Smyrna.^ or fince his
return. The fleet, confiiting of thuty gallies, both of two
and three banks of oars, commanded by Ghtdi Beg^ landed
at the ifles of Andros^ Paros^ and Mtlos^ where they did
great mHchief . The Venetians in the fpring came to aflift
the duke, who was in thehr intereft, ^v^dth ten gallies, fevea
i£ which pafled up the ftndts of Helkjp&nt a^ far as Lamffa^
kuSf in order to meet the Turks ; who, coming out of the
harbour of Kdll^lis, the Venetians began the attack en the
admiral^galiey, and flew all the men with the admiral him-
fijf : they ferved the^ reft of the veflcls in the fame manner^
Chuneid
Bcg/uh-
mttu
Turkifli
feet de-
1419'
l^theVt^
nedans.
(K) Acfordingty we arc told
afterwards, that the grand
nafter of Rhodes^ having car-
ried materials bvfeaintoiuf*
c/«, went and boilt the fox^
St. Peter on a mountain therd
MMttMia Eliekeg advanced,
with defign to binder the work i
but return^ withoat doing any
thing. The grand mafter left
Several knights of his order ta
guard it, and receive the Tivri-
Jp> flaves who eftapcd thither i
who are called the freed of St.
^#/rrtotfaisday. imiau c. 22,
This by the Greek chronology
feems to be referred to the
year i^nj/.
Digitized
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C & 5 Solt&n Mohaniined L
10 a^t of the vdves and children of the Turks, who ftood
OQ ihotc. In the evening they founded a retreat^ and carried
back to Tenedos twenty-feven gallies of the enemy ; where
they put to death all the Turks, and fuch Chriftians as were
inthdrps^.
Next fpring the VeMtian fieet came to attack a tower of
hmpfakus^ buUt by Mufubnan : but, being hindered to 'land
bj Khamfas, brother of the grand wazlr Bayezid, who com-
muided a body of 10,000 men, they went to ConftantinopU,
after having beat down half of the tower from their (hips.
About the fame time one Preklighia Mofiafa, a Turkijb Prttendtd
peafant, (ignalized himfelf by preaching up a voluntary po- /^^^*
verty, and the having every thing, in common, except women.
He w<M-e only a fingle coat, and went with his head and feet
bare. He appeared near the mountain Stilairum, at the
mouth of the Ionic gulf, oppofite the ifle of Khio. His dif-
dples pretended t^ ht very fond of Chriftians, and even to be-
lieve the fame faidi. Two of them were fent by him to an old
Greek monk in Kandia ; who, rfter that, cried up Preklighia^
pretending he was in the fame monaflery with himfdf at
Santos, and that he eroded the fea (I) every day to converie
with him. Sufinan*sSon, who had the government of Ionia,
inarching againft Preklighia, was defeated by the inhabitants
of the mountain, who gathered to the number of fix thou*
Cmd. They in like manner put to flight Ilali Beg, gover-
nor of Lydia, and killed a great number of his men.
On this news Soliin Mohammed fent his fon Amurat (or talent mad
Mor^Jy only twelve years old, accompanied by his grand^'**
wazir Bayezid; who, forcing the pafTes of the mountains
with their troops, put all the inhabitants to the.fword, till
they came to the place wh^ch was guarded by men with one
coat, where they met with flout refiflance : but, after lofing
a great many men, the falfe monk and his difciples vfttc
obliged to furrender. They were all put to death, not one
of them recanting. The impoflor himfelf, after enduring '
various torments, was nailed to a crofs, and carried through
the ftccts of Ephe/us. They believed he would come again ;
and Dukas, our authcn*, met with a monk who affirmed that
he was not dead. Bayezid led his army back through Jjia and
Ly£a, where he flew all the Turkijb monks he met with,
who made profeflion of voluntary poverty.
At his return to Adrianople, Mohammed gave his fon Morid at
Morid, thou^ fo young, the government of Amafia, under Amafia.
(I) It fs to be underftood, ' as be fent the Gr/fi monk word
that he crofled thefeia on foM, he would do.
H 4 ^*
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Mobim-
meddiis.
Hej. 824.
A. p.
1421.
H^cryoftbe Othman Tyrks. B. XV
ta bdmaqr with BaytzUiJfy, Mohammei% prime Waztr^ tc
whom he betrayed the fecrets of the Remans ; whereby h<
arrived to fuch a d^ee of honour that he became the em*
pecor's chief iaterpreter, and often dined with B^ezid^ and
Mohammed himfelf : yet although he was fufpefted by th^
Remans^ the emperor never had, th« leaft diAnift of him.
But the fudden death of Mohammed tumsA all his evil de^
figns ^
We mull 4-etuni once more to the Turkijh hiilorians, to
finUh the rdgn of Mohammed. According to them, the re-
bellion being quelled, that prince, in 824, takes Ejki Gheli-
bolt, or Old Kallipolis ( QJ, TarkU (R), and Herghe : but at
his return from this expedition he is feized with a flux, of
which he died (S). Murdd^ his eldeft fon, whom he had
appointed by will for his fucceflbr, being- then at war with
part of the army in Rum-ili (or Thrace)^ the prune wazfr
Ibrahhn (T) conceals the emperor's death for one-and-fiMrty
days, in fuch a manner that not one of the lords of the court
had the leaft intimation of it, whilft himfelf direAed affairs
as if by his order. At Morhi% return he delivers up to him
the army and kingdom. This Ibrahim is called by the Turks
^ DVKAS, C. 21, 22.
(P) This Bi^eftidt according
to DukaSf was an Albanian flave,
who had followed Mohammed in
all his misfortunes. He fuf-
fered incredible fatieues to ferve
him; when, after me d^ath of
his father, he was briikly pur-
fued by the forces of Tamerlan
in the mountains of Gaiatia,
near Jn<yra. His feet being
fo fwelied with walking that
he could no longer go, Baytvud
carried him on his ihoulders for
feveral days, till he got into his
father^s dominions. He almoft
famifhed himfelf to fupply Mo-
hammed, and went in the habit
of a monk through the towns
and villages begging bread for
him to e^.
( Q^) The anticnt Kallipolis
ieems to have been a foitrcfs
placed at the HelIeJj>ont % but is
now either delb-oyed, or loll un-
der another name. Cant.
(R) Or Tarakli, as elfewhere
written.
(S) According to Dukas, he
was taken with an apoplexy as
he was hunting, and died of a
fecond fit the next day.
(T) Dukas makes two Wa^
xsrSf this Ibrahim and Bavettidt
above mendoned, whom he re-
prefents as the prime Wasdr.
The fame author fays, that
Mahomet's body was concealed
for forty days, from all but the
two Waiurs and two phyficiant,
who made a (hew of vifiting
him every day, and ufed many
arts to amufe the gteat officers
of the court with an account of
the ftate of his health.
their
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C6. 5 Sdlian MoBamoiedX iof
their £//k#/, and had the dtk(^Ar^4fo(U) given him by t^ JLUi
Dcv emperor for this piece of icrvicc 8, 1421.
According to jbukaSf when Mohammed wzs near his end, ^•^"■v^it
he fent for his wsair Bayezfd, and coDJ&fed him to fct his ^fi'**
lonMurdd on the throne. The two youngeft, one eight, the
odier bot feven years old, he affigned to the care of the em-
peror Manuel, for fear Mordd {hould firangie them ; as he ^
;iiicrwards did. The Soltan thought by this means .he had
kured the throne to his eldeft ion, and the lives of the
younger ; while the emperor conceived great hopes of keep*
'mgAmurat within bounds, by threatening him with his
boftages, or making them his friends in cafe they fucceede4
to the Othman empire ; but the event ihewed that both were
miftakcn in thdr conjeftnres ^.
MOHAMMED lived fw-ty-feven years, and rdgnedi^^im/
d^t years ten mcmths. A Soh&n famed for juftice and ihiraaerm
demeacy. He is extolled not only for reftoring the OttmSm
empire from the low condition it was reduced to by the in-
TafioQ of Tmiir, and more deffaruAive quarrel of his bro-
thers (X) ; but alfo for leaving it inlarged to his fuccef*
DUKJS obferves, that all his predeceflbrs had died So-
lent deaths ; and imputes his eafy departure as a reward f<^ Af%
his keeping his engagements with the Creeks , and treating ^*
inth fo much gentknds other Chriftian nations ; having been *
atpeace with all except the Venetians^.
» Cant, ubifupr. p. 76» ^ DukaSj c.22. * Cant,
ttbifbpr. p. 77.. * DuKAS, c. zi.
(U) Prince Cantemir, in a rifing a little from hb feat whea
note, gi:res a large accoaht of they enter.
the family of this IbrMmKbdn, (X) Both ChrifHan and Turk^
ud the great privileges which ijh hiftorians agree, that after
tbey enjoy. Among which are die defeat o( Sajcxy the Otb* .
mk if making i^e only of mdn aflFairs were reduced to fo
coacubines infte^ of wives ; of low an ebb, that had the Chrif-
Un| vi£ted twice a year by tian princes united, they might
tke&Sr& ; and of the ScUdn'g at leaft have driven the ^ttrki ,
ov^ of Eurofi. Cant*
CHAP.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
6. Saltan^
MuradIL
Hcj. 825.
A.D.
1422.
^Attotber
Moftafa
rifes:
mjiofy'cfthe OthmSn Turks; .B. XV-
C H A P. VII.
the Reign of Murad II.
^JyfORAD was but eighteen years of age in 825, ^vheti
* '-^ his father died, and he afcended the tlu-one. Soon after
an obfcure perfon (different from the other impoftor) (A)
affumed the name of Mojlafay fon of Bayezld. This man,
who firft appeared about Salontki (or Thejalonika), fbon
gained fo much credit by his niame, that he perfuadecL not
only the common people, but the European foldiers, ^with
many officers, that he was the very perfon he pretehded to
be. After he had allured to his intereft all Rumelia^ and
aflembled a confiderable army, he, with the connivance of the
Greek emperor (B), pafled into Jfia^ in order to feize Prti/h,
the feat of th^ Othmdn empire.
MO RAD fends 'the prime JVaztr Bay ezid into yf/ia^
with chofen troops, to ftifle the flame ia its birth : but, being
met by Mqftafay he is killed, and his forces routed. The
SoltAn upon this repairs to Seyd Bekhar, a holy man, "who,
m the opinion of Turks, could obtain of God whatever he
prayed for ; and defires his mediation for a Meffing on his
(A) Prince Cftntemtr affirms
this without any proof; and fup-
pofes the Greeks favoured the
impofture, in order to avert the
iaft danger, Zh\itip^rz{t% it. But
it appears from the Greek ac-
count, that he was the fame
perfon who oppofed Moham
med'y who, in the tre^ made
between him and the emperor,
items to confider him as his
real brother. Nay, Caniemr
Irimfclf confeiTes in his hiftory,
p. 83, note(u), that the 27/rij
allow that the counterfeit Mo-
fiafa fo cxadly refemblcd the
true, that they who had before,
been about the latter as his
guards, affirmed that he was the
lame. Neither was the em-
peror under the neceffity which
Cgjitemir fgppofes to fet up a
pretefidei^ i iince the empire
was much enlarged^ and hira-
felf raifed in credit, fince the
death of Bayesad ; in whofe
time his dominions were con-
fined to the walls of ConftaTifi^
nople. Befides, it Would have
been both bafe and in^ politic in
him to have efpoufed the part
of one he knew to be an im-
poflor againll his benefadkor
Mohammed,
(B) Cantemir fays, he fhould
have taken this for a caluainy
of the Turks, for a pretence to
make war againft. the Greci^uts^
did not Phranxa, lib. 1. c. 39
and 40, tdl us, that Mofi€rfki.
was brought^by John Baleologus *
out of Peioponnefus (or the Af^-
rea) tO' Kallipolis, and fet over
the weftern parts of the (TttrA^
ijh) empire, though eamelUy
defired by Mordd not to lend
him any affiftance. Cant. I>u*
kas writes to the fame ^e£t.
Digitized
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arms.
C 7. 6 Sohitn Morid 11. ^
arms* The faint having gained his point by the mtercd*^
fioD of Mohammed the prophet (C), girds the Sokin with a
fvordy and fends him forth with a go-on and pr^/per^ mofi '
dM^ emperor^ for viilory attends you. MorAd, on this en-
cooragementy I^s his armyagainft the conntecfeit^^^;
wlio undauntedly waited his coming near Ulubid (D), the
brk^ of which he ordered to be broken down. The ^0/-
th, encamps on the other ficTe of the river, ,in expedlatton
of the promifed afGftance from heaven, and perhaps to ex-
dflgoifh by delay the firft heat of fediticHi. However that Ufui tp
be, on the feventh day ot tliis fufpenfion of hofUlides the death.
impoftor was £dzed with a violent bleeding of the nofe,
vUch held him three day^. His fcddier^, confideiing this
acddent as fent from God to blaft his, defigns, defert him in
the mght. This obliges him to follow : but, not being able,
byreafbn.of his great weaknefs, caufed by la(s of blood, to
fly feft enough, he was over-taken, extremely ill, in the
town of Kara Jgaj^ by Morad; by whofe command he was . *
ioflantly beheaded '.
Thb hiftory of Moficfay and the occafion of his appear-
ance, may be better underftood, we conceive, from the Greek
than the Turkijh hiflorians; who feem to have concealed
feme fafts, and altered others, to ferve their partial views.
According to Dukas, Mohammed being interred at Prufa, and 5^^ ^^
Jmurat proclaimed, their next care was to fccure peace i^^fjf ^-^
theeaft, by a treaty with KaramAuy and then fetde matters •^''i'^'
wth the emperor. But Manuel prevented them, by fend|qg
ambafjadors to compliment Mordd, and demand his two bro-
1 Cant. p. 78 — 81.
(C) The hiftory relates, that to what filly extravagances the
^eyd Bekhar bjcing by way of great as well as fmail are car-
extaly fnatched up the follow- ried by the frenzy of fuperfti-
ing night into heaven, fees the tion. Prince G^/z/^Wr obfervcs
pare and immaculate fpirit of on this occafion, that the I'urks^
Mohammed \ and, (hrice kifling though they hold the dead give
the daft of his feet, befeecfles no a^iftance to the living (from
him as often to obtain viftory whence, fays he, the heretics
for Mordd. To this petition of our age have fucked their
Shammed at length anfwers, poifon}, yet believe, that Mo-'
for wj fake the dinjine majefty hammeds foul, by a peculiar
has heard Morkdi's prayers ; and privilege, hears and conveys
therefore till him ^ God luill be thepraycrsof men to the throne
'With him, and give him 'viBory, of God.
This ialc pafiage, which would (D) Or Loupadion^ about 30
dilhonour the text, may defervc miles from Prufay to the fouth-
a place in oar notes, to ihew' weft.
Digitized byVjO^OQlC
Hiji0y of the Othmin Turks. B. XV
^lers, of whom he was left guardian by Mohammed*^ wil]
Irhey had orders alfo to let hun know, that if he refufed
^thqrhadaiK>dierfncceflbr toefbddiihiQlusplace, wfaoWoul^
4ootL be mafter of Macedonia and Thrace^ as well as of j4/u
-zdA the eafty in a little time after. The emperor commum
xated this defign to Moficfa himfelf.
fat mf BAYEZID aofwered, in the name of the young Solthi
Moftafa, .' Aat they were very deiirons to prefenre peace with the em-
-peror ; but could not confent to deliver the childroi^ as it
was ccmtrary both to reafon and the laws of their Prophet, tc
fixfier the fons of Mufuhn&ns to be educated by Kaburs (E)<
The emperor, piqued with this anfwer, refblved to aA pnr<
fnant to the conditions on which^ as hath been alreildy men*
lioned, he received Moftafa. Accordingly he fentHaneliw
Lajkaris Leontarius with fix gallies to Lemnos, to brii^ up
that prince and Cimis, and then with the troops which wei:e
in the gallies to make him governor of Thrace^
9m certain ^^ ^^is occafion Moftafa fwore never to aft contrary to the
tmtMtions* emperor's will, to obey him as a father, and g^e his foa in
pledge of his performance. He promifed likewife to deliver
•KaHipGUs in the Kharfonefus^ the countries adjdning to the
•Euxine fea as far as Waiakhiay and certain places of Thcjfely as
far as Erijfiis and nK>Qnt Athos ; which, however, it was no
eafy matter for him to ^ve, becaufe he was firft to take them
from the enemy. The condidons being agreed to, they failed
for KaUipoUs ; ^idiich city, upon a fpeech made by Moftafa,
mixed ^^th promifes and threats, furrendered. Then, leaving
Cttieis to attack the citadel, he marched to Hexajnilion, where
he was fainted fovereign by all the country.
Moftafa When news of this was brought to Prufa^ the great men
4^feats aibout Amurat advifed him to fend Bayezid, whom they hated
for his pride as well as good fortune, againft Moftafa. The
JVazir^ having pofted to Jdrianople, raifed an army of 30,000
men ; and had not marched far from the city, when he was
informed by, his fcoutSj that Moftafa^ who advanced at the
head of very numerous forces by the way of Kariopolis, % very
populous city lately built by the Turks^ was near at hand.
The armies bdng in fig^t, Bayezld made a fpeech againfl
Moftafa ; telling them, ythat he heard the Grand Seignor fay
that he was not the real fon of Iltrim (F) Bayeztd ; but an
impoflor. Mojiafa^ on the other hand, leaving the com-
(E) A corruption of Gaurs ; (F) A corruption of IltMmi
AsLt is, inf dels ; for fo they call which fignifieth lightening or
, Chriftians, in the fame manner thunder,
as ChriAians call them.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C.;; 6Solt&nModidn.
mid die armv to Cineis, one of the moft brave and abk
cGoaaaders of his dme, retired to an eminelicey and from
tbce harangued the enemy ; telling them, among other *
doflgs, that it would be eafy to make-appear he was the fon
ikerfm^ and was ready to decide the difpnte with his.
ugAew Amurat by liimle combat. He afterwards exhorted
tbi, with promifes of great rewards, to join his interefts.
This fpeech had fnch an efieft, that the generals(G) vrhogmihiUi
CMiunanded the two wings of the enemy's army, went over to Bayosid*
Iiini. BayezSd, finding ^ings take fo ilrange a tarn, thought
it his fafdl way to fubmit too ; and, alighting from his hone,
wth his brother KamzaSy went and threw himfdf at the feet
of Moftafa. But Gneis, who owed him a grudge, ordered
liim to be carried out of the camp, and beh^ed ; faying at
the time of execudon, wicked as you are^ you caufe men to be
deprived of thoje farts nvhicb make them men : for he had
formerly ordered JdulaSy Gneis^s fon-ln-law, to be caffara-
ted(H) : however he fpared Kamzas on account of his youth,
and made him his (lave, little thinking that he would prove
his rttin. Mqftafa on tMs fuccefs marched to Adrianople^
where he was joyfully received^ and the garrifon of the
fortreis of KalEpolis, defpairing to defend themfelves, gave it
up by capitulation.
DEMETRIUS Leontarius^ who expeftcd to be ptit^Cho^
immediately in pofTelEon of the place, according to agree- neid*i«/».
meat, was landing the arms and ammunition oxit of the gal- we
ky to carry them into the citadel, when Gnezs arrived unex-
peEkdly ; and, feeing the Turks uneafy at fo fudden an alter-
ation, told Demetrius very roundly, " that he was not to
" inia^ne that they had fought and run fo many dangers for
" his fake; or expcft that they would give up the citadels
" and towns : that he ought to be content with fome pre-
^ fents for his fervices, and be well ^tisfied that they fufforcd
^ (G) In the original, SoMns he rejected this propofal with
is pot inftesid of.eenerals, by a the greater contempt, gave his
caftom among %e Greeks, of daochter in marriage to Mdms
confounding o^nftions of dig- his nave, firll making him free*
mty. At tdie fame time uttering re*
(H) When Mohammed was proachful expreffions againft
preparing to go and attack Bayefdd; which he bade the
Smyrna, aboat 1415, Bayesddf roeflenger tell him. The^^r
who was his IVavdr, wrote 40 having foon after taken Nym-
tell GWm, that in cafe he would fhaum, of which Adulas was
i^ him have his daughter in governor, in revenge to Cineii^
carriage, he fliodd enjoy lo' had him caflrated. Dukas^ q.
m in peace. Cineis^ to (hew 21.
3 ♦* Jiim .
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,ii2 Hijtcry of the Othmhi Turks. B/XV
A. D. *^' Wm to return to Confianiinople ; confidering the ill treat
1/422. *' meat they had received at Lemnos, and the outrages com'
A ^y*?^. '^ mitted by the monks of a Pammakarifte monaftery."
breaks kis DEMETRIUS, no lefs irritated than furprifed at thi<
fromife difcourfe of Cineisy who h^d no bufinefs, he faid, to ta^e upon
him to talk in fuch a ftrain of matters which did not belong tc
him, went immediately onboard his gallies, and waited for the
, ahfwer of Mojlafa. This latter foon after came on board, and
^ made an apology for not delivering-up Kallipolis ; alleging,
that It was better to break bis oath than itijure religion^ by
flitting the pious and faithful into the hands of the wicked
and infidels ; orfubjedling a people, ivhoferve the Deity ^ under
the dominion of others ^ who are perfeEl firangers to the God
of heaven and earth. He added, that^ fhould he commit fuch
. a horrid impiety , the Mtfulmans would not fuffer him t$
reign over them,
twitb the. \ DEME TR lUS heard this difcourfe in the fame polhire
tmferer ; as a lion, whofe prey has efcaped out of his paws, holding
* down his head, and for rage beating the earth with his tail ^,
By way of anfwer he reproached the Othm&n family with
breach of faith; He faid, " Or Khdn kept neither his trea-
** ties nor oaths : that Iltrim Bayezid imitated his perfidy,
. ' ** and was puniflied for it, as well as Mufulman and Mufa^
**. his- (MojlafaS) two brothers : that ni)ne but his brother
** Mohamet had obfervcd his treaties, and found an eafy
'* death : that he could not long efc^pe divine vengeance, if
** he did not alter his- conduft.'* Then he put him in mmd
of his obligations to the emperor ; telling him^ " that he
f * would have been ftrangled, if Manuel had delivered him
•* up to his brother Mahomet : that the Romans had, for his
" fake, borne the reproach of doing what was unjuft and
" criminal ; but that, however, they had affifted him, and
*•' even raifed him to the throne.'* Demetrius after this fet
fail for <!!onJlanti7iople 'i
'who drops ^HE emperor Manuel , grieved as well as enraged at this
him. difappointment, at length fent to Mor^d; offering to're-
cftabiifli his iritereft, provided he would perform his father's
. will, and give him his two young brothers in hoftage. Mean
time Mojiafa, having put things in order at Kallipolis, returns
to Jdrianople : wher^, finding 4n his brother's palace inefti-
' mable treasures, as wdl as beautiful women, he gave himfclf
up to pleafure 5 while Amuraty who was not yet turned of
twenty, committed the fame kinds of excefles ziPrufa, How-
ever, he did not fo wholly abandon himfelf to voluptuovifnefs^
k D
UKASi C. 24,
> Ibid. c. 23, ii feq*
Digitized by VjOOQIC
as
90 fio o^eft tbe means of rese^erifig what vras Ibft. nkiaj
8itta.grea( aumbar ^ able coiideUors' about him ; who, be-
ing inform^ ^ Moftafa\ indoleQee, and m what manner he ^
b^ ferYcd LeontariuSi they advifed him to fend Abraham
ipka ^ahinkj^ foa of Jli, a wife and virtuous man, who
bcmJlfiayeztd as prime ffa^fr^ ambaflador to Confittniin&''
fk. ^1X0% adadtted to audience, after mentiomng d)e afCit-
ace which he had g^ven Malmiet againft Mufa^ he defired
dut the emperor would afford Amurat the famcfuccour ; pre*
nilii^ ffl reoompence to- deliver whatever he fhould demand,
ocepdog KaUipoUs and his two brothers. But, as the en>
pcror would not agree tb thofe exceptions, the ambaflador
llaid a long time at Conftantinople ^thout diring any thing.
BfeAN time Cineisy being informed of the preparations Moftttfli
■ade by Amurat^ and that he had not only fent an embafl^ gronm *f-
to the emperor, but had obtained a promifc from John Adorrm^ ^/r«/ ;
governor of new Focea, to affift him with ftiips to carry ovet
his fiwccs into Europe ; he went, and reproaching Mtficfa,
with ncgkfting his affairs, advifed him to prevent the enemy,
aad pafe the ftraits with pretty numerous forces. As foon
viAmrat knew that Moftafa had taken the field, he marched
^Lopadhn with a finall army. Befides other good officers,
he had witli him Hamza Beg, brother of Gneis, 'w^o had
followed him from his youth. As they arrived firft at the
bridge, dicy broke it down ; fo that Moftafa^ not being able
to crofe the marfh, encamped on the fide of it. By this means
Amrat gained time to aflcmble his forces, while Moftafa ^
coald ndther pafs the morafs, which was deep, nor marth
roood it, Oft account of the length of the way and interpofi-
tkffl of moimtains.
The two armies beii^ fituated in fuch a manner as not to defertedly
be able to ofiend each other, fome of Amurafs officers told Chuneid i
Hmza, that in cafe his' brother Cineis could be prevailed on
to qmt MoJiafa*s intereft, tliey would procm-e the province
of if/m (or AydinJ for him and his defcendants, ottly fweaff-
ing fealty to Amurat. Next night /T/iwzrt fent one of his
fervants, who, by fwimming over the marfh, got to the
teat of Gneis y and propofed an interview from his brother. ' * * •
They met at the place appointed. Grteis was not well pleafed
fet they fhould offer him for his friendfhip nothing but Avhat
was his own before : hpwevcr, he told h!ff brother, that
fince he had taken the trouble to come to talk to him about the
afiir, he would for the future ferve Amurat faithfully, and
falfil his promife the next night. Adding, that if it had
wt been for his coming, he intended to have gone into toniai
^d perhaps have come to blows with Atin'^ grandfon.
Mod. Hist. Vol. XII. I The *
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
Hifiory 0/ the Othman Turks. B..X^
The n^ht following, Cineis^ having ordered candles tQi
lighted up in his tent, departed fecretly with feventy cho^
' pcnons, and made fuch haftc, that he arrived at Smyrna
who tain ^^ dofe of the next day ; where he was jajiuUy receii
Smyrna, j^y ^^ inhabitants. Majhafay y^^iw'sgrandfon, being inforn^
of thisy marched from Ephefus^ with deiign to give him bi
.tie : but CmciSf having gathered an army of about 2,0c
Turks, his antient friends, in that neighbourhood, mettl
enemy at Mavfalipn, and defeated them, killing M^cfa hii
felf with a bWw of his iron mace. Hereupon his troops fqi
'mitted, and conducted the vi<^or in triumph to Eph^
where he ordered the corpfe of the dead prince to be boii
in the tower with thofe of his anceftors °»..
Mo&afa As foon as the flight of Cineis was known in the camp <
^u\ the other Moftafa^ the army, concluding he was -gone-over 1
Jmturat, began to retreat in great confuiion ; while the enea
cried-out to them, Dur, dur Katlan ; that is. Stop, and den
fiy : for as the bridge was broken^ they could not come ne
them. However, Amurat, having repaired it the fame da
with long beams of timber, got out and purfued the enem]
many of whom joined him ; while Mojiafa, pofting to haxi^
Jakus, crofled over to Kallipolis with only four fervants, an
there gathered what foldiers he could. Mean time Jmn
difpa^hed a courier to Focea, to in^rm jldorno of what ha
.happened, and order him to repair to the flraits with all U
ihips ; which being ready, were at Lampfakus as foon as tl
Soltdn. This prince with his troops immediately went on boarc
to the great chagrin of Mujiafa : who, feeing feven gre:
ihlps with a number of barks advancing towards his coaf
fent to offer Adorno 50,000 crowns not to ^ssAAmurai i
Europe \ which he refufed. In fpite of oppofition he put 0
, . . fliore 500 Franks at Kallipolis ; who advancing a mile ba
the coaft, gave opportunity to Amurat to land with the re
of the troops ; which, falling on the enemy, foon routed then
"Wixh great (laughter, Mojiafa retued to AdrianopU; ao(
carrying off the treafure, fled into iVal^hia.
tahn, and AMU RAT, having ftaid three days at Kallipolis^ hafte
/ai/f. to Adrianople, at the head of a numerous aimy. There li
feafled Adorno and his 2000 Italians ; remitted him the ai
rears due for alom (F) ; gave him the fort of Peritheorim i
the weft ; andithe commerce of Focca for life. He likewii
"* DUKAS, C. 2J.
(F) This aloro u got in a Focea ; of which DukMs gives
iROuntain to the eall of Nenju large account, cap. 25.
gav
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C.J. 6 Soltin Morad II.
gave dicm ail prcfetits, and, with the greatcft teftlmonies of
gratitude, fcnt them home. At the fame time, to purfue his
Uwr, he fcnt feveral bold young men after Moftafa ; who,
CQBui^ up with him at the Danube^ brought him back to
the dty. Amurat ordered him to be hanged in the public
oaiiet-placey to confirm by the ignominy of his punifhment
the common pinion dF people, that he was no other than an
impoftor fet-up by the emperor Manuel \ although in reality
he was the fon of Bdy-ezid ■.
From this and many other inftances of the great difagree- Hint h
mcnt there is betweeh the Turkijb and Greek writers, the bifioriaH${
reader may percdve the abfolute necefSty which an author is
often under of varying his method of compiling hiftory : for
foch incompadble accounts of affairs will not admit of being
blended together. On the other hand, to give the hiftory
only from one fide ; or fomctimes from one, fometimes from
the other, at the compiler's pleafure, would be attended with
partiality and im^>erfe£ti6n| as we find tbo often the cafe to
be. The only way therefore to avoid thofe blemifhes, is to
pvc, as we have done, their accounts feparately, where they
bppen to differ fo irreconcileably : being fure that every ju-
diaous reader will rather pardon a little prolixity, than a
condfenefs whiA renders the hiftory defective or obfcurc.
Let us now return to the Turki/h audiors.
The rebellion being thus quaftied, the SoltAn refolvcs to KaramSn
chaffife Karamdn Ogli, named Mehemed Beg; who, on the Ogli
Waztr Bayeziis defeat before-mentioned, thinking the Oth- cbaftiftd,
min afiairs in a defperate ftate, refolved to feize part at leaft
of Mur^d's dominions. With this view he attacks Jrtdaliay
m hopes it would quickly furrender for want of relief : but,
bdng killed from the walls by a cannon ball, the Karmahians
choofe another general of the fame name, and haftily raife
the fi^e. Gamze Beg, governor of the city, feeing the
enemy retiring in diforder, failles out to purfue them. In
taking the enemy's camp he finds Othmdn Beg^ fovercign of
fekke (G), who was come to Karamdn's afliftance, juft dead
of an acute diftemper (H) : but, not fuffering him to breathe
his lafty cuts off his head, and then fubdues his territories.
"» DuicAs» c. 27.
(G) A country not far from (H) The 7«rij will have this
KMtabiyab. So called perhaps to be a miracle, it) confirmation
from{omc7Vii^(ormonaftery). of Sheykh Bekhar\ pre^i^ion.
Otbman Beg feems to be one of So ftrangely are men prepoflcC-
the Verfitm Cor Seljiik) gover- fed with any prevailing fuper-
Borsfoofteft mentioned. Cant, ftition. Cant.
I 2 MORAO
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
\f^ ^ Hifiory of tbi O^l^rpja tu^ks. B. 3J.V.
A.D, IKQR4P:^% W return to 4^umo^§ Uimn4$ t^. f^tfj*
1422. the ftai^ q£ the eaipir^ ; but is prev^Orted l^y t|i9 rebdliQft of
t t^^m\ij hjg yquQg^r brpther Mq/lafa CMeb't (I) : w)l^ aUuned ty, tba
*^A^^^*'' d^tf»i^CQUfifeU pf the Greeks, r^beU ia ^fia^ fci^^^a ii&f^
{aries by tus abettoirsy ftrongly fcM-ti4es4ft, M^afu Cwhpb^-'
fid«s. the (Jr^^i foldiers h^ ooly a, few plun(iGr«!:$), npt dajrjng
tdlft^t^hi? bro^^ in th^ field, (huts higifelf up in th^r city.;
biit, being vigoroufly befieged by Mi^Mj on the Z5th (fey,
it Wia^ t^^, v^ hi$ bi:othqr; whoqi h? prdpr^ K> be
ftirafigled i^ his prefence ©.
Conftan- '^n% qccafion of this rebellioa is fet forth by DhHos \ whOi
tinople intrpduftory to it, relates a very material piecje of biftoify.
hjieged* oaiitt^d lil^ewife by the Turkifb writers, Morad^ taysti^
authpr, having afcended the throne in the beginning oi^ wia-
tf r> mftde great preparations the fpring following tp befi^
Cfinftantin^le. Hereupon John PaUologus, to whom for a.
l^ag ti<n« Manueiy on account of his great age;, h^ left the
neidnag^efit of his affairs, fent ambafladors to try to make up
the breach betw^,n the two courts, laying the fai»lt on the
late Waztr Bayezid, whp had refuted to put the two young
jprinces into the emperor's hands, purfuant to their filler's
^iU; aijd. trea^d his ambalT^dprs very unworthily. Bot
MorMj without he;iaring or eveq feeipg thofe ambafladors,
Hq)t them till all things were ready for the iiege, and then
difinifled them ; faying, AJfureyour mqfter that I 'will bf vfiib^
hm prefenily. In (hort, not many days after he inycftcd
Korax Cotiftantinople with- 200,000 men. The inhabitapts fufpeft-
Jufpe3ed% ijflg that Koray; the theologian^ before-mentioned, liad con*
tnved fomc plot againfl the city, to be revenged for not being
fent with the ambafladors to the Turkijh court, with which
he Kept a clofe correfpbndence ; the emperor Manuel^ to re-,
move thofe fuf[Hcions, and appeafe the tumult, fent.ATipmx tQ
MorAd^ to difppfe him to peace.
Some (ay he was'able. to obtain no t^ms in the emperar**
£iVour; others pretend that he promifed to deliver up the
city, on condition to have the government of it ; and that one
of bis . i^tirpalQ friends heard the^ propofal. In effe<^> aft«
he had given account of his embafl'y, the perfon who had
difcovered the treafon declaied it, and produced his witnefles*
Hereupon the emperor commanded both parties to be con-
*^ CANT.OihmanHift. p. 82, & feq,
• (I) The fame whom Phran- fiantmopk after the iic^e W*»
%a .calls Mufiafhopulus ; and raifcd by Morai* Cimt*
WhOj he fays, came into G^»
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
fined eifl ifekt ^y; ftfiid, at the reqaeft of the 'JKi/K)SI««,
^*oWcrc Us gttards, delivered Koraic to tie ekftftincd bjr
Acm, and coidemncd, if culpable. After having forced a ,
coflMoa by torture, thejr carried him before Ihc palace- ^ "jj'f^
pie, andpltidced out his ^es, with unheard-of hihuitianity. ^'^^^^^*
ft died three days after in prifod. His rich Inoreabte Were
fSagti, hy the populace, and his hbtife burned, MorBdviff^
crel^ coBcemed ait the dieath of FCorax ; and being in-
feroed, that Mikhael Pilta, a native of E^rfm, of iloblfe
llcfcent,* but of very profligate mcM-als, ^Wafe fhe Ohly occaftA
■tf it, Ac Turks feized ; and^ after tormentiftg him without
lity, wduid have biirned him, if he had riot prevented pn»
i^inent by turning jjiohammpdan.
Although Manuel was almoft reduced to death by ex- Mofta&*«
trcffle weaknefs, yet he ftadted how to embarrafe Atnwat.rehtllttm:
This S^&n having put to death one cf his two brodiers ; A. D. '
£&2, cup4)ear«- to his father, fled with the other named 1424.
Mtfiafdy into Paphlagonia, The old emperor, being infoimed
of rii*5, fent to EHaz to bring the young king to Pruf&y and
Tttoitted him money to rwfe troops. While Amurat amufcd
himfelf widi preparinig miichines, and making flight ftir* ^
iniffics before Conftantimpiey a courier brings him n^vi^s, tferft
M9ll(fa was acknowleg^d SoHtin by the inhabitants bfPm/di,
?nd Aat Eliaz had carried him to Nicca : hei^eupon he bik^^e
Dp the fiege, tfter three months teaguer, and returned to
Mietm^k, At which difte, Mamtel, a veiy mild and wife
■ptbce, died, and left the empire to his ton John ; Who, tho*
the laft of the Roman emperors in order of time, was one of
the frft on account of his njerit.
AMVKATibXi but three days at Adriattople; whcft, taflc- t^^en ^^H
t^iHth W a fitoall HtfriAer <rf horfe and foot, he pafled A^<f^'*
wd-fccrWy itito AJm ; and, bdn^ come near to kiced, gav^
twdcc to fiis friends in (hzi dffy. Who, haivteg t^kd a nwnuk
la hb fevaisr, opened the gattes, arid received hiih m with life
fcJbMferj. There fcii^ing his broker 7>f§;fii//i, fto more iJian
foybtrs oM, he had him ftra^gfbd, a!nd his guards AaM. Hie
«»derrf ifce body, after fce had viewed it, to b^ carti^ to
Pru/a; there to be buried, Thus far Dukas p,
h 817, Mor^rf maitici the daughter of l^z OgH (I), the Isfandlar
Helena of the Servians, and of her time. Next year, he Bcgi^r.
Waithes ^gaii^ Isfyndiar Beg, prince of i;/24i ($;) (or Si-f^^^^*
» Dukas, c. 28,
(1) Tk^ fen Of de^n4ant cf in a note, fays, is a conntrv <xf
l^nanu, Dtfpot of StrvU, AfiA Minm- : bm we find no luck
(K) It is in the oriental Si- there; it ik written ^i>if # af-
^i which Prince Qanttmir, terwards,
I 3 ^^)^ T
Digitized by VjOOQ iC
uj Hift^0f the OthmliiiT\jBck%: B.XV.
Hej. 8*7, nope) ; who,, fearing the Othmdn power, rcfolvcs to attempt
to weaken it. As he could not do it by force, he tries policy.
To amufe Mordd, he makes peace with him, and gives hi$
' ion Kafsim Beg in hoftage : but as fopn as the Soltdn had disr
banded his army, he ruflies out. with forces he had long
been preparing, and deftroys the neighbouring cities of ,7i-,
rakli and Burnt. Mordd inftantly aflembles his troops ; and,
paffing into -4^^, is met at Bolpva by* the nobles of Sinab;
who, difclaining the raftinefs of their prince, intreat him to
depofe Is/andiar Beg^ and make his hoftage foa their gover:
nor. Isfandiar Beg, alarmed at this unexpefted proceeding,
repairs forthwith to the Soltdn, b^s pardon, and ofiers his
fecond fon in hoftage, with his only daughter, of incomparable
beauty, in marriage (L) j and thus appeafes the ftorm.
Smyrna MO RAD, in his return from this expedition, takes /z-
$aken : ^|^ (qj. Smyrna), and the adjacent countries of Montejba,
Jydin (M), and Sarikhdn (N), with all the territories belong-
ing to Hamid Ogli 'J.
Chuncid '^^ ^^^ ^^"^^ ^"^ ^ referred Mordd's expedition againft
"Beg/um' Chuneid Beg, or Cineis, though not mentioned by SaadiEf'
Monedi fendu The Soltdn, fays Dukas, on his return to Jdriample,
ftudied how to reduce Cineis ; to whom he difpatched an or*
der, requiring him to fend him his fon immediately according
to agreement, in cafe he deflred to preferve his friendihip;
for that he was going to pafs the Danube: letting him.know,
if he difoheyed, that he mould treat him as it Jhoidd pleafe God*
Cineis only returned this fhort anfwer. Do vjhat pleafesym"
felf, thefuccefs dej>ends on Cod,
heisde- When the Solthi had aflcmbjed all hisfofces, b^ placed
featid : at the head of them one Halil (or Khalil), a Roman ^y Urth,
who had efpoufed the fifter of the fi^azir Bqyez/d, fhun by
Cineis. This laft, hearing that Halil vtzs on.his march xo Phi-
ladelphia, advanced to meet him as far as Thiatyra. Hi$
ydungeft fon, named Kurt, or the tuo^, began the battle by
attacking the main body of the Spltdn*s army ; which, ppcnr
ing to let them pafs, received no damage. Halil, prefoming
^at the young unexperienced comm^nd^ would return tb^
5 CA.NT. ubi. fupr. p. 87.
(L) He did not marry her till (M) A town of tlic province
four years after : and of her was of Monuj^a, Cant.
born, fiW.838, A.D. 1438, the (N) Or Citron- Inn, z town oS
Great Mohammed, conqueror ctf tbe fame country, a&4 ^ ^^^*
Omftantinoplef and fcourge of try itfeU. Cant.
i^hriflendom. Coff/. p.'Sjf
ft®?
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C.J. 6SoltanMorad II.
(kmc way, ordered his foldiers to hide their white tvrblns.
lifeantime, Gncis flood ready to attack the front of Halit%
army, whUe his fon K4rt charged It in the rear. As this laft '
letiffDed with a flow pace» flaying ail in his way, he heard
Ac (bond of trumpets, and faw upon a hill troops, with en-
^refembling his father's ; who he concluded had routed
dc enemy. But finding, when he drew near, that they were
JWs troops, he fled; and, being hotly purfued, was
taken. '
As foon as this was known to Gneis^ he retired with his ^iVi /•
army towards the mountains of Smyrna ; and arrived at length Kara-
nHyf/ehi afmall city on the Ionian Sea, over-againfl Samos; man :
where he had fhips and military flores ready to ferve him in
cafe of need. Haiti fent Kurt to Morad, who imprifoned him
and his uncle Hamza ; and, making Halil governor of the
pvince he had reduced, fent Kamza, his brother-in-law,
the brother of Bayeztd, the late IVazir, to command the
army in his room, with orders to purfue Cineis, Mean time,
Gneis went to Amoriumy with a view to perfuade Karamdn^
Sokin of Kogni {6r Ikonium) to join him againfl Morad : but,
IS that prince could not trufl him fmce his defertion to Mu/ui'
iiJ/f, the other could not prevail. However, he obtained of
Km a large fum of money and 500 men.
With this recruit, Cineis returned to Hypfela, and held returns n
(wt bravely againfl the enemy; who were 25,000 men. Hy pfela:
Theh- general Kamza, finding that he made no progrefs .
againft a fort, which flood on a hill, defired Mordd to fend
him fome. Genoefe veflels to attack the place by fea, toward
nWch it lay open. Adorno being dead, one PaJavicini un- '
dertook the affair; and, appearing before the place with three
Wps, fhnck the inhabitants with terror : fo thatCfww, finding
the day after that his foldiers began to mutiny, feat to ofier
tofunrender the place to Halil^ who commanded in Kamza*9\
abfcnce, on condition that he fhould fave bis life, and either
orry or fend him to Mordd. Thefe terms being fwom to,j . t . j
Gwi/ and hi^ brothet Bayezidwzittd on Halil ;yvho received •?''!^^^'^
them dvilly, and gave them a tent to repofe in. But Aim%<», "•' ^^*'
rctuming to the camp in the evening, and being informed by
Halil of what had happened, fent four executioners, who
knocked Gneis in the hiead while he was afleep, •and cut-off
the head of his brother ; not fparing a. little child of his. As
foon as thofe heads arrived at Jdrianople, Amurai fent to in-
ffi(t the fame pupifhmcnt 00 Kirt and his imcle Hamza ;
which put an end to the family of Cineis \
t PVKAS, C. 28.
1 4 Let
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Vene-
tians ^-
tackid.
Ghermi-
an OgliV
furreitiier,
A. D.
Greece
Juhdued,
Emperor
fays tri'
kute.
Hiftory of the .Othman TaifIcs. B. XV.
Let us now return tp the Turkijh hift©rians. The eaft
beitig thus quieted, in 830, he^ turns his arms againft the
Venetians'^ lays waftc the ifland of Janta (of TLanU^
afees the caftle called Ghiogherjinlik; or pidgeon-houfe ; and
retUTHS to Adrldnople with great fpoils. THe fame year, near
Erghene (O), he orders to be built, at a vaft expence, a
bridge of cut-ftonc, with 72 arches j and on the weft fide a
Jumi, Bath, Imarety and KhAn.
In the year S^it^Ghermian Ogli repairs to MordiTs court,
and voluntarily delivers to him the keys of all his towns. In
returii, the Soltiin, after an honourable receptton given him,
loaded him with royal prcfents, and makes him perpetHal
Sanjdk of Jpfalam.
After this, in order to fubdue what yet resmained in
Gresce under the dominion of the emperor of Con/iantinepU,
he aflembles both his j4fiatic and European forces ; with
\%hich, meeting no oppofition, he takes Selanik (or The^b'
nika), Jtineh {Jthens), and Kariirwh. All Greece being thus
fubdiied, he, with a great number of c^tives aad cattle,
returns to Edemeh * (or AdriatiGple).
'Here again the Greek hiftorian muft be called in to {ivf-
ply the deficiency, if not to reftify the miftakcs of the Turk"
ijk. At the time that Amur at fent an army agaiaft Cinds^
he difpatched ambafladors mtoWalakhia and ServtA, to notify
his advancement, and concluded a peace with the. fVaymodes
of thofe countries : but conceived ah irreconcileable hatred
againit the emperor John. Not being ac|le to ,take Coa^ti'
rmpli^ he turned his arms againft the Morehy aqd the maritime
\fi3ce8 abotit the mouth of the Stryrnon. HeifpiU alfo a oa*
mtrous army to infcft Thejfnhntka^ and ruin tWiidgJibcwixig
parts about that city and Setnnwn. However, at Sgt^, tht
qoiperot* obtained a pe^ce by giving up to him? the citiff and
towns on *hfe Euxine fea ; fike\idfe the forti^ which' he hwl
not been able to take by force, as Mejembria^ Derkos, ^?f^*
man, and fome others on the Strimon : befides which he ^
to pay him Jco,ooo afpers yearly.
T»E Sattdn, being now Freed from enemies, pallid over t^
Prmjky and from thence marched to Ephefy^ ; where he r€^
odved arafbafladofs from all parts. The Venetian^ wfifc tbQ
qnlf Chriftian nation who fent none. The reafoa was this*
• Cant. p. S4.
(O) A mar% place, half- Ederne, Can^. Or EdrinattisX
way between ConftanUim^h and' is, Confiantimph and Adrianoplf-
During
Digitized
byGoogk
0.7* C^oItlfilSfeiddlL
Daiiig the time that the Def^ot jtnirenikus^ third Iboof tfie
emperor Manuel^ caminanried at Tb^Jfakn^^ after M^afti
WUnrno^ and before Amurat befi^ed Cotfiamttmj^Uy Tkf- '
jEiiM/iftwaslbffa^tljbeiiqRed by the governors of the nrfgjb-
bootiDgTi/ri^pro^^hices, ti^fdieinhaUtantayredttccdtotfac
MextiejDityy without lK>pes of rriie^ agakiA the iwtfl of the
Difiot, fent to the Venetians^ and delivered up the dty to <fi,g y^*
thflBL The TurkSi vexed to fee the prey thus fluttdied ^nt netitnt
of khdr handsy redoubled thor attacks ; fed the (ba|cttjr be* aitachd^
^nmng to be very great ia the dty. ^ Venetmms^ finrii^
tht the inhabkaatSy prefled widi h«^{er» \i^ald drfoe them
oat agaiiv and recdv^e die Turks ; fentioff the pritidpal d^
zeos to different pacts of their dgminiooSi imdcr pretence that
there were not provifioas in the place (ulbiest for their fob-
itfleoce; and put feveral to death ta ibeir paflhgc^ as tf gtiil^
of treaioQ.
WsBN Morid mtoraed to Airimi^pkv ihe Venetims fisnt to Salonika
dexaaad peace of hiiA: but he fent woed> that he would grant ^^^«
them none, unl^s they would abandon Theffahnika. Soon
after, he (^patched Kamzay with the troops of the eaft, to
befi^ that dty; and foUowed hinifelf to be prefenc at the . ^
general affiuilt. The garrifon being im no proportion to the 7^20
ooopafs oi the walla^ ajnd the befieger^ at leaft a huivdred to ^ ^*
Qoe^ they fcaled diem whhofut much c^pofition ; , and, opeo^
iag the gates, kt ia die whole army : who plundered the
town, e^av^ the infaalutftnts, ai^d comnaitted aU forts of
Tioknces. The Vens^ians^ fearing to lofe Eid>eA alfo, on
AmurMt*9 i«tttm to bis capitals watAt it their bBiine& to oony*
dode a peace with him.
At; this time JOragul, a natural fon of MibzA^ kte Way* Dragul
iuood of JValakhia^ entering that country with fome youngy^/«^j Wa*
men, nadves thereof, trtiem he picfcfrf up at Ccnjfantinople^ lakhia :
where he ferved the emperor as a foldier, in a little time
gKw Tery formidable by the numbers which jokied hhft ;
and marching agsu^ Z)*w, nephew of Miff za, the then fVay-
wd^ defeated him, and, having cut-off his head, nfurped
ftc ibrte. Amurat, who had made peace with Dam, oh his
paymg a fmall tribute, incenfed at this proceeding, proclaim-
ed a brother of the deceafed for his fucceflbr, and feat Km
mto Wtilakhia with a confiderable force : but Draguly raifing
a great armyj defeated and killed him alfo. Thua fi^ Du-
f Cap. 28, feq.
In
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
122 Hifiory of tit dthlnan Tefrks. B. XV.
HcJ. 858. In 838, Karmdn Ogli Ibrahim Beg (P) rebels in Jjia;
A. D.' where MorM^ croffing over with his forcc% takes jlkfbahri *
■ '•4S4' and Komyah, each at the firft attack. Ibrahim Begy find- *
^•^'"'O^ ing himfelf too weak to refift the imperial army, by the in-
r2"^^° tcrceiSon of Menla, Gamzeh ( QJ, at that time the moft cele-
^ ^ * brated faint among the Turkf^ is pardoiwd and reftored to his
former ftate ".
DVKAS, who afciibet this mediation to Karamdt^s wift,
who was yAwttraf's Vifter, relates the caufe iif the war, and
its confequences, in the foUowiftg manner.. '
fwar tjoltb AMURA% hearing thzxKaramAn teid an excellent Ara-
Kara- bian horfe in his ftables, fent to htm for 4t ; not believing that
man : he would refiife the perfon, who often ufed to ravage his ter-
ritories, and threaten farther afts of hoftility: hm Karam&n^
far from complying, afked the envoy, on ftieWing him the
horie, if his majler could mount him ? The envoy not being'
able to anfwer the queftion, Karamin faid. Tell your mafier
that horfe is fo mettlefome he will never be able to mount htm,
^ for that is as much as I can do myfelf\ and for the fame reafm
I will not fend it him. Amurat^ enraged at this anfwer, im-
mediately raifed an army; and, paffing over. Into Afta^tXi'
tared Karamin'% dominions, where he took Akjiari and Peg-
fiari (R), two fmall cities 5 the laft but two daysjourtiey from
Kogni (or Koniyah). Karamdn, having no forces to refift the
invader, fent the chief men of his court with the horfe, and a
great fum of money; offering alfo to rcliilquifh the dries
which he had taken *.
.^ The affairs of AJta bdng fettled, in 839, a new^eray
Mora arifes in Europe. Mora I&dli, brother of the Greek empe-
Krkl'u ^of (S)> ^ ^ ^^^ befiegingG^Aw^A^r/7«fi*,''beforc-mfe^tioii6d,
» Camt. p. 85. » DuKAs, c. 29.
(Py The fame prince of Ka* cell in Karamania is reltgioofty
ramania who furrendered his vifited to this day . Cant.
country to Soltdn Murdd^ and (R) Akjhahri and Btgfiahri.
married his elded fiiler. But (S) He feems to have been
how he came to fly out of Rum- the Defpot Demetrius ; who about
/// (or Thrace) into Afia^ is not that time, according to Fi6rtfi«9M,
known. Gtff^. From this note governed the greater part of the
Chermian Ogli ought to be in- Morea. He is called t\it tm-
ferted in the text, inftead of Ka* peror^s brother from the afiini^
raman Ogli. But as to either of he had with him. Cant. His
their being in Europe ^ we heard affinity was that of brother
nothing before. to John Paleologus i who then
( QJ QxMola Gamzehy whofe reigned .
Kafstm
Digitized
byGoogk
C. 7^ 6 Sdtin Mor&d U. it}
£;^/fft ^4^1 Beglerbeg of Rum-eU, with a feleft band of A. D.
jnoi, nnexpeftodly attics, and puts him to flight ; flaying i43S«
or taking moft of his foldiers, wiUi thefpoils of their camp. V^VX/
Mean- while fierce war breaks out with the king of Hun* ^jfig
gary, whofe forces prevailed more often than the Turkj/b, Honga*
At lafty Mikhal alt Beg, the brave Othmdn general, unexpefl- riant :
cdty invading the country, over-ran the richer prorinces, car-
ried away the mhabitants, and returned with great booty (S).
The JIungarianSy taking jili Beg's departure for a flight, nifli
again into the Turki/b dominions ; deftroying all with fire and
fwiMrd. Moridf to check their boldnefs, after pafling the
Dannie nsao^Widdin, and laying wafte the country, attempts to
take Belgrade (T), the great bulwark of Hungary : but the S^/^^j .
brave ddfence of the garrifon, and the approach of winter, ^*g"'*^**
force him to r^e the (lege, when he feemed to be very near
taking the city. However, in his way back, he fubduea *
S^ta (U), with fome oth^ towns of Bulgaria,
MO RAD was the more concerned at his difappolntment
before Belgrade, as he judged it owing, not fo much to the
valour of the beficged, as to the treachery of Valak OgU (X) ;
who was nearly allied to him by blood, and fliarcd his f r iend/hip. f^y^^^
On examination, it appeared, that he had not only difcovered'Scrvjj^
the Otbmdn councils to the king of Hungary ; but alfo done
his utmoft to prevent tl^ taking of Belgrade. The Soltdn,
therefore, to puniih his perfidy, firft commands the c>'es of
his two hoftage-fons to be put out : then, parching with an
army into Seruia, takes the city pf Semendra, on the Da^
nube, fiazes the territory of Zerin Ogli (Y), and fubjefts the
(S) The Chriftian annals af- ^X) This feems to be George^
cribe glorious vidoriesin thofc DeJ^t o£ Serbia j who, accord-
days tP 7^ Huniades, general ing to the Chriftian writers , gave
of the HmHforians ; bat mention his daughter in marriage to M?-
jtothiBg oi Mikhal Ogliixir^^- rdd for the confirmation of the
tion into Hungary, and the cala- ^peace : and whofe Tons, after <
mities which attended it. Cant. • ' the rupture between their father
( T ) Jlia Grefa, formerly ^ and the Saltan, were deprived of
VmMruMiim. From die- places* their fight. The ChriiUan au-
taken by Uor£d in his return^^ thors are more accurate in siv-p
\t may be doubted, whether the ing the names of princes than
^urJnfi loflb in this fiege were the l^urhs. Cant.
ip great as the Chriftians repre- (Y) The country along the
jentthem. Cant. river ^cwe, from its conQu;^
(U) The capital of Bulgaria^ with the Danube, tQ jPf/#r-
and rcfidcnccofthe^ffiVr^^^bf woaradin, is fo called by the
^Mntreli. It is a ci^ without TurAt, Cant,
wailf . Cant.
whole
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
J>
A. D. ^h6lc conntry to his domimon. Falai ^yi,^c3*ihg W'H^,
1^43^- teccites the king of Hungary (2) ag^irift tfieT^m, i^nd t)rcto-
\^N^ off a treaty of peace ; ^vhcttby he hct^rtie th6 bccafkiti 6f tltt
following flaughters, and thaft king's dekth J^» TWs U the
Turkifb accotmt of that expedition : let tis now tear ^
Greek report.
Peace A'MU R At being informed, ttet iieUen, l^ejfdt cif S^-
w//^ Ser- i)ia, the fon of tazarus, zndhroihbt^n-lswtff BA-yszf J, -^i
w : dead, fent ambafladors to his fnccefibr (7^rw, fon ofVulk (A),
to demand Servia ; becaufe Stephen had Iot rto-cbildre^, e*-
tcptlng a nephew of his filter Mary. George, to aV6id ^ Wir,
gave the 5o/fi;z his filler in marriage, with part of iervia^
atnd a prodigions ftm df money ; and hi return dbtained leave
to bttiid a fort upon the Danuffe (called Sendrirw),
^ers WhiIe Aftturat -^i^ at Prujh on hi^ ekpeditidn ig^ilft
Pangary: fCaramJSn} Dragul, Waywod cf iVhlakhia^ wdkS otl hiih, isA
offered to give him a paffage intb tiiingccry ^ pftdi ^ ft6
■Would ; aMo to conduft him to the borders df tj&rftnny and
A. D* 'Jiuffid, The 5(?fti;^, pfea||d ^with thdfe terid^ of ferWdif,
'429* / carefftd hrm extremely, made hJm fit at ta!)Ie v^ith ftirt, *t4
gave prefents not only to him but all his atHetfd^fe ; ^6
xrere no fewer than 300. Towards the erid df fprfrt§[, ^ii-
A. D. r^if, having paffed the Danube at N^(^f}Hs, Va5 g#ty ft-
'43^' ccivedby jDro^J; who, in fouf days, cdndwfJed Wth ttt thfe
•frontiers of ifttw^^ry, which was alladefert, ithfe irifiabitffltti
having, on his 'approach, abandoned tiife towns terid ffflstgcs.
Being atrved near Ztpefie^ a famous dty, they d^Vft ii6t at-
tempt h. The- inhabitants, far frbift ft^ftl^ afratdt, ftt^pett
their gates; and faUied out upon them. When they came to
the Danube^ they repafled it, and Afnurat returced 'toAdm-
hople. '
hvades SooN after he fent to demand of George, De/pot of J^ervia^
Servia: tjie fort of Sendrew, which he had built. This he <iid by
the •advice of his Wazir Fadtdak j f6T he Wts very fiticeri «rf
not given to malice. The IkJpfJt relndtiftratkig) thatiie had
a right to it by the faith of treaties, tho-^o*^/! b«fidg^ it 5
and, in three months, took it on capitulation. The fl^teft fefe
of the Defpot, who \vas in the p4ace. Was ^erwards, '^itR hh
brother, then at court, fent to Amajtris^ and |i^d' tReir tj€^
y Cant. p. 85, & fcqq.
(Z) Ladiflaus^ king of Hun- ( A ) Hence called by t^
fary and Poland, cjiieiljr known Turkijb writers Valak Qgli, or
ly the daughter at r«n/a. Cant, the fon ^ Valak ; (kat \s% Vulk.
8 put
Digitized
byGoogk
potout by tbc »5xa£r'$ advice. The fome fomiacr be took A, D,
Hmofa-jjup wdi rctujned to Adriaw^ : there DraguJ, conupg » 43 6,
tQjj^y his refpeflstotbe^aiSfiWi, Avasfeftt inirons tothetqwin: '« "^"Wi
dilUMppolis ; mider preti^ce, that be defigoed lo hav« b«»-
tt^ ham lu iTtm^^zry. Soj^e ti^^^ af ter, on ^viqg his two
tasiahoft^^ and taking a oiew oath of fidelity, he ym.
diBarged.
Tii^ licgJjimDgof nex^fpwg, JttmraU mimg a nqmcrow ^£/f,^w
^ODf, "^^la^]^ to befiege Se/gr^ule ; which G^^rgs^ Gef^t dL Belgrade.
&rw, having been apprebenfive of, had givea to the H%m-
garians, whp ^uere more powerful than he (B)» and better
able to dc&ud it. The SoltM i^ade great eiTorts ag^unft the
dqr. But ^fter fix monjth$ iiege, both by land and water,
ioAead of gaining any advantage^ loD: abandonee oi his foL*
diers, not only by the plague, but by ei^ines, caft in the
farm of tubes; which, by means c^ a dufl, compoled of nitre
fnlphur.a^d charcoal, (hot-out baUs of lead, five or ten t^
geffier, ©icb a$ big as. a walnut <C).
The emperor ^n this year failed to Italy, with the patri-r En^erer
ardi Jofi^ph^ and the other prelates, to affifl at the council of /« Italy,
Fbrmce^ in order to unite the Cr€^k and Uuin churches* A. D,
The pope wa^ at the whole expence of the voyage, and thkf i433«
decree of the union was iigned : but the Creeks, at their tc*
turn, rccanfed, although feme of the archbifhops would not
pat pen to paper till the money proml&d them was paid down^
Reports, having been fpread in the emperor's aWence, ^hat he
was gone to IHr-up the ChrifKan princes againfl the Tturks^
he, at his return, fent ambafladors to Jmurat, to aflure him
of the contrary; and that he intended inviolably topreferv<
peacp with him.
(B) He had retired into Hun- ing reflraimed as it were by thf
gasy during the fiege of Sendrn ; balls, pufhed the firft ball, ihafi
and gsurifoned the cities which the fecond, and (o on fucceffiv«r
he had in that country with ly to the lad ; which commonly
Hmi9grtans. fiew a mile, and made its way
(C)'nie rtader muftfee, tkat through a man or horfe, tho*
gons and powder are here to be covered with iron : that its force
ttodftitoiod. A% this is the firft did not qsaie after paffing thro*
time the Greeks feem to have the body of a man; on the con-
beard of either, the account trary, another behind him migUc
which Dukm gives of the pow- be wounded by it : that whcfi
der and ball, with their effe£b» the ball is made of iron, and hat
may not be unacceptable. That been under hammer, in hitting
tnnior fays, this compofition any thing, it takes a long figure,
fmeh^e bkumen and fparks and penetrates like a ibeam of
of fire: that it was very apt to fire.
ukefire; and that the firo. he-
Me AH
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hipry of the Othman Turks- B. XV.
Mean time the DeJ^ot^ George^ perceiving that the taca^y
advanced daily into his dominions, applied for fuccour to die
' queen of Hungary \ who governed during the minority of
Irer fon. The queen, confidering, that if the Turks wttt fuf-
fcred.to {yxbixxt Servia^ they would invade her dominion*
Bcxt, ordered her general, John Huniades, to aflift him. As
the Dejpot hi^d a greslt treafurc, they foon raifcd 25,000 men»
both horfe and foot; and, croifing the Danube, advanced to
Sofia ; which they burned, with the towns and villages in -
the neighbourhood, cafting the fpoil into the river. Jmurat,
who had not time to af&mble the troops of the eaft, fet for-
wards with thofe of the weft. Both armies approached a
town midway betweeen Sofia and Philippopolis, called by the
Bulgarians ^atu, that is, gold, through very difficult roads.
Servia The Turks, perceiving the Hungarian camp, durft not
TiJoTid: defcend into the plain. Hereupon the enemy, eiltouraged by
their fear, afcended the mountain through clouds of arrows ;
' but both parties, finding the fituation incommodious for
fighting, retired to their former pofts. Then Amur at, rc-
flefling that the Hungarians, who had never before pafled
the Danube, had pafled it this time to afGft the Defpot of Scr^
via, reftored all the places he had taken from him, and even
the fort of Sendrew : he likewife fent him his two fons, who
had been deprived of their fight. He did the fame by Dra^
guts fons; and concluded a peace with the queen of Hungary
andki/fg of Poland, as guardian of the young king : whereby
it was fUpulated, that the Hungarians fhould not crofs the
Danube to make war againft the Turks, nor the Turks pals it
to make war on the Hungarians y.
T kifh ^^ *^ obfervable, that our Turkijb hiftorians do not mcn-
^Haliti, ^*?^ ^^^ t\ang of this reftjtution of Servia, made by Amurat,
^ "^^ though confirmed by the other Chriftian writers ; who like-
wife inform us, that he gave up his claim to Moldavia^ and
that part of Bulgaria which had been conquered from him.
Jn like manner, they omit the recovery of Tranjilvama by
John Huniades, and feveral other viftories obtained againft
them by him, or but flightly touch on them. This fhews
them to be partial to their nation, and that neither a com*
plete nor accurate hlftory of their affairs, is to be had folely
from their writers ; to whom we fliall, in their turn, have re-
courfe.
Karaniln In 845, Karaman Ogli Ibrahim Beg, the inveterate enemy
OgliV in- of the Othmkn empire, breaking the late faith confirmed by
mafion. gatb, miferably lays wafte the Aftan provinces, then deftitutc
T DtriCAS, c. 29—32.
Digitized by VjOOQ iC
C. ;. / 6 Soldin Moii4 n; 127
of dcft»ce (D). Morad^ on this advice, ^es o?cr to Afia ; He|. 84/
tad, having aflembled an army at Pruja^ fends before lome ' ~^ "
dK>ren troops. Thefe being met by Karamdn'% wife, the
Sofriix's eldeft Mer, (he bids them halt till fhe fpoke to her r
bodier ; who, by her eloquence and tears, was prevailed on
to be reconciled with him : ihe engaging, that her huiband
ihoald bind himfelf by oath never to a£l in the leaft againft
the Othm&n empire, or fufier his fubje£ts on any account to
eater it.
The Othmim dominions bring now in profound peace, and j^or&d
a treaty condnded with the Hungafiaru^ MorM^ tired vdth rtfiim .•
reignii^, in 847, voluntarily refigns the em|Hre to his fon
Mohammed^ and retires to Magnefia (E), with delign to lead Hcj. 847.
aiprivate Ufe. KaramAn Ogliy who, but the year before, had ^* ^*
obtained bis pardon, thinking this a proper time to ddlroy '443'
the Othmhi empire, whidi he had fo long meditated, writes
to the king of Hungary to take advantage of the preient junc-
ture : afluring him, diat, if they attacked the Othman domi-
nions, both in Europe and Afia at the fame time, they (hould
quickly root out the whole Othman race, and reflore the in-
jured and difpofleiled princes to their former happinefs.
The king of Hungary had lately, with his hand on the gof- ^yj^,^
pel, fworn by the immortal body of Chrift to obferve the the fce^
conditicms of the peace : but, by the inftigation of the pope,'/^;
who abfolved him from his oath, he aflembies an army ; and,
being joined by the Chechi (or Bohemian)^ P^Z?, Latin^ and
Bulgarian^ Valak Ogli*s auxiliaries, he leads them into tht
Mu/ulmAn dominions. The Turh^ frighted at fo great ar-
mies of warlike nations, with Mohammed^ confent, fend am-
bafladors to befeech MorM to refume the reins of govern- '
ment, and defend the (late in this critical junAure : MorSd^ '
loth to leave the fweets of reurement, refufed at iirft : but,
(D) Dukas iufbrms us, that abdication of A^^r^. Cant. It
Karamdn^ during the Hungarian is mentioned by Dukasy who ob-
war, recovered xkt places ^^Mtf- ferves, that he was fcarce re>
rat had taken from him : that turned to AdrianopU from the
Ammrat plundered Kogni^ and Karamaman war, when news
carried away a prodigious quan- was brought, that his fon Ala<'
tity of gold and filver : that he din^ governor of Amapa^ who
treated the city ofLaranda witX -had l^n at the plundering of
the utmoft cruelty, and ravaged Kogni, was dead ; a hand^me
all the country of Karamdn^ valiant prince, of 1 8 years : and
without fparing the T^urks them- that foon after, he, in an aflem-
ielves. bly of the great men, refigned
(E)NoChriftian writer, whom the throne to his (on MaJbomet,
I have feen, mentions this fif ft and retired to Pru/a.
on
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Varna:
drifiians
tbrown*
Hifiory of tU Othmla Tudcs. B. XV:
QV^ a fedond qj^Ikaticm^ at length coofimts ; and, uitb the
ucmoft ^eedy pafle^. thcough KalHpoks (F) into Ewrvpt^ Thm
tfaiird. day afber his. arrival at Mrianofde^ taking on. him the
office ofgeqeraly he leads out his army.; and, by loi^ marches,
proceeds towards Varna^ where the Hungarian long w^ in-*
oamped. For greatq: expedition, he marches befisire \piitk the
horfe, ; and, ia three days coming in light of die enemy, fidls
on theBt(G) : but not with the Kiocefs he ragrfted ; iot the
right-wing being unable, for want of infantry, to ftand the
firfl fliock, arc put into diforder, and piirfiied above ai mile.
The young king of Hungary y who now thought ^the vi&arj
lus.own, in the heat of the battle challenges M$tM to iingle
con^t. The Soltdfiy accidentally meeting him, pierces his
horfe with a Jertd (H). Hereupon, the king falGng u> the
ground, the Janizaries^, who were now arrired, inftantly
cut-off bis head ; and, fliewing it to the enemy on the point
of a fpear, cry-out, Behold the head of your king. At the
fame time, the fcattered horfe rallying, they renew the fight^
and defeat the Chriftians at the firft charge (I).
They made indeed fome ftands afterwards ; but n^ht com<»
ing on» and, wanting a leader (K), they are entirely routed^
Excepting
(F) Dakas (tys, that 125 gal-
liet appearing before KalUpolis^
to hincier his paiTagc there, he
cjpofled over near the facred ,
mouth (of the Bo/phorus), altho'
others were ftationed for the
fame purpofe on that fide. Ac-
cording to other writers, thefe
were the galliea of the P^emtt^
OMi and Pope; who, by Cardie
nal Julian^ abfolved Ladijlaus
frox^ his. oath, and precipitated
the w^ to the king's deftra^ion
andjiifi Ojwn : for he wa$ kUled
Itnpottg the reft.
(G) Chriftian writers fix this
battle to the lotk No^vernifery
(H) A fort of light miffive^si-
velin, or dart ; with which the/
hit the mark with an exa^eePs
fearer to be ipatched by the
moft ikjilful gunners. C^t*
(I) The Turks have a tradi-
tion, as well a« the Chrliiiani,
that in the very engagement^
Morad ordered' the writings
which he received from th#
king of Hmgary^ in confirms^
tion of the peace, to be carried
on the point of fpear through
the ranks ; crying out. Let S^
Gaurs {or infidels) come on Oi-
gainfl their God and facrmment 1
andj if their belief of thofi thinge
he certain, let them, Ojuft God,
declare them/elves their o^nxwen*
gersy. andfumjher$ of their igttmr
mny»
(li)LadiJhitshckig{isim^ Umr
madeu kno>MiBg all was thereby
loft, retired haftUy, but in goofl
order, towards ^e Danuta^
which having pafiTed, his (oim
lowers all diif^rkd. By this
niean» he fell into the hands of
Drakula (OT Dragfd), lord of
Moldavia, his mortal enemy <i
who would have flain. him im-
mediately, had. not hr been pra-
veneed
Digitized
byGoogk
C. 7»^ , ^SoItsfaMorSdn^
Eaoepdfig tome few who efcaped in the dark^ att the reft are
flsiQ^ or taken prifoners (L), whUe Mor^ leads baek his
traqf not much teffened, and loaden with fpoii : after which
lieretoies ^atn to a private Hfe at Magnefia. But, in 850,
xxtaceount of a feditionof the /^tniz^lr/^J^ who, forpttleor
no ca«rfe^ robbed or murdered all perfons they met, without
difliDftion of age or fex, he was prevailed on a fecond time
tamoam the tmore (M ) ; and fends MBbammed^ who was too
yoni^ to curb the rtintineers, to Magnefia.
The fedttii^n being prefently appeafed, he next year turns
his arms againft the rebellious Ki^rioi, Tjkdnder Beg (N),
drives hhn out dF his kingdom, lays wafte all Greece and
Amaud (Q) ; and, iti the Moredy takes by ftorm BalibadrL
kad Akchebiffitr (?). In requital for finder Beg^s breach ot
tig
ffcj. 859.
A. D.
1446.
expeh
v^kander
Beg
Hcj. 851.
A.D,
1447.
Veiited by the offer of a great
hMtfor his prifonct's ranronn,
and an embany from the Mun^
gariiors, threatening War if he
cUd not deliver their general.
Ob !&»»' I>rakuld mad# great
t^agm for lib treatment, and
coadu^d hini to the frontiers
efHiiiKgaty : bat fomoe time uf"
ttrB«ni^dej,in the expedition
be made to pik Dan^i, prince of
Walakhia^ m poiTeilion of Mol-
iavia^ in his turn took Drakuta,
wkk btrfon, and put diem both
todeath. Kkai^. 1 vii. c. J & 8.
(L) DuiM, agreeal^ to other
Chtiftiaa writers, tells os, that
of the princei apd generals
firarce H«siW#xhimielf elcaped.
The fame author relates this
b^c (in which he fays, the
7ttrb ntade a terrible (laughter,
and gain^aremarkable victory)
much after the fame manner as
b ^ texf . He fays the fight
was very furious from day-break
tin imte o^clock, in which time
the ChriHians flew a great namh
her of Turks ; and that, at 10
o'clock, Uidijlsjis, furrounded
hf 500 men, would needs fall
i^oa the enemy, in fpice of all
^at Huniadet eoidd do to hln»
htop. HI8T. Vo^L- XH,
der him ; but that» as he ad^
vanded, hit horfe, receiving a
wound, threw him, &^.
(M) Chriftian writers hf^
Maradf after thebattle oiV^xma^
retired to a monaflie lift at
Fri^ ; but impute his qdttnig
it again to the (ucceflbs of Iht-
ttiimsitkfiMHfaryt and rebellion
of Skmdey h^. Cdnt. Duimt
ikys» all this was done by tb0
ipeans of Haiti,
(N) That is Lord Jle«and§r,
the name given Georgg Caflriott
youttged ion df John, prince of
tfdrus; who, bei^lg delivered in
hoftageto Afordd, was by him
bred! in the Mobainkifdan reU-^
gion, and much beloved : bikt
while the Saltan wa» engaged
in the Hungarian wars, be with-
drew into EpJrusi where, af-
cording to the Chriftian hifto-
rians, he -performed wonders
againft the Turi^s, He died at
Lijhy in the Fenetian dominions, *
in January^ ^467, being fixty-
three years of age. Cant.
iO) By Amaud are fignifieft
ant a and Macedonia. Cant.
( P ) The city Alha, Cant.
Akchohiffar fignines the ixihite^
Qi rather whitijb city.
J^ feilh,
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
I JO . Hifiory of the OthmlinT^tkB. B. XV
A. D. faitby and caufelefs defer tion of the Mohammedan religioii^ bi
1447. converts all the churches of Arnaud into Jimist or mojksy aik
^^y>hO orders all the Epirots to be circumcifed, or put to death 1
whereby the whole country, in a Ihort time, changed hei
faith at. To this place may be referred what the ChrlAiai
hiftorians relate concerning the war in the Mor^a, and thi
exploits of Skander Beg, With regard to the war in tlu
n M Morea^ according to DukaSf although that author puts 11
tJiin^' kter in time ( Q^), the reafon of Jmurat*s march to thai
vad^ country was to recover the places taken by Con/iantine^ I>efp6i
of Lacedemon (R) ; who, while he was in war with the Hun*
garians, had reduced Thebes and the neighbouring tOMrns<
On the Dejpofs refuAng to furrcnder thofe places, the Saltan
fat dawn hdort Hexamilion (S);, which Conftantine had re-
paired four years before, and behind which he then was "virith
60,000 men. But he was betrayed by the Albanians^ >vho{e
treafon however he efcaped, as well as his fon Thomas, Def-
pot of Akhaia. Amurat, having ruined Mexamilzon, and
laid wafle the country as far as Patrus and Ktarenka ; carried
off with him^,ooo prifoncrs *.
^Morad : KHAL WO ND TLA Sis more particular in his account oi
this expedition. According to him, Conftantine, having In*
vaded the Turkijb territories, took the city of Pindusy with
the country of Beotia, and part of Akhaia ; penetrating as far
as Attika. Mordd, informed hereof by i\^ri, prince of Athens,
and Thurakdn, governor of Thejfaly, marched with all his
forces to Pherres. On this news, Conftantine aflembled all
the people of the Morea to defend the wall (or HexainiHon)\
which pr<?fcntly was ranged iFrom one end to the other by the
the wall Turkifb army* The duke, unable to oppofe fo great a force,
fgrced. fent to make propofals of jpcace: but, inftead of moderating
matters,' demanded the reft of the Morea, with other lands
adjoining to it ; which Amurat had conquered in war.
The Soltan returned no anfwer to fo mid a demand ; but
fent the ambaffador (who was our author's father), bound
hands and feet to Pherres. Although it was tiicn the depth
« Cant. Othm. Hift. p. 88—92. ^ Dukas, c. 3a.
( Q^) ^'*«» after the defeat of (S) Hexamilion was a wall fix
Huniadis, mentioned in the fol- miles long, built acrofs the I/^J^
lowing paragraph. mus of Korinth, to fecure the
(R) KhalkonHylas calls him Morea againft invafions. There
duke of Piloponeffiis ; whick was a town alfo of the fame
country is now called the Mg- name julb within it. HiJ^amU§m
rea^ ^ iignifies fix miles*
of
• Digitized
byGoogk
^1/. 6 SoI(ao Mor^ It. 131
of winter, he went with 6000 horfe to view the wall, and A. D.
fie where he might beft make his approaches, and plant i447*
Us batteries. After this, his army lodged themfclves on the ^^OlT^
fife rf the fofle ; and the cannonading began fiercely on both ^"^^ .^'
fides. On the 7 th day, the Turks gave a general aflault, and J** '^'^•'
bcame mafters of the wall, with very litde oppofition from ^'
t&e Greeks^ eflfeminated by luxury and corrupdon. While
Tturakdn was fent to ravage the heart of the country, AmU'
rat took and facked the city of Sicyon. Then marching to
Pattras, a rich dty of Jkhaia, found it dcferted, excepting
die caftle, which made a brave defence ; and b^ore It was
tahen, peace was concluded with the Creeks ^ wh^eby the
Morea firft became tributary ^.
As to Skander Bee;, although the Turkijh hiftorians fcarce
take notice of him, the Chriftian writers, who call him prince
dEpirus, haVe afcribeci ta him exploits equal to thofe of the
greateft heroes of Sntiquity : but as moft of them have ap-
parently exaggerated matters, we chofe to follow Khalkoncfylas,
"who is more moderate in his account of him. MorM, fays
this author, the fpring after his expedition into the Morea,
marched againft Skender, or Skander Se2y fon of Ivanes (T). skaoder «
tlus lord having been, it is faid, abuted by the Sohdn, at Beg r^*
^ofe court he was educated, witbobt changing his religion, voks :
redred info £/irK/; where having married the princefe Donikp
daughter of Arianetes, he openly revolted, Amxtrat, on this
news, marched M^ith all his forces, and ravaged the country ;
vfaile Skander Beg, after fending his family and the ufelefs
people into the Venetian territories, retired with the reft into rstiret to
the palles of the mountains, towards the fea coaft, watching tbehiUii
the motions of the enemy ; who at length beiieged Sfetigrade,
and took it by aflault,. killing all the men, and plundering the
goods (U). Getia^ which they attacked next, terrified by
that fad example, furrendered on compofition. The Saltan
* Khalk. Hift. Conftant. f. vii. c. 4. ;
(T ) That is Johriy whom tliis fiege in May^ 1449; ir.d
other writers famamc Kafiriot^ fay, that it was {"urrendercd ii^
and call king or prince of Ipi- September following by capitu-
rus. They fay, that he deli- lation, after Amurat had loll
vered up his four fens as hoil- 30,000 men before it; and that
ages to obtain peace of ^i!^r^7/, a doc; being thrown into the
Who circamcifed them *, and, well by a traitor, the garrifoa
on their father's death, poifon- would not drink of the water }
ed the three elder, and feized which obliged the brave Cover*
Efirus. • ' ' nor Perlot to fuirendcr.
(U) The wcftern writers put
Z, % thea
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
his hrafVi
actions.
i%i tiifiory vf the OfluiAn turks. B. XH
A. J>. then fat down \)dhre Krqja (X), the capital of Albania (T
1447. aikl exceeding ftropg, as weH by fituatipn as art. His »:dU«i
^J^'srs) having made a great treadi in the w4I, the Janizaries
contipual aflaults: but, being rcpuifed with confii"
flanghter, and winter dra^xdng on, Awmmt^ after a
long fiege, wherdn be loft a great mutfbei* of men, th.<
proper to leave the jAace kx that time.
The Sohin^ having remained in i^ a whole yeai^at
)iopki fet forward a fecbnd time, -vssix a more nitmeroas
than before, a^inft Shander Beg \ who was a man 0{
cpurage, and indefatigable in ^vmg Amurat vexation. lA
Way -to Kroya^ he fcnt to the Venetians to deliver-up Si
Beg^ who, with the AJbanians; retired to die fnotmtains
that city, in order to affift it da occafion. The caimon
!i^ made a large breach in the w^, a party wa^ fent to
Tert Skdnder Beg, while the Turks gave an a/&ult. QereBj
a terrible fight b^an in the mountains, where that prince
formed aftiohs beycmd bdief, overthrowing all before 1
On the other hand, tbt Jfanizaries were fo roughly handled
the breach, that .^nurat thoiu^ht fit to change the fiege Into
blockade : but ajt the fame ume, news ariving from Ceorgi
i)efiot of S^rvta, that Jokn Huniades was ready to pa6 tlMJ
Panube with a numerous army, he imme^atdydrew^tf (2)^
in order to go meet the Hungarians^. '
hrJSb^'
nia*
^ Khalk. ubi fupr. c. 5 & 7^
(X) Other writers fay, ^t
BkanderB^g, after the battle of
J[flata againft HuniadeSf flying
with the ^4^*s fecretiry, sx
Jength feized kijs, and .made
)bim write ^ letter in tlic S9U4n^
name to the governor of kroja ;
ordering him to deliver up the
city to Skander Beg ; who killed
(he fecretaiy, and hy means of
the letters got pofleffion of tlia(
city.
( Y) Others fay of Epirus, but
not lo properly; for Albania^
comprehending Epirus, with
part of illyria^ Kt^af now in
ruins, flood in the kttsr coun-
try, near the gulph ofDrin, be-
tween Durazzo aad J/eJjo.'
^ (Z) The weflern writers men-
tion only one fiege of iS*^'« ;
and fay, that Sian/er Beg twict
broke into Anurai\ eamp, aad
made a ercat flaug^iaer: d^l
th* £«/f«ffluiviBg been repalfei
in four »ttKik&» failixif W t»
corrupt Uratifk^nNi, the gever*
nor, as well as to oblige Skm*
der Beg to pay io,ooo dukati
tribute, he tell fldc ; and, afcir
making a fpeech (p his (on Va-
hornet, died undeir the walls ^
that city. Butthe circumilances
of Amurat dying at thif fiege^
and Mahomet"^ being ia the
camp at the fame time, are evi-
dcntly felfip; which brin« a
fufpidon OR the reft of tKehff'
tory, many of whofe fads arc in
themfelvcs fuffic^ntly impro-
bable,
Digitized
byGoogk
MfiAiv
MsiK dine» the cmpcfor JMn PaMogus, hmg afliftcd A. D.
vkhtbe 9CN11, die I0& of 1m cooibrt, and tbe treubles whkh 144^*
di(bfted the cburfh fiice hii voyage to Jfafy, fell into a <K_f- ^-^^''*^
vivwlMch cafricd Un off in a few d^. He was tbelaft f'!^^
mgM df the Xomam. Notice was immediately given of i^'^ ^^'
Ittdoth to G&tiftimtim (A.); who, prefently i^er bis arrival a. D.
^Cu^kmimo^, feat ambafladers to Amurai, who fettled 1-449;
al difecences whoek fub/iAed between the two couitt''.
JUMfloi eddsy. Aat hb brother DemHrivf^AoicA to fiifK
fist lttm» a&d would have afcended the throne, had li^ nol.
bnliindercd hf his moi^, aiid the g^eatrmen, of whooii
fmuHmsnemn and N^otas (B> weue the chioi The arrival
of Prince TZomtf^, t^e youngeft of tbe fatodiers^ was aUb a^
check open him ; fe tkat ae fooa as Conjhintine entered the
dty, aU was pa^Sfied. Dtifi^m^ an4 7%^x had the ManA
divided bctwecij them^
Thb Hung^rmm {C^ to fevetigt the d^eath of thnr late Hunga^
kio^lQQOiym^tionwkh the prince o^iV(9i!c£ft^ rians i«r
aiklddicrs^ having entered the Oi^^raf^dooMnioBs, Nor^dJBM'^^
io k^ to Scfi€ ; and firom thence Bitches a^j^aA th^ ene^ .^
ay: hat, before the armies came ia light, the JBeigkr, cer^
oia Mufubnmu^ in their wajr to join him, meet tbe Widakhir
m 6|^ted frcffit tbe left,. aad eafilji foot them (D). Tho
&fr4a, leading on his forces to Kojfova (E), immediately b^-
fosthe baitte; bat aat with the fitceefe be expected, dtqi
' ZhrcA|» c. 5^. *^iMLK« ubiftq)!. }, vii* e. 11*
(A) Sunlamp Drakofu^ the the heat of the batdc, gom&
WhstotJoJim. over to the Turks^ on premil^
{B) I&wad «-and dujce. ofpardpn, ^e SoUan, eittier fuf^
fCJ The ^r/^ hiftorians peding they had JIbme ill de-
kii dtis arm/ W8|9 coipnanded ngn, or in deteftatkm of thdi^
^ die King ^ Ihnffirj : hut treachery, ofdered 2o,0€k> horfa
a Eiig Idw/^SW, farnamed to fiivroiiad an^ cut thorn ia^
ttjSnmusy was then ^fXaxnt^ pieces, with the arn(is in thei^
by fmMm duke of Anftna^ handst.
wd difowned by the Hungari- (E) A place near Nigromonte^
mtf Piiaca CUmtemip fiipj^fsi iaiiioai fop anodicr battle, in
duthy the \mi%^ Hmi^ules' p^ which Met^ I, was vi£lo^
tobe^erftood; agrefaUjita abas, and flain. This (tcoa4
tr Chiilbmi wnterat. battle is defcribed in the Waiak^
( D ) Khalkondfht ^s, tihc ii^ i|naa^ to be fo fierce aa4
yrfatffturii were Soeo in num* bloody as to excised all before^
Wr, imdar tksir prince /Xr«ifi, or s^re Ukely to be. after it«
^ cooMat^sd die left wing Cam.
•Ttiie ^hr^ftians \ %vA ^^^,i in
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftoryof the Othmin Turks. B. XV.
enemy's armour being proof againft the fword. Mor$^ fee-
ing this, draAvs back his troops, and orders them to ilrike at
their h6ads with pole-axes and dubs. The Cbriftkms fur-
rounded, and unable to rcfift the fury of the Ti/r*^ retxeat
fhe 0th- flowly under the flielter of their carriages ; and valiantly
noan i/or fight in that manner, with various fyrtunt, till fun-fct At
mimotts.i laft the king, perceiving his men difcouraged and fettled, af-
fembles the braveft of his horfe ; and, exhorting the reft to
renew the fight, pretends eafUy to gain the vidory by falling
on the enemy's rear. But more folidtous for his ovm than his
people's fafety, inflead of attacking the Mtifulmans^ he be-
takes himfelf to flight ; leaving the foldlers, now defpairing
of fuccrfs, to fliift for themfelves (F). The Turks purfuethem
with eagernefs, kill ^eat numbers, and take 2000 prifbners.
All the German^ Bohemian^ and Polijb gcncrsls, fdlinthe batr
tie ; except the king himfelf ^
Their According to Kialkondylas, the Hungarian forces con-
/orci. fitted of 40,000 foot, 7000 horfe, and about aooo war-cha-
riots filled with muflceteers : but thefe being judged by
SeorgSy Defict of the Triballians (or Servia), not fuffident to
cope with the Turks, who, by the troops which joined them
in their march, were become 150,000 ftrong; he thobght it
fafeft to fit tt^: which difappdntment greatly mcenfed ^tt«
niadesl.
tattle 0/ Next morning thc'batde began, and continued by fldr-
Kofova. milhes the whole day, with confiderable lofs on both fides.
In the night, the Hungarians^ by the advice of Tbaut, fon of
Sauz (G), attacked die quarters of the Soh^, widi their
armed chariots, fo unexpedledly, and with fuch fury, that
the Janizaries were Ifpr a while amazed : but^ recovering
themfelves, played their cannon on the Hungarians, which did
great execution. At day-break, fearing to be furrounded by
the Turkifh wings, they rptreated in good order to thdr
camp. At the (ame time, Humades advanced with his forces
' Cant. Othm. Hift. p.95«. * Khalk, I, vii, c. 7.
(F) Dukas fjpeaks as if Hu- Dukas, c. iz. The more weft-
niadis did npt flght at all. Con- era hiftorians fay, the battle
fidering, favs this author, the lafted threp days, and that four
jnultitudey>f the enemy*8 troops, times more Turks were killed
and the fear which had ppflefied than Chriftians.
his own, he made a ihew be- (G)SauK^ZA{orkot JmureitJ.
fore day of preparing for hat- and had his eyes pat out, a^
tie, ^d at Che lame time fled, hath been before related, p.65»
^ asttaft
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C 7* € Solc&n Morid IL 135
ugainft die Jfiatics ; which Kdratz, who commanded the A.D.
furo^eanSf percdvidg, fent Thurakan to fall on their rear, i44'*
while he attacked them in flank, with grq^t flaughter. It wts Vy^rO
OQ this occafion, that the fFdlaklnans, apprehending the like
tanraent, if they did not provide for their fafety in time,
vent orer to the Turks^ as hath been related in the notes.
This day likewife was confumed like the former, in light
combats, without aMnieig to a general battle,
tiUNIADES having fled, as before related, with the beft Haniades
dfhis forces, unknown even to the reft, whom he had left in takm hy
die lurch, the Turks^ at break of day, fdl upon the cha*
riots, which made a defperate refiftance; but were at length
an i^zed, ^er the men who defended them were deftroyed*
Accorcfic^ to the account taken by the prince of the Tribal-'
iuutSf 17000 Chriftians and 4000 Ti/rAi' fell in the feveral fldr- ^
toiflies which were fought, for they did not come to a general ^^g
battle. Huniadesy fearing to be taken in his retreat through ^^^^ ^'
the countries of his enemies, firft left Hs troops with only a
few followers, and then gave them the flip alfo; judging it
MA to tnwdl alone: but George^ the Dejffot of Servia^
having ordered all the pafles to be flopped, in ordet to fdze
him, he wias. after two days fieifiing, obliged to beg relief of
feme pea&ats. Thefe knowing him by his drefs and language,
he was anrefted and imprifoned : but afterwards relealed, on
iBarrying his daughter to the Defpof^ fon.
MORAiy^ at his return to Adrianople, the fame year, Moliain*
marries his fon Mohammed to the daughter of SokymAn Beg^ mcd «wr-
prince oiElbiftin (F). Z>wUf** calls him Turkafir{G)y prince w-'-
df the Turkmans y who dwelt beyond Kapadocia ; and fays, he -A*^*
made this choice, becaufe as his territories bordered on the '^**'
Perjian Turks and Karamin, his fon, who governed at Ama^'
fia, might be prefently aflifted in cafe of need, cither againfj
Karofndn, OX Kara Tu/ef{li). The marriage was celel^tcd
vnth great folemnity from September to December ; after which
he lent Mohamet, with his vnk, to the government of Jfia
Minor and Lydia. But, in February following, he received j^qj.| j
advice of his father's death, from Halil and other IVazirs 5 ^y^^ .
who intreated him to haften to Jdrian^ple, , MorM going
> Khalk. nbi fupr. c. 9, & feq.
* (F) A country of JJia Minor, it in his Turkijh authors. HiJI,
neotioDed before ; butitsauti- Mu/uJm. }. )(iv. p. 5681
cot name is not known. Cant, ' ( H) In the original Kara y&»
(G) A corruption, doubtlei^, /eph. He was prince of ike Black
^Didfa(Ur,2sLeMncfavius reads S beef Turkmans, See vol.vi.p.99.
K 4 ^
* Digitized by GoOglC
Hijlorj 9f $bi OcM^^Turks." B. ^Vi
to diTert fkim&lf in ^ iflaad in the aver nttur 44fWto^$ h^ ^v«s
feized with a great jieavineis in km head 5 ^4« t>e|qg carried
^4)ack toiuB palace, died three days a^er (1)^ the fecoad of
February ; leaving immeaie treafores to his futeeflor '.
According to the Turh/b bi&otiiBxxi, MerM di^ed m dm
Hej. 8$5. 9ear 355, oa Monday the fevenA of Ahfforr^m, afior il^r^*'
A. D. gliAg &r fome time vnfhst, flight dlAeoiffr* He livci 45^
145X. years, rdgped oo years, dmoaths, aiad 8 4ay#.
Us cka^ He was a juft and vaUant prince, ct a grea$ foci, ^tibnt
raacr, of labours, merd&l, charitable, religious, learDed, apd a
great encourager of arts and fdeoces, A good ^nper^r^ ao4
^ gre^t general. No man obtained n^pre or greater vi£l.arie9
than he. Belgrade alone withAood his arms. His firft cai^
on fubduing any country, was to build Jam^ M^s, Im^rets^
Madrefih, and KhAns. He gave a thouiand Fiiury fvery y«ar
to the Evladi refvd Allah (K) ; and fent 2 ^00 tp die a)op](S ^
Mekka, Medina^ ^sA Kuds Sharif^ (or Jerufalem).
DUKAS fays, that MorM died without pain, as % rewaiti
of his good-nature and tendernefs towards the poor : that li^
obferved relig^ufly his treaties with Chriftians ; where^ 6>om
Chriftians were not aihamed to violate them ; that it muft b^
confefled, he did not give «way to wrath ; but was flway^
moderate in his greateft profperitieis : that he never delired
to root out nations, or refufed peace to the vanquiAie4 '•
^dj^ns. ' MOHAMMED, the eldeft of his five foj^ was hl^ fflic-,
ceflor ; the other four, Alak^'ddfn, Haffan^ Of* Khin^ 4^
Abmed^ died of diftempers in his life*tiine n*.
« DvKAS, c. 33. ^ Cant, p.' 94. > Pvkas^ c,
IJ. *» Cant. p. 95,
(I) Khaliont^ylas{^y%, he died green turban. It 19 oBfer^edy
of an ap ople^rv at a banquet, th^ the Jmtrs are men of Ae-
occafioned by arinking tcfmach greateft wifdom and teaming
wine. L. vii. c. 1 1 . till forty ; but after that becom^
(K) Or AnjulaS refid AUah^ either downrijKkt fools, or at
duit is, tht fotti rftht prophet of ieaft difoover figRS of ftupidity.
Q94 Thcit are properly called Hence tW Tirif, wh^ they U^
^trs, q^Urds} denoting their any fUpid perfoo, £ay AmAr
^efcent fromjatima, a filler of StyduTf as n^nch as to fay^ he is
JAohammti. They were for- of tht race of the Amirs ^ altho*
inerly deftined, like the tevitest they confiaer that failing as a
to the wQrfhip of God. They divine impulfe, to inanifeft ti^eir
are now difperfed through the bu^ and (an£Uty. Cem(»
cngire, and diilinguiAic4 by the
CHAP,
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
en 7 S61ila Mohamitted lit ' l|y
CHAP, vni,
VieJ^eign ofMciimimedU./umameJT^Lt^ (A), A. K
SECT. 1. ^''^^^
T$ fht Taking of Conftandoopli^
MORJD h6xig dead, Mohammed H. novr m the aift 7 Soltan
^'-^ y^ar of his age, is crowned a fecond time, three d^ys af- Mohiui^
va his father's deceafe «. On his armal ntar Adrianoph^ ht med II.
vas met by ail the perfons of any difHnAion a mile from
that dty : there difmountiog, they walked on foot ; thi^Soltdn
and liis attendants marching in the middle. When they had
advanced half-way they flopped, clofing thdr lips to prcfcnrc
the greater filence ; then fet up a loud cry mixed with tears.
On this, Mahomet and his train alighted ; and, after the ex-
aoiple of the refl, filled the air with groans and fighs. The
grandees faluted him by klUing his nand, thenA]30unted oa
borfeback \ and, having conduced him to the £^te of his
palace, retired to their noufes.
The firft aft pf Mahomet^ after he afccnded the throne, ftrangki^
was to fend Halim, head of the Janizaries, and fon di Eure* ^« ^i^^ '
%efis (B), to fb-angle his brother (C), an infant but eight ^^^^ •
months old ; whom his father had by the daughter of 5/ia-
tiar {Isfan£ar), prince of Sinope. Next day he ord^^ Ha*
£9} to be put to death, and obliged that lady to marry IJhak (D)^
her father's flave, to whom fhe had an averfloh .
AfteIi this, at the inflance of George^ Dejpot oP Servia^P^^^
he renewed the peace with him, and fent him b^ack his daugh- J^[^
ler, who had been married to Amxirat ; aifigning her lands on ^^f\
the frontiers of that country for her maintenance. Conflantine, '*"',^
and the refl who held the firft rank at Con/tantinople^ fent al-
^ tQ rfQew the peace with hUn ; which was dphe in the mo^^
^ Cant. p. 95. . ^ Dukas, c. 3^.
(A) FaftK in Jrahtc, fignites (C) Kha/ktmify/as {ky^^ he waa
Ae opener^ or *vanquifier\ a title choaked by pouring water down ,
gjveti him op account of his hx3 throat. L. vii. c 11.
^kineG»»|^<««ft*)»rf//f.TheChriC- (D) Khalkoniylai fays he did
tbo hiAorians call him Maho* k for her fecurity, and that he
mtt the GreiU^ and the firft em- made IJhak governor of JJta.
•cror of the Turks. L. vii. c, 1 1 .-^-Ipak, or Ifaac, \x
(B) The fenjc with Pr/rwj?/^. pronounced A-iwii.
Ibjqnj^
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
n9
A.D.
1451.
Ogtti
phi Mo-
rea:
IftBmean
TOXid:
founds
cannon:
.Hcj.9c6.
A;D.
1452.
Hijtwy $f the Otliinth Turks. B. XV
iolemh manner. He alfo granted, at their requcft, a peniio]
of 360,000 afpers' yearly for Of KhM's fubfiftcncc, in th^
ncceffity the empire then laboured under*.
MAHOMET^ ha^g made peace alfo with the othei
Chriftian powers, turned his arms againft Karamin ; who
on the news of Jmur4t*s deaths entered the Othmin domi
nions, and took thred forts, with a great extent erf land,
which Amur at' had deptived him <£. Mahomet marched td
Kotiayon^ and thence into Pirygia Sabitaris, by the Turh
called. Kara/atis, wluch is contiguous with the territories oi
Karaman ; who, oh the firft news of his approach, fent tq
beg peace, offering to furrender the places (£) which he ha(j
newly recovered. Mahomefs defign was not to have rc^
turned till he had entirely fubdued that prince to his obedi-
face; but the imprudent conduA of tht Romany made him
^aris fCaramAn for the prefent, in order to fubdue them **.
Although the two princes, between whom the Moua
was divided, had taken a folemn oath never to Tiolate the
agreement; yet Thomas foon after took*up arms to drive
Demetrius pu^ of his poflefCons. Demetrius hereupon re*
tired to AJari^ hjis wife's brother; by whofe means he ob-
tained fuccours from Amurat, and compelled Thomas to fob*
mit the matters in difppte fo the emperor's arbitration. Bat
that prince refilling to deliver to Ms brother the territories
which fell to his fliare, Mohammed ordered ThurakAn^ hb gover*
nor in the Morea^ to ^fliA Demetrius, and demolifh the wall
which fliut up that country^ Hereupon Thomas gave him
the city of Kalam^ta, in lieu of the territory of the Shrii-
ans, which he d^tainpd •.
Next year, he orders cannon to be founded (F) ; and,
fiaving aflemblpd an anny put of all his provinces, befieg^^
Conftantinople. The Gr^ek emperor, terrified at the danger,
begs peape on whatever conditions the Soltan would impofe.
Mohammed xx3X% the ambafladors, " that he pities the emperor*$
!* cafe; and cannot in confcienp^ deny peace tp the hnmblc ;
'< but left he fliould be blamed by his people for being at fq
« DvKAs, c. 33. Khalk. 1. vii. c, 11. ' * DirKAf«
%. 34. Khalk. 1. vli. c. 11. Camt. p, ^. « Khaik.
1. vii. c. II.
(E) According to Kbalkondy*
lasy Karaman gave VL^Kandelorai
and Mohammedf at his return,
fupprefled his train of. falkoners,
hunters, and other ufelefs em-
ck>y^nts.
(F) KhaIiondyltis{a.ys,hetff'
dered artillery to be caft, and 4
great number of gallies and
other vcffels to be built in feve-
rs ports, during the winter.
h^yvh c. I.
Digitized
by Google
C t 7 Sdtln Mohammed II.
*' great expence and trooUe to aflembk forces, ^ihoQt any
^ »inmtage to the Othmin affiurs; be deiires Otfar h^ ^tc
** him a fpot of land on the European fide of the Bogaz (or ^
*^ Elborus) no bigger than an ox-hide (G) ; and that he
" would immediately ndfe the Heg^/' Tl;^ Creeks readily
eonfenting, Mohammed Uxiis away mi army.
Then haidng fetched on a rocky place (H) before the am- h^Us
bafladorsy he orders an ox-hide to be cut into finall thongs; ^^ ^"^
and with them indofing a piece of ground, 500 paces in dr- ^^^ ^
oimference, fdzes it tor hb ufe^ the Greeks not daring to
gainfay it. Here he bililds, in forty days, a caftle, fortified with
Ive high towers, reprefenting the letters of hb name (I) |
and immediately after runs-up another (K) to anfwer it, 09
die jffiatic fide. Thefe cafUes he provides \nth artillery and
a good garrifon : then orders the governors not to let the
veflels pafs, which daily fuppKed Conftantinople ^th provi-
fions fsooi die Evxine (^. After this h^ returns, under the
appearance of peace, to Adrianople ; and, three days after
his entrance, lays the foundadons of that fbtely palace, called
JebdnNuma(U).
In the third year of his rdgn, and of the Hijrah 857, M(h hefkns
bammed difcovers the defigns which he had hitherto conceal* Conftao^
ed : for, rdfing as great an army as he was able, he goes and tinopYe.
befieges Conflantinopte ^. Hej. 857;
As the Turkijb account of the deffanfHon of the Rtmum em- ^' ^*
pire is very defective, and we ought not to omit any material '45S*
' Cant. p. 97, & feq.
(G) M9hammiittm% to have m maft be doubled, which makef
imitated EH%a (or Didtl) queen fivjc. The cafUe it called Itttm
aliKartbage: for Lonicerusf ^s #Zt* ^T/^ri; that is, /i6^ European
well as the ^uris^ allow him to caftle. Can^ Literally, the tafik
have delighted in reading t|ie c/ f be founfrj of the Romans.
anions ofthe antient Gr/^i and (K) Q^liti Anadoli Hifarip
Itaman kings. Canf, Not Mo" or tbe eafiem cafile^ built where
bammed t but theTWri/^ hifto.'ian, the little river Qhiok Su^ or bbte
weprefume, thought of chis con- *u)ater^ falls into the BoJ^bonis.
trivance ; for the Gre§ks could Cant. But the Chriftian writers
hardly have been fuch fools, as fay, this was |)uilt by his pres-
to have been tricked by ^^n old i^eceflpn
ivell-known ardfipe. (L)Tl9atis, tbi ivafcb-towem
(HJ About fix miles from o/tbe wrld: becaufe from the
Cmpautinaflif on the Bofphorm^ women's .apartment, built to a
(^t. ^eat height, there is a profpe6i
(I) The letters in Mobammed mto ^ |>arts. Cant,
fft ms^l four) bat tl^c n^ddlf
<irf ufflf^ce
Digitized by VjOOQiC
i4e WPfif ^ ^ Ochmlh Turks. B. XV.
A. D« ^drfvmfticbce rcUtiog tachat grtod event, we AtU fu^My U
14^3. Iriom the Gr^ cotempomry writer^. Tbde mtntioa but one*
%p^v*Ni/ fiege of ConftantiiH^ uBdertakea by AMamnudi thecatifef^
of vAMi {ucQr «Q be impertlally kt feitb by P«^x» as fol^
I^omaa Thet, who had the prindpid ftnire in the gdver nmcat tt .
^$ifcis Cof^oftiim^t ^rerr £> lo^fercte t|» to (ead ftmbafTidocs to
no^ to Maipftut^ tki^tC^fiantiHe bad been proekumed empe^
ror» ateho* he bad not been crowned. Thej complaiBed tX^
ihMt Of Kian*s penfm was not duly paid, 'aod urged to have
it doubled ; sdle^b^^ that the fmn^e waofisd Qicmey for pre-
ifnt9 to the great lord% who paid thdr eoim ^ him ; and
tbfit the ^mpcror was not abk to fupply him. }a cafe this
denand was not grastted, tlney defircd that they might be ak
l^ed to fet him at liberty.
gndted if J LI Bafiba, to whom this dticourfe was (Brewed, tho* of
'tuith a ituhl tamper, and a firiend to the Rcmam becaiife they (ilea
Mrn. nsde him prefeiMts (M) ; yet» on hearing the ambaf&dofs talk.
:ft thk rate, h$ nunde »afwer : ^ I h^ve been ib long ac^
** quainted, you fiUy Romans^ with your artifices and trickSi
" Aat yon o«^bt to piC them over.— The ticaiy» which wc
'' >• inade with yon, is fcarce dry, v\A yet yo« hare foUowcd
■^ IS lAto 4ne^9lia ; ihioking tafri^tca ua wUh chimeras of
^ your own framing.-— If yon can do any thing agaiaft is^
*' da it* Prdfrlaim Or KkM prince of Thrsce^ and make the
•* Hnffgarimif pafs the Danube in your feronr. — Bnt takeii.
•* for granted after all, that, inftead of recov^ng the count
^ tries which you \^v^ loft, you will lofe thofe which you
** now poflefs.-rrr-**
Moham- i^-^i/hai^ reported tfiefe matt^ to Hhkmmid, he
ined/«-' fcw »to^ great paffion. Jf Ifi^yin Anatolia, fend be, t^
^^^ ; Romans wllfttr np alt the Chtjftian nations agdinft me, fttccwt
Karaman, andfubdue theiu^. On this confideration,. he treated
the ambafladors of that prince with mildnefs,. and granted
them peace. With regard to the emperor's ambafladors, dlf-
femblmg his refentment, he promifcd to give them a fayourt
able anmet" at his return to Jdriano^ t bi^, as iocm asbf
ImlJs a amived there, he orders Or Khin^% pemiion to faie^ flopf>ed ; and^
fort^ ' tonrards \rinter, had notice given through his doaii&aons foi
A. D. 1000 workmen to be ready in fpringj with the proper inftrot
* 45 2- ments and materials, to build a fort near the Sacred Mouth (N)
• fM) The author adds, and corrupt or covetQtts minflfcr .
that whoe'uer gave him motuf . (N) The mouth of the ^
might fay the mojt Jhoeking things fhortu in the Frofsntis, at C^-
/tfA/»», So hurtful to the honour JIantiAofk.
2n4 intereft 6f his country is ^
^ Digitized by VjOOQiC
C 9. y. Soltin Mofummiddt tt.
^b(m,Qm/tantinople. Tim projca filled Ae Chriffians t¥drf^
Mirfaere with grirf, as itconybcedtfaem, thatthedown&lof the
dty^ras at ^tnd ; and, a prodi^ous number of workmen be- ^
iHaflcmWed at the time appoiotcd, Ac emperor feat ambafli-
dors to jUrianople, not to demand an augmenta^on, norevea
icoitAiaation, of the penfion, but to intreat Ma^omH not to
bmld the fdrt ; ai\d on that conditbn to pay tribute, tf He
itqmred it. He rcmonftrated, that he had indeed, at the in- ^^ ^^
trwty of his grandfather Mahomet ^ granted him liberty to /^^-^j
biuld a fort on the 4fiatic (bore, bccaufe it had been of a long
limetn poflefSon of hb anccftors ; butthat the defign of build-
ing this new fort oppofite to the other, could be no other
duui to deprive Conjlantinople of its trade, and fupfdy of pro*
rtfions from the Eaxine fea.
MOHj^fllME D, after afldng the ambafl&dors wlttt rfg^
they had to hinder him fron> building a fort on his own
groimd ? (hewed, from the emperor's joining continiw^lly -widi -
the enemies of the Othmdns, during his father's reign^ how
fitde reafoQ he had to expeA a favour ^m him ; and con**
dndcd, threatening, Aat whoever camje to troitbk hm ogam
v^ the fame Juhjedl Jhould be jlay'd aRve. This anwer Itgtm
threw tfje inhabitants (rf Conjlantinople into the utmoft fear hcfiiMsi^
and aogui&. Soon after the Turks began to build the fort
bdow Sqften'wn^ of old called Phenetm, in a triangular fbfm,
and caHed It ^^y^^ 5 x\i^th, head-chopper ifJ). Tfeeemperor,
findipg Jie could not hinder the execution of this defign, fcnt
guards to hinder the Turks frojn tnaking incurfions, aijd pil-* ,
aging the lands in time of haireft : but Mahomet^ inflead of
granting his requefl, gave leave to thofe who <;arried materiab"
y> the lort, to feed their cattle on the Roman paflurcs. The
people of the tower of Epibata going to hijider fome Titrk^
from deftroying their com, a quarrel enfued, wherein ,feveral
on bo A fides "^ere killed. Mahcmet, being iirformcd hereof^
ordered a party to go and put the inhabitants of Epibata to
Ac fword : Ac Turks accordin^y fell upon them as they
Were cutting doWn their corn, and flew forty.
Ok this news, the emperor ordered the city gates to be tteclern
Ahk, and the Turks who were in it to be arretted ; bat three *»wi^»
days after fet them at . libeirty j and at the iame time feat amr
(0)iCfc/fMri^^, in faying it that p^rt properly calkd th^
hcalkd Zr^nviffi^/Vr, which Sg-. ^^homu bwig th« DAir^wftlt
uifies tbrwt or guIUMtimr, part <rf the jftfftii. Thej* wat a
feems td give the iraAiliui^n oif ^reat tower at each ait^e* y^
the word Btijbejka (Bajh is the feet high, and the wall 22 thidc,
i^}. He fays^ it ^ood in L.vlii. c. 1.
bafladors . t
D. )Ogle
Hifiory of th Othman Turks. B.XVi
l)afladord to tell the Soltdn, *' that iince he was refolved oa
" war, and neither his own oaths ndr the emperor's fubmif*
lions could prevent It^ he might take his cdurfe : that if
Gody in whom he truAed, intended to deliver the cky iq^
to his handsy ^o human power could hinder it : he ad«
** lofed him however to reflcft on their treaties and his own
oaths ;" adding^ " that, for his part, he would (hut up the
'^ city, and defend the inhabitants to the utmoft of hi$
** power." Mahomet, far from feeking cxcufes to juftify his
conduA, declared war againft Conftantim,
froigtous Mean time, the fort being finifhed in four months, an4
£aMwn^ fecondyearof his reign, the walls were fumifiied with can-
non, fome carrying 600 pounders (P) ; and a garrifon of 466
' men placed under command oiFeruz j4ga, who had orders to
demand tribute of all vefTels which paiTed, and fire on fuch as
refufcd to pay it. ^After this, ^ahometi who had overlooked
the work, returned with all his court to Adrianople.
While he Was building the fprt, a famous engineer ( Q^)
went and offered him his fervicfe. He came from Hungary
to Conftantinople ; but the penfion aftigned him by the em-
peror's councU was fo fmall and (o ill paid, that he could not
fubfift on it. This obliged him to ret;ire to theSoltin, who
gave him confiderable revenues. This nerfon caft him a very
large cannon, which carried a huge ilone-ball (R) a mile^
and whofe found was he^d above ten : the ball, when it fell,
made a hde in the grottnd fix feet deep.
gsmAgf^f,*, ,The emperor, forefeeing what vrould happen, had, fd^
^^^^- months before,^ reinforced the garrifon, drawn many people
tiotu: <^ ^ country into' the city, and laid up great (tore or com.
He had likewiSfe fent to Xome to demand fuccours of thd
pope, and complete the unicm of the two churches : but as
It was eafy to fee, that ^leith^r the emperor nor the clergy
were fincere, fo the pope afforded them no afliftance ; and
their diflimulatign ferved him afterwards with an excufe fbi*
abandoning them to the mercy of \ht Turks.
^ (P) According to Khalkondy^ c. i, 2); which feems mof{ rea-
las (who in the account of this fonable.
iicgc agi'ees for the general ( Qjj Khalkonilylar calls him
wiui Dukas) the cannon lie em^^ Urban, and fays he was a native
ployed in the fiege were fo large, of iValakbia.
that each required 70 voke of (Rj Kbalkondylas fays, they
oxen and 2000 men to draw it : were Mack ftones, extremely
yet fays, they carried a ball of hard, which were brought from
but 100 pound-weight. (L.viii. the Enxine Q^ Black Sea*
8 In
Digitized
byGoogk
C. t. 7 Sok&h Mohammed Ik i4g
In fpriog, Mahomet ordered his great cannon to be carried A. D.
fi-om y^driojiople to Conjlantinopk, by Karofia Beg (S) ; who H5S*
had bcf(OTC reduced feveral places on the Euxine Sea, as Ne- V*^ *^
ybi^tf, Akhehum, and ^^ft. Mean time, the diftraftions in ^^ A^
the church condnoed (T), as if the city had not been threat? ^** *
coed with a fiq;e» which began the fixth of 4prUi thtTurkr
i/b army incamping from the IVood Gate to the Golden Gate,
towards the fouth, and the church di St. Kofma. They alfo
covered the whole fpace, which had been planted with vines %i
KHALKONDTLAS obferves more particukrly, that/A#f/y/
the Soltdn^s camp extended from one fea to the other : iiaX Jhrengtb :
the forces of AJia were on the right hand towards the Golden
Gate*, thole dt Europe on the weft, ftretching to the/fW
Gate ; and that in the middle, between both, was Moham*
med himfelf, with his Janizaries and other troops about him»
while his JVazfr^ Zogan^ was pofted above Galata (U). The
walls toward the port were not very g6od : but to the land
Aere was a double wall, with double ramparts. The firft
was low and weak, but defended by a great fofle, aoo feet
' wide, lined on both fides with ftone : the inner wall was
very high, and admirably well built \
The emperor did all in his power for the defence of Con^ Joftiataid
fiantinople. All the Venetian fhips, which came from the madigmt^
Tanais and Trebizond, were detained. The Genoefes, tho* '•^*
they had promifed the SoltAn not to aiEft the Romans, yet,
under-hand, ient a large veflel, with 500 men,, to reinforce
the garrifon. J^hn Jujiiniam, fumamed the Long, cam^
from Genoa with rsvo (hips and feveral brave young men. As
John had excellent ikill ia drawing up an army, and giving . ^
< DuKAs, c. 34, 37* ^ Khal. 1. vlii. c. 2.
{S> Begierhegoi Europe, Khal. miles long. One fide is wafhed
L viii. c. 1. by the Propontis to the fouth;
{T) The clergy were divid- another by the gulph of Keras
cd ; feme for the union^ others (which is the port or harbour;
againft it : at the head of whoni to the north ; the third fide, to-^
mzsGennadiust a monk. Th6 wards the land, extending north '
great duke, who was of hi^ and fouth from one fea to the
party, declared, that he nuould other, is defended by a wall ;
retther fee the turbdn tf/'Maho- along which the Turkijh army
met in the church than the pope^s was encamped. TYicGoUen Oatg
eaf. He was certainly in the feems to have been at the fouth
right. end; and the Wood Gate at the
( U ) To explain this better, north end, of this wall. Galata
it may be obierved, that C^^* and Pera lie to the north of
ftantinople is in form of an equi* the gulph of Kfras*
lateral triangle ; each fide three
battle,
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Bat^, the emperor made him chief commander^ and stlBgpti
for his poft that part of the wails which was nearell tl^ pa-
' Jac^ 5 bccaufe the enemy had planted moft of the engbe^ oa
that fide; He promifed likewife to ^ve him rfic fovereignw
of the ifle of Lemnos^ in cafe he obliged the Turks to nafe
the fiege* Such magnificent rewards mide tbe Latins bdiave
like heroes. Some erf them had fire^armsj (o had the Tutks^
wittdi ihbc five or ten balls ; and, after pierch^ the armoari
kilied two or three men, one behind the other* Mahmd
eavfed new lei^es toJ>e made ; which brought ftich prodi^os
numbers together) that many reckoned they amonntcd td
400,000 (X). At the fame thne his galfies, fhtps, and barks,
to the mimbcr di 200, came to anchor near the city.
f9rf ani The port was fccured with a chain, ftr^chcd acrofi from
finfs : tfie Fair Gate to Oaldta, whldi kept the vdTels of the city h
fafety. Beftdes which, there Was a fleet of five fhipr, one
beloiiging to the emperor, the other four to the Genotfes}
which fetched prorifions fropi the Morea and KBia, As they
tetumed in Marchy Mahomet ordered hisficet either to take
or hinder them to enter the port of Keras (Y) : but the fliiDs
forced their way, by help of the wind, and were kt in %
toweifcg the chain. The Sohdn^ finding that tfiere were
In the harbow eight great (hips, twenty finaH ones, with fc*
feral galKes, belonging to the emperor and the VenetianSi
feefides a great number of barks, he defpsdred of making him-
fctf maAer of tiiem ; but at the fame time formed a moft bold
galRes a«diiobie defign. He ordered a road to be made through
dripwn the bufhes and fhnibs behind Galata, from the place facing
wiT'land: ^^ eaft, nnder Dipladonien, to the other f^de of the guljA
oi Keras t oppofite St. Ko/ma's Church ; and fourfcore ^lies
to be drawn over the hilly ground^ fronii the Sacred Mouth
3iito that harbour (Z). Every galley had a pilot at her prow,
(X) KhalkondyUs adds, that fmall (hot, which kept off the
they had double the number of Creeks from obftrodtiBg dieir
horfes and beails of carriage, defigp. And tbe Chriftianver*
L. viii. c. 2. iels m port, after lofing two
(Y) To (he foathr pf Gdetta. of ^eir number in an attack,
(Z) Khalhettdylas fays, they diirft atten^pT bo more to dfr
towed the (hips towards thie ftrov ihem,for fearofthefitf-6
place where. Xogan was en* artillery ; by favour of whid
camped ; from whence they they caft anchor under the
drew them by main force over waiU of the city, and made dw
a little hill, ^d then launched wooden bridge. Kbd. 1. viii.
them in the W^ter on the other c. 3. This bridge is dcfciibed
^^ .(idc; under cover of fome can- hereafter.
iion» and a great number of *
and
Digitized by VjOOQIC
CS.. 7 Sotaa Mofaammai H/ t^
and another at her poop, wttk the mddet m jbaod ; oaft' A. D.
moved the fails, while a fourth beat the druniy and {u% a H5)-
ftBor's fenig. And thus the whole fleet paflcd along, as if ^.•'W^
ithad been carried by a ftream of water (A) : fiuUng, as it .
ncK, over the land '.
With r^ard to this furprifmg exploit, .Prfnec Cantermr
dtkf oUenres, that, beftdes other engines before unheard-ofj;
tk Turks niade ufe of one worthy of admiration; for by it,
fion the north fide, fome Tofifels were brought over hiUt
aad deeUvities, into the inner haven' (B) ; which occaiioned
4e takiag of the city, by introducing the fea forces by the
gate Fenar (C), looking to the lower haven ^« To return to
Dukas.
Mbam time, they brought the monftrous cannon, before^ breaeb
sentioned, oppofite to Saint Roman Cafe. The gunner tawh ^^
two bdk of ifone, one very large, the other fmallcr ; and fliot
the kfter firft, to fee if We took right abn* It was ufual for
cannon, after firing, to fly like glafs, unlefs covered inunc*
diately wtdh thick woollen ck)th ; and even then would not
ftandatoove the third difcharge, occafipried by the cold air en-
tering the pores <^ the metal : but this eng^eer preferved his
gott from boriting, by poorli^ oil into it when^ hot after firii^«
As he wfas gcing to make a fecond, fliot, the ambaffiidor of
Jdint Mtmiadest the Hungarian general, who was preient,
ki^hed ; and told him, if he had a mind to beat down the
wall foon, he ftiould change his battery, and Ihoot five or fjx '
&thom from the place where he then flood; that the third \ ,
ihot fliould be direfted firom another place, which, with the ^* f^
two former, made a fort of triangle (D) ; and that having>fe '^^^^*
.. ?done,
* DtricAS, c, 3^. * CaItt. p. 98. ^•.\.
(A) Our author prefers the Greeks have their rdldence.
tx^kntofAisyonngjflexan/fer^ Cant,
aVccaHshiin, toJ&r^<fjbuild- (D) Jt fecms from this ac-
iagft bridge over the fea. county that the wall was battered
(B) Which extends as far as in three places fucceflivciv by
Aft pdace of Blakherme. The removing the fame pifecc ot can*
fdfcls wefc carried over land non : but Khalkondylas fays, .the
fenral halian miles from the out-wall was battered by three
_-^, Bdbiktttfl> (where they cannon ; one planted oppofite
ynStt binft) to Galatay and to the palace rOyal, the (econd
handled into that part of the at St, Roman Gate^ where the
haven caHed KafimFapa, Cant, Solt^ was potted, and the third
(C) Vulgarly F/«^. Near it between both : that the two
Ac mrtre noble and Wealthy firft| which carrijed balls of 100
Moo. Hist, Vou XII* L pound:
Digitized by VjOOQIC
//(/f^^/zA^Othman Turks. B.XV.
done. He would fee the triangle prefently faU to &e
ground (D); which accordingly came to pafs^
' KHALKONDTLAS relates, that thenoifeof thofe great
nuith huge cannon was frightful ; and the ftiock fo great, that the ground
^*"*^"* trembled for more than two leagues round; thataltho* thp
balls reached the fecond wall, as being much higher than the
firft, yet the damage they did gave no difcouragement to the
Creeks ; becaufe thofe unweildy cannon not being eafily ma-
naged, could not be fired above fcven or dght times a day,
and only once towards morning, as a warning-piece to be^n
die military operations. Befides the great cannon, there were
many others of a Icffcr fize planted along the countcrfcarp,
with which they battered the parapet of the rampart. - The
Greeks alfo had artillery, carrying from 60 to 80 pounders ;
one of which was planted againft the largeft of the Turkifb
guns ; but when difcharged, they fo fliobk the wall and ram-
part, that they did more harm than good ; befides, the largeft
piece burft, after a few firings.
Minn and Althou gh the damage done by the Turkifb cannon was
fwtter* at firft fo fmall, yet the Greeks^ thro* inexperience, and want
mnes. of fufficient numbers to attend at many places at the fame
time, were not able to repair the breaches ; while the jani-
zaries, under cover of their gabions and. mantles, gained the
ditch : then raifing a breaft-wall with loop-holes along the
counterfcarp, ihot fo inceflantly againft the batdement, that
none durft appear.
' DUKAS, C. 58.
pound weight, were (hot (lant- the king of Hungary as he
ing ; but the middle gun, which thought nt. This was die fub-
carried a ball one third larger ]t6L of his embaiTy^ It was re-
than the others, (hot direttly ported, thzt Huniada being told
forward, and brought down by fome old roan, that the Ckri-
the fpacc of curtain, which the fUans would never be happy til
other two had loofcned. Ccnfl^ntinople was taken by th<
(D) The king of Hungary infidels, longed to have the pre
having been declared emperor didionaccompliihed: and2>«ila
this year, took the adminiflra- was informed, that this was thi
tion of affairs into his own reafon why the engineer hai
hands, from Huniades ; who fuch inftrudtions given him b'
therefore not being able any the arobaflador, a4 no ChrifUaj
longer to keep the truce made ought to have given. ^Kh^UX
with Mohammed for three years. Much the fame method ol^ (hoot
ient to take up the written agr^e- ing down walls is mentioned t
ment, which he had given the have been ufed at the fiege c
^^//<z«, and return him his; leav- Kroja in Albama, in the yea
ing him at liberty to desd with 1479.
Digitized by VjOOQiC
C 8. 7 Soltan Mohammed 11.
The Soltdn ordered mines alfo to be carried under the
ditch and walis> a^reat way^ into the city ; building wooden
towers, wheit foldiers were pofted to fecure the workmen, at '
Ae places where they broke ground : but the Greeks, by coun-
termining, rendered thofe works of no eiFeft. The Turk^
had yet another tower higher than the former ; on the top of
which there were a great number of ladders and portable
bridges, to throw upon the ramparts.
The Genoe/e of Galata (hewed on this occafion much Genoefc
afieftion for the Remans. In the day they fupplied the Turks kindnefu
with proviilons, and oil for their cannon ; and at night ftole
into the city, and fought next day againft them. The day
following they went to the camp ; and thofe who were in the
camp returned to Conftantinople. The Venetians ventured
their lives no lefs freeU for the Romans, John Juftiniani omit-
ted nothii^ to defend the place; and the grand duke, followed
by 500 men, went round the city every day, to fee that a
gpod guard was kept ; and to encourage the foldiers.
By the continual battering of the cannon, the tower near
St. Roman Gate, and the wdls on both, fides, were demo-
lUhcd in fuch a manner, that the beficgers and the befi^ed
could fee each other (E).
The emperor, defpairing to defend the city, after fo large Peace re-
a breach had been made in the flrongeft part of the wall, kntjeffed.
to propofc paying whatever tribute the Soltdn ftiould think fit,
if he would but retire. Mohammed anfwered, " That there
" was no poffibility of retiring now : that he muft either take
" the city, or the city him ; but at the fame time he offered,
" if the emperor would furrender it, to give him the Morea,
" and his brother other provinces ; threatning, in cafe he
" took it by aflault, to put him, and all the great men, to
" death; make.flaves of the inhabitants; and give their
" efFefts to his foldiers." Conjiantine thought it better to
wait the event, than fubmit to fuch conditions.
JUSTINIANI, at this junfture, refolved to burn the Fir^if
Turkijb fleet, and prepared a galley for that purpofe ; on which yi«i,
he put aboard the mofl valiant Italians, with the necefTary
ei^es and artificial fire : but the Genoefes of Galata having
difcovered his defign, gave notice to the Turks ; who being
upon thek guard, when the Latins approached at midnight,
(E) Daring 40 days the be- tim^fourof thebcfl towers were
fi^cd had not one hour's reft, demoliihed,and the walls almolb
being day and night eaiployed every- where much ihattercd and
in repairing the breaches, coun- torn to pieces. Khalkond. 1. viii.
tcrnining or fighting. Mean c. 3.
L 2 Digitized by VjbOglC
Hifiofy of tbi Oihmaaa Tiirks. B, XV*
let Sf their canflon ; which funk the gall^» vrith 150 brave
fddterd on board ; and thus deftroy^d all dieir hbpes«
MOHAMMED cauled a wooden bridge to be made from
the (hore cA Calatd to Cinegion (F), confifi^g of 1000 cafks,
bridge. ^j^ ^^ and two together, and bound on each fide with ropes,
which afforded breadth enough for five men to march abreaft.
There were at each end of the cdSks pieces of wood, on which
the floor was nailed.
Moham- Wh en all things were made ready for ftcM-ming tfec city (G ) ,
toed's/w- Mohammed' (ent to ofier the emperor, and the great men, iiberty
fo/al. to go out with their eHWls : promifing that the people ihovild
fbf^r no injury : but let him know at the fame time, that if
he rejefted thofc conditions, he and his officers muft expe6t to
be put to the fw(M*d, and the inhabitants made captives. The
emperor anfwered, by the advice rf 1 • council, " That he
** would gladly live in peace with him : that Mohammed^ an*
" ceftors honoured his anceftors as their fiithers, and Con^
" Jlantinople as their country ; where they found an afylum
•' in all their dlfgraces ; and that none of them, who had
J , • " dared to attack it, enjoyed a long life. He advifes the Saltan
Jntwcr ^ " therefore to be content with what he had already unjulUy
*' taken from his family, and the impofition of as heavy a
" tribute as he fhould think fit : but with regard to furren-
** deriiig the city, tells him, that it neither depended on him
*' nor the inhabitants ; the common refolntion being to lay
" down their Uves in its defence,"
TurViih ^"^ Sdthn defpairing of taking the place by compofition^
illuming,' ca^fc^l the dfty for ibc attack to be publifhed thro* his camp (H) ;
tions, declaring that he would content himfelf with the wallsf and
the hoiifes, and give up to the foldiers the people and their
^ Kralk. ). 8. c. 2. 5rfeq.
(F) They made diia bridge while the ^oh&n called to hit
in that part o( the land called men, aad rode into the fe« to
the KarmuamMts^ which croflfd animate them. FtntogU^ the
from one end to the other, and admiral, was wounded in the
made a commnnication v/ith the eye, and ieverely reproached
walls andi^(?^a»*s forces. L.viii. for his ^^vAxx^hj MohamffuJ.
C. 3. Khalk. 1. viii. c.4.
(G) A Kttle before the aflttoh, (H) Which, according to
two fhips making to the harbour^ cuftom, was to be three days
the ^urkijh fleet was ordered to after the illttmiliatton^. Khalk.
forronnd them ; but they hvoke L viii. c. 4.
thro* them, and entered tk e port*
cffeOs;
d by Google
C8. y^^l^^^^^^t^^^*"^^^^*
tA6ts(L) ; lirfiich news was recced wich joyful ftii9Utf. Ia
tbeevenifigfae ordered firys to be flude throagbeut the canp.
This was a fpeftade quite new ; and it ftruck one with fur-
fttjc to £Be an infiaite number <if lights fpread o^er the knd
tad over the fea, 0¥cr the fliipsand oxrer the houfes, ovtr Cm-
jtatinopte aad over Galata ; which ihone wjlth greater blaze
dan the inn. The furface of the water glittered as if it had
ban covered with looking-glaflesl The Romans (eeiag all the
Gunp on £re, ran to the walls ; from whence they heard thofe
anhihg fhonts, which Amck them alnoft dead with fear> as
bdog the fererunfiers of a general aflauk.
The ecrqxror J§lm labocved extremely hard all the nigbti Gimrmi
eo ^ up the famiches with fafciaes, and get a ditch dug attm^.
within. Mohammed began the attack on Sunday the ftjth of
May (K), whkh was the feaft of j4U Sainti. Hegave the
Romans no reft aU the aigfat. At nine o'clock^ dividing Im aimy
in two parts, he drew it up from the palace to the giMden gate.
He ranged his 80 barks from the wood«gate to the fquare, and
difpofed the other, veffids, which were at Diplaaonion^ m a circle
from the fiiir*^tc (beyond the fqrtrefs of St. Demetrius) and
the little gate near our lady's nonaftery, named Htdkgttria^
beyond the port as fiar as Vlatika. Thefe fhips contained
icaling ladders, and other engines.
At fun-fet the trumpet founded, and the Sokin fought on Oritrofit.
hor&back st the breach, furrounded by io,oOo (laves, fup-
ported by more than 100,000 cavalry on each fide and behind
him. in the low ground from the port to the goldea gafts
there were upwards of 100,000 infantry ; and above 50,000
from the place where the Solt an was to the high ground where
the palace ftood : there was befides an infinite number of fol-
^rs in the veflTds, and on the wooden bridge. The bdieged ^'fifgtd^
were diftributed round thie walls in this mam^r ; the emperor ^f^pofif^
and Jujiiniani were potted at the breach, with 3,000 JL^i-
iins (L) ; the Great Duke was in the palace, with 500 men.
There were likewife upwards of 500 men, armed with fpeai s
and darts, to defend the walls and the fortifications towards
the fca, from the golden to the fiur gate. They watched all
the night. The Turks brought an ir^nite number of ladders
^ (I) He likewife proroifed a rL) The brave 7ir/^»w»i was
fkh lordihip to him who fhould pefted at the breach to receive
firft moant the breach. The the enemy with ^ooJtaliam; ,
pricfts alfo went thro' the camp, and behind him was the em«
encooraging the foldiers. Khalk. peror, with his troops drawn up
ibid. to iupport the other, < KJlfaUk.
(K) On Tuefda; the 37th of 1. viii. c. 6.
iM«y, 1453,
L 3 to
. Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hifiiry of ibe Othman Turks. B. XV.
to fix to the walls ; while the Soltan, with a rod of iron ia
his hand, drove them forward, fometimes ufing careffes, fome-
times thlrd^s.
Gallant The* Befiegcd behaved valiantly. The emperor and Jiifti'
defence^ n/^ni fought at the head of their men ; but in the evening that
incompai^k captain, that undaunted hero, received a bail in
the back of his hand, which pierced his gauntlet, tho' of as
good a temper as the arms of AkUlUs. Notable to bear the
pain, he defired the emperor to maintain his ground, while
he retired aboard a Ihip, to have his wound drefled (M). Mean
time the Turks ^ covered with their bucklers, approached the
walls, and ufed all their efforts to apply the laddo^s ; but were
hindered by the prodigious quantity of ftones which the be* *
fieged threw down upon them.
^ht Turk« While the emperor thus guarded the breach, the Turks
enter perceiving a door of the palace open, by which the Romans
made their fallies with fecurity, it being under-ground, 50
of Mohammed's flaves rufhed in ; and mounting the walls, cut
thofe "who defended them in i^eces: after which the enemy
found no difficulty to getuf. As ibon as thofe who fought
under the emperor, and knew nothing of this misfortune, as
hy a/ally being at a diftance from that place, perceived themfelves to be
fort. fhot at from the top of the walls, and that it was done by the
eneniyi they fled in confufion into the city (N) : but the gate
of Kartias being very' narrow, many were crufhcd to death.
The Turks feeing the Romans flee, purfued them, vdth a great
ihout, and flew all who came in their .way (O). It was then
that
(M)7iu^iWir«i being wounded (N) To explain this, it moft
in the hand, retired to get it be ttoderftooda that the defence
drefTedi ^and the Gr»0f/^j ima- hitherto was made at the breach
fining that he would abandon in the outer wall; and their re-
them, quitted their poll like- treat was thro' the inner wall
wife. Tlie* emperor feeing this, into the city,
ran up, and afked Ju/tinianiy (O) The Turks, who entered
Whither he nvas going P His an- in troops, wounded the emperor
'fwcr was only. There, nvhere in the motllder, and drove him,
Godhathofeneda pajfageio the with his people,; to the fecond
Turks. Let us go on then, my inclofure ; where the reft of the
. Irave men (cry'd the empciipr to .Greeks defended thetnfeivea
thofe about him), aWy^i^04r from the walls with darts, ar-
duy againft thefe accurfed and rows, and great Aonea, againft
deteftahle dogs. But the Turks the enemy, /who approached
i-ufhin^ forward in troops, Kan^ it. But. when they iaw that the
Jakuzenus was forthwith flain, Genoefes, who were their chief
and the emperor wounded- in Jiopes, had fled, and that the
the ihoulder. KhfLlk* 1. viii. c. 6, emperor was forced, to give
way.
Digitized
byGoogk
C. 8. 7 Soldn Moluimmed 11. 15^
that the emperor, in defpau*, ftanding in the breach, with his A. D.
fword and buckler in hand, uttered thefc rueful words 5 Is ^^SS^ ^
there no Chriftian left alive y to Jlrike off my head? He had ~^^^
fcarcc done fpeaking, when he received a ilrokc in the face Emperor
from a Turky and tiben another from a fecond, which killed _//ai«,
him, altho' neither of th^m knew that he was the emperor.
The Turks entered die city an hour after midnight, with
thelofs of no more than three men; altho' between the palace
and die gate of Kartias, they flew 2000 Romans ^ fome flying,
Ibme defending themfelves. They did this, imagining there
were 50,000 men in arms : for had they known there were
no more than 8000, they would not have flain one ; not for
pity, but out of covetoufaefs, for they would have fold them
like Iheep, as they afterwards told the author {P^
Some Romans, at day-break, ran to iheir houfes, to take Strange
care of their wives and children : but altno' they were covered credulit;fm
with blood, thofe whom they met in the ibreets they pafled
thro' would not believe that the Turks had broken in. At
teagth the news being confirmed by other wounded people,
who arrived thick one after another, the women and religious
fled in crouds to the ^ great church (called SanBa Sophia Ji
in the belief that a ridiculous prediftion (Q^ which pailcd
among them, concerning the deuruftion of the Turks, would
now be accomplifhed.
The prediftion was, that the 7i/rAj fliould one day'tak<5 ^-^^^'v-
Coaftantinop/e, and flay the people as far as the pillar oiCgn-^^^r
^antine: but that then an angel, defcending from heaven
way, having an infinite nunvbef
of 7urks at bis back, they loft
all heart, and fled in fuch difr
order; towards t\it Roman g2Xt,
that the)F popped it up By
their thus delercing the fecond
wall (in which there were.fe«rc-»
nl breaches) the janizaries en-
tered the city. At this new^;
thofe at the other end. of thei
wall fled towards the port, in
foch crouds, to g^ on board the
Fenstiim an^ Genaeje fhips, that
notl of theln were drowned ;
and the veiTels fo over-loaded
with them, that fome.of them
(wk. Khali. 1. viii. c 6.
(P) Who, on this occafion,
•bierv^, Uu|t. the Turks would
fet at iibefty the murderers of
their fathers for money.
(Q) KhMotidylas relates this
affair after a different manner ;
he fays, that they who kept the
gates, trufting to this old ridi*
culous prophecy, (hut them ;
fo that the people, not beine
able to get out of the city, ^ed
loSan&aSopbiat where prefenti/
the Turks came, and (lew a vaft
number of them, in the very
middle of the church. Of the
reft who fled here and there,
fome ftood their ground,
choofing rather to die fighting,
than to be made flaves: among
thefe were Tbeophtius Paleologus^
with his father and fons. Khalk.
1. viii. c. 6.
L 4 with
Digitized
byGoogk
Hiftory of the Othmin Turks. B. 3tV.
\yit% a fwoti; fhould give that weapon, with the empire, ta
a poor man, "Whotn he fliould find on the piH^ ; fayin? to
'him, Tah this /word, and revenge the peopk (f the Lord:
that the Turks would, at the fame inftant, take to their heeis ;
and the Romans purfiie them, flaying them.continiiafly : nor
ever ceafe till they had driven them out of the weft, and aMb
the ruin oftht eaft, as fet as Mdnadmere, a p4acc on the borders of Perfia^
mar^. This monftrous abfurdity was believed on no better ground
Aan that they had formerly heard certain deceivers rebate as
9iuch.
The Greeks who had gott^ into the great djnrch were flat-
tering fhemfelves with an dflur^nce of bdng out of all danger.;
when the Turks amving thither, broke open the doors ; amj
. . finding the place filled from top to bottom with p^ple, car-
ried them away tied together. A great multitude, v^o were
fo filly as to go in proceffion to the tomb oi St.TheoddJi^s tfee
ijaartyr, the day of his feftival, as if every thing t;^s qtiiet,
ffhe city fell iij.to the hands of the Turks, jfind' were led ca^iv^'lM^e' th^
taken. j-^ft. Tl^e fleet which was in the port hindered the TMs to
apply ladders, ^nd mount the w^ll on that fide ; .'till fuch ti;nc
i^i they who had entered the city in iSie morning :tifere aiY^vcd
thither, and had driven the Romdns off the wallV This the
enemy in the fhips perceiving, they fixDn m'ouhted ^R) ; and
.'^P ^gates being now all broken open, the Turks rumed in
,-;. • imp^tnoufly on all fides.
^?O^HEN the Great Duke faw them approach the royal gate
which he guarded, he retired towards his pakce with a fmall
^jpmber of men.: but Iq the /vyay to the tower, where hi$ wifq
and childrej[i 'vvere, he was ielfccl, -and a guard pv* ^P^^ 1^^
^f}d ^bem ".
Gallata . JU$TINjlJ]Sfl^ tfter gcttix^ his wpund di-eJTpd, wa«
Jurrenders. returning to the port (S) ; when newii bejpg bfiOigghi .hUn of
. ■ DuiCAS,X. J9.
(ft) The Ti^hjh hidoriftHs karvring bis pcfll thv^* cowardice
^eprefent the matter quite con- aiftd £ty, ikat he died (bon aiter*
trary: they fa]^, that the i«a wards pf^^ieC N«nrn wkne
forces having taken great jpait Kimik&ndyhs %faks «f hie b««
of the 5:it7, eompelled the veft Kaivioiir in a fejwer note mvcli
to fisrrender • and ^at ether- in h^is hucxsc, PolHily^ DuAmt^
wife the efforts of the army by b^ing emplpyfd by che {^ince
land roufl have been vais, d«- of L^Jhoi, 4| "Gtn^efk^ might Imv^k
}pair haviT^g rendered the Grteks added thtis cincMnfiance, to favo
valiant. C^nr/. p. q$. bis «Kd)i< ; «rpoffibiy the others
(S) Some €hrifltan avtiion m*y I|a9e injarvdkitti, f(Mn l^i|
fiKprcfcint him i^ iWii stfw ^ invi^ipu^. report.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C4r 7 ScHiAr ^bhammd fL
intfOtp^w's^iitkA, and^he loft of the cky, ^ jP^^ ^^ ^
wlK)befit tiiear breafts, ftUd €^ed «o 4fee fsilm t9 nk^ them
h: bmif &€y hod beeb ever fo ^wflKog, k iWM^not m (fafir
pQner; fior <oiil4 riicy poffibly ha^e cfcapad dMtmfietvss, If
tkesemy^ fleet hxtd not beea bafy ia pkmderiagv ThiC^tm/k
it-Mata ran with thdr wiives a»4 cbikben to thetr Alps,
Jorifig ftU their eSbfts behind theft: but the Wkx$r Zdganf
msmg to the Aiore, and promSfing them ixXLvity for th«ir
perTons and goods, the greater part fctursed wkh their ms^
ffShtc, and printed '^e 8oMn wkh the kef^of d)eir <kf.
Oiiiy £ine great vel!klsf€ftfeil/diei^ft^wier^i<ba^ ;.!>',
f^. The Venetian (T) gaMiee and merdiint-^ps Tetkwl
iflthefamemafiner'**. ' , ^ -*
Ali ^ \^e h^ve hi^ert^ rek^ hsv^iefted' betvr^ the T'^SoIdb
iftaod 8^ titoiirs of the day; at which ^me^Anc'idttinWKnA entfrs.
t^ dry wftit hi$ Wa:i^ and great c^ieerfi, ftiniouftded by a
great body of Jaifearies. Whea he Game to the great dwirch;
he was aftomlbed to fee Ae condidoa it was in. P^ixretving
a Turk pulling tip the marble patemenit, out of zeal for fi^«
gbo, as he alleged, Mohc^med drew his fwoiKl; ^and woonded
him ; feying. Be content with the fdunder^ the hiUdings ^ehng
torn. Then orderfcg one of die priefts to afcend tht pulpit^ ; /
he hcjird prayers. On Icavtag^ the cbarch, he fent for tht
Grand Duke; and bid him fee the confequencee of not deK-
vcifag up the city. The Graiid Dake replied, Tkat it neither
mi in his nor the tmperor^s potjer to fiirrenderit t mach leff
9ught they to have done it, when the Sehisafs own ^eers ad-
vjfedthem to hold out ; for that they /aid they could not tak^ Empiror*$.
the city. This anfwer incre^fed tlie je^oufy which Mohammedhead exn
had conceiyed againft Hali Bajha (I/), Th^ SgltSn aflced hxmP^fid.
• DuiCAs, c. 39. Khalk. 1 8. c 7. -
(TIThofe in the f«rii/& fleet left their dwellings, and fled
quiting their ib^>s, to ranf^ck here ai>d there. The lords of
^town,afcer the reil had plan- Peloponne/us^ frighted like the
dered it,- the Vtnetum gaUies reft, retired IQ their (hips, to faye
bcW deftittuc of men (whom themfelve$ \ vvbich gave the
tbe&-tftf bad t^ken out to d^ Mbanians, >yhQ arihaoited the
rend thpir w^ls) ran a-drift country, opportunity to dirow
along the UeUtfyont: ib thaj off their obedience. Khalk.
thru day^ after they ran aibore I. viii. c, 6, .
u the ifland Egina, . and firft (U) He ibo^ after put him
broaght the news of the bfs to death, and feized his trcafure,
^^ tinftantinople i which fpread Khalhv^la$ names him Kath*
W a general terror both by ites^ fon of friam* Khalk.
(^ and land, ths^t th^ Qruh 1. viii; ^, S,
' Digitized byVjOOQlC
HiJUry of the Oditntn Turks. B. XV|
ntStti if the eihpcrOr Was cfcaped aboard the fleet. The Gran
Duke fifid, He knew riot what was become (fhm^ Mn^p^i
^at a different gate. M the fame time two youi^ TqIkUgi
ftepfdng: forward, One faid he had killed the emperor; tt
other, that he had j^ven him the firft wound (X)^ Being fei
to find his body> and bring the head, they did fo; and it \n
^cknowleged by the Grand Duke. After this it was naila
to the top of the pillar of the Augafietmy where it remaine
till eveiung: then, the flcin b^ing flayed ofl) it was ftoffc
with ftrkw,' and .carried as .a trophy to the princes of tli
^ahsi Perfiam^ [2^ Ttlris of diiFerent nations.
Or Khin Othsrs jby that the dpkehid himfelf vnth Or Khift^ aa
JUun. Oidxj^r perfon6:of cpfiditbn, in.atower, which they at lengjl
yielded. Being fent on board a fhip, a Roman^ to ebw
, . ; ^ hi^ Ubcr^^ .dttooyered ihpm. both tX) the pilot $ who uiuie-
,; di^tely cut off the head pf A: J^4n, cloathed io a moakla
haUt, ajad carried, it with theXj^rand D9ke(Y) to Mohammdf
whocOBifoftedbim. The ^c^^ haying fent to feek for hi$wi&
and childreQ in the cainp, god ip the fleet} gave to each loop
afpers; and in fending tl^9).W>n)e to thdr own houfe, tdit
the duke, that he would give him the government of tU
city« :^n.d confer oti him greater honours than he poflelled underj
Grandiitke the.eoiperor, .Having gotten from him the names of thcprin-
xartjfed. cip^ officers and other peHbns of the court, he (ent to kas^ii
for them, and paid i,ooq afpers for each (Z) i*.
• This is the account which ^tl^e; Greek hiftoriaju^ have kft
us cpnperaiag the taking of Co^Jlantin^k ; let us now fa
what the tW*^ themfely^ fay. .
^ >. . ; . ,, , P DUKAS, C. 40.
■ , . ■ • ' '
0C) it is (aid before, that would needs jump oflF the tower,
neither of them, knew he ^vas but was killed by the fall : that
. the emperor: 'ahdirW^0»<^'/^ JVbf^ira/madea ihewofdefend-
iiclates, that not one of the ja- ing himfelf, but at length fur-
Aizaries could fay for certain rendered ; and for that time
any thing concerning the em« efcaped, with his fons. L. tiii.
peror's death ; only it was fup- c. 6.
pofed, that he was flain near (Z) Several Venetian men of
one of the gates, having reigned quality, who arrived at Cwhm-
three years, and as many months. tinofU a litde before the nege,
1. viii. c. 6.- fell into the hands of thcfifri; ;
* (Y) Kbalkondylas relates that but the Soltdn fct them all at
Notar^s (fo he names the grand liberty, excepting the Bajh of
(fuke) and Or Kbdn, grand fon Venice ^ who was put to deadi
c(' Mu/u/man, retired to a tower in his prefence. JCba/k. I iii«
to confult what to do : that Or c. 6.
Kffdft, patting on a monk's bafoit«
Digitized by VjOOQiC
C t. 7 Solc^ Mohammed IL ,
The ChrifioQS beifig at length reduced to a fiewdtfeodei^
lod dred with contmuai fatigues ; ieemg alfo their walls full of
beaches^ their batteries deftroyed, in a word, the city blocked ^
op both by fea and land, without any hopes of relief, the
mperor fends ambaiTadors to furrender it to Mohamnudy on Gty Jkr^
bown ternns. The Solthn recdving them civilly, proniifes nrndindt,
bgraot the inhabitants their lives and effeAs, with liberty to
nna?e whither they pleafed ; and then difinifles them l, but
iBviog fomething farther to (ay, orders theip to be called
hade The centinels from the ramparts fpfpeding, firom the
haile which the meflengers made after the ambafTadors, that
the Turks had a delign to enter with them, and fieze the city>
£redoQ them, to hinder their nearer approach. TheO/^ TttiMttnd
mks furprifed. and perceiving fome ot their companions i^ /at^.
grievoufly wounded, found a retreat, apd report what had
happened to the Soltd/i; who imagining that the Creeks had
repented of their agreement, and fired on his people out of
revenge, orders his army to attack and dcftroy that perfidious
enemy. On the other hand, the Creek emperor being told
by the centinels, that the Turks had attempted to take the city
by fraud, and were now approaching the walls, comnuinc^
bisfubjefls to exert their utmoft in its defence. Upon this a
fierce and bloody conflift enfues: but whilfi the Creeks vali-
antly fight on the land fide, thofe who defended the walls
towards the haven, being beaten from their pofls by the
wemy's darts, give the Turki/b forces an opportunity to enter
the town on that fide.
In this aflfault the emperor Conjlantine himfelf fell, whilfi EmperarU
bravely ading the part UHnetimes of a general, fooaetimes of ^^vir^.
afoidier; and in the greateft dangers, animating his men
^th his prefencc. His headkfs body ^«^s found lying on that
of an enfign-bearer ; from whence the place takes its prefeat
name of Sanjuk dar Tokujbi (A) ; that is, afcents, or hills
^th enfigns on them.
When thcfe thiMp were known to thofe who bravely re-
peDed the attacks of the Turki/b land-forces, they forthwith
erefted a white flag on the walls; and cried aloud from the
ramparts, " Why do you, without the fear,of Gpd, for no
" ottltof ours^ break your promife ? The j^eement for fuf-
" render of the. city is now made, and wdered by both em-
" perors to be ratified. Defifl therefore from fighting, nor
(A) Tis a high mount, on only antient chorcH which the
whofc top is crafted a temple, Turks have left to thcChnfliani.
«ot far from the cathedral Cant.
church of the Firgin Marji } the
'^'^ aflault
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Jialftlhi
yMedon
Hipry ^ ibe OAnAn T«rlo. B. ^V.
^ tdH&ttk thirfc who have engaged to be yopr ftturc fiibjcifti.'*
Moharmtted hearing tkofc words, and ignorant perhaps of
trttttt had paffed in the haven, commands the battle to ceafe,
prdipiiing to Hand to the former conditions; and fo receives
that part of the city by furrender.
NfiXT day the Stjit&n^ entering by the gate called Top kapu,
makes the fdiowing dt^daration to the Greeks. " 1 promifed
** you hi our agreement, that if you cbofe to continue here,
** all' the churdics and monafteries fhould remain untouched,
*• ^hd ypiir religion fuiFer no damage : but fince I have ac-
** i^vArtd half the city by force of arms (B), and half by fur-
*• tfendeo I think it juft, and accordin^y order; that the
*' TcHgibus houfcs and churches, which ftand in the part I
•* have conquered, be converted into Jamiy and the reft left
^ tnt^re to the Chriflians." Purfuant to this determination,
j^l the churches from Jk Seray (C) to SanEfa Sophia were
converted in^|o J&mi ; but from Suli Monqftir (D) to Ederne
^/w all remained to the Greeks (E). After this, the land
and fi^ forces being aflembled in the market-place, called j^i
Seray y Mohammed marched in a triumphal proceflion to SanSf a
Sophia. Then having cwrdered the Ezan to be fung (F), he went
io the imperial palace; and as he entered, beirtg ajldifted to
poary,; h reported to have fpoken an extempory diflich,
II) the. Per/ian language, the fenfe of which is this ; " The
** fplder haswbven her web in the imperialpalace; the owl has
(B) AliPOft all the Chriftian
lliftodans, both Greek and Latins
vnafce cbe whole acqtilrdd by
Aims i bu|dl tfaefTari^wxitcrs
fifftp^ that otff'half was f«r-
i',e9dei^4> ; on termc: nQr is k
JiMy .that perfons (o apt to
magnify ^heir own affairs, and
dimiiii(l\ thofe of others, would
^eirt a fa6t vliich leifens' the
glory of this concjucft, if it was
not trae. Cant.
(C) Ak Berayy or 54>*Ay, that
m, Whitv Palaet^ is a ifb-«et
.Wfci^ 1^6 to tfe^ PrppotftU^
wbere now are feen the beau-
tiJTur chambers of the janifaries,
^Olllcd Tfn^i Odalar, pr, (TA^
^ve^ManRtms. Nowpjnen.even
thofe of me janifaries themielve«,
are permitted to pafs thro' thb
^CCt^ for whatever injuries
they receive here go unpu-
nifhed. <^ant.
(D) Or, The luatry Mom^ftery^
fo caUed from the fprjngs wfatdi
4owj»ifrom it» fo4iiidatioti$. It
was a chui-<;h of the Armemanu
who took up all that quarter of
the city, but is now a ydmi.
Cant,
(E) But were taken away by
Sehml, with liberty to build
churchy of wood in their room.
Cant, no^e 17.
(F) AhymQ, cootai^Af^ this
M^bammedm pitrfe£oB of faith,
fuog by the Muiidn^ or chaater,
on the higheil tower, or mi-
nardb, of the Jiimiy to cuU the
people to prayers. It ia ufcd
alfo afcer viflories, like the 7>
i>/jy0{ among Citfi^ans. Cant.
' fung
Digitized
byGoogk
C I 7 SoiAn MohsmmtA Hi
^ fui^ her watch foDgOQ the towers of^^f^^(G);" in dhh
Soa to the dbwnfal df the Grecian emperors. Cv^/tamtinopk
vas taken on the aoth of Jemaxic^l Ew$Kfi\ in the year 857, ^
and 51ft day of the fi^; the n^iigence or treacfady of the
lKQjk{\) preveating its bdog taken fooner ^. We wilt now
The day after the city was taken, the SolUn entered It a Grm$id
kaoA time, and went to fee the grand duke, who came out ^U^ mti
tDfflot him. As the ducbefs was fick, he went to her bed-
iky and calling her mother, bid her good-morrow, and not
aflift herfidf ; promifing to ^e her more than flie bad lofK
After this he wa&ed abottt the dty, which was quke empty,
both men and beafts having been carried o£
Th£ 28th of May lie again went over a great part otothert^
the dty, and made a feaft about the palace. When he had/iv/ /»
drank pretty hard, he ordered his chief ennuch to demand di^^^*
the grand duke the youi^neftof hisfons|^ who was 14 years of
age, and extremdy handfome. The duke fufpefUng the
•SoAis's defign, turned pale, and told the eumich be might
take him, but refufed to dcUver him (K). Hereupon Moham^
med^
« Cant. Othm. Hift. p. 100, & fcqq.
(G) A palace of the king of
ftrfia^ celebrated in the Tttrkijb
tablets ; and at prefei^t the palace
^^tGreek emperors, is become
^t refidence of owls and bats.
Oint.
(H) Jomado'lAmjali that is,
^ former Jornada^ being the
5^ month of the Mohammedan
(I) Who was faid to be cor*
raped by the Chriftians. He
feoas to be Halil Pajha, whom
Phranza names as chief of the
coundl ; and fays, he advifed
^^•hammd to defift from this
war, both before and during the
fiegc, when things fucceeded
not to his expectation : but that
his opinion being rejefted, he
betrayed the refolutions of the
Otbmdn council to the Greek
emperor ; for which treafon he
^, a few days after the taking
9fthecity,puttodwtb. Prince
Cantemirt who mentions this^
tells us, that we are not to ex-
peA fach difcoveries from the
grarer Turkijh hiftorians, who
never clearly exprefs the trea-
chery of their own minifiers^
both to fave the honour of that
eminent poft, and avoid paying
fo much regard to the memory
oi traitors. But this laft is a
very lame apology 5 for. Aire,
recording their treafon muft re-
dound to their difgrace, not ho-
nour. However that be, this ia
a confeffion, that his graver fort
of hiftorians are not the moft
impartiaK
(K) Aj&^/^0ffi^Ati relates, that
all the Greeks who efcaped the
ilaughter were releafed from
flavery, and fettled at Vera^ ef-
peciaUy the perTons of any qua*
lity : for Notaras (or the grand
duke) himfelf, with his wife and.
diildrcBj \^cre bought by Mo*
hammid.
)0
S
le
wafied.
Hifiofy of the Othman Turks. B. XV.
nwJ, in a rage, fent back the eunuch for the young lord, and
en executioner with him, to Iwing the duke and his two other
fons, aod cut their heads ofF at the palace gate (L), He like-
wife commanded all the great men and officers to be executed,
whom he had redeemed from the foldiers ; choofing out of
their wives and children, for his own ufe, thofe who were
ij^oft handfome, and befl fhaped.
The third day after thq taking of Conftantinopk the thipa
fet fail for their refpeftivc countries, loaden with rich plunder
and captives. The camp was no lefe croudcd than the (hips.
There one might fee perfons of all degrees and conditions ;
blihops (M) in their pontifical habits, nuns in their religious
drefs, tied as flaves. The holy veftments were ufed as hou-
fings for horfes and dogs; Some were feen ferving up fruit
in the facred veflels, and others drinking out of chalices. They
earned away in carts an infinite number of books, which they
difperfed over both #ie weft and eaft. They fold the moft
valuable authors for a trifle (N), threw away an incredible
number pf the gofpels, after ftripping off the ornaments ;
bammed^ and permitted to retire
whither they pleafed. But re-
lying on the fuccours expe^ed
from Italy, he would needs re-
main at Conjiantinoplt, where
fcveral Others gathered, who
could not forbear entering into
certain intrigues ; which oeing
prefently difcovered, fo incenfed
the Soltdft, t\i2it he put tJiem all
to death. Our author adds,
that it was thought this misfor-
tune was occafioned by the im-
prudent cxipreSionb No tar as ufed
when the Solidn fent for his
youngeft fon ; faying, that fmce
he had fet them at liberty, he
had po right to their perfons ;
and that the demand was unjufl,
difhoneft, and even outrageous.
Others fay, that all this was
brought about by a lady, the
daughter of a foreigner, who
hated the Greeks; and with
whom the So//dn was greatly
enamoured. Khalk, 1. viii. c. 7.
(L) Both Dukas and KbaU
kcndylas fav the great duke be-
haved at his dpath with great
magn(nimity. The latter relates,
that he defired his fons might be
executed firft, left odierwi^ they
fliould be referved for an unna-
tural ufe; and that ahho* the
young creatures lamented, and
intreated him rather to give
them up, and all his efteds
which he had faved in Italy^
than fuffer them to be (lain be-
fore his eyes, he would not
bend. KhalLX. viii. c. 7. We
cannot but think that obflinacy
criminal which occafioned the
death of fo many people*
(M) Cardinal Ifidore^ biChop
of RuJJia^ the pope's legat, was
taken and carried to Pera, where
he was fold; but found means
to efcape aboard a (hip. Khalk.
^N) The ^urks were fo ig-
norant, that if they met with
gold or filver they threw it
away, to go in queft of brafs
or tin ; and fold the richeft pre-
cious ftones for a very low price,
or exchanged them for things of
fmall value, Kl:alL 1. viii. c. 6^
Digitized
byGoogk
and
CJ. 7 SoMn Mofaanuiiied II. 1^9
aod burnt til die images to dreg their (N) vidhials ^ The fame A. D.
day, according to the Turki/b hiAorians, the place where Abu I45S«
Ajvi Jnjiri was buried, being revealed to Sheykh Ak Sham- ^' *%— wi
fMn^ he carries the Solt^ into the fuborb, called from that ^^ ^?*
gdwal Ayub^Of-'y and the ground being dug, a great ftone ^^^^^^^
is foand, with an infcription on it* Hereupon Mobammed
orders a turbeh, jhni, and fchool, to be ereded over ' tire
iDfflb'.
The fifth day after, the Soltin entered into Calata^ and Gakta J^
ordered an account to be taken of the number of inhabitantd. numtUd.
He like^e conunanded the houfes of thoie who 6ed to Genoa
to ))e opened, and an inventory to be made of the goods in
cadi ; giving notice, that if the proprietors returned in thre^
iDoiidis, they (hould be reftored; if not, that they fliould
be confifcated. At the fame time he ordered the walls of
Calata to be demolifhed, and thofe of ConfiantinopU to be re«
paired. He alfo choie 5000 families out of his dominions i
and e^dned them, under pain of death, to fettle by the end Conflan*
of September in that city ; the government of which he gave ^^^?j^ ^
to one (rf his flaves, named Soleym^n (P). He left all the'^'***
diarches defert, except the great one (or SanSlASopbia) which
beconverted into a inoflc. After this, on the i8th of June^
be returned in triumph to Adrianople, with a prodigious quan-
&y of plunder, and an innumerable multitude of (laves. In
tbe way died the wife of the grand duke. He found, at hit
arrival, a great number of ChiifUan princes, who came bom
far and near to felicitate him on his (uccefs. He afcended hi^
throne; and while they all flood before him, impofed pn each
(bch tribute and homage as be thought fit ^
' DuRAs, c. 40 and 42. * Cant, ubi fupr. p. 104 and
106. < DuKAS, c. 42. Khalk. 1. 8, c. 7 and 8.
(N) They fervcd them right, where the river Kiaghtz Kbaneb
(0) Abu, Ayuh was in the difcharges itfeif ; and that near
anBy, fent by Soliyman ebn Ah- this place flood formerly the
iilnalik^ fourteenth Ommiyan monsL&ery of the Blakberfnet dc-
ibaHfab^ to befiege Conftantu dicated Co the Virgin Mary^ fa-
st^, in the year 96 of the moos for miracles.
Bijrab^ of Chnft 715, where (P) About the fame time the
he was killed^ Prince Cantemir adjacent cities, particularly $ei'
fays the fuborbs is fituated at livri and Burgdz^ voluntarily
the head of the inner haven, furrendered to iheSoUan. Cant.
SECT
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
SEC T. ri.
fa tbt Cowfi^ of $bi Morea«
vaJed ^^ he Imc t0 demand the furr<»dr7 oJF dbat: cowoaj cS
A. D. George the D^^/ ; under pretence that the right of inheritaace
Hi54U tdag. ift Sie^m^ f&a of Laaaruv, it tfacidfore beioi^Bd to
Um. Hb envoy not returning' a« flhe tkne wpfdatuir he fee
iefward "tf^th a foraaidlabb force ; and bamog pafled FMUpO'
polk^ came XcpSophi&„ Tbere> kai^ his army smd f¥aas^
he enttted ift^rPAi, at the head of 20,000 foot (<^ : bat ibud
floee to o}^ofe hi^, the Dtfpoty wkh the diie^ men of his
Watt, ha?i^ retired to fftmgMy; fcoMGhg thd people to re-
tonvwith a' poiraM armv. Whea he came ca cbe fort of
SmAm»^ he did his^iitaioft to t^e it« ar it Mvouki give faiiB ism
«lfypaflr^ €y?er th^ iXMH»Ap into/^/i^arf ; hoourcver, befiukd
hv did atteitlpr. He^ had no better fucSe^ 9iffkvSk another £Drt^
bttt took a diy loTK^er dismx^ on compofition ; )«t carried the
toheibitfts«» kftd dMr^ **.
Maietri' 'f HI9 city' ftisM ta be tile iame- which JOallkfU^fbu caHa
^«r«/7. .M«^^8«;^» fittahfted, he fay^ in the TWi^ bordier$^ near
iHe y^P^ i^^^^, which fatl& into the Dmuh0. ^khammed
beJTicgeit^ Mdf b^tered i« fi> furioafly^ with moitars (a kind of
A^iltery ft^ttz^ be invented by him) that the inhafbitams, feeing
idi&eft'attthefarhoufes b^ten down, fnrrendered at dUbretioo^
]^art of^ themi h)e earned into Qwm% the veft kd^ Mt in the
city, to follow thdh^ trades ; being A^ttl hi workit^ mectJs,
which the neighbouring mines afibrded. George the prince
(bpZ>)i^/y of the frihtlKanSy on the apiwoaeh of the-TWr*/,
had fled to ituniadet for fucconr; and at the &me tinie bought
a peace with the Salt An, paying 40,000 dukats annual tribute :
btit fobn dikdt died. As Ekazer, his youngeft ftm, -was to
fucceedhim; Stephen and George^ whofeeyes had been put
out, found means- ta feke the treafure,. knd then fled to the
TMrkifb court, where, they were aifigned laoda to live on \
The Soltdn, at h»retttrn to AdrianOiiie, repeopledrthe towns
Mid YiUages zhaatCm^antinople viitik 4000 men and woateti^
#ho'feU to his fhare; and going to that city, ordered a p»«
■ DtriCAy, c, 42. * Ehalk. 1. S, c. 12.
(QJ This war is not menlioncd by prince Canfemirs hifto-
lace
Digitized
byGoogk
jaoe ft) be^ built (R) dgfat fta(% in compafs ; ibf t9f c£ A>Q^
Tifbkhw^s covered "wlthlcsidti^ ^145$**
The fccoad year after the cooqueft of Confiantinopls, tb^^^J^^V^^
l^oi^ of RAodts rtpmei thither wth pre&ots, fplicituig $, ^J^*^
^of amity aod cqoMAerce: but becaufe, b obedience t9 ^^j^^'j)
the pope's (M-der, th^ ^ouid not pay tribute, AUhamm$4 i'.^/
Und w^u: ag^oft tbem ; %nd> in fpriiig» fitted out a fleet ^^*
iito lai} ; among whi^h were twenty-five udth tliree bankg
i ^arf, ^y with two ban)^, and the r^ only one bank of
oars. Tfa^ i^t &il in June under admiral Jffamza, who ba4
beoicup-b^arer to Jmurat, and caipe to Lefhs. The princf
&pt QQf author Z>«M/ oo bo^rd, to compUment and ma](4
{^ a ri(^ prefism. Two days after he failed for XJUo; an4
tlio^gh hf treated the icihahitants of that iOe with the Auna
civ$qf, yet th^ did hin^ up honours. Upon this fon^ Turks
laa^ed and fpoUed the viAq^ards about the city ; but it waa
^ firoog for thfcm to attiunpt : befideSf there were mora
Aaa twenty armed Gpunfi fliips in the port. Thence Hamzm Rhodes
4iied to Rkoies : but, having obferved at a diiUaoe the big* •nd Khio.
SI& of the dty and numbo" of (faipa in the harbour, u
^idgod the ifland to be twice ftroi^er th«i that <^ Khio^ and
^ ^parted for Ko. The koights of Rhodes had left die Unm,
9Qd reured to another called RakhcaSy which was fortified ;
bttt ;^ twfiuy days fiege was forced to furrender. Retum-
i;9g t^ Khioy a difpute happened with the iflanders, wherdn
' feversd Turks were killed, and one erf" the fliips overfet, with
^ the men ott board. The SoltAn at this news baniihed
Hmza to thft government of AttaHa^ and dedared war
againft Khip.
Accordingly tea gallics with three banks of oars, and ^-J^Pho-
tcnwith two, fet fail, under the command of Genuza, a hand- c^^taken.
fonie yoang n^n, whom he made alio governor of Ifallipolis.
With thisforce he took A?JrwPAc?rm.' and while the author wfg
)( court, £;)UcitiQg the ^airs of the prince c^ Lgfios^ the Sokin A . D«
^ sad took^ld Phocea. He alfo reduced Jymim (S) ; whpfe 1 45^.
pnoccthen refided at Sarmihrace (T). Meantime the inhlH
Wtiats of Khig made .their peace, by paying 3f,ooo cfownj '
ft* the galley which was loft, and 10,000 yearly tribute.
(R) Called EJki iSaray^ or, K|cewire the o)d maids, who
fhe old faiacCf in the heart of havingforvived their charms, are
^fenthwple. *Tis avaftbuild- maintained out of the Saltan %
iogiforroanded with high walls, clemency. Cant,
about an Italian mile fquare. (S) Written alfo Oenum an^
Here ufually rcfide the miftreffcs ^nus.
•f Ac dcceafed Soltdtiy and the \T) An ifland in the JrcUff*
^Ms who hare had children ; ptlago^ now called Sanmadrakhi^
Mod. Hist. Vol. XIL ^ M T»
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Xeranos
Belgrade
A. D.
1456-
raifrd
piitb hfs.
Hificry of <i/dthman.T(ttks. B. XY\
XrtE p^ple of Lamnosy being difailefted with' their princ^'
fent to defire Mohammed to appoint another. Accordingly he
feAt Ifmael Eunuchy the fucceflbr of Genuzay with two galiles
to fettle Hamza there : which was done, although the prince
of Lejhos (to whom it belonged) did all he could to bring the
rebels to r^afon. This incenf^i Mchammed againft Mm ^.
However, the Soltdn in July turned hi$ afrms againft
Belgrade 5 and had fuch fuccefs at firft, that he beat down
part of the wall, and flopped the paf&ge of the river with
fixty vefTek (U). Some of his foldiers alfo got into the
place and carried off plunder : but John HuniadeSy happening
to arrive the fame day (W), changed them roughly ; flew
inariy, and drove out the reft. Then, making a fbrious
iidly, - took the enemy's cannon, flew a great number of them,
wounded the Solt&n in the thigh (X)j and burnt his fliips (Y) ;
whereupon he broke up the fi«ge f. Khalkondylas fays, Hu^
niades himfetf was fo grievoufly wounded, that he died a few
days after (Z) ; but that fon;ie reported he died of the plague,
which then raged in the Chriftian camp*. To this place
muft be referred the war which Mohammedy according to the
Turki/h hiftorians, had with the king of Hungary ; whofe
forces he defeated. They add, that in the battle the king
received a wound, of which he was faid to have died not long
afto: (A) : and that then the Soltdn laid iiege to Belgrade ;
which
y DuKAs, c 42—1-45.
viii. c. 13. • Khalk.
* QtriCAS, C.45.
ib. c. 14.
Khalk. lib.
(U) The more weftern wri-
ters fay, lie had an army of
150,000 men, and 200 fbrps
and gallies, which were fent
up the Danube from JVtdin,
Knotwles ap Ricaut in Mahomet IL
. ( W) According to Khalkondy*
lasy the king oi Hungary was in-
camped on the other fide of the
Danube with a great army ; and,
having fent for (hips from Euday
;ittacked and deibroyed the
Turkijh fleet. Thus Huniadss
with fuccours got into the town.
The fine condud of this general,
end great bravery of the Soltdn ^
are very well related by that
jituthor, lib. viii. c. 15.
(X) Other? fa^, wider the
left pap ; and that he was car-
ried as dead into his ^ent. i?/-
caut ubifufr,
(Y) Others .fay, he took
twenty fliips and ran the reft on
f round, which Mohammed or-
ered to be burnt, to prevent
their being taken.. Ricamtuii
(Z) His death is placed by
the weflern historians on 10th
S^p. 1 45 6. Karaxt or Karat/a
Bajha^ the beft foldier Mobam^
pud had, was killed in this bat*
tie by a cannon ball.
(A) This, according to the
^urkijh hiflorians, fell in the
year 860 of the. Hejrahy and^
coqfe^uentlys in 1450 of CJbHfi $
and
Digitized
by Google
C f.' 7 Sblclin Mohammed IV
whkh the approach of winter and lofs of men obliged him
to raifc, rfter a long attempt ^ Khalkondylas fays, he was at
the fame time at war with the llfyrians^ and the emperor of
trdHzond', fending his gallics under the command of Khetir,
gowmor erf Amafia, to Tcour the coaft of Kolkhis ^ ,
Next year pope Kalixtus fent eleven galliea, mrfcr the Lcfbos at*
cooduft of the patriarch ofjquileja, to faccoor Rhodes^ Khio^ iacked.
i^fcf, LttnnoSy bnhros, Samothracey Taffa^ and other iiks, in A. O.
the ndghbonrhood of the Turks : where, being joined by MS7^
"kCatalan ftiips and corfairs, they made up forty fail ; which
reodezvoufed at Rhodes. The Soltdn, attributing all thcfe
moranents to- the prince of Le/bos (B), declared war ; . and
feflt IJmael with a fket in Augu/i againft Methimne : but,
after attempting to make a b-each as well as to undermine
and fcale the wdls, he was forced to return, with great lofs
of men.
In 1458, there arrived ambaflbdor from the Komins^ and Uzon
from UzunHaffan (G), who commanded in Armenia^ border- HafTanV
mg on the Kolkhians, The latter came to demand a fmall pen- ^ff^bafy.
&)n(D), wKicli Mohammed's grandfiither had granted to the ^' ^•
grandfadier of Uzun Haffariy and had been due thrcelcof e years. * ^^ ^*
Itconfiifted of 1000 houfings for horfes, 1000 carpets, and
1000 turbans. The *Soltdn^ anfwer was, that they might
ffturn, and afjure their majler^ that next year he 'would go
hmfelf and carry him what he owed. Towards winter he
b^ to build at one of the ends, of Conjiantinople^ near the
golden gate, a citadel; which the emperor John Paleologus
was hindered from building hy Bay ezid **.
Let us now return to the affairs of Greece ; which, tbo' The
but llighdy touched by theSTttr^hiftorians, arc pretty largely Morca
. _^ _ , . ... ,. ^ invaded,
,• Cant. 107. * Khalk. lib. vm. c. 13 & 14. * Du-
tAJ, C. 45. •
and Chriftian writers place it in He fucceeded his father Dorini
4upijtxk^ fame year. So that Gattiiuzzio, who died in 1456.
it IS more likely " Huniades is the author Dukas was an officer
l»ere to be underftood -(the of his court, and cafried the -
^urh bavine miflaken him for tribute twice or thrice to Mo*
diking 01 Hungary t iis hath hammed i ytt he no- where de-
beeu obferved in a former note) fcribes the pcrfon of. the Soltdn.
than LaSflaus Fefihumus, fon of * (C) Dukas writes Ofun A/an.
^^t,tmpcTor of Germany^ as (D)' Others fay, it was to
pnnce Camemr concludes, p, apprife; Mohammed o§ his claim
J 07 J and the rather as he to the empire of 7'r^^/a:2»W, after
places his death according to the death of Da^id, in right
tHe Oliriftian writers in Nonj. ofliis wife; threatening war in
145^* ' cafe he oppofed him. Rscattt.
(B) HisLname was Dominic.
Mz
Digitized
byGbogk
.1^^ BJfbryaf'tkiCkhMAxTmks. B. SfV;
A. D. fet f6rtli hf the Grecian, efpedaUy Khatkontfyks. After ilfr-
1458. bammed had built the caftle on ihtBoJ^horuSf he feat T/hi-
^^\f^<^rMkan iato the -Afcrr^ (E)^ to make war on the emperor'^
brothers (Thomas and Demetrius) : bat, after takli^ Neo-
polikhne^ he was obliged to retire, and his fon yj!imr^ ¥fas
feized bj an ^ttibufcade ^. The taking of Conficntinopk ftruck
fuch a terror throughont Greece, that the lc»tls of the Merea
prepared to retire to Italy, accompanied by all the peHbn^ dt
diflin£Hon throughout Greece : but Mohammed diverted theift
by a fudden agreen^ent. This refolution to leare the JMorH
Albani- thought upon them great calamities : for the Albanums, fee-
znsfiize i^g them in a hurry to get away, feized the country ; bo^
fV. inflead of fctting up a governor of their own» as they wera
advifed by one Peter the lame, they chofe a .prince o«t cf tbr
Greeks, who (till remained among them. This was Menud
KantaMuzenus. After which they fell upon the other Greeks
(fubjeft to the two Defects), foundering thdr goods and
carrying-off tfadr cattle : f^ the Albanians in the Marea
were (hepherds, ^ho lived in the fields without any fixed
habitations. Thefe people dra>^ng together, took by force
the cities and fortrefles from the Greek inhabitants, whon
diey pillaged ; and, confidermg them as no better than;
flaves, fent to the Port, offering to put the towns and forces!
ci the Morea into the Soltdn's hands, provided he would
leave them in poflefiion of the open country.
Submit This furrender being fccretly encouraged by Centerim
i9 their Zakharias (brother to the Drift of one of the late cmperor't
frincej ; brothers), and one Lukanw ; prince Thomas (the Dtjj^)
had them fdzed and imprifoned (F)''in the caftle of IMi-
metia. But, on a promife of Centerion's dai^ter in mar-
riage, with other advantages, the governor was prevailed on
to let them efcape. They firft attacked Klina, and then
Pattras, a city o£Akhaia, where refided Thomas, the youngcft
of the two Greek lords (G) (to whom the Albanians were
fubjeft) ; but were repulfcd at both places. " For all this the
Morea would have been in danger of falling into the hands
^ Khalic. lib. viii. c. I.
(E) This author always ufes
the name QiPil?ponnefiuj bat we
chofe the othei:, as being more
commonly ufed by authors.
(F) The author obferveii
that Centerien was feized ; be-
caufewhenilftfrM father of Afi?**
bammed, came to break down
the wall of the Morea^ he fled
into Akhma, and excit^ the
princes and lords thereaboot to
revolt to the TWrix.
(G) Demetrius and fbmet
Pideologus, brothers of t^e hue
emperor John.
of
Digitized
byGoogk
CJ: 7 SokAo Mohammed II.
of the Mankns, had not tint SoltJn, at the iAtreztj e£ Afim,
fent an army UDder Turaian ; which having defeated thdr
hcces, and taken 2000 prifoners, vrith three or four of their '
towns, they fubmkted to didr pnoces, on condidon that
they {hould keep the places which they had fcized, and not ^
be obliged to reftore the plander they had taken.
TURAKAN at parting recommended unity to the^/v^?//
two brothers, as the beft means to keep their fubjeAs in ^<^»
obedience : but his back was fcarce turned befoie th^y feU
ttrariance, and to fupplanting eachotlier* This gave oc«
caliod to Lukanus to excite the Albanians and inhabitants of
ikMerea to revolt. They had recourie thereupon to A/an (H),
jis the perfon of greateft power and authority ; for he had
the government of Korintk, and the greater part of the Mo*
rea: but he refufing to give them any countenance, thef
refbfed to pay the yearly tribute of j 2,000 gold Statera (I),
or any of the ufual taxes, unlefs the lands were equally di-
vided among them. And thus the Greeks^ by thdr diflen*
^ons and party quarrels, by degrees, dwindled to nothing ^
In the year 14518, Mohammed fcnt to order tte Dejpots Kprintb
of the Morea. either to pay the three years arrears pf 10,000 ^«^«»-
dttcats tribute, or quit the country. In fpring fbUo^ng he ^' ^'
marched to attack the Morea, and reduced JfCorinthf without V*5£*
ufing force. At the firft news of his approach, Thomas, on^ 14CO.'
of die De^tSf retired to Italy with his wife and children ; ^*
and Demetrius, the other, fubmitted of his own accord to
ihtSoltdn'f who earned him away, with many confiderable
pofons of Laeedemon, Akhaia, and other provinces ; where
he placed governors. He brought 2000 families from the
Morea, wluck he fettled at Conftanfinople*, and aooo young
tncn, whom he enrolled among his troops*.
To this -place muft be referred what prince Caniemir re- The \ '
latcs from Saadi Effendi and other Turki/h hiftorians : that, Greclcs
ia 861 (K), Mohammed fubdued thp reft of the Morea ; and, i'-Z^^^t
»cxt fpring, routed the Creeks, ^ho w^r^ attempting to r^f
' KifALiu lib.viii. c 9, &feqq. » DujcAi, c. 45,
(H) By pther w|iter« called However, ftillthefetrteradioni
4rjitnts, or Jr/an,zGrffi lord, will be put a y^ar earlier by
(I) AQipqnting \o ^boot the Turkiflf than t^e ChriiUaji
If 000 di^cats. hytorigns ^ and indeed there ia.
(K) The year 86 1 qf thf often a difference of two, fome-
^^rah anfwers to 1456 of times of three or more between
w//?; bat as it begins the ^l^m. They differ no leis in
?8th of No^tiaher, moft of it Tangingfaas;fomc putting thai;
coinq^^s wi^ the ye^ 1457. firft which Ckt^ers place l^ft.
M 3 ^oyei?
Digitized' by VjOOQI^
Morea
invaded.
and part
/ubdued.
State of
Athens
Hijtory of /ir.DlKraan Turi?s. B. XVi'
cover what they had loft, and repair Altimit (L), whofc
walls he demoliihed ; and,, to prevent their making further
difturbances, placed ftrong garrifons in j^k Kerneh and BeU
de^L', after which he laid wafte the ifland Korfes^ (or
-Korf^). .
KHALKONDYLAS is more particular with regard to
the affairs of the Morea at this time. Accqrding to that au-
thor, Mohammed having fent his officers into the Morea^ to
receive the tribute due to him, they found the Greeks in fuch
feuds among themfelves, that theyiorbore preffing either them
or the AWanians on that head : while the Soltdn, in confidcra-
tion of the difcord that reigned between the Defpots^ remitted
one third of the tribute, recommending to them ooly not to
violate the peace which they had fworn to Jceep. But, find-
ing that they paid no regard to his inftances, he marched
with his army to the Morea ^ and leaving part of his* troops to
befiege K^rmth^ penetrated into the country, where he took
Thar/a; Arriba, Phliajta^ Pazenika, ^id other cities. One
of the princes had retired to Mantinea, the other to Epi-
daurusy cities of LaHonia ; which laft the Soltan longed to be
mafter of : but, finding it too ftrong to attack, he returned
to the fiegeiof Korintb ; whereinto, in his abfence,' A/an had
made a ihift to get (M) with a good number of foldiers, and
*fome prdvifiqns. Although the caftle was accounted impreg-
nable, being fituated on a high rock, and inclofed with three
very ftrong walls ; yet provifions beginning to fail after the
firft wall had been battered 4owa with cannon (N), th« in-
habitants obliged A/an to furrender by capitulation, This
.was followed by a peace; ^hereby the Defpet gave up all
the country which Mohammed had pafled through w}th his
^rmy, agreed to pay 2000 ducats tribute,, and likqwifp
yielded the Egean fea, the iAe of Kalaura, th^ city of J^at-
traSy aud the country adjoining to Akhaia ^,
The war being thus finiftied, Mohammed djfl»nded hk
forces, and went to fee i^thens 5 where he admired the
' Khalk. lib', ix. c. i
'^.Caj^t, Othw. Hift. p, lOK
(L) By AktmU feems to be
meant the wall of the ifthmu^
oiKorinth,
(M) He was at Nauphiay a
city and port then belonging to
the Venetian ty from whence he
pafled by fea to the port of Ken-
ihres, which was the port pf
Ktn-intb.
(N) Tbefe were of a vaft
fi?e, fome carrying a ball of
875 pound weight. Ths artil-
lery were generally ca(l upon
the foot, the metal being con-
veyed to the c^p for that por-
pofe.
• Digitized
byGoogk
pyranm
C S: 7 Sbhan Mohammed IL
Pyrawn, the convenience of Its ports, and all the fuperb an*
ticnt buildings. That city had been taken fome time before
by Omar, ion of Turakdn, govomor of Thejfaly, on the fol-
lowing occafion. On the death of Nerio Jcciaoli, its prince,
his dpchefs, who had a young fon by him, became miftrefs
of the ftate, by gaining friends at the Turkijb court. ' Sooi^
after, felling in K)ve with a young Venetian gentleman, (aa
of Pieiro JPalmerio, Podejlat of NaupHum^ who came there
to trade, ftie propofed to put him in pofleflion of all, pro-
vided he would turn ofF his wife, and marry her. Paknerio,
£red with love as well as ambition, went back to Italy ; and,
having poifoncd his wife, returned to Athens ^ and married
the amorous duchefs.
- Thus he became a great lord ; but \vas much hated hy delivered
the people. He took-on him the guardianihip of her fon, '^ Mo-
whom foon after he Carried to the SQltAn, becaufe Fr<?«it^, hwnincd.
fon <rf Jntonio Jcciaoli, Nerio's nephew, had retired to the
TurkjflrtQUTt^ in hopes one day of obtaining the principality.
Accordingly, as foon as Mohammed beard of the iU-conduft
of the widow, he gave the city to Franko ; who fent the ;
duchefs prifoner to the city of Megara : where, fodn after,
(he was made-away with by his order. Upon this her huf-
band went and complained to Mohammed \ who, moved by
bis affliftion, fent Omar to take Athens. That geQeral found
no difficulty to make himfelf mailer of the city ; but the
fortrefe holding out a long time, be at length prevailed on
hmko to furrender it, in lieu of the country of Beotia 4n4
Ki^oi Thebes^,
Mean time the Bejpot Thomas^ uneafy under the Turkijb Affmrs of
yoke, b^gan hoftilities againft his brother the Defpot of Sparta Morca.
(who had given his daughter in marriage to Mohammed)^ and
difpatched ^oops to befiege Pattras. Hereupon the Solt4n
fent forges ^gaioft them under Khamus (O), furnamed the
Spar-Hawk ; who fei:^ed Ahmed, governor of the Morea, and
Ofnar, his predeceflbr, to whom he had given his daughter in
marriage : but as foon as they heard of the general's ap-
proach, they retired to Megaiopolis, to their prince, whQ
then aflembled a body of Greeks and Albanians, to oppofe th^
Turks. However, they were eafily defeated ; j^fi^er whicl^
the general, leaving part of his army under J^ij^us, and prince
Pemetriuff tp continue the fiege, prd(?red the reft intq th^
garrifqus. Thomas, being informed of ^hIs,' returned/ and
^ KHALK.'lib. iX. G, 3,
(Oj Dui(is calls bim Hamza^
M 4 bcfieged
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Genoefes
declare
nvar*
Amaftris
taken.
A.I>, toiffiegcd the janizaries which rem^ifled to guard the fort-
U5^- rcflcs.
ApTEit this the Genoefes having demanded a reftittificj^n d^
Pera, as wrongfully detuned from them, and Mdhttmmed re- '
fufing to yield ft; as they had aftually made a Voluntary far-f
fender of it; as hath been before related, they declared waf
^gainft him. Upon this the Sdtdn, pafling orer to JJid^
took from them Amajlris^ on the Euxine fea, by compofitioft,
dnd tranfported two thirds of the inhabitants toConftantinopk,
' The Chirkajians, under Artabales^ had but ne\^ly retirtd
from the fiege of Trebizond, capital of the empire df KoMis,
^tn KUter Beg, gofvcrnor of Jmajia, came, and, furprififtg
the fuburbs, made two thoufand prifoners. As that poof
city was almoft tiifpcopled by the peftilence, and muft have
been taken, had the enemy perfiAed; the emperor /<?*« (P) •
offered to become tributary, and pay 2000 ducat? yearly,
provided the captives were reftored : which Mohammed
agreed to ^
State df Before the taking of Conjlantinople^ Mohammedhef\avircd
fbe iflesf tefnnoSy Imbros, ThyfuSy and Samothrace ( Q^), iflands ill
the JEgean fea, on one of his officers. But l>orice, aftd- the
a^th of his father Palemedesy feized the lor dfliip of Lef^ (R)
ihd Lemnosy with that of Oenus ; which were all quickly re-
tovered. Yet the four ifles fubmitted to the fleet, which
kririvcd ptefently after from Italy, commanded by the pW*^
legate. But as foon as that fleet had fet fail for Rhm^
IfinaeL, general of the Turkijb gallies, over-ran Imbros and
Lemnos ; and feizing all the Italians, fent them to Moham*-
medy who put them to death at Phtlippopoli, "w^ere he then
refided, the plague ha^ng driven him from Conftantinople.
iTot long after, Zogan, having fupplanted Ifinael, and obtained
the government of GalUpoli, took Thaffus and Samothrace i
lacked them indrely, and fent th^ inhabitants to people Con^^
Jiantindple.
mndo/the ASA N, having procured an ^my firom the $okA% in &-
Morca. v6Ur of prince Demetrius, entered the Peloponnefus, and de-
feated prince Thomas, near Leonfafium (S) ; where he after*
Wards befieged him for a few days : .but, through the oppo-
jfition of his adverfaries, he was obliged to withdraw ; for
bmar, governor of Thejafy, and he were always at variance,
for this reafon, foon after, Mohammed gave his government
' KiLALx;. c. 4 & 5.
(P) Caltd alfo Kalojohannes.
(QJ NowStMiinene,Lemire,
fira/h, wadSanmadrakii.
(R) NowM/fJSijr.
(d) tht fiune with MegaU'
r- T witli
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C f. 7 Sdcln Mciuummd H; %t»9
^iiith that of the MoreA to Z<^4» ; who^ for his ftrvice Is A. D;
takli^ Morezhif the moft ^Beunous corfair in the Levant feas» '4S9*
India a fliort tune rifcn in great credit. Zogan inu^ediately ^*^V*H
entered Akhdia with his arnty, and fat down before the
foctrefsy which forthwith fnrrendered ; the <r^^9ki who wcrp
there affembled difperfing themfelves. On the other handi^
tkMilanffirif whom Thomas had fent for, on their arrival be*
gaii to batter the city : but, having nd more than one juece of
caimon. Were oUiged to nufe the iiege, and retise to Nau^
Mian time prince Thmas with his forces rcduc^ the p^/W
coootry ci Lakoniay and took the dty of Kalamata, in the Thomaa
territory of Meffene. He then went to befiege Mantinea : diftrej/id^
but, finding it was to no purpofe^ fent to found whether./^
hammed would give ear to an agreement vAxh him. The
&(kin, having had advice that Ufun Hajfan was in motion ux
^t coniCented to a peace, oa condition that Thamas (hould
reflore all the places which he had taken from him, and pay
12,000 ducats tribute* The conditions were sjccepted of by
the prince : but, not being able to raife the money, things
^vere ia much dii[ha£)ion among his fubjeAs. Mohamnsdvim ,
Ibofiiaded that he put-off his expedition againft Uzun Haf-
fan, ia order to fall upon the Morea.
Bbikg arrived at Korinthy Afan waited on him, on behalf ^rinte
cidmetriusy expe^Hng. to be veiled with the conunand cf Deme-
his amiy : but when they were at Tegea, he imprifoned him trius df'j
and alibis adherents; then marched to ^/tar/a. Demetrius^ tainei.
am^ed at this unexpeAed proceedii^, would, have redred tO;
the caftte, which is above the town : but when he heard that
his brother-in-law Afanwzs a prifoncr, he found he had no-
thi^ for it, but to go and prefent himfelf before the Soltdn,
Who treated him widi great kindnefs ; afiuring him, that aU
paft tranfaAions fhould be forgotten, and that another coun«-
try (hould be given to him inftead of Sparta. However, he
^detained in the camp, and guards placed upon him.
AFTfiR ijiis Mohammed went and feized a very fine and Citiet
ridi QteiBk city, which lies beyond Sparta^ at the foot of the taken
ftioratein Taugete^ three miles from Paleopoli and the river
iwfOns, Then he -marched to Kaftriay a ftrong dty about
eight Mes diftant, with a caflle on a rugged mountain, 500
paces h^h. This place his janizaries having taken, ^ter a
ftoutrefiftance, he ordered thegarrifon, being 300 men, to be
pot to the fw<rt-d, and the governor to be cut in two, length-
^p* Next be toQk Leontaritm^ with the cafUe of Kadikea^
» KuAic« c. 6. »
I ' where
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Ii\lio0 6fthe Othmaa Tttrks. B.XV;
where neither m!4n|P<irbeaft was fpared. Out of 6000 inha*
bftantsf only 36b were taken prlfoners, and they were put to
* the iwci^d in cdd^blocsd;.- The reft of the cities of the Moreu,
^pf terrified with this (kiighter, furrendcrcd by their deputies,
^Bt€n<Sahant0n, mJrkadia, did the feme, a very fbong place,
with- a*^fine port over-againft Pyhs ; whofe inhabitants, to the
Bumber of 10,000, were fent to people the fuburbs of &«*
Jtantimple ".
MO'HAMMED^ after carryfaig prince Demetrius about
with him for fome time, guarded and bound, releafed Mm ;
and, by his perfuafion, (ent Jfo/bua' to rccdve the city of
Epidaufus, and bring away his wife, and daughter, whom
the Soltdn feemed defirous to efpoufe. The citizens delivered
the ladies; but would not part with the city. After this
JM&hammed refolved to fall upon the places belonging to^c
Venetians*
Ctmfneps Me AN time Zogatiy govcmor of the Mcrea^ who was fent
iy Zogan. to concjuer the countries of Jkhaia and £liSy took the city of
'Kalaurita, by furrender, from Doxas, one of the chief among
the Albanians, who were afterwards all put to d^atb. Then
he marched to Grebenum, 2. very ftrong place : but, not be-
ing able to take it, he proceeded to SanSfa Maura, another
city of the Jlbanians ; whither the moft wealthy people of
the country had retired for fafety. Thofe in the fortrefs
having furrendered by compofition, Zogan took poffefEon ;
but, contrary to his promife, let loofe his foldiers,' who flew
many of the inhabitants, and made prifoners of all the reft.
The other Jlbantan cities, in defpah: of finding after this any
mercy from the Turks, would hear no more of fiirrendering
on the faith of their generals.
Prince While thefe things were doing on one fide, Mohammed
Thomas marched from Kardikea, to view Koron\ and then proceeded
retires. to Pylos, where prince Thomas was, with a fhip waiting to
carry him off, when he fhould fee occafion : but the fleet of
the Venetians, to whom it belonged, puttiog-in there, ha
was ordered to retire, to avoid giving offence to the Soltdn.
Accordingly, as foon as he knew that the Othmdn army was
encamped near the town, he withdrew; and the Venetian
ambaffadors waited on Mohammed to renew their tr^ties.
After his troops had fcoured the country, and made a great
number of Jlbanians captives^ he fent prince Demetrius to
reduce Beotia, and marched himfelf into Akhaya ; who^e he
(eized all the ftrong towns and caftles, which the lords of the
a)UAtry yielded to him. Here, being iofbrmed^ of Zqgan\
* Kbialk. lit. ix. c. 7. •
t crusty
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t. 9: 7 S(Mn Mohammed XL
cnidty at SanEla Maura, and the confequence of if, he or*
dered all the people to be fet at liberty j turning Zi?gan out
of his poft, which he gave to Khamtis **.
This done, he took Crebenum ; and, marching towards dher
t&ttraSf fubdued the city of Kq/lrimenum. Then befiesed dties
Mnejiiia, fituate 6n the top of a high mountain, wim a taim
calUe on a flcep rock, which he battered for feven or eight A. DJ
days to nd purpofc : but the janizaries having found means '45^^
to turn off the river from the inhabitants, they were obliged
toforrender, and were all made flaves. The caftle, where
one of the PaleoJogi commanded, would have come to a com-
fofition ; zn^. Mohammed had, by way of preliminary, with-
drawn with his ^my a league dlAant : but Khamus, whom
he left before the place, having feized fome of the inhabitants,
the reft refufed to capitulate. Hereupon the Solt&n turned
him out of his command, and reftored Zogan.
He marched next into the country of Phteanum, where he Ij Mo-
put to tbd fword a great number of Albanians, who, on hishammcd^
parole, brought prpvifions to the camp. He ufed the fame
kind of deceit in the country of Phliunte ■: for, obferving
that the Albanians were generally the caufe of the revolt of
the Greeks, he refolved to weaken their power, as the moft
effeftnal w^y to prevent rebellions for the future. After this,
Mohammed returned to Athens ; where being mifinformed by
the janizaries, who kept the caftle, that the people had
confpired to deliver up the city to Franco Acciaoli, lord of
ieotidy and lately duke of Athens, he had ten of the moft AcciaoU
confiderable citizens arretted, and fent them to dwell at Con- f^^ '^
fiantinople. As to Acciaoli, he fent him to Zogan \ who put ^^^^*
him tQ death. Then, fetting forward, to return by Pherres \
to Adrianople, he ordered Demetrius to go before ; and gave
him the city of Mnus, with the revenue of the falt-pits be-
longing to it : befides 12,000 crowns out of the treafury p.
Mean time, Zogan, after ravaging the country, befieged Salme-
Salmenika, and offered the inhabitants very advantageous uiJ^aywr*
conditions; which they rejefted : but fgou aft^r, the chief '*'«^'''^»
of the Greeks, who, for a year together, had, with invin-
cible f ourage ( Q^), fuftained the war, and the continual af-
p Khalk. lib. ix. c. 8. f Ibid. c. 9,
( Q^) Of this virtuous and many deer, and other fkllow
magnanimous prince (whom we bcafts, in the Morea, but not.
conceive to ]>c PaUologus, be- one who might be called a man,
i^xt-mtn^ont^), MahmudBaJha, except him. KhaL Some will
the chief man at the ^urkijh have this tp be Prince Thomais
court, faid, that he had icci^ feirofflf,
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&rilts of the Turks, gave up &e plac^ ; having liberty to
carry-off hUcfibfts. ,
. Prince Thomas, h^Ttg retired from Pyhs, went to th<
Jfland of K:<^u ; where be left his family, .j^id fct fail for
feafy. At die fame tiffic, he foot a^ ambaflador to know if
Mohammed would give him a great extent of country along
the fea co^fl, in exchange for the city of Epidanmum. The
SotUn, byway of anfwcr, put the envoy in irons : but fooA
after feat him back. Thomas, being arrived at Rome^ was
lodged in the pope's palace, and had a penfion of about
'3000 livrcs for his other expcnces r. Thus the whole Mored
fell utider the power of the Turks, es^cept fu^Ji . maritime
places.as were in the hands of the Venetians.
SECT III.
fo the Conqueji if BofnU.
Semen* TTTif ILE thefe things were doing in the Morea, tht Soltdn
dria>r. ^ fct fcwrward to recover Sendercivia (R) (or Semendria),
wMdtnd. which had been given by the TribaUians (or Servians) to tli?
Jckig of Hungary j but, on his approach, the inhabitants
.went and deliv«red up the keys to him % The Turki/b hifto-
A I) ^ riansiiy, he befiegcd and took Semendria ; which the Chrlf-
* g' tians iwul fubdued fome years before. They add, that, with^
^^ ' in two years after the conqucfl: of Cknjlantinople, 'he reduced
by aroidi, or capitulation, above 40 cities (S).
A. p. In ^64 (T), he feized in jifta the territories of Kizel Alh
"459- taed (U), by the treachery of his brother IJmaei Beg (X).
Ahmed i&es to Uzun Hajfan (Y), Hereupon Mohammed paffes
Sipope «iv^ tarith a gpfcat army ; and, having routed Uzun HaJarCi
jiilded^ forces, takes Sviopi ^ This city flands on a ton^e of land,
' KfiALK. i^hi ftipr. c. 10. ♦ Ibid. c. 5, * Cant,
p. f07.
(R) Called alfi) Sendrsw, on Amontes V^vA &yii, h(^ was re-
tdbe Danube, ported to hive fpurred Mshami
(S) And, during hi^ whole med to this expedition againft
reign, 200 cities and i z king- his brother, whom he names
doms, by the confeflion of the IfmaeL
Chriftian writers th«mfelv^, (Y) That is, Eajfan the Tali;
XT) Duias^lwcits this cxpc- bewaskingof i^/tf</of/tf. Cant,
dition in the year 1 461 . He was the firft of the Turkman
, (U) That is Red Ahmed, who race of ^/J Kcyunlu, who reign-
£rft occafioned-che .war between ed in Perjia. Dukas writes Ojfun
Uzun Hajfdn and Mohammed, A/an. Others UJfan CaJfan. Sec
; .^.JC) KhalkondjUs calls him vol. vi. p. na.
qtteAdin^
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Ct; 7 Soh&n Mohammed n«
dteodiflg near five sDiks into the fea. It k fufpdfiog^ ftnn^.
bdflg waihed on two iides by the fea : yet is very pleafanii,
Thecoontry to the contioeot isa iandy plaia; and the pea*
Tdak covered with orchards, and parks tuU of game.
The S9ltdn^ who was incen(ed againft the prince, of Si*-
n^ifot havii^ leagued with UzAn Mqfan againft him» isoM
tUther a fleet conMing of 1 50 fail ofgaliies and round vef*
iels (Z) ; wluch arrived at Sinc^ at the fame tkue that he^
trith lids umyf got thither by land, by way of Kq/kamiuu
Bat MahnUid Baflkif arriving before the SoitAn^ had a coa^ h K^omA
fereDce with the prince ; who agreed to furreoder up ^inc^ Beg.
« condition Mohammed would give him PbUtfi^ (Aj^
This was. agreed to, and he retired thither. K^moru and
iiis odjer pdleffions fubmitted thereupon : for his territories,
wtich were veiy rich, began at the city of Jierakleki^ which
bdoDged to Mohammed^ and extended from the kingdom of
fontus to Papblagoma and the lands of Turgut. They yield
aixmt 400,000 ducats rent ; and abounded in the beft copper
next diat of Jberh ; which, when our author wrote, brought
iatSoltdn 40,000 ducats yearly. Mohammed carried with him Hu^
to Conftauthwple a ihip of 900 tons, which ^inael had built i/l^iff^
and brought it into p^^ where he had a larger of his (B^ ^
9^0: but, both of them becomiag unferviceable at fea, ha
boHt a veflel of 3000 tuns ; which foon after overiet in the
port by the weight of its mafh
It was after this, according to the Creek hiftorians, that the ^^f^'
idth marched againft Uzun Hafan ; into whofe dominions ?'''^^*'^
he ffltered after he had ptflcd Sebaje (or SiwAs), and took '^°'
lie city rf Koreykum* In his march forward, he was met by
the mother of Vzdn Haffan ; who reproaching him mildly,
withwarring againft thofe of his own nation, as well as faith,
he agreed to make peace on two conditions : that her (on, for
the fiitnre, ftiould neither ravage his territories, nor a^y
way aflift the emperor of Trebizond"^. According to Dukas,
^^ Hafan, not having forces fufEcient to oppofe Maham-^
^d, retired to the mount^ns on the borders of Per/la. Th{i
WAi then croifing Armenia, the river Phafis, and Mount .
iiukifttSj takhig many places In his way, entered ^alkiis,
» Khalk. 1. ix. c. 10& IX. DuKAS, c. 45.
(Z) Thos Khalkondylas. Dw (A) DukasSzy% tiis wis Mo-
hs (ays, the fleet confifted of hammed*^ olFcr.
^ gallics of two and tiirsr (B) Perhaps that bcfore-mcn-
httksofoari, tioncd,
and
' • Digitized by Google
and marched to Trehizond; where he foUhd his (C) fleet *. 1ft
.his paffage, Koyunlu Hiffar was farrendeif^d to him by Huf"
. ^fiyn Bvg^ who had married the danghter of the king of Tra*
AL P^^^' Then, befieging this laft city,- fJ^t/iJ^fifc^mw^TiKj, by
^^ , the perfyafions of his mother-in-law Sure Kh&n\ delivers up
J^^' ' himf(?lf land kingdom to Mohdmmed'*; \tY whom he is honour-*
ibly received, and fent, with all his' family, to Corifiantlhopkt
' DJVID was fon of the emperor Alexis , • and brother of
John^ his predecefTor ; on whofe death, he, by affiftance of
the kabdzitani, who commanded at Mezokhalde near Trebi'
tmd, feized the empire, in prejudice to his nephew Jiexisy
who was but fotn: years old. The caufe of Mohammed's
quarrel agalnft David was, that he had entered into a clofc
alliance* with- UziUri ffd/fan^ and given him his daughti^lir
marriage (D) ; upon ati afTurance, that his fon-in*law wotilJ
free him from the tribute which he was to pay the So!t^ '.
j::rye;:<:{er^ ' MOH AMME'D ^^fbd, vfh.0 was pofted ^tSkfloHmne,
ed on oi'- having had an interview' with the Great Ghamberlain-^^^r^r,
iiclei : the emperor's coufiri^german, advifedhim to perfuade David
to furrender ; which that prince confented to, provided the
Soltan would niafry his daughter, and -give him a country
of the fame value with his own. MoSammed ^tfirR refufei
to come to any compofition : but, at length, by the advice of
his council, agreed to the terms propofed ; upon which Da-
vid furrendered the place, and with his neareft relations was
carried to Conftantifiople. Mezokhalde ^ and the other places,
furrendered, one after the other : and thus the city of trebi'
zond, with the whoie country of Kolkhis^ which, but ai litde
before, compofed a noble empire, fell at once into the hands
of the Ti/rAj.
The people he difpofed of feveral ways : fome he made
^Z^ janizaries, others flaves; and, fome time after, put the em-
ikatL peror and his fons to death. For the wife of L^2iJn -^^j^
« DuKAS, c. 45. y Cant. p. 107. * Khalk.
' I viii. c. 11. Dux AS, c. 45.
(C) Which, Kal^dylas fays, ia.the year 1472. Sec AMpd*
had blocked up the city by i*ca kilo's Account of the Life ofVJfun
for a moiith before. Kajfcm, and fhe Voyage of an
(D) This was KathaiitiaCom- anonymous Merchant into Ferfia ;
nena^ daughter of his brother both ia Ramufios CoUe&ivn of
John: Ihe is called Dcfpina Ka* Jrawels^ vol. ii. See alio
tun by fome travellers of the Vni^u. Hijl, Vol. XVIII. p.
fame time. The time of this 454^
expedition is put by one of them
baviog
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C. S. 7 Sokan Mohanimed iSJ
bwig written to David to fend her oac of his fons, ^ tWi
jUtxis ComnenuSy "who was then at Mefelin ; George^ tho
graod chamberlain, gave the tetters to the governor' of the ^
pdBces: but fearing the worft, in cafe It fliould by any
meaoscome to the knowlege of Ma/muid BA/hd, that he was «
jviryto fuch an affair, he took them back, and delisfered"
thm to the SoltAn himfelf. The Soltdn, having read them,
ordered all the parties above-mentioned to be ftriAly guarded ;
aad, after carrying them to Conftantinapfi^ to be put to death*
aot fporing George^ the emperor's youngeft fon, who had
tamed Mohammedan The daughter of David, whbm he
hd before taken to wife after a fort> he reduced to fefve i»
tie chamber*.
It is dme now to look back to Shindfr Beg, and fee what Skander
was doing all this while in EpUrus. -Mskofmned, foon after Beg'/ jftc-
kisfether Mordd's death, (cntHam^a^'Vnxh 12,000 horkfCeJei:
againft that prince; who lying ixi-'ambilfli on the top of
Mount Modrija, they were, in. their^ ' ^mflagie by night, ^atv*
tacked with great flaughter ; and dlivea -down agpin into
thepbdn, where Amefa, the prince's fiephew> was ready ta
Kcdve him in as rough a manner. •Itf ^s aftion, 7000
Tw-ib were killed, and the general; with tiiany officers and
conuBoa foldXers, taken prifonerK ' The^ year following,
14,000 horfe, under Debreas, VfCre.knt^^imfiShanderBeg;
vho, with 6000 choice men, marched ta furprife him afi
Pobgus, before he entered Epints : but, being perceived by
the moon-light, the Turks had time to draw up in order.'
However, the prince falling on furionfly with his troops,
«Ki, after a fharp conteft, killing Dehreas, the enemy fled ;
leaving 4, 1 20 (lain behind them^ There feH on this oocafioa ^-^
ody a few of the Chriftians, among whom Skander Beg diftri-
toted the fpoil.
After this, Skdnder Beg, confulting at Dibra with Mojes; bejtfgs$
the governor, who was in greateft favour and authority with Belgrade 5s^
kim, about laying fiege to Sfetigrade ;. that general, having,
been corrupted by an emifiary of the Sok^n, advifed him to;
change his defign, and befiege Belgrade, in the borders ofi
^^ru$. With. this view, the prince requefted aid oi Jifonfo;^
Wng of Naples ; which being arrived, he invcfted the plac€*
with 14,000 men '; and fo^diftrclled it, that' the Turks pro*'
aifed to farrender it, in- cafe they were not relieved in fixteeir
days. . ' . • ' V... ., p .
The news of this liege coming to Mohathmed, who was
^ going over into-r^^ againft the eitipefor of Tribizond^
. * KaALK. 1. is. c. IK . ,. t
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m^^ ^ ibi OCvtAn Tiirks. B. XVi
ke feot SthaUas B^hi^ cmth 40,000 horfe> to Hufe it. Tb4
politic B^b&9 baying prevented notice <rf his approach, by
^ corruptiQg SkdmUr Bfg"^ fcoots, feU unawares on that pan
of tiis army which lay in the pl^9. Mufakhius^ who com*
manded thofe troops, drew them up in the beA manner ho
tis forces oQuld, and made a brave refiftance : but, fedng his mei|
difi^id. qnt^Jewn in heapa, jattemp^ to break throjD^ the eneaiy't
ranks ; and, after performing wonders, was flain, with all
his men. Skinder ff^g would have come down from the
monntaias to his relief; but was diflfaaded by his ofSceri
from fo dangerous an enterprize. However, obferving at
WU that m^ of the Turh followed the purfuit, he de-
fcended fuddenly, with 4000 men, and made, great flaoghi
ter among thofe ^ho remainod in the plaio* xTheo, atttck-
ing the Bi^% rear, did great execution* At l^gth, sight
approaching, both parties retired to the hills : from wbeocft
SkMitr Beg marched to E^rm ; and SebaJUs^ in triamph^
to Cqfj^anfincflc. This was the gr^tell overthrow SkinJer
Beg had ever till then received ; his lofs amoontiog to
2000 horie and 300Q foot, moft of tbma Italians, b^des
Jus tents and artillery : about 80 aUo were taken prifon^s^
The Turks loft in all 300Q.
TRivobof As foon as Mqfn heard erf this defeat, he, with a fevr
l^ofes, ^ whom he had corrupted, fled to Mohammed; by whom he
was honourably ^tertained. Skdrukr Beg was amazed at
dus accident ; but afterwards, excufmg the traitor on fcore of
the temptadon, would fuffer none to reproach him. Mean-
while he urged the Solt^ to proceed in the war ; and the
fpring following was (eat with 1 5,000 feleA horfe to in^e
A. O. Epirun SkAnder Beg advanced to meet him ; and, jcnoiog
^'4* *• battle, repuUed the van of the enemy : then, attacking tbe
main body, Mofes^ who commanded it, bent his force agaioft
« the place where the prince was, "^th a defign to kiU him.
in efie6t, a Turki/b foldier, hapjpening to encounter him,
ftruck him backward oa his heme 1 at which tbe Otbmint
gave a great (hout, as thinking him Aain : but he, recovering
himfdf, aflaulted his adreriary afrefti, and flew him. Soon
after the reft fled; Ma/es^ with 4000 only, efcaping the
flaugihterir The B^dn would have put him to death at his
f«tum, but for fear of defoouragmg de&rters : aod, finding
htattfclfn^tofted by every body, be foon after fled teck to
his old mailer ; who reftored him to all his former pofts,
and of $oMB time after, Jhnefa^ in re&ntment of certam injuria
Amefa. done him, as he alleged, by hia unde Skindtr Beg^ with^
drew, with his wife and children, to Qmftantinopie. He was
kindly received by M^nrni^ who, the next fpring, fent
Digitized by VjOOQiC
Z S, 7 Soldb Mohammed \t.
P, Hit Great Bdjbd of that dty, at the head of 50,060
nca; vath orders, as foon as he arrived fai Epirus, to pro-
claim in^^, who had the charge of 5000 horfe, king oP
tbatCDontry, that the inhabitants might fee his quarrel was
agaM their prince, not the nation. SkAnder Beg^ to pre*
pwipinft this ftorm, levi^ troops in ail parts of his ter-
wofics: but lay himfelf only ^th 6000 men ; and, as foon
«tiie5(j/ia came in fight, fled, not ^ ufual into the woods
udmouQtaiQS, but towards Lyffa^ a maritime town of the
Tflirfiawj, as if he defpaired of keeping the country*
l^EAK Bajbi hereupon marched farther into the coun* TifeTuik§
% coatrary to the advice of Jme/a, whom he had proclaim- diftrntid^
ftl%; aad, the third day, came to the plains of Amatha:
tie night following, he cacamped in thole of Pharfatidy fa- *
flioas for the battle betwen Qtfar and Pompey ; and, next
JMniing, removed to the foot of Mount Itmunift. Here
^Unkr B€gy who, by his fpies, had vratched all the motions
of the enemy, came over the hill upon them, when they Icaft
opefted him ; and, breaking into thdr camp before they
wold draw out in order, madefuch a flaughter, that they
Hniaugreall the intreaties of IJhak and Amefa ; who both
behaved gallandy ; and were purfued till quite out of Epirus.
Of thefurij were fUin 20,000, by the loweft account ; fomc
^1 30^000 : and o£ the Chriftians no more than 60 (£)•
The Ijxals were very great ; ajid among the prifoners were
^fa and a Sanjdk^ with whom Skdnder Beg entered Krya
After this, no hofUlities were committed by the Turks infinftrai
fcr two years ; and the third, Mohammed coisdnAcA a peace battles.
forone year with Skander Beg .* but, .as foon as it was ex- A. D.
pired, he fcnt Sinan Bafl>a into Epirus, with an army of *4<»».
io,ooo mea. This was quickly defeated, as vi^as andther
of J0,ooo, under Hajfan Beg, who was taken prifoner j
and a third, of 18,000, commanded by Tuffan Beg, hred
abetter. At length, Karaza Beg, an old commander, and
acquaintance of Skdnder Meg, was, at his requeft, fent agrinft
^ with 40,000 men ; which the prince being informed of,
*fenbled a greater force than ufual, and, fending 2000 meA
Wore to Be in ambufh in the enemy's country, they defeated
thdr vanguard, confifting of 4000 hprfe. Soon after the reft
ijf the army entered Epirus : but a h^rd rain, which conti-
JDcd for three days, preventing any aftion, the old general
)^t Sit to return home, \vithout doing any thing. Upon
^ Thctc tlmoft impoffible fefts difjrcdit the hiftory of
*" . Digitized
*7«
A, D.
146 1.
Peace fon-
eluded.
Epirus
A.D.
1460.
Skandcr
Beg'j re-
treat/
Hiftorj of the Othmin Turks. B. XV.-
this> the Soltdn, finding,' that SMnder Beg was not p be
fubdued with fuch forces as he could then fpare to fend
againft him, difpatched an ambaflfador to him with rich pre*
fents, and propo&is of peace ; which was at length con-
cluded in. 1461, and continued for fome time •>. 1
This is. the account given by the Italian 2tnd other, ChriA
tian hiftorians, relating to the affairs of Ejf>irus, during this
war : but JChaliandylas xeprefents them in a very diflerent
light. According to that author, Mohammed fent a great
army in fummer (F) againft Skdnder Beg (G), whom Morai
could never reduce, under the command of Jojhia^ fon of
Brenefes ; who * over-ran that part of Macedonia bordering
on the Ionian fea. But SMnder Beg, having demanded aid
of the pope, and Jlpbon/b, Hag of Naples, his great fiiend,
offering to give-up Kroya in return for their affifVance, a con-
fiderable body of foot was fent over ;' which, landing at Du-
razto (H), entered the Turkijb borders, plundering and car-
rying-ofF all who fell into thdr hands. Then, joining that
prince's troops, they bcfiegcd Sfetigrade ; and poflibly wottld
h^ve taJcen it, had not Jojbua come 4in€XpejftedIy upon them,
and cut them all in pieces, Skdnder Beg himfelf, who hap-
.pened luckily to be abfent, foon after retired to his friends in
Italy.
Arp his r^urn, he chofe.out a convenient place ; which he
fortified, to fq-ve for a retr^r, when purfued by the Turks.
This place was near DuraTio, on the Adriatic coaft ; where
there was a little peninfula of land, about three quarters of a
ijiile ovci* ; which he indofed with a ftrong wall, and peo-
pled with Albanians. He likewife put Durazzo m a better
ftate of defence than it was in before, and thus fecured a re-
trisat by fea, m cafe he fliould be obliged by fuperior force to
^uit the land. After this, forming a flying camp of Albani-
ans, he betook himfelf to the mountains ; appearing ibme-
times in one place,, fometimes another, where-ever his pre-
fence was ncc«flary, and had always an eye on the enemy ;
who foon after came and ravi^ed the country frbin one end to
the other, carrying away men and beafts, and burmng the
towns and villages, without oppofition ^.
^ KkowrBs'a Ottom. Imp. edit. Ricattt. in Mahomet IT.
.«^ KHA.LK. I. viiia. c.46*
(F) This was, as w^ com-
pute, in the year 1 460.
(G) Called, by our attt)iar».
ShnderiotSkander^ f<m of Banes.
(H) Called, by our author^
Dttras*
To
Digitized
by Google
C.S. 7 Soltan Mohammed IL ' 179
To corrobdFiie this rdation of Kialkorufylas, Dukas fzp, A. D.
(hat Mohammed put to death all the great men of Albania^ >4^-
anddcmoliihed all the forts through that country ; excepting ^- ""w" ^
Nmmhafia^ which he left ftandbg contrary to his mtention. 4!P^|*
Tbc&me author adds, that the Soltin fent a fleet of 180 ^***
flnpsinta the Egean fea, without reaping any advantage from
it: that he fpent part of the following winter at Adnano^ley
ad the reft at Conftantinopk \ and that he ordered a (hip of Onai
I? extraordinary fize to be built ; and alfo the theatre, called A]^«
\1at Market for Chaths,naLmQd, in Perjian^ Bezeftan^.
The Greek iflands remaining ftill unfubdued, Mohammed^ Hq. 86;^
ii865, prepares a great fleet, and attack^ iWf fy&n^ ; which, A.D.
though bravely defended, at length is mattered. The reft 14^^
fould have fhared the fame fete, had he not been diverted by.
i^KaziklaVoda (I), prince of Walakhia, refufing to pay the
ofaal tribute *•
The Greek writers are more particular. According to Mitilene
dukaSy in the month of September (K), Mohammed^ with a aitacied^
fcetof 67 fall, came before Lejbos^ and fummoned Nicholas ?*
€dttiluzio, who then held it, to furrender. Nicholas, who, *4^5*
to poffefs the eftate, had ftrangled his brother Dominic (L)
isur years before, had, for the defence of the ifland, repaired
the fortifications, and provided 5000 foldiers, befidesthe in*
habitants ; who, reckoning wom^n and children, amounted
to 25,000. On his refufing to give it up, Mohammed rttuTi^d
to Adrianople, and left th^ care rf the fiegc to the Waztr
Mahnid; who battered LeflH>s with fuch vigour, that
he beat down that part of the wall called Melarmdion^
vith part of the fortifications and towers U As the hiftory
* Dukas, c. 45. * Cant.* p. 108. ' DtrsAs^
op. 4J.
(I) He was a bloody tyrant, is three years lattr than the
He impaled 6000 men for a Turkijh hiftorians : nor can wc
trifling Dccafion ; and thence wellfuppofehimtobemiftaken,
gpt, among the Wnlakbians^ the confidering he was himfdf np-
nickname of Kapaluhy or ?aU- on the (pot.
naktr. By the Chfiftians he is (L) Khalkomfylas fays, Domi^
called Dragula ; but why (fays mV, called, by tibe Greeks, Cyri*
Prince Cantgmir) I know not, aky pat iiis elder brother xx>
becaofe that name is foreign to death ; bat names him not. He
^t Moldavian language. Cant- likewife fornames him Katabt'-
This tyrant was not DraguUy fie. But Dukas, who was vx
or Drakula, but FJadus, or Bla- ofEcer of his court, mvy be pre-
^, a fon of his.^ fumed to have known thefe
(K) Dukas places this expe- matters bcft.
ditionintheyear tij63j which
N a wntj
Digitized
'dbySbOgk
I $o Hipry of the Qthman Tutfa- B. XV. .
A..D.* written by Dukas breaks off abruptly h^te, ye Ihall ftipply
1 46 3 . the reft from Khalkondylas .
Undfw'
reniUred:
th^ prince
beheaded^
Walak-
hia refufes
homage :
This author inform^ U5, that fo great a breach filled the
befieged with terror ; and that though, by the affiftance of
fome pirates, they continued to make a few fallies, and de-
fend the place ; yet the prince, feeing 00 hopes of holding
out, or of relief, fent to tell Mohammed Bajhd, that he would
furrender up the ifle, provided fome ott^er lands were given
him in lieu of it, as had been at firft offered. Of this, the
Ba/hA fent advice to Mohammed, who was fo glad of the oc-
cafion, that he returijed Xq make the agreemejit himfelf. The
tfland having been furrendered, the commonalty were left to
cultivate thp land. Of the middle clafs of people, fame were
made (laves ; others enrolled among the Janizaries ; and the
better fort of all were fent to Conjiantinqple to xepeopk that
city. As for the Corfaires, 300 in number, .they were all
cloven with the fword from the groin to thebreaft, and thus
left to expire in torment.
Sooz« after his return to his capital, he imprifoncd the
prince (M), with LtcciuSi his coufin-german, lord of JEms ;
who, though young, ted affifted him in the murder of his
brother : and though both, of them turned Mobammedaiu to
fave their liv/es, yet they were foon after confined again, and
at length beheaded ^. ,
The prince of IFaJakhia,, having refufed to pay the ufual
tribute, as before-mentioned, the Soltan marched into his
country ; aiid,^ expelling him, made his^ younger brother
governor of that proyince •*. The occafion and cpnfequences
of this war are more fatisfaftorily fet forth by the Greek and
other, Chriftian writers.
MOHAMMED having fent to the Waywode (N) to come
pay
: '8 KhaLK. 1. X. C. 2,
(M) His filler, who was the
moil beautiful lady in the eaft,
was put in the Soltdns faray, or
fcraglio. She was the widow of
Alexander CofH^enus, who died
at Trehivcond after it was taken ;
and left a Ton by her, who af-
terwards became one of the
^dateft men at the Othm&n
coprt. f&iatk,
(N) KhMoniylas calk him
Vladus (others ^/47^/), andfays.
^ Ca^it. p. 108.
-Mohammed beftowcd Moldavia
on him, by the intereft of his
younger brother, who was the
Sckdns catamite • for having
wounded him on his firft at-
tempt, he afterwards complied,
to fecure his fafety. As for
'Vladus^ he was a monfter in
- cruelty : at his firft entrance, he
ieized all th&confiderable men ;
and, not (^ontent to pot them to
death, impaled them alive. In
a few
Digitized
byGoogk
C. 8. 7 Sokan Mohammed IL
pay Um homage (O), to bring with him 500 young men;
and pay for the future 10,000 crowns a year tribute, that
prince r^ed ; that he was willing to pay the tribute, but '
would neither bring the 500 men, nor go and adore himJ
The to»z, incenfed at this anfwer, fent a confiderable officer,
vitb a fecretary, to tell the Waywode to remit the tribute,
mi that their mafter would confider of the reft. But the Way^
'jNBir, inftead of complying, ordered them to be impaled :
jifa, eroding the Danube^ he ravaged Dijleta^ and took
imy prifoners ; whom he alfo impaled. ^ After that, he de-
feed Hamza (P), governor of the province; who oppofed
with 10,000 men : and having taken hip, with many
Impaled them all.
M0H.4MMED^ mad with rage at this cruel infult, en- inwiJti
'cd Wdakhia with an army of 1 50,000 men (Q^) : but as the ^ ^^'
bitants had withdrawn into the woods and pafles of the "^"^°^^"'
intains, the Soltan met with nothing but a folitude for
a days together. At length he arrived in a more agree«
country ; but found it planted with ftakes, bearing the
ies of thofe who had been impaled ; among which was
of Hamza^ dreffed in purple filk. This ftruck him with
and, in the night, the JVaywode^ breaking into his
made a great flaughter (R) : but, at day-break, re-
ifewdays, he deftroyed above
0,000 people ; and, having
' himfelf in the province,
Mcd with the Hungarians,
^ [ling to throw-off the Turk-
jftfokc. Khalk, hlx. c. 12.
(0) Dukas places this before
be expedition to Mrtilcne, or
Ifjhs; and in the year 1462.
|P) Khalkondjias fays, he was
IcGoyed by the fecretary into an
imbafcade laid by Kbamuz (or
2t««a) i and that Vladus, hav-
i£ defeated and taken them,
npaled them, to punifh their
reachcry. L. ix. c. 13.
I Q^) Khalkondylas fays, 250
boafand; and that Mohammed
imfdf, with 25 gallies and
50 tranfports, went by fea,
nd afcended the Danube, bom-
&g BitHna^ and other places
1^ its banks ; amoifg the reft
Fraylahum, the chief mart in
Walakbia. The Soltan under,
took this war at the inftigation
of Pogdan (or Bogdan), prince
of Black Pogdania (or Kara Bog,'
dania\ who was then at war
with Vladusy and had befieged
Celiumi or Kiiiaf fituate on the
Danube* L. ix. c. 14 — 16.
(R) Fladus divided hb forces
into two parts ; fending one to
hinder Bogdan from entering
the country on one fide. With
the other part, not exceeding
10,000 men, others fay but
7000, he retired into the woods ;
and the firft opportunity fell on
the Turkijh camp, where he
made great daughter : but, be-
ing purfucd In his retreat, a
freat number of hh men were
illed, and 1000 taken prifon-
ers. Khalk^ I. ix. c, 15, l6*
N3
tired
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
iSz Hiftory of the Othmin TurksJ B. XV
A. D. tired with his men ^ However Halt Beg, foQ c^ Mikbad
being fent in purfuit, (lew a g^eat numl^, and took 20o<
^ prifoners ; whom Mohammed ordered to be flain before hi
face. '
tie country Aftbr this Vladus, leaving 6000 horfe to barrals tb
raiiaged.: Turks, marched 'wdth the reft of his forces to attack Pogdi^
(or Bogddn), who had mveSksi^CeUum, or Klia, adty 01
the Danube (S). The troops left to follow the Othmin
had the rafhnefs, contrary to their inftrudtions, to ^ngag
the army, and were routed with the lofs of 2000 men
which gave Mohammed an opportunity to range the conntr
vnmolefted, and carry-off 200,000 head of cattle> oxen, m
horfes,
Vladus The Soltan left behind hinj Drakula, brother of Vladtu
99cfeUid: who, by his intrigues, gainedfo ftrongaparty among the Walak
hianSy already difaifleded to Vladus on account of his audty
that, by help of the Turkifb troops left on the frontiers, he tc
l^n to conquer the country. Hereupon Vladus, finding hiiq
fclF abandoned by his people, retired into Hungary ; whoj
being accufed before King MaiMas, fon of Huniades, by ti^
relations and friends of thofe he had murdered, a rigorous ie4
tence was pafled upon him, purfuant to which he was fen
prifoner to Belgrade ^ ; where he remained in confinemen
ten years. At length, being fet at liberty, he was flain i^
batde againft the Turks.
ether con- Ik 867, Mohammed orders the Katirga Himani, that \i\
^fuefts, the three-oar' d port, to be made towards the fouth, withii
A. D. the walls of the city. Whilft he was employed in this worii
1462. jhg Greeks, in conjunftion with the Venetians, raifed commo
tions in the Morea ; and, having taken Ghingherjinlik, Soda
Ghiuzelje hijfar, Duraj, and Ezcrnik, try to drive the Turk
out of that province i but Mehemmed Pc^fha, being fent vfiA
a great army to chaftife the rebels, came on them fo unex
pcftedly, that he not only recovered thofe cities, but fub
dued the country of Kcjeh Herfek (or old Illyria). ThtSd
^n, by way of thankfgiving for his viftories, orders thi
church of the holy apoftles (T) to be demolifhed, and a larg
Jarm
* DuKAs, c. 45. Khalk. 1. ix. c. 14 — 16. ^ Ibid.!!
c. 16, & I. X. CI.
(S) At t]\^ mouth of that ri- the city, higher than the otk
vcr, in the Euxine Tea. fix. The Jami, bailtin its plaa
(T) It was built by the cm- by Mohammed Fadh^ being loc
prcis of Jufiinian the Great, on cubits fquare, is thought to b<
a mount, near the middle of the largcft temple next to 5<7ff^^
* ' Digitized by VjOOQ LC
ex 7 Soltan Mohammed II.
Jmi, called, after his name, Mohammedieh, to be built in
its room; which ftruftwe, fcarce to be paralleled by the
wonders of antiquity, was ten years in building.
In 868, aflembling a greax army, he vanquSied and flew
the prince of Bofnay or Bofnia (U), then placed ftrong gar-
rifons in the caftlcs ; and, in his return, ftrengthencd the
borders between that country and Albania^ by erefting for-
treflesin the narrow paffages of the mountains *,
The war of the Moreay which is placed firft by the Tufk*
^y is, as it frequently happens in bther cafes, placed laft
by the ChrifKan hiftorians ; who are more difFufive in their
rdadon of fafts. Mohanmed having, after tl^ IValakhian
expedition, built feveral caftles,' fays KhaJkond^las ; and,
among the reft, the farJy, or feraglio, at Conjlantinopley and
the cdlles on the Hellejfont^y next fpring (X), made war on
the niyrians (Y), inhabiting BoJJina ; becaufe their prince
peremptorily refufed to pay the ufual tribute erf* 50,000
dukats. At the fame time he rcfolved to invade the country
of Sandal, the baftard-fon of him who before commanded
die niyrians (Z). The brothers., quarreling^ about the poflef-
fion of thcur father's territories, referred the decifion to Mo^
^ Cant. p. 108, &feq.
Bofna f/y«
*vadtdf
Sofhia, The archited was, they
fty, a Greek Chriftian, named
Kbripdulus ; who, in reward of
this vaft and wonderful work,
was prefented with a whole
ftreet, and other imperial gifts.
They add, that Mohammed, be-
iog told that he faid he could
b»ild a yami more large and
elegant, ordered him to be im-
paled, that his fucceiTor might
wiBtan archite6lcapable of raif-
iflf a nobler ftnidurc. This ftory
(eems to be invented in order to
account for an iron pale, fixed
to die gate of the outer hall of
the Jamiy and inclofed by a lit-
de tower, fo that only the point
appears. For, fuppofinz the
Seltdn could be induced by fo
idle a fuggeftion to put him to
death, why in fo cruel a man-
ner ? However, our author.
Prince Cantmir, alleges very
good reafons to prove, that the
faid fb-eet was given to him as
a reward by the Soltan »
(U) From Chriftian writcrf,
he feems to have been Stefhen,
whofe feat was at TazigalQs^u
(X) The more wtftern writ-
ers place this war in 1464;
which correfponds with the nine
laft months of the Mohammedan
year 868.
(Y) The niyrians are an an-
tient people, inhabiting the
country now caDed Bojfina,
Bofnay or Bo/ma, The Dalnfa"
Hansy Myfiansy TribalUansy and
SarmatiaHiy ufe nearly the fame
language fpoken by them. They
extend from the Ionian fea t6
the higher lariay or Sklavonia.
Khalk.
(Z) Who was namjedi Ste^
pbeuy and had been difpofTefled
oy his fon.
N 4 hammed %
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Uijlcry of the Othmin Tu As* B. XV:
hammed ; who adjudged it to Sandal, and ordered I/iak^ go*
vernor of the Skopians (A), to aiSift him : hereupoii Sandal
^ jnade war on his brothers, and ravaged the country.
andfuh* ^^ HAMME D, having crofled the river Dorobiza, which
dued. feparates the Triballians from the Ulyrians^ marched to the
Illyrijfus ; which having pafled on rafts, he fuddenly over-
ran the country, and laid fiege to the city of Dorobiza. This
place, though exceeding ftrong, and of difficult approach,
being fituate cin a high mountain, after a few days bombard-
ihg, capitulated, mter this, he fent Mahm&d Bajba to fur-
priie the prince of the Ulyrians ; who, on his approach, fled
to the city of Klitia (B), fituated in a marfhy foil,, fo that it
was inacceffible in winter : but, the ground being dried by
the heat of the fummer fun, the Bajh^ advanced to the very
ditch, and prepared to attack the place. Hereupon it was
furrendered to him, on condition that the lives of the prince
and the inhabitants, with their eifefts, fliould be faved. His
wife had before retired to Ragufay to avoid the inconvenient'
cies of war ; and carried much wealth with her, by his con-
fent.
Country of THE Country of Sdndal reached to the very gates of Ra^
Sandal, giifa, with which he had fome difpute. Having engaged in
an amour with the wife of a Florentine merchant, he began
to treat his princefs with contempt. She, not brooking this
ill ufage, retired, with her foh, a youth, to the Ragu/ans ;
who refufed to fend her back unlefs Sandal parted with his
miftrefs. Hereupon he declared war againft them ; and meet-
" ing their army, the command of which they had given to his
fon, he defeated the enemy, and then invited the Soltdn to
join him againfl the prince of the Ulyrians : but finding the
Turks came in greater numbers than he defired, he flood oa
his guard to defend his country,, in cafe they invadqd it.
fiihdued MAHMUD Bajh^, having performed- this fervice, went
^ith *o Dicct t^^ Soltdn : who in the mean time had marched to
others. Jaytia (C), the capital of all the Ulyrians ; which immedi-
5itdy furrendered to him, 'being frighted at the taking of
Dorobizay their ftrpngeft fortrefs. Several places fubmitted
(A) The Skopians inhabit a TribalUam^ i$ 6oleagDcs. Kx,
province only 25 leagues in the Triballians begins the go-
length from the Triballians (or vcrilment of JJh3i ; that of
Serbians) y and the river Doro- Paul follow^ next, extending as
hiza, to the country of Sandal far as the. country of the Illjri*
and the gulph of /o»//i ; but its ans(pT Bojina), Khal.
grea^teft breadth, from its reach- ( B) By others named Klijfa.
i?g ^Q t-be Pannonians and ^C) Rather Ja%ika,
Wl
; ' 1
^ Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Ci8. 7 Soldn Mohammed IL 185
to. the Sa/ha in Bis way, by order of their prince, vrhoirf' A. D.
Mohammed carried with him into the country rf Sandal'^ for , '4^3*
now all the Ulyrians were fubdued. The Soltan prefently 0">rO
after fenf to Ragufa to demand SandaPs wife ; but fhe, who
bad forefeen as much, retired in time to Italy^ Then ga-
thering all his forces, he entered the country of Sandal i
which he ravaged from one end to the other, and laid fi^ge
to his capital city : but not being able to reduce it, after a
few days leaguer, turned his arms againft the territories of
Conftantine, Karagu/a, and Patd *, who all fubmitted to
Um, and were carried away prifoners. As to the prince of
the IlfyrianSy having been taken one morning, endeavouring
to make his efcape, Mohammed fent for him ; and, notwith-
ftanding the Bajha's letters of fecurity, had his head cut-off
on the fpot : fome fay, he was flay*d alive ».
S E C T IV.
Wars with Skander Beg, and the Venetians.
THE Venetians^ who were his next neighbours, faw, with Vcncti-
-■• a jealous eye, the fucceifes of Mohammed; and although ans de-
the Turks, on feveral occafions, had ufed their fubjefts 111, clare^arz
yet were afraid to take up arms. At length, Jojhua, fon of
Mban, having feized Argos by the treachery of a prieft, and
Omar^ fon of Turakan, made inroads on the territory of
Naupadlus (D) -J while both of them plundered the lands
near Modoriy in the Morea, which belonged to the Venetians^
Yidlorio Capelli, by a generous fpeech, prevailed on the fenate
to invite the Hungarians to a confederacy, and then declare
war (E). Ambafladors being fent on riiat Occafion, with
25,000 dukats as a prefent. King Mathias (or Mat hew, fon
of Huniades) railed forces ; and, entering unexpeftedly into
the Othmdn territories, demolifhed the fortifications built by
Sakutin to block-up Belgrade .» then, advancing as far as the
Save, routed the Turks and TribaUians, who oppdfed him,
and carried b^ 20,000 flaves ; which was all the work per-
formed by the Hungarians,
V The Venetians, on the other fide, immediately put to fea invade
35 gallies and 12 great fhips, filled with infantry, and 2000 the Mo-
jigbt horfe, under the command oiAloyfio (F) Loridano, They r^* ^
* Khalk. 1, X, c. 7, &fcqq,
<D) Now Lefante. . (F) In Ac original it is Jn-
(£) This happened a little como, bat the author was mlf-
before the pesce concluded with informed.
Standi Be^ in 1 46 1 ,
•were
Digitized by VjOOQ iC
1 SSr Hijtory of the Othm^ Turks; B. XV
A. D. Were joined alfo by 4000 outlaws from Kan£a. Thefe all
14^3* landing in the Morea, excited the inhaHtants to a g^ieralre
^•VV^ voit. The Turkifl) governor, who refided at MegahpoHs (oi
Leantarium) immediately fent advice of thefe modons to tk
porte : while the Venetians (G), marching from Nauplium^
laid fiege to Argos ; which prefendy furr«idered, there bci
ing no more than 50 Janizaries in ^rrifon, who had liberq
to withdraw with their baggage* But foon after Jeronim
6emardinif entering within land, contrary to his orders^ kfl
400 men by an ambufcade of the Turks.
tefairtbe^ The firft care of the Greeks and Albanians was to rqjM^
niualL the wall of the IJihmuf^ as well to prevent the efcape of tW
Janizaries difperfed in the garrifons, as to keep out the cnci
my ; and by the afliftance of the Venetians ^ who brooghC
ftones and other materials by fea, that fortificadcxi wis, m a
few days, put in a ftate of defence. Mean time, they (ol-
licited the people on 'every fide to join-them : but thofe of
Korinth rejefting their propofals, they laid fiege to.thatcity ;
which yet they were forced to raife foon after (H). Thej^
foiled alfo to difafFeft Akhaia ; nor did any city of Lakoma re
volt to them, excepting Sparta : for the Turks continuaDy
fcoured the roads 'on all fides, which muth difconcerted theW
meafures. In ftiort, as it was winter-time, and very cold
weather, the foldiers could hardly be prevailed on to gaard
mhandon ^^ ^^ ' '^^ ^*^ ^^^^ arriving that Mahmud BAfh& ap-
i7. proached With a great army, and was followed by the Sobk
himfelf at the head of more numerous fcM-ces, it was thought
fit to abandon the Ifthmus^ and retire to the places which
were in their luinds.
Mean time, the Turks were no lefs afraid of the Venetians:
for the Bdjhd being come to Lariffal Omar^ governor of Tthij-
yi/y, advifed him to proceed no rarther, till he fent to inform
the Solthny that his prefence was abfolutdy necdfiuy, the
affair being of too great importance for his generals to exe-
cute. Btft loon after, letters arriving wth an account how
matters flood, Mahmud marched forward ; and, finding the
Morcare- ^^ deferted, and the (hips put-out to fea, took his road, by
caver ed^ ATe^m^A, direftly for ArgpSy which was defended by 70 lioJ^
ans ; whom he took prifoners. Then, pafling though thecoantry
ofTegeay he encamped near Leontarium {or Megalopolis); from
whence he detached Zog'an (newly made governor of the
Morea, in room of Jq/huoy fon of Alban) to furnilh Pattrait
(G) With 15,000 men, under ( H ) Their general being
Bertoldo Efie. killed.
Digitized
byGoogk
C, ^. 7 S^n Mohammed II.
ukl other noghbouring {daces, with provifion and ouUttry
jbres. At the fame time, he fent Omar to rarage xhtVeiU'
tlan territories, with 20,000 men ; who, near Moion^ took ^
a town by afTault : the inhabitants, about 500 in number,
being fent to Confiantinopk^ were cut m two by the middle,
in the preience of the Soltdn.
The Bajba^ finding the feafon unfit for attacking for*^ by th ^
trefies, left Omar and Jfan at Sparta^ to perfuade tlie inha- Turk<t
bitants of that city, TenaruSy Epidaurus, and other places,
to return to tbeir obedience : but although they were ilrangely
alarmed at the unexpeAed entrance of the Turks into the
Moreay and many had fled to the mountains for fecurity ; yet,
buoyed-up by the Venetians ^ who^ promifed great mattocs,
from their own and iht Hungarian invafion, they would hear-
ken to no accommodation.
Mean time, the Venetians recovered Lemnos^ by means of Venctt-
one Kpmnenus" (I), captain of the fortrefs ; who prevented ans take
the principal men of the ifland from felling it to thofe ItaU' Lemnos.
anSf by delivering it up to them. After which, they re-
turned to the Morea^ with ftore of provifions to fupply the
fortrcfles ".
KOMINIUS (or Komnenus), who l>ad furprifed the
ifland Lemnos from the Turks, was fucceeded in his com-
mand by Urfato^Jitftinianiy who fcoured the Egean fea with
32 gallies ; while Andreo Dandaloy by land, rafhly engaging
the Turkijb horfe, near Mantinea^ was defeated and flain,
with I coo of his men. Urfato had ftill worfe luck at the
fiege 01 MitylenCy in Lejhos ; where, in two aflaults, he loft
5000 men \, for grief of which he died foon after in the Mo"
rea^ and was fucceeded in command by Jacomo Laurentam.
The Venetians, much weakened by thefe lofles, folicitcd skand
the pope ; who procured them great nipplies from Germany, g^g j^J
France, Spain, and other countries. They alfo intreated cl^,, '
Skander Beg to renounce his league with Mohammed, and fwar :
join with them. The Soltdn, fearing that prince ihould be
made general of the Chriftian forces, fent to him ; ofiering
to pardon Ibme inroads of the Epirots, }n cafe he would re-
new the league. But Skdnder Beg having at this time re-
ceived a letter from the pope, fignifying that he, accoQipanied
by the Chriflian princes, would fpeedUy pafs over to Epirus
with a (Irong army, and exhorting him to declare war againfl
the Turks. That prince, without any more ado, brcAe into the
* £bai.x. 1.x* C.7— iu
(I) KminiifSf a fiuaous pirate, according to othen.
Othm
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
his great
mdories.
A.D.
1464.
• Veneti-
ans un^
/uece/sfkl.
Servia
ravaged.
A.D.
[1465.
Hifiory of theOthtrAn Turks: B. 3tV.
OiJm&ri dbminions ; and, ravaging the country every- where,
returned with confiderable plunder.
MOHAMMED, to put a. flop to Sk^der Beg's czrecr,
feiit Seremet BiiJhhHJL), with 14,000 men ; who polled him-
felJF near Okrida, in Macedonia. The prince, on this advice,
having placed 12,000 men in ambufh, fent out 500 horfe,
with orders, in cafe they could not draw the enemy into the
field, to retire on the leaft oppofition, and fo decoy them into
the (hare ; which ftratagem taking efFeft, the Turks were at-
tacked on every fide, and loft 20,000 men. Thetreafurer of tjie
army, withl 2 other confiderable officers, were taken prifoners,
and ranfomed for 40,000 dukats. Sk&nder Beg, on this fuccefs,
returns to Epirus, expeftihg the arrival of thfe Chriftian forces :
but the death of Pope Pius, at Amana, as he was ready to
embark with them, fuddenly difperfed the army, to the great
difappointment or thofe who depended on its affiftance.
However, the Venetians ^ having made Vitorio Capelli
their captain-general, went on with the war ; and, in a ftiort
time, took Aulis, in the ifle of Eubaa (or Negropont), Lirfum^
in the gulph of Theffalonika, and the ifle of Himber. Thco
landing his men at Pyraum, furprifed Athens ; from whence
he carried all the people, with the plunder, to Eubaa. Here,
being informed, that Pdttras, in the Morea, would be deli-
vered up to him by the Chriftian inhabitants, he landed
4000 foot and 200 horfe ; who, advancing in diforder with-
in a mile of the city, were routed by the Turkijh garrifon. In
this aftion, Barbarini, who led the foot, was flain ; and
JRdgio, who commanded the horfe, being taken, was im-
Jjaled ; and fcarce looo of the men efcaped to the gallies.
Capelli was fo concerned at this lofs, and that which he fuf-
tained in his fecond attempt on Pattras, thathefoon after died
fuddenly in Eubaa.
The Venetians, much difcouraged with this lU fuccefs, ap-
plied for affiftance to Mathias Korvini, fon of the famous
Huniades (L), king of Hungary ; who, taking their terri-
tories under his proteftion, early in the fpring pafied the
Danube, at Belgrade, with a great army; and, razing the
forts which the Turks had built there, entered Servia, which
he'miferably ravaged, and then returned with 20,000 pri-
foners, befides vaft plunder.
(K) Perhaps Ser 'Ahmed, or
^ari Ahmed.
(L) He was the younger fon
of Huniades ; for whofe fake,
•n the death of Ladifiaus, the*
army eleded.him king, altko*
he was then a priloner at
Prague ; and he became a far
greater terror to the Turks than
Qver his father had been.
Mean
Digitized
byGoogk
C. 8. '' * 7 Soltan Mohammed II; i8j|
Mean time, Mohammed^ to reveoge the late overthrow of A. D.
Sermet Bdjbd^ fent 15,000 horfe and 3000 foot into Epirus, H^S-
under command of Balibanus Budera^ an Epirot born, but ^ TTyT ^
bred a Mohammedan^ and the firft who moVinted the wall at ^^^^'^^
the taking oiF Conftantinople. This general, arriving at M- "y^^
cirky on the frontiers of Epirus, attempted to furprife Skdn*
(kr Beg ; who was incamped with a few troops in the neigh-
bourhood : but, miffing of his aim, foon after advanced to-
wards a rugged hill, which inclofes part of the valley of Fal*
khal, where that prince then lay with 4000 horfe and 1 5,000 • ,.
foot, who, on the other's approach, retired to a hill behind
them. Balibanus^ taking this for a flight, haAily came for- iy Skan-
ward to attack him : but, after a long and doubtful battle, waa ocr Beg.
routed. However, fome of Skinder Beg's bcft officers, pur-
fuing^the enemy beyond their orders, were befct ; and, after
a ddperate refiftanc;e, taken prifoners. Among thefe were
the famous. Mofe^ GaJanus, Mu/achius, Ciuiza, Perlfit, and
others. They were all fent to Conftantinopley whither Skdn^
der Beg difpatched an ambaflador to obtain their freedom i
but the Scltdriy rejefting either exchange or. ranfom, after
treating them in die moft opprobious manner, caufed them
all to be flay'd alive ; in which torment they lived fifteen
days.
BALIBANUS^ after having corrupted Skdnder Beg*s De/eatat
fcouts, would have furprifed him in his camp at Oronikheum 5 again.
if he himfelf, ever on the watch, had not, in the dead of
night, perceived the enemy at a diftance, by the noife of their
hcMfcs. Then, quickly putting his army in order, gave them , .
fudi a warm reception, that the greater part of t^b^m were
flain; the general and the reft with (Hfficulty efcaping.
BaUbanuSy finding artifice woul4 not do, and having a r<;-
cruit of 14,000 horfe and 3000 foot^ marched to the great
plains of Sfeiigrade to attack Skhider Beg ; who, with only
8000 horfe and 1560 foot, performed wonders. In the bat-
tle, his horfe being flain, and himfelf bfuifed in the fall, the
Turks flocked about to kill him : biit he was refcued Bjr KIs
Ibldiers ; and prefently after having killed ^oleym&riy. a great
7ttri[^ commander, whom he encountered with, the enemy
fled : while the viftors, purfuing, m^de a great flaughter,
fo that but a few, with Balibanus himfelf, efcaped.
This commander, on his return'to Conjiantinople^ afcribed J third
his ill fuccefs to the fmallnefs of his forces ; and, having "^ap- cvidory.
plied for a ftrpng body oi troops, he was difpatched to Epirus
with 40,000 men. Of thefe taking 20,000 horfe and 4000
fcoti hexnarcb^d: Aerao^eft y»yi9i:/u:w, ieaviflg Tak^b
Mtuaid,
Digitized
byGoogk
HiftoYyof the Othman Turks. B. XVl
Jnlaud, otherwife named James the Epirot^ vnth 16,000
horfe, to take another road, and fo hcm-in Skinder Beg be-
tween them. Being arrived at the valley at Falkhal, the
prince, who had 8000 horfe and 4000 foot, marched to-
wards him. He would have waited till TaMth came up : but
his foldiers being impatient to engage, a fierce batde was
fought ; When, in the midft of the engagement, the old gar-
rifon of Kroja arriving to the afliftance of the Epirots, the
Turks were overthrown with great flaughter, only Balibanus
* Yakub and a few more efcaping. The Chriftians had fcarcc time to
JIain. breathe, when TakHb advanced with his forces, and, though
much difcourag^d when he found Balibanus had been de-
feated, yet did not decline the combat. But Skdnder Beg
made fhort work of it : for, having fmgled out the general,
he attacked and flew hhn ; on which the Turks fled, and in
the purfuit were moft of them flain or taken. They 'loft in
the two battles 30,006 men, whereof 6000 were prifoners*.
K.arama- D tJ RING thefe tranfaftions, Karaman OgVi Ibrahim Beg, the
nian Inveterate enemy of the Othmhn race, dies (M), and leaves fix
troubles, fons. . \ IJhak Beg, the eldeft, having driven out his brothers
and feized the whole dominion, they ily to Mohammed \ whom
they defire to appoint a fucceflbr according to his pleafui^f.
ThcSoItdn, glad of the occafion, names ^f'^'^d Beg ; and,
, " advancing the reft to honours in his own court, fends him
back at the head of a confiderable army ; with which he en-
ters Kardmania, and defeats his brother, who flies to Uzin
l^afn\
Kroja be-' To return to the affairs of Skander Beg. The Solth, as
J^^pd : the fureft way to get rid of him, hired two Turks to aflaffinatc
him. The better to fucceed in their defign, they turned
Chriftians ; but falling-out together, and letting-drop fomc
fufpldous words, on ftrift examination confefled' the matter,
ana were executed. After this, Mohammed marched into
Epirusy With 200,000 men, and inverted Krcga : but feariflg
tQ be difgraced before it, as hi$ father had been, left Bali-
idniii, with 23,000 meu and eight generals more, each with
7000 under MEder his command, to continue the ii^* In
his return to Conftantlnople^ he took fome forts from Skhkr
Beg\ and corrupting the governor oi Khidna, where 3000
m^ Were in garrifon, the place was delivered to him, and all
tiie inhabitants, (jontrary to articles, put to the fword,
• RiCAUT, uW fopr. » Cant. p. 109, k fcq.
began 8d^
SKANDU
(M) Itt tke year of ^^Hgr^ 8691 wUdi began tiStft
vCjOQgi
C 8. 7 Solc&n Mohammed 11. ipi
SKANDER Beg^ unable io' relieve Krya^ went pri- A. D.
wtely to Rome to dcfire aid of Pope Paul II. ; but could ob- 1466.
tain none. However, on his return, finding the .fticcours ^•V'Ni
vhich he had demanded of the Venetians and odxer princes, he ^f^^^
in J few days made up an anny of 1 3400 men ; with whom ^ ^■•**
he marched towards Kroja. By the way, he furprifed Icnima ^*
and HadoTf going with a fupply to their brother Bdlibanus^
ranted thrir men, and took them both prifoners. Then,
coming-up with the befiegers, drove them from Mount
Kruma, thdr greateft pbft, an4 neareft Kroja, Upon this re-
lief, the dty rejefted the large j)ropofaIs for furrendering, Balibanoi
made by BaJibanus ; who at the lame time advancing againft >7^/,,
part rf the garrifbn, which had tfiade a fally, was fliot by
Giorgt Alexius through the neck ; of which wound he died.
The Turks were fo difcouragdd at this accident, that they
fflcDtly redrcd, leaving their camp behind them ; and, find-
ing the pofles of the mountains flopped, offered to deliyer-up
thdr horfes and arms for Kberty to depart ; but this being
denied them, they refolved to fight their way through ;-
wMch after much lofs they effefted, to the great difcontent.
of the commoH fdldiers againft Skdnder Beg. -
The fpring followilig, Mohammed moxchtd once more witji Mohami^
a nughty army Into Epirus i where having rebuilt the city of med /«- '
VaJmeSy he advanced towards Durazzo, belonging to th^'vades
Vmetiansy with a view to furprlfe it. Here miftaking his aim,' Epinxs.
after fome time he decamped from before it, and laid fiege to ^'^\
Krcja: but, finding he could not prevail on the inhabitants, *4"6'J
dther by threats or promifes, to furrender it, he went an^-
jazed Khiutil (N), a city Rewly founded by Skdnder Beg j
and dien returned to Conjlantinople^
Soon after this, Skdnder Beg, ha^ng made a progrcfs Skandcr
through his kingdom to view the ftatc of it; went to Lyjfa^ Begdieu
a city of- the Venetians y there to confult with the alnbaffadors
rf the confederate princes, particularly about taking Valmes
above-mentioiled ; whicji was a great annoyance to the Epirots.
Here, being feized with a fever, he died 17th January^
1466, after he ^ad recommended his wife and fon to the pro-
tefHon of the republic 5 having lived 63 years, and reigned, >
24. His body was buried in the cathedral, and there refted
titf about nine years after, when the Turks took Lyjfay and
\Bitli great rcfpeftd^g up his bones. Somie -thou^t rfiem-
ielves happy to fee.atd ti»xch'them ; and fuch as could get a
\ .
(N) Periiaps the city of retreat, fpokcn of before by &al^
hndjtau » J,
bit, , •
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Bsftory af the Othmin Turks.. B. XV*
bitj fet it in gold or filver, to wear about them ; fupcrftitioufly
iiTiagining; that they fhould partake of the owner's good for-
-^ — V— ^tuneo- ,
Albania The Turkifh hiftorians take no notice of Skdnder Beg*s
ndiutiL death \ but fpeak, as if Epirus was entirely fubdued about
this time, Crouding the tranfaftions of feveral years into
one, tiiey only tell us, in (hort, that Mohammed, to fiaifh
the redu<ftion oi Arnaud, or Albania^ which his father MorM
had begun, by vanquifhirig Skander Beg^ its rebellious prince,
and fubdulng moft of the fortrefles, marched thither in 870,
^?' r7^' ^^^ **^^ ^^ ^^^ remaining towns from the rebpls. Some o£
*^ 6 * theih he demolifhed, and, to prevent future commotiohs,
^^ ^* cbmmanded a ftrong city (Oj) to be built at the entrance of
the province. . r
Karahia- ' The Soltan, having now fubdiiecl ainioft all his inteftiae
m^fuB^ eneniies in Europe, pafles over into JJia ; and, refolving to
0ktid, reVeng6 the Injuries done to his anceftors by the Karajnanian
kings, enters their country with a great army ; and expelling
Ahmed, with his brothers, makes his eldeft fon, Mqftafa^
king of Karamdnia ; which next year he thoroughly fub-
dues, placing garrifons in Ak Saray (P) j^nd ( Q^) Chiultuk p.
Bofm^r^- During the tranfaftions in Epirus^ the Hungarians by
€9uereJ. land, and Venetians by fea, kept the Turks in continual play.,
' ' ^ing Mat bias, purfuant to his pfomife to the latter, entered
:*'")- Bcfnia, and never ctafed till he had wrefted the whole king-
. ; dohi' bi^t of the hands of the Turks, Thefe afterwards cn-
i deaVoiired to reqover 7^z/g^^, the capital, but ivere forced to
raife the fiege; and being followed by the king into Seroia^
he' took part of that, kingdom alfo from them :'by which
a<5Vions his name became as dreadful to, the Othm&ns^ as that
of his father Huniades had been. ,
Venetian On the "bther fide, the Venetians, and their captain-general,
fatcelfet^ " Canalis, btirned ^feveral towns and villages about the bay of
Salontki (or Thejfalonika) fortified Legojiinum, in the gulph of
Pattrasj and furprifed Mnus, at the mouth of the river He*
brus; ixomvrhtncQ Canalis returned to Negropont with <qoo
captives. At the fame time, the Venetians, afCfting Nicholas
fhi Chaine againft his brother Alexius, then at variance about
the principality of Zadrima, gave the Turks a great over-
throw, near the river Drino, in Epirus "? (or Albania^ *
• RiCAUT. nbi (apr. p Cantemir's Odim. Hift. p.
l;ip. ^ KiCAUT. in Mohammed JI.
. (P) Perhaps Falmis above- (Q^) /2e^/jw», a town in the
mentioned. fame country.
(P) Or mjhite falace. • •
The
Digitized by VjOOQIC
C 8. 7 Soldn Mohammed 11. 153
The ifland of Egriboz (or Negropont)^ the antient Eubaa^ A. D.
being the only place in Europe which feemed formidable to »47o«
MohaniTnedy he, in 874, marched with a great army, at- ^/^v^J
tended by a fleet, into Greece ; and, in one month, takes the ^O' ?^
ftrongeft city of that age, in fight of a confiderable fleet of ^^g*^
the Venetians ; who, after coming to the afliftance of the be- ^ '
iieged, retired to their great difhonour, without firing a Hej. ^74.
gun ^. With regard to this remarkable aftion, the Chriftiad A. D.
writers tell us, that, as the ifland of Negropont lay very con- ' \^9'
venient for invading the Othmdn fea coaft, and afforded the
Venetians an eafy retreat, Mohammed refolved to take it from
them. With this view, he fent thither 300 gallies, under A. D.
Mahmudy the grezt Bdjbd, and followed himfelf with a great H70-
army. At his firfl: landing, he took and razed A^for^ and if^- , .
fdikon. Then, laying a bridge of boats over- the flrait be- i^Tom.
tween the ifland and Akhaia^ raifed batteries againft Khalcide^ j^^
or Negroponty the capital city, by the direftion of a traitor,
who Ihewed his engineers the weakeft parts of the wall ; for •
which, being diffcovered, he was hanged. After 30 days
leaguer, the Venetian admiral came' in fight of the city ; at
whofe appearance, Mohammed was inclined to raife the fiege,
for fear the enemy fliould break his bridge, and fo cut-off his
communication with the firm land: but the admiral bafely 7-^# //<i»i
flipped the opportunity, while the Turks ^ pufhing on the fiege fuhdued.
with double fury, at length carried the place by ftorm. Th^
aflatdt lafted a whole day and night ; yet, after they had been
t^ce beaten-ofF the breaches, they entered, and flew all who ■\^ ■
were in it (with the governor and a few more, who retired t6 ^,
the callle), contrary to their a^eement. His daughter was "'r'
fpared, and prefented to Mohammed as a mirror of beauty ; but •
fhe, with great conftancy, refufing to gratify his paflion, he
ordered her to be flain. This great lofs the Venetians endea- "^ .
voured to repair hot long after, by furprifing the ifland; but
foiled in the attempt ■*.
These conquefh induced feveral ftrong cities to fubmit to a ^ j^^
the Soltan ; and, in 876, Kizul Arjldn Beg, lord o? JIaeJ) (R), 1471^
voluntarily furrenders his dominions. In return for which,
Mohammed befl:ows on him the province of Ghiumo'ljina (S) for
ever*. '• ' ' '
' Cant p.m. • Ricaut. ubi'fupr. ^ Cant.
p. 111.
(R) Perhaps the province of - (S) TYi^Turki^ name of a
Philadelphia I which is called J)rovince and town in /?«;?« ^/i" (or
Jila Shahr by the ^urh. ^race), near harijfa. Cant.
Mod. Hist. Vol. XII. O T,
Digitized
byG^Ogk
194 ^^fi^ ^ *^ Othmsb Turks. B. XV«
A. D. The Venetians, to prevent farther mUchiefy not only cn-
147^ tcred into a confederacy with Pope Sixtus IV. Ferdinand^
h_ '^v^'*^ king of Naples, Lewis, king of Cyprus, and the grand msifter
Venetians ^f diodes, but {tatKatarini Zcno to Uzltn Ifafan, with large
^^'a^ prefents, to induce him to mak&vfzxon lfQ)ammed% -who^
ilhz ^y ^^ ambafladors, alfo endeavoured to diffuade him. Mean
^^ * time, their captain-general, Mocenigo, with his fleet, ravaged
. the ifland of Lefbos, or Mitylene, and the county alK>ut
Pergamus, in Lefer JJta. Afterwards^ landing at Knisius,
he carried-off a gr^t booty. Then, joining 17 gallies of
king Ferdinand at Modon, returned to j^ta ; and, pillag^fi|r
, the coaft for four days, fet lail for HaJlikarnaffus, where tbey
took an immenfe fpoil. There being joined by 20 gallics of
the pope, and two from Rhodes, they iailed to Samos, and
thence to Attalia, capital of Paniphilia, whofe fuburbs tliejr
plundered and burnt : but, not being able to take the <dty,
the Turk- they ravaged the coaft, and returnefl to Rhodes. There they
ifli coajis. pict with the king of Perjia'% ambafladot, fent to the pope and
Venetians for .great guns by his mafter, who had entered in-
to a league with the Chriftian princes againft Mohammed.
The Beet next (ailed to Karia:; and carried from thence ^eat
tpoil to Naxos. Here tlie gallies of Naples returned home,
V while Mocifiego, with the legate, failing back to j^ia^ took
Smyrna; which the|fl^plundered and £rcd. Thea, winter
coming on, returned home likewife.
A. D. Ne?kt year Mocinego failed again to the ccsaft ^AAfia ; andy
tH73* ^ffiftiifg Kaffam Beg, prince of Cilicia, who wth his brother
Ptr Mmed had been difpbflefled by Mohammed, they reco*
yercd Sikhinum, Korikus, and at length Seleucia, which re-
ftored him his territories. Then, having ravaged the country
of Lydia, he returned to the Morea ^
7he Sol-' About the-fenje time Tu/ef Beg, general af Uzin Haffim^
tin defeats in conjunftion with a great army of Tatars, enters the Oth^
man dominions, and burns Tokdd: but, invading iiuzraiTtait^
be Is met by Mojlqfa -the new -king; and, after a long and
A. D. bloody battle, being defeated (U) and taken, is fent in chaimf
D470' to the SoMn. To revenge this blow, Uzdn H^an hiin{el£,
the next year, enters the Othm&n dominions with a powerfiil
army. Mohammed, who expeded this invafion, ha/^ns over
^ RiCAi7T> ubi fupr.
(U) The Chriilian hiftonans ^,000 men ; and that Mop-^Ui^
place this a^on in the year Bdflfd of Romania, who had
1474.; and iiay, that Msfia/a been fent with forces to affiib
was defeated, with die lois ^f the prince, wa>*iUiii. * jikmMt.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
C.9^, 7 Solcin Mohammed U.
to ^a, and meets the Perfians at Payas (X) j where a battle
was fotight with various fuccefs : but at length Mq/lafa, the
Saltan's cldtA {pn, wha commanded the left wing, meeting'
ZiynQ^ddin^ UzMn Uajfari% fon, who led the c;nemey's right-
wing, after a fierce combat, unhorfes him, and before he can
recoyer himfclf, runs him through the body. Upon this, the
i%ht-wing flying, the Othm&ns attack the left fo furioufly,
that at leogth they betake thcmfelyes alfo to flight, Uzh%
HajBan cTcaping with a few attendants only °.
According to the Chriftian hiAorians (Y), who compute Uzftn
each army at 320,000 men, the Turks ^ having loft 40,000 Haflan*
io thfe firfl encounter, the Solthi thought fit to fortify YA^
camp with a trench, the carriages, and artillery. The Per-
Jians, fluflied with fuccefs, came boldly to attack it : but their
horfe, terrified hy the uHaccuftomed noifcx)f the caijnon, fell
into cowfufion^ This Mohammed perceiving, advanced with
his cavalry, and, after an obftinate refiftan^e, put them to
the rout. But although the Turks had the honour of the
field, and took the enem|y's camp, yet their lofs was com*
pu^d to be double that d the Perfians ^.
The roads being too difiicult for a purfuit, Mohammed h^- Varikk
fi^fes Kara Wffar SharH (Z), whigh he foon reduces, an4 confuered*
then returns with part of his army, leaving the reft under tlj^
CQUHsaiid of Chiedik Ahmed Pdfbd (A) y who not only took*
• Cant. p. ijk * Ricaut, ubi fupr.
(X) A city and noble mart of
Pttfh^gonia. Cqnt. We know
none fuch in that pajrt of Afia
Minor: but there is a port,
called Pay^y ox Bayds, on the
loath coaft in the bay of Skan-
dtrvn^ or Alexandretfa. Per-
hi^s a Qiifkake for Ayasy a lit-
tle to the weft of Mng^i, or
Axcyra,
(Y). Th^ fay a^fo, thatI7««»
Haffan made war on 'Mohammed^
as well at the req^ueft gf the
Chriftian princes, as to fupport
his claim tQ the empire of ^re-
ifmmdy in right of his wife
(DMna kd^iun)^^ the daughter
O^Kdlo- Joa7me5\ by whom they
£&y he had a dattght;er called
martha^ who was the mdther
oi^hahJfmaelSofi.
(Z) A noted city of Paphk-
goniay near Payas, Perhaps t^e
Arjinga of the antients. Cantm
That cannot be ; for Arjinga is
the prefent Arjingan on the £«-
phrates, far from Pafhlagonia.
Kara HiJJar Sharki iignifies the
Eafiem l^ara Hijfar, or black
came. There is a Kara Hijfar
near Kay f aria ^ or Ciefai em^
(A) A fan>ous general, af-
terwards prime Wa:dr He was
called Ghitdik^ bccaiifc he had
loft a fore tooth : and gave his
name to a quarter or ward of
Confiafttinople Cant. The
Chriftian writers lay, that a
fudden peace fuccceded this
battle, and truftrated the hop^t
which the Chrjiftians had on
that fide.
O i Ermenak
Digitized
byGoogk
defeated in
Molda-
via J
Hijiory of ibt Othman Tuirkfr. B. XV,
Ermenak and Zitifkeh, but fubdued the whole province of
Varfak{B).
Next year, under the conduft of the fame PaJbA (C), he
wrefts from the Genoefes Kieffe (or Kaffajy the fVrongeft
place in Krfm, which by that means is reduced to his obe-
dience. Here he found Mengli Ghieray, defcended from the
princes of KofichAk (D) ; . who, after a long war with his bro-
ther, was forced to fly to the Genoefes, Him the Soltan ap-
points Khdii of the Krhriy or Taurica Kher/one/us, and fends
with an army to recover his country ; which he effefted, after
liilling his brother in battle. This was the firft Khan of Ta-
tary appointed by the Turks^ and the firft who in Krim or-
dered the Khotho, to be ufed in the prayers in the name of the
Othman emperor.
Whilst thefe things pafTed in the Krim, Soleym&nP&fh&
leads a confiderable army into Moldavia (£)• where, being
met by Stephen (F) near Falchi (G), on the Pn//, 'a long and
doubtful battle enfues ; but at laft^ by the negligence of their
(B) Prince Cantemir takes it
to be Paphiogotiia : but Leu»-
clervius fays, Farfak Hi is the-
antient Pijidid.
•(C) The Chriilian hiftorians
call H i m G educes Achmates ; th at
IS, Ghediik AhiTied, A nd fay, that
the fleet was fitted out againft
Kandia [pxKrete) ; but that the
admiral, being difappointed in
his defign, failed into the Eu-
xine fea, and befieged Koffa:
that the Genoefes, weakened by
their lofTes at GGnJiantinople,
not being able to relieve the
place, it fiirrendered on arti-
cles ; which the Turks did not
fcruplc to break. They place
this furrender in 1476^ four
or five years later than the
Turhijh,
(D) Kapchdk, Kafchak, or
Kifchdk. Inftead of the cb SLVij
confonant is often ufed. This
nation and country lies to thfe
north of the Gafpian fea. Prince
GanUmir fuppofes it to be the
fame with the kingdom of Ti-
het, or Turkejldn : but they are
widely different. See before,
vol. V. p. 10 1.
(E) The Chriftian biftoriant
tell us, that the eunuch Soiey-
man was fent firft with 80,000
men to befiege Skodra, or Shu-
tariy in Albania 5 but that Ma-
thias, king of Hungary, did on
' that news fo harrafs the 0/-&-
man territories, thar, after he
had loft 14,000 men in three
months before the place, he
was called home^ to defend the
frontiers. They place this
tranfadion 4n the year 1475.
Ricaut, ubifupr,
(F) This was Stephen, fur-
named the Great, mentioned in
a former note. He is called
Tekkiur, or king of Moldama,
which is frequendy named Bog-
dan by the Turks, from Bogdan,
the fon of this Stephen. Cant,
(G) A city and country of
Moldavia, Diftant frdm HuJJi
{where Peter I , oFPuJsa, made
peace with the Turks in 1711)
ten miles fouthward from the
I/ler (or Danube J. Cant.
Digitized
byGoogk
general,
C. 8. 7 Sokan ftJohammcd II.
general, the OthmAns are overthrown, and himfelf killed (H).
Mohammed at this news marches next year with all his forces
into the fame country ; which he lays wafte, and carries
away an infinite number of cattle and inhabitants, no entmy
appearing to oppofe him^^
Mean time Kroja in JIbania being befieged by the Turks, hfeges
the Venetians y under whofe proteftion it was, fent Francifco Kroja.
Contaretji with an army r who, meeting the enemy in the A.D.
plains of Tyranna, routed them, after a very (harp conteft : ^A77^
but the foldiers falling greedily to plunder, the Othnidns ral-
lied and defeated them, killing looo, with their general.
After this they not only made divers incurfions into the coun- '
tries of Dahnatia, 2/iria, and Carniola, but, having routed Venctiant
fome Venetian troDps at the River Sontium (I), ravaged the "routed,
province of FriuU at their pleafure. They committed the fame ^' ^*
fpoil the following year in the mountains towards Germany ; ^^7 -
and, after a twelve-month's fiege, Skodra furrendered for
want of provifions.
MOHAMMED, to revenge thexepulfe he met with be- Skodra
fore Skodra, or Skutari (K), a ftrong city of the Venetians, in in'vefted%
Albania, about four years before, fends Alt Beg to befiege it
a fecond time with 8o,ooo men ; who in their march burnt
and deftroyed the country. May 14, they arrived at the
fuburbs, and in a month were jdined by 50,000 troops more.
Having call cannon, and built a wooden bridge over the
river, they began the 20 th of June to batter the walls with
their artillery and mortars. July 2d, the Solthn himfelf ar-
rived with his whole force, amounting in all to 350,000
men. At length, breaches being made, the Turks gave fe-
veral defperate aflaults ; and, though they fixed their fland-
ards four or five times on the rampier, were (till beaten off,
y Cant. p. 112, & feqq.
(H) The Chriftian writers tiam might not have kept as
fay, he was fo bewildered in . cxadl rcgiftcrs of their affairs as
the woods and fens by Stephen the Turks,
the IVay^ode, that he loft his (K) Prince Cantemir, from
whole army, and had much has T/j^rif}^ authors, relates, that
ado to efcape himfelf. Ricaut in 882 Mohammed took Ska ft'
ubi fufr. derun : which muft be a mif-
(I) The Turkijh hiflorians take for Skodra, or Skutari %
place this defeat at theSon/ium, and the rather as we find ^EJku-
m the year 1480 or 81. On diir in the Turhy!? annals of
which (ide the error lies in thefe Gaudier, which place its furren-
greatly difagreeing dates we d^r a year later; *viz. in 883. of
cannot pretend to determine ; the Hejrah, which began April
but fee no reaibn why the Vent" 3d, 1478.
O ^ once
Digitized by VjOOQiC
Hipry of irte iOthman tatRs. B. XV.
once vA\h the lofs of 1 2,000 men ; wliUe the beCcged loft 1K>
mcwc than 400. Mohammed, defpairing of taking the plac6
' hy force, after feven fruitlefs attacks, changed the ficge into
, a blockade. Mean tinie Vaud Gayola^ great BifhA ot Con*
fiantimplcy being fent to take-in the lefler cities rf" the Vene^
tians, reduced Zabiakhe, on the lake of Skutari ; and Lyffa^
which the inhabitants^ deferted and fired. Drivafta alfo ^ras
fiibdued by Moftafa, Begler Beg of jffta. After this the Sof'
tMf leaving Ghedftk Ahmed to take care of the blockade With
40,000 men, returned to (L) Conftantinople^
Jurrender* Me AN while \hQ Venetians, feeing things go to wreck lirfth
g4 §H them, fent TrevifanQ to the Port', who at length, in 1478,
feace concluded a peace, by giving up Skddra, the ifle of Lemnos^
and the firong cafUe of Tenarus in the Morea, befides paying
yearly 8000 ducats ; for which they were to traffick freely to
the Euxine lea, and other parts of the Sottdn's dominions *.
HcJ. 884. In 884, Mohammed furtiiftied Atdo'ddiri Beg with an artfiy ;
A. D. by whofe afSftance he vanquifhed his fathfer Badak Beg (M),
H79- and obliged him to fly to Chetkaffi (N), king of Mefr.
nvitb the The next year (0), he equips a grealt fleet, uhder Ghiedik
Turks. Jhmed P4/hd (P), to lay wafte Itafy. But this general, after
ravaging Mulia, and taking foine fortrefles. Is in the midft of
his progrcls recalled, on account of the new attempts of
VzHn Haffan. fie is Toon. followed by a Venetian ambaA
fador, who humbly fues for peace ; which the ^oltdn at that
Hcj. 886. junftupe readily grants. But it was not lafting : for, in 886^
A. D. Mesih PAjhA { QJ) is fent \rtth a great fleet to fubdoo
1481*
» Rkiaut, ubitupr,
(L) Where, in IH^rab 883, (P) The Chriflian hiftoriana
yf. D. 1478. he built a new pa- in the room of this Pajhd fub-
lace J which is now the Soltda^s ftitutc one ji/ahekkhus, or Mar^
coiurft. Cwtt. OtJkmAt Hifl. p, Mitii ; by what autkorit)r I
114. known^t. CoMt. SomeChrir*
(M) It fecms to be thepro* tian hiiloriaos mention thii
vinpe of Sinay Or name of iome Gbiedik or Gbtdik BaJbA^ as they
kii>g of thofe limc4, unknown call him ; though perhaps ht$
to g«. <l€Mt. name is taken from the ^urki/h
(N) This is t9 be utvderilood authors, or the annals tranfla*
<?f Ai Maiek al Jfiraf Kqyei ted by Gaudier.
B^, the Chivi^offMtdtt who ( Q^) Mefii firnifiet tho
l«eigBed is A£j^, or Mgyft, at Mejiah ; thus Ifa Mefih is ^f^
thiit time. . /us Cbtifi, Cant The Chrif-
(O) H^ere the de/b&t of the tian wrjters call him Mjfit^
VitHtiatis at the tivei ^ntiim if Paitologus^ and a kinfman oT
llieiitiQned« ^ teU Qr^^ em^ecors.
RMsi
Digitized
byGoOgi
MqJ^si jet is forced to raife ^ iicgf, with gmi lo& 9^(1 4- P*
dahffliour*. »49^-
The fefis here xditod are ou^god^ as in many other placQS, ^^p^
in a difFcrcat order from what they are in the Chnftiw Wf- ^ °^*
torians, as appears ftem Ac inftaoces of th^ defeat of the * .
Venetians at the river Sonfium, and didir fuing for peace.
The latter aUb plaoe die invafion of Italy fubfoquent to the
fi^ of Rhodes. But firft they inform us, thai Moha^imtml, A. D.
after the faid peate, fcnt CMM Ahmed with his fleet agakift ^\^o.
Lemardo^ pnace ot Neritdts, ZakynthuSy tni Cef<^nia, wbofc
coontries he icon took : but that his army of ioq,ooq mm»
fent about the fame dme into Tran/ilvania, under ^' Meg,
and other generals, was, after a very bloody battk, overthrown
t^ the Hungarians at Jlba Julia ^.
The SoltM was urged to this fi^ of Rhodes by Antonhu Rhodes
Metgtdusy a fugidve knight ; who, fidling fick hy tfa« way, was l^^fyg^fi
throvm ovcAoard by the Turks^ and drowqai. The Oth-
mhi army, confiAtng of Soyooo men, conduced by DeTHe*
triuSf another treacherous knight of Rhodes , landed the 2 2d A. D.
djtme. The BAjb^ (R), after battering the walls for fome 1481.]
time, made a breach ; but Peter D'Andtotfe^ the grand mafter,
raifed fuch works bdfore it, that Mes^ would not venture to
enter it. However, a report being fpread, that MJiOnmed
was coming with 100,000 men, and i;o pieces of cannpn,
it much terrified the beiieged, efpecially the Spamards. Ax
the fame a plot was difcovcred, to poifon the grand mafter,
fet on foot by the B4/hd ; who, having made a bridge over
a narrow arm of the fea, in order to batter St. JNichoks's
towers, Gervatfs RogerSy an Engii/hmanf found means in the
mght to cut the cables, and break it. However, a new
bridge being made, the tower was battered for a while both
by fea and land, till that bridge alfo was broken by the can-
non of the place.
The B^d then tempted the grand matter with great pro'shefige
mifos to fun^ender the city : but, finding he could not prtv^iHrai/ed.
mth him either to do that or pay tribute, be renewed his bat-
teries with double fury ; and, a large breach being made, the
Turks advanced to ftorm the feme, but were gall^tly r©-
pulfed ; while 500 of thofe who had fcaled the walls in an-
other place, were flain. The whole lofs amounted to about
5000 men. The grand nlafter received four wounds in the
• CiJiT. ff. ii4> j&feqq, *» Ricaut, ubi fupr.
(R) The ChrifHan .writefs Mesih, his true name, atid very
call him ffitfitttj a corruption of common among Mgkammd^ns.
O 4 attack.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Italy /«.
n)aded.
Ctranto
taken
Moham-.
sned dies*
Hifibry of the Othman Turks. B. XV.
attack. The BAjbA, difcouragcd with his ill fuccefs, and
the rumour that the Chriftian princes were coming to the re-
lief oi Rhodes^ raifed the fiege, and left the ifland the 17th
of Jiiguft.
MOHJ MMEDy in the hopes that if he failed in one
place he would fucceed in another, embarked a great army af
Vallona (or Aulonajy a maritime town in the borders of Ma-
cedonia^ under the command of Ghed&k Ahmed^ with deiiga
to get footing in Italy, The Bajbii landed in Apulia^ near
Otranto \ and, after ravaging the coaft, took the city ; which
being the key of that part of Italy y he caufed to be ftrongly
fortified, and viftualled for eighteen months. Then went
back to Conjiantinople^ with an intention to return in the
fpring, and profecute his defigns : but, luckily for Italy, he
was diverted by the troubles raifed in AJia *^.
That fummer the Soltin aflembles all the forces of the
Othmdn empire ; and, paffing the Bofphorus, near Tuzkinder,
pitches his tent under Maltese (S), with a view to fruftrate
the defigns of Uz^n Hajfan (T) : but, being in this place at-
tacked with a violent fit of the gout, accompanied with other
diforders (U), he in a few days was carricd-off, the 5th of
Jemazio'lawely leaving the empire to his fon (X) Bayezid,
MOHAMMED lived fifty-one years, and reigned thirty,
(Y) and three months, exclufive of the time he ruled in his
fether's life-lime.
' RiCAUT, ubi fupr.
(S) That is, the rich moun-
tain^ or mountain of riches. It
is a very high one, not far from
Nicea\ which takes its name
from a treafure once found at
the foot of it. Ships in the
Euxine fea, when they come
within eighty miles of the Bof-
phorusy difcover and diredl their
courfe by it, altho* it is nearer
the Propontis than that fea.
Cant, 'i he Chriftian hidorians
iky, that falling iick at Gei'vijin
(perhaps Gebeji)^ z day's jour-
ney (hort of Nihmedf'a, he died
in three days, fuppofcd to have
been poifoned.
(T) The Chriftian hiftorians
fay, that the king of Karama-
«/tf, aided by thofe of Perjia
%i^i Egypt f ligving df felted the
Soltany with Gheduk Jhmed,
haftcncd over to Jfia.
(U) The cholick, which
Chriftian writers fay he was
feized with three days after he
began this expedition, might
have been on6 of thofe difor-
ders. Cant,
(X) Moftafa, his eldeft fon,
is (aid to have been ftrangled
by his father's command, for
raviftiing Ahmed Pa/ha % wife.
> (Y) The Chriftians afcribe
to him fifty-three years of life,
and thirty-two of reign, in-
cluding perhaps the three years
of his reign during his father's
life. Cant, Others only a life
of fifty-tT^o years, and a reign
of thirty -one.
Bc;9)D£S '
Digitized
byGoogk
Cg:: . 8 Solt&n Ba-yczid II.' 201
Besides his warlike virtues, of -which he gave eminent A. D.
proofs, he was famous for learning, wifdom, and a thirft 14S1.
after knowl^e ; for his proficiency in languages, and patience \.^^~ ^
in labours. He was alfo religious. In fhort, an accompliflied ^
prince, if he had made a confcience of breaking his word for ^ ^
the good of the ftate ^^
According to the Chriftian writers, he had nothing in his
outwai;d appearance anfwerable to the greatnefs of his mind.
He was low of ftature, and fquare fet ; large limbed (Z), and
of great ftrength. His complexion was, 7'^r/ar-like, fallow
and melancholic ; as were moll of his predeceflbrs. His looks
were ftern, his eyes a little funk in his head ; yet piercing.
His nofe fo high and crooked that it almoft touched his upper andferfim^
lip (A). He had very ac^ute parts ; was fkilled in the Turkijb
learning, efpedally aftronomy j and could fpeak G reeky Latin,
Arabic y Khaldee, and Per/tan. He delighted much in hiftory ;
was very courageous, and fortunate. He punifhed theft and
all forts of injuftice with great feverity. He had a great
efteem for men who excelled in any art or fcience. But, to
balance thefe virtu^i^ they fay, that he had no regard for re-
ligion, or his treaties ; was very ambitious, and a great dif-
fembler : that he delighted in blood ; and that his leafl dif-
pleafure was death ^.
CHAP. IX.
The Reign of Ba-yezM II.
A T Mohammed*s death, his elder fon Bt-yezidy who was 8. Soltaa
•*^ Sanjaky or governor; of Amafm (B), was thinking of the B^czid
•^4/ (^}> ^^ pilgrimage to Mekka, when a meflage came ^^*
from
«* Cant. p. 115. « Ibid.
(Z) PhiUf de Comities fays, (B) Before Pdjbds {or B«*
ojac of hif legs was fwelled to J^ds) ^n^Begler Begs were in-
amonHrous degree ; which was ilituted, all governors of pro-
the reafon that he commonly vinces went by the name of
rode in a chariot. Sanjdk 5 which is at prefent rc-
(A) His nofe is not rcpre- drained to thofe who arc fet
fented fo much hooked in his over provinces without the dif-
pjdture given us by prince tindion of the Tug or horfe-
Cantemir. This SoUdn fent for tails, and is fubordinate to a
Gea/il Bellin from F^nice to Beg, as a Beg to a Pdjhdy aiad a
draw his face, and nobly re- Pdjld to a Begler Beg. Cant
warded him. (C) Hdj is a pilgrimage to
the
Digitized by VjOOQIC
H^^t//i&fCklim4n Turks: B.XV;
fitM til^ fPatir, i^tiifying that his h^htr vm <tead» and
hftd appointed him his fecceflbr. At die (knia that he re*
^cdved a letter tifo, figned by the intBfr and other ^"eaut
oiBccrs, exhorttag hitn to emte and take fofftjfion €f fh&
throne, and leave hit intended pilgrimage to men of brwer
birth and more leifure ; adding^ that it would be much more
fhr the advantage qf the Mdhammedan religion, to pre%fent,
by his vahur and eounjels, hit enemies from recovering their
courage andfirength.
loes to BJ^rS Z ID, ftirprifed at this meffage, was for a ^vh^e in
Mdcka. dmi6t what courie to take. Piety called upoi\ him to per-
fonn hfe vow, and It fiiemed dangerous to ka^e the durene
fo long tacant. At htft religion (nrmounts the care of the
comthonwcalth, and forttine ailbrds ^n opportunity to pre^
fer^e both. Therefore he anfwers the IFazir^ that it was not
in his power to lay^-afide Ms more than bUJfed pUgrimage 5 and
had rather forfeit the empire ofthewhok world than have his
vows unperformed : but, left the <y^KtLinJh.te might fiijfer any
(detriment, if was his advice, that they Jhouid reverence as
Jhvereign his fon Korkud t'tU his return. * This Kork&d was
of fnch fweetnefe and modcfty that he excelled thofc more
advanced in years. He had, on account of his good qaa^
ties, been Icept by Soltdn Mohammed abont lus perfen lor
two years ; and at his diath was in the army.
Korkftd B A'TE Z ID, without fh^ng for an anfwer, fets out for
enthroned: Mekka : and the great men, according to his direftions, con*
fer the government on Ksrk&d ; who caufed his oame to be
mentioned in the prayers, and ftamped on the coin. At the
end of nine months Bd-yezid returns from his pilgrimage^
and fends letters to his fon, and chief oflEicers of ftate 5 dc-
. Uring him to keep the eihpire, and them to obey him ; while
he iived privately at Nicea. It is doubtful whether Bh-yezid
was led to this contempt oi the crown by a zeal for divine
worfhip kindled at M^ka ; or ^diat, foancig Ms fon's power,
ambition, and popularity^ he thought it bef er to undermine
' turn at WvcsA by fubtU arts, than iaazard both Us Hfe and
empire by an turicrioBable demand rf rfie fujweme aftdiority.**
The prime Wxtzfr Ali PAJbi, having read the fetter, allembles
a touncil; and after fomc debate -decrees, witii their confcnt,
the \itAy places, Mekka, Me- or |n1gr}m. The KarawSm it
dhtt, and Jtrufaiem ; which commonfly eTcorted by the BSi*
every ^urk is oblij^ed to per-' Jh& of Dufnajkus, with foldiers
fbrm otrce in his 1i^, at a tkmt and water-isrearers ; who t^dcet
^hen half hn fubftance wfll cai-e that their numher is never
difekarge the expences. And left than t4,txx>. Cant.
thus he obtains the title trf fi^i,
3 thM
Digitized
byGoogk
tlfiit i^dSASibl^Hf s l^pdMnfteiib diyovAd be ftariaiy vdhrercd to, Ai D.
jAtae ff'att^, hsnag obtained a^ audiettcc, feya to hikn^ HisfiiM
*f Yotir m^efty's i^lctedcttt fetfi6r, by thfe dMne aid, is rc*''^'J*
" ttirned ih ftfety from M^Ma to /ttAj^ ; #hkh we dttflted
** it otir duty t6 Idl ;y^6ttr rtfajifcfty, !n wrder to kilovir yOtri*
*" ]4drfbre oohcei^ffi^m blid hii arrival/' Kor^d to tMi
dffcottrfe rep&s^ ** The feii4ces you hate done the tftifjine/
" dtfght to pth for fd mkhy ftook of •youi* fidelity : but
^ whilft, lyy^b artifid a fp^ech, you eodeavout to (hake mine^
<* 1 cafi Tcarcc nrfhiift from fexiftg you '^h trtsackcryt ¥w
** you itnow my fether did iiot abfohitdy aud for ev*t refiga
^* t5ie crowa to riie ; but only cotomanded aie to rule in his
** Head, ttn Ms return frcnn a pilgrimage, undertaken for hia
*' own and the poWic advantage. This I have done, be*
*• catffe I ^ould not ditobey a father's commands. Let him,
** now tie is returned, receive his own empire ; and 1, refign*
•• ing the fcepter, "9^ for evtt- profUs myfejf both Mb foa
** and vaflal."
A FEW days afeer KeirkMt hearing 6f his father^ ap^ refigns t9
proach, paflTes the BoJ^onts, attended by all his iVatin and Ba-yczid*
Other ti&ccrs, and meetis him not iar from ^M^*^ ; where toe
pays him obeifance, and commands the reft to fdlotv his tt-
ample. Then, ordering the Mi7Hbar{T>) to be raifed, he
takes his father by the hand, leads him to the thrOoe> and^
ttiming to the fpeftators, Ikyt, " This is Indeed my fether
*' and lord ; but he is aifo the governor and emperOr of tte
^ Othmins. I have hitherto be^ his Ihadow : <now the llghe
•* is come the fhadow vanifhes : to him alone therefore pay
" obedience and reverence." Aftet- this he waits on Us fa*
ther to Cmftantinople ; where, arriving the ioth of yorfutid-^
i^'lAkhUy in the year 1 581, Sd-yezid is invefted with the im-
Erial crown (E) ; and next day Korkid, with an allowance
^imempej^, depicts fbl>M^fl^^
a Cant. 0th. Hift, p. 1 16, & fe(|q.
^D) ^iikBar (or Memhr) is ffrimage, and the caufe 6f . e^-*
a cliak like aJu(hop^tb.rone; mroning K9rkui They on^
OB wMcb, raifed with tltree fay, that in a C6nteft between
fteps, both the imperial thmne, Bd-yezid and i,emes [ovjim) the
ta4, in great churches, the three great Biififas^ IJbdkt Me-
YMizy or preacher'9 pulpit, ii fites^wdiAhmtdy rctuftniig froii
*«^cd. Cant. OtroHto^ fet up Korknd^ WhOt
(K) The ChrifHan iiftbrians on his fiather's arrival from i&ni*
bow aothinj^ oi Ba-y^vM^fi^ fia, freely refij^ed to him.
THJ3
Digitized by VjOOQIC
204 Uifiory pf the Othm&rt Turks. B. XV.*
A. D. This unexpeftcd change of affairs feemed rcry unhicky to
1481. * Jem (F), Sanjdk of fConia (or Ikonium) ; who from Korkttd^s
**"*v**^ youth had entertained great hopes oi (eizing the empire : but
Jem rf- Qjj Bd-yezfd's mounting the throne, he reckoned his expefta-
^ '" tion intirely fruftrated. H? pretended the crown belonged
to him, becaufe Bd-yezid was born before Mohammed was
Saltdn; and alleged, it was a difhonour that the empire
fliould be given to the fon of a private man, in prejudice to
the imperii iflue. He charged his father's will with falftiood,
«s not being written^ but only coming from the mouth of a
treacherous IVazir. By fuch difcourfes he perfuaded not
< only feveral cities, but alfo . moft of the Jjiatic forces, that
he was the right heir ; and caufed himfelf to be prbclaimed
emperor at Pru/a. The inhabitants of this city and other
places aflifting him with money, he foon after raifed a confi-
derable army. But his dominion was neither firm nor liafl-
ing : for Ba-yeztd, being informed of his brother's proceed*
ings, pafles haftily into Jfia, with, numerous forces ; and
meeting him near Pru/a (G), after a bloody battle, put him
to flight. Jem^ efcaping with only a few attendants, fled
firft to HAlep, arid then to Kayte Bay (H), king of Mefr (I),
whofc affiftance he implores againft his brother ; who had
not only feized the empire in his wrong, but had put his
children to death.
bis troops KA ITE BAT advifed him to lay afide the thoughts of
defeated p war, and go in a pilgrimage to Alekkdy for that Bd-yextd
had then great armies on foot ; promifmg, at his return, in
cafe the face of affairs were altered, to affift him to the utmofl
of his power. Jem, not liking dilatory meafures, writes to
(F) Whether he derives his added to avoid the ill found of
name from Jem^ a delicious the Jiftdn (or AJldn)^ which
kind of grapes, or 'Jemmy a fa- commonly (lands for e. The
h\Ao\xiii2iai^Q^^olimavyOx Alex' Tatars of quality add Bay to
ander the great ^ Prince Cante- their names, as the Turks dp
«r/r knew not. The Chriftian ChelehL KaiteBay, vfhowsLS ^
writers have out of it made their ChsrkaJJian (Mamluh or flave),
Zetnes and Ziztm. Cant. was the Hannibai of the Oth^
(G) The Chnftian writers man empire. Cant, Prince
fajr, Jem was defeated by [the CaTttemir fcenis to be miftaken,
eonduft of the great Bajha for Bay or Bey fienifics in Turk*
Ahmed near Neafolis (or BJki sjb a, lord, as well as Beg ; tho*
^kdhr). not io much ufed as the latter,
- (H) 'Not CaitheboHy or Caith except in Egypt and the coaft of
i^eyy as the weftern writers give Barbary.
it : for it is a Tartarian word, (I) Mefr is the Arab and
compounded of Kaity Conwer^ Turkijh ftame for cither Egypt
fon, and bay, rich: which is ox Kayro.
. feme
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C, 9- 8 Soltin Ba-yezld 11.
feme of the great men of Varfak and TurgadiJL\ with whom
he had contrafted a ftrift friend/hip^ intreating their aid. .
This being readily granted, he feigns himfelf defirous to
undertake the pilgrimage, and applies to Kayti Bay, who
furni/hes him with every thing, and attendants fuitable to his
quality. However, Jem, inftead of going to Mekka (L), takes the
firft opportunity to give his attendants the flip, and flies with
a few followers to his friends ; who aflemble the forces of
thofe countries : but, being undifciplined troops, they are eafily
routed by the army of Bd-yeztd.
JE My after his defeat, for fome time wandered alone in flies /•
difguife about the maritime places, and at length gets a fliip ^^^J
bound for Italy ; but firft for Rhodes (M) : from whence
faUing, with fome of the natives, he vifits the pope ; who
recommended him to the king of Naples (N). Here, in an ^
elegant fpeech, he fets forth the caufe of his Sght, and im- ret
plores the afliftance' of the Chrlftian princes : promifing, with
an oath, that, in cafe he obtained their help, the Othmdns
(hould never fet foot in any Chrlftian dominions. The Chrif-
tian princes, who had been terrified with the Othmdn arms,
bad him take courage ; aflTuring him, that they would do
their utmoft to reftore him the firft opportunity. One day,
as Ba-yeztd was talking of thefe things, there happened to be
prefentl^ an Italian captive, turned Mohammedan, who for his
addrefs in fliaving was made Bej4er Bdjhf (O). This mzn^forJheUerl
whofe name was Mojlafa, being full of craft, hearing whaf
the emperor fpoke, fell at his feet and faid : " If j'our ma,-
•* jefty will vouchfafe to commit fo weighty an affair to my
" management, I will free your mind from all care; and dif-
(K) A province near Varfak, tell us, that the grand mafter
which is thought to be Paphla-: furniihed him with a good rc-
gonia. Cant. Rather Pijjdia, tinue, and fent him to pope
as hath been remarked in a Innocent VIII. : alfo that Ba^e-
former note. The Chriftian %id agreed to pay him 30,000
writers fay, the invitation was ducats, on account of his ho-
fent him by the king of Kara- nourable ufagc to him.
mania, at that time living in a (N) Here the Turkijh hifto-
poor condition in Armenia ; and rians are miftakeil : for he was
that, joining their forces, they delivered not to the king of
were defeated between Ikonithn Naples, but to Charles VI I L •
Siiid Laranda. king of Fr^wr^f, then preparing
(L) The Chriftian writers for the Neapolitan expedition:
fay, he mad6 the pilgrimage tcJ Cant.
JW>iif/? after his firft defeat J but (O) Or chief barber, the
the Turkijh hiftorians ought td fixth great domeftic officer at
know beft. ' the "Turkijh court. Cant. '
M) The Chriftian writer*
*Vpatch
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftory^^ th Qt^^ TiirJ!|s. B. XV.
pat^h your hrocberi alibough be liirtol ia the mpft fecret
corftcjT of Itafji"
V-'JJCT' The Saltan oQt pnly g^ve him power to coiQiyiU the^c^d >
Moitataj ^y^. f^ypj.^ jjy the hply fouU of hi§ (P) {^nceftors to adv^oc^
fratagem: j^^ ^^ ^j^^ diguity of prime fl^a^j/r, provided be accomplUhed
jil^ Und^rt;ai4ng fo divipe (Q^) and ^dvai^tag^iis to the Oth-
. ^«, empire, lyioftqfcy encouraged by thcfe promifes, flies tq
ite Frrt^^^i (R) dwelling at Peri^ and conjures them to afCft
Jw to maHe his eftape tQ his qwo qountry. Peing arrived
at Naples by their mean^, 7<w, who happened tjo be there,
liearmg that an excellent barber was cpmefrom Turkey ; and,
jurious perhaps tQ Know wh^t pgiffed at Cgnjantin^^ ovAet^
the man to be fent for. Wbei? he came, being aflced afeom
the prcrent ftate of the Turki/b aff^airs, he repKed: that a$ he.
had followed the bvfinefs of a barber^fqr fonve years in that
capl^l, he nfver n^inded any thing but th6 iny)rov€iQent of
his art, aiij How to piQjcure his Kberty ; >a^hlch, after long
waking, h0 had, he &id, obtained by tne h^lp of fonae. gopq
Bfieri ; fp that now he cQuld freely e^foy bis cquntry» and pro-
fefs the Clififtian religion.
hcomes ^N aafwex IQ this Jem \o\di, him, that he bad npthing to d^
JemV with his rcKgiqus ^4rs, for Gfod had g^veo tQ every man ^
tarher j free will (S) ; but, a^ he lived ijua Und wher^h^bers feeQ^e4
to be very unflcilful, he or^Iy wi(h^d that he would becom^
his tonfor : " for, ^ed he,, fibc;^ you have fojourned for
** fbm.e tiifio among my countryine^, who you Hppw fliav^
'' with fg light and pleafaut a hand, that a n^an can fcai'ce
" forbear lleepiqg under the operation,. I hope, you have ac^
«-* qyir^d foniQ tfy^e of their ai^t," M^^A^ ^? better tp
<P) By thtil^Jofif^ ofn^ ate tiona (thiQ Poleh fif^^garians, ^nd
c€fiors, or hy the ^^1 of my grand" others, e^cceoted, who ivev IpUg
f^Mr, is tt^e orjiy oath u{Sb4 habits), ana e/peci^H^ the Jlfa-
py (he Soltys, except in their pap^f oy the gepAraf'name o/
coveqants with t^ue Chrifiiau^ Jt/kfnj.t vulgarly Firenf. Giv-
tbey add, hy the tiqm^ of th^ in^ ahb to each its particular
mojt high God: . hy fk^ truth of name, tho' very difpereot from
the Koran : hy d»f pure fptrit of thoft ufed \yf this lerpeftivc
the prophit^ &^ tqnt, pcopJe. Cop/.
( CL) ThcSoJtaft'p orders, of (S) This nptipn of free will
whatever kin4» ^re received by in xxiai, fo contradidlQiy co their
the turh as earning from God : dodbine of abfolute predofliaar
^nd to difobev them is reckon, tiott,. ifi admitted by o^anj^ , U^at
cd the highelt impiety, thuugk the Chriftiafxs n^ay.'nQ.t sjt tbf
^ be to the pin^e fVasi^ir to lall ji^gment excufe th^ir not
fend him his ti.au. Cant. embracing the Mffhi^rrfmeda^
(R) It is cu^luoiary with *he faith, from a pica ot they
T«rh to call all ChriHian na- jj^antin^ (j;ee wiU* Outf-
deceive
Digitized by VjOOQ lC~
decdvcjem, at firft decUocd theofficc; bat at laft coofents: A. O.
pretending^ ** that he could not in conidence refufe the '4^<-
" honour of fierving fo gr«t a prince, and /having the head '^•V^^
" of one whofe 1^ allgpod men defired to fee' at Cor^oH'
Hereupon be is received among his chamberlains^ to emu bis
fiiave him on the nfual days ; and, for fome time, difcharged tbr$mi%
lus office well. But Jem happening to fall afl^p one day
Qoder his hands, when none oi the other fervants were in the
room, Moftirfa cuts the prince's mndpipe with a (harp ra*
zor(T) : then, binding the wo^nd very hard wth a handker-
diief to prevent its bleeding, leaves the chamber, and tells
thofe in waiting, that their lord was aileep ; bidding them
not to make a nolfe to dilhirb him. This done he pofb ta
a flup, which lay ready to receive him, «nd efcapc^ to Cm*
fiavtmople. At Ins arrival he repairs to Biryp^fdy and ac-
quaints him with what he had done. The Solt4n, who
could not believe the ftory, was foon after convinced by 9.
report that J^m bad been murdered by the treachery of {qxgfi
Chriflians.
Hereupon Bd-yeztd, mindful pf his prpmiie, {H*omote3 nmde
Sifier Mqftafa to the d^nity of prime Waztr. Then fend- 1^^^
hg ambaf&dors to Naples for the body, it was deliv€ared tP Wa*ir*
them, and buried at Prufa^ near the tomb of Mor4d. .
Nothing was waiting in Jem which could be c^ed vir-
tue, prudence, magnanimity, fortitude, and wifdom. He
had no equal if his age. He is chiefly jH-aifed for rhetoric
and eloquence. When among the Chriftians, he was ftriftly
cbfervant of the Mohammedan rites ; faid his daily prayer^
and finUhed Tdaveii KorAn^ or reading of the whole Kordf^,
ewcry \i^eek.
The rird of his empire bdng thus removed, Ba-yeztd, Moldavia
ifi 887, made a progreTs into the Btorea^ and fortified the hridUd.
Sttwms TOth two ftrong caftles, towards the Corinthian bay. Hq. 887;
Thefe he provided with good garjifons, in order to riefbrain "^'P*
the Chriftkns^ who frequently invaded Hie Othmdn dominions '482.
on, that fid^. Nextfpring, he ordered a Jdmi, Maitefeh^
Ikro'Ifbiya^ hmr^, and pujblic bath, to be built at Adriam- .
(T) The %urh here acquit with P«-j#«y, had hipipoifpne^
pope Alexander VI. from the at Tar^cinat in his march to
execrable cxime chaig^ on him Naples with that king. The
hy Chriflian and even catholic reader is left to embrace which
>»ritcrs, a)^ believed for fo ueport he pleafes. Gw»/. They
JMnyagcs: namely, that the place this event in the year
JH)p«,f(Mringr&ir/«inightgive 1405 j whereaa the Turks mcn^
him ttp, to ingratiate him^f tiion bo date.
flfy
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
2o6 Hijiory of the OthmznTutks. ' B.XV.
pie, on the river Tiinjeh. Then, inarching with all his forces
towards Moldavia (U), governed npw hy St epheriy he takes
the bulwarks of the whole country, the ftrong cities of
'Kill (X), on the Danube , and Mkiertndn (Y), near it, on the
Euxine fea. By this means he not only prevented the Molda-
vidns from exercifing piracy on that fea, but opened himfelf
a way to annoy by incurfions a province often attempted in
vain:
Karama- 'Th'e fame year, the Begler Beg oliAfia took the famous cities
nia cotK^ of Tarfu (or Tar/us), Kurjhunli, and Kofimli (Z), while the
quiTid. great general Ghiedtk Pcijhct is put to death **. This is all
the Turkijh hiftorlans afford us concerning thefe two events,
while the Chriftian writers, who place the latter firft, and both
before the Moldavian expedition, are more explicit. With re-
gard to the firft, they tell us, that Bd-yezfd being at leifure to
cdl PirJhmedy king of Karamdnia, to an account for aflifting
his bit>ther Zemes^ (Or Jem), marched into the country, and
took Tar/us,. Mean time the kmg, having obtained aid of
the Sottan oi Egypt, met Bh-yezid, and fought a fierce battle ;
, but, towards iun-fet, rufhing boldly to fupport his troops in
the midft of the Turks, he was (lain. The confequence of
which was thfe defeat of his army, and intirc conqueft of his
country. In the fame expedition the prince of Trakhea was
induced to fubmit to the Othm&n yoke, and receive in ex-
change fome other territories of A/ia Minor,
^ Cantbmir. Othmau Hift. p. 119, & feqq.
(U) Prince Cantetfiir had of- wia on the fame river, thirty-
ten admired, in looking on the eight hours or leagues. Cant.
maps of Hungary, whence it (Y) Formerly Moncafier, the
was that the limits of Walakhia Oxla of Herodotus, now called
'Zwd Molda^'ia were fo crrone- hy tht Moldavians, Czetate j^/i^a,
oufly marked. Nor had he , or fFJinte Tonvn ; which the
.ever feen one antient or modern Turiijh name alfo figniiies. It
map but what abounded with is a mofl antient city, famoas
grofs errors: thus, the cities of for the exile of 0<utd, from
Ki/i and Jk Kierwdn, common- whom a lake near it, called
ly placed in VValahhia are di- O'viiTs Lake, feems to have re-
liant more than 300 miles from ceived its name latterly from
its borders ; nor ever belonged the Molda^viofis, Cant,
to it, but to Moldd'via. Cant. (Z) Kurjhunli fignifies leaden:
(X) Called by tht Molda^vians but prince Catitemr knows no^
aha, the antient Lycojiomos, a thing of the name or fituation
city, fituate ' at the northern of Kofunli, There is another
mouth of the Z)^?;?:/^^, which is Kojhunli va the Krim^ called
larger and deeper than the other Grimne by Herodotus, or, ac-
four. It is diftant from Gal%kh, cording to others Kbcrfrntfia.
a confiderable mart of Molda- Cant. • • - , • *
As
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C 9k 8 Soltan Ba-yezid IL $209
As to the death of Jhrned P4/b^y the Turkijh hijftoriaos A. D.
afcribe this great man's fall to his being falfely accufed of an H^9*
attempt to dethrone the Soltan, in favour of his eldeft fon (A) ; Jj^f^^J^
but the Chriftian writers allign another caufe and manner of p /?
his death. According to them, while, Jhmed B&fhd wa$ ab- ^^*^^^
fent from court, IJhdk, an antient BaJM^ bearing a grudge *
to him, for having divorced his daughter on fufpicion of in-
continency, reprefented him fuch a very dangerous man, on
account of his great intereft with thp Janizaries, that Ba-
' yeztd refolved to deftroy him. With that view the Soltdn^
at his return to court, invited him to fupper ; and, having
drank plentifully, ordered vefts to be given to his guefts :
but that for Ahmed was of black velvet. The Bajhd, enraged
at this token of death, is faid to have cried out, Thou fon of
a whore, fince thou intendefi fo much cruelty, 'why didfl thou
not infiiEt it brfore thou had/i forced us t(r drink this impure and
forbidden wine P Then, fitting on the ground, and being
ordered to ftay after the reft, as the executioners were going
to do their office, the Soltan was prevailed on by a favourite
cuiiuch to defer his death, for fear of the foldiery. In effeft,
being informed by his fon of the danger Ahmed was in, the
Janizaries ran in fhoals to the court.
BA'TEZ ID, then appearing at a window, demanded ii»^/iiwx4
the reafon of their tumult. They infolently anfwered, that
they wouid teach him, as a drunkard, beatt, aqd rafcal, to
difoharge his high office with more difcretion and fobriety :
calling him, by way of contempt, Batchelor or Scholar, Be*
ing obliged to releafe the Bafhd, they carried him with them
on their fhoulders ; often alldng him, how he did, and bow
he felt himfelf. Ahmed not only thus efcaped death for this
time, but was alfo reftored to his places, and feemingly to
the Soltan's favour ; yet, fome time after, he was flain by his
order as he fat at fupper iu his court. Bd-yezid, being like-
wife inceofed at the Janizaries, for what they had done in
Ahmed"^ favour already, and having reafon to believe they
might attempt fomething farther in revenge of his death,
formed a defign to cut them all off. But from this bloody
aft, as very dangerous, he was di/Tuaded by fome Bifb&s^
whom he confulted ; and the Janizaries having at letigth pene-
trated his defign, he, to divert their refentment, marched into
Moldavia, where he took the cities S as above-mentioned.
Akd
^ Leuncl. HiA. Mufulm. and Kkowles edit. Ricaut, ia
fiajazet.
(A) This Bdjhd was accufed elded foh to rtbeli but, his in-
•f folicicing Ahmed Bay^zid's nocence appearing after his
Mod, Hut. Vol.XII. P death,
, • Digitized by VjOOQ IC
i ta Hifiory if tbi Othman Empire. B. XV.
A. D. And now began to be kindled between the Otlmdns and
1 489. Maml^ks of Egypt thofe feeds of war, which, after number-
V-/^/^ kfs battles, ended in the niin of the latter. B^-yezid and
War 'With j^^ifg g^y j^jjg beheld each other with jealous eyes; but nei-
^^^^ ther dared to attack the other j believing both empires fo
firmly eftablifhed, as fcarcely to be fubverted by human
- Itrength. The Othmdn was fuperior in extent of dominion
and number of armies : the Egyptian was ftrengthened by
the annual acceflion of Cherkajfian troops, the moft warlike
of all nations. Kaite Bay gave Bi-yezU a pkufible pretence
for a war, by protefting his brother Jem^ and fupplying him
^ ■ privately with money : but the latter thought {wroper to ftiflc
his refentment till a more favourable oppcwtunfty, which
fhortly after prefented itfelf.
Alaida- J LJ IDULET (B), a petty prince of fome provinces rn
Jet triiu' Aftay to enlarge his dominion, attempted to take fome cities
tary* belonging to the kingdom of Mijr^ or Egypt : but, bring
defeated, and unable to withftand the Cherkajlans (C), he
ftres to Bd-yezfd for affiftance (D) ; offering, on that condi-
tion,* to fubjeft his territories to Irim as a fief, by having his
death, the Soltmt often lamented
the lofs of fo able a counfbllor,
as well as foldier. Cant.
(B) Poflibly one of the Per-
fan governors, often before
mentioned, who left his name
to the country poflfeiled by him,
which fome jnaps corruptly af-
eribe to Aladuli, It is a country
(hut in with tht Taurus y and Ans
titaurusy or Cafpadoda. Cant.
The fame author^ in a note, p.
181, more diftinfily tells us,
that this country is bounded on
one fide bv mountains of Kappa-
docia^ and people called by O-
drenus Manscures ; on another
by Syria ; on the eaft by Jrme-
nia Mfljor ; towards the Othman
dominions by Amafia ; and to-
wards Karamanta by Adana
(near Tar/us), The Turics call
it Alaideulet Mamlekyeti ; that is,
the province^ Alaideulet ; alfo
Zuulkadir, See other notes
hereafter m SilU^ I. and Soltys
man I. % ' *
(C) They «re the moft nobh
of alF the Scythian people, inha-
biting a mountainous country
between the Euxine and Cajjpinn
feas. The Ruffians call them
Cxerkiejfi. P^igorikiy to diftin-
guifh them from the Kozak
Cherkaffians : for all the Ukrain
Koxaks are in the Ruffian tongue
tsMcdiCherkaffians, PrkiceCtfu-
temir gives a farther curious ac-
count of the former, and in an-
other note, p. 156, fays, none
of them are ign^le.
(D) The Chriftian hiftorians
reprefent this matter quite dif-
ferently : they fay, that Kara-
gufay invading Syria in 14S7
with a ftrong army, his van was
defeated in fhe flraits of mount
Taurus hy Aladeules^ a mountain
king, and Isfender Bajbay whc
commanded it, taken prifoner \
which obliged Karagufa to re
tire. Perhaps Aladeula is mif
taken for Kior Shah.
tem
Digitized
byGoogk
C. 9. 8 StA^h Ba-yczf d H. i t i
naihe damped on his coin, and mentioned In the public A. D.
prayers. Some Turkijb auxiliaries being thus obtained, he 1489-
^attacks the Cherkaffians ; and, after fevcral battles, fought VySrs>
with various fortune, takes from them Gyullek^ Sues (E),
Adana^ Kayfaria^ and Jntab.
KAITE BATy perceiving Bd-yeztd^s policy to weaketo
his forces by the fword of another, follows his example, apd
oppofes Kto^ Shdlf, his neighbour, to Alaidulet. Thefe little
princes, thus fupported by the two Soltdns, contended for
fome tune with fuch various fuccefs, that their refpeftive
countries were fometimes fubjeft to the CherkaJJian and fome-
times 10 the OthmAn dominion **.
The Chriftian writers, who make the Turks principals in Syria
this war, tell us, thsx Ahmed PdJhA, being fent into Syria, ^ft'^f^^^
was by th6 Egyptians and Arabs, at Tzukur Ova, overthrown, ^'*^'
and taken prifoner (F). Hereupon the Soltdn, next year, *4^9*
fent a great fleet, as well as army, againft the Soltdn of Egypt,
who met the Turks near mount Taurus, in Cilicia ; and, tho*
much infiirior in force, attacked them. The battle having,
lafted all the day, both parties retired to their camps. The
Egyptians, finding their carriages and provifions taken away
wirfiout knowing by whom, renewed the batde next day
with double fury, and fought again till night parted them.
But the Turks, having loft 67,000 men out of 100,000, fled h the
in the mght, leaving their tents and provifions behind them. Turks^
The Egyptians likewife, having loft half their number, re-
tired to mount Taurus ; till, being informed by their fpies
of the flight of the enemy, came down and feized their camp*
Hence thofe in the battle itfelf fcarce knew which fide got
the viftory. The Turkijh fleet had no better fortune, have-
ing been deftroyed by a tempeft at the mouth of the rivef
Orontes. Hereupon BA-yeztd made a peace with xhtEgytian
Soltdn, reftoring to him all the places he had taken from
him. Nor is this account inconfiftent either with what is
before related, or follows after, from the Turkijh authors ;
who indeed may be fuppofed better acquainted with the
fprings of aftion than the Chriftian writers *.
« LsvNCt. k RiCAUT, ubi fupr. ^ Cast, ubi fupr. p.
i25/&feqq.
(£) It (bo'uld, perhaps, be 84 at moft, according to thd
Sis ; which was the capital of Turkijh % and, generally fpeak-
Lefer ArMenia ; i^hereas Suet, ing, we find a difference of
or Saviz, ia in E^pt* three or four years between th«
(F) lliis affair is placed in two forts of authors, with re-
the ^ear 1488, by the Chriftian fpedt to the tranfadlions in the
authors : but fjdls in taSx, or former part of this reign.
Pa SA'TSZID ,
Digitized by VjOOQI^
Hificry of She Othmin Enipire. B. XV.
BA'TEZID at length, by ejipericnce, found that the
power of the Cherkaffians in Egypt could never be fubverted,
or weakened, unlefs their native country was deftroyed, and
Chcrkaf- ^^ ^^y fl^ut-up by which ib many forces were every year
fia onjer- conveyed to Egypt. Therefore, pretending to make peace
H^i 88a. ^^^^ ^^ Soltdn of Egypt y he recalls his troops;, and, in
A. D. ^^9> unexpeftedly invades Chei^kaJJia^ over-runs the country,
1484! *^^» carrying-ofFa great number of captives, ftiuts-up the en-
trances of the mountains (G), by which it is furrounded,
with caftles, and intirely hinders the inhabitants from com-
ing-out. The fupply of foldiers being'thus cut-ofF, Kaitebay,
who daily faw his own forces diminiih, and thofe of his enc-
mids increafe, is faid to fall fick with grief and die 5 as did
the fame year Abdo'tlah, Bd-yezzd's fon.
Moldavia In 890, the SoltAn fent an army into Moldavia % where a
harrajfed. great flaughter was made of the inhabitants : and next year
Hej. 890. again reduced the rebellious country of Varfak ^ The fuc-
^'^^' cefs of the Moldavian expedition is reprefented very differently
*4^5- by the Chriftian hifloriaus. They fay (H), that Ba-yezid,
being freed from his fears by the expulfion of the French out
of Naples, and the death of his brother Zcmes (or Jem), fent
Bali Beg to invade Podolia and Ritffia ; where he did great
mifchiet: but that, being forced home by the approach of
' , winter, and about to pafe through Moldavia, the IVaywoic
denied him either paffage or provifions; which made his
army ftraggle : and thus fuch numbers of them perifhed, ei-
ther by fatigue, hunger, cold, or the hands of the Molda-
vians, that the Turkijb hiftorians relate, they Ipft 40,000
men in this expedition 8. To return* to them.
Moham- Whilst the Othman affairs thus flourifhed in the call,
^ jj^^, ihe Mohammedan religion received a grievous blow in die
rAr/»f//f^ kingdom of Endelos (I). After feveral defeats, the Mu/ubnans
^^^^' are every-where expelled, put to the torture, and compelled to
, ^ Cant. p. 129. « Leuncl. & Ricaut. ubi fupr.
(G) Thofe of Ar^erum, De* fide or other: but we muft leave
mur Kapn, and Derhend, Cant, it to future writers to examine
Z)#r^<i7t/itftif is alfo called /)*• more thoroughly where the
ffiur Kapu. faults lie.
( H ) They p'ace this cxpedi- . (I) Or JtidaJor, that is, JnJM'
tion in the year 1497, twelve /ij/ia ; which name the orientals
■ years later -than the 'lurktjb hif- formerly gave to Spain in gcne-
torians ; ^ that there muft be ral : but at prefent the firri/
fome very great error on one diftinguifh Sfain from Fortugd-
abjore
Digitized
byGoogk
C. 9. 8 Soltan Ba-yczld II.
abjarc their rd^ion. la this difkefs» they fet forth to BA-
yezidy by their ambafladorS) the cruelty of the Spaniards ^ and
implore his afGftance, as head (K) of the Mohammedan com* *
moa-wealth. Accordingly, next fummer he fent a great fleet
into the Mediterranean, under Kienud ali P^d ; who de-
feated the Chriftian navalforce, laid \rafte the iiland of Malta,
and plundered the coafls of Spain and Itafy.
Flushed with thisfuccefs, he, in the year ^94, fent ge- Kipaiig
aoral Takub, with an army, into Kroatia and Bo/hia, to make reduced.
a thorough conqueft of the countries. After he had taken Hcj. 894.
feveral caftles, and marched over the whole re^on, he met -A. D.
the ChrilUan forces ; and, having made a great (laughter of H^-
them (L), took many prifoners of quality, with their leader,
general Tami (M). The fame year, Bd^yezid married his
daughter to Ahmed Mtrza Oghir Ogli (N),
In the year^895, SoltAn Yaldb (O), king of Jzerbejdn, Conqueftt *
dying, the great diftraftions, which enfued, gave Bd-yezid^ i„ Afia.
as well as the king of Egypt (P), an opportunity of feizing Hcj. 89$/
the provinces deftitute of governors. The armies enga^ng, A. D.
the Turks became viftors ; and, after fix years roaming over 1490.
theeaft, at length, in 901, all thofe countries, for which . jy
Bd-yezid and the Cherkaffians had contended, were annexed ' g*
to the Othmdn empire; .
In 902, the Rhodians were defeated, with great flaughter, The Rhc-
by the Turki/b^ntrsHf Na/u Beg, At the fame time, Ahmed d\2Liis de-
' feated*
(K) The-hillorian gives him vanquilhed but tired with vic-
this title too foon j for the SoU tory. Which of the two ac-
tdns did not aflume it till5J//« I. counts (hall we believe \ Cant.
conquered Egypt, and carried (NJ He feems by the title of
away the Khalifah, Mtrza to have been a Per/tan
(L) The Chriftian writers, prince. The additional Oghir
who place this war alfo in the Ogli iignifies the /on of a hafp^
fame year with that of Afi7A//z- omen. It fignifies alio, y^^i «/«
i/itfj viz. 1497, fay, that if^- thief. Cant. This feems to be
ikim Pajha, being fent into //- a Turkijh corruption, or nick*
lyria, fpoiled that coantry, with name ; for Ahmed was Ton of
part of Kroatia ; that, being Qgurlu Mohammed, fon oiUzun
met near the Morava by 9,000 HaJJan.
Krcats and Hungarians, he flew (O) He was fon oWzun Haf-
7000 of them ; and that, cut- fan, or Haffan Beg ; and third
ting-ofFtheirnofes,hefentthem Saltan of the White Sheep^ dy-
to Conftantinople. Leanclav. & nafty of Turkmans.
Ricaut. in Bajezet. (P) He mull have been Kaite-
(M) This is the famous count hay, or Kayte-hay, and not his
John Torauatus ; who, accord- fucceffor, as in the text of Can-
ing to tne Chriftian writers, /^mr; foi- AT^Vr^^ didnotdie
died in this en^ageQ^ent^ not till the year 901.
P 3 Mirza^
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
}ti4 WJlory of the QthwAn Empire. B. XV.
-A. D. Mtrsiay. married fevea years before to Bd-yaztd's daughter,
•1499- on pretence of hunting, fli^s from ConftantUu^U to Tibris (or
V^^^^^ Tauris) ; where he is ^ofen king ( QJ). »
Uext year, Bdryezfd kid the foundations rf a Jdmi, an
hofpital, a Taalim khara, and ichool ; which were finiihed ia
TT • QQ- ^ght y<?ar$, . In 905, the SoIt4h, mardiang with great forces
a! D- '^^^^ Greece y takes Amhakht (R) at the firlt aflauk 5 and next
i]jy\^ fiajnmer, on thfe firft day of Moharram^ becomes mafler of
Motbom^ or Modon^ hy ftorm'; and of Koroniy by furren-
^ derK >
p . ., . Thib Cfiariftian hiftorians join together this invafion of
^^^y^' G^r^^i? and that oi Italy, hinted before by the 71/r^j^, but
^ without mentioning eirijer the qircumftances or catrfe of it,
According to the former, Bd-yezid, having been folicited by
Sfortia, duke of Milan, to engage in a War againft the Fe-
neiidnsywho had confederated with Lewis XII. king of
France, to conquer his territories ; the Saitdn, mindful of
former injuries done him by the republic, made great prepa-
^atiofls both by fea and land ^againft them v ft<id, on a fudden,
ordered Skander Pdjbd, with 12,006 horfe, to break into
Friidi; in lialy ; from whence hfe returned with the fpoils of
the country, *
hv the ^^ ^^^ ^^"^^ txmt, the Soltdn put to fiea a very oumeroos
*l lirks: ^^* ^"^ marched in perfon with ^a great army alcmg the
cbaft of the Morea to keep a communicatic^ with it. Gri-
mani, the Venetian admiral, delayed attacking the enemy's
. ftiips for feveral days ; expefting that they Svould put from the
(here, and advance to fight him. At lertgth, Jndreo l^itre*
. dano and Jlbani Jrmefw, newly arrived from Korcyrg, to be
prefent at the afUon, impatient of delay, began the engage-
inen.t ; and quickly boarded a great veflel, comm^d6d by
Bdruk, of Smirna, a famous pirate ; who blowing up his
fhip, the other two periflied with her. Some others fought
alfo ; but the greater number of Venetian gallies lay looking
on at a diftan^e, and did nothing : for which the admiral
was mightily blamed, and afterwai-ds baniftied by a decree of
fiej take the fenate. Mean time, the Turks, in great fear, with feme
Xcpanto, difficulty, got into the gali oi Lepanto\ where they beficgeij
tTie city flofely by fea aAd land, ^d in fome time Jl?^l it w-
,rpnder^(J tp th(?m,
•^Cant. ubi fupr.
{ Q^] He made hlmTelf king, Rojiam Beg, fifth SoUdnofihc
\>y defeating his pr«lec€ffor fVbhe Sheep race,
(R) Or Leianto.
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Cp- « Soklfi m-ycztd IL
The year following, which was 1500, Ba-yezidfiVttA out
a yet greater fleet for the Morea ; and at the fame time, en-
tering by the Ifthmus of Korinthy fat down before Modon.
Ifis batteries having macie four breaches in the walls, the
furks gave two fierce attacks ; but were repulfed both times.
In the interim, the Venetian admiral^ Trevt/ano, coming from and Mo-
Aeifle of Zant^ where he had lain with three great gallies, don:
hden with neceffaries> under three refolute commanders^ -
they broke through the Turkijb fleet, and ran themfelves
aground under- the walls of the town. But while the foldiers,
as well as dtiziros,^ overjoyed at thetr arrival; ran in crouds
to welcome them, leaving feveral places to the landward un-
guarded, the Janizaries^ feizing the opportunity, entered
the city without much <^pofition, and put moft of the peo-
ple to the fword ; among whom were the governor ^nd bi-
fhop : befidc;^ 1600 who were flain before the Soh^n^s tent.
However, to make fome reparation for this lofs, next the Veae^
year, Admiral P^wrw (for Trevifano was dead) purfuing the tians, Cc-
enemy's fleet to the mouth of the Hellefponty took above ^^?***i'
20 of thar gallies ; and the ifle of Mgina in his return. ^' ^'
Then, jcnning with Gmfaho the Great, tent by King Ferdi- *5^'*
nand of Spain to aid them, he at length, by that general's
conduft, wrefted the city of Cefahnia from the Turks ; which
was followed by the reduftion of the whole ifland. Not long
after, being informed, that part of the Turkijh fleet lay in the
bay of Arnbracia, he failed thither from Korfu y and fending
the gr&ter part of his fleet to the ifle oiN^ritos, with eight
gall& only entered the bay, burned one great galley of the
Turks y and carried away eleven more laden with ammunitioQ
aadprovifion. Soon after, he took the caftk of Pylos ; but
it was quickly Tccovered by Kamalia, a notable Turkijb pU
rate. Pi/aurio had not the likefuccefs in his attempt to burn
the enemy's gallies in the river Eante, on the coaft of Mace*
donia : for the 200 foldiers, fent in their veflels up the river to.
fet them^on fire, being hihdered to return by a contrary wind,
were befet by the enemy, and all flain.
About this time, Bd-yezid took the city of Z)t/r^z2o (S)/;&^Turk«p
from the Venetians ; who were now fore prefled with the long Durazzo.
war : but, receiving fome aid of fliipping from the French, Hej. qo7»
the admiral failed to the \^ of Lcftos, and laid fiege to the* A. D,
ftrong city of Mitilene (T). While a breach was making }n fS®'*
tfie
(S) The Turks do not men- (T) The Turkijb hiftorians
tion this conqueft, no more than only fay on this occaiion, that, ^
rfie taking of Cefalonia and' H^rah ^oj (A, D. 1-501), tl^e^
other loffcs. ' . Ifrangi (or Franks), wim a great '
P4 fleet,.
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Hijlory of the Othman Em^te. a XV*
the wall, he went A^'ith part of his fleet to Tenedos m queft of
the enemy* Mean time, iht French, contrary to the advice of hb
vice-admiral, having attacked the breach, were repulfed : as
they were on a fecond attempt at their return. Difcouraged at
this ill fuccefs, they failed homewards, and in their paflage many
were caft away. Of wAich proceedings the Venetian admiral
highly complained to the grand mafter of Rhodes, whom he
found ztParos coming to their affiftance. However, next fpring,
bpi,Qg joined by fome of tlie pope's gallies, he fuddenly be-
fi^ged and took Neritox, or St, Maura^ with the whole
A. D. Ifland, But this they held not long : for, the year following,
»503* a peace was concltjded between Bd-yezfd and the republic ;
-^f^c«»«^ whereby Neritos and ,Uukadia were reftpred to the Turks.
(me4, Qjj ^j^g Qjj^gj. \i^vA, the Soltdn obliged bimfelf to reftore all
the merchant-goods taken in the late war, to allow the fub-
jefts of the republic fafe traffic to the Eikxine fea and Cotifian^
tinople, with the privilege of having a conful in that city ;
and, laftly, to fettle the limits between the two powers.
B4-ye2id Thj: fame year, Bd-yezid, having ravaged \<#^iwiVx, in his
in danger, r^tum was met by a Derwtjh, or Turkifb monk; who ad-
vancing, as if to receive alms, iftruck him with a ihort fci-
meter : but, the Saltan's horfe ftarting, he miffed his blow ;
and, 'being knocked down by hfandiar Bafbd, was torn in
pieces by the foldiers. Bi-yezid after this, having made
peace "with all his neighbours (U), difbanded his army to
take their pleafure aftet fo many toils \
Hej .9x6. In 9 1 6, Sheytdn Kuli (X) began at Beg Bazar (Y) to broach
A' *J»
'5*^» I I.EVNCX.- & KiCAVT. ubifupr.
fleet, befieged Mitilin ; bijtthat, explanation of it, changing his
50 gallies coming to its relief, true name of Shah Kuli, or tbt
the enemy retired. On which JIa've of the Shdhy into that of
peace enfued. Cant, Othm, Hifi. Sheytan Kuli; thejla*ve cf Satan.
p. 133. Pnnce Cantemir, in a note^
(U) Peace was made with fays, that he was, by the Fer-
the Venetians by the afliftarKre of fians, held for a faint, and called
one Jndr^as Grittus, then t Sqfi,OTSofhus,thzus,)iie{^ys,'wi/e,
.flavc at thp court of Bd-yenad; But on what authority we c^n^
by which Leuias and Neritus not imagine ; for Sofi, not So*
were ^cflpred to the Turij^ and fhus, fignifies a perfon cloathed
C(fafopia to th? Venetians. Cant, m woollen, or a religious man.
(X) TJe Turh gave him this (Y) Beg, ox JBek, Bazar is a
name, from a belief that he town of Jnatolia in the road
was a inagician, and deiilt with from Ifmk, or Nicea, to Engiri,
the devils or rather maliciooily, or Ancyra\ $fx far from the
becaufe he undertook to cor- latter,
f e^ the Korin^ and give a new
his.
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C. 9. S Solt&n 6a-yezid 11. 217
his htrefy kv the Kordn ; which he fupported by miracles, and A. D*
thereby fo bewitched the credulous vulgar, that in a fhort >5'o.
time he had an army of followers. Hereupon Bd-ytz/d in- JtOO^
Aantly fends forces to difperfe thofe riotous aflemblies, under t . "'
JJi B(i/hd ; who, defeating the impoftor in battle, compelled ' J^ '*'
him to fly into the dominions of Shdh I/mael; where, meet- '
ing with more liberty to fpread his poLfon, he infcfted the
king (Z) and the whole Perfian nation K
The annals of the Saltans afford a better, and, in our opi- rehek im
nion, more Impartial, account of this tranfaftion. According to Afia :
them. Shah Kuli was the fon of Hajfan Khalifa one of the prin-
cipal men of the province of Tekiriy or Teke-ili (A) ; and, hav-
ing retired for fix or feven years to a fecret cave, without
ever Hiring out, was looked upon as a holy man. Bd-yezti^
not knowing that he was a KezU B4/h{B)f and of a different
feft in religion, fent him yearly 7000 afpers. At length,
leaving his cavern, and being joined by many of his follow^
ers, he, on a fair day, entered Jntalia (C), and plundered
it; flaying the judge,' and hanging up his quarters. By
the artifices of his emiflaries, having in a little time gath^ed
10,000 men, he marched againit Karagofa, Beglerbeg of
Anatolia ; whom he defeated and took prifonet. Then, ad-
vancing to Kutahia^ the capital of that country, fummoned
the inhabitants to deliver it up to him ; and, on their refufa!,
impaled the Bajha in their fight. On this, Korkud fet out
from ManiJJ'a {or Magnejia), with forces to oppok Shah Kuli ;
but, being put to flight, wrote to acquaint his father with
this rebellion. BA-yezid, inraged at Mi B^fbd^ and the other defeats th
Wazfrsy for jnot informing him of this affair, fent him with Turks:
troops into Afidy and ordered his fon Jhmed to join him from
Amafia. Mean time, Shah Kuli^ breaking into KaramanfUy de-
feated and flew Hayder^ its Bhjhdy with Zindis Kemal Beg.
Then, marching to the plain of Zibukkia, was met by Ali
BA/bd ; who attacked him. Hajfan Khalfay father of Sh&h
Kuliy having been flain with an arrow, a tumult arofe in the
rebel camp ; on which the BaJha, ruflied into the midfl of the
enemy, and was killed by them ; whereupon his army fled.
^ Cant. p. 134, & feqq.
(Z^' This is a flur, and not (A) A part of greater P/^ry^'/r, •
faa ; for Shdb l/mael had his re- (B) That is a Red Head, a
ligi. us principles from his father nickname given the foldiers of
^heykh Hayder : iTom^\iom^vfit\i Shah lfma»U froi» their red *
more probability, the Chriilian caps.
writers fay, ^hdh Kidi took his (C) The fame with Attaiiai
opinions, or Sattali, in Fampbilii .
After
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
retires to
Pcrfia.
Hiftary of the Othmati Empire. B. XV.
After this yiAory, Shib fCM bent his courfc towards TaMt,
in Perjta ; and, in the way meeting a karawdn with goods
belonging to Shdh I/fnacl, though he did not know fo much,
plundered it, and flew all the men : for which,* on his arrival
at Tabriz, he, aad his chief officers, were put to death by
Jfinaeh orders K
This tranfaftion is told with fome variation by other au-
thors. The Turkijh hiflorians, ufed'by Leunc/avius »«, men-
tion nothing of Sh^h KulVs robbing thekarawan; and fay,
he was gracioufly received by the king of Perfta, The
Chrlftian writers have added many circumftances from re-
port, not to be depended on.
Great THE fame year, 1509, there happened a dreadful earth-
earth'. qtiake at Conftantino^e, on 14th September \ which lafled 18
^uake.^ days, and deftroyed 13,000 peo'ple, befldes a great many
buildings. It was followed alfo by a mortality, which car-
ried-ofTnunxbers of people ".
Sclim re- ABOUT the fainc time, the Salt An, being much aiHifted
bels: "with the gout, contrafted by luxury, and <3d age drawing
on, he refolved to refign the empire to his eldefl fon Jhmed:
with this view, fending for him from Koniyah (or Ikonium),
he declares him heir of the empire, and propofed to retire to
Magnefia, Btit as he had difcovei'ed his inrention, before he
had gained the great men to Ahmed's interefl, it did not fuc-
ceed to his wifh : - for Seltmy who was governor of Trape-
zondy on this news, crofTes the Euxinc fe.a, with the forces
of his province, and marches to Adrianople, From thencev
under pretence of paying his dnty to his father (D), he hdles
with 20,000 men to Conji^ntinople, hoping the Janizarks^
1$ defeat- who were in hjs interefl, would join him. Bd-yezfd, per-
eJ^^ ceiving his fon*s defign, with what forces happened to be in
the city, bravely meets him at the village Ogris, near Chorlo\
A. D. where, in JoniazioU aivcl (E), 917, after a long and donbt-
151 1, ful battle, Scltm is put to flight. The SoltAn forbids all pur-
fuit, in hopes, he faid, his fon WQuld lay afide his fiercenefs,
' Annales Soltan. in Bajazct II. * See Hift. MafuU
Turk, in Bajafit II. p. 662. " Ricaut. qbi fupr.
(D) The Turks are enjoined chargeable with the fcrvant'i
by their law .to vifift their fm. This was ^///w's pretence j
country and parents, if in their for he had not feen his father
power, after a long abfencc; fo fmce he afccnd^d the throne*
that, if a fervant aflcs leave to Cant,
vifit his country, the mafler can- (E) The fifth month,
not deny him, without being
9 and
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by Google
C. 9. S Soltftn Bl-yeztd U. 219
and be convinced by this fatherly correftion, that God ap« A. D.
proves not the rebellion c^ chifdren againft their parents. 1510.
Thus Se/im, cfcaping by the goodnefs of a parent, got fafe ^^/^^^-^
to Varna; and thence, by fea, to K^d (A), in the Krim.
BA-TEZID^ on this, fends again to haften Ahmed; who, Inviudhj
inftead of coming (B), made anfwer, that his fiaither in vain
attempted to confer the crown on him, lince he knew not
only the Janizaries but all the gneat men were inclined to
Seltm, and ^^ifticd him to be emperor. BA-yeztdy finding
Ahmed's diffidence, and defirous to debar SeUm from the
throne for his difobedience, thought to defer his purpofe till
a proper opportunity : but as it fecmed difficult to revoke
his declared refolution of refigning, becaufe whatever is faid
or done by the Soltdns is believed unretraftable, he privately
endeavoured to induce the great men to petition him to alter
bis mind. But thefe, on the contrary, encourage the Jani^
zaries (weary of ten (C) years reft), to favour Se/im, and ac- '
quaint that prince by letters; that they have unanimoufly re-
folved to falute him emperor, and not fufFer Bd-yezid to de-
part from his declaration of refigning.
SEL IM, terrified perhaps by his former danger, at firft re- the Jani-
fufeshisconfent, and tells the confpirators f " that he is for from zarici,
" defpifing the throne, but was unwilling to do any thing con-
" trary to his father's pleafure ; efpecially as he had been taiight
** by late experience, that the hand of God was againft him.**
The Janizaries, notwithftanding this anfwer, repeat their in-
flances by the Zemberekchi P^Jhi, or chief of the militaiy en-
gines ; affirming, that they would all fwear-not to defift till
( A ) He is faid to»have mar- rebelling againft their father,
ried the daughter of Mohsmmtt Korkud repaired to Conjitpttir
Ghieraj, Khan of the Krim ; nof/e ; and that, pleading the
who afiifted him with fhipping merit of his dutiful refignadon
to p2i(s into Euroft^ 30 years before, Bdjesc^d pro*
(B) The T^urkijh annals fay, mifed, as foon as Selim was gone
he came and encamped at Ef- into AJia againft Ahthed, to re-
kudar, or Skutari, oppofite to fign the empire to him : that
Conjlantinople 5 'and then return- Selim, on advice that Korkud
cd, feizing the provinces of was at court, haftcd thither ; •
Afia Minor. KoM J, being foTCtd and, being* there proclaimed
out of ManiJ/a, retired to Con- Saltan by the Jamxaries, Kov
fiantinopk ; and afterwards had kud fled to Magnejta (or Jkfc-
a friendly conference with his fttjja),
\>Toxh€T Se/im : but, on his being (C) So Prince Cantemir com-
raifed to the throne, went back pates the fpace. The fur/is fay
to Manijfa. The Chriftian writ- only feme time.
%xi fay, both Ahmed and Setim
die^
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2 20 Hiftor) of tbi Othirtan Empire. B. XV,.
A. D. thfy faw him raifed to the throne, even againft his father's
1510. ^\\\^ Perfuaded at length by thefc promifes, iS^//m departs
^^^^^'""^ from Kdffay with a few attendants ; and, under the former
pretence of fainting his father, goes to Conjiantinople. On
news of his arrival, tht Janizaries Aoc\i together in theftreets;
And, joyfully meeting him at the Top Kdpu. (D), accompany
him to the Eni Bhghche (E), where they had prepared tenis
for him <*.
refairs to BA-XEZID^ troubled at this new unexpefted aflair,
Conftan- and perceiving nothing could be done by force> on the eighth
tiftople : day fends K(ya Mojl^a Pafha^ his prime JVaztr, to tell his
fon. If he dejlred to vifit him, why did he delay P But if,
tinder thofe proceedings, he only concealed his impiety, v)hy did
he vainly fpend the time ? Seltm, who perceived iffi-j^^z/^fs
policy^ returns a no lefs ambiguous and acute anfwer. Say-
ing, " he would not in the leaft difobey his father's orders,
* * but was ready to go where-ever he thought fit to fend him ;
" provided he pleafcd to fatisfy fome doubts he had entex-
'* taincd concerning the prefent adminiftration of affairs. Sofi
*' Ogli (F), a man of no account, has rifen in the eaft, and
" with a fwift progrefs laid wafte the Othnwn empire, as far
" as Kayfartya \ whilft you, inilead of defending the pro-
his artful " winces, are an idle fpeftator of his viftorics. On the other
/peed. ** hand, a Cherkafflan (G) of obfcure birth and name, who
" ought to be proftrate under the fword of the Othmans, has
** made himfelf mafter not only of Egypt, but alfo of many
** countries in Syria, formerly fubjeft to our dominion (H) ;
** and holds them to this day as if they were his lawful inhc-
*' ritance. To fuch contempt the majefty of the empire, rc-
'* vered under our aqceftors, is fallen, that they, who for-
•* merly, under the reign of Bd-yezid, were feared by the.
*' neighbouring nations as invincible heroes, are now, under the
** fame reign, as mpn unaftive and effeminate, fcorned and
,**• affronted. Where is now the honour of the Jli Othmih
• Cant. p. 136, & feqq.
(D) Or gate of the warlike en- tade. When were any countries
ginesy in the wellern part of the of Syria under the Othmdn pow-
city. Cant. er before the time of Bdyexid?
(E) That is, the neifj garden ;- The MamJuks were an older mo-
but at prefent a paflure about a narchy than that of the prefent
mile in compais, and called Turks ; and held Syria, as well as
Khayr. ^ . Ezypt^ before the time of Soley • '
(F) Ifntaily king of Perfia, man Sldh. Perhaps they, daiqi
(G) The king of Egypt. under the SelJUks. '
(H; This is all rhodomon'
*• fceptor i
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C. 9- 8 Soltan Ba^-yczid 11.
** Iccpter ? Where the military difcipline ? Where the
" zeal of propagating the law ? Where the art of go-
" vernment ? Is it thu8 the emphre is enlarged ? Is it thus '
" the order of our hitherto invincible foldiery is prefcrvcd ?
** — Thefe things duly weighed, let my father himfelf judge,
** whether they, who, by their own confent, permifiion, or
** negligence, have b^n the caufe of thefe mifmanagements,
•* can efcape punifhment : for unlefs a timely remedy be
** applied to thefe corruptions, we fhail be obliged to af-
" cribe the approaching, and almoft unavoidable, ruin oi
" the empire to our lloth, and not to the bravery of our
'* enemies."
The JVaztr' having reported to the Soltan his fon*s an- Ba-yezi4
fwer, Ba-yezid is faid to have replied : "I too plainly fee refigm :
*' my fon*s bufmefs is not to vifit his father : but right or
" wrong to feize the empire. However, I am convinced it
•* is defigned for him by heaven, from my dreaming (I) laft
" night, that my crown was, by the foldiers, placed on his
** head. Since therefore I deem^ it impious either to aft or
" attempt ^ny thing againft the will of God, with an humble
•' rcfignation to divine providence I lay down the enfignsof
" government, and will and command that Stiim be by all
•* laluted emperor.*' With this his refolution he inflantly
acquaints Selim^ and defires his permiilion to live privately at
Dymotika. Selhn intreats his father to remain in the new
palace ; for that he would be contented to reign in the old
one. But Bd-yezid ftill urged his requeft ; alleging, that
one fcabbard could never hold two fwords. At length, hav-
ing prevailed, he took with him the moft precious things out
of the treafury, and departed from Conjlnntinopky accompa-
nied by Tunus Bajba^ and a few friends, the i8th of Sefr^
in the year 91 8.
SELIM^ with the great men, attended his father to the madi
Kuchuk Chekmeje (K), or LiPtle Bridge, two hours diftant^'^^J'
from the city. In the way, he talked to him about fettling *"''^^*'
the ftatC', and defired his bleffing. After which, taking .
leave of his father, he returned to the palace ; where he re-
ceived the imperial diadem with the ufual folemnities.
(I) The Turks are very fu- what he faw muft be done ?
pcrAittous about dreams ; and (K) It is the town formerly
think, that the piure foul of a called Athyra, in the road to
Mufulman forefees, and is ad- Adrt ample and fix hours fr6m
moniflied of fome things in a Bujuk Cheimeje^x^T Great Bridge,
dream. Cfikt, Or was not this Cant,
to aiake a pretence for doing,
Mbin
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Hijiory of the Othman ^liiptre. K XV*
Mean time, Md-yezid porfntd his journey lo flowly, halting,
on pretence of indifpofition, in ahnoft every vilt^e, tl^at it brdd
' a fufpicion ift his fon, that he hbped* to be reftwed to the
government) which he had unwillingly refigned, by fome
|>opatar commotion. Perhaps this was the caufe, thar, when
he was fcarce 40 miles from Confiantindple, he ended his days
by an unexpefted martyrdom (L). The l^as^r and great
men 'being ordered to bring back the body, Selim him-
felf meets them on foot in a rtiourning habit without thie
city ; and, in a pompous proceflion, orders the corps to be
buried in the Jarni founded by BA-yezid,
This Soltdn lived 62 years (M), and reigned 32.
Pii cba- ^^ ^^^> according to the Turkifh hiftorians, a valiant
rd^ier : ^^^^ prince, of an invincible mind, even in adverfity ; and
bad, by exercife, acquired fuch ftrength, that few could
equal, and none furpafs him. He was a pundhial obferver
of the law, and a great patr6n oi the learned ; to each of
' whom he not only gave every year 10,000 Jkche (N), but
alfo bountifully fupplied them with Sofia (O), and provLfions.
He was himfelf fa well verfed in all parts of literature, that
he was efteepied by his people the prince ^f learning. By
his conduft, or good fortune, the Othman empire was en-
larged, and grievous wars waged with great honour. He
repaired the walls of the city, demoliflied in many places by
$n earthquake ; and, in the Brafiefs Market (P), raifed a
^-ftaiely J&miy of admirable workmanihip, with, another at
Jmajia, no lefs beautiful, though not fo large : not to men-
tion the many Madrefeh and Imarets erefted by him in feve-
ral cities. He built, near Ozmhijik^ over the river Kiztl h-,
tndk, or redjlream,' a marble bridge of 19 arches; and an-
-other of fqnare ftone, with the fame number of arches, over
( L ) From hence may be in- the Grtek word Aj^ron, It is a
fcrred, that what Fhilif LonU piece of money lefs in weight
r^rtfj, ^om. i. part 5. c. 22. re- and value than all other coin,
lates of his death out of ^/7/<70v • the brafs halfp'^nies, calkd
Mane'vin, is not a fiftion ; ^ix. Mangbtrt excepted ; 1 20 of
that he was murdered on his them make a Leonine^ and 300
journey by the hands of a Je^- a Venetian crown. Cant. Tnefe
ij^ phy fician, though the Turks -are the money commonly called
do not plainly confefs the deed, a/per s by Europeans •
Cant. What regard then is to ( O ) Softa are a kind of
be paid to their authority as clothes, made of woollen,
hiftorians ? ( P ) Not far from the old
(M) The Chriftian writers palace called anciently Kbal'
make him 76 or 80. koiratcr. Cant.
(N) IVbitet a tsandation of
. « "the
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the river Gbioz Sui, that is, water of the eyes^ in the pro-
vince of S^rikhdn.
He is faid^ to have carefully preferve4 the duft, which
ftuck to his cloaihs in his expeditions, through the whole A/^f/'^'-
courfe of his life ; and in his laft hours conjured thofe pre- ^f ^^^'
fent, with direful imprecations, to make a large brick of it, ^^^ '
and place it in his monument^ under his right arm, iuftead
of a cuftiion ; declaring, that he had always redded the
Jtfadisy ox faying ( QJ ; viz. " If any man's feet have been
'* fprinkled with the duft in the path of the lord, him will Gdd
'* prefervc from hell-fire." This is commended by the Turki
as a Angular inftance of piety in BcL-yeztd.
He had five fons, Ahmedy Selitn^ Shehin Shah^ Akm Sh&h^ his fin*'
and Korkud^. The Chriftian writei's fay, he had a nume-
rous iffuc, although only four were remarkable ; Jhmed^
Mohammed^ KorHd^ and Selim. Of thefe they relate, that
the fecond feemed moft worthy of the empire, as having a
lively fpirit, acute parts, and generous difpofition r how-
ever, the immoderate aiFeftion of the people to him haftened
his death. As Ahmed and he were by the fame venter, they
loved each other greatly : but Mohammed^ having the curio-
fity on a time to fee how his brother behaved, went from
Magnefia^ which was his government, with two friends, dif-
guifed in religious habits, to Amafia ; where they received
no more than five afpers from Almied for their mufic and de-
vodon. This fo offended Mohammed, that at his return ht fatal frf
wrote his brother a reprimanding letter ; in which he fo ntl- /iVjr.
lied him for his niggardlinefs, that Ahmed was never after
friends with him. Not long after, Mohammed, with fomc
friends, difguifed in failors cloaths, went to Conjlantinopk :
of which Bd-yezid being afterwards informed, it raifed fo
' many fufpicious thoughts in his head, that at laft he wrote
to Afmehediy who was Mohammed's fecret enemy, to poifoa
him ; which was fpon after efFedled. Yet the Solt^n fhewed
great concern for his fon's death, and condemned the mur-
derer to perpetual imprifonmenr. This happened a little
before the rebellion of Selim P. ,
• Cakt. ubi fupr. * P Ricaut. al. fupr.
( QJi That is, Sayhgof Mo- it from the Hadtfi Kudisy or di-
hammed. There is a colleftion fvine fayings, contained in the
of thefe fayings, or prophefies, Kordn ; \vhich were dictated by
called Hadis an Nebenji, or fa^- the angel GabritL Cant.
ingsofth prophet, XO 6\f^THmih
CHAP.
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9 Soltan
Selim I.
Hej. 918
A.D.
15x2,
marches
againft
Ahmed :
HiftoPf of the Othihan Empire. B. XV.
C HA P. X.
Ihe Reign of Selim L
^ SECT. I.
TranfaSlions to the IFar with Egypt.
VELIM^ who was firnamed Taviiz (R), afcended the
^ throoe on the 19th of Sefer^ 918, in the 46th year of
his age, having been born in the year 872, whilft his father
was lord of Amafia. His brothers, either on account of his
intereft with the foldiery, or 4fe to avoid the falliesof his
paffion, did not- dare to contradift his ele^lion. Only Ahmcdy
who knew \\s, could no-where be fafe whilft Selim was on the
throne, refolved, through deff>air, to remove hlra if pof-
fible. Hereupon, allur-ed by a falfe expedlatiort, that fomc
great men, who favoured his brother only in appearance,
would efpoufe his caufe, he, with all the forces of Amafia^
prepares to pafs into Europe* Selim^ having had early no-
tice by his fpies of Ahmed's defign, leads his forces into j^fia^
in order to furprife hjim befgre his whole army was aflembled ;
as inefU'ft he did. However, Ahmed bravely met his bro-
ther with what troops he had at Enijhdhr, and fought in the
foremoft ranks ; fo that he more than once rallied the broken
wings : but at laft, his army, being overpowered by numbers,
was intirely broken, and moft of his men flain ; few endeavour-
ing to efcape by flight, among whom was Ahmed : but, being
taken, he was immediately ftrangled, and buried at Prt{/a ^
1 Cant, p. 143, Sc feq. Leukcl. in Bajazit II.
(R) ya^i.^iz properly fignifies
Jiircsy or fa*vage^ and from
xhtnct fajjonate. This name,
it is faid, was applied to Selim
for his rage and tyranny, with .
which he purfued not only cri-
minals^ but alfo (be innocent,
even his father and brothers.
Having once ordered his prime
Wazir to pitch his tents in a pro-
per place, and the IVazir only
aficing to what quarter he would
have them pitched, he was im-
mediately put to death without
any anfw^r made him. His fuc-
ceiTor met with the fame fate
the fame day: but the third,
made wifer by the examples of
the other two^ pitched the tents
to the four quarters x)f th,c
world. So that, being aflced by
the Scltan to what quarter the
(expedition was prepared, he
anfwered, that every thing was
in rcadinefs, let him defign his
march what way he thought fit.
Hereupon Selim replied, the
death of the two firll has faved
the life of the third, and.pro-
cured me agoo(^ ffazir. Cant,
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t. id. '9 &)Itan Selim I. .225
Oth&r writers fay, that Jkned, on Seym's approach, Bei A. D.
io the mountains bordering on Armaiiay and endeavoured to > 5 > 3-
raife forces ; while his brother, unable to winter in fo cold a VjotnJ
country, retired to Prufa. Froih thence he difpatched tJfeghi
B&Jb& to furprife Morad and Atao'ddin^ two of Ahmed's fons,
iri Amafia : but having notice 6i his defign from Mqfiafa^ *
the old Bijbd (who detefted his cruelty to his other nephews,
aldiough he was the main promoter of his advancement to
the throne), they laid an ambufcs^de for Ufeghi ; who was
taken, and moft of his men flain. The captive Bdjba, how-
ever, difcovered the treachery of Mqftafa, and gave advi<fc of
it to Seltm^ who immediately put him to death : on which
acws, Ahmed ferved Ufeghi the fame fauce.
Spring drawing nigh, that prince was folicited by ^hisarti- '
friends, in his turn, to fall fuddenly on Selim : who, iorfice. _j
want of his European forces, might eafily, they fdd, be van-
quifhed. Accordingly, he fet out for Prufa with 1 5,060
horfe, leaving for hafle his foot to follow by eafy marches;
^ehm^ advifed hereof, prepares to oppofe him 5 and^ having
intercepted the letters of fome friends of Ahnted^ direfted
from his own camp, urging hiih to come before his brother's
forces Were joined together ; he firft puts the confpirators to
death, and then fends letters in their names, renewing their
inftances to' haften his march, and not ftay for his foot : ibr
that, as fooh as the lignal of battle was given, they would
hife a tumult in the army, and flay Seltm,
A KM ED, on this encouragement, advances as far as the AbittC^' "*
tiver Parthenius (S) \ Where Sindn P^fhd, who was fent be- taken and
fore with 1 5,000 j^atic horfe to try the enemy's ftrength,
fell unexpeftedly in their way, and, was defeated, with the
lofs of one half di his men. Selimy however, not difcouraged^
inarched oil to the river Elata (T)'; and croifing to the other
fide, where his brother was encamped, placed 1000 men in
ambufh in a- wood, under the command of Kh&n Ogli, a
young Tat^r prince, his brother-in-law, with orders to fall
on the enenay's rear, when the battle was begun. .Next day^
both armies bring ready to engage, Ahmed (cnt to challenge
Silim to decide the quarrel by a fmgle combat ; and, on his
Ircfufal, charged his right wing, fword in hand, with his
Per/tan horfe, who made the Turks retire. Then going to
thefupport 6f his other troops, who were worfted by Selim's
kk livings and mieiin body, where the Janizuries fought, hd
^ (S) "Sow Sartin, a corrup- . ( T ) Now, it is thought,
tion of the old name. called Haibeh/L
Mop.SU«T,VoL.xn. CL renewed
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Hi/tfffypfaeOfiaxAn Empire. KXy.
Miewed the battle, bearing down all befiore hidit with great
coQrage and order. But while he was in great hopes of vk>
' tory, KMn Ogli^ iflTaii^-forth oat of the wood^ attadLs hb
rear ; fo that his fmall army, bang every way hemmed-in,
fledas wdl as they could, to lave themfeives* Jbmedgpit-cS
among the reft : but falling with his horfe into a ditch, be
was there taken, and put to death by his brother's order :
but his two ions, before-mentioned, efcaped; the firft ioto
Perfidy and the other into £^/f ^
Kotkad -^ ^^^ ^^ after, Sdtm leads his viAorions troops againft
Jtrmngkd. J^rjfiid^ who had hitherto chofen to reverence his brother,
and fee what fortune would allot him, rather than imbrue his
hands with fratridde: but finding hb fubmiflion difiegarded,
and his' blood thirfled after, he meets Seltm with fuch troops
as he could raile in haf^e (U) ; propofing ratho* to die not
umevenged, than to conquer. Accordic^y, being eafily
vanquUhed, and deferted by his people, he wanders alone in
the night through ^defert ways, and by day conceals himfidf
in oUcure caves; intending, as it was, thought, to fly, like
his brother Jem^ to the Chriftians. Selim^ to prevent this,
having ord^ed him to be more diligendy fought after, he
was at laft difcovered by a foldier, and brought to his bro>
^ thcr ; who, without giving him an opportunity to fpeak fiar
himfelf, though he eameftly defired it, delivers him to the
executioner to be flrangled *.
e Y SELIM, after fettling the affairs of jffia, returned to
matches ^^^^^ ^^^ v^cat to refide at Adrianople ; becaufe his capital
was affifted with the plague, which (wept away 160,000
pcrfons K
' LfeUNCL. Hift. Mttful. & Annal Soltan. Ricavt. in Ba-
Jazet II. " Cant. p. 144, k feq. Lbumcl. ubi fupr.
' Ricavt. ubi fupr. ,
( U ) According to others, write Ms mind, he did it very
Korkud made no oppofit'(on» but readily in Turkifi verfe ; fetting
£ed towards the fea, in hopes forth his brother^s cruelty, and
of getting a pa(ra|e to Kandia^ praying for vengeance in fo
t>i Rhodes : but bemg prevented pathetic a mansei*, that $e^
by the T^urkijh gaUies, which on fight of it, buz^ into teats,
lay 00 the coaft, he hid himfelf and profdTed greit ferrow. He
In a cave by the fea fide, not far likewife caufed 1 5 of thofc^
from Sfnyrna ; whence fending whom he fent to fearch for hljn.
Ids Mn for relief to a cottage to be put to death. Ricaut, in
hard%y, he was difcovered bySelimt. See aUb Letmclmjius
• ^ peafant, and taken. Befc»^ inStUm.
his deathi being allowed to
THi
Digitized
byGoogk
C. 10. 9 Sok&Q Selttn L itf
Ths Sokin having thus deftroyed the rivab of his em- A. D.
pire, as well as fome domeftic enenues (X), turns his thoughts 1 5 14«
to fordgn conqnefts. The chief object of his refentment was V^vx/
Sck^ Vauriy king of Egypt ^ with whom Bd-yiztd had made '•^<' P«'
, a peace ; but fearing lei mzilb&fb Shaht (Y) ftiould fidi upon *»
* him in the interim, he refolves to humble the Perfians 61A.
ITith tlus view, in the year 920, leading a numerous army He}, oao.
into Afia^ he marched to the plain called KaldirAn (Z), at a! D.
nHz, (or ToAiris) ; where, findmg the enemy's troops not 1514,
inferior. to his own, he calls a coundlof his Wazirs and
friends, who were for deferring the battle till next day, that
hit forces might have time to recover from their ratigue.
S^m did not think this reafon good, becaufe the enemy wa9
eqnaUy Sutigued, and therefore gives orders to prepare im*
mediately for battle. Then fending for Ptri PdJbA^ his
DefUrdAr (A), or treafurer^ he bids him ^c; his opinion in
the cafe ; which happening to be agreeable to his own (B),
SeHm cries-out, that ajfure^^to Ins own and the empire* s great
hfsy this man had keen till then uninvefted with the prime
agtdnJI
/IrShih.
« Cant, p.- 145, h feqq.
(X) Thefe were fome great
courtiers who privately favour-
ed Bi-m^d [or Jhmed], and
. were all put to death. Cant.
Among them alfo may be
reckoned the fons of his bro-
thers. Or Khan, fon of jiUm
Shah ; Mehemet, oijehan Shah ;
Or Khdny Armifa^ and Mufa^
fons of Mohammed : i(Il young
princes of great hopes, eipeci-
^y Mehemety who hadadmir^
able perfections both of bod^
and mind. He flew two of his
executioners before they could
do their work.
(Y) That is, king of the red
heads ; meaning Ifinael So/i, fo
nicknamed in hatred by the
Turisf for the reformation of
die Koran before mentioned $
whidi he gave a fanflion to,
(Z) According to- the dpi*
nion of many, it Is a fpaoioot
plain, under the walls of Ti*.
2tm,- and ilill retains the name
of Khaldirdn. Others think, it
is a fmali town not far from tha^
city. The word fignifies i^man
who expoies any thing to theft,
from the verb khalarum^ tofttal:
hence hhat^Hrum^ to caufe to
fteaL Cant.
(A) Spelt alfo TefterdSr.
(B) Among other things, he
faid, it was a good omen to at*
tack the enemj/ at Jirfi fight , andfaH^
on them before they can open their
eyes : on which Pri^^ce Cantemir
obferves in a note, that the
Turks are pcrfuaded, if they
make the firft onfet, the viftory
will be theirs : yet that, in the
laft war with the German^^(i
befl and moft prudent of their
generals were entirely of an*
other opinion.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Hifiory if. iU Othm&n Umfvre. fi. XV.
HelLEUPoif he oomntiaBds the eDemy, who had inveftcd the
dty with thdr forces, to be invefted and attacked. Jhe batde
^began ^th the great guns ; which were difcharged by the
Afrtat European troops, ftationed fo unluckily, that an oppoiite
iattlt. hillock either received the balls, or fent them over tl4 Per-
fum camp. Upon this Sindn Pdjbd (C), advancing with the
Afiatic forces, dra^ng their field-pieces after th^, when
he came within cannon-fhot, ordered the foremoft ranks to
open, and give room for the artillery to play ; which made
fuch a flaugbter, that the Perjian troops, before like a wall^
iEbemed now to refembk ftreets and lanes (D). Hieenemy's
i;anks beiQg thus broken, the fignal is given to charge them
hand to hand with fwords and javelins ; by which means one
half of thdr left wing bdng (lain, the reft are forced to Aj.
The Sh^^ perceiving the danger they were in, leaves t^
right ; andi with the beft r^ments, coming to their rdief ,
bravely repels the Othndns, now intent on the deftru^tion of
the reft. Selim^ on the other hand, percdving his right wing
qpprefled with numbers, places 13,000 Jamzaries on their
flank, with orders firft to charge the enemy at a diftance wth
ball, then attack them fword in hand ; and thus, by bearing
the brunt of the battle, give the others dme to rally.
Shah If- Th ese orders having been duly executed, the Perjians were
mael^- fo ^ercdy attacked, that they began flowly to g|ve ground,
feated, and at laft to fly i the right wing, who ftiil bravdy maintained
the combat, perceiving this, and defpairing of viAory, fled
likewife, to thdr eternal diftionour. The Shdh himfelf could
not have cfcaped by the (wiftnefs of his horfe, if the night
coming pa had not put an end to the purfuit. Befides many
thoufands flain (E) and taken prifoners, the Perjians loft the
leaders of both wings, Mehemed Khan and TekieU Kbdn^
the braveft generals at that time in the Shah's dominions.
' Selim found in the Per/tan camp the immenfe treafure and j
rich furniture oi Ifmail Shah (F). After tlus, he dedared
Ptri PaJhH, the advifer of the battle, Waztr\ and orders all
^e Nifa and Sabian captives to be difmi^d, faying, it was
{C) A very famous general jSreet, a Turkijh phrafc, fignify.
among the Turks. At Con/Ianti- ing confufed heaps here and
ftop/e, a ftately buildine of his* there. Canf.
Hands on 50 marble pillars, in (E) But the numbcfr on cither
the entrance of the inner port, fide is not mentioned by the
over-agaihft Fera: where the Turkijh hiiionsins. Cant.
Bofidnji Pajha is_ wont to rcfide (F) Inftead 6f Udh Ifi^l^
in the fpring. Cant. perhaps by way of contempt.
{f^)^$k:,kbc fikdk^fireetij ' ■
Digitized
^/
byGoogk
J
C lo. 9 Spl^ ScMm I. f^^
wyu/l to make Jlaves of men who wfreSunri (G}, and forced A; D.
into arms ; and that ^e vanqui/bect wite rather to he treated 1514*
tvitb clemency than cruelty, " V-^-V*^
Next day, the inhabitants of Tlhrfz, finding tbemfehrcs T^oris
dderted by thdr king, fmrender the diy to SeBm ; who cn^Arrewdcru
ters, and refreflies his foldiers for a few days. Then, leaving
a ftrong garrifon, returns to Amafia, his farther progrefs be-
ing obftrufted by the enemy laying wafte the country. From
hence he fent to Conjlantinopk many captives famous for
birth and learning ; among whom was Hujfeyn^ fon of (H) Btka^
rar^. This is the account g^ven by the Turkijb hiftorian or
hiflonans made ufe rf by Prince Cantemir : but other writers
of the fame nation, as well as ChrifBan/relate this war in a dif-
ferent manner ; and affirm that IJmael b^an it firft, on the; >
following occafion*
The Shdh having fent an ambaflador to compliment SeHm Morid/*-
on his acceffion to the throne, and withal a lion by way o^vades
prefent ; the Sohan, thinking it was done to affi*ont him, fent Anatoli^s
back two dogs by way of return. Ifmael, more incenfed at
this contemptible ufage, refolved to make Mor&d^ fon of
Abmed^ the inflrument of his revenge. The Shahy taking
compaffion on this young prince, had given him his daughter
in marriage, and early in the fpring next year fent him with - '
10,000 horfe into Kappadociay as well to make trial of the
people's afFeftion to him, as die enemy's ftrength. At the A. D,
lame timd, he ordered Vaji Oglz, a famous commander, to 1514^
follow with 20,000 horfe more, keeping fKll a day's march'
behind, while he himfelf, vnth a much greater power, (laid
in u4rmenia, for fear he fhould want pro^fions. When Mo»
rM had entered Kappadociay feveral placeis furrendered t6'
\^m ; others he toolc by force^ which h^ dcftroyed. His dq-*
^ Caht. p. 148, & feqcj*
(G) This IS 51V inviolably Mu/J^dr^^ thtOrpheus of Ihk Ftr^
law with the 7»r^, unlers they Jians, and his fcholar Gulim^
tie rebels ; ^hd th^ they n^aft the Arah, All Turky and Perfia
^her be put to death, or re- were delighted with their me-*
leafed : but the Tatart do not lody and longs, till the time of
obferve this inaxipi, of which B^bdn Mohmmnud (the 4th), in
Prince Cantemir^ on this occa- whofe reign the art ot mufic,
flon, gives an inftance. alnioft forgdtten, npt onrly^re-
(H) He was the Mecenas o£ vived, but was much improve^
the oriental muiitlkns ; and by Osanin Ejfendi. Caijlt,
bad die ^ea^eft regard for Haja
0^3 figa
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
aji HiJiory$f the .OfiknAn Empire. B.XV.
A, D. Rm 5via to have proceeded to Jmafia : but vras prevented by
1514* iujm4em, Begleri^ of Anatolia, an old experienced com-
V"*V^ mander ; who, wim a great army, mfet him at Siwdz, ot
ScVimfifs 3y thU time SeBm being arrived at Prtffa, quickly af-
««/ ^* fembles an arjny of 40,000 ; and, fetting forward, in thirty
days 9omes to Arfinghn. There underftanding how the enemy
^d ravaged the country, and retired, he refolved to follow
them clofe : but, when the afiiir came to be propofed in
Council, a great many difficulties were ftarted, as the length
of the march, the cold of Mount Taurus, and heats of the
Armenian plains, befides the danger from the petty kings of
Armenia ; efpedally Akidulet, lord of the mountains, who,
it was thought, ought not to be left behind. Khemdem there-
^ fore advifed him to refrefli his men, and wait for the enemy
}n Kappadocia. But Selim, diflikiog this counfd, fpoke con-
temptibly of the giver ; which affording his enemies an occa-
fion to ruin him with the SoItAn^ they went fo far, ^s to pro-
cure falfe witneflcs to fwear that lie had received a great
fum oi money from Mordd. Whereupon iS^/^iw, without
Qiore ado, ordered him to be put to death.
§iften Ar- After this, he marched to the borders of the Ltffir
ipcnia : Armenian kings, whom he defired to join him againft the
Perjians ; promifiag to bcftow on them all the conqueft :
, . but their anfwer was, that they had taken-up arms tor no.
other end than to fecure their territories, and without any
defign to oiFend either him or the Sbdh. At the iame time,
they offered him a free paf&ge through their ftates, provided
be would commit no hdftilities; and promifed, when he was
entered into the Greater Armenia, to fupply him with fuch
proviiions as their poor countries could a£K>rd. Hereupon
Seltm, diflfembling his refentment, pailed the mountains, and
in eight days came to the Euphrates ; along which he kept^^
for tear erf wanting water, till he came to its fimrce, in
mcMmfs Mount Per^rdo (I) ; where he encamped. From thence lie
99arYjoy:{ccit fcouts toget intelligence; who, after two dayrfcarch,
' returned without one prifbaer, and told him, that 2M the
country lay wafie» and w^^deferted by Che inhabitants. Oa
> Paux. J0VIV8. .LtuneL.R^CAUT* i» Selyvius.^
(I) Mtnadei fays, it was in his hours journey from die city o^
tkne called Kbiildiri but Ta- ^/iSiriSOT, in the mountain called
'Oernier,. Tiurm/ort, and other at prefent Minfbhly or the tJkotH
latter travellers, affure us, that /and JfriMfj^
tik^ Eufbrates rif(ps aboQt ij^
Digitized
byGoogk
C. icw 9 Soit^ Sdbn L
dttslie begyn to fear tresKhay, and called to ffisnd die a^tioe
6iKbemdem ; yet he zffcutd diearfiil, iod noderfhmdiiii^
by MsnadeSy that to d^ n^t» beyond the axmntain, -was ^
theomlfrmtfislaKiiitry %£ TSi jhmema^ be bent his conrie
Aatwiy; and having (after a loc^]mg^)croAed tbe^ir^
rfxyre Kay (K)^ he marched to die KaUtrSn ph&os (L), ^vfaicb
are in its Dei^bonrhood.
SHAH J/mael, who was near at hand, to prevent ^trffam
enemy taking that dty, lefolved forthwith to ^e tbcmA'^^'
batde. But firft he fenta herald, with feme attendants, to
cxpoftnhte widi SeSm about invadipg hb maflcr's coontiy^
and bid hifli prepare fior battle next day; while thole in cook
pany obfervcd ms camp* The SoltJhi, in anfwer, reqoired
AferJe/nu^tbe^en-np ; and, on that conditioa, jiroiiufed
to return home. Next day, he fet forward ag^unft Jfinael, in
order of batde; though he coold by no means Icam what
force he had : lo fu^bl were the Perfians to their pince,
that not one of thcto deferted to the Sobiny diongh many of
the Turks went over to the Sbih.
S ELI My who had 80,000 cavalry in his army, polled Hisgrrat
HaffimP&JbSy widithe.fi!iin;g^tfnhorie, in the right wing ; and f^rccti,
Sinan Pijb^y with the Jfiatk horfe, in the left, having die >A«
ar^i before them : the Jfapt were placed in the main battle ;
and behind moved die ardlkry guarded by 4000 horfe. Then
followed Selfm himfelf and his Janizaries ^ encompafied with
imall fidd-ineces and carri^^es, be^des a doable fortification of
his chained camels. He alfo ordered his foot, who were in the
van, on th^ approach of the enemy's horfe, immecBately to
open for th4? cannon to play npon them.
Th(ese difpofitions bang made ^own hy deferters X<ytb%fe^
Jfmaely he divided his forces into two bodies likewiie ; one Ifmad;
commanded by himfelf, and the other by Vi^i OgU. Ifinaet^.
force was very fmgft (M), compared with that ^ the Twrij,
confifting c^ 30,000 horfCy without any foot : but among
them were 10,000 men at ^xf}&^ Th^fe wete a^ brave troops,
(K) Tbatmnft be to the north t(wards the river Jras^ the anr
of the aiCf K§y ; whiph maybe tient Araxts. See p. 334.
ahopt 60 nulips to the w^ of (M) But it feems incrediWe,.
Tmtrit, that fa final! a number (hould
(L) Thefc plains, accordM^ make fuch a jUad againil, an4
to Minadn^ and others, lie near almoft vanqui^, 300,000 ; ef-
iT^, po^hty between tha^ city pecialiy confidering the Itwrhv
and fahrizt or Taurij, but ra- had near double the number of
ther nearer the firft than the lad ; . horfe, and fight n^acly on a pai^
dramns, perhaps* northw^d mthtl^eP^rfitms.
0^4 aifiped
Digitized
byGoogk
p^ Hijioij rf tbe OthxtAn Eff^ire. ^f?^\^
A.D, armed with* lances, fiineters, and maces: the fd[l^ wbo
1 5 14. fought with arrows, or ftaves, wore cuirafles and hdmcts^*
V/VNi' The Per/tans, not regarding the number of their enemies^
reckoned tp amount to, 30.9^00^, b9ldly advanced againft
them ; and t^e <S^, Qldferving that the jifajfi, Pn hS ap*
proach, divided for the artillery to play, he did the like with
his troops, and prcfently charged the Turks right wing,
After a terriUe fight, he flew H^an P4/b4 hiadfii^ and. a
^reat number of his men ; forcing the reft to retreat to th^
jplace where iS^//m was with his JanizarUs *.
the hattle ^^ ^^"^ ^^^^ ^^^^* ^^' ^^^^^ hsiyvag r9cciyed no imall
koubtful : .harm from the enemy's artillery, becaufe he was not fo nimbly
*as his mafter in opening hi| troops, charged the,.^^!^ hotk
In th^ left v^ing, and mad^ a great ilaughter. But th«t ge^
ii^ral happening to be flain, the Qthmans renewed the battl^
with great fiiry, and with their Harqueb^frs drove t^e ?er^
ban hapfe headlong upon the Turks common fopt. Yet the
PerfmnSy valiantly breaking through thofe foot, pierced evea
to their cannon, which they took ; and like conqtierors-came
to th^ right wing, where Jfpiaelw^s vigoroufly charging thc^
European iioric, who, retreating, fent to S^lim for help.
Hereupon^ the Soltdn opened in two places th^ carriages,
with which he hacf barricaded his horle, apd detached part
of them to fijccour the diftrefled Ettropeans : but could neither:
by fair or foul means mal^e the Janizaries go brifkly on. So
that the Perfians^ in this heat, iurrounding the cavalry, hewed
them down like flieep ; and were ready to attack Sehm in hi§
greateft ftrerigth, when Sindn Pdjha^ though his w^pg had
been in a manner overthrown, following the enemy over heap§
... of the flaughtered foot, came feafonably to the Soltdn's m-
iiftance, and reftored the battle now alraoft loft, with fo
much fury, joined to the thundering of the Turki/b cannon,
^at the Othtndnsy among their difmal days^, term t][us only
the day cf dQom.
J - The fortune of the day now began to change, chiefly thrq*
^^f ^ the invincible courage ot AH Beg^ and his brother Mehemed^
thri'wn. ^f *h^ noble family of Mikaif Kqffi \ and IJmael happening to
te ihot in the left fhouldcr, was perfuaded by his officers tio
i:etreat. This hq the readier did, on hearing d£ the death
of VafiiOgliy and in fo good order, as to have no refemblance
of a flight. As he pafled by Tauirisy he required the ddzens
to open their gates to Seliniy rather than be utterly ruined.
irhe wearied Turks did not purfue the Perfians at alj : but^
\ Paul Joviusi &c. ubi fupr,
fnteniJg
Digitized
byGoogk
6. 10.^ $ Soltln SeHm L 2^}
eitterii^ tbdr camp, took all thdr tents, and many noble A. D.
ladies; who, after the Perfian manner, had followed their 1514.
lords to the wars. And what is very remarkable/ there Were ^w^v'""^
{rand among the flain th^ bodies of many womem armed, ,
who had fought befide their hufoands in the battle. Thele
Sekn ordered to1>e decently buried ; apd fet at* liberty all the
feft, e^epdng one pf IJmaellz wives, vrhom he gave in mar-
riage to a Pqfbi. In this fiunous battle, foi^ht th^ 7 th Augufi
1514, Selim loft 30,000 men of the flower of hb army, witk
Eagaa P^fh^ and feven SanjMs ; among whom were thp two
vapaqt brothers before-mentioned.
F^OM the iSSoifiriJn plains, 5^/»w marched to Tatiris^ and ThiTnrIa
Itched his army in the fuburbs. Some fay, he was afraid to barrajgifi
^ into the city but in difguife : others affirm^ that l\e mad^
a great f^ in the Sh$h'% pal^cf . His defign was to have
ipent th^ winter in thofe parts : but the Janizaries declaring
Aey would defert him if he ftaid, and Selim at the fame tim^
bang informecii that the Sh^ was making great pr^parationa
ag^nft him, l^e, contrary to his promife, exa^ed a great fum
of the inhabitants of Tlw/ri/, and carrying ^png with hina 3000
workmen, beft {killed in making armpur a^d weapons, hi\
inarched back with all fpe^d to the Eupkrates^ But, before
his whole army had (rofled th^t river, the Georgian horf^
Ae vanguard of IfmaeH army, came in fight ; which ftruck
the T%rks with fuch a fright, that 2opo of them wei^
drowned, fcveral field-pieces were left ftickiog in the mud,
and great part of their baggage carried .away with the ftream ^
for ^ this the enemy got a confiderable booty there.
Thei^ paflage qver the Antitaurus was yet more danger- in their
pns than that of the Euphrates ; for they were continually turn.
planned aud attacked by the mountain people, who did them
much harm. This was all done by the orders oi /ilaideulet^
though he pretended it was not in his power to help it.
However Seltm^ who knew to the contrary, put-off revenging
the ill-offices of that prince to a more favourable opportunity;
and at laft, with much ado, got fafe to Trapezond. From
fhence he proceeded to Amajia^ where he fpent the winter in
recraiting his army ; defigning, in the fpring, to go and call
Ahadeulet to an account for the damage done him in his laft
march'..
This is the account g^en by Paulus Jovius of the wars Caufe qf
between the Tl/r-* J and Perfians\ with whom, for the general, tht'wari
Ai^lelk^ who ferved in thj army of Uzdn Hajfan^ I/maePs
^, Paul Joyiut, ubi, fapr,
p^-edeceflbr
Digitized
byGoogk
.A.D. ipnAtct&j^TkiiSb^ According to diat
i$i4- atMdkr, fhe Sobin woold iierer have uodertakai the wiar
i/^^V%^ againft i^tif^^btttfor the cncoarag^cntghrcn him b]r|b?eni
I»if the Kur^t mhdUd^ the raraittains of BitAsy -who
were the Shii^^ (O) eoeoues. Thefe harii^ mrited hiiQ to
invade Perfia at a time when .^^mnf was at war mtb the
Vatsrs^ and his farces.at a great diftsnee mKbor^JfSn ; 5W/flt
Ijearing, that, tf the iW* rooted the Tatars^ he wcmid fboD
make up ooatteFS with the SoHin of ^^/ to his pr^ircBoe^
iai (^149 marched linth a great army foJmapa ; firomwfaence;
in May, he fet forward, paffii^ by Tok£d and Sho4s, where
the dominions of the Sbdb bc^ (P), to Arfatgin^ maUi^
great fp(»I in his way.
the armhs 1SMj4E l^ hAag informed of thefe proceedings ^Tatnis,
mitt : fent Stuji iUi Mebemed beg, and Kara hek Sampiray two of
his beft generak, to rs^forces in DiyirMr, his army being
Itill in Khorajfin. Thefe conrnianders, having gotteD toge-
ther 20,000 men, advanced to the paflage of tne Et^brates .*
yet, finding diat SeB'nft forces were grcady fnpenor to then-
own, did not think proper to wait for him ; hot, mitdng-offi
marched to Koy^ where there is a hu^ valley, like a pain,
called Kalderdn ; in which they encamped, and were jcwncd
• by -Jfcwe'/inpei'fon* Mean time, the Turks deftroycd all the
aountry throogh which they paflfed; and being at lei^h ar-
rived, at fuch time as the Sbih was returned to Tauris to ndfe
more forces, the two generals thonght fit to attadc them ;
which they did with inexpreffiWe fory. On the other band,
-the enemy fought out of ncccffity, tts they wantccj proviiions,
and knew they ftonid all perifh if they loft the viftory.
PerlxaBs '^^^ 23d ^ Augttfty the firft Perftan fquadron, compofed
4efeatid : ^ ^^ *^ army, led by Stuji ati Mehctrmed beg, attacked the
'^ ' troops of Anatolia ; which he woffted, and b'-oke : but, Sinin
(N) 7t, A7zt, M^enwvini, a quoted by Knomjies^ to be tiGti'
Gtnoifi, who prctencis to have tious.
fervid in the furkijh army, re- (O) Our author gives him
lates, diat, though Seiim de- the name, or tide, of ^^, k»-
feated the Perfiw^ at the river ftc^ of Sbih,
Euphrates, yet having after- (P) Hence it appears, ltet,ia
wards been defisated himfelf in the time of IfiimtX the Perfitm
his way to Tauris, tar^e<} b^ck empire, which ii now bottndcd
without going to that city ; by the Tigris, extended 00 tUs
^ which, being contrary to the fide ofche£9/^r^///, fixer eight
teflimony of all other authors, days journey within -<^ MVwr,
fliews his hiflory of thofe wars.
Digitized
byGoogk
C lo. 5 Sokk Sclim L 93s
Pijbi coming os with the forces of Romania ( QJ), an in* A. D.
. finite number of men were killed ; and at length, Sti^i a&*% i$iS«
iquadron being broken, he was himfelf taken prifoner, and ^ ^^^
ISs head Aruck-off ; which was afterwards fent to the Shdb.
Hereupon the fecond Perfian fquadron engaged, and fought
fo bravely, that the Soltdn was obliged to rethx with his camp
to the place where the Jamzaries and the artillery flood, his
army beii^ broken and almoil ruined. But by the conduct of
SinAn P4ft>^$ who infpired them with new courage,^ the Per*
Jians were at length defeated, and Karabek^ their general, takea
prifoner? whom SeHm, after giving him very injurious lan-
guage, ordered to be put to death. They likewife loft all
3ieir tents, and one of the Shah's wives was found among the
captives.
The Solt&n^ after this viftory, which he bought with the the SbiUi
lives of a great many foldiers, refted at Koy ; while the news retires.
of the defeat being brought to Tauris, the Sh^h departed im-
mediately, with thofe who efcaped, and all his trcafures, for
Kq/hifj, in order to raife new forces. Hereupon the inhabit-
ants of TauriSf feeing themfelves expofed to the Turks ^ fent
two ambafladors, with feveral prefcnts, to Selim ; who, going
to that city, picked-up 700 families erf different trades, and
fent them to Confiantinc^le. As provifions grew fhort in his
army, and he was apprehenfive the Perjians would return
with more forces to attack him, he ftaid there but three days»
In his way back, he fufEbred much for want of provifions, and
by the attacks of the Hiberi (or Georgians J j but, at length,
he got fafe to Amafta ^, ,
As Sellm had learne<U>y this year's experience, that nothing Alaideu-
could be efFefted in tnofc cold and mountainous regions, !«' ^^-
which bounded Perfia^ unlefs by early expeditions; in thefj^''*
year 921, foon in fpring, he marches from Atnafia^ and fud- ^*S?'*
denly takes Ghiumah and Bayburud{K) from the Perjians ; who , * , -'
little expefted fo early a vUit (S), Then fending part of his ^ **
amy,
^ Afic101.lL. V}ta& Fatti del Uflun Caftno, cap. i8, in Ra« ^
mufio's Collect. Voyages, vol. ii. p. 74. . ^
( Q.y '^^ author iniflakes ; hurty 21 towjo, midway between
lie commanded the .4^^ ^^'^^P Torahdwrn^ or TnhizpMii, and
in this war, although in that jfrzerim,
againft Almdemkt Jie is faid to (S) Jm^iokUe fays, he fent
have been made general of the one part of his army under
gMrepiou hoHe. SidtJerf who tookTWtf , a great
A) H^Hther f^jHrdf or Bn- city of the Prnfianst inhabited
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by Google
\
Hifiory if the bthmzn J^p^re. B. X V;^
army^ un^er Feri^d Pa/ha, ag^nft Alaideulef, fon of Zua/ia-
rf/r (T), who was believed to have favoured the Perfians,
^ the Pq/bi^ came on him unawares ; and, having rooted hi%
forces, cut-off his head. Hereupon Sel^m gjives his dooAr
nions to jfli Beg (U), fon of Shah Suvar, who had faithfully
lerved. him at court, on condition the Spltdn*s name fhould be
mentioned in the public prayers; and, towards the ^nd of the
year, returns to Conftantinople ^.
Usfiout This war is more circumftantially related by the Chriffian
tkfenit; than the Turki/h hiftorians before us» The former tell us,
that; on Selim's approach, Aladeulet brought all his horfe,
to the number of 1 5,000, into a large valley ; comman£ng
his foot, which were numerous, to keep the mountains w
. the right and left. Jn this fituation he waited for the Soltm\
who, relying on the multitude of his fcttx:es, mad^ no fcrupla
to aitack the enemy, though at fo great difad vantage. Ac-^
cordingly, he ordered Slnan P&Jhd (X), now made general
of the European horfe, to form himfelf into a {quare body,
' and charge them in front, fince th« place would not permit
Km to ule wings ; while he himfelf, with the Jdnizarits and .
jjiatic horfe, followed in the rear. Mean time, the foldiers
rf Jlaideulet fpught valiantly, and ftill kept the advantage of
the ground againft the Turks ; who were grievoudy galled by
that prince's foQt from the fides of the hills, with arrows and
4arts.
farced' io SEI^/M, finding fuch unexpefted refiftance, fent fbme
i^, companies of mufketteers to fupport their fellows ; and, at
the fame time, commanded his Janizaries to afcend the hilK
The mountaineers, terrified with th^fhat, and not at>Ie to
endure it, prefently fled ; but, not being able to make great
fpeed through the rqughnefs of the way, were killed in
« Cant. p. ^52.
by. t^o,ooo people. Others nounccd, though written thQ
mention Klamajum, a ftrong fame way.
town on the Euphratel, A mn- (U) One of the i^ble Perfiait
take perhaps for Kamak^ aboat refugees to $ohdn Se/tm, An i»-
21 miles fouth of Arfingdn \ fiance of fidelity (confidence,
which the Turkifi author, given or g^ratitudc), among the Turks.
by Lcuncla'uius, fays, was taken Cant.
by Selim in this expedition. (X) Prince Cantemr^s author
(T)Theannal8of the5i7//^;»/ fabftitutes hrhdii PajSba ; but
fay, that jiladeulet was prince the other furki/h writers befiore
of the province of Dhuigadir, us, as well as the Chriflian,
9r Zuo'lkadiKy as it may be pro-i afcribe this 'forvicc to ii/w?*
l^ajha.
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C ro« 9' ScdtanSelim 1:
heaps t fi> chat ^Ksk foot hSered moft, while the horie^ be-
ing at kngthput to fi^ht in the plaio, retreated with their
iuiig CO their ifaoog botds, without much iofs. The So^4n ^
pnrfoed the enemy ia that roi:^ and barren country for
kvexk days; but, finding it to little purpofe, encamped^ and
fi^at the Pa/a, with the light horfe, to hunt them out.
Mean time, S^&m was inSormed by the priibners^ that Alas'-
dutet hadintre^hedhimfelf onaflroDg rock, whither hehad
conveyed fiore of proviiiony and was refolved not to venture
another engagement, till he had drawn his enemies to the
ftraits leading to his camp ; eipecially as he was afraid of be-
ing betrayed by bis kinfman Jli Beg, who firft fled out of the
batde.
Thb Stiltin, on thb advice of the captives, ordered thdr He is
chains to be knocked'-off ; and, loadii^ them with prefents, taktn s
ient letters by them to Jli Beg, to esxite him at fb proper a
^un&ure to revenge his father's death. The young lord, be-
ing thus eaiUy prevailed on to join SeUm, went over to SirUbi
Pajba, with a confiderable part of AlaideuUf^ horfe. Upon
whkh, that prince, flying to hide hraifidf in a cave, was
there taken, and a few days after by the SolthC^ order put to
death. His head, in deriiion, was carried about as a fpec* /»^ *•
tade through all the Lejfer Afia ; and afterwards fent by Se^ ^w/A :
Urn to thefenate of Venice, as a loathfome evidence of his vic-
tory. He reduced the conquered ki^dom into the form of a
province, dividing it into three parts, where Sin^n PafhA
. commanded in chief, and thdn returned to Conftantinople. In
his abfence, this fame year, Tonus Bijba, Sanjak of Bofhia, ^ - .
recovered that country which King Mathias of Hungary had *^
wrefted from Mohammed II. He likewife took feveral frontier ^^^^
places, and even cities in Hungary itfelf. The Hungarians
hereupon raifed great forces, and befieged Semendria ; of
which notice being given to Selim, who then bcficged Kamakh,
on the Euphrates^ before-mentioned, he ordered the Euro-
pean forces to aflemble ; who, coming on the ChrifUans un-
cxpeftedly, obliged them to raife the fiege ^.
* Next year, a frefli opportunity offers of enlarging his em- He}. 922.
pire. The nation of Kara Amid (Y), inhabiting the. province A . D. *
of 1516.
^ LivNCL.Hift^Muful. & RicAtiT.inSelymas.
(Y) Kan^EmUy.^'it is, the np fock nation as the Black
Bhck. Midi^ who iohabit^the Midi. By Kare-Emid, or Kara
country between Vrfa and V^an, Amid^ are to.be underftood the
in.^^. Cant. We meet wiUi inhabitants of the province of
Dijirhckr,
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
f3S > Hijhryrf the OfSmAsk Empire. B.XV.
A. P« of Diydrbehr (Z), havibg long endeavoured to tIut>w-ofr the
i5i6» Perjian yoke, attempted to do by ftratagem what they coidd
C. "^^iMi^not effeft by force. With this view, they omtrive a counter-
7&^ Kara fcit letter to be brought from the SMh by a me(fenger to the
governor AT^r^x iif^^ft, commanding him to march out of the
city vdthin five days, and encamp in a ]^e called KavakiU
der,, and there wait for farther orders. Kdra Khdn, not
Mpefting any decdt, departed accordingly, with alt his
forces and family: after which, the ddzens, fhutting the
gates, pc^ the garrifon to the fword ; and then fent a letter
. toSelimj promifing to fuirender the dty to him, ^th a re-
i^ If- 5^^» ^^^ h^ would appoint for thdr pnnce Mohammei Beg^
jBoA I fon of BUikli Ogli (A), their countryman ; who was then at his
. * court. This propofal was very agreeable to the Soltin : bat;
fufpe&ing Ibme fraud from that decdtful people, Athxt^
fending an anfwer for a whole year, choofing to lofe them ra-*
ther than hazard his troops. At length, bemg tired with the
continual hoMities, which they had "srith Kdra Khdn^ Chem^
jid Begy a rich nobleman, who poilefled above 300 idllages ia
that country, gains credit at loft for his nation, after feveral
meflages to SeUniy and obtains what was deflred.
Mdie- Thil treaty bdng ratified, the Soltin creates Mehemmed
medBeg Btg^ tin BilikHj Begkrbeg of Diyirbekr, with fovereign au-
thority, and ^ves him the whole kingdom; allowing him,
moreover, an annual penfion of 40 T6k (B), on the fole con-
dition of being faithful. Hereupon the new prince haftes to
take poileilioil of his dominions ; which, \iath confent cf
all orders and degrees of the people, he annexes to the Othmin
empire.
Diyarbikry who take their name *vinc€ 9/*Bekir, a country on tiic
from the citv itfelf ; which is borders of Kurdg^&n^ contain*
called alfo kara, Amid ; Kdra^ ing at prefent all MefipotomUt
or black, being only an ejpithet to the confines of MofiU^ die
added to Jmid, which is the Nimvtb of the antijents. Cani.
antient Jmida of the Greeks, Djydr Bekr fignifies ibe etumtry
The inhabitants of Diyarlekr ^^ckr, or perhaps of /i&# nr/{
were a mixture of Arabs^ Kurdsy which Bekr ngnifies in Arabic.
' and Turkmans of the Kara J^- [A)Bi/ikUls anicknadie rirea
wt/uy or Biaci Sbeef^ family i tho(e who have prominent
who reigned in this country be- whifkers. Cant*
fore their dy nafly was deih-oyed (B) Tui is a certun fum of
hyUz^HaJ/an, founder of the money ufed in the accounu of
Ak Koyualuy Ox.WbiH Sbeep dy- the treafory, confifting gene-
nafty. tally of 100,000 afpers. Cimt.
(Z) Diarbekir figoifiesiifrr/rir
SELIM,
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SELIM,kacrmi%^b2xKtrmKiM^ A. D«
cxtiflgiuflied by MebtmnuJts prefeo^ aloney he, in 922, fends I5i6«
a goed body of troops to his affiflaoce, with a letter upbraid- ^■^^■i^J
hg his backwardaels in duftiiiiig that PtrJUn^ inioleace. modi their
MAemmed^ ftung vMx tliis reprimaad fix>m tlie peribn to/'^^"^*
wliom he owed his life and fortune, \vithout waiting for the
imperial fixx^es, with what troops he could raife» marched
agunft KarA Khiit : bat, while both armies ftood ready ta
eogage, a great cloud of butterflies appear in the air betweea
them; anddividingthemfelves into two parties, thewhitego
to the Turks^ and the red to ihtPerJians : prelendy the white
charge the red, and, after a fierce confliA, rout thenu The
Turh, encouraged by this good omen, bravely fall on the
Sdfazi, (C), and eafily defeat them, already difpirited by fu-
pdcftition. The commander himfidf being found axnoi^ the
priibners, his head was Infiantly firuck-off by the vi&or's
order*
MEHEMMED Btg^ flu(hed with this uncxpefted vie- ffurrua
lory, befi^es tht Rroog city of ManUn (D); which w^/uueja:
forced at lengdi by peftilenc^ and famine to furrender* A
few days after, having taken Mu/ol (£), at the firft afCiult,
he deffaroyed it with fire and fword. Thefe two bulwarks
being thus reduced, the kfler cities (F) were eafdy fubdued :
fo that, within a (hort fpace, the whole kingdom oiKyirdi (G)>
and of Jaztreh (H), was anijes^ed to the Othmin dominions,
to
(C)Or biretia. So the Turks jt9»^ Baldir^ Ham, Ztrhmky and
can the PiHifuu* as beiag^f a^ Khw^x^n. Cant. Our authec
different ieOi in religion. They writes Hafinkesfi for Hifn Kijfm,
Klcewiie flanderoufly afcrifaie AmaMa mould more properly
other herefies to the Perfimnsy be Ommmdiym.
, becaufe the knowlege of them (G) This kingdom (if I rightlf
firft came from Perfia. Cant, remember) extends from the
The Arabs pronounce Rafedhi. border of Syria to Sbibrneul '
(D) Vulgarly called Mardin^ and Fan (or Wdn) on the bof-
avery noted city of M^/0/«nii<t. ders of Perjia, The inhabitaats
Cant. are called Kiurdi^ and fpeak
(B) A famous city» fuppofed broken Perjian, Cant. Thefe
to be the antient Ninfuib, Cant, are the people commonly called
The ruins of Nt»e*vib are faid Kirds^ which is pronounced as
to be in the neighbourhood of if the u had fometh^igof an 1 in
this city, which is ^arioufly it, therefore better exprefled in
named by authors, Mojul, Mi^X writing by a^ ; which reduces
Mozul, Sec, the name to a monofyllable, as
(F) Thefe were Anna, Ha- inefFeaitis.
iSza, Hegbeti, Sujarif He/n Keji/a, ( H ) Jatdnb fignifiet an
JimiJbgborg^AfHtti^aJSudekyJeid^ iflahd, and is sbe iame country
with
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byGoogk
%4m tiijiory if the Othrhin Empire. B. XYi
A^ D. to the great reputation of Mehemmed Beg^ as well as joy of
*5'7- Seltnt"^ who, by the rapid courfe of his viftories, is infpirec!
^-^^i^"^ with a thought of fubverting the Perfian empire, or^ at leaft,
of entirely weakening ft ^;
S E c t. it
the Cpnqueft of Egypt.
War njcith \t/^'^^ ^^^^ Vi^Wy in the year 923, he departs from Con/tan^
Egypt : ^ tinophy with a more numerous army than before, and en-
Hc). 923. camps near Halep : not far from which city SbltAn Gauri (I),
A. D,. Kng of Egypt y met him with equal forces ; and, fending him
*S*7* ambafladors, offers friendfhip (K), and affiftance againft the
Pdrjians. But while thefe things were in agitation, a party
ofCherkaffianSy either with or without their fovei^ign's con-
Itivance; intercepted certain camels going to the Othman
camp, and plundered them. Selim, taking this as done tof
affront him| of a fudden lays afide the Perfian expedition ;
and, declaring War againft Soltdn Gauri, turns his arms
zgnna Egypt \
In an account of this war (L), written by a very confider-
~ Cant. p. 152— .157,
"Ibid.
with "Mefopotamiat lying between
the rivers Frdt^ or Euphrates,
the Morddy a branch of that
river, and the Sbdt, or the Ti-
gris, Cant. Jaxireb fignifies
alfo a peninfula, which is more
applicable to Mefipstamia ^an
an ifland*
(I) OxKanfualGauriy com-
monly called by the European
hillorians Kampfon Gaurus.
• (K) The Turkifi author tranf-
lated by leunda^vius fays, he
font ambafladors from Egypt to
expodulate with Selim the caufe
of invading his dominions, and
offering to make peace in very
modeit terms: but the Chril-
tian writers, in conformity to
Ibme Turks i. fay, that Kanfu
Gauri was already in Syria with
an army, defigning to aid thQ
Perfiansy his friends and confe-
derates, in cafe Selim (hould
proceed againlf the Shah \ and
that StUm having fent ambaf*
fadors to defire him not to in-
terfere between them, the Egyp^
tian Saltan declared he would
oppofe him in cafe he proceed-
ed ; and that he would make
QO peace with him, unlefs he
relloredthe (on oi AlaiJiulet to
his father's kingdom, which
had been under Kb prote^on.
At the fame time, reproaching
him with his reftlefs difpofition^
cruelty, and paricide.
(L) It is mferted by Angh^
lilloy at the end oiThe Life and
ABions of Uzun Haffan^ pub-
lifhed in the fecond volume of
Ramufios Italian ColleBion of
Voyages. The account of Se-
lim % war againft the Soltdn of
Egypt was written originally in
Turkffi by a Kadhi'l Afi^er^ or
judge of the army, to a Kadbi of
Conftantinople, and tranflated
into the Italian, vire prefume,
by AngioUllo*
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byGoogk
aSIe
C to. 9 Sakin Scihn L 241
table Turkifl^ officer, vfho was ifi the expedidoD> we find that A. D.
it was expre(hr ddigncd originally againft the Sfiltin of Egypt. ' $ > 7*
The Kttdstjiaflter toforms us, that,, ia the year 1516, SeUm^ ^ w ' J
having been apprilcd of the treaty concluded between Kan- ^^^J^^ ^
Ju alGauri and Sbih IJmael^ determined to go againfl the for- '*
met mth a powerful army, the jrather as* he jmew Ifinael had
work enough cut-out for.him by the Green Heads (M). With
this riew, his anny in May pa£fcd over into JnatoSa, and
Siadn Pifhi was fent before, with a body of muiketeers and
a train of ardUerj, into Karamania. The Shah, on this
ad?ice»^ difpatched ambafladors to ad^e Katifu to mardi
with his forces on that fide, in order to rout Sinhi Pijbi^
while he proceeded on the other. Accordingly the Solt&n^
With a numerous army, came to Hilep, As foon as Sellm
beard o£ this, he left ConftantinopU on the 5th of June, in
^Mfder to fuccour his general. On the way, he fcnt the KadiJ- ^^^^
4/»#r(N) and Zakharia PAfbiy his ambaffedors, to the ^7- '* ^^^"*'
tSn oi Egypt, to know the reafbn of his coming to Halep^
which was not cuftomary : and, as they had no! an expedi-
tious anfwer^ they concluded that he held intelligence with
the^Ai*.^
HEREUPON Selim, having aflembled alj the doftors and
learned men, afked them, what the law of God commanded on
this occafion P He was anfwered, that it was lawful firft to
cut-off that evil thorn, and then proceed where God fhouldguidi
him. On this, he marched joyfully towards Halep, and in-
camped in a fine plain, near the venerable grave of the pr6*
phet David o. This is the KoiiiUaJker's account of the 00
cafion of the war ; which differs in many other particulars
from that of Saadi Effendi, to whom we fhall now return.
At the fame time Seltm receive^ letters from Khair Beg, tvho is fc-
governor of Damafhtis (O), and Gazel Beg, 6f Hdlep, who trajftd;
Dore a mortal enmity to the Soltdn ; wherein, having let
forth his tyranny, ingratitude, avarice, and defign againft
their lives, they promife to defert to him in the heat (3l the
battle, and become his fubjefts ; requiriiig no other reward
^ See Angiolello, i^i fupr. cap. 20. ad iincm.
(M) The Tejhil Bdjhi, or (N) The aathor, as We co«-
Green Heads, are the U%hek Ta- ceire, of this narrative.
$urs^ fo nicknamed from the (O) Tht KadV hfier zz\h t\i^
coloiur of their caps ; as for the governor of Damt^fi^us, Sibes ;
fame reafon the Perjians are and fays, he was flam in the
fumed Ktzel B^j or Red battle : and makes Kj^er Bek
Ihods. governor of Hi/f/.
Mod. HisY. Vol. Xn. R tha«
Digitized
byGoogk
a s forces
defeated:
tlifiory tf fhe Othman Empire. B. XV.
than that one of them {hould have for life the governmait of
Egypt, the other of Damafkus. Selim, having granted thefe
conditions under his hand, and confirmed them by aft oath, the
traitors, following his directions, ni^-on Saltan Gauri to a
battk. The Saltan believing this advice of his generals was
the effeU of their valour, draws up his forces in Burj Faik
(P), and marches againft the Othmdns : who were fo placed^
that they might tecdvc the enemy from what quarter foever
they <;ame. The Cherkaffians ( Q^), with a flow pace, ap-
.proach within bgw-fliot : then, rufliing with a great cry oa
the Turksy furi(^y ch^e them, and, notwithfbnding their
gallant refiflance, force them to give grounds
But, while they are in the greatcft hopes of obtaining
the viftory, Khair Beg in the right, and Gazeli Beg in the left
wing, going over to the enemy (R), ftrike the Cherkaffians
with the utmoft terror. However, chufing rather to die than
be overcome, they renew the battle, and fo fiercely prefs the
Othmdns, that, notwithflanding the numbers againfl them,
viftory feemed to incline to their fide.
Hereupon Selim, obferving that the Cherkaffians by their
niinblenefs and agility of body (S), avoided the ftrokes of
fwords.
(P) That is, the tower or
fortrefs of Vaik, a place near
Halep or Jleppo. The Turks
give the name of Burj^ or Zo •
diacy to the turrets of their fort-
refles, in alluiion to their fur^
rounding thofe places, as the
zodiac does the {phere< Cant,
(Q^) The Tufkijh author
affefts every- where to call them
Cherkaffians, and not Mawluks,
or flaves. Perhaps becaufe that
appellation may be as well appli-
ed to the yanifuirtes (and indeed
all the officers military and civil
of the Othman empire, of whom
he was himfelf one], as to the
foldicry of Egypt, in imitation
of whom they were perhaps in-
ftituted ; although the cnilom
of training bought flaves to
arms was pradliicd by the Jrah
monarchs, and their fuccefTors,
in Jfa, Refides, the Egyptian
foldiery ccnfifled of the flaves
of other nations as well as Cher^
kajjians: whence, in the 7«rif^
annals of Gaudier , we find them
diHinguiihed into Cherkaffians
and Mamluks, or flaves ; that is,
we prefume, other flaves.
(R) Other T:urkijh as well as
Chriftian writers make^iMv^r-
di Ga%el Beg true to his mafter,
and not to have joined wtith
Seltm till Egypt was conquered.
Particularly the KadPiaJker fay a,
that the Mamluks, being pur«
fued by Tanus Pajha, and over-
taken at the city Kamau, AI
Gazali fled to Kayroi \s\3XKerfer
Bek, lord of Halep, fubmitted ;
and, being brought to SeUmt
was kindly received, feated near
the great lords, and loaded
with rich prefents. So that,
according to this author, he did
not go over to SeUm in the
battle.
(S) Baumgttrteuy who travel^
led into Egypt in 1 507, aboitf
ten years before this revolution,
<- 1 «'''"
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C.ib. . 9 Soltin Stilih I. 04^.
fwords, fpears, and darts^ orders the horfe to halt/ and A. D.
placing the Janizaries in |he fronts conunahds them to fire ^iH^
on the enemy*
His prder^ vrerc fo wdl executed, that the CherkaJJians^
aftonUhed at the fudden (laughter of their men> fell-back, td
dofe their ranks (T). The Turks feeing this gave them no
time to renew the fight, but, rufhing on them like a deluge^
leafily routed the broken troops. S^lt^ Gauri, finding all hope»
of \dftory vadifhed^ refolves not to furvire the difappoint- ^ ,, -
mcnt : fo, piercing into the thickcft of his enemies, he over-^^7*^
throws all he meets, and flies through their ranks, as if they
were fo many (heep. He Iboks and calls for Seiim, chal*
len^g him to fingle combat : but, fortune not throwing the
Soltin in hisway, he returns as he came ; and, imagining that
he flew Selim in every Turk^ makes a dreadful havock among
his troops. At length, not wounded amidft fo many fwords^-
(which is wonderful) but tired with wounding, and hi&
breath failing through heat, he falls down dead among his
flaughtered foes ?.
The other Turkijb hiftorians give a Very fucclnft account
of this battle : they only tell us, that Selinty after drawkg up
his forces like an expert warrior, made ufe of flratagem,
fending AH Beg before-mentioned to lie in ambufli, and when aSs
the two armies were engaged, to attack the Egyptians in the agaikfi
rear ; who by this means, being put between two fires. Were ^^dvici
fbon defeated '^t But th<* Chriftian Writers relate fome parti-
culars not mentioned by any of the Turkijb^ excepting the
kadilajker^ with whom they in the main agree. They im-
pute the lofs of the battle, in good meafure, to the pride and
vanity of Kaiifu Ganri^ who could not be perfuaded that
Selim intended to attack him, till he was informed by his
fpiesj that the S^lt^n had crofled mount Jmdn^ and lay en-
camped with' his army t\yo days march diftant* Being much
perplexed at this unexpcfted news, and in doubt whether ho
P Cant. p. 157, Sc feq. ^ Levncl. Kift. Mufal. in
Sel/mos.
gives a furj5riiihg acc6unt of with his troops before Sinan
their feats of agility, in riding P^J^a ; who then fell-on the
and ihooting. Book i. ch. 20. lord ef Dafnrfius ; bat, notable
in Church, Collet, vol. i. p. to il and the attack, he i!ed alio $
398. Und in his flight had his head
(T) The KadU^'lhlker fays, cat off. Soon after which fol-
both fides were repulfed by lowed the death of the Zoltdn
ttitns, %;^t or fix times : that Kanfu Gavrl. And 'this is all
ihe lord oi Halef at length Hed that oflicer fays about it.
R % fhould
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Hifioij af the Othmin Emftre. B. XY.
(Would fight or retire, JamburdGaz^l Beg^ governor ciyipaims
{ox Afamiya)^ advifed him not to think of fora(h an attenpc
.' as to engage fuch numerous well-difciplined troops with U^
^Gaz^li ff^\ a force (not exceeding i a>ooo Mamluks^ with tJidr armed
*^' fervants), but retire towards Damajius : adding, that there he
might recruit his aritiy out of the garriibns, and with y^at
tioops, befiore the Turks ^ith their heavy carriages could
coi^e-up ; and thus, protra£bing the war till winter, difhreis
the enemy for want of provisions, as well as give the Perfians
time to join them, while cannon might be procured alfo fi-om
Rhodes and Cyprus.
Order of ^^ ^^ ^ ^'^^ inclined to follow this advice : but ' the
haitle. foolifli hardinefs of the Mami&ksy eager for battle, and efpe-
dally the influence which the treacherous Kayer Bey^ gover*
nor of 'Haiep (whofe brother the Soltdn had poifoned ibme
37ears before), determined his mind the other way. Upon
this he went and encamped ten miks from that city, on the
Fiver Singa (U), and divided his army into four bodies. The
firft was commanded by Kayer Bey^ the aftion bdng in his
province : the fecond by Sibes^ the brave governor of Da^
maJkuSf furnamed Bahan, or the Tumbler, from his agility.
After thefe followed Gazel Bey, to relieve the other two, as
occaiion might require ; and Kan/u himfelf, in gilt armour,
led the fourth. On the other hand, SeHm placed his y^Jiatic
horfe in the right 's^ng, his European in the left, the Jam-
zaries, and artillery in the main body : before thefe, in the
middle between the wii^s, he polled his brave penficmers,
among whom, contrary to his cuftom, he chofe. to ferve that
Kayer KJTER BET, as focm as he approached the enemy,
BcyV brifkly charged the European horfe ; and prefently, as if he
freaebtry. would have furrounded that wing, wheeled to the rear of
them ; and there, falling on the futtlers and other followers
of the camp, pretended to make a great Slaughter among
them. Mean time Sihes in the other wing, forbearing to
charge in front, entered athwart the enemy's ranks, where
his ManMks made a terrible (laughter of the yffian horfe,
and penetrated to their very ftandari So that, having broken
in two the right wing of the enemy, and fallen-in bjCtweea
thd front and rear of the pqnfioners, they brought no finaU
(U) By Singa here muft be thors making ufc of antient
underftood the river of Halep, names of places (whofe fitua-
called Konvik, or Kaik, For the tions they are geoerally uoac-
Siftga runs feventy or eighty quainted with) ipftead of the
miles to the north. Great con- modern,
fufion arifes in hiftory irom au
^ T terror
Digitized by VjOO^C
C TO. 9 Sdtln Selfm L
terror on the main body : for SeHm, by ^hifi breme aAIon al*
flioft CQt-off frcHn his foot, in whom he placed his greateft
confidence^.was now in imminent danger of being overthrown,
and the rather as the Janizaries Wore at the fame time fiiri-
oufly charged by the feithful Gazei Say, who, ieconding the
defign of Sihes, had fet-upod the front of the enemy^s battle.
The Afian horfe alfo, broken and cnt to pieces as aforefaid,
fonnd no means to rally and renew the fight.
But in this extremity Sinhi Pd/bi, coming-in "with his Ti^ Mam*
horfe, mightily encouraged the Turks to continue the battle ; Ifiks iie*
and Selim's cannon playii^ at the fame time on the Mdml^ksfi^^-
made a great flatighter among their troops : who, though
forfaken by Kayer Bey^ loft neither courage nor conduft, but
dofing together in a body, broke thro' the enemy with great
flanghter, and fo retreated to their camp. Mean while Kanfu
Cauri, who advanced to relieve them, being informed of their
fli^t, and the defertion of Kayer Bey (but for whofe trea*
chery the Turis muft have been infallibly overthrown) waa
greatly difmayed. At tTie fame time, the enemy coming-on,
foon put the troops about him to flight, while he, being a cor-
pulent man and very old, fell off his horfe, and was troddeii
to death. This famous battle was fought Jttgtt/i 1 7th, 1516,
the fame day on which, two years before, Seiim overthrew
ShM Ifmael in the Kalderhn plains. The EgyftianSy befide
thdr Soltdriy lofl: above 10,000 of their brave Mamluks, and
the Turks 3000 horfe. To return to the Turkijb hiftorians '.
After the viftory, the inhabitants of Hdlep with their Hal^ ^
keys meet Seliniy who receives them with much hoQOur,A^«^*
and prefents each of the principal citizens with ^iKhHaai (X), ^'^
or veft. Next Friday y going to the Jdmiy he hears his name
mentioned in the prayers, and commands the reader, whilft ,
yet in the pulpk, to be cloathed with a vefture wrought in
gold, and alms to be diftributed libei'^y npt only to the ccr
defiaftics, but perfons'of all conditions. This clemency
canfed not only the lefler towns in that region to offer them-
ielves to the conqueror, but alfo the inhabitants of Damajhis
IQ fend their elders to me^t the Solt^n on bia approach (Y),
and
^ RiCAUT. in Selymtu.
(X) It i? a robe of various vie? do^ic. It is a](aco;nmpxi-
colours, dtftinguifhed with a ly called JT^/ax, and is of three
•old or filvcr border, given ^y forts. Cant, ^ AKo Ka/at.
*Oie5a//«^ as a token ot honour (Y) The KiidhVlaJker {t,y%
to porfOAs ^t their entrance in^ Belim firft encamped by the cit^
office^ or for feme notable ^« with great magnificence \ tM ^
R 3 ^ ^ that, ^
146 fJiftory of tU Othtnin Empite. B. XV,
A. B. and implore hb mercy as well as goodnefs. Tbefe he receives
1517* with a pleafant countenance; and, after twice reading thdr
^ ^' ^ petition, promifes to do every thing they defu'ed.
Damaflcus - Not content wth thefe inftances of clemency, hc thought
Jubmts. proper to gain ^e h^rts of the fuperfUtiqus people by fome
teftimonies of his piety. With this view, the day of his en-
trance into Damajkus he ordered divine fervice to be performed
in the Jhmi of Bani Ommiyah (Z), and prayers offered for his
welfare. Next he vifits the monument of the &mous Muhtd"
din (A), without the city. The old men could fcarceremem?
ber to have heard their fathers mention the.bunial of this
hero ; and the monument itfelf was not only laid in a vile
place, but ib covered with filth by fuch as were ignorant of
the precious relics it contained, that it looked mg^re like a
<lunghil than a religious place. SeUnty having expreflfed a
due abhorrence of the impiety of tjie iqhabitants, orders the
dirt to he inftantly removed, and finds a marble (tone, with
an infcription to this eflfeft : This is^ the Monument of Sheykh
Mohammed Ebn Arabi, conqu$ror of Spain. The emperor,
being from hence fatisfied that the hero's body lay there,
crefts over the monument a large Knbbeh (B), and near it a
JAmi^ with an hofpital, where ^c orders the poor to be daily
Sclim'i
fiety.
^at, as there were people here
of feventy-two different nations,
a more fplendid appearance
was never feen.
(Z) In Prince Cantemir\ hi-
ftory it IS, by fome miflake,
both in the text and note, writ-
ten BeniUmftie, for. Ummif^ or
rather Ommiyah, It was firfl a
temple of tl\e Sabeans, th^n of
the Chriftians ; who being dif-
pofTefTed by the Kbalifah Wa^
iUy fon of MdoUmaUkf of tjie
houfe of Ommiyah, (in H^, %hj
A, D. 705), he for feveral years
laid out the whole revenue of
Syria in beautifying it. It.wa^
reckoned one of the fincft flruc-,
tures in the world, till ruined
by TVwwr, in the y^ar 1400.
See EbuAlAmU^ cap. 13, and
jyHerbelct. BibUotb, Orient, p.
291, zn,- Demfcbak.
(A) Prince G«r/«wi> will have
this pc;rfbn to be one of the
*KbaJlf^bs, an4 the fame with
Mufa^ who fent his general
Tarifj in Wjrah gz, 16 conque^
Spain : but Mu/a was no Kha/i'
fiib. As Mobammid was hit
proper name, and MuhiJJin a
furname, he may poffibly have
been Mohammed Abde^lmumeu^
fo.o of Tomruty who took the
nam^ of Mah^di^ or the conduce
tpr of the faitlfuL This com -
mslnder, after driving the A/tr^-
videb^ JOT Marabiits, OUt of Af-
rica^ drove them aMb opt of
Sfaiti, in Hejrah yg,, A^ D,
1125, and foimded the r«,ce of
princes called Moabeddin^ ' fbr
wh;ch we fuppofe, by fome
mift'ake, Mubiddm has been in*
ferted m the text. But then he
is here called £^ Arabs f not
Ebn Tomrut, And, if he reignied
in Spain, how buried here ?
(B) Of this word j^^^if/, or
Kobbatt figni fy ing in general an
arch, our cupola is a corrup-
tipji.
Digitized-by
GoogIe^°?P^'?^
C. ID. 9 Solj^ Seltm L
fupplied with meat and drink* He nKH-eover exempts the
whole from taxes, and confirms thefe appointments with a
Khati'Sharif{C). The Turks believe thefe pious works were
amply made-np to Seltm ; fince they afcribe to the mtnes of
this Sheykh^ and his favour with God (D), the viftories which .
he obtained againft fo large and powerful a kingdom.
. When he had thus fpent foine days at Damajkus^ he leads anifevin
his forces, big wth the hopes of viftory, towards Elkair (E) nVy^-
(or Kayro). In this march, being arrived at Kh&m Tunus (F),
and
(C) That is, hchf tharaatr.
Under which appellation is pro-
perly comprifed the SoUhCz
liame, confirming any mandate
or letter. It is placed in a fort
of cypher or flourifti over the
inandate, and is commonly call-
ed Turreb (or Turd). Cant.
(D) Although the Turks be-
lieve, that the foals of thd de-
ceafed can give no affiftance to
the living; yet we read in the
bed Mobammedott divines, that
the dead are apfjeafed by the
prayers of the living ; and, in
their turn, intercede with God
to grant their petitions. They
likewife own it meritorious to
reverence departed faints, and
Tcligiodfly vifit their monu-
ments: bat are chiefly com-
manded by their law. to invoke
the names of Mobammed and
his facceEbrs ; and write them
on tablets or boards, which they
hang up in the Jam and other
buildings. They alfo infcr^be
them againft the walls in large
letters. In the middle of the
tablet they defcribf the p^fon
,of Mobarnmedf with a ruddy
complexion, longvifage, ftratt
.nofe, bluifh eyes, bla^ beard,
eight inches long, broad cbeS,
flcnder waiii, round hands.^long
fingers, ftrait, legs, broad feet
with longi& toes, &r. : but
• never dare paint any part of
^im btt( hu l^aods and feet :
though the Perfiofts are not fo
fuperftitious. Cant,
(£) It is commonly by oar
countrymen falfely written J/*
iair; (o Jlkor an, in&cad of E/-
kurdn. Cant, With regard to
this note, which feems to con-
tradict the Englijh manner of
writing thofe words, it may fuf-
fice to obferve here, that the vf^
in the article Al muft be pro-
nounced like a in fat, hat, os
art ; not like a in all, nor like
the EngUfo e, as pronounced al
prefent : thus, altho* Erppdus^
a foreigner, writes £///, Mr.
Vaugban^ in his grammar, writest
Alif, The like may be iinder-
ftood o( Koran, Altho' the pro-
nunciation differs among the
orientals according to time and
place ; the Turksy Perjians, and
people of Marokko^ founding
the Alif/m fome words foftet
than the ^irtf^/,.and in others
changing it : - thus^ inftead of
Iran (IraiAm), the Ptrfians {tf
hruH (Iroon). As to the word
Mkair^ it b l^ke Kayro, a
corruption of Kahera^ the Ara-
bic name of the capital of
Egypt, which is alfo ci^lle4
Mifr by the Turks,
(F)Thatis,7(>Aj»V«». CanK
The other Turkijb authors in-
ftead of this plajpe put Ramla,
fuppofed to be the z;n!6&ntRamai
and we the rather think tl)^m in
the right, becaufe Khani Tunus
R 4 fy^^x
Digitized
byGoogk
HiftoryBf theOiiiirAn Empire. R ICV.
an4 ttiBdi^ freely vnth hl$ officers, fftu/ah P4/I>i, one of his
ff^azi/rsy with more boldnefe than prudence, aflcs, Mqfi au^
^jpicious (nnperor^ ixihenjhail we enter Kuthuir Eais (G) ? 5^-
nr9\y percdving his too great fjanaiiiarlty with his friends bre4
diirefpeft, replied, IVe JbaJI enter indeed when Cod pleafes,
hut for thee^ it is my ileafwr€that thou Ji ay here\ and im**
mediately ordered lus ncad to^be ftrnck-off.
^i/f/j J9- From thence he marched to Ghza ; where, hearing that
f ufalem, JCidJharif (or Jerufalem) was not fer-ofF, he becatec exceed-
ingly defirous to fee a city the fountain of fo many prophets^
^d the (cene of ib many mir^Kles. Aocc^dingly lie went
thither with a few atteodantfi i adid, in three days, perform^
ing what reii^n required, returned to his army. Theii»
purfuieig his route, he takes by the way Stfido^lb&hr (H), ^«i4
Khan6*§uni (I), where he leaves fuch as were difabled b;
wounds or fatigue. As foon as he was gone, the peq^Ie
C7^3fl, ima^ning that he would be cut-ofFwith his army by
the CherkaffianSy killed all the fick, and their phyfidan, com<»
mitted to their truft •.
f<6^Turks This part of the ^cpedition is rcppcfeated tflFcrently by
in dagger other Iiiftorians* particulariy the Kadhi'lafkerl before-men-
tioned; whofc account we (hall here follow, fupplyhig h
from the reft in the notes. According to that officer, when
Setim had been a few days at DamafkuSy he ordered Mamef
Scy and Skander Bey^ two lords of Greece (K), to march
with their troops to Gazz^ara (or Ga%a\ at the ei;itrance of
the ifthmus of Egy^t. hx their way they were often attacked
^y the Moors (L) ai^i j^^s* liewt of thb being <;arried to
» • Cawt. p. <Sf9-*f63.
iecms to be the fane na^me with by Saimeu$ aiad the biftoriant of
KbMHB'^ni, mentioned ai^r* tbe cf ofade, who place k about
wards, ajid infertcd here l^ fifteen miks from Ga kh, ia the
limine overfig^hi waytoj^jr^/. Thevei^iy >pb^
<G) A Tillage or fiibuths of Travels, p.' 179, wiit^ it Gw-
Xayroy feemia^ to have been wiMSj.
^n^ narrow and di^oltplaoe. (K.) yb prefame ^ word in,
(unti, the original was £mv«^*, whid^
(H) Thsit isy i^hifi Seft. Bat MJwen to G9^0Ci i^ gCMral,
the antient name of this city, .or perhaps move particinariy co^
fiid the next was onknowa to. Thr^ace. ;
pKince Cantemr, (h) At we k»o# «ot wluit
^ (I) This fignifies, the inn of word was ufed in the ori«BaI»
tht lonians, or Greeks, and by Moors we uaderftaaq tbe
t OS to be the D^o^l Rum, or BgyptiuMy or fiber
fe of thi Greeks, as tbe dm^ who were not Tarir*
Jir^calliti often mentioned
Digitized by VjOOQ IC '
C. to: 9 SoWn Scltm 1
• ICdyro, jftOizeB^ vrho was a vaKant commander, and ncwlj
arrived diere from the laft batde, aflced leave of Tumin Bey,
thie new Soltdn, who had been grand Diaddr, to march againft '
them, with 5000 Maml^ks. The Tl/rix at Cazzera, on this
advice, were in no fmall perplexity : but. In the interim, Selfm
having, to rdnforce them, detached SindnPAjhtt^ with 15,000
men, that general joined them before the enemy arrived.
AL GAZELI^ who at the fame time was not far off, ij^ £//«/
was greatly vext at this difappointment. However, he XcAfwrfrifii*
not his courage, but exhorted his men to do their duty; re-
fohriBg to furprife the Turks in the night. . Sin&n PAjhi^ bc»
ing apprifed of his defign, drew-up his men in order of bat*
tie, and the night was fpent with great joy, by firing of
guns and lighting up fires in the camp. When we began to
inarch (lays our author) the people of Gazzera imagined we
were returning to join the emperor ; and, having put to the
Iword the fick whom we left behind, fent word to Al Gazeti,
that we were fled, which gave him great fatisfaftion for that
night : but when, at three o'clock the next day, he faw the
duft raifed by our army, which advanced to attack him^ he
was greatly difmayed.
As we drew nearer, we alighted to buckle the girths of our Sinan
faddles tighter : then we afkcd pardon of each other, fhook Pafha'i ,
hands, and faluted ; praying to God, that, through the merits;^^^^-
of Mohammed^ and his four afliftants, Jbubekr, Omar, Oz*
miriy and AH, as well as of all the antecedent prophets, he
wonld help the caufe of the good. Thea Sin^n Pdjh^^
fpcakmg to his troops, told them, ** that they had defeated '
" more numerous armies, and won greater battles, than that
" which they were going to fight could be. He exhorted them
" to ftand firm ; for that whoever was to die ihuft fall, whe-
" ther he fled" or not ; and that he who was not predeftined
^ to die would fight. He added, that as wethers were good
'* to be facrificed, fo they ought to fight for their lord. Let
" vei^eance, continued he, be taken for our friends who
" were killed by thefe dogs in the firft battle, whofe bodies,
" if they could fpeak would cry, kill! kill! By conquering
^ you will obtun great rewards from your lord, and gain
^ eternal feme : while many of you' who are now in low
** ftations will be promoted to high pofts.^'
To this harangue they all anfwer^d, *' God grant long Gazdi
" life to the Iwd ! let all the world be fubjeft to him, and Bey rout-
" thofe, who would not have it fo, die I Ltt us march 4 *<'•
'* let us march." Then marching forward, both armies en-
gaged. The Cherkajians fuftained our on&t with great
covage and force : ^ach fide having often given way, from
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftoryef the Orfwnan Empire. B. XV.
the hour of three till noon, ^nd loft manyjmcn (M). At laft
they were broken, and our troops remained viftors, with a
'great booty- The Mamluks fled back, purfued by part of
our army, while the reft returned to Gazzera, with the
Pd/hd ; who ordered the heads of all the flain lords to be
filled with ftraw, and thofe of inferior perfons to be fixed on
palm tiees, in memory of tho^ battle. The greater part of two
hundred (N) Sol^s, fent by the S9ltdn to meet Sindn Pafbi^
being attacked by the Arabs in their way, were killed, and
all the reft flain in their retreat excepting fix. Thefe not being
able to give any account of the P^Jbi^ Seltm rofe in great
fury to go in queft of him j but w^ quickly freed from his
concern by the arrival of foin<5 Moqts^ with intelligence, that
Al Gazeli had been defeated, and the Turkijh army va§ re-
turned to Gazzera in triumph,
$elim«^- The Soltdn, highly pleafed with this news, marcfeed from
VMces i Damajkus to Peneti, where the Soldffj were killed, which was
plundered and burnt. From thence he went to Jerufylem ;
put met with much rain and bad weather, which occaficHied
great fatigue, and the death of many. He diftributed a deal
of money among the poor of that city, and offered facrifice$
pf good weth^r-fheep. In his march from thence to Gax-
zera he entered a terrible valley, where not above two horfe-
men could ride abreaft. The Arabs had feized on this pafs,
arid amafled heaps of Igrge ftones tq caft down upon us': but
Xh& Janizaries having found means to difgharge their fire
irms, notwithftanding the rain bad put them out of order,
the Moor^ were pqt to {light, and feme killed. As we ap-
proached Gazzera^ the valiaQt m^n oi Greece^ well cloathed
, (M) The Othmdns phc^d Arabs, the governors o^ Alex^
their mufketeers in the wings of £{nder and Kayroy with about i coo
their army, which wa§ drawn- Mamluks, Thp Turks alfo had
up in a great length, the more 2000 pf their heft horfe flaia^
eafily to ufe their pieces, ahd ^nd fome confiderable com*
k 'hem in the Egyptians ; and in manders. Leunclavzus. Ricaut.
.the middle they pofted their in Selimus,
horfe, to receive the iirft charge ' (N) Others fay, 20001 horfe
,pf the Mamluks. The battle for were feni; and that they had
^ long time was doubtful : for, all been deftroycd.by thcArabr^
altho' the Turks fair exceeded in had they not met at Rama witk
ilumber, yet the Mamluks were a ftrong body of troops under
the braver men, and could not Juhb, governor oi Akb^ia^ gOr
have been overcome, if they ing to Sinan Fajha : yet both
had not been furrounded by parties had much ado to get
the enemy. Tbty loft in this back* LeuncL Ricaut,
adipn, befides ^ great many
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
C. lo. 9 Solcan Selfin L
In the enemies appar^, can^js a bow-fli^t from the towD, to
meet the lord. The Moors were quite ftupefied at the fight
of fo much pomp. The whole army being divided in two '
bodies, the Solt4n placed himfelf between both, and received
their compliments. On fight qf Sindn P4/hd, he thanked
him heartily, together with his troops, and made them large
prefents. ;
Having r^I^ed four day$ at Gazzfra, SeUm marched to arrttfif
Kafali ; whidi ^m,;^ plundered, to be revenged on the Arabs »^f» '^
pf the place, who had oppofed them in the valley. The ^^y"^*
rains which fell had rendered the road tl^ther commodious,
and we took the direft route for Kayro. Thus far the Kad-^
fji'lajker. It ma^ not be amifs to add, frpm other authors,
that, although the way lay through an uninhabited fcorch-
ing defart, where the fand moved with the wind, like the
billows of the fea, yet it was at that time fo laid by a three
days heavy r^in, followed by calm \veather, that the ^rmy,
notwithftanding it was molefted in its m^rch by the Jfabs^ \
jgot in eight days within a fmall way of Kayro ^
Upon the enemy's approach Tumhn Bey (O), fprungfrom TJ^atmiif
the nobleft Cherkajfian family, having been elefted in the meit.
room of Kanfu Gauri, by a council called by thofe who had
efcaped from the late little near Halep^ and qualified with
the title of Muluk E/bref{V). aflembled all the remains of his
vpation, with fome au^dliary troops of Arabs, amounting in "
all to about 40,000 choice men, encamps in a place called
Ridania (C^). Here they fortified themfelves with cannon,
2^d v^ious contrivances (R), in expectation that Seliniy on
his
» AwGioL^LLO, Leuncl, & RicAUT, ubi fupr.
(O) Called by our hiftorians was not peculiar to ^umamBtji,
Tomombeius. Tuman Bay figni- but was the title or furname of
fies, tte iord or commander ever many of the So/tans of Egypt,
ten thou/and: a military poll, firll Syria, and ofJTamman in Arabia :
eftablilhed among die inha- hence Sbarif, or tbe mofi noble ;
bitants of Tartary by Jengbt^ which title is afTumed by the
fObdn, He was great Diividdr, descendants of Mohammed,
Doweiddr, or Diaddr, which (Q.) The Chriftian writer^
was the fame with WazSr 9,* call it Rodania^ a village near
SDOng the ^urks. that of Matarea, another vil-
(?) AfW«i£^r^fignifiestlie lage, famous for the balm, fix
^Ji holy, or mt^ aujpicious, miles to the north of Kayro,
Cant. Our author ihould have (R) Thefe were ditches dug
added king. The reading is acrofs the fields and highways,
properly Mdlei Afiraf: which covered with earth and hurdles.
kft word fignifies mofi ngbhi ^?^ '^ he Jfadbirajk^r informs us al-
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Hiftary of the Othmaii Empire. B. XV«
his comtog-np, would iuftantly attack their camp, and fo be
takea in their toils. But the Soltdn, ijiformed of their fnares
^ by his fpies, as he was fupcrior in number, orders part of
his forces to march round the enemy's camp, near JebeR
Maktab (S), and, at a fignal given, to fall-on their rear.
Tit^Mam- The Cherkaffians being thus furrounded on all fides, in
luks 09)er» the firft ten days of Jemazio'lawel^ in the year 923, there
ibroyjn. was fought fo bloody and obflinate a battle as cin hardly be
Hej. 52.3. defcribcd. The enemy, overpowered by numbers, are fome-
^' ^' times forced back, yet as often renew rfie charge ; the king
himfelf fighting aSvays in the front, and animating his fol-
dlers by his example. The battle is continued for fome
time with broken ranks, when at laft Tumdn Bay, feeing part
of his forces flain, part taken prifoners, and viftory no way
fo be hoped for, with a feleft band, opens a pailage through
the thickeft of his enemies, and flies to Sheykh Arab (T),
fon of Bekkaar, Thus the Othmdnsy though not without
great flaughter of their men, obtained a complete viftory.
On their fide fell the hero of his age, the renowned general
SinanP^Jba ^U) ; whofe death was fo grievous to Selinij that
he
A.
1517.
fo, that ^e Seltin had mounted
his cannon with defign to have
difcharged it all at once upon
the Turkic as foon as they ap-
proached; and had prepared
14,000 Mamluks and 20,000
jirabs ready to fally out after-
wards, and difperfe them : hut
thcfc? things being difcovered to
Selim by fix Mamluk deferters,
he of a fiidden changed his
.rout, and marched where the
cpemies artillery could not an-
noy his army. See AngioUllo in
Ramufio, Tol.ii. alfo Leuncla^
• <warj, and Ricaut in Se/ymus,
(S) Prince Cantemir thinks
it Ihould be MM tab ; which
^ fjgnifies a bill or ymuut ; where-
on the monuments of the an-
ticnts, and the pyramids arc
placed. But the pyramids arc
not on the fide of the river
where the batde was fought.
It is rather th6 hill called Ma-
'kottam\ which fies torhefouth-
eafl of Keyrv^ there being only
a paflTage between it and the
eaftle, nor is there any otter
ttpuntaaa thereabouts.
(T) Sheykb Arab fignifies no
more than an Armbian SbeyJkh.
Thefe are more cpncerned in
the eccleliaflical than civil go*/
vernment; and pretend to be
the immediate AicceiTors (or
defcendants) oi Mohammed, Of
thcife there are feven races,
chiefly celebrated among the
Turh . Pri nee Cant emir faw one
pf thefe ^beykbsy who, in a vifit
to. SoltattMo}afa II. fat all (^
while, ^nd 6miliarly convetfed
with him. Whenever he talked
of the Svitdtt, he called him Kis
Bi%um Vekil \ that is, vicegc-
pent, or lieutenant Cant.
(U) At the fame time all his
men, who eat of bis bread and
fait, and were many, fell « facri-
fice 5 faying, moifb the doaths-efi^
*wbicb be has ^iinn us, ^tir art
nviiting to die 'with ear mafier,
1 bey wa&ed him with thei^
^""^ T^ tears.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C 10. 9 Sokan Selim L 25}
he is faid, long after the caking of Kayro, to have lamented A. D.
in this manner: Mifr, or Egypt, have J gained^ biH Yufef »5*7'
(or Jofeph) have I loft : without Yufef nuhat fignifies Mifr " ? ^ -V""^^
Other writers furnifti us with more particulars of this T^htir
battle, which decided the fate of Egypt. As foon as xhtfinet.
two armies engaged, Tumdn Bey^ who had 12,000 MamUiks
and a multitude of Arabian horfe, ordered the latter to go
and hem-in the 'mngs of the enemies battles (X), and to
fldrmifh with them behind. Mean time the cannon played
furioufly on both fides, till moft of the Egyptian gunn^jm
were (lain, and feveral of their pieces broken : whereas SeRm
had feveral Chriffians to manage his artilfery, tvho did him
excellent fcrvice. Hereupon they joined battle every-where,
Tumdn Bey fought in the main body agatrift Setim ; the
wings of the Mamluks encountered thofe of .the Turks ^ and
the Arabs valiandy charged them in the rear (Y) ; fo that
four (harp engagements being carried-on at the feme time,
there enfued Tuch an hideous noife, with the clafhing of ar-
mour and other weapons, that nothing could exceed it,
OAZELIBET, to retrieve the lofs he had fuftained at GaOant
C4za, fell with furprifing fury cm Jonnfes Ptijb^^ in the left behaviour
wing, and broke-iu upon his ranks, while the Arabs fiercely
preifing him behind, forced thofe European troops to fiy;
which they never did before. Here the famous Sinin PAfhA
coming to their relief, was, by Bidon and his MamMkfy flain,
with all his followers ; befide 500 feleft Janizaries, who,
being furroundcd, were in a trice cut to piec^. On the
other fide, Mofta/a, with the AJian horfe in the right wing,
prefled fo hard on the Egyptian left (Z),^ that, with the help
of Selfm's cannon, which made great Tiaughter among them,
he not odI)^ difordered but quite ovei^hrew him. At the o/the
fame time Tumdn Bey, who was a large man, and of great Soltan:
" Cakt. p. 164.
tears, wrapped him op in the commanded by Sindti fajha ;
fincft linen, fprinklc<l him with MUfn, the WaTdr (or Diadar),
the water ofZemzem, a well in thofe of jhatolia, led by Mofta-
Affiib, and, having dog a grave, fa Fajha.
buried him. Thus die AT^wJ^/V- (Z) The KadhVhJker {Ky%,
ajker. they fell on with fuch rajge.
(X) This the Turks are be- that they cut down the
fore faid to have done to the kojfiani like blades ofv com, to
CJnrkaffians. the amazement of all. The
(Y) The /Ttf/^rZ/j^fT informs emperor's fqaadron and Ore-
«t, that Al Gaxili attacked th« eians Iikewile ibught the enemy
Grecians (or European) troops, gallantly.
ftrength.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
kijlor^ tff ibi Othtn4n Empirt. B: X Vi
ftrcngth, breaking through the main body of the Turkifh '
Wfe, penetrjited in perfon to the foot, hewing down all be*
' fore him ; and the Arabs ^ calling themfelvcs in a ring, per-
formed their parts with great bravery. This brought-oa
Selimy with his foot and refolute Janizaries % who, with
dreadful fury, renewed the battle ;. which confinued with
great obftinacy from four till fun-fet (A)i But, at lengthy
Tumdn Bty^ fearing a total overthrow from the. number di
his enemies, founded a retreat, though needlefs, as night
agproached, and abandoning his camp and train of artillery;
retired towards Kayro (B). In this flight the Diaddr (C) (or
Dowidorjf and tte gallant Bidon^ were taken, and put to
death bext day by SelinCs order ; though the firft was mor*
tfiily wounded, and the latter had. his leg fhot off. This
battle was fought on January 24, 1517 *.
firtifas The brave Tum&n Bey^ no-ways difcouraged by fo tnany
Xayro. misfprtunes, encamped with the remainder of his trpops be-
tween Kayro and the Nile (D). Thefe he recruited with
8000 Ethiopian flaves* He likewife armed iht^Jews^ Arabs ^
and fons of the ManMks : but, as he wanted artillery, and
' had not force enough to oppofe the eaemy in the field, hd
refolved to furprife them ini the night. This defign be-
ing betrayed to Sellm, he flood on his guard, and ordered
great fires to be made throughout his camp : fo that the
Egyptians were repulfed with gr^eat lofs. Tuman Bey upon
this retires to Kayro ; and, by help of the inhabitants, forti<«
» Leuncl, and Ricaut, ubifupr.
(A) The Kadhtlajker fays, (C) That wks ^//m, before-
the battle beg4in in the morn- mentioned. Jcvius tails h m
ing> and continued with great "^ Hilmys^ atvd the Tarkijh author,
obilinacy till noon $ when Simn tranilated by Leuncla*vius^ AUem
Fajhd was killed. (L>) The rurkijb army, ac-
(B) Towards evening, fays cording to the JKa^i^/V^^/r, rcft-
thc Kadhilaker^ as every one cd three days on the field of
was fatigued, they retreated ; battle, and the fourth marched
and the Cherkajfians^ making a to Bikhierit on the Ni/ii wherd
(new of taking breathy betook they ilaid two days. Mean
themfelves to flight, fome to time, the MamMsf to the num-
KayrOf others elfewhere. They her of 9060, joined the So/tam
were folIo\Ved by the Grecian in order to attack the enemy in
troops, who killed a grea; bum- thm night ; but SeHmy being in-
ber, and made many prifoners. formed of their defign, kept oii.
Thefe latter were all put to his guard : however j the Cher'
death the fame night, by order kf^am attacked his anny next
of Selim^ who lay in the field, day*
of battle^
£C6
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. io« 9 Sbkih Selim 1. '
fics the gates and avenues ; for it had no walls. Theft he
coUefts all his ftrength in the broad ftreet, leading from the
eaft -gate to the caftle, which he likcwife fupplicd with fol- '
diers. The reft of the flree^s he took.no care of; for they
were fo narrow and crooked that no great artillery could be
brought in by them, or foldiers enter without great danger.
However, Selim^ being informed of all this (next morn- The city
ing, by fun-rife) entered by the Bdb Zuil (E), the chief gate attachd*
of Kayro ; and at the fame time thrufi*in his horfe at divers
avenues of the city ; but introduced his Janizaries by tlie
largeft ftreet. Ii^mediately horfe encountered horfe in the
narrow ftreets and lanes ; while the foot, with their light
field pieces placed in front, cleared the Way before them. Yet
•were they ftill valiantly oppofed at the barricades and trenches ;
where, after the moft bloody conflift that can be imagined,
the Turks^ preffing on one another, tumbled by heaps into *
the covered trench^, and perifhed on the fharp ftakes planted
there on purpofe by the enemy. The very women and chil^
dren had a fhare in the battle, aflaulting the Turks with
ilones, tiles, and the like, from the tops and windows of th«
houfes : while many of the Egyptians^ who hated both the
Mamluks and Turks, attacked fometimes the one, fometimes
the other, as they faw fortune was likely to declare herfelf.
In ftiort, the lanes and ftreets did fo flow with blood, that
the (;luft, which at firft rofe very thick, was quite laid.
The fight had now lafted two whole .da)s, when th& TerritU
Mamluks , being weary and but few, began to give way ijlaugbicr*
yet, the third day, confidering their all was at ftake, they
fought with fuch renewed courage (F) that they drove the
Turks a great way back, and took fomeof their cannon,
which they turned upon them with good fuccefs. It is faid,
that Seltm, upon this repiilfe, defpairing of vidtory, and fee-
ing Jonus PAjfJxt flain before his face with a ftone from a
window, ordered the houfes to be fet on fire (G) ; fo that
(E) In Ricaitt Bafuela\ doubt- the city to be fire J ; which was
lefs a miftake for Bdhfuela, or done by the Janizaries ia fe-
xather Zuil. veral places : but that the 7l//?«»-
(F) The Kadhriajker fays, luhs crying out xr.cll frightfully
they thoujxht of nothing ic.i{^ for mercy, the '^oitdtty in pity,
but to'diefword in hand, look- odered the flame to be extin-
ing on it as a difgrace to fiy, guiihcd. Our author adds, that
and leave all their effects in the it wcs a miracle the whole city
hands of the enemy. wab not burned down ; and that
(G) The Kadhthjker fays, the enemy renewed the battle
t\\sxSelimi finding he could not widi furprifingfury.
break the ChakaJJians, ordered
while
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftoiy of $be Othman Empire. B. XV»
'while the inhabitants were calling oot for mercy in the flames,
the Turks fought but £ahitl>v expefting the found- of a re-
' treat. While things were in this fufpcnfe on one fide erf" the
citjr, Mojicrfa had beaten the enemy on the other fide, and
linzed the horfes of the MarrdUks^ which ftood ready brkiled
and foddled in the broad ftreet, to fecure their eicape> in
cafe they ihould be conftrained to fly. " This news raifed the
finking fpirits c^ the Othm&ns^ and fo difcouraged the Mam^
liksj thaC they betook themfclyes to ffight, and abandoned
♦ Kayro to S€Um ; who immediately fent to quench the fire 7.
Tamaa The KadhVlaJher informs us, that, after the Are had beea
Bcy/ies. extihgtiiflied, as fet forth in the lafl note, the Cherhaffians
renewed the battle in fuch a manner that the arrows fell as
thick as rain. The fight continued with the fame fbry ail
"the day ; (b that ftreams <>f blood ran through the ftreets.
(^ight cc»ning-on, the CherkaffianSy who Were fatigued and
MTtak, retired into a mofic, where they held out gallantly, as
if in a caftle, for three days and nights. Being at laft pufhed
very hard, it was taken. Tuman B^y fled in difguife ; and
Seltm went to take fome reft, while the army was intent on
plundering and takii^ prifoners \ whofe heads were after-
\rards cut-off on the NUe. -
Gazeli AL CjiZEUt^ who had been out of Kayro^ raifing Arab
Bey Jut' troops, and was returned near the city, at fuch time as SeXm
fttitt; had caufed proclamation to be made, that all t^ Cherhaffians
k who would fubnnt in three days, Ihould be pardotied. This
brought-in a great number, wHo were at nio great diflance,
to prefent thcmfelves. He alfo came and bent his knee \. all
receiving large prefents. After this, Selim^ accompanied ^witk
the great white ftandard, drums, kettle-drums, and fifes,
went to the Soltdn'^ palace. Here the treachery of certain
^ MamlMs having been difcovered, they endeavour to efcape ;
but beii^ taken, fome were put to death, and the reft impri-
foned for a few days, then drowned in the Nile. SeltmhkiS''
wife detached Al Gazeli and a Begler Beg to Kayta (H), with
orders to pillage that city, and punifh the flaves there, who
had greatly infultcd his foldiers, fent thither to procure ne-
ceflaries for the army. The place being accordingly plttn:*
y Leuncl. & RiCAUT, ubi fupr.
(H) Rather perhaps Katza, bove lixty miles to the caft of
Qx Katiya, a city near^TrV/z^ (the Demyat^ or Damtetta, Other
antient Pehfum), and Farma writers, as Leunclainus and
(mifcallcd Far ami Ja), at the Kncwles, put JkhaJtOy Jnftead
daiiern mouth of the NiUy a- of al Kayta^ ox al Ka/tya.
deredy
Digitized
by Google
C lo. ^ 9 Soltaa Sellm I. 157
dered, aUd die Moors put to death, thofe of the ndghbour- A. D.
ing places, became as tame as hens. ^S^7*
We were all attentive (continues the KadhVlaJker) to fee ^■■^V'-J
what the StfltAn Twnan Bay, who had pafled the Nile, and )r^^ ^-^*
fled into the' county of Saetta (I), intended to do. On xhtr*^'^^^^^
other hand, he, no lefs defirous to know what the Turkt
did, fent emiffaries to Kayro, fecretly to engage the citizens
to ufe than ill (K). Mean time, Omar (L), a Moorijb (or
Arab) lord* came privatply to kifs SelinCs hand, and informed
him of the whole ; for which he was rewarded with a Sari"
j4k in Saetta. Hereupon guards were fet on every place, and
artillery planted on the banks of the Nile ; fo that not a bird
could pafs. It was afterwards refolved to fend two grandee^,
with the Kddhi of Kayro, as ambafladors to the Solt^n, to ,
exhort- him to humble himfelf .to Selim ; and promife him, ,
on that condition, to give him a great ftandard, with the
lordfhip of Kayro,{M). But the CherkaJJians, when they had
the ambafladors in their power, put them to death * (N).
As foon as SeUm heard of this cruelty, he ordered bridges Anopher
to be built acrofs the Nile^ and Mqftafa to march over with Iflf^o^
his whole army. Of this defign the SoltAn having been in- ^^''^^•
formed, he, with 5000 Cherkaffians and 10,000 Arabs well
mounted, fet forward } and in one day and night made fuch
fpeed, that they drew near the Turks at fuch time as part erf"
the troops of Greece had crofled the river, and the reft were
getting over; little expefting fo fudden a vifit from the
enemy. But thofe appointed to mark out a place for the
* Angiolbllq, ubi fupr.
(I) By which, we prefume, country is calkd Segafta, and
is to be underdood, not Sai^, faid to border on Cyrenaica, as
or Vfper Egfft^ but Skiha, or Saetta or Shihat does.
Sbihat, cqrrufdy Scetis znd Sci- (K) Others fay, they fent to
fhiaca Regio, It is tke fame invite him.
which is otherwife called the (L) Corruptly by fome, AU
defart of St, Makarius, and the hucomar, doubtlcfs for Ahu
valley of Hahih or Natron y Omar*, that is, the father of
which is the Nitria of the an- Omar*
tients. It lies to the weft of (M) Others fay, he offered
the Delta, or Lotver Egypt, and to reftore the kingdom to 7«-
extends northward to near the man Bay, on certain reafonabto
fea-Goaft, between Alexandria conditions. Sec Ricaut in Si»
and the tower of the Arabs, lymus.
See Renaudot Hifi. Patriarc, (N) Some fay, it was done
Alex, vol. ii. p. 167, and Po- without Tumdn Ba/z know*
r0ri*t elaborate map of i^y//. lege. Ibid.
In LeuHclavius and Knirwles this
MoD.HisT. VoL.XII. S cfflpcror*9
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftory of the Otlmiarr Empire. B* 1^.
enipttror's tent, percdvit^ their approach by the dtift whkh
thdr horfes raifed, in a great furiMriee, mounted, and Stlht
' fent to order Mojiqfa to do the like* The CherkdJJmns ftrip-
ped the Turks of eveky thing till they came f© the ftandard ;
but the latter, being there reinforced, repulfed them. The
enemy rallied a-new, and drove-hack the Othmdns, vAxh. fo
mnch flaughter, that the blood ran like a river (0). The
Moors only fbnght to give the Cherkaffidns time to breathe \
and the Turks had all the difadvantage on their fide. HoW«
ever, they flood their ground, though to thdr great loft.
Thi Sd- At length the Pijbd (Mojiafa)^ who was in Seltm\ pre-
tao^iV/i fence, feeing the battle in danger of bring kft, drew Ms
fimiter in a rage, and ran towards Tum&n Bay^ determined
to deprive him of life, and afterwards fail himfdf. The
Grecian {or European) troops, beholding fo much bravwy in
tiieir commander, followed with a rcfolution to aft in con*
formity with him : and certainly, had courage been then
Wanting, they muft all have quickly bid adieu to life. Thfc
battle being Aus renewed, with fo much vigouf, the Sotidn
perceived, that the Turks were refolved to obtain the viftoryr
at the fame inftant reflefting with hin^lf, that fix>m a great
lord he was reduced to an infigmficant flave, and ftom Im*
menfe riches to extreme poverty; he fixed his eyes on the
heavens, and expoftulatcd in fuch bitter tirms, as filled all
thofe who heard him with grief and compaffion. After &
great many exclamations and infinite tears, he' fled by day
and night till he came to a bridge, where he t^efled for a
while. Mqftafd, with the Grecian band, purfucd him, while
Selim fet out for Kayro ; but as he continued his flight, he
kept out of their reach.
his taken f The B&Jbd had now been four days and as many nights
in purfuit of him, when he, through fatigue, was obdiged to
tetire to a farm-rhoufe of the Moors :^ but the Turks ^ beit^
alfo foundly tired, could not eafily come«up with him.
They therefore wrote to thofe of the farm, to keep a guard
and take care that the Soltdn proceeded no farther, under
pain of having it pillaged and burned. Sheykh /Ijfdim (P),
who was chief of the farm, having acquainted all the reft
with this order, the Moors furrounded TumAn Bey ajnd his
(O) Tuman Bctf\ defign was his broken troops, and mad« a
to clear his way to the head of (land till more got over tkc
the bridge ; that, by breaking river. Ricaut.
it, he might prevent more of the (P) He feeins to be tiic
enemy from getting over : but Sheykh Ateh of prittce CvJinr-
Muftafa had retired thither with ^r\ hiftorianft.
iherkafftani
Digitized by VjOOQI
it. iQ. s^Sokin Seltm I.
. Clmrkafiatts 10 fuch a manner, chat they could not efcape :
but when tfee Turks camc-up, they threw thcmfelvcs into a
neighbouring lake ; where part of them were cut to pieces^ '
and others made priibners, Tumin Bay was taken knee-deep
in water (Q^), and brought to the Pdjha^ who thereupon
difpacched a courier to the emperor with an account of what
hadpaHed.
Trt£ mc0enger was received with great joy, and all the<»»^/«/'»
Sanj&ks and lords kifled his majefty's Imnd. The Soltdn was'^^^^*
fiot brought VQto'SeUin'% prefence , but lodged in a tent near
him, and ftrongly guarded. Mojlafa fought another battle
at a farm-houfe, near the Nile^ with the Moors ; who, in con-
. jttndUon with (bme MamlMs had murdered and plundered the
Turks. Having defWoyed this houfe, he ftaid in the neigh-
bourhood four days, and, then returned to the emperor;
vho held a court, and ordered that TumAn Bay^ the t^olt&n^
ihould be carried on a mule thro* the country of Kayro^ and
hanged at the gate czilcd* Bdbzowelet (R) ; which was accord-
ingly executed. This was the end of the kingdom of the Mam'
MkSf and beginning of Scltdn SeUm's greater grandeur ■. Here
the narrative of the Kadhi'lajter ends. We find nothing in
prince Cant emir's hiftory from the Turkijb authors concerning
what pafled after TumAn Bay's flight from KayrOy till the time
that he was taken : which event, with the circumftances preced-
ing diat prince's death, he relates in the following manner.
As the conqueft of Egypt cauld not be fecure fo long as The caufi
Tumdn Bay remained at hand, ready to attempt a change ; as atid
foon as the OthmAn forces were withdrawn, Selim^ to prevent
the danger which threatened from that quarter, fends ambaf-
fadors, with noble prefents, to Sheykb Areb ; defiring him to
deliver-up his enemy, and advifing him rather to gain his
friendfliip by good offices than incur his indignation by fruit-
lefs obftinacy. The Sheykh^ either fearing the So/taii*s power,
or gained by his prefents, fhamefuUy delivers up Tuman Bay,
akitrzry to the law of nations; .and particularly againil the
* Anojolello, ubt fupr. SecLiUNCLAVZus andKNowLis,
who agree pretty well therewith.
( Q^) Others fay, he hid torturech to dlfcovcr the vaft
himfdf in a marih, where he trcalurcff^ of Kan/u Ganrt, fup-
was found by the peafants pofed to have been hidden by
among the reeds, (landing in him: and that, after being pub *
water up to the iboulders. See licly Itrangled, he was hanged
Ricaut. by ihe neck under an arch of
(R) Zavil, or Zuily as be- the gate, ^r// 13, 1517. JbU.
fore. Others fay, he was firfl
^ * S % Arab
Digitized by VjOOQiC
Hijiory of thi Othtnaii Empire. K XV.
Jrab Ray (S). But the bravery which could not afieft Ac
irtind of a bafe friend, appeafed the wrath of a generous
' enemy. For SeHm, when the king was brought bound into
his prefence, and his fortitude plainly feen, could not refrdn
from giving him liberty, and bidding hhn daily eat at" his
table. Thus Tumdn Bay, having purchafed his freedom by
his virtue, converfed both in public ind private vnth his con-
queror J informing him of the ftate of the Egyptian 2&ks,
with the laws, genius, and manners of the people.
manner of Bu T the miferable captive (hortly after bitterly experienced
//. how fortune fports in human affairs. Selim could not but
admire his heroic virtues, lingular fortitude, found counfek,
and grave deportment. He thought it bafe to put fuch a
man to death ; and, as he feemed to free him from all dan-
ger, he had refolved to take him into his friend/hip, and fet
him over the kingdom of Egypt (T). Thefe things being
known to the people, they began already to exprefs their
hopes ; that, by being vefted with fo great authority, Tumdn
Bay would, foon after the Soltin's departure, have it in his
power to help the j^rabs to* expel the Turkijb garrifons aild
reftore the Cherkajftan dominion. For a while Selfm was un-
willing to give credit to fuch reports, as thinking them raifed
by enemies : but finding them to continue, he ordered Ah
Begy fon of Sheykh Suvar, whofe father had lately been
faftened to an hook by the Cherkajfians, to hang up the un-
fortunate king in the gate of Kayro, called Zavil (U), with
thefe words : How great my mercy was, is already declared :
hut what the malignant fpeeches of the vulgar, though an his
Jide, can effe6l, let the wretch himfelf experience. The order
was gladly executed by Mi Beg on the tenth of Rahio^laiveL
£gypt The unexpefted death of their king infufed a terror into
fuin.its. the Egyptians not to be expreffed. They who before, with
(S) That is, parole, or word fhould gain the viftory ; for, in
offecurity andprotedion. The that cafe, he wdald by friends
Arabs boaH chemfelves to be of as well as foes be deemed a
all mortalf the ftrideft obfervers man of no honour or credit,
of their parole ; and perhaps Cant. /
vcryjuftly. Itis death by their (T) This, which happened
laws to kill a man to Whom the before Tuffidn Bay was t^en, is
I^y was given. When they here artfully but partially pat
have given a prifoner of war afterwards, to magnify SeHm't
the Ray, they draw a circle generofity ; and perhaps to ex-
round him, out of which he tenuate his tyrannical treatment
muft not ftir, though dying oftheiStf/r^K; whofe only crime
with honger, till the ranfom be was felf-defcnce.
paid, even though his pvty (U) Rather perhaps Z«l/.
^ , toncea|(cd
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C f o. 9 Soltan SeHm L
concealed indignation^ bore his unjnft dominion^ now run in
a fuppliant manner to Selim ; intreating his clemency, and
promiiing faithftil obedience. The Soltdn pardons them, on '
condition that they delivered up the concealed Cherkaffians.
Hereupon the common people^ fond of novelty, fearch every-
vrhere for their former lords, and drag them bound to Seltm^
to be butchered. This prince having the next day ordered a
theatre, with a throne on it, to be erefted on the banks of the
Nile, commanded all the prifoners, faid to exceed 30,00a (X),
to be beheaded in his prefence, and their bodies-thrown into the
river. The fecond day he makes a triumphant entry into
Kayro ; but, after a few hours ftay, departs, and encamps
near the NiUy in a place called Ruza. Having allowed his
forces time for refrcfhment, on the feventh of Jemazio'Uiuel^
he marches towards IJhanderiya (or Alexandria) : but the
city having avoided his indignation by a furrender, after fet-
tling the affairs of it, he returns to the inland parts of Egypt ^
and appoints Khair Beg governor of the kingdomJ>.
Mean time Ra'is Soleymdriy admiral of the Egyptian fleet, RaTs So-
came and paid all^iance to Seliin. This fleet had been built leyman
in four y^ars time, at Swiz, or Suez^ at the end of the Red
Sm* by order of the late Kanfu Cauri, and was defigned
againft the Porfuguefes ; who, by their difcovery of the Indies
by fea, and conquefts made there^ had diverted the courfe of
trade, which before p^fled through Egypt j to the extreme
prejudice of that country. It was fent-out under the conunand *
of j4mir Aztz and Ra'is Soleymdn .\ but news arriving, while
they lay at Jidda^ the port of Mehka^ of the death of that
Soltan, and Selim's entrance into Egypt, a mutiny arofc
among the foldiers. The iflue of which was, that Jmtr
Aziz, who favoured Tumdn Bay, was obliged to fly to that
dty for refuge : and, being fome time after deliveredriip tpjields-up
Sokym^n, who threatened elfe to attack the place, he was thejleeu
drowned in the night. After this Soleym^ failed back to
Swtz, and went to fubmit himfelf to Selim, as hath been
already mentioned.
, ^GYP T and its provinces being thus brought intp fubjec-
tion tQ Selim, he, in the beginning of July, failed down th^
Nile to Alexandria, there to view his fleet, fent hy Piri Pq/b4
and his fon Soleymin, from Coitftantinople ; whither he re?
moved 500 of the beft families from Egypt ^ befides the trea-i
^ Cant. p. 165, & feqq.
(X) This aathor makes Selim % p-aelty yaftly greater than an^
other hiftorian.
S J . lures
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Hiftcry of the Othman Empire. R XV,
(tires of the country, and then returned to Kayro ; from
whence he foon after fet-out on his return for Eur§pe.
' TONUS PJS HA was become fo popular by his valour
v^Jh^-^ and liberality, that SeRm fought an occaficm to dcftroy him;
Paiha which that officer foon forniftied him with. A few days be-
fore the army was to depart for Syria, the garrifon of Knyrb
petitioned for an augmentation of their pa^. f he SohSn,
always liberal to his foldiers, readily confents, and orders
Tontfs to fee it done : but the Pa/hd, carried headlong by the
refentment he had conceived at the advancement (A Kayer
Bey to f he government of Egypt , which he thought himfelf
more worthy of^ gave the treafurers and paymaiters no or-
ders about it. . His view was to incenfe the foMiery againfl
Kayer Bey, as the author of their wrongs, and by that means
put to get him difplaced : but the Pajbd was fatally out in his cal-
de^ib, culation; for, when pay-day came, and no money was to
be had, the governor and officers of the treafury, after ex-
.. ,cufing themfelves to the infulting foldiefs, difpatched meflen-
gers to Seltm, then at Larijfa (Y), to acquaint him with the
' Hiatter. The SoIt4n, highly incenfed, fends for Tonus ; who
alleged, that he had no ill intention in what he did ; that
the foldiers had been already fufficiently enriched by the
fpoils of Egypt ; and that his majeft/s coffers were empty :
but Sellm, not giviiig him leave to proceed, ordered him to
be executed in his prefcnce (Z), as an example for dif-
obedience ^, . ' '
SelimV JSeikg arrived at Gaza, to revenge the pcrfidioufncfs of
conquefis, the inhabitants, he puts every, foul to the fword, and razes
their city (6 the ground. Afterwards, coming to Damajkus^
he delivers th^t city, with the government of Palejiine and
. Syria, to Gazeli Beg, according to agreement. In ihort,
\ .within the fpace of one year, and in the fame ^pedltlon, 5^-
l}m added more territories to the Othnt&n empire, than any
«'LEUNct. k RiCAVT, ubi fiipr.
*
ty) ^z,t\itr Jl Rijha, cHAti unci. This r^Arw had married ^
by {ottic y Laris /Ride, and ihe beautiful Grr^^ lady, named
like. It lies about twenty milee Manti, whom, after the de^xh
to the ibuth of Gaza^ at the of her hulband in rbe wars, he
bottom of at golf of the iamc tookprifoner: but in time grow*
name, or JI Rijha, ing extremely jealous of her,
(Z) Pthcrs fay, that, talking thoueh without caufe, (he pro-
to him afide, he of a fuddcn, in ppfed to make her efcape to her
arage, ordered him to be thrown own country ; which difcover-
to the ground olThis horfe, and ing, he flew her with his dag*
the SoTak Bajbi to kil| him. Le- gcr.
8 of
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
C, io; 9 SoltSn Sdtm I.
of his p^-edficcflbrs had been able to fubdue In his whole reign :
for he not only conquered all the dominions of the Cherkaf-
fiansy in Jfia and Egypt ^ but likewife reduced to his obedi-
ence, as it were by-the-by, other ftrqng and famous cities of
^fia ; fuch as Maiat^ya, DUrbeghi^ D^rendt^^ Behtifiy Kier^
Ifieb, Ki^khte^ Bfrejik, Antdb^ and j4ntakhia (A). Even the
Sharif Qi Mekka (B) brought the keys of his city to Scltm^
whilft he was about Kayro^ and openly acknowleged his fo»
vereignty, He was honourably received by the Soltduy who
appointed his Ton, famous for virtue and learning, his fucceflbr
in the principality, By the authority of this man, the tribes
of the waoderii\g Arabs (C). were induced voluntarily to fub-
mit to him, and deliver him a writing for a teftimony of their
^delity, with fome of their principal countryn^en in hoftage.
Being arrived 2Lt Hdlep^ in Ramaz^n^ 9:15, he was met ^w^/^r*
by a P^ir/Jdw ambaflador, fent by a feigned fubmiflion, todi-'^^''<^-
vert the ftorni which threatened his matter, The more QJily ^*/
to obtfidn his ends, befides making magnificent prefents, h^ a ?3^*
tries to footh the ambitious Sohan with new titles; flatter-, .^.q*
• }ngly ftiling him ShaUn Shdhi alem, ve Saheb Kerdni bani ^ ^*
Aaamy that is, the emperor of emperors (D), and file conqueror
[oT Jutoerator) of the fons of Adam, ^elim's pride was fQ
fwelled with fuch great viftories, and vain congratulations,
that, having made his triumphant entrance into Cor^antincpUi
he, {£) the next year, as if the fortune of war had been at
hit .
(A)Oftliefe cities, Mi/^//>v?, the defarts, and all fpeak the
perenda, Btrejik (or Bir on the Arabic language ; but in fuch
Euphrates )t Antdd, and Antak* different dialeSs, that they can
J&/a,or^!r//W^, are pretty large; hardly t^nderlland each other,
the reft are rather towns than Qant. ^ ^
cities. Cant^ (D) Though all "the Turkifi
(B) He was before this ^ol- emperor's titles are very lofty ;
tan% reign a fovereign prince yet at court, when mention is
over lAekka^ and foipe other made of him, thefe are never
^ (Titles of Arabia : but from Si- ufed : but the common appella-
Bm's time he has acknowleged tions are Fddijhahi alem Penah^
the Turki/h emperors for guar- the emperor nuho is the rtfu^^ or
dians and proteftors of the ilf«- froteSior^ of the worlds and Afi
Juhnan affairs, Cant, Othmdn Pddifidhi^ emferir oftbp.
(C) As Bani Ibrahim , Bani fons ^Othman, Cant,
Se^alem^ Bani Ata% Bani AJJiyia^ (E) Other writers fay, th^
Bani Saad^ find many others, thing which haftencd him home
There being; above 70 nations ~ was the advice he had re-
or tribes of them fprung from ceived, that (bveral Chriftian
4ifferen^ branches, who- range princes, at the iniligation. of
§ 4 Popf
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Hiftory of the Othman Empire. B, XV.
his coifimand, binds himfelf with an oath, not to recede a
ftep till he had fubverted the empire of the Perjians^ and ut-
terly extinguiflied a nation perfidious to God and hateftil to
man (F). This he did in a belief, that he (hould afterwards
fubdue, wthout difficulty, the Chriftian princes. But pro-
iddence feemed to thwart his arrogant defigns : for he is ob-
liged for want of money (both the external and internal trea-
fures (G) having been cxhaufted in the late expedition), to de-
fer his intended war the firft year, and turn his thoughts to
raifing new fupplies out of the conquered countries, which
frufirated t<^k up another year. Winter drawing on, to divert the
iy death, time, he refolves to vifit the monuments of his anceflors at
Adrianople : but he had fcarce reached the village Suajbt-
di (H), when he was feized with a flight fever. Next day,
there appeared in his thigh an impoftume (I) ; which fo tor-
mented and weakened him, that all the finews of his body
and feet (K) were contrafted and dried. The tumor was in-
deed opened by a (kilful furgeon, and remedies were applied:
but the obfUnate ulcer fo infefted his whole body, that, after
forty days of torture rather than ficknefs, the fplendor of the
Pope Leo X. had entered into
confcrltatioDS about making war
on him : and that at bis returh
he made great preparations, ef-
pecially by fea, for an invafiof),
aswasfuppofed, either of i^i^^^^/
or luh. Bat that he was pre-
vented by death, while vifiting
the cities of 7'^rtfff. Ricaut.
(F) This is to be underilood
only of themfclves, thcPerfians
being in more efteem with other
nations than the Turh ; who
bear them an implacable hatred
ever fmce the time of Shah If-
math
(G) The external called Z)i/^-
Ibaxineh, containing the public
money of the Mujulmdns^ which
the ZoUan himieff cannot touch
without danger of a rebellion,
tnle^ in the utmoil neceiHty.
Over this prefides t\itDefterddr^
or high treafurer. Ich-khasaneh^
or tbiinUrmal^ is alfo called the
ijyiperial ue^Turp ; which i$ at
the Soltdns difpofal. Over this
prefides the Haznaddr Bajbi^
Cant.
(H) That is, he has fwam
over the loater* The name was
given on account of an afUon
of Bd-yescid 11, who, being de-
nied the purchafe of the bridge
thereby the Pdjhdwho ere^ed
it, fwam over the torrent with
great danger of his life ; faying
m verfe, that it luoj Setter to St
fwallo-wed uf hy the waiert than
to pafs onjer the bridge of a fordid
difcourteous man. Cant.
> (I) The Chriftian writers fay,
that he was ftruck with a cancer
in his reins ; which fo corrupted
his body by degrees, that he
1 became lothfome both to hini'
felf and others. Ricaut,
(K) The Turh confider this
as a judgment on Seilm, for
fwearing he would not draw
back his foot till he had fabdoed
the f^<«» empire. Cant.
OtbmJk^
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byGoogk
C 10. 9 So\t$si SeUrn L i^5
OthliSn empire exjMred, on Sunday the ninth day of Sia^ A.D.
vfol (L), about fun-fet < , 1 5»»
FERHAD PdJbA, who alone had ftaid with the Sokin, 'T'^v^*^
coDCcaling his death from all but the reft of the fVaztrs, foe ^^^M^f'
Uxtoi feme commotion^ immediately fends nodce to StJey-''^ *
man, BelinCs fon, then reiiding at Trapezond\ who, on re-
ceipt of his letter, baftens to ConfiantinopU, where all the
great officers, doatbcd in mourning, ialute him emperor^ in
Sbawal, 926. The fame day, after noon, he went attended Hej. oai.
by his courders to meet his father's funeral, and condu£bd A- ^.
the body, with great pomp, to the Jimi built hy Mobam^ *S*^^
2»^^ II. where it was interred, with tUs epitaph infcribed oir
bis tombr Tins year Soltte Seltm departed toon everjqfimg
imgdm^ . leaving the ewipire rfibe world to Soleymln.
SELIM liv^ 54 years, and reigned nine years and eight reign and
months (M). He had all the qualifications of a hero ; with an chwraSerz
able head, ffaxmg arm, and great oontrivance : indefatigaUe*
where the fafety of the flate was concerned, very£t to manage
affiurs, and extremely quick in difcovering hidden defigns.
He frequently walked in difguife about the public ph^^
ifareets, and camp, as well by n^t as day ; and pdni/hcdfe-
Terely whatever he found omtrary to his laws, or the comnkon
good. He had alfo his fpes, dexterous in. their. bufineis;
who, mixing with all companies, daily reported to bin
what they had heard or feen. By thefe means, he was fo wdl
aqnainted with every thing which pafl^, that it became a*
common fayii^ in his dme, the emperor will know to-morrow,
iviatpaffes in the chamber between man andw^e : and this di-
%ence, to pry into people's behaviour, proved of fo great far-
vice to the empire, that, during his abfenoe, ip fuch remote ex-^
peditions as were undertaken by him, there happened no re-
beUion but what was ftifled in the very birth.
lNflu>rt, this i^^/iTiii would have merited immortal praiie» if^^i^^'^^
be had not, by his prcmenefe to anger and cruelty, fuUied the ^'^h *
Inftre of Ids virtues, and caufed himfetf to be branded with
thcappellation of r^vwz (N). On which occafion, it may not
* CAKt. p. 167, 8c fcqq.
(L) The Chriftian hiftoriaas things relating to this Sol/dn
place his death in Sefftember^ from a moft elegant, but fcarc«
1520, near the city of ChiurIL book, concerning Mohammed il.
(M) The Chriftian writers Bd^jtzid II. SeUm, and Soley*
&jr, he lived 46 years, and man, written by Mi Eftndi.
leigaed eight, "Ricaut, An aadior no lefs grave than
(N) As mentioned at the be- ftudious of troth, and void of
rinniDg of his reign. Prince flattery, fays the prince, by
Cmemir has tranfcribed fomc whom he is often mentioned.
Digitized by VjOOQ iC
Hifiory if ibi Odim^R ^nfire. B. XV%
be improper to idatex)9e inftanco. Twa je»Cf^ W<Qff9 Us
death, Turhmania (O) being infeftod with a robber^ whf^
^;a die head of a' confldcrafak fcoxe, attempted ta bepoiDe
^ nnfter of that, and the nrigWxairiDg provioces ; SdHmit^X
j^nft him f^haiP^fbi^ noth great part of hist forces -. bat»
befi:)re his arriral, the rpbdb had heca routed tqr Bkifiin.Beg
Jddmud^ foo of Sheykh S4vur. Whikthe I^ajbit QPt dariag
to return without the (^mperor^ order* encamped about
< Jam/id J a maBdoiu Umiderer, ooder pretence qf gdelity,.
islk fa^ that acoonter&it Msr^ who pretended to be the
f3KcS Sqkdn Ahmedr kpd drawi> the whde atf tghisridcy
wkb above jox^ robbeis« Ferh44y ^nthont exanuniog into thft
flatter, accpndnts the dBperOr vnAk mhat.fae had hevd, and
defires his orders la thb immiaeot d^u^er. SeHnu troftii^
; perhaps to Uatgenerid's prudence, comioands, without any
inqiBiiy, that iU die chief aien of the ccamtryihotild be ifli<f
pakdr By this precipkaie »id qmel (^er» iA)ove .6oQ inoov
o^ perfens -of notefnlfered th^ in&moQs as well as borribk
paiMuuncm ; others were beheaded^ and the refi dragged thro^
(he^lbeetsi atlhe tailsof ihorfes*
^gmmri- - ^tlM akm^ dt fo many fiiphfi emperors, fiiaved Iub
0AUfaf' bcani after he afcenddl the throne, contrary to the reoesyed
(^ges: enftoBtr asweUas the precepts ef. the^Au^ri^; by wUch the
Ibiii of piAncet pre efigc^ed (or penoitled) to do it befare, but
ibr afterwards. . -The ^afr^;i being,^ on tius occafioo, geody
and i^icetionflf reproofed 'one day by ^the Mufti ^ anfwered,
that kf €ttd it toprepmt hu WKiiv^frm having any thing
fdiead him byi
' Thb: Turh rih,t9 of him, that he abesys had by him^ or in
his hand,* a dub^ 'cailed Top^ (P) v^af^ which tiiey <ay, this
was the occafiph;' la the time c^ Si^yezid, feme produces
bordering^ on Peifitty for peace fake^ipaid yearly tx> that em*
* lire^ by i¥ay of tribate, a certsdn fnmrib^ of carpets, caBed
€hkt. Hk ^tther bdng d^u}, the gDrernors of thofe pro^
Tinees bat^o SdHn to know whether thds flight tribute was to
be continued orlrtot. -His anfwer was^ Teil the infidel Ktiil^
bifh {or Red-head)^ that the father of the carpets is gone^
. (O) It may be ai^ionedjf to the Turkmdfrt of the SJaci
ihis name he io the prigiasl ^ni,^hite Sheep,
Turkijh author made ufe of by (P) In his pida>? publifhej
Prince Cmtemir, In c^ it be, in Prince Cant0mir*9 hiftory» He
by it muft be un^erfioed the ia lirawn with a T^puz in hit
neaiitries of Dfyariekr and Jr- hand, and reffing en his iboolr
memn, fubjeft |iot long bffor^ d^»
Digitized
by Google
Turks are fail of fvach ftories of their &t^ ; wfaidi» for face*: %$tQj
Wb ihall condode ^th a paAge bom. theChriffiaQ wat^ amiiher^ '
ers« They td) us, that Siiim one day, dnriog bia'hft jlk
deft, leaning his hcadon the lap (^ Piri Pnfhiy whom he
l6ved above aU the reft, he&id, OVrA, Ifu ImuftJbortly£d
vithut remedy. The P^i/^i^ taidng that occafion, told him^
be would do vrell to build an ho^tal for the relief o( the
poor, with the great wealth taken from the Perjum mer-
chants in feveral parts of his empire : the SdtAi zaSweredp
Wmildft thou have me, Piri, iefiew other pien's goods, u^uH^
mfly taken from them, on works of charity ^ for my orvm V€dst%
^hry ? That I wHl never do: nay, rather fee, that they be
rejhred to the right owners ; which was do|ie accordiogly ^
C H A ?• XI,
Tke Reign of Solcyman I. furnamed KanAni.
SECT. \.
Containing the Takit^ of Rhodes^ Siege of Yitrma^ and
Wars of Hungary.
VOLEYMANKardim (A) had fcarce mounted his father's »<> Soltlii
*^ throne, when Cdzeli Beg, m^e governor of Damafkus ^^}^y'
by Se^, revolts, with a defign to render himfelf indepen- "*^
dent. With this view, railing forces, he fuddenly befieges
' Cant. p. I7a,&ffq.
( Q^) ^he father of cluht is a the will of the Sohin. By reafoQ
tafe borrowed from the ^r^^x, of thefe conftitutions, ne is, in
^ifying a man abounding 'with the imperial library, painte4
« (or fojejftd of ) any thing ; as with a book in his hand. He
Abu I Iman, the father of faith, is by the Chriftian hiftonans
or indued txiith faith ; Altun Ba- ftimamed the Magnificent. Count
he^, the father of gold % that is, Marfigii has pabiifhed a traaC-
ine abounding with money. Cant.* latioh, both in Italian and
(A) Kanuni is taken from the French, of the Kanun N/uneh,
Greek word Kanonifta^ inftitutor fo far as relates to the army and
rf rules : for Soleymdn inHituted revenue, under the tide of fbe
the written laws, which now "Military State of the Othmi^
fubfift in the Othmdn court and Emfire. Printed at the Hagui
common-wealth? where affairs ?^na Amflerdam, 17 Hi infoTio^
before were regulated almoft wichcuts.
Entirely by caftom> or rather
* • • my ,
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
tiiftirfi of tie Othmkn Enlpire. E XV.
HMtp ; whidi^Was bravely dtfended by AT^ Mqftt^d PaJhA (B)
till the arrival of. F^r>Uc/P4/&i. On this, GAzeti Btg^ too
^weak to oppofe him, raifes the ii^e, and encamps near Z>a-
mdJhUf in a place called MufiMa ; which he ftrongly forti* ^
fiesy .In' hopes the imperial army would be forced by the fear*,
city of corn, and feaibn of the year, to march back : but
FerhAd^ mindful of the emperor's order, follows him, and at
Hej. 027. Isngth, contrary to the opinion of all, Sefer the 27th, 927,
A. D. attacks him in his fortified camp. There, after a fierce and
1 520. doubtful Hght for ten hours, all difficulties being furmounted,
the whole rebel^irmy, with their leader, is (lain. After this,
the conquering. PJ^ enters Damajkus^ and appoints Jyis
P&fl)A Reglerbegoi the city.
Belgrade A^IA being now in peace, Seleymdn refdves to turn his
taken. arms againfl the j?ar<7^tfn. princes, in order to extend his do-
minions as far to the weft of his capital, as it reached to the
eaft : and, that he might not be difturbed in the midft of his
progrefs by commotions in other parts, he leaves to FerhM
Fqjhd the care of Jfid\ fends one fleet into the Archi^lagui^
arid another into the Black 5^^, corififting of 50 (hips of war,
with 400 tranf^orts to take care of the provifions for his in-
tended expedition. Thefe precautions being taken, he de-
pSins ^ land, with a gr^t army, to fubdue ffungary : but
before he fets out, (ends to TahiaB^, fpnof Ban Beg, go-
. . \ vernor of Scmendria, ' fuddenly, with what forces he had, to
^ * befiege Belgrade, aiid hilader feither provi(ibns or a reinForce-
meht to be thrown into the city. The SbltAn, at length ar-
riving, encamps in the fidd called Zeknfn ; from whence he
detached Moftafa Pdjhii sitid Ahmed P&Jb&, BegUrbeg of
Rum eli {ov Thrace J, with forces to aflift Tahia Beg, Thefe
two generals, by battery and undefmihihg, foon deftroyed
the walls, and fo fatigued the befieged by hourly a(raults, that
at length they are forced to furrender, on the fifth of Rama-
z^n (C), the bulwark of Hungary *, which had often been at-
tacked, but never t^k^n before : and thus opened the >vay to
Bttda, capital of that kingdom. ;
AM Beg Mean while Soleymhi, with the reft of the army, tqok,
JImu. partly by aflault, partly by capitulation, Burgaz (D) Burij,
Tmijej and Biugurdkn, over-running the adjacent country ;
which he made the (eat of the future war. On his return to
' (B)ThatisoldiWb/^tf?/^tf, (C) The Chriftian writers
though i%'tf, or Kboja, fignifies fay, on the 20th of Augvfi,
alfo a perfon of gravity and 1521.
wifdom. * (D) Formerly Fjr^^y.,
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. II. lo Soltin Soleymftn I;
Coif/lantrnopkj he receives tdyice, that Sieh SuvarOgR, prince
cfMara/b(E)f was fecretly preparing foftiake-offthe^Mmi^
yoke, when things were become ripe for rebelUon. Hereupon
he fends orders to FerhAd Pifl)i to take-off that prince's head.
As it feemed dangerous to attempt this openly^ the P6fhA
fends him a letter, tdling him, he was by the Bolton appointed
hisaffiftant, and defiling he would come to confult with hiin
about the public afi&irs. The prince, fufpe6ling no deceit,
£dls i^to the (bare; and, coming to Ferhi(ts tent, is, with
iustwofons, pnttodeadi<*
^0L£rilf>/iV having prepared a great fleet, in 928, fends Rhodes'
the Waztr Moftafa ^afia to Rodos (or Rhodes), and follows A^f'*^^.*
hunfclf in Ramazdn. On hfa arrival, he cjofely pfefles the ^fi- 9^^*
dty, and furrounds it with ftrong works. In tWs fiege were ^' ^'
employed all the arts of aflaulting and defending hitherto iii- *^***
vented by the wit (^ man. Both parties fought for five
months vfith fuch fury, as if the di4>ute had been for the
empire of the world, rather than a fingle city. At length
the Chriftians, exhaufied with continual flaughters and
watchings, are forced to furrender 0n the third of Sttfer the
next year. This event was followed by the voluntary fub-
mifEon of the neighbourii^ iflands Ifiankioy (F) and Bu-
irum K '
As the Chriftian hiflorlans have written copioufly ofthisyJr^/
important place, we fhall from them fupply the defidency of then :
the Turkijb. Thefe authors tell us, that the damages com-
mitted by the gallies of Rhodes y within his dominions, deter-
mined SoleymAi to reduce that place. With this view, he
made great preparations ; which alarming the grand mafler
Philip de Villiers Li/le^adam, grand prior of France y he put
himfelf into the beft pofture of defence he could : and, on a
general mufter, there were found tobe at moft between five
and fix thoufand men in the city and villages able to bear arm§.
Among whom were 600 knights of the order, and 500 Can-
About the middle erf June a fire was made on the conti-
nent, and a galley fent to fee what was the matter : but the
8 Cant. p. I74,&feqq. &Ricaut. inSoleymanthcMagnif.
* Cant. p. 177.
(E) /L city near the Euphra- Greeks Eis ten Ko, as Iftamh$U
tes. This was Mi Beg^ to whom from Eis ten polin. Cant. It is
^ettm had given the country of faultily printed in the text If-
Alaideulet, or Zulkadir, kankioy. It is in th^ maps called
(Fj Or Koy corruptly by the StankhiQ.
'9 * captaiQ
Digitized
by Google
A.D. <MtaiAi«^i^tt>toi4 one of thftliorfemdiiljidakttcron
1521. aA9Ciebylliei»aMr4ide» aad then rode t¥wy. ttoHnefroBi
<h/VV/ the iSfi^';z, r^M^i^iMr/tobeiB^voiiimt^
nifts to grant then their jctKf^ota aa4 Uberty ii^ aUe they
oomplied; ftnd thraitaBiog deftru£tioii m cafe tbqrrtifiiftd.
The RAodia$u$ ftow Aflfared Of SJiymJtm's defigns, deftx>yed
dneir fulKurbs dud houfiasof pteaAirc^ the |;raad mafter fetdag
tbeeaumple himfelf* The oommou people v^ere 9i[o, bjr lus
• crder, brought iato the town, with what provifion thef coald
get.
'A^eT The a6th, early, the Turkyi fleet, to the number ^400
lA^Turks : g^a gj^j ^^ {axuil, with two hiwdml thoufend rneaxm bottd,
iucty thoofadd of them piooeers, ^pptamg in fight, ^ gates
of the dty Were flmt-up. The tice^admirai bore dire^Uy to-
wards the mouth of the port ; but, hcmg himfelf tikeiy to
tm fuidc by the gtes from the bulwark on the kf t fide, he
pafled oa with the reft of the Ihi^s, While the Tvrih were
knditig, and ms^ung other pre^aratiOiif, at PammMin, a
jilace f^ut fix miles finom the town^ the Rhodimu funk fevo^
deep founds wli&in the walls to difeover the enemies mtfies ;
and fbrdfied their bulwarks with great ramparts. At the
£ane time the grand matter fent to Spam^ Rome^ and France^
for affiftance; but to no purpofe, on account of tfte diArac-
tiom at that time among the Chiiftlan princes. However the
brave Prt^ms^ governor <^ Kinos^ then under the power of
the RhodianSf made a ihift to get to the iflan^ ; as did alfo
Cartel Martiningo, a famous en^aeer from Qmdia, by ^hoTe
fldU fifty-five mines were countermined during the fiege \
€itj de^ The city of Rhodes lies to the north part of the ifiand, by
fcribed: |he fca-fide, where it has two ports ; one for gallies to the
north, the other for dups to the eaft. it was inelofed with a
very ftroag double wall ; which had feveral fiur gates, and
was defended by five great bulwarks, thirteen fine towers^
and very deep ditches. Without the walls, is a ftoney pisun,
not very broad,- but of great length, bounded with hills, full
of^riQgs; whkh furround the ciqr at fome little diftance,
and were planted With olives, figs, ami vines.
Tif E city had not been long inverted, before it was in danger
irf being fir^d by fome Turk^ womai flaves ; who being dif-
covered, their ringleader was put to death. Tb^ enemy, hav-
ing pofTefled themfelves of a hill direftly over-againll the
pbce where the EngKJb knights were pofted, b^an from
* Hift. of the Siege of in Hakluyt. Colled. Voy. vol. ii,
p. 72. Hift. Knights of St. John in ThbVEWOt's Trav, p. i.
c. 72. RtcAVT. in SoUman.
thence
♦ Digitized by LiOOgle
/dMaee to hiMt ^ plm)t; mdj voder cover of thdr gns5»
<^ened cbtir tp^idbei, and felt to muuiig. But their pioDears,
andthiofe.wfao gmurded them, were (b aiokfted by the £dlir8
of tbegttrifo&y. thtt, ^afi nvmberycf thembeiag flaii^ they
'wett forced to rtife their mouots by o^ht, aad turn their ar-
taUeryagakft the part (torn whence the Rhodium iallied.
l/iMjLfx time, tiic Tmrktfi) jfoldiers beiag weary of the i^9ifgt^ iattena
^ thpcy wcreii^9rmed by ibme prifoo^s who were taken^ ^- rmfid^
kytaim, at the reqoeA of f iW ^4^ oa the a^th of Jivgf^^
c^itte himfelf in perfon ^.the camp : and aow they bq;aa to
ttaiee tinir approach to the ditch by trenches ; raifiag two
raft mounts of earthy xme oppofite to tl^ gate of Auvirgiu
^xA&^oin^ the Other aglinft thegateof Itidy.- Tbefe wen
carried to the edgb of tbe counterioHp, and advanced ten or
twdve feet higher iSuin the walls of the town. The trenches
being .finiflied, the ieveral generals took their pofts, each
^!uw a bulwark, land fnrioufly battered the waUs with th^
ordnaace. Stones of a vaft iite were thrown into the cky
-from twel^ greait mortirfl ; . and a battery of forty canooQ,
^be^eof twelve were bafififlcs, nevfr cea&d playing. Bat
tfaey did no great good with another planted againft Su M'
cMas's TawoTy bccaufe much annoyed with the cannon of
<fae dty* ' However Piri Pajbd^ after having had thirty-two of £<itt|^
his nines frufirated, on the fourth of Jt^ufi blew-^up the huhwari
£ngli/b bulwark, whcFe feveral of that nation periihed. The U^wm^
Twks attempted to enter by this breach, but were rqpuUed
by the grand mafter and his party; when M;fiafa Paflki^
comii^Hon with frefii troops, renewed a tnoft terrible %ht.
However, by the bravery of the women as well as men, the
Tttrks were forced to retreat, with the lofs of two thouiaad
mai : while the befkged had fifty knights of the order, be«
fides a few others, d^. The enemy had no better fuccefs
•in the fecond a^aalt^ which lafted three hours ; wherein they
Joft as many men a$ iti die fcMiaer, with three great oflSoers.
Piri Pajhd alfo was beaten from a mount whkh he had takea,
and from whence he battered the ItaHan bulwark, which was
near to it, with 1 f pieces of canncHi ; whilft the mines fovmod
againft the French bulwark were all countermined '^.
MOSTJFJ, to refcrieve his credit with SokynUfh rt-fi^rml
ibtved on a third aflault againft the £»^J!^ bulwark, in coa- «^5w/rff
cert with Ahmed^ a great officer, who was at the fame
time to attack the &^m\fi> bulwark. But althcHigh many
' brave Engkjb men loft their lives, and Prtjanes was wounded
mHift. of die Siege ia-HAKivrT. Colka, Voy. &c. ubi fupr.
in
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
272 Hipfy of the Othman Empire. B. XV.
A. D. in the furious conflift, yet Moftqfa was baffled in his attempr.
1521. Ahmed indeed won the top of the wall, and pitched the Tutkifb
' t,>^>rO ftandard on it, yet he was quickly beaten out again. However
the enemy having, on the 23d rf Sept ember ^ by thdr mines
and battery againft the Auvergne bulwaric, made a large
breach, Soleym&n refotved on another aflauit the next day:
of which the grand mafter being informed by means of a
Chriftian flave, 4ie prepared his people to recdve the eniemy.
The attack was made in five different places at once, with ten
thoufand Turks in each body : but they were oppofed by the
befi^ed of all ages and conditions, as well as oi both fexes;
who, with all kinds of deftrufHve inftruments, from the
walls made great havock among them. The grand mafter
Was prefent every-where. After having taken all proper care
of the Italian quarter, much diftrefled by Piri Pafis&f he
went to that of the Engli/h, hardly prefled by Mofittfa. Whik
Spanifh he was there, a fudden cry was heard, diat the Spanijh bttl*
bul*u)ark wark Was loft ; as in e!lk€t it was : for while the Spaniards^
lofi^ who guarded that bulwark, left it to aflift the Spaniards
potted to the right of it, who were brifldy charged by Ahmed^
fome Turks, who, at the beginning of the aflauit, to avoid
the (hot had hid themfelves among the rubbiih at die foot of
the bulwark, took that opportunity to mount the wall, and
quickly got pofleflion of it. But they were fcarcely warm in
aftd rt' that poft when the grand mafter, with a party of choice men,
gained: refolutely fcaled it again ; while Hugh Capon and Menofiut^
both knights of the cwder, with a company of Candiots,
broke into the bulwark by the gate, which the Turks had not
yet bolted, and recovered it, after it had been two hoars in
the hands of the enemy. In ' ftiort the Turks being every-
where put to the worft with great ftaughter, Soleymin, after
an aflauit of fix hours, and the lofs of 20,000 men, founded
a retreat : but was fo enraged for this ill fuccefs, that he or-
dered Moftafa to be put to death, and PiriP/f/bd aft^wards,
for interceding for him. Both would have fuftcred, if the
reft of the great officers had not implored mercy for them.
However his admiral, becaufe he could not hinder relief from
coming to the city by fea, did not fare fo well : for though by
the mediation of Ahmed he efcaped death, yet he was re-
moved, and whipped as a flave on board the adnural galley.
Soleym&n SOLETMAN, difcouraged wth thefe lofTes, would have
difcourag" raifed the fiege, but that he was perfuaded by his favourite
ed : Ibrahim to continue it. Being thus refolved, he began to
build a ftately palace on Mount Philermus in fight of the city;
during which time, fcveral letters were flidt virith arrows into
the
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C. ii« lo Soldtti S(>leymln I.
the tofwfl) £(biofing many qf the Saltan's counfete ; and in-
timating the deHgned revolt of a great man, fuppoTed to have
])GssiMo/hfa:. but he having been foon after made governcr^
^ Egypt, in the room of Kayer Beg, deceafed^ they received
no more letters from the camp. Mean while, if the befieged
hs4 friends iQ the enemy's camp, the enemy did not want
them in the town : for firft a Jew phyfician, employed as a
fpy, gave them notice of the ftatc; of the place by letters ;
and. then they were encouraged by the advice of Sir Andrea
DeAnaral, a Portugue/e prior of Cajiik, chancellor cf the order, treachery
an4 one of the princi}^ lords of the council. This traitor dif- e^ Ama-
gafted that DeVtUiers ftiould be preferred to the grand-maftery ™ *
before him, betrayed the weak comlitioh of Ae place to the
^Itan ; ififonning him that the beifieged were quite fpent, and
promifing him aa eafy conqueft if he ftaid bu t a few days longer,
and stttadked the town in the place which he direfted to. This
notice was given by a letter or letters, tied to an arrow, and
Ihot into the Tt/rif^camp ; in doing which, his fcrvant was
detefted, and, being examined, confeflcd the whole afl&ir **.
FaR all this, it being now the month of 06hber, the bad a great
weather which came on, fo much incommoded both'the army fc'^^f^ •
and fleet, xhzxSokym^ was at his wit's end, when Ahmed t^
concaged him to continue the fi^, by promifing in a fhort
time to open a way into the city. To accomplifh this, he
never left attacking the outer wail erf the Auvergne quarter
till he had made himfelf maft^ of it ; after which he^aifed
a ftrong pent-houfe againft the town-wall, and fell to under-
mining it. This ftruck a great damp upon the fpirits of the
Rbodians, who yet deftroy^d many of the Turks at their
work : however the latter, prevailing by numbers, at laft
beat down the wall ; fo that the befieged had no better fhift
left than to labour day and night in raifmg a new one.
These advantages gained, Soleym^n prepared for one gC'getreral
ncral al&ult mcwe on the laft day oE November. The Turks, ajfaiiit :
with colours flying and great fhouts, hafted towards the
breach, and advanced to St, Ambrofe Gate, while the fleet
made a (hew of attacking the city from the fea : but the be-
fieged, preferring death to the thoughts of captivity, be-
haved fo gallantly, that the Turks, notwithftanding their fierce ,
attacks, were forced to retreat. However, ftung with the
feoffs flung at them by the Rhodians on that occafion, and
difdaining to be fo treated by a handful erf men, they returned
to the ch^ge with greater fury than before ; yet at laft were
® Hift. ofitke-SiegeinlfAKttJYT. Collet. Voy.&t. ubifapr.^
Mod. Hist. Vol. XII. T obliged
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Hiftory of the Othman En^re. B. XV.
obliged to march back^ after leaving five thoufand more dead
behind them.
Aftbr this defeat, they applied themfelves to make trenches
Turk$ through the rubliifti of. the wdls, in order that way to get
^^*" . ^ into the city, and demolifli the new-raifed countermure, and
^^"* ' other barricades. In cfFeft, they made fuch progrefs with
their mattocks and pickaxes, at the fame time coodnualiy
Ikirmiftilng with the befieged, that they foon obliged them
to pull down feveral houfes, in order to ereft new fortifica-
tions, and dig ne^>r trenches (G). Thus they found the city
daily going from them, and themfelves pent up into lefs room,
the enemy having by this time gained within the town almoft
200 paces in breadth and 1-50 in length.
a parley SO LEYMAN^ though now affured of carrying the place,
tequired: at the perfuafion of Jhmed ^nd KaJ/i, fent Jferem MonelU, a
Genoe/e, to parley with the Rhodians : but as his orders were
to deliver his meflage in private to Mathias De Via, his
countryman, FarnoviuSy one of the knights, ordered him
forthwith to depart. Yet foon after the grand mailer, at the
earneft follicitations erf the people, was forced to fend am-
bafTadors to Soleymdn, to know for what end he had fent to
require a parley : but the Solt^ in a great heat, as if he had
known nothing of the matter, faid there was no fuch thing;
and fent them back with a letter to the grand mafter and ci-
tizens, advifing them to make trial of his clemency ; with a
promife of liberty and goods, in cafe they fubmitted. The
grand mafter was for fighting it out to the laft, in defence of
their faith and honour. With him fome others joined, out of
diftruft that the Turks would not keep their articles with
them : but the majority were for putting it tb a trial, rather
than occafion the deftruftion of fo many people.
theeifv HOWEVER the grand mafter broke up the aflembly with-
furrender- ^"^ coming to a final resolution ; only promifing to take care
^i: of their welfare : but next morning, finding hy Pr^anes that
the enemy ha4 fo (haken and battered their wofks, that the
city could not poflibly be long defended, it was by general
confent agreed to deliver the fame up ; and a truce was ac-
cordingly fettled for four days. Mean time a ftiip arrived
from Candidf with wines, and one hundred volunteers, un-
known to the Venetians y then in league with the Turks ; who
in great numbers approaching the walls of Rhodes , Favorinus
ordered a whole tire of cannon to be fired againft them. The
,(G) The Rho^ans hzd 1500 on this, and other occafions,
Turiijk flaves in the town ; who, did them great fervid.
enemy,
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C. ir* 16 Soltin Solcyman I.
enemy, juflly ofiended at this breach of the tmce, advanced
through the ruins of the breaches into the city^ as far as the
rampiers and barricadoes, to revenge the injury ; but were va-
liantly driven back. However the Rhodian ambafladors, then
in the Othman camp, muft have been torn in pieces by the
enemy, had it not been iov the Turkijb hoftages in the town :
but on the arrival of two burgefles in the camp, with the
terins of furrender, all was prefently quiet.
SOLEYMAN having agreed to all the articles (H), the Lc Vil-
grand mafter, by Ahmects advice, went in mean habit toliers^-
proftrate himfelf before the Soltan^ attended with a few knights «w«^'^'
of the order. Having waited at the tent door in the rain
moft part of the day, he was cloathed with a rich robe, and
then introduced. Soon after, he was admitted to kifs the
hand of Soleymdn, who would have had him to become his
vaflal : but Le Villiers declining it with a modeft boldnefs,
which pleafed the SoltAn^ he was fent back to the city with
honour. A few days after, when Soleym^n vifited the place^
the grand mafter would have proftrated himfelf before him ;
but the Soban took him up, and called him father. Likewife,
when he went to defire leave to depart, he was received fo
very courteoufly, that Soleyman, turning to Ibrahim Pajbd,
laid, Truly y I cannot but be troubled to fee this unfortunate
old mauy driven out of his own habitation^ departing fo hea*
vilyfrom hence. The SoHAn entered the dty in triumph on
Chrijlmas-day, 1522*.
During the fi^e of Rhodes, Khair Beg, governor of Egypt r««
Egypt f happening to die, Jumun-Kiafhuf (an Arab Sheykh^ ^^l^ •
who had fubmitted to SelimJ, by his fpceches and prefents
perfuades all the people of Egypt unanimoufly to attempt to
ihake-off the Othm&n yoke. Soleymhiy hearing of thefe tranf-
aftions, fends his JVaztr Mqftafa Pafhd, with five (hips, into
Egypt 'y who, arriving in a few days at Efianderiya, fur-
prifes the rebels unprepared, and, entirely routing them, re^*^
ftores the country to itsibrmer ftate. But as it took him up
time to fettle affairs, and colleft Khair Beg*% riches, which
*" Hift of the Siege in Hakloyt. CoUea. Voy. &c. obi fupr.
(H) Thcfe were, that the might remain in ^he city with-
churcbes (hoald remain in the out paying tribute for five years;
hands of the Chriftians : that and that the reft, with their
no children fliould be taken goods, ihould be fhipped for
from their parents : that none Candia, with as many cannon
ihould be forced to change his as they pleafed^ within a rea- ,
religion: that fuch as would, fonabletime.
T 2 were
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Hiftory.^tbe Oikttr&S^ Empire. B-XV;
HRFcre very great, Soleymhty to wfac»n the whole admimftra*
tion of the goTernment feemed too great a burthen, made
^ Mfrahim Aga^ from a common Janizary ^ prime Wazir.
Moftafa . MO'STAFJ, who thought his late viftory defervedra-
Paiha ther an addition of honour than an affront, was grieved at
tins promojLion : but concealing his refentment, as if intireiy
ignorant of what had been done, fends an account,of his pror
ceedings to Rhodes^ and requefts the government of Egypt , as
. ' a reward for all his paft fervices. SoUymdn readily grants his
petition, telling him, he referved nodiing to himfelf, but the
royal name and coin. Moftafa, thus invefted with fo great
power, and enriched '^dth Khair Beg's treafures, as well as
the efFefts of the profcribed rebels, refolves to fubjeft all
Egypt to his dominion. This dcfign he imparts to Mchem-
med Effendi, fcribe-rf the Divin (I), and makes him Wazir,
^ thinking him a man of fenfe, and his particular Jfriend :
but Mebemmed, detefting his lord's treachery, endeavours,
with fome accomplices, tp kill hkn when he was bathing ;
while Moftafa, informed of the danger by a trufty fervant,
^efcapes through a badc-door, and flks with a few attendants
taken and to the Sheykh of the Arabs. By the Sheyk*B afSftance, he
JIain. .quickly aflembles a large force, and wages war with the fcribe ;
whom, for his want of experience, be defpifed. Mean time,
Mehemmedy having acquainted ^o/^,>'min with what had pafled,
.obtained as a reward the government of Egypt ; and encou-
raging the foldiers with a large fum of money, leads them
%♦.** ' * againft Moftafa, defeats him after a bloody battle, and cuts
off his head.
fhereheh ^OLEYMAN, to make his new Wazir Ibrahim PaJhH '
juhmt. roxxe, faithful, in the year 930, gives him. his fifler in mar-
A ?N^"*™g^ 5 and whilft he is gracing the nuptkds with his prefencc,
■^ the joy is doubled by the SoHAna being delivered of a fon,
^^^' who was named Selim. Shortly after, the IVazir departs,
•with fome gallies, to fettle the af&irs of Egypt. Being driven
'.by a florm into Rhodes, he there leaves his fhips, and goes by
Jand xoKayrjo*, where, by his authority, difperfing the rebels,
and feizing the ringleaders, the fons of Amar and Bekaar (K),
* he ordets them to be hanged, and their efbtes confifcated. As
among their efFefts was found a great quantity of gold, he
•coins dukats, like thofe cif Venice, but Ms in value by thirty
' afpefs ; whidi ffill bear the name of Ibrahhni. After this,
* ( f ) Dtvan Kyatihi. Evay his Divan. The prime U^a^r
* Pa/ha has fuch an ofiicer, whole has two fecret^ries. Cant,
" bufinefs is to read the com- (K) Both mentioned in the
plaints delivered in wricicg to X\^<A^elim I. '
delivering
Digitized by VjOOQ 1.
C. 1 1. ' * ' 10 Soltan Sokyman I. 277*
delivering up the government to Sdeym&n Pajhi (KJ, he re- A. D.
turns to Conftantinopk p. | S^^*. , j
The next year, the SoltAn rcfumcs the war againil Hiin- ^ -v"i»*i
gary ; and with a great army, on the 30th of Rajeb^ comes ?f 'f^^ ^
to Belgrade. Then, crofling the 5'ji;r, proceeds towards ^®»^^^*
Buda^ taking in his march SuHuk and d^^ (L) ; whofe bridge ^'^^'
over the Drove he orders to be demolifhed. Soon after the i'r2P*
iTww^tfrww/ coming thither with the fame defign, and feeing
the work already done, they are feized with fear, as it con*-
vinced them that the Turks had pafTed the river, with a refo-
lutibn to conquer or die. Their king Ladajb (M)^ to pre-
vent the devaftation of his country, marcliing with incredible
fpeed, incamps in fight of the Turkijh army, in a place called
Mohaj (N). Next day, being the firfl of Zhdkadeh^ both
armies engage, and contend the whole day with fuch fierce-
nefe, that it was difficult to perceive to which fide vi^^tory . -
would incline. At length, the king being (lain in the battle,
about fun-fet the Hungarians take to flight, and the rdl,
with thdr camp, become a prey to tlie Oihnuns ^.
This is the Turkf/b account, which receives a good deal Hunga-
of light from that of the Chriftian hiflorians. According to rian rajb'
them, Soleym&n was marched with 200,000 men as far as So- nefs,
jiay before the Hungarians iiad any fufpkion of his defign. "
Being (faraitened for want of time, they were not able to raife
above 25000 forces; yet not only the generality of the foU
diers were for fighting, but Tomoreus, archbiihop of C^kjk,
their general, by vain arguments, infifled on engaging the
enemy, before the Vayvod of Tranfilvanm had joined thetn
with his horfe. The wifer fort of the officers thought it
madnefs to hazard a batde with fuch a handful of men^ and
difTuaded the young king LevfU from venturing his perfon ;
but nothing would do with the foldicrs without his pre-
fence.
Being arrived at Mohatz^ Balibenes, who commanded \htfe<verefy
Turkijb van, confiding of ^0,000 horfe, divided them into f unified*
four bodies, and fo continually fkirmilhed with the Hunga-
9 Cakt. p. 180. « Ibid. p. 177. &fcqq.
(K) He was the admiral of (M) This was not Ladljlaus^ .
the Egyptian fleet, who fab- as Prince Cla^/^w/r aflerts 5 bu,t.
mitted to Sellm. Levjis II. king of Hungary,
(L) Ofeck^ or Efeck^ where {N) Or Mohatz. Prince Ci^^.
there is a famous bridge over temirt in the note, i;alb it Ma^'
a marfh, three n^iles long. tatur.
Tj fiansl
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hijiory of thi Otfatnan Empire. B. XV.
rUns^ that they could not get to the Danube for water. This
laying Tomoreus under a neceflity of fighting, he drew-up
his army in no bad order, and banicaded his tents with wag-
gons. But, alas ! the Hungarians were overthrown 'in the
firft encounter by the multitude of enemies ; who flew their,
general, with many other prelates and nobles. Then attack-
ing their camp, while the few body-guards were engaged to
little purpofe, King Lewis fled, and was unfortunately
drowned in a filthy ditch, into which his horfe had plunged
him. Of all the Hungarian army only a few horfemen
efcaped ; the reft being flain in this fatal battle, fought the
29th of 06lohenj 1526. When the feven bloody heads of
the bifhops and nobility were prefented to Soleymdn, he much
pitied the hard fate of the young king ; faying, he came not
to take the kingdom from him, but to revenge former injuries
received from the Hungarians \ \ '
Boda After this viftory, Soleymin marches direftly to Buda ;
taken. which, difpirited by the late flaughter, is eafrly taken, the
third of Ziu'lhijeh ; and next, Pejlthe^ oppofite to it on the
Danube^ voluntarily furrcnders. He then runs a bridge over
that river, and fends his troops in parties after the Hunga-
rians efcaped out of the late battle, who h^d kiUed feveral
Turks y dilperfed over the fields in fearch of prey \ and by thi^
means clears the country of thofe enemies (0). Winter ap-
proaching, he returns ; taking in the way, by aflault, Baj^
on the Danube^ with Seghedin and Titeli^ on the Tl/a.
Jtilillion Mean time, a falfe report of his 3eath being fpread in
in Afia. JJta, many free-booters, belonging to the country of Zuul-
f^^j- 933' kadir(P)y mUerably harraflecjl all the neighbouring provinces.
^' ^' They were oppofed indeed by Piri Pa/hi, governor of JJ4na,
^1520. ^}jQ killed many, and put to dea^h all he took: but, for
Want of fpfficient force, could not fupprefs the rebellion.
Kalender Beg^ fon of Haji Bektajb ( Q* ), rejefted all offersi
^at
f RiCAUT. in Soleyman, .
(O) The Cbriftian writersfay?, tcr the . Pcr/imis^ like » ; thut,
that he ravaged all the country for Ramadhdn they pronounce,
between the rivers Raab and and thence fpmetiines write,
f\hey/et deftroying pr parrying. Ramadan, Note, the dhal, or
into flavery i co,ooo people. dh^ founds like the Engli/h tb in
(P) tt IS fairly written by the tbefe^ tbat, &c.]
Chriftian authors Dulkadivy by ' ( QJ ^^^ ^"j^ Bektafi was
changing the Zal into PaJ. is unknown. But the TjKrijown^
pant. [Rather the Arabic dbal that hit fon Kalender brought
is pyoi^ounpcd by the TttfJis^;df' the Otbmdn affairs to fucb cxtrc-
' ^ inities,
' Digitized by VjOOQI.
Cii. 10 Sok^ Soleyman I. g^79
that were made him : but the Wazivy Ibrahim Pajba^ being A. D.
fent over with a good army, finds the arch-rebel at Kayfartya ; * 5*7-
and, after a bloody conflift,- defeats hita, and kills above 30,000 * -w"**^
of the plunderers.
Next year begins with religious diilurbances : for one Religious
Kabtzi ^gem, a man of great learning among the Turks ^ be- ^ift^-
ing well verfed in the law and feveral Iciences, publicly main- ^^^*
tained, that the Chriftian religion ilckxi on a firmer founda- ?' ^^^^
tion than the M^iammedan. When he could not be brought * J^
by private admonitions to recant, they carry him before the
Miifti ; where, by arguments, he endeavoured to prove the
gofpel more excelknt, for its precepts, than the Korttn. On
this, he was again admonifhed to abandon his opinions : but,
difregarding both admonitions and threats, he is at length, by
the ^0//^/i's command, punifhedwith thelofsof his head ; and
an edift was published, that whoever fhould, even by way of
difpute, prefer the doftrine of Chrifl before that of Mohamr '
tned^ fhould undergo the fame penalty.
About the fame time, fome Jlbanian thieves at Conjiari' Vnjuft
tinopky breaking into a Chriflian merchant's houfe near Selim's punij/b-
temple (R), murder him, and carry away his goods as well ^f^ent.
as money. Next day, complaint is made to the Divdn : but
as the nan^s of the perfons were not difcovered, and it ap-
|)eared from Conftantihople, that many were concerned in the
fact, the Sok^ ordered, that all the Albanians, whether
inhabitants, or only fojourners on account of trade, fhould
be feized, and to a man put to death (S). While this butchery
was adling at Cotiftantinople^ a great quarrel arofe at Haltp
between the ecclefiaflical judges (T) ; which daily increafing,
v
mities, that the empire fcemed fhall all be put to death. Prince
on thebrink ofdcftrudlion : for Cant emir faw an inflance of
all Turky in Afia^ being at once this, in the cafe of eleven Jani*
fubdued by him, acknowleged xaries^ who having, when
him for fovercign. Cant. drunk, killed a great peafant,
(R) It ilands on the mount, not far from the city, were,
which hangs over the gate Fe- next day, all put to death for
nary and is a maHer- piece of it.
elegance and art. The archi- (T) The Molla and Kazihr.
te6t was a Grtek ; who built a The Molla are the judges of
ftill more flately one at Adria- principal cities and towns ; the
nofh. Cant. Kaxiler^ that is, the Kadfsy are
(S) It is a l^w among the thofe of the lefTer towns (and
Turksy that if one thonfand anjd villages). The Molla alfo may
one n>en tumultuoufly ki 1 any be compared to an archbiihop,
perfon, and refufe to confels the ifa^/ to a biihop. Canf.OA^
who gave the firfl blow, they Hiji. Note, p. 31.
T 4 ^«
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Wftor^ 0/ tkiO&siiAA iBmpire. K XV.
Ibe cidzetts, to pat aa end tolt> kSl them afl^lhe^rery Jhii
at fnornii^ prayers. SokymiUy being ii^mtied of ^us^ or^brs
'fome Pq/Ms to mardi ddtfaer with tb^ forces, and put all
, the inhabitants, guilty or not guilty, to death : but, by the
interceffion of IbraMm Pq/M^ the chkf ttiea and heads of the
confpiracy only were executed, with -variouft kinds of punkh-
tx^eots ; and the common peo^^ as peffons rath^ feduced
V ' than guilty, banifhed to Rhodes '.
Boda re- Ijet us now return to the affiurs rf ffwignry, John Se*
ttiktn : fmmis^ Vayvod of Tranfihania, arriving \i4di his troops after
the baiflc of Mohatz, to -praftiifed witli the nobility, that at
length they chofe him tlnir king. But Ferdinand, arch-
^dke of Atfiria, newly eiedbed king'irf the Remans^ ia i^ht
t>f hcs wife uimiy £fter to the late kh^ Lews, enteriag the
coB&try, £rft takes Buda (U), and then routs Eji^ John ;
who^ not able to widiiland fo potent an etiemy, flies into
Poland. Ther«, to retrieve ius fortune, he refdves to apply
to Soleymdrij by the advice of J^r&m Lajkus, a perfim of
great r^mation and aUlities ; who, undertaking the embafly,
by his ailments, j<nned to a promiie of doing homage and
fxt^ribog tribute, fo g^ed on the grand Waz^ Ibrahim^ and
the oth«* Pajb^y t&t the SokAn agreed to fupport John's^-
faien tetft'. Accordingly, in the year 935, he marches wiA a
0gain : gr^tanny, and incamps in ai*paciou8 plain near FUibeh (X] :
but all the warlike pro^fions being deftroyed by long and
lafting rains, which, ftvelling the torrents, endangered his
whole army (Y), he is forced to defer his intended e&pedidon.
However, maldng frefh prq)arations, he, the next yeir,
• Cant. p. 180, & fcqq. « Levncl. & Ricaut.
in Soleyman.
(U) In die Turkifi hiftomn is, Oefar : aUb Rtma hrperv
ukd by Prince Cmttcmtr, this duri. Cant.
, city is iaid to have been taken (X) Pbi/Ifptdt.
by the emperor of Grnvftw^. who (Y) This is faid, in thetc*t,
feems to be confounded widi to have happened as a _
^he king of the Romans, The ment for Scieymdns having that
4^fnperor is in the text called day, without caufe, reproached
Jlaman Krrali (that is, Krai, or -and depofed the MuftL On
jtmg of the Almains) . On which which occafion. Prince CanUmr
cccauon the author obferves, obferves, that the l^urks of all
rthat* at prefent, the Tirrii ho- nations are moft given to fu-
.Hour the emperor with ti^e title perftition, and pay greateft vc*
pi Memebt Kara^j king of the neracionto ^eccJe^iaftics.
pernuu^ and Khafar^ whi^
parfhes
Digitized by VjOOQIC
C. I !• 10 Soidb SoJcymin L 281
mMches to Buid \Z) ; and haTiiig battered the walfe wirfi his Hcj. 936.
cnghies, flte garrtfoh, weakened by continual afiaults, fiir-
i^nder the city, on c»ndition of having their lires and arms.
Bnt the Turks reviKng them for cowardice as they were gofaig '
oat, one of the foldiers ftabbcd a Janizary^ who was re-
proaching him. The reft cry out, the articles are violated (A) ;
and, trgainft die SoltSn*s order, fell on the Germans^ who
were afl put to Ae fword before the tumult could be ap-
peafed ■.
The Chriftian writers fey, this was done by Sokym&nh or- the gat^
dcrs on the following dccafioo. They tell tis, that after th* rifinfialn.
governor Thomas Naiajii^ an Hungarian di great accompHOi-
meiits^ had done all that a man could do for defence of the
pWce, the German gaf rifon would no longer obey him : but, ,
felling him, agreed to yield up the tity, on conditfofa that
Acy might march away with theh" bagg^. But when they
were, to the number of "^86, ready toxlepart, and the Ja-
nizaHts about to unbmd the governor, in order to let him
go likewife ; Soieymdn, being ifaformed of the garrifbn's
trcacher}', in deteftation of their behaviour, commanded
Acm all to be flain. At the fame time, he offered the go-
vernor prefermems, and, on his declining to ^cept of any,
courteoufly difcharged him *.
W«iLE Sdeymdn ftaid a few days in the neighbourhood Molda-
to refrefh his army, Tutuk LagottiSla (B) arrives in ambafly vh/uh-
mits*
» Cant. p. 185. * Leunc. &Ricaut. in Sokyman.
(Z) With an army <Jfi 1 5,000 wdli, thtntnift to the Tttrh.
jDcn, acconiiag totheChrilHan Cant. This maxim will aot
^ifjixers. hold,fince,wereictoJbtgraBt£d v
( A ) As the Turks «aimot dtny that theTirrif have violated £ome
Acfe iVeqoent breaches of ca- capitulatioaf, yet it mail be con-
pitolations, they lay hold of any fcflfed they have kept others;
pretenec to cxcttfe themfeWes. and ChrifliMs fli^uld oot give
Thns, if hut an ax-or knife be them any occafion.
fouBd on any foldicr of a gar- (B) Of the nobkft Malda^
rifon, which is to marchout "oiau race, from wlwj^ 500 fe-
wlhofit arms, they cry. the ar- milics derive their original. He
tides arc violated, and nfe them (poke feveral languages to per-
'm± great feverity. The like ic^on ; was wiie and learned.
<hey §0, when allowed their He built a palace at Oi$^fi»nti^
»ms,in cafe they defer march- nofhi wkhidh is caUed B^gSin
iag a litde beyond the appoint- Samy^ tiui Mbidmfim fabce*
cd Imur : fo that it is better for Cant.
Chiiftians 10 die within the
j&om^
Digitized by VjOOQ iC
282 lUfiory of thiOCha&xi Empire. B,XV.
A. D. from Begd&n (C), prince of Moldavia^ and the people, to
15^* offer the SolUn both Moldavias (D), as a fief to the Othmk
cUy^^ emph-e, on honourable conditions; particularly, that tbdr
religion (hould.be preferved intire. SoUymht^ readily accept-
ing of the terms, confirms them vith his own hand ; and, in
his return from that yearns expedition, is met near Scfia^ 2
city of Servia, by BogdJu^ accompanied by fome of his barons,
by whom he was prefented with 4000 gold crowns, 40 bred
mares, and 24 falcons, as a yearly prefent, in token of his
feudal fubjeAion. Hereupon the SoUdn again ratifies the
agreement, gives him a larger Kukka (£), adorned with
jewels, with a Khilaat Fahireh (F), and a horfe with all the
imperial trappings. Moreover, he orders four of his guard
to attend (G) him ^.
Vienna SOLETMANf having refrefiied his army, refolves to bc-
t^A?^^- fiece Vienna^ the capital di Avfiria. To this end, he fends
before him Ahmed^ with the yptUintier horfe ; w)io, piercing
as far as UntZy deftrojr all the country, with innumerable in-
habitants. The Soltan follows, and in his march takes the
cafUe of Alcenburg : but in vain attacks Neujladt feven times
in one day. On the 26th of September^ he arrives before
Vienna i and, with his huge army, encamps in five places
round the city, fo that it not being poifible for Frederic,\
duke of Baparia, who was general of King Ferdinanh
y Cant. p. 186.
(C) This is a Sclavonic name, after the taking of Conjiantrnft
znd^n(weTSioDcodafus. The by the TWri/. Cant.
• Moidanf'mns fumamed him Ne- (E) A crcft, or ornamcotfor
gruly or Black. He was the fon the head, made of oftrichfea-
of Stephen the Great i who, after thcrs ; with which only arc
a reign of forty-feven years and adorned the Buluk Agalari^ or
five months, filled with glorious tribunes iXhcSegbdnBa/^iy who
exploits, advifed his only fon is next to the 2ga of the Tiwr/.
BogdoHy and his nobles, to fub- %aries ; and the princes of JI/a/-
mit his kingdom as a fief to £0- danjta and Walakhia, Cant.
/^Mizff, rather than contend with From hence poffibly comes our
his power ; which fygddn did word coccade.
In the feventh year oi^his reign. (F) It is the firft of the tbreel
Cant. forts of robes of honour.
(D) The upper and the lower. (G) This cufiom is iHM ob-
To the latter formerly belonged ferved, whenever the prinee of
^(^rii^/ii, called by the 7i7/tfr/, Moidofvia goes to the Otbmdn
Btgak. Jaffi is the capital of the court ; neither PSJhds nor Wm-
whole ; whither the De/pots re- %irs in general being created
moved their feat from Soczaua^ with fo much pomp. Cant.
forces,
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. IT. • lo Sbltan Soleytnan L
forces, to throw-in any fupplies, he (laid at Chrejme^ about '
1 2 miles diftant. However, there were in the city 20,000
horfe and foot, under the command of Philip, palfgrave of the ^
Rhine ;' and great need there was-of fuch a force, the place .
was fo badly fortified. In the fecond fally, feven officers be-
ing taken prifoners, SoleymAn alked, whether thofe who had
the command of the city intended to defend it againft his
mighty power ? Zerlitz anfwered, that Ferdinand would cer*
tainly give him battle, as foon as xht German forces, which he
waited for at Untz, were arrived ; and that he knew the be-
Ceged were refolved to hold out to the laft.
SOLETMJN, diflembling his concern, gave them their ajfaulted
liberty, with a promife of great favour to the citizens, pro- in'vmn.
vided they fubmitted ; and threatening ruin to them in cafe
they did not. Finding they did not comply, he began to bat-
ter the city with fmall field-pieces, whilft the great gun§ were
coming up the Danube : but they were happily funk, with
the veflels which brought them, by the brave Wolfang Hoder,
However another part of the Turhijh fleet, reaching Vienna^
broke up all its bridge, and blocked it lip on that fide alfo.
Hereupon the enemy fell to mining, which was carried-on in
fifteen different places : but they were all countermined, with
the lofs of 8000 Turks buried alive or (lain. For all this,
having had the luck to bring one mine to pqrfeftion, they
blew-up a great part of th« wdl, near the gate of Carwthia ;
but were repulfed there with great lofs, as well as in two
other furious attacks at another breach made not far off by
the fpringlng of a mine.
Aboot the fame time, thebefieged, in a fally, cut-off y^^r^^
5,300 of the enemy ; yet, OElAer the 15th, they made a g^^- railed
neral afiault with all their forces ; in which fucceeding no
better dian before, Soleymdn^ next day, fent fome of his
chief prifoners to acquaint the citizens, that he did not come
to befiege Vienna, but to revenge the injuries done him by
Ferdinand : and that, in cafe they would fubmit to him, he
would not moleft them, nor enter into their city. But find-
ing that they difdained his propofal, he raifed the fiege, and
barbaroufly flew all his prifoners. Befides this, thebefieged
fuffered very little lofs 5 while of the Turks were flafn, as
was computed, eighty thoufand men. Soleymdn, having
drawn-off with his army, reftored the kingdom of Hungary
to king John^ to be held by him as his vaffal \
This is the account given by the Chriftian hiftoriaqs : but^ Gcr-
tbc Turh afcribe their Soltdn's ill fuccefs to the deceit of the ^^^ ^'
drefs.
* RiCAVT. ubi fupr.
Cervkins»
Digitized by VjOOQIC
284 ^ Hifiory of the Othmin Empih. B;XV}
A. D. Germans, They tell us, that after battering the city for 40
1529. days, and blowing-up part of the walls, he commands his
O^v^nJ men to enter the breaches : but, as often as they attempted it,
they are repulfed by the valour of the garrifon. However,
they muft at length have yielded, if they had not, by fi-au-
dulent promifes, deceived the politic Soleymin himfelf : for,
by their ambaflador, owning themfelves exhaulled, and pro-
mifing to become his vaffals, they defire a truce : but pro-
long it, under various pretences, tUl the time of the autumnal
rains ; which fell fuddenly in fuch abundance, that the Turks^
after fome famt aflaults, were obliged to retire. His army
being now, by their lofles (H), inferior to that of die enemy,
and incumbered with a great number of captives pf both fexes,
he ordered them all to be maflacred in his prefence ; and then
ftriking his tents, gets with his forces to Buda, before his re-
treat was known. There receiving of the Vayvod (I) of Tran-
jilvaiiia the tenths of the tribute he had raifed in Hungary^
he confirms him in his principality.
Soley- In few days after, he returns to Conflantmople, and ccle-
min'sjoy: Urates the circumcifion of his three fons, Mqflqfa, Moham-
med^ and Selzm ; at which were prefent not only all the Wa-
zirs and Pajbds of the empire, but alfo the ambafladors of
Ferfia and the Chriflian princes. It was followed by^ fplen-
did entertainment. At the Soitdri's table fat the Mdfti and
Kazid'lafier on his right hand (K), and on his left his Hoja ;
at a fecond table were the Waztrs ; at a third the PaJhdSy
and at a fourth fat the Ulema^ or learned in the law. There
(H) Other Turktjh hiftorians Cbriftian princes of Moldavia
(ay, the Saltan loft 40^00 men zndff^aiaJ^hui, who are tributary
in the fiege ; and therefore bound to them ; although formerly die
his f occurs by a curie, never princes of ^Moldmw'a had the
tx> stuck rifit/ra for the iutsre. title of Tekiiur^ or king. Some-
And the 7«rii do not fcrisple CO ^ times the governors *of largo
afiirm, that their defeat before cities, who are not Pa/I^as, are
^ Vienna^ in the laft century,, was called Vay^vodes ; as Peru V^-
intirely owing to their treading ^vodeji^ Galaia Fwwdiji, &c.
the ground forbidden by Soley- Caftt.
mdn\ curfe. Cant, (K) Kiemal Pajha Zade was
(I) He is-callcd by thcTV^w- Muftiy waAKadriChtkhi Kazio^l-
fihanians iheir Ban.^ Ve^'vod ctjker^ Mubi Hloddln Chelthi^ his
(or Waywod ) is a ScU^vomc preceptor. This cailom of it-
word, iignifying the general of ting at table widi the Sphmn be*
an army ; but oy the Pole* is gan 10 be difufed under this So-
given to governors of provinoes, ieymdn \ and at prefent he fni^
as Fay'vod KiowL-fii^ &c. The fers no man to nt at table with
7urh call by the fame name the him. Canf.
was
Digitized
byGoogk
Gi in 10 Splcan 3oIeyman L '
was a feparate tabk .for ttie for^'^ ambafladorSy among
whom the Perfian and German (L^had the precedency. But
his mirth wasdijfturbed by a fudden mefEige> that Fir moos (M),
kingof the6'i&^/W (N)', thinking him taken up with thofe affiius,
bad befleged Bmia^ and for 27 days attacked it with all his
forces. The jMiizaries, making a brave defence, gaye M^-
hemedBeg, fon oiTahia Pajhiy governor of Semmdria^ time
to come to their relief with the forces of his Sanjdk : but as
he found himfelf too weak, he fpreads a report among fome
prifoners, that he was Ibrahim Pafbdy the prime fVaZ^r, and
that the SoliJn with the reft of the army would arrive in
three days. The captives being fuffered to efcape, as was de-
figned, repaic to the camp of the Chriftians with the news ;
which ftruck them with fuch terror, that they fled (O), leav-
ing their cannon and other warlike provifions behind them.
SOLETMANy to be revenged for this affront, in 938,
invades the king erf" the Chekki with a great army, deftroying
the country before him with fire and fword. Firandos meets
bim with no inconfiderable army, and bravely maintains the
fight for fome time : but he is at laft routed, and obliged to
Ay to Gradijia, the place of his refidence (P). This viftory
he relieves
Biida;
in'vadet
Hungary.
Hej.93«.
A. D.
153*.
(L) ,Thc diverfionp on this
occaSon are defcribcd in a let-
ter to Dav, Chytreus ; particu-
larly the fij;ht between a lion
and a hog. *• Wild beafts, fays
•** the writer, alfo fought. A-
•* nioog the reft, a hog, brought
•* from the G#rz«fl«ambafiador'a
" houit, fo batded it with three
•* lions, one after the other,
•• that, if he had not been tied
" by one leg, he would perhaps
" have gotten the better, and
•* put them to flight. It is cer-
' ** tam, he received the laft in
** fo rough a manner with his
" {bout, that he tumbled him
^ *< over and over, and made him
** fliamefuUy run away, to the
•* great confufion of the 7«rii,
•* who compare therofelves to
** lions, and the Chriftians, ef-
f • pecially the Girmam^to hogs."
See Lonicer. Chron, ^ufc, torn. ii.
'at the end.
(M) Ferdinand t2X that time
king of Hungary and Bohemia*
(N) So the Turks call the Bo-
hemians,
(O) Somt Turkijh hiftorians,
of little authority, fay, the city
was relieved after another man-
ner. The Germans having beat-
en the Turks from a bulwark^
and entered the gate, a Je^w^k
woman tears- ofFthe (leeve of her
fhift, and, lighting it, fires-oifa
great gun ; which fo aftoni(hed
the enemy, and made fuch a
flaughter, that the Turks had
time to recover themfelves, and
rcpulfe the Germans, The gun
was afterwards, by Soleymdsi^
bound with a filver circle like a
crown, and the woman, with
her whole family, declared it^
from tribute. Cant.
(?) Gradi/ca^y/hich. is a noted
town of Sc/a<vonia, feems erro-
neoufly to be made the feat of
Ferdinand ; fince no Chriftian
writer mentions his having re-
fided there any time, Ca^,
not
Digitized
by Google
Hifioty of the Othmin Empire. B. XV.
not only added above 20 cities and towns to the OthmAn em-
pire, but fo terrified the petty prjnces of the Sclavi and
J Hirvati ( Q^), that they voluntarily fubmitted to Soleymdn \
German '^^^ whole tranfaftions of this expedition are fo very dif-
fretara* ferently related by the Chriftian writers, that they feem to be
tions. treating ot quite another affair. According to them, Soley-
i m&n^ not able to digeft his difgrace before Vienna^ and being
withal continually folici ted by John^ king of Hungary , quickly
after the circumcifion of his fons, raifes a vaft army. Mean
time, king Ferdinand, apprehenfive that it was defign^d
againft-him, fent ambaffadors to Soleymdn, who was then in
Servia, fo treat of peace ; but could receive no anfwer.
However the emperor Charks V. who was now in Germany,
beginning to take the matter upon bimfelf, prepared to raife
all the forces he could in Germany ^ Spain, and Italy. Mean
time king John, upon the approach of the Turkijb army to-
wards Semendria, thought it a fit time to befiege Gran, But
although Jhyjio Gritti deftroyed moft of the fleet fent by Ferdi-
nand down the Dlmube to Its relief, yet he could not take the
city.
Jfairof SOLEYMAN, arriving in fifty-fix days ritarch at Bel-
Gunz. grade^ fent a great number of horfe, over the Save, into
Hungary, and marched himfelf direftly for Stiria. Being
come to the little town of Gunz, where Nicholas Jurifchitz
was governor ; the prime IVazir Ibrahim, defirous to fave lo
brave a man, and formerly his intimate acquaintance, when
ambaflador at Conjlantinople, did all he could to induce him
to furrender the place. On bis refufal, the Turks fell to mine-
ing, and overthrew the walls in three places ; but in fpitc of
their fierce afiaults, cannon, and huge mounts, the befi^ed
repaired the breaches, as ftrong as they were. Ibrahim, find-
ing all their efforts baffled, after a fiege of 28 days, to fave
the Soltdn's reputation, advifed him to fend for the governor,
and, as it .were of his own bounty, to beftow the town upott
him. Jurifchitz being much wounded, and having but one
third part if 800 foldiers left, gladly got quit of thc^neroy,
by fetting up one of Soleymdns banners^ on the chief tower of
the city, and admitting a captain, with ten Janizaries ; who,
after a fhort vifit, returned to the camp.
* Cant. p. 192, &feqq.
( Q^) Thefe arc one and the tians ; while thofe who are Af#*
fame nation. Howeverthe Tarii hammedam, or obey the Oth/naM
call them Hir*vati, who are un- power, are named SerhadU, that
der the dominion of the Chrif- h, people of the borders. Cant.
SOLETMJN
Digitized by VjOOQL
C. 1 1. lo SdtUn Soleyban I.
SOLETMAN leaving Cunz^ with an army oi 500,000
men (as appeared from the report of fome prifoners, and Fer-
dimn(ts ambaffadors), and 300 fmall field-piece?, but no '
cannon, marched towards Carinthia, with a defign only to 9^"°^^*
ravage the country, and avoid fighting the enemy. . Kajfan '**^^^-
had been detached before that with 1 5000 horfe on the like
occafion, and did incredible mifchief : but, on his return,
finding himfclf befet on all fides, flew 4000 of his prifoners ;
and then, dividing his forces into two bodies, endeavoured
to'efcape by night. The party under Ferifes^ cutting their
way with incredible labour through thick woods, got fafe to
the grand army then in Stiria : but Kaffan being met near
the valley of Star ember g by the general of the German princes,
with 1 2000 men, two of them horfe, and fome field-pieces,
•was flain, with a great number of his foldiers. Thofe who
remained, falling afterwards in the way of other troops, were
all cut-ofF, to the number of 8000.
The emperor, who was now at Lintz, being able to get Soleyihan
no intelligence of the motions of the Turks, marched to Ft- retreats,
enna; where, on a general review, he found his army to
confiil of 260,000 men, of which near one half were ve-
teran troops. There in a field, with king Ferdinand his bro-
ther, he waited in expeftation of the mighty hoft of the
Othm&ns : but Soleymdn, being informed of their ftrength,
and manner of encampment, thought it not fit to hazard a
battle ; but* returned the fame day to Belgrade, with 30,000
captives, befides what had been flain. The emperor, inftead
of purfuing his advantage againfl king John, as h'ls brother
defired, returned to Italy \ leaving behind however all the
Italians^ who returned foon after ^.
While the emperor Charles was thus employed by land, Koron
his admiral Andrea Dorio, with a fleet of 35 tall (hips and taken^
48 gallies, on board of which were 25,000 old foldiers,
failed, with a defign to annoy the Turks in the Peloponnefus or
Morea : but the Venetian fleet refufing to join him> becaufe
the league had been renewed between Soleymdn and the re-
public, it gave the Turkijh fleet an opportunity to get out of
the bay of Amhracia, and retire to the flrong port of Kalcidel
Upon this Doric, (ailing for Koron, befieged it both by fca
and land. Soon after there arrived fome Turkijh forceis to
relieve the place : but being defeated by count Same, and
their general flain, the enemy, wearied with aflaults, and
falling in want of neceflaries, furrendered the city, on condi«
tion of liberty to depart with their baggage.
^ Levmcl. & RiCAVT. abi fupr.«
From
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
A.D.
>J33-
Koron
abandon'^
id.
rca ra-
Vayvod
9f Trail
filvania
Hijiory rf ibi Othman Empire. R XV.
From KoroHy Donia faUed to Patras ; whidi he eaiily
took| aad pillaged. : fix the Turks, diftrofting the ifa-engdi
of it, had iatrenched thcmfi^vea near the caftle ; which they
alfo furrendered on the like terms. After this he took the
caftlea Rhium and Mafykreum, oppofite each other, in the
gulph of L^panto. The artillery taken Ia the firft^ fojne of
them vaftly big, were valued at 70,000 ducats. Darioy hav-
ing performed thefe exploits, returned towards Genoa. But
in the beginning of the year 1 533, Koron being befiegedboth
by fea and land by the Turks, Dorio hafted thither again. At
his approach they retired, the fleet failing to Modon, whi-
ther Dorio followed, to provoke them to fight; \yhich they not
thinking fit to do, he retired to Meffina In Sicily.
TThe winter following, the Spaniards and Greeks mlCorcn,
beginning to want provifions, defired thdr governor to lead
them out againft the enemy ; chufmg rather to die in battle
than by hunger. Hereupon Macikaus, much againft his
will, went with them to furprife the city of Andruffa : but
the Turks, being 5000 ftrong, made fuch refiftance, that Ma*
cikaus, endeavouring to break in at a poftem, was flain, with
feveral of his men. The reft retreated to Koron, where the
plague beginning to rage not long after, the Spaniards, with
tome Greekss embarked with their cannon, and left die town
to be repoflefled by the enemy "".
What the Chriftiao hiftoriaos relate concerning Koron is
applied to Modon by the Turkijb writers ; who, paifing over
this tfanfaftion lightly, only tdl us in a few words, that the
Jfrenj (or Italians), affifted by other princes, hanng with
a great fleet miferably laid wafte the Morea, and taken Modon ,
Mehemmed Beg, who, from being governor of Semcndria^
was made Begkr' Beg of that province, haftes. thither with
forces ; and, befie^g the cit}', on aTudden prefles it fo
clofely, that the enemy, defpaiting of reUef, furrendcr it, <m
condition to be allowed to march-pfF *^.
Mean time, king John being folicited by his fubjeAs to
let Hungary, for fake of peace, devolve to king Ferdinand
and his hdrs, SoleymAn fent Gritti^ fon of the doge of Venice,
in a very magnificent manner, to be his lieutenant in that king-
dpm, and fee that his vaflal, king John^ did nothing without
his confent. Gritti entered Tranfihania,\ then a province of
Hungary, attended by 7000 perfons; among whom were
Urbanus Bathiani and John Docia, two famous Hungarian
commanders, with their troops, and a good mimber of Ja*
fcqq.
LevKcl. & Ricaut. ttbi fapr.
* Cant. p. 195, A
nizaries.
Digitized
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C. ti.' 10 Soltan Soleyman 1.
nizaries. Being proud of his authority, he took it very ill,
that the Vayvod Americus Cihach^ bilhop oi Veradium^ a per-
fon of great rank and power, was not over hafty to welcome '
him. At length the Vayvod came with a great tr^in, and
pitching his tents, received(7rfrti with fo little condefcenfion ;
that, coming out from dinner, he to^k the cap off his head,
and opening it faid, This cap ivill not hold two heads, and
therefore it muji befitted to one.
This being heard by DociA, whom the biftiop had flruck ajfajjf-
for fome bold words fpoken in a public aflembly, he aggra- nated^:
vafted the matter to fuch a pitch, that Gritti defired him, if
poffible, to feize the Vayvod^ in order to fend bim to Conftati*
tinople. Docia fets-out from Baxovia, with a ftrong party;
towards the biftiop's quaijters ; and unde;rftanding by his fpies
that he lay in the fields by reafon of the hot weather; ^YhiIc
his retinue were difperfed in the country villages, he broke
into his tent when a-bed, and cut-ofFhis head, which he
brought in his hand by the ear to Gritti ; who aflced LJhis,
then prefent, if he knew fhatjbaven pateP adding, that it
was the head of a very rebellious proud man. >• Lajhus^ who
had quitted king John'^ party, becaufe he had not given him
the vayvodflup, and therefore did not love the biftiop, yet Was
ftiocked at the fight, and by his anfwer feemed to condemn
the aftion ; which made Gritti himfelf relent.
As foon as this horrid faft was known, the bifliop'S kindred ^^ death
and friends, to revenge his death, in a few days got together ^^^^i^^*
40,000 men ; who, under the command of Stephen May laf,
befieged Gritti in the ftrong towii of Mege, Whither he had
retired for his fecurity. Gritti finding no affiftance come t6
him from king John, or the Turkijh Sanjdks on the frontiers,
and being withal unprovided with viftuals, endeavoured to
efcape through the camp of the blockaders : but miffing his
way, and lighting on Maylaty inftead of the governor of
Moldavia, his friend, who was to have met him with a party
of horfe, his Turks were flain, and himfelf taken without any
refinance. Being delivered to the bifliop's kinfman, he or-
dered him forthwith to be beheaded. The executioner, in
ftripping the body, found about it in jewels to the value of
forty thoufand ducats. He was the greateft Chriftian favou-
ite that any of the Turkijh emperors ever had *.
« Leuncl. &R2CAVT, uti fupr.
Mod. Hist. Vol. XIL U Sf E C T.
Digitized
byGoogk
Hifhry of the Otbdok Empiri. B. XV.
SECT. U.
EkploUs (j/'Barbirdfla and Doria. Conquefi ofTximiy
.Gharks V. Jffmrs of Hungary.
Bighdad ^TTWO years after Olatna^ prince of Azerh^an^ hitherto
mttemfted, -*• fubjeft to the Perjian, flies' for refuge to Soleymon, and
fuggefls the means of taking Baghdad* With this idew,
Ibrdhtm P^JhA i$ fent into Afia i but finding more difficulty
in executing his defign than was expeAed, he turns-off to
Van (R), and takes it in the firft aflault (S)- Mean time,
^hairoddtn (T) PSjhn^ who had hitherto exiercifed piracy in
{he White Sea (U), offers his fervice to Soleymdn^ and peti-
tions to be admiral of a fleet, that he might reduce the king-
doms of Tunez and Jezalr (X). This affair "bein^ referred to
the JVazir (Y), who was then at Bdlepy TChairoi'ddin repain^
thither ; and having made it appear to Jbrahtm^ that the
conqueft was both eafy and advantageous, he is appointed
^ admiral ^. •
^fi <f According to the Chriftian writers, tJ)airo'ddtn (whom
Barba- they call Hariadenus), fumamcd Barbaroffa ' from his red
fofla : beard, was the fon of a Greek renegado ot Mitylene^ in the
ifland of Lejhos ; who, in company with his elder brother
Horrukkhis (Z), at firft praftifed little piracies : hut at length,
joining with Cerfairs of better account, Horrukkius in time
became their chief. While thefe rovers were fcouring the feas
about Morokko, Se/fm, king of Algiers, hired them to oppofe
his brother Mokammed, who laid claim to his kingdom ; and
they had the good luck to fecure him in the throne. This
' Cant. p. 196.
{R) Or tf^an, a famous city on (U) Or Profontis.
a lake of the fame name, in the (X) That is A/giert, as we
Greater Armenia. caU it.
( S ) The Chriftian hiftorians { Y) Tht Sole&ts never tninf-
fay, that Ulama (or Uiemas^ as a£t any thing withoot the fVa"
they call him) was- brother-in- ztrs privity, once tij^y have
Jaw to Tdhtnafp, granted him full power to ad-
(T) That is, the goodnefs and minifter the afGurs of the em«
grace of faith. He was after- pire : whenever thcJy do, thae
wards made Kapudan B^Jhd^ or minifter^.s authority is believed
high mdmiral^ of the Othmdn to be finking. Cant.
empire. He was the terror of (Z) By the TVr^/ called Orvr^
Chriftians, by whom he was See D'^Herh, BibL Orient, art^
tailed Barharofa, Cant. Khmr Aliin,
t^viog
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C.*k»- lb Sdtin Sdcym^n t. 29 1
iiaving Brought Horrukkius into credit, he afterwards flew the A. D.
kii^, and got himfelf advanced in his room: but making ,^533-
, war on the king of Trenujfeny he was flain by the Spaniards ^i>^Vv^
who came to that king's affiftance. Iforrukkius was fuccceded
hy his brother HariadeT^fUy furnamed Barbarojfa from his
red beard, who jierformed many gallant aftions ; and on his
departure for Conftantinople^ where he arrived in 1533 (Z),
left a fon behind him eighteen years old, under the care of a
irufty friend.
B AREA ROSS A ufed all the arguments he could to per- rav^is^
fuade Sokymdn to the African war; and had brought with Italy
him Rajbid^ elder brother of Muley Aziz^ king of Tunis^
AS a fit inftrument of fubduing that country : fo that he wa;8
foon after made the fourth Pajbh and high admiral ; oU
which occafion the Soltdn delivered to him a fcepter and a .
fword, with eight hundred thoufand ducats for the expences
of the war. Hereupon quickly putting to fea with a fleet qf
eighty gallies and fome galliots, he fleered his courfe for Italy 5
where he. plundered the towns of Lucidius and Citario, Pro^
chita and Speliinca : while two thoufand of his land forces*
crofiing the mountains in the nigKt, furpiifed the city of
'Timdif and were within a fmall matter of taking Julia Con*
xaga, the beauty of Italy ; whom Barbarojfa defigned to
make a preient of to Soleymdn* Coming at length to the ifle
oi Capri, in fight of Naples , he filled that city, and all the
cbkft, with terror. Another part of his flfeet landed at 7Vr-
racia, which they found deferted by all but a few unable t6
get-off, whom they put to the fword ; as they did all whont
they did not think fit to carry away.
After he had ravaged the coafts, and frighted Rome it- fails h
iclf, he pafled over fwiftly to attack the king of Tunis y againft Afriiea ;
whom the expedition was defigned. Muley Haffan, who at
that time reigned there, being by his father Mohammed^ at
the inftance of his wife, declared his facceflbr, in prejudice
to his elder brothers Machin and Rafhid\ he no fooner
jnountcd the throne, than he put Machin, with feventeeH
( Z ) The Chriftian hiftorians that being traduced by the ctt-
fay, .that the Wa%ir Ibrdhimy vious Pdfids, Soleymdn^ to put
hearing of his great exploits, him off, referred him to Ihrd"
and thinking him a proper Mm, whd was then at Hdlef z
match for Doria^ adviftd Soley- that Hariadenusy refolvihg to
man to invite him over, with a pufti the affair to the utmoft, rc-
promife of making him admi- paired to Ibrdhim; and, being
rali that Hariadenus^ foil of his recommended back to the Sol'
defign to ^onquer Barbarj, tdn^hy that minifter, was fordi-
gladly embrftc^s ths ofiei. But with made adihirai.
U ^
Digitized by VjCJOQIC
Hiftory of the Othm^ Empire. B. XV.
more of his brethren, to death, and the eyes of three other$
out. Rajbid and Ahdo^lmhlek made then: cfcapc to Abdo'Uah^
^nnct oi Bifkaris\ where the latter turning monk, the firft,
by the affiftauce of jthe inhabitants, endeavoured to recover
his right : but failing in his attempts, he fled to Barbarojfa ;
' who carried him to Conjlantinople^ where he was detained,
though the captor gave out that he was with him in the
fleet, in oWer to be reftored to his father *s kingdom.
takes Bi- Mean while, the Turkijh admiral, landing at Bi/erta (A),
futa, had the place quickly delivered-up to him. From thence he
failed for ihtGoUtta^ a ftrong cafUe, commanding the bay of
Tttnis ; and, in token of friendfhip, faluted it with all his great
• guns, which the caftle anfwered in the famfe manner : but the
governor being required to deliver it up to Rafted jMt anfwer-
ed, that it fhould always be at the command of him who go-
verned in Tunis. The citizens, hearing that Rajbid was ar-
rived, were prefently all in an uproar; whereupon Muley
Aztz^ who was hated by them for his cruelty, by the advice
of Abdahar, the Mejfuar (or next in authority), fled, leaving
all his treafures behind him. As foon as he was gone. Barbae
' roffky at the invitation of the people, hafted to the city with
5000 7wr^/, and was joyfully received : but they, not finding
.rp Rcjhtd among them, and having an averfion to the Turks,
under the conduft of Abdahar, fell upon them as they were
entering the caftle, and quickly, tho* with much bloodfhed,
gained one of the bulwarks. Then, {ending for Muley Haffim,
they, by their repeated aflaults, diftrefled Barbarojfa, till
fallying out at two gates upon the Moors, 3000 of them were
flain, with the Mejfuar. On this Muley Hajfan fled, and
with difficulty efcaped to Konftantina, the antieilt Cyrtha, in
company with his brother Doraksy to whom that city be-
longed. The citizens next day, difcotiraged by their lofles,
and having no king to fight for, begged pardon of Barba-
rojf:, and fubmitted*tOiSo%ym^w. After the affidrs of Tunis
were fettled, he, by proper methods, gained the Numidian
'princes to his intereft. This done, he quickly reduced the
other' cities of that kingdom, excepting Kayrwdn (B), which
held-out for a while, and then furrendered ^. Let us now re-
turn to the affairs of Perjia.
c RiCAUT. ubi fapr.
( A ) Or Bizerta, the antient been the ftat of the KhaJiJah of
liippozaritus, , the weft, before he removed to
{B) A city about 70 miles Egypi, as well as of fevcral
fouth of Tttnis^ now ruinous, races of k ings.
ms
but once VQiy famous ; having
Digitized
byGoogle Next
C. !!• 10 Soltan Soleyman I. ^ 293
Next year, Soleym&n marches to the affiflance of the Wa* A. D.
ztr IbrBhiniy who was then about V&n ; and advancing to 1 ? ^ •
Tigris (C), Soltan Mozaffer, king of GhiUn (D), vnth 'Oj^oo^rTYTT^
men, and Mehemed Khdn^ join him againfi Perjia^ promiling "^S*^^***
for the future to be his vaflals. Thence he proceeds to Sol- ^^^\^^.^ -
tardy a^ and after a fhort ftay (E), about winter, marches to a D.
Bdghddd. The governor 7VW/V/ii Mehemed Khdn {?), find- ,53^]
ing himfelf too weak to withftand the OthmAn forces, retires
farther into Perjia^ and gives the SQltan an opportunity of '
entering the city without oppofition. While Soleymdn ^^sfortreft
one day viewing the monuments of the antieut heroes, he ^///.
takes notice of ^ place dedicated to Im^m Azem (Q) ; and as
from thence the city could be defended, and the inhabitants
bridled, he ordered it to be ftrongly fortified, and garrifoned
with Janizaries. After this he examines the Defterdhr\ (or
treafurer's) accounts ; and finding that he had not only em-
bezzled fome bags of money, but alfo betrayed his defigns to
the PerJianSy orders him to be hanged. The Dcfterd&r^Chiif
being brought to the gallows, aflcs for pen, ink, and paper ; tnafitrer
<^ying he had fome matters to impart to the emperor Ixiov^bangid.
he died. Pen and paper being brought him, he writes a
letter to Soleymltn^ acquainting him, that Ibrhhim PAjhi,
the prime WaTJir, was alfo guilty, and bribed by the Perjtans
to make an attempt on the emperor's life. Which letter, tho'
at firft fupprefled (H) by the Soltdny was the caufc (I) of that
£unous and prudent minister's lofing his life.
(C) A miftake forTiins, or TV- (G) Founder of the Mobam'^
n)rix. \ which is TauriSf in Perfia, medan ceremonies, and more
(D) Or Khildn^ a province of followed by the 'Turh than his
Ptrfia^ on the fouth-wcft fide of fucceflbr Sbafi, Cant.
the CaJ^an fea ; fuppofed to be ( H } It is univerfally known
the antient Hyrkania, How well the Otbmdns can dif-
( £ ) The Chriftian writers jfemble in fuch cafes. Hence it
fay, that Soleyman^ hearing no- is a common fi^ying among
thing of Damoi (as they call them, WeJhouldkifsthehand<we
TJhamas, or TabmaJ^J, and his cofinot cut-off. Cant,
army being in danger of perifh- ( I ) No wonder Soleyman
ing in the plains of Soitania by fhould put his fVuTur to death
a dreadful ftorm of rain which upon this iingle evidence, fince
fell, he marched from thence the /i^r^i look on the confeiHon
towards Baghdad. of a dying man not only to ex-
(F) A famous P^<j» general, ceed the evidence of forty wit-
by whofe management tl^^^zir nefl'es, but even to remove all
and Defterddr are faid to have douot, though the whole world
been corrupted : which danger (hoi Id bs of a contrary opinion.
Soleyman efcaped merely by the Cm/.
favour of blind fortune. CanK
U 3 News
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
render$.
Hcj, 94?.
A. D.
!53S-
Creorgia
Jubmits,
Hcj. 943.
A. D.
News being brought whilft he ftaid at BdghdM^ that the
iSA^* of Perfia'VfZB marching with a great army to befiege
iT^ln, he returns fpcedily to Ttbris^ and next d!ay incamps at
Derghejineh : by which means the Sh&h difappotnted smd ter-
rified, fues for peace by his ambafladors, whom Soleymdn dif-
mifTed without an anfwcr. Next year, fcdng nothing to bo
feared from the Perjians^ he returns, throu^ Khavit, to-:
wards Detjijbah, where the Khdn of BitlU (K) furrenders
all his towns to him (L), From thence the Soltkn marched^
through Amzay to Halep ; and, in Rajeh^ entered Conftanti-
nople in tiiumph : three days ^ter which, he orders his for-
merly beloved and brate gener^ Ibrahim PAfbd to be put txai
death K
In 943, a frefli expedition into Perjia being oeceffary to
preferve his late conqueft, and being unwilling to undergo the
fatigue himfelf, he fends Mehemmed Khan^ whp had lately
y Cant. p. 197; & RiviAU-y. ubi fopr.
(K) The riv«r of Bitlis (pr
Medlis } abounds with the fifh
Merunuy the l^reeft of the river-
kind, and founj no-whcre elfe,
except in the Danube tind ff^olga.
As they pafs out of thislafl river
into the Caffian fea in fpring,
^he RuJ/iatis ftop-np the paflfs
witl^ reeds, and fo catch infinite
quantities of them. The people
^ Mitltsy finding their yearly
prey to be thus kept from them^
agreed with the Ruffians^ that,
for the benefit of the Chriftians
in that ^ity, one fence at leaft
ftouU be opened, the day be-
fore Palm-Smtday, and fo left
for three days : by'which means,
^ven on the feco^d day, great
plenty of Morunas are taken in
the river Bitlis. If theft things,
^hich were told me by a Turk,
who was an cyc-witneHs, be
^rue, the fwiftnefs of this fiftl
is very wonderful, fmce it can
fwim over the wliolc Cafpian fe^a
in 24 hours. Os»/. Nay, what
is more, if this be fa£t, they
^^^(l alfo, in the fame timej tra*
Tel 360 miles hy land ; BitUs^
being fo far diftant from the
Cafj^an fea. If Prince Canfemir
had underilood the geography
of the country, he could noc
have been fo duped by theTari/,
who are very apt to impofe on
t^e credulous.
* (L) The Chriftian l^iftorians,
OJi the contrary, fay, that 5000
Ptrfian horfe, on the ijch of
Seftembery fu^riiing the rear of
'Svleymdns army, confiiling of
18,000 cavalry, in the valley
near Betlisf broke into their
camp in the night ; \ihile the
governor of that fortrefs (allied
pxi the other fide, and made fo
great a (laughter, that the Pafiis
of Kayro znd Syria, with Vlema,
who commanded in chief, had
much ado to eieape. Three
treat Sanjais out of ^vc were
illed, and one taken. Eight
hundred Janiz,aries fubmitted,'
and the mountain people rook
all their baggage ; fo that the
Turks account if among the
greateft of d^eir loffes.
♦(ubmittedl
Digitized
byGoogk
d. II. t o Soltkk Sdejmte L
fiibfflitled to Hm, with* aa trmj into Gurjifidn^ or Georgia ;
viuch» after lOdn; t^oody bfttt!^, fiibouts on certain coadi-
tiOQS.
Abd?t die lame time an sumy of Moldavians^ Poles ^ Bo"
UmoHS^ Germans, md Spaniards (M),, voluntarily aflembling^
invade Bo/nia, and befiege Stdien. But b^ing fuddenly at-
tacked by HafridBeg^ governor of tha( country, with a fmall
foite, fly for fear ; ^nd, beii^ porfued, are overtaken and
routed near Kiks^ which Hafrudy after a few days fie^, takes :
' and thus adds a whole Saiydk ft> the Qthmfin empire '.
Whilst SokymAn was engaged in his Perjian expedition. Emperor
the emperor Charles V. feariog, by Barbarojfa's late fuccefles, Charles 5*
that in time his own dominions, efpedally Sicily ^ would be
endangered by him, he refolved to |»fs over to Africa^ with ^
pniflaat army oi Spaniards ^ Germans, and Italians. His fleet
was very numerous. Befide$ the flups, gallies. and galleafles, .
commanded by his famous admiral Daria, Lewis, the king
of Portugal*^ brother, joined him with 25 caravels and an
huge galleon : he had fixty fidl of tall veflels out of the Ne--
jherlandSf b«rides ten of the pope's gallies, and the Maltefe
fhips. With this fleet, computed at 700 fail, whereof 80
were capital fliips, and on which were embarked a fuitable
nmnber of troops from feveral countries, Charles fet fail from
Barcelona, on board the admiral galley ; which ftruck upon
the bar of Utika (N), but, getting-off,^doubled the cape of
Carthage , and ^:ame to an anchor before the caflle of Aqua'
ria.
BARBJROSSA on this news prepared for defence of>2?///^r
the Guletta (O), as the only bulwark of Turns and his naval Africa ;
power. Thds caftle frauds in ihe bottom of the bay of Car^
thagey on a point of land, where the fea, by a narrow ftrait^
on the eaft frde c^ it, runs into |he lake of Tunis. But flnce
then, the cafrle has been feparated from the land on the weft
* Caut* p. 199*
(M) The TurksYitst give the about 24 miles to the north of
roimt o{ Sfasfiards to tne Ger- Tunis. ShawsTrav. p. 148.
mns ; whiCh was probably oc-* (O) So called by the Italians^
cafioned from the emperor as being ac the entrance ot the '
Charles V. htin^ alfo king of gullet, or ftrait, leadmg from
^fain. Cant. the fea into the lake of Tanis ;
(N) Now called Bufhatter, which ilandl on tiie welt fide
pear the mouth of the river of the lake.
t^tjfrdah^ the antieni Bagrada,
U4 iidc \
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hifiory of the Othman Empire. B. 3CV.
fide alfo (Y). Near this place, the emperor's forces landing,
with but little opflofitioa, Vaftius, his general, beficged the
' caflle in form : but Charles ^ diflatified with the behaviour' of
t^es the ^^ Spaniards (who, after fufFering the brave count Carue^
(jrulietta; ^j^jj j^jg /f^//^^j.^ tQ \^ ^ut off before their feces, fuffered
greatly themfelves by their negligence in another fally), to
make ftiort work, refolved on a general aflault. Accordingly,
the batteries on land, as well as the guns of the fleet, hav-
ing made a large breach, a fierce attack was made at it;
while others fcaled the walls, with fucji refolution, that
they entered the place in fpite of the enemy, moft of whom
were killed or drowned : . but Sinkn^ their eommander, a
valiant Jew^ with pthers, efcaped. By this means Barha-
rojfa's great naval force, which but a while before ftruck fuch
a terror through the Mediterranean^ fell into the emperor's
hands *, ,
piarehes to Mean time Muley Haffany having repaired to the camp,
Tunis. and intreatcd Charles to reftore him to his kingdom, received
a favourable anfwer. After this he acquainted the emperor
with the ftate of Tunis ; and aflured him, that Barbarojfa
would never ftand an aff^ult, or ventuj^ a battle with his
Turks, Juft then an accident had like to have drawn-on a
general engagement : for the Moors having annoyed the camp
with fome field-pieces from an olive-yard, the army drew-
out ; and Montejo, general of the Spanijb cavalry, was fent be-
fore with fome raw troops : but, being Attacked and wounded
by the enemy, his men fhamefully fled ; which the emperor
obferving, bravely advanced hiirtifelf to the charge 5 and,
routing the Turks and Moers^ took the before-mentioned
cannon, Prefently after, thirty thoufand MoorSy with a prieft
gt their head, attempting to furprife a fmall tower on a hill,
near the ruins of Karthage^Z), Charles came timely enough
to relieve it, and flay the prieft with many others.
Barbarof- The defeat of the Spanijb horfe induced many to advife
Uretires. the emperor to abandoo the defign^ and. return. But, being
refolved to proceed, he marched towards Barbarojfa ; who,
with a great body of horfe and foot, met Mm, three miles
from Tunis, His general Vajii advifing him to giye the
^emy battle without waiting for his great cannon, the ca-
• Paulus Jovixjs. RiCAUTj ubi fupr.
(Y) This work was began thoa:^h ^ftervards it was com-
by Barbarojfa i but jB;iven over p.eceJ by others,
again, for fear the fea (hould (Zy Twelve miles to the
fill the lake of Tunis with faod ; north ^eaft of Tunis,
gagement
Diaitized by VjOOQ I.
C 1 1. 10 Solt&n SoIeym!in h
gagement began ; but, although fierce, lafted not long ; for
the Moors, after lofing about three hundred men, fled, and
Barbarojfa retired into die city ; where, diftrafted with the '
bad ftate of his aii^rs, he would have put to des^ all the
Chriftian prifoners who were in the caftle, but for the pcr-
fuafions of Sindn the Jevf^
Those captives, to the number of fix thoufand, being The caftU
informed of- this barbarous defign by fome renegadoes, hyfurpri/ed*^
their help, knocHed off their chains, and feizing what arms
they could, fell upon and raaftered the Turks in garrifon.
This ftrange turn quite confounded BarbaroJJa ; who, now
feeing it dangerous to ftay longer in Tunis y fled to Hippo (A),
where he had ,fnnk fifteen gallies in the lake, toferve him
on occafion. Mean time the citizens of Tunis went and deli-
vered the keys of it to the emperor ; only requ^fting, that he
would not fuffer^ his army to enter and plunder it : but,
moved by the murmurs of his troops, as well as other rea-
fbns, he refufed to grant their petition. The place being ^^^ «(f
thus left at the mercy of the foldiers, the Spaniards applied '«^^««
themfelves moft to plunder : but the Germans, thirfting after
Mohammedan blood, made a horrid flaughter of the inhabitants,
fparing neither age nor fex ; till the emperor, by the intrea-
ties of Muley Hajfan, put-out a proclamation, that no man^
upon pain of d^th, (hould hurt or feize any citizen. For all
this, a great number of young people were carried on board
the fleet by the fcamen ; many of whom were ranfomed, for
a finall matter, by their old king; and among the reft one of
his own wives for two ducats. The emperor liberally re-
warded the captive in the caftle ; where great treafures were
found, befides thirty thoufapd ducats hidden in a well by Bar-
harojfa, which were given to Vafti, at his own requefl:*
Among other Jrabic books deftroyed was the hiftory of the
kings of Tunis', the lofs of which Muley Aziz much re-
gretted.
Mean while Marharoffa, having weighed and fitted-up his BarbaroT-
funk gallies at Hippo (or Bizerta), raifed fome batteries on ^^efcafa
the lake fide, to defend the harbour againft the Chriftians :
fo that, when Adam, a Genoefe, fent by Doria, to take the
place, faw the preparations which had been made, he re-
turned back to the fleet, for a reinforcement. During his
abfence, the Turkijb admiral, faiHng along the coaft, gets fafe
to Algiers. Doria, on this advice, angry w'^rh himfelf as nvM fit
well as Adam, for letting the prey flip out of his hands, with /if//,
his own gallies and fome of the beft fliips, repairs to Hippo,
(A) This is to be underftood of Hifpo Zaritus, pow Bizerta.
take$
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Italy m-
jtAmts.
Turkf
pxke
Hiftorf if Ai Odteian Empire. R XV;
tifos the citjv and razes the walls : then, putting a ftroog gar-
rtfbn into the o^e, returned to 7Wj. But Uie emptor, to.
fftye dtacges, caufed the cafUe alfo to be deinoli(h^ ; aa<t
then reftored Muley Hajfan to his kingdom, on conditicHi that
he paid a yearly tribute c^ falcons, with as many Numidian
hoifes ; and defrayed the expence of one thoofand Spaniards^,
to' be left uugarrifon at the Guletta. AfFairs being thus fet-
tled in Africa^ the emperor returned to Itaiy **. Thu3 far
the Chriftian hiftorians*
This expedition of Charles V. to Tunis^ and defeat cA.
Kbairo'ddiny though mentioned in the Turkijh annals tranA
lated by Gaudier^ is fuppreffed by the authcMrs made ufe of by
prince Cantemir. On the contrary, they make that P^/bi
▼iaorious , aflirming, that he laid wafte all the African cc^As
ia the Mediterranean^ and took the towns which refufcd to
fubmit. In his return (continue they) he lands in JpuUa^
takes Kuflvbe^ and, over-running the adjacent country, car-
ries away a great number of captives. About the end of the
year the S^tiin equips another fleet, and fends it into the
Adriatic^ under the command (rf Lujii P&JhA flbrahim'%
fncceflbr in the Wazirjhipjy sind' Khairo'ddin, now Kapud^
P&(bdj or high admiral, to take Kiorfes (or Korfu) from the
Venetians.
He himfelf, accompanied by his fons Moftifa and Moham^
msdy leads the land-forces through Aulonia (B), in order to
chaftife the Arnaudi^ who had raifed difturbances : but they
would have rendered Sokymdn's paflage very difficult, if they
had not, by the perfuafions of their countryman Ayks Pajbd^
fubmitted to the Soltdn. Amaud (or AWania) being thus
Ibbdued without bloodshed, after a month's ftay there, to
fettle the affairs of the country, he pafFes into the ifland of
Kirfres ; and» commanding all the towns and villages to be
Iwinicd, xlofely bcfieges the ^ity : but, at length, after
much (laughter on both fides, it is relieved by the approach
of winter, the Soltdn being forced to retreat, and fiul back to
Conjiantinople «.
This is all we find in prince Cantemir's Othman hi/lory
relating to thofe tranfaftions ; which deferve a more particu-
lar account from the Chriftian writers. According to them,
Soleym&n^ to revenge the difgraces he bad received in Africa^
^ Pau^vsJoviv^. Ricaut, n^ifupr. ^ Cant. p. 199,
(B) A country and city of r«/, is called by dte Turks Jr^
-^iaW^i ti^Qhlaft, with jE]p/. ^[^ud^ Cant.
Digitized by VjOOQiC
C. t r , icr SoLtSkB Sokym^* L
poftpone^ the war of Perfia, with a defiga ta tmu aO, las
forces ag^iAft Italy. To this exp^tion he was much fbli-
dted by De Forrejiy the French ambaflador, and Troylo Pig^
naUlUy f(»rmerly a commander in the emperor's army : but,
being difgufted with the viceroy of Naples^ who had execu-
ted his brother Andrew^ a knight of Rhodts^ h^ fled to the
Solt^y and was made one of his Mutefaraka*s (C), Soley-
man fet out with two hundred thoufand men ; and, being
met at Julonay in Macedonia^ by his high admiral LutZi{D)^
and Barbaroffiir with their fleets, he ordered them to fail
Dver to Italy y to try the pulfes of the people. By Pignatelli^s,
diredioQ thejr put into th^ town of Caftro (£) ; and the &me»
with the adjacent caftle, was delivered by his p^uafiofi up-
pn articles, which the Tu^is, to th^ great vexation of the ad-
jniral, violated,
IT ALT was 6ow r^dy to be overwhelmed wth xhtLoffesm
mighty power oi Soleym^, when the rafhnefs of a Venetian fi^*
piptain divert^ the florm upon his own republic. This was •
Alejandro Contarerd^ who, meeting fome Turkijh gallies, at-
tacked and funk two, becaufe they refufed to make the fignak
pf friendfhip. Likewife Soleymah's chief interpreter, fent with
two gallies pn a meflag^ to LutziPdJbay oflering to pafsby the
Venetian fleet at Korfu^ without fainting the admiral, fome
^ his fhips drove them pn the rocks, where they were taken
by the mountain people ; from whom the interpreter ha4
much ado to redeem himfelf. About the fame time Doria^
the imperial admiral, cruising in the Ionian fea, met in. the
night, near KorfAy with twelve rf Soleymdn's great gallies
full of Janizaries ; who, after an pbftinate fight ag^unft
thirty gallies, were mpft of them (lain, and their veflels
taken: but Doria, finding himielf too weak to encounter ,
^arSaroffa with his eighty gallies, r^turn^d to, Mejina, to
refit. •
The Soltiny (hafed vdth this lofs, but more at the doubk BeJUg^
injury done him by the Venetians ; and pretending that they Kornj.
had entered into a private league with the emperor Charles y.
changed his refolution of invading Italyy and proclaimed war
againfl them. H^eupon, marching from Aulona^ he en-
framped near the nK)untains ov^-againft Korfut where thf
(C) They are a body pf Turkijh annals, but in Cante*
horfe, of aU nations and rcli* /«/>, Lufti.
gibns, whp are obliged to at- (E) Called Kujluhe in Cante^
tend the ^oltin when he goes to mr\ hiflory. it is about tei^
war. miles fouth of 0//-«;»/«.
. (P]j So he is called ifl th^ /
fwpte
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Hifiiry of the Othmin Empire. B. XV.
people diKhimeray by the inftigation of Damianus^ a famous
robber, undertook by night to break-into SokymdrC% camp,
and kill him in his tent. But as Damianus^ who had ap-
proached with them through bye-ways, was, from a tree,
fpying-out the SobAn's tent, and the ord^r of his guards, the
bough on which he flood breaking, te was difcovered by a
Janizary. Being thus takeij and tortured, he confefled the
whole defign ; which the Turks revenged on the mountaineers,
and then prepared to invade Korf&, .
wthomt As foon as Pi/auriOy the Venetian admiral, difcovered their
Juccejs. intejxtion, he fupplied the j^ace with men and other nccef-
farfes. Then retiring, left the farther defence to the Qovtv-
noTsJIoyJiaRipaznd Simon Leoniy two {en^Ltors of Venice; who
caufed the fair fuburbs to be pulled down, and turned all the
ufelefs people out of the city. By this means great numbers
periflied in the town-ditches, for fear of the enemy, while
others up and down the ifland were deftroyed or made cap-
tives (F) ; only three thoufand poor inhabitants valiantly de-
fended themfelves in the caiWe of St. Angeloy fifteen miles
from the capital.
Soleyman M^ean time the Turks annoyed the city with their cannon
rttim. from the rock Maripetrus, and from the ruins of the fuburbs
with their fmall ftiot, while the gallies battered the walls
with theirs from the fea. But Soleyman, percdving after all
that there was no likelihood of taking the place, left the
ifland in September 1537; yet firft did a remarkable piece of
juftice, in ordering thofe who violated the articles of Cqfiro,
in Italy, to be put to death, and the prifoners who could be
found, after a diligent fearch, to be fet at liberty.
J/land DUK.ING thefc tranfaftions, Lutzi, the Turki/h high-ad-
iEgina miral, fubdued, after an obftinate refiftance, the rich and
Juhdued, famous ifland erf" Mgind. The city oH Mgeum was firft given
up to the mercy of the foldiers, then burned ; and, after a
great flaughter of the inhabitants, the reft were carried away
into flavery. The like fpoil and cruelty were committed at
Paros : but the duke of Naxos, to avoid the calamities of
war, fubmitted to pay a tribute of five thoufand ducats.
This done, Lutzi returned, laden with fpoil, to Conjlantinople ;
. from whence, foon after, he was baniftied, for ftriking and
confining (G) his wife, who was Soleymdn's fifter **•
<* Paul Jovius.- Lbuncl. Ricaut, ubi fupr.
(F) Barhuroffa had 1 6,000 (G) On her cxpoftulatiDg
Haves to his own (hare ; whom with him for committing fo-
he feld afterwards at his houfe, domy with a youth he kept for
oti tb« Bof^hdrus, four miles be- the purpofe.
.yOnd Tera. IH
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. li. lo Solt4n Soleym&n I. 301
In the year 944, an army of twenty thoufand men, of dif- A. D.
fcrent nations, under one Kohpan^ enters, through Sirem{H), >537*
the Othmdn borders, with defign to befiege Semendria : but, L"*^ "^
being fuddcnly attacked in their way by Mehemed Beg, go- ^^^^'
vernor of that city, they are totally routed *. This is all the ^ '
light the Turkifb hiftorians give us into an affair, which, |^^^'^q^
according to the Chriftian writers, much redounded both to £^[ j^*
their honour and advantage. Thefe latter inft>rm us, that, ics?*
the fame autumn in which SoleymAn had ravaged KorfA, king
Ferdinand's troops received a great overthrow by the Turks ^
at EJfek. There was indeed a kind of truce between thofe
two powers : but as their refpeftive troops, in fmall partiei,
ravaged each others dominions, and the Turkijb nimble horfe
had generally the better of the great and heavy-armed Ger'»
mansy Ferdinand was fo nettled at it, that he refolved to drive
the Othmans out of the country of Pojfega, To this end he
raifed out of all countries eight thoufand horfe and iixteen
thoufand foot ; over whom he made John Cazzinaer^ a noble
Kroatiany his general. On this advice Mohammed^ the vali-
ant governor of Belgrade^ to fupport king John^ gathered
forces out of Bofnia^ and other provinces ; which, with the
Hungarians who joined him, formed an army^ equal to that
of the Germans.
With thefe he marched to Ejfeky where he refolved to tefiii^
wait for the enemy> who advanced towards him : but by EA^i
the time they got thither their foot was diminifhed by one
half, although their horfe had an increafe of two thoufand.
They were joined next day by the bifhop of Zagabriay with
his horfe ; and fome provifion came into their camp. From
a hill, which they took from the Turks y they perceived a
rifmg ground on the other fide of the city, fit for erefting
batteries ; to which they made their way through a trouble-
fome foreft, without much lofs. There encamping, they
offered the enemy battle : but Mohammedy who was ordered
h^ Soleyndn to defend the city to the laft, and knew the
fcarcity of provifions in the Chriftian camp, declined an en-
gagement. Being reduced by this means to great diftrefs,
they quitted EJfek in the night, and went to hcdegt Her-
maude ; where they expefted to meet with ftwe of provi*
fions, but foujid fcarce enough to fervc the army two days.
* Cant. p. 201.
(H) A large plain beyond nuaraiifiy whofe inhabitants are
the Zcntej lying between ,Alha called ^erln Ogli. Cant.
Qruia (or Belgrade) and F^/rrr
From
Digitized
by Google
3^4 tii/hry.9fiheiD^t^a3^ B.XVi
A. D. Pub 14 thencei marching through Poffega for Jwancka^
15 7' they in the wiy met with great refrefhmei^t : but the Turks
'^""yr^ getting at the fame time to the laft place^ had feveral Odx^
Mre wur$' ,^^^^^ ^j^g ^j^^ .pj^^y like^ife fo diftreflcd them in thdr
^^^' retreat afterwards, that at length the comsiaQders of the
** cavaU-y, feized with a panic, iuddenly took to flight, fomc
x>ne way, fome another, fo that the dSinayed general at laft
fled alfo : however, many of the troops joined the in&ntry.;
who ftill kept their pofts, commanded by the brave Lodronius.
As the fame time, the Turks chai^ng them were valiantly
^ppofed by the Jiorfe ; who yet furred much, efpecially th6
Bohemians. The foot alfo, being fbtre^lled in their march,
near a marfti, were at laft broken, and all cut to pieces
xu* taken. Lodronius^ who was driven into- the marih and
ibrety wounded, was perfuaded by the Turks to yield him-
felf, with three companies, who were with him : but, being
judged unable to travel by his keepers, they (lew him, and
carried his head to Conflantinople. Mean time the general
Kazzinaer fled to his own caftle ; and, fearing to appear be-
fore Ferdiaandy broke ' the prifon, and fled to the Turks*
Soon after he had a promife of the government of Kroatia :
but, tampering with Nicholas Serini to revolt, he was de-
luded by him, and flain in his houfe ^
Exftdition Next year, 945, the SoltM fends his adnural KhaMd&n^
#0 India, and Soleymdn Pdjbd (I), general of the foot, with a confl**
Hcj. 945. Actable army into India (K) ; where thqy diligently execute
^' ^* his orders, and annex the vdiole kingdom of Tamman (L),
■53°' with the adjacent provinces, to the Othmin enapirc ^
It
^ Leuncl. RicAVT, ubifttph «'Cant. p. 201.
(I) This was the govenioi: of hian hiftorian ever reckoned th€
Egypt y before- mentioned. inhabitants of 7Iz«»» among'the
(K) This mttft be the borders AnAs ; ^nd thdir name of Sari'
ti^ Arabia Felix : for I have^ot himdi, <or ytllaw Indians , ^veH
Tead chat a Tarkift? army was them (idl over the eaft, fhews
ever in India. Gant, For all themto be oi Indian egctsadidn:
this it appears from ^whatfol- hence Tleinoi, prqperlyyJs not
Jews, that there iwas a Turkyh a ^zxt Xii Arabia^ but of India.
Army there the fame year. Cant, Our audior's error in
(L) A Jarge country extend- the former note, feems tohave
ing between the Red Sea and led him into another here : for,
Ferjian gulf; which both im- '^zxTumen^oxYamman^vi^^xtti'i
tient and mqdern geographers wlr^/i?, and its inhabitants Jr^ii/)
(of £«r£?f^) make part of -^r«- appearsfrom:^(^«'^ia,and many
i/<f, by the name of Arabia other Arab and Ferficm geogra-
Eelix. But no lurkijb or Ara*^ phcrs. See AUNf. Ue/cript.
Arabia
Digitized by VjOOQIC
C» *u le SokSax Sohftnam L
It has been already related, in the reign of Selhn I. that
iCdn/u Gauri had fitted out a fleet at Swiz, or Sues, at the
end of the Red Sea, againft the Portu^uefes in India, who had '
ruined the trade of Sgypt : but that expedition being laid
afide, on account of the troubles which enfued in the coun*
try, as hath been already mentioned \ die defign lay dormant
till now Soleym&n revives it, by the advioe of SoleymAn PiftiA^
(he eunuch (M). For this purpofe the P&fb^, widi great
difpatch, having built a fleet of eighty tall fhips and gallies,
at the above-mentioned port, the' command of it was given
to him, in conjunAion with Hajfan Beg (N), the £simott5
Mooroi jiUxandria. At their fetting-out, the P^fhd, having
{eized on the efTeds of the Venetians at Kayro and Aletxan'^
Jria, diftributed their feamen on board his fleet.
Having failed through the Red Sea, he came to Aden^ a ^eniSAt
iftrong city and port of Arabia, not far from the mouth erf" Portu-
it; where, fending for the king On board, after many ce- gwcCBi*
rcfles, hailed him, with four of his courtiers, at the yard-
arm of his galley, and feized the city. From thence he
crofled the Indian fca, and, on the fourth of Sept. 1538,
came to Diu, a very ftrong fortrefs of the Portuguejes, on tha
coaft of Kambaya, which he vigoroufly attacked, and bat-
tered with prodigious cannon : but the Turks, after taking
a bulwark, having been repulfed in all theur other aflaults,
with great lofs, he raifed the fiege ; and, on the appearance
of the Portuguefe fleet, flieered-ofF with his own. In his re-
turn through the Red Sea, the king of Zibid (or Zabid), re-
^fiifing to come to him, he landed and marched to that city.
*The unfortunate prince, not able to defend himfelf, thought
it beft to go out to him; but, on his approach, Soleymiht
ordered his head to be ftruck-ofl*. After this, he landed at .
Jodddh, the port of Mekka, to perform the pilgrimage to
that dty (O), and fent Hajjan Beg with the fleet back to
Swtz^
Whilst
*fc Sec before, p. 261. • Ricaut, & Gen. Collcft. Voy.
4to, vol. i. p. 88.
Jrabiie in Hudfon. Geogr. Feter. (N) From hence and other
Gr^c. Miu. Pocoei Spec. Hid. circumilances it appears, tliat
j^raif. Geliuis Notes on Alfar^ Kbairo^ddin, or Barbarofa^ is*
gam's Aftron. D'Herbelot, art. by miftakc, mentioned by prince
Jaman, &c. Cantimir\ Turkijh authors, a»
(M) Perhaps the fame who performing this voyage,
was made governor of Kayro by (O) There is a large accoant
igiwu of this expcditioo from two dif-
ferent
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
304 , Hiftory of the Cyihxr&xi Empire. B.XV.
A. b. Whilst thefe things were performing by his generals^
^5^^- Soleym/ttiy with numerous forces, as a friend (P), enters -Mb/-
^j**v""*T^ davia ; but, contrary to the expeftation of the inhabitants,
.^y^ deftroys all with fire and fword from the Danube toSoczava,
^^^'^ * then the metropolis ; near which pitching his tents, he de-
mands the yearly tribute. The Moldavians^ fedng no way
to withftand fo great a ftorm, humbly foe for peace ; and
promife the payment of the annual fum : only they potion,
that the choice of a prince may remain in the ftate .( QJ,
and that he might be invefted with regal authority. Soky-
mdn grants their requeftfi, confirms the prince (R) chofen by
them, and reftores their captives. Next day he aflembles the
nobles, and feverely reprimands theni ; faying, •* That, un-
" mindful of the favours received from his predeceflbrs, they
' ** had dared to draw the fword againft fo powerful an em-
** pire, and not only burned the town of IGH (S), but flain
** many Mufidmans : that though, for this proceeding, all
" by the Mohammedan law were guilty of death, he, as a
mndre* ** demonftration of his clemency, was ready to give them
ducid^ '* life and liberty, on condition they would deliver up the
" treafures of their late prince." As the wretched Molda-
vians could refufe nothing, the Defterddr^ with a company
of Jfanizaries, went into the town, and plundered both the
public and the prince's treafury ; where were found, befides
a great quantity of money, the diadems of the princes, erodes,
ferent authors in the New Col- (R) The Moldavian hiftori-
le^hft of Voyages and Travels^ ans call him Stephanus junior,
4to. vol. i. p. 88, & eqq. natural fon of 5W«». Cant,
Where, as to the end of Soley- (S) The occation was this.
man Pdjhd, we are told, that, A difpute arifing between the
after his return, he went to Ctf«- Bujdk Tatars^ in conjanfUon
fiantinopUi and that, not agree- with feme new colonies of rorii,
ing with one who afpired to his and the inhabitants of Kieg€c%y^
poll, he was reduced to the ne- thefe laft drove the l^urks out of
ccffity of killing himfelf. the woods ; and, on their roak-
(P) The Moldavian annals ing a fecond attempt, purfuiog
fay, that tlie 7'«r>fi, on pretence them to Aj//, fct the town on
of a Folijb expedition, only de- fire : but this was the ad of
fired a parage through ik&A private perfons, and without
da*viay and afterwards turned the.confent of the ftate. Kili^
their arms againft the country, callftd C/7/a by the Moldawians^
laying it all waftc. Cant. and formerly Ljcoftomon^ is fitu-
[QJ) So it continued for al- ate on the north fide of th«
^oA a century, and th^n the largcft or northern mouth of
Soitdns began to appoint them the Danube, Cant.
princes. Cant,
and
3
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C. 11. ' to ^Ican 3oteym4n L
afid holy images (T, adorntd with precious jewels.^ Thefe
SQleyrndti abnfes as he pleafed, and then leads back his forces.
In his return, he orders Kilt, deftroyed by the Moldavians^
to be rebuilt ; and, becaufe there . were no woods iji thofe
parts, he gives them the timber of a bridge he had run over
In the interim, Khairo'ddin (U), unexpectedly, near Kan^ Chrifiian
dia, meets with the enemy's fleet, confifting of 300 fail ; and,/<r^/ de-
after an obftinate battle, takes mapy, and finks moft of the/^«^^<^*
reft, r Next day he attacks another fleet, cbmmanded by Ju' • .
drevirius (X), in the port of Preve/a; where the enemy,
aided by the advantage of the place, behave with ,great
bravery, and render the vidlory long doubtful: but, at
length, the Chriflians, perceiving themfelves overpowered,
make off in the night, leaving fome of their fhips as a prey
to the Turkifb admiral. He had no fooner turned his back,
iazxi Jndrevirius befieges Nova ; and> taking it, puts all the
inhabitants to the fword : but, next year, Khairo'ddin, re-
turning with a frefh fleet, attacks the town ; and, recovering
it, kills, in revenge, all the Chriflians whom he found there,
wthout diftinftion of age or fexk.
This, is the Turkijh account. Let us now fee what thefiarbaroi^
Chriflians fey. The fenate oiVemce, finding themfelves hard fa attacks
put to it by the Turks ^ entered into a confederacy againft Kanea;
them with the emperor Charles V. and pope Paul HI. The ^' ^*
emp«ror*s fleet, of eighty-two gallies, was commanded by *53 •
Tkria ; the VenetianSy of the like number, by Capello ; and
the pope's gallies by Grimani, patriarch of Jquileja, The
lan^d-fotces were under the conduft erf" Ferdinand Conzaga,
viceroy of Sicily : and the agreement was, that whatever
Biiglit be takea frcKn the enemy, in either Greece^ the iflands,
^ Cant. p. 2Q2.
(T) Surely this paragraph ca? This is a farther proof that
mad have been taken out of he was not in the Indian expe-
fome Moldavian author, not a dition with Soleymdn Pdjhd.
turkijh ; at kail w6rds muft be (X) This feems to be fome
added, and the turn of expref- Chriftian general, whofe name
fion altered in the tranflation. is corrupted by the Turks ;. but
(U) M his return from the whO he was I have not been
kingdcm 0/ Yaramen. So it fol- , able to f!nd. Cant, — He was
lows m the original. But hoW the famous Andreas Doria (call-
then, as prince Cantenir him- ed by Jo*vius, Auria)t a Geno» * ^
iclf obfervcs, could he have efe j and, at the time here men-r
gotten into the Mediterranean tioned, in the fervice of the
fea, without failing round Jfri^ emperor of Germany. findaL
Mod. Hist. Vol. XIL X cr
Digitized by LjOOQIC
$o6
A. D.
ij}8.
retires to
Ainbra-
cia;
/ghts
Dona.
H0^ 0/ tbe Otha&n Empire: RXV.
or Dabmztia, (hoald be ddivered-ap to the Verutums. To
oppofe this power, Barharoffa^ with one hundred and diirty*
^ eight gallies, early in .the fpring, fiikd to KanSa^ with a
defign to furprife Kanea : but Gritti, the governor, fo pficd
the Turks with great and {mall fhot from the walls, that
their admiral was forced to redre, after the lofs of many men,
and leave one thoafand more behind him, who were likemfe
all (lam. All he did was to reduce the little town diCeciUOf
and then fail to the bay of Jmbrada ; which he fortified, for
fear of the Chriftian fleet, by this time arrived at Korfi. The
gtneml Gonzaga was for landing, and attackii^ Prevefa%
which, if taken, would bring thdr ordnance to bear upon
the enemy*s fleet, and fhut up the bay. But Doria advifed
rather, that, in cafe Barharojfa could not be >brought to an
engagment, they fhould f;ul for Ltpanto\ and, takii^ it,
ravage all the towns in the bay of Korintb : which counfd
tva? moftly approved of. On the appearance of the Chriflian
fleet before the bay ofJmhracia, Barharoffa, bdng irrefolute
what courfe to take, was ftiarply reproved by an eunuch of
the court, as if guilty of cowardice ; and in the dofe of his
difcourfe, bid him beware, left, in avoidii^ an uncertain ho-
nourable death, he did not incur a fliameful one by the
5d/if<l/2's difpleafure. Upon this, Barbaroffhy turmng to Saki^
.one the chief pirates, faid : fVe nuifi, for aught I can fee^
venture a battle^ though at too much difadvantage, left v>c
ferijb by the complaints of this barking half -man.
Then, weighing anchor, he ftood-out of the bay, to fight
the Chriftians ; who, thinking he du^ft not venture, were
fleering towards Lcucadc. Doria on this advice tacked about,
and prepared for battle. The enemy's fleet bdng preceded
by twenty nimble gallies, under the conduA of Dragut, a
famous pirate, the foremoft of them bore down upon the
great galleon of Bondelmero : but that commander poured
fuch a quantity of great and fmall fhot into them, that they
were glad to flieer-oft. Mean time Doria refolved not to en-
gage without the men of war, which were held back by a
(aim, fleered his courfe accordingly, which made the crafty
Turk change his alfo, and lie flill, for fear of being circum-
vented. However, a little before fun-fet, both his vdngs be-
gan in divers places to engage the Chriflians, from whom
they took two gallies and a Spanijh man of war, befides
finking two ftiips more, with fome other damage: but, a
fudden ftorm arifing, Doria failed back for Korfu^ in fuch
hafte as feemed rather a flight than a retreat, for which he
was much cenfured ; and becaufc, through fear, the lights
in the poops of the ftiips were put-out, Barbarojfa laughed
heartUy
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C I u 10 Solcan Soleytnin L ^07
heartily at it, and ufcd to fay, Doria did }t to conceal his A. D.
flight. iJS^-
• Soon after he came with the Turkijb fleet to PaxoSf an JrT^JT^
ifle four leagues tp the eaft of AToj/ii, braving the Chriftians Caftello
to fight. At length, returning to Jmbracia for feat of tern- V^^
pefhious 'weather, they befieged and took Cajiello Nuevo ; '
which, contrary to articles, was garrifoned by four thoufand
Spaniards^ for the ufe of the emperor. This fo difcontented
the Venetians ^ that they fucd to Soleymin for peace ; which*
foon after, was concluded* In the interim Barbaroffa^ put-
ting to fea, to relieve that place, many of his sallies were
wrecked on the Acroceraunian rocks, and, it was fiiid, twenty
thou&nd men loft. Yet Doria refufed to purfue him on this
advantage ; and, returning to Italy ^ gave occafion to Urfino^
a noble Venetian^ then in the fervice, merrily to fay, that *
Doria had done nothing more politicly, and for the emperor's
intereft, than in thus fetting the Venetians and Turks toge«
ther by the ears, without the lofs of a galley*
SOLEYMAN, X.o vecovtx CaJieUo Nuovo, ksxt Barbarojfd ^^^ ^^•''
next fpring to befi^e it both by fea and land. The Turks *^^^^'tx
loft a thoufimd men at firft j but, having made a breach in , * ^^
the town-wall, they ftormed it, and, after a very bloody fight* ^^^'
(lew almoft the whole garrifon* with Sermiento^ who com""
manded them; but thofe in die caftlehad quarter given
them. Barbarojfa then appeared before Cattaro ; but, find*
ing the governor Bembo did not r^;ard his threats, he ac* '
cepted of fome prefents aijd withdrew*
About this, time, peace being concluded between theem*
peror Charles V. and Francis I. of France, they both fent to
invite the Venetians to jcrfn them agaii^ the Tvrks. The
fenate, after feveral debates, fent ambaftadors to thofe pnncef,
to dive into their defigns; and a third to Soleymdn, to avoid
pidng-up, if poffible, the cities of Napolt di Romania and Piate
Malmafta, without which the Soltan refufed to grant them w/>A tk$
peace. While the ambaflador offered a large fum, in lieu of Vcnc
thofe towns, Soleyman took him up fharply as a bafe diflem- ^*°**
bier, and recounted to him all his private inflruftions, in ^^jyi
fuch terms as frightened him toyield'^up not only thofe cities, 1540.
but alfo two caftles in Dalmatia (Y). For this he had like to
have been baniihed by the fenate ; and the traitors being dif-
covered were executed K
^ P. Jovitjs. RiCAUT, ubi fupr,
(Y) Ever fince this time, the their utmoft inftrtt^lions, be*
Turks delay the Chriftian am- lieviDg the/ have fall powers
bafladors^ in order to knovir to a^.
Xz ^ JThw
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joa Hijhiij of thtOiltm^ Empire. B.XV.
A. D. • THis-y^ar a new -^^x. k kindled ia Hungary. John Dt
^540. Zapol (Z), who, under Soleymdn's proteftion, had managed
\Wv»*J affairs with go^ (ucccfs, left Ifttfan (or Str^en), aa inmt,
r ^ ^^' ^^^^ ^^ the'^kingdom. The king of Gprmany (A), thinking it
Jieg^d^r ' g^jy ^^ dethrone a child, with ah arn>y of 8,opo choice men
2'^^' b^fieges Buda (B). Soleymafif who was macb the youi^
, * q' pri£K;e's guardian, bcii^ infori»e4 of this, by Jobri^ widow,
• ^nds 1^3 fVfizlr» Sq/i MfhmedP4fi>^f with a good army, and
a ktt^ lo.tb^.qw^a ; projoifog to come to hef aid wirii all
his forces. The Wazir, being arrived at Buda^ ccnnmands
his men to at;ti^pk the G^mtytSy though ftrongly intrenched;
The eneniy, finding tteit.the Turks were not very numerous,
divides hi? a^iiy into n»'o bodies^ and with, one carxies on tte
fi^ge, ^vhiktTOth the other, he >Qppofes the^fe&mAw; and
relieved hy tbnj for tljifty.days. theitc wece. continual {kkno^bes. Mcaa
Soley- ijoae the bcfiegiiig party,. hwiiig.deftroyed the fiortificadons^
"^^° • S^kyhdn, to. pwevj^t the. pl*oe bSng taken,, advances in (pang
to his IVazir's a^ance* As foon as the Gentmns heafid he
^ Was ^Vithi^ fottf days march of their camp, (hey_ retire in the
Wght, leaving- tbein artillery bofatird then*. Mehfos^PJfti
vjigoroufly purftije(&.tl^m> an<j^gptting befo]3ei» tfae.^ kce where
they were to.epibarfcj takesfom^ 20^ kills others ;. while a far,
tbrowihg.aY«y thm awn^ fart^. themfidves by flight. Saieyf
1^2, b^ng,}arrived, enters A/4a; and; judging. ^i/5»ii and
his mQtb^ inqai^abk of defending the king(k>m» the one on
a$:couat of hk.yQUtIv the .other of her fe&, (ends them, into
Trafijilvania {C), and.affigas them Si Sxu^M-ior their fob*
fifteocc,
^ » ' ' '
. (^) Or ^a$uviuff a». the Cmftat^nofJe^ .on the errand.
ChriJUian writ;e|-s caU him;^ He In the ineaa tim^ fvyUnand £^t
iiied ii) 1 5^0. count Salm to ihew-^eefi Ifa-:
y „,n (.A) This wa^vfVr/^'jtr^iW, king ^^///jf the articles of ao'cemcnt
1, r^, ' m the Romans and Bohemians, between him awd. her late huf
brother tQ the emperor Charles b^nd: but, fhc propofmg firft
Vth; who,' oh the fcore of af- to confult her father Sig^mo»d\
flhity, thought he had a title to king of Poland, Ferdinand with-
^.^ ' the kingdom-o^ Hungary : but, oat more adb invader Hungary,
^^ \.[ when he fawihe could do no- zndtaktsruegrMdfiP4ifl,Faein€t
thing by, force, hfi agreed with and Ma j£^s^ fWupoa
Jtihn de Zi^l to foeceed h^m . Lafiius, on his arrival a£ Can*
after his death. Cant. Jiantimple, is ii9^ifot|ied.
(B) Ferdinand v/2is advifed by (Cj The Turks are naturally
Lajkus, the Polander, to crave fo f>uitfnl of gdod fayings, but
Hungary of Soleymdn, and be- withal fo barren of good a6iions,
come hisitoibutary.for it, before that it is a common faying
])ehadrfcoiirie.to^nn5. Lajkus among them^ /^^r Oth'mans ^
himfeff was accordingly ienc to nsidlf but dQtlL This- i» veri-
fied
Digitized by VjOOQ iC
C lu 10 Sdclh SoTeyman I. 30^
iifleace* After this he converts die churches into JAni, und A. D.
appcnnts slKocU (or judge). Then, leaving a ftrong garrifon ' 54* •
of Janizflf'ies m the dty, under the command of one Soley- * — v-"^
min P^Jhd^ returns to his cstprtal «».
The Chriftian hiftorians reprefent this tranfaftlon much Rogen-
more to the advantage of the Othmdm^ and the difhonour of dorPj
their enemies, than do the Turkijb. They tell us, that UJirifP^^ -
and Mohammed^ "^ho commanded on the frontiers, having
joined Valentiney queen IfabeUd'% general, they recovered Va-
chia% but, being baffled before Pefty returned home, not
ivithout fome lols in their retreat. This reviving Ferdinand's
hopes, he fent more troops under the lord Rogendoff; who,
joining the old army, marched and befieged Buda. One part
of the wall they battered down, and another part fell, with
the-weight of earth thrown up within to ftrengthen it : fb
that if the general, who was naturally flow, had attacked it
immediately, the city mufl have been taken : but, negleftlng
this opportunity, the befieged, in the night, raifed a ne^
rampart; fo that, next morning, the Germans, when thqr
came to the attack, were beaten-ofF, with the lofs of fixteeti
hundred men. Their mines likewife M^ere all Countermined,
For all this, treachery had like to have done what force could
not : for one Bpmemiffa, a lawyer, promifed to let in a body
of Hungarians in the mght at a poftern : but Rogendorf
having appointed Germans in their ftead, as foon as th^y were
admitted, the lawyer, who perceived the fraud, dropped them ;
and they, not knowing the way in the dark, fled out again
through the poflern, except fuch as on the alarm were flain
or taken.
In June 1541, Mohammed fajba, entering Hungary with ^ontittms
his army, Rogendorfy infleail of marching to fight him, as'^^/^^^»
was advifed, continued the fiegc, pofling himfelf at the foot *
of St. Gerrard's Mount, between a fteep hill and the river. '54**
From his camp he made a bridge to a little ifland, and with
a fort commanded both the river and the plain. Th^ fleet
alfo of the Chriflians was much ftronger than that of the
Turks ; but, as he had neglefted to poflefs himfelf of the
Ifland CapelU^ the Turks foon took the little ifle ; and tho'
quickly driven-out again, yet they became fo troablefome to
the German camp, that they began to be difmayed. At the
» Cant. p. 204, & fcq.
ficd in Soleymans condu6l. When ing now found an opportunity,
he had, under the fHew of vir- , he (hews his cloven foot, and
tuc, acquired the good will of fwallovys up the kingdom be-
all the Hungarian nobility, hlv- longing to an orphan. Cant, '
X 3 fame
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hifi^ of the Othmin Empire. B. XV.
fame time Perenus, the general of the Hungarians^ bdng
fecretly advifed by Valentine^ queen Ifabella's commander, to
' provide for his fafety, becaufe a great beafi was coming who
would at one mouthful devour them ; Perenus^ judging by this
that Soleym&n was near at hand, acquainted Rogendorf^ that,
unlefs the fiege was raifed immediately, he would march-off
with his troops.
fits too Al TKO u Grt Rogendorf refiifed then to ftir, yet fear obliged
latCf them next night to pafs the river, in four convoys, to Pefi.
The two firft did well enough; but the Turks fdl-upon the
reft before they could get-out of their camp. Mohammed^
governor of Belgrade, and Valentine, took the upper tents
where Perenus lay, and chafed the Germans over St, Gerants
Mount. The garrifon of Buda fallied-out at the fame time
upon them, and the bUhop caufed a great ftack of ftraw, near
the river, to be fet on fire, that the enemies of the Chriftian
name might have light to deftroy the Chriftians ; on whom
the cannon was played from all quarters. To increafe the
misfortune, Kafan, the Turkijb admiral, went up the ftream
with light boats, and fet-^upon the ftiips croflSng the river to
Pejt. Of thefe he took fome and funk many others ; while
the reft of the Germans, flying over the bridge into the littk
jfland, were there flain, or pmihed in the river ".
Cr§at T^E Chriftian fleet, feeing all loft, cleared the way with
Jfu^hteff thrir cannon as well as they could, and got up the river to
Komorrn. The reft of the land troops endured the fame
fortune in the camp ; of whom the Bohemians died valiantly
fighdng. About three thoufimd inen, who had gotten to a
little hill hy St. Gerrar^s Church, there defended themfelves;
till two parts of them being fldn, the reft threw down thdr
lurms, and were afterwards killed hy Soleymhi'^ order. At the
fame tim^, Kafan, coming with his fleet before Peft, frighted
the horfe out of it \ at^d the reft were fo difpirited that thqr
made but little defepce: fo that theTwr^j, quickly breaking-
in, exercif^ on th^m the utmoft cruelty, and plundered that
wealthy city. In ftiort, the Chriftians, by the report of fome,
loft: in this war twenty thoufand men, befides thirty-fix great
cannon, and one hundred and fifty fmaller pieces. A% for
their unfortunate general Rogendorf, he died loon after, near
JComorro, pi his wounds and grief.
Jo^a>r- SChLEYMAN, after this viftory, comes with a great
ffifpd. power to Buda-, and, by hjs ambafladors, charged with rich
prefents, required the queep to fend the young king to l^s
^amp. Ifabella, by the bifhop's advice, to avoid fufpicion,
J B iCAyx, ub'i fupy.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C II, lo Soltan Soleyman J.
fent the child ; who, though but in fwadling clouts, was re*
ceived with all military honours. The Soltdn talked fami-
liarly with the nurfe, and ordered his fons Saltm and /?J-
yezid to take the royal babtc in their arms and kifs him.* But
while the nobles of Ifungary were merry at dinner with the
Pdjbds^ fome troops, under pretence of going to fee the city,
fdzed it ; but fo dexteroufly, and with fo little noife, that it
was not perceived till it was elFefted. Prefently after pro-
damadon was made, for the citizens to fear nothing, but give
up their arms ; and fuch exaft difcipline was kept, that not
one perfon was injured by the foldiery **.
As foon as this was k: own to Soleymdtij he fent back the Hungary
young prince to his mother, but detained the nobles, to the [vmed
great furprize both of them and her. Hereupon, the queen, ^"^^
by fubmUEve letters, put him in mind of his proipifes, and
intreated their releafe.: but the Soltan^ not regarding her re»
monftr^nces^ confulted with his Pdjbh about difpofing of the
kingdom of Hungary. Mohammed (the prime Wazir) was
for carrying the young king and all the nobility to Conjianti*
nople^ and leaving a governor, who by his moderation might
remove from the people any apprehenfion of fcrvitude. Ru*
Jlan PAjbAy who had been gained by the queen's prefents,
ftood altogether upon terms of honour ; alleging, that no*
thing could be more inglorious, than for a great monarch to
break his faith at once with a weak woman and poor infant,
whom he had taken into his protection. But Mohammed^
governor of Belgrade, difliking both opinions, as too full of
lenity, declared the bed way would be to reduce Hungary
to the form of a province ; to fend the queen to her father,
and bring up her fon at court in the Mohammedan religion.
He farther advifed to put all the nobility to death ; to raze
their cafUes, and transport the principal families into Jfia,
SOLE YMA N, having entered Buda the 30th of Avgujt, a Turkifh
took a middle method; and, by a public decree, ordered /'vi/zV^,
that Buda fhould be kept with a Turkijb garrifon ; that the
kingdom fhould be converted into a province of the empire 5
and that the queen, with her young fon, fhould presently
" leave the city, and refide at Lippa. This fbe quickly per-
formed, though forrowfuUy, attended by the nobility, who
were all fet at liberty, excepting Valentine.
Mean time king Ferdinand, being informed of the fatal
difafter which had befallen his army, fends ambafladors to
Sokymikn with terms of peace, accompanied with curious
; RiCAUT, ubi fupn^
X 4 prefents
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Peace r$»
pae4.
Tranfil-
vania re-
Jtored,
French
^ffifttd:
Jiej. 949.
A.D.
1543. .
Hifiory'of the Othmin Emfire. B. XV.
prefents (D). Bdng admitted to audience, they humbly de-
fired, that the Soltdn would beftow. Hungary on their mafter ;
who, on his part, would pay him the fame yearly tribute stf
king John had done, and undertake to draw the emperor
Charles into the league : fo that the Turks might be at liberty
to turn their forces againft the Perftans. But, inilead of
granting Ferdinand's requefl, Soleym^n required, that he
fhould reftofe all .the places formerly belonging to Idng LnuiSf
and never after meddle with Hungary. He likewife demand-
ed, that Aujlria fhould pay him a fmall tribute on account of
the charges of the war ; and even refufed to grant a truce,
till fuch time as the two princes fhould be acquainted with
his anfwer. However, the ambafladors had liberty to fee
the camp, where the moft exaft difcipline and profoun4
filence was obferved : and, in his return to Conjlantinaple^ he
fet Lajhhus at liberty.
At the fame time that Mohammed Pkfha was fent into
Hungary ^ Ahmed^ governor of Nlffa (E), was ordered to in-
vade Tranfilvaniay in conjunftion with Peter^ prince of Moh
davia and Walakhia, Suphen Maylat, who had been made
Fayvod, not being able to withffaud the enemy, fled to To*
garas. Ahmed, who found that town too ftrong to be taken
by force, decoyed Maylat to his camp, under pretence of
peace : . but; when he had gotten him there, fecured him ; and
ibon after Togaras furrcndered. Hereupon almoft aU the
country of Tranftlvania was, by Soleyman's confent, given
to the young king Stephen j to whom the people readiljf
fwore allegiance p.
DtTRiNG thefe tranfaftions, the emperor Charks V. mad)t
his unfortunate expedition to Algiers : but as this was a war
rather againft the Moors of Barbary (who, being driven out
of Spaini turned pirates, and infefted the whole M^diterra'
nean), than againft the Turks, we fhall fay no further of it.
here ; but return to the Turkijh hiftorians.
This rapid courfe of viftories, which terrified fome Chri»
ftian princes, induced others to implore Sokymdn^s aid againft
the unjuft opprefEons of their neighbours. Accordingly, in
the year 949,' Firanche PMJbdhi, no longw able to with-
ftand the Spaniards, fends an ambafTador extraordinary to
mak^ m alliance with the Soltm, and intreat his fuccour. Thp
f RiCAVT, ubi fupr.
(D) Among the reft there
was a globe, (hewing, the hour
of th? day, motipi^ of the
planets, change of the moon,
and other phenomena.
(E) Others fay, Nicopoiis.
;iUiance
Digitized
byGoogk
C. II. i9Sft^59l«fin|9j.
alliance bdng made, h^ fends Kbairo'ddin P&fbA with a nu-
merous fleet to Spain, aad, ear^y neifLt fpr^lg, entering Hun^
gory with a great army, prefently takes U^fat B^cz^i, ^d ^
Shoklovasy which had be^, two years before, recovered by
the Germans. Then, penetrating farther into the country, Hungaiy
he reduces Vfiurgan, BeUgrad (F), Taicyr Hijfariy and Uftuni invadid.
BeUgrad{G). Atter this, having converted the beft chijrchei
into J^y and ftr^ngthened the places with ftrong garnh
fons, he returns to ConftatainopU : but as he drew near the
dty, he receives the news <rf his (on Mohammed'% fudden\leath %
which fo affected him, that, laying afKk his intended triumph^
he made his entry mournfully, like one who had been van-
quifhed. He afterwards, in remembrance of his fon, and for
his foul's health, built in the way to the gate called Enghi
Kapu (H) a large Jarm^ adorned with a college and hofpical,
called Sbehzdde J&mi *>.
The forgoing tranfaftion, fo briefly touched on by the W^Turk-
Turki/b authors, requires farther enlargement from the Chri- 'i^fut
ftian hiflorians ; cfpecially thofe relating to Sokyman^s fend->
ing a fleet to aflifl the French, and his war in Hungary »
With regard to the firfl article ; new differences arifing be^
tween the emperor and Francis king of Franee, the latter
fent Rinco, as his ambaf&dor, into Turkey ^ to folicit ScJey^'
min to make war upon Charles : but in his way through y^, jy^
Italy he was murdered by fome Spaniards. This af&fliria' 154a*
lion inflaming the refentment of JFrancis, he fent Polinus on
the fame errand. Polinus arriving at C&nftcmtinofde. received
no very agreeable reception from Soleyman the eunuch, grand
Waztr : but having, by means of the Kapi Jga^ or chief
porter, obtained an audience of the Saltan himfelf, that pnnco
promifed to fend his m'after, the followii^ fpring, as large a
fleet as he defired. Spring being come, the executbn of this A. D.
afiairwas, out of envy to ifar^^ro^, much oppofed in coun* '543*
cil by the Waztr ; ^ who faid, he faw no reafbn why the
ftate was put to fuchan expence, but to ferve the admiral's
turn. However, Barbarojfa having with incredible diligence
fitted up on^ hundred and ten gallies and forty galleoQs, by
Soleymdn's order, he departed from Conftantmopk with the
French ambaflador.
• Cant. p. 206, k feq.
(F) Strigenium^oxGran. (H) One of die twenty-eight
(G) ^Iha Regalist caUcdy by gsites of Conftantinople^ looking
the Germans, Stul Weijfenhurg. towards Sy/f<vri. Cant.
Cant,
As
Digitized by VjOOQiC
Hifiory of tbe Othmain Empire. B. XV;
A$ foon as he arrived in the Fare of Mefftna^ the Turkijh
pirates, being come with their galliots in fight of Rhegio^ be-
^ gan to land their men. This made the people leave the city :
bat Gaietano, a Spaniard, who kept the ca(Ue, with his guns
killed fome Turks; whereupon the reft breaking into the
town, fired it, to the great difpleafure of Barbarojfay as well
as the French ambaffador. After this, the Turks landing
fome cannon, with a few (hot fo terrified the commander,
that he presently gave up the place. However, he was fet
at liberty, with his wife and children ; excepting one daugh-
ter, of exceeding beauty, with whom Barbaroffa was fo en-
amoured that he took her to wife. The place was plundered
by the foldiers; and fevcnty Spaniards, of whom the garrifon
confifted, with many more citizens, were made captives.
The Turki/b admiral after this, failing along the ccxdl of
Italy, came to Ofiia, at the mouth of the Tibur ; which fo
terrified the Romans, that the ambaflador's letter to cardinal
Rudolpho, the pope's legate, to afTure them of their fafety,
could fcarce keep them from forfaking the city ^.
Itfiegis BARBAROSSA bring arrived at Marfeilles, lay there a
Nice ; long time, fretting to fee mat the French let the feafon flip
without entering upon aAion. At laft, being joined by
feveral French ftiips and 8ooa land forces, he had orders to
befiege Nice, in Provence, then under the duke of Savoy ;
which, after repulfing the Turks at one breach> were fo ter-
rified with a frefh battery, raiied by the Turkijh admiral, that
the citizens agreed to furrcnder to the French ; by which
means the Janizaries, being difappointed of the plunder,
would have flain the ambaflador, as the occafion of it, could
they have done it conveniently. They had prefently after a
new caufe of rcfentment : for they nad not fat-down long
before the caftle, when the French fent to borrow powder
and (hot, thdr own bring all out. This fo enraged Barha^
rojfa, that he threatened to lay hands on Polinus, and was in
the mind to have returned home : but he was fcarce pacified,
when a letter from VaJH, to Patd, the governor, bring inter-
cepted, promifing relief within two days, they railed tho
fi^e : however, the Turks firft broke-into the city, plundered
it, and then fet it on fire,
fiuns BARBAROSSA being come to an anchor at the ide of
Doria % Lerina, or Margarita, news was brought that Doria with
his fleet lay at Villa Franca \ and as he had loft four gallics
in the ftorm, Polinus fent to advife the Turkijh admiral to
iall on him. The latter making no great hafte thither^
^ RiCAVT, iibi fupr.
Digitized by LjOOQiC
C. ii. 10 SoiAn Sdleym&n L
his officers, by way of foeery (aid, he had feafon to deal
kindly ^th his brother Doria, in return for lettii^ him
cfcapc at Hippo : but Barharoffa's anfwer always was, that ^
he being an old commander^ and haff-blmdy faw more into the
matter than all thoje green captains with their Jbarp fight.
Not long after, faiUng to Thoulon, he fent out twenty-five
gallies under Salek ^sAHaffan^ his kinfmen ; who, after pil-
laging (bme maritime towns of Spainy went and wintei«d at
jilgiers. While Barbarojfa refitted his fleet at Thoulon for
the fendce of the following fpring, Doria, under pretence
of redeeming prifoners, fupplied him with fome neceflaries,
although his enemy, for fear he fliould commit any hoftilities ,
againft the territories of Genoa •.
BARBAROSSJ, weary of lying fo long idle in Pro-rav^^ -
vencey requeftcd of the king of France^ that he might have '^^ ^^fiH
leave either to depart or ravage the coafls of Spain : but France^
unfrilling to grant the latter requeft, beftowed on him, in
lieu of the Turks who were dead, all the Mohanmiedan ilaves
in his gallies, amounting to four hundred, with ftore of
provifion, and other prefents. After this the Turki/b ad-
miral departed from Thoulon ; and, coming to the ifle of
Elbay belonging to the duke of Florence^ demanded, of the
governor Jppiano, the fon of his old friehd Sinan the Jew,
who was kept a prifoner there. The governor anfwered,
that the young man being turned Chrifiiany he could by no
means do it ; but thaty for his fake, he wotdd u/e him as his
^wn/on, Barbarojfa, not fatisfied with this apology, landed
his men, and committing great fpoil, had the captive delivered-
up. But the fon's liberty proved his Other's death : for,
overcome with joy at the unexpefted fight of him, he fiunted
away in embracing him, and died.
The admiral, foiling from Elba, landed firft at Telaman^ ««^ ^^
then-at Porto Hercule ; which city he burnt. He afterwards '^'^'^
ravaged the ifles of Gigio and Ifchia ; burnt the three chief
towns of the latter, and carried away abundance of people
from both. Then he endeavoured to take Puteoli ; but was
prevented by the approach of fuccours from Naples. He had
better fuccefs at the ifle of Lipariy which he laid wafte ; then
burnt the town, and carried-off about feven thoufand pri-
foners to Conftantinopk ; where he was honourably received,
and applauded by Soleym&n. He performed no other expedi**
tion aiter this dll his death (I), which happened in 1547.
• RiCAiJT. ubi fopr.
(I) He waft l)uned at his render his burying-place fa-
koufe called Beyziktajby near mous, he built there a mofk at"
the Thracian Bofpborusy about hid Qwn charge,
four lailca from rera : and, tQ r^*^ t
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
iyi6 mjMyofih Odunaa £mpire. B; XV.
Let ns now^ in tbe.fecond place, take a review of doe
war in Hungary. As king Ferdinand could not chafe but
^be much alanned at the an^er giiren his ambaffitdor at the
Porte^ as before-mentioned, the princes and ftates of Gtrmany^
at his reqileft, unanimoufly refolded to take-up arms, for rc-
coverii^ Buda^ and other pbices oi Hungary , fixwn the Turks.
To this end they ratfed thirty thouland foot and feven thon-
£ind borfe, under the command of Joacbm, marquis of Bran-
denburgh. They were joined at Vienna by Ferdinand's forces,
ten thoufand horfe out of Stiria, fifteen thoufand Hungarian
borfe, and three thou{and choice Italian foot, fent by pope
Faul III. and condafted by Alejfandro Vitelko, The marquis
fetting-out, marched fo flowly along the Danubey that hfi
officers faid, the fummer would be fpcnt before he could
infer ' enter upon aftioh. At length, being come to Grany it was
^iungary ; reported, that Soleym&n was on his march with a great »iny
towards Hungary : but this report being contradicted bj his
fpics fent ito Semendriay who brought word, that not above
three thoufand Turks were arrived at Buda, and that the ene-
my's fleet was not much inferior to the king's, they were en-
couraged to march on to that city : but the general, contrary
to the opinion of his officers, would neois pafs the Danubty
and take Peji firft, which would facUitate the redudion of
Muda. At the faine time Medieisy an Italian, admiral of the
fleet, came down the river, and forced the Turks out of the
hejiege ifle of St. Margaret' Sy lying a little above that city.
Peft: The marquis being fet down before P^, the Turks made
fcveralfallies ; in one of which Vitellio, feigning to reticat,
drew the Turks after him; while P^^iu, gettii^ between
them and the city with his light horfe, five hundr^ ctf them
were flam. The Chriftiansj ektttd with this litde vi^lory,
pefcntly raifed their batteries 5 and, having made a breach,
four Italian companies, led by ViietliOy ran bravely to attack
it ; but, not being affifted by ekher the Germans oc Hun-
garians y they were forced to make a difdrderly retreat, after
the lofs of feven hundred men. Nc> lefs dejefted with tMs Ml
foccefs, it wag debated, whether they fliould raife the ficgs
or not : but while they ftood divided in thdr opinions, a fane
report, that Ahmed was advancing againfl them with the
European horfe, determined them to march-off. But befcfe
they put this refolution hi execution, the enemy fallied, and
fkirmiibed with the Hungarians. Here it happened that a
remarkable commander ajj^oug the Turks defired to kcVitel^
ho ; who being fhewed to , him, he ran and embraced; him out
^^refpsft, and tlien 'vyent-oiF again S
* RtCAUT', uH fapr.
Digitized by Google ^^^
4^
Cxi; s<^ S^tfei Solcymin I.
The lugbl fiailowing, the Turks percdving the army laOV-
ing-ofF towards the fleet, they M&ei on every fide out of the
dty, and, upbraiding them with cowardice, dofely purfued * .
their rear. Nay, Ukmas, governor of Buda, paiBng the^*^^^*^
river, fo eagerly followed thatn, that they muft have fiSired ^^^*
muchy had not VitelUo with his Italians made a bold (land,
and prev^ed oa the Cerman as well as Hungarian horfe to
tHnm upon the enemy; who by that means were routed, and
IB the purfuit iiumy of th^n flab. After this the army re-^
tireated withoi^t molefiation; but feven hundred Cermam^
who wiere fide and ftr^led behind, wefe flain in thdr fight
by the Turkijb horfe. When they arrived at Vienna they
were ditbanded r but^ to cover the fliame of this unfortunate
expedition, and divert the difcourfe of people another way,
^he noble P^eter Perenus^ one of the greateft lords olf Hun*'
gary^ was, upon a pretended fufpicion of afpiring to the
crown of Hungary^ feized for a traitor by Ferdmand'^ order,
and doomed to a perpetual prifon.
SOi^ETMAN being by this time arrived in the country, Gran fc-
fent Morady governor of Dalmatia, and UUmas, the Perfian^fi^g'd ;
to befiege Walpo ; which was delivered-up by die garrHbn ; -A. D.
who, as a reward erf" their treachery, were all put to the 'S4S*
fiirord, while the general was treated with much courtefy bjj
Ae Turks. Pecz, or the Five-clninches, alfo, and Siclos were
quickly yielded ; the garrifon of which laid place were all
put to death, becaufe they did not fubmit fooner. The Sol-
t^M, informed of thefe fucceflcs, marched from Buda to be-
ifcgt Gran, then governed by two proud Spaniards, Ufcanui
and Salamanca', who, bdng fummoned, boaftcd of their
cotirage and fidelity. *Mean time the Titrks planted thdr bat-
teries againft the weakeft parts of the wall, which had beert
fliewed theAi, and made a large breach ; but were bravely re-
pnlfed in three a(&ults. However, the two Spanijb com-
flotanders fearing the event of the fiege, it was refolved to
furrcnder the city. .To this end Salamanca, vnxh the appro- hafilffur^
bation of the officers, although the foWiers were againft it, '•^«^''r
went to the Turkijb camp, and in his way commanded thofii
who defended the water-tower to withdraw for their, fafety
ioto the city. The foldiers, frighted at this order, retired
with fuch precipitation, that the vigilant Turks broke-ia be-
fore they had all gotten out, flew thofe whom they found
there, and poflefled the caftle. Salamanca, being broughi
before Ahmed, infifted on high terms; but could obt^ no
belter than to furrender at difcretion. This being fignified
by letter to Lifcanus, he delivered up the city, and the Turks
entered peaceably. But when the garrifon was come to Pre/-
burgh.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
flifiory of the Otbmin Empire. B. XV*
hurghy the two governors, with fome other officers, were
arreftedy on fufpicion of treafon.
SOLEYMJN entered Gran on the loth oi Augufi^ and
converted the Chriltian churches into Mohammedan temples^
Then, fortifying the city, he went and razed the caftle of
Tattaf which furrendered to him. From hence he proceeded
to AlbaRegalis ; fo called, becaufe there the andent kings of
Hungary were crowned and buried. Thb city is feated in
the middle of a lake or marfli, and approached by three very
broad caufeys, with fair houfes and gardens on each fide. It
is furrounded alfo with ftrong walls, and a deep ditch ^filled
with water, which makes it difficult to be befieged. On the
enemy's approach, Barcotiusy the chief commander, would
have had the fuburbs deftroyed ; but the citizens would not
confent, as thinking them defenfible. As foon as the TurkSy
with their multitudes, began to furround the place,, five
hundred Hujfars (K), who were in garrri(on, not ufed to be
cooped-up, departed out of the town in the night. Mean
time the Turksy by the continual firing of their cannon^ bat-
tered-down the planks and timber which kept-in the fandy
mold, whereof the fortrefs was built : afterwards, having,
with incredible labour, in twelve days time, filled-up the
ditches and lake, they afTaulted the bulwark of the fuburbs
towards Buda ; cud, being continually relieved, at laft gain-
ed it.
fhe diy ^ On this occafion the very women and religious gave a
julded* helping hand. Among the reft, a tall Hungarian amazon,
thrufting among the foldiers to the top of the Italian fort,
which ftill held-out, with a great fcythe, at one blow, ftrucfc-
pfF the heads of two Turks y who were climbing-up the ram-
piers. That day, being the 25 th dLAugufty the Turks could
penetrate no farther ; but foon after, making another afiault,
they, by favour of a mift, got to the top of the rampiers bee
fore they were perceived by thebeficgea. In fine, they won
the fuburbs, and the people fled ; but the draw^bridge beii^
pulled-up, and the gate exceeding fmall which led into the
city, great numbers of them were (lain, and among the reft
general Borcatiusy whofe head and hand, being cut-ofF, were
(hewed about by the enemy on the point of a fpear. Here-
upon the magiftrates furrendered the place upon articles, and
the foldiers in garrifon retired 10 Vienna. Soleymdn alter this
entered into Jlba Regalis : ^nd, notwithftandmg his procla-
(K) Thefe were Hungarian called by the infamous name ©f
horfe, who, our author fays, Huffaru
lived by robbing, and were
matiOD,
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. 1 1.^ xo Soltin Soleym&n I:
mation, that the Hungarians had nothing to fear, tvidiin
three days, ordered the prmcipal citizens to be (lain : altho'
fome wiU have it, that he only put to death thofe who bore
offices at the time when they revolted from the young king to
Ferdinand. However that be, he foon after returned to his
capital, leaving the Tartars to ravage the country. At
length, in 1547, a peace was made between the emperor
Charles V, and Soleymdn, for five years, wherein king F/r-
idinand was likewife included''. Thus far the Cli^iftiaa
hifloriaus*
SECT. III.
Expediticn to Perfia, India, and Africa, with the
Jiege of Malta.
IN 954, Mkafib Mrza (A), being greatly injured by the Alkasib
Perjians (B), flies to the Soltdn^ and fhews how he might Mirza
fubdue all Perfia, ofFering to conduft the forces himfelf. Hej. 954,
Soleyman, perfuaded by his difcourfes, fupplies him with a A. D.
large fum of mbney, to raife an army for recovering his do- •S47*
minions (C) ; and, early in the fpring, moves himfelf towards A. D.
Perfia With numerous forces. In this march he is met by 1548.
his fons Bd-yezidy governor of Ikonium^ and Moftafa, gover-
nor of Amafia ; who, having kiflcd their father's hand, are
fent-back (D) to their governments. Being entered \ii\o ifmaies^
AzerbejUn^ Soltdn Burhdn (E), defcended from the andent Perfia ^
kings of Shfrwan, furrenders both himfelf and territories to
him. Prefently after he commits the cuftody of Tibrls to
Jlkasib Mirxa : who, feeing himfelf neither able to do any
• RiCAUT, ubifupr.
(A) In the annals of the Soh his reputation fake, he did not
tarn he is called Erkafes InUrxa, care to ilatn his hands with his
by ibme roiilake ; and is faid own blood, he commanded
to be the Shdh'i brother, as well them to return home : yet, af«
as kipg ofSbirtvan. terwards, on a fuller dilcovery,
(B) They fay his wife was he put Mofiafa to death, as will
ravilhcd by the king of Perfia. appear by the fequel. Cant.
Cant. (E) It iignifies demonftra-
(C) The name of which is tive ; but turned into a proper
not mentioned by the Tlvr/fj; nor name, it denotes fomething
can we find it elfewhere. Ca^. firong, and, as it were, invin-
(D) Some Turkijh chrono- cible. Such names, once fre*
graphers fay, that Soleymdn was quent among the Turh, are
told, his fons were come to de- now almoft quite difufed. Cant*
Ihrona him: but that, as for
thing.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
. HJ^ir^ofibeOiha&n Empire. B.XY.
thlbgy DCt fftfe from the atcadcs of the Perfians^ demolUhes
the ]mkces^ of the iSiftilA, and retk^e^ with hk forces to the
impcri3[l camp, ^hadi was now befe>re VAn. Soleyrtidn with
this additional ftrength makes a ylgoroos af&ult ; whereupon
the befieged, on the rpth of Itajeb^ on condition, of having
their lives, furrender this flrong and noble city. Hence he
. teads his forces to.Arfizeh^ where he furprifes and routs part
of the ferfian army.
fei%ei the -' MfiAM time, *tiiig informed by his (pies, that the SMi's
ireafuresi immenfe treafures lay weakly guarded in the cities of IJpdhan^
Kajbdn^ and Kamid{F), he fends Jlkasib Mirza^ with fome
light-armed troops, ^ feize them. The Mtrza executed his
orders fo well, that routing the- guards, little expefting his
coifiing, he got pofleflSion of the riches^; and, after deftroy-
ing the adjacent country, retums^ kden with fpoil. With
part of the prey he obtains, of the QO^ttoiw^WaztrAzizAllab^
to be made afTociate with the governor of Btghddd, Wh^
hi^ comes there, he lepenfs of having defcrted the PerJianSy
' and fendn private letters to the Shah) in which he begs par-
don ^ pro^Tuilng for the future to be faithful to him, and a
diligent fpy upon the motions of the Turks. His coUegue
Mi'hcmcd Piybi}, no lefs watchful of his aftions, quickly ac-
eufes hira to Sokymmy and receives orders to fend him in ,
irons xo the P&rtt.\
pes to EuT before the ordqr arrived, he was informed of what
Ge'drgia.r was tranfatfting by fome friends, made with Perfian money ;
an Jj as there was no other way to efcape, flies into Outj^
ijian {Ci), The Georgians about a year before had furprifed
ikq/Ir/a PJ/hd, governor of thofe part?, when little fufpeft-
hg (nd\ perfidioafiicfs ; and cut his whole army in pieces.
To revenge thefe deedsj Mehemed P^d is fent with a good
body of troops iiito Gurjijiin ; where, after feveral battles
fought with various fuccefs, he at laft intirely routs all the
cttmy's forces, Tliis done, he takes and razes feven gf their
fbxn^fti caftles ; after which he withdraws to winter ia 2>i-
^ A. D. y^b'ekr. Early in- the fpring he re-enters the country, and,
1549. fftcfeting no oppofition, reduces above twenty cities; then,
(F) It; may be the city called fpoil, that filling his head with
Kom. Cane. apprehcnfions of daiiger from
(<j) The furkijh annals fay, tolyman. he fled to » itc of the
that fahmafp having ofuercd his princes of KaLlea (or IrakJrah:)^
fobjeCls to retire with their iTha, having delivered h in up
elftd* into the mountains, the to Tdhmajpy he was put to dcadi
^urks were fo itttenfed againft by his order.
'theMr>«a, for bemg baulked of
placing
Digitized by VjOOQiC
Ci I. to Solt^n Soleymln Tb
placing garrifons in the fortrefles, and cftabliftilhg the pro-*
vlnces in the Sokdn*s obedience, he returns toConftantinople^.
We are now called to fee what is doing in 4frica. When '
Barharojfa was fent with a fleet to affift the king of France^ ti^ i
Muley Haffan, king of Tunis^ fearing that fleet was prepared Xunis*
a^amft him, pafTcd over to Naples y with a defign to go m^et
the emperor at Genoa^ and crave his farther protcdlion. But
while he ftaid there, advice coming that his fon Arntd^ who Amid
had been left to defend the coaft with the men of War, bad u/urps^
nfurped the kingdom ; he with one thoufand eight hundred
Italians^ the reuife of jidls, headed by one Gwvanni Battijla
I^r^di, immediately put to fea ; and, landing at the Guktta,
by the perfuafion of fome traitors, marched to Tunis^ with
his fmall forces ; which with their leader were all flain, ex* ^
cepting five hundred, and MtJey Hajfan taken, whofe eyes
were put out, Tonarresy governor of the Gulelta^ judging
the emperor injured by Amicts feizing the throne without his
confcnt, fent for Abdo'lMdlek^ a natural fon of Mttky Hajfan^
>vho, repairing to Tunis in the abfence oi Amfdy was, by fe*
vour of his veil, miftaken for him, and admitted into the
caftle by the governor. But this new king dying, when he
had fcarce reigned one month, Mokammed, his fon, but twelve
years old, was advanced in his room, under the dii'e£iion of
three governors, who ruled at pleafure. Of them Afuley -
Hajfan cfctained leave to retire to the Guktta ; and thus very '
iuckily efcaped the bloody hands of his fon Amid: who, fooa
after, was invited by the citizens, weary <rf the evil govern-
ment of the triumvirs; and, entering into Tunis without
Oppofmon, put all his enemies to death with the utmoft
cruelty. ♦
Thus things remained till the year 1550, when Dragut Dragut^
RaiSf a notable 7ttr*j/J pirate, having furprifed the cities oiM^^J^
j^ricdy and Mohammedsay in the kingdom of Tutus ^ from ^* •
thence much infefted the Chriftians, both by fea atid land. *55^*
Of this daily complaints being made to the emperot Charles^
he fent Doria^ aflSfted by the knights of Malta, with a ftrong
6eet and army, to beficge the city oi'J/rica; which they
look by ftorm the loth of September; and, having razed it
to the ground, ravaged the neighbouring coafts, and re-
turned. Dragut y provoked with this loft, excited S^leyman to
make war on the emperor and king Ferdinand^ although the
five years truce was not yet expired. Accordingly, in the A» D.
following fpring, the Solthi furniflied Dragut widi one hun- ^Si^^
dred and forty uil, commanded in chief by Sin An P6Jha ; who
» Cant. p. 207, & fcqq.
Mod. Hist. Vol. XII. Y fuddenly
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
faddenly took and facked the caftle of Jug;(/fa,'ih Sicily.'
They then landed in Malta ; where having battered the caftles*
^ of Manet and St. Paul, to no purpdfe, they failed to the
little ifle of Goza, five miles diftant ; which they ravaged, *
and carried-ofF 6,300 people into flavery *.
*f ripoli This done they paflcd over for Tripoli, in Barbary, be-
$akek flowed alfo on the knights of M^ta by the emperor ; and in
Auguft clofcly befieged that city. They carried on their ap-
proaches fo expeditioufly, that they planted a battery within
1 50 paces of the wall ; in which they made a large breach
<5V€n with the ditch : but the befieged repaired it fo well in
thic night, that there was no aflaulting it. At length having,
by the direftioil of a French deferter, battered a place which .
could not well be repaired, the foldiefs were fo terriiied, that
they obliged the g6vernor Fattier to capitulate; and .all that
& the two knights fent for this purpofe could obtain from f he Pafi%
Torks. was a promife of liberty. Upon this the place furren-
dered on the 15 th of the feme month, and the caftle next
day J but Sindn, inftead of keeping the articles, though he^
twice fwore to them^ took from the gaiTifon both their effefts
and liberty. Nor could Jrramont, the French jambafTador,
prevail on him to releafe more than 230 of the leaft ufefiil :
he alfo infifted for a while on being paid the charges of the
war. They dealt* barbaroufly by poor John De Chat as, gun-
ner of the caftle, who, duHilg the fiege, happened to fhoot*
off the hand of the chief cierk of the army : for, after cutting-
dff his h^nds and nofe, they fet him into a hole up to the
tfliddlc, arid' then flioodng at hini with arrows^ at hft cut hid
throat c. - -
Tctncf- The affairs of the eaft being thus fettled, Sdleyfnan thinks
vat re^ of enlarging Ms dbmlhiohs t6 the we A. ^6 this end MeBemed
duced. Pajh^i Beglerbeg of Mm-eli, is fent \i;ith the European array'
to take Temijiiwar' (or Timefwdr), the ftrongeft dty in all
• ' Hungary. The' Pajhdy having made hlmftif m after of the
tidghbourlng towns Bachi, Buchghergiy Ratzu, lsxiAChendd{l\)^
lays clofe Uege to the cjty': but an army coming to \xt ix'lief,
ftpcrior* to Wb o^vn, he lends ip ckjuft fof'a fptedy fupply*
Hereupon the prim6 Wazir, MahmUd P dfbA, haftens, with
the reft of the Othmanibtces, to his affiftahce: Thus ftrength- *
ened, he routs the enemy; and then, taking the city by'
ftonn, annexes to the empire the 'whole territory of Terniji*
^ Ricavt; in Soleyirtaii. « Ibid.
(tl) Cities, as it feeins, lymj which country is called by the
|>etween the Danuicimd Save i Turks BindaOvi^. Canti
i Digitized by VjOOQ IC
war, almoftas large ^a Begkrbegfib\ the cnflrpcly bf Trhfch: A-.^D-.'-
he commits to Kafshn PaJkiXi)^ ^^^th a good garrifon**. ' .^5?§»
The Cliriftian hUlorians isiy,' that this city was taken by ^**p^7f^^
^^/;2^rf before-mentioned, and AH, Pajba of ^?/^(i ; inA that, . V,"t^
contrary ie-to their faith, they f>trt thegarHfon tb the fword:^ •
They tell us alfo, that the fame generals took the caftle of ;'
Zolnuky but failed in their at/:empt npdn Erfaiw, t^ Att did /
next year in. the ficge of Agria, having been obliged to raifc
it, with the lofs of 6000 men : but that Sroleyftidn, a^ the fo^
iicitation of Arrafnont, amba/Tador from Henry lit.. of Trmos^,. A. b,
in 1 553 fent a fleet into the Tyrrhenian fea ; which did great icjj.
harm upon the coaft of Itafy and theiflaads of the Meatier^
ranean. To this let us add, that, the feme year, lfahelia,T\ol
being able to defend herfelf againft th-e incroachmertt$ of the"
Turks inTranfthanid, iurfenAered that province toFer£nandy
and fo retired into Polani *^. ' *
Mean time the Othman affairs* are not fo profperous in T'i^/Shah
Afia. SMh Ifmael, fon of Torfiafib (jL)> ^f^^^ ^^^ departure takes An-
of the Mitfuhimn army (L), enters the Sdttn'% dominions, j^s.
and fuddtnly takes Ard'^ and Aglaff;> (M) ; putting to the
fword all the Tiirks he could find in thofe cities. Hereupon
Jjkandtr Pajhd\% fent with good part of the Afiaik forces, to
oppofe the Shdk : but being met by Jiim is routed, with the -
flaughter of the 'greater' part of his men. Thus fortune
fmiled on the Pbirjiant in l^fler battles^, only to fhew tbtm her Hcji 960,
lUng in greater: for Soleymctn having ordered the prime A. D.
Wazir Mclyemed Pajf!j^, with wliat army he had rfeady, to* 1553.
winter about TGikad (N), in Raitiatdn, 960, joins. him near a
place called Arklkh {O}, with the refl of his forces. Here
^ Cant* p, ^69. * RiCAUTw iibi fupr.
■**.'■ i
\V) A famous Turkijh gcheraU ihg from them in a few circum-
aftervvards Wajdr, who foUad- llatrtiai matters.
ed, or enlarged, the new co- (M^ A town on the bord^M
tony at Ga^ata, when: are now tii^Shir^^n, in maps corraptly
the magazines, and called it . called £r^j/^,and Elata^ Cane,
after his own name. Cant, They are rightly called ^rji/h
(K) It ought to be SMh Tv- and AkUt, or Khaldt, as writ- '
inafih (rather Tabpmjb, or Tab- . ten in fome maps, and he above
tfs^jfS as the Terjsam write and 300 miles from ^hir^v^n^ to the
]pronounce it), fon of Ifmml : , north of the take of l^P'dn.
ioxTahmafp reigned 53 years,. (N) A city oi Anatoli a ^ not.,
dying in i J76. far from Amafia ; according to
(L) As if the Perjians were fome, the amient ^a^r/^. Cant. ,
n^ Mufuimam, or trut^ieUev- * (OjOr^rr^//, in the road from
ersj on acCQunt of their difier- Koniya, or IkcTiium, 10 Edlep.
-Y 7> n^^ T
Digitized by VjOOQ iC
iory of the d^Tc&n Empire. B. XV-
hcrecciTCS certain information, that his fon MoJlafa(V)f
who, on fuQ)icion, had been confined the year before, was
' engaged in a plot againft his life ; and after finding the thing
to be true, orders him to be ftrangled. When he was come
to Hdlep^ Jehdn Ghir ( (^) ^ another of his fons, departed
this life : after which, he commanded his cldeft fon Seitm to
winter with his forces in MarAJb K
Moftafa ' '^^^ Chriftian hlftorians fpeakof this Mojiafdj as a young
Soley- ' pripce of great endowments ; and afcribe his death to the in-
ISihCiJon^ trigues of a lady of the faray, ©r feraglio, whom they call
Roxolana. They fay, that, in order to ptocure the fucceflion
for one of her four fons, ihe firft, by artifice, prevailed on
. the Solt&n to marry her, and then attempted to make Moftafa
away by poifon : but that, failing in her defign, ftie begap to
accufe him to Soleymdn of rebellious praftices ; /hewing let-
ters fent from her creatures, who watched his motions, and
among the reft one from the Pajhd^ who had the government
of the prince, and the province of Amafia^ with intimatiqns
* . of a report, that he was contrafted to. the king of Perjias
daughter : that thefe fufpicions being confirmed by the fub-
tUtyof the grand If^azir RuJian,,Roxolana's{oQ''m'lzw, So*
tj^ ^ ieymdn at length gave into them ; aad^ with an intent to put
^edtb. j^jjj ^Q death, fent for him to attend him in the camp : that
Mojiafa^ depending on his innocence, went ; but, on enter*
. ing his father's tent, was feizecl by feven iHutes, who ftrangled
him, while SoIeymAn^ from behind a curtain, with frowns,
and other threatening figns, urged them to difpatch him.
^ The fame authors add, that his dead body being (hewed to
his brother Jeh4n GhSr^ who was Very cfodked j that prince^
Vho loved Moftafa extremely, after reproaching hi^ father '
with cruelty, ftabbed himfelf, and died «»h the fpot: that
^ Cant* p. «i6.
(P) A fourth fon 6KMeytkan^ Sileyfkdn fliade a law, thit the
Wko w^s faid to have excited fotls of the emperors fiiould not
all his brothers againft their haVe any gbvernment, biit be
father. ^The Turks lay, the Sol- detained in the r6yal city ; and
fan fuffered them to go uii- tho' fince this hiw fomc are rc-
puniflied for a year,' in hopes of ported to have had Sar^aks^ yet
their repentance : but percciv- it is never (b ndw. Cant.
ing their obftinarcy, caufedohly t Q.) That is, tearer of tie
Mopafs to be ftranpled, as au- ^orld\ io tailed by his father,
^r of the rebdhbn. Jehdn as being fo humped, that a gidbe
Onr ^Ifo, by foine, is thought feemed to be placed on his
to have been poifoned by his batk* CxrArf.
«tder. After thcfe rebellions^
Digitized by VjOOQIC
C. 1 1. lo. Soltan SoIcymSn I.
this execution was fucceeded by a mutiny of the foldiers who
accompanied Mojiafay in which 2000 men were idain : and
that the Janizaries^ when they came to know of his death,
with a great noife, and their fwords drawn, broke into the
tent of Soleymdn ; who had much ado to appeafe them, by
depriving Rujihn of his employments. But to return to the
Perjian war «.
At length, in the year" 961, Soleymdn^ entering Shfrwan, ?tr&zim'
fends a herald to the Shaff (R) to tell him he is ready for bat- '^ad^if.
tie, and challenges him into the field. But the Perfian an- ^^J- 96^»
fwering neither by words nor deqds, he befieges Rev^n (S), ^* ^•
his regal feat ; and, taking it in a few days, deftro^s the royal '^54*
gardens, palaces, and country-houfes ; then fets fire to the city
itfelf, "the glory of all Perjia. After this, he leads his forces
to Nahjivdn (T) ; and, by the conduft oi Soltan Hujfeyn (U), p^^^^ ^
Jays wafte all th6 province between Tibris and Mardghe (X), chdid
utterly deflroying the cities, towns, and villages, with fire
;ind fword^ Having taken this fevere revenge of the Perfians^
he, at the approach of winter, fends his forces into quarters
about Amajia. Next fpring, Sh^ Kuli Sottdn (Y) comes to
Junj near Arzerim (2), imploring his protcftioh. Froni
thence
f BusBEQjrius'e Epib^fTy, 1. 3. Ricaut.^
(R) The Turks are forbiddpn
by their law, to wage war with-
out acquainting the enemy of
their coming. If tljus does not
|>ring them to re^fon, they think
thetmelves innocent of the blood
that may be {hed-r-^but they do
not always obferve this rule.
Cant.
(S) A famous city of Perfia^
corrupdy written in the maps
Ervan, Cant. The author mif-
takcs, Erevan, or Irvan, is no
corruption. It may alfo b^
ivritteh i^^jf, or Rivan, and
Irivdn.
( T ) Corrupdy in the n^aps
f^ab Schuan. Cant. This is in-"
deed a corruption, but we know
of no maps which have it. It is
written in maps Nakji'van and
Nukehuan. . The Arabs write
flakhjow^n.
(U) He feems to have been
one of the P/r^,air princes, who
frequendy at that time fubr
mitted to the Otbrmn dominion^
Cant.
( X ) Corruprty in maps
Marraga, Cant. Mardgha it
the true name They are his
Turkijh authors, who have made
the corruptions : for the Turks
are not near fo corredi in writ-
ing proper names as the Araht
a|id Perfians,
(Y) One of the Perfian re.,
volters, famous only for muiic 1
there fire ftill extant moft ele-
gant airs of his. Cant.
(Z) That is, Grecian, 9r Eu-
ropean (and: for Uie Turks call
whatever lies weft oif Arzerum,
with all AnadoU or Afia Minor^
^^Tts of Eurcpc. It is the capital
of Armema Major. Cant, Ar-
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
4 pre ten'
der taken.
Falfe
France
^MjfieJ,
Hifi&ry $f ibe Othman JEmpin. B. XV.
,thjence he marched to Baghdad^ where -he received ambalTa-
dors from the Perfian king, humbly fuing for peace ; which
at length is concludedi and in virtue thereof the cities of Vany
M,ar(^hy aad MoJuU are made the boundaries of the Othmdn
empire,
V^Hih^rSGleymlbi was thus employed in Jfia, a certain im-
poftor appeared in Dobrujeh (A), under the name of Soli an
Mo/iafa^(B) ; who, getting together 40 -difrdlute men, had
cruelly laid waftc not only this, but all the neighbouring pro-
vinces. But before this pretender, by reafon of the drftance,
could be retrained by the Saltan, J^ii-yezid, his fixth fon,
by an admirable ftratagem, drew him into a fnare, and
fent him *^n chains to his father ; who was about to difpatch
"Mo/fafa Pajhd with an army to oppofe him (C).
The Chriftian writers give a very different account of this
aiFair. They tell us, that this falfe Moftafa was fet-up by
^B^-yeztd liimfelf, to try his ftrength againft his hxoxhtrSelim }
from whom, by his mother's liJiing,- he wanted to wreft the
fucce/Tion to the empire: that Portan^Paffm being fent with
forces againft the impoftor, he was deferted by his followers,
and takea with fome others ; and that, having on the wreck
confefled the defigns of BA-yezid, they were all drowned in
the fea : but that Bd-yeztd was pardoned by the intreaties of
Roxolana,. ., .
About this time a war being kindled between the kings of
S^iniiud Fifonce ; the latter, much prefFed by his enemies,
defired the aid of a fecond fleet, which Sdeymdn fends under
♦he command of Karli Jli Beg (D) : who, finding no oppo-
sition atfea^ ravages the coafts of *S/^in '(E), and carries-off
T.eru)n fignifics Greciaft, or ra-
ther Roman lan^, nOt Eurfifean :
por do the TuAs call -the coun-
try to the weft of that city, part
of JEurafe, iHit part of J?»«r,
or rather th^ country of Ro-
fnam ; y*hoh empire extended
in JJia, as well as EurQpe.
' (A) A plaiii country on this
fide Mount H*emus, extcndiirg
along the Danube from Drrfia,
in Walak%ia, to the mouth of
that river. The inhabitants,
called Chitakiy originally Turksi
entertain traveller^ with almoft
unparalleled hofpitality. Cant,
' (B Dou!)tlefs the fon oiSo^
leyfndni lately ftrangled.
(C) Surely from this, and
other circumftances, this pre*
tender mizft have had fomc
thoufand men inftead of forty ^
, ( D)From the name oi Karli ^^
he Teems tp have 1;>een fome re-?
negado Chriftian.
(E) 1 he Chriilian hiftorians
fay, that the Turkijh fleet thi*
year did great harm on the
9oaft of Calabria and Sicily:
i}i2X the Venetian admiral ra-
vaged it in revenge for rifling
fome of the republic's merchant
(hips ; and, having done them
much damage, ranfacked Dxr-
taxcxoy then in the hands of tbc
%urku • '
' ' r T fr^
Digitized by VjOOQiC
C 1 1 . 1 o Soltin Soley min I. 3^7
the inhabitaots. Tht Spaniards, to put -a flop to his pro- A. D.
grefe, re6al their troops *; by which means the Fr^/zr^, com- '555'
inanded by Korhon (F), gain a complete viftory; flaying ^^"*V*^
40,000 of the enemy on the fpot.
SOLETMAN, encouraged by this fuccefs, fends another OrmAx
fleet to Hurmiu^ (G), under the conduft of Peri Re is ; who, invuded
having plundered all the maritime provinces of that kingdom,
xetums laden with fpoilS to Conftantinople : but being puriircd
and attacked by the enemy's fleet, whiHt he negligently failed
along the Egyptian fea, his fcattered fliips were partly funk and
partly taken, efpecially thofe laden with the plunder. Some
of the lightefl: veffels efcaped, in one of which was Seyd All
KapudAn ; who, gatherii^ his difperfed ftiips, re-attacks the
enemy*s fleet fafling-back in diforder, and, by a ftrange turn
erf fortune, gets th6 advantage, finking feveral of their veflels.
At the fame time. Toy gun Pajbh, Beglerbeg of Buda, with
his forces, took three cities (H) from tlie Chriftians, and car-
ried-away numberlefs captives. On the other hand, the go- y ^^
vernor of Jezayr (I), Balth Pajhd^ fubdued Bijaneh (K), and Xurk^.
three other caftjes in Spain.
(F) He f(^ms to have been
Charles duke of Bourbon, gene-
ral of the emperor's anny, to
whom he revolted from the
French. But a4 ntiiher the Ger-
man nor French annals mention
this battle, I take it to be a
fidlion of the French, to induce
Soleymdn the more eafily to afljft
them ; an artifice I have known
them ufe at Conjiantinofte in jny
time. Chnt.
(G) The name of Hurmiupc
(rather Har/r.u^), ib by the Turh
given to the ifland of Orfni^x
and Portugal, with the feas be-
longing to thofc countries, be-
caufe pearip are fouiid there,
called by the Turks Hurmiuz.'-r'
I fliould think the Perfian gulf
was here meant, if it was not
faid, that the fleet returned to-
' wards Conjiantincple ; which
could not be done but by fail-
ing all round Africa, a thing
j;cvcr vet perforoied by the
Turks. Cant. This paffage li
to be underftood of the iiland
Hartaiz, and perhaps the ad-
jacent countiy of Perjfa (for-
merly part of the kingdom of
HarfKiiz), rather than the fea of
Harmiiz, As for the fleef being
faid to return towards Conjianti*
nofle, fo it did, in paiCng up the
Red Sea to <SWx or Sues. But
pearls are called Harmujii froin
th^ ifland, not (hp iiland from
pearU.
(H) Of thefe three towns the
napes do not occur. Cant*
Perhaps the paffage in the text
has reference to the taking qf
Buhoza hereafter mentioned.
(I) Or with the article Al
Jczair (that is, th^ ifland or
ppninfula), called in maps Al^
giers. Cant.
(K) Perhaps Nizxa, a caftlc
in Piedmont j which thp Fr^nch^
aid^d by the Turk^Jh fofC6§|
took about that time.
Y4
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
France
Hiji$ry of the Othman Empire. B. XV.
FRANC HA Padi/bdhi, not fucceeding againft the Spa-
niards according to his wifh^defices a third fleet to be fent Ip
' his afliftance. Spleymin rejoicing that he could break one
egg with' another, wthout hurting his own hands, readily
Hd 061 ff*^"^^ hisrequeft, and fends Kapudan Piala Pajhd (L), with
A. D. ^ 8^^^^ fl^^^ ^^ j^'^ *^^ French ; who take Mifina, Rya,
1555- Marioha (M), with three leffer neighbouring ifles(N):
and, laying ^afte all thecqafts of Apulia (O), returns in au-*
tuma with great fpoils.
Syjfem of The OthmAn empire being thus ftrengthened on every fide,
/w'/. Soleymdn gives his army refpitc, and fpends almoft ten years
%n regulating civil affairs. His firft care was to finifh the J^mi
founded by him^ three years before ; whkh he does in fo beau-
tiful a manner, that, excepting San6la Sophia, there is not,
it is thought, the like in the world, and calls it by his own
name Soleymdniyeh (P). After this, perceiving many things
to be performed irregularly, as well in the court as out of it,
. and that the confufed degrees of offices begat contention
among his officers, he makes new regulations both civil and
military ( .Q_) ; aifigning to every one his rank at court, in
the city, and in the army. ,
^reatfre- This new fyft^m of laws prepared the way to greater' de-
farations^ figns, Soleymdn had difcoyered by his former expeditions^
that the German empire was too powerful, and its barriers
too flrong to be thrown down^ without greater preparations,
and longer time to effeft it. He therefore makes the greateft
warlike preparations, and replenifhes his exhaufted treafures ^
^ Cant. p. 211 — 215.
(L) A famous Turkijh high- bis and Elba, belonging to the
admiral ; whofe market-place duke of Florence ; but mention
and Jami ftill exift in ConfianH- nothing^ of the'lofs of Mejpnaf
' nopJe, Cant. &:c.
(M) Thatis M^/Sff/?, Regtum (P) This temple fbmds on a
Julium (or Reggiof/in Calabria, high hill, looking towards the
aind Majorka i the two firft are, harbour, and built with fo much
by a common miftake of the art and elegance, that xlo ftruc-
^urks, placed by them in Spain, ture deferves to be compared to
Cant. it, as I have heard affirmed, not
(N) Perhaps "Minorca, Tvica, pnly by Turks, but foreigners of
jin'd Fortnentera (or Fromentera\. ieveral nations. Klant.
Cant. { Q^) This book of laws is
(O) The Chriftian hiftorians intitled, Kanim Ndmeh, that is,
only fay, that, in the year 1555, tbe book of rules, or regulations ;
the admiral Pafiay having re- containing theexpences of the
covered his ftrength after the iurktjh government, and may
damage received the year be- be called 7^ Swe of tbe Oth-
|bre> iurprifcd the ifles ofBlam' man Empire^
Digitized by VjOOQIC
J
C. iir lo Soltin Solcytnan !• 3t9
This is all which. die 7wr*j/J authors, made ufe of by A. D.
prince Cantenur (R), have given us to fill-up the fpace of ten >557*
years in the hiftory of Sol^man's reign; during which time ^ "i i*^
however there happened, according to the Chriftian writers,
feveral tranfaftions, fome of equal moment with any before '
related under this Soltdn.
Much about the fame time that the Turkijb admiral ISzed Siege of
the ifles oiBlambis and Eiba^ as hath been already fet forth, Ali^ Sigcth,
PqfbA of Buday furprifed the ftrong caftle of Bubozdy in Hun- A. D.
gaty : but failing to do the like by Sigeth^ he fat down before '555*
it next year, on the 30th of Juney with a great army ; who ^* ^*
on the 20th won the out-walls : but, in ftorming the caftle, '5S^»
were repulfed with the lofe of 800 men. Then they endea- ^
voured to fill up the marfli and ditch about the town, but to
no purpofe; yet, July the 12th, the Pajbd made another
aflault, which continued for five days together, though with-
out fuccefs. Hereupon he raifed the fiege on the 21ft, yet
returned fix days after, and gave another aflault as fruidefs as ^
the former; hai^ng in all loft 2000 men, and fpent 10,000
ftiot. Nor was he more fortunate the next year in the fiege Raifed
of this place, which he was forced to raife on the approach nuith hfs*
of Ferdinand*^ army, under Polcerher znd Sirini ; who routed^
his army near Boboza. This, with the coming-down of new
fupplies under young Ferdinand^ archduke of Aujtria, the
kill's fon, fo terrified the Turks ^ that tney quitted Boboza,
Sammartin, San Laurence, with feveral other fmall places,
and fled to Five .Churches, not without the lofs of many itt
their retreat ; and the governor of Raab burned the fubutbs
of Jlba Regalis, carrying-ofF feveral thoufands <rf the enemy's
catde.
Sj4TEZID, the younger of Soleym&rC% two fons, whoBayezidV
were then alive, having been pardoned by the interceflion oi attempt
Roxohna, as before related, behaved very dutifully fo long
as his mother lived. But (he dying, in 1557, he began to A. Dv
tamper with the foldiery ; which the Solthn being informed 1557.
of, he fent to put him in mind of his duty ; and to place his
fons more at a diftance, both from himfelf and each other,
ordered him to remove from Kutayeh to Amafia, and Seltm
from Magnejia to Ihonium. But Bd-yezid, inftead of remov-
ing, fought delays, and. petitioned either to remain where he
was, or have fome province lefs diftant than Amafia afligned
him f especially as his brother was, by a new order, allowed
(R) The ^arikh al Othman, manidarum, ends at the year
tranflated by Gaii/^iVr undex the 1550.,
title of Annalti Sultangrtim Otb"
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
llifi$rf ff fb0 O&ittAxi-Empire. .R XV.
^ tefiide at Pur/ay where he was daily contriving mifchief
agiiinft him. Upon this Soleymdnlmt pver two Pafbas to fee
his fons fettled in their refpecSive provinces : but BM')te:!^d ftiil
againfl dedioipg to ob^, his father prepared to ohl^e him by force ;
Seiim : ^^^j^ finding the Jatuzaries favoured his party, applied to the
Mufti for his opinion in the cafe ; ,which was, that botli the
m^n (for jno perfon was named), and his accompBce def«-vcd
death. Hiis fentcnoi was .publifhed, ancftent to Bd-yezid^
"urhp, ia anfwer, defired his-father hot to meddle in the quar-
rel .betiween him and his brother j intimating by the feme
hand, that, if he did, he kaewhowtodeftroy the country,
and provide for his owp fafety.
--defeatei ' ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ fet-out towards Amajia ; and being gotten
hj him : *s far as Ancyra, Sg/im thought he might, without danger,
repair to Ikonium ; which opening a paiTage to ^yria^ foiry-
man took car^ fhould not fall into ^a-/^zWsiiands. But that
prince, havii^ gatheied a good force, by the refort of vaga-
. ibonds, and fome troops of Kiurds, reiolving, if poflibie, to
be mafter of that city, marched thither to attack Selim ; who
was then joined by all his father's forces. The battle was
very fierce ; and, though after 40,000 had fallen on both fides,
; MA'yeztd was forced to retreat, yet he did it leifurely, and
in good order. This aftion, wherein a handful of men were
eng^ed againft a wcU-difciplined array; fupported by gieat
, artiUery, procured Bi-yezfd great reputation, and made So-
A. D. . kymJn, in June 1 559, hafte over into ^a : however he re-
1559. folvcd not to remoyc far from the coaft, fearing the Jam^
zaries might revolt. Mean time, Bd-yeztd, by letters, de-
flltsinto Jired a r^opdliation with his Either ; who, diflfembling re-
j^erfia: (entment, feemed inclined to pardon him: but at the fame
time refolved to "hare him feized, and ordered "the governors
pn the borders of P^rjia to prevent his efcape. Ba-yeztd^
beii^ informed of this defign by his friends, fet-out from
Amafid with twenty followers ; and fo well deceived the go-
vernors of ^i-wAz and Arzentm^ by fetting them upon a f^fe
. puriiiit, that he got fafely out of Turky^ and was kindly en-
.tertained by Si Ah Tabmajp ; who promifed to reconcile him,
if poffible, with his father '\
tut to ^^^ ^ ^^^^' *^ ^^"^^ ^^"^^' *^ "^^> whedier with or
death. without grounds is uncertain, gre^y jealous of him ; and,
havii^g diiperfed his men in the villages s^bout A^/v/w, dapped
. bun an4 his three fons up in prifon. Of this an account be-
ing fent to Sokymdn, continual mefiagcs pafled between hin^
• RiCAUT. ub|fiipt*
Digitized
by Google
C- -I I. 10 5oltan Soleyman I.
'and Tahmajp about delivering him up : but finding the Sh&h
could not be brought to that condition, he refolved to try if
he could get him made away with, by propofing to pay the
'charges which Tdhmafp demanded for maintaining Bd-yezid
and his men. To this end Hajfan Aga and the PqfbB, of
^Marajb were fent to Perfia ; where after they had gone to
prifon to fee the prince (whom they found in a miferablc
plight), that they might be fure of their prey, they ftrucjc
the bargain ; upon which HaJJariy being admitted a fecond
time, ftrangled him, and three of his children, with his own
hands. Mohammed the youngeft^ an infant, fuiFcred the fame
Tate at Prufa,
The knights of Mdlta having for fome years foUicited the Zcrbi
pope, the Spaniards^ and other powefs, to aflift them in re- i»^^fds
covering Tripoli, in Bnrbary, taken from them nine years be-
fore by the Turks y they, at length, obtained the defired fuc-
conrs, and in February y 1 560, failed for the iflc of Zerbi (or A. D.
'Jerbi)\ and although Drhguty governor of Tripoli, had ijdio.
landed before with Soo Janizaries, and provided for defence
of the city, yet ha^hig laid fiege to the itrongeft caftle in the
iiland with 8000 men, it was prefently furrendered to them.
But while Karawan, a poor Idng of the Moors, fi-om whogii
that ifle had been taken, was gravely difcourfing with the
generals about the method^ for driving the Turks out of
'Jfrica ; advice came that Piala Pajhd, the Turkijh admiral,
was at hand with a fleet of 85 gallies, and was daily rein-
forced from divers parts. Hereupon they obliged the chief of Doria de^
the Moors to pay the king oi Spain the fame tribute v^\i\c\ifeated :
was paid to Drdgut, and began to fortify the cafUe : but
the foldiers were fo long about it, that the Turkijh fleet came
in May, and furprifed them before they could get on bo;M"d.
It happened luckily, however, that the greater part of the
fliips, and 14 gallies, had fet fail the night before; and the
grand, matter had recalled his gallies in April. Of the reft,
ten gallies were immediately taken, as were afterwards fome
others which ran aground. . Only fome few efcaped : but the
viceroy, and the admiral Giovanni Andrea Doria, got-off the
liight following in two final! frigates to Malta.
The Turks, flufhed with this fuccefe, laid il^c to the thfctffl^
caftle ; which, notwithftanding the reinforcements brought ^^^^ •
by Drdgut, held-out three months : and woujcj h^ve done fo
Ijiuch longer but for want of ^yate^, there being only one
l^ge ciftern to fupply the garriibn; fo that many died of
tbirft. Hereupon Don Alvares, the governor, with the ad-
mirals of the Neapolitan afid Sieiiian gallies, endeavoured to
f fcape ia the night; aboard a vefte^ ^^ct^ lay under the caftle :
' ^ ' Uu5
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
332 Hijiory of the Ochman Empire. B. XV.
but being difcovered by the Turks they were all tajgen ; on
which the foldiers gave up the place, on conditiou of having
' their lives (S). Thus ended this unfortunate expedition, in
k/Jhofthe wi^ich the ChriftianS, one way or other, loft 1 8,000 men, be-
Lbn/it^s. £^ ^ gj.^j p^^ ^f ^.j^gjj. flg^^.^ r^^^ followmg year alfo^
ic6i ^^^' ^^^^ their gallics, fpoiled feveral places on the coafts
of Italy ^ Sicily^ and Malta, * Philip II. king of Spain, feat
indeed a fleet againft them ; but loft 25 of his gallies, with
Mendoza the admiral, in a dreadful ftorm j which happeaed
on the iSthof iS^/^/^m^^r K
Peace con- NoT long after this, Ferdinand (to whom Charles y Ms bra-
eluded: ther, liad refigned the empire in 1559), havmg, with much
difficulty, obtained a peace of Soleyman^ he, in a diet held
ztFrankforty November the 24th, 1562^ got his fon Maxi-
miliun elefted king of the Romans, Thither came Ibrdhim
PafhA with prcfents, and a letter Written to the emperor in a
haughty ftyle, containing the conditions of an eight ) ears truce ;
the moft material of which was, that Ferdinaiid fhould pay to
Soleym^n a yearly tribute of 30,000 ducats for Hungary , and
Germans ^^ arrears^ of two years. The truce held till 1564 ; when
ireak it : ^^^^ prince dying and Maximilian fucceeding to the empire,
J^ekhior Balas, the emperor's lieutenant in Hungary, towards
Tranjilvania, firft violating it, furprifed feveral towns on thof^
frontiers. This was revenged by the Waywod of that country,
who took Sakma, with the wite and children of Balas in it ;
then being aided by 4000 Turks, and 300 Moldavians, he ra^
vaged the emperor's territwies, reducing Haden, and laying fiegc
to Ungar. Hereupon Maximilian fends Lazarus Suendi, a var
P" liant commander^ with 8000 men to befiege Tokay, which he
'^^' took in February, 1 565, and then the rich town of Erden,
prefftre Mean time Soleymdn, to facilitate his intended revenge,
for *war. difpatches an embaflador to the emperor, to put him in mind
of the league between them ; while the- Pdjbd of Temefwar
bcfieged Giula with 6000 men, as the Tranftlvanians, in
June, did Erden, Chernovich, the emperor's ambaflador, re-
turning from Conjiantinople about this time, aflured hi^
xnafter, that the Twr^i meant nothing but w^r, for j^l their
^ RicAVT. ubi fupr.
(S) Among the prifoners, the (as was conjeflured) made away
chief were Don Ai'vares Sandes, with by Pidla, the admiral, to
Don John of Cordova, ^lid 2, hn difguife his concealment from
of thedukeof M^<//W: the two Soleymdn , who made great en«^
irft were ranfomed, but the quiry after him.
]id^ was never heard of ; \)txti^
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Oil- 10 Soltan Solcyman t.
pretences to the contrary. Hereupon ht made all oeceflary
preparations for it, although the Turkijb ambaflador was ftiU
diflemblingly treating of peace, notwithftanding the arch-
duke Charles had cut-off 8000 Turks at one time, who were
ravaging the borders of Stiria. In ftiort, Maximilian, being
confirmed on all hands, that Soleyman had projefted grand
defigns againft him, not only fortified his frontier garrifons,
but refolved to call a general diet of the empire, next fpring,
at Rati/hon, to provide againft the attempts of the common
enemy ; where we fhall at prefent leave this matter, to relate
the proceedings of the Turks in the Medtterranean againft the
knights of Mdlta K
The continual damages done to the fubjeftsof theO/Ay^iAi MaltA/tf*;
empire it fea by thofe knights, determined Soleymdn to take ^adgi*
a fevere revenge upon them ; to which he was particularly
folicited by Kojfum, fon of Barharojfa^ king of Algiersy and
Dr&guty governor of Tripoli Haying fitted out a fleet for that
purpofe, and exhorted his commanders to deftroy the Mdlte/g
pirates, as he called them ; the better to eficft it, he gave
them a map of the ifland, with draughts of the feveral for-
tificatiohs on it. The grand mafter of the order, Jfohn Va^-
.Utte^ otherwifc Parifot, a Frenchman, being informed of
thefepreparsttions, immediately went to work; and while
he laboured for his defence at home (by pulling down the
fuburbs and trees, which were injurious to the fortified places,
ftrengthened the garrifon, and laid-in neceflaries of all kinds),
he fent abroad to the pope and other Chriftian prmces, to de-
mand their aid againft the common enemy of the crofs.
Mean time the Tarkijb fleet, commanded by PiAla PAjb&, Tife^Tark-
fet fail, confifting of 142 gallies, 17 galliots, and 22 fhips \^ forces^
of burden (T), with other fmall veflels. They had on board A. D.
above 30,000 foldiers ; among whom were 7,900 Spahis, or ^S^S*
h'orfemen, ^ni. 4,500 Janizaries, all under the conduft of
Mojiafa Pa/hi, a man feventy-five years of age. Thefe forces .
;4rriving at Mdlta, on the 1 8 th of May, put into Porto Ma-
jore, on the north-weft fide of the iiland ; which is about
20 miles long from north -weft to fouth-eaft, and 12 broad.
On the eaft fide of the ifle are two harbours, divided by a
high bridge, or tongue of land, which flioots out north-
eaflwar^di That to the north is called Matza Mt{/het; the
^ RiCAUTk ubi fopr.
* (T} Beiides one taft away 6000 barrels of powder, 13,000
tear Modbn, wherein were loft- cannon-balls, and 400 i/ai&i>.
'8 other.
Digitized
byGoogk
ff^o^ 9/ the OthmSn Empire. . B. XV*
oAcr, to the fouth, Port Majore. Within this laft, on the
left handy are four promontories ; on the fecond of which*
'at the very point, on a rough high rock, (lands the ftrong
f^l^' cAftle of St. Angela ; and adjoiali^ to it the town, by ft>mc
jcri(ftd : ^^u^ ^jjg 2^^^ 6iVy, feparated from it only by a \j^all and
ditdv and iltuate in a hollow cut-out of the main rock,
ftrengthened alfb by the fea, and human induftry. Upon the
third head of land ftands a caftle, called St. Michael, with
a town alfo (U) ; and, at-the point of the tongue of land, an-
other caftle, named St. Ehno, very ftrong both by nature and
art.
fcnefi For the defence of this Important place there were in the
iheri^ » illand about 1300 Mejtnars, French, Spaniards, and Italic
nns ; 1000 ibamen of the knights fleet ; 500 men in St. An-
^(lo CaftU ; 5000 country people fled into the fortified places ;
500 knkhts, befides cfquires and priefts. In the city of '
Mdlta itielf, called the Old City, which ftood in the middle
of the ifland, there were 200 foldiers, as many citizens, and
300 country horfe ^.
%U Elmo The Turks landed 20,000 men it Mdrza Stroco, oti the
iejieged: fouth-eaft fide of the iQe (X), while Piitla P^Jb&, with 7000^
w^t j;o view the caftle of St. Michael : but at length, having
tefolved to bcfiege that of St. Elmo, they caft-up a mount (\ )
in order to batter it, and play upon the gallies in the haven,
tfiat fo th^y might open a way for their fleet to enter. But
being beaten from that poft by the cannon of the caftle>
they raifed another mount upon higher ground, and ran theif
trench nearer to St. Elmo ; from whence they annoyed not
tonly the harbour, but ^(o the caftles of St. Angelo and Si.-
MichiteL At length Drdgut arriving with 13- gallies and
1600 foldiers, foUo^Ved by ic^ galliots with uvo companies
from Bona ; the Turks of a fudden, on the 3d 6f June, af-.
faulted St. Elmo, with ^n intent to fcale the rampiers which ^
Nyerc nigheft the bulwark : but the befieged, frcnn a ftrong
jff^ i J • ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ faggots, repulfed thcnl
aifattUea : ^. ^j^ g^^^ jofs. However, returning to the attack, they, by
tjielr multitudes, at length gained the flanker ; whereby they
commanded all that part of the ditch towards Marza Mujbet \
^ RiCAUT. T^'heVbnot. Tfav. part. i. ch. j.
(U) This town is now called lepritwrOn the weft fide of P^H
LaSangli; and, by fbe<vetiot*% Majore,
account, there is no caftle there. [Y\ In the place* whifcre tlie
at prcfcnt. city of Faletta (built after\var>l.s .
(X) Others fay, at Mount Pe- by the grand mafter) called alio
^ ^be Nfnv TonvH now ftands.
n T ^4
Digitized by VjOOQiC
C. II. , ib^oltan StJleym^ L
and there, with amazing celerity, fo fortified themfelvcs,
that the bcfieged could not hurt them. In the night they
filled th^ ditch under the bulwark : but loft 800 men in a
frcfh affauit, to 45 only of the Chriftians. However knowing
that the befieged expefled fupplies every hour, and that, .
provided St. Elmo was in their hands, they might fecure
their fleet in Marza Mnjhet, as well as mov6 eafily carry the
reft, .they battered the caftle anew for four days without,
inrermlffion, and the night following gave an affauit: but
the place having been reinforced a little before with 200
knights, and feveral other foldiers, when the enemy, with
their ladders, had aim oft gained the tap of the waJls, they
were beaten down widi fuch violence by the befieged, that '
they durft not attempt fcallng afterwards till the laft attack.
THE Tttrksy more enriiged, contimied their batteries y«\th guil^nth
greater fury than -before, for eighteen days together, \niYi di/mded i
1 3,000 ftiot. During this time alfo they made a bridge over
the ditch, broad enough for ten men to march abreaft, placed
4O00 muflceteers about the ditch, and brought thtir fleet to
St, George's Shofe, not far from the caftle. When they began
the affauit, for which thefe preparations were made, a body
of valiant knights and foldiers rfin to die bridge, and there
refolutely encountered the multitude hand-to-hand* Mean
time fome thfuft barrels of powder under the bridge, otlicrs
threw down ftones and wild-fire upon the enemy, while
others galled them at a diftance with thdr lire-arms. At
length, the bridge blowing-up, 8qo Turh xs'ere deftroyed^
and many wounded ; which obliged them to retire, after they
had loft 2000 of their btft men, and the Chriftians near one
hundred.
The fame day, the grand mafter caufed a brigandne to be y^/ /^^
carried from Marza Mujhet^ over land, to Marjia Scaia (Y);
Which he'fent with letters to the viceroy of Sidly, requiring
the moft fpeedy relief. In theinterirti, the enejiiy, after but-
tering the caftle for 24 hours, gave a moft dreadful affauit
on the breaches, which lafted five : but they tvere at length
. 'repulfed, after they had loft a vaft number o: men, with the
famoits Dr^gnt, and the befieged two hundred. The g^a^<l
mafter, perceiving the Turks determined to irtke^/. Eimo, and
preparing for the laft affauit, fent three knights to bring -off^
the defendants inplnnaces : but they rcfolvlng to maintiiiti
the place or perifti, on the 13th of June the Turk^, with all u fittrmi
their power, both by fea and land, furroundhig thecaftic la.
the dead of night, fet-up their ladders, made bnugei^, Avorked
(Y) The bottom of all the Marza, or haven.
Digitized by VjODQ IC
'^ , Hiftoty $f the Othman Empire. B. XV.
- A. D. at their mines, and with their artillery battered down the. reft
>S^5i* of the walls to the very rock. So that, although the befieged
V^OTvJ did Wonders in its defence, yet having already loft 400 men^
the Turks, about noon, prevailed over the fmall remainder^
and flew every man. Then, beheading th^ dead knights,
and cutting-out their hearts, hanged them up by the heds in,
their red cloaks and red crofles, in fight of the other caftles :
which fo enraged the grand mafter, that he ordered all the
Turkifh prifoners tp be flain, and his men to give no quarter ^
fuceours Upon this lofs. La Valette fent again for fuccours to the
Jl9Wm viceroy of Sicily ; who yet was fo cpld on the matter, that he
only let the knights refiding there depart with two gallies.
Mean while he rejefted propofals of furrendry from Mojtafay
whofe defigns were difcovered hy Philip Lafkaris, a Greek, of
Pair as ; who fwam from St, Michael to the Turkijh fleet.
At the fame time a Greek, being by a boy from a window
- difcovered making-ofF to the enemy's camp, was taken and
cut in four pieces. The new fupplles having in a fally flain
200 Turks, Moftafa blocked -up the harbour di Marza Mvjbet
with his chained gallies, and fent to acquaint Sokymdn, that
the place was much ftronger than he expefted ; requiring
iftofe fupplies in cafe the fiege was to be continued. Pre*
fently after, he fell to batter the tov^ms and caftles of St^
Michael and St. Jngelo with the greateft fury.
St. Mi- While three gallies from Mejfma, with 900 foldiers on
khacl at* board, befides the knights of the order, were obliged to re*
tfukid turn, as not being able to land in fafety • Kojfum, king of
Algiers, with 2000 foldiers, feven gallies, and ten galliots,
came to reinforce Mqfiafa ; \yho, at his requeft, permitted
him to carry-on the fiege of St. Michael, and joined 2000 of
his own beft foldiers to KoffunC% troops. Hereupon he or*
\ ' dered 90 finall veflels to be carried from the port of Marza
h ilng Mujhed, over land, to Jqua Martia, defigning to befiege
KolTum the caftle on that fide by water. Of which the grand mafter
being informed by a Chriftian fugitive, he ordered a chain to
be drawn from the caftle of St. Jngelo to the place where the
eriemy dcfigned to land : but while the Turks ftood non»
plufed at this baulk, a defcrtet undertook ^vith hatchets to
c^t the chain 5 which being perceived by the befieged, five
or fix fwam thither with their fwords, and having killed two
of the workmen, the reft fled. However, jfufy the 1 5th,
the king began the fiege both by land and water : but during
the aflault by fca, which lafted three hours, the befieged,
\nth their cannon, flew him 2000 men, and funk 12 galUes ;
* RicAVT. &c. ubi fupr.
while
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. If. to Sol tin Soleymin t - ' ^^f
while the reft of them, unable to land their men for the chain, A.D.
were forced to retire. The attack by land endured five hours ; 15^5*
wherein many of the enemy Vere flain, ancl 200 of the be- ^^>^"V>^
fieged.
For all this, the Twntx battered the caftle fo Violently; iA:ifh^reai
that they beat down in the day the repairs ^hich were made ^^/u
by night. Oti the 20th; they threw a bridge over the ditch,
ind the 28th gave defperate affaults In three places : but, be-
ing forced to retire, went to work at a mine ; which, when
juft finifhed^ was countermined, ^ugifft i. the befieged in
a fally burned the bridge, and next day flew 300 of the *
6nemy: but loft their captain Rufus. However the Turks
filled-up the ditch at the caftle-bulwark, and having by this
time made breaches both in the walls of the New City and
the caflle of St. Michael, wide enough for carts to eilter, on ,
the 1 7th they aflaulted both places ^t once with incredible
fury and noife : but, being heard by the knights in the city
of Mdlta, they fallied with their horfe, and fell on thofe
at Jgua Martia by furprize, with fo much vigour, that they
fled to their companions ; who, being difcouraged, gave over
the affault, with the lofs of more than 1500 men; to not
above 100 of the befieged;
MOSTAFA Piifbd, finding neither this nor a futfcquent St. Ari-
attack had any effe^, wrote to acquaint Soleyman with the gelo at-
fmall hopes there were of fubduing the place. At the fame tcckJ :
time, the viceroy being informed by one Sa/azar, who ven-
tured to Mdlta in a boat, as well as by others, how much
the Turkijh forces Were diminifhed,'he began to think 6f going ■
to their relief. Mean while old Mojlafa continued the fiege
by battering, mining, filling-up the ditch,- cafting-up mounds,
and the like : but all his attempts being fruftrated by the va-
lour and addrefs of the be/iegdd, the admiral PAjhci, at laft
fearing to be furprifed by the Chriftian fleet, which he heard
was preparing againft hini, orda^ed 116 gajlies to be in rea-
dinefs, and took his foldiers on board. Ho\<'cvcr, after lofig
expeftation, finding no appearance of the enemy's fleet, he
landed tiiem a fecond time. Hereupon the Turks, >*ith greater :J ^*^
fury than ever, battered the walls, whkh had been repaired ; "^ ^^H^^'
and, having made new breaches, on the i8th of Atigufl at-
tacked both St, Angelo and St, Michael, at noon^day, with
all their .power, and, after three rcpulfes, came on agatir: -
but were at laft glad to retreat to their trenches. The greiit
mafter did wonders during this cruel fight, whith lafted five
hours : ^'et the obftihate Turks' rencHred the afltmlr next-di>y
at the fame places ; as they did the d.iy folIcwiDg no fewer
Mod. Hist. V6L,^Xil. li ' thiiii
Digitized
byGoogk
M^9fj of the OthtxSm Empire. B. XV.
than fcvcn times, but without fuccds. They w<a-e repulfed
alfo at the Spur^ when they attempted to enter St, Michaeh
^ Caftle^ With great lofs, to only loo of the befieged : but
among them many brave knights. For all this the Pfijbi af-
fikultc^ the fame breaches next morning early,, with fuch fuc-
€efs, that three ot four eniigns broke into the Pfew Town :■
on which the grand mafter, halting with all his foldiers ^d
citizens, both men and women, old and young, ^ainil the
enemy, with much difficulty and mcredible bravery, forced
them at fun-fitt to retire, widi theloCs- o£ 2ooo men, and otAf
aoo of hifr own »*;
fuccours The knights havmg repaired the breaches, and raifed othe?
wrlvi. works for their defence with great application, Mojlafa rc-
folved once more, with all his troops, to ftorm the breach
in the wall in St. Michaets Town ; where there enfued a moft
terrible fight $ and though the Turks were driven back, .their
general obliged them to renew it, ye* to as little puFpofe. The
bcTieged alfo in a (ally at night djpove them from their mount,
and blew-up one of their mines, which deftroyed threefcore
men. The enemy was now preparing .to make a laft effort ;
when, September 7th, the Chriftian flfeet of 72 gallies, with
ro,ooo foldiers, and Don Garcias, the viceroy of Sicily , off
board, put into MdltUy and landed' the forces : after which
the viceroy returned for Sicily to bring over mor^ forces, in or"
der to attend the Turkijh fleet. On tlus news the Turks hafted
^/^fTiirks on' boards their fhips ; which pafled out of the haven of Marza
ntirt i Mufhed ofl? the 1 1 th, in order to be gone. Yet Moft^a^ being
informed tlT^: the Chriftian fuccours did not exceed 3000
men, he landed 7000 Turks at Port St. Paul (feven miles
northweft of the city), towards which they marched : bu^
being met by the Chriftians, they were quickly routed, and
purfued to their gallies, with the lofs o£ eighteen hundred
Mn, and four hundred drowfted. During this fiege, which
• lafted five months, they loft in all twenty-four thoufand mep^
^Vtth tWenty-foui: great eaniHA; and theChriftians five tbour
(and.
faieSdc* Althougb tiieTuris were fcarcely ever more Saffied iff
any enterprize than this ; yet We do- not find that SoUymin
refaited it in the commanders, as was cuftomary : but, after
the return of his fleet, he fent PiAla PAjbd with it to fubdue
Bcio'^ whofd^ governor, beii^ his tributary, had held intelli-
gence with the Maltefi during ^e fiege. The admiral, hav-
*. !>• ing arrived there in the mkJdte of April 1 5^6, polTefl&d him-
15W. Pig" of th^ haven, and then fends for ^ governor, with
» Ri^A^ur,' &c«^«bi fupr#
twdve
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C.iu 10 Sol tan Soley maA t.
twelve of the principal citizens, whom he li^ys in iron^. Th^,
feizing the town, he appoints a 71/r^//& governor ; and, leav-
ing a ftrong garrifon in the place, fails for the coafl of Jpulia, '
in Italy ; where he dellroyed many villages, and carried away
many into captivity.
It is time now to retrlrn to the afFairS of Hungary, Maki- Jffain cf
inilian^ having in the diet called at Frankfort^ as before-men- Hungary i
mentioned, obtained aid ft*om the empife, he drew together
, a great army out of Germany, Italy, and other countriesi
Thefe, under the command of Suendi, laid ilege to the town
x£HuJihy orrth^ border^ oiTranftlvania \ whofe Vayvod afpir-
ingfto be king of Hungary, upon the fame terms as John had
been, much inflamed this rupture between the two empiresi
At the fame time the Pdjba of Buda attacked Palotta, about
eight miles from Raab, with greater fury than fuccefs ; hav-
ing been forced to rife from befote itj with the lofs of fome
cannon and baggage, by the count of Hoffenjlein, who alfo
took JVriJhoUm Sooii aft^r coutlt Sabn reduced Tatta or
Dotis : and the caflles of Ce/les, ff^it/m, Ifckolika, dnd Sam-
hoc, Were abandoned by the enemy. Mean time count Serini^
governor of Raab, underftanding that Soleymdn approached,
detached fifteen hundred horfe and foot, to lie iri'ambufh
for the forlorn of the Turki/b army ; Who, being met with
near Five Churches, were routed, and moft of them flain or
\younded "i
In this pi^e, af*ter a Ibng thafnj, the Tnrkijh hiRorhns the e^pi^
tolncide with the ChrilHan writer^. According to thefe lat- thi^eaten*
ter, the Germans began the war : but the former fpeak as if ^d.
Soleymdn firft eiit^red on it withctit any provocation, purfu-
ttnt to a projeft h^ had long meditated, of overthrowing the
German empire. They tell us, that wheii hd had made vaft
breparations, d^ before-mentioned, he aflbmblfed his troops
worn all parts, in ordi^r to execute the defign, in which only
Mohamrfied tatth had gone before him, and which he himfelf
had already attempted in VaiH.
. To this end, in the year 974, he leads a itiighty army to Sdleyr i 1
-AdrianopU; from M^hence, difpatchlng the prime l^azir Per* dies,
tu Pdp&, With fome troops, to fei^fe Giula {A), he follows Hej. 974*
more (lowly with the reft. Though every thing 6lle was ^ • ^*
ready, youth was wanting, and old ag€ fefufed to execute *S^^*
his patpofeSi Word 6iit with yeati^^ and fatigui^d with la^^
* RlCAUT^ &fc. ubi fupr.
(A) So called in the map. wards TranJilH)ani'a, iWfd tiejtf
tdXHt. It i» a ftrofig city, to- Great War^in,
Z a ^wt^s
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hijlory of the Othman Empire. B. XV;
boirt's, when he came to Segetwar (B), he was feized with a
flow fever, which, increafing by degrees, turned to a malig-
' nant one. Though grievoufly tortured, and ahnoft paft
hopes of recovery, yet, invincible in mind, he orders the city
to be inverted ;ind afTaulted. But the governor making a
brave defence, it increafed his illnefs ; and, while he prayed,
the God of all the Worlds to graat that his army of the faith-
ful might conquer the place, he expured on the 13th of
Safer {C). .
The prime Wazir having fent notice to^ Selimy then at
^Magnefta, of his father's death, which he concealed from
the foldiers, he, on the 1 8th of that month, takes the city
by a general aflault, aflifted by an accidental fire (D) : and
a't the fame time news came of the reduftion of Giule ^. .
Thu's ended, in the taking of two towns, all Soleyman'sr
Vaft preparations, aod vafler defign againft the German em-
pire, which the Turkijh hiftorians boafl of. Let us now fupply
their account of the fiege of Segette, or Ziget, from the Chri-
Sigeth be- ftian writers. The Soitdn being come to the Dravcy ordered '
fiegedf a bridge to be made over that river, JHid the morafs beyond
it, a mile in length. This proved a work of almofl infupe-
fable difficulty j but was at ^aft accomplifked, and the army
faffing, over, fat down before Sigeth. This crty is flrongiy
Jituated in a marfh,- about fifteen miles to the north of the
D rave J on the frontiers of Slavonia ; and was then a bul-
wark to prevent the Turks entering into Stina, It had a
garrifon of two thoufand three hundred men, under the
command of the valiant count Nicholas Serini, The Turksy
having raifed a great mouiit, and planted a battery, Augitji 8th,
fired terribly upon the new town from three feveral places.
They next, with incredible labour, cafl-up a mountain in
the midft of the marfh, and from thence fo cruelly annoyed the
inner caflle of the town, that the count thought fit to with-
draw the gUrrifoh, and fef it dii fire. On the lOth,. they
® Cant. p. 215, & {t^*
(B) By the Chnffians called he died, pnflie 14th o^ Septem-
Sfgfth. Cant. her; Which, according to their
(C) The Chriftian Hiflori'ans account?, was fome days after
iay, that So/eymdft fell fick ta- ^he place was taken.
w'drds iht end of Jugf/J?, when (D) The tTttfif/ afcribe intire-
%h€ Ikge was at the height, be- ly to Soleym4ns prayer?, this
ing takenwichalcofencfs; and fire; by means of which the
that hereupon he withdrew to city was taken, and no6 by
Fivt Church I's (iibout twelve force of arms. Cunt*
jnilea to the fourh-cdi;, wh^re
^ , furionfljr
Digitized by VjOOQ iC
C n: laSokanSoIcym^nl. 34t
furioufly battered the old town in three places, and fet all ^.D.
hands at work to make two ways or bridges thither over the 1566.
jnarih; from whence the Janizaries ^ covered with facks and ^— %'-*^
the like, mightily annoyed the befieged.
At length, on the 1 9th, they entered the town with fo and taken.
much fury and celerity, that many of the garrifon were flain
before they could recover the caftle. Againft this, next day
ihey planted four batteries, and having alfo made two plain
ways to it over the marfh, they fiercely afTualted the breaches
on the 29th •, but wer^ beaten back, with the lofs of many
men and one of their Pdjbds. The Turks having by the 5th
of September undermined and bJown-up the greateft bulwark
of the caftle, at length took Aat alfo near the gate. This
jnade the brave Serini retire into the inner caftle, ,which 6a
the 7 th was fet on fire by them alfo (E). So that the di-
ilrefled general, putting on a new fuit of cloaths and en-
couraging his foldiers to fell their lives as dear as they could,
fallied-out at the head of them, with his fword and target ia
hand, into the midft of his enemy, by whom he and his fol-
lowers were all flain, excepting a few.
But this fiege coft the Turks very dear ; for, by their own Other
xonfcffion^ they loft feven theufand Janizaries^ and twenty- tranfacy
eight thoufand other foldiers, befide^ voluntiers and three great tions,
Pdjhasi SerinVs head was cut off, and fet on a pole for the
army to gaze at ; after which it was fent by the J^azlr as a
prefent to count Salm (F), then at Raab. Coila (or Giule) alfo
was delivered to the Turks by the governor Keretjcheuy for a
g^eat fum of money ; and moft of the garrifon put to -the
fword, contrary to articles. But they were not fo fuccefsful
near /^Iba Regalisy where feveral of them were flain, and the
governor of that place taken by George Thuriger ; for which
he received knighthood with a gold chain p. '
^0 LET MAN reigned one-and-forty years, and Xwtii Age and
leventy-four (G). He had feven fons. ^MorM, Abdollah^Me-'fins.
Ijcmedy Mojiiifay Seliniy Bd-yezidy and Jchanghir ; who all
but Se/im died before their lather,
f RiCAUT in SoUman.
(E) It is hard to (ay, whether mainder of his body I haue de-
this or the former was the acci- centlj buried^ as became fuch m
Hental fire fpoken of by the man. Sigeth bids thee furenf^el
^urkijh hiftorians. for eijer.
(F) W;th thrs (hort letter: (G) The Chriftian writer?
In tok n of my lo^ey 1 fend thee the xnake his age feventy-fix years^
Tjead of ia, moft refoiute and ^valiant and his rei^n forty -fix.
commander y thy friend, ^he re
Z 3 :SQJ.EY^
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftory of the Otbmin Etipire. B. X V.
SOLETMJN V9ZS a prince *of an heroic and invincible
mind ; of great valour and wifdom. He endared the hard*
' /hips of war with furprifing patience. Befides the Turkijb
fits cba- language, he fpokc alfo the Perfian and Arabic. In that kind
rf»<^^'- pf poej^^ by ti^g Perfians called Nazm (H), he excelled all
for elegance and wit. His Per/tan, Hungarian^ and naval
viftories gained him a great name : but his reformation of the
courts of juftice, and his excellent laws, by which the 0th-
pidn empire ftill flouriflies, acquired him greater. On this
account the tide of Kan4m was afcribed to him by the Turks ',
According tq the Chrifti^n writers, this Sqltdn was taU, and
of a flender make ; bis neck long, his face pale and wan,
his nofe long and hooked : by nature ambitious and magnifi-
cent ; more faithful to his promifc than moft of his prede*
ceUbrs ; in a word, he wanted fcarce any thing worthy of a
Peath prince. The fame authors add, that M&hammed, the prime
^Qli^ealcd, H^azfr, for fear of the infolence of the Janizaries, to con-
ceal his death tiU Selfm*s arrival, ordered his phyficians and
apothecaries to be fecredy ftrangled. However, the Janiza-
ries beginning to miilruft the matter, he caufed the dead
body, in the Soltdn*3 ufual drcfs, to be brought into his
tent, fitting upright in his litter, as if he had been ill of th^
gout, which diffipated all their fufpicions ',
CHAP, XII.
^ R(/gn of StUm 11. Surnained Utii [A]^
SECT. I.
i; Solt4n VELIMy upon notice of his father's death, Itox^^ MagneJIa
§elim. ^ in the year 974, and, on the 9th of RabioUaively whicH
|Jej. 974. d;4y the planet Merikh (or I^f^ars) ruled in the firmament, h^
A.D. '
M^^ ^ Cawt p. 127. » R|CAUT. uj)i fupf.
(H) A poetical metre often hillorians (bcfidcs ^^z^tf ^^>a^,
occurring, ' particularly in the we fuppofc he mcans)^ who pre-
Kordn\ and for that rcafon aq- tend, that he was feized with
counted more elegant than the a fort f^f divine enthnfiafm \
reft. Cant, ' which, left people ihould fu-
(A) That is, drunken y be- fped to be hypocrify, he de-
f aafe he was extremely given to clared to be drunkennefs. But
>»'ine : yet he never omitted the fuch colourings for the Yolg""*
ufual prayers. There are oihcr Caut. ^
' ' fntered
Digitized
byGoogk
'C. 12; 11 SoItSn SeBm H.
^titevtd Conjfantinopley and mounted his father's throne. Next
day all the great men of the empire, according to cuftbm,
appear in mourning at court, to adore the new emperor, and
'^comfort him on the occafion with excellent fpeeches. Three
xiays after he fets out with a few attendants towards Seget-
* ^ar (or Ziget). But ax Belgrade finds Mehemed PAJhdy who
had fent the army into winter quarters. As Soleymdn*$ de-
mife was ftill a fecret, the foldiers were troubled at SeKm's
unexpefted arrival m the camp; and, fearing he might, after
^he example of his grandfather of die fame name, do fome
injury to his father, ran to their arms : but the long con-
cealed death (B) being divulged, they paid obd&nce to him
* as their fovercign.
After this, Soley7ndn*^*hoSj, l)eing lal9-in a gflt chariot, Soley-
*2S condufted by the whole army to Conftan^inople^ and depo- man's
\fited in the court of the Jhni built by him ; where all the/**^^
-<cclefiaftics of that metropolis were order^ to finifti the Teh"
'•veti Kor&n (C) forty times a day for forty days, and by their
prayers obtain peace for his foul. Moreover, ^elim caufed a
Mihrah (D) to be erefted before the Jdmi ; and over his
grave a large marble Turba (E) ; wMch is religioufly vifited
t>y the Turks r . for they are perfuaded, that he was a great
favourite of heaven, becaufe he not only loft his life at the
» iiege of Segetwar, anfl fo htczmQ ShaifJ (or martyr), but
^as alfo Gdzi (or conqueror), two cities having been takea
-under- the conduft of his relicfcs.
When the funeral ceremonies were wet (F), Selim, after
1>eing again confirmed in the throne by all orders and degrees
of people, celebrates his father's viftories with a fplendid
triumph* . Then he diftributes to the Janizaries and S/>ahi
^■tlie ufaal BakhJUfb (G), or donative ; and prefents the Vie-
TJM
(B) In all forty-one days, ICoran^ which is ufu^ly do»e
as both l^urh and Chriftians over the grave of the deceafed.
agree. This, to a perfonigno- Cant.
rant of theTttriZ/^'cuftoms, may (D) It iignifies both an altar
be deemed impoirible to be done- and the foatkera part ofsLjami.
among fo many thoufatid fol- Cant,
diers ; but will not be doubted (E) Or monument.
by thofe who know the mor6 (F) Formerly they ufcd the
than Pythagoric filence of the greateft folemnities, and chofe
Othmdn inner court ; where n& the colours at the emperor's
man fpeaks unlefi ordered, nor death ; but at prefent they only
"dares lo much as fneeze or mourn three days in red, and
-cough. Cant, that not very ftridly. Cant.
(C) The reading of thcwholc (G) E^chJoKizary, of whom
Z 4 ^ Aerc
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Hipry of the OihvtAn Empire'. B. XV;
ma (H), \^\th the reft of the eccldiafticSy who c^dated at
the funeral, with filk robes &nd money *.
Things being thus fettled at home, Selim was dedroQS
• 7r ^^ peace abroad, particularly in Hungary, as Maximilian
'Wit J er- jjjjjjfgjf^ (j^^( jjg might be more at leif^re to fupprefe a dan-
A D g^rous rebellion in Arabia ; and oppofe the Perfians in cafe
\eo-j\ they attacked his dominions, which ftood in fome danger
from that quarter. At laft it was agreed-on, that, if the em-
peror would fend ambafladors, with the arrear of tribute-
money, theyfliould have a fafe conduft, in ofdar to treat of
peace. They arrived at Conftantinople Augujh 2 2d, and fij^
idays after vifited the prime Waztr Mojiafa Pajbfi, with Par-
teu and Terhad Pajhds ; but could not obtain audience of the
SdlUn hirafelf till September %%, when they were honour-
A. D. ^t)ly received, and made rich prefents. At length the peafje
1568. was concluded, SLt Jdrianople, in January \ $6^^ for eight
years ; on thefe conditions ; that each prince (hould hold
what he bad : that the emperor fhould pay thirty thou-
fand ducats, as a y(?arly tribute, for Hungary : that the fub-
jefts on neither fide ftiQuld pay any thing to thofe of the
other prince: and, laftly,.that the Vayvod of Tranfdvatiia,
fjiould be included ;n the treaty b,
Arab/;i^^ Mean while UUan Ogli (I), the y^r^, hearing oi Solcy^
j'.ibdutd. man's death, throws off the Othmdn yoke ; and, perfuading
iJej. 075. his neighbours to join in jhe rebellion, cruelly lays wafte the
A. D. territories of Baghdad: but they are quickly routed and di-
1567. fperfed by the governor of that city, in conjunftion with thofe
of Bafrah (K) ^nd Shehre/ul (L). The fame year Selim
finifhed
• Cant^mir OtKmanHiil. p.ziS, & feq. fr Knowle%
edit. Ricaut in Selymis,
there are 40,000, repeives 20 (I) Of the tribe of Bani
, dollars ; and every SpM, whofe Omer, or the Jons ofOmer j wKq
Bumber is 1 5,000, twenty fiv^. Jii'e in thedciarts towards Baghn
Qetni, dad. They were very powcf*
(R) This is tliename ufed to ful, and in Soltdn Mofiofa%
denote all thole who are diftin- re'gn were matters gf the city
guiihed wiih any ecclcfiaAical of Bcfrah for two years. But
de^Tee. They have very great Daltaban Mcjlafa Fojha of
authority with the people. If Baghdad expelled them, and
they join with the army to op- crulhed the whole tribe by kilU
f>ofe any mealure, you may bp ing 30,000 of them. Cant,
ure it will never be carried In- (K) Corruptly called Bajfora
fo execution. Cant. The and Balfora. Prince Cantemir
yUffia may be called the body commits fcveral millakes about
gf ;he Turhijh clergy. .this place :. he fays, i , That it
Digitized by CjOOQ IC
C. 12: II SoMn Stlfm IIJ . 345
fiaiflied a bridge (M), began five years before by his father, A. D,
. not far from Conjlantinople. 1 567.
A PEACE having been concluded with Germany, Selim had ^ "-"^j^^^
now leifure to turn his thoughts towards the Perfians ; who, ^{^^^ ^9
by their continual incurlions into the Ot^m^n dominions, had-^^'^
juftly given occafion for a war : but he was deterred from
this by the difficulty of the paflages, which fatigued his
troops, as well as rendered the carriage of warlike ftores and
provifions, imprafticable ; for want of which, numerous ar-
mies of his anceftors had mifcarried. To remove this obfta- Hej. 976,
cle, he fends a body of foldiers over the Euxine fea to Kiefe A. D^
(or Kaffa), and orders th? Kh^n of Krim^ with labourers 1568.
hired out of all the tribes of Tatars, to encamp near the
river Ezel (N), in that place where it is but fix Jfalian miles the Don
diftant from the Teri (O), and by a canal to join the two and Ws^^
rivers. By this means he hoped to penetrate with eafe out ga.
pf the Euxine, through Maille (P), and thofe rivers, into th^
Cafpfan fea ; and, as the Perfians had no fleet there, fo, by
tranfporting an army into Shirv^an^ without much difficulty.
ivas formerly called Boftra ;
whereas Bojlra flood in Syria,
to the fouth of Damajkus, 2.
That it lies fix days journey
from the mouth of the E^phra^,
tcs ; yet is but one day's jour-
ney and half from thence. 3.
That Kurma, the molt noted
mart in the eafl, though un-
known to all the geographers,
is (Ituate at the mouth of that
river: whereas M. Otter, who
was at Bafrah in 1743, and
mentions all the places from
thence to the mouth of the river
in the Ferfian gulf, mentions no
fuch place, any more than Hbt-
wenot, Tavernier, and others,
who were there before him.
Without doubt, by Kurma is to
be undcrftood Kuma, or Kcrxd;
a caflle at the confluence of the
Euphrates with the Tigris, two
days journey above Bafrah, but
inentioned by many travellers,
and a place of no con£derable
^rade.
/ (L) A city of KiurJiJIdn, to-
yardf ? erf an Irik^ Though ^
B^Jhdlik of three horfe-tails, yet
the promotion Is looked-on as 9^
kind of banilhmcnt.
(M) Built over the lake Bu*
yuk Chekmejahj where it runs
into the Propontis, at a villaor^
of the fame name, about two
hours diflance from Copftantiuo-
pie. It is all buiic of fqoare
ftones, and 2000 paces long ^
a truly imperial work. Cant.
(N) Or Edd\ hence tdilla
and Atilla : fo the Tatars call
the river named by us IVoJga,
and the antients Rha,
(O) The Don, Dona, or Tana,
the anticDt Tanais,
(P) This from the context
muft be the PatusMeotis: but at
prefent ititTurks give that name
to the gulf of the Black Sea,
which waihes Ocbakoixsa, the
, Olbiopolis of the antients. The
Pahs is now called by the Turks
AxakDenixi [or Denghizi] ; that
is, the fea efAscak [as they term
Atxf^, and its moutli Qbierck
Tamaft Bogafi^ Cant.
fubduc
Digitized by CjOOQ IC
Hifteryofthe Othman Empire. R XV.
fufcdoe all Perjta^ the Kh^n immediately repaired to the
place appointed, by the way oi Aizderkhdn ( Q^) : but fcanie
one third part of the canal was finifhed, when the labourers
were fo infefted with continual rains, cold ftorms, and want
of proviiion, that many perifliing, the reft were forced to
abandon the work. This expedition was however attended
with one advantage; namely, the fubmiflSon of thirty thou-
fand Nigayan Tatars (R) ; who, having thrown-ofF the Ruf-
fian yoke to receive the Qthm&n^ departed with their families
to fettle in the Krtm ^
Feace While thefe matters were in agitation, an ambaflador ar-
*-ivf/APer- nves from Shdh Tdhmajp, king of Perjia, to treat of peace,
fia. The ambafTador was honourably entertained at /4drianople :
but had not been there long, when, going to vifit Mohammed
the prime IFazir, a Jamoglan fhot at him with a mu&et.
Although the ball mifled the ambafTador, he was very much
■ ftartled : and the aflaflin being feized, boldly anfwered in his
\ prefence, before the prime Waziry that his reafon for fhoot-
ing at the ambaflador wae, that he was an heretic^ and/ent
from an heretical king ; ivhoy being an enemy to their religion^
nvas not worthy af a peace^ But this zeal for orthodoxy did
aot fave him from punifliiiient ; for, after being dragged at a
horfe's tail through the city, he had firft his right hand ani
then his head cut-oiF. In December Selim allowed the Per-
fian for him and his retinue five hufidred ducats a day : but
having delivered his prefents, carried on forty-four camels*
in December y the peace was foon after conduded, and he re-
\ turned home,
y^msien ' '^^^ Venetians renewed their league with SeUm this year ;
revolts, t>"^ ^ broke it the next, without any juft provocation, as
|iej. 977.' the reader will fee prefently <l. About the fame time Mutt a-
A. D. hir Sharif of the kingdom of Yammeny with fome Arabs
1 569. ' gained to his party, faddenly attacks MorMPdJbiy BegkrBeg of
s CANT.ubifupr. p. ^20, &feqq, * Ricaut. ubifupr.
{QJi The Tartarian king- (R) Thefc had habitations
dom now fabjeft to the Ruffians afligncd them with the Bujdl
called Jftrakan. The name ia Tatarj in Bejffarabia {vlow Bu-
Pgrjian Signifies the habitation 0/ jdk) } among whom, even at
dragons, or the lord of dragons^ this day, are reckoned above
given to the inhabitants for iSyOOoTatarsofKaican, exad- *
4heir fierce and wild nature ; ly refembling their brethren ia
which is now fo tamed, that thei?»^ empire, in language,
when they have an opportunity, looks, and manners. Caw/.-**
they do not attempt to recover Thefe arc commonly called
their liberty. Qmt. ^^ay aad Ni^ay.
Digitized
byGoogk
Ciil 11 SoltanSdlmll;
that provioce i and, hzinng (lain him i^th his whole amy,
frees the country from the Turkijb yoke. Bat Sinm Pajbdj
governor of Egypt ^ in conjunAion with Ozdemir Ogli (S), ^
being fent againft the rebds, c(Hnes on them by furprize,
routs, and haidng difperfed, them, reduces the whole coun-
try once more to the OthnUki obedience. But the joy for this
luccefs was interrupted next year, by a fudden jfire breaking
out at Cmftantin^kf which raged with fuch violence for
feven days tog^her, that almoft the whole city was laid in
alhes.
In 97S, the remains of the Spamjb Sdracens (T), who Moors /«
had hitherto been ill-treated und^ the dominiop of the Spain.
Chriftians, rife in arms, feize Garbia (U), and make Manf&r^ ^^- 978.
of the race of the Bam Akhmer (X),. their king ; then, vigo- ^' ^'
toufly attacking the Spaniards ^ vanquifhed them, with great *^7^*
flaughter. But, percei^dng themfelves too weak to withftand
thdr power Icmg, they fend ambafladors to implore SelfnC%
affiflance. The Solt&n^ whofe thoi^hts were bent on the
conqueft oi Cyprus (Y), promifes aid, but not till that ifland
was taken. In the mean time he exhorts them to keep as
dofe together as poflible, and only ftand on the defenfive.
SELIM had pow fent numerous forces to fubduc Ktbris Cyprus
(Z), under the conduft of the prime Wazir^ while KapudAn ^n'vaded
All PAfhA kept off fuccours by fea. The JVazir begins with
the fiege of Nikofia (A), and vigoroufly allaults it : but his
fittempts being baffled by the ffarong fituation of the place, as
(S) Oxditnar fi^ifies, all of tient Saracen kings, driven-oat
ffwr. HewastheviKrib}^^ii«rp- of SftUn by Ferdinand the ca-
fin ; and of fo great ilreneth, tholic. Cant.
that they believe he never had (Y) The Chriflian hiflorians
pr will have his fellow. Cant, tell us, that 5^//«i being about
(T) It is fcarce poflible that to build a magnificent temple
the word Sarazens, which is at AdrianopUy with a monaftery,
pnknowntotheOr/V;<r^/j,fhould college, and alms-houfe, but
be in the original Turkijb hifto- wanting lands wherewith to en-
rian. And indeed Prince Cante- dow them, fome of^ his coar-
mir is not uniform in giving the tiers put him upon conquering
proper names, fomctimes ufing Cyprus ; and this, they fay, was
(he furkijby at other times thofe the caufe of his breaking the
oi his own fancy. peace.
(U) Or with the article Al (Z) That is, Cyprus,
Qarbiyai that is, the 'wejlern (A) Called, by the Turks^
coafii 2l noted kingdom, now Kibris, To which city they
fubjed to the king of Portugal^ feem to have eiven the name of
ind called by the Chriftians Al- the whole iiland ; becaufe it
^arva. Cant. was the firft which they fub-
(}() A defcendant Of d^e aa? 4*^^ ih&c^. Caut,
Digitized byVjOOQlC
Hifiory cf the Dthniln Empirf. B. XV^
V^ell as oBfKnacy of the garrifon, he is. obliged to turn the
fiege into a blockade, and put his foldiers into winter-quart^^.
However, the following year, Kapuddn Ali P^a^ with a
frefh fupply of fhips, ftores, and forc«^' under the command
of Parteu Pdjba^ arriving, in Cyprus ^ renisws the fiege ; and,
having made breaches in the walls both by battering and
mining, carries the city by aflault. The ifland feeing itfelf
<kftitute of relief, Magufa (B) firft, ai>d then the reft of the
towiis, ftrive to gain .the xonquerori clemency by a fur-
render ^.
We have the lefs-lretfon to find felik- vith the Turkt/b
hiftorians made ufe of by prince Cantmir^ for giviijg an im-
perfeft account of the Chriftian viftories, fince they give filch
h the a fcanty relation of their own. To make an eftimate there-
Te^'ks. fore of the glory due to either fide in this important war, of
Cyprus^ we muft have recourfe, as on many occafioas before,
to the Chriftian writers. According to them, whien this war
was propofed hy Selim in council,. Mi>ha7rmi^d Pq/biy the
prime fVazir^ was ^;ain{l it, both on account of the difiionour
in violating the peace, and dang^ of the:eaterpriz,e: but the
arguments of Mojtafa Pci/ba and the admiral Pidia Pdjbd
prevailing, preparations were fet on foot, both by fea ^nd
land. Thefe motions being obferved by the Venetian mer-
chant^, whom now the Turks b^an to obftruft in their trade,
Antonio Barbara^ ambaflador from the republic, complained
to the prime Wazir of the injuftice th^y were going to do his
nation ; and, more to gain time to prepare agalnft the florm,
than in hopes to divert it, preffed the fertding an ambaflador
to Venice^ in order to prevent hoftiiities by a friendly accx>m^
modation. - .
iLtafrm At length one Kohkd was fent from the- Porf^, with letters
mllrgeJ, from SeUm, mentioning feveral pretended injuries done to his
fubjcfls by the Venetians ; and requiring the furrender of
the ifland of Cyprus^ by way of fatisfaftion ; otherwife he
threatened to take it from them by force. The fenate an*
fwcjrtii : that they had always, kept their leagues with the
GthmunSy even when they might have broken them to advan-
tage : that they had put-up with many injuries received fixMn
the Turks ; and that Selhi, for all he complained, • was him*
fclF the aggreflbr. In fhort, that fmce the Othmdn faith was
no defence to them, they would by force defend themfelves.
yhe ambaflador being fent away privately, for fear of the
* Cant. p. 221, & feqq.
(B) Ti^t is, lamagujkki
pCOpJc^
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. 12.' II Soltan Selim Tl. ^49
people, the republic ma4e all the neceflary preparations for A. D,
defence of the ifland : they fent alfo for fuccours to the Chri- 1 57<x ,
ftian powers ; but could obtain none, except from the pope, ^ '-^r^'-i^
the king of Spain, and fome Italian princes.
CTPRUS lies at the farther end of the Mediterranean J< count <f
fea, on the coaft of Anatolia to the north, and that of Syria
to the eaft. It is fhaped like a fpread-bat, with its head
pointing north-eaft towards the bay of Alexandrctta, ot
Shander&n. It is 1 50 miles long and fixty broad. It has un-
dergone many viciiTitudes of fortune. It was given or ex-
changed hy Richard!, king of England, to Guy of Lvfi<inan^
king of Jerufalem \ and continued in his Kne by many defcents
till it came to Janus. This prince, in 1423, was taken prifoner
by M^lek Al AJbrafBarferbay, eighth Soli tin of the CherkaJJiaa
Mamliks in Egypt ; but was ranfomed, on paying a yearly
tribute of forty thoufand crowris. John the fon of Janus she iJkaoL
had a natural fon called JameSy who during the broils which
arofe in his weak father's reign, ufurped the kingdom ; and
was therein protefted by the Egyptian Soltdn againft Lewis
fon to the duke' of Savoy, who had married Charlottn, the
daughter of Jo/jn, by Helena, of the family of the Palcologi^
Afterwards James, to ftrengthen himfclf the more, joined in
league with the Venetians ; and, having- married Katarina
Cornelia, daughter of a noble Venetian, died not long after,
in 1470, and left her big with child : but the pofthumous
fon dying foon after he was born^ queen Katarina was per-
'fuaded by her brother to make a rcfignation of the kingdom
of Cyprus to the republic, who held it till it was taken from
them in this war by the Turks ^
As foon as their ambaflador was feturned to Conjlanthiople, TZ^Turk-
Selim confined the Venetian amba/Tador Barbara, and impri- i^J^e^*-
foned all theChriftian merchants of the weft throughout his do-
minions. Then, having made all things ready for the expedi-
tion, to divert the Venetians near home, he, in the beginning of
February, fends a good body of horfe and foot to infcft the
borders of Dal?natia; while -P/^/a P/ff/jd fet fail with the
fleet, confifting of two hundred gallies, galliots, and finall
men of war, with many tranfport fhips. In the way he furi-
oufly attacked Tenos^ one of the Cyclades ; but in vain. At
Rhodes he took up Mojlafa, the general, and AH Pajljd : frojn
whence the former fent a letter, requiring the Venetians, with
threats, to give up Cyprus : for they reckon their military ex-
peditions unlawful, unlefs they give notice of their dcflgu to
the nation whom they intend to attack.
f RiCAVT.jn Selymus If.
Being
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftay of the Odunan Mii^ti, B. XV;
BfiiNG arrived at Cyprus^ they landed their forces ; and,
after cbnfldering the country very well, refolyed to begin
, -^ with befieging Ntkojia^ the capital of the ifland ; which had
Nikoiia about eight hundred horfe and foot in garrifon, but moft of ^
hijtiged^ them natives and raw foldiers. The city ftands towards the
middle of the ifland, in an open country, inclofed with a
wall eight miles in circumference : but the Venetians had lat-»
terly fortified it vdth new walls, thick rampiers, and eleven
ftrong bulwarks. They had like^fc raifed three great fort-
reiles, for defence of the place, provided with ftore of cannon^
and other neceflaries of wiar*
MOSTAFA PASHA ha^dng, on July aid, incamped
within a mile and half of the city, planted and played his bat«
^^ ^r teries with fuch wonderful celerity, that the Turks foon ran
faulted. ^^^ trenches to the very brink of the ditch ; and then bat-
tered the walls fo furioufly, that in a few days all the curtains
between three of the bulvrarks were beaten down. At thefe
breaches however the befieged made a defperate refiftance t
but after long fighdng the Turks entered th6 ditch, whjch
had not been well fcoured by the befieged, and made two
ways to the walls ; whi^ they fortified on the fides with
waggons and earth. Then they fell to fix thdr ladders, to
fill the ditch, and undermine two bulwarks J however, the
Chriftians repulfed them in the aflault with great lofs.
T^f Turks After this, Mojlqfa^ dividing his army into four parts,
reful/ed. attacked four bulwarks of the city with greater fury than
ever. For all this the enemy was bravely forced back, altho*
the befieged were much diminifhed by thefe encounters. Yet,
to put the beft face on it, a company of Italians, contrary to
the opinion of Dandah, the governor, made a fally to the -
very trenches of the unwary Turks} but were compelled at
iaft to retire with the Io|fbf many men, and theh* two com-
manders. Mean time Mojlafa endeavoured to perfuade tho
inhabitants to furrender, by (hooting letters mto the dty,
' and defiring^ conference with one Conftantius : but, findii^
thofe methods inelFeftual, encouraged his men to another
aflault. However, the befieged ftill valiantly endured the
florm, in, hopes of being relieved by the Chriflian fleet,
which now was approaching to then: rdlef.
Tlfe dty At length, the general, knowing in what diftrefs the be-"
taken. fieged were, artfully caufed the army to retire, in order to
amufe them into fecurity ; which fucceeded fo well, that two
hundred of his choiceft foldiers fecretly mounted the four*
bulwarks, and flaying the negligent guards, look them«
Thefe being feconded on all hands by frefli troops, quickly
cleared the walls, with great flaughter ; whilft the governor,
5 biihop.
Digitized
byGoogk
C. 1 2 ^ II Soltan Self m H. j^i
bUhop, and better ftwt of citizens, retired to the town-hall ; . A. D.
where the Turks^ breaking-in upopi them, put all to the iS70'
^fword. Great barbarity was ufed by the viftors, who flew <-*%-"^
in all 14,000 people, and took an ianmenfe booty (C), with
a 50 pieces of cannon* This happened on the 9th of Sep^
tember 1 570 \ and foon ^ter Cyrhia (D) was delivered-up by
Palacx:io, the cowardly goyeFnor, on condition that he might
xnarch-ofFwith his garrifon*
From Ntkofia^ Mqftafa PdfbA went and laid fiege to Fama-
gufta : but, finding winter approach, aiid the place too ftrong
to be foon reduced, thought fit quickly to ra&e it, and leave
Ihe work for another year g.
Let us no^v fee what became of the great paval prepara-V/-^ Ve»e^
tions made for relief of Cyprus, Summer was near half fpent, tian/w#.
when the Venetian fleet, which had been infefted wkh the
plague, failed for Korfu^ in expeftation of being joined there
by Z)^na, the 5/fl«^ admirals Henotooming qukkly, they
ladled to Kandia\ and, on the 12 th of" Augiifty landed at
Suda ; where,, in the end of the month, Doria and Colonna^
the popc*s admiral, arrived. The whole fleet, confifl:ing of ^
one hundred and ninety-two galfies, and twelve galleafTes,
befides vifluallers and tenders, about the middle or Septem-
ber y failed to the relief of Nikojia : yet, hearing by the way
that the city was loft, Doria^ in fpite of all the a4'gument*
ufed by the admirals of the pope and Venice, would not pro-
ceed to fuccour the reft of the ifland ; but returned to Me/-
Jtna, as the others did to Kor/u : from whence Zani, the
Venetian admiral, was, by order of the fenate,^ carried pri-
ibner to Venicey and Venieri appointed ki his room.
While the new admiral lay at Karfti, the Venetians, by fe^kafenft^
the advice and ^iBftance of the rude Acroceraunian people, ral places*
quickly took the ftrong caftle of Kkimera ; and foon after
-their vice-admiral ^irini, landing near the bay of Maynay
in the Morea, ftormed a ftrong caftle built by the Turks two
years before, and ptit aM the garrifon to the fword : then,
razing it, carried twenty-four pieces of cannon to Zant. Early a. D.
next year he reinforced the garrifcm q£ Famagujla, with feven- 1 57 §.
teen hundred men, befides ftore of ammunition and provi-
£oB, . after he had gallantly beaten ibme Turkifb gallies and
9 RtcAUT, as before.
(C) In the text it is fatd to cafting up the accounts. Per-
lave been, by report, twenty haps it fhould be two mil'iona.
Iiundrcd thoufand millions of (D) It Hands on the cortft, %o
ducats. But there muft have the north-weft of Nikolta,
been fomt dreadful miftake ia
rua^.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
t)iJiory of the Othmin EApH. B/ XV.
run thciti a-groundi For fufFering this fupply t6 get intct
that place, the governor df Scio loil his head : he of Rhodes^
who had , guard of thofe feas, was difgraced, and Parteu
Pd/hdm^dt admiral in room of Pidla.
League From the beginning of this War the ^<?n^//j«j', pope, and
among king of Spain, had be6n deliberating about a perpetual league
^gainft the Turks, withcfilt coniing to any refolution ; when
• an accident happened which quickly brought them to ait
agreement : for noW Mohamyned, the prime Wazir, giving
the republic hopes of peace, they fent an ambaflador to Con^
Jianiinople, to fee to procure out. This coming to the know-
lege of the other two powers, fo alarmed them, that they
immediately agreed to conclildd the perpetual league ; and the
Venetiam, inclining rather to them than to the Turk, fenf
for their jlmbafTador to return, under pretence of furthering
fame the peace, ^srhich had been very far advanced. The treaty
Chrtfiian waS figned TWiay the i4th, 1571, wherein it was flipulated,
Z*'"^'*'* that the fea and land forces mould confift of two hundred
gallies, one hundred fhips, fifty thdufand foot, and four
thoufand five hundred horfe, to be ready every year in March
or ulpril at fartheft. Of this expence the king of Spain wa^
to difcharge one half ; the Venetians two thirds of the other
half, and the pope the remainder. Don John oi Jvjtria, the
king's nfitural brother, was to have the chief command.
Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers, if fubdued, were to remain to
Spain ; but all other conquefts were to be di^dded among thfc
confederates. Thefe were the chief articles of the league.
Mean time the Venetians fent Vincenzo Aleffandro, one of
their fecretaries, by way of the Euxine fea and Sinope, to
Kajhtn, in Perfia, to excite Shdh Tthmafp to make war on the
Turks, The Shah, after long folicitation, anfwered, that he
would for two years wait the fuccefs of the Chriftian league,
and then refolve on peace or war, as he faw occafion : but
this imprudent refolution he afterwards repented of h.
Fama- To return to the war in Cyprus, Moftafa PUjbh having
fufta reinforced his army to near two hundred thoufand men, in
fpg'^y April this year, renewed the fiegc of Fafnagitfta, The city
is fituated on the eaft fide of thfe ifland, .in a low ground,
between two promontories. It was then two miles in cona-
pafs, and of a fquare figure ; but the eajft fide more long and
winding than the reft. Almoft one half of it lay open to the
fesi -, the remainder was defended by a ditch not above fifteen
feet wide, and a ftonewall,.ftrengthened wi^h fome bulwarks
and parapets. The harbouf, whofe entrance is narrow, was
* RiCAVT, -ubi fupr*
fliut-up'
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Ci 12* XI Soldn Sdim it
fliut-up with a chain ; and near it ftood an old caftle with
four towers. It had one ftrong bulwark, of a modern fortifi-
cation ; and it5 garrifon confifted of t^^o thoufand five hun-
dred Italians, two hundred Jlbanian hotfe, and two thou-
sand five hundred Cypriots, all determined men. Thefe forces
Were commanded by BaUoneus, and Bragadino was governor
of the city.
MO STJFA having battered the walls and town feverely and furi*
with his cannon and mortars, made feveral fucceffive^affaults ; ^^J^J ^f'
but was always fo efFeftually repulfed, that in a few days hq/^'^^^'^*
loft thirty thoufand men ; which made the Turkijb com-*
manders not only admire the bravery of the befieged, but be-
gin to defpair of fuccefs. However, the Pdjhd having or-
dered mounts to be caft up higher than the parapets of the
city, and walls raifed of the broken ftones on each fide, to
fave his men from the flanking fhot of the befieged ; they re- ,
newed the aflault, which was maintained daily on the breach \
for fix hours together, and alfo kept them in a continual,
alarm by night. Finding all this prevailed not, they tried to
poflefs themfelves of Limoftn gate, by fetting fire to a great
quantity of wood heaped near it for that purpofe ; in hopes <
its intolerable oiFenfive fmell (E) would have obliged thofej
"who defended it to abandon that poft : but they endured it
with patience for twenty-four hours. , |
While the fenate of Venice wrote to the citizens to hold fhegarri-
out, promifing them fpeedy relief, the Turks fell to finking y^» '^'^«^-
mines in four feveral places. One of thefe blowing-op great ^^^^*
part of the wall near the tower on the haven, they prefentlyJ
mounted, and began a moft terrible fight, in which they lofi fou r
thoufand men and fourteen colours; whereas of the befieged
Were flain not above one hundred. For all this the enemy
played their batteries fo furioufly, that on the eighth of June
only no fewer than eight thoufand cannon-balls were ftiot in-
to the city ; which having fo fiiattered one of the bulwarks
that it was ready to fall, the befieged themfelves blew it up,
and with it above fix hundred Turks, who came to aflault the
Elace. However, the enemy ftill obftinately continuing their
atteries and afl!aults, whereby at length the fortifications
were greatly ruined, and the garrifon reduced to three hun-
dred lound men ; the powder likewife being confumed ta
no more than feven barrels, and other Wants increafing upon
them, the citiXeils prevailed-on the governor to capitulate. •
|E) This wood grows plenti- on firc^ and very difEcolt to be
folly in the ifle. It is much of quenched,
the nature of £r, eafy to be fet
Mod. Hist. Vol. XII. A a Accord-
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hifiorj of the Othman Impire. B. XV.
Accordingly the place was to be delivered-up, on con-
didon that the inhabitants fhoald enjoy their lives, liberty,
^and goods, with the free exercife of their religion ; and rfiat
the governor and remainder of the garrifon might march-out
wth bag and baggage, five pieces of cannon, three horfes,
and be fafely conducted to Kandia. Hereupon' Bragadino^
attended by fome others of quality, having leave to wait-
on Moficfa P^/hd in his camp, the perfidious general had
them all fecured ; and next day the brave but unfortunate
Bragadino was brought out to be gazed-at, ^Ixh his ears
• cut-ofF: after this he was tortured x^ththe moft exquifite
cruelty, and made to endure the greateft indignities ; among
which one was to carry on his back bafkets full of earth, to
repair the rampiers. At laft, being flay'd alive, his head was
cut-off, and his fkin, fluffed with ftraw, hung at the yard-
arm of a galley. Two days after, they hanged count Theu-
polus : but the famous commander Martinengo had the good
fortune to be hidden by one of the Ptfbh'% eunuchs, and, by
help of a fifherman^ got fafe to Leptis. The lofs of Fama^
gufta was followed by that of the whole ifland of Cyphts *.
Tunis Thus far the Chriflian hiflorians^ Let us now return for
iaken. a while to the Turkifb. About the feme time that the coiu
quefl of Cyprus Was going forw'ard, Kilij y^li Phfba (F), ^p-^
\e£vm of j6Z(^yr [or Algiers) ^ takes Tunez(G) from the AroAs^
and annexes i^to the Othmdn empire ; while D^eulet Ghieray,
Khdn of the Krim Tatars, affembling all his hords, enters
J^Hjffia, and penetrates to the metropolis (H), ravages the"
country, and flays or carries-off all who could not fave them-
felves by flight.
Great na* These viftories were followed by the greateft blow whidi
njalover- the Othm&ns ever received Tmce the defeat of Ildertm Bi^
throw*
* RiCAUT, ibid.
(P) He is reckoned among (G) Thatis, Tir»//; n^TW-
the Turks next to Kh'airo' ddin, mfen^ as is in the margin 6f tbc5
or Barharojffkj in fca-afFairs. He tranflation of prince CantemrH
bailtalargeyi^m/inthefaborbs biftory.
of Toft Khaneh (that is, the ar- (H) The Turks feem to raeatt
fenay on the Bo/fhorus ; the Mojkonv: bvttiktRi^/imiKDXizU
foairaations of which, as high fay, they penetrated no farther
as the lower windows, they fay, than TWi?, ig6. Italian milc^
were run-up in the night, with- fliort of that city : and that, be-
out a"ny figns of preparation, by ing over-taken n^ar Kur/ka, by
the galW-flaves ; which at firft the Rufflan army, they wer«
paired for feme miraculotts almofl all put to the fword^ and
work. Cantn the fpoils recovered. Cant,
yeztdz
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Cn; II SokanSelftnlL
yezfd: by which fortune (hewed, that no empire, though
ever fo cxtenfive, and firmly eftabliftied, is out of her reach.
Jli Pdjbd, haring taken Cyprus, left the flower of the army
to garrifon the towns, and difmiflcd the European forces, fa-
tigued with twelve months toil : but, as he was returning
with the reft of the forces by fea, he was fuddenly attacked
by the tocmy*s fleet; (I), ftrengthened, as fome fay, by the
affiftance of the Germans and Spaniards. The admiral,
fcoraing to fly, bravely engages with thie few (K) forces he
had, and renders the fuccefs of the battle for many hour^
doubtful : at laft, after repelling the enemy feveral times, he
is flain, whilft difcharging the part fometimes of a general,
fometunes of a common foldier. Upon his death, the OthmAit
(hips immediately take to flight, when the enemy purfuing,
link and take almoft the whole fleet ^ (L).
Although ^s is a full confeflion of the Turkijb lo6>
yet as other matters are extenuated, and fo great an engage-
ment deferves a more explicit account, we (hall relate in brief
what the Chriftian hiftorians have written about it. "While Dulcigno
Mofiafa was engaged in the fiege of Famagufta^ the Pl^fbds taken.
Parteu and y^/z, joined by ICUij Ale (M), viceroy of Algiers ^
with the Turki/b fleet, June 13 th, landed twelve thoufand
men at Suda, in the bay of Kandia ; where, after ravaging
the country, they were fet-upon by Jfufliniano, who flew a
great number of them, and forced the reft to their gallies.
From thence, failing by Cytherea, Zant, and Cefalonia, from
which iflands they carried-off* fix thoufand people, they put
into DulcignOy in Dalmatia ; which, having been but a little
before beficged by a body of Turks by land, was quickly
fuirendered to them, as were alfo the towns of Antivari and
Budua. But the town of Katharo bravely withftood their
attacks.
Mean time Kilij Aliy and Karakoja^ a famous pirate, de- Remark-
parung with fixty gallies, for ten days, to ravage the Vene- ^^^^ ^^'
floit^
^ Cant. p. 222, & feqq.
(I) kttepanto, number of the Turkijh fhips:
(K) It is the ufual way with fome fay they had 270 ; others,
the Tutksy to afcribe their ill- at lead, 170: but all agree,
Tuccefs, not to the bravery of that nO more than 28 efcaped. ^
the enemy, or their own inac- Cant,
tivity, but to fome accident, ' (M) Written by the Chriftian
or the general's imprudence, writers, /?«« <5r//j ; which feems
Cant, to be a coriuption of Kilij alu
(L) Both Tar/f/ and Chrifiians governor of -r^/j/Vri, above- men-
vary in their account of the tioned.
• A a 2 , ti.in
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Hijiory of ibe Othman J^mpire. B. XV.
tian ifl^s, came to that of Karzola, about eighty miles to the
eaft of Ragufa ; and, aflaulting the town of the fame name,
Contareniy the governor, and the inhabitants, fled-out by
night, leaving behind about twenty men and eighty women.
Thefe all unanimoufly, with arms in their hands, refolved to
die, rather than fall into the hands of the enemy : but while,
with ftones, fire,, and other weapons, they bravely oppofcd
the atflailants, thefe latter were fo incommoded by a violent
ftorm, which came fuddenly from the north, that they gave
©ver the afTault, and went to other places.
Happening at length to take a fhip bound from MeJJlna
to KorfAy they found on board letters to the governor of that
place, giving him an account of the above-mentioned Ieagu«
concluded between the Chriftian princes againft the Turks*
f utkifli Thefe letters were immediately fcnt to Seltm ; who there-
r0vages\ upon having ordered his admirals to commit all manner of
hoftilities in the dominions of the confederate princes, they
ravaged not only the coafts of Dalmatia and I/lriuy but that
of Italy f in fuch a manner as made the Venetians fortify their
capital and other places with the utmofl diligence, for fear of
an attack. At length the whole fleet, leaving the Adriatic^
failed for the gulf of Lepanto ; and, by the way, paid an un*
welcome vifit to Korfu K
fhe Cbri* While thefe things are doing by the Turks, the Chriftian
ftian fleet preparations are going-on but flowly. At laft, after long ex-
peftation Bon John of Aujiriay natural fon of the emperor
Charles V. about twenty-foUr years of age, with admiral
Doria arid the Spanijh fleet under his command, confifling of
eighty-one gallies, whereof three were from Malta, arrived
at Mejftna. There he found the Venetian fleet of one hundred
and eight gallies, fix galleafles, two tall fliips, and a great
many fmall galliots, under admiral Venieri ; likewife twelve of
the pope's gallies, commanded by admiral Colonna, his kinfman.
On board this fleet, befides feamcn, were reckoned twenty
thoufand good foldiers, and among them feveral perfons olF
great quality, who went as voluntiers in this expedition;
particularly Alejfandro Farnefe, prince of Parma, who after-
wards became the greatefl: general of the age ; Francifco Ma-
ria, prince of Urbino, and Paoh Jordano Urftno of Rotne.
futstofeai When it came to be debated in council, whether they
ftiould give the enemy battle, or befiege fome town ; Requi-
Jenez, great commandary of Cajlile, the vice-admiral and di-
teftor of all Don John's affairs, advifed befieging Diirazzo,
or fome other maritune city, ratlier than fightmg : but it be-
^ RiCAUT in Selimuf*
/ 5ng
Digitized by CjOOQ IC
C X2. II Soltaft SeRm 11.
ing carried in behalf of the latter meafure, the fleet fet-fail
from Mejfma. At Paxo the whole expedition had like to
have mifcarried by difcord : for Doyi John^ finding the Vem*
tian gallies but ill manned, put on board them four thoufand
Spaniards and one thoufand Italians. Of the former. Tor-
tonay a captain, beginning a mutiny without caufe, and likely
to do mifchief, the Venetian admiral caufed him to be hanged
at the yard-arm. This his, countrymen, and chiefly Don
John^ tookfo ill, as thinking it intrenched upon his authority,
that all the arguments ufed by admiral Colonna could fcarcc
appeafe him ; nor would he afterwards' impart his councils to
Venieriy but Barbadico the provedi tor-general.
Being informed at Cefalonia where the enemy lg,y, they comes ts
foiled direftly for Lepanto. On their approach, the Turks^ Lepanto.
whofe fleet confifted of three hundred and thirty-five fell,
confulted whether they had beft fight the confederates, or lie
fecure in their harbour. Mohammed Beg, otherwife named
Chiroche^ or Siroky a perfon of great years and experience,
was againfl: a battle ; urgmg, among other things, that there
was no neceifity for it. ParteUy the admiral Pajbdy feemed
indifferent in the matter : but Ali Pafbd, who was of a fiery
temper, and the grea't champion of the Turksy was for en-
gaging 'v^thout delay. In this opinion he was not a little
encouraged by the report of KArakoja ; who, viewing the
Chriflian fleet in a fwift galliot, by fome means miftook the
number : fo that their advice prevailed, contrary to the in-
formation given by two othpr fly-boats of the great ftrength
of the confederates^
A BATTLE being thus agreed on, Parteu P&Jhh took on ^he t^jo
board twelve thoufand Janizaries and SpahiSy drawn out of [fleets meet*
the neighbouring garrifons ; befides four thoufand other fol-
diers. Thpn, putting-out of the gulf, the fleet fleered their
courfe for the ifle of CorzalateSy of old EchinateSy half-way
between Lepanto and Patras. Their line of battle was thus :
Parteu and Ali Pdfh^y commanded the center ; Mohammed,
. Beg with fifty-fix gallies was in the right wing ; and Kilij
Ali with ninety-five gallies ia the left : while Morad Dragut
with thirty gallies, and feveral other fmall veffels, brought-up
the rear. Mean time, the Chtiflians moving towards them,
both, fleets came in fight 06lober the 7 th, afternoon. Here-
upon Don Johny having ordered the great enfign of the con-
federates,, which was the fign^l for engaging, to be hoiff, .
clad in armour, went in his long boat to encourage the feveral
fquadrons of the center under his command; while Doria
did the like in the right wing, gad Barbadico^ the Venetian
provf 4itQr-general, in tjie left,
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hijtory of the Othmin Empire. R XV..
The day was now well fpcnt, when both 6eets were ready
for the battle, which was one of the moft confiderable that
' ever happened at fea. The fignal was no fooncr given, than
Thefgbt ^g Turks^ with a hideous cry, fell on fix galleaiffc which
''^^^"^ lay at anchor near a mile a-hcad of the confedgpte fleet : but
thofe Ihips fired fo brifldy on than, firft from their fore-
caftles, and then as they pafled by fo galled their gallies with
whole broadfides, that feveral of them were funk, which
made the reft bear farther-off. The wind likewife chopped-
libout to the weft, and incommoded the Turks with the
fmoke. However, they foon made good their difordered
fquadrons, and came-on with furprifing refolution. All P4/b^f
obferving* the admiral's galley, ran upoji her with fuch vio-
lence, that both their b^ks were broken-off, and fell into, the
fea. Heieupon enfued a moft terrible fight between thefc two
great commanders, and the other ftiips which feconded them :
but as there were in Don John's galley four hundred men
picked out of the whole army, and confifting moftly of oflS-
cers, they entered the enemy^s gallies three tima to the very
main-maiV, yet were as often repulfed.
nvith great VENIERIy feeing how things went, haftened to the
Qbfiinacy, general's relief; but qp his way was encountered by Parteu
MJh& with his gallies. Here the Turks behaved fo bravely,
that, notwithftanding the example and amazing courage t^
that admiral, now feventy years old, they entered the prow
of his galley, and muft have Uken it, haid not the fudden
coming of two brave Venetian captains to his relief turned
the fcale a little, though with the lofs of their own lives.
At length Fenieri's ftiip toiok two of the Turkijb gallies, while
Parteu PdJhA fled out of the danger in a long boat. Not fiir
from thence Cohnna, the pope*s admiral, being furioufly en-
gaged, made great flaughter of the enemy, and took one
galley. Ligni, the Genoefe admiral, did the like ; on board
qf whom the prince of Parma^ with the other volunteers,
gained immortal honour.
Death of At thp fame time Mohammed Beg falling-on the galeafiles
Barba- with the right wing, and being forely damaged by them ; to
dica. avoid this inconvenience, as alfo a ihelf lying between him
and the fhpre, he fent Alij a Genoefe renegado, with great
part of his gallies, round about on the right, to fall-on the
rear of Barbadico, who prefently tacked about to receive
him. But, as he had no fewer than five gallies at a time
upon his own, he i^ this terrible fight grappling with the
ciiemy and fhunning no danger, Was ftrnck-in at the left eye
and almoft through the brain with an arrow ; of which wound
^e died tlucc days after: Ihis encouraged th^ Turks fp much,
■ ^ •. ■ \ • ■ ■ ■■ that
. Digitized by'VjOOQlC
C.iil 1 1 Sokan Seliiu II. 359
that the gdley mnft needs have beea loft, had not fhe been A. D.
fpecdily rcliewd by Nani and Portia. Thefe prefently cleared ' 5 7 1 •
her of her boarders, among whom they made a great (laugh- ^'*TVT*^
ter : but were themfelves dangeroufly wounded, and had been ^ ^^ .
loft, if morp^gallies had not come to their ailiftance ; with gg^*"
which relnfOTcement they took one of the principal gallies of ^'
the enemy. Not far from thence the noble Giovanni Con^
tareni had a terrible engagement with Mohammed Beg j whofe
galley at length being taken, and all the men either flain or
forced over board, he was found half-dead and difpatched
out of the way ".
Don John^ who had bcai three hours engaged with ^fi AliPaihi
'P4ft>^y finding himfelf in much danger, notwithftanding thtjiain.
afliftance from Bacianono in the rear ; on a-fuddcn called forth
his four hundred feleft men, before-mentioned, from under
the hatches, by whofe ralour that admiral's galley was fooa
'taken. The Pdfl^ himfelf being mortally wounded, and all
over bloody, was flain outright ; and his head, being eut-off,
held aloft on the point of a fpear by Donjohn^ as a trophy of
his viftory. This fight, with the cry of viftory through the
Chriftian fleet, fo difcouraged the reft of the gallies which
were fHU valiantly fighting, that they, fled towards the fliore,
about a mile diftant : but feveral of them were taken by Ca-
naliSy who commanded the gallics of Kandia, Among the
flain wg» Kdrakoja^ the famous renegado pirate; while Ahmed
and Mohammed^ the two fons of Ali Phjhh^ and nephews of
Solt^n Selim, were both taken aboard their galley,
For all this good fuccefs, the fortune of the day was ftill Kilij All
doubtful in the right wing, where Doria was engaged with Pafti4
KiHj Aliy a valiant and expert commander. The Spanijh ad-
miral at firft feemed to keep-off, while the Turkijh extended
his wing as if to hem him in ; yet offered not battle, expeft- ,
ing fome advantage. This he foon obtained, by inclofing
twelve of the Venetian gallies, feparafed from the reft, which
he boarded and took : only Superantio, a nobleman, rather
than fall into the enemy's hand, blew himfelf and his galley
up. Mean time the noife of the firing in this part of the
fleet brought Pietro Jujiiniajii, admiral of M^Ifa, to Doria'%
affiftance : but coming-up fmgly, he was prefently attacked by
fix Turkijh gallies, which plied him fo clofe that he was on the
very brink of being loft. But two of the other Maltijh gal-
lies, which were engaged with three of the enemy's, feeing
the danger their admiral was in, came prefently and refcued pm t$
t4in» ^*?y ^li by this time underftanding that the center znd fights
*» RiCAUT, ubi fopr.
Aa4 ^ right
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftory of the Othman Empire. B. XV,
right wing of the fleet was overthrown, thought it beft to
make his efcape; which withfome difficulty he effefted, with
^ twenty-five gallies and ten galliots, into the gulf of Lepanto.
hufioftbe The number of Turks flain in this famous naval fight
Turks, could not with certainty be known. An author^ who wrote
an account of this war, makes their number thirty-two thou^
fand, befides prifoners, who w^re about three thoufand five
hundred. The galEes taken from them amounted to one
hundred and fixty-one. Forty more were funk or burnt \
^ and of galliots, with other fmall veffels, about fixty were
takeji. The Turkijb admiral's galley was exceedingly rich and
beautiful. In it was found 'M PAjbA's caflcet, with fix thou-
fand* ducats in it. This with a yearly penfion of three hun-
dred ducats was given in reward to a Greek of Macedonia,
who flew that admiral. He was likewife knighted for that
exploit by Don John ; and had the barrel of the Turkijb
ftandard (N) beftowed on him. This barrel, on his return to
yenici?, he fold to a goldfmith ; and the fenate bought it of the
goldfmith, paying a ducat for every ounce, to repofit it
among the other trophies of that viftory.
, Koran The news of this great defeat being carried to Venice, it
4ii*viftii' was celebrated with the utmoft joy (O). All prifoners were
^«- fet at liberty, and Juftina's day, on which it was gained, was
made a feftival for ever': a great quantity of money alfo was
coined, with Jujiina upon it, and an impreiSon of the battle ".
But while Venice was filled with gladnefs on this occafioQ,
we may conceive the deepeft melancholy reigned at Con/Ian^
tinople. The emperor Seltniy otherwife of an invincible mind,
was fo ftruck with the news of this great lofs, that, for throe
," RiCAUT, ibid.
(N) It wasallqfmaiTy filvcr Jbould Jhave bis beards *wbich
gilt, and engraven round with luouldfoon grow again : <wbereas
''lurkijh letters. Oq one fide»the tbe lofs of Cyprus was to tbe
inCcr'ipUOTiv/SLS, GodcQndutSsand rf public as the Ms of an arm,
adorns the faithful in <voorthy en- njohicb once cut-off could' never he
terprizes : God favours Moham- r^f^i;/?r^/— Prince Cantemir^ in
ined. On the other fide. There a note, p. 224, relates words tq
// no God but God J and Moham- this efFeft, as fpoken by the
^led is his prophet y or meffenger. grand PVazir to the Venetian am -
(O) One of the chief Twr/fci/j^ pafTacipr, detained at Co»/?a«//-
prifoncrs, hearing this vjdory ngple -, ^yhQ, on occafion of this
f ompared with the lofs of Q(- vidory, had defired an audience
trus, no Icfs ingenioufly than of that minifter, aidww)ttoic
truly faid, that the lofs of the with the gr^ateft pai ^^e* '
jpeet I'jaf to Selira as if a man
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
C 12. II Soltan Sclim II.
days (P), he neither eat nor drank, nor fufiered any. body to
approach him ( Q^) ; praying night and, day, that the God
an4 proteftor of the Mufulmans would have compaflion on '
his people, and remove the difhonour brought on them by
this defeat. On the fourth day, he takes-up the Korhi^. and
accidentally opens (o this pafTage (R) : In the name of God^
clement and merciful ! I grieve for the vi6lory which the
Europeans obtained over the inhabitants of the earth : gladnefs
fhall not be given them any more for victory hereafter, Selim,
admoniflied by this oracle, that the overthrow of his fleet
had not happened without the finger of God, returned him
thanks for his fatherly correftion, and recovered his fpirits,
ajmoft quite funk with forrow. This calamity feemed to be
foretold, according to the interpretation of the wife men, bv
the fall of the wooden roof (S) of the temple 2XMekka ; which
Seltm ordered to be rebuilt with brick, that it might be a
more ftable emblem of the empire.
The Venetians y ftill grieved for the lofs of Cyprus y were Venetian
not content with deftroying the Turkifh fleet : but, rcpsaring fuccejeu
their navy with thirty gallies, wherein were embarked fix
thoufand foldiers, they won the caflle of Margarita, in Epirus ;
and recovered the town of Suppoto, which the Turks h^ii taken
from them the fummer before. Befides this, the gallies of Kan-
dia, under 6iw2a//x,intcrceptedmany©fthe7«r^j^veflels, laden
with the prifoners and fpoils of Famagujia. Martinengo like-
wife, who befieged Cajiel Novo, had taken the fuburbs, and
reduced the town to great extremity ; but was obliged to with-
{]?) After his example, Ahmed from thence that God had al-
III. when he fent his Wa%tr lotted to the Chriftians the do-
Abmed Pdjhd againft the Ruf- minion of the fea, and to him
fiansy into Molda<via^ prayed, it that of the land.
is faid, forty days and nights, (R) The ^urh hold the jKi-
and cat nothing till fun-fet : r^»-divination to be infallible. ^
neither did he give over fafting They firft read a Surtax two, r^o£st^^^
till news came of his fFaztr's and then, opening the book,
good fuccefs. Cant, read the firft line of the firft
(Q.) Some Chriftjan writers page. They either perfift in
fay, he fufFer^d none to fpeak their defign, or drop it, accord-
to him the day on which he re- ing as the paflage turns-out*
ceived the news ; and refolved to Ca72t,
maflacrc all the Chriftians in his (S) It is only a fort of roof,
dominions, for fear of a general with the opening in the middle,
revolt on that occafion : but was It runs-up from the angles of
diverted from that cruel defign the walls j and was of timber,
by Mohammed PdJhd. Others before Seltm ordered it to be re-
write, that he made flight of built with ftone. Cant. — It is
ihe lofs ; faying, that it fee9ie4 iaid to be of brick in the text.
Digitized
by Google
Uifiory of iht Odndb Empire. B* XV.
draw, on the approach of the Beglerbeg of Greece^ with a
confidcrable power to refievc it. In fhort, the Venetian fuc-
' ceflcs this year were crowned twth the relief of Cattaro ; be*
ii^d by the Turks both by fea and knd, prefcntly after the
reoadtion of Cyprus^ as hath been before obferred. The
enemy, to diftrefs the place, having bnilt a flrong fort on the
bay leading to it, Svperantio, who commanded then as ad*
tniral at KoffA^ failed thither with twenty gaU^es ; and, com-
ing by night before Ae mouth of the bay, left one half of his
fleet at anchor before the fort, while With the other be tM-ave-
ly entered farther into the bay. This he did with finall op-
pofition : fo that battering the fort and landing his men on
both fides at once, it was prefently taken by aflauh, and aH
the garrifon put to the fword. They found there feventeca
pieces of great cannon, much armour, and abundance of
Vrftuaisi tildes feven galliots which lay at anchor under ite
fort,
if fmxf Ne:S:t vcar Kilij Alt Pi^Jh&j a roan of great valour, and an
Turkilh excellent teman, who had ftrcceeded as Kapud&n P^^, or
fiitt, hi^ admiral, repaired the fleet with fudi expedition, that
Hcj. 980. the follovdng fummer he had ready two hundred and fi^
A. D. gallies : with which fetting iml, te infefted the coalfe erf
*S7*' Chriftendom where-ever he arrived. At length, the enemy's
fleet appearing near Evarin (T), the P^rf, defirous to wipe-
out the late ditgrace, vigoroufly attacks it ; but, night coming-
^ on, redres to Jtonm. Four days after, the Chriftian admirals
thought to furprife him, by lying concealed with their flups
behind the high rocks which furrouiided that port : but, be-
ing informed by his fcoiits of their intention, he fails out of
the harbour ; and, when they thought him ftill at anchor,
find him ready to receive them. However, they advance, as
if they intended to fall-on him : but, perceiving they were
likely to meet with a rough reception, tack-about, and fufler
the fleet, laden with fpoil, to return to Conjiantinople <>.
Venetian The Twr^j^ hiftorkns are both defeftive and. partial in
frepara- their account of this enterprife ; which is related by the
tions. Chriftian writers as follows. SuperantiOy having rdieved Cat*
tarOy as before related, returned to Korfu ; where Tufcartni
(now admiral of the Venetian fleet, in the room of Venieri,
• Cakt. p. ^25, Sc f^q,
(T) This maft be Nenvarin^ very negligent in marking the
becaufe there is no other port names of men and places, as
in the Morea which anfwers to hath been obferved before,
tl^at n^me. Bat t)i^ Turh 2f^ C^itn
removed
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C 12. II Sddb Sdtm II.
removed to pleafe Don John) had lain for fomc time, waiting
for the confederates, who were to have joined him in ji^. The
admiral, impatient at then- delay, fent Supirantioj with twenty-
five gallies to Mefflnoy to haften their xxxning : but after many
eKcu fes made by Don John, jparticularly the appreheniions c^
a French invafion of Spam from Rochel, all that could be at
length obtained from him were twenty-two gallies, under the
command of IMfy of jindrada \ with whom went Colonna,
the pope's admiral.
On their arrival at Kotffi, Fufcariniy though it was now /^> «.
the month cS Jugufty failed to fight the enemy. The whole ^valfira:
fleet confifted of 155 gallies, fix galeafles, and twenty tall
(hips. In the right wing was Superaniio ; in the left, Kdna"
lis ; and in the center Colonna, Fufcarini, and Lilfy ; J^i-
rini bring^g-up the rear. In this order, having failed be-
yond CerigOy they difcovered the Turkifb fleet, confifting of
160 gallies, fixty galliots, and four great fliips ; who did all
they could to declnie fighting: for although Kilij ^/i made a
fliew as if he intended to engage, yet, on the approach of
night, he ordered all his artillery, charged with powder only,
to be fired-offi and retreated under cover of the fmoke to-
wards Cape Metapan ; leaidng boats bdiind with lights in
them, to make a Aiew as if the fleet had ftill been there.
Three days after, the confederates coming-up with them, they meet
the Turks put out to fea, with their fleet divided into tht-ee and
fquadrons : the left extended a great way into the fea, the
right kept near the fliore ; and Kilij Jliy who commanded in
the middle, advanced fwlfdy, ordering both his wings to fetch *
a compafs on the right and left, aloof from the galeafles, which
he was much afraid of, and fo attack the wings of the
Chriftians dther on the fides or behind. But the confede-
rates, perceiving his defign on their wings, tacked about alfo,
drawing-up in form of a half-moon, their main-body flill
facing that of the Turks ; whofe wings, being thus feparated
from the reft, feemed to oflfer great advantage to the Chrif- »
tians. Hereupon Fufcariniy without flaying for the heavy
fliips and galeafles, propofed attacking the enemy's main-body ;
which muft have been overthrown before the 'Wings could
loin them. This however both Colonna and Lilly refufed to
do, but for what reafon is uncertain.
The wings of the confederates having been a little dXtot-fght the
dered in tacking, the Turks, with fifteen gallies, moved to fall Turks ;
on their ftraggUng fliips. But Superantioy to prevent them,
xnade-up with four gallies ; and, after a fliarp fight, was
feafonably relieved by twenty gaUies and two galeafles, which
{q galled and tore eighteen of th^ Turkijb v^iTelSj, that they
Digitized by VjOOQIC
hiftofj of iU Othmzn Empire. B.XV.
were glad to fheer-ofF. Hereupon both fleets falling into
order again, without aay further action/ the Turks failed
away to Koron, while the confederates retired to the idand of
* Cerigo, Here they received notice from Don John, forth-
with to meet him at Zant y which order Fufcarini much op-
.* pofed, refolving firft, if poffihle, to fight the enony. ^ Mean
time the Turkijh fleet appearing in the Fr^ diCerigo^ it was
agreed to pafs by them, in fuch order as if they o&red them
battle : but finding that the enemy lay ftill, more inclined to
defend themfelves than to fight, they made the bcft of their
way iO'KorfA ; where Don John was then arrived with fifty-
three gallies and eighteen fliips of war.
nfire to The whole fleet at length being come together, confiftii^
Navarin: of 2oa gallies, nine galeaffes, and thirty-fix tallftiips, it was
^eed to fet-forward once more againfl: the enemy, then at
Navarino : but failing to furprife them for want of timii^
matters, they at length got into the harbour of Modon,
whither the confederates followed them. Being come to the
mouth of the bay, the Venetian admiral endeavoured to pre-
vail on Don Jdhn to enter with the whole fleet, and there dc-
flroy at once all the naval ftrength of the enemy ; which he
reprcfented as a thing very eafy to perform: but Don John,
urging many reaf >ns to the contrary, refufed, and returned
with his fleet to Navarino.
mftack Here they held a council to confidcr what enterprize they
Modon had beft go-upon ; and concluding at laft, after much conful-
mild tation, to befi^e the caflle oi Modon ^ they (ailed thither again,
and landed 7000 of their beft foldiers to attack the place by
land, while the galeafles were to Batter it by fca. To do this
the more conveniently, they fattened two of the greateft gal-
lies together with mafts and ropes : then, boarding them
dear-over, made a floor or platform, on which they placed
their gabions filled with earth all afront, and planted great
guns between them. But this engine proved quite inefFeftual,
and the cjiftle being reinforced with fome horfe, they gave
over the fiege.
Nararin However, refolving to do fomething before the feafoa
was quite fpent, they agreed to befiege the caftle of Nava-
rino, the ancient Pylos, and birth-place of Nejior. This
bufinefs was intrnfted to the care of the prince of Parma \
who landing 2000 Italians, 1000 Spaniards, and 500 Cer-
mans, began to batter the place with twelve great pieces of
cannon, and muf): fqon have carried it : but, neglefting to '
fccure the pafles through a thick foreft, the enemy, while the
befieg^d m^d? 4 felly, threw in a greJit i^umb^r bbth of horfc
mi
IB *uain.
Digitized
byGoogk
O i2«^ II Soldn Sdim IL 465
and foot on that fide ; whereuppn the confederate forces<forth* A, D,
with raifcd the fiege. *573-
For all thefe repulfes, they might have fucceeded tolerably ^— •vt*^
well, had they continued to block-up the harbour by fea, fincc Venetians
the Turki/b fleet, which was ftill in the bay, now confilled «^*^/^^^'
of no more than 1 00 gallies, and 40 galliots. Thefe were like*
wife fo weak, and flenderly manned, by reafon of the plague
tod famine among the crews, that theii;largeft gallies had fcarce
1 20 men left in them, all fo meagre and faint, as fcarce to be
able to hold-up their arms : but after many confultations and
debates, the Spaniards would return home, contrary, to the in-
treaties of the Venetian admiral; who thereupon fleered his
courfefor Fenice, where he was honourably received. Meaa *with the
time the fenate, made fenfible how little they could depend Turk*,
on then: confederates, began to think of preferving tlieir ftat^
by fuing to the enemy for peace ; which at length was, ia
February 1574, concluded on thefe conditions: that they
ihould pay ScUm 300,000 ducats ; one-third down, and the
reft in two years ; that the merchants goods fhould be re»
ftored on both fides ; and that fuch places as the Turks had
taken from the Venetians fliould remain in their poffeflion :
but that thofe, which the republic had taken from them,
Ihould be forthwith reftored p. Thus far the Chriftian hiilo-
rians.
Let us now return to the Turkifb. The Germans^ imagin* Germans
ing all the Othmhn forces to have been deflroyed in the laft ^^fi^^^^*
year's defeat at fea, and that they might without difficulty re- . ^
cover what they had loft, lay fiege to Nova^ a city of Bofnia : ^' ^'
but the governors of that and the neighbouring countries, ^
haftening with united forces, furprife the enemy, . intent oa
the leaguer, and put them to the rout. The damages fuftained
by the late defeat being thus amply retaliated, Selim repairs
the injuries done by time to the temple of SanEla Sophia^
erefts four Minareb, or toivers, of diiFerent .fhapes, at the
four corners ; and, demolifhing fome private houfes near ity
founds two Madrefeh, or academies, of excellent ^yorkman•
(hip.
The fame year Sellmy to keep his word with the Muful- Turks <y/^
mans of Spain, and curb the boldiiefs of the Spaniards,, in '^^/^
revenge for the blow given him by their fleet at Lepanto ;
fends his Waztr and high admiral, Piaia PaJJoa (U), with a
P LsuNCL. & RiCAUT. in Selimis.
(U) Different from him in So!e\man% lime.
fleet .
Digitized by VjOOQ iC
WfSpan-
itki/orcet
A.D.
furprife
Tunis,
fetup
Moham-
ined.
Hiftory of the Othman Empire. B. XV-
fleet againft them. Bdng arrived at Meffina^ they deftroyed
the adjacent country vMx fire and fword ; and as no army
appeared to refieve that city, they doubtlefs would have
taken it, had not the fudden tempeftuoufnefs of the fca obKged
them to retire. The fleet returning home thus inefleftual,
the king of Spain^ with the forces he had defigned for the re-
lief of Meffina^' fails to Africa^ and furprifes Tunis \ where,
having killed and made prifoners all the Mujuhnans^ he
ftrengthens the dty with new fortifications, and leaves a good
garrifon *>.
We muft learn from the Chriftian writers what the motives
were which induced the long of Spain to undertake this ex-
pedition, as wdl as the particulars of it. When Amid^ king
of TtmiSy before-mentioned (who, after being driven out of
his kingdom by the Turks^ had retired to TavareSy the Spanifb
governor at Guletta), heard of tjie good fuccefs of the Chrif-
nans at Lepanto, he fent ambaf&dors to crave affiftance of
Don Jfohn, then in Sicily, for recovery of his dominions;
promifing to defray the whole charge of the war, and to be
fwr ever tributary to Spain. This propofal having been ac-
cepted of, the king, in05fober, 1573, (tnt Don John, with
105 gtUies and 40 (hips, to Guletta ; where he was joined
by admiral Doria with nineteen gaUies, hy Colonna, the pope's
admiral, ^th fourteen more, and by the gallies of Mdlta,
Don John, immediately landing his men, found the city and
caftle of Tunis defolate, the inhabitants having fled, fome to
Kair*wdn and fome to Biferta. But the Turks, who went to
this laft place, being denied entrance, they fell to ravage the
country : of which Don John being informed, he fent 7j-
vares, with part of his army ; who routed them, and had the
city peaceably delivered to him, ,
The kingdom a[ Tunis being thus reduced without oppo-
fition, Don John was fo far from beftowing iron Amfd, wh6 re*
mained bx Guletta, that findii;ig he had already held intelligence
with the Turks^ and procured the death of fome Chriftians,
in hatred to their rel^ion, he fentenced hitti not only to be
depofed, but alfo deprived of fight, in deteftation of his un-
natural proceedings againft his father and brethren. Then,
purfuant to the king of Spain*s order, his elder brother Mo'^
hammed was conftitiited king of Tunis, and his vaflal. Here-
upon 40,000 Moors, who had before abandoned the city,
were, on their fupplication, permitted by Don John to re-
turn. The general after this ordered a ftrong caftle to be
built between Tunis and Guletta, leaving 2000 Italians and
' Cant. p. 226.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
as
C. la. II SbUanSdim IL *
as mzny Spaniards to- perform the work. This done, he de*
parted for Sicify ; carrying with him j^mid and his two fons
prifoners \
Mean time Selfnty having made peace with the Venetiani^ Affmn of
turned his arms againft John^ the Vayvod of Moldavia4 Thia Molda-
John^ who was the natural fon of the Vayvod Stephen^ lived via.
lU^^ a merchant among th^e Turks ; and, having embraced their A. D.
religion, was at length by his intrigues made Vayvod^ in the ^574'
room of Bogdan^ who, for his amity with the PoUs^ was de-
poied. John, foon after his advancement, renouncii^ Mo^
hammedijm^ and the Vayvod di Lefftr Walakhia (X) applying
to the Porte in behalf of his brother Peter ; Seltm fent to him»
either to pay an* unreafonable fom of money, which he de^*
manded, or ^ve place to another. The nobles having op^
pofed tills tyranny, John told the meBenger, that the people
Would not pay the moneys and then endeavoured to make a
league with the lung of Pokind againfl the Turks : but £uliiig
in that point, he took a body of Polijh Kofaks^ unckr the
command of Sujerceviusy, into his fervice.
The SolUn^ having received JxAn's anfwer, difpatched ^j&r Vay-
30,000 Turks ^ and 2000 Hungarianiy to the Pahtine o£ yod's ftte-
LeJJer Walakhia^ to fecure John^ and make his own brother ^^
Peter Vayvod. The Palatine^ on this encouragement;, with
thefe forces jdned to his own, amounting in all to abov6
100,000 men, fwam over the river MMvw ; and, thronghr
confidence of fuccefs, kept no di&ipline in his army. Here-<
Upon John, with Sujercevius, comes on them fo une^peAedly,
that, not having had time either to recover their horfes^
grazing in the meadow, or thdr arms, few or none of that
great multitude efcaped the Haujghter, excepting the Palatine
and his brother ; who fwam over the river to the cafile of
Brahilow. The viftor followed, and, having ravaged the anicrw^
country Without fparing dther age or fex, fummoned the go- '^ •
Vernor of the caille to deliver up the fugitives : btit a rough
anfwer being returned by four meflfengef s, the cruel Vayvod
caufed firft their lips, nofes, and ears, to be cut-ofF; then
their feet to be nailed to a long piece of timber, and fo, with
thdr heads downwards, to be expofed to the view of the
citizens. Prelently after he attacked and took the city, with
ioch horrible (laughter, that not fo much as the very dogs
* RiCAUT. in Selifli.
(X) Called alfo Walakhld was formerly divided, MMavim
Tranfalfina \ being one of the being the other,
two parts into which W^dakkia
were
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
868 tlipory of the O&vx&xi.Empire. 6. XV.
A. D. WcJre fpared* Then giving the fpoil, which was exceedii^
1 574* rich, to his foldiers, he razed the place to thegronnd.
SCf^ In the interim news being brought, that 15,000 Turks ad-
he tsbc" vanced to relieve the cafUe, he difpatched^Szf/^c^/ttJ and his
^' Ka/akss with 8000 light Moldavians ; who flew near 14000 of
the enemy, while the reft fled to the caftle of Teina, whofc
town the Vayvod prefcntly befieged ; and, having taken it,
left not one foul alive. Sellm^ on ad^ce of thcfe proceedings,
was fo much afraid of bcirtg difpoffefled of Walakhia^ that he
ordered public prayers to be made for his better fucccfs.
Mean time, John^ being minded for a while to break-up his
army, left part of it with his old friend Jeremiah Czamieti"
ehe^ general of the horfe, to defend the paffes over the 2>fl-
nuhe : but this old friend, fufiering himfelf to be corrupted
wth a prefent of 30,000 Hungarian ducats, withdrew his
troops, under pretence of forage, and gave the Phjha, who
was on the other fide, liberty to crofs the river with an army
of 200,000 men. Then, pofting himfelf with this news to
the Vayvod, pretended he wanted force to oppofe the enemy s
but faid they were not numerous, and might be eafily oYcr-
thrown, if he advanced with fpeed againft them.
ly his g€' Herjeupon John, raifing the fiege of Teina, marched for-
tteral: wards; and, being come within three miles of their camp,
fent Sujercevius and the faithlefs Jeremiah^ with forces, to
idew it. The Kofaks, who had loi^ before fufpefted the
latter, judging the enemy's army to be very large by the great
number of their fcouts, at their return advifed the Vayvod
not to truft him too much : but John, pving no way to fu-»
fpicion, advanced with all his power againft the Turks. He
divided his horfe, amounting to 30,000, into thirty troops 1
before each of which he placed fome field-pieces. His foot,
which were numerous, and very faithfril, though a rude peo-
ple, and but indiiFerently armed, he pofted by themfelves^
Being arrived at a hill, from whence he could difcern the
huge array of the enemy, he fent for Czarnievichey whofe
treachery he now fufpefted : but the traitor «xcufing himfelf,
becaufe of the nearnefs of the enemy, fent word that he
ftiould foon fee him in the field as forward as any againft
him. John believed fo, when upon the fignal of battle he
faw him advance with 1 3,000 of the beft troops: but as foon
Czarnie- ^^ ^^ ^^^^ "^^ ^^ enemy, he caufed his colours to be low-
vieche cred, and his men, with their caps on the points of their
fwords and fpears, to bow their bodies, in token of fub-»
mifllon. The Turks ^ with their lances fifted-up, joyfully
received them : but obferving thefe revolters, as men pricked
in confcience, to fhrink back in the battle, they forced them
Digitized by Google ^
Cti. ' II Soltin Sdlm II. 56?^
Oft to bliint thdr countrymens fwords ; flaying fuch as did A. D.-
not go forward. ' *574'
The traitors being by thefc means almoft all deftroj'ed, ^^-— S^^-^i"^
the Turks mdntdned a moft obftinate fight for a while, and ^^A^tid
then retreated with a view to draw the Moldavians into an *"^
ambufti : but their defign being fufpefted, they came-on ^^^ •
. afrefti with greater fury Aan before, and, after a moft ter-
rible conflift, at length prevailed by numbers over the Mol"
davians ; 'moft of Whom wereilain, and of the Kqfaks only
250 left. However the Vayvod, who had ftill 20,000 foot
and fome horfe'reniaining, retreated to the ruins of a town,
whkh he had razed but a little before ; and there fortified ^
hhnfelf the beft he could. Next day, which was the i ith of
June^ the Turks having fired brilkly into his camp to no pur*
pofe, fcnt to ad^fe hun to yield before they came to extre*
mities. Hereupon it was agreed, that the Kofaks ftiould have
leave to return home ; and that the Vayvod fliould receive no
manner of violence, but be fent to Selim to anfwer for him-
felf : as for the Moldavians y it was reprefented as needlefs to
make any termsfo> them, fince any injury done to them would
hurt the SoltAn,dind the Fay vod whom he ftiould appoint. .
These articles having been fworn to feven times by the ffrfidiou/ffi
Turkijh officers, • the Vayvod divided what money and jewels /«'"«•
he had among his men, and then went in manner of a fiip-
pliant to the Turkijh camp ; where he talked for above four
hours with the chief commanders of the army. -At laft, the
Kapi^i P&Jh&y either offended with his words, or unmindful
of his oath, ftruck him firft on the face and then on the belly
with his fimeter. . On this the Janizaries fmiting-ofF his
Jiead, held it up for every-body to fee it ; and with the like
parfidy fell upon the Moldavians^ whom they flaughtered like
cattle. The Kofaksy expefting no better ufage, ruftied into
the thickeft of their enemies, and, valiantly fighting, were
atll flain 5 excepting the brave St^ercevius, and a few other
officers, referved for ranfom. The Turks after this over-
ran all the country of Moldavia, put all the nobility to the
fWord, and carried away great numbers of the people, for
iettling remote colonies. Thus was the whole province fub-
jefted, and by that means a paflage opened into Podoiia •. It
miy be obferved, that this remarkable war is omitted by' the
Turkijh hiftorians come to our hands, to whom and the affairs
oi Tunis it is time to return;
As the blame for the lofs of that kingdom fell on Pi&la Turks
Pijbd^ becaufc he returned in too great fecurity, without African
expedition*
. • ' • RiCAUT. ubiTupr.
Mod. Hist. Vol. XII, Bb leaving
^. ; ': V -^ Digitized by GoOglC
3?o Hifiary ef tbt Otiunan Emfire. R XV^
Hcj.od^' leaving p^t oi' the fleet to guard the African coaftt, be ift
A.D. difmi^d; and Sinhn Pajhd^ the fcirmeT iVazir, being put
.157+- in his room, b fent, in the year pSi, to recover 7i«w. The
^^■y— W tydzir, having landed his troops, iaftandy orders the city and
a neighbouring fortrefs, csii^d KialkuJvadi (Y)^ to be at^
. . tacked : both which, after &veral aflauks,. be takes;; and &•
criHces the garrifon to the ghofts of the MufiJmatu flam there
by the Chrmians the year before. Then he razes the £ortre(s
ta the ground ; and, repairing th^ walla, of Tunis, leaver
there a lufficient garrifon '. -
They t€th The Chriftian hiftorians tell us, tljat ^^/bnna^evaft pre*
Guletta : parauons, both by fea and land, for recovering^ of ti^i$ cqua*
A. D. •try. The fleet, coniifling of 300 gallies, umdev the com-
1574- m^ad of three P^fbds^ Sirdn, Piiloy and Jdli/ JH^ arrived
before Guletta^ on the 1 3tli of J%Jy y where tb^ yfet^ jc^ined
by more (hips from jiUxandrioy Algiers^ and other pl^ct^SH
The firft laid fiege to the water-town, which wa^. bravely^ 4er
. fended by a garrifon of doo men \ tUl, moil of them bdqg^
il^n, the governor ordered the lefl to retire to the^o^e^ aod^
leave it to the %irks^ who loft 3000 men befor/e. kt Heicr'
upon they tqmed their arms agatnft the caftle;, and a^er many^
r' fiurious aflaults becan>e mailers, of. the chanel^of the^ la)&e of
TumSy which proved of great fervice to them. Maaa time,
fopie companies of Spaniards^ fent from the n^w>caiUe, haiv-*
^ ing gotten into Guletta, the befieged made a ially, 4ufffi
the 20th, and repulfed the Turh w^h a very great flaug^tar.;;
yet as they never ceafed brin^ng-on frefh men; the 23^ after
continuing a moft terrible fight the whole day, they at loi^tb*,
t\^'o hours after fun-fet, took the caiUe, and put all tiiqii^n t«
thcfword.
• ile new The GuJftt^ihdng thus reduced, the Turks, n»^ daqr, laid
ta/iU : fiegc to tht-Neiu Cqftk, which was garrifoned by 4000 choice-
foUier^, Under command of the vatianjt commanders: ^ii^£»^
and Salazar : yet this too, after many moft terrible; and de**
fpcratc aflaults, was taken by them on the 1 3th of Sepfemher*
In .the attack, which held that, day for fix hour^.togethcr^
moft of the befieged were flain. The brave SerMHo^ being.
:fiiQt with two muiket-balls, and choofiog rather to ^ -thaa
fall into the enemy's hands, ruftied into the midft of them,
there to have perifiied; but, by the hafly coming-ia of PiaU
' Cant. p. 227,
(Y) This items to be the htt^, as prince Cantmir fup»
new cajllc, mentioned lower poie$ it.
down, rather than that of Gw
PSM
Digitized
byGoogk
^.'i*: i I SoltanScliin 11.
^4$i, iwth he and Salazar were taken alive. The Pd/hd,
iti his rage, uruck old Serbellio ; and, the more to aiHift him,
laufed Ins fon to be (lain before his 6ce, with the reft of the
garnfoh. Bat tficfeconqueftscoft the Twrytj dear: foritwascom*
puted that they loft 30,000 men in lefs than three months dmd
4fter illi they eafily poflefled themfelves of Tunis ^ wherfe and re*
Woharrimed, the new king, was takep prifoner. Then^ htVi- co^er Tt-
ii^ fettled matters in that city, and at the Cu/etta, the P4/^as ni$*
departed with a fleet of 400 faiL On the 4th of Odfober, they
appeared in fight- pf Mdlta\ . but' nnd^rftanding that the
knights were ready' for tTiem*, an3 remembering their former
difgrace there, fft^y bore away for Coiifiantinople ".
While the expedition to Tunis was going forward, 1500 Hungari^
Hungarians aflemhJing with a defign to furprife Se^hgfmhr (dr aii» <^
i|pA), Jaffcr Pafhd^ governor of Ghiula, who was iniovmtdfi^f^*
^it, lies in ambufh for them with 500 Janizaries y or mof e ;
an^, attacking them as they marcHed carelefly along, rout^
and takes maov of them priloners* Towards the end of. this ^
fear, the &//i« builds a large and moft elegant bath, in that;
part of the palace which looks to the eaft. Whilft the morter Selim
yet exhaled virulent fleams, the emperor firft enters the bath ; diu*
^nd, if fome writers are to be credited, drinks a large dofe of
wine tp expel*, the, noxious vapours. This was followed by a
flfght head- ac^', then a giddinefs, and at length a fort of apo*
^l^y; whith, on the nth day of his diftempcr, and 28th of
Shibm- (Z), carried him out of the world.
J^OtT AN Selim lived fifty-two years (A), aad'rdgttcd i?^;^'un/
e^Bt years^ five'months, and ninetc^ days. He was a prince charaQet*.
qfgreat valour (B), but not always fuccefsful; of an invin-
clbletmind in all circumftances ; in councils ready and fecret ;
a'loVei* of juftice, and a good nam : liberal, and fo merciful,
t^at nature feemed to have endued him with a gentler difpo*
fifion than his predeceffors. * He was familiar and :feceti6tis in'
t^' with his dxxneftics ; extremdy fcmd of the learned, and
of mliriiks : very conftant in his devotions. . However, ibme
Iiiftorians, who either had a better opjtortupity of knowkig
^vhat pafled in the ii^ner feray, or fought to pleafe tbcir readers
>i^ith novelties^ fay, tllat, under pretence of devotion, he gave
* RiCAVT. in Selimus.
<^] The Chriftian hiftorians wfco his reign ;2 years.'
fay, he died the 9ch of Decern- (B) T^e Chriftian author! '
^^» 1S74» confamed with wine fay, he had lefs valouiP thatt -
tod women. any of his ^ redecefTors, and
(A) Ttte fame writen make therefore was leaft regarded.
tiift$ry ol the Othman Empire. B. X>t
himfelf up intirely to wine and luft (C) in the fecret apart-
nieht's of his palace. It is certain, that he put-on a great ap-
pearance of religion in public ; and if at any time his anions
ieemed to deviate from Veafon, it was afcribcd rather to di^
vine infpiration than the vice of drunkennefs *. As to his per-
fon, the Chriftians fay, he was of a middle ftature, and of a
heavy difpofition : that his face was rather fwolfcn than bXp
and much refembied that of a drunkard ^.
CHAP. XIII.
The Reign of Morad III.
1 2 Soltiii VE L IM bdng dead, his {onMorAd^ the banning of Rama*
Mov cl 2^^ in the year 983 of the Hejrah, and thirty-firft of his
^ III. ^ge^ comes to Conjlantinople ; where he is immediately faluted
a' rf ^ emperor by all |iie great men, who teftify their grief for his
J father's death in elegant orations : after which Saltan Selfm is
575- burried in a Turbeh (or turret)^ near SanRa Sophia K
We are informed by the Chriftian hiftorians, that his firft
care was to appeafe the Janizaries ; who, befides the irfual
largefles, required an augmentation of their pay, and the pri-
yiHlege that their fons, as foon as they arriv^'at the age of
twenty, (hould be enrolled among the younger Janizaries,
firanglts and enjoy their immunities. After this, to comply with a
his hm- political ciiftom, rather than from inclination to cruelty, he
***ri; caufed his five brothers Moflafa^ Soleymdn^ AhdoHlahy 0%^
. mhny and JehAn ghir, to be ftrangled in his prcfence. This'
execution fo much ailefted the mother of Soleymdn, that (he
ftabbed herfelf to the heai-t ; at which tragical fight, it is
feid, Mordd let fall fome tears.
4nnfaJes The Soltdn's next car6 was to enaft wholefome laws, alter
Poland : the coin, and make the poor fenfible of his bounty. Then,
A. D. in profecttdon of the wars which his father had begun, he
'575' fcnt the, Ar/m Tatars to invade PoJolia ; which they entered
in OStQher^ IC75, *"d committed great ravages: but whik
they were dividing the fpoil vnth Peter, the new yayvod of
* Cant. p. 227, & feq. y Ricaut. in Selim.
• Cant. p. 227, 229,
(C) Theils agree with the wine and women, and that &•
Ck^ifiian hiltorians, who fay, was wholly given to feafual
thjit he died confumed with pleafures.
Walakhia
^ Digitized by VjOOQ IC
e. 13. 12 Soltan Moriid III.
UTatakhia before-mentioned, the PoHJh Kofaks broke into their
country, in ordef to make reprifals; Mean time Morad, un-
derftanding that the Poles, on the defer tion oi Henry de Valois^
duke of Aiijou, were about to chufe a new king, and that even
the emperor Maximilian and great duke of Mojiovy were can*
didates; yet he by letter recommended to them' Stephen Batr
tori, Vayvod of Tranjilvania . To this they paid fo great re-
gard, that they aftually elefted the princefs Ann of the Jfagel*
Ionian family to be their queen, on condition that flic fliould ^ 'f
inarry the Vayvod; which was accordingly done. So that ^y^J^^ ^'^
Mordd would often boaft, that he had given a king to Poland;
and foon after he found the benefit of it, fince Stephen en- '
tered into a league with him, whereby he became fccure on
fliat fide, while he profecuted his defigns againft Perjia ;
which were favour«d by the diftraftions that arofc on the
death of king Tahmajp, in May 1576 ^^
MO RAD, after fpcnding three years in fettling the pub- '«v«^//
Kc affairs, and making military preparations, rdplves, in ^"1^* ''
^%6, to undertake the Perfian expedition. To this end, he "^' ^ '
fends Mqftafa Phjh&, who commanded in the Cyprian "w^x, ' g *
with the troops of Arzer&m and Diyirbekr (D), to attack
their frontiers. That general firft repairs the caiUes on the
borders, and fortifies the city of Kars, almoft demolifhed by
kvenl Ikgcs ; where he builds magazines for laying-up ftore-
of com, that the want of grain might not obftruft his enter-
prize, as it had done all the former. After this, he goes and ' ■ ^
dofely befieges A!]^^i/rf/r4n (E), a ftrong tpwn of Perjia %
which he takes after feveral affaults. Then fending part of
Ms forces, under the P^ds of Arzerufn arid Diyarbekr
againft Z^kmak Khdn (F), who was coming with a confidemble
^Mmy (O) to relieve that place, they iiirpnfe that general,, and
.^ ^ MiNAQof s w^s betwieen the Turks aadFerfians. Ricaut.
io^Morad III.
(D) The Chriftian hiftorians the way from KhS^s to Tefis: '\
t%y, that, in fpring, he aflembled < F ) Ttikmak fignifies a malUt,
an army, of 201,690 0ien from fefUcfCT rammer. A furnatoe,
atl parts of the f mpire at ^rx^* douhtlef& given to denote fomc
rw»,. See Micaut in Amwat jd. quaUty of the owneri d^nt,
J { E ) As w^ kpow jpf no iuch -^G) The Chriilian writers
town in Perfia, we chufe tofol-- fay, he had not above 26.000
YfiM t)ie Chridian hiftorians ; menrwhich were all that could
w^o only fay, Moftafft encamp- then be raifed in Perf,a. Ri-
c4 in the plains,: at the foot of caut.
the mooptains qI Khigldar^ in
B b 3 V / P*^^
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3 74 Hipry pf the. Othmaa J^mpiri. . B, ^j
A. b. put his forces to flight (H). The reward of thj^ vi^Qiry w^
1578. iyiis, i rioted pty of Armenia (I) ; whjch^ being taken ija^<^
^^•^Vx^ mediately after, wasdeftroyed. From th^iiQQ iy[qfiafa'u[^Qhst^
•^ tovf^ixdiS Sh'amakhty a \ but, being flopped by the rain§, Ee
leaves Ozdemh (K), Othman Pajba, and the Begleryg Q|
Erzenurrumi (L), to guard the fubdued places, aud returii^
to Europe, ,
fuccefs in • The Chriftiau hiftorians are more particular QO this qccoj^
Georgia: ^^^^^ jjj^ general having pafled the mountains pf Teflis^ a^
ambaffador came from a Georgian prince, cajled Skifider, oc
Jlexatidery with offers of obedience ; and, after twejve dayi
march, having reached the neighboijrhood of Shtr-wdn^ TCt
ceive'd the (ubmiflion of the city of Sekhi. The foldi^r^ bc-^
kig here much diftreffed for want of fubfiftence^ tbey werq
toM by feme captives, that three days march thepc? there wer^
^ds of rice and corn, with cattle fufficient for the who^
army. Hereupon j 0,000 men were detached to bri^g that
. pr6vifion away : but, being come to the place, th^y were fet««
on by Tokmaky Khdn of jRcivdn, the Perjiqn general, who had
rallied his fcattered trgops, and almoll all cut-off, TheP^r-
Jtdns fufFered in their turn ; for^ Haying tdo lopg to divide th§
fjpoil, they gave Mojlafa an opponumty tointlofc them in ^
^ninfula made by the rivers Ar^s and Kanak (M) 5 where tteyj
^ere all flain or drowned, excepting T^lnz^i^, whli AmirKhia^
and a few others ; who efcaped by I'wimming their harfes oyea^
tiie Kanak. ' , ' .
Shirwin MOST A¥ Ay on this occaCon, having one hundij-cd, o^ea^
udiuid .\ to one againft the eacxpy, loft not abov^ 30Q0 folc^eb i| bui/
next day In pafflng the kanak, with, part pf his arniy, tO[ en- •
• (H) The ?erjldns Joft 8000 Prince Capemir fays, he C4A*
liicii ;. 5660 flain-, and^ 3000 not tell what city or province is"
taken, yet put to death, and all meant by . this n^me ; buiihat
tK^U'. hioads spiled o'p *4n a Hea]^ . it fe^in s to be reco v^r^d front w .
But the Tu.ksy by the battle, 7'«rii,fincethere isn6fuchPa-'*
and ficknefs that followed, loft Jhalik npw in the whole, epipji^'c.
40,qp©, iiV^*// " • ^? Whereas it Is nci ^er 'than tic^
. (I ) tijiisr or Ttfiisi «' the c^- P^fii/ik 6f 'ArK€rim\ ' in^ntidned
piial of Gi9rgia, or Gurjeftdny by him twi^e bteftjre within a"
^d ,far, /rfl«n the borders x>f few Hues, -ottfy altered a Hule*
4rmnia, The Chriftian writ^ by bcingwritteiim^reatlenejth; '
efs fay, the 7urks fouild it de- and fignifie^s Ar%ty Or Arx^^ of
ferted by the garrifoQ-'. ' X\it Romans. ••-' * '*
(K) I)ifti?r§nt from him ipeii- (M) Called ajfo Y^i, Th!|
tioiicd octore, p. 347.; and fo jund^ion haji^ns about twenty- '
cafled from the fortitude of.hi* • two leag;ac6'to»the rorth-wcftof '
mind, not of his body. Cant. 5A*>»MA^fjw,^th^capital-of 5^r.- '
( \i ) Ra;h?r A*r.-nQrrimU iv^t
7 r tcr
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C; fj. 12 Soltin Morad IIL
tcf Shfrwin, 8000 more were drowned. The reft of liis
troops^ who murmured much before, would now probably
have mutinied, had they not found a ford by which they '
crofled the river/ Af length arriving at Eres (or Jrds) the
Erincipal city on that fide, but deferted as well as other places
y the PerJianSf they refrefhed for twenty-one days ; in which
time, Mqfiafa erefted a for trefs, and furnifhed both it and the
tity with cannon, and a garrifon of 5000 men. Then leaving •
thmin Pdjbiy who had taken Siamakhiya, to govern the pro-
Irtnc^, with a charge to open a paflage, if prafticable, to Der*
bendy and give the Tatars notice of his arrival, he fet-out oh
Ills return homewards.
Beihg Wine to the Kanak, he brdered abridge to be mad(S Georgian
<yveriti which having crofled, Sahamaly a Georgian prince, //wv
came and fubmitted to Mor/d. At length he entered the.A^^^^ •
-country of Alexander ; and being come to Zaghen, that
prince fent him abundance of refreSiments, but did not wait
oa him on account of his infirmities. From thence he marchecj
to Tefl/s ; after which, in pafling over rough and. woody
mountains, he encountered with infinite difficulties, and Icrfjt
tnarry men cut-ofFby the Georgians. At length he arrived af
AhUnkdla^ the palace of prince Dedefmif% widow ; who
iQade ber feigned fiibmiflion, and delivered him her elder fon ^ ^ , ,
jfUxander'y whom, with his brother Mannjeher (N), Mojlafa
fent to Conftantinf)ple as foon as he got to Jrzefum, where he
tf fi>anded his army '.
According to the Turkijh hiftorians, Manitjeher (Or, as Turks
Prince Cantemir -Writes it, Munevjehr\ who had till then, Jlaifghter-^
Seen fubjeft to the Perjians^ came to Mojiafa^ while he was td :
^t TyiiSy and delivered him the keys of the towns under his
command. Some time after, he turned Mohammtdan \ for
which he was rewarded with the SanjAk of Akhijka (in Anato^
tia\ and made Beglerheg of 7j/7/j.itfelf. As the winter be- * /
came fo fevere, that the Othm^n feldiers, hot ufed to the cold,
Afflly perjbed in the camp, Ozdemir Ogli, Othmdn Phjha^ fent
his forces into winter-quarters, at fome diftance from one an-
other ; becaufe there was no city, in thofe defert^nd ravaged
tmrts, capable of receiving the whole army : but this com-,
ing to the knowlege of Euris Khan, the Perfmn general, he
^ MfNADOi, ubififpr. L lii. RiCAUt.ibid.
(N) Minadoif from whom the gr^phy^ (hould be written Man*
account of thefe wars is taken, u\khiar) ; for want perhaps of
writes Manucchiar (which, ac- the Evglifh cb, or i confionanc.
cording to il»» Jlflf^ <i^£l^' ''' (7
; . ' - B b 4 vnexpeftadly
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
Pcrfians
routed:
Shim-in
rtcovered^
CzmJn
WJhry of iht Othmin Bm^rt. B.. XV,
TincxpeAedly .falls on the Turks ^ thus difperibd> and fliakes a
great flaiighter.
0 THMANPaJhiL, otherwife an able general, troubled left
this misfortune ihould be imputed to negligence, aflembles his
army in the midft of 'winter, and, with doubtful fortune^ fights
the Perjians TihoxQ twenty times in different places. Atlaft
30,000 of them, under the conduft of Imam Euli{0)t furioufly
attack him : but at the end of four days, during which the
battle continued, are repulfed, and almoft all jQaiQw Ozdi*
mtr Ogli after this, repairing the walls of Samakhiya, retires
with part of his weakened forces Into Europe '*.
Soon after Mojiafa Pafhd's departure from Eres^ Ar^s (or
Eures) Khan, wljo had fled from Shamakhlya for fear of xht
Turks f refolved, with the other governors of Eres and Sekbi^
to return into their country : but when he was near that ca-
pital, and underftood by intercepted letters from the Tatars^
who were newly arrived, to Ozmin Pajbi^ how ftrong they
were, he retired towards the Kanak. There JbdoH Gheray^
the Tatar general, and brother of the Khdn^ furprifing him,
defeated his army; and taking him prifoner, he was hanged
at Satnakhiya by Ozmin's order, before one of the apartmenti
of his late palace* Afta: this, the Tatars went and iacked
'Ganjeh,
Mean time, y^mir Hamzeh Mirza^ the king of Perjia^%
eldeft fon, with 12,000 new-raifed troops, arrives ixLShix^
ivdn, and recovers Eres from the Turks ; with all the booty
tak?n by them, after a fierce battle with Kaytas PAfbd^ the go*
vernor ; who was ther^ flain, and all his followers. Then ^ marcbr
ing toward Shamakktya^ he furprifed the Tatars negligently
encamped, made a great (laughter of them, and took many
prifoners, with their general. Being come before that city,
he fumraoncd Ozmdn Pqfbd to. fiirrender, on condition <rf
having his life and effefts. The Pifbd agreed to the propofal,
and defired three days to get things ready to march-out : bu^
fearing to truft his enemy, he, in the night, efcap^ with hi?
eftcfts to Bdchend, Next morning, the P&rjian pnnce, en-
tering the f ity, took vengeance on the inhabitants for their
want of fidelity ; and razing the old. walls, built new ones,
fie likewife feverely punifhed thpfc of Er^s and Sekhi : after
which he returned viftorioi^fly to 7r^z/?f«, "^'wh.AbdoHGheray^
who being young and handfcn;jg,;the queen dlPepfia fell'ia
Jove with hJm, The court-lords, offended at this amour,
/ ; ^ Cant. E-^S^t
( b } ]>oabtkfs a miftaj(^ ftr Jmm KuH.
w^cb
Digitized
by Google
G- t$l- '2 Soldn Moiad III. ^yj
which W9S carried with coo little referve, but more at Img A^ d1
MohammecTs intention to marry his daughter to that generaC J57?«
vnth a view to gain the Tatars over to his mtereft> one morn- < ff^-^ii^
ing entered his apartment, and flew him. It is thought they
liktmk made away with tl^e queen ; for ihe never 5icr ap-
peared in publick.
' 0ZM4N Pajbd having gotten fafe to Dirbend^ which^iWi^ •
was now the only place in Shirwin poflelled by the Turks^ Darbend.
with a view to fecure that country to the SolUn, married the
daughter of Sahamal^ a Georgian lord : but. finding foon after
by his wife, who doatcd on him, that her father was under-
hand engaged with the \dng oSPerfia to ruin him, ^zjwAi
invited hun to a banquet, and there flew him, with his at- . .
tendants. Thus ended the war for this year, in which the
Turks loA 70,000 men ■.
The greater part of the Turkijb army being thus detained KrfmT^
m Perjia^ the Khan of the Krim TJi/^rj attempts to throw- tars r#i^
off the Othmdn yoke. Hereupon Moftafa Pdjbdy being or- .
dered to exdnguifli this flame in its birth, that general
xnarched over Mount Kaukafus^ by the ftraits of Demur
Kapl (P) ; and, crofling the Don^ qr Tanats, in, boats, fur-
prifed the Khdn^ who feared nothing from a quarter never,
before traverfed by man ; and cutting-off his head, fends it
to tht Porte f.
MO RAD thinking it beft, in making cohquefts, to, fecure Jjfairs #/^f
his own borders firft, and then encroach by degrees upon his Georgia. ,
^ Hdghbours, ordered Mojlafa to prepare materials for build-
ing forts on the roads leading from Arzerttm to Georgia^
For this purpofe, the Pajbi prepared great forces, with
20,000 pioneers. ^ Nor were the Perjians idle on their
fide to oppofe the encroaching enemy. Imam KMi Khdn^^
governor cf Ganjehj on. this occafion offered to defend Shir--]
%f&ty and hinder Ozman P&Jbd from either making conquefls
ctr building forts in that province. At the fame time, Simon,
a valiant Georgian prince, thinking this a proper oppoirtunity
to recover his territories ufurped by his younger brother Da*-
vidf or Dawd Khdn, undertook to fecure againft the Turks
-that part bf Georgia where Tefiis flood. Hereupon the king ^
jnade him JChdn of the whole country, and fent ^U K£li£hdm
with 5000 men to fupport his defign.
/^ MiVADOi, uM fupr. c. 3. ''Cant, p. 231.
(P) Demur ^ or Temur, Kafi, ^whith in Per/oM figni£c3 th
fignifi«8 the sr0n gate. So the Jhutgate.
ftfrks call Ddrbend^ or Derhenf i '
Oh
Digitized
by Google
Hijloij 9f the Otfaman Empire. R^V.
On the -approach of fpring, Mq/iafa mardicd from jir^
zerim m twdve days to Khdrs\ and havbg, in nvecit)* more,
' fortified the phce by the hands of the un^villing fcJdiery, de-
Kars/(7r- tached about 19,000. men to Teflis^ under the command of
^/^* Haffan Fifiilt; fon df the grand WaTAr Mohammed^ a very
bravjB officer. Being come to the famous ftraits of Tomank^
5?9* he ^as, in his paiTage through the woods, attacked by M
Kilt Khdn and Simon ; where he loft a great many men* But
as foon as be was clear of the forefts^ he made a ba|t j
which the Perjlans miftaking as done out of fear to adyst^q^
attacked him a fecond time, and &I1 into an ambtifh jai4Jbr
them; where moft of them were flain, an4 ^H iK/f iSSfo'
Tcfitsf^- Ki*^^ prifoner. Haffan after this relieved Teflfs ; but m Ij^'
tived: Tttam was way-laid a fecond time at Tomank. From tS^
danger, however, he was freed by ' the advice of j^S KSk
^ Khan^ on promife of liberty for that piece of fervice; yet he*
broke his word, under pretence, that it was not in his powci:
tp perform it. Simon fretted much at this difappointoieat :
but ftill purfiied him fo eagerly, that hedeftroyed the rear of
Hk ^my, and took all his treafure from him. Rafian^ 10
eight days march, got to Khdrs^ whither Mq/laf^ returning
not lo^g after with his army, much weakened and difcoo*
tented ; tiiere diibanded them, and finiflied this year'$ cam-,
pain. ^- ' , ' ^
Ifihgrelia To fevout* the expedition, and open an eafier paflage IntO'
itrried. Georgia than that by land, Mordd had fent Kitti Ali^ with a
great fleet, into the Euxine fea, to ereft fome forts ia Mm-
grelia ; which were prefently after his departure cJemoBIhed
bjr the inhabitants. HaJJan was nobly rewarded by, the $Ur
tmi for his fervices : but TVloJiafa was difgraced, ini^Sirim
FAfhA, his enemy, made general. He was likewift fopa after,
advanced to the IVazirJh'^ on the death of Mohammed ^ wfeo
^as ftabbed in the opea Div&n by a foldier, whon^ K^ Badl^
dcprivedof his pay ^.
Fcrfian 00 R Al)^ intent on carrying-on the war, the prijnc
pHha/ly ^^f^ir is fent, in the year '983, with a great axmy a^alatl
JJej. 988. the Per/iahs ; who> feeing their whole nation threatened with
A. D. diftruftion, fue for peace. For that purpofe they fend MrJ-
1580. Mhn Khdny a man of great fLibtiUy ; who, by his fpecches
and prefents, (o moves the U'ai^rr, then entered within tKe
PerJianhprditrSy that, the army was immediately, prd^ed to
march bkck, and the'ambaflador ft^t with recommendatory
lexers/ ^o the^P(?rU^. , But Mordd thinking it too early: Jo
gr^nt peace till the enemy was exitauiled, as well a$ dif-
^ Q • MiNAPOxi I. iv.
hoziourable
Digitized by VjOOQ I.
9^3 f ^^ 5eli&(r M®f*tf III; ^ ^7^
boaoqrable for hk arn^s tp \)t 4ivieiFt^ by deoeidxil ptc^)o&!s; A. IX
fellies Vfrdhim'% petitioQ, and deprives .Siaub P^/^i^i of bis is^<^
poft ; ^ijwcic^g Ferhad Pijbi 40 lli5 room *. ' ■"•■ ■*
' TThp Cbriftiaa hiftorians fey, iberc were two amhaffadorf Mnfiucefi*
{got from V'^O^S ^axud{ca Mqfiid) Kh^^ in 1580, u4/iJ.
jpfrdiirjn MH^p ^b? year following, both uafuccefsful in their
negotiations 3 ^hat thie &ft year ^M/9 ^4/^ did siodung bot t
toply 7V/2fi Ty^tli nqcellaries ; ,ym hindered by rains from
building a fort at Tonumis ; and loft 9000 men in two at*
tempts t^ cwy^cs^ftle, by tte foroes cf TtAmak and Stmort, ^
yA}p watch^ ^s mptioiis : that 3hi4n havkg fent.ta ih» •■■ *
kipg of P^rJ^ about peac^ 6x&Mti^(kr, an Ag^ andthea
J^rdMm Khatfy arrived; who being difpatched forward to
tonfi/^ntinoplff Slin4n got leave to go to court, in orckr to ad^
ylfc what articles were moft proper to be infefted upon : that
aflpeir ^U, this ^n^bMTador not agreeing to their texms, he was
fy^ alfrppted, anc} then clofely confined, with fo much rigor ^
^t t^gh XP9 of his domeftics died of the plague, yet be
CQ}4d PP^ obl^i^ the favour to be removed to foipc other
^)iace, tUl a,t length he was fent po-tfonor to Jrzer&m.
. SIN4N P^4 was now made grand Wazir; and Ab* jffaif^of
h/^n^m4 B4fl^- nephew to Mqfiafa, the late general, feat u^ Georgia,
^§ve %^ againft the Wazir"% advice. Having gath^ecj
%so^ in^ a^ 4fzerihn, he yas jomed hy HAjitn, Pijhk
c^J^a. AnM (9r J^ijtirbekr), md Mam^eifr, the G^orgiam
jfyaqt, now turned Mphanamdm^ aad called Mqft^ix. Whe»
they were advanced as far as. 6^arf (within thirty miles d^
^ijjlgfi), they dijfcovered a great army of GeorgianSy wkxei
w^ ?^^^s^ i9 Gdorgmn habits;, becaiifc the peki >fes the*
depending^ Next day, the 7f/rAf k^ring crofTed a river whtcte
{^^^ ^ P90 araedes, the Geotgiofis^ with great fury; fell ' ^ * - 1
Qfl|jt^^e9i before tk^y OQjuld dn^w^up in order, made a great
iU^ghter ol ^fS9i$ aAd.toOk the mttit^ry cheft, w^th moft of
t^,PKPTin(>a( ^ thAlvhen theP4^i> with the reft who
fled, got to T^Mtj.be Wfis fdrced to raife 40,000 ducats Mtohg
tlMWPfflf# ^iiay-th« gara£bn,'i^ fcnt to Zaghtn for pjdvi-
TlfQft^-W.^lfiQ^ -haviig ftaid opjiy two days at 7ij«(x, Mairaje^
c^^edtb^]^ by. the way oi Tion^aiii^^ and bdn^ come to«her*i
jUf^kal^ ^-pOk of M^fhfu. ^^Qfiorgian, he i»nteA*^^^«7-
t^t .prince tqt % council of war, woih, a deiign to cot lum ofF/
H^fi^^ who bad. nortcct of this pJbt, widi filty choicp men,
wg^ tp the gef9(^!a .t^t, whisce a fham mandate ^om 4he'
tnp^or msk} i^* Tfak i^(^)&s^.psamiled to (ri)^]L: tei-
i ^?Oant. p. a]rf.^ic^ ' •
'. I vhei ,
Digitized by VjOOQLC
H^ffrx^tiiO(}km&n Empire. /B.XV^
wKeo fae^as about to take his leave, the ffaptfi Bafbi came-
ttp ; and,, pulling htm by the fleeve, would have forced him
to fit down. At the fame inftant, the Georgian prince crying^-
out, with his fword killed the general's lieutenant, cut-off
the P^i oi Kara Jrwitsewr, and dcfperatdy wounded M9*
tammed himfelf in feveral places. This affair caufed great
ccrtifufion in the army ; while ^g^<j^' Immediately gave the
Salt An notice of the confpiraey againft hkn, and ^vas honoured
with a vefl '.
T«rfcf(k . MORAI> bid aB the fault of ^fe misfortunes on the
mtkjkt. prime ffazir, for not ftaying in the eaft to command the
army t while Smdn retorted the blame on the emperor him-
fielf for employing Mohammed againft his adWce. He" added,
that they onght not to proceed in the wm* by erefting fbrtr,
j6occ there was not money enough in the treafury to lupporc
thegarrifons; and that if the ^/f in expe<f(ed a good iflue of
^nc^ lie ought to go to the war in perfon. But this advice
was fo dtfUked by the effeminate emperor, that he banifhed
SinAi Pq/bd, and made Shaus P4fl>A, his own t^other-in-law,
A' D. Waztr^ At the iTamc ;time, being refolved to carry on the
* ;t58a- war, he appointed Ferh&d^ a man of great cour^ and ex*
perience, general of the forces; propofing at firft to em-
floff htm no farther, than to fecure the pafmgeto7i/?/j, an<t
Aeftrdy the country of Mojlafa, the Georgian .'but when he
keard of the troubles arifing in Perfia between the king and
kis youngeft foa Abbis l^rza^ he orderedf Ferhid to build %
fortrefs at Rivdn^ aad fecure the pofTage from JtJMrx- thither,
fi> lo open the way to Taurir. As for Meftafa^ the Georgian^
hedirei^d the general to diflfemble widi him fer the prefear^'
and make tife of him to convey fuccout-s to Teftts ^.
IVrS^m ^ Th« new. /f^dz/r, in 991, with numerous forces, enters
muKrrt' Ac Petftan borders, and repairs the wallscof 7?rV^; but ei-'
wiwcd^ tfaer through cowardice, dr cornipiioil, ' did nothing e!fe wor-
He}. 99?. tJiy.meimK^. What is worft,'ha toft TtifAsx and, afterfbme^
^- ^« d^»its^ returns towardis wimter with kit airay. .
'5^5* ! The Turkijb hiftooaos iaibi^d iki ng iMrc thto tMs fliorr '
account of Ferhdd's performances : but the Chriftian writcrti^
relate them more at la^gc^ thd to his fid vfetag^^^ According
toithem^ Ferhdd^ having gotten his afmy>eaay, marched to*
' JTrWit ;vbcre« feizing ontbe houfe» and gard^ ofTok-'
t^ik, he, in fifteen days, erefts a Arong fortrds, 750 yards-
iQ cori^ia&y without oppofition from that lord \ who could
prpcwe 00 aid for the purpofe. Then kaviing $inan P^Jbi^
s^itfi^^As^Gm^^yi^^ooo men to gaFfifbii the plsiee, he
r / V- marched
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Gst3^ / ijSdtJbMoridllL^ 3ff
inarched to Kian. There he recrived news of theimolt of A. D*
Mafia/a the Georgian : for being on the way to T^/x, with ijSj;
30,000 dukats, accompanied by two KaJ>iji and a Ciau/h, he Vyv^N-l
met with ills coufJn Suphen^ who^pcrfuaded him to renounce Manujc-
Moharnmedifm', after which, killing the'7i/rAx, they divided ^^^'
the treafure between them*' Hpwever, the general had tJie^**^^'
good fortune to relieve TefUs^ by means of Hafan, PqfbA %
while Refuan P^/hd ravaged Mojlirfa*^ ^untry : this done, he
returned to winter at Arzerim.
The king of /^/i^underftanding^ that FerMi would next Si^iok A\
year invade Nakfiv^ (or Nakcbuik)^ with a mighty 2xmj<f/ente4. 'i^
marched, with all his forces to Tauris. Hereupon FtrMi enw A. D« ^
touraged the report of his goings to the firftplace, while he: ^SH*
advanced to the cafUe of Lori^ ^ithia two fts^esof te/U^;
and ffaroqgly fortified it. After this* he built a ftrdbg.fort ia
the flrait of Tomanis^ and then feat ao;ooo men, under i^.
fuan and Kdra Jmtd, Pitfh&i^ to put futx:ours.lnto Tt^s. fiuc
Simon, the Georgian, ifeeing Refuan encamped /with onlf
6000 men at the foot of a hill, •l^elii^vmg that to be his whole
Ibrce, ciiarged him bddly with 4000 men : but was pnefently
hemmed in by ^t Turks, who cai)[ie from the other fideoif
the hill. JFf ere there enfued a terrible* battle, in which Zimott
had his horfe flaia under ^him,^ and llad like to have bees: -^
t iken, at fuch time as ^ere apposed: iii view 1 0,000 men fint \
to reinforce Rujmnt but he, taking them for Perjiansy was*
J nit to fuch a fhuid, that it gave ^ brave Georgian, and his
urviving troops, an opportunity -to eiipapc*
After this f>rAiJreiblved to ^o and ravage the oramry JanizSi^
di Mottujeber ; but the year being far fpent, when they came ries
to Arkbeleh, tfie foldiers tumultuoufly rofe, and, abuiing ^is'fi^i^^
^Deral, would have him return to Arzerim. At length, he
{il^ified them : but being come to Glifka, and pn>t>ofidg to '
li^ild a. fort there, th^ flew to their arms, and in a trice over-'
turned the tents of all the commanders ; telling, the general,
with threats and ill language, that they were neither inafons
nor bricklayers. Ferhdd, perceiving there Was no other re-
iQcdy, marched to Ardekhdn ; and there diibanding the
anoy» returned to Arzeritm, hated by every-body ^
' Nb.ithbr was MorM hin>fclf plcafed with his conduA, jij,<i^
aftioag other things, for letting AH K4li Khdn efcape ; whom /«// ^ ta
hfi, took for his guide in the expedition^ At the faine. time, Krim.
hanring conceived a great opinion of Ozman P^/hd, then in
ShtmuJtn, he ientr/or him, in order to make him general.
But Shaus, the grand IVaztr, being jealous of that Pdfbd'%
' MiNADOii 1. 6. RiCAUTin Morad III.
abilities.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
|f t Hiftcni tf'Jk tkhmitn Empire. B* Xfi
A. Jy^ 2biSUet» wj-oce to Mohdmkid KMn at k&fd, to vf^yAzy faftft^
I5S$4 Tfetr /l]W», fearmg (?2C«*!i« -C^ould compkin of hk not hav!dj|
l/'VX-^ feiit the promifed fuccowtsi, detached 12,600 Tofai^S} ^^m
forprifed Qtmdn witb ^If 4000 chdice men; oil the fhotes'Si
iSEt&Buxmekzi bur yfet were defeated by him with gnftt
• • flaia^rt^n Mofid^ b^tig iftform^d of thtsaflkir, fent iStd
j0iy his axisnral, wkh a fledt to aflift Ozi7t&ri ; who, £dliag,ra
iSf^o^ pit the jtr^4;« td <kath, and fee t!^ his b^dther J/l3Hti
his room ™.
11^^*^ ' THis: {urndtf, M9i^^ f6 divert hlhifilF iB(^!th MsiAAtes
^^ci. mommci aah^vf feoi^, i*ode Hmfi^f about thcit act i
fifanble iiagyihlking'fbm^mes the horie, femethjies^ ^ rtai:
.^ i atrftodftrre: butin the midft of his gaffety, Being taken \Wtff
a fltjrf fcisrold difteinfier, the fafling-fidcnefs, h^^ fefl-off H?
ibrfey »d waj* ttdten-«p fyt d*ad/ The Janiidtr^ belid^f
hlA tol to £>, acec^^if^g «6 <iufton^, rinfed ^ ttt^tdft ; WhS^
cndfed, ae uftud,^ ifn ftraAgfirtg feme oi^ th^. Mvnfifi^:-
oohrmrii^, "toi <pia(h «hd fumW, rode- frcah ifes p^aee oi*
SanSa S^hia (^ CV); Thfe iame ydar ah accident fetppAiSt
which b^d Itttd W h|wec§§fed a ^aV b<it^66ii* Ae TnrliS Wt
Venetidm. T^b wld«^ of Riimad^ FifhS, iafc= ^pvcmt^ Op
STr^MS, being bbirad^ tllitfc^r With three^Hia, and driven^'
BmoV aribA-m'idtc> the-y4bWt/i^V^fo^'*o -^^^ * V'enttiah kdx^.
*tfrfa«Vy. '•^i^ Acit^ommand^ gulf, tb^k tfi&6^, amf <iDi&-
mitted. horrid barbatitteJ^' lF& fliw 256 0^ the* jhen, aiiHF
£zMu£l;2:s fon in his mb^i^^d la|> : th<M <!a^di die wioyiff
to be ravifhei, thah*-; br^fts^.to be ciilf-off, tod afi'crWiAfe
' .f . 'timiw!tt1fft6?the'feapii«t(^luttg even the Am<^
thereft, there wa8 a.bditttffol virgin, Whbth -f*i?'s tin^?^
firft deflourcd; and «hfett, nOtwithftailcBto alf Her intreittoi;
dfdwned. This news fo enraged the? TVl^ at Cmjtantitii^^^
that thisy had much- ado to^rcfrain killing' tHef^^/wn BasHf^
or refidenty there. Hd1;«feVer, oh Morh^^ <ferfiahdh%'&!!Si
fi^&bn*, the fenate begged pardon, and iot .qidy pat l^miti^
death, but alfo reftoted the gallies with the gobds ■.
fAeDurzi ^^»o^t thisrtiifie, bdth Syria and Egyplt vrere embiioJfctf
invaded, ia troubles, ftaffm, thfc eunuch, P^hd of SSiyro^ havifl^
by his exadidns ^catiy opjjreflcd the peo^fe, they ^dtJpii
toteiiave him, MofAdf dri this, fends thither SfrMm Pl^pt^
r whoih he had before defigned to grai^fy:'V)Wai-tljat€Sm|>I<J^^
mnntyi as be defigtied him f<^ his fon*in-law. ' Btit the ndr
» MiNADOi, &c. tthi' fupr, ^Ltvnch:
{ Q.) leuvclaviusj who faw him^ obferved that l^e looked
'ery wan.
' governor^
Digitized by VjOOQ I
C. r^. :- n SffXfkn MoHh^ Uh \
g^sntaoTf Bi^ore greedy of wealth than the 0l(j^ taking vm/BC
upjuil methods to amais treafure» was in a (hcxt time recaUed
%Q accomplUh the intended marrkge with the JSctltdn's daugh*
tQC. Hf was ordered to return throv^ the CQuntry of the
-Dn^iCR)* ^^ fettle matters amoi^ them. . They wer« at this ,-
tliQp governed by five Amtn, or commandsrs ; thiee of theiQ,, .
E{m Fnh, At{ Ebn Karfus^ and Mekafnmed Ebn Manfiir,, hav- ,
ii^ ^ppd always friends, came and fubmitted .themielves to
IbrhMm'f who, in July^ ^S^i^ arriiwd ^ Dama/kui^ with
oo^Deo- horfe. Stforffo^Mn, the fourth Jmir, who was
poor, thot^i^. fit likewife to tender himfelf, with preient^
't<^tkeiP4/hS, by whom he was imprifoned*
, Birr £im M4n, called by the Turks M4n Oglr, the fifth, IbrahunV.
excuifid liimfelf by letter, for not waiting oa himt oa ^ccowt <riti^9
of hk eniemies. H^eupon IhrMm ravaged, his country,
borningL t^yenty-'four towns, and then encamped on Mount*
Lilfanm^ However, the Dnifi defeated 1500 of his rear»
under IVeh PqMt kiUiag 500, and taking their camp. IbrA^ >
Utai ,fiadtng. the artifices^aad prefents ho made ufe of, in^^
fi^Cbtai to inihace MJn Oglh who was warned by his father's.'
£»te BOhXo toiA^to fair woFds> he ravaged the remainder of.
that jAtttr*sr country, and'bunied Jndrda, the place of hi$',
rqfideiuse, f^ed.on* the hill, with nineteen other towns*.
After this, beinticed the Makadeniy or agent j of Man Ogli at Jn-
dttmif irilli 'iSP feldlers under his conmiand, to come to him, * -
hf a.profuife to make him z SanjaL But as icon as Ibrdbtm,
hfMl hiaiiin4u^ poi^rer, he ordered Ebn Frek to put the men to,.
the ikord;. and the covetous Makadem to be fiay'd alive ;^,
\(^h trueL puniflunent he b<»re with gfeat brav<ary, reviliQgv
tbctA^fo^ his perfidy.
Not* content with thefe barbarities, IbrAhfrn ordered 100 finJn^
of «Stoft/V^//t's followers to b& flain ; and> with 4000 men icioufiti/s.
fromrbb'^aUies at Sidon^ ravaged all the coafts as, far as Cafa"..
rai dtP^ftintf whither Mhi OgWs territories extended : de-
fboyingf a ituiltitude of people of all ages and k%ts, together
wUi towilsdiad oafUes ; and carrying away 3000 perfons into .
(K) K^tber Dut^^ a people onder Hakimi sd Fattmite Kba»,
BQt defcended from the Druids^ lifay of Egypt ^ in 1020, whom
the Trt^^ or from the Franks^ he taught to be God incarnated.
in' the time of the Crufade^ ^s Their facred books, in four
hath been idly aiTerted by the volumes 410, are in the kmg of
Chriftian hiAorians ; but are Fr<?;icf'8 library, and were tranf-
tbe native** inhabitants, who laced by M. FttH dehCroix^
take their name from one Dur^ interpreter to LtwU XIV.
ft/^ th# author of their rjriigioo,
flavery.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
^4. ikijkry oftht Othmin Emptrei B. XV.
A. D. flavcJy. When he had done this, he appointed Ehn Karfks
158^5. Pafb& of the Drufians country, after getting what he could
%^>iF\^ out oi him and others ; carried-ofF Ebn Manfur prifoner, con-
trary to his faith ;' and then failed for Conjiantmopk^ with fo
Y^ a treafure> that, according to Minadoiy he prefented the
S^in with a million of gold, over and above the revcnnc of
Egypt ^ amounting to 600,000 dukats, and other rich prefcnts
both to him and the court-ladies ; which 1^, as Leunclavm
writes, were valued at lOyOOO, Solianins 9.
^jjWrf 0/ , Tq return to the zSkm of Perfid. OzmAn PiJbA h€axg ar-
rerfia* rived at ConflantinopUy Morad made him prime JVdztr^ in the
room of Shaus^ and likewife general of his army s^ainft the
.; » Perjtam, The new general, to be the earlier in die field,
2* -§^5* winters Ws forces in Kqftamont^ and in fprii^, 993, recovers
J Jg-' libris : to fccure which more cfFeftuaUy, he builds aaftfc
cm a neighbouring hill, which commanded the city; and with
fuich difpatch, that, on the 30th day, the walls were Jn a
condition to withftand aflkults. Mean while (i^ne of the
foHizaries being flain in a fray with certain inhabitants, Mrix>
ted affronted them, Ozmin P&Jhd ordered all, except the
wonten and children, to be put to the fword, and th^ goods
diftributed amoi^ the f6ldiers. After this, peoplii^ the
city with new colonies, he places Jiffer Piifl>& (S) over it,
with the title of Wazlr p.
KeTurks ' With this account of the Turhijh authors, the Chtiftlan
defioted, writers for the general agree : but add many particulars, sA
are more circumffantial. Ozm&n Pdjha^ who f«c-ont from
ArzeHm in Augiiji^ being come to the plain of KaJderan (or
Khalderan) famous for the battle between Seltm and Ifmdy
he reviewed his army, confifting of 1 80,000 men, and then
marched towards Tattris, The van-guard being arrived near
the city to difcover the enemy, at the Bridgi rf Salt Wateff
where they halted to refrefli, they were fuddenly fet-upon by
Amir Hamzeh at the head of 10,000 men ; with fuch fbry,
that he quickly br6ke them, and flew 7000, beiide the pri*
foners, horfes, and flandards ; which he carried to his blind
father Sh^ Mohammed^ who lay twelve miles off with ^o^ooo
men. As foon as Ozm^n was informed of this defeat^ hed^
tafehed 14,000 troops to purfue the prince; who, fadng
about, engaged them for two hours till night parted themi
ilaying 6000 men.
• MiNADoi, 1. 7. . P Cant. p. aja,
(S) Minadoi fays, he was Pafid.of Tripoli i and that 12,00^
jDca were left in garrifon.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. ts^. v 12 SoWn Moradni.
Next morning, the 7i/r*x encamped within tWo miles of
Tauris, where j^ii KM Khdn commanded : but having a gar-
rifoQ of no more than 4000 Per/tans ^ after he had made two ^
notable fallies, he retired to the king's camp. The citi^iens, '^^**"*
although thus left to fluft for themfelves, yet gallantly dd- ^ "
fended their gtftes, and killed multitudes of the enemy, who
attempted to- force them: yet at length, being obliged to
give way to numbers, the Turks »broke-in and made great
flaughter ; which the gena*al, on notice, put a flop to»
Then pitching on a garden, on the fouth fide of the city, for
its deKghtfulnefs* called. Sehes Jenety or the eighth paradife^
he fet his men to build a fort; which in thirty-fix days was
finilhedi -Mean time Ozmdn fell fick ; and eight Janizaries y Cruet
with fome Spahis, having been found ftrangled in a bath, htjaughterl
gave the dty up to the foldiers, who, for feveral days, com- *
mitted the greateft rapines and barbarities, jimir Hamzeh
was fo incenfed at this, that he ordered his army to march,
and fent 500 horfe before to provoke the Turks : who*
thinking the whole Perfian force was coming on them, to the
number. of 40,000, under the command of Sikda Pdjhd, aiici
Mohammed^ Pdjbd of K^ra Jmid^ advanced to fight them J '
and were drawn forward, by flcirmifhing, abput eight niiles,
to the place where Hhnzeh, with 20,000 forces, met them.
Here was fought one of the fierceft battles that ever happened.
The Pdfhd cJ Kilra Amid was foon put to flight, while Si- \
kola ftiii bore-up againft the enemy : but at laft he was forced
to fohow his collegue, after 8000 of his men had been (lain.
The Perfian prince, flufhed with this fuccefe, marched to TJ^Turks
attack the whole Turki/h army ; and, coming-up with them, routed, -
fell oa with incredible fiiry. Then entering into the thickeft
of the enemy, hewing down all before him, he fingled-out
the P4fl^ of ^^^^ Amfd, who commanded inftead of the
Xick graeral ; and, ftriking-ofF his head, gave it to be carried
at the end of a lance : th^e Turks were fo confounded at this
jGght, that they were quickly routed. They loft on this oc-
caficm. 20,000 men, with the Pajhds of Trapezond^ th^ Saw^
j^ oiPrufa, and five more, befides D/hrhd^ PdjM oi Kira^
in^wtwf, who was taken prifoner^. .
OZMAN Po/S&^J, having nothing more to do in thefcOzmAit
coQatries, feta fcw^ard on his ueturn, with the greater part attetckeJL
of the forces : but at Sofiyan (T), he is met by Hdmzek
4 MlKADOt, 1. 8. RlCAtTT.
(T) At Sankefan, fevcn miles in a letter from a furkijk officer
from Tauris, fo fays Minadoit inferted by that aa;kor:
Mod. Hist. Vol. 2^11. C c Mfrza,
Digitized
byGoogk
Uiftory of /i^ Othinan Empire. RXV.
Mirzdf the braveft , general the Perjians then had ; who
with a great army attacked him. Both fides fought cbfti-
^ natcly from fun^rife till midoight, Hknzek Mfrza ran up
and down the army ; one while he charged in front, anotho*
while rallied his difordcrcd troops in the rear, and both by
words and anions performed the duty of a good general, 06
the contrary, OthmAnPafii, being fick, fcde on a mule, en-
eouraging his men by his voice. At length the Perjians were
oUiged to give ground ; and the night after, Othmdn^ ex-
hauued with the labour of the foregoing day, breathed his
kft ; and fo crowned with martyrdom a life which he had
tendered iliuftrious by his exploits '.
Himsteh With regard to this battle, 3fi/z^/ informs us, that the
MtrzaV Turks ^ being about, to encamp at Sahkafdn^ perceived in the
bravery, rear a confu^ noife, by which they judged the enemy to be
approaching: but, while feveral trodp^ drew that Way to op-
pofe them, the prince of Perfia^ with 28,000 men, without any
lignal of battle, attacked themt)n the other fide. He firft feked
18,000 camels and mules loaden with provifions, befides the
plunder of the town ; then feH-on with a bravery and fury
which aftonifhed the Turks. They would have penetrsted to
the very tent of the fick general himfelf, if the cannon had
not been brought to bear upon them 5 which yet, ifi that
mixture of both armies, deftroyed nacre Turks than Perjians \
who loft but few men in this gallant a6tion> while their ene«
mies had 20,000 flain. Among the reft, OzmSn died here^
not by the fword, but of an ague and the flux •.
rtrThrks Upon his death, the army chufe &>4;i Pajhd (U) for go.
furfued: n^f^]^ ^nd purfue theh* march. Btot Hamzih Mrza foltew^
them dofe ; and though unaUe, by reafon of Ms late lob, to
attack the OthmAns in the field, yet he hafYalfi^s them with
continual fldnmfiies, lies In ambuih at naitow pa<fes, and
does them more damage than if he had ^fea^ them. Hav*
ing thus weakened their army, and aflbmUed more forces^
he at length attacks them at Salmh {X), and fbribufly affiMilis^
. their camp. But whilft he is bravely I^ding-oaMr meR» he
' Cant« p. 2321 U feqq. * Minad^ 1. 8.
> . (tJ) WftiM fayi, theyckofe not; katin^Nui it to betemd
6iis^ (or Sigaia) P^/bd. in moft.of tht mu^ en this Hii
(X) Prince Catitemir fays, tills of Europe, being iituate on tke
city was nnknown;^K lohi^i lakeofMW^i&^orofthe^i^tf^^
and the maps; but believes it about 85 miles to the ibuth-
was dependant on Sofiydn. What well of Sjffydn.
map out. author aied we. know
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C r^. . . I? Soltan Moracl III. ,
f^s AVfiQTi^ the fpfemoft, and by his de^th frees the Othmins
from gr^t? (^pger ; for the Perjians, ftruck with the Iqfs of
their general, iaimediately Retire, and give the Mufuimatts an ^
open pafl^ge to W^ \ .
T^E 7Wri//& hUlorian feeriis to have anticipated the death
qf prince jflamzfh^ as appears npt only from AfinadoH hiftory
of thefe wars, but ^Ifo from a letter inferted by tha? author,
written by tfie Sajyak of Nnmdh, in Syria, to Aliy Pajhqdt
HAlep ; who, iQ his accpunt pf the retreat tp V^n^ mentions
nothing of the pr*iP^^'§ death ; an^ as the Turks are miftaken
id the tigie, fp It is likely they are in the it^aijpeip of his death,
which |s di^ereptly rel*\t?d by the Chriftians. According to retlH /»
^lr\a4dt prince ff^m^.chf beiqg informed of Ozmdn's de^th. Wan,
fojlc^^ the Turk^ iQ theif retreat, then cpn)paai}^(J by Bi-
i4h P^/Ht ^nd bravely attacked them again^ though' nqt
with f«cb fuGcefs as before. HU ^eiign was to have o^coye^
them intp a deep rngrfli by feigning to retire : but thi§ bping
difcover^ by the rebels, Ma/ucff an4 Daud Khdn^ the Pajha^
fraufed a great wipg to be formed, in prdq: to charge the
ene^y* The prince, perceiying by this that his int^htjpns
were traverfed, r^folveg to retire in earneft, as he (fid ; but
ijot withput the }of? pf 3000 men. After this, the Ti4rks met
with np ipterruptiop i|i their march, by Salmis ^ to fV^n ; where,
after a geperal review, iq which 85,opo ^len were f3urid
wanting, they were difb^nded : only fuccpurs ^^ere fir^ fenj:
iQ T^h under the conduft of PfLwqKhqn ; who for that fer-
yice wa^ m^de PaM of MarHJb, as Mafud was 6f Halep ".
The Othmdn forces being thus obliged, through wea^cnefs, Pcriians
IX) ijuit their conquefts, ik^PcrJt^n^f nejct ye^f, befiege77^.r/j ; defeaud.
but 1^ FerhMPaJbd w^ fei)t with numerpus forces jp its re- j^ej 004,
lipf, hp coippels the enemy to raife the ijege^ and Ijuilds a j{{ fj. •
new caftle between that city and Rey^n ; about which places, i^86,
as ftroftg bulwarks, h^ keeps his army four whole years. In
fvwwuer, he %ht,s the PerftanJty and, that he might h'e nearer
ibeir borders, p^fles the wi;iter at Ar7,eHim^,
JL,pT M% hear from Mina^oi ^ more partjcu^ar account pf
^is «3cpe(}ition. Thg Perjians, Vnable tp bear tl^e thoughts
irf the fortrefs buijt at Tauris, the kijQg engaged 10,000
Turhnms ip Ws fervice : bwt they, to revenge the deatlj of
ibdr jzpnamander Amir Khm^ defired tahm&fp^ the Sh^%
"^uf^&ssSk fon/for their leader ^ with defigja to embroil the
ilaie py fetting Wip up fox king. Their reqpeft being granted \
they yn^^wk the fogc of the cafUe ; but wKen they hid ^ifcf TurVf
carried ij^ trenches t<p tl^s very ditch, fo that ^U niibgs ""^"^ ^^'
* C.AIJT. p. 233. » MlKAPOI,!. ^. » Ca^t P>233.
Cfc :> were
Digitized
byGoogk
Salmaf
taken*
A.D.
I586.
Hamzeh
Mirzah
treachery
$u/lyjlain^
Hsflory ef ihe Othrc&n Empire. - RXV.
were ready for theaflaidt, they fuddenly marched away in
the mght for Ka/bfn, giving young Tahmh/]^ the title of king,
and reviling his father as well as brother. Prince Hdrnzeh^
boiling with indignation at this atrocioo^ af&ont, with 12,000'
men, and the king*s ufual guards^ foltowed the rebels ; and
having overtaken them, a day*s march from Ka/hfn, quickly'
routed them : for the greater part' of them, difliking the
confpifacy, would not fight. So that prince Tahjn&fpy with
Mohammd Khdn, their general, and Spit in Khalffab^ being
taken> 'Utit two latter \V6re beheaded on the Ipof.
"* J'ATF E R PaJba/^^ovtxiy5v^of/raiiris\ fearing' prince'
iT^Zj?*' would foon return to renew' the fiege, fent for aid to
SigJla Pajbd; whof prefently fet forward ynth his troops :
but ninderftanding in' the way hy iotrx PerfmhSy that their
kingp:uraSi}n hismarch with an army towards SankazAn^ he,
throujgh feat, retreated 16 Wan. Fpr all tliis JBffer had the
good'ifortune to be Aippl/ed by the fucceeding general, be-
fore the Perfiani] engaged in fheir donielllc broUs, tould come
to attack him : for It was July \ ^86 before jprlnce ''If4mzeB
could" bring an, army to befiege 7^i/ir// ;* nbf did he ft^y long
ther^'V but, underflanding . that Zeniet^ F^Jhd 6i Salmas^
whohad delerted the Per/tan intereft, lay encamped btfore
that city, he ma^rched thither fuddenly with twelve thoufahd
men, and, routing him, took Salmds ; which was miferably
facked. He likewife defeated the Ptr/hd of R'eiydn near that
city, and then retired to his father's camp, where the reft of
the army, to the number of forty thoufand men, wer^
affembled.
Mean time Terhad Pifiiy the Turhijtj geileral, having
'pafled Wan^ "the prince detached y^/i iT/^A* Khdn^ with his
eight thoufand foldiers, from Heri {or Her At) ^ and part of
the Turkmdnsj under Iniam Kuli Khdn^ to Infeft the enemy at
all the advantageous paflages in their wdy to Tautis ; but th<S
latter being wnolly influenced by the former, and he a trai;
tor, thbf were fofar from executing their orders, that iht
Turks relieved that city without any impediment. Difap-
fointmetrt" having broken the prince's jneafures, and; being
now informed cA M Kuli Khdfi*s confpiracy with other lords
to betray him into the hands of the Turks, he was obliged
-to abandon his cnterprizes agarnft the foreign enemy, in order
to fecure himfelf againft the domefflc traitors. Thefe, at: .
I^^th, he chaced out of the parts about Tauris, zhd then
mrched in hafte to Canjeh, with defign to intercept the fuc-
cours which the Turks intended^'^fdr Tefts, As he had al- '
way's found ImAm Ktili Khdn faithful to him, he here com-
mumcated:jj him his refolutiou.: but while this gallant
prince
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. 13* ^2 Sbltan Morad III. 389
prince wafted the proper time for putting the fame in exccu- A. D.
tion,. he was murdered in his fleep, by one of his eunuchs j > 587.
but on what occafion, or by whom fet-on, could not with ^^— v^"*J
'any certainty be known 5^. /
BtTT, to feaive the affairs of Afta foi",awhile, let us i^ Affairs of
what the Turks have been doing In Europe. Notwithftand- Hungary,
ing the league'between the emperor Rodolphus IL SLudMor^d,
many fliarp rencounters happened between the 7wr*x and
Chriftians on the frontiers, particularly in December i ^86,
when the former, making an inroad into Kroatta^ were de-
^feated, arid ^tPAjhd of Bofnia with his brother flain. The
Huhgaridiis alfo, in February following,' provoked by the A. D,
firequenV ravages of the Othmdns, furprifed the caftle of Kop- 1 587.
j>an^ near the iake of Bulaton^ and got a coniiderable booty.
ThQ Turks, waiting ah opportunity to revenge the injury, in
'Auguji, deftroyed feveiiteen villages about Limbach, and cir-
. ried off all the country jpeople, with their effefts : hwx. George . ,
count Sermif governor of Kanijia, being informed of this, he
fpeedily aflembled Tome ^oops, and, being jcnrted by the ^
counts 'Naddjii, Bajbiani, and others, fei?ed the pifles be- • •
'tween the Drave and Mora, thro' Vjrhich the Ti/rib were to
march, arid made a horrible flaughter of them. Among them • ' '
*{c\\thtSdnjdk oi Five Churches \ and he of AfsA/z^z, fticking ', .'
faft in a marfli as he fled, w^ ftiot through the head. The
SartjMof Kohpan was fome'time' after tiken alfo, with thir-
teen hundfea 'foldiers, and fifteen ' hundred horfes ; beQc&s
two thoiifand men flain, arid all the prifonets with the Tpoil
recovered. • " * . . . •
This fervice was performed with no more than fifteen TheTvakt
hundred foot and five hundred horfe, of whom there were 'worfted*
only eleven flain, but moft of the reft wounded. When
Mgrid heard of thefe things, he ordered AH Pdjhi of Buda
to be Arangled fgr violating tjie league, and Sin^ri Pqfhd\o
takehis«poft« Yet this P4/^^> ixx September, broke into the
Chriftian territories, and burned Sa^o. . But Claudius Ruffell,
general in thoife quarters, defeated and flew two thoufand five
hundred of the Turks^ befides two hundred drowned in the
river Schayo; The Chriftians foon after, in their turn, took
fome forts from the erietny in Upper Hungary .« but Sindn
was at length difplaced for what he did, SLud Ferh^d, the
general in the Perfian expedition put into his poft * ; to whom
now it is time to return.
This P4/W, having'afted on th? frontiers of Perjia,^ it>V- Georgia
fore has been idated, at length pen^Xrztss iato Ohyurjefidn o^er-r^m^
5^ MiNADoi> lib.. 9* .. * RicAUTxn AmuratHI,
Cc 3 (or
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hifiary of ibe '6thman Empire. B. !XV.
(er Georgia) abd (ubdulng the caftles of that province, builds
two towns Luriy and Chiunjt (¥)• After this, joining battk
^ with K&radaghi Mehemed Khan\ general of the PerfianSy he
jpnts him to Sight, and fo efie&uaUy diQ)er(es \k^ arm^r, that
the forces of the Kezilb^ (or Red Heads) dared ]k>t from
that time zppax in the field (Z).
Peaci con- The 5*4*, difcooraged by fo many defeats, and the Io6 of
€luded. .the provinces of Revdn, GiiuhjeB^ ind Harabdg (f), began
to tfatiik in eameft of fuing for peace. Bat as marad did not
feeto very fbrwtol to grant it, he promifed to relinqniih daim
to all the coantries (ubdued by the Othmins^ and fend h^
-brother Hayderj^n to the Porte^ as a pledge that no Perjtm
army fhould ever enter the Othmin dominions, or make any
|I^j. 095. private or open attempt againft that empire. On thefe coa*'
A. D. ditions, fWoi*!! to on bodi /ides, a peace is at laft con*
1587. daded (A), and an end put to a long and bloody war.
Thejsm- B^T ^ troop$ who had reducM the fordgn enemies of
xarics theemi^foon becaipe its inteftine foes. Fbr ^ Janiza*
mutift^: rieSf being flirred lip by the eaemies of the tXefurdar^ or
Hcj. 997. high treafnrcr, Whom th«y accufei with debafing the coin,
A. D. and paying them With it (B)> flock together and threaten to
'5^9- idU him in Ws^ palace. That officer, infcMrmed of the danger^
iSies to the iikiperial throne^ and be;^^ MorMs protellK)ii,
The rebels, tearing this, fnrround the palace, and infolently
di^naiid tfa^ tre^orin'. On the epaperor^s rcfnfal to deliver ,
(Y) This OTuft be the fame (f) OxKdrdhagh^
withGfli^r^^,«fi«edtyiife^'tlite (A) This peace, accoMling
river Kaars «Rd of |;reat aati- to the Chriftian hifiorians, was
ciiity, as well a« I«W, otLorr} maic For ten y^ars, \n the yfe^V
(o that tke turit rather repaired '| 588, to mtftkbfz\jte forthe de-
than built them. -r-The Chri- feat of the mighty Jrmm^ bf
^ian writers f;^, that the inha- ^f^ by the tftgMf ictt. Ob
bitants defatted Ganjeh ob the which o^c«^n VN^s hj Xt^'
Approach bf the SVi/, b^t af- ter, con^tolated £iffiur^i(,
teiwi^ds l^torned, 4nd ^rbed that glonovs ^ueen, in vciy
•to fky $deo fiucats yearly tri* obliging terms,
bote. Ricavt. (B) It is faid alfo, that they
(Z) The Ghriftian hiftorians were emended with ^ new fot t
lliembn nothing of this: but of tax; fo that n^xt night %,
fay, that v(4ien ferhad would fire happeaihg, they VefhM tq
have advanced farther into the dUeach it, and evtA hindered
enemy^s co^ntr^, and that part the people 4otti d^ing it y
>f his arqiy Wlis cnt-off by the wh^eby fevent^solcs, five great
Wiy, the foldiM mutinied, aAd ir^6J*ir, or inns, 1 5^^)00 honfei,
wounding forced him to return, befide warehoufes and ihops.
Digitized
byGoogk
C t j« , iz SoItaB Moiid III. 391
Itim, thej grow more infolent ; aod, gatrding tfaearenues^ A. D.
threaten death to the ^c/ei/z and all his court* i S^*
In this difireTsy Mordd^ thinking it fa-opcr to proceed to ^'^
extremities, left tjie imperial maj^ fltonld M i^tb* cpn-'^*™'^
tempt, firft arms all his chamberlains and BaMji (C) ; then ^ "^^"^
orders the gates to be opiened and tiie Janizariei to be it- ' ' • ,
tacked, as infidels and difebedient^ Hiis commands trt vigo*-
roufly execated : for his domeftics rnfhing like lions on the
xiiforderly mmtineers,. killed one hundred and ieventeea at the -:' ^y
^rft onfet, before they coold come tc^ether, and diiperfed the
reft (D). Of thefe MorM intended to make examples : but,
by the interceflion al Sfnda P4/^> die prime iT^jz/r, he par"
dons all but the ringieadars ; vho, by his command, were
.thrown into the fea ».
• The fiune year the ppiijb Ktfl^t^ iaocowfing to cuftom, Kodak
4iiade an inroad into the dominions of the Tz/rs^/aod Tatars^ tnvffygif,
fiirprifed K/^ti^ and did much mi&hief. The TatAriy by
way of reprifal, bi-eaking into Poddia ivSrh forty tboufand
Aen, cooMSutted great ravages ; which h|ul like tQ have em*
broiled the P4ies \t^h the Turks : but matters were accom- .
modated, by the mediation o£ E&xaheth qu(^n of EngUnd}
and the league renewed >. As we meet with luatMng in tfae
'Turk^ falAoriftas for the next fonr ;«ars^ altfao^'many oonfi*
(ierable adiohB happened in Burf^^ wp ftuiQ ffijpf^ly th^t
<duifm out -of the Chriftian writersi
MORAi^y bdrig nor at p^aqe with 4ll thd^ worfd, his Warden
Pijbts endeavoured to excite him to a ne«r jvar? but were ^^red
mttch diiided In «heir opkiione, with jregj^ to die fiatidn ^' ^*
againft whom they were ta efipl^ ^hekr arma. Some Wttfe * S9^'
for breakitfg ifaie^ peace with the Pvrfmmi in onkr tb cmfrm
their hm conqBefte by making more. Oth^ wercf for fob-
bing Morokksi in order to«3aend thrir foodw In j^ma^ ts
^I0»11 as commerce. A dxird ibvt were for inramng Mdkd^ «o
revenge their (kily injuries, and former diigraces feoeived
firoB) the lorftirs of that itknd. Msiy w^efor attacking
tdxt ipant^^i^ whoie power was a^ bar to ^i)thmdns attaiii*
. * " '^ '
(O The Mak^f for this ku wiien Mt$dd fitw all inen were
vine* Mf caUe4 ^ Ais ddy m J^Mttitetax^he facri^ccdthe ... 1
the imperial palace, Ai&^?/^tf//pr, Biglerbeg of Gretct^ %ndL Pajffi^
fure andfaithfulfer^anif. Cant» tte 7***^* ^^o "^tit the con-
(D) The Chriftian writers trivers of it, to the rage of tho
mention noduag of this. On people, £fcf^f^
the contrary, they i^)\ that
Digitized
byGoogk
Hijiory of tb Odunln Empin. B. XV.
ing vaofer&l monarchy : and, as they were dien embrcnied
in the Low Countries j this cooofel had like to have prevailed.
' Some ^ain were for turning thcr forces againft the Venetians
and Italy ; while others propofed carrying the vrar into Po*
land.
^gainfiths BuT at length it was refolved to fall upon the emperor
nnferor, of Germany ; to which Mor6d was moft of all iqclined, by
A. D. the perfuaiion of Ozmdn, the grand Wazir^ and HaJJim^
I59«- Pajhd oiBrfnia, Thefc, under pretence, that die UJhokki (E)
and other of the archduke's fubjefts, infefied the Turkifb ter-
ritories, as well by fea as land, got leave to make incurflons
iqto Kroatia^ and fiaie the trading (hips of Venice. HeF^npon
both the emperor and the xepubUc complain by their ambaf^
fadors at the Porte^ and demand redreis,. But altho' Mar^&t
. made profeffioh rf kee^g the dght- years truce \rith Ro*
A. D. dolph II. yet he ordered the Pi/bd of Bo/hia to m\tT Kroatim
1592. with an army of fifty thou&nd men ; who, laying fi^ge to
UfihitZy the capita of that country, took it, uponarucles^
Succejain WHitB the emperor was fdicitii^ the princes andilates of
^rpaitia, Germany ^ the Turkijb army daily increafed in Kroatia ; where
they hemmed-in fix thoufchd foot and five. hundred borfe,
,moft of ^om were flain. The ifland of Turofx^is^in^xht
Kulpy waad^ftroyed alfo with fire and fword by Haffan PSfld\
tvho, being encamped between that river and the &u;^, pai&d
over to it in the d^ of the night. After this, feven thoufand
tibops, ^ fcttt by the emperor, to oppofe the incnrfions^ of . the
' ' enemy^ having beea mi/informed by. the fccnits fent.to dif-
•' * * cover thpr ftreqgth, were by the Turks fuddenly furroaodsd
•in- their camp, .where they ky negligently feciure, and were
.^dmoft all (kin, after a mod galknt refillance which they
made^ alio' they were deferted by their dlEccrs. Tbefe after-
wards paid for thdr cowardice with the iofs of thdr heads.:
but the foldiers fold thqr lives very dear> ,baving flain the
Turks twelve thoufand men fai that d(rfpcrate adion. The night
foUomng the Q/Amifii forces furprifcd the cafUe cf Sf.Georgt,
find de^w all, except one hundred and fifty pedons, v^hp^t
yefpcft to age or fex. They.llkewife took a great many
priibncre about Si/eg, hefides three hundred waggons, wth
'provifions, for the relief of the garrirons.
M^m ' WhiIB theCb things were doi^g in Kroatia^ they, ia Sep*
I^Dgf 17. ^epiber, fuddeoly attack^ the cafUe of Tokay, and ihe Leffer
f P^ipi^uT, in Amurtt III.
(£) A fort 6f banditti, who had formed a kind of ikte te,vifa^
A9 f>ff«//d« frontiers, ........
Digitized by VjOOQ iC
C. igJ 12 Soldn MfM^ad IIL
Kontoray or Shut^ in Hungary : but, Eailing in thofe attempts,
the PdJM of Zi^<^ alfo pitched his tents between that city
^nd Rodefto. The Ti/ri^ army, now reported to be about '
one hundred and fixty thoufan4 ftrong, committed great ra-
vages, and ,carried-dF' a multitude df people. This news
rinade the Chriftians hafteh their preparations; while the
jjTurkSy being informed that they had thrown a ftrong bridge
over the 2)rtfv^, . withdrew into their own territories; and
'the rather, as the plague, which Tiiged at Cb/T/^an/iizq^/f, had
.now, reached their arniy. -
Bu T in the beginmng of the next year the enemy renewed Farthir
^their incurfions. The garrifon of Pet rind, b, fort newly built advon-
.by the Turks, contrary to the peace, on the j^/ij6, entering '^-C'^yi .
.into- the ifleof TurppoUsy burnt the town and c^ijlle of Eech- ^' *
f(i0coimam "; and, -having -made a great ilaughter, carried- ^S93»
-away. four hundred prifoners. • The fame garrifon took alfo
-the to:wn oi Martsnize, and another caflle near tlie Kulp,
The- cailles of St. Hedwig and Jpia fell likewife into the
hands of the enemy : but they failed in Hungary^ where
..three thoufend. of. them thought to ha\T£ furprifed NuhufiL
' .T^E emperor Rodolpk, being CGnvincei! ot Muraits rtfolu- ^heVi^^
tlqp fpr war, as veil by thefe latoftiiities as the ilri<5t confine- ?/^3ofnla
mentof, his ^ccDh9J&iAo£-2XQonft<mtin(>pi^i wrote both to the
Solt^n ^tid\SimnP4/bd, the pt'meWazirf upon the occafion ,
• and .was anfwered by the latter nothing to fhe purpofe.
^Mean time, fummer approaching,- the P^/^i^ of Ba/aia refol^^ed
-tp bq revenged on the governor or abbot of Sifi^gt who had
affronted him^in.the following manner. The Pfl/hJ having
the year before fent a Chanjhy or meiTenger, to require him to
.furrender the caftte^; the abbots after he had civUJy encer-
t^ned him, coming to underftand that his fleward had plot-
ted to betray the caftle, threw both him and the meifenger
out at a window into the Save. The P0)^ fending to know
•why theC*att/&did not cpme back, was anfwered, that he
Jiad. been di&iifTed fome days before ; adding, that if rhc
• /?^i would, to fave his credit, -fend fome men of quality to
. r^eive the monaJ&ery, he was ready ro yield it-up,
Thhee days after, certain troops of horfe with the noble- out-njoit^
men arrived: but as foon as the latter and fiv^ hundred ^^^>
pthfrs were admitted, the pprtK:ulices were let down, and
the Turks cut to pieces; Their companions having fled with
this ill npws to tbeP4/2^^, h^' wrote to acquaint the abbot,
that he would raze his monaflery, and pull his ikin over his
,^s. In order to perform hispromife, after he had taken
Tretifchin, he with an army of thirty thoilfahd men, in June,
ftt'45jwja t)eforc Si/eg \ and^ after beating down the new
Digitized
byGoogk
HiJl0¥y$f$b€OimlkxiE$npire. B.XV.
tower, eofttitmirf to batter the town -for teft<fay«, wkhooc
im^'miffion. On this adviee the bkhop of Zagrahia^ ^wA
^^yS^^S> ^ ini'pcfial general, joined by ciiuht .4vfrfherg^
gcrvcrhttr of €aro^izd, tnarchcd to <jradi/cti^ i*?th foarvthoa*
mwd/ain. land troops, there to /wa^ for count Smni: but i*eoefving
notice from ifhe Wieged -rf their jgr»eat diChpeb, they wtrt
prevailed t>n fey count Avarjherg to proceed *to thdr relief.
when they were arrived "within a uifBe of the enemy's a»np,
ittid the Twrh hid "brot^jht all their fcrces over the Kvlp^ tte
Krodts and HuJf&rSy who were pofted ifi the van, began the
charge tlynt, 'bemgt>vcr-]«JH^rcd by i*ombers, t^ afiera
long conffift, fec^jan to retreat ; ^^hen Averjhtrg commg on,
, . , Teftored the battk, ahid put the "PiJhA to ^ht. Then get-
ting to the new bridge before "dieTwr^x, he cut-off their prf^
^ge; To that they were AllJ to t4te number ef ^g^tewi thou-
fand, either flain, or tirowned tn the Wu^^ or €der ; amoi^
whom was the genjcrafl. Hereupoa thofewho remained at
the fie^, fetting fire to their powder and provifion,: fled ;
leaving thek tents, artiHery, and much fpoH behind them'.
ffjs% ;FoR all this fuccefi, the Cbriftrans failed to take Petrina :
tjiiin. nor could ;fhe emperor proeure a peace from Morid ; who at
length denounced war againft him, and gaVe the command of
Ws army (confifRi^ of forty thoctfand men, ^f whom five
«thou&nd fix hundred were J^ntsufrafi) to Sin^P^i^. While
•this general marched towards 5i«Ai, in Hungary ^ the Begler
^eg dF Greece, With a greater force, enters KreatU^ end lays
*1fiege to Sijig ; M*ich was exceedingly weB defended till Sef-
If ember, when it was taken by ftorm, and all the garrHbe piK
to the fword.
Weiftrun' Mean time Sinin P^ifh&y being come brfare f9^eijknm, in-
reducej, vefled that city : but the garrifon> perceiving that it couM
-not long be defended againft fo great a power, placed bairels
' bf powder in mines under the w^Is, with trains to them*
'and <b, in the niglrt, endeavonreid toefcape ; but, being dif-
covered, moft rf them were flain. Ifewever, the Turks
greedily entering the city, many of them were blown up by
the mines, and the place much defeood by tiie expiofiont.
After this, the caftle of Pai&tta was ftiFrendered to ^Pi/bii^
on condition, that the garriibn might depart vrith bag mA
baggage : but they were all flain, contrary to lus oath, ex-
cepting the commander and two ^ore. The confequence of
this fuccefs was, that all the adjacent ^oui^try near the lake of
Pc^htm was cafily fubdtied,
* RicATiT, in AmOTM HI,
Tot
Digitized
by Google
THfe Cht&fotit tfii^og iif kft dnwn togetkcT ^hlMa A. D«
^ tiioctfeiMl iotn^ cxmm Ik^dnk^ gorerodr <^ Xoo^ cibMC the i;94*
- «nd of OI?«fer, hid fitig^e to Ailm, Segaiu j and, after Qamg ^^^'^'T^
'. fiiari* nflferfls, ntffedlt i^ain, thejbqpilni^ of Novmh^^ ^J^
c »ttt bring lri©M«5d bjr » %, that tpvcttqr thcfdaid «^'^^'
^ <(inder tii6 PM^^sf BmdOy were at kaed, h« advanced towards ''^<
: th^tfi ; tltidft^.^drwithftatidiag the^i&dvant^ of (hegrooo^
%i*airt^y mdti^eigd die hlM lirfacr^ th« eHediy w«re poAed^
[ fought and nMiMd tbaa, kUUrig ak>iit ^ht thonftnd^ 4U^
:; taking aH thi^ caanorH ^Jt^i^BBcm^y and prt^vUkxi, wbh macgr
ftandards. After this he faartedtll^fiibiiii)6f9f^j>^l?^«/Rj^
!: luid retHrtied to %<sii^. '
^ SooK aft^ <dCiQt fijfMach, vrHh ^tweaty^feor tfaoafimd Filefc
£ %len, laid Aege lo ^.SMtf/a*^ in '£^f^ Hftngary ; nfli^ he /ainr«
E toeic^^ Ipth-^Aiw^Mitr, and (Hit- all the j^Ubn to the
: jfWo^. F^idtil ftiakbh^maxhed to attack JuiMi ^hkh the
t Pi^fbA ^ ^eiVk^p^ikat cattle to reheire^ with an army of eigh-
"ieen thbd&^ vk^^ Ifereupon the gebaml, taking with Um
t fet^n thb^a^ ttesltft foidiers, fiid£i^yfeUHkjK)ci the Turlti
f in th^ tem$, roat#d tbeoH and flew fix thouiaad i tbefl^
r tiaking aH thdf taiTiiim tod baggige, reteimed to the/eamp
I before FHek t v^btfe^ beittg jointd by fix thov&nd laeQ aiidar
, cotint Pi2^> they f«ii^vl9d the fiege widi fiich vig6i|9« that
I they to6k and b^l^ni the dty on xk^ ^4th of the ftflie mo&th.
I* in two days ttidte they fidtfcad tlie xaifil^ anangre the obftinat«
t refiftan^e of the enbaiy, ami )>at all to the fwor4» eK£epdt^
"eight hundt-ed; Who, having nsdrtod to tbe moil inward pait
, thereof, capitulate for thek lives "^^
' UMK ttefe Ajte^seObs the Turks i3>aiidoned the caftias ^CaftUsa^
Dn/hhi and Sdmifi^y with the towns of SetfcMnt, BiavenJUm. ^^doned^
, <and Sdikk ; whiiis tftue fevtrity of the feafoa hindered the
, ^gen^al frotei j^^ef^tiaig his advMltages. ifowever^ the
I etiemy IHil contiAu^l to forfake other temtories «ad pkKxs ^
^ Ainadke, Sts^ki ^i», ^. The S^t^k of />^i&rte aUt|
was defeated by P^fvr ttif ih^ ; and five tlfoulaiui Turk^
more fmm ¥Hnna were ttmul by ommt Cpq/wnif and taioft
of them drowned <k Jlain.
Hos.TiLi'l^ltBs feegsin ea^ly n^t year, aot^xdnhAaadiog A.D,
the (bverity of th^ <^^ i bat two dteofaod TmtvIj, havi^ 1594,
made an init^d IntheMidMe of Jwnaary into tfie countiy
abottt FiUk^ wef<e fet-u^n by oomit l^^mhach^ a*d fifteen
htmdred flain o(r Uilfciii ptifoners^ The airchdiike MaPi^y Novo-
whdtn the em()feror had 4^p(^aft0d gentral of his fbrOe«, bis- grade/irr*
W itformcd by a Tar^ iblcfcr, that Ni^igmik had mi^ rendered^
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hijiory ^ tit Othman Empire. B. XV.
dght hundred men in garriibn» he ufed foch diligence, that bj
the dghth of March he came before it with bis whole army;
^ after the caftle, which was ftrongiy fortified both by art aod
natare, had been battered w'^th mu<;h fury : but ncf bebg
attended with fuccefs, the. battery was renewed ; and, the
principal gunner, a ren^ade Germany happening to be Oak,
the Turis wert fo difcouraged, that they agreed to furrendcr,
on condition of departing with their dokths aad (imeten
only. This lofe was refeiited fo much, that the Sanjak who
delivered-up the pbce was hanged on a tree near the gate of
^ Buda^ by order <tf the Aj*^ of that city.
Other Jkc' ABOUT the famie time count Scrim poileiled himfelf of the
cffcf^ caftks of Brefetixay Sigeft; and Babo/tchct which were aban-
doned by the Turks y and left a paffiigd open to SigetL h
Upper Hungary count Teffenbachy the ardiduke*$ lieutebam-
general, with an army of twenty thoufand men, in April,
laid fiege to Jiatwamy a ftrong town, fix miles from Buda;
'whofe P^bd mardied with th^teen thouiand choice men^ to
pa(s the Sa^wa at Jafpriny where th6re is a bridge and
ford. In or^ to ftdl on the rear of .the befiq^. But the
*count, pferceiidng his defign, eroded the river with macfa dif-
ficulty, and, coming up widi the Pi^Jb&y lirft difordered his
rear with his cannon, and then fell furiouAy on thdr whck
•body. The Turks for aiongtlm^ fuftained the charge with
'wonderful refolutlon : but, being at lei^th muted, fled, and
were purfued almoft as far as Biiia. In this aAion they lofi
two thotH&nd five hundred men ; for no quarter was given to
prifoners ; alfo thirteen fidd-pieto> and twenty-four colours.
They at the fame time deferted Jafpriny and the fort of Za*
hola. After which the count renewed the fiege of HatwAm
Gran in* Mean time the archduke, with an army of forty-four
v^iil. thoufand men, on the fixth of Mayy fat down before Crojiy
for fbmetime the metropolis of /^i«ry ; and with wild-fire
burned St. Jde/hert*s toWer, the church, and great part of
the town. Next day the befieger^, having made a breach
in the caftle wall, made a fierce aflault ; but could not cany
it. However, the Rafcians in the old town offered to the
general to deliver him' that city, provided he would af&uh
the new town, inorda* to draw the Turks thither; which
was accordingly perfcuined. After this the battery was car-
ried on fiercely, efpecially agaidft the cafUe, and the afTauIt
renewed ; but with greater counige than fuccefs. However,
the befiegers took a hill, which ibmewhat commanded the
cafUe, and had been fortified by the Turks, putting aU they
found to the fword, and turning the cannon upon the caflle,
^m% 9om|)am^ aUo in th^ night s^ttacked the lower town,
' '' wi
i
Digitized,by.>VjOOQlC
C* 13^; 14 SoMnMar&dlll. ' ^V i^y
and with much ado got over the wall : but, meeting with a A. D,
ftrong countermure, were, fo difmayed and put to i^ to get >S94«
back over the ditch, where many ftuck feft,- that they loft in ^-nr"^
this attempt one thoufand men«
The 4th of JfuneRvc hundred ^i/r*x made a ftiift to get 7^ r^^
into the txjwn, which made the-befi^ed more obftinate than rai/uL
before ; lb that in five afTaults the Chriftians loft five thou^
iand men.* Yet the 14th. the archduke ordered the town to
be affaulted in thcee.difTerent' places ;-bi;it. after fix hours
fierce conflift, the befiegers retired. At the fame time count
Palfi crefted a fort, which barred the befieged from receiving ,
fnccours.by the river, and took another in an ifiand on the
farther fide. From thefe places the caflle and lowers town
being feverely battered, the Turks made two de%erate (allies
upon the new fort, feconded by the admiral of their gallies
on the river; but without fticcefs. At length, advice arriwig
of Sindn Pajbdy with a great army, to relieve the place, the
general raided the fiege, towards the end; ^- prober ; after he
had fired the old town and razed St. Nicholas fort, : Mean
time the fiege of Hat wan was carried on with great vigour^
and count feffenhach flew five thoufand men brought by tht
PdJhA pf Buda to relieve U s yet the TuYks proved fo obfUnate .
in defence of the place, and the count was fo weakened by
his lofles, that he alfo thought fit to give«over his enter*
prife.
While the two places above-mentioned were befi^ngj Rafcians
the Rqfcians^f a poor opprefled people, who dwelt on- both their ex^
fides of the Danube, being weary of the Turktjb thraldom, pHti*
firft took thirteen of their veflels upon that river; and then -
drawing together a body of fifteen thoufand men between
Buda and Belgrade, twice defeated the PAjhh of: Temefwaer
\<rith a body of fourteen thoufand Turks, After this they
took Baczkerek, four miles fi-oni Belgrade, and the qaftle of
Ottadt : then laying fiege to that of Beche, on the Theyjfa, the
old Pajh& of Temefwaer marched to relieve it with eleven
thoufand men : but the Rafcians encountering them, flew near
ten thoufand, and took eighteen pieces -of cannon. The con*
fequcnce of this ^ftory was the taking /^^r/^fz^i and Lt/fzi
Then, fending to the drchd^ke few aid and gunners, they
offered to put themfehres and their country under the em*
peror's proteftipn '. _
Affairs were in this troubled ftate in Hungdry, when Sin&n
Sinan PAJbA approached w^ith an army of one. hundred. P^?^*
and fifty thoufand men; forty thouland of them Tatars^
I RiCAt/T, ubi fiipr.
who.
Digitized
byGoogk
Hijiory pf fkt Q%\mS» Empire. B. XV,
who^ v4th »Dch adp, itftd q^e tb^ ^^if» tkrongb./'^^c^B&i
and Upper Htrngary iftm th^ Koffik^p after th^ h^4 ktft
^Aittf thaufaod of i^mr firft wmber*. Jh^ Pa/idy l]^viqg
parted the G^rd«, came, on tfc^ ;iijft of J^|/^, tg Dotis (or
fWj), MfMch WW fwr^ewA fe tlvfc« d^s. Jle uWifc
took the caAle dSt.MnrHn, not fair o^T, i^ (}u^ maj^cbed
to J&o*, or Javarktp ^ gity ftbwt fittj i|i}le6 £r<¥» f^»^«w,
•ad Tfickoned the cbitf b^lvwl( of U i wboA; govero/or mi
U» Yalkudt count JI(^tf^(^ ai^d dio g^J^rifipq Ufa tho^^od
ftrong.
*^/<e« 'Sf IN AN bmn to bitfiWF th^ }^^o^ the 2d of -4&r^,
Raabj tad nui his trenchct ¥flrth« wi^t-fl^ot; of fhe w^ll^ i wuli
four tbou&nd Tatars %ad ^ iko«i&i4 Twksy grojfnag tfa*
wcr, took a fon from the Chnft»<i^, W tiKp«d ib^ ^^^iwioa
thereof upon the «ri^vk«'9 C9mpy wtych by a UtQe beyond :
\m they were forced be^ ^g^ through (he viv^, 9^4 mod
of tbofe who cfi»ped th^ fw«rd werq drowned. Xbey wcrp
defieated on a fecoad smd third p%09ge, with great ilg^ghter.
£i{^ thou&od taUn Ukewife were (lain by the liuffarsy 19
Mo attempt; to take m iiteod m the xiv&cy ^ loft tvo
tbou&nd more, ia efSAiog ^ T\irks to attack the CbrlfHfU)
eamp. M the iame tiipe thdr army was din^mlihed al^ br
the Am imd want of proi4fio(if : y^ <S;^ii4» the general copid
not be ftdyHed to raife the fiffe ( white the ImpgriaUftf were
fo fuccefsfiil as to take CqftrowitZy Petrina, Sifeg^ and C^or^
whereby the whote ePuntjFy gf^ Knafid w^ iecwfjed
«i^e«// At the end of Augiifi twepty tban^d Cbriftiaw, paiJiag'
fi^/ Im- over oat of the Uland aod j^niw with the hefieged, fell on
perialiib. tbe Tkri^ campt and penetrates fo'^r as to taH fome of
dawr icannoa ; yet were beatenss^, wifh.coafiderable lofs 09
both fides : but the hefi^ed> faj)y^)g a Ibcond time, (]eff
two tfaoofaittl of the ^nemy, with the lofs only of fom- him-
dred on duar own lidc, and b>ok {uywrpsn cdours. No d^y
pail^ without fome a<^ionj wh^n, on the ninth of Sept^mitr^
aea' thoiifaod TurkSp h^v^ng knded in the ifle of Scfjut (or
Schit) fisddeoly fell-iipon the too-fccure ChnftlanSf and (kw
tRKrotfaoufandof tbeoi; while die archduke Mj Mia/ narro^A^y
tffcaped with the reft, leaving all their artillery, pioney, and
iMggage, bcbind tfajem : (o thatj reci^oniog the waggom,
boats, dotd gallies, ttot weje alfo loft^ tJtMP dan^^ wa$ com^
puted at five hundred thoufaiid ducats*
nedfv -Thjl P4^, q!«:<^«ged yfiti^ \^ focisefe, on thfi 13d,
^/4^/ e»^ a general affault upon the 4^, ^Ijd^ v(^ £^ntinmi
from Aionuog to nigbl;, md fei^^^l j;^ C)Vip £pjiJpM^ day;
with all the defperate refolution imaginable. In thefe anions
twelve thoufand Turks fmss^HMU t i^t, a few days after, the
S ditch
Digitized
byGoogk
--r •
t- '><^^/|
A'i*ff
'- A.D.
»#
•I
lJ
. . r;/|), Sihitl
::! toity
-L, now
fM P^V^'^I
I Ivuatg, with
.iovi/fa^ iQ Tergo-
iipproach, vifta
.mil, ihdy ftormed.
the place,
ir thou-
■;■,- iTover-
^vmmm;. iiiither,
'.. wa'c cnt to
' roan4 U BukhoFcft
i^L- to re-'
I lumbers.
ilr. of about
. Turks and
! iicre perilhcd
ince returned
was fent to at-
was ordered to
^
^^^^P Digitized byV7<
bogle
Uijidry of'tbi OtHmaS Empire. ' B. XV.
As'he all this while feetned ftill to ret^Q his obedience to
MofMy the Turks ^ who fonght to be reveng^ on him, fiait
'a Kkzilajker^ with a proper forc^, to .B}ikhoreJt^ with a de-
fign to furprife him. That officer^ who knew, the Vayvod
lay in his palace near the monaftery^ without the city, upon
thtDembowiZf went thither, with one thoufand, inen, under
pretence of paying him a vifit : hut. the prince, fufpedliug
the matter, repaired to his camp of .^tt?^rtr/an mercenaries.
The Kazila/ler, difappointed o^ his prey, feat to know, why
he entertained fp many Hungarians, m t^mt oi peace ; aod
promifed, in caie he difbanded .thein» to lend him a tun cf
gpld to pay them off. This JSigi/mnd fcfmed. thankfully to
accept of, yet commanded tife Hungarians to be x^dy, whik
drawing together fome other t^roops in.a valley, he fuddenly
furrounded the Turks in their lodging?,. whid\ were fired;
and, notwithftanding the bold^re/iflance they. made, .they
were all either burnt or flain, not excepting the KdzUaJkcr^
who offered vafl ranfoms for himfelf and fome others.
Sigif- The Vayvody encouraged with this beginning, sot long
jnondV afler furprtfed and facked Phlokht a very large ,open town
Juccejfes. beyond the Danube, flaying all the inh^tants.. Not long
after, croffing that river, th^n frozen, to furprife fier/tma^
a walled city, but one fbage from Brailowa^ he by the way
defeated a great body of Turks on .the ice, and then took
that rich city ; which he rifled and burnt ; but the caiUe was
too (hong to be reduced. Six day? after he croiled the
Danube again ; and having in a great, battle routed ttie
Turkijb garrifons, took Silifiria, a great city of fiu/garia,
which he fdundered ; and, flaying mofl of the inhabitants,
burnt it to the ground ^ .
Hungary The Twrij/S hiftorians made ufe of by prince Cantanir,
invaded, fum up the four years tranfa£tions in Hungary in a few lines:
or rather connecting the mutiny of the janizaries , before re-
lated, with the tranfaftions of the. laft year. Only tell os
that, to remove all occafions of fucb-like diilurbances for the
Hcjrah future, Mor&d fent the Wazfr Sindn P^h&^ in. the year 1 002,
iqo2. with i great army into Hungary 9 where fome towns were
A. D. taken : that at die approach of winder he ordered the
'i94' troops- to be quartered in Rtmili^ and next fpring Tanik (F)
to be invefled ; which .was ^ed, after a jfiege^ of eighteea
days.
« RicAUT. uti fopr.
(F) So the 7urhs name Tm/arin^ or Tarimm\ called by the
Qermawt Haab, Cant.
MO RAD
Digitized
byGoogk
C 14.^* 13 Soltan Mohammed III. 401
MO RAD died on Friday the 6th day of Jemaziolawd (G), A . D.
after he had lived fifty years, and reigned twenty with eight >594*
months. He had twenty fons, who were all ftrangled by the ^"^'y^T^
cldeft, his fucceflbr. J?°'^*^
Prince Cafitermr obfcrves, that all the Turkijh hiftorians '''^'
whom he had feen, ftrangely pafs over in filence the charac- ^" ^^^*
ter and manners of this emperor, contrary to their conflant ^^^^^*
cuftom ^. But this filence cannot be owing to any thing very
odious in the manners of Mordd, fince the Chriftian authors
fpeak much in his commendation. According to them, he
was of a manly ftature, and corpulent, but of a pale com-
plexion, wearing his beard long and thin. He had not the
fierce afpeft of the Othmdn monarchs, and was of a peaceful
difpofition ; a lover of juftice, and very zealous in his reli-
gion. He reformed the riot and excefs of his father's reign,"
by his own temperance ; and the fevere punifhment of no-
torious drunkards ; though fome fay he would drink plenti-
fully himfelf of wormwood wine. He was rather too penu-
rious, and gave more way to the counfelsof his mother, wif^,
and fitter, than of his great Pdjbds ; which many imputed to
fimplicityi. •
CHAP. XIV.
^be Reign of Mohammed IIL
THE firft thing Mohammed did on his arrival at Conftan- ij.Sohan
tinofAej was to fecure himfelf in the throne by the flaugh- Moham-
ter of his nineteen brethren. The Chriftian hiftorians fay, "^ed IIIj
that he invited them all to a feaft, where, for their entertain-
ment, they wiere ftrangled : that he was reported alfo to have
caufed ten of his father's wives and concubines, by whom
any ifTue was to be feared, to be drowned in the fea : that
a mutiny,, raifed hereupon by the y^h/z^r/Vj, being appeafed,
there was a tent fet-up before San6la Sophia^ in which was
placed the body of MorAd, with thofe of his murdered fons
befide him : that after this there was another tumult of the
Janizaries ; which might have coft the new proclaimed em-
^ Cant. p. 235. * Ricaut. in Amuratlll.
(G) According to the Chri- add, that his deatLwas attend-
flian writers, on the 1 8tK of ed with fo iudden and terrible
January 1596, after he had a ftorm at Conilantinopie^ that
lived 51 or 52 years, as others many thought the world was ac
fay, and reigned 19. They an end.
Mod. Hist, Vol. Xn. Dd peror
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
404 ti0cry of the Oriimk Empiu. B. XV.
A. D. peror and all his court their lives, had not the prime IVaxk
1 594. by his prudence and gravity appcafcd them,
^•^V""^ Mean time the empercnr Rodolph II. having entered into 2
Confid^' confederacy with the princes of Tranfilvaniay IValakhia^ and
€y agmnp j[fQiJavia, as has been before retated, made divers fiicc^sfiil
incurfions into, the Turkijb dominions. The hnperialifts re-
covered Wdtz€\ defeated four thoufend Turks^ vncai Raabt
or Javarm : the Walakhians feized upon all the trcafiires of
SindnP^'bd; in conjunftion -mth the Tratifiivanians, took
from them Pondefia, NikopoUs^ Kilia, and Rebnikhi ; routed
twelve thoofand.7i//irj, and afterwards flewx^ht thoufaxi
rf them, as they were on their march to join Bogddn^ who
was fcnt from the Porte to difpoflefe the old IVaywod. As for
Aarofif Waywod of Moldavia^ he ctefeated the Tatars in three
battles ; flew twelve thonfand of them, and drove the reft
out of his country. Soon after this he took Bender ^ Schimtt^
Tigna, MekhniSy and other places, with the cotuitry erf i^*-
braga^ from the Turks ; and flew eight thonfand <^ them
under Janikuk, the fon of BogdAn,
Qiamt' The Porte ufed all dieir artifices to break this confer
ties in deracy among the Chriftian princes, at the fame time that
Turky, they made great preparations tor war. At this junfture moft
places in Hungary poflefled by the Turks laboured under a
grievous famine, infomuch that the Tatar women who fol-
lowed the camp w^re forced to eat their own children. This
famine was attended by a terrible plague,of which dail}-^ great
lumbers died : fo that of eighty-five thouiand Tatars, who
the yeaf before came into Hungary^ fcarce eight thoufand
Were left alive. As an addition to thefe calamideSy the
Turks continually received new damages from the confederates.
Mikhaely Vayvod of Walakhioy entering their frontiers, for-
prifed Schimele, with its caftle ; the port of Orq/tga^ where
were the TwrA^ magazines fuUof provifions, KiUk^ Calempe^
With the ftrong csiftle of St. George^ and then befieged La-
ganok*
The OH" While the emperor endeavoured to gain the Poles on his
peror s fide, two Turkifb ambaffadors^ fent to a*o(s his defigns, were
forces. flain in Walakhia^ without the privity of the Vayvod. Rodolph
at length, with the affiftance of feveral other princes, brought
into the field an army of feventy thoufand five hundred men, fif-
teen thoufand five' hundred whereof were cavalry, under the
command fjH the afchdtike MatbiaSf and many other brave
generals. At the (ame time a great body of Ttfrks, com-
manded by the P4/hd of Buda, was overthrown near 7m:/-
ivaer. Ferhad Plfii, entering ifalakhia with another body,
wa*
Digitized
byGoogk
C. 14* ^3 Soltarr Mohammed III.
-was roQtfid (H), by the lord Nadajiiy and eight thoufand
flain. In the interim Sigifmond^ prince of Tranfilvaniay hav-
ing, by intercepted letters and otherwife, juft grounds to f«-
fpeft that the Vayvod of Moldavia not only held intelligence
•with the PeleSy and cardinal Bathori, his rival, but alfo went
about clandeftincly to make a peace with Mohammed; cauled
him to be feized, with his wife and fon, whom he fent pri-
foners to Prague, placing in his room Stephen Rozivan.
During thefe troubles, three Chaujb arrived in TranJiU Sigif-
-vanta, as ambafladors to Sigifmond ; exhorting him to return mondV
under the proteftion of the Porte, and give the Turkijh fi^^^^J*
forces a paflage through his country into Hungary. On thefe
conditions the Soltdn promifed to forgive all paft injuries,
and that the Vayvod ftiould enjoy the three principalities of'
^Tranjtlvania, Walakhia, and Moldaviay as his own inherit-
ance, free from tribute : but his future behaviour (hewed
that the offers were not accepted. The Turh were for the
general fo difcontented with this war, that it is faid Wafv)od$
Gieziy one of the old JanizarieSy had the boldnefs to tell th«
Soltauy that his minifters had impofed on him, and made
him diftionourably violate the peace : that the conqueft of
Chriftendom was fo far from following the taking of RatA
(which Sinhn Pajha had bought, he faid, with money, not
reduced by force), that Tranfilvaniay Walakhiay and Moldavia^
the granaries of thcOthmAn empire, were fhat-up; fo that no
provifions could come as ofual either from the eaft or weft by
the Danube, while his mighty army would periih in Hungary
for want of bread ^.
But to return to the war. The firft of jfuly count Man/' Grair in^
Juld, by making a feint to befiege Dotis, came fuddenly and <vejied.
encamped with his army under the walls of Oran, before the
garrifon knew any thing of his ma3<:h. Hereupon the Turks
burnt the fuburbs, and St. Thomas fort under the hill, which
the count repaired ; befieging the city fo ftraitly, that tli«
PAjhA of Buda failed in three attempts to throw in fuppiies.
On the other hand, the Germans were repulfed feveral times
at the breaches. However, the count, having built a fort
on St. Thomas's hill, greatly annoyed the upper town from
thence; while counfP^^took Gokazay on the t>anube, op-
pofite to Gran, after a ftout refiftance. The prince of Tran*
Jihania had for fome time prevented the P^d of Temefwaer
* RiCAUT, in Mahomet III.
. (H) An enfign taken on this occaiion, fet with precious ftoncs,
was valoed at ^0,000 dollars.
•=• D d a £:om t
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftory of the Othman Empire. B. XV,
from going to its relief, by making a fhew of beficging that
city : but, on the 2d of Auguft^ came the P&Jha of Buda^
^with 20,000 men^ and encamped within four miles of the
Chriflians.
Ti&fTurks The Turks^ encouraged by fome finall advantages in fkir-
difeatid. miftiing, refolved to force their way into the city, while th«
Chriflians, drawing-up in order of battle, gave them leave to
advance to their very trenches. Mean time Palfi^ with liis
Hungarian horfe, and Swertzenburg^ with his men, fetching
a compafs, fo inclofed the Turks behind, that they could not
retreat without danger. Hereupon a fierce battle began, in
which, though it laued but half an hour, feveral thoufand
Turks were flain; and the reft flying, were almoft all cut-off
by Palfi and Swertzenburg : fo that they loft fourteen thou-
fand men in this aftion, and tweaty-feven colours, with great
riches, befides great ftores in their camp. The Pd/bd him-
felf had much ado to efcape to Buda.
Gran y«r- After this, the batteries being renewed, the lower town
rendered, was, on the 1 3 th of Augujl^ taken by aflault, and all put to the
, fword, except All Beg^ the governor, and fome others. This
lord, while the Hungarians fell to plunder, got into the upper
town and caftle, againft which the befiegcrs turned their bat-
teries ; and the archduke coming to the fiege, on the death of
count Mansjield at Komorra, feveral aflaults were given 5 but
not with fuccefs. However, the old governor being flain,
and the P&fbd of Buda defeated a fecond time by a detach-
ment of eight thoufand men, the Pdjhd of Anatolia capitu-
lated for the garrifon to march out with their fwords, and as
much goods as they could carry on their backs.
Other fuc' In September followirig, Vicegrade was taken by eighteen
€ej[(u> thoufand forces. Neither was the prince of Tranfilvania idle
all this while : for the prince of Alba Julia (or JVeifenburg)
being to be married to Maria Chrijiinay daughter of the, late
archduke Charles, the Turks drew thirty thoufand men toge-
ther, with a delign to be forbidden guefts at this wedding.
Sigi/mond, who was aware of this, having made due provi-
fion for their reception, fell-upon and flew moft of them :
Then, taking Fagiat, he put all to the fword. About the
fame time the Tranfdvanians routed ten thoufand Turks , who
were marching to relieve that place ; and fo purfued the vic-
tory, that the Pdjbd with five hundred men only had much
ado to efcape. Lippa alfo fell into their hands : while the'
Turks and Tatars were baffled in their defign upon Batojidy
>and defeated in battle.
v^^-d ^^ir^iV^ Mohammed, vexed at thcfe fucceflfes of his
^ ^' enemies, p^tFerhadP4/M to death, and fcnt old Sfnin to re-
duce
Digitized by VjOOQIC
C. 14. ' 13 Soltan Mohammed lit 405
duce the three revolted countries ; who, paffing the Danube A. D.
•with a puiflant army, was immediately attacked. The Tran- 1 594*
Jilvanians were obHged thrice to retire : but, being rein- ^-"^V"**^
forced, maintained the battle from morning till night ; when
the Turks retreated, after the lofs of many thoufands, befides
the fpoil*; 5/»/^niiimfelf efcaping with great difficulty. About Kroatia
the fame time the Phjh^ of Bofnia^ with twenty thoufand innjoded.
men, invading Kroatia^ was overthrown, and moft of them
flain by the Imperialifts ; who, purfiiing the chace, todc fif-
teen villages and the caflle of Varvivar, After this, their
forces increafing, they returned^ and, on the 1 5 th of Sept em-
her, befieged PetrinCy or Petroivina : but met with fuch lofs
and oppofition in the aflault, that they refolved to return to
Si/eg. In the interim a horfeman, flying from the enemy to
the camp, informed the Chriftians, that Rufian Beg, the go-
vernor, was dead of his wound, and the garrifon fo dif-
couraged, that, in cafe they returned, the Turks would on
iight of them abandon the town : which accordingly proved
true ^
Luckily about this time the ZakuHhns (or antient iS/4w/i), Sitiiti
who dwell to the north-eaft of Tranfilvania, throwing oS retreats.
the Turkifh yoke, put themfelves under the proteftion of Si-
gifinond; obliging themfelves to bring into the field forty
thoufand men in their own pay. The young princp, now
eighty thoufand ftrong, advanced to oppofe Sindn P4ft>d%
who, having parted the Danube over a bridge of boats, with
fcventy thoufand choice foldiers, marched to Tergovifta, in Tergo-
JValakhia. The Turks v^tvt fo difcouraged at his approach, vifta
that, leaving their tents, ordnance, and baggage behind, xhty ft ^rmed.
fled to Bukhoreft (F). Sigifmond hereupon, ftorming the place,
took it, with the caftle, and put the garrifon of four thou-
fand men to the fword, excepting Hajfan P^Jbi, the gover-
nor. After this four thoufand ^urks more coming thither,
ID expeftation of finding Sin&n with his army, were cut to
pieces.'
From hence the prince marching to Bukhoreji, found it Bukhoreft
abandoned by the enemy ; who, endeavouring in hafte ta re- abandoned*
pafs the Dar^ube, were flain and drowned in vaft numbers.
Then lapng fiege to Zorga, he took it, with the lofs of about
two hundred and fifty Chrifl:ians ; whereas of the Turks and
Tatars y between the 1 8 th and laft qf O^eber, there periflied
above twenty-fix thoufand : after which the prince returned
to j^lba Julia. At the fame time that Sindn was fent to at-
Wcl^ Tranfilvania, the Khdn of Krtm Tartary was ordered to
' RiCAUT, ubi fupr.
(F) Capital of Walakhla.
» ^ 3 Digitized^l@feogle
4^6 Hijhry of tbt Odunan Empirg. B; KV.
A. D. invad« Moldavia^ and make one Sudriak Vayvod : but, beii^
1 594. come to the frontiers with 70,000 troops, hi« paflage was op-
i-.-^>— y poCed hy^ZamoJki, the great chan^llor of Poland ; who, after
Moldavia jj^^ fchhi^ by agreement with him, was returned home, out of
reduced. ^^^ j^ Sigifmond'% good fi>rtune, entcrJng Moldavia, quickly
po(&Aed himfeif of the whole country, expelled the Vayvod
Stephen^ and placed one Jeremy j under the proteftion of Po-
land^ in his room. However he at the fame time fent a mef-
feoger to Sindn Pajhd^ then at Tergovijlay promifii^ that
Moldavia fliould ftill remain tributary to the Solt&n, and the
arrears be paid by the new V(iyvod\ who immediately opening
three ways for the Tatars into Tranfilvania^ Sigifmond fent
the late Vayvod Stephen^ with fome forces, to drive out the
Poles : but he was overthrown by them in a bloody battle ;
and, being taken prifoner, was afterwards iaid lo have been
put to death.
Jfairs of Besides the events already related, many other affions pf
Afia. a lefler nature happened this year between the Turks and con-
federates, almoft every-where to the difadvantage of the
former. To augment their uneafincfe in AJia, the Georgians
took'Up arms againft them ; and, the old king of Perjia be-
ing dead, they were not a little apprehenfive of the rcfent-
ment of his (on and fucceflbr, on account of paft injuries.
Ti&/Za- ^^ ^ beginning erf* the year 1596, while the prince rf
kalians Tranfilvania was at Prague^ in Bohemia^ to confer with the
revolt : etnperor about the manj^jement of the waf ; the Zahilians, at
Siculif whofe privileges had been infringed in an aflembly
of the ffates, which met in December ^ tcok up arms in de-
fence of their rights : but, fcveral of the ring-leaders being
taken and put to death, the reft were obliged to fubmit.
About the fame time, 10,000 RafcianSy revolting fiom the
TtirkSy put themfelves into the fervice of Sigi/rnond.
nvarpro' MEAN while, the plague and fknune beginning to ceafe at
claimed: ConftantinopUy Mohammed ordered war to be proclaUned diere
for three days fucceffively againft the emperor and prince of
Tranfilvania ; dcclariag, that he would march in peifon with
his army into Hungary, But before he got thither, many
aftions parted between the Turks and ImperioB/ls. Uppa was
befieged by 40,000 Turks and Tatars : but 6000 Hungarians
from Lugosy fent-out tp plunder, having fet fire to the fiiburbs
Lippa he^ ^^ Temefy^asr^ in the abfence of the Pajh&y who onnmanded
-Jiefed : ^^ ^^^ ^^g^ \ ^^^ flame, being feen in the camp before Lippa,
' fo terrified the Turks; , that they prefently raifed the ficgc,
leaving all their bag and baggage behind them. However,
» they had the luck to recover Kli/fa, in Dalmatia, through
the negligence of the Qhrifti^ns ; ^hQ t)tt| a little before had
■^ Digitized by VjOOQ iC
C. 14, 13 Soltan Mohammed ITL 407
taken it from them. On the other hand, the HeydtAs took A. D.
PUniay a little town not far from Nyffa ; and count Palji the 1595.
caftle of Sambok^ between Biida and j^lba Regalis. U -^^>^i-J
By this time, the prince of Tranfihaniay having raifed a Temcf-
good army, laid^ fiege to Temefwaer : but on the approach of waer he^
40,000 Turks and Tatars to its relief, he rofe and met thtm fieged;
with his i^^rces ; whence enfued a terrible battle, for a long
time doubtful : but at length the Othmans were routed, and
5000 of them flain againft 1 500 Chriftians. Yet, coming to
relieve the place a fecond time with greater force, the fiege
was raifed.
At length the imperial army, 60,000 ftrong, being come Hatwaiv^
to Komorray on the 24th of July advanced toward^ K^^Aw, taken,
which the Turks abandbned ; and on the arrival of Maxi-
milian of Aujlria^ the captain-general, in the camp, laid fiege
to Hatwarif in Upper Hungary (G), the middle, of Jugi^.
.They were much incommoded by the vigorous fallies of the
garrifon : but at length, having attacked the town at. five fe*
veral breaches, they, after three hours fharp conflift, entere4
by force, and flew all they met for four hours together,
amounting to 4000 Turks, while the Chriftians loft only 300,
TheWalloons were fo barbarous as to rip children out of their
mother's womb, and flay people of bodi fexes alive, to make
thongs of their fkins fn. .
The Turkijh hiftorians before us omit all the foregoing Soltan
tranfadions of Mohammed's reign, paffing at once from the Moham*
daughter of his nineteen brothers to the fiege of Egra^ or med
Agria ; which prefents itfelf next to our view. They tell us,
that as foon as the Soltan had eftablifhed his empire by that
fratricide, he turned his thoughts to finifh the war in Hun*
gary began by his father; with a view to give himfelf up to
repofe, of which he was very fond. Accordingly, next year, ,
he marches with a great army into Hungary ^ and beneges Wejj;«o|
Egra, in vain attepapted by his predeceflbrs ; and fo Imr* icqc*
xSlks the garrifon with frequent affaults, that, defpairing of ^^5*
relief, they at length furrender "the town \ from whence he
got the name of Egra^
The Chriftian writert more particularly inform us, tha^ hejiega
Mohammed arrived early in September at Buda^ with an army Agra,
of about 200,000 men, and 300 field-pieces. The garrifon
of Hafwan^ lately taken, wer^ fo terrified ^t the number of
* RrcAUt. ibid.
(G) A ftrong caflle tp the right of the ro?i4 frow Bud^ to
Pd4 t^o
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hifiory of the Othman Em^re. B. XV.
the enemy, that they deferted the place : nay, they were not
without apprehenfions of Vienna being In danger, and there-
' fore employed all hands in fortifying it. But Jgria (called
alfo Erlau), being the city which Mohanimed had his eye upon,
after detaching 40,000 mqn to Temefwaer^ he fat down be-
fore it on the 2 1 ft of the fame month ; and, prefently raifing
five mounts, battered it with great fury. The befieged finding,
after fix days aflault, that they could keep the town 00
longer, fet it on fire, and retired with their effefts into the
caftle. This had a ftrong bulwark adjoining to it ; which
the Turks aflaulted twelve times in one day, and took, though
with incredible lofs.
andtqkes The Soltdn, being informed that the Imperial army ap-
//; preached, ufed double diligence to fill up the ditch of the
old caftle ; which having at length, with no fmall difficult}-,
effefted, the Turks ^ on the loth qf 06lober^ made four de-
fperate aflaults upon it ; but were ftili repulfed : however,
making a fifth attack, they entered aijd put all to the fword.
There now remained only the new caftle; which the Turks
began to undermine in feveral places. Hereupon the foldiers
mutinied againft then* governors, and deferted many of them
to the enemy : fo that this important place was given-up, on
condition that the garrifon, about 2000 men, might depart
with their baggage, and fwords by their fides. However they
were in their march fet-upon by the Turks, and cut to pieces.
Some of them were flay'd alive, and others difmembered, their
executioners reproaching them, and faying, that no faith
ought to be kept with mifcreants^ wh(^ had Jo cruelly dealt with
the people o^Hacwan. However it was reported, that the SoU
thn ordered feme of the chief authors to be put to death, and
the prifoners fet at liberty by proclamation ".
his camp Let US now return to the Turkijh hiftorians. The Soltan^
' forced. unable to make any farther progrefs for the approach of winter,
return? with his army : but on the way an army of Chrif-
tjahs fuddenly appears, and fo furioufly attack the camp of
the Othndns, that, not able to ftand the fliock, they are forced
to give ground. The Germans penetrate as far as the tents
where the royal treafures are kept, and break open the coffers :
but here, furprifed at the immenfe riches^ they betray viftory
for money. For the Soltdn, perceiving them intent on the
fpoil, attacks them firft with only his courtiers, and flay$
upon the very treafures thofe who had imagined the Othm&ns
intirely routed. The reft of the army, admoniflied by the
S B JCAVT in Mahomet III.
einperor*«
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C, 14- ^3 Soltan Mohammed 111. - 409
eipperor's example, rally again, and fo bravely charge the A. D.
enemy, that not a man of tKofe who had entered the camp '597-
efcaped the fword **. ' w— ^r--^
This is the Turkifb account, but that of the Chriftians Battle of
robs the Soltdn of all his glory : for they tell us, that the Karefta
Imperialijisy having routed great part of his army near Ka-
re,1ay and taken 190 pieces of cannon, Mohammed was fo
terrified, that he fled with Ibrahim Pdjhh to Agria. The
enemy, npt being vigoroufly purfued, rallied again, and came
on with 50,000 men : but they were charged fo furioufly by
the Imperialifts^ that mpft of them were (lain, and the reft
put to flight. The like fuccefs the Chriftians had elfewhere ;
but purfuing the enemy into their very camp, and beginning
to plunder, contrary to orders, met with a ftrong fquadron
furrounding the tent which contained the Soltdn's treafure/
Here meeting with great oppofition, and Sig&la Pdjhd com-
iag-on with his frefh troops, they were feized with fuch a , ^ - ,
panik, that they fled full ipeed different ways, though none citvetQuP^
purfued them, nor could oe rallied by all the art of their ^wj^
commanders. Thus one of the greateft viftories, that ever
the Chriftians obtained, was fnatched out of their hands b^
the covetoufnefs of the Hungarians^ and cowardice of the * '
German horfe. In this famous battle, the Imperialtjls. loft
20,000 men, and the Turks 60,000. They loft 7000 mor^
in their way home by the Tranfilvanians and fValakhians, who
attacked tj^jm at difficult pafles.
The Turkifb hiftorians fpeak of nothing more in Moham-'
rnecfs reign, but of his peace with the Imperialijis ; which
they feem to make the immediate confequence of his fuccefs
in Hungary y although it did not take eiFeft till feven years
after, that is, a little before his death : wherefore we muft
fill up tl\e chafm wholly from the Chriftian hiftorians.
While the Soltdn was engaged in the XQixxCtionoi Jgria^ Wala-
the Pajbd of Bofnia beiieged Petrinia in Krqatia : but the khia nf
lord of Herberjiein, after defeating firft 6000 and then 8600 'voits,
troops, came and relieved it. Nothing was done in the year
1 597 worth notice, only in Augufi the Imperialijis took Pap--
fa (H) ; and foon after the caftle of Dofis was reduced by the
Turks. The confederacy alfo was weakened Jby the defeftion
q{ Mikhae/y Fay vod of fValakhia ', who, to prevent farther ra-
vages made by the enemy, fubmitted pnce more to the Sol^
• Cant. p. 236.
(H) A flrcng pla^e to the north- weft of Alba Reg dis, and ( uth*
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftory of the OthmSn Empin. B. XV.
tin ; yet, under pretence that he could not truft the Tatars^
ftiU kept garrifons in his frontier places^ and fent no aid
^ againft the emperor P.
Tranfil- Next year, Sigifmond, the brave prince of TranJUvania,
^SLnizfur- finding himfeU" defer ted by his neighbour, and fearing the
rendered, growing power of the Turh^ made a voluntary refignatkm
A. D. of his country to the emperor ; in lieu of the dntchies dt
1598. Oppel and Ratihory in Silejia^ a penfion, and fome other coo-
fiderations. The Tatars alfo made peace with Rodotph^ on
payment of 40,000 ducats yearly penfion. Mean time two
Italian prifoners efcaped from Raah^ having difcovcred the
ill ftate of that city to lord Swart zenberg at Komorra, he, ia
conjunftion with count Palfiy fet-out on the 27th of March^
with a good boody of horfe and foot, towards Raab ; and,
approaching filently in the night, found the draw-bridge do\ra,
and the port-cullifles up, waiting for fome waggons wiA
provifions, which weie every minute expefted there. Then
having in a trice battered-down the gate, and fome part of
the wall, they boldly entered.
RaabySrr- They were firft oppofed by 20a Turks ^ and then by the
frifed. Pajb& with 2000 more ; who fell on wjth extreme fiiry, and
ibught for two hours, till being fldn, his men began a littk
to retire : but then J&ffer Pijhd advancing with 1 000 fol-
(iiers more, and the inhabitants of the place, forced the Im^
ferialifts back to the very gate by which they entered. Yet,
difdaining to be driven out again, they here nXSft valiandy
renewed the fight; and this PdfhA happening alfo to fall, moft
of his followers retreated farther into the city. However,
300 of them creeping under one of the bulwarks where there
were fome barrels of powder, dtfperately fet it on fire, and,
together with themfelves, blew-up 300 of their foes, who had
not loft above 200 before. The flaughter continued all that
day till night, and the vi<Jlor8 got a very rich booty, befidcs
ninety pieces of caonon, with great ftore of ammunition and
corn.
Bnda at' The march of the Oihmdn forces being delayed by a dit
femfud* fenfion which happened between the Janizaries and Spatis^
count Palfiy in O&ober, took St. Gerraris Fort^ and then
battered Buda with fixteen pieces of cannon ; which foon
obliged the Turks to retire out of the city into the caftlc.
This the befiegers vigoroufly aflaulted, but in vain. They
next fell to mining : but, being countermined, gave over, and
made a general aS&ult, at the fame time fprin^g a mine.
But they were repulfed with tfi^ lofs of 200 men ; while the
f P.IPAUT. ill M^hgm^t lU,
Digitized by Google *
C. %4. fgSoIdn Mohammed III. 41^
Turks^ making a fally, were almoft all cut-ofF. However the A. D.
count bdng informed that relief was coming to the place, he 1598.
thought fit to withdraw from before it. v, .^J— i,j
The Turkijb zcmj, being now arrived in Upper Hungary, Turks
underthe command of IhrMim Pa/hd, laid fiege^to the ftrong hefiege
town of JVaradiriy whofc garrifon made feveral fuccefeful fal- Waradin:
lies : butwere at length reduced from 2000 to 700 men. Here-
upoa lieutenant-general Bafta marched with fome forces, and
advanced brifkly towards the befiegers, as if he really intended to
fight them ; but while they were bufy to put themfelves in order
of battle, he, by another way, d'exteroufly threw 800 men
into the city, and prefendy retreated to his trenches. The
Turks were fo difcouraged with being thus outwitted, and
widi the fbul weather, that they foon after raifed the fiege ;
whBe the bnperiatijts ravaged their territories in Lower Muri'
gary as far as tfte gates of Buda,
Duit.iNG thefe tranfa^lions by land, Mohammed knt Sigdla their fee$
Pajbd^ his admiral, with a great fleet to fea. Sigida being atfea^.
arrived on the coaft of Sinly, and defiroui to fee the lady
Lucretiaj his mother, who lived in Mejftna, he requefted
the viceroy to fend her on board, promifing to remit her fafe
back, and to depart without committing any hoftilities ; which
cngag^ent, after entertaining her a whole Aay with great ho-
nour, he punftually perform^. There is nothing elfe me-
morable in relation to the Turks this year, either by fea or
land, only Mikhael, the Vayvod of Walakhia, who was now j^j^j^
come-over again to the emperor's fide, being refolved to at- taken.
tempt the reduftioji of i\^, in Bulgaria, fet men to work to
make a bridge over the Danube for the paffage of his troops.
Herein being difturbed by the PAjhAs of SHiJiria and Badoua,
the Vayvod OYerthxcw them. Then piling the river with all
his forces, Nijfa furrendered to him as foon as he invefted it. In a, p^
the beginning of the fucceeding year he made feveral inroads i jgg.
into tht^Turki/b territories, and carried-off a vaft booty.
Mean time, the free Heyddks oiWalakhia, paffing the T^a- Hcydul^
nube, defeated the Pdjhd of Jnatolia with great flaughter : fuuefsful.
another Pdjhd with 3000 men, fent to reinforce the caftle of
Buda, was likewife overthrown by a party of Hungarians.
After this the PAjhA himfelf, going out erf" the city to favour
a convoy of provifion bound thither, was furprifed by fome
Heydiks, and taken prifoner after a fharp conflict ; wherein
his fon and the Jga of the Janizaries loft their lives. Here-
upon the PdfhA of Bofnia marched at the head of 10,000
Turks, in order to open the pafles by driving fnxn thence
the Heyd&ks, who diligently guarded tl^em : but thefe latter,
, Pf eting the enemy in an aovantagepus poft, routed them with
Digitized t, '^- "'"^iC
Hift^ry cf the OthmSn Empire. B, XV.
great flaughter, the P&Jhd himfelf being fl^in. However the
Tatars hdd on their way to Buda^ with a defign to ravage
the country, and draw the Imperialifts farther from the city ;
which they in a manner blocked-up : but were quickly de-
feated by Swartzenburg's fingle regiment, and moft of them
cither flam, or drowned in the Danube ^
fxfioitqf ^^ ^^ ^"^^ Ibrahim Ptjh&y the Othm&n general, arrived
p^lfi at Solnokb with 50^000 men, whereof 10,000 were J4im-
Zaries ; but, hearing that Bafia was advanced to KaJJova^ \i%
retreated again to Belgrade^ there to wait for a great fleet erf
fhips coming-up the Danube with provifions and ftores for
the army, Buda^ and other diftrefled places, under the guard
of 5000 Turks* Palfi being informed of this, fent a body
of foldiers to intercept them ; which they did, aod, finking
the fhips, took a booty computed to bt worth a million of
gold, including 100,000 dollars, which were divided amoi^
the foldiers. The Chriftians,. on this fuccefs, over-ran the
enemy *s country every-where ; while the Turks in Buda were
fo terrified, that they abandoned the city, ^and retired into
the caftle. At length, towards the end of fummer, Ibralnm
P^Jhd^ with an army of 1 30,000 men, came to Buda^ and
made fome overtures of peace : but infifting oa unreafonahle
terms, the treaty broke-off, and war went-on, though nof
thing farther of moment pafled this year*
Tranfil- We muft however obferve, that Sigifmondy breaking hi$
vania re- late agreement with the emperoi;, returned about the begio-
caijered. ning of the year to TranfUvania^ and infilled on new terms ;
which were granted : yet at the fame time made an agreement
with cardinal Bathori to refign the pofleflion to him, under
the proteftion of the Soltdn, to whom he became tributary.
Mikhael^ Vayvod of Walakhia, alarmed at this change, which
foreboded no good to him, with the ajffiflance of the emperor,
under whofc protection he was, in Odlober enters Tranjilva'
nia with 60,000 men, overthrows and flays the cardinal,
aided by 30,000 Turks, and recovers the country from the
hands of the Othmdns.
Pehr^Hnn This news, added to the uneafinefs given the Porte by the
in Afia rebellion of Kiifahin^ P^/hd of Karaxnania : who, with 3000
muflceteers, and 5000 horfe, defeated 10,000 troops under
four Sanj^ks ; and, having fubdued almoft the whole pro-
vince, at length took Ko7iia (or Ikonium). Upon this fuccefs
he gave-out, that e'er long he would befiege Conftantinople
itfelf, and reform the government ; charging the Soltdn with
cowardice, and his minifl:ers with corruption. Hereupon Mt-
t RiCAUT, ttbi fupr,
hammsd
Digitized by VjOOQI.
C. 14* 13 Soltan Mohammed HI. 41 3^
hammedy fon of Sindriy one of the Wazir Pajh&s^ was fcnt A. D,
againft him with all the force which could be railed : but not >^oo.
chufing to hazard a battk with fo rcfolntc a man, he endca- ^— -v^
voured to corrupt the enemy's infantry ; and fo far fucceeded^ ^' ^^^^*
that Kufahin fled with the horfe, and thofe belonging to Si-J^Pf^'^''
mean the Georgian^ who had joined him, into Arabia. Mo- . .«
hammed followed him as far as HMep^ where he wintered^
Mean time, Kufahin^ havuig gathered a confiderable force; a. D1
returned next year, and prepared to give the P&Jhii battler i6o(x
but the latter refolved to try firft what could be done by ar-
tifice, publiihed a general pardon for all who would fubmit.
This had the dcfired efFeft on the rebels, who, now cn-»
riched with booty, for the rtoft part returned home to enjoy
in iafety what they had gotten with danger : fo that at fen^
their leader was taken and put to death at Conftantinoplc -vidth
cxquifite torments.
To return to the war in Hungary, ' While the emperor Frcnck
was making preparations, 1200 French and Walloons ^ who«»^Wal-
-were in garrilon at Pappd^ mutinied for ?^ant of pay ; and ^^^^ «wt
even agreed to deliver the place to the Turks, provided they ''^'
■would dilbuHe the money : but they \^ere at laft forced to
abandon it, although the brave count Swartzenburg was un*
fortunately flain in the fiege. As yet, neither the Turks nor
Chriftians had any thing of an army in the field, however
many little incurfions and fkirmifhes happened between them.
Among the reft the free Heyduks furprifed Ctula^ and fet it
on fire : in which confufion the Turks^ fiying into the caftle, ^
thruft one another for hafte over the bridge into the ditch 5
where fo many were drowned, that a man might have gone
dry over their bodies.
At length Ibrahtm P^JbA^ in the end of y/r/gt^ fetting-out Kaniffir
from Belgrade with an ai-my of 200,000 ftrong, marched to- befieged,
wards Kanijfia\ and, having taken the ftrong fortrefs of
Babotjka (I) in the way, laid fiege to that ftrong town, in or-
der to prevent the troublefome incurfions of its garrifon, and
open a free paflage into Aujiria, The place ftanding in an
ifle encompafled with a marfh, the Turks began to fill-up the
latter with faggots and earth, which they effeft^d at length in
fpite of the cannon : but, endeavouring to get into the ifland,
received fuch a repulfe from the garrifon, as conftrained them
to retire with lofs. Next day, as they prepared to renew their
attempt, the Imperial army, confifting of 40,000 men, under
(I) On the river Rigma^ about twenty-eight fouthcaft of J&-
foar miles from xh^ Danube, and nijja, or Kamjha,
the
Digitized
byGoogk
H0ofy of the OthmSn Empire^ B. XVi
the commaod of duke Mercury y appeared in their rear ; which
they cannonaded. Hereupon, Ibrihim drawing np his forecs^
^ a bloody fight enfoed : bnt while vktory feemed to ia^ne te
the inperioHftsy though fo few in comparifon oi the enemyy
the night came on, and te-oke (^ the action. ^
mud taken: Next day the Turks wonld have renewed the b^tde, btif
the ChriAians, now at variance among thetofetveSy kept their
trenches ; and being afterwards diftrefled by the k>fs of pro-
Vifions, which, in coming to their camp, fell into the hands
ef tlic Tatars, they marched-off in the night t yet not fo
iitently, but that the Turks, percehdng it, cut-off 3000 of
them, and xodia fome cantion, with moft of their hstqgitgt.
Hereupon the Turks returned with more vigour to the ficgc,
ind the garrifon, findii^ themfelves cmt of all hope of relief,
obliged Paralifer and fome other officers, tho' againft their
wills, ^ to capitulate. Accordingly the town was, on the iiA
of 06iober, delivered-up ; and tlit garrifon fafely condu&ed
over the Murr.
ihecountry After this, tMs Turks ravaged the adjacent country ; on
ravaged, which occafion the inhiabitants having fled, 3rMm rntitcd
them to return, with a promife that they fhould pay no tri-
bute for three years. He wrote alfo to count Serini, ^rho
was a great fuffcrer dn this occafion, to recover his loflcs hj
the Sohan*s protedKon : but receiving no arfwer, he returned
to Belgrade. MohdMmed was fo well pleafed with this good
fervice, that he fent the general a robe of cloth of gold, and
« truncheon fet with precious ftones : though he (fid iiot long
ei^oy that honour ; for he died in the be^nning of the next
year. However the S&lfSn's joy was allayed by news from
'Affairs of Af^^ ' ^^^ ^^^^^ Kufahin's death, one they called Skrivano, an
Afiju intimate of his, took the caufe upon him, and in a (hort time
became very formidable. Againft him Mohammed P^,
marching with all his power, received a notable overthro\r.
Neither was the SolUn lefs mortified with his ill fuccefs in
Perfta ; where his ambaflador, having required one of the
king's fons in hoftage for the peace, Was feverdy baftonadoed
for that infolent demand, and hardly efcaped bdng put to
death.
Alba Re- The emperor having at length, in 1601, gotsten a con-
galls fiderable army in Himgary, under the command of dtricc
taken Mercury, the campap was begun with the fiege of AJb(s
A. D. Regalis ; and the duke^ being Informed by a defertcr, that
1601. the broad lake on tlie other fide of that city was fordablc,
whatever the Turks and others thou^t to the contrary, he
kvilRoJpworm with rooo foldiers, who, with each a faggot on
^ tad badc^ got over the lake, though with incredible diiJiculty
fiom
Digitized by VjOOQiC
C. i4« 13 Bo}tAn Mohammed llh
hoai the mud, flags, and the hdght of the water. Of dris
the duke being apprifed by a fignal, with great noife attacked
the other fide ; and while the Turks flocked thither 'to de-
fend the place, Rofworm, fcaling the waH», got into the fnb-
urbs : from whence without refiftance the Turks fled into the
city, with the hnperUr^s at their heels^ maldng a great yy f^ '
flaughter. At the fame time the duke took the fuburbs which Qeroitifa.
ky next to him ; and next day the city itfelf by ftorm. Hav-
ing deared the ftreets of the enemy, they retired to tbeir
houfes, many of which tbey had undermined, and Ukw
themfelyes up, with fuch Chriftians as were near them ; fi>
that the church, palace, and moft of the houjfcs, were ruined*
ThePi^ after this forteBdcred : and the Walloons got moft
of thie booty, to the great vexation of the Germans \
Mean tune, Haffim^ the new Turkifb general, held on his TbtTwit^
march towards Alba Regafn, feemingly with a defiga^to find ^iefemttd.
it unprovided, and furpcife it. But being met by the duke
with 20,000 men, be was defeated, thoi^ much ftperior
in nuniber, with the lofe of 6000 \ among whom were
the P&ft)a oi Buda, fix Satgiksy and fcveral other officers of ,
note. The viftory had been more complete, had not a great
body of Tatars appeared: in the rear of the Imperiali/isy and,
given the Turks an opportunity to reftore their di&rdered
battle.
At the fame time that duke Mercury fat down before Albu Kanifis
Regalisy the arch-duke Ferdinand^ with an ju:my 30^000 befieied.
ftrong, laid fiege to Kani/fta. Notwitfcitanding the marfh,
which furrounded the pla^, tlwy carried their trenches clofe
to the ditch, and then ^mimoned the garrifon ^ who, though
prefled with want, with contempt refufed to furrender, efpe-
clally the renegade Walloons. HerenptHi they prepared for the
aflauh : but t£e bridge proving too fiiort to pafs the ditdi^
they were obliged to defer it. In the interim, the ItaiianSy
murmuring for want of pay, marched-ofF: but, on the 4th of
November y Roffmorm coming from duke Mercury ^ with a re-
inforcement of 8000 men^ they renewed their attempts, and.
muft have carried the place at lafl:, had not the north wind at
the end of that month blown fuch a qiumtity of fnow into the
camp, that the whole army feemed buried in it, and no
fewer than 1500 men were frozpi to death, befidca 300
horfes ; whereupon it was thought fit to raifc the fiege*
Let us now lee how matters ftand with the Turks m Jfid. ^^ ^fian
The SkrivanOy having by hisadHons laft year grown into great rebel
credit with the people, appeared again in the field againft
« RicAVx, ubi fapf.
Mohammed ;
D )Ogle
Hiftcry of the XXhxtAxi Empire. B. XV.
MbhatnmedP^fhd ; who attacked him with an army of 1 50,000
men : but was overthrown with great flaughter. After this
* viftory, the rebel ravaged the country to the gates of Hdlep,
caufing himfclf to be proclaimed the true defender of the
Mohammedan faith, and liberty of thofe countries, afibciated
gmns a y^^ hij^^ ^^ length, Mohammed being furnifhed with a
w^orj. greater army than he had before, the Skrivano, prefuming
upon his former fuccefles, met him, and was at the firft ob-
liged to give way : btit, having dexteroufly reftored his dif-
ordered battle, he returned a fecond time to the charge, and
put the P4/hd's troops into confufion, with a great flaiighter.
However, not thinking it beft to venture too far, he retired to
the mountains, content with what he had done for that
time.
Janiza- ' The plague raged feverely this year at ConftantinopUy and
Titt mu' in other parts of the Othman empire ; at what time the Jam-
^V* zaries having been affronted by fome of the Soltdn's favourites,
caufed their Jga to go to the palace and demand their heads.
Mohammed, offended at this infolence, ordered the SJ)ahis to
cut him in pieces ; which execution the Janizaries revenged
on them. This broil would have proceeded much farther,
had not Sigdla Pdjbd appeafed their fury with a great fum of
money.
Alba Re- Besides the rencounters in Walakhia between the Vayvods
gslnbe- Radal and Jeremy y vnxHx which laft the Turks fided, and
Jieged, were worfted, they alfo received feverai fmall lodes in Hun-
gary : but at length, on the lOth of Augufty Hajfan Pdjlh,
with an army of 1 50,000 men, came and befieged Alba Re-
gaits. As the arch-duke Mathias had notice of his coming
from Jli Pajbdy who was taken by the Heyduks, the governor
Tfolan got thither in time. The Turks having battered the
; ^* .walls with incredible fury, and filled the marfli with the deep
°^* ditches; they attacked and took the counterfcarp, though with
great lofs of men. The Imperialiftsy returning foon after,
drove them out again, with the flaughter of mofl who were
in it : but the noife piercing to the Turkijh camp, they poured
down in fuch multitudes, that the befieged, fatigued widi
the (laughter of them, abandoned the place.
andri" Mean time the governor fent to the arch-duke for fpecdy
covered, relief : but before it could arrive, the Pdjbdy on the 29th
of the fame month, gave a terrible aflault ; with which the
befi^d were fo weakened, and the governor himfelf being
dangeroufly wounded, that they capitulated, to be convoyed
with the baggage and arms halfrway to Raab. But the gar-
yifon falling to pilfer the citizens goods, that they might
carry-
Digitized
byGoogk
C. 14. 13 ^dtlh Mohammed III.' \
carry-off the more with them, 30,000 Tatars, followed by
the Twrij, immediately entered at the abandoned breach, and
took that bufinefs out of their hands. * Then when there was
no more fpoil to be had, they drew their fwords uf>on the
inhabitants, nor ceafed the flaiighter till the Pdjhd came in
|>erfon to ftop it. There were (lain 3000 foldiers, befideS
citizens ; and the captains, with the bf ave Tfolariy who were
faved out of the maflacre, led prifoners ioConJldntinople,
Whither the Turkijb general, after ravaging the cotlntry,
tnarched with his army.
Not long after his departure, the Imperialijis, to retrieve ?Q&faiett*
their difgrace, to the number of 30,000, defcending the Da-
nube towards Buda, broke down th^ bridge croflirig the river
from that city to Pefi, by running a (hip againft it; and whil^
the Turks ran in crouds out of the water city to defidhd it,
tount Schuitz, by land, with a petard blew-up one of the gates
of Lower Buda : then, entering and flaying all before him,
fell on the backs of the Turks at the bridge, who were all
flain or drowned. By a like device they took Pejl alfo ; and,
having gairifoned it, returned to befiege the caflle and uppet
city of Buda, whither all the Turks had fled. The Imperial-
ifts went on briflcly, both with battering and mining : but
the news coming to Hajfan Pajha'% ears, he haftily returned
from towards Belgrade, with what forces he had then with
him, and fat down before Pejl ; yet was not long there be-» ^
fore he was obliged, for want of provifion, to march back
again. Prefently after,* count Nadajli, with 5000 men, went
down the Danube, and without much difficulty took the tOwnS
of Adorn and Feldwar,
Mean time the befiega*s, having intelligence that the Turks Buda tt* '
had aflembled an army of 30,000 meh to relieve the place, fieged.
drew together into the water-town. Upon this the Turkijb
garrifon took pofleflion of their trenches and tents ; but, after
holding them for two hours, were beaten back into the city.
Mean time, a ftrong tower next the Danube being battered
down, the befiegers prepared to enter the breach a little before
night ; when fuddenly there arofe fuch a ftorm of wind and
rain, that they could not ufe their arms. This, with the fai-
lles made by the Turks after the ftorm, and the two fucceed*
ing days, gave them an opportunity to repair their breaches :
and advice arriving at the fame time, that the Tatars had
pafled Temefwaer, in order to relieve Buda, the Lnperialijls
thought fit to raiie the fiege. They likewife abandoned Jdom^
and left a garrifon of io,obo men in Pejl. '
While thefe things were doing in i/tt/z^-ary, ^tSkrivano^ Affairs tf
Rowing ftronger and ftronger, o\'er-ran i great part of the Afia.
• Mod. Hist. Vol. XII. E e OthmAn
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hifi$ry af tU Othm^ Mmfiri. B. XV.
Othmdn dominions in JJia, However happening to die this
year, a younger brother of his, no lefs warlike, took the
' command, and profecuted the war with much vigour. Againft
him the Sobdfi fent Hajjfan Pkfh^^ with a great army : but,
coming to a battle, be was, after a bloody fight, flain, with
moft of his forces. Hereupon, the rebel ranging the country,
feized the tribute of it, and exafted 300,000 ducats from the
city of Anguriy or Ancyra^ and the adjacent territories ; by
which methods he raifed a great fund for fupport of his war,
while the Tatars in Europe ravaged the frontiers of the em-
peror's do;ninions.
War in The year 1 603 was uftiered in by fo intenfe a froft, that
Hungary, the Danube, efpecially eaftward, feemed to be wholly con-
A. D. verted into ice : yet the Turksy having drawn 18,000 men
1603. out of the garrifons, prepared to make incurfions. But 60/-
fonitz, the emperor's governor in thofe parts o£ Hungary,
aflembled a good body of men in the fuburbs of Germany,
and made fuch preparations ei^ery- where elfe for their re-
ception, that they feemed to be very fhy of him. - Aboat this
time the garrifons of Gran and Komorra took 200 waggons
with provifions going to Alba Regalis ; and, though ii^^rior
in number, cut all the convoy of 6000 Turks to pieces. The
garrifon of Biday underftanding what had happened, and
that the provifion, defigned for their relief was loft ; animated
with hunger and revenge, came on the viftors with fuch fiiry,
that they put them to flight, and recovered the waggons.
But fee the viciflitude of human affairs : for the Turks had
uot been long mafters of their ftore, before 2000 of the gar-
rifon of Peft^ having way-laid them near a foreft, unex-
peftedly fell on them, and made them quit their pofleffion,
after a finart conflift. Sc\'eral other adventures happened
between the garrifons of Peft and Budoy who, though the
froft continued, frequently cannonaded each other ; on which
occafion the powder in the latter place happenmg to take
fire, blew-up part of the city- wall.
andWz* Now while Radul^ the Vayvod of JValakhia^ fpoiled the
iakhia. town of Siliftria belonging to the Turks ; Colonitz, who had
lain in ambufti three days for the convoy bound to Kanijta^
at length difcovering about 600 men gomg from that garrifon
to meet it, inclofed them fo fqddenly with his foldiers, that
fcarce four of them efcaped the fword. But three of their
horfe, for the reft fled, bravely ventured to pafs by the Aa-
perialifts to give the convoy warning of the enemy's approach.
Hereupon they returned to Babotz, which Colonitz raolved to
attack 5 but although the aflault was carried on with great
, bravery, yet for want of petards, fcaling-ladders, and other
neceflary
Digitized
by Google
nec^iftrf iufb^mobts, he vms obliged to gire over kb de^
C^gOf tod made A fafe retreat to Kmorra, aotwithAanding '
ibe attempts of tht ^nemy to intercept him '. S
WhbH -ff^x^n P4^, the prime U^azir, arrived at Qwr- T^^ JanW
JfantinofJe^ after the taking of JUa Regalis^ he was magni- zaries
ficoitly received by Mummed, and reverenced by the peo^ «?«'»»/»
pie : but while be expefted Ui be-&rther honoured with the
aiarrk^ of the S$ltAu^t fifter, the Janizaries and Spahis^
with the ocber guards^ to the number of 25,000^ fuddenly
appeared in ^urm^ before the DiwAi, ^ad demanded audience. .
As foon as tb^iingleaders Were admitted, they required thai
ffaffan fhottld be delivored-up to them. The P^d, here^
ypoa ftrai^ely difmayed, pafled through the raging muld^
tude, in order to go to the faray, protoUng his innocence ad
he went alofig : but they, ftopptng him, with many reproaches
a&ed him how it Ctme to pafs, that, while he was in Huu'
garyy the rebels in Jfia were neglefted, fo that now they were
come within three days march of CcnflantinqfiU ? ffqffan an*
fwered, tr-embliag, that, for his part, he had done his duty in
both places ; and that die rebellion in ^Jia was owing to the
ill government of the Sett&n's mother and the K^pi Aga^
TifE mutineers, being fomewhat fatisfied with this de* f^ffictti
fence, fnifcred him to go to the pakce, in order to obtain -^^''i^'^*
leave for them to fpeak to the Soltdtif and prevail on him to
fend them the heads of the two parties whom he had thrown
the blame upon ; threatening otherwife to make him feel their
reientment. Mohammed^ at the Waztr^s perfuafion, accom*
panied by the Mufti^ fome other ecdefiaftics, and feveral
f^&s^ fhewed bimfclf to the Ibldiery; whofe chief, ftep* •
ping forward, defired to know, 'why he did not re/cue the em^
j^irefrom the danger it was in P and whether he would take care
tfthe government y or leave ev^y man to cut out for himfelfP
M^hatitmed^ though full of indignation, having anfwered
mildly, that he had before refolved to reform matters, and
remove all caufe of difcontent, they demanded the haids o£
ihe qrreen-mother and K4pi Aga ; whom Hajfan^ on farther
interrogatories, agsun accufed. At laft, Mohammed being ne* ,
ceflitated to give wa3^ the Kitpi Aga^ and other officers^ wo**
ddivered-up to them ; whom they beheaded on the fpot. At
for the Soltinat they were content Aie fhould be confined (
which, for form's fake, was promi&d, thou^ not pe^»
formed.
While thefe things pafled at CotiflantinQptey the rebels in Afianni-
jffia made great progrefs in ^eir aiSfHirs. Tb<ir forqei being ^
• RiCAUT, ubi fupr*
E e a erown
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftory of the O'thman Empire. B. XV.
grown nnmcrons, •they laid fiege to j^ngurif from which the
citizens, in the abfcnce of the governor, ddivered themfelves
' for 20o/|>oo ducats. Soon after, a neW governor and' other
olficers arriving from court, they, farther to fleece the in-
habitants, would have imputed this compofition with the
rebels, as a crime worthy of death. Hereupon they, fud-
ileniy taking-up arms, fell on thefoldiery ; and, after a great
/laughter at them, drove the reft out of the city. This broil
encouraged the rebels, who being now 40,000 ftrong, under
the command of a brother of the Khdn of the Tatars, laid
Julmit on -^^8^ ^^ Burza (K), a great and.xich city, as well as a maga-
urms : zine for military ftores ; which they took, tJpon this fuccefs
the goviernor of Bdghddd joins their party,' and the Sh&h of
Perjia (L) takes Korbery, a frontier town : fo that Mohammed^
under all thefe difafters, was forced to fue for peace to his
rebellious fubjefts ; which at length he obtained, by granting
them all their demands, and making Zel Ally one of their lead-
' ers, P&Jbh of Bofnia.
conrpirac'9 BuT in avoiding one danger, the Sottdn ran into another:
dijco'vcred. ^^^ the foldiery, concerned at this difhonourable peace, and
preferment of feveral rebels (joined to his mifinanagement of
affkirs, and cruelties which they charged him with), con-
fpired to depofe him. With this view, they engaged in their
party the; Soltdndy mother of the young prince, whom they
propofed to fet-up in his father's room : but a letter fent
to her by an eunuch, relative to that affair, having been in-
tercepted by the Soltdn, he thereupon put to death the young
prince, his mother, and fifty of the confpirators ; together
with the afbologer who had prognoflicated a fortunate ifTue
to their enterprize,
Affairs qf^ MEAN time, the XatarSy being refiifed pafTage by the Poles
Hun<'ary. into Hungary , forced their waythither through IValakhia ; and
though they were frequently worfled, yet did great mifchiefs
in that and the neighbouring provinces. The ImperialiftSy
inow under the brave Colonitz, took the caflle of Loqua from
the Turks; who alio, deferting that of Boulouvenery were
furprifed and overthrown. In Tran/dvama, they were forced
to give-up the caflle of Solomofe to Bajia, the emperor's lieu-
tenant in that country ; where the war went-on with various
fortune, till Zak^l Mofes bdng defeated and flain in batde
againfl the IValakhians, put an end to that difpute, and foon
(K) This Ihould feem to be ( L ) Wc know of no fuch
Bur/a, or Pru/a, there being no place on the frontiers of Turij
Other city • in Anatolia^ which - or Perfia*
hath any refemblance of that
name.
..'; -. after
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
O. 14;^ 13 Soltan Mohdmrned III. 421
after the troubles, in which that country had been involved, A. D.
were brought to a period. 1603.
The Imperial forces under the lord Ruffworm being now*'* ■7^'^*^
arrived at Peft^ the Turki/b army, one hundred thoufand ^^'j
ftrong, came-up and encamped in fight of th/sm on the other ^ ^'^'^^ *
lide of the Danube. About the fame time ^-Turkifh captain,
flying from Alba Regalis to Raaby informed the governor,
that he could put them in a way how to plunder the fuburbs
of that place, if not to take the town itfelf. Hereupon, the
garrifons of Raab and Gran join together, marched under
the guidance of the deferting officer, and iurprifed the faid
fuburbs : where they flew all who made any refiftance ; andj
having rifled the place, fet it on fire. But, fomewhat to
allay this good fortune, the Heyduks in garrifon at the cafde
of Adorn f hearing that a great army of Turks were marching
that; waj, fet it on fire, and quite abandoned it.
The Soltdn finding that, for ail the conceflions which he ^^ace in
had made to the rebels In JJta, they could not be reduced to^gitation,
due bounds of obedience, and that the wars in which he
was engaged greatly interrupted his pleafures, refolved to make •
peace'with the emperor upon any reafonable terms : and, as
the French ambaflador was then treating about the liberty of
count Tfolauy taken the laft year at Alba Regalis^ Mohammed
granted the fame, and gave the count inftru^ions to treat'
with the empp"or about a peace, on condition, that if he did
not fucceed he fliould return to his captivity ; for which the
ambaflador became his furety. At the fame time Ahmed Pajhd
wrote to ColonitZy the Imperial general, to the like purpofe ;
which letter being tranfmitted to the emperor, Colonitz was ; .
appointed, with others, to treat with the enemy : but the ^
latter demanding the reflitution of Tranfilvaniuy Gratt, and
Pefty in lieu oi Agria and Kanifia^ the treaty 'broke-ofF.
Hereupon the Imperialijls refolving to prevent tlie relief fy^^Turks
of Btida, forely diftrefTed for want of provifion, the general, i^orfled:
on the 22d of Augujiy attacked MorM Pdjhdy encamped near
Mobatz with eight thoufand, whereof two thoufaod were
Janizaries ; and, after feveral briflc charges with his horfe,
forced them to retreat i;o their main army. However, the van^
quifliers falling pref^ntly to plunder, the Turks returned, and
attacked them with fuch vigour, that they muft certainly
have been defeated, had not the Heyduks left their boats on
the river and come to their afliftance ; by which means the
enemy was repulfed a fecond time, and fevqn hundred flain,;
befides the lofs of three cannon, Mordd's red ilandard, and
SaJharBeg, who. was t^ken % ^
* RiCAUT. ubifupr.
E e 3 ^T .
Digitized by VjOOQ iC
Hiftiry ef Oi OdiAiifti Miiifin. B. XV.
At kngth the In^trial army, undd: Ae LoM Ru/tnimfiL
rcridezvoufed early in September y and, left die PifiA Qtonld
■ encamp between Vicegrade and Buda^ in whfeh tafe h^ftught
fuiteover- yiftual that city at pleafure, he raifed a ftrong fort ludf vay,
^W»» gnd another in the ifle of Vicegrade : then, hawng buHt k
bridge of boats over the river from his camp to the ifle,
pafled ov^r to Vaks, ot Vakkia. Not long aftei" the PdJM^
with ten thoufand men, having attacked the firft fort in vain,
threw a bridge over the Danube^ in order to annoy Ae Ah
ferialifts, and b^an to crofs it. Mean time they were de*
fcoyed qn by fome loofe forerunners to an ambufcade of 6000
foot : thefe fedng in wh^t diforder they pnrfutd. When about
10,000 erf them had gotten* dver, the ^ulbom^ pofied covertly
fdong the river, played on their flanks with four ctdverins,
while the reft charged them on every fide ; and, having killed
2000, put the others to flight : but not being able to re-
cover the bridge, 5000 more were drowned or flain, and the
reft taken prifon^s, with their field^pieces, colours, hc»fe,
and ^ms
Other ill Keither did matters fucceed better dfewhere with the
fucceffes. Turks ; for their fleets were about this rime decked at ffea :
and altho' Zel Ali, one of the AJtatick rebds, had fubmitted,
as before-mentioned, yet the cKef rebel was ftiUin arms, and
the P^fhA who had been fent ag^nft him, on being difplaced
by the Saitdtiy went over to his party. On the other fide,
the king of Perfia, taking advantage of the troubles in whiA
the Othn&n empire was involved, laid fiege to Tauris, and
quickly recovered it,
^wiV a ' Bu T to return to the affairs of Hungary. The Tmperialifis,
tattle. fearing left the Turks fhould befiege Peft, as they had given
put, and finding they were gone to encamp near Buda^ 11?
the fflc qf f^icegrack, ^ent and phched their tents before St.
Jndrewy in fight of the eni^ray. Thefe a few days after de*
tached 5009 men, with defign to draw the Cennans into an
fimbufcade of 10,000 ; bu^, miffing of their dm, were forced
to rptire, with fomp lofs. About the f^e time general Ci/-
lonitZy tfiinking to furprife the Turkijb army, landed on d»
2d pf OSfober, with 600 Heyd&ks, in the iflfe of Vicegrade \
but being difcovered too foon, was forced to retire, after nvo
hours engagement, with the lofs of 400 mpn, Count Trant-
mejiorf had better fuccefs in Stiria \ for the Turks having
made a bridge of boats at Lamajcpi. to give them paflage
Into that country, and fepured it with two forts, the count
attacked them v^Hth fuch bravery, that at laft he took them^
ind defbroyed the bridge. Lugaze alfo, a place of great im-
/' ' ' portfmcp
Digitized
byGoogk
C I4« 13 Sbldb Mohammed III. 423
portance to the Turks, was at the fame time delivered to A. t>.
Bafia by the Tranfilvamans. '6^3-
All this while the hnpirialifts could not draw the Turks ' ^^~'-'
to a battle : but ^er the latter had fupplied Buda with pro- ^V^**^
vifion, they filently marched off by night, and retired out of ^^fj^^^
Hungary. Upon their departure, the Imperialijts bcfi^ed
Haiwdn, which was fo well fortified as to endure a long
fiege. They made fheir approaches by taking the water-
mill; in which a£Uon Grq/old, general of the Italians, was
ilain : after this, ha^^ng cut-off their water and made large
breaches, the garri£3n capitulated for their lives, and the
apth of November were convoyed to Zolnok. Before the year
was out, the Imperialijis had feveral rencounters with theTwr^
and Tatars, generally to the difadvantage of the two latter ;
and Beged Pd/bd, thinking to furprife Bqfta as he lay with
his troops difperfed about Li/>pa (M), was attacked by that
old experienced general in a place of di&dvantage, and over-
thrown, with the lofs of 1100 Turks, flain out of 5000 ;
who, being alfb driven into a rnarfh, moft of them peri(hed
there. Twenty captains and other prifoners were taken, befidcs
a rich booty. But about the fame time, Bethlem Gahor (N),
an able commander, becoming head of the revolted TranfiU
vaT\ians, created Ba/ia and the Imperialtfls no fmall trouble
in that counuy, as will be feen in the next reign.
In the interim Zel Alt, before-mentioned, after he had ZelAli
forved this campaign in Hungary (with 12,000 of the late eMert,am
rebels brought over from Afta), retired to Bofnia, the go-
vernment ct which had been promifed him, and encamped
near Bdghnaluk (O). But JdfferP&Jhd, who refided there as
governor, taking this as an incroachment on his right, drew
all the force he could out pf the garrifons, with an intent to
fall upon him. The crafty Zel Ali, knowing his own weak-
nefs, caufed feveral great fires to be lighted-up in his tents,
and fuddenly retreated. Mean time the PapDd with his troops
haftening to the place, and finding the camp deferted, they
fell to pillage it : but while the foldiers were loading them-
lelves with the plunder, Zel Ali, returning with 3060 chofen
horfe, fufprifed the unfufpefting piHagers, and cut 6000 of
them in pieces, the Pajbd himfelf with difficulty efcaping*-
After this the victor quickly obliged all the chief places in the
(M) A ftrong town on the' (O) The chief city of ^o^Vf,
river Marojk, to the north of and refidence of the BegUr Bei
Temifiuaer. of that country. It is iituate in
(N) By fome called Bethlin the borders towards Kroatia, on
Habor^ the river Pliva.
£ e 4
Digitized
byGt)Ogk
Hiftory of the Othman Einpire. B. XV.
province to fubmit to his obedience ; a^id, having amafled a
great deal of wealth, he entered Bdghnaluk in triumph, crown-
ed with laurel, amidft the foldiers finging his praifes. At
the fame time he gave out, that he was refolved to join with
the emperor of Germany ^ in cafe any of the Pajbas fhould
go-about to crofs his defigns. Mohammed, being infonned
of all this, would, under pretence of honouring Zel j^li^ have
drawn him to court : but the crafty rebel, thanking the SoU
tiriy declined the irivitation ; faying, he deflred no other re-
ward than the government of the province, which his n^ajefty
•h^d promifed him, and which he was now in pofleilion of,
Moham- The Turks haVing often during this year, efpecially to-
picd'i wards the end of it, made a motion of peace, in the begin-
^atb, ning of the next, commiflioners were appointed on both
•A. D. fides, to treat of it ; and thofe of the emperor went from
J 604. pgji to Buda on that account, at the requeft of the Pajbd
thereof, and agreed on a truce for twelve days ; which was
notified immediately to the Turkijh governors on the frontiers.
But while all mens minds were filled with the expeftation of
peace, Soltdn Mohammed died, amidft all his pleafures. As
foon as the news was brought to the Pa/l>d of Biida, he fent
notice thereof to the Imperial officers at Pr/? ; and that he
was commanded by the new Solt^n, Ahmed, to continue the
negociatloji ".
The Turkifh hiftorians employed by prince Cant emir omit
all the tranfaftions above related from the Chriftian writers,
which fucceeded the taking of Agria, After thi^ viftory,
they only tell you, that he marched to Conftantinople in tri-
umph ; and, content with what he had acquired, made peace
with the Chriftians, that he might enjoy, what he was na-
turally inclined to, eafe and pleafure : that accordingly he
JIejra)i lived in profound peace till the year 1012 (P), in which he
1012. died, after he had reigned nine years and two months : but
A. D. that how long he lived was not mentioned (Q^) in hiftory,
1603. farther than that he died in the vigour of his age, without
il/?^^^' P^rfor^i^g o"^ memorable aftion more than what has been
related *. And on this occafion it may be obfeiTed, that as
this is the only aftion mentioned in his reign by the Turkijb
hiftorians in queftion, one would be apt to think that their
9 RiCAUT, ubifupr. * Cant. Othm. Hift. p. 336.
(P) This year of the Hejrah beginning of which the Chrif-
ended the eighteenth of May y in tian hiftorians fay^he died.
fhe yczr of Chrf/i 16045 in the ( Q^) The Chriflian writers
fay he lived forty-four yctrs.
^ defign
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
ra£ier.
C 15. 14 Soltan Ahmed I. ^ 425
defign was not to write a hUlory of Turkijb afFaifs, but only A. D.
to give an account of fuch tranfaftions as the Soltdns wer? 1605.
themfelves perfonally concerned in. ^— "V^*^
The Chi iftian hiftorians give this character of him. They Governed
fay, he was a prince of no great fpirit, and yet exceeding by twomen.
proud ; whence it happened that he was neither much be-
loved nor feared : that he neglefted the affairs of government,
which he gave-up to the management of women ; and was
wholly addifted to pleafure and voluptuoufnefs, the figns of
which appeared in a foul, fwoln, and unwieldy body : that
his debaucheries fhortened his days ; and that he died unla^
merited by his fubjefts. He had four fons, and three daugh-
ters, married to three of his Pdjbds. His eldeft {on Mohani^
med was ftrangled, as before-mentioned (R), The fecond
died young, and the fourth, called Mojiafa^ a youth, was
fb-itSlly kept-up in the palace f.
C H A P. XV.
The 'Reign of Ahmed I.
yJH MED afcended the throne on the 9th of Rajeb in nSolfan
•^^ the year 1012, when he was yet- fcarce fifteen years Ahmed !•
old (A) : and this was the firft time that the reins of the
Turhijh government were given to a prince under the years of . « ^
maturity (B). But he demonftrates in the firft years of hii
reign, that the fcepter was not unworthily put into the hands
of a youth. The Aftatic foldiery, whom the Perjian wars
had always kept employed, became fo infolent under his fa-
ther's indolent reign, that they prefumed to fpoil not only
travellers but whde provinces. The generals fent to fupprefs
thofe rebels, being either allured with the hope of prey them-
felves, or negligent of their duty, were fo far from plitting
a ftop to their progrefs, that, the number of plunderers in-
creafidg, all Anatolia was miferably ravaged.
y RiCAUT in Mohamet III.
(R) It is added by our au- (A) The Chriilian hifionans
thor, that afterwards, finding fay he was then about that aee,
the prince to have been inno- (B) Or, as the Turks fay, he*
cent of the charge, he caufed fore he was poiTeiTed of a Sent
his body to be buried in his jdk, or ilandard : which ehiiga
own fepulchre, and t\it Pdfid to of power is never delivered by
be haneed who had given him them to any man till be is of
wrong mformatiof^ mature age. Cant*
Digitized
byCiOogle
Hijlory of the Othman Efnpire. B. XV.
Among the rebds there were chiefly two, KalenderOgli (Q
and TaviUp)^ who attacked the Othm&n troops and did mod
miichief. Ahmed judged, that if they were once quelled,
the reft would be eafUy fupprefTed, and peace reftored to the
eaft. To this end th^^ore he fends the prime Waztr Kya
Mortd Pdjhd^ with his guards, to vdnter at Hdkp^ with or-
ders in the fpring to lead them, in conjunction with fuch of
iheJfiatics as remained faithful, againft the ravagers. Thefe
commands were executed by the IVdzir vnth fuch fuccefs, that,
after (everal bloody ei^agements, KaltenderOgR was Taoqailh*
ed near Mar^^ in the mounuuns of Kioykufen^ and dmesi
alone, all his common foldiers being flain, into Perjian IriL
Then, turning his arms againft Tavit^ who advanced to aiM
his companions, be defeats him likewife, and forces him to
fly Iifto the &me country.
Wm^ The Shdh \aNva% refufed to deliver up the two rebds,
i^aimfi Ahmed^ to be revenged for that contempt offered to -his go-
Perfia, vemment, fends the Wazir Morad with a numerous army to-
wards the Perfian borders : but, arriving too late at Tihris
Hcjrah to effeft any tlung thb year, be refolves next fpring to invade
1013. the enemy's country ; yet dies when he was on the point of
•^' ^' laarchfflg. His office is conferred on Naftdi PifbA (E), who,
A d" ^*^^ ^ year's flay there to as little purpofe, leads back his
^y * army, weakened by ftdcnefs and fiit^ue, to Car^antinopk:
A. D. vl^^^ ^^ ^ arrival, he was beheaded fi:^ floth and nq^
1606.* gence. Mihemed Pdjbd^ bdng made Wkztr in his room, if-
parts, in 1015, with 2 very numerous army, and lays dofe
wnjucceft' ^^ toRtv^^ which he furioufly affeults for fiwrty days; but
^. rqMdied by the bravery of the garriibo, is forced at laft to
Hejrah n^ the fiege : for wiuch ill fucce&, he b, at his return t»
1026. Arserim^ fbraog^ by the K^ji Fafl^r ^uui his pofi con*
A. D. ferred on HaHI PSfiAy a brave and prudent general : bu^
'^'7* whilft he prepared to hnmbie the pride of Perfia^ the Sottioi
is feized with a ibdden fev^ ; which, though flight at firfli
increafed every diay, and at kngdi carried lum off*.
» Cant. p. 238, & fe<jq.
(C) He muft not be con- hlt^ fignifies tall ; and is a for*
fbanM with one of the fame name, to exprefs that quality in
BaiBe» who, VitAfstM9hammii\. hhn. So najfan Begy or UxA
ytduetd the Otbmdm empire to fiajfan^ is by the Arabt called
the laft extremity. Cant. Ka-^ Hajfan td Tanvil^ or Haffan the
Umitr OgU feems to be a nick- Tii//, on account of his ftatore.
name, given him on account of (E) Berjamn the fon of Ja^
his ^(mbling the firft Kaltnder coh, and brother of Jofeth^ is in
in bravery as well as lebelHon. the Kordn ci^ed NafiA j. from
(D) ^a<vil^ or Tawily in Ara^ whence this name came in ufe.
-This
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. £ 5. 14 Sdtatt Ahmtd I. 417
This is ta efffeft all ^vMch the Turkijb authors confulted A. D.
by prince Cant emir have given us relating to the ragn of 1604.
Ahmed I. The tranfaftions of which being wholly confined 1, ^/^^
to his ii^ar ^inft the Pirjians^ a perfon who had not reitd T^^
the Chrtftian hiftorkns Would be apt to imagine, that he was J^^-?
at peace all the time vnxk the reft of his neighbours, and never -^^
hsA any conteft wiA the Imperialifts. Leaving our readers
to fuggeft the reafon oi this conduft, we have laid before
them the whole at once of Mrhat they deliver concerning the
^urktfb affmfs during this prince's reign, before we intro- .
duced any thing from the Ciiriftian writers, whom now we
&all have recourfe to.
A HMED havij^, to prevent the infblence of the {tlL-Rmonju
diefy, given the Spahii, by way of largefs, ten crowns a^^^SoI-
snaii» and every Janiznry thifty, with advance in pay to the ^^^^
firft of five afpers a day, and of one to the latter, was crowned
tvith great folemnity. The firft aft of his authority was, te
remove his grand-mother, a proud ambitious woman, from •
the prime aAniniftration of the government, which ftie ma-
naged at her pleafure in the late Soh&n*s reign. He likewife
fet the Perjian ambaflador at liberty ; and continued the ne-
gotiations of peace in Hungary, On this occafion the Ai-
periitl commiffioners made a ^lendid entertainment for the
Yurks at Pejt ; whither 600 of the better fort went. Mean
time thofe of Buda had formed a defign to furprife that city
during the feaft : but, finding the garrifon as much on their
guard as at other times, the Turks returned without fuccefs.
This treachery being complained of next day, the Pajh& The treaty
of Suda difavowed the thing wirfi many proteftations. How- broken ojfm
ever, the emperor's commiffioners would not accept of his
invitation to a feaft the day following, but returned to
Cran ; yet left GieJheTg at Peft, to treat with the Turks y in
cafe he found them difpofed to it. Inftead of that, a meflen-
gcr came foon aifter from the Solthiy to order the PAJhd, to
break-off the treaty. In eflfeft, they had fo little difpofitioii
♦o peace, that fo foon as they had fupplied Agria, Alba Re^
piKs, and Buda^ with neceflaries, they laughed at the hipe*
riaiijls for their credulity, and renewed their incurfions with
more cruelty than ever: yet not with impunity from the
MujffirSj who endeavoured to repay them in their own coin.
Mean time Jdfer PBjb$, who had been driven-out of Attempt on
Bofnia hy Zel Ali^ as before-mentioned, being fupported by Lippa.
the Soltdn's authority, fuddenly entered that country with a
great army, and at length expelled his competitor for that
province ; but died foon after his viftory. As for Zel Jli,
di^ miniftry at the Porte, loth to lofe the benefit of fo great
• > a^l- T
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftaryitftbe Oditnki Empire. B. XV.
a foldicr, and yet not willing to truft him with a government
of fuch confequence as that of Bofnia, removed thither Bi-
' gredet P&Jba from Temefwaer, and made the other goveroor
of this laft place. Zel Jli, taking advantage of the break
and rancor which divided the Chriftians more than the Turks,
laid a defign to furprife Lippa by night ; but after attempt-
ing, not only to fcale the walk, but even to force the gates,
he was obliged to give over his enterprire.
Kanifia About the fame time fome Turkijb prifoners in Kaffbva^
ilonxm up. during the abfence of the governor, and great part of the
garrifon, flew their keepers, with a defign to have burnt the
town and efcaped : but were at length fupprefled ; while
Kanifia fuffered th6 misfortune which Kaffova had efcaped :
for a foldier in the citadel having carelefly thrown fire into
the powder, the whole place was in a manner blown-up *•-
Fal/eofferi WHILST the tumults in Tranfilvama and troubles in Hunr
of peace. rgAry increafed, the Pdjbd of Buday underftanding that the
jmperial forces began to draw together, wrote to the gover-
nor of GraUy to invite hun to a new treaty : but the infmcerity
. of his motion ap^ared no lefs from the referved fbrain of h^
letter, than the conduft of the Turks '^ who atxhe fa(ne time,
.with the united forces of feveral garrifons, furprifed the
caftle of Somnm by night, and burnt it.
J fairs of/'Bvr let US leave the affairs oi Europe awhile, to fee how
Afia. thofe of A/ia flood. Altho' the rebellion there was weakened
.for a time, yet it broke out again with more force than ever.
To fupprefs which, Sigala Pajha, an officer of great experience,
was fent with an army : but he was no fooncr arrived than
met by the enemy, and, after a bloody .battle, defeated ; with
much ado efcaping himfelf. However, he quickly recruited
his diminifhed troops, and marched againfVthe viftors, in or-
der to retrieve hia difgrace : but the rebels, finding him much
fuperior in force, retreated, and applied for aid to the king
of Perfia, The ^hah immediately fent them troops, under hij
own fon ; with which they marched to attack the Pqfh^ a
fi&^Turks fecond time. At firft fortune feemed to incline to the arm^
o<ver~ of the Soltdriy till the prince of Perfia witli his brave cavalry
thrown: falling upon them in the rear, while fome of the rebel troops
attacked them in the flank, they were at length totally routed,
and thirty thoufand of them flain, to only ten tlioufand on
the other lide. The Skcih, purfuing his good fortune, re-
duced the country of Shirwduy won thjb city of Arujia (F),
*» RiCAUT in Achmetl.
(F) We know of no fuch place in thofe quarters.
♦ near
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
^; 1 5- 14 Soltan Ahmed I. *
lear the confluence of the Tigris with the Euphrates, and all
iie adjacent territories, excepting two or three towns, which
lad been -taken from them ever lince the time of SoltM 'Soley- '
mdn. ^
A HMED having narrowly efcaped death, from the fmall- make great
pox, appointed HaJJhn Pdjbd, a man of great valour zndp^/f^^^'
abiliries, to be his general in Hungary : but news arriving ''^'*''
ibon after, that the king of Perfia had taken the field with
an army of 100,000 men, and that Bagages Pqfhd^ one of
the Ajian rebels, had confederated with him, the Soltdn re-
called Hajfan with his forces from before Waradin to Conftan-
tinople : yet, after holding a council, fent him back again,
and appointed Sigdla once more his general in Afta. The
emperor, being aware of the Turkijb preparations, fent the
archduke Maximillian his embaflador to Ronie^ to folicit aid
of the pope, who gi'anted him 1 50,000 crowns for that year,
with hopes of an augmentation for the future.
Mean time the Tatars being by^ the Poks denied a paflage Wakkhia
into Hungary^ they fell to ravage Walakhia. H^T^xxfoti xh& ravaged.
Vayvod Rodolf Tt\\vtdL to Kronft ad \ and, after taking a new
oath, was, with his country, received by Bajia under his
proteftion. All this while the Turks feemed fo defirous of
peace, that at length Cafar Gallen was fent to treat about
it: but, as they infifted, that the former tribute ftiould
be paid by the emperor ; and that all the places which he had
taken (hould be reftored, together with Tranftlvania and
Walakhia ; the conferences came to nothing. Soon after Ja-
g^nzentery governor of P^Jl, terrified with the report, that p^^ ^^.
the grand JVazir^ Hajfan was coming with a great army to^^/^^^
conquer Hungary, and intended to begin with the fiege of^
Peji'y he with the garrifon, on the 5th oi September , bafely
deferted the town, after he had fii*ft undermined the princi-
pal buildings, and laid trains of powder to blow them up.
Accordingly, next day, they blew-up while the governor re-
tired to Gran ; where he was imprifoned, in order to be tried
for his cowardice.
The grand Wazfr, being by this time arrived in Hungary, Gran
laid fiege to Gran on the 1 8 th of the fame month, encamping he fiege d^
before St, Thomas's mount : but Bajia, having raifed a ftrong.
fort near the town on that fide, fo annoyed them from thence,
as made them remove further off, while he ky with his
army between the ifle of Gran and the old town of the Raf-
dans, to keep the enemy from entering into either place. On
the 24th, the Turks afiaulted fort St, Thomas ; but count
Schultz, governor of Gran, having ordered 500 hgrfe an4
2000 foot to fally out upon them, they forced the enemy to
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Beth! em
Ghabor
in Tran-
iilvania.
Hifiory of ibe OtIimSn Empin. B.
quit the mount ou ^^hich they were encamped : hav
puriuing them too fitr, they fell iDto an ambnili, wh
after a bloody fight, they were obliged to retreat, la 1
a^ion the Turks loft 700 men, and the befieged 100; 3
whom was the valiant count Cqfimtr of Mcienhth,
As the noife of this fiege drew many to the relief <
place, count Tambkrf governor of Lippa^ being about 1
march thither with fomc troops ; Eithtun Ghabor ^ chief <
T^ratjjilvnman revolters, with Bakhcres Pdjbd and 4000 \
entered into that province^ with a dcfign to make
mafter of it, under the protection of the Turks. The 1
underAatiding this, fell upon him fo haXllly that he q9
put him to flight, and killed 1000 men. The two
were glad to lave themfelves by fwimming ; and fuc
fent to them from Tsmefwa^r were alfo cut to pieces hf\
count ".
Mean time, the befiegers having been nepulfed in
alTaults made on fort Bt* ThQnuis, although 5500 M^
had deferred ou t of 6000, they fell to mining ; but the
fign was fruftrated by cognter-mlnes. On this they [
courfe to their old artifice of a parley for peace r t
Germans not agreeing to their terms, the Janizariei wcre^
giving over the fiege. However, Majpiu being refolved 1
attack the fort once more before he left it, airaulted it J
times on the loth of O^oireri wherein failing, he wiiJ
his army, many of whom Baja cut-off in their retreat,
he had not forces enough to put a ftop to the rav
made afterwards : but what that general could not d©,
effefted by Colkmtz,
While Hungary became a little eafy by thr - ^
the IVazir^ Tranjthania grew diftrafVed with \u
bles. The Lord Ifiiv^nt fnrnamed Botjlhay (G), w^ht;
the SoItMB protedion, filled hiinfelf prince of fh<t
committed great diforders there. The lord i?r/.' •
lieutenant there, was fent ''' - r ^ '
Potjiay having feduced t
defcrt him In time of bati
almoft ;dl ilain ; and ft* .^
pieces, contrary to fajth.
i<^K
^1
2^ 15^ t4 Soklti Ahmed I:
ind money by the Turks, he took Kajfova (H), and th««
iftablifhed the reformed religion, of which he called himfelf
Jic defender. The enfigns and prifoners taken on thefe oc- '
ralious were borrowed by the grand Wazir, to colour at
uOfiftantmople the ill fuccefs of his campaign.
However that be, Poijkay was grown by this time to Botflchay
fuch a head, that Bafia was forced himfelf to march againft re^olti^
him, and defeated his troops, killing 1506 of his men. For
all that, Kajfovia would not fubmit to him, and receive an
Imperial garrifon, although EJperies did (Y). But fuch were
the confufions and difcontents of thefe countries, that Bafid'%
own foldiers were ready to have mutiny'd, if they had not
been prevented by his prudence and generolity. The Hey^
duks had a great hand in thefe troubles : for they feized on
divers cafUes, and among the reft the mine-towns ; doing a
great deal of mifchief to the hnperiaJifts, whom now they
reckoned the worft of foes.
These diftraftions which afflifted Hungary and TranfiU on account
vania had their rife from the perfecuting fpirit of the Rcmdfb tf
clergy, Thefe in an aflembly this year at Prefhurg, without the
content or knowlege of the nobility, publiflied a decree, con-
demning thofe of the reformed religion in Hungary either to
be burned, or to fuffer perpetual baniftiment. Againft this
decree theftates oH that kingdom made their proteft; and de-
clared, that they would drfend themfelves by arms, in cafe
they fhould be molefted on account of their religion. Not-
widiftanding all this, Beligioja, -ff^^^i's "lieutenant, feized-on
not only the churches, but lands and efFefts of the reformed
at Kajfovia. He forbad them alfo the ufe of the bible, or to Popiih
have fermons in their o\vn houfes ; and would not fuffer p^rficu-
them to bury their dead in the city near monafteries. Not *^^^*
content with this, becaufe Botjkay refufed to lend him a large
fum of money, he ordered hb foldiers to plunder two of his
caftles. That lord, enraged at thefe injuries, by proclama-
tion, promifed four crowns a month, as pay, to every Hey-
dfik who would enter into his fervice. Hereupon thofe peo-
ple reforted daily to him, and among the reft 6000 who
ferved under Beligiofa himfelf : but as foon as he took upon
him the proteftion of the reformed religion, they fl6cked to
him in crowds, and the peqple every-where appeared ready
to join him.
Neither were the Turks free from Inteftine commotions,
the rebels beii^ ftill on foot in Anatolia ; while, in Syria, the
(H) About II leagues from (Y) About 7 leagues nortb^
jigriay to the north-caft, in hy*^i& Qi KaJ/otvia,
Vffer Hungary.
PAjhis
Digitized by VjOOQ iC
troubles in
Turkey.
Baghdad
loft. .
A. D.
1605.
Bofkay'/
demands*
Hiftory of the Othman Empire. B. XV
Pdfl:As bf Damajkiis and Hdkp were in arms againft ead
other : but the latter, having been defeated and beileged b»
an army of 30,000 men, was obliged to fubmit to fuch co^
ditions as the other impofed. To add to thefe misfortune,
Sigdia Pdjbdy with all his great power, was defeated by il*:
king of Perfia ; who, improving his viftory, went and tooi
B&ghddd. Altho* thefe crofles gave the Turkijb minlfters greai
uneafinefs, yet Soltdn Ahmed continued his pleafures, as if hi
did not mind how matters went.
B AS TA, finding himfelf by force unable to put an eci
to the troubles in Hungary and Tranfilvaniay exhorted dK
chiefs of the malecontents, arid even Botjbay himfelf, by let-
ters, to lay down their arms. Hereupon that lord, by wayci
anfwer, infifted, thac Trnnfilvania fhould be yielded to him:
• that an Hungarian fhould be made lieutenant-general in Hitjt-
gary ; and none but Hungarians have command of the gsr-
rifons in that country : that the French and Walloon foldien
fliould be fent home ; and every man have the free exerdt
of his reHgion. But thefe propofals not being agreeable w
Baft ay nothing was concluded. Mean time the Hcyduk
joined by a body of Tatars^ furprifed Cokaza, over-againft
Gran ; where they flew the German garrifon ; and, after
rifling the town, fet it on fire : but were quickly driven oni
again by the governor of that city. The Imperialljls likewili
took the (Irong fortrefs of Palantwar from the Turks ^.
About the fame time, the latter having a defign to befieg?
Fackia, not far from Ficegrad^, the Heyddks in garrifon, find-
ing themfelves much ftronger than the Germans y flew mod
of them, while the reft fled to Gran, and put the Turh b
poflTcffion of that important place. The Othmdns, with tBer
new confederates, flufhed with this fnccefs, attempted tota];e
Gran, but were repulfed. The emperor was not a little trou-
bled to fee his enemies increafe, and his own troops diminMi
* thro' civil diflfenfion : yet, inftead of pacifying the malcontents
by redreffing their grievances, he applied to other princes for
aid, in order to reduce them by force. ' But while he received
nothing from them but promifes, the enemy, under the priinc
Wazir Hajfan, taking the advantage of time, marched to be-
fiege Ficegrade, fituate on the Danube, hetWQtn Buda andCrdn,
As foon as they appeared before it, the Heydtiks opened the
gates of the town, and then informed them how to attack the
' caftle ; which, after a brave defence,, was yielded upon ardcles.
Heyd&ks BAST A, in the mean time lying at £//^w^j, publifheda
y«c-f^/w/: general pardon to the revolters; but with little e^ft: aud
Gokaza
taken.
Vachia
yielded.
Vice-
grade
taken.
* RiCAUT. ubi fupr.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
not
C. 15.' i4.SoMn Ahmed I.
not long after his own foldiers began to mutiny for want of.
pay. .The Heyd^is J in the beginning of /Virtr^r/, bcfieged
the caftle of Sakmar^ which was quickly fuf rendered to them. '
Then advancing towards Tokay ^ attempted to furprife the
caftle : but the governor being apprifed of their defign, caufed .
the ice on the river to be broken forty paces over, and then
covered it with fnow near the place, fo that the Heyduh
marching on to fcale the walls,, were fuddenly fwallowed up.
On the 2d of March they came before New Haufely and hav- Befiegi
ing perfuaded the citizens to revolt, Burbelius with his Kofaks New
retired into the caftle ; from whence afterward fallying, he Haufcl^
drove them out of the town ^gain. But about this time FiUk^
the key of that part of upper Hungary^ was given up to the
Heydiih^ who had for fpme time beficged it^ by the garrifon,
for want of water. After this four thoufand of them attempt-
ing to furprife Wtglate caftle, were repulfed with great lofs :
but marching from thence, they broke into Turfons country,
and forced the ffates to fubmit to Botjkay.
To remedy thefe evils, the emperor fcnt two commiffioners Trouhki
to treat with that lord ; but he refufcd to receive them ; and e'very-
. fent circular letters to alfemble the nobility and ftatcs oi Hungary nvbere^
at Gerents, there to deliberate what was tg be done, when their
country was fo opprefled with Germans and ftrangers. In the
interim, the army under Bajla mutinied again, for want of ,
pay, feverely threatened their general, and moft miferably
ravaged the country between Ejpertes^ and Prejburg. About ^
the feme time Conjiantinople was iapttided not only with a
tumult of the Janizaries ^ but alfo wim a dreadful fire; wherein
many people periflied, with five hundred fhops and warehoufes,
full of rich commodities were confumed. This misfortime
vras preceded by a letter from Sigdla Pajha^ giving the Soltan
. an account of his ill fuccefs ; and that without Ipeedy rein-
forcements the Perfians would carry all before them.
To return to the affairs of Hungary. The Heyduks not New
only renewed the fiege of New Haujel^ but alfo^ook it 5 and Haufel
afterwards made incurfions into Moravia^ where they commit- ^^^en^
ted intolerable ravages : but they were at length driven out
by count Lichtcnjleiny governor of that country, yet carrying
great fpoils along with them. About this time Ba/ia^ who lay ^
at Prejburg^ undcrftanding that fix thoufand Turks and Ta^
tars, out of fourteen thoufand, arrived at 5(. George's, had
crofted the Danube, about a mile below the city, went in the
night with three hundred choice horfe; and falling on the
Turks and Heydtiks, who remained behind in the camp, flew
five hundred of them, before the reft could recover their arms,
and returned with fome booty of horfcs. Mean time the gar-
rifon of Komorra^ from an ambufcade, routed and flew Bcgedea
Mod. Hist. Vol. XU. F f Pafija,
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
i6o6.
Bodkay's
fuccejfes.
'344 Hi^ory of the Othmar
A. D. Pijha^ the great fomenter of the H
took fevcnteen waggon-loads of mon
value, which he was conveying to j
under the {<^vi of the Khan of Khrim.
To make amends for this lofs, the 7
junflion with the forces of the male
twenty-eight villages, about the lakei
of Uewftadt ; put people of all ages
impaled many, and led multitudes c
naakcontents furprifed and plundered
towns, the terror of which made the
to them. In June the inhabitants of
ficers, and put themfelves under BotJ^
fage being thus laid open to the Tur
they wrote to the Soltan to haften th
grew daily worfe and worfe : for now
Stiria and Auftria^ and did fo much
Serini, Nadajii and J^udianty who \
againft the Turks^ feeing all they had i
mitted themfelves, as well as many ot
ever the Heyduks were repulfed before
befieged, with the lofs of many men.
The Turksy to induce Botjkay to g
fent him three waggon-loads of mon
hundred Heyduks and forae Turks : bu
the former joined four hundred Gert
by the governor, with whom they he
ing all the Turks^ carried the booty
ever the malecontents ftill encreafm
ox Doits y yielded to them. Mean tim
of Botjkay in thofe parts; with an arm)
^arians and Turks^ befieged New H
fhould fall into the hands of the latt
from attacking it, with ^^^ii^n to f;
Hhftgiiri^ins only, with wisom lie %m
25th of July \ yet wa% \
ortakioglc/ Aft: ~ ^''M\
thouUnd men and
oiit» tbq
Cither i
New
Haufel
retaken.
C. 15. i4 Sdtan Ahmed I.
in a {hort timcj to make him king of Hungary. The Turh
having gained this point, and refoTved to carry on the war iri
that country, with all their vigour, their wars in JJia w6u]d ^
admit of; their general Sedar P&pa^ with an army of fifty thou-
ftnd men, including Hungarians^ on the 20th of Augufly laid
fiege to Gran. To deprive the city of relief by the Danuhe^
they made a great bridge of boats over it, attd placed a flrong
guard at each end. After they had with vaft lofs and charge
made^/. Thomai^oz^^ allaul table, they mounted the hill in
great numbers, and in ipite of the cannon of the beiieged, came
to blows with them in the very breaches. The attack lafted ^hi atf
five hours, during which they were with incredible courage jiVA//^/*
three times rcpulfed : but by numbers prevailing at laft^ after
they had flain nine hundred of the garrifoHi with count Ottin-
gen their brave commander, they entered the place, and
quickly difpatched the few who remained. This done, they
raifed a battery of thirty great cannon againft the lower town^
and having made a large breach in the vrall, after four defperatc
aflaults, entered the city. They then attempted the higher
town, but being beaten off, fell to mining with fuch fuccefs^
that the fortifications being blown up, the befieged lay open
• to their fliot. Hereupon the garrifon in a tumult would have the
governor Dampier to furrender the place ; but on his refufing,
they imprifoned him, and did the work themfelves, on condi^
tion of being allowed to march out with their baggage, colours
furled, and match lighted : for which piece of bafenefs, the
captains, and principal authors of the mutiny, were executed at
KomorrOy whither they were civilly conducted by the enemy®.
The Soltdn*s joy for taking this important place, was much SigaJA
allayed by the ill fuccefs of his arms in Jfia. Sigdla Pdjhd f^^''-
having advanced towards PerfWy the Sh^^ who had then a *^t^^'H
great army on foot, halted to meet him before the Pajhh of
Karamania joined him with the forces he was ordered to raife'
for that purpofe ; accordingly, coming on him before he was
ready to engage, quickly overthrew his army, and took all
his cannon. The king purfuing his viflory, followed 5^tf/&^
who with three hundred men hardly efcaped to Adena (K),
and befieged him there. Hereupon, the Pajha of Trapezond
was ordered to march to his affiftance ; which Sigdla hearing
of, he fecretly got over the wall with ten foldiers, and joining
the fuccours, advanced to relieve the city. But the Shah to pre- hy tt^eVct*
vent them, leaving part of his army to carry on the fiege, with £»"«•
« RiCAUT. ibid.
(K) A city near 7arfus, in the fouthern coaft ot Anatolia^
towards Syria^
F f a the
^ Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hifiory of the Othmah Empire. B. XV.
the reft marched to attack the Pajhas^ whom he unexpeSedly
furprifed before they Could draw up in order ; and made fo
' great a flaughter of the Turks^ that very few efcaped, befidcs
Sigala^ and two or three more, who got over the river in a
boat. The confequence of this viftory, was the furrender of
the town ; and Ahmed^ to make himfelf amends for the lofs,
feized on Sigala's houfes and treafure at ConJlantinopU . After
this, he ordered new forces to march againft the Per/iam:
, But the Janizaries refufing to go, and mutinying for their pay,
the high treafurer, whom they complained of, was put to
• death, to appeafe their clamour.
PAfha of Nor did matters turn out better in Syria ; not with (landing
Halep, the late agreement between the two contending Pajhds of
Damajkm and H&lep, The former, in concert with the PajixLi
of Tripoli and Gazera^ at the head of fixty thoufand men,
marched to befiege Halep : but the Pajha of this laft city,
meeting them with only thirty thoufand, attacked them "v'i^
fuch bravery, that he entirely routed them ; and then took
Tripoliy after he had a fecpnd time overthrown the Pajha^
who had afiembled an army to relieve it. This done, he raifed
tribute on the Turks ^ in order to make himfelf m after of all
Sjm, whofe capital he had in his power ; -and to enrich the
country^ granted a free trade to the merchants of Perfia and
the Indies, Mean while, news being brought that the Begltr*
beg o^ Anatolia's lieutenant was coming againft him with a
great army, he feized all the difficult pafles ; and laying an
groivs/or- ambufcade in the ftraits of the mountains, when the enemy
midahle, had paffed them with two thoufand mufketeers, and three
thoufand horfe, charged them himfelf in front, while thofein
ambufti fell on their rear ; and, after a (harp fight, totally de-
< * feated them. To encreafe his good fortune, a rich fliip, with
the tribute of Egypt on board, was caft upon the coaft, and
fell to his (hare. Thefe fuccefles being communicated to the
king of Perfta^ he extolled the PaJhSs valour, and fent him rich
preients, while the flames of this rebellion fpread into Kara-
mania and other parts of Anatolia\ which made the 8olt^
Ahmed difpatch orders to the prime JVazir in Hungary^ to
make peace with the emperor upon reafonable terms. To this
the imperialifts were not averfe, altho' the king of Perfta had
fent ambafladors to Vienna^ to engage the court to the contrary;
2kXi(\' Rodolph'*^ commiflioners having on the 6th of December
received letters from the PafiA of Buday inviting them to a
negotiation, they went thither next day. But the Tizr/fy de-
claring they would do nothing without the Hungarians^ mat-
ters for the prefent flopped here ; altho' the fame monthj all
' things were agreed at Viemia^ with IlUJkaJcius^ BQtfkay*szgtitK^
excepting what concerned the toleration of religion, which
- wag not fectled till next yoar, - ^ During
Digitized by VjOOQI-
p, 15. 14 Soltan Ahmed I.
During this fufpenfe of peace, the troubles continued in
Hungary^ as well as in Jfta^ where the Perjians profpered,
againft whom the prime IVazir was ordered to go in perfon. *
Mean time the Turks attempted to furprife Raab^ as the re- ^^'''^ °f
volted Hungarians diftrefled jf^^r/Vj and reduced Tiji^jf ; yet """^S^^^'*
there was no good underftanding at this time between the con-
federates, on account of the incurfions of the Tatars in upper
Hungary ; which made the Heyduks refolve tojoin their forces
together, and oppofe both them and the Turks, Hereupon
the latter went and obliged Lippa^ a town of the Heyduks^
who forfaking the town, fortified the caftle with armed men,
and then placed others up and down in cellars and vaults ;
they likewife laid ftore of gunpowder in the ftrcets. * The
Turks finding the gates open, entered without refiftance, and
hafted to reduce the caftle : but the powder in the mean time
taking fire, blew up a great many of them; while the concealed
HeydUks^ ifluing from their hiding places, fell on, and made
a great flaughter among them.
At length the difficulty about religion being removed, not- Pca^e
withftanding the great oppofition made by the Romijh clergy, luith Bot*
and more particularly the bifhop of f^ienna^ peace was con- &ay,
eluded in September with the Hungarians ; whereby, among
other articles, it was agreed, that every man througlyout Hun-
gary Jhould have the free ufe of his religion^ and believe what
he wou^d: that /if?^ Hungarians might £hufe a governor^ which
title the archduke was no more to ufe^ but that of viceroy :* that
Botfkay, for himfelf and his heirs male^ Jhould for ever hold
Tranfilvania dependent on Hungary : and that he jhould no more
Jfyle himf elf prince^ but lord of part of the kingdom ^Hungary.
This peace was a prelude to that concluded between iht.and the
emperor and the Turks^ on the 19th of November folio win?, Turks,
near Komorra^ for twenty years, to comm«ncc in 1607. By
the articles, the Tatars were to be included, and the king of
^pain might accede to the treaty : l^akhia was to be reftored to
the emperor, and Gran remain to the Soltan. The year con-
cludes with the death oftfie great Botjkay ; who, having beea
ill all the time both treaties were going forward, died at
Kafovla on the 30th of December^ very much lamented. He
was a man of great fpirit; wife, politic, a warm lover of his
country, but an extreme enemy to the Germans, and their
gbvernment in Hungary*
There occurs very little remarkable for the next three Rehillhn
years, concerning the Turks^ who now rcfolved to turn their in Alia,
whole force againft the Perftans. Bat the Soltan thinking it A. D.
neceflary firft to procure peace at home, fent to the PoJIm of 1^07,
Hdlep^ promifing him pardon and favour, provided he fub-
fliittcd himfclf. The anfwer not being agiiecatjle to Ahmed* ^
F f 3 defirc,
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Peflian>
Hijlory of ibe Othmin Empire. B. XV,
defirc, the prime IVazir was fent over, with an army of one
hundred and thirty thoufand men, againft the jlfian rebels;
who being fuppreflcd by his difcrete management, more than
by his arms, he marched towards Halep. The Pajha^ with a
body of forty thoufand only, but moft of them muikettecrs,
engaged the JVaztr in an adyantag^ous poft, within two miles
of that city, and in three notable battles withftood his whole
power : but underftanding, as he prepared for the fourth en-
T^pprejfid. gagement, that a great reinforcement from the Pajhas of Dtf-
maJkuszTi^ Tripoli^ his enemies, had joined the imperial troopS|
he fled with his effe«3s towards Perjia, followed by his army.
Hereupon the IVazir took Halet by force, ^nd put the gar-
rifon to the fword. ] The Pajha having gotten together new
forces, was returned with defign to fight the fFaztr: but finding
many of his old friends had forfaken him, he wrote to that
minifter, defiring him to obtain his pardon frpm the Soltm^
which was accordingly effeded f .
ARMED^ tho' now quite at liberty to unite his fofccs
againft the Per/sans^ yet chufing peace rather than war, cm-
ployed the Khhn of Tartary to bri|ig it about : but as he de-
manded Tauris, with all the provinces lately recovered by Ac
PerJianSy the treaty did not take effefl. However, nothing
of moment was afied on either fide againft the other, till the
year 1610, when the Perjians entered into the provinces of
Jrahian Ir&k^ with a defign to recover Baghdad^ taken from
them in a former reign. To prevent this misfortune, jtbv^i
fent a mighty army under Nafuh Pdjhd (L), who had no bet-
ter fuccefs than Sigdla^ for he was routcx), and loft twenty
thoufand. To repair this lofs, new troops are difpatched un-
der the command of the famous P$Jha of Halep^ lately in re-
bellion. But, whatever the reafon was, he never marched
againft the enemy j being, by the Soltan^s order, flain by 1^
Kdpiji (M)> foon after his arrival at Conjiantimple.
j^airs of Mean time Gabriel Bathort^ prince oi Tranjylvania^ hav-
Tranfil' ing put himfelf under the protedion of the Turks^ againft the
archduke Maihias^ now king of Hungary^ who pretended a
title by reafon of Sigifmon^s ceflion formerly to the emperor,
^s king of Hungary ; that prince took Hermanfiadty and
having entered Walakhia drove out the Vayvod RaduilU : then
putting another in his place, he returns to Tranjylvanta to op-
^ RiCAUT, ibid.
1610.
y^nia.
(L) In our author Na/utB^Ja,
(M) l>y this circumftance, he
fliould be the fame who is called
Mehemed Fdjhd by the Turkljh
hifloriaps. For he fucceeded
Nafuk PdJhd; tho' neither the
time nor place of his death in
them, agrees with thofe of (he
Chriilian account.
Digitized
byGoogk
pofe
C* 15. 14 Soltan Ahmed L 439
pofe Fortgatft, the Hcutenant of king Mathias, Kaduille^ A. D.
-who retired to Conftantine^ Vayvod of Moldavia^ having infi- 16x0.
nuated to that prince, that Batbort had a defign to fcize his < "^^^lU
country alfo, they joined their forces, and defeated him near
Kronjiadt^ while Fortgatji feized Tranfylvania : but Bathori^
Ibme time after, having received a reinforcement of Turks
and Tatars J forced the lieutenant of Mathias to retire into
Walakhia.
Thus the ftorm ceafing in Tranfylvania ^ 2l more violent and Mo]*
one fell upon Moldavia, for the Soltan underftanding that davia.
Conjiantine had affifted the Walakhians againft Bathoriy his
tributary, fent a new prince (the fuppofed fon of Thomas^ alias
Aaroriy once Fayvod there) with fifteen thoufand men, befides
orders to the Turis and Tatars in that province, to affift him
in his pretenfions. But as If two competitors for it were not
enough, there ftarted up a third, the fon of Januuloy who
once commanded in Moldavia \ and after many turns of for-
tune, arriving in England^ was recommended by king James
I. to Sir Thomas Glover^ his ambaflador at the PortCy in order
to follicit his reftitution 5 which he ^id^^ but without fuccefe.
While thefe things were doing by land, the gallies of ^^o;^;
Malta and Tujkany greatly incommoded the Turks at Tea ; the trattfao,'^
latter intercepted forty gallies and two galleafles, laden with tion.
the tribute of Egypt ^ funk five, and drove the reft into Fama^
gujia^ but got no booty. However in their way home, they^
took a rich {hip, valuecj at a million and half of crowns.
About the fame time the gallies of Malta and Naples^ miffing
of the faid treafure, ravaged the ifle of Longo in the Archipelago ;
while the Turks flay'd a Greek patriarch alive, under pretence
of his intending to make fome AJhanianChnRhns revolt. This
fummer Ccnflantlnopk^ and the adjacent countries, were afflid*
ed with infinite clouds of locufts ; which were followed by
fcowers of extraordinary great hail, and a deluge of rain.
During the diftraflions in the weft, the Perfian king, T'^^^Shah'a
having extended his dominion to the Black Sea^ was content trotofaU^
to have made a peace with the Porte^ and fent two different
cmbaffies for that purpofe. But, altho* the propofals were
rejeded, yet the Turks attempted nothing againft Perfta in
the years 1609 ^"^ 16 10. However next year Jhmedient an A.D.
army thither, of more than one hundred and fifty thoufand 1611.
men, under the command of Morad Serder^ the grand fFazir :
• but he dying in July^ before he had entered the enemies bor-
ders, Najfuf Pajhdy who had been formerly in rebellion, was
appointed to fucceed him (N), The new general about the
midft
(N) Tis faid this was by Mo- while fick to the Soltan^ altho*
ri£i own advice, in his letters Nafuf (or rather Nafub) was
F f 4 fuppofed
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
'440 Wftory of the^Othmlin Empire. . B. XV.
A. D. midft of Auguji^ committing great fpoil on the frontiers, was
, i6ii. met by the Shah^ wjio had drawn his forces together : but,
^-*%^**-* finding himfelf overmatched, he made offers of peace again,
^f^rj^^' ^^^^^ ^^^^ accepted of, on condition that he paid a yearl/
fludcd^ tribute pf two hundred ca/nel-loads of filk, for foine countries
"which he had conquered : that the Shakes fon fhould be cal-
led Pajha of Tauris ; and that the judge of that city fhould be
fent from ConfiantiriQple. Nothing farther remarkable hap-
pened this year, except that the fhips of Mdltay failing in their
defign on Nowarino^ landed eight hundred men near Korintb^
m die Morea ; who getting to that city an hour before day,
furprifed and plundered it, coming off with great booty, and
110 lofs from the enemy, who had drawn together ten thoufand
mpn to attack them e.
Janizaries Neither did any matters of great moment fall out die
putiny^ next year. The terms of peace having been agreed on be-
tween the ^h&h and Ahmed^ Najfuf Pajhd xttxxxncd. to CoU"
^antinople without any delay, bringing with him an ambaf&dor
to conclude it. The Wa%ir was received with great honour
at cQurt, and the Perfian ambaflador highly carefled. Soon
aftjcr the Sqltdn going to refide at Adrianople^ the foldiery began
to mutiny, fpurning at their bread and rice; and being expof-
fulated with on the occafion, they anfwered, that no SqU^h
before carried out his men in the depth of winter. This gave
great difguft to the Waztr Najfuf^ who was now fo much in
.favour with Ahmedy that none was allowed to fee him in pri«
vate but himfelf; and finding, at a great fire which foon after
happened in Conjlantinopky that the janizaries were more
careful to break open houfes, than quench the flames, he fe-
vercly puniflied them for it; fent fixteen thoufand of them
^way into Afta^ and would fufF^r no more of their oi'der tQ
be made.
Wh^le the Perfian ambalTador was at Confiantinople^ one
A.D.
1612.
frect^y
|4nd.
nvitbHoX' arrived from MathiaSy now become emperor of Germany y on
the death of his hvothcv Rodolphy requiring the province of
Tr,anfylvania to be given up to him, according to the agree-
ment with Botjkay in cafe he died without male iflue; but did
not fucceed in his demand.
This year alfo, for the firft time, an ambaflador came
from the ftates of HoUc^ndy and concluded a treaty, whereby
the Sqltdn promifed to fet at liberty all the Dutch flavcs witjiin
t Grimston^ in Achmet apud. Ricaut.
fuppofed to have poifoned him. fliould draw him home, and then
But Mordd did ic with a view, difpofc of hji^ at ple^fure^ as
jhat by fuch means the Sohdn afterwards it appears he did.
Digitized
byGoogk
his
C. ts^ 14 Soltan Ahmed I. 44t
his dominions ; that the Dutch merchants (hould be free to A. D.
trade in all his ports ; and, that the flates might fend an am- 161 2.
baflador to rcfide at Confiantinople. '— — v***^
In the end of June^ the Soltan married his fiftcr and eldeft Ahmcd^/-
daughter, the firll to Mehemed P^Jhdy fon to the late Sigila^M^^^
the latter to Mahmud^ the Kapudan Pijhdy or high admiral. ^' ^•
The ceremony was extremely grandw and the prefents of the *"*2*
Soltan to the brides exceeding coftly : but all this gaiety ended
in bitternefs, for the day after Ahmed beat the Soltana^ mother
to the new marrried daughter, moft unmercifully ; ftabbed her
thro* the cheek with his dagger, and trod her under his feet,
becaufe fhe had ftrangled a female ikve of his filler's, whom
he was enamoured with. After this, having to avoid the
plague removed from Con/lantinople, to one of his country
palaces called Darut Paftm 5 while he was viewing z^Jcmu^
which he had built there, a Darwljh threw a great Itone,
with a defign to knock him on the head, but falling on his
fhoulder, it did but flightly hurt him. For this crime the of-
fender was next day beheaded.
MOLD AV 1 A and Tranfyhania were ftill embroiled in Affairs of
troubles ; and tho' the Turks could not make an abfolute con- IVlolda-
queft of them, yet they fet up princes there, who were in their via.
ihtereft. For Conjlantine being driven out of Moldavia^ and
taken prifoner, Stephen the pretended fon of prince Aaron^ was
placed in his ftead. As for Bathori, he was much molefted
by Bethlem Gabor his mortal enemy 5 and being at length flain
by his own foldiers, Bethlem was foon after declared prince of
Tranfylvaniay by Serder Pdjha,
Towards the end of this year, the Turks drew together a 7be Flo-
great army, which they fent towards Tranfyhania the next rcntincs
^ring: but while they were fortifying the places which they held take
in thofe parts, Cofmo di Medicisj grand duke of Tufcany^ bent A . D.
his thoughts to takethefortof i/^//;wj«(0), in Kdramania ; to *^'3'
revenge the lofs of a (hip in that port, and forty men, whofe
heads the Turks expofed on the walls. To this intent, his
fleet of gallies, with fome land forces on board, about the
end of Apnly landed in the night near Jeronda (P), a fmali
town in lefTer Afta ; but being difcovcred, embarked again,
and put a (bore a mile and half from the port of Agliman, The
fort itands on a little hill, and extends from thence to the fea
fide. 'Tis of an oval form, with ftone walls, four fethom high,
and one broad, divided by a wall in two equal parts, one to
the eaft, the other to the weft. Jt was fortified with eight
(O) It guards the port of ^^- (P) Suppofed to be the J/-
'leucia to the north-weft of cape r$nda of the ancients,
BogaSf of old JCoricatum, on t^e
(4ft of Cilsa'M.
Digitized
towers, ,
dbyGpOgk
Hiftqfy of the Ochman Empire. B. XV,
towers, and had a garrifon of three hundred men, provided
with all neceflaries.
The Florentines commanded by Montano^ prefently inarched
Fort Agli- towards it, and the earl of Canaale being come within fifteen
'^'*' paces of the wall, was charged in front by the mufketeers of
the fort; behind by the Twrl/^ galiies ; and in flank from the
mountain. For all this they advanced with their petards ta
force the gate ; and altho' the enemy from their gallics came
forth to attack them, yet they at laft entered the fort, and
took it i after a moft (harp fight : then having removed the
/ artillery, provifion and ammunition, they fet JgUman on fire.
They carried ofFlikewife two gaUies, and eight other veflels
from the port^. ^
Portu- Mean time the rebels in jijia Minor burnt feveral places 5
gueze and an Jrab prince having revolted, ravaged the Othmantct-
take ritories with fifty thoufand troops. The Portugueze and Spa^
Aden. niards alfo, widi tbeir fleets, infefling the Red Sea^ took and
plundered Jden^ a city of great importance, on the fouth end
of Arabia. In the interim, the Soltdn fet out for Hungary
with an army : but on advice that Bethlem Ghabor was be-
come prince of Tranfylvaniay he returned, yet dared not en-
ter C$nJiantinopU^ for fear of the plague ; and when it had
ceafed, for fear of renewing the infe<Etion; he ordered all the
dogs in that city to be carried to Skutari^ beyond the Bofph*
Pogs ha' ^^^9 with an allowance of bread and flelh for their mainte-
nijhed. nancc : but becoming uneafy to the inhabitants, they were
tranfported to a defert ifle, fixteen miles from the capital,
where they all perilhed for want of food. The lives of the
dogs, tho' held unclean by the Turks^ were deemed of fuch
importance, that the Soltdn demanded of the Mufti^ whether
it was lawful to kill them ? but that head of their religion an-
fwered, that every dog hadafoul^ and therefore it was not law-^
ful to kill them.
Fleet re- The Soltdn, having this and the preceding year fuflained a
faired. lofs of gallies and frigates in the mediterranean, by thofe of
Naplesy Malta and Florencey as well as in the Black Seay by
the Kofaksy he impofed a great tax on all his Chriflian fubjeds
toward repairing it ; on which occafion the Armenians were
ceded to build nine gallies at their own charge, and the Greeks
twenty.
The prime The firfl thing which occurs, of any moment, in the
Wazir, Turkijh affairs, is the difgrace and death of NafufPdJhd. This
A. D. perfon who was the tribute- fon of a Greek priefl, by degrees
1614. came to be Kdpi Aga^ then governor of Hdlepy next that of
Mefopqtamia (or Dydrbekr)^ and lafHy grand Jrazir* Ahmed^
^ Grimst. ubi fupra*
5 for
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. iSf 14 Soldn Ahmed L
for what reafon is not known, growing jealous of his conduft,
refolved on his death. Nafuf fufpedHng the Soltan's difplca-
fure, endeavoured, by prefents to the Soltdna and others, to pa- ^
cify him, while he prepared to fecure himfelf by flying over to
jyta. In the interim, Ahmed going one night, in the time of
an eclipfe, to vifit a new mofk, as foon as the Wa^ir heard
the cry, the king comes^ he went down to falute his majefty, as
he pafled by : but inftead of the Soltdn, the Bofldnji Bijhi^
dreffed like Ahmedj fteps up to him, and tells him, it was his
mafter's pleafure that he ftiould refign the feal. The Waztr
amazed, afked, what the Soltdn meant to do? the other replied,
he knew not what t he Soltzn* s pleafure was^ but that if he would
not deliver the feal^ he would return with that anfwer.
Hereupon Nafuf dr2LWin^ the feal out of his bofom (Q^)^ w /<,
and delivering it, the Bofldnji Bdjhi then (hewed him a vi^ar-^^^^^^
rant for his head, to which the IVaztr prefently fubmitted j and
then two Jamogldns ftrangled him. His head was immedi-
ately cut off, and carried to the Soltdn^ while his body was
thrown into the ftreet to be trampled on. It was thought
his death was procured by Sigdla, Pdjhdoi Baghdad^ whom he
had removed j and denying him accefs to Jhmedy he wrote a
Jetter, accufing Nafuf oi confpiring with the Perftans to kill
the Soltdn. This letter he fent by his wife, the Soltdn's fifter ;
but not being able to deliver it into his hands, on account of
the fFazir^s vigilance, Ihe left it in his chamber, where he
found and read it. They got in his houfe eighty bags of gold,
containing ten thoufand chekins each. Mahmud Pdjlm^ the
high admiral, fucceeded him in his Wazirjhip.
Altho' the Soltdn laid afide his expedition into Tranfylva- Qhabor's
nia^ yet he wrote letters to the nobility and ftates in an impe- /j^^^^/j^
rious ftyle, in favour of Bethlem Ghabor, who ftill carried on
the war againft the Germans, Thefe letters were fixed up in
form of a mandate, throughout the country, againft the em-
peror's party. At the fame time a Chaujh arrived at LintZy
with letters 2i\(o from the Soltdn^ complaining that feveral places
in Tranfylvania had been taken from Ghabor^ who was under
his proteSion, and demanded the reflitution of them. But
while the ftates of the empire were debating this matter, Beth-
lem^ allifted by Sauder Pdjhd^ laboured to recover the towns
which had been loft, and InOSfoher befieged Lippa; with which
Genna and Arach were furrendered to him,- on condition that
they fliould be annexed to the principality QiTranfyivania^ and
not be put into the hands of the Turks,
f QJ The Turki Have pockets carrying their money and other
in the bread of their vellj, for thicgs of value.
Digitized
byT^bgk
Hijlary of the Othman ^Empire. B. XV.
This year in Hungary y incurfions began afrefli, between
the Turks and makcontents, but the loiles weie on neither fide
^very confiderable. All this while Ahmed was beautifying the
.^ITtfrkiih front of the palace towards the Propontis, with a platform or
frttender, terrafs, eight hundred paces long, and twelve broad, wafhed
A. D. by. the fea. Mean time one lakaya^ who gave hirafelf out to
*6*5« be the Soltan's brother, after experiencing various turns of
fortune, and failing, in concert with the prime fVazir^ to kill
jihmedj by the fudden death of the Darwijh^ who was to have
been the affaffin, he wandered thro' IValakhia and Moldavioy
into Poland, There being in dangcrof his life from a Chaujb
who knew him, he efcaped to the emperor's court at Prague^
where he foUicited aid againft his brother : but meeting with
nothing but fair words, he travelled to Florente^ and from
thence to Naples^ Milan and Rome. Laft of all he went to
France^ where he lived by the liberality of the duke of Nevers.
Altho' many fufpefted him for an impoftor, yet thofe who
knew him, concluded from his aftions and behaviour, that
he was fprung from a princely race/
Revftlm' STEP HE Ny who had been by the Turh created Fay-
tiok in vod of Moldavia^ proving a great tyrant, and endeavouring to
Molda- root out all the nobility of the country, they invited prince Alex*
'"**• andery fon of Jeremyy from whom they had received fo much
good ufage, to make head againft him. Siepheny after fevcral
defeats, being forced to fly, Alexander was proclaimed prince
of Moldavia, After this, the latter fent an embafly to acquaint
the Porte with his pretenfions, and that he had no defign to
. withdraw Moldavia from the Soltan's obedience. But as that
prince's ambafTadors took the way of Buday the Pdjhd feized
and fent them to Stepheny then zx'BrahiloWy who put them to
death. Then having aflembled his fcattered forces, and re-
ceived a recruit from Mikhnay prince of IValakhiay he marched
to try his fortune once more, but was again overthrown by
Alezdnder. This prince afterwards gained fome fanher ad-
trantages over him and the Turksy who came to his afliftance :
but finding that his enemies had gathered a force which he was
not able to withfland, he thought fit to retire to the ftrong
fortrefs of Kochim '.
W^ Turks The beginning of March following, the prince being rc-
routed, inforced with three thoufand five hundred Kofaks under the
A. D. lord Fifchevichy and fifteen hundred Poles under Potojkiy be-
1616. fides other fuccours, found his troops encreafed to twelve thou-
fand men. Mean time Skinder Pdjhdy and Stephen^ with an
army twenty thoufand ftrong, came and incamped between
the town and the prince's army. The Tatars immediately
' GiLiMsr. ubi fspra.
Digitized by VjOOQiC
C. 15. 14 SoUan Ahmed I.
fell on the Kofaks who were in the van, when eight cannon,
playing upon them from a maflced battery, made them retreat.
While the Kofaks purfuedthem, the lord Tifcbevich^ with fifteen '
hundred horfe, bravely forced a fquadron of JValakhians and
Afoldavians to retire, altho' fupported by three thoufand
Turks, Then prince Alexander advancing with the reft of the
army, and prince Korejki fallying with the garrlfon of a thou-
fand men in the Ti/rXi rear ; the Pajba^ who perceived the
ftratagem of the enemy, retired with Stephen and part of the
cavalry, in much fear and confufion, leaving the prince to carry
all before him, who in this action flew twelve thoufand men^
befides the wounded and prifoners.
This great fuccefs was attended with more advantages Stephca
^^irA'Mikhna l^ayvod^ of fFa/akhia, whok Boy ars offered thaty^*'«^'-
country to Alexander^ tho' he thought not fit to accept of it.
IbrAhhnPhJha likewife wrote to affure him, that he fliould re-
main in quiet pofleflion of Moldavh^ fince the prime Waxtr
was in difgrace ; and at the fame time had orders to feize
Stephen^ and fend him to Conjiantinotte^ where he turned Mo^
' hammedariy to fave his life. For all tnis, in June, S kinder Pd^
fl>dy with an army of twenty thoufand Turh and Walakhians^
joined by ten thoufand more of Mikhna^s men, came to Ter-
govtji in fPalakhia^ and there proclaimed Adikhna prince of
Moldavia ; after which they marched towards that country.
About the fame time, the Polijh general growing difcon- Alexaa
tented at the fuccefs of prince Alexander^ and his fon Bogddn^ derde-
wrote to acquaint Mikhna and the Pajhh^ that if they wouldy^^'^^
make the cldeft fon of the late prince Simeon Fayvodoi Walak^
hia^ he would fp weaken the army of the two princes, that they
muft either yield or fly. This being agreed on, he drew the
^^/i^x to mutiny ; and to the number of about eight thoufand
of them, marched towards Poland : Bicho alfo, prince Alexan*
der\ own general, having treachcroufly deferted him with two
thoufand horfe, it caufed great confufion in his army. The
prince perceiving that the Phjha had fent twelve thoufand
men to purfue the Poles^ then at Kotnardy between TaJJi and
Kochinij fuddenly advanced with his army towards the latter
• place. Mean time prince Korejki^ who ftaid near Kotnard
with two thoufand five hundred horfe, was furprifed by a
ho^y oi Turks ^iXiATatars \ yet retreated, with the flaughterof
fix thoufand of them, to one hundred and fifty which he loft
of his own.
The Turkijh commander, being reinforced with fixteen /j ^^.
thoufand men from the Pajha^ challenged prince Corejki to 'ihro^vn^
fight at (ingle combat *, but having been wounded twice in the
late adion, tbe lord Tifchevick undertook the quarrel.- The
Turkijh general being about fifty paces from his army, called
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
and taken
prifomr.
Teace
^th the
Germans.
Demand
^Fj)ance
A.D.
1617.
Hipry of ibe Othman Empire. B. XV.
for water to wafh (R), then turned to thceaft (S), and prayed;
after which he mounted, and rode flowly towards his adver-
fary. The two combatants having fpent their bows and ar-
rows, Tifchevich firing a petronel, (hot the Turk thro' the
body, and then difpatchcd him. But this fmall victory was
of litde fervice to them, for the traitor Bicho having found a
way with two thoufand horfe to cut off the pailage between
Kotnard and Bochocan^ the Poles were furrounded on all fides ;
yet refufing to yield, the Pajha and Mikhna ordered the
cannon to be play*d upon them. Tifchevich feeing all lofl, with
five hundred horfe, forced his way thro* three or four fquadrons,
pofted by the wood fide, to keep any from efcaping. After this
the Turks approaching to force the prince's camp, they cried
out, they yielded. The prince Alexander and Bogddnj with
their mother, were carried to Conjiantinople^ where, for fear
of perpetual imprifonment they turned Mohammedans. Prince
Korejki alfo was taken afterwards, and the young princef:? his
wife carried into Tartary j from whence fhe was ranfomed for
three thoufand chekins.
The peace made ia 1606, between the Turks and Ger*
manSy having been infringed by both nations, for want of be-
' ing explicit enough in certain articles ; after much altercation,
the ambaffadors of both empires agreed to farther articles, to
take away all pretence of controverfy in explaining the former.
By the feventh priefts of the church of Rome were allowed to
build churches, and perform divine fervice in them ; and bjr
the tenth, all merchants from the empire and Spain^ were to
.pay three per cent^ and, in cafe of death, the SoJtdn was not
to claim their goods.
The peace being thus confii;med between the two empires,
. the bordering countries, which had been fo long harafied with
war, began to breathe a litde; and the Soltan turning bis
thoughts to other things, in 1617 fent a Chaujh to Paris^ widi
letters to demand of He^ry IV. thatjuftice might be done the
Moors of Granada J expelled out of Spain ; who had been
wronged of their goods, as well as in their perfons, in their
pafiage to France. The Chaujh was amazed at the long de-
lays given to law-fuits in that country ; whereas, he faid the,
Turks did juftice with difpatch, and terminated the moft im-
portant caufes in eight days time.
(R) They wafh their eyes,
nofe, mouth, ears, and privi-
ties : this is called Abdefl^ and
is performed before they fay
their prayers, or go upon any
adtion of importance.
(S) Or more properly to tbc
point where the city of Mekia
is fituate, which from Moldavia
was towards the fouth-caft. This
point, with the aftion of turning
to it, is called Kihla.
This
Digitized by VjOOQ IC '
C. 15- ' ^4 Soltan Ahmed I. 447
This year the Soltan had two armies on foot, one tinder 'A. D.
AH Pajha^ againft the Per/tans ; the other againfl: the PoUt^ 1617.
on account of their fupporting the intereft of Alexander^ prince^— -v~^
of Moldavia. They had hkewife two fleets at fea, the firft 'G^eatPr^i-
in the Euxine or Black Sea, againft the Kofaks^t Ruffians^ P'''''''°'''^
who daily infefted their coafts j the other in the If^hite Sea^ or
Propontisj to be ready to convoy the treafure of Egypt, and
oppofe the attempts of the gallics belonging to Malta and
Florence. However nothing remarkable happened abroad this Ahmc4
year, which at home proved unfortunate by the lofs of the dies.
Soltan himfelf, who di^d on the fixteenth of blo^mmher^.
A H M E D lived twenty-nine years, and reigned four-
teen. His three fons, Othman^ MurMy and Ibrdhiniy all afcea-.
ded the throne.
Not to mention his other virtues, he excelled all his pre- His ch^^
deceilbrs in liberality and magnificence; fo that he h^s been rad(r.
charged by fomc with profufenefs. He was, very fond of build-
ing, and creded in the hyppodrome a J ami (T), the neigh-
bour and rival of SanHa Sophia. This ftruSure proved fi>
coftly, that to finifh it, the treafures of the whole empire,
collected by his father during his long repofe, fcarce fufficcd.
Whilft this work was in hand, the Soltan is faid to have vl-
fitcd it every week, and paid the workmen himfelf their
wages ^.
To this account of the Turkijb hiftorians, we may add
from the Chriftian, that he was of a good conftitutidn, well
complexioned, and fomewhat inclined to be fat. He v^s
ftrong and adive ; ambitious and proud, but not fo cruel as
many of his predccefibrs. He was much given to fenfuality,
having had three thoufand women, the daughters of Chrifti-
ans, in his Saray. He took great delight in hawking and
bunting, to purfue each of which (ports, he maintained forty
thoufand falconers, and near as many huntfmen, in Greeee
and Anatolia. Ahmed took a fancy to make horn rings, fuch
as the Turks ufe when they draw their bows ; and his father
J^ Grjmst. in Ricaut. ^ Cant. p. 240.
' (T) This building excells the Koran, every one of Which
SanSa Sophia in magnificence, is faid to coft fixty dollars. It is
tho* not in largenefs. Befides • certain, fo much money was ex-
the numberlefs ornaments on the pended on this flrudare, that on
outiide of the walls, there are an exad calculation, every dram
above two hundred gold tables, of ilone or mortar, was found to
each fet with fixty- one diamonds, coft three afpers ; Cant, What
hung up on the infide, whereon then muft the gold, gildings,
are engraven, the names of the painting, wood and iron work
prophets, with Sentences out of have coil i
Mohammed ,
D jogle
Hi/tity of the Othman Empire. B. XV.
Mohammid made arrows. For the Mohammedan princes arc
obliged by their religion to pra£lice fome handicraft bufuie(s,
which they do in the morning, the firft thing after they have
faid their prayers. But it is only for form fake,(ince they fcarcc
finilh an arrow or a ring in a whole year "•
CHAP. XVI.
He Reign of Moftafa.
15 Soltan j^HMED was fucceeded, in the beginning of the year
Moftafa. -^^ 1027, by his younger brother Mqft^a (U) : but as this
Hej. 1027 prince took no care of the public affairs, but gave himfclf up
A. D. entirely to his lufts, he was in the fourth month of his reign, by
■1619. the unanimous confent of the great men, removed from the
throne to the prifon of the feven towers.
This is all we meet with, relating to this firft reisi of
Mojlafa^ in the Turkijh authors before us : nor do the Chri-
llian hiftorians fay much more, the fhort fpace of its duration
not affording time for many tranfaftions of moment. They
tell us, that growing odious by his tyranny, he was by the
grand Waztr^ on his return out of JJioy forced to return to
his cell again. That Ahmed being but fifteen years old when
he afcended the throne, the great officers of the court thought
, It not prudent to put him to death, left his brother (hould die
without children, and the empire be involved in civil wars.
But that when Ahmed faw he had children, he refolved to get
rid of him, had he not been hindered by firightful dreams the
night before that : another time going to fhoot him, he was
feized with a pain in his arm: yet that in his laft ficknefs he
called for him, and declared him his fucceflbr.
Korcfki's The firft thing this prince did, was to fet the Perjian am-
*fi^t^* baflador at liberty ; but, contrary to the law of nations, ill
ufed the baron de Mole or Sancy^ the French ambaflador. The
occafion was this : prince Korejki^ after he was taken prifoner
in Moldavia^ as before related, refufing to turn Mohammedan^
was fent prifoner to the caftleon the mack Sea^ where he was
confined in a little chamber, witb one Rigault^ a Frenchman^
who was there before him. This chamber was on the top of
one of the towers of the caftle, and had one window without
bars, large enough for a man to get through. As the king of
» Grimst. in Ricaut.
(U) The 7urks afcribc the whom they rcprefent as exceed-
greaceft things to all their em* ding all the reft in vice and
|>erorS| except this . Mo^Jiaf^^ Juft.
^ T Poland
Digitized by VjOOQiC
C i^r 1 6 Sdcan Othm^n 11.
Polaiut7i2& concerned for the prince's liberty, he wrote to die
French ambaflador to follicit his ranfom ; the imperial ambaf-
fador likewife did what he could to procure his releafe. Mean
time Martin^ ihe'Frencb ambaflador's fecretary, having ran- ^'.^
fomed a Polijb lady, with her daughter and maid, for two ^'v^*
thoufand five hundred crowns, on condition that he was to
have the young lady in marriage, fent them home : but the
father rcfufing ta perform the agreement, one day in a vifit
which he made to prince X^r^i, he-told him the affair. The
prince bad him be eafy, and afliired him, that if he could
obtain his liberty, hefbould not long pine for the lady. Here-
upon Martin (ending a Greek prieft with a rope ladder, which
he drew up by means of packthread, the prince and Frenchman
got out of the tower, and were concealed at Conjiantimple,
As foon as their efcape was known, not only the French French
ambaflador's domeflics were feized, and feverely tortured to amho£k*
difcover \riiere they were, but the ambafllador himfelf was i9r cm*
confined in the grand ^^2/r's palace : and altho' the Englijh fined.
and Dutch ambaiTadors refented this injury, yet he could not
obtain his own and fervants liberty, without very great preftnts
to the Muftiy Chaujh bajhi and others.^ But we muft now
look into the a£Uans of Ozmdn or Otbmdn^ who by this tin)C
is upon the throne.
CHAP. XVII.
S E C T. I.
• Reign ^Soltan Odiman II.
Ji^OSTAF A having been depofed, Sokdn Othmin (or i6Soltaii
J-^J- Ofman) the fecond afcended the throne, in the eighth Othman
year of his age. It was upon account of his youth, that they ^»
had before pafled him by, altho' he had more right to the em-
pire than his uncle Afojiafa^ who was chofen as a contempla-
tive and inofRnfive man o.
As foon as the French ambaflador was freed from his con-
finement, he fent to acquaint his mafl:er with the treatment he
had received. "Hereupon the king of France fent two gentle- EnAqffyt^
men to Conjiantinople^ to demand reparation for the indignity Franco,
offered to his reprefentative. On this occafion Uri Chaujb
was difpatchecf ambaflador to PartSy to confirm the peace ;
and at his audience he delivered a letter from the young Soltdn^
wherein, he made an apology for what had happened, and
promifed that, for the future, the French ambaflador fliould be
treated with more refpeft than that of any other Chriftian
potentate.
» Grimst. in Ricaat. • Cant. Othm. hiji. p. 241.
Mod. Hist, Vol, XII. Gft ¥^^ t
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
tiijhty of the Othman Empire. B^ XV.
tJR I Chaujh^ after he had finilhed his bufmers in France^
went over in the fame quality to England^ where he had an
audience of king James i. at White-hall^ to whom he made
a fpeech, and then prefented a letter from the Solt&n^ much to
the fame purpoft with that fcnf to the king oi France.
Peace In the mean time, 'AH Pajba^ the grand tVaztry had en-
'witb Per- tered Perfta with his army, and deftroyei all before him with
£a. fire and iword, as far as Tauris whither Karelghay Han (or
Kbdn)^ the Perfian general, retreated : but on the JVazir^s ap-
proach he left that city ; arid being purfued by the Tatars^
many of his troops were cut to (Heces. Then the 7«rix pro-
ceeded towards Ardevil^ from whence the king of Perfia fled
towards Hulkhal ( X), and retreating with his army to the top
of a high mountain, fent to demand peace ( Y) : which the
Wa%ir^ being in diftrefs for want of vifiuals, was obliged to
grant, and Saltan OztnAn afterwards confirmed it.
Strange DuRiNG this expedition of the Turks into Perfia P; ill
phjemf" the year 1029, on the 28th of Rabio*lawely there appeared in
mena. the heavens at Conjlantinople a crooked fword, five times as
Hej.1029. long as a fpear, and three feet broad (Z). It extended from
A. D. caft to weft, and for a whole month fhone with great bright-
1620. nefs, after fun-fet. The aftrologers declared it to be a fign of
vidory, and increafe of empire to the Othmans *.
The war about the fame time e;rowing hot in Bibema
againft the pf oteftants, Bethlem Ghabory prince of TranJUva'-
nia^ diverted the arms of the imperialiib, by invading Hun*
Ghabor gary : but fearing that the emperor, in cafe he quite fubdued
made king, the Bohemians j fliould fall upon him with his whole power^
he fent an ambafHidor to crave aid of Ozman % who promifed,
with an oath, to affift him, in cafe of need, to the utmoftof
his power. Bethlem having thus gained the Soltan*s prote^oo,
entered mto a league with the Bohemians and HungarianSy and
on the 25th of Auguji was proclaimed king of Hungary '.
ProJlgious Next year there happened, in the month of Rabi^lawelj
poft, a froft at ConJlafftfrnpUy which was fo exceffively great, that the
' Grimst. in Ricaut ^ Cant. p. 241. ' GaiMsr.
tibi fupra.
(X) Or Kalkal, a ftrong place extending from near the zenidb^
on the river Ifptrudh^ in the road where the point was, below the
from Ardevil to Kajbin. horizon, which hid the hilt. The
(Y) This is according to the blade feemed to be ftretchcd
account fent by the IVaxir to from Ferfia, witji the ed^ to-
^/> Paul Pindar, then the Eng- wards Confiantinople. It always
iifi ambaffador at the Porte. rofe in one place, and followed
(Z) The Chriflian writers the motion of the heavens.
make it of a vaft lengthy and
^ inhabitant
Digitized by VjOOQ I,
C 17 iSSoltanDtbrianll. 45«
inhabitaints of diat city walked over the Bofphorus to TJkuder Hcj. 1031
(or Skutari) on foot. This the aftrologcrs interpreted as a bad A. D.
onaen : but Othmdn^ in contempt of their predidion, under- 'j^'*
lakes in the fummer after the hard winter, an expedition ^^X***^
again: the Poles ; recovers Khotin (A), which they had taken V^"^
by affault, and fends the Khan of Khrim^ witH the Tatarian p^^ j'
and VCurkiJh forces, to ravage the inmoft part of Poland. Mean
while he himfelf fo furrounch and prefles the enemies troops with
bis own, that they were at laft compelled to fue for peace ;
which the Soltan having granted on his own terms, he returns
about winter laden with fpoils and captives '.
As to the occafion of this war, the Chriftian hiftorians tell Occafi<m
us, that the'P^i^x had not only given the Othmans offence, oftb$
by fupporting the intereft of Alexander prince of Moldavia^ in w<?r,
opposition to the Vayvod fet up by the Turks^ as hath been
already related j but they had alfo given proteflion to Gaf"
paro Gratfianiy an Aujlrian^ who had been made Vayvod of
Moldavia^ after the death of Mikhna^ and falling into dif-
grace at the Porte^ fled into Poland. Soon after this Jehan beg
Gbieray^ KJn of Khrim^ having made feveral incurfions into
the Potijh territories, the ambaffador of Poland complained
thereof to the Iforte : but being anfwered,that the Tatars were
abfolute lords of themfelves, and befides had a demand of
fcMTty thoufand ducats annual tribute on his country, which
was no( paid to them, thofe ravagers grew more infolent,
and committed much greater depredations than before.
Hereupon the Poles and Kofaks^ dwelling about the Bo- Mutualtn\
rifthenes or Nieper^ in order to make reprifals, fell down that curjhns.
river in boats, and plundered feveral towns and villages on the
Euxine or Black Saa, The Saltan fent forces againft them
from time to time, which always came off with the worft;
and when he complained of the damage done by them to his
fubje£ls, the PoleL anfwer^d in his own language, that the
Poles were abfolute lords of themfelves ; but that when the
Tatar would give over his ho^ilities, they might be prevailed
on to give over theirs. Ozifidn faw plainly by this, that he
was to exped no peace from ihs^ofaks^ fo long as the Tatars
continued their ravages^ and therefore, rather Sian procure it
• Cant. p. 242.
{h) Ot Khocbbnt commonly batde of H/frtf/«/, with tbe addi-
Writteo inihtmz^iCbocxyn, It is, tion of fome modem works ; ib
a city of Molda<via^ on the river that it may now be counted the
^yras (or Niefter) over againft bulwark of the whole empire,
Kmminiek. The walls were re- againft the Poles^ and Rujlans.
paired by i\i^ furks, after the Cant.
m-
^8 ^ Digitized by C?60gk
452 Hifiory of the Oihmin Bnpire. B. XV.
A. D. at that rate, by tlie advice of his prime fFazir Ali^ he i«-
1621. folved on a war againft Poland,
x^ -v*i.j Accordingly, in the end of Jpril 1621, he fet forward at
y^t Poles ^h^ i^gad of an army three hundred thoufand firong. His firft at-
/urrounJ' ^eii^pt was to attack the fortrefs of Kochin in MoJdavia^givea by
^ \ jy Gafparg to the Poles : but failing in this defign, he crofled
1621* *^^ Bori/lhenesy and, as it were, befieged the chancellor of
Poland, with forty thoufand Poles and Kofais, befides eight
x\io\ihnA Germans, in their camp, for four- aiKl- thirty days to-
gether. At length finding, after all his attempts, that he could
do no good againft the bravery (rf'the enemy, who redfled him
with great daughter, by the mediation of Raduhy prince of
tfalakhia, they came to the following agreement ; that die
emperor's army fhould retire from the borders oi Poland:
ftaci con* that the Tatars (hould fend a Mur%a to refide as an hoftage
eluded, in Poland, againft future incurfions ; and that the Poles Ihoidd
fend another to the Krtm, as a fecurity againft any invafioA,
either by them or the Kofaks ^ and pay the Khan iortj thou-
fand Florins : that the P^^xihouki have a refident at the Porti,-
and be allowed a free trade in the Othmdn dominions ; but
that their merchants fhould be obliged to make a prefentof
one hundred thoubnd chekins. This accommodation vras
the more feafonable on both fides : for that by the fwofd,
cold, famine, and other cafualdes, the Turis were computed
to have loft eighty thoufand men (befides one hundred thou-
fand horfes), and the Poles twenty thoufand,
The em- However, the Soltdn being exafperated at the emperor
peror Ferdinand II. for fending aid to the Poles, did, upon his leaving
threat* Poland, contrary to the advice of his council, proclaim war
ened. againft him. rurfuant to this meafure, he commanded tbe
Pdjh^ of Silijlrla to winter in that country, with an array of
fcventy thoufand men, in order to invadcthe emperor's do-
minions in the following fpring ; and iMwently after GaSo^
the emperor's ambaflador, was ftopt at Buda, under pretence
that he had promifed, upon his life, the emperor (hould not af-
fift the Poles. Hereupon the king of Poland acquainted the
Chaujh, who was then at hb court, that in cafe his mafia:
ibould on any fiich account commence hoftitities againft Fer*
dinand, he would conclude no peace with him, but fliould be
obliged to take the part of bis ally. Upon this, Ozmin
thought it advifeable to defift from his refoludon ; yet at the
- famer time fecret orders were fent to fome of the officen, who
'commanded on the fronti^s, to join with Bethlem Gakr
' againft the emperor. But that oi^der came too late, Bethkm
having already made peace with that pirince ^
< Sir Tho.JUi^s letters, ap. Ri^t
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
ۥ i;. 1 6 SoMn Othmin It
It being now given biit thkt the Jmir of Sidon (B) was in
rebellion, Oznidn^ pretending to go againft hirii in perfon, or-
dered his palacfe xnHdlep to be fitted up, and his troops to be '
in readinefs to march. This refolution was againft the opi- ^^^^^"f^
nion of the Miifti^ and other' officers of ftate, who thought it '^ ^>™* '
hot cortvenient! for him to leave his European dominions ; be-
fides, th6y faid hi^ prefence wt)uld inhance the charges of the
expedition. On thefe remoriftrances he feenied to chahge his
mind ; but next day goin^ to the arfenal, he ordered one hun-
dred gallies to l>e fitted out^ and feht a fleet into the Black Sea
againft the Kofaks, The diflatisfaftion given his miniftry by
thefe precipitate proceedings, wias heightened by his marrying
the grartd-daughter of a Soltdna^ wife of Partev Pdjhd^ only
for her beauty, without any pomp ; contrary to the cuftom
latterly of his predeceffbrs, who refrained taking wives of
Turkijh extradion. The foldiery ajfo began to be difgufted
on the fame account j and his manner of behaviour increafed
a contempt of him in the city : for he ufed ^aily to go about
the ftreets on foot, fometimes in difguife, with a page or twOi
peeping into houfes and taverns Ijke a petty officer (C).
WHitE the peace between thp Turks and Poles was in agi- EmhaJJy
tation. Sir Thomas Roe^ ambaflkdor from James I. of England^ frofn
arrived at the Porte to renew the antient capitulations and pri- England,
velcges, with fortie amendments. He had it alfo in charge to
offer his mafter*s mediation between the SoUan and Poland \
to defire redreft for the piracies committed by the gallie& of
Tunis and Algiers \ and like wife to demand reftitution of ^
great fum of money taken from Arthur Garraway^ merchant, \
m the reign of Ahmed,
The prime Wazir anfwered the ambaflkdor, that the
Scltdn had given orders for renewing the capitulatipns, with
requifite aHditions : but declined the king's mediation, as if
inconfiftent with the Sottdnh honour, fince the Poles feemed
not fmcerely inclined to peace : however promifed, that if jthe
peace did take place, all the prifoners (hould be releafed, ex-
cept prince Koreskie, As for the pirates, Ozmdn protpfted
againft them, and was ready to do the En^lijh any fervice : but
thought the demand of Garraway*s money injurious to him,
fince they could obtain no relief from the Aree preceding FFd*
zirSj to whom they had applied.
(B) This was probably the prince feemed to be at a great
famoas Amtr Fakro'ddjug^ prince lofs to fiudX excuies foir deftroy-
of the Durzi componly called ing bitn, mice^ this was the ef-
Drufes, fea of his care.
(C) The eijcmiw of this
Gg 3 , Ths-
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hififfy of the Othman Empire. B- XV.
The Soltdn^ difcontented ever fince his difgrace in Polandy
meditated revenge upon the foldiery ; finding alfo that bis in-
tention of going in pilgrimage to Mekka did not relifh^ he grew
OzmanV fyy ^^j^^ uneafy : however, being refolved to undertake it, he
^fjfgni. feemed now content with any fort of peaqe, even a diihonour-
able one, with the Poles. He reinforced his frontiers in Hun"
gary ; and tho* much troubled ^t the league between the em-
peror and Bethlem Ghabor^ yet he diilembled his refentment
to a high degree, and fecured the Black Sea as well as he coulj
with his gaUies. Mean time all the great officers both in
church and ftate flrenuoufly oppofed his intended journey to
Mekka J and the foldiery went fo far as to proteft they would
not follow him, but fet up another prince in his room.
nefol' For all this, Ozman hurried on by his ill fortune, on ff^ed"
dierj mu- tiefday the 7th of Mayj began to pais over his tents and trea^
tiny : fure into JJia. Hereupon the Janizaries and Spahisy conclude*
ing that his palaces and the temples were not ftripped of what
was valuable in them, merely for fake of the pilgrimage ; fud-
denly met in the Atmeydan or Hippodromey and running to the
Sarayy called out for the Saltan. On Ozman^s appearing, and
alking what they meant by that piece ofinfolence ? they anfwered,
that bejhould neither go to Mekka, nor over to Alia, butjlaj
in the city ; and at the fame time demanded the heads of the
prime fVaztr Dehvir^ and others, as enemies to the govern-
ment. The Soltany finding it beft to give way a little, pro-
mifed to lay afide the thoughts of his journey ; and as to their
other demand, defired them to refer it to the divan to be held
next Saturday.
kill the OZ MANy perceiving that they could not be prevailed on
W azir, to defift, at night fortified the Saray^ with defign to oppofe the
feditious : but altho' the palace had always three thoufand
domeftics within it, yet not a man of them would arm in their
mafter's behalf. Next morning the mutineers afiembled
again, and forcing the Mufti to go a]ong with them to the
court, made a new demand of the perfons whom they wanted
to deifaroy. In this danger the Pfazir intreated him to paf$
over to Ajla in hb own boats : but finding the Soltan inflexi-
ble, he bravely ventured to go out himfelf to the mutineers,
and afked them, what it was they fought ofhim^ and 'wherein
he had offended? This courageous behaviour put them at firft
to a ftand, till fome bfolent fellows, more audacious than
the reft, anfwered him with their fwords (D,, and cut him
in pieces. When
• (D) When Sir Thomas Roe mage, ^o rccoinmend him to
defired him, in cafe be went the Kayzsekam^ he replied,
along with the ^oltim in pilgri- tronbli not jourfelf^ Ifiallmnjer
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Ciy: .16 Soltan Othman IL 455
When Ozman was informed of this, he attempted to cf- A, D.
cape into J/m-y but finding he had flipped the opportunity, hid 1622.
himfelf in a private part of the palace. The mutineers at laft ^"""PC^
entered the Saray^ and taking Mojlafa with two negro women ^ ^^"^
out of a vault, where he had been put at the beginning of the S^*
tumult, by iris nephew's order, they proclaimed him em-
peror a fecond time, and carried him to the old palace.
Oz/n^» having in the night confulted with Hujfeyn^ Aga of the
Janizaries^ and another officer, purfuant to their advice,
early next morning, went to the college of thofe foldiers, and
by a fpeech, accompanied with tears, acknowl^ing his error,
had ajmoft brought them to relent in his favour: but the
Aga unfeaibnably making ufe of fome harfh and reproachful
words, their fury was roufed again; fo that crying out treafon,
they cut him and Hujfeyn Pajhd to pieces, and fent the Soltan
prifoner to the Seven Towers.
Asioon^MoJiafa was feated on the throne, DavadPaJh&y Ozmaa
the new prime fVaztr^ and his brother-in-law, went \i\xk ftrangkd.
certain perfons to put Ozman to death : being awakened by the
executioners entering his chamber, he cried, tt/i^?/ news ? At
firft they fiood amazed ; till one of them ftriking him on the
hea4 with a battle-axe, the r^ft leaped upon him, and with
much ado ftrangled him «.
The Turkijh hiftorians made ufe of by prince Cantemir^
wholly omit the circumftanccs of this remarkable event : they
only tell us in general, that the foldierjr, unufed to youthfid
government, and living idly at Conftantino^le^ being ftirred up Hej.|03;t
by Moftafah party, moft barbaroufly kill the Soltan^ a young A, T>.
man of great hopes, in the fourth year of his reign^and twelfth 1622.
of bis age ; after which they releafe Mojlafa^ whom they had
before depofed, and fet him once more upon the throne *,
«(
S EC T. II.
Moftafa rejlored.
A LTHO* the foldiery were fo eager for Moflafa*% refto- Moftafa's
^ ration, yet he did not pleafe them long. He had, while in incat^acity*
prifon, concealed, not correded, the vices of his perverfe na-
ture ; and thereby put the foldiers in hopes, that having tailed
the cup of affli£tion, be would become better, and ^ter his
" Roe. ubi fupra. * Cant, p. 24a.
remove fo far from this eity^ hut never intended \ for within a
that I iwiii leave one of my legs few days after his murder, one
h^hindtofer'veyou. Which pro- of his legs' wai hanged up in the
n^e was verified, in a way he Hippodrom. < .. ^
G g 4 , i:o4rfe
Digitized
byGoogk
45^ BiJUij 0f ibi OthaAn Empiri. B:XV:
A. D. cDorie of life, as wcO as method of ^yvernment. But after
1622, ^^ had, in this cxpeftation, replaced himjon the throne,
^^V"^ he, thinking himfUf out of fortune's power, returns to his old
vices, and fecks to deftroy his depofers 5 negleds the admi-
niftration of afflurs, and in a word does nodiing worthy of
memory. When he had thus tyrannized, rather than reigned,
fiitcen months, he is again dethroned by the great men, rc-
jeding the dominion of a fool ; and being with the gr^itefi
4iff§feJ ignominy fet on the back of an als, is carried amidft the in-
^MM, fults of the mob, to die prifon of the Sruen StarSj where
foon after he is'flrangled by the command of his fucceflbrJ^.
This is all the account which the Turkijh hi(h>rians in view
afford us, relating to the fecond reign of Soban Moftafa ; nor
are the matters which the Chriftian writers have colleded of
any great moment : however, it may not be amifs to mention
them. The conditions agreed on by the late Wazir Data-
vity and the PQliJh commiffioners, were kept fo fecret, that
the new Wazhr D wd knew nothing of the matter, nor could
find any copy of them : however, a PoUJb ambaifador being
Tfi9ct ^^^ arrived to conclude the peace, it went on at the eamefl
Koreiki follicitation of Sir Thomas Roe, For all this, on the 17th of
ErtmiUd. y*''"* ^c brave prince Koreskte, who had formerly made his
efcape out of the Turkijb dominions, after two years dofe con-
finement, was flrangled in prifon. Altho' this was done by
the Wavdr^s order, yet, in maJice to the Ago of the yani%arieSy
he laid the blame on him } and from thence taking occafion
to remove him, (ent him to the iflands to be flrangled. The
yanizariesy incenfed at this injuftice done their general, refcued
him, and demanded the // tf2fr*s head. They likewifc broke
things in into and plundered his palace : but tho' on promoting Mofia-
%9nfujkn, fa^ a perfon of a mild nature, to that high poft, they be-
came quiet for two or three days ; yet afterwards things re-
turned into confufion again ; fbme bemg for the continuance
of Mojlafa on the throne, whilft others pradifed for the ad-
vancement of Alorddy the brother of Ozman, Mean time at
Baghdady the captain of the Janizaries there flew the Pc^
of that city ; burnt the Muftt and all his kindred, and mar-
ried his daughter to Arfldn Begy who laid pretenfions to the
inheritance of a neighbouring prince.
On the 22d of Jugufiy there syrivcd an ambafTador from
Beihlem Ghabory prince of Tranfylvania 5 who, among other
inftrudions, had orders to excule his maftcr for having made
peace with the emperor y alleging, that it was done chiefly
Teaee to gain time, and that he did not intend to keep it long. He
mtitB likewife fu^^ed, that the emperor defigned to invade the
jQl4ndt Othman dominions j and on that pretence would have had
Z CAB^r.^bifufra.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. if. Moftafa reftorid.
orders fent to the P4/l>as on the frontiers, to begin hoftiliti^
againft the empire and Poland^ whofe ambaflador was at the
fame time treating of peace ; and at laft, after many difficul- '
ties and delays, he gained his point, notwithftanding the gre^t
oppofition given by the minifter of Rujpa, By this peace the
Moldavians were not to give the Krim Tatars a pauage into
Poland thro' their Country ; and in cafe the latter did the Poles
any injury, fatisfadion was to be made, and their Khan pu*
niflied. They were likewife to aflift the Poles in their wars,
on paying them the yearly ftipend. On the other hand, the
Kofaks were not to invade the Turkijh territories ; and in cafe
they did, reftitution was to be made of the fpoil. In con-
fequence of this peace, fome reparation was made the Poles^
for the ravages committed by the Tatars^ and their Khan Je-
ban beg Ghteray depofed ; in whofe room was placed Mehemed
Gbierayj his coufin german, before imprifoned at Rhodes ^.
The foldiers, perfifting ftill in their mutinous difpo{ition,f70i>)yrtf
demanded for themfelves all profitable employments, which eommitted^
durft npt be denied them. They drank wine in the ftreets,
contrary to their law, and extorted money from the Chriftians
to pay for it j killing them with impunity, in cafe they refufed.
About the fame time, the Janizaries in the gallies which rode
at Smyrna^ commanded by Halil Pajha^ in defpite of his au-
thority, fet upon the houfes of all the Chriftian confuls in that
port. The EngUJh were forced to run naked from their
lodgings, and fwim to the admiral's galley to fave their lives ;
while the Turks ranfacked the lower part of the houfes, and
carried away to the value of two thoufand dollars. The
damage jwhich the French fuffered was fiill greater; and the
. lofs of the Venetians amounted to at leaft ten thoufand dollars.
There were at the fame time three rebellions on foot in
JJia ; one at Baghdad^ another at Arzerum^ and a third in
J^efopotamia^ which were concealed by the minifters of ftate.
Mean while the gxzniTFazir.,Jorji Mehemet^ envying the jig j^fg
authority of his bredeceflbr, David Pajhd (the queen mother's Wazir
favourite, and (on- in-law, who had been the ioftrument of
Soltun Ozman*s murder) ftirred up the Spahis to demand
juftice upon him^for that heinous fad. Hereupon being feized
and carried into the divan, he was without any trial brought
before the foldiers, where he was ftript, and on his knees, with
his turban taken ofF, ready to receive the fatal ftroke, when
the Janizaries fuddenly came to his refcue, and carried him
away to their odas or chambers : but the Spahis infifting on
bis death with great vehemence, to prevent their coming to
blpwS) be was, notwithflanding all the money given to fave^i^ /,
deatL
f RiCAUT,
Digitized
himfelf. t
dbyVljOOgk
Hiftory of the Othman Empire. B. XV.
himfelf) delivered up to them. This done, he was fecretly put
in the fame coach wherein he had fcnt Soltan Ozmdn to his
execution ; and being dry with forrow, drank at the fame
fountain where his late fovereign had flopped to drink. In a
word, having been conveyed into the fame chamber where
he had murdered that prince, he (hewed the executioners the
corner where he had committed the crime ; and deflring to ex-
piate it in the very fame place, he was there accordingly
wangled.
ConJ^raey As the great difordcrs in the empire manifeftly proceeded
«/ €9urt. from the weak capacity of Mojlafay and, inftdad of fubfiding,
fpread themfelves gradually into the provinces ; both mi-
nifters and people feemed unanimoufly to defire the depofition
€ii Mojiafa a fecond time. There were indeed three difficulties
in the way : for it was not likely, cither that Khoffum Pdjbi^
now prime /i^z7r, would confent to diveft himfelf of that abfo-
lute power which he enjoyed under a weak prince^ or that the
JanizarieSy who had exalted Mofldfa^ would eafily forego their
choice ; nor was their money in the treafury fufficient to pay
the cuftomary donatives on a new inauguration. However,
certain things happened at this junfiure, which contributed
much to remove thofe difficulties, and haften a change* The
~ chief of thefe was the news of the rebellion of Abaza^ who,
with fifteen thoufand horfe, ravaged the plains about Kara^
hijfar^ in Anatolia^ ftiling himfelf the avenger ol Soltan Oz-
tnhrC^ murder, and enemy of the janizaries. Of thefe he flew all
who fell into his hands \ which fo enraged tlie reft of that
order who were at ConJiantinopUy that they propofed to their
Aga a fpeedy union with the SpahtSj for the immediate fup-
preffion of the rebels j and the rather, becaufe Siga/a PJJhi,
who had been fent into AJia for that purpofe, had by letters
informed the court, that, on his approach towards the enemy^
moftof his forces had deicrted him.
Moftafa This intelligence furnilhed the Mufli^ Waztry and Aga^
dtfofid with fuch an anfwer for the Janizaries^ as difpofed them to co-
operate in the defnred change. They told them, that they
were ready to comply with their requeft for fuppreifing the
rebellion in Afia : but that the incapacity of their fovereign
hindered them to proceed j and that the defeft of the principal
wheel obftrufled all the motions of good government. The
yanizaries hereupon met in a tumultuous^^anner at Saltan
Soleytnan's molk, and there making an Ayak Diwdn^ it was
enacted, by confent of the civil and military power, that young
Morad {hould be advanced to the throne, and Moftafa depofed ;
and, becaufe the treafiiry was low, the foldiers were content
to wave their h.rgeflbs for this time, but without prejudice to
their claim on future inauguratjpns,^ ^T}iis decree being inade,
the
Digitized by VjOOQiC
C i8, Moftafa rifiorei. 459
^e prime Wa^ir immediately moimted on horieback^ to no- A. D.
tify the fame to Moftafa : but he found him fo ftupid, that he 1 622.
fc^med infenfible of the, meflage •. ^— nr^
CHAR xvin.
^e Reign of Morad IV. Surnamed Ghazi.
S E C T, I.
THIS Soltttti^ whofc brave exploits acquired him the fur- 17 Soltan
name of Gazi^ or the valiant (E), was born in the year Morad
10 18, and on the depoiition iA Moftafa^ fucceeded to the IV.
empire the 4th of Zatf<7ifA, 1032 1>, Hej.ioji
The firft a£V of his power was to depofe Hujfeyn Pajha^ A. D.
grand WaTAr^ for mal-adminiftration, whom he afterwards <622.
ftrangled; and to advance Haiti Phjh&y whom the other had ^'A«^'-
ons at
unjuftly profecuted, in his place. He had manv difficulties to
ftruggle with, efpecially the infolencc of the Janizaries^ and ^^T p
wantofmoncy to fatisfy their demands. To this end, befides ^^ *
a tax laid on ail military officers, a (hameful loan was required
of thirty thoufand chekins, from the four Chriftian amoafTa-
dors at the P$rie.
Many of the officers, not liking this ufurping humour, be- Ab^ay^]
gan fecrctly to efpoufe the caufe of AhazOy Pajhd of Arzeriimj vourtin
and his confederate the P&Jha of Baghdad : neither was the
Watir himfeU, or the Pajha of Anatolia^ favourers of the Ja^
nizaries'j who, when they preffed him to fight ^iUz/7, anfwered,
that they might if they would, but that for his part he would
not engage in a quarrel where MHlP*Mtt blood muft be fpil-
]ed'*on both fides.
The Porte W2is alfo diftraSed at this time, with the Knm Khrim
Tatars refufing MahmUd Ghitray^ whom the SoltAn had ap- Tatar'«
pointed KhaHj and declaring for his brother Mehemet. On A^^(/^-
this occafion the Kapudan Pafhd^ landing eight thoufand men,
tofupport theintereft of the former; they fellinto an ambufh of
thirqr thou&nd Tatar horfe, who might have cut them all ofF;
but to fbew their regard for them as old allies, they flew but
a few, and let the prifoners go at fmall ranfoms. Had they
purfued the advant^^ they had againfi them, they might have
deftroyed their whole fleet, and done them ftill greater da- /
mages.
During thefe troubles, the Kojaks in the admiral's abfence, ICo(ak*s
with one hundred and fifty fail and faiks or boats, entered the invafionsl
• RiCAUT. ^ Cant. p. 243.
(E) Gd%iy or Ghaztg fignifies nvho conquers, to propagate the ,
more properly a conqueror, or ong Mohammedan religion.
Bofphorus.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftorj €ftbi OtHman Empire. B. XT.
BvJphorttSj where they burnt fcveral viliagifis, andplcafuR.
houfes. To oppofe them, altho' fo near the iiTif>erial dtr.
there was not a galley in readinefs ; they tKifefefore afmcd foist'
fmall craft of the -fame kind with the enemies veflels, aod
brought forth a great chain, whichrthb Griek emperors ufed s
the fiegc of ConJiantinopUy to extend acrofs the Bofphtrui.
Not long after, the Kofdks returned with a more confiderabfe
force, and threw the city into greater confternation than before.
They landed in kvtm places; and having burnt the Pharss^
with fome villages, returned, home laden AVith fpM id
glory.
'4fairs tf For all things were in fo bad a ftate at the ParU^ yet fir^
Germany. Um Ghabor^ prince of Tranfylvankt^ retained his attachment to
it; and fuing for leave to make war on the emperor, was af-
filled with fifty thoufand Turks : but for thefe favours he pad
fifty thoufand dollars to the primt ff^aztr^ »nd promifeda
yearly tribute of forty thoufand mOre. .After he had^ wid
thofe auxiliary troops joined to his own, done confiderable
damage to the imperial territories, a truce was at laft concluded
But the Turks divided in parties, having in their return com-
mttced great fpoil, and carried ofF a multitude of people cap-
tives; the imperialifts fell upon and defeated moft of tbcoi,
killing a good number, and reli^afmgmariy prifoners. Amoif
the reft, EJierhafi boldly attacked a large body of them, flew
twelve hundred, freed one thotifand Chriftians, and took fc-
veral of their princi^ commanders, with all their ba^^}
befides a great quantity of gold and filver.
Perfians The furks^ difcouraged by thefe loffes from a German war,
#tfi/Bagh- fent ambaffadors both to t^Unna and Poland to renew the
dad. peace ; and the rather, becaufe the power of the rebels^iu-
creafed in the eaft^ while the king oi Pnjia entered the 0^
man dominions, carrying all before him. The more mod^
rate minifters were for pardoning Abaza^ and granting bis (i^
mands : but this was ffifly oppofed by the Janizaries^ whofc
declared enemy he was; ^ that while they JtSFered about the
method of proceeding, the rebel had an opportunity to ravage
Jnatoliay and the Shah to conquer thfe city, with the province
of Baghdad. After this, dividing his army into four parts, be
marched with one into Mefofotamia^ the fecond he fcnt to
Syria^ the third harrafTed the coaft of the Black Sea^ and the
fourth fet forward towards Mekka.
AH PiJhS^ being feWt to opt)ofe the SheS> in Mefipotatme^
was there flain, and his army ruined. The Othmdns had no
better fuccefs in S^ria^ which was attended with the revolt of
Damajkus. The forces fent to the Black Sea, befides other
damages, took a fort niit Trihitcnd ; whife thofe detached
towards Araiiaxcdntcdxltt cities of B^S and M^dinab.
n \ To
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
^. 18." 17 SohioMorid IV.
. . To remedy tbefe. evils, the prime ff^azir witb a.great army,
&t forward to befiege Baghdad <^. But here it will be proper
to leave the Chrifttan hiilorians, and return to the Turkifit^ to
fee firft what account they gave us of the war in Afioy with Ablza^-
ivhicfa they begin the adions of M^rads reign. They tell us, fcattd^
that in the very commencement of it, he Ihewed how much
. better it was for the Otbmdns to obey an adtive young man,
~ th^n a fluggaid.
ABAZAy Pafiya (F) of Antrim^ in Mojictfa'^ time, had
jdared to ravage the Afiatik provinces, in open defiance of his
Sovereign i and hoped to proceed with impunity, fo long as
Mcrddy a youth, held the reigns of government. But the Sd- Hdnh
tdn^ in the fecond year of his reign, fends the prime Wu%tr^ '^3J'
CherkUs Adebitned Pdjha (G), with an army againft the rebel j A. D.
jvho, after a bloody battle near Kayfarya^ being defeated, flies i6zy
to Ar%er%im (H). But death at T^okad prevented the Wavar
from profecudng the war.
However, Mwrddy imagining ^^^z^*s rebellion to be en- BagK^QA
tirely quaihed, fends Khafiz (1) AH Pafhdy governor of Di- iefagti..
ydrbeker (K), with a great army to befiege Baghdad -^ but af- A. D.
ter five months fiege, he is repulfed by the bravery of the be- 162^
iieged with great lofs, and forced to return (L). For this rea-
fon, when he came to Hdlep^ he was deprived of his dignity,
^nd the imperial fignet committed to Haiti P^JhA ^,
About this time Bethlem Ghabor makes peace with the Peate
emperor of Germany ; obliging himfelf, among other things, voitb tbt
to procure a reftitution of all places on the borders taken by mftrvr^
the Turks in the laft war, and all prifoners to be fet at4iberty.
Xhefe articles, which were approved of by Morddy were agre^
on in December 1626 \ and in S^ptembtr next year, a peace
• RiCAUT. iii Amurat. ^ Cant, p 244,
(F) So called from his country feems to have been in great
Ahdza j the jabahltants where- ppwer about this tini6.
ofy both in manners and Ian- ^t) ^<^2 is a furname given
gaage, much refcmble the Cbtr- |by way of honour to thofc who
Aaffiws Cant They are called can fay the whole Koran by
alfo by fome, Ahkds, Their heart. Cant.
country Jies on rii^Euxine Sea, (K) This feems to have been
to the weft of Mingrelia. |hc anonymous W^^ir^ mea-
(G) The only prime Waztr tioned above by Ricant,
of Cberk^an extradition ; altbo* (L) Some iay h^ was forced to
ieverai of that nation have en- (mm his tents and provifion^ -
joyed th^ bigbeft offices in the burft his guns, and throw them
ffurkyk court. Qane. ;nto i|he Bt^brates, After which
(Hj According to the ac- jbe was purfued with great lofs by
count h^io%9 from ^V^» hp the wftff^Y* Ricaut.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
462 Bjltnyof ibeOAuD^En^re: fi.XV;
A. D» was concluded at KomnroWf between the emperor and the
1627. Sohdn*
C^'W' Aftbr this, the Sbdb of Perfiay notwithftanding his late
Perfian fucceiles, thought fit to difpatch an ambaflador to the Porte^
'*/'^'£j^*' with propofals of peace : but as he could not be prevailed on
^' ^' to part with B^bdadj the grand fFazir Halil would not
^ '7* hearken to them. Soon after, with an army of one hundred
and fifty thoufand men, he palled into Afia, in order to fub-
due that capital ^. But neither does this JVazlr anfwer the &/«
tdrC^ expedations : for being ordered to march againft d»
Perfians^ when he came into the neighbourhood of Jrzer^m^
JbazaPdJhd^ who lurked about that place, fuipeding that, un-
der the colour of a Perfian expedition, an army was leading
againft him, returns to Arzirim^ which he had made the
feat of arms, and fiirnifhed with provifions, as well as warlike
ftores.
AbazaV HALIL Pdjha^ taking this for a flight, leaves the Per-
Jkicefi. fi^n expedition (M), in order to crufh the rebels, quite di<
fpirited, as he imagined ; and marching to that city, dotely be-
fieges it (N). But whilfthe hoped to acquire fame with lit^
labour, he procures difgrace with infinite trouble. For
JbdzOy who was by all efteemed the beft foldier and wif^
general of his time, bravely defended the city; and having re*
pulfed the enemy in an allault, unexpededly attacks, with a
fmall but chofen band, the Othmdn camp, inftantly Idlled the
guards, and ftruck the whole army with fuch terror, that a
defeat eafily followed. Thus numerous forces are vanquiihed
by a handfiil of men, multitudes are ilain, and many takea
alive : the Wazir himfelf, after thro^ning aws^ his arms,
hardly efcaping with a few attendants ^ ^
Trouhlis Th £ Krtm Tatars likewife eave no fmall trouble to the Porte
in Krim. at this time ; for they took Kaffa from the Turks ; who could
find no better expedient to bring them to their duty, than to
« RiCAUT. obi fopra. ^ Cant. 244.
(M) The Chriftian writers appromg thereof, Htf/r/ was re**
tell OS, that he did befiege^^i^^^- called, and the PdM of Dijar*
dad^ bat was forced to with- ^/if^ made general. £rV«iif.
draw : yet that his army being (N) The Chriftian writers
reinforced, he entered Verfia a do not afcribe this lim to
fecond time, overthrew the Haiti Pdjba, bat to his laccef-
Tttrkmdtu^ and then the Geor^ for: who, they fay, was forced
gians, taking their general to this fiege by the yaniza"
Merve. After this, the Perfiaus ries^AbituCs inveterate enemio,
made new propofals of peace, whom the befieged hanged
offering to pay a large tribate in about the walls, when they cook
lieu of Baghdad i but MeridtMOl^ tny gf (keqi pdfoiiers.
forgive
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. 1 8; 17 Soltan Morad IV.'
Forgive all paft offences, on condition they reftored that place
again. This the Tatars readily agreed to, with a provifo,
hoveever, on their fide^ that the Saltan ihould impofe no *
other Khan upon thenv^ than him whom they had themfelves
eleded.
But the great concern of the Porte^ being the rebellion in Abazar/-
.Afia 8, Mordd^ on the news oi Haiti Pajhd's defeat, diiplaces duceJ.
him, and appointing Khofraw Pajhd his Wa%tr and general,
lends him with fupplies to the arkny, wintering in Diydrbekr^
ivitK orders to extinguifh the flame, by attacking Abaza early
in the fpring. Khofraw Pdjha^ rendered more cautious by the A. D.
mifcarriage of his predeceilbr, befides afl^mbling all his foiices, i6t^4
provides the largeft cannon ; and with them fo ihakes the
walls of Ar^er4my that the frighted inhabitants deliver up
their city, with the rebel, the fifth day of the fiege (O). Here-
upon thePaJha fends Abaza in chains to the Porte : but Mo^
rdd^ in confideration of his heroical exploits, and invincible
courage, was unwilling to deprive the Othman empire of (b
great an ornament. Un his promife therefore to wipe out
his former crimes, by drawing his fword againft the Soltan*s
enemies, he is not only received into favour (P), but alfo
made Beglerbeg ofBoJnia ; as a proper perfon to fecure the
empire on that fide, in cafe any neighbouring power ihould in-
vade it, whilft his mafter was employed in the Perftan war.
The civil difturbances being thus appeafed, in the year
1 039, Khofraw PaJhd is fent with a frefli army againft Baghdad .
(Q^). The Waziry to remove the obftacles which his pre- ?l^3'
deceflTors had met with, immediately goes into JJia^ and ^
makes great preparations the whole winter at Mufol. In the * ^^'
c RiCAVT. ubi fupra.
(O) The ChriiHan hiftorians others fay, that he condition-
fay, that the new ^^72/r, by the ed to depart out of the city
Soltdn'i order, came to an ami- with life and honour fafe, and
cable accommodation with Aba- therefore dould not be put to
sca^ that he (hould continue Pa- death. Cant. This is coniiAent
Jbd of Arferum^ his fon ofBozra, with the Chri^an account.
and his lieutenant of Marajh : (Q^) About this time the
after which returning with the Soltdn appeared on horfeback,
Wazir to the Porte^ he was ho- with his brother Ibrahim by his
nourably received. Ricaut, fide; a very unufual fight, but
(P) The pardon of this rebel the queen mother's order. A
is afcribed to Mordd as an un- ^itrkijh prince came into the
paralleled inftance of clemency, world thisf year, and the great
by the Turkijh hidorians, who Bethlem Ghabor went out of it.
ftudy to put the bed conltru^ion Ricaut.
on their emperors actions, But
7 /prinj
Digitized
bytSoogk
Hijiory of the Othrdb Etnpire. B. XV,
rpridgt to cut off alt rdtef fitmi Baghdad^ be enters the pro-
vince of Irak Arabiy governed by Zeynel Khan ; takes the
caftksy deftroys tbofe he cannot keep, and intirely quelling
the rebellion, dofely h^tges Baghdad: but altho' he bravely
aflaulted the city for one-and»forCy days, yet finding he couU
not prevail, he raifed the fiege, after fuftaining confiderabie
lofek.
J)ifeafs The Chriftian hiftorians teU us, with regard to this expc-
ibe Per- dition, that the Wa/xir being lured on by the feigned flieht of die
fsMs. Perfians^ was brought at nrft under very great difficulties^ but
<A. D. the Experienced general having at lengdi difintangled himielf,
. ^630. encamped in the plain of Uamaddn (R). There la^g in
ambufli for the PerfianSy who he was informed defined to
attack bis camp, eight thoufand of them'were (lain, tbo'
with the lofs of many Turks^ which made them averfe t» that
fcrvice.
At this time there were great fa^ions at courts owing
chiefly to the debauched and light behaviour of the Sobdn : the
depredations alTo of the Kofaks gave no fmall uneafinels, of
whom complaint was made to the king of Poland for redrcfi.
In fhort, every thing looked with fo gloomy an afpc^, thai
nothing l!>ut the expedation of the good fuccefs of their army
^'5?^ ^f againft the Perfians could keep up their fpirits. The grand
Baghdad Wazir had now paffed the Tigrii with part of his forces, in
order to befiege Bdgbdddy but the P4/5W of Hdlep being fcnt
with fix thoufand men to view the places, was defeated, wkh
the lofs of moft of his troops, by two thoufand Perfians^ going
to reinforce the garrifon of that city. However, the iT'azjr
having fpent all September in. making his approaches, aiwl
mounting eighteen pieces of cannon in OSfober^ for twcnnr-
five days continually battered the curtain between two bafti-
ons. The breaches being made, and feemingly left unde-
fended, on the 20th of November <, the Spahis^ fupported by
thirty thoufand Janizaries^ were ordered to give the afTault :
but as the ditch, which was wide and deep, had been covered
with planks and green turf laid over them, to deceive the be-
fiegers, ort their crouding forward, the gallery fell under them,
r^iifed and fwallowed up five or fix thoufand in an inftant. At the
nuUblofs. fame time there appeared fifteen thoufand men at the l5reach,
and on the baftions, where likewife there were four cannon
unknown to the Turks \ who were fo galled with the continual
firing of the artillery apd mulkcts^ that the main body of the
^ Cant. p. 245.
I hrak^ the antient A
Spabis
(R) One of the capitals of Pirfian Irak, the antient Am^hM,
or Ekbatana.
Digitized
byGoogk
Ct^. 17 Soltan Morad iV.
^pahis was quickly broken, their commanders killed, atid at
length the whole army routed. Two days after the PFazar
hiiied the fiege, and marched towards Moful^ purf|xed by eight
thoufand Perjian horfe, who cut off three thoufand more of his
men. However he reprefented matters fo much to his advan-
tage at the Porte^ that the Poles renewed the peace, and the
Hungarians continued quiet.
Next year the Waw made great preparations to renew the Morad
Iicge : but while the Saltan flept fecure from enemies, he was thunder-^
in great danger of perifliing by a natural evil : for in September ^fi^^^^-
one night he was awakened by a terrible lightning, which en- ^' ^'
tcring his chamber, furrounded his bed, leaving feveral marks 5*'
on the iheets and quilts. Mordd in a great fright got out of
bed ; tut while he fought to hide himfelf, the flame pafled
under his arm, and burnt part of bis fhirt : this threw him
into a fwoon^ which ever after much impaired the ftrength of
his brain. However h& was fo affeded with the accident, that
he difmifled many of his buffoons, and for fome time abftained
from wine i.
The Turkijh hiftorianS tell us, that the good fuccefs of the Retellim
late Perjian expedition was hindered chiefly by a frefti rebel- in Nato-
lion, which broke out in the borders oiPerjia: for Ilias Pajha^ lia.
whom M9rai.\\:dA made Beglerbeg oi Arzirum^ in Abdza's
room, following the example of bis predeceflbr, throws off
his obedience to the Scltdn : but being taken in the year 1041, Hejrah
hy Kyuchuk Mehemed Pdjha (S), and fent to the Porte^ his ^H^*
head was ftricken off in the public market place K ^' ^^
According to the Chriftian Writers, there wefe two Ire- '^3*-
bels up at the fame time, one who feiaed on Prt^a or liurfa ;
and Elias Pdjhd^ who made himfelf mafter of Magnefia, There
being belieged by the Begkrleg of Anatolia^ he was at length
prevailed on to accept of terms ; to which trufting, he went to
ConJlantlmpJe to receive his rev^ard, and met with a halter.
Mean time the /?Wr wanting the neceffary fuppUes, oc- Sues for
cafioned by his enemies at courts the Perjians recovered all the peuee.
fortrefles they had loft the preceding year, with Illay (1^), a
conUderable city, two days journey from Baghdad-^ where
right thoufand Turksy left in garrifon under three Beglerbegs^
were cut in piedes, and vaft quantities of ftores taken. This
* RitTAUl^. ubi fupra* * CaKt. p, 245, & feq.
(S) A name generally giv^n the nonh fide, near the place
by the Turis to perfons of low where Babylon formerly Hood ;
Hature. Ca^. Kimcbuk or Km-^ . as appears by the' ruins found
tbuk^ and Kicbttk^ iignifies little, thers by Ra<wolf^ Delia Valle^
(T) It Jhduld be mlh. or Hd- and other travellcn.
hsxi ftands on the Euphrates on
Mod. Hist. Vol. XII. flh mad^.
' Digitized by VjOOQ IC
t0Qry of th dthman Empire. B. XV.
made the Sohan think of peace, and fend the Perfian lord from
hisprifon, in the feven towers, as his ambafiador to follicit it :
^ at the fame time he caufed hoftilities to ceafe, by calling home
his army ; and the Wazir at his return was removed.
W/ Spa- But the new ff^azh-y one of Morai% brothers-in- law, did
liis«r«r/- Hot long enjoy either his dignity or life : for having joined
^* With the Janizari Aga and T^erdar^ or treafurer, in procuring
•^ *^* the death of the Aga^ or general of the 8fahl% \ thefe latter
*^3^* rofe tumultuoufly, and demanding all their heads, knocked
the Wavdr off his horfe, within the walls of the court. On
Morit% refufing to deliver them, the)^ threatened to depofc
him, and fct up his brother Ibrahim. At length being obliged
to give them up to fave himfelf, they were all ftrangled and
' hung upon tre^s. The Solthn greauy incenfed at this Infuk,
mnd fufpe£ting the new fFavsir, Rjjep PSJha^ to have en*
touraged the mutineers, he took occafion fome time after, at i
firework played off in the palace, to carry the Waztr aiide hito
MoradV a little room, where he was ftrangled by perfons placed there
rtfntment for the purpofe : but as he had for fome time before expedcd
this treatment, he took dire to difpofcofhis wealth, for the
benefit of his fomily. After this the Sohan by degrees cut off
the ringleaders, and diminifhed thefoldiery. He alfo appeared
more in public, to ftrike them with awe, which had its efied.
At the fame time, to win them over to his intereft, he daily
went to fee them perform their exercifes in fhooting, and
riding ; in which he always bore a part himfelf I
AVan <r- The Othmin army being weakened by thefe civil wars 5
tfgid. Ruftim Khan^ the Perfian general, invades the Othman domi-
nions, and lays clofe fiege to ff^dn, Morad^ on the news of this
danger j fends to its rditf the Beglerheg' of Riimiiiy with his
European forces ; who rout the Perfians^ and deliver the city,
now on the point of furrendering. *
About this time a Tvrkijh woman flave, beihg found in a
French Mp J ready to fail from Confiantsnople^ the Tluris im-
prifoned the French ambafiador's Ton, who was then on board;
and would have confifcated the veffel, but for the warm re-
mqnftrances of the other Chriftian miniftcrs at the Porte, Yet
Morad btmg informed by the Kapudan Phjh&y that they were
fet on by Baldazar^ an Armenian^ interpreter to the French
ambsdiador, he ordered him to be impaled before his face.
'AJhert In the interiin, an ambafiador came from Ptrfta with pro-
feace. pofafe of peace, which was fuddenly concluded ;-but as fud-
A. D. denly broken again, the fame year, by the perfuafions of the
< ^33* Great Moguls ^ho promifed to affift Morid with forces. Some
of bis minifters would have had him turn his arms againft
] \ RiCAUT, ubi fupra. * Cakt. p. 246.
\ ^ 8 ' Hmgarji
Digitized
byGoogk
C/i«. 17 Sokan Morad IV.
Hungary : but to no purpofc, fince an agreement was ilgned
nol long after with the imperial ambaffador for cojitinuing the
truce ; and this Was the more reiadily effeded, in regard the ^
Soli An had entertained fome thoughts of making VfzxonPolandy
and difpoflefErig the Amir Fakro'ddin of his territories in
Syria.
This Amtr was a prince of the Durziy commonly called Amir-
DrufeSy who inhabit part of mount Libanus : but his anc^ftors FakroM-
had gotten pofleflion of the cities oi Barut and Sayda^ox Sidon^ din^
on the fea-coaft, with great part t)f the adjacent territories; fo
that they were become very potent under Ebn Many, or Man
Ogiij of whom an account has been already given ". Morad^
refolved to deftroy Ae power of thefe Du,r%iy fent great forces
(UJ againft Fakro'ddtn^ under the P^i oi .Trtpoliy wiUi
orders to thofe of Damaskusy Gaza^ BMep^ and Kayro^ tp join
htm. Mean time Faho*ddin^ being fummoned to fiurrender
Sayda^ and other places, fent word he was but a fubjed him*
felf» having refigned his power to his fon Ali^ and that there- rtduud
fore they mould apply to him.. The old 4^ir at that time toftrtighti
had twenty-five thoufand men, divided into two bodies, and
commanded by his fons. AU the elder marched with one of
them to Safety to prevent the junftiori of the Amirsy Fariik
and Her obit ^ as well as the rajhds of Gaza and Damaskuf^
Being a brifk prince, he engaged them fo warmly, that he d^
feated them, and killed eight thoufand of their men ; but as he
loft feven thoufand of his own, the next day they returned tp
the charge, and overthrew him by numbers. All his men were
killed, excepting one hundred and forty- fix : his horfe was
mortaJly wounded ; and bein^ himfelf weary and faint^ he
yielded to a foldier, who promifed him quarter, but aft^r^yai'd^
ftrangled him.
This news fo.-difcQuraged Fakro'ddiny that giving up Sayda Goes to
to the Kdpuddn Pdjhdy he returned to Barut ; and thence xS- Conftan-
tired, with his Durzi^xiA MaroniteSy into the mountains. But tinople.
now good fortune had forfaken him, his fubje<^ forfook hiijb
too, revolting to the Pdjhd of Damaskus. Afier, this, his
bou(es and country were deftroyed : he alfo loft his two remain-
ing' fbns ; one being dain in bajttle, and the other carried for
an hoftage to ConJiantinopU. He had now fcarce any thing
^ See before, p» 3.8 j.
(U) The kdpuddn Pdjbd, in fl^ct for fevcral hours, flew him
tranfporting the army, met with with abundance of his men, and '
two Englijh {hips freighted with then blew themfelyes up, to the
corn{; which being prohibited aftoniflimcnt oi the Turkst who
goods, rather than fall into his admued their bravery,
hands, tbey fought his whole
H h z . left.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
tiiftory ofthi Othmain tm^re. B. XV.
left, excepting a few ftrong-bolds in the mountains, where
B^Hig at good terms with Kiba king of the Arabs^ he ncter
^ ceafcd ravaging the lands belonging to the fklhi of Damasha:
but being puruied from one place to another, he was at laft
forced to fubmit, on condition to be krxt free with all his trea-
furc and equipage to the Porte, When he was about two
tsftrmtg- ftages from thence, he fent eight chefts of gold before him, to
^« 6pen his way to the $9ltan \ who, pleafed with the prefcitf,
went in difguife to the i/m:r*s tent, and got him to relate the
hiftory of hrs life, FakroUddirty pretending not to know hira,
did this with all the advantage he could, in order to gain his
favour ; which he afterwards obtained to fuch a degree, as
raifed the envy of the great officers, who traduced him as an
apoftatefrom their faith. This wrought fo much on Mml^
that one day afcending his throne, he commanded the Ji^
io be brought before him, and placed on a low chair ; where
he pafled a formal fentence of death on him (X), which wai
accordingly executed in his prcfence °.
Vfiarnvsih As to the war with Poland^ the Turiijh hlftorians tcD ui,
^Poland, that the Ptrfian expedition being over, Morad aflembled \k
forces at Jdrianopki and ordered Mujiaxa Pajhd^ in con-
junflion with Jambokd Zadeb (V), general of the XjitmSsM
horfe, to infcft Poland. Thcfe generals paffed the Danube near
Gbirghtow (Z), a town of Jf^lakhia \ but while they waited
there for the SoItan*$ ^orders, Polijh ambafladors arrive, and fuc
for peace to Murtazay who fends them to the Porte^ where
JWi?r<lrf grants it them, but on his own terms p.
THfi Chriftian writers relate this Ihort war nK>re to the
adi^antage of the Polet^ and with fome variation. According
to them, the Othman general, whorti they name Ahiza^ having
ordered fifteen thoufand Tatars to enter Poland^ tbey quicklj
^ RiCAVT^ ubi fopra. Roobr la terie fam^ ' Cast.
p. 246.
(X) tvgtki Roger, the taff- lions ; that he Was then (IrangleJ
fioner, who has given the life of by mutes the 14th of ]ii£rck
this ArmryVa his La Ter^eSainBe^ ' 6 3 J, at the age df 7d.
fays he was received and treated ( Y) He feems to hare been
with rcfpedl by Afw'i^ for fifteen 6f Tatar extni^on 1 for this
days, at the end of which they name is peculiar to the Tatart,
eonfulted about putting him to as Polad. Mirxa^ &c. Can/.
death. That the Sffbdn pfo- PeJad^or Puldd, fccma to be no
Aounced fentence againft hiro» as other than the Ptrfiam ortho*
a rebel, iil the manner related : graphy of Tulad, which in Ara*
that he made a fpeech proper bik iignifies a pillar.
CO move clemency; to which (Z) An ancient city » between
Mordd only anfwered, that cats Silijlria and Kikofolis. Cant.
ihaald not pretend to ^ht with
\ ever- ran
Digitized by VjOOQIC
C.i9^ 17 Saltan Morad IV. . ^6^
over-ran the country about Kbochim and Rinczug ; but being A* !>•
overtaken on the 14th of JmI/ (A), by the Foiijh general, with i6 53,^^
only two thoufand five hundred horfe, who furprifed them un- '"-"V**^
mounted, they eafily recovered their booty.
Mean time, Abd%a P^Jha^ with fixty thoufand men, re- niTvakM
-fol ving to attack the fmall array of P^es^ confifting chiefly oi.dtfeafid^
Kofaks^ in their carnp, the latter lined the hedges and ,ditchesi^
planted their cannon ^dvantageoufly, and then d^w thei^
troops into battalia. The Turks pufhing forwa^rdj fell into
the ambufcade : but having loft five hundred men, Jhaza
flopped, and ordered the Tatars to charge the right wing j
the Moldavians and IValaksans the left 5 while he with the
Turks fought the main body. But the Poles flood fo bravely
to it, and their Chriftian adverfaries made fo faint an attack^
that Abaza was obliged to retreat^ although hp made the
Svltan believe he had gained a great viftory. This was the
more readily credited, becaufe LadijJquSy being then at war
with the RuffianSy Vent an ambaflador to the Porte to treat of
peace. Morhd^ to bring him to bis own terms, declai-ed war,
jtalked infultingly, and went to AArianople^ afFe(Sing to make
great military preparations : but finding at length, that the
Rujftans were obliged to fue for peace to the Poles^ he thought
ik to dMpatch an ambaflador, to renew the ancient league witl^
them. This only gave the Poles a better opportunity to mor-
tify his pride : for the king and dyet fo r^fented his treatment
of their ambaflador, as well as the violation of the late articles^
that the Chaujh was difmifled with fome reproaches on thofe
occafions.
MQRADy who waited to turn his whole force againft ^uefyr
the Perfians^ was very uneafy to find fo much refojution In peaa^
the Poles ; efpecially as they had now an army of eighty thou*
fiiod effeftive men, ready in Podolia ; and therefore mortaza^
one of the IVaxirs of the divan, was ordered to lay the blame
of all on Ahaza^ and even offer to have him punifhed, in cafe
the Poles would comply to make a peace. This the P&^fha
did fb efl^eftually, in his letters to the PoTiJb general, that
AbG%a (B) being firangled, articles were at laft agreed to j
whereby the Vayvods of Moldavia and fValaihia Thould be
con/irmed by the Soltdn^ with the confent and rccommendar
tion oi Pphnd: Canten^iry an4 his Tatfirs^ Ihoujd be obliged
(A) They place this ^^ion in rebel; for he was. killed after^
the year 1634 ; whereas, by the waids at Wdn^ by the accoi^nt
^t^rkijb account, it feems lo have of the 7urks> Perhaps Abdza
been in 1633. here is mtlla^en for M^rteza, o»
(B) This could Dot be Abdza Murtaza,
thf famous captain and <^uondap
** Digitized by CjOOQiC
Hiftory of Iht Othroan Emfirt. B, XV.
to quit Bujaky and the Kofaks to forbear hoftiiities in the
Euxine Seg, The Turks were likewife to renounce all demands
of tribute from Poland, and to build no new forts on the
frontiers.
Before the Soltdn went to AdrianopUy a moft terrible
fire happened about the nilddle of September at ConflantinopU^
vjiich reduced one third of it to alhes. There were burned
s no fewer than twenty-five thoufand houfes ; two hundred
mofks ; the MuftVs library, and the habitation of the ^fcm-
zfiriesj coAfifting of three hundred chambers. Mar ad was fo
affected with the fufferings of the poor people, on this occa-
lion, that he diftributed confiderable fums, in order to fupport
them, and rebuild the city 'J.
Wine /f- In the year 1043, the Soltan publifhes a m^y and till then
tenfid* aft unheard-ofj edid, bv which, not only the fellers of wine
A. D. arc permitted to exercile their trade, but alfo every body is
*^35' allowed to drink it (C), contrary to the Mohammedan \zw.
On the other hand, the coffee- houfes are forbidden to be
opened, under fevere penalties.
Morad'i Mean time, the care of the Per/tan war gave him conti-
fxf edition, nual uneaftnefs ; becaufe he perceived it impradicable, either
to eftablifh, or, as he intended, to enlarge the eitipire, wh'dft
Baghdad^ the nobleft city of AJia^ and bulwark of the Otbman
dominions, was in the hands of the, Perjians. Wherefore, as
he found he had gained no^idvantage to the ftate by his gene*
rals, he refolves to take upon himfelf the olfii6e of commander
in chief ; and furmou^t, by his prefence, the obftades which
A. D, had flopped the progrefs of fo many Wazirs, Tp this pur-
1634. pofe, in the year 1044, he pafles into JJia with a numerous
army, which, full of hopes, Yi^XtzAz tQVi2sis Baghdad, In his
,p march he lays liege to Revan^ lately recovered by the Perfume j
R ^^^^ and fo fiercely aflaults it, that the garrifon on the eighth day
furrender at his mercy. Hereupon the governor alone. Amir
Ghiun OgU (D), is detained, and fent to ConJiantinopU : to
which city he the next year, about KaJJim Ghiuni (E), leads
back
^ RiCAUT. ubifupra.
(C) According to JUcaitt^ he him one of his privy conncil ;
in the year 1634 (half of which and when he indulgecl himfelf in
falls in that of the Hejrah 1033) drinking wine, was delighted
fupprelFcd taverns, and had the only with this Perfian and Behri
wine fpilled. Moflafa. In his palace on the
(D) Son of Amir Ghiun, a B^horits, called Imir Ghinncgii
Ptr/ianKhdn. By his fkill in Tulifi, t\it Soltdn often went to
mufic, he gained M7rfl<ys favour drink with him. Cant,
10 fuch a degree, that he made (E) That is St. Demetriu
Digitized by VjOOQIC
C. 1 8. 17 SokanMorad IV.
back his army; after h.e had ftaid for fome time aboiit 77Mx
(or *Tauris)y to repair and garrifoo the neighbouring caftles r.
According to the Cbriflian hiftorians, Mordd{cx,*o\xt on
his Perjian expedition about the end of April 1635. Before Wjnt for*
he went, in order to prevent feditions, he not only ruined H^^*
taverns and tobacco fbops, but forbad cofFee-houfes, ai)d
other idle places of refort : nay, in barbers fhops, no more
than one per&n was fuffered to enter at a time. And further.
to reftrain meetings, all houfes were obliged to put-out botl\
fires and candles, an hour and half after night-fall. The fame
authors tell us, that Murad was induced ^o undertake this ex-
pedition by the prime Wazir^ who wrote him word, that he
had not forces fufficient fo oppofe the king of Perjia^ then en-
camped towards Wan ; and that his prefence was absolutely
neceflary to encourage his foldiers.
While the Sokan . was on his march to Pirfia^ there jiffairt nf
were great contefts in Tranfyhania, between Stepbgn Beth- Tranfyl-
km^ and George Ragotski^ for that principality. MorM vania.
<efpoufing the interett of .the firft, while the other fought th^
aiEfiance of the emperor Ferdinand II. tho' not with the dcfired
iucceis. The Turks entering the province with twenty-five
thoufand men, under the Pdjhd of Buda^ Ragotsii detached his >■
general' Cor/i/5, with feventhoufand, to feizc an advantageous . .]
poft i but ordered him not to fight, till he came up to fupport
him. However, the PdJhd having fent twelve thoufand horfc,
and two thoufand Janizarief^ with fpme cannon to attack
him, he fet himfelf at the head of his troops, and fell on with
fuch braverv, that he drove the enemies firfi: rank upon the
fecond ; and at length put them all to flight, leaving their can- - - .
cion and baggage behind, befide three thoufand fliin. The *S®* "^*
whole army had been defeated, if a party of Janizaries had *'*^'^ '•
not fortified themfelves in a wood, and flopped the purfuit^
Ragotski having had the better in feveral other rencounters with
jhe Turks ^ and burnt two thoufand villages in their territories,
they were content to agree, that Rqgotiki fhould enjoy his
government, on condition that the goods and eft^te, which
belonged toGhabor mTranfylvania^ fhould bereftored to him. >
By this time Mordd was arrived at Jrzerim ; the head of
whofe PdJhd he ordered to be cut-off, for oppreffing the peo- ^^^n i§*
pie. Then entering Armenia^ and finding it deferted by the ''"^'J'^''
inhabitants, he commanded them to return within twenty
' C^NT. p. 245, ^ feq.
whofe day falls q^ the 26th of the 23d of -^r//, they take the
OBoher ; by tHis day and that field, and return on the 26th of
of Hiderlez (or Kbtderiez J being Oaober. Cant, Hiderltz is fup-
the 23d of Jpril, the Turh rey pofcd to he St. Gforge.
galate their ex|>editions. . After
H h 4i Digitized by S^POglC
47 i Hiftory fif the Othxmn Empire. B, XV,
A. D.* days, under pain of death : but moft of them being fettled
1 634. eifewhere, bought ofF the penalty by fines. In this March,
V>^v>^ tho* naturally luxurious, he fct his army of near three hundred
thoufand men, an example of temperance and hardinefs,
^ ,j^g uGng a faddle for his pillow, and his horfe- cloth for a quilr.
Soidn Being come in yuly before Rev^n^ he began the fie^e : but,
V altho' the place, which was well provided with neceffaries,
and a gatrifon of fifteen thoufand men, might haveJield out a
long time ; yet the governor, jimtr Guni, betrayed it to Morady
who afterwards held him in great efteem. As foon as this news
reached Conjlantinople^ great rejoicings were made there for
four days ; during wliich time Bdyevdd and Orkh^n, two of the
S^ltm^s brothers, were ftrangled ; the laft of whom was faid
to have killed four of his executioners, before they could over-
power him.
who re- After this, the Turh, entering farther into Perjia^ mi-
0mns, fcrably wafted the country; yet not without many lodes a|i4
defeats from,the Perjian cavalry, and mountain people. A%
laft, being deftitutcof provifions, they retired to the parts
about Tauris ; which being harrafted like the reft, the Soban,
in revenge, gave that city up to be plundered by his foldiers.
After this, he put his army into winter quarters, and returned
to Conjiantinople in December *.
Pcrfi ant The Perfiansj who had hitherto (kulked for fear of fh«
take "^ in. Otbman fjyorij, when they hear of MoracFs departure, ruih
Hejrah forth with numerous fprces, and befiege ff^^in ; of which
1046. city Jbdza Pajha had been made governor. Yet the Othmins
A.D. behaved in lb gallant a manner, for four months, that the
1636? enemy could gain no jidvantage, altho' they frequently re-'
peated their aftaults ; and perhaps the city would have ef-
Abaza cap^d falling into their h^ds, if the brave governor, oq
JuiM. whom the ftrength and fafety of the place fcemed to depend,
bad not been fnatched out of the world. For, difpirited by
this lofs, the garrifon more faintly defend themfelves j whilft
the Perftansy grown more courageous, furioufly renew their
aftaults, and, taking the city by force, facrifice all the Otbmiu^
to the ghofts of their countrymen flain by Murdd '.
According to thcGhriftian writers, aftpr Markets returri
from the eaft, the army, wanting provifions, was dift)anded j
and MortazaPaJha^ governor ofRevdnj being killed, the fol-
diers, mutinied ; who, opening the gates, yielded to the Per-
Jiqns (F). At the fame tin>e, tyv'O thoufand Janizaries^ for
• RiCAUT. Amarath. « Cant. p. 248.
e Re'vdn fecms to be gefted in a former note, th^t
)r JFdn ; and if fo, it Abdza was miftakci) fa| Morid-
}nfirni wh^ we fug- zif PdJ^d.
Digitized
byGoogk
C. x8.» 17 Soltan Morad IV, 473
fear of the Soban^s refentment, lifted with the enemy, who A. 1>,
thereupon inftituted chambers of Janizaries; and would have '634^
drawn over the Spahis alfo, by an offer of twelve afpers a day, ^ "V" •^
eonftant pay. Thefe tidings Morad received with great indigna- 7-^^ ^^—
tion : however, to retrieve his lofs of Revdny he ordered the mutiitqus^
Waztr to befiege Ba^hdM: but the foldiery, not liking the en*
terprize, wouTd march no farther than jirzerim. They like-
wfc demanded the head oiJambMd Ogli^ who commanded
the army before his arrival ; becaufe he had put a Pajha^ with
le^vcral Spahis and Janizfxries^ to death : and altho' Jambolai
pleaded the Soltan\ orders, yet the Waztry to appeafe them,.
Vizs forced to ftrangle him. Mean time the Perjians befieged
Wan: but altho' they could not take it (G), yet they fo
ruined the country, that it could afford no fubfiftence to the
Turks 5 who led by a Kyurd^ to furprize one of the enemies
Quarters, the guide when he bruoght them thither, changed
des : fo that fifteen thoufand were flain and taken prifoners.
In the interim, great contefts arofc in little Tartary^ be- TrmAlahi
tween Kantemir (H), a very leading man, and the Khdn^ who Krim.
liad overthrown the other in battle : but as he had thrown off A. D,
jnuch of his refped to the SoltAn^ this latter began to take ^^i7^
Kantemtr^s part, and fent for him to ConflantinopU. There he
was kindly entertained, till his fon, having killed a Tatar ^ was
flrangled fpr it; and foon after, the father himfelf was ftrangled.
Yet his nephew having pretended to revolt to the Khfin^ ^pd
Qain him, with one of his brothers, he was highly applauded
at the Porte ; and Bekhir Ghieray^ another brother, fet up in
his room. But the joy of this good news, was allayed by bad
tidings from J/dk or Afof^ which was taken by the Rufftans
and Kofaks^ who fortified that important place with ne^r
works ». .
But ^o return to the war with Perfia. The Solt&n^ not ex-
pcfling any fuch misfortunes as happened after his laft year's
profperous expedition, let fall the firft efiefls of his anger on the
Wa%irMeherrudPaJhA, This miniftcr for neglecting to fortify the
borders, is inftantly turned out, and his office given to Bayrdm p* • •
/^^^A whom, th^p fame year, he fends before with fpme light- ffl j*
^ RiCAUT. ubi fupra^
(G) As the furUfi hiftorians oc(;afipn to Inform us, in a note,
afHrm, that IFdn was takc^, p. that this Tatar family is
fVdn here inay be ipiftaken for a different one f/om his. It
Re*vdmi as Revdft ieeiM to be feenos to be compounded of if««/,
piiflaken for ff^dn^ in the place Keute, or fome fuch word, and
jjibove. Jfnir.
hffi^^.
'|H; ffm^ Qantfmr ^W
IM-mcd
Digitized by VjOOQLC
1637.
474 Hiftory of (he 0\hn^ Empire. B. XV.
A. D. armed troops (I), and following in pcrfon with a greater army
'^37- into AJia^ marches diieftly to Baghdad. When he comes there,
u y "^ fpurred on by revenge, he attacks the city fo yigoroufly, for
A 'd*^ thirty days together, that it Teemed to be rather a continual
{laughter than a fight. Fire, fword, and cannon, ceafe not
one moment the whole time, to deAroy the foldiers on both
fides. The aflaults are daily renewed, and the Sc/tdn, with
his fimeter, compds the retiring forces to re-charge ; and
with his own hand kills the PFdzir himfelf, for appearing too
n^ligent. At length, by the bravery of the arn>y, sod
fteadinefs of the Soit^ ; die city is taken, and above diirty
thoufand Perfiam (K), who had delivered themfelvcs up to
fais power, are flaughtered in his prefence. Thus feU die
famous city, to defend which, the Shab oiPerJia had aflemUcd
the flower of his army, with almoft his \i^ole nobility; and
fo .take which^ Morad had applied the ftrength of the em*
pire. This was the laft overthrow of the Perjians \ fiucc
which they have not dared to feek revenge, or to lift up
their heads againft the Othmdn power ^
According to the account given of this fiege by a Turk'tfi
officer (L)> who was prefents ^^ ^ ^oon as the Sohdn^s ter^t
* Cant. p. 24S. & feq.
Gruti
CI) While the Wa%tt^yj2& on
the road to Perfia^ an ambafla-
dor arrived 'mAuguft at the P^r// ;
but although the Soltdn feemed
difpofed for peace, yet he rs-
folved to make another ei^edi-
ticm. Ricaut,
(£) The Perfiam fb'll tooura
this cruelty of il/tfri^, who fpared
no captive excepting one. This
^rfon, when the officers were
going to kill hira, defired that
he might fpeak a word to the
Siitdm before his death. Being
brought before him, and a(ked
what he had to fay, frfi*" f^ot,
cried he, tnojl gracious tmperor^
that ivith mi, ShdhKuU (that is,
thi kin^sfla<ve^ by which name
he was afterwards called), the'
nubole art of mufick Jhould ferijh.
Being ordered to give a fpecimcn
of his (kill, he takes up a fhefhdar
(called in Arabik zabur, and in
Crttk i^ralterioj, and with.fo
mtich art, as well as fweetnefs,
both plaid and fung the tragedy
of the takbg of Baghdad^ in-
termixed with Hbrad^z praifes ;
that the ^0/ri» could not refrain
from tears all the while he wat
performing. For this mafidan*s
fake, Motdd fet at liberty all
who had not -yet been ina£[a-
cred, and his mufical worki
became famous in ^urhy, Thk
indrument is much like a harp
with fix firings each way, as the
word fhiefhdar denotes. Tis
reckoned the chief of mu^cal
ioftruments, and isfaid to have
been invented by Da'uidf tho*
few at present Know how to
play well on it. Cant.
(L) This account is infl»'ted
both In the T^rifj^ (printed JO
Italick charaders) and French^
by the Sieur du Loir in bis voy-
age^ to the Levtint.
Digitized
byGoogk
iw
C- 1 8. 1 8 Solt^n MorSd IV.
^?eas ert&ei (M) on the fide of the Dogayly or Tigrif^ near
the fepulchre of the great Im^m, on the 8th of Rajeb^ they
began to make their approaches with vigour. They opened
their trenches under cover of ten pieces of cannon, and as ^* ^
many royal falcons, oppofite to the white gate; which ^^^^^ f^^gj^
the angle of the tower of Jlghalzade^ over-againft the greai
f6rt» When the fiege was formed, and they had entered the
trenches beyond the white gate, Moftafa^ Pajha of Damqfkus^
Ibrahim^ the Haznaddr Pqjha^ the Sanjak Beyg of Kujlandil^
.and others, were pofted at the tower oiPerfta^ withfeven pie-
ces of cannon and five, royal falcons. Somewhat lower, wh^re
the grand Wazir Mohammed hnd his quarters, there were only.
five pieces of cannon. A little beyond that, towards the gate,
of darknefej; where ftood the great tower between two for^s,
X>irwijb Mohammed^ Pajhd oi Diydrbekry was pofted with
fcven great guns ; and Moftafa Pdjhdy the Selikhtar^ or fword-
bearer, with five pieces of cannon and thirty falcons, took
his quarters over againft the bank of the TigrtSy where is the
baftion of birds."
** Things being thus difpofed, they began to batter the city A fori
with inexpreilible fury ; having beaten down five or fix great attacked*
towers : the trenches in thirty days were carried to the ditch.
To fill up which, the ofiicers ainong them furnifhed thirty
millions of lacks filled with hair, wool, and hemp. They
likewife cut down fifteen hundred palm-trees ; and for ten
days and nights, the foldiers carried earth to fill the ditch of
the fortrefs, which was about eighteen feet deep, fix whereof
w^re filled with water. On the 19th of Shaabdriy they
marched at break of day to attack the fort which was at the
angle of the grand ff^azir's quarters ; where the fight con-
tinued three d^ays and nights, with unparalleled fury. In this
aSion the Turks engaged the enemy fo clofely, that fome
took them by the collar, whilft others ftruck them with
their fifts,- or engaged with their poniards. Here the grand •
fFazir, after flaying fevcral with arrow# was flain himfelf
by a muflcct ball, which hit him in the throat (N)."
•^ MO RAD at this news dropped a tear, and appointed en ^7
the Kapudin Moftafa Pdjhd in his room ; who renewed the fJj./„^
attack with fuch vigour, that at length the Turks fet up their ^^^^y^
ftlndard on the top of the fortrefs ; and made fo great a
{laughter, that on the 29th of the ikme month, the Perjians
(M) The place was inverted (N) By this it appears that
by the Wazir ^ on the 19th of he was not flai»i by the Soltda^
08ober^\y\t\i 30,000 men, alxho' as the 'JurhJjh hilbrians relate.
the Zoltdn did not arrive till ir.
Ifqyember ^th, - Ricaut*
£om .
rOOQlC
47^ Hifiory of the OthniSn 'Umpire. B. XV,
A^ D. from t^ top of the walls demanded quarter. ^ MprM baTuig
1637. pvcn them til} the eyeninjg to evacuate the city* Bektafo
Mn^ the governor (Oj, with all his train, came to the camp,
where he was received with honour, and quarter grsmted to
him and bis troops. Mean time Fetah Khiuy Khdlef Kbdn,
and yfli Kbdffy who remained in the fortrefs, having twen^
thoufand men 2,t their conmiand, refolved not to quit die
place. Hereupon Jli PAjha^ fon of Arjlan^ entered the city
with ^ the Janizaries ; and made bimfelf mailer of it with
fuch 9 flaughter, that the fireets ran with bloody without the
l^-lofi of one man."
nigarri' *' HUSSETN, Pajha of JnaUUa, feeing Morad'mc^nH
hnfiain. at this breach of articles, defired leave that be might go and put
the revolters to the fword. His requeft being granted on the
fecond application* he fet bimfelf at the head of his troops ;
who fell on ifi furioufly, that the enemy prefently fled t&p
ward3 the gate of darknefs : but they were purfued fa
' clofely, that out of twenty-five thoufand, not one efcaped.
the three Khansy with a hundred captains, and many other
officers, were taken prifoners. Mordd^ having reproached
them for their miibehaviour after quarter gtven, put two or
three of them into the bands of the Selikhtar Moftafa Pdjha^
and left the reft to the difcretion of the foldiers ; who flew
fome, and gave th? reijiainder to the Janizaries. Of thofe
who were i|) the place, not one in a thoufgnd were faved \
where^ tjve Turks loft not above fiv^ thoufand men ifl
Caufes af- This is the fubftance of what tht Turkijh officer relates
fyned, concerning the &ege. But the author, who has communi-
cated the relation, obferves that thofe at ConftantinopUy whp
were beft acquainted with affairs, feemed convinced that the
city was taken by the perfidy of the governor, rather than
by force,. They alledeed farther, that the Khdn*^ wife, being
afhamipd of her hufband's treachery, poifoned herfelf, the
fame d^y on whiclwthe Turh entered Baghdad *9 and that
neither the other Khans nor the inhabitants confented to
the furrender made by the coverjior. Hence they inferred,
that the inhabitants were falfely accufed of mutiny by Huffeyi^
Pajhd ; who having formerly betrayed Rfyudn to the Soltdn
(P), forged this ftory of a mutiny, to incenfe Mordd^ when
* Dv Loire Voy. if^ Levant, lett. 8.
(O) The Chriftian writers call fon who betrayed Reyvdn^ or Jti.
}i\m jmir Fatta^ who mufl be W», was^/«zrG-^/ff»;adiflFerent
the fame with Fefah Kbdn^ men- pcrfon, as it (hould feein» fropi
cipned a line or two btlow. HuJ/eyn Pajha^ whom the Cbri-
(P) According to |te Turk{/h ilian wfiters name Dflli Hftfeyn*
ai)d Chrifiian hiftoj iaus, the pcrr
ifjtQxi^aM
Digitized by VjOOQL
e.ii. iSSoltan MoridlV.
intoxicated With wine, that he might have &it pleafure 6f
wafhing his hands in the blood of his coantrjnhen K
We (hall add fomething farther concerning the fiegc of ^
this famous city, from the Chriftian hiftbrians. They tell ^f*^ /ir-
us that, at this time the king of Pifrfia, Shah Stfi^ with his '^^»^'''-^
arriiy confifting of one hundred and twenty thoufand horfe, ^*^'''*
was gone tooppofe the great Mogol^ 'who had promifed Mo^
radio make a diverfion in his favour : that the befieged made
no oppofition to the Turks while they were carrying on their
trenches to the ditch, except by their cannon : 3iat they
were twenty days filjjig the ditch ; and after they had gained
the firft indofure, had two more grand walk to encounter^
and another ditch to fill up, which at length thev did with
trees and other matter: that things being ready for the
aflault, it was given on Chrijlmas day, and the fortieth of the Of M
liege ; when the brave ff^aztr being killed, Moftafa^ feeingAf*^
almoft all his men dead about him, furioufly took a roy^
ftandard, and climbing up the wall, planted it there : that
being followed by the foldiers, they foon entered and mattered
the city, killing all before them without diftindion ; ex*
cepting the governor and a few others : that Morai ordered
the /laughter to ceafe; but that, on the remonftrance of \
Moftafay who was made Wazh'i he gave up fourteen thou*^
fand more to the fword : that in the aflault the Turh loft
thirty thoufand men, beiides ten thoufand wounded : that
Aforad entering the city, ordered that fixty thoufand of the
(lain fhould remain unburied, for a terror to a Perfian am«
bailador whom he expeded '.
MORJDi having flayed a few days to repair the breaches Morad
and fettle the aflFairs of Irak^ leaving the new fVazir Mojlafa retumi,
to finifh what he had begun, winters in Dijorbekr\ and the Hejrah
next fpring returns to Cenjiantinople (Q), with his guards ^. 1048.
He entered thecit^ with all the triumph imaginable, altho' A. D.
in a very bad ftate ot health ; and not long after an ambafla- 1638.
dor arrived from Perjia with propofitions of peace, which
were not accepted of.' However, another concluded a treaty
ivith the WazU- on the frontiers, wherebv Baghdad was
confirmed to Moridi who being now at leiiure, refolved to
icall the f^emtians to an account for deftroying the Algerine
pirates in hia port of VaUna. The aflair was this :
These pirates, in conjundion with thofe of Tunh andCapefl*
othq; Barbary rovers, having infefted the coafts of Italy ^ the difivji -
yinetian gallies, under the command of Capettoy blocked them
^ RiCAUT, ibid. * Ibid, nbi fopr. ^ Cant» p. 249.
(QJ Tbc Chriftian writers iay,on ttie loth otjum 1639.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Wfiiify ^f tbt Othmin Emflre. B. XV.
up in the aforefaid port. The CarfmrSy dot (iaring to venture
out, refolved to remain there till the coaft fliould be dear :
'but CapiUoj after a month's ftisiy, finding ^ opportunity,
boldly went-in ; and, to the aftonifhment of the Turks^ took
the whole fixteen veflcls, l^he graver part of the f^efutim
Tenate, altogether difapproving of thi$ a^ion, wrote to Cat-
isreniy their Batloy or refident at the Porte^ to mollify^ if
poffible, the refentment of the Turks. The Kaymakamy as
loon as he was informed of the af&ir, fent for the Baik,
and exclaimed againft it, as an infradion of the peace^ which
the Soltan on his return from Perjia would refent.
thg Bar- The Bailo anfwered, that thofe fame pirates having landed
bary fi* the year before in Kandia^ and pierced far into Italy^ with
ratts. dedgn to plunder the ifland of Liffa^ belonging to his repub-
lic, he had done nothing contrary to the capitulatioiis ;
which enjoined. That all ports Jhould be firbidden t9 thofe
pirates^ unkfs th^ firjl gavi fecurity not to injuri tbefuhjeht
afthe Venetians, The Kaymham ho^et^r required that the
Sallies fhould be reftored ; and that ten thoufand foldicrs and
aves belonging to thofe gallies, who were at Vahna^ fhould
have free paijage through the territories of the republic.
But all thofe veitels, excepting the admiral galley, had been
funk m the port of Korfu^ by order of the fenate, to prevent
the reftitution demanded,
-p ^ ^ An account of this tranfaftion bein| fent to Morad^ he
iiM fe» was fo enraged, that he ordered the Batloy with all thofe of
mundtd* ^^^ nation found in the.Q/J^^;l dominions, to be cut in
pieces. But the Wa^^r and his Ptrjian fevourite ftopfMng
the mandate for thirteen d^s, till the Soltin grew cooler,
perfuaded him to change the fentence into an tmprifonmeot
of the Bailo \ which, by application of the o^er Chrifiiaa
anibafiadors at the Porte to the Kayttiakam^ was ordered to
be in his own houfe* When the fenate heard this news, they,
to prevent a war, which they were appreheniive of^ b^an to
make alliances with other. poU^rs, and, at the fame timev
ufed all their addrefs to foften Mor&d, They alfo wrote him
a handibme letter, to excufe themfelves ; alid although he
anfwered it with difdain, and f<?emed to breathe^ nothing but
revenge, jet it was carried by a Ghaujby and couched La fuch
terms as ihewed there wg^^odm fot an accon^modadcm.
I^f^ fy MOJRADy at his retiirn froin Baghdad^ let Cantarifd know,
yemcA that he looked on him! n& loilgcfr as a pubHc mlni(t(e% but
an hpftage for the ihips virhk^ had htsaa taken : howevct, he
at the fame time ordered the Kaymakam not to (hut his ean
againflr a treaty, Accordft^ly thfef niiniftcr' having admitted
the Bailo to an audience, and finding the fenate re(b|ved, not
todelHreyujrthcij' ovirn gaflies id exchange; at kft accom-
modated
Digitized
by Google
C# 1 8* . 14 Solian MorU IV.^ 47^
modated ihe matter with him, on his promifing to pay two A/ IX
hundred and fifty thoufand chekins, and reftore the veflels 1*63^.
which were in .being *=. '— -v*^
But now to come to the period of Mordd^s reign : we are Morad
tojd by the Turiijh hiftorians, that while he was meditating dia.
an expedition againft the Chriftians, he was fuddenly ftized
with a diftemper ; which in fifteen days carried him out of '
the world, on the 15th oi Shawal 1 049, after he had lived
thirty-one, and reigned feventeen years **•
The Chriftian writers are more particular; they tell us, A. D.
tbat Morad began to grow feeble by frequent debauches, ^^39*
his ftomach fo cold and weak, as not to digeft th& lighteft
meats. He was alfo at times grievoufly afflifted with the
gout, and all over paralytic; fo that his mother and the
phyficians perfuaded him to forbear wine. Yet he could not Cmufe tf
"withftand the temptations of a banquet to which his com- hu diotk,
panions invited him. In the time of B^yram^ he, at the
inftance of his Ptrfian favourite, and the Seliktar Aga (R),
appointed a folemn drinking day, to which they being in-
vited, the former took care to excite his inclination to hquor
by high-feafoned diflies ; by whofe aid they all drank fo
hard of wine and ftrong waters, that they were carried off
drunk one after the other. The exccfs of this debauch
threw the Soltan into a violent and continued fever; and the
timorous phyficians agreeing at length to let him blood, it
haftencd* his death, which happened on the eighth of Fe-
bruary l640^
A CERTAIN traveller, who was then at Conjlantinophy fays, Aiiemptr
he was not ill above eleven days, and that on the eighth he to dejir^y^
threatened his phyficians with death unlefs they cured him.
At the fame time being fcnfible he Ihould die, he gave orders
about paying his debts, and .other affairs. After this the
fcver increanng, he refolved to put to death his brother
Ihrihim^ and all the great men who were enemies to Mofiafa
to the intent that after his death his favourite might feize
the throne without oppofition (S). The great officers, bc-
• RiCAULT ibid. * Cant. p. 149- « Ricaut ibid.
(R) This was Moftafa^ who firiend. Dw Loire way. de Le-
was alfo Kdpmldn Pdfi)d, or yant» let. 4. p. no.
high admiral; Dm Loire,yfho was (S) Others fay, that he did it
tl^n . at Conftantinofiet fays he in favoar of the Tartar Han or
was a handfome man, of aboat Kbdn ; often wiihing that he
$ve or fix and twenty ; fo well might be the. laft of the Otbmdu
beloved by the Soltdn^ that in- line. Ricaut*
fteadofflave^ he. called himhii^
lieving
Digitized by VjOOQiC
Hijiory of th O^m^ i
Kcving that Ibrahtm had been ftranglcd,
brothers in the road to Perfta^ croudec
f chamber, not fo much to render him t
-.p, ^.w ^^ ^^ prcfent when he appointed a fucc
"SiribxZ" ^*vi"g ^lic vanity to expeft that the nc
lilm on him. But their ambition was (traii
the Soltarty in order to find a pretence t
off, began to examine them very ftr:
ecution of their refpeftive offices. W
anfwers, that he could not with fhew
to death, he commanded the Mufti to
execution of his brother Ibrahim^ wli
twice by means of his mother.
MO RAD expired in the armi of
thefe words, Mbjlafoy I am dying. Mo^
at his mafter^s death, ran to a windo
thrown himfelf out headlong, if he had
by thofe who were prefent : but his chie
gone, his enemies obliged him imniediat
hundred thoufand crowns, as well as
K^uddn Pa/hdy in lieu of the Pajhcjhip
probably they would have aimed at his li
for fear of enraging the princ^fs, fitter of
Was in love with him, andj[preeding a o
foldiers ^
The 7«rii have related the manners
ofthis£d/fi» in fo many volumes, that
they fometimes infert fabks. His mofl
obferve, that he did fome things which
to the majefty of an emperor, and (;he
They fay he ufed to refort with particula
fain pleafant places and gardens without
would light fires^ drefs victuals, and bi
tavern, drink and converfe familiarly with
he married old women of fourfcore, to y
Or five and twenty, and old men to girls \
fand fuch-Iike Arolicks.
■m In Jfunkennefs he exceeded all hi? prc^
. ?j given to that vice- He not only tJrt^nV:
allowed it to be publicly foJdi a^
eompeUed even the Mt/ttg^A JLadbt
juftices) to drink
ftrong liquors
one time abouQ
man wallov
C- i8. 1 7 Sokkn Morad IV.
wondering at the novelty of the thing, a(ks his attendants,
what was the matter with him, for he took him to be lu-
natic. Being told he was intoxicated with wine, be w^nts *
to know what fort of liquor that was, of whofe effe£b he
was yet ignorant. Mean while, Mojiafa gets*up, and with
opprobrious words bids the Soltan (land off. . .
The prince, aftcJniflied at the man's impudence, rafcalyfbe ad-
fays he, doji thou bidmey who am Soltan Morad, to be gone ? iventure of
Jnd I (anfwers the drunkard) am Bekri Moftafa (T : but if
thou wilt fed me this city ; / will buy it 5 and then I Jhall be
Soltan Morad, and thou Bekri Moftafa. Morad demanding
where he would get the money to purchafe fuch a city,
Moftafa replies, Dorit trouble thyfelf about that ; /ir, ivhat
is more^ I will buy alfo the fon of a bond-woman (Uj. Morad
agrees to it, and orders Mojiafa to be taken out of the kennel,
and carried to the palace. After a few hours Mojiafa comes
to his fenfes ; and feeing himfelf laid in a gilded room, aflccd
thofe who attended him, what was the meaning of all that,
and whether he was in a dream, or in paradife ? Having in-
formed him of what had pafled, and his bargain with the
Saltan^ the man falls into a terrible fright, as knowing Me^ .
raiTs fierce difpofition. But ncceffity whetting his irtvention,
he feigns himfelf ill, and pretends he (hould die, unlefs he
could have fome wine to refton^ his fpirits.
The waiters, to prefervc his life, give him a pot full of Bikri
wine, which he conceals under his gown. Prefently after Moftafa.
being fent for by the emperor, and ordered to pay fo many
millions as the price of the city, Mojiafa^ taking the pot out
of his bofom, fays, TWj, O ! emperor 1 is what would yejier^
day have pur chafed Conftantinople ; and were you Ukewife
pojfeffed of thefe riches^ you would think them preferable to the
monarchy of the univerje, Morad alking how that could be?
By drinking^ faid he, this divine liquor. The Solt^ being
perfuaded, takes a large draught; which, as he was unufed
' to wine, prefently made him To drunk, that he fancied the
whole world not able to hold him ; conceives mighty pro-
jects, and was filled with fuch pleafing joy, that he thpught •
it equal iX> the charms of a crown. After this he fcU
afleep; and in a few hours, awaking with the head-ach, in a
g^eat pdifion fends for Mojiafq, The man forthwith appears i
aiid perceiving the cafe, hi^e^ fays he, is your remedy 5 and
offers the Soltan a cup of wine, by which his headach was
(T) That 18 drunken Moftafa, ielf : for the princes arc all bom
(U) Meaning tlie^//«» him- of capiives.
McD, Hist. Vol. XIL I i prefently
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hifiory of the Othman Effipire. B. XV.
prefently. removed, and his formex gaiety reftored (X).
Wh^n he had done this two or three times, he bccaoic by
^ degrees fo addided to? wine, that he was drunk almoft every
.day.
-^ As Morcid was an immoderate lover of that liquor, fo he
to6^0 ' ^^ ^ mortal enemy to opium and tobacco (Y). He forbad
the felling, of both on pain of death ; and with his own hand
killed feveral, whom he found cither eating tKe one, or
finoakingtheotlier(Z). However, ont Tiriakiy a fmoaker,
efcaped punifhment by his wit : for as he could not abftam
from tobacco, he caufed a deep pit to be, dug under his
tent, and covered with green turf, to prevent difcovery : but
one day the emperor coming and enquiring for him, he is
betrayed by his people, who expofe him in the pit wiA a
pipe in his mouth. The Saltan inftantly drawing his fword
in order to kill him, Tiriakiy feeing the danger ne was in,
humouroufly cries out: go-to^ thou fan of a bond woman! tlj
ediil extends abwe^ not under the earth. By this ready turn,
he obtained new bonoufs, with the fole licence of finoking
tobacco.
ixtremeii From this vice fprung another cruelty. He thirfted after
eruel: blood, af>d feemfsd to l^ nouriflicd with it. Very often ^
midnight he floje out of the womens apartments, through
the private gates of the palace, with bis drawn fword ; and
running thro' thie ftreets barefooted, with only a loofe gown
about him, like a madman, killed whom(bever canie in hb
way. Frcqucndy from the windows of the higher rooms,
where he ufed to drink and divert htmfelf, he fiiot with
arrows fuch as pafled along. lit the day time, he ftrollcd op
and down in diiguife, and never returned till he had flain
fome unfortunate wretches, for litde or no caufe. He fbuck
(X) Bekri Moftafa, his tutor (Y) He is reported to have
xn drinking, was afterwards ad- {aid to his people, by way of
n)itted among the Mufahib or advice, if you iMfi// he merrj^
privy councellors, and always drink <wine^ and eat not t rd,
near the Saltan ; who at his Cant.
death ordered the court to go (Z) Tbevenot relates an ad-
into mourning; bat caufed his venture of his with a Sfmhi^
body to buried with great pomp, whom be fmoked with on the
among the hogiheads. After this Bojpborus; but going to 6ne
lofs MW/ declared that he never him. When he landed, the Sfmhi^
enjoyed one merry day ; and thereby fuijpeftifig Uiat it was
whenever Moftafa^s name hap- the Soltdfh with a blow on the
pened to be mentioned, was feen back with his mace, beat him
toburit into tears, and figh from down, and ran away. Trmvets
Ih^bottom of his heart. Cant, ta the Levant, part !• ch. 45.
Digitized
byGoogk
Ci8, 17 Sokib Ikforad IV.
fe great a terror through the whde city, that no man dared
even to mention his srame within his own doors. Many
weak per fons, efpecially fuch as ufed to eat. opium, feO into
a fwoon, if they heard but the word M&rad repeated : for he
never fparcd that fort of people, but either killed them, or
made them drink wine inftcad of it* By thefe hKthods he is
iaid, within the feventeen years of his reign, to have put to
death above fourteen thoufand men, feverad of whom were
generals of the higheft rank.
But at the £ime thne that ^^pr^ extelled in thofe worft expert at
of vices, he was adorned with great endowmems both of arms t
body and mind. AH (oxts of^ exercifes requifite to a foMier
were found in him. In the art of (booting with the bow,
he bad not bis equal in the iidick Turkijh nation, excepting
the famous champion Tojkoparan. There are now two
fluarUe pillais ftanding, filteen hundred cubits afander, over
which he is £iid to have (hot an arrow. He was of all the
Otbmans the moft expert horfeman ; and threw the jerid
(or dart) with focfa dexterity, that no Tatarian arrow could
fly (o far, or with iiich exa£lne6. He is reported to have
been fo fwift of foot, that the fleeteft Arabian horfe could
hardly out'^nin him.
Noa did this Soltin want Angular endowments of mind : fteady and
in the firft place he was fleady in the condud of affairs ; and refoluw.
defifted not from an undertaking till he either had accom-
pliflxd it, or found it was not rn his power to fucceed. He
was un(haken in all circumftances ; fo that if his years had
been equal to his greatneft oH mind, he would without much
lificulr|f have acquired the monarchy of the iiniverfe : but
iie wounds, wkh which the fword threaten^ others, were
^ven him by dntidtennefs, and removed him early out of the
nporld, of whidl he was the tenor <.
Th8 Chriftfan writers lay, that MorU was the moft abfo* dijfmhlen
ale priitoe who ever fwayed Hie Otbman fcepter: but yerj covetous,
rrd^pous (A), oftea laughing at the Daniutfies and other re-
igious ordm« That he was very active, but a great dtflembler,'
ind covetous to excefs^; having left fifteen millions of gold
n bis treafury, which was empty when he afcended the
hrone K ,
t Camt. p. 249 k fcq. * RiCAUT ubi fupr.
(A) Is not this to abttfe th«^ which is either olelefs, orndi-.
irord religion ; as if foperilij:ioD . cplous, 'can dafewR; the nanie I
eqoircd rcfpe^ ? or any tbxn^
Ml CHAP.:
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
484 Hiftory of the Othman Empire. B. XV.
A. D.
^^39^ CHAR XIX.
The Reign ^Sultan Ibrahim.
18 Soltan ,j\/iORAD being dead, and no other heir of the Othmbi
Ibrahim. ^ ^^ race remaining but his brother Ibrahim^ he was with
„ . , Unanimous confent proclaimed emperor^ being then in the
j^*^ three and twentieth year of his age *.
^^^ According to the Chriftian hiftorians, his intereft was
1 6^g! managed with the great officers by the Sokana mother Kicfm^
in oppofition to the Kb^ of Tatary. But when they came
to the hole of a prifon, where, almoft void of light, he bad
been mewed-up for four years, in conftant expe^tion of
death, he barred the door, and denied them entrance, fup-
pofuig they caoie to ftrangle liim. Nay, when the fFasir
prochiimed him eqnperor, fearing it to be only an artifice of
His nveak his brother, he faid, he did not defire that honour ; and fKQ
£/pofitioH. pcrfifted to deny them entrance, till the ^^/fimi-mother caufed
MoraJC% corps to be brought. With diis being at laft fa-
tisfied, he plucked up bis fpirits, and taking boat^ paffed to
y^^'s molk (Z), where in eight days all the ceremonies of
his inauguration being com|Heted, he rode through the city
to his pSace : but whether for want of pradice^ or throu^
an aukwardne^ natural to fools, he fat his horfe fo odiouily,
(A) that it moved the laughter rather than the acclamations of
people.
hrves eafe The Soliaitj for want of capaci^, left the whde manage-
and ovtf-. ment of his afFairs.to his mtnifters; who knowing his lux-
men. urioi^s and wanton appetite,, humoured him therein, as wdl
as his other recreations of .hbrfe-races, ibooting with tbe
bow, and the like. So that he was a mere ftranger to the
bufmefs tranfaded ; only the Wa%ir would fometimes, in
matters of leaft importance, apply for his aflent ; either out
of formality, or becaufe it was not fafe to ad altogether with*
out his authority. . As his fondneis for women was^iis reign-
' Cant, p, 252.
(Z) Du Ztfir calls it Yufuan (A) DuLoir only fays, that
Saray ; that is, the Saray or he was fo feeble, that in falat*
palace of Tup^ Tmb^ Ayub^ or ing the people by bowing his
job^ as we corruptly fpel] the head, he would have felien widi
word after the Germans. To this his face to the ground, if he had .
Baray belongs a mofk, where not been fupportcd. Foy.deLc-.
the Selians are girt witl| the vant, let. 4.
fword by the Mi/tt\ and then
mounts an horfeback.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. tg. ' i8 Soltan Ibrahim;
iiig, paffion, (o they were ^c firft obje^ of. his divcrfion/
But as the law of the country forbad the Saltans to fee any
other ladies than virgins,, and he found he exhaufted his
ftrength to no purpofe on girls, he had a mind \o carcfs the
favourite Soltdna of his deceafed brother, who had charmed
him with her beauty and wit. Nor was the l^dy awfe to
the defignfbut finding the queen mother an^ ^«/r do all^
they could to oppofe it, ihe chofe to (acriiice h^x ^^mbit^
to her^fafety, and •retire to the old Sarayy ^vrh^rjB the pt]ier,i
women of morad were locked up '^. ; : :. a .,
IBRJHIA^sMtc^re^ as to matters of goyefo^ent, wa&^^^ Ko-
to clear the Black-fea of the KoJ^k pirates,^ ai^d jfender the ^ks re-
paflage fafe for (hips failing for Cvt^antjnople, As Jftik [otprejfed.
Jtfof) fituated at the mouth of, the Don, or Tanaisj w^s very
convenient for people of that profeffion, and, in caie of an
overthrow, would aSbrd them a retreat, he p^ceived that there
was no putting a ftop to their depredations without great
difficulty, fo long as that city remained in their hands ; and .
therefore fends a numerous army to befiegejt, which after
many aflTaults takes it, and puts all the, garriibn to the
fword ^ . > >' .5*
The Chriftian writers give quite a different Recount of this Afof if-'
aflFair. According to them, this city was befieged twice ^y/egid; *
the Ttiris'j who the firft.iime being raolcfted by frequent^ A. D.
(allies, made fome furious aSaults on the place; but were 1641.
fo repulfed with arms, wild-fire and fcalding liquors,.
that they lay ftill for fourteeifi days. During this time the
captain JPafia tried the force of bribes : but finding it to.
little purpofe, and having received fome Supplies by fea,
another aflault was given for feven days together, without,
Draining an inch of ground. So that they were forced to raife the
lege, after they had endured the fevcreft hardfhips, and loft
three thoufand Stahisy feven thoufand Janizaries^ and eight
thoufand other (oldiers, befides Moldavians^ Walakbians and
Tatars
• However, ^t Soltan having (ettled all differences with r-^W^^**-^
the emperor, and concluded an advantageous peace ioxrdomd.
twenty years, the JVaztr refolved to attack Jfof^ a fecond A. D.
time Doth by land and fea. The Kojaks on this news fought J^4**
the proteflion of the Czar of Rajfui : but that prince excufing
himfelf, as having lately concluded a peace with the Pcif*4,^
they abandoned the city, ruined the places, and carried all
their moveables along with them.
* RicAUT. in Ibrahim. Du Loir Vay, fctt. 4. ^Cant*
I i J . About
' Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftory of, tbe Othtpaii Empire. B. XV,
About the fame time, the Turks renewed their league with
the king of Perftd^ on condition that he fliould dempliththe
foitrcfs of Fortrinay which, contrary to articles, he bad built
• '*" "on the Cafpian Sea. Butj notwithftanding their league lately
n^adc with the emperor, they contrived to fqrppze the fortrefe
Raab/« cX Raah^ in Hungary^ hy the following ftratagem, A feled
danger. nfumber of foWicrs^ drcifed like peafants, were put into carts
covered with hay j which being admitted into rfie city, they
wtre to furprizc the cciitifnels bid' gates, in which they were
to be fupported by four thoufarld 'others;, lying in a valley near
at hand. Biit this party bcinjg difcovered by an offioer.of the
• "^ jgarrifon, in his return from nunti^g, he qiiickened his pace
to the town^ ttnd overtaking thib abov^-^nentioned cart^, which
itemed to' be laden after an unufaal manner, it encreaTed his
fufpicion. €>n hb arnhral at town, he acquainted the oiGcers,
who immediately put the gafrifon in arms; and having per-
mitted the carts to enter, the bridge was drawn up, the carts
feardhed, and the whole fraud deteded. However, the em-
peror being at that time in war with the Swedes^ could not re-
feiit the injury^ in the manner he was inclined to have done.
Changes Next year nothing remarkable dcccurs ; but in 1644 fome
mt court, broils, arofe between the emperor and prince Ragotski^ wbere-
-A- p. in the Turh fomewhat concerned themfelves ; but matters
1644. were compbfed the year following. All this while, Ibrahim
""' '• minded nothing bdt his pleafures ^ yet the prime TVazSr^ Mof-
' tafay being an adivc nlinifter, put to death all thofe perfons,
who4n*he fufpeffed in tSie leaft inclinable to fedition j particu-
larly, the P'd^ks bf Hd!ep and Kafa: Yet his pai« of the
ftate could not'fecure him from the refeqtment w ^%YaM9
Stdtana^ who cut him ofF, for fbme marks of difrefpeS fli^wn
to her ; as'fpr a like offence againft the Soliariy the KSpudas
PiT^ underwent the fame fate. "T^he Tatar Han for Kbdss)
was likewife depofed by IlrahfjH^ not fo muc;h for his Incur-
fipns into Poland^ as for his ill fucccf^ ; having in one of them
loft ten thoufarid men. ^ ' ^ ""
Aahnsat B EKRy Pajhd of Rhodes, ^e new KApudfl^ PafiA^
/^* to hanfel his office, made a ^efc^htjon the coaft of Cafabrifi^
from whence he carried off three hundred men : but attempt-
ing the like near C^rtan^ paid fpr the former booty, with the
loft of five hundred of his own^ However, fix of the Makefi
gallies made more confiderable reprifals, altho' theccnfequcncc
proved fiatal to xhc Venetians: fbr they took feveral rich Turkijb
veflels boutid'tt) Alexandria ^ with a vaft booty ; and amondl
tbe reft, the wealth of the KTjlar Aga^ who was flain in tnc
lidion I. But here it will be [W?^r, firft tq fc^ wbM the
* RicAUT, phi fupra.
Digitized by VjOOQiC
purJti/b kiftdfiane fay upon tbis occasion, whick isecanieiof A* Du
liach Hmporutioe to their natioo. 1^44-
The &/e^ having cleared the Muxim Sea oiCorfifirs^ he •-■*^w?**J
liefolves Kkewifc to purge the JKihVr Sm (or Medittrranean), Offence
All the iflands.^erein were alreadjr fut)dued byjhe Othman^^*^^^
Valour, cMceptmg Kandia^ or Kreie; which, in defiance fof
tile imperial power, afforded a retreat to pirates,, who plim-
ifipmd tht Tmitj/b ^ps. To the pfovotations. before given- '*'
by the fubje^ of the Vemtiavsy a. new one was added about
this time, whidi {urefented. him with a flair occafion for fub-
dcdiig this ifland, long before deiirsd, and more than once at*
tempted in. Tain: for a Turkijb fhip, with the Kiflar Agafi
(B), the Kd^vcS MeUoj and MoHab of Pruja on board, be-
ing on its wsy ^^gyp^y was attacked by fix Maltefe ^Xie^^
and taken ; aftsr the Kifiar jtgafi^ the Kddiy and commander
of tke (hipy bad tiileen killed iii the adion. The Korfairs im-
mediaeely put iiitK> a pott of Kwidta^ and giving the.g£>vernor
fome fl»re of thdr prize, wece fuffered to <^part;Lwith the
reft n»*
AccORBONO ti> tbe( Venetiait Wftorians, the Kizlar Aget re- hy the Ve-
treated, to avoid the fury ot^eSdtana^ mothen of Soban M(h nctians*
bawvtud^ on the following occafion. The ^^tf,' enamonred
with a beaoti&t Perfian flave, . whom he todc for ai virgin,
£vc for her four hundred and fifty ddlars : but foon atcer,
s aippearing to be with cbiM, he confined her to his Howard's
hoafe ; yiet, was fo taken with the infant when boFo^A^hat he
adopted him^fbr his own. About the &metime, A^hamnud.
happening to come inio the world, the pretty {live was pre-
ferred to be his mirfe ; and during the two years (he (continued
In the Sarajy Hfkiiim took fuch anaffeSion for her boy, that
he &emed to love him better than his own fon. This fo dif-
plea&d the mother, t^at fbe i^uld endure neither the nurfe,
her child, nor the Kiflar JgOy wh6 had recommended hjer (C) i
and
^ Cant. p. 2i3.&feq.
(B) That is the chief eunuch, Aurfe and her boy in fuch pro^
or keep^ of the wom^. They, yoking term$» that the So/td/t'
are all^ wheja difplaced, fent ia- (hrew her fon Mohammed, then
to Mfffi, W^f^ ^^y r^eive a in ^is arms, into a ^iHero i^
peniok of 8,000 fara a day» where, tho' faved from being-
each of which, is three afpers. drpwned, he received the fear
Came, ¥tc is a Blaci. which he had in his forehead.
(C) 'Tis faid, that on a time Ricaut. Thevenot fey^, the fqi?
when Ibrahim was diverting was t)n his left cheek; and given
himfelf in the garden with his by his father ; who being half
women and children, the Sehdna drunk, fell a dancing, and cal^
Y^tcd hor anger ag^unft the lingtoAfff^^mwr^tooiince^with
I X 4 himj,
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftory €f the Othinan Empire. B. XV.
andtiie fear of her refimtment was die occafiooofthat euntich's
retiriog from court The boy^ ¥rfao catifed all thb ooeafineft,
^ was tweo among the pn&ners on board* and confidered at
Malta as a ion o^ S9kdn Ibrahim. But dme having diicovercd
the falfity of that opinion, he became a frier, and was the
fame per£>n, who went lender the name of Pairi Ottmnano.
fTheir de^ IBRAHIM^ enraged for the lofs of bis ftiips, not only
fence. vowed ittterTuin to Aiaha^ but vented his paffion againft the
Chrifti^s in general, and in particular the Venetians ^ for not
guarding the feas from hb enemies, and for relieving them in
their ports. The Bath anfwered, that the port which the
Miiteje put into, had neither cdUe nor farnrefs ; and if his
majeity was not able to hinder thofe fbips from careeningi^ as
they higd often done, before Rhodes^ how waa it poffible for
the Venetians to drive them out of the fea ? Wkh this anfwer,
Ihrahim feemed fo well fatisiied, that the Bailo^ who was a
perfon of penetration, had no apprehenfions of a war. How-
ever, as great preparations that way were feen to go forvrard
foon after at the Porte^ they began to provide againft the
danger at MUta^ which feeined to be the fJace cm wbkh ail
the itorm was to difcharge its fury.
Turkifh Mean time the VxnetlanSy fufpeding the word, prepared
fubtilty. aUb for their drfence; yet gave their J^i/9 orders, to try if
lOQMj would purchafe their tranquility. Hereupon he de-
manded an audience of the JVa^\ but after waiting icveral
hoiirs, was told there was no opportunity of giving it him, al-
tho' he faw the ambailadors of other princes admitted during
the time. This was z, conv'mcing mark of their refentment :
yet, as foon as Ibrahim underftood, that the republic, growing
jealous of his vaft preparations, began to arm like wife, he did
all that was poffible to perfuade the BaiU^ that hoftilities were
not defigned againft the Venetians^ and complained that by
their fufpidons, they injured his friendihip.
Englifti ^^^ jjjjg ^hile the Saltan was purfuing his pleafures, with
firatagem ^^ j^f^ vigour than preparations went on : fo gay was his
Hardm^ or ladies apartment, and fo eager were they to get
filks, cloth of gold, and the like to adorn it} that many times,
when (hips arrived at the caftles of the Hellefp^nt^ gallies were
fent to fetch the goods, which often were forced away, with-
out any account taken, or price agreed with the merchant
Of this, when Sir Thomas Bendijh^ the ^11^//)% ambaflador,
complained to the WazSr^ withoiit redrefs, he put fire on the
him, the little boy made anfwer, with his dagger ; or as others
1 am not a fool to dance ; / am hy with a botcle thrown at biou
afoolihen^ replied Ibrahim^ in a ^rav» iw4«/. chap. 45.
rage; and gave him a wpund
yard-
Digitized by VjOOQiC
C.J9' ' iSSoltan Ibrahim;. 4*5
yard-arms of Ubixitsa Engliflj (hipsi dien at Galata ; and draw- A . D.
ing in the guns, brought them^to an anchor juft before the 1664.
Saray : for it b the cultom in Turky^. when any one has re- V>^vvi
ceived a very great injury from the chijf mlnifters, for hini to '^ <>otain
put fire on bis head, and running to the palace, no peribn ^^^^fi*
darerefufe htm accefs to the Soltan. This unufual fight there-
fore, of fire on the fhips yard-arms, being efpied by the offi-
cer of the cuftoms, he prefently apprdiended the reafon, afid
went to acquaint the Wiazir, This minifler immediately dif-
patched htm on board, with a confiderable fum of money, and
deiired the fireh. might be put out ;- promifmg faithfully to
pay the remainder.'
At length the preparations both by land and fea beins ready, Kandia
the ieet on the lafl day oi April kx, fail, confifling of feventy- invaded..
three gallies, befides eight from Barbary, two galleafTes, one A. D.
great galleon, twen^-two other (hips, ten of them Englifif and 1 645.
Dutchf prefled into the fervice ; with about three hundred
Saik$^ and Karamoufahy which carried foldiers, provifion and
ftores. The army was compofe^l of fevcn thoufand Jani^
zariesj fourteen thoufand Spahisj fifty thoufatid Timarion,
and other foldiers, befidts three thoufand pioneers. They
arrived at Sciv the 7th of ^^y, and from thence (Peered dif-
ferent courfes, to difguife their defign, till war was declared at
Qmftantinflple^ by imprifoning the Baik^ and giving orders
thrpugbout the Archrpekgo^ to deibroy or enllave all the fub-
jefis of the republic *•
The Turkifl) htilorians, omitting the circumftances above- fheifland
mentioned, only take notice, that upon the taking of the (hips rtdueed.
bound for Egypi^ with the Kizlar Jga^ Ibrahim^ by advice of
his coonfidlors, breaks the peace with the Vinetians ; and hav- Hejrah
ingdedared war againft them, as robbers, and protedors of 1054.
pirates, (ends out both an army and a fleet; the firft com- A. D.
inanded by Mufah Pa/hdj and Morad Jga^ Kulkieth Udaftj or "644.
lieutenant general of Ait Janizaries ; the other under the
condua of Kapudan YufifPaJhL On the 2iil of Rabio'lakhiry
1055, ^^y landed in Kandia^ and next dav inveft Kbanioj
which after a refiftance of fifty-four days, lurrenders; then A.D.
having repaired the walls, and left a garrifoh, they returned to '^45*
Cwjiantinapli. Shortly after, Hujfeyn Pa/ha is fcnt with frefh
forces ; which, after feveral battles, fought in this and the fol- Hejrah
lowing year, fubdue the whole ifland, excepting the capital 1056.
cityo.
This is all the account we have from the Turks^ relating Kanea
to the expedition. From the Venetians we learn, that the re* taken.
public was not unprovided with a fleet, nor wanting in care
» RiCAVT, nbi fupra. ^ Cant. p. 254.
for
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
490 Hifioij «/ thi Othman Empire. B. XV,
A. D. for Iheur defence. Tkcy iiimediatdy fent aeee&ry provifioof
1645. to KamUa^ with otdeis.to Comara, then .general and ia^ui*
U^'V^ fitor there, to fit out tweohr gallies froro the arfcnal of J&-
»^tf. About the middle o£ Thme^ the whole .7»nf^ fleet a^
rived at GogaOi a phre about eighteen miles from KaneOy
where landing their fiafces widiout cppofitio^ they defeated
the Femtians in feveral fkirmiflies ; and altho' powerful fuo
cQurs were fent by the pope, as well as other Italian princes^ yet
having been too long delayed, and the conmandefs difi^vee^
ing amoi^ themfelves, nothiag veas done "of any fevvice, t^
preventtheloisofJi!i0iMa;,which the Twi; forced, with great
ihughter of the beiieged.
RctiQo Havikg thus had the fortune to taketke foeond city Ae
mafterei^ iirft year, thqr were encouraged to proceed in the coiiqueft of
A. D. the Uland, the next year ; when they bad the fuccefs to nudoe
1640. themfelves maflers of R^ino, where general Cdmar» loft kh
life, with a muftet ball. Nor were the Vimtians mpre fiic*
ceMul at £» this year, than the former : for the quairds
among the commanders ftill fubfiftii^, they grow negligent in
the a&ir, and fo&r the Turkiftx vmrls to pa6 ftieely, aa tf
they had not been at war. Nay, when thp Othman fleet lay
half dibrmed, and ill provided, at the |fle of St. lieaJmi^
oppofite to Kjan$a^ where it is diought they mi^ht eafily have
burnt them, they made no ufe of the opfxoituiiity : fo that Co*
wards the end in the year, Mci&M retHming home, was i\{^
mifled from his employment, and CaptUo appointed fai Jik
room.
Venetian The general, with a very good fleet vnderhis comfttand, ui
indolence, the ipring, arrived at the city of JTawiJu^f. whence Mor^fim
the admiral, with twenty-two (hips, Ciiled: to the DardoneU^
in order to draw the enemy to an engagement: but findiil|gthef
would not aocept the challenge, he returned, and impoi^uned
the general, with the prove^tor Grimaniy to engage the
Twrkijh fleet, promifing them the vi<5tory : Iwt wkUe diey
were debating the matter, the fleet, confifting of ^rct
hvmdred fail^ arrived at Kanea^ and landed for^ thcufand BNn,
w4iich quite turned the feale. The Vnuiiant in the mean
time, being joined by the gallics of the pope ^l^Maka^ left
port Suda^ to attack the enemy at St. Theodore : but failing in
that dtfign, Capello failed with fomegallies and galleafles, to
intercept thirty Turkift) gallies, with men and provtfions, in
their way to Kanea.
Morifiai In the interim, jMkfiufei PaJhH kft tiiat port, with fifty-fcven
^aw, jight gallies, four large ihips, and many feiks, in order to re*-
turn to Confimtinaph : but in his pa£^, meeting with a
ftorm, he loft feven gallies, and feveral other veilels ; be-t
ing forced kito Zia^ foUowed by foffle other ihipS| mider the
^ , comi'^
Digitized by VjOOQ iC
• • • /
cpoim^nd of Mohfxmmed CMbL Here the £>ldiers Unding
sind roving about, Morifini and Grimani^ came up, and took
two of th^ir fliips : bat Mari/im*9 veffel being by a ftorm fe-
parated from the jreft, forty of the enemies galUes attacked^'
9nd at lei^th boarded her ; in which dilute, the valiant ad«
Qoiral was flain. for all this, the men made.fo brave a de«
fence, that the Turis were forced to leave her, c^wcially when
they few two gallies comie up to her relief.
However, the republic had good fuccefs this year by land : Succefes
for in Dalmatian Fofial^ ip<?k M Bey prifoner ; befidcs the in DaIma-<
towns of Salcovar^ Polifano^ IJlan, and other pUces: he alfo tia.
recovered Novigradg^ and reduced Ohr^ovao^ Curino^ Ottif-
Jhna^ Felliho^ Madino^ Vzanoy TinOy Sahna^ with feveral other
forts and caftles, all which he plundered, and to them afters-
wards added Scar dam. 'Tie true, the Venetians \(A a great part
of their fleet in a ftorm, at xht iile of Pfsra : but this misfor-^
tunc was recompenfed by the ill fuccefs of the Turks^ who at
tbis time had laid fiege to the city of Kondia^ which was de-*
fiended with fuch bravery, th^t they were conftrained to raife
it, Fofmlo likewife going on viftorioufly, took Glrffa^ and
overthrew Tekkheli Pajhfl in battle : but fcven thouiand Al^
hfinioffSy.vfho had a defign to furprize Kroja^ being (et upon
by a body of Tivrii, were routed, and many of them flain,
while the reft fled to the mounltains for refuge <*.
While thefe things were doing in the fields of Marr^ Ibr&hiin
fclfan IbrAhim was making fierce war in thofe of Fenus. A, fines
woman, whom he called Sukhir Para^ that is a littU lump of
Jugavy was the principal inftrument of his amours : for as ft]^
viflted th^ public baths, (be gave him an account of all the
beauties in the town ; and he, falling in love Mrith the SobAnOy
his brolJier A/<9r<7^s widow, made u(e of her to pander for
him with that princefs, who rejefied his fmt. Mean time
Sukhir Para^ hav'mg inlprmed him, that the Mufti had a
beautiful daughter, he thought it better to propofe taking her /^, d^
for a wife, than attempt debauching l^er : hut, as that pre- 1648!
late knew his inconftant humour, and that he had feveral
fons already, he artfully replied, that he dared not to force the
inclinations of his daughter, becaufe it was omtrary to the
Koran \ but that in caie (be complied, he was very ready to
give his coni^t to fo great an honour. Ibrahim hereupon
m^kes bis addreiles to the fair lady; but fhe, by the inflrudi-
ons of her father, reje^s the motion.
The Sohan^ enraged at this flight, baniflies the Mufti ; thMxxitCs
and finding afterwards, that all the perfuaiions of Sukhir Para daughter^
were m vain, be orders the Waxir to cau& her to be feized,
' RucA x/T, ia i&r^i>/r*
Digitig9S?feS)ogIe
Hifiorj of the Othtnan Empirel B. XV.
coming from the bath, and brought to his palace ; where
having enjoyed her by compulfion for a few days, he fent her
* back with fcom to her father. The Mufti filled with grief at
thisinjury, diflembled it for a while ; but at length telling bis
cafe to Mihemed Pd/b^ a principal member of the divan, and
to the Jamzari Aga^ they refolve to depofe IbrMm. Into this
confpiracy, they prevail on the Valadt Seitanay or queen
mother herfelf, to enter fo far, as to confent,, that her fon
ihould be confined for a while, in order to his reformation ;
and that the feal (bould be taken from Ahmed^ and given to
MebmedPq/hi.
Cited to After this, feveral other great men being drawn into the
mpfear. plot, on the feventh of /ftf^^i648, the JanizarieSy having
in a manner forced the Soltan to confer the feal on Mehemiy
and flraneled the other W(nir^ next day demanded of the
Mufti^ whether Soltan Ibrahim himfelf, as a fool and tyrant,
ought not to be depofed. That prelate anfwering in the af-
firmative, they thereupon required him to appear the next
day at the divin, to adminifter jufiice to his foldiers and fab-
jet^. Ibrahim laughed at this citation ; and the fame being
feconded by a fetva, from the Mufiiy importing, that as the
Soltan was called to account^ he was obliged to appear befm
pifticej he tore the paper, and threatened the author of that
fenience with the lofs of his head. The Mufii^ far from
being terrified by the menace, backed that fetva, by another
of a higher nature, which declared ; that whofoever obeyed n§t
ibe law ofGod^ was not a true believer^ abho* the perfonJhouU
be the Soltdn himfelf: but that being become a kafr^ or iujidtly
byhisa^ions^ he was ipfo hi&ofedknfrom the throne^ andm
farther capable of authority or government.
Depofed I B RA HI Mj on hearingv this new fetva pronounced,
and ftran- immediately ordered the prime Waxtr to take off that pre-
gled, late's head : but this command was not obeyed, for by the laft
fttva he had loft all authority. In fliort }^e janizaries^ about
five the fame evening, halting in a tumul^us manner to the
Sarayy the SoUdn loft all courage ; and flymg to the arms of
his mother, begged her prote^Sion. She being a refohite and
fubtil woman, employed all her eloquence to perfuade the
foldiery to oflfcr no violence to their fovereign \ promifing that
he (hould abdicate the government, and retire with a euard to
his old lodgings : which was accordingly performed. Jbraiim
for a few days bore his imprifonment with great patience:
but at length growing defperate and furious, he often beat his
head againft the wall of his apartment ; wherefore, on the 17th
^t' the fame month, he was ftrangled by four mutes 9.
" t RicAVT, ubi fiipra.
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
C. ig. 18 Soltan Ibrahim. 493
The Turkijh hiAorians^ come to our hands, fay nothing -A. D.
cither of this Sokan's depofition, or the manner of his death : 1648. .
they only tell us, with equal brevity and obfcurit}', that while ^T-T^^^T^
he was making great preparations for the redudlion of the city ^^^<''»^«'»
oiKandiOj he was on the liUti of Rajeb^ 1058, removed out ^^'"'J^'"*
of the world, and crpwned with martyrdom. But, whatever
motives induced them to fupprefs the circumftances which
attended the end both of his reign and life, we are told by j^^ ^^^.
Prince Cantemirj that the manners of this Soltin^ as well as |.^^.
thofe of his predeceifor Moradj are fully deicribed by ihcTuris;
tho' at the peril of their heads. As Moradwzs wholly addicted
to wine, fo Ibrahim was abandoned to his luft. Tney fay he
fpent all his time in fenfual pleafures ; and ufed potions and art
to reftore nature, when exhaufted. Every Friday^ the Turkijh
fabbath,.he dedicated XoVenm\ and had a beautiful virgin, richly
dreffed, brought him by his mother, the prime Wa%tr^ or fome Abandoned
other great man. He covered the walls of his chantber with /^ tutntry.
looking*sla(8, that his bve-battles might feem to be aded in
feveral places at once. He ordered his pillows to be ftuiFed
with rich furs, that the bed deftgned for the imperial pleafures
might be the more precious : nay, he put fable (kins under
him, in a notion, that his amorous deiires would be inflamed,
in cafe his love-toil was rendered more difficult by the glow-
ing of his knees.
IN the palace garden called Khds^ he frequently aflembled
adl the young maiden ladies, and having made them ftrip them- j^/^ ^.
fc;lves, and him, ran naked, neighing like a horfe, ^itiong fnorous
them ; and, as it were^ ravifhed one or other, kicking znayr^Hct.
^gglino by his order. Happening on a time to fee the
privy parts of a wild female heifer, he fentthe model of them
in gold aJl over the empire, with orders to make enquiry,
whether a woman, made juft in that manner, could be found
for him ; which at laft, they fay, was done, and (he received
into thcJiardm, He made a colledion of great and VQlumi->*
nous bodes ; expreffing by pidures, the various ways of coi-
tion, and by their help, was fure to invent fome new pofture,
t^ycr thought on before. Thus the paMic treafury, diminiflied
by Mead's drunkenne& (D), was quite exhaufted by Ibrd^'
km*s luxury and luft '.
The Chriftian hiftorians tell us, that the continual appre- f^ ^
henfions which he entertained of death, during his brother whi/e im"
Morad*s reign, had fo frozen his conftitution, with a ibapge potmn
' Caict, p.- 254.
(D) This is contra^ to what the Chriftian writers fay. See.
before p. ^^/.
frigidity
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hijipry $/ the Olhmin Empire. B. XV.
frigidity towards women, that all the dalliances of die moft
beautiful ladies in the baram could not i^r a whole year tbaw
' it efie£kually. This was what at firft occafioned the report of
his impoteocy ; aad during that timey he attended to the af-
fairs of government with much affiduity ; which gained him
a great deal of reputation. But after his natural warmth had
returned, as if it had acquired force from its long fupprefiion,
he quickly plunged himfelf wholly into fenfual (»leafurest and
' gave up the reins of government to his ^linifters.
Hhperfon^ As to his perfon, he had a large forehead; a quick and
lively eye ; his complexion was ruddy, and his features wdl
proporuoned : yet he bad ibmething in the air of bis facei,
which promifed no great abilities of mind. However^ he was
by nature of a gentle and eafy temper \
His child' He left nine fons, Selim and Othtmn^ born in 1054;
Tin. Mohammed^ Ahmed^ SoUym&ni Moridj Jehan Ghiry bom in
1056; Bayezldzn^Orkban^'in 1058: ofthefe, Aiohammid^
Soliymany and Abmed^ came to the throne : the reft were ex*
eluded by an untimely death ^
CHAR XX.
^he Reign of Mohammed IV*
S E C T L
Tranfa£iions during this ScdtanV Minority \ with the
(^nqueJio/K^^^yandKoimimek.
19 Soltan TB RAHIM being thus removed^ the Jam%ari4s^ in the
Kfoham- i year 1058, and on the 8th of Rajek, proclaim his fon JA-
tted IV. hammed (JL) J then but feven years oW, andpbcehim on the
throne. In this tender age, he gave very fenfiUeprooft of his
^' ^' future greatnefs, and of the hopes the Othmans ought to con-
*"49* ceive of him. The treafury, exhauftcd by his fiither*i luxiirj^y
being repleni(be4 by the management, of the JVaxiTy Ki$frtB
I JjA^hmed Pajha (F), and all inte^e commotions appeaied,
• RiCAUT, ubi fupft, * Cant. p. 254.
(E) His mother was the way of tribute, was abolifhed.
• daughter of a Grtik prieft, Ctmt,
brought from the Mnrta^ before (F) The fbander of the pre-
the law, by which the children fent moft noUe fiunily, aaM>og
of Chriftians were coiieded by the Turku of ki9prili Ogli. Ijl
the
Digitized
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p. €a. 19 SoitSm Mobadam/ed IV.
be i|rangles bis grandmother, who'had been privy to tbe re-
bellion of the JanizarifSf and puts many of their accomplices
to death. He recovers Tenedos and Lemnos from the Venetians ;
Cakes and beheads the rebellious Pd/hd of Hdlep^ with his af-
fbciates } and fends the fTazir againft Tanova^ which after a
fiege of few days is reduced.
XViTH the (ame fuccefs, he wages war in Ifungary^ where Jffairs cf
in the year 1070, Jli Pajhd affaults and takes Waradin. In Hungary,
1074, the fVazir^ Fazil Jbmed KiopriU OgU (G), fubdues
Vvvar. He likewife declares war againft, and vanquiflieth A. D.
Rakoft [01 Ragotjki)^ who died of wounds received in the 1659.
battle; and over-running Tranfylvania^ appoints Mikbael^^\'^^l\
-^pofi^ prince erf that country, under a certain tribute. The ^lP\
emperor of Germany^ terriiied at the progrefs made by the *^"3 1
Ojhmdnsy fends amba^adors to the Wavdr^ fuing for peace \
and, promifing to quit claim to whatever the Turks were pof-
fefled of, it is at length granted for twenty years, on the SoU
tan^s own terms \
In this curfory manner, the Turkijh hiftorians relate the
tranfaSions of the firft fourteen years of Mohamrmd^& reign ;
fuppreffing thofe, in which they met with bad fuccefs, and
barely ^mentioning fuch as turned out to their advantage, ap-
parently, that they might haften to.thcfiegeof JC«»<//tf s the
conqueft of which is reckoned of fo much honour and impor-
tance to their nation. But to acquit ourfelves as impartial
hiftorians, it ^yill be neceiTary, before we proceed with tbem^
to lay before our readers, what theChriftian authors take
notice to have happened v^thin that interval.
■ Cant. p. 255.
the begiooing of Mohammect^^ commended bis fon Ahmed^ as
reign, he, by reafon of hispo- the fitted per iciiofucceedhim.
verty, livid very private, and Cant,
feldomappcared abroad. Shortly (G) He was prime Wav.tr
after, the ^pahis having in a 17 years ; famous among the
fedition murdered the prime T^urks for learning, pru^nce;
Waxir^ and all the Pa/hdi^ cx- and fortitude. He is faid to have
cepting this Mehemed, who ef- excelM all thofe of his time for
taped by his obfcurity 4 the eloqaence. They fax alfo, that
Kijlar Agajl^ and other officers, if he bad not been general io the
confer on him the Waxtr^ip • expedition, Kandia coald never
but the firft thing the old fox have been uken. He is digni*
did, was to lay a £are to cut off fied by the Turks with grand
his benefa^ors. He likewife titles. He was the only Wasdt
deftroyed, i^ two years, all the who received that dignity from
mutineers. He enjoyed thepoft his father, and tranfmitted it to
fevenyear8,a2id at lus death te- his fonand graadfon. Cant,
SOLTJl^
Digitized
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Hiftory of the Othman Empire. B. XV.
SOL TAN M^hamnud was during his minority {vAC^
was to continue ten years longer) under the government of \s&
' mother^ affifted with the council of twelve Pajbds : thde
rcfolved to continue the war againft the l^enetumsj who y«
conceived fome hopes of an accommodation, from die jars,
attended with frequent flcirmifhes, which at this time hap-
pened between the Janizariis and SpaUs ; fo much to the dif-
advantage of the latter, that none for a while dared to own
that name, within the v^Us of C$nftantinopU. But their hopes
foon terminating with thofe difturbances, they diligently ap-
plied themfelves to preparations for war, which vms to be cir-
ricd on, not only in KantUa^ but alfo in Dalmatia^ Btfrnty
Jlhania^ and the Morea : for tho' Fofculo was beaten off again
to his (hipping, near Caflle Nuevo \ yet he had better fbitune
in Bofnioy where he rcpulfed the enemy to the very gates of
Saray^ capital of the province, and took Bifan§ upon articks:
but the Turkijb army being at length remfbrced, the fVw-
ilans were obliged to quit their new conquefts^ and retire
home.
Turks ill Mean time, the Turks in Hungary^ making incurlions in-
fmccefi. to the emperor's territories, were overthrown by F^rgatZy near
Buda ; the Pajba of which was taken prifoner, and his (on
flain. Nor had they better for^ne in their atuck on KUfi^
which they left with difhonour, after the lofs of five thoufiinrf
men. The Kofaks alfo, during this interval, did much mil^
chief in the Black Sea. Thus was the Othman empire i-
Aided with misfortunes abroad, as well as inteftine troubks
at home ; and the blame of all being thrown on the prime
ff^azir^ he was firft difplaced, and then, at the demand g(
the Afiatick Spabis, put to death.
fFarin BuT, for all thcfe difturbances, the Turks were very aSivc
Kandia. ^^ ^^'^T <>" ^^^ir war in Kandia^ whijhcr they font confidcr-
A. D. able fupplies to Hujfeyn Pojha^ the commander there in chief.
1650. The city of Kandia was at this time in a very bad fhte^
when 600 men, with fixty knights, arriving from Malta^
pounted the guard at fort MartinengOj which was the place
of moft danger ; and altho' the Turksy in the fourth defperate
attack, carried it by dint of fword, yet the knights returning)
bravely recovered it, with the deftrudion of all the intruders.
However, the Turks prevailing again, in their turn, the Vint'
tians fprunj; their mines, and blew up the fort, with two
thoufand ^rks into the air.
TbeTvak' The Janizaries and Spahis were ftill at ill terms together,
'^ fleet ^^ Conjlantinople ; and the Kapudan PaJba was fo beaten *«/
cooped up by the Fenetiansj within the Dardanels^ that he
could not get out with his fleet ; which fo enraged die mi-
iliftry, that they fcnt all the fubjefts of thcrepublic, and even
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Gv20, . 15 Soldn Mohaoimed IV* 497
tht BaiU himklfj out of their dominions. At length, wintei* A.D.
obliged the Venetians to withdraw, and leave the Tutkt/b fleet at ' ^5 ' •
liberty to relieve their army in Kandia^ which ftood in great ^^-^^v^.^^
need of provifions. They were fo intent on the war there,
that next year they fent iioo fail of all forts, with neceflaries.
This fleet was followed by the Venetians^ . who forced fevcral
of their gallics into &/^, with the lofs of Mohammed^ Pajhd of
jinatolia^ fent to fucceed Hujfeyn^ who was made prime
fVazir ^.
^ Ok the tenth of Jufy^ the Turks gave a fignal of defiance o<oer^
to the yenetiansy who prefently came to a dofe engagement j '^^«*^
in which, the KApudan Pajh&j being flain by a cannon baU>
threw the whole fleet into difordbr, and fled. Mean time the
gallies, which were towing-oflFthe heavier (hips^ being chafed
to Mocenigo^ the captain-general quickly left them to (hift for
themfelvts : but the Turks^ rather than fall into his hands,
blew up five \ the reft were taken^ In fhort, not a (hip re«-
mained in fight, but what was either feized, funk^ or burnt^
A few days after, they had no lets fuccefs againft another '
fleet, of which they took thirty-nine gallies, twenty- three
ihtps, three galleafles, with three thoufand foldiers on boards
Kf EAN time^ the difliention encreafed among the foldiery j Anbthei"
ivhich was hardly quieted, when news arrived of two rebel* defeat.
lions at the fame time, one at Damajkusy the other at Grand A. D^
Kayro. How to fupprefs thefe dangerous commotions, em- 1652*
ployed the thoughts of the divan, this year and the next ; which
g^ve the Venetians Ibme time to breathe, and reinforce them*
Tdves in Kandia, But in 1654, the Pdjhd of Buda^ being A. D*
made captain Pajha^ fitted out a good fleet i and altho' in an ^^54*
encounter with the Venetians^ at the mouth of the Dardanels^
he loft fix thoufand men, with feven of his veflTels ; yet he
broke thro' their fleets and landed twelve thoufand foldiers in
JCandia, On this occafion, the admiral fo extolled his own
merit, and vilified the Waztr to the council j that they fent
of an oflicer to take ofF his head, and put the accufer in his
place. Yet the latter falling fick and infitm foon after, the PaJhd A. Di
Hdlep was pitched on, to fucceed him in the command in 1655.
Kandia ; but in his way thither, his fleet, fitted out with great
expence, was overthrown by the Venetians.
Hereupon, a treaty was fetonfoot with the Bailo : but Sedithttof
the miniftry infiftingon the intire furrender ofKandia^ it broke the Jani-
oflF. However, on the tumults, raifed by the merchants and zaries.
tradefmen, in which the fVazir fell a facrifice, the negotiation
was renewed ; yet came to nothing a fecond time, by the
Turis demanding the payment of ten millions, for the charges
» RiCAUT, in Mahommet 4.
MoD.HisT.VoL. XIL Kk
Digitized I:
dbyGoogk
Tleet de-
Jiroyed.
Lemnos
taken^
and reco-
nfered.
UihelHon
in Afia.
A. D.
1658.
A.D
1659.
Hiflery uf the Othman Empire. B. XV,
of the war. Mean time, the Spahis and Janizaries at Con-^
JianiinopU^ joining together, pretended to reform the abufes
of the Hate. Entering armed into the divan, they depofed the
prime tVazir-y turned out feveral other officers ; made the
Aluftl flee to JertcfaUm ; arid went fo far, as to propofe de-
throning the Saltan himfelf. Then entering the palace, they
broke open j:hc treafury, ' and carried tv#o millions away wiA
them. At length, the fedition beginning to fubfidei SBban
Mohammed 2id\f2inLtd to the IVazlrJhip the Pajhdoi Damajkus:
this was the famotii Kuperli for JCyyprili) : th6 Pafl^a of &'-
Ji/irioy was made captain PdJhJt 5 and Hnffeyri confirmed in
his govcrament of Kandia. i
Akd now to prbfecute the w^r in that ifland, the Turks
fitted out a gre^ieet : but, as foon as it failed out of die
Dardaneky' the yenetians^ who waited for them, began the
attack, Whence enfued a terribk fight. And, altho' the cap-
tain general Manello was llain j yet the proved! tor fo vigof-
oufly profecut^d the victory, that of fikty light galHes, twenty-
eight fliips,and nine galeafles,* none efcaped being either, taken,
funk, or burnt, excepting eighteen gallies. The f^enetianSj
animated by this fuccefs, in four days time took Tenedos^ and
afterwards Letnms, The miniftry, confidering that the loft of
thefe iflands, - efpecially the firft, would be attended with great
inconveniences, fent a numerous fleet to befiege the fortrcfi:
but putting' into Scio^ to wait for ten gallies trom Barbarjj
with a great number of Saiks under their convoy, the Viru-
tian general intercepted and burnt the (hips, with ihany of
the Salks ; and killed one thoufand Turks, Hereupon another
fleet was fitted out ; but •d\\i\o"t\i^ Venetians defeated that al-
fo (with the lofs, however, of their own valiant captain -general
Mounigo) yet they repaired it again ; and, coming before
Tenedosy in the end of July^ it was deferted by the bcfieged,
who thought it not tenable.- But Lemms held out two months,
and then was furrendered on articles. Hereupon, Sclt^M**
hammed propofed to make peace with the republk:, on furrcn-
dering Kan^a^ with the fortrefs of Klijfa in Pabnatiay and
paying three millions, for the expences of the war : but thofc
conditions were rejected,
^ The brother-in-law of t\\tJPAfhdoi Hdlep^ arriving with
his troops at Adrtanople^ which was the rendezvous of the 'army
deftined for Dalmatia^ the prime Wa%ir put him to death:
hereupon, the. Pcifm in great fury fets forward, at the head
of forty thoufand men, to demand the head of Kuperlij and
four others ; at the fame time, carrying with hina a yoHK
•man, whom he affirmed to be the fon of Soltan Morddy and
whofe rlc^ht to the throne he undertook to eftablifl). The
rebels at length drawing near to Skutari^ and by this time four-
fcorc
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C 20^ ^9 Soltan Mohammed iV. 4:99
fcore thoufand ftrong, the fFiazir pafled over into Jja, with A.t>.
a numerous army : but being met by the Pdjhdy was totaUy 1659.
routed, and all his cannon^ as well as baggage taken. This ^^/^vv^
alarm made it neceflary for the So/t^n himfelf to go over, and
join the JVazify whofe united forces making feventy thoufand
men, the Pdjha propofed an accommodation: but impru-
dently confen ting to meet in a private place, at fome diftance
from his camp, Mortazoy who was fent to treat with him,
overpowered and ftrangled him, with feventeen of his ad-
complices, which was no fooner known in his army, than
they difperfed.
The Venetiam all this while were ncf'idle in Kajidia 5 for it^te 6/
having received a reinforcement of four thoufand French foot, Kandia*
■after the peace of the Pyrenees^ they quickly took Kalamq^ A. D,
Kakgrffy and Epikarnoy After this, they proceeded to befiege 166O.
Kama ; but the place being reinforced with three thoufand
men, they gave over the enterprize, in expe(ftation to beat
the Turks out of New Kandza^ lately built by them, near the'
old city of that name, in order to ftrengthen it; where we
fliall leave them for a while, to fee how the afFairsof the
Othmans went on in other countries y.
The rendezvous for the army, defigned againft the em- jfairs of
peror of Germany^ was at Belgrade; where the prime TVaztr Hungary,
"falling fick, he fent orders to Haiti Pajhd, general of the
forces in Hungary^ to haften the fiege of Waradin^ which was '
begun the 4th of ^uly : but, altho* the Turh foon approached
to the counterfcarp, and made breaches in the walls j yet they
found the ditch fo wide, and full of water; that they could
not get to ftorm them, till a woman captive (hewed them
how the citizens ufed to drain it. However, they bravely re-
pulfed their attacks till the 20th of Auguji j when, being re*
duced very low, they furrendered on articles, and marched
out with enfign^ of honour. The TranfilvanianSy refenting
this lofs, depofe Barklay their prince, a favourite of the Turks^
arid conftituting Kemenius in his room, crave the afliftance of
the emperor, to whom they give up Zekelidy Khowar^ Giula^
and other places.
Hereupon Montecuculi^ joining Kemenius with a con- Germans
fiderablc army, would have drawn AliPaJhd to a battle. This dfeated.
the/*4^4 for the prefent declined ; but having fet up Mikhael
Apafi^ for princfe of Tranfylvania^ to whom the people re- A. D.
volted in great numbers, he took the opportunity to attack the 1661.
imperialifts, difcouraged by that event, with fuch fuccefs,
that he flew and took fifty thoufand perfons, and drove Ke-
tn/TTijyx oot of the country ) who, gathering more forces, was
y CANT.-ubifupra.
K k 2 defeated
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Kioprili
diis :
A.D.
1662.
his fin
futcttds.
Mortaza
FaOia
Pain,
Hipry of the Othmin Empire. B. XV;
defeated a fecond time. This animated the ridors to befiege
Claufenburg ; but on the approach of the general Scbenudauj
out of Hungary^ they raifed^it as haftily.
This year a great plague happened at Ctnjtantimple : and
towards winter, the prime fVazir^ KuptrUy being in a dedi-
ning ftate, obtained a grant of the Soltan^ not only that bis
fon Ahmed ihould affift him ; but alfo (what was unufual)
fucceed him in his office; as he in h& did, on the 19th cf
OSfobeTj on which day his father died. While the new
Wavdr was taken up with removing fome officers, who were
his enemies, and banifhing the Mufii to GaJUpoKi the war
went flowly on againft the Venetiansy who on their iide de*
ftroyed five gallies at Mtloy and took the fortrefs there.
Next year, the Jlgerines complained to the Porte^ againft
the proceedings of the Englijh fleet, under the earl of Satd"
wichy before Algiers : but were baffled in their fuit^ by the
ftzxX of Wincbelfeoy then ambaflador dX, Coriftantinople ^ where
the Saltan proved very burdenfome to his fubjedb, by his ex-
travagant way of hunting ; in which, thirty or forty tbouiaod
men were appointed to beat the woods for him, for three or
four days together. Mean time, the WoTJir Ahmed was em-
ployed in removing bis enemies, among whom, none difturbed
him more, than Mortazay Pajha of tikghdad. Mortdzay be-
ing at length difplaced, retired to the king (or prince) of the
Kurdiy wbofe daughter he had married : but, while ihcWazSr
prepared to force that king to furrender him up, unexpefied
troubles* broke out in Georgia. When Svltan ScUymdn had
taken Arzer^my it was agreed, that of the feven princes of
Georgia, three (hould be tributary to the Turisy and three to
the Perfiansy all governed by Acbik Pa/hy as fupreme prince,
to whom the feventh (hould alfo be fubjeded, without being
dependant on either of the two powers, fiut at this time the
governor dying, his widow married again, and to oblige her
newhufband, was content to have her own fon fet aiide, and
his eyes put out. Hereupon, the three provinces, under the
Perftansy chofe a new governor 5 which the Turks being of-
fended at, they ele£led another, defcended from the former.
But this ftorm blowing over, by the eftablifhment of a perfon,
to the liking of both parties, the Turkijb forces were turned
againft Mortazay who was then in the caftle of Zizriy be-
longing to thofe Kurdi called Teztdi (A). The army arriving
at the pafs commanded by that caftle, five hundred Turh
entered it : but were quickly put to flight by the Kurdiy who,
^ -
(A) They have a religion of* their own, and are reckoned
atheilb by the Mohammedans. \
Digitized
byGoogk
purfuiDj
C. ^o• 19 Soltan Mohammed IV;
purftiing them, left the pafs open : hereupon the Turh feized
it, and laying fiegc to the caftle, required Mortaza to be
delivered up. The bcfieged, to free themfclves from the ^
danger, foon complied, and the Pajb^s head was immediately
ftruck off.
The Chrtftians, having rebuilt the churches burnt down jr/^^, jg^
at ConftantimpUj in the great fire in 1660, contrary to i^tftrpygd.
prime tVazit^s command, and the Turkijh laws, under pre-
tence of dwellings, and warchoufes ; that minifter in a rage
ordered them to be demolifhed, and the reftorers imprifoned.
About this time alfo, he reformed the coin, which had been
greatly dipped by the Jews^ Armenians^ merchants, and others.
This year the Turkijh fleet, bound to Alexandriay confifting of
feventeen {hips, and thiriy-feven faiks, richly laden, under the
convoy of fix gallies, in its paflage near Rhodes j was encoun-
tered by the Venetians^ who funk and took twenty-fight faiks,
and four of the fliips, with many prifohers of note.
All this while, the preparations for war againfl- the Ger- ^ar in
nuMs went on : but the emperor, not inclined to embroil Hungary,
hirafelf, fent to treat with the Pajhd of Buda^ about conti-
nuing the peace. Yet, when all points feemcd to be agreed on,
in February following, the horfetail was erefied before the A. D.
prime WaT^r^s gate 5 and next month, the Soltan and he fet for- 1663.
ward with the army, towards Sofia ; where a meffenger who
. arrived from the emperor, was ref ufed an audience, and detained
in the camp. The Tatars were ordered to fend one hundred
tboufand men to Hungary \ .but had great difficulty to obey
that command, on account of the A'^^/^i, who infcfted them,
and threatened Jfak (or Jfof) their capital city. They had
Kkewife one hundred and fifty fail in tht Euxine fea, where they
c^u-ried all before them : but moft of them having been call;
away, on thecoaft of Mingrelia^ the reft were forced to retreat
into the BorijfhensSy by twelve Turkijh gallics.
The Waziry Ahmed^ being come to the Danube j began Germans,
to pais his army : but the bridge of boats breaking, when defeated^ *
about four thoufand had gotten over; Forgatz^ governor of
New Heujely marched in the night with eight thoufand men,
to attack them ; which he did with great (laughter : but the
notfe reaching the grofs of the army, which, unknown to him,
had now gotten over, they drew up, and furrounding this
fmallbody, cut them dl off, only the commander, and a few
more cfcaping. Montecuculi^ governor of Raab^ being in-
formed by Forgatz of this defeat, fent him a thoufand men ;
who would have been intercepted by the Turh^ had not that
officer deluded them, by ere6Hng a white flag, as if he defigned
% treaty ; but when the fuccours, were fafely gotten intothe
Kk 3 place^
Digitized
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Hifiory of the Othmin Empire. B . XV
place, the white flag was changed to cdours of defiance, to
the great furprife and anger of the enemy.
Hereupon, the iVazir invefted the city ; and having
from two batteries, mounted with one hundred pieces pf can-
non, terribly annoyed the place, they made a furious aflault
on the 14th oi Augufiy but weretepulfed with great lofe. On
the 28th, a breach being made in the walls, they attempted a
fecond ftorm, but; were forced to retir,e, after a very great
daughter of them : and altho', ten days after, they planted an
enfign oa the rampier, yet they were beaten back, and five
thoufand flain. But in the naiddle of Septembtr^ the chief maga-
zine of powder happening to blow up, the officers agreed to
furrender, on condition of being conduced to K&fMtra^ after
they had held out about forty-ttree days, and deftroj^ fifr
teen thoufand of the enemy j among whom were the £<fir-
hegi of Romania and JnatoUaj with two other Pajbas^ the
Jga of the Spahisy and twenty- five captains.
SeriniV After this, the Othmans took Leventx ; which fo terrified
fra'very* Pt'efiurg-, that it feemed inclined to fubmit. It was expeScd
that the IVaztr would have done ftill greater things this year :
indead of that, he failed in his attempt on Scbinta^ the impe*
rial magazine of arms and artillery. However, he prefendy
reduced Novi^rade, and then returned to winter at Belgradi'f
fending thirty thoufand Turks and Tatars^ to ravage Suria
and Kroatia, Count Serini^ on their fudden approach, with
four hundred and eighty men, who were all he could raife,
pofted himfelf at the river Muer^ if poflible, to ftop their paf-
fage.. On perceiving two thoufand who had gotten over, he fell
im fo vigoroufly, that they were foon routed ; and miffing tbc
brd, moft of them who eicaped the fword, periihed in the
water ; which fo amazed thofo on the pther fide, that they
made no farther attempt that way.
B¥r9t Ef- The count, having after this gotten together an army of
Ukbridge^ twenty- five thoufand men, in the beginning of the year 1664,
A. D. took Berzmkhe and Bakokza. He then marched %6 EJftky
166^. and having defeated fix thoufand T«r^/, took the Palanka^ at
the foot of that famous bridge, and burnt the bridge itfelf :
which hpwever, to their furprife, the Turks rebuilt in forty
takes Five ^^X^ i^tnc* After this, on the 5th of February^ he took Five
Churches. Churxhes by ftorm, and put all the inhabitants to the fword :
^ then laid fiege to the fortrefs of Sigeth (or Ziget) fannous for
the attempt made on it by Sokyman the magnificent, with fix
hundred thouiand men : but when he had reduced it a^ to
^he laft extremity, the approach of a confiderable body of
Turks a|id Tatars to relieve it, made him draw off his foFCCS.
On .advice of thefe fucceiles. the fVazir detached part of his
' ' army
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C. 20. 19 Soltan Mohammed IV. ^ 503
army to befiege Serin/war :,but the count, with all the force A. D.
he could raife, lying inambufh, furprifed afid defeated them, 1664.
killing above two thoufand, and taking many prifoners *. V-rv^^
S E R INI9 on the firft of May^ laid fiege to Kanifiay His caJiU
which he puftied with great vigour : but Montecuculi^ the Ger- raftd,
man general, delaying to /upport him, on the approach of the
Wazir by the bridge of EJfek^ he retreated towards Serin^
fwaVy leaving fome amtflunition.to the enemy; who prefently,
with 30,000 men, invefted that place. Mean time the count
lova^di Montecucuii \ and urged him to fight t)ie Twr^j ; but
that general, inftead of complying, entering mto' Sennits fort,
difpoflefled the governor, and cleared the garrifon of the
count's forces j which fo oiFended him, that he left the camp,
and retired home. The Turhj taking advantage of thefe de-
lays, on the 9th of June blew up a half moon ; which To ter*
rified the befieged, that in their fright they left a fally-port
open : whereat the enemy entering, the garrifon, confifting
of nineteen hundred men, fled over the bridge j which breaking,
many were drownetr, and the reft flain. As for Serinfiuar^ it
was razed to the ground.
To counter-ballance this lofs, count Soi/e recovered Nitray Count Soi*
lately taken from the imperialifts : and, having twice defeated ithfuccefs,
above fourteen thoufand Turks^ with great flaiighter, Levintz
funendered aifo. This laft place, the Walakian and Mol--
davian forces, joining with hmt Turks and Tatars^ deter-
mined to recover : but after lofing two thoufand men, on the
approach of count Soife^ the 1 6th of July, they marched ofF
to fight him. The imperialifts having in the firft volley
poured a fliower of ftioton their main body, they flc^d, leaving TheTurks
the two wings to an unequal battle, who quickly after fled defeated.
. alfo, and left their cannon, as well as baggage. They loft
many more^by the purfuit; and thofe who efcaped, being de-
nied a paflage at Gran, over the Danube, the Mddavians and
Walakhians forced their princes to return home i while Huf-
feyn Pdjha fled to New Haufel, after he had loft fix thoufand
men, out of eight and twenty thoufand, to one hundred and
fifty of the imperialifts, Ther^ were taken four thoufand carts,
with ammunition and provifion ; one hundred colours, and
twelve picci?8 of cannon; befides tents, arms, horfes, camels,
and other booty. , They gave no quarter to any, except feven
Hundred Mol4avi^ns, and If^aialhianSy in order to hang them;
with their mufkets about their necks. After this, count Soiji?
took and burnt B^rkam, 2ipalanka oppofite to Gran,
Mean time, the two main armies under tlie IVaztr and O^ver*
Mont^cucuUy did nothing but obferve each other's nwtions. At thro'wn
* agah^ '.
25 RicAUT, ibid.
Kk4 Icn^tS,
Digitized
cng^tS,
by Google
1^
Hijiory of the Othman Empire:. B. XV.
length, on the firft of Augufi^ one half of the Turki/b army
crofled the Raaby the Wazir deiigntng to pafs over with Ac
reft the next dav : but altho' the great rains which enfued
prevented his pauage, by fweUing the rifer, he was not un-
' eafy, as the troops which had crofled were equal at Icaft to
the imperialifts : however they^ proved not to be their matdi ;
for MonUcuculi not giving^them time to intrench, fell on diem
the third in the morning, with great fury, and condnued the
fight till four in the afternoon, with various fortune. During
that time, the waters bebg abated, the Spahis forded them in
feveral places, and charged the imperial left wing, while die
Janizaries threw up earth, to fecure the pailage dl the reft.
/b^ Monte- This being obferved by the general, he thought at firflto
cucttli. found a retreat ; but perceiving that the trench was only juft
begun, he drew up the body of his army in form of a half
* moon, and forioufly attacked the Jamxarids ; while the borfe
encountered the Spahis^ with fuch bravery, that the Turits be-
gan to give ground. At diis inftant, an outcry being heard,
that count Serini had aflaulted the ^^z^r's'camp, on the other
flde, they were fo terrified, that they betook themfelves to a
(hameful flight, after they had loft eight thoufand men on the
field of battle ; and above as many more were drowned in
the river. Nay, the TurJts themfelves acknowleged, in our
author's hearing, that fince the Oihman empire came to its
greatnefs, the I'urks had never fuffered any flaughter or dif-
grace equal to this. They loft fixteen pieces of cannon, one
hundred and twenty-fix colours, with the grand ff^azjr*s
ftandard, five thoufand fimeters, with many horfes. The
imperialifts on their part, had near three thoufand men flain ;
among whpm were the count of NaJ/au^ and fo^le odiers of
notc-
ff/tn an- This vi£lory inclining the IVaztr as much to a peace, as
(Juded, ^^ Germans were before inclined to it, a negotiation was fct
on foot, and foon concluded, with the imperial refident in the
camp. The chief articles were ; «* that prince Apaji ihould
** hold Tranfyhaniay paying the Soltan fix hundred thoufand
«* dollars, for the cxpences of the war: that the emperor
** might fortify Gutta and Nitra; and the provinixs of Zat*
«* Tnar and ZaMi to revert to him : Zekhelid to be demolifh-
*^ ed ; and Wigraditiy and New Haufel^ to remain to the Sei^
<^ ^4»." Mohammed all this while refided at J^anopU^ the
difguft he^bad taken to the imperial city, increafmg every day 5
and having now a fbn of his own, would have put his brother
Solomon to death, had not the Mufti refufed to grant zfetva
for the purpofe.
^ekeUimi We muft not omit to inform our readers, that while coui|t
«^K.fj^rp- Serin\ bcfi^ged K^nifta^ a kind of rebellion broke out at
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C. 20. 19 Sdcan MohammedlV.
Kayro iii Egypu among the Beys: who having very great
pow^r in that country, fcized Jbrabim Faflia^ when his three
years government were nearly expired; and having imprifoned
him^ demanded no lefs than three thoufand purfes for his re^
leafemeiit. Hereupon the Mt&n fent over the matter of his
horfe, who foon brought matters to an amicable agreement^
and obtained IbrihinCs liberty.
Next year Count Lejley the imperial ambaf&dor arriving A. D.
at Buda^ in May he fct out with the fVazir Ahmed iox the 1665,
Part€\ and on the laft of June came within lir'hours otAdri-
an&pley whixhtr Saltan Mohammid^ who feemed to doat on the
ff^a^ry fent his favourite to meet him, with a prefent of five ^^^ Wa-
horfes richly adorned, and feaft him on the way. He was fo aJr^Mr-
impatient for his company^ that he ordered him to come pri-* ^^*
vately before the day of nis public entry, kified him on the
(houlder, and honoured him with a TopAzj or mace of gold,
fludded with precious ftones,befides a fword, dagger, and other
things of value. In the embailador's retinue there came a
nobleman of Gencny to negotiate a treaty of friendfhip and
commerce with the Porte^ Vhich was granted, much to the
difpleafure of M. de la Haye the French ambaflador «•
Let us now, after a long refpite, return to the Turkijb Gnatfn^
hiftorians. According to them, the peace with the* emperor paratiens
being concluded, Mohamnud refolves to renew, with more vi-
gour die Kandian war, which, on account of other affairs, had
hitherto proceeded but flowly. His father Jbrdhim had reduced
the whole ifland (as well as expelled almoft all the old inha-
bitants), excepting the city of iiu^»^'^; which being exceeding
ftrong, both by nature and art, had often baffled the attempts
of the Mufulrmn forces. But as the pofieffion of the country
could.not be reckoned fure, fo long as a port was open to receive
the enemy, whenever they pleafed to invade it, Mohammed
refolved to employ the whole forces of his empire to make
himfdf matter of that pkce.
The care of this expedition was intrufted to the ITazir againfi ^
Ahmed Kioprili Ogli Pajha^ who having prepared every thing Kandia:
for a long fiege during the winter, 'in the fpring of the year ^^j^f^
1076 affembles all the forces, with which he marches to 7/r- '^^o.
mes (I), where he embarks for Khama\ and landing his army, 66 *
places them in winter quarters^ ^, * ^*
• IticAUT, ibid. *> Cant. p. 258.
^ (I) A pqor town in 7hejfaly^ nu$ Thermaicus. Cant. Accord-
on the coafis of the Ar(;hipelago^ ing to Ricauty he embarked )^
called by the modern Greeks army at Mahajta^ in the year
Therpuij, and by tne ancient 1666,
n([ma, giving x^m^ to the Sh^
Digitized
d'^t5oogk
5o6 Hfflihj 0f the Othman Entire. B. XV.
A. D. Here let U9 Jcave them awhile, to fpeak of certain tranf-
1666. anions not mentioned by the Turkijh authors before us.. The
c^k"^**^ year 1666 affords a. remarkable inftance of impofture and
Sabatay fuperftition, in the cafe of Sabatay Seva^ the pretended meffiah
^^ of the Jews. This man, the fon of a broker of Smyrna^ (K)^
being baniflied fof a tumult in the f]magogue there, wandered
over Greece for a time, and then went to Jerufdem. There
he met with one Nathan^ a fubtile fellow, who taking upon
him to be Sabatay s prophet, had the impudence to declare,
' thaty within a twelvemonth^ thj mejjiah fiould appear before the
Soltan, and take the crown from his hea4> At the fame time
Sabatay preaching repentance to the Jews at Gazay his hmt
fyccsid far and near among that people, }fAio flocked to him in
multitudes on the way to Smyrna \ where he openly aflumed
the title of meffiah, and publiihed his declaration thereof to
all the nations of the Jews. The mortifications and othor
extravagancies committed by that infatuated people were
aflx>nifhing. They believed the moft improbable ftories of
him. Some invented miracles in his favour, and others fwore
to be witneffes to them ; while almoft all believed them, and
were ready to tear in plecf^ thofe who did not : for there arc,
even among the Jews, fome men of underftanding and dif-
cemment.
m counter- At length the impoftor declared that he was called by Gcd
feiimef" to vifit Conftantifiople : but, at his arrival, the JVazxr had
fi^h. him feized and clapped up in prifon. Yet this did not cure
the phrenzy of the Jews ; whofe numbers and madnefs daily
mcreafed to fuch a degree, that the Soltan at laft ordered him
to be brought into his prefence. No pen can defcribe their
confidence on this occafion, in allerting the power of their
pretended mefliah, and the wonders which he would perform.
But here the farce at once ended : for Mohammed^ demanding
amirade in proof of .his miiSon, put it to this ifTue, that he
fliould be ftripped naked for his archers to ihoot at, and pro-
mi&d, in cafe the arrows did not pierce his body, that he him-
felf would acknowlege him to be the meffiah. This was a
•yitxy fair propofal, but Sabatay chofe rather to confefs himfdf
a cheat, and turn Mohammedan^ than ftand the trisd. Yet.even
thb could not convince his incorrigible followers : for moft of
them, through ftupidity or pervei5fenefs, affirmed that it was
(K) The hif^ory of this im* MobamHud Bey being the other
poftor, written by Sir Paul two, It was reprinted in 16 3,
Ricaut, was firft publiihed in with fome ufeful matters pre-
1669, in a book, intituled Ti/ fixed> in the Two journeys to J€»
:.. hiflory of the three laU famous rufalem, i 2°.
imfojiorsi Padre Ottomane an4 •
- - opijr
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C. 20. 19 Soltan Mohammed IV. ^07
only his fhadow which appeared in a Turkijh drcfs, but that A. D.
his body was taken up into heaven, there to reilde till the time 1666.
appointed for the accompU(hment of thofe wonders was Kjr>r\J
come.
The Tatars having about the beginning* of the next year Peace
made incurfions into Poland^ the republic fent an ambaflador 'with Po-
to make complaint to the Porte i where it was quickly agreed, land.
that no compenfation fhould be denianded on account of thofe
incurfions : that the Poles fhould not make war on the Kofacks^
lately revolted from them to the Soltan: that they ihould
forthwith dedare war againft the Ruffians: and that the Turks
fhould have free trade to Poland. This affair being over, and
the rebellion raifai by the Pajhd oiEafrab (L) fuppreffed, the
JVa%lr began with vigour to profecute the conqueft of Kan- City of
dia^. But before we proceed with the Chhftian hidorlans, Kandiia
let us hear what ^^ Turkijh fay concerning this important
expedition.
When all things were ready, the next year, on the i8th Hejrah
of Zilkaadeh ^077, the Wazir fails from Khania^ and land- 1077.
ing his mtn without oppofition at the village Kawlokhor^ near A. D«
Kandiay marks out the ground to encamp ijn. Next day he views^ 1 666. )
the places aboirt the city : then in a council of officers it was
determined to undermine the Red Tower, and after battering
the walls, make the firft attempt on that fide.
Hereupon, in the end of next month, the laft in iht fnrftndtrs^.
year, the city is invefted, arid the fiege begun, the like whereof
never had been feen, nor perhaps ever will. Many years pre*-
parations are employed : frefh troops fupply the place of the
flain :* while the fofdiers, declining the danger, are compelled
by threats and blows to renew the charge. For the befieged,
joining all their courage to the ftrength of the place, fought
like determined men for nineteen months incel&ntly ; being
frequently relieved with frefh fuppliex by the French 3ind Fene*
tians, to which latter it belonged. Every inch of ground is
gained by the blood of many heroes flain on both fides. When
the walls are battered down, aad mounted by the befiegers,
new walls are inftantly raifed by the enemy. And thus the
Othmdns, who imagined, that in entering the breaches, their
dangers were at an end, are almoft reduced to defpah", by the
fight of new obftacles, no lefs difficult to Turmoynt than thofe
which they had jiift then with fo much lofs fubdued.
At length, xh^ • Othmans. htmg now quite^tired out and/^/iJ^Wa-
fpiritlefs, what could hardly be effefted by force of arms, is zir.
« RiCAUT in Mahomet IV.
^L) foJT^uptly in the text called &i^«, by othcri Baffttra,
' ' bjfought
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5o8 HijiorjoftbtO^n&xiEmpke: B.XV.
A. D, brought about by Panaht{M), the Tarjiman (or interpreter)
1 66b. of the court; who, by an artful fpeech, perfuaded the gover-
^■"— v*"*-* nor (N) of the city to furrender» on certain conditions, the
laft but ftrongeft fortrefs to which the garrifon had retired.
The Wq^^ in the beginning of the month yamaTaa'lawtl in
A.D. the year 1080, takes pofleffion of Kandia^ deferted by die
1669. IfenetianSy and annexes to the Othm^ empire a city renown-
ed for many ages, the etghth«wonder of the worlds and whkb
nature feemed to have fortified againft all ai&ults, aiter a war of
twenty-four years 5 wherein, according to the bcft Turiijb hif-
torians, above two hundred thouland (O) Otbmdns were itain^.
This is the Turkijb account^ which does great honour to
the Chriftians, and afcribes the Waw''% fucceis at laft not to
force but artifice. But we muft have recourfe to due CMflian
^s authors for the particulars of this remarkable fiege« Xfae ci^
firength, was then fortified with feven gmt baftions, SaUcnsrifj Vittun^
Jefus^ Martinengo^ BethlemJlPanigraj and St. Aniria. Tbcfc
were all encompafled with a broao and deep ditch, defended
by ravelins^ of which the firft was that of &. Sfirito : the
ravelin of Pmigra^ finked to the right with the half-moon
of M$cinig9: next followed the ravelin of BitbUm, bordering
on the work of St. Mary*^^ whidi to the left bad ^m
ravelin of St. NicMas, and this joined to die fortification bf
fc Cant. p. i^t.
(M) His true name was Pa- tan Mohammtd, The difpnte il
vaghtes. No Chriftian before inferted in di la Croix*s commcs-
ever did, or after him it is tariet on the eadern churches,
thought ever will, enjoyjfo much He is alfo famous for his fkiD in
credit as he did in the Turiifi aftrology, and knowlcge of fu-
court. He waste the Wazir, tare events, of which oor author
what Ufyjes was to the Greeh. Cantmir gives two er three in-
He was never known to have dances,
been miftaken in his advice or (N) This was Franci/co M»r9-
judgment of things. His bring- fini, mentioned in the preceding
ing the brave and wife Morojini^ note ; afterwards famous lor
to furrender K^ndia^ after hold- fabduing the Morea, On his
ing out 24 years, was a proof return, he was created doge of
of his great dexterity in manag- Venice, Cant,
Ing affairs. By thefe means, he (O) That is, foldiers on the
acquired fuch favour with th^ lift, exclufive of others, who
Tl^ri;, that he ventured to dif- might have amounted to as ma-
pute, before the ^axlr Ahmed^ ny more. The Vent t tans own
about the law, with ^43ffi^* £^;i- this warcoft them above an
diy the moft learned among the hundred milHons of gold crowns.
TjKT/f/, and no lefs {killed in the Cant, The Chriftian writers
ChriiUan than the Turktfi reli- compute 900,000 Turks ^|un
gion, fprmerly tator to the ^«A during that time, Ricaut.
n T *'
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C aa 19 Soltan Mohammed IV. 509
de PaJma, Next to dt Palma was the ravelin of Priull, with A. D.
the redoubt of Crepa-cu^e^ and over all was the royal fort of 1667.
St. Demetrio^ which commanded the work of MoUno and So-' '"■•v"*^
hionera to the very fea.
The 14th of May the Turiifi) army, conCfting of about fe- ^htfieg^
vcnty thoufand men,encampedover againft 5f.Aftfr/s ^ong die hegim^
valley of Gioffir9^ on which fide began the jBrft traverfes, which
were carried on to the fea-fide. The grand Wot^ took his
quarters over againft Panigra ; the Janizar Aga oppofite to
Aiariinengo \ and the other Pdjhes at other places. After this
they raifed three batteries, facing the bafiions of Martimngo^
Panigra^ and Bethkm^ (hooting bullets. of fixty, ninety, and
one hundred and twenty pounders. The befieged within
polled themfelves accordingly : the marquis ViUa^ governor
and general of the infantry, had his quarters at the bulwark
of y^fus : the proveditor-general of the kingdom, at Martin
Tungo: and Giacomo Cpntarins^ duke of Kafultaj in the forto^
Sahionera : and the other officers at proper pofts.
The city being thus invefted on all fides but that towards CaarrieJ
the fea, the befieged began to difturb the enemy with their en with
Tallies and mines, fix of which were fprung with good fuccefs,
at the angle of the half- moon of Mocenigo. Notwithftanding
this, the Turks advanced fo well to the borders of Panigra^
that they fprung fome mines likewife though, to little tSt&^
except one, and'then made a moft furious auault at the breach,
but were repulfed^ as they were afterwards at another breach
in the half-moon, by a dreadful mine, which opened a gap
for eight men to enter abreaft. Both parties went on mining
and attacking with various fuccefs; and the befieged, having
received three reinforcements, of about five hundred men
each, made fome fuccefsful fiillies. At length, towards the
end of O^obery the fVaztrj urged by a letter and prefents
from Soltdn Mohammed^ caufed a furious aflault to be given,
chiefly on the fide of Panigra *, fo that the Turks^ having
planted fix of their colours on the ruins of that work, ven-*
tured to xlefcend into the ditch. But many of them being
blown up by three mines, which contained leventy barrels of
powder, their progrefs for that time was flopped.
Now winter coming on, hoililities began to flag, and fome twitb va*
propofals of peace to go forward : but as thefe came to no*- rious/uc
thing, the Turis^ in fpring following, made great prepara- a/s.
tions in all their ports to furnifh their camp with provifions, A. D.
and recruited their army with feventy thoufand men. The »668.
befieged likewife being reinforced with fome men, the garrifon
were reckoned to be four thoufand ftron^. Mean time the
befiegers raifed a battery on the fide of Lazarettoi which fo
olStnded the port^ that ibips could nether enter nor abide
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Biftery if the Othtrian Emtire. B. XV. I <
there..' They likewife crcded another by fort St. jlndnay |i
which much annoyed Tramata^ another harbour for fmall I
* craft. After this, in a dark night, paffing along the fea-ikie, |
they fixed a cable to the pallif;de of St. Andrea^ and having
torn it down with an engine, continued to advance their lines
that way. But the befieged making a fally, forced them to
retreat to their trenches, and overthrew certain redoubts and
traverfcs; for which piece of fervice the general rewarded
every foldier with fifty Chektns^
St. An- This fuccefs gave the befieged an opportunity to finifli
^xeAbaf' their platform on the fide of the ditch adjoining to the bul-
tiom wark of St. Andrea. However, the Turks with invincibk
patience battered the little tower of Priuli^ with the curtain
and ravelin of St. Andrea^ as well as employed all their power
to fill the ditch : and although a very fuccefsful fally was made
on the agth of February j yet they ilill went on with their
works againft that baftion. This was the Ifaite of the fiege,
when the brave marquis of ViUa being recalled by the duke of
Savoyy the command was conferred on the marquis of St.
Andrea Montbruny 3, French nobleman. By this time the
earth was grown fo porous, with the number of works, mines,
and traverfcs, that the light of the mines on one fide, glim-
mering into the traverfes of the other party, difcovercd where
they were ; fo that it became a trade tp fteal powder from
each other. However, the befieged fprung a mine on the ift
t)f December^ which overthrew the enemies battery againft St.
Andrea^ and buried all their cannon.
ilofify Among the many volunteers, which the length and fame
freffei. of the fiege brought to Kandia^ one was M. la FueiUadey d uke of
Roanezy with a body of men divided into four brigades, under
fo many noblemen. Thefe made fo brifk a fally, headed by
the duke, who behaved very gallantly, that they broke throwgh
the main body of the enemies force ; but penetrating too far,
were obliged to retreat with confiderable lofs. About this time
alfo the befieged received a reinforcement of three thoiifand
three hundred Lunenburg troops 5 yet they were fo hard put to
it for want of men, that the captain- general Moroftni dif-
armed feveral gallies to fupply them. Mean while they fprung
a great many mines with good fuccefs ; and towards the end
of the year made a fally at Sabionera, wherefn they flew near
three thoufand Turks; and taking a battery, difmotinted and
nailed their cannon «.
General The befiegers having gained confiderably on the fort of St.
ajfault. Andrea to the eaft, prelTed hard, with ten thoufand men, on
the baflion of Sabionera to the weft $ and one night gave a
« RicAUT. obi fupra.
8 general
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C. 20. 19 Sokan Mohammed IV. -511
general affault, with all their forces, on thole cwo baftion^ A. D.
that of Panigr ay and the great fort ot St. Demetrio j but re* 1668.
ccived three repulfes, with great confuiion and flaughter. Not-'* '^v*^*'
long after, the marquis of CornarOj wiih bajon Spcn'^ arriving
with a recruit of three thoufand men, they made a refolute
(ally, in which they, killed above two thoufand of the enemy-
Mean time, the 5^//a» having removed to LariJJky^^to he
nearer the feat of war, Signor Molino arrived from /enice with
propefals of peace : but he was told noticing \vould do, unlefe
he had brought the keys of Katidia with him; for Ahhammed
was refolved to have that city at all events, and his lVa%tr
preiled the fiege exceeding hard. He caufed it now to be
twice ftormed at four feveral baftions, which coft the lives of
thirty thoufand Tuth\ and fuch a number of mines was fprung,
that the ground lay open like a vaft abyfs.
But St. Andrea and Sabionera being redconed the moft The oMf"
weak, becaufe not fortified by any confid arable outworks, or works ta-
encompaffed with deep ditches, the Turh preiled upon them i^».
more earneftly than any other parts. Having raifed fome batte- .
ries on the heaps of earth, they advanced fo6t by foot upon* the
ravelin of St. Andrea ^ which at length they blew up; and pene-
trat'mg into the ditch with four travcrfes, came to the very foot
of the wall of the bulwark. This was defended by eighteen
pieces of cannon, fix of which, being fifty pounders, fhotinto
the ditch ; for all this, they ftormed the walls in nine different
places, and in fhort penetrated almoft to the gate of 5/. An-
dreaj laying open a breach ninety paces wide, as far as the
fea. So that at laft the befieged were forced to quit tiie
outworks, and confine themfelves within, the walls of die
city; which was ftill more diftrefled by an unlucky fliot, that
fet a magazine of ammunition on fire. Thus ended the year.
Next fpring the Turks renewed the aflaults upon fort St. St.Andrca
Andrea^ and penetrated forty paces within the city walls: but the latter ed
befieged, knowing the weaknefs of the place on that fide, made iown
It part of their winter's work to draw another wall from fort A. DJ
Panigra, acrofs almoft to the Tramata, Mean time the cne- \66<^^
my fortified themfelves as, ftrongly without ; and advanced fo
far on the bulwark of St, Andrea^ that there remained -nothing
of it but the ruins. In efFetftj this poft was become fo weak,
that Montburn^ and all the chief officers, took their quarters
here.
Things were in this pofture in Kandta^ when the dukes A grand
of Beaufort and Noailles landed there with feven thoufand yZ^/Zf.
French: and it being determined in a council of war, that the
place wasnp longer to be maintained but by fome extraordi-
nary en»|rize, it was refolved to make a grand fally on the
27th oijune^ while the fleet, by the dukcof ^^^o/ir/'s.order,
-drew
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
iiifiwy of the Othman Empire. R XV;
drew near the fliore to annoy the enemy with their ardlierjr.
The troops marched out filendy in order, and at day- break the
' forlorn hope aflaulted two redoubts ; which they took, putting
all the Turks therein to the fword. Hereupon the other regi-
ments entered the lines^ and having maftered the trenches after
much flaughter, by fterm carried a fort, wherein was a bat-
tery which played upon St, Demetrioy and nailed the cannon.
Mean time the Turks began to draw into order, and coining
^ on, a moft terrible fight enfued. But while the fuccefs of the
day Teemed to fmile on the Chriftians, a magazine lately woo,
containing one hundred and thirty-four quintals of powder,
accidentally blew up, and deftroyed many men. This blow
fb amazed the reft, diat they began to fly in diforder i having
in the attack loft a good number of men, and fotne confider-
able officers, among whom was the brave duke of Beaufort^
fuppofed to have been blown up. At the fame time the fleet,
confifting of eighty ftiips, fifty gallies, and (ix galleafles, were
(^riven by the winds at ibme diftance from (hore; and a FrenA
man of war, of feventy guns, blown up.
fti Hereupon, difputes arifmg between the French and 7/^-
French^if- ftjiw, who threw the blame upon each other, the duke de No-
t^^** ailUs ungeneroufly failed off with his forces, and left Kan&a
in the utmoft diftrefs. The Turks^ encouraged by the depar-
ture of the French^ afTaulted the quarters of Saboniera and St
^ Andrta afrefli^ and advanced to the pallifades of the new re*
trenchment : but although fome ftop was put to their fiuy
here, yet the grofs of the armv v(ras fo weak and broken, that
they refufed to advance againit the enemy. Mean time the
captain- general fprung a mine, of one hundred barrels of pow-
der, under the thickeft croud of the Turks^ which made fuch
deiltrudion among them, that the reft retired haftily to their
redoubts. Neither was the ftorm lefs furious at Sabioneroy nor
the advantage lefs confiderable on the fide of the befieeed.
ne city But notwithftariding this fuccefs, and that a fmall rein-
yiiUei. forcement arrived under the duke of Mirandola\ yet the town
was fo weakened by the departure of the French^ with the
battalion of Maita^ and the reft of the volunteers, that the
captain-general at length called a council of officers, to delibe-
rate what was fitteft to be done in this extremity. Grimani and
fome others were for blowing up the place : but the captain-
general urging the difficulty of embarking the foldiers, they
came to a refolution of treating with thclf^a^tr about a fur-
render. Eor this purpofe they fent colonel Thomas Armani and
St€phano Cordili^ an underftanding young man of twenty,
fecretly to the fFazir's camp. A treaty being here agreed on,
the plenipotentiaries met under Paleif Ca^rc. Thofe on
behalf of the Turks were IbrJbim, F&Jbi of Halef^ Ah-
TTUd
Digitized
byGoogk
C 20. ' tg Soltan Mohammed IV. - §t^
Ahmed Jga the Kahtyabeg of the Janizaries^ the Spahiter A. D,
Agafi^ and Panai^tti the fv'aztr^s interpreter. The plenipoes 1 669.
for the befieged required fomd place in exchange for Kandia : V^'VN.^
but that being rejedecf, they Were at laft contented that the
Venetiam fhould embark (P) with all their arms, provifion,
add ba^age, together with fuch cannon as had been brought
thither during the war^,
TilERfe is nothing in this account of the furrendef incon- ^Tark*
fiftent with that given before frorti the Turkijh hiftorians : iihjiaioff, '
YorPanaiatti might at this time hate firft propofcd it, and
Morofmi^ through policy, feem to have been perruade;d by his
arguments, ahhough no mention is made of any fuch matters,
here. But the account which Prince Cantemir gives in a note,
of the manner in which Puntiiotti duped Morofini^ as related
to him by Majhid^ the meffenger of Panaiotti on that occa-
fion, muft needs be a fable ; fince it is all grounded on the falfe
fuggeftion, that the French fleet, which the befieged Jong ex-
pected, arrived, but being by PanaioftVs addrefs introduced
into port as friends to the Yirii, Morojini gave up the city to
prevent their landing ; concluding from thence that they came
to ad as the interpreter had informed him ( Q^) : for we find
that all the French fuccours, which were expedted, did come,
and that all which came did adually land.
Thus ended the famous ficge, which had continued 25
years^ yet went on but languidly, excepting for the laft two
^ RlCAUT, ibid.
' ( 1? ) Thefc embarked not with prdera ^o return next day
ftbove 2,500 foldiers, iickly, ill with French colours; and^chaC
accoutered, and half naked. All as foon as they appeared in fighr,
the inhabitants departed like- twelve more were fent but un-
wifc, excepting two Greek priefts, der Turkijh colours, who, infleid
one woman, and three Jenvs, of fighting the counterfeit
bcfidcs about 30 decrcpid Jeius Trench^ faluted and accom- '
and Greeks. partied them into the port :
(Q,) The narrative relates, that Morojini ^ convinced by
that the Waicir getting intelli- this that what Pa?taiotti told
gcnce that the /Vf/7f;?' fleet drew him was true, explained the^
near;Ptf««w///Vatafecretmeet- myftery to the befieged, who
' ing, told Morojini that the admi- flood aftoniihed at what they
ral had fent to inform the fFaztr, faw : and having perfuaded the
that he was fent by his king to foidiers that it was fafer to truft
carry away the Fenetians pri- enemies than faithlefs friends,
focers, and deliver Kandia Up furrcndcrcd the city to the fr*j-
to him : that next night twelve Kir,
* Tvrkijb fliips failed out of port,
Mo», Hi$T. Vol. XII, LI years
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hifhry of the Othx&Ck Emfire. B* XV.
years and four months, in which great numbers of men were
deftroyed, and vaft quantities of warlike ftores confumed (R).
But it is now time to return to other afiairs.
Affairs of Xhe Hungarians were all this time very uneaiy, as think-
Hungary. Jug themfelves not well ufed by the emperor; more particulariy
count Peter Sereni (whofe brother bad been killed by a wild
boar), NaMfti^ and Fra?igipaniy who, after fome confultatioiii,
refolved, if poffible, to gain the Turks on their fide : but not
* being able to agree with Kara Moftafa^ the Kaymakan^ be*
caufe be infifted, that they (hould become tributary, lik^ the
Tramjyhaniani; they fent their agents to the fFendry Abmi
Ky^iUi at KaneUay in hc^s of better terms ; but be, not
being yet willing to entertain thoughts of another war, civilly
difinmed them. However, he ordered their propoials to be
taken in writing, and promifed to refer them to the minifters,
then at the Porte. But, the machinations of thefe three loris
being at length difcovered, they were all feized, tried, and
executed, the next year.
Peace The prime Wa^Sr being arrived at Adrianoplej from Kan-
nmtbVt* dia^ with great applaufe, Signor ^//;f«, was fent ambafia*
nice. dor from fenicif to confirm the peace ; which at length was
A, D. effeded ; and the difpute about the limits in Dalmatia adjufited.
1670. This year, wine was prohibited, on account of the yamza-
rieSy with fuch ftrifbiefs, that the Englijh ambaflador could
fcarce obtain leave, with much trouble and charge, for his
family ancl merchants to make ufe of it. But the French am-
bafiador, de Nointel^ was more fenfiUy mortified by the prime
Wdzir^ who, under various excufes, put off renewing the
capitulations, this year ^nd the next t towards the end of
which, Orkhdn^ the Soltdn's brother, was poifoned by his
order. Let us now return to the Turii/b hiftotians^ from
whom we have been long abfent 8.
8 RiCAVTy ibid. ' "^ '
(R) Daring the lad two years fomelli fprung by the beli^^
and four jnonths of this ficge I9I73: by the Tirrij 472; the
.(which from the beginning Venetians i^ctX 50*3 17 bands
. held 25 years), we are told by of powder : bombs, from 90
Ricauiy that of the Venetians to 500 weight, 48,119: gn-
. there were killed and wounded nadoes, of brais and iroas
0,985 i of the 7«;-^i 118,754. 100,960: of glafs 84,874:
^he aflaults given by the latter cannon-bullets 276,743 :poaiidf
.were 56: the combats under- of lead 18,044,957: poondsof
ground 45 :" the Tallies made by match 13,012,500. They left
the Venetians 96 : the mines and behind about joo fmall cannon.
v-^ . . - . ' - WiittST
Digitized by VjOOQiC
■■^,
C. io^ 19 Sott&ii Mohammed IV. 513 .
Whilst* Sokan Mohcmnud^ under pretence of hunting, A. D.
removed to Tintjhmhr (S), that he might be near at hand, w \^']o.
fend fupplies to Kundia 5 the Sari Kam^Jh Kofdks (T), then ^"^^'**^
fabjeft to Poland^ fubmit themfclves to him, by their am- ^^^»)^*
ba&dors ; among whom was the Hetman himfelf, Dorof-J^'^^^^"
henko (U) : him the Soltan prefents with a robe, and dtfmif-
fes, adorned withaTi?^, or horfe-tail (X), and an akmfan*
jak^ in token of dominion. The Kofaks had hitherto been of
fervice both to Poland and Ruffia^ as well by their daily ra-
raging the Othmtn borders, as becaufe their country, abound*-
ing with ftraits and mar(hes, was accounted the bulwark of
. both kingdoms ; which being now removed, they had caufe
to fear from them no lefe damages, than what the Turkijh
provinces had formerly fufFered. Hereupon, the king of P*-
btndy to deftroy their new allegiance, before too deeply rodted,
fends a great army 5 which, joining with thofe who ftill fa-
voured bis intereft, make grejit devaftations in their country*
The Sohattj on this advice, fends a Chau/h with a threat- ^ar'huhb
ning letter to the king ; and, on his continuing hoftilitics, de* Pol^di
clar« war againft the Poles. Purftiant thereto, in Safer- 1083, Hejrah
he fets forward with a great army (Y) ; and running a bridge 1083.
over the Danube at Sekche (Z), pafle» his forces. At lengthy A. D.
after long marches thro' Moldavia^ he encamps near Kbatin *^7*»
(or Khochim), Then he fends over the TyraSy in boats, a ftrong
party^ Who at the firft aifauit take Zwaniecz ; and being now
(S) So Larijfa^ a noted city tied that countfy td tlie pftvi*
oiTbefalyy and at prefcAt the leges of other irae provinces^
metropolis, is called. Cant, and given that general an op*.
(T) That is, Ka/ah of the portanity of becoBung abfolute
YelleFw Rred } fo are called thofe over the Kopiki.
who inhabit, between the Bo- (X) This wa^ taken away,
rijihenes (or Nieper) and the when the country was given to
Tyras (or Hiefter) ilrnierly Duka\ the Wasfit thinking it
fubjed to Poland ; now vaflals too great an honour for an infi-
partly to the Poles, P^ftly to the del. Cant,
RuJJians\ They have feveral (Y) Of one hundred and fifty
times changed their names thoufand mett, according to /?/-
among the Turks. Dorq/benko, caut.
called them Ka%aghi : and (Z) Formerly called Ohludc^ .
when he revolted to the Rujfians^ %ia, a town on the fouth fide of
they took the name of Serke the Danube ^ not far from Galacx^
Kcizaghi, from Sirke, alfo their in Moldavia, hy the very old
leader. Cant, , buildings there, it fcems to be a
(U) RUaut fays, the reafon work of. the 'Roman colonies, or
of this revolt was, the court re- the Dad\ as are Falcza^ B::ha' '
fufing.to annex Vkrania to the d^ghi, and other very anticnC
crown, which would have inti- towns of that region. Cant.
L I 2 joined
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Wfiory of the Othman Esnpire. B. XV.
joined by the Tatars^ headed by their Kbanj SeUm Gyeray (A) ;
he orders a fpacioos bridge to be built over that river. In
' this work, Duka (B), prince oi Moldavia^ refuiing timber,
is difcovered to favour the enemy, and to be bribed, to delay
the build'mgof the bridge : wherefore he is depofed, and firip-
ped of his treafure \ after which, Peter is chofen prince, by
the nobility of that country.
Kimeni- ^'^ length, paffing the Tyras^ on the 3d of Rabio'lakbir^ he
ek taken, appears with his army before Kameniek^ three hours diflant
, from the river. This city, being ftrongly fortified both bjr
nature and art, is very difficult to be aUaulted. It is fur-
rounded by the rapid torrent Smotricz^ the banks whereof,
every- where full of craggy rocks, afford a ftrong bulwark to
the place. Beiides thefe, a cafile ftands in the middle of the
town, environed with walls of a great height, and ek^ to be
fliaken. The Poles depending on thefe fortifications, and the
ifarength of the garrifon, hoped to blunt the edge of the Oth-
man fury with this fiege ; and therefore, appeared not in the
field. But the walls were fo vigoroufly battered on all fides,
that in ten days time they are beaten down ; and the gar-
rifon, finding themfelves unable to fuftain the ailault, relin-
quiih the outer walls, and retire into the inner caftle : yet,
not thinking themfelves fafe even there, they furrender (Cj,
cm condition of having life and liberty.
Peace ton- * The Poles were quite afloniihed to fee a fortrefi, thoi^
cludeJ. capable of holding-out many years, taken in fo few days; ami
to'c^nfound them the moxe^Kapldn Mehemei Pajha^ governor
oi Hdkp^ and the Kbdn of Tartary^ were fent with the light-
aroied fbrces to reduce Leopolis ; whilfl the Soltdn^ intend-
ing to* follow with the main arnny, i£camps near BucbaA
(D). When the city was at the laft extemity, ambailadofS
arrived in the Ttf/^Tf* camp, offermg, in the name of the king
and kingdom, to deliver-up forty-eigl^towns and villages,
(A) The moft famous Khan which any advantage accrued to
of the Tatars^ in the prefent the Othman ftate, or any pro-
age ; a prince equally brave and vince, or city, was annexed to
prudent. Cant. the empire ; and, that fince
(B He was thrice prince of then, the ftrength of the Otb-
Moldavia^zn^ once of fValakbia ; mans has been weakened, by the
originally a Greeks and fervant deflrudlion of feveral kingdoms
to a merchant of JaJJi : he was and provinces ; by the lofs of
illiterate, but very prudent in whole armies, and by intefline
managing^ affairs, and reckoned wars and difleations, as he
the moil excellent of his age. proceeds to relate in the wonb
Cant, of the Twkifo hiftorians.
(C) Prince Cantemir obfcrves, (D) According to the PtUP
that this was the iail vidory, by orthography, Buomcz.
in
Digitized by VjOOQ IC ,
C. 20.' 19 Soltan Mohammed IV.
in the territory of Kameniek ; to pay a yearly tribute of twenty
thoufahd rix dollars (E), and never more quarrel with the
Kofdksy under Dorojhenko. The Khan having heard the proy.
pofals of the ambailadors, fends them to the Saltan ; who »
grants ^ peace on thofe terms ; and then difbanding his army ^
in Shaabdny returns to Adrianople h.
S E C T. II.
T!be War with Poland, Ruflia, and the Emperor \ with
the Siege of Yienn^L.
BUT, whilft Mohammed ^xpcSXtd the arrival of the Polijh fUfgp^aa
ambaflidors, who were to bring the promifed tribute, and h-okin.
ratify the peace, he is informed, that Dorojhenkoy general of
the Kofdks^ had revolted ; and, with a large body of men, was
laying wafte the borders of the empire. This bad news was fol-
lowed by worfe ; that the Poles^ animated by the promifes of
the emperor of Germany^ and the pope, were preparing aeain
for war. Not long after, the JVaziry Kyoprili Ahmed Pajhd^
receives letters from the high chancellor of Poland^ importing,
that the ftates of the kingdom confidered as null the condi-
tions to which the king had fubmitted, without their con-
fent ; and that they would rather fufFer death, than the in-
famy of paying one farthing, by way of tribute.
The Soltan^ finding himfelf deceived by the Poles^ deter- ^biVoW^
mines to take a fevere and memorable revenge. The Wdztr army
anfwers the letters of the ftates, reproaching them with their
perfidy, and threatening the total deftrudtion of the kingdom,
unlefs they fubmitted, without hefitation, to what was agreed
upon. As thefe remonftanccs had no efFeft upon the PoU$^
the Soltdn^ in Rabio' lakhir^ 1084, fets out at the head of an Hej.1084.
army, not inferior to the former ; flattering himfelf with the A. D.
hopes of fubduing them at once, weakened as they were by 1673%
the laft year's ill-fuccefs, and to annex Poland to his enxpire.
But the Poles^ grown wife by their misfortune, having
compofed thofe domeftic broils, which had opened the way to
the Turkijh victories the former year, aflemble all their
forces (F), ^nd before the Soltan could reach them with hi«
^ Cant. p. 263, ^feq. Ricaut, ubifupra.
(E) The Poles do not deny to quit claim to the Uirain, Po-
that this was promifed, tho' it d^lta, sind RuJIand ; Leopolls, ztifi
was never paid ; and in time was the adjacent country, to pay^
aboliOied by the peace made at 70,000 dollars, yearly tribute.
^uranno. Cant. According to (F) ConCfting, according to
^foftf the king oi Poland was Ricaut ^ of 56,000 men.
Htfiory of the Othman Empire. B. XV.
army, pals the Tyras at Kbotiny under the command of John
Saiijki.
' A FEW davs after Mobammei arrives, and finding the place,
u^* . where he dengned tq ctofs the river, feized by the enemy, is
mfitrks, furprifed ^t the boldnefs of a people lately vanquifhed ; and
imaginiitg that, led by their evil genius to deftruftion, they
bad fhut thcmfelvcs up between the Tyras and the Danuh^
commands his forces to attack them. Hereupon the two ar-
mies engaging, a fierce and bloody battle enfues \ which lafled
with doubtful fuccefs till the evening: at which time, Pitnc"
^icu4j prince of Moldavia (G), and Gregory (H), the fonof
Cbika^ 'prince of fValakhia^ deferting to the Poles^ the left
wing of the Turisy commanded by Ibrahim Pjajhdy cried out
they were betrayed ; and, quitting tHeir ranks, refufe to obey
the orders of their leader. The right yring like\yi(e is (bon
broken by the valour of the Poles ; and, at firfl indeed, re-
treat gradually : but being vigoroufjy prefTed by th^ enemies
troops, they quickly take to flight, and abandon their caimon,
with all their wariikc pi;ovifions. When the Soltan^ who had
remained four hours lAarch behind, faw his foldlera ^ying in
Jundtr diforder, he endeavoured all in his pover to make than fe-
?^.^9" turn to the charge: but, finding neither his commands nor
leiki. fword had any efFea^ he is forced at 1 aft to have recouric
alfo to flight, to avoid falling into the hands of the enemy »•
The vhriftian hiftorians fay, that Sobiejki broke into the
Turkijh camp, and wounded the general Hujfeyn with his own
band : that the fight continued fifteen hours ; and that of
the Turksy SoJeyman^ Beglerbeg of Bofnia^ fought beft ; who,
iaving had fix horfes (hot under him, was afterwards flain in
J be punuit : that all the Janizaries^ to the number of eight
houfahd, were cut to pieces ; befides twelve thoufand other
ibidiers : that th^y loft all their baggage ; twenty-five thou-
and waggon- load of proyifion and ammunition ; with two
thoufand purfes of money, for payment of the troops ^.
\ Cant. p. 275. & feq. Ricaut. ubi fupra, ^ Ricaut,
i|>id.
(G) He was difgufted at Hufr (H) A very great man, and
feyn, the 'Turkift? generaf, who adorned with many virtues. Thi
iirac)c him on the head with his was the fecond time he revolted
pole ax; bifcaufe he had not from iht Turks, Cant. JUeaui
brought troops^ according to his fays, he was forced away to the
c;qpc5ation' i yet the ianie nighti Poles, by his own troops, and
intruded the care of the guards foon after efcaped back to th^
to him 5 who thereupon corref- Turks,
ponded with Sobieski. Rifaut,
Digitized
byGoogle T*^
C. iaJ 19 Soliln Mohammed IV. 519
Thb OthmAn army being thus defeated, there appeared A. D,
nothing to hinder the Poles from recovering what they had 1673.-
loft, and even extending the limits of their kingdom. Kame- <— v-*^
m«^, which they £6und to be a check to their progrefs, was ^''
prefled with a fevcre famine ; which would probably foon ^^^
Ibrce the earrifon to abandon that fortrefs : but all thefe hopes ^"^ '
ivere fuddenly deftroyed, by the death of Mikhatl^ king of
Poland^ which happened foon after, and drew oiF the nobles
from tl^ care of the war, to the eledion of a new king. Af-
ter long deltberation>^the crown is conferred on John Sobiejki^ - ""
great 'marflial of the kingdom ; who, befides the noblenefs
of his £iniily, and his ownperfonal merits, by his late vi^ory
agabft the Turks^ had procured the votes of the ftates of
Poland.
This choice was by no means agreeaUe to the Otbman notnuell
court ; and as it feemed 00 threaten the vanquiffaed with fome ajpftid^
greater calamity, from the fame hand, the Soltdn therefore
prepares a very powerful army to oppofe him, and commands
Selim Gyeray Khan to join him, with numerous troops of
Hujak^ and Khrtm Tatars. The king of Poland^ fufpe^ng
what was really the cafe, admoniflies the ftates of the realm
to aflemble all their forces : but they were deaf to his advice,
under pretence, that the Othmdn povrer^ broken by thelofsit
had lately fuftained, could fcarce recover itfelf in many years ; ^
and that therefore the forces already raifed, were fufficient :
but the true rea(bn was, that the nobles wec^ afraid, leaft the
heroic king, when he found all Poland unit^ under his com*
mand, (bould make the crown hereditary in his family.
However, Sobiejki^ to overcome the enemy by art, Hnce i^ameniek
he could not by force, fent what forces he had ready, to block- relii*ved.
up Kameniek ; which reduced that city to fuch ftreights, that
the garrifon had fcarce provifion. enovgh for a few weel^s : but
the Saltan^ being informed of their diftrefs, aflembles his
forces, and marches them with fuch fpecd, that about the
tenth of Rahio'lakhiry 1 085, the foremoft of his troops ap- A. D.
peared about Khotin, The Poles j who did not exped the 1674.
^urks fo focn by a* month or two, on the news of their ap- Khochioa
proach, in hafte abandoned the fiege. Hereupon, the Soltan taken.
quickly recovers the city of Khotin ; and then fupplying Ka-
meniek with necei&ries, goes and reduces Human^ a town of
Podolia (I). Mean time Dorojhenko comes unfent for^ with
(I) Ricaut fays, the Turks of the Kcjlks which had not
alfo forced the Ruffians to re- fubmi^tcd, they fwept all away
treat ; and by help of the captain into flavery. Perhaps this has.
Pdjhd^ rebuilt Afak^ or J/of, reference to the removal of the
which i\it Ruffians had deftrqyed. Chriftians from about Kameniek^
A^litt thiSi filing on that part mentioned lower dowct.
^^ ^ DigitizedbyCtegk
tiipry of the Othmah Ef^ire. B. XY.
four thoudind Kofaks^ to the affiftance oiMahammedy and of-
fers him his whole army : but the Soltan^ fufpe&ing perhapi
' the Hetman^s integrity, commands him to return ; alleging,
that he had no occafion for the affiftance of the Kofdis a^inft
the Poles^ This highly exafperated Dorejhenko^ and jproved
afterwards very detrimental to the Oihman affairs, by their
revolt to the Czar of Ruffia^
Jnhahi' MO HAMMEUy confidering that he could not be furc
tanjs re- of KamenU^, whilft inhabited by Chriftians (fince tlicy might
pv^y. both inform the enemy of evejy thing which pafled, and put
therm in a way to take the city) commands all the inbabitanti
of that territoryv» to be removed beyond the Ddtnuke^ and
zpount HamuSj into the province of Kit kEkkUJihi (K), and
lands to be affigned them ; dividing their country among two
thoufand Spahis; who were before feated in the dlflriSs of
JSendeVy Jkkierman^ ahd KiH. The feafon being fpent in
thefe affiirs, he ricturns to Adrianople, where, defpiiing now
the enemy, of \yhom he had before been a little afcaid, he de*
votes all the next year to his pleafures ; and folemnizes the
circumcifion of his two fons» Mojiafa and Ahmed^ with the
nuptials of his daughter (L) : on which occafion he amafles %
greater treafure (M), than half the revenue of the whole em-
pire would amount to.
^he Poles The P^U$^ imagining the long filence of the Turk^ to be
fircum- only a ftratagem, were cautious of making any attempt : but
hftnted. in ^087, the king, difcovering the true rcafon of their iriafli-
•A* ^' vity, r^ifes frefli trroops, and paffing by Kaminifky enters A/rf-
\y7^' davia^ in order to attack them within their own territories.
Soltdn Mohammeiy who had ircfigned himfelf wholly to luxury
.and hunting, upon the desth of Shijhman Ibrahim Paftm (N),
fends Shaytdn Ibrahim Pdjha (O), with the dignity of Serajtuf
(P), at the head of an arniy, againft the P^/f; ; whoimoM;*
(K) A province and tows, thisandtbelikeoccafions. Gu/«
formerly called Tejfaraconta Ek- (N) Shijhmdn iigniiies th%
Iklejiay^ or the fgrty churches^ but f0. He was a very brave ge-
how it has none, and very few ^eral. *The lurh fay, he kept
Chriflians ; being inhabited by a French furgeon, who opened
]PoliJhJem}s^iX2itif^hnltdtW\i\iex his belly ^vtry yt2LT^ and took
by Soltdn Mohammed. ' It is 38 Out the fat : but at laft increafiog
hours frOm Confiantineph^ and fo, that it could not be takd
iz from Adrianopie. Cakt, out, be burft. Cant,
(L) To his fayourite Kil (0) Called Shaytan^ or Drvik
pgU^Pc'JhaofMagmJia, Ricauit from his ikill and cunning.
Cant. ' Cant,
(M) All officers whatfoever (P) Vulgarly BdJhUg^ th:>t
belonging to the government, is, the head^ ox general^' •/ the
l^re obliged to make prefcnts on whole army. Cant.
diatdy
Digitized by VjOOQIC
C. 20- 19 SoltSn Mohammed IV.
dtatdy oficr him battle. But he, as a man 6f great policy^
and military ikill, at 6x0: amuiing the kiog with pretences
of peace, renders the enony more negligent : then breaking-ofF ^
the treaty, on fome flight occaiion, circumvents the Folijb
army by a thoufand artifices, and renders all their efforts in-
tfk&u^u At laft, on a fudden, he befieges the king fb
dofely in his camp (Q^), that he>cauld neither fend a meffen-
ger into his kingdom, nor receive any from thence.
Affaiii5 bmg reduced to the moft defperate fituatiqn, Peaafrti^^
Ihe king fends fome perfons into the Turkijh camp, to try foftd^
whether the former treky of peace might be renewed. Ihra^
him Pajbd would icarce have confented to their defires, if he
had not difpoyered that a mutiny was ready to break out
among his troops. The Jaiuzarim^ tmeafy at the quick
marchos they had been obhged to make, to reduce the king ^
to thofe ftraits, declared it great injufike, to be compelled to
fcontend with the enemy and feafons; whilft the Soltdn diverted
himfelf with hunting and other pleafures. On the other hand,
the Khan of Khrim Tartary^ perceiving he lofl more than he
gained by the war, did not ceafe to perfuade the Serajkier^
that it was better to accept of the conditions which the .P^/rr
would offer, to &ve themfelves from iipminent deftrudion»
than to hazard the defeat of the Othtnan army, by driving
them to defpair. Ibrahim at length approving of this advice,
boftag^s w^e Eiven on both fides : but the report of peace
making the Otfynan^f^jtow remifs in guarding the pafles, die
king of Poland privately retires out of bis camp, and unexpe£t«
rdly attacks a body of Tatars^ who wereincamped near
J^ohilow (R), and eafily puts them to flight.
An account of this defeat being brought to the Serajkier^ and con*
whem at dinner with the ambaflidors, h^ feverely reproaches tludtd.
them, for this breach of the law of nations, and immediately
fends his cavalry to aflift the Tatars ; who, on the 19th
of Rajeby finding the enemy under Zerauna^ rufh upon theni
full of refentment : but, after a fierce and bloody conflid;^
both parties at night retire to their camps, where they (kh:-
milh for feventeen days continually, with doubtful fortune.
At laft, peace is concluded in the midft of arms, and figned
on the 6th of Shaaban, The Poles on their return aflembling
the fbtes, notwithftanding the endeavours of the emperor of
(QJ TjiePtfZr/, whofe army they lead expeded it. Manleyj,
amoanted to fcarice 1 5,000 men, (R) A town ofP^li/hUkrania,
was forrounded near ^ranvno, on the eaft fide of the Tyras, 1 1
by well nigh 100,000 Turis, hours from SoroJta^ and 12 from
whp yet gave them peace. When Kameniek. Cant,
^ermanj^
Digitized by VjO'OQ iC
WJ^ry iff tbi O^tt^ JBmpire. B.XV.
Gifmanf, to the contrary, caiify the coodidoiis, aad fend the
palatine ofKulm^d^ ambaflador extrordinaiy to the P§ne ^
w / f '^Hf ambaflador b^g arrived near (MfiantinopU^ with
Tmdty •/ j^ attendants, demanded by a letter, what had nev«r been
done before, that the IFaeirihauid meet hun at the city
fate. This being refiifed, he woald not enter the city (S),
ut retired to Daud P4^ (Tj ; by which mdeafonable pride,
Hej. ioS8 the negotiation is protraded, fimn the month of Rajeif 10889
A. D» to that of Saf€rma0tYeu[. However the ^)i»Ke is at laft ratifi-
1^77* ed, in theaforefaid village; and aferwards drawn up in Aidi a
manner, as the ff^xir thoi^ proper (U), By thefe articles,
the Poiis sot OiUy renounced djum to Kanuniek^ but like-
wife . eogaged to give up all anfehori^ over the Kffdks of Pe-
doUoj asfiiUe^, andre&gnitto theO/^jnlvcourt: and A-
lowed the Lipko'TaHtn (X), leave to depart, bi (hort, the
whole trea^ was woided not as if aking was treating with
a king,, but a lord with, his vaffid. However, this did not cure
the vanity of Ac Pdtijb amhaAdor : for, that he might notfeem
to have hroii^bt (b magnificent a retinue with him to no pur^
pofe, he, atter Uie peace was coafiraied, dcfires leave of the
Waosir to make his public entry.
« Polifli On this occafion, befides other marks of magnificence, he
ambaJla'' orders bis hories to be Aod with iilver, and the (hoes to be
4^r* fattened widi only two nails, tluit they might the more eafiy
£ill-off in the ftreets, which were paved, ami ftrike the Turh
with admiration, at the riches of F^and. But,, what he had
defigued for hisi honour, turned to bis dtfgrace : for the fysTir
' {Y}, wh^ one of thofp (hoes was brought him, is r^orted
to
» Camt. p. 279. & feq.
(S) The obftiiiacy and pride hiftory of the war between tbe
of the ambaflador wou(d have Polts and furks.
lut ao end to all hopes of peace ;. (X) Lipka is die Turkijh name
ad not the Waztr been at this for Lkhtumia; whence theTatart
time mediutiog the J^>^iMM €3^' Uving there are fo called. Thej
pedieion. are Mobammdftns^ and tbo^ de^
(T) A place, about an Italian rived from the fU?rim Tatan^
mile on the weft fide of Ca;7y?^zff- yet they are naturally weaker
finopk ; where are palaces of the and more infirm. Cant.
Saltan^ and houfes for the cour- (Y) Ahmed KiopriU OgUoadt
tiers. There is a Dami Fajbi tlus peace a little before liis
Mikiemefi in t^ fluidft of the death. He died of a dropfy snd
cijcy. Cant. jaundice, at Chi^la (or Chyurii)
(U) The articles of this peace on the way to AdrianopU^ the
iare inferted in ^ note, by prince ajd ofOffoter 1676, in the 47di
Qttttfmir, from di la Croix' z year qf his a^e^, and 1 6th of his
goverp-
■. ^ Digitized by VjOOQ iC
C. 20. 19 Soklb Mohammed IV.
%o have faid, that the infidel had indeed Jboes of ftkier^ hut m
^hjtad of brafs \ ftnce it was incredible that any ferfon in his
^fenfes could be guilty offucb a ridiculous extravagance ".
I HUNGARr was all this while .full of SxfconXmU jff^rsof
*and troubles. However, the T«r^j, being at war with the Poks^ Hangir^.
I did not interfere ; but count Strazoldo having taken from thf
t mal-contents i>/^r/z/i7, which paid tribute to tht Porte^ the
i O/btnan governor interpreted it as an open breach of the peace*
I For this reafon it was thought fit to give it up to the Soltdn.
I IThus matters ftood, when Kara Moftafa fucceeded the fa-
I mous Kuperli: this new Wazir beine wholly bent on a war
in Hungary^ gave the frontier PaJhdsYxhtxtf to affift the mal- A. ]>.
/ contents \ as the^ faw occafion ; and the 7urks accordingly x677»
made fome incuruons, which gave the imperialifts great alarms.
About this time alfo, Jpap, prince of Tranfyhanioy having
difcovered a confpiracy againft his life, began to declare
himfelf, more than ever, in favour of the mal-contents^ who
ivere now grown pretty formidable.
Their army, confifting of fixteen thoufand men, was Maiden*
commanded by count IVezelini^ their palatine, who defigned tentt
to befiege Zatmar ; but Smithy the German mzlot-WNitrdl^Jfrengthen^
marching to oppofe him, was defeated there. After this, they
fcnt to excite the Soltdn to turn his arms againft the emperor :
but being then at war with the Ruffians^ he declined it, yet
ailifted them with troops under-hand. While Leopold^ by his
ambaflador, complained of this at the PortCy the ftates of A. D.
Hungary aflcmbled at Altenburghj in order to induce the mal- 1678,
contents to return to their duty, refolved that the churches '
which had been taken from the proteflants, ihould be reftored
to them : but this article being eluded by the clergy, the
parties concerned were the more exafperated ; neither could
they endure to (ce the crown of Hungary^ as it were, heredi*.
tary in the houfe of /fujhia.
Hostilities between the imperialifts and the Turks ftill HofiiUtiet
continued, notwithftanding the negotiations. Five hundred continue.
German horfe marching to Erlaw^ were cut to pieces by a
party of the enemy ; and two hundred more, by the garrifon
<)f NewhaufeL Hereupon the imperialifts, by way of repnfal,
fell on the new Pajha of that city, fent thither by the Porte^
and defeated his convoy of two hundred Sfahis. The Beg^
Urbeg of Buda fo refented this injury (the new Pq/bd hav<>
ingliad no hand in thofe violences before mentioned) that he
Cant. p. a8^. k ieq.
t miaifter bot
rar. Ritmtt.
byCoogk
^ovvnment, aad left npt bis an excelknt miaifter both in
' *' iw behind him i havipg beeik peace and war. Ritmtt.
Digitized I:
Hiftory of the Othman Empire. B. XV.
fent a party towards Butrak^ who returned with two hundred
prifoncrs. About the fame time, count Paul fTefeUni dyings
' he is fiicceeded in the command of the mal-contents by 7*-
keli^ who, tho' young, was very vigilant and brave ".
But let us leave the affairs of Hungary for a while, to loc*
into thofe of the RuJJianSy as related by the Turkijh hiftorians.
fhi Eo- As foon as the peace was concluded with Poland^ a frefh W2r
Gk% re- broke out with Rujfta, Dorojhenkoy Hetman of the Sari Kamfi
nfit Kazaghiy to revenge the affront lately offered him by the St-
rajkier^ as well as for other reafons (Z) of difguft againft die
Hcg. J089 Ttirksy with the confent of all the chief officers, offers to fob-
A. D. mit themfelves to the Czar of Ruffta.\ to whofe ifather, hb prc-
1678. Atz^Koi Bogdan Kiemielnijki (A) before had many years pro-
mifed fidelity j but afterwards was obliged, by force of arms, to
abandon their engagement. Ndthing could happen more
agreeable than this offer to the Czar ; fincc, by this means,
not only Ukrania^ which was always liable to incurfions from
the kofdksj was fecured, but his territories were extended
alfo beyond jhc Borijihenes^ and his army increafed with above
fixty thoufand men, of approved valour.
## thi The Othman court was flrangely difturbed at the news of
Ruffians, this revolt, when the Soltdn^ to avoid the war if pdfibk
"(not on account of the Czar^s power, but of the difficulties at-
tending fuch an expedition) and by policy recover the Kh
Jaks to his obedience, releafes George Kier^iielnijki (B), fon of
Bogdin^
^ Man LEY eontin. of Ricaut inMah. 4*
(Z) Among the reft, for their and carried on the war with le-
refigning to the ?olis BialoctT' putation, for th^ee years : then,
kiew^ and Pawoloczs^ the chief finding the Ko/dh diminiib, and
bulwark of their country ; alfo fearing his father^s fate, ht
for pafiing over in filence the changed his name and drefs, re-
prohibition of commerce, and folving to retire to a monaileiy
other PoifJ^ arts, by which they in Ukrania, In his way« he feu
were daily exhauiled, with a among a party of Po/rs, who
view the more eafily to impofe Uript and beat him ; but wai
their tyranny on them, when rcfcued by Tafars, who carried
they fiibuld think proper. him into Khrim, Being at laft
(A) Hetman of the Ko/disf difcovered by a Au^i, the ATiwi
who was a terror not only to fent him to the Porte^ where he
the Poles ^ but alfo to the Turks was imprifoned in the Sevm
and Tatars, who call him Kbrnil. Toiuers, Frem thence he flrange-
He was flain in battle with the ly efcaped, but was taken, aad
Poles. Can(. cruelly beaten. He lay there
(&) He was the elded fon of from 1670 till 1677 s and then,
^ Bogdan I who' having been ilain againtt his will, was made HetmM
}f)f the Poles f George fuccecdcd, of the J^ojah i but could never
^|aje
C^ Q.O. 19 Soltan Mohammed IV. '525
JBogdan^ from the Se^en Towers^ and appoints him Hitman^ in A. D%
the room of Dorofiyenh \ hoping thofe people, out of affcc- '^7^ ^
tion to his family, would fubmit to him : but the Ko/ais^ 1~" '
Avhd had found the Turki/h yoke too heavy, refoluttly rejed ouesjt
all offers in their favour. Hereupon, the SoltAn finding it ne-^^^'*
oeflary to ufe force, fends Shaytan Ibrahim Pa/ha, Strmskier of
Sllijiria (C), with his whole army, to reinftatc Geergg in the
country of the Kcfah j with orders to fubdue Chihrin (D)^
the capital of the province, and feat of the Hetman.
IBRAHIM palling the Danube^ on the 6th of June nfCvoAm
1678, marches through Moldavia 2xA Podolia. When ht^^er-
came to Clnhrin^ he is furprifcd to find fixty diouiand Ri^- tbnmm^
jSanSy and Kofaks^ ftrongly entrenched; fo that not hav-
ing force enough to atuck them (for he had fcarce forty thoa«
land men) he was refolvcd to wait for the Tatars^ who were
three days march behind. But the RuJJians getting intelligence
of their approach, plant themfelves in an advantageous poft^
between both armies, and fall on the 7/7//7rx as they drew near,
^with fuch vigour, that in a few hours there were (lain the
KharCs fon, eight Mirzas^ and ten thoufand men ; the reft
were either taken, prifoncrs, or difpcrfcd. The Turks behcdd-
ing fuch a flaughter, and fearing that it would be their own
cafe, if they ftayed, threw away their arms ; and fled with
iiich precipitation, that they flopped not, till they had palfed
the river Bog (E).
This ill fuccefs, made die Solt^ ftill more defut)u$ of
peace : however, to prevent any blemifh on his honour, he
fends an ambaflador to Ruffia^ in the Khan of Tartary^s name,
engage them on his fide, mod of who were going into Turkey^
them faying he was a counterfeit, were on this occafioa detained
Three years after, he was flain at Nifna, a mart in Ukrania^
at the mouth of the Nhper, as fubjeft to the Hetman of the Ko-
is related lower down. Cant, faks. 'Tis fituated in a very
(C) So the Fafids intruded large plain, near the fFuflrrw^
with the defimce of the northern and defended by a good caftle.
provinces are called; but they re- Cant.
fide at Bdbaddgbi, Siiiftrim (£] Or Bub^ formerly Hjpa-
flands on the fouth fide of the kms, between the Tjras and Bo-
banube^ oppofite to Walakbia^ ryftbenes ; Tho' fo deep as not to
and is ftill called in Greeks be fordable, yet it is not navi-
T>rilia, It is inhabited moftly gable, being full of cataradls. It
by Chriftians, and has a Grtek falls into the Euxine^ near the
metropolitan : but Bdbaddgbi town of lj%i lOJia^ or Ujjia)
licsnearer the £tfjf/«r 5^/1, about commonly Oczakow (or Ocba-
20 hours from the Danube, di- ko'iuj and by the Greeks, ^Olbio-
redly below 5/7/k^» called for- polls. There is another Bog
mcrly Oblucziza. Cant, which rifcs near Lembwg^ and
(D) The Ryjfian merchants falls into the ^//?fc/a. Cant,
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hifiory uf. the Odunin Empire. R. XV.
to periuade the Czar to make peace with tiie Sokan. This
ambaflador required, diat Cbebrtn ihoidd be reftored to the
' Turks^ as they had an undoubted right to it ; and, diat the
Cj»ir (bould abandon the Kafaks to their own evil genius : for
he pretended to know for certain, that the SolUn would rather
continue the war for twenty years, at all hazards, than loTe
one foot of land to which he had a right. But the Czar^
who was not ignorant by whom the ambaflador was really
conmiiffioned, fends an officer of his court with letters to
4 Mohammed and the fFitztry in which he advifed them, not
to flatter themfelves that he could be impofed on by the fame
% artifices as Ac Poles bad been ; fince their example had made
him more cautions, and taudit him how to desd with them :
' adding, that they oug^t to defift from an unjuft war, and leave
Vhrama undifturbed, to which he had an undoubted right, by
Bigdan KUmiebiiJkrs refignation, conftrmed lately by D^/ro-
Jh^Uf : but that, in cafe they refolved to proiecute hoftilities,
th^ might be afliired he would not agree to a peace, till he
had recovered the refl oiVkrania^ unjuftly taken from his an*
ceftors, as far as the Tyros and Afrf.
The war Havikc read this letter, the IVaz^r^ Kara Moftafa Pi/ba
revived. (F), fends for the Mufti^ the Kaymakin^ the Kadhio^laJkerSj
aokd Jga of At Janizaries I and enquires what the law and
veafbn advifed to be done. The majority dechre for peaoei
fince there were little hopes of doing any thing for the Otbmdn
intereft, in diofe difficult and remote quarters. The ffazir
2ione oppofed thefe pacific fendments ; dedaring, that fo
great a flaughter as the Ruffians had made of the Tatar Sy ought
not to pafs unrevenged. To this opinion the rcfl afltntjng
Out of complaifance, it is determined to renew the war with
the litmofl viepur ; in confequence of which, the Ruffian am-
baflador receives an anfwer^ breathing nothing but iire and
fword ".
Chehrin '^^^ Othmdn drmy being arrived at Tatar Paxarjik (G),
htfiigtd, H^ut the end dtRahioHawld^ in 1089, Mobammed'wi'vttk the
Hej. 1009 WaTdr with the full command ; who, paffing thro' Moldavia
A. D. in the following month, reaches the Bog. From thence he
1679, marches with eighty thoufand Turks y thirty thoufand 7<7/i7ri,
"Cant. p. z%%, &feq.
(F) A man of great capacity (G) A pretty large town of
and valour, but the moft cove- Thrace^ towards the northern
tons of all the PTaxtrs. He foot of the mountains Cbe^ghe^
was firft Pajhdof Siliftria^ and ot H<emu4, Cant,
Damaikus ; then admiral; after
wards Kaymakan, CoMt.
and
Digitized by VjOOQiC
p; ao ; i^^Sok^n Mohammed IV.
and .four diou&nd K^akiy whom Gmrgt Kimiekuir had
drsk'vim to his party i and on the eighth of Jcmaxio^lttwel^ oomes
ia fight of Chebrtfh The garrifon of Rupans and Kofakt^ ^$Am ^
vf^e^re at that tiiSMe employed in buildii^ a new fort without
the city, on the unexpeded approach of the Otbmamj letirt
in confu&on into the town. The ff^aar obferving tbeif du£*
order, ordered his Kyehaya (H) forthwith to attack the fdace^
in hopes to terrify them into a furrendef : but afier fightfiig
bravely for four hc^r^) they are forced to rehire with di&anoiiry
and the lofs of thek commander, befides two thou&nd Jam*
vuiries^ Hereupon, Kara Mojlafa^ before the ibldiers bad
pitched their tents, orders the city. to be furroitnded, atid
trenches to be dug, ramparts thrown up, and batteries t»b«
planted. When he found thefe Endeavours did not faccaed) *
by reaCbn of thefandy foiJ, he, by advice of a P*/pi ca«ffet
bridges to be made on the other fide^- where the town wst di>
fended by a moraf$ : but this work alTo faikd .of the defi«d
effe4a.
About ^ fame time the Ruffian army, undw tfaecom-^ WrTarki
mand of Romadamwsku having paiTed Xho R$rifibmeSj before defeated,
the fya:dr had any intelligence of it \ that minifler, to obvi-
ate their defigAs, fent Kara Mehemfd Pajha^ governor of
Halep^ With great part of his army to fight them, in cafe htf
foiVnd a good opportunity : but, as he could not draif^ the>
Rujjians^ tho' fupverior in number, to a battle, the Wt^ir^
fufpe£ting that the enemies intention was either to dtflrt^
the Othman forces by delay, or reinforce the garrifon of
Chahrift, commands Kaplan Pajkd (I), to encamp with the ' ^
reft of the army, between that city and the Ruffians* When
Romadanowski perceived that all communication with the
town was cut ofF; he, on the 22d of Jom^io^lakbir^ attacks
Kopl^ PaJhtTs troops with fuch vigour, that the foremoft
ranks being broken at the firft onfet, the reft fly for fafety
thro* the midft of the morais : while the P&Jha^ finding it im-
poifible to rally his terrified foldiers, fets fire to the bridges, to
prevent the enemy from purfuing, and deftroying the whold
Othman army.
(H) Or more elegantly ATf/f^. .(I) Called Kspldtii. that i«
udabegi that is, the ^i!^«/r'5 de- 7}^^#r, from his cotira^.^ Ho
puty . His office is the moil is celebrated for his bravery im
confidcrable in the Othman em- the Polijh wars ; and of fo great
pire, and his authority very authority among the ^urks^ that
great ; for nothing can be done, the Waztr^ tho' his mortal ene*
oi* ordered, but it muft pafs my, could never deftroy hio^
" through his hand?, and be con- Cant*
firmed by his letters. Cant, ^ -;
At
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hifiory of the Othman ^i^e. B. XV.
At laft winter approaching, the Wazir^ in order eitber to
conquer or retire, cauTes three mines to be funk under the
waUs of the caftle ; and fpruiging them, on the 2ift of that
month (K), commands the men to funxMmd the city, and
enter the breaches. Hereupon, the garrifon finding it im-
practicable to defend die place, fince the walls were draio-
lifhed, fly out of the gate, towards the Boriftbenesy after
thejr had laid a train under the magazine of povrder ; by
which means, feyeral thoufands of the common foMiers, who
had flocked in to plunder, were blown up (L). Next day
the Wasdr^ accompanied by the chief oflicers, views the
tity, which had coft fo liiuch labour atid blood : but, as it
appeared very diflicult to tepair^ as well as to defend it, he
commands the walls and houfes to be levelled with the
ground i then giving his foldiers fome days refrefhment, he
endeavours to provoke the Ruffians to a battle; but they being
tovrilling to quit their trenches, and at the fame time pre-
f>aring for their retreat, he orders Kepldn P^fifa^ with fome
ight troops, to follow and attack them in their march. But
as the Ruffians retired with dofe ranks, and were dtSer^
by a chain of waggons, they vi^t|r^y repelled the aflaiilts
of their purfuers. At length, the Wavar himfelf is obliged, for
want of provifions, to return ; and in his march lofes^ beiides
almoft all his baggage and larger cannon, a greater mur/r^er
of men than had been deflioyed by the enemy ; fo that at his
entrance into Adrianopk^ in the beginning of Ranus'zan^ the
army appeared rather to have been defeated, than vi6lorious,
ivf/i( Far from being infpired by the conqueft they had made,
gnatlofs. to renew the w^r b Ukrania^ they rather confidered thofe
who mentioned it to be their enemies. Their having taken the
ruins of CbehHnj and feen fome hundreds of their enemies
heads (daced round the fFazir^s tent, could aiFord them but
little joy, after the lofs of thirty thoufand of their companions,
and the fatigues they had fuftatned in their march. The
fFazir himfelf, finding how difficult it was to carry on war,
in places unknown, barren, and full of marfhes, as well as
rivers, repented too late, that he had oppofed the motiofis
for peace ; and would have defifted from the war, had not the
perpetual incurfions of KofUsy who laid wafte all the
countries along the Byxine Sea, prevented bis pacific dc«
• figns.
(K) Perhaps it fiiould be the 9 mines, and then put the garri-
next month, for the zzd is men- fon to the fword. fiat the Turh,
tioned before. we think, ooght Co be believed
.(L) Manley ^y% the Turks in this cafe.
took the city by fpripging 8 or
Digitized by VjO.OQ iC
C.20. ig Soltan Mohammed IV. ' 529
He rerolves, therefore, to build a town and caftle at the A. D.
mouth of the Barijihenes^ not far from Ochaiow ( M ), in hopes i ^79*
that, by this means, the Ko/ai ibips might he hindered from O^V>-^
entering the Euxiru Sea^ and the Zaparovi Kofaks be obliged, ^f *J^
for want of fait, to fubmit to the Othman empire. The ex- ^'fi^^^^
ecution of this affair he comniits to the Mimdr Age (N), for
whofe defence, till the work fhould be finiihed, h^ fends Kop-^
lAn P^Jha^ with fix regiments oi Jani%arie^. But this politic
defign of the Wazir is ruined by a fudden and unexpected
accident : for the foundations were fcarce laid, when Cirka^
general of the Zaporovi Kofaks^ returning from an expeditioa
into Tartary^ with fifteen thoufand men, by chance pailed
through the neighbouring parts ; apd hearing that a new fort
was building, approaches to -view it, and fee who wer^ the
projectors. When he finds them to be Turks^- he immediate!]^
furroiind^ and kills all the workmen, and their guards, with
Kielmielniski (O), who had been mzde Hutm^n o^ the Kofaks^
by the Turis : then pitching his camp upon the fyoti fends
a meflei^er to inform the Czar of what had. been done.
Hereupon, that prince difpatches orders to Ddlhoruki^ who
fucceeded Romadanowski in command of the strihy,^ to
join all his forces as foon as poflible with Cirko's, in order to ,
op{>ofe the attempts of the Turks.
The fPaziry judging it madnefs t6 exhauft in thofe coun- Peace coh'*
tries the ftrength of the Othmdn empire, which might be eluded. .
employed to advantage in other parts, agrees to a peace,
which was extremely defired on both fides : not that the Soltdn
wanted either inclination, or force, to carry On the war ; but
he had not an army inured to cold, hunger, and other hard-
ibips, too fevere ror- mortals : bcfides, fortune feemed now
inclinable to abandon ih^^Othman arn>s. However, all this
'could not have diverted th'e..P^r/^ from ptofecuting their firft
(M) In the year 1679, the the height allowed, or come
captain PaJ^d, Kara Kiaja (who, diit the lead farther than they
next to the Waxir^ made the ought into the ftreet. In this
greateft figure at the Forte) was cafe hcr^can puniih the common
fent with fixty gallie% to build builders, who are called Kalfa^
two caHles upon the Boyfthenes or Kbaiife, It often happens
(or Nieper) j the QcttK com- that this officer knows nothing
plained of this by letter, but was of his art ; the place being given
not ^nfwered. Manley, '"' \ hy the Waztr to whom he plca-
(N) The Mmar Aga is the ' fes. Cant,
chief architeft; his chief bufi- (O) This is George Kielmiel-
nefs is to overfee all the new nhki^ before meniwned, fent tp
buildings in Ca»/?<?»/w^/f, and cover the workmen,
take care that they do not exceed
Mod. Hist. Vol. XII. * ,f. M m defign.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
530 Hipry of the OiltiXtAn Empire. B.XV.
A. D. defign, if new commotions in Hungary bad not induced than
1679. to turn their arms that way o.
--% ^^ EM^RIKTehli (P) had about this time revolted from
u!if''^^* the emperor of Germany^ and in a few months drawn into his
rebellion almoft all the people in that part of Hungary
which belonged to the imperial crown. But finding himfeliF
unable to withftand that monarch, who, having made peace
with the French ( Q^), had aflembled aJl his forces, to ex*
tinguifh the flame, he applied to Soltan Mebammed for his
aid ;. promifingto pay foity thoufand rix-dollars yearly tribute
(R), and affift him with thirty thoMbnA Hungarians^ whexH
ever he ihould demand them. It was long deliberated at the
Otbman court, whether Tekely ihould be aflifted openly, or
only under hand, till the twenty years truce, made in 1075,
ihould be expired. The latter opinion was approved by all the
VUma^ with the Valide Sob&na^ or queen modier (S) ^ de-
^ Cant. p. 292. & feq. Manley ubifopra.
keli re-
A.D.
1680.
(P) After he had loft hiseftate
10 Hungary^ he received a daily
peniioa of 80 LeonineSffrom the
Tmrh. And being releafed from
his imprifonmenty by AttejiSeiey-
man Pdjhd^ he was held in great
honour by the Turks, all the
while they were engaged in war.
Whenever Soltdn Moftafa was
in the camp, he took him along
for his companion^ and generally
made ufe of his counfel. After
the peace of Carolowitz (in
which it was ftipulated, that
fuch perfons as were inclined to
raife commotions, ihould be
hearkened to by neither party)
hewasfent away by the (ame Sol-
tdn to Nikomedia, where he was
prefented with a country houfe ;
and being vtry much afflidled
with the gout, he died there
foon after. Cant,
(CXJ The Chriftian hi/lori-
ans fay, that in the year 1679,
the emperor Leopold (notwith-
Handing an armiilice and treaty
the year before) retrafls his
farmer oiFers, thinking now he
had fecured a peace with France,
However Tekeli, out of love to
the daughter of the prinoeft
dowager Ragotski^ revolted to
the emperor } but being ilightcd,
returned again to his old fneads,
and returned to the command of
his deferted troops ; with three
hundred of whom, he furpriied
Kremnltz,
(R) M7»/ry (ays, eighty thoa-
fand crowns.
(S) Jhc title is appropriated
to the mother of the rdgoii^
Soltdn^ who can lie with do
women in the Smray^ without
her confent. Every day dnriag
thefeaftof^iT^nKm, iheprefeats
him a beautiful virgin^ for hii
ufe. Her revenue is 1000
purfes.
If the Soltdn lies bnt once with
any woman, ihe is feparated
from the reft, has atteiyiaatt
given her, and called Khafdd \
but has no accefs to him, unle^
fenc for, not to her on wbofe
head, out of love, he has fet the
crown. She has alfo guards, a
revenue of at Jeaft 500 purfes,
and is called Kba/eki Slltdtu.
Cant^ ,
Digitized
byGoogk
daringy
C. 20; 19 Sokaa Mohammed iV* 53 r
daring, It was unjuft to wage war with a prince, who had A. D.
given no caufe of complaint^ but, till then, ftri<5tly obferved 1^80.
the conditions of the truce. w.^-v^-^j
The Soltan and fFazir were inclined to the former opini- td the
on, alleging, that fo fair an opportunity of propagating the Turks,
Mohamnudan faith could never happen again, fince Hungary
fubniitted, and Germany was exhaufted with the Frenth and
Su/edijh wsLTS'y fo'that nothing could hinder the redufiion of
all the countries formerly fubjeft to the Roman empire.
Farther, that the war might not feem too great a burden
upon his fubje£b, the Soltdn declares, that he has ready for
this defign, feventy thoufand purfes in his treafury, a complete
army, and all other neceflaries for feveral expeditions. The
yanizariiSy inftruded by xhtfVazir (T), demand a war>
and the Soltana mother, now gained by that minifter, with
the hopes, that out of the conquefts, her Pajhmalik (U) would
be increafed to three hundred purfes, votes likewife for it.
Hereupon the Mufii^ who had long concealed his fentiments,
approves of the Saltings defigns by zfetva: for all this, the
oppofite party difperfe libels againft the divan, advifing the
people not to confent to an unjuft war.
This made it necefTary at leaft to find out fome pretence mjhofiek
to remove their fcruples, and make them more readily engage pretences
in the expedition. The emperor having difturbed the peace
^th Polandy afforded indeed a plaufible ground for breaking
the truce : but, becaufe this had not been done openly, it
vras not deemed fufficient. At laft they contrived that the
emperor, and not the Soltdn^ fhould appear to be the aggreflbr.
To t^is end, letters are fent in the Saltan's name to Lipoid,
declaring, that as Tekeli, and the other Hun^qrian lords, had
been forced, by his oppreffion, to fubjeft their country to the
Othman empire, therefore, the emperor was required to re-
call his troops fent againft them, and reftore what he had
taken from them, otherwife, he would be confidered as
guilty of an infradion of the peace, and draw on himfelf the
punifliment due to his rafluiefs.
(T) They who are beft ac- and other Khafeki \ the name is
quainted with the couofels of derived from Fajhmdk^ a Sandal,
the Othman court, at that time becaufe faid to be granted to buy
aiRrm, that none but the Soltdn, fandals (or as pin-money with
and the Waxir Kara Moftafa, us). In all towns taken by the
were for a war with the emperor 7W*i/, ibme ftreet is aifigned for
of Germany, till the reft were the Fajhmaklik, as Pera in CoH'
drawn m, by the motives of in«> ftantinople. Hence the Validi
tereft. Cant, Soltana* % revenue is very large.
(U) This is the ufual revenue Cant.
affigned to the Validi Soltana, ^
Mm 2 LEOPOLD^ <
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hijiofy of the Othman Empire. B* XV.
LEOPOLD^ rightly fufpeaing that the Turks were only
feeking an occafion of commencing ar war, which he was
' not capable of fupporting, fends count Albert Coprara^ as
to break • ambaflador extraordinary to ConftantimpU ; with orders, to
thifeact* fpare neither perfuafions nor bribes* that the peace mig^t be
continued, and Koftilities diverted. But the Wtmr Kkra Afoj^
tafa^ without waiting that minifter's arrival, in the fame
Heirah T^^' ^093» ^^^^^ Ibrahim Pajha (Y), Beglerheg of Buda^
1093- wi^^ ^^^ thoufand men, to TehlPs affiftance ; and orders
A. n. Apliftiy prince of Tranfihania^ with his forces, to join the
1682. Hungarians. TV^^//, • ftrengthened by thcfe fupplies durii^
the fummer, takes (Z) Kajfovia^ Eperiesy Ltutfch^ Levet^^
Lipfcbet and Tillek ; whofe garrifons retired, with defign ta
refcrvc themfelves for a riiore favourable opportunity.
ney de- The Othmam^ imagining from thcfe beginnings Aat the
€lare<war. expedition would prove fortunate, keep no farther meafurcs,
but, by the P^jha of Buda^ declare Tektli king of Hungary^
(A), and attack the ifle of Schut^ tho' not with the ddEred
effect. Mean time the tVazir amufes the imperial ambaffii-
dor with falfc hopes of peace, inordec to retard the enemy's
preparations. At length, when he was inforoied o£ the new
king's fuccefs^ he fends for Caprara, and acquaints him, that
the Soltdn would grant the emperor peace on no other condi-
tions, than the reftoration of Hungary to the ftate it was in
1067 ; a yearly, tribute of five hundred thoufand florins;
the demolition of Leopoldopolis and Gutta ; the refignation (rf
Neutrafchnita and Ekolt^ with the ifland of Scbutj and the
fortrefs of Muran tb TekeH ; a general amnefty to the /Anr-
gartansy with the reflitution of their efhites and privileges.
Kara Moftafay on finding thefc terms rejefl^d bv the empt'
ror, immediately proclaims war againfl him^ ana orders the
horie-tails to be fet up before the palace in the month of
Sbawal p.
9'hi army A FEW days after he departs for AdrianopUy there to prc-
ftu out. pare for the German expedition. But at unrpiji Cbayri (Bj,
P Cant. p. 295 . & feq.
(Y) A matri fo very eminent (A) 7eieli, going to Buda to
both in war and peace, that he take his meafores from the Pi-
!s reckoned by the Turkr one Jbd, was received with great ho*
of the greateft men of his age. nour, and prefented by him, as
Cant. from the Saltan, with a fword,
(Z) He Hkewife took Zat^ pole-ax and ftandard. Some 6y *
mar ftt^ of all. Afterwards the he declared him king of Hunga-
Turh afting for themfelves, To- ty, and inveflod him with the
kay farr endered to th^m on their royal robes and crown." Maniey,
appearance, and the Pd/bd of (B) Near DaudPdJbd.
Waradin took filek^ Livent^f
tLudJ^mtrow -Manley, - - • m^adow^
^ Digitized by VjOOQIC
~ .C. 2Q» . ;• 19 Soltan Mohamrted IV.
a m^doWy one mik from ConflantinopU where he encamped;
there happeiied fiich a yiokiit ftorm and whirlwind, mixed
iffrith rain and hail, that the tents of the SifltAn^ prime fVaoUr^ '
Atttfti^ and tiie PiiJhS$^ were overthrown. Five days after at
SilJbfbria^ on the fea (bore, another tenipeft arof^, while (o
gre^t a torrent of water ruihed from the mountains, ^at the
tcpt$» baggage, horfes, cattle, and the very fbldiers them*
/elves were pverwheloied, or carried with the flream into the
li»* Thefe two accidents firuck no fmall terror into the fu-
perftitious X^rks \ who apcuAomcd to judge of the fuccefs of
a^onsfrom the begtiunngs, tateci>reted thefe accidents to be
noarks of divine vengeance, and Cod's difpleafure^igainft the
Othmdn arms : but the Saltan de^ifuig fuch vulgar refledions,
as unworthy a. great mind, purfues his intended march, and
reaches A^rianople about the end of the year. At length
having jn the mnJbct finiibed his preparations, he in Rabio^l-
akhivy J 094, fets out wiib hia whole army towards £f/-Hej. 1094,
grade ; but altering his refolMtion, ftops at Hefarjtky a town A. D.
about eight hours fxom Adrianople. Here, after a fe- ^^^S*
cond r^iew of his forces, he delivers the command of his
army to the prime WaT^r^ with Mohammei% ftandard (C),
and then returns to ConJlantrnpUt bunting all the way.
The Waxir purfuing his march, paflfes the Save at Bel- TckeliV
grade y and ^ BJ^ 13 met by TekelU with about three bun- ^rgumenH
dred Hungari^ nobles, who is received with great marlcs of
refpe<S. A fpw days afjer, altho' he had a full power of aS-
ing from the 5^//^w, yet he called 4 council of the chief of-
ficers, with ^ view not only to gain their afieSians by this
coj;idercenrioB, bt^ alfo to lay the blame on their adytce in
cafe any thii^went wrong. As Tekeli was fuppoied to have
the moft permit knowledge of the ftate of Qermanv^ he was ^
ordered to deliver his opinion firft (D), and declare what
(C) 'Ti? a (landard of green writers afcribe the fiege of ^^k-
filk, long and large, made like na toT^^/Acounfelsjyet princ.e
ail other Sanjaks. The Chrif- Cantemir affirms it was not fo :
tjans thought (hey bad taken it that dynrji Soleymdn Pajhd^ wheri
at VitMta^ but wer^ miftaken, W'at^ir^ publickly demonftrated
iox the Waxu himfidf carried at^ his innocence, and that Hazna-
O^o J-t is i^ver brought out Qf dfr Ihrahtm Pojhd^ governor of
jthe camp, oif expoC^ in battle, Belgrade^ who was preient at all
'Tis very old and uttered, roll^ the confultations, affured him^
irooDd a fpcar, on the top of that Tt^fU was againft the fiege,
which is the word Alem^ 'Tis anJ gave advice, fuch as is fet
carried in a cheA on a camel be' forth in the text. He adds, that
fore the Saltan or the JVazir TeJi,^li told h'lm Mauroconfatuj iii'
when going to war. Whether vented that calumny, and alfo
Mobammt^^^ or another, I can- provoked the lVa%ir Kara Ibrd*
lipt fay.. Cant, him Fdjhd to imjirifgn \^im,
■ ^IJjTWmoftoftheQhriftia^ Mfl^S . P^OkOgle
Hifiory of the Othmin Empire. B. XV,
part of it ought principally to be attacked ; and whether tht |
liege of Vienna fhould be undertaken this year, or defoted
> till the next.*
ufainfthe- On this occafion the new Hungarian king made a padie>
Jitging tic fpeccb, wherein he (hewed, from cogent arguments,
yi^ona : ^^ I'hat it would be greatly detrimental to the Otbmm inte*
^^ reft to befiege Vienna ; that being too remote from tk
^^ borders of the Otbman empire, the army would be wafted
♦« by the garrifons of the country they were to pafs thra*,
^* befdre they f:ould reach the city : that if the fiegc (bodd
(( be prolonged by the bravery of the defendants, the be-
^^ fiegers ,muft be ftarved for want of provifions, which wouU
/r be intercepted by the enemy, who at the fame time woiid
♦< weaken the army by their incurfions: that in cafetbey
♦< fhould take Vienna^ all th^ Chriftian princes, even the
^' king of France himfelf, would unite to recover the dty,
. *< which they confider as the bulwark of their religion : riit
♦* if the German princes found there were no other hopes cf
^< fafety, rather than fubmit to the SoltJ^y they would caQ
^' in the king of France^ and declare him emperor ; who j<hd-
'* ing even the remains of the Germans to his own »iny,
^< would, he feared, become more powerful than was iffia
<« gined."
firfuhda- On the other hand he urged, *< That the war might be
ing HuDf ** carried on in Hungary with lefs hazard and more advan-
gary. ** tage : that the part under his banner, now voluntarily of-
** fered to fubmit to the Saltan^ and that th^ other part, fub-
^' jecl to the emperor, was weary of the German tyranny:
'' that Hungary being once brought under, it would be ea^
♦* to fubdue not only Vienna^ but all Germany ; and that die
<* country would prove a magazine of provilions and ftorcs
^^ for future expeditions into any other parts : that die Wa-
<« %ir fliould encamp about BuJaoT Belgrade with the greater
f * part of the ^rmy, in order to march againft the enemy, if
** they appeared in the field 5 and in cafe they retired into the
<^ cities and caftle, to fend the Ti^tarSy and ether light armed
♦' troops, to lay wafte Jufiria^ Moravia^ Bohemia and Sik-
^^ fia\ that by this means, the imperial army being without
<< difficulty difperfed, and unable to fubfift for want of com,
<f the whole German empire would be reduced in a fingic
S^ can^paign,"
Th^WsLziv The fp'axir^ too confident of hia; own power, and meditate-
difemties.^ ing greater defigns, did not like this wholefomc advice ; but
concealing his fentiments, left he fhould difoblige the Hunga-
rians^ commands the other Pojhas to declare their opinions.
Ibrahim^ Pajha of Buda^ 2^x16 Ahmed Pajhd, high trcafurer,
(both cmin^n^ for tjieif warlil^e conduft, and of great ^urthq-
Digitized by Google M
C. 20.* 19 Soltan Mohammed IV.
Tity in the camp) partly gueffing at the general's opinion ; and
knowing he would prove an enemy to thofe who (hould be
sigainft the intend^ fiege of Vienna ^ which they looked upon
to be dangerouk as Tekeli had reprefented it, delivered their
minds direftly, neither on one fide nor the other ; faving, it
ought to be left Vo the well-known wifdom of Kara mofiafa^
to determine whether the war was to be carried into Hungary
or: Germany. Tht ff^aztr^ perceiving that even thefe twe
Pajh&5 were not entirely of his opinion, the better to conceal
liis defigns, pretends to approve of TekeWs advice ; and order-
ing the army to march for Tavarin^ (or Raab)^ fends the ira-^
perial ambaflador, whom he had hitherto amufed with the
hopes of peace, to Buda^ that he mi^ht not be an obferver of
his proceedings *i.
At the fame time all his forces being aflembled by the arri- Befiega
val of Selim Gyeray^ Khan of the Tatars^ the Wazir paiTes Yavarin.
the -Raaby after the Hungarians^ left to guard the ford, had
Shamefully abandoned their poft (E), and encamps under
the walls of Tavarin, But he had fcarce began to batter the
place, when he was informed by his fcouts, that the emperor
was fled from Henna to Lintz^ that every thing there was in
confiifion,, the walls ruinous, the magazines empty, tht gar*
rifon weak and feized with fear, as well as the citizens. This
encouraged him to profecute his defign ; and having by large
promifes gained over the Janizaries^ with their Jga, he fends
again for the chief Pa/has to deliver their opinion : but they
now perceiving the Waztr to be wavering, unaiiimoufly ad-
vife againft the fiege of Vienna^ till the cities in the way were
all fubdued. Tckeli above all oppofed that fcheme, forefee-
ing that if the IVazir perfifted in it, all his hopes of the
kingdom of Hungary would be deftroyed.
KARA ^^tf^, finding he could not prevail by his fpeeches, Marches t$
at laft produces the Soltan's Khafi Sharif^ (oj* order) by which Vienna.
he was empowered to a£l as he (hould think fit. On fight of
this the Pajhas having no more to fay, promife to execute his
commands with chearfulnefs. The Wazir^ having thus
gained his point, leaves a few troops under Kior Hujfeyn Pa-
pa (F), to block up Tavarin I'zn^ taking the reft of the
forces, moves with the utmoft expedition towards Vienna.
In their march they feize the baggage of feveral impef ial of-
9 Cant. p. ^99. & feq.
(E) Some fay count Buddan (F) Kior fignifics o;ie who is
treacherouily gave the Turks a blind, or has but one eye, in the
free paflagc ; but his crime was Ferjian &nd furkijh Ijinguages,
never clearly proved. Cant.
M m 4 Digitized by ^Jg^glC
Hifiary of the Othxti^Emftre. B. XV.
ftcers (G), kill the troops which convoyed them, and take
a great many prifontrs, with whom they appear before f7-
I enna on the i8th of jfomazioUakhtr. The trenches being
opened, and fcvery thing ncceflarv for the fiege prepared, the
Wazir (bon malces himfelf matter of the out^work^, beats
down the walls with his cannon and mines i and then ^Hauits
the city with fuch vigour, that although the garrifon, afiifted
by the citizens, bravely difputed every inch of ground, yet
\n all probability the place muft have been quickly taken, had
the general continued the fiege as vigoroully as .he began it.
Bis am- But KaraMofiafa^ tho' otherwife a man of great prudence
bitious and experience, oeing infatuated with ambition and uie power
^ii'ws. he faw himfelf invefted with, imagines it for his iBtereft to
prolong the fiege. He fanfied he was abje. to throw off the
Othman dominion, and having feized the qietroppli$ pf all
Germonyy found a Muffulman empire in the weft (cj), i^hkb
' ftiould rival tfiat in the eaft. He thought he hajd nothing ID
fear from the Saltan^ fince all the difciplined ^opps of Ac
empite were under his command, and it would be diiScuIt
for Mohammed to bring fiich an army againft him. The em-
peror of Germany feemed lefs formidable to him, as he bqped
to be mafter of his capital city, before the troops expeQc.d from
Poland, whofe proceedings were jcnown to bjj dilatory, could
pofEbly arrive. He had brought with him a great trsafuriP^
and refolved to encreafe them with the riches of the German
princes, which he fuppofed to be repofited in the cily b^fi^jeiJ
by him.
Corrupts He knew that the Pdjhds and other governors in fjun^arj^
tt/PaMs. appointed by him during his feveii y^zxsWaztrJhlp^ vfctt at-
tached to hi5 intereft, and imagined would provje no obft^cl^
to his advancement. It remained only to gaip Ibrahim Pa^
. , Be^krbeg of Buda^ a man of great authority with tb^ prin-
cipal officers of th^ Janizaries and Spabis, Th^fe latter b^
prevailed on by large prefents. He proipifed Ibrahim P^
the kingdom of Hungary for ever, to divide i^.l tf?e proving
of it among the Spahisy by way of Ttmdr (I) 5 and to fettlp
th^ whole army in the cities and lands of that country, a$
new colonies, after driving out or cnflaving the old poi^dbrs.
But he referved for himfelf. Under the title of S^/r^Jw, all (?/r-
(G) Thefe were the duke of (I) Timar Spabi are the do-
Saxenburgy prince Lfwis of Ba- bles or old Spahi^ who for ih6x
den^ counts Caprara and Mon- ftipend have village^ affigned
iicuculi. Manley. them in the proyiaces, and aie
(H) The Chriftian hiftorians obliged, in propprtion tp thdf
relate his afpiring to found an income, to carry fl^ves to this
empire in the weft, as one caufe wars^ but three at lea0.
of his fall. Sec Manley in Mab. '
4. adann.^1683. ^ n \ '^V*
Digitized
byGoogk
C. 20, ipSoltan Mohammed IV. 537
tnany^ as far as the borders of France ^ Tranfihania and Po- A. D.
land^ which he refolved the next year either to fubdue or 1685.
make tributary r. S-""v ^
Let us now leave the Wazir^ big with thefe great defigps, Leopold
in the camp before Vienna^ and fee what meafures were taken prepara
by the emperor to repel the enemy. While count Caprara was '
in vain waiting at Conflantinople for a confirmation of the peace,
Leopolds ambaflador inP^/(7'/^ had much better /uccefs in his ne*
gotiations. The ftates of that kingdom, excited either by this
common danger, or the pope's exhortations, laying afide their
jnteftine divifions, unanimoufly refolve to raife an army, and
oppofe the enemy of the crofs. Accordingly an alliance is
quickly concluded between the emperor and John Sobiejki
(K) ; of which one of the principal articles was, that in ca(e '
the capital of cither inonarch (hould be attacked by the Turksy
both princes (hould march in perfon with their whole army tp
its relief.
LEOPOLJP heing flxengthened on that fide, in the foU /or lis 4#«
lowing year declare C^r/^x duke of Lorrain gpncral of hisy^/:
army; and as foon as he heard war had been proclaimed at
Conflantinople^ ordered him to march with what forces he
had ready into Hungary, and there, before the Turis could
arrive, make hirafelf matter of fome caftle, which might
ferve as a bulwark to Germany. The duke firft attempts
Gran, the garrifon of which he had been aflured was very
weak : but finding that a large reinforcement of Turh from
i^^^^r had enter^ the city, he fets fire to the bridge, which
joined the two places, and on the 7th of Jamaxio^lakhir in-
vefts Wywar (L). There for eight days both fides fight with
equal bravery, yet not with equal fuccefs : for the imperial retira U
general being info/med that the Wazir was advancing againft Lintz.
him with a powerful army from Belgrade, on the I4tb of
the fame month abandons the fiege," tho' the city could not
long have held put. Then fupplying the garrifon of Vienna
\vith feveral regiments, he (encamps with the reft of his army
near the city, on the borders o^ Hungary and Aujlria, in fi^cn
4 manner, that he ipight prgvidev for the exigencies of both
' Cant. p. 303. & feq,
(K^ In the year '679, bgth contents, he did not tkink pro-
thc czar oi Kujfia and king of per to begin firft with the Psrte.
Poland offered to enter into Manley,
leagues with Leopold againft the ' (LV The Chriftian hiftorians
the fWri/;. bat the eoiperor, &y Nenu Haufel^ and that \ip
tho* he appfchended a war irorai raifed the fiege ^e 3d of J^ne^
that quarter, yet not having and marched towards ^^^ to
force enough to redu9c thf mal* pbicrve the enemy's motions.
* coiihtries, t
. jbgle
Hijlory of the Othman Empire. B. XV.
countries, and fafely wait for the forces of Poland as well
as of otTier ftates. When Leopold heard that Hungary was
' abandoned by his trpops, and that the Turks were preparing to
bcfiege Vienna \ not thinking himfelf fccure within the city,
he commits the defence of it to count Staremherg^ a man of
approved integrity, valour and prudence, and retires to Lint%,
on the Danube^ as before mentioned, and from thence fends
letters to all the neighbouring princes to defire their aflU"-
tance '.
5##f#V This is in fubftancc much the fame with what is related by
htthar^ the Chriftian writers, from whom it will be proper to add a
mes^ * few particulars. According to them Tekeli^ in February 1683,
blocked up all the cmperor^s towns in tfpper Hungary^ and
the Turks in March polled fifteen thoufand men to fecurc the
bridge of EJfek, On the 7th of May^ Leopold^ attended by
the dukes of Bavaria and Lorrain^ reviewed his army, which
did not confift of more than forty three thoufand men : but
in thcfe are not reckoned fix thoufand hired PoUs^ com-
manded |)y prince Luhomirskiy a great number of volunteen,
and the forces of Jlfatia with thofe of the Rhine, The can-
non confided of feventy great pieces and fifteen mortars,
under the care of count Staremberg^ general of the artillery.
The Turkijh army, according to a moderate computation,
amounted to one hundred and eighty thoufand effeSive men,
befides miners, gutiners, futlers andf other attendants, which
might well make forty thoufand more.
Thi aty Upon the march of the Wazir towards Vienna and the cm-
hetfiegid peror's retreat to Lint%^ every thing was in the utmoft con-
fufion, till the duke of Lorrain arrived ; who with count Atf-
remberg^ the governor, fet all things in order for a vigorous
defence. The whole garrifon (including 2717 trained baods^
officers and volunteers) confifted of thirteen thoufand men.
The Turks beginning to approach the city, the duke on the
14th retreated over the bridges, and encamped : but the ifle of
Tabor in the Danube being judged no proper place for the caval-
ry, he parted that river, leaving the bridges to be defended by
'Schultzs dragoons. On the i6th the Wa%ir entered the
c^mp, and began to open his trenches about fifty paces from
the counterfcarp, in the ftiburbs of XJlrick \ ordering a writing
or fummons, wrapped in a linen bag, to be thrown on the
covered way wherein he exhorted the governor and people to
turn Alohammedans and furren^er the city, oUierwUe to CJC-
pe£l no mercy.
and hat" Aft£R this the Turks and Tatars obliged the troops which
$end, kept the bridges, to retire. One of the firft misfortunes which
I Cant. p. 305. k feq.
Digitized by Google bcfel
C. 20. 19 Soltan Mohammed IV.
befel the befidged was, ticir governor's being wounded in
the head with a brick bat. Mean time the Turks having
drawn two parallel lines, and a third on the lobel baft ion,
mrith a line of communication between both, here raifed their
batteries of thirty pieces of cannon. The prime WoTir took
his ftation on the fide of the ravelin, with his Kyehaya^ the
jf€mizar Aga and Pajh& of Rumeli^ who was killed with a
cannon ball. The attack of the court baftion on the right
, "was given to Hujfeyn Pajhh of Damajkus ; that of the lobel
baftion 6n the left of the Wazir^ to Ahmed Pajhd of Temef^
^var. . But altho' they were difturbed in their lines by a brifk
felly of the bcfieged ; yet on the ^3d of Ju/y a ftrong gale
of wind blowing towards the city, they threw feveral bombs
into it, and the fame day fprung a mine near the lobel baftion
i^ith very little cffeS : however they made a furious aflault
upon it, but came off with lois. Next morning a meftenger
from the duke, having fwam four times over the water with a
.fetter in a bladder, hung about his neck, with much difficulty
got into the city, and gave the befieged hopes of relief, as
$he army was now daily encreafing *. ' .
Mean time the ff^azir Kara Mojiafa continues the fiegeT'/J/ Wa-
^M>i Vienna^ not as prudence, but his vain imagination, fug- zirV oiva^^
gefted : for, in a perfuafion that the city could not avoid fall- rice.
ing into his hands, he woiild not fufler it to be clofely blocked
up pn all fide», or the breaches to be attacked every- where
with equal vigour; but orders the foldiers daily tp afTauIt in
fmaU parties only, thiitt the garrifon being exhaufted with con-
tinual watching and lofs of their men, might be obliged^ at
iength, to furreftdef the caftle. When the Janizaries^ igno-
rant of the general's defigns, began openly to complain of
ttefe proceedings, and that mote were deftroyed by the fldr-
mifties dian by a general aflault of the whole army \ he un-
warily difcovers part of his projeSs, telling thofe who ac-
quainted him with what was faid, that he could not fatisfy
,the defires of the army, becaufe he knew there were great
treafures in the city, which it would be improper, and con-
trary to the Soltdn's command, to give up for plunder.
Besides, left the foldiers (hould happen to break into the Provijioi^
city, and in thefirft heat to feize on thofe treafures, he com- fail.
mands proclamation to be made in the camp, that if any
Othmin troops fhould force the walls, they fhould immedi-
ately fecure themfelves with a trench, and not prefume to ad-
vance farther, or enter, any houfe, before he (hould.come and
giye them frefh orders. Laftly, that, after taking the city,
|Jie want of corn ftiould not oblige him to- change or defer his
? Mauley, ubifupr. Jon?s in Mah. 4.
^40 H^^ry nf /£^ Othman Emfire'. B. XV.
A. D. deCgfiiSy he very fparingly diftributes the proviiions, which he
1683. had broq^t with him- in great plenty; alleging, tbatgpod
W*><V^ part of it was to be referved for the troops, to be left in gar-
rlfon, when the city fhould be reduced. In the mean ^x^hilct
all the provifions ex^eded from Hungary were intercepted bf
the garrifons of Prejburg^ Tavarin ^d Mmorra, as Tekeii had
foretoid the IFazir. Hen(ie fo great a fcarcity arofe ; that^ a
thing before unlcni^wn in the Tta^iijb camp^ ten drachms of
bread, and even without (dt* were fold for one RAu6 (M)»
with other eataUes^ and liquors in proportion.
P*^^ The general, to lemeay this iociiH^venience, before the
iamp, famine caufed a fedition in the army* fends a PafhA^ with
twenty thoufand men, to the aid of ^ikeR (N), with <MrdaEs
to atuck Prejbur^^ becauie that was the city leaft able t0
make rpHftance ; and fee the provisions, with the milttaxy
{lores poIIe£ied at Buda^ fafely CQjiduded to the Othmm
camp. But duke Charles be^ng informed ofthe/j^2ir's ioten-
(ions, fends prince Lewis of Baden^ with feveral leginients,
who firft meeting with TekeUy quickly diijp^rfe the HuHgarm
troops ; which ftruck the Turks with fi^pb fenor, that, befides
a thoufand killed, at^ many tak^q, they l^ve a thou&od
waggons laden with provifions, and w^li)^<^ cngtaes, as 4
^ booty to the victors.
Thefiyi' Th£ JantTAries^j on ^ aews of thi$ deftal: and lofe, ei-
frsde/ert. afperated ^ainft their ^n^ral, began to e^^daim, thattfaiy
came to iig^it, not againft famine, but the ^emy ; and grow-
ing negligent In their di^ty, allow die g^ifon, now reduoed
to the utmofi extremity, time to refunne their courage, and
rej^ajr their breaches^ The odjcers likewif^ dtfcoiiraged i^
Ohe obftinacy of the /f^^, and difficulty of the fiege, grov
carelefs of their affairs ^ and would have been furprifed by the
imperial army, if one of the enemy's co^riers|, who was taken,
had not (hewn them to what danger they were expofed. But
this indolence had taken fuph deep r^^t 11^ the minds of tke
foldiers, that they were heard frequently to %, ^^ Q ! iofide),
** if thou wilt not come thyfelf, at leaft Ib^W thy (:ap, at the
** fight of which, w£ will fly in ^ hquf .'^ And, on the ap*
pfoach of the Polijh auxiliaries, altho^ it yi^ eafy for them to
have hindered the jundion of the two arn^i^, yet not a iiagk
man would dir, to divert that imjqfiinent dagger. $ho!rt]y af-
ter, the night before the battle, almoft a fourth part of the
{^) It isthcfoordipartofa (N) The Chriftian writm
liAnfn^^ as a tult is t|;ie thicd. reckon in the whole zS.ooc^
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C.2d. 19 Sohan Mohammed IV. ^4*
army difpcrfed themfclvcs ; and thofe who remained, fccjned A. D*
to want rcfolution to fight 3f. ^^^3-,
By this account one would imaging, that the Turh re- ^j^f^^T^
mained quite inadive before Fienna^ after the defeat at Pref- ^tJ"
burg ; but, according to the ChrHlian accounts, they prefled ^^^^^^
th« fiege with great vigour. On the 26th of ^tt//, they de-
figned a furious aflauk, and ordered all their warlike muftck
to found: butjuftas they were beginning the attack, the be-
fieged fprung a mine, which blew up many of the enemy r
and, tho' the reft prefled hard to gain the ground, which the
mine had laid open, they were valiantly repulfcd with confi-
derablelois. However, they gave the befieged no' reft till the
6th oi Augujl^ when fpringing a mine, which opened the
earth very much, as far as the counterfcarp, towards the court
baftion, they there began a terrible fight, which lafted five
hours : and, notwithlwnding the great valour of count LeJIej
the younger (flain in this action) they^at laft, like a -^otenit
torrent, became mafters of the ditch, of the court ravelin ;
tho' with the lofs of one tboufand men, to one hundred and
eighty of the befieged.
On the 8th, the Turks fprung a mine at the point of the on the
court baftion, which they feconded with an aflault i fo that cwrt baf*
the governor, judging it impoffible to defend the raveliri, tiw :
caufed the cannon to be withdrawn from thence, and then in
a fally, driving the enemy out of their galleries, burnt all their
works. The Turis at length, by their arduous labours, on
the 13th, blew up the flanker of the ravelin : but the quan-
tity of powder being very great, the mine reverfed on them-
felves, with fuch execution, as abated the courage of the af-
failants. However, the befieged being much diftrefled with
their daily lofles, fent the duke of Lorrain an account, by one
Kotlinski: who difguifing himfelf like a 7Wr;f, filendy pafleJ
the pallifadoes, and went confidently, finging a Turkijh air,
thro* their camp. The fame meflengeir returning with letters,
promifing fpeedy relief, they fignihed the receipt of them to .
the imperial camp, by firing three rockets, while they rung the
bells for joy, and fired all the guns in the cify on the enemy.
It would be tedious to relate every day's aftion. But while hrtPQtly
thefe things were going forward before the city, divers ren- nfulftd,
counters happened abroad ; in which tonfiderable bodies of
Tatars^ Turks^ and malecon tents, were defeated with great
flaughter, and convoys of provifions* from time to time inter-
cepted. Hereupon, the Wazir orders Tekeli fo repair with
his forces to the fiege; but he excufed himfelffrom that fer-
vicc. Mean time, altho' the Turkijh camp began to be fomc-
*CAKT.p. 3c6& feq.
whait
Digitized by VjOOQiC
542 niftory of tBe OthaAn Empire. B.XV.
A. D. what difoouraged, for want of forage^ yet they ftill perfifted
i6a^. vigorouflytopufhonthefiege. Ondiea3dofthe(aiiiemonth,
lysTKf tiKj earned a third part of the ravelin, where they made a
lodgement: next day they fpning another mine, iidtbout (iic-
cefi; at which time, a meflenger brought news to the befieged,
of fpeedy relief. Hereupon, they made a (ally on die 2Sth,
with fo much reiblution, that d>ey drove die Turks out of the
ditch, overthrew their galleries, and gabions, nailed fix of
their cannon, and difcharged one of their^mines of its powder.
Jtamx9 However, the 27tb in the eveninjg, fixty rockets were
ibiaitack. fired from St. Stephgn*s tower, as a fignal of their great diftreis :
while the Turks fired inceffimdy upon die place, fprung a mine,
and were within a litde of taking the ravelin' ; which caufed
' the befieged, for fear of the worft, to make another retrench*
ment, at the foot of die court baftion. Onthefirftof &;^An-
ier diey made a fally, tho' not vnth the defired fuccefs : bat
in another, on the (ante day, they burnt the enemy's galle-
ries ; and ruined fo much of their works, that they could not
repair th6 fame in lefs than three days. However, on the third
the governor thought fit to quit the ravelin to the enemy ;
who having fprung a mine next day under the cotirt bul-
wark (which made a great breach, and (hook the whole city)
five thoufand Tulrks^ with their drawn fimeters, immediately
entered, and crying Allah ! Allah! planted four of their ftan«
dards upon the preach.
Jttfntfid . The befieged here aded even beyond themfclves s and af-
kgain. ter a fight all day long, repulfed the enemy, with the flaughter
of twelve hundred. They beat them alfo next day, in the
ditch : and altho', on the 6th, they with two mines made a
breach in the lohel baftion, and vigorpufly afiTaulted it for
two hours, yet they were beaten off; and in their retreat, loft
two thoufand men, flain by the cannon, grenadoes and other
engines. The joy for diis fuccefs was encreafed by five
' rockets, fired the fame evening, from the mountains of Ka^
kmherg^ as fignals that relief was at hand. The Turks being
not infenfible hereof, took an account of their army, which,
from one hundred and fixty-eight thoufand, was now reduced
to one hundred and nineteen thoufand four hundred and fif-
, ty-fix. Therefore, on the 9th, they refolve to make their
laft effort againft the city, which they judged was now re-
duced to the utmoft extremity, as in reality it was.
Prepart ACCORDINGLY^ they redoubled the firing of their carmen
for battle. 9nd mortars, tho' it was but like the laft ftruggle before death :
for in the afternoon the Turkijh camp began to move, and
their cavalry to ride in a confufed manner from one fide to
another, in order to change their fituariQn for fighting : while
thofe who were left to cany on the fiege, ftill went forward
widi
Digitized by VjOOQiC
C. 20. 19 Soltan Mohammed IV.
with their works, and fprung nine fevcral mines under the
hbel baftions, but without much execution. Other mines
were difcovered on the loth ; and next day^ they cannonaded
the place, with as much violence as ever : but the noife, oc-
cafioned'by the approach of the Chriftian army, at laft filcnccd
their roaring. This indeed happened very feafonably, for
the I^efieged were now reduced to great extremities, as well
as neceifities j and the appearance of fmoak, in three dif-
ferent places, on the KaUmburg mountains, cheared their
fpirits, as being the fignal that the duke was haftening to
their relief y.
Being come noi^ to the eve before the battle, it is time
to return to the Turktjh hiflorians, and fee what refolutions Aiomat
were taken in the Othmdn army. While the defertion of their btU,
foldicrs, before-mentioned, ftruck the Pdjhds with dread, the
Wazir alone continues fearlefs. However, he aflembles the
other officers to hear their opinions. Ibrahim Pdjh^^ Bigler^
heg of Buddy firft delivers his thoughts, and advifes tKe raifing
of the fiege ; then, marching againft the enemy, to make a
rampart with the trees of the neighbouring woods, and fortify
it with cannon, in order to receive the firft attack : that af-
terwards, the horfe (hould fall on the enemy in flank, as they
retired, and thus obtain an eafy viftory. AH the Pd/hds^ ex-
cepting a few, approve this advice : but the IVaztr obftinately
oppofes their admonitions 1 alleging, that if he raifed the
fiege, thegarrifon would deftroy the works raifed againft tfiem, The PS-
repair their walls, and recover their ftrength : that the fmall (ha^/ 9fi^
forces of the enemy, which fcarce deferved the name of an i»*f#.
army, would refufe to venture a battle; which, as things then
ftood, they could not avoid, without hazarding the lofs of
their all : that even after a viSory, it would be difficult to
get the Janizaries to return to the fiege, and again enter the
trenches, where they had fuiFered fo much already ; and, that
inc^fe it fhould not, yet tuc autumnal rains were approaching,
which formerly obliged Soleyman to withdraw with his army
from before the fame place. I^or thefe, and other reafons,
he concluded it beft to continue the liege, without drawing-
off to fight the enemy.
When the TVazir had done fpeaking, the Pafias anfwered, 7]Jr Wa-^
Aat the garrifon, being fo much exhaufted with ficknefs and ^'iriobfti^
labours, would be more follicitous to defend the fortifications *^CX* .
ftill left, than to recover what they had loft : and, that as the
trenches, and other works, were ftronger than the city, if one
or two regiments were left to defend them, it would be more
difficult for the garrifon to feize them, than for the Janizaria
y RiCAUT, Manley, ubi fupra.
to
Digitized
byGoogk
Hijiory of the Othmin Empire. B. XV.
to take the city. But nothing could divert the Wazjr from his
purpofe, which he refolvcd to execute, by virtue of the power
' given him by the Saltan,
7be battlt The Chriftian army therefore advancing, on the 20tb day
fiwgbt. Qf Ramazdity Kara Moftafa^ orders firft all the prifoners,
amounting to near thirty thoufand, to be mailacred. Then di-
viding his forces, which were not employed in the (iege, into
three parts, he gives the command of the left wing to Ibrahim^
Pajhd of Buda^ and of the right, to Kara Mehermd^ PaJhaiA
Diyarbeker ; the body of the army, with the Agd of the Ja-
nizaries and Spahisy he refervcs for himfclf. The reft of the
yanizaries^ he leaves under the command of his Kyehaya^ in
the trenches, to attack the city in the mean time. Altho*
the officers feemed to execute thefe orders with great vigour,
yet the Wazir foon found, what Ibrahim Pa/hi had told him
was true, and now too late repented that he had -not fol-
lowed his advice : for, upon the Hrft charge of the Germam^
thofe who were placed in both wings, quit their ranks, and
refufe to obey the orders of their generals. The yanizaries^
who were left in the works, obferving what was done in the
battle, of their own accord abandon the fiege, and remove
out of their trenches ; under pretence of affifting their compa-
nions, who were in diftrefs, but in reality to withdraw theifi-
felves from the danger. The Polijh for'ces foon after coming
up, and attacking the body of the army, which was intircly
unfupported, the reft of the yanizaries^ and Spabis^ betake
thenifdves to flight with the utmoft precipitation.
7beT\xA% When Kara Moftafa Pq/hd faw His foldiers fcattered on
cver^ every fide, and no poffibility of renewing the battle, he rc-
tbrgwn : turns alfo himfeif to the camp ; and finding no man in his tent,
laments his ill fortune with a flood of tears, takes up alone
the ftandard of Mohammed^ and follows the remains of bis
^rmy with all poflTible fpeed. Night coming on, the dark-
nefs covers the fugitives from the enemies fword, but docs not
remove their fears ; which had fo deeply poflefltd them, that,
jnfenfible of hunger, and the fatigues of the way, they never
flop till they reach their companions, who had been left at the
fiege of Tavaririj twenty- five German 'miles from Vienna:
thus travelling in one day and night, without meat or drink,
the fpace of fifty hours.
tbeirpre- Me AN time the imperial army, finding that the Othmans^
eipitate after a fhort skirmifh, retreated to their camp, and not knowing
^gbt, what pafled there, imagined the Wazir had laid an ambufcadc
for them : becaufe they could not believe that fuch z numerous
army would take to flight, upon fo flight an attack. As the
darknefs encreafed their apprehenfions of danger, they re-
folved to ftop, and to alTault the camp next morning : hut,
8 when
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C 20* 19 Soltan Mohammed IV. *
when they were informed by their fcouts, that the Turis were
fled (O), the Polesy chiefly induced by the hopes of plunder,
enter their camp in the night ; anfl find there, befides one
hundred and eighty large cannon, with other warlike ftores,
a great booty and provifion, enough for feveral months *.
To this account of the Turkijb hiftorians, let us add fome q^^^ f^r
particulars from the Chriftian. September 1 2, being the day ap i,attU^
pointed for the relief of Fienna^ which dould not have held
oat twenty-four hours longer; the confederate troops joined
the imperialifk at the foot of the Kalemherg^ or mountain of
Kalem^ amounting by computation, in the whole, to fixty-^
five thoufand men. In their march over this mountain, the
prince of Saxe Lawenburg^ general of the cavalry, with eight
regiments of horfc, two of dragoons, and one of Kroats^ be-
longing to the emperor, with all the cavalry and dragoons of
Bavaria and Frankmia^ marched on the right 5 and next to
them the king of Poland^ with his army. In the middle was -
the infantry of Bavaria and Franhnia^ commanded by
prince Waldek^ near whom, the cledor of Bavaria kept all
that day. The imperial foot, with the Saxons^ under prince
Herman of Baien^ were drawn- up on the left, and marched
along the Danul^^ towards St. Leopold : next to thefe, on the
left, marched count Caprara^ with {tv^n regiments of impe-
rial horfe, joined by the Poles^ under LubomirJki\ with all the
cavalry and dragoons of Saxony^ commanded by the cleftor
himfeif.
Both armies began with the opening of the morning, to fhg confe*
take a view of each other j and the generals fuppbfed by the derate
diipofition of the Twr^/^camp, that they intended to difpute/^a/
every inch of ground with them. This they might eafily have
<k>ne, had they poflTefled themfelves of the foreft of Vienna^
which could have hindered the defcent of the confederate
army fronri the mountains. Therefore, the king of Poland
got four battalions of German foot to flank his horfe j and
coutit Lifi^i general of the artillery, having raifed a battery
« Cant. p. 308. & feq.
(O) Happy is the Chriftian fufed cry of Gyanvr Ghildi^ the
general who fuAains three obfeti infidtl is coming. The JaniKa-
of the 7»r>f J : for at the third, or ries are not obliged to make
at moft the fourth repulfe, they above three charges : once in**
will certainly turn their backs : deed in a battle with the? Rujfpant^
and if he advances up6n them in 1711, they renewed the at-
with a flow pace, they will not tack fevcn times; but it was be*
only abandon their camp and caufe the RuJJian general dared
cannon, but alfo put the whole not.purfjic them, when they
army in difordcr, by the con- gave way. Cant.
Mod. Hist Vol XII. N n
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'The Jani
zaries^.
Hijtory of the Othman Empire. B- XV.
at the coming-out of the wood, the Turks early in the mornii^
detached fome forces to demolilh it. In the mean time, the
duke of LorratHy obferving the motion of the enemy, from St.
Lecpoldi fent fome batulions, under the duke of Croy^ to at-
tack them ; which he did with fuch gallantry, that he made
them retire to their main body, altho' himfelf was wounded b
the a£tion.
ai}aci the The whole Turkijh army beginning now to move, the
Turks, duke of Lorrain ordered his left wing to advance ; and the
princes offFaldek and SaxeLawenburg, to fally out of the woods
upon their front, at the head of their intrenchment, while the
king of Poland rode in among the ranks of his army, en-
couraging them to conquer, or die martyrs to their religion.
By this time the K^Umbergj and neighbouring forefts, re-
founded with the peals of cannon, and vollies of fhot ; which
invited the inhabitants of Vienna to the tops of their houfes
and rampiers, to behold the long wifhed for fight of their de-
liverance. However, they did not fo negleS their own de-
fence, but that the Turks^ who attacked them now more
clofely than ever, were bravely repulfcd.
Mean time, the confederate army advanced boldly upoa
the enemy, who began to fhelter themfelves behind trees,
Vocks, and rugged places; and the imperialifts left wing,
without much refiftance, poffefled themfelves of the poft at
Holjiady while prince Waldek compelled them on the other
fide to give way. The king oS, Poland alfo detached feveral
Hujfarsy to (kirmifli with the front of the enemy: but,
being overpowered, they were forced to retreat to a place^
where IValdek had feafonably ordered fome troops to advance,
who put a ftop to the purfuit of the Turks, The king feeing
the diforder of the Hujfdrsj caufed the firft line of his army to
march, who forced the grofs of the enemies to retire to the
top of the hill. And now the whole Polijh army moved, op-
pofing the Othmans in feveral places, while the duke of Z#r-
rain advancing with the left wing, the Turks^ to avoid the
attack upon their right, drew into battalia before their line
of circumvallation, and there fortified themfelves with fome
cannon : but, after all, making no refiftance, the duke com-
manded the whole left wing to wheel about to the right, with-
out breaking their ranks, or falling to plunder.
The king and IValdek entered the. Turkijh camp about
fcven in the evening ; and the duke foon after maftered the
, counterfcarp, and fuburbs of the city. Night put an end to
the battle ; which favoured the retreat of the Janizaries^ and
gave the cpnfederates a complete viftory : for the enemy
abandoned all their tents, baggage, ammunition, and provi-
Cons, with all their artillery j and they fo halted their retreat,
• Digitized by VjOOQ IC
^he camp
entered.
C; ioi i^ Solian Mohammed IV.
that the van of their army had paflcd Raaby before next day
in the evening. The friszir^s rich tent fell to the king of
Poland ; who made the emperor a tender of one half of the
booty (P), which he geiieroufly rcfufed : but at the bifliop of
Vienna^ inftance, took down the crefcent from the fpire of the
cathedral, and fet up the crofs. This crefcent was ereSed in
1529, when Soleymdn befieged the city^ and was there by
compad to remain, on condition that the Turks fhould not
batter the fteeple with their cannon ; which compafl they had
now broken.
T o give our readers a general eftimate of the booty taken Soofy
on occafion of this fignal defeat: there were 6500 tents i/oumi
4500 barrels of powder : 6000 weight of lead i 20,obo gra- t&ere^
nado ihells: 8000 hand granadoes : 11,000 fhovels and
pickaxes : 1600 weight of match : 2500 fire balls : 5200
weight of pitch : 1 1,000 weight of oil of petrolium and tar :
500,000 of linfecd oil : 9500 of fait petre : 5100 pieces of
coarfe linen : 200,000 hair facks, for carrying earth and fand :
810 weight of iron bars and horfe-fhoes : 100 ladles for melt-
ing pitch : 200 weight of packthread, with thongs made of
camels hides, and buffler-leather, for binding i 4000 flieep
fkins : 52 facks of cotton: 1500 empty wool-facks : 2000
halberts : 400 fcythes and fickles : 5600 barrels of guns, for
the 'Janizaries : 2000 plates of iron, for covering targets :
1 23 hundred weight of greafe and tallow : 230 powder horns :
2600 bags for powder : four pair of fmiths bellows : 8000
carts : 1000 great bombs : 18,000 cannon balls : 180 cannon^
and mortars *•
S E C T. III.
^ranfaSions from the Siege of Vienna, to that cf
Buda^
'^^ O W let us break-off, to return to the Turkijh hiftori*
-^^ ans. While the Chriftian camp refounds with joy, at WfWazir
this fo unexpected a viQory, and all Eufopt congratulates the dtjiroys
confederates, upon the rcuef of Vi^nna^ there appears a very
different face of things among the Turkic who had efcaped
from the defeat. The Wa%ir^ when he comes to Yavarin^
* RicAUT & Manley, ubi fupra.
(P) We are told alfo that he Mohammed''^ fbindard to the
fcnt him one of the three horfc pbpe : but it has been vobferved,
tails, with a brafs knob bn the in a former note, that it was
top, whkh were carried before ' not Mohamtmd'i flandard.
the iya%:.'ir \ and that he fefit * '
Nn a carncftk. ,
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HiftHrjf 0f ike Otkm4rf Empire. B. XV,
earneftly ftudies, not to repair his lofs, but Co turn upon others
the danger, to which, according to the Turkijk cuftom, him-
' fclf lay expofed. He perceived it was not poffiWe to do this,
fo long as Jhrahiffiy Pajbd of Buda^ and the reft, who
were privy to his councils^ were alive \ fince they mi^i
by their teftimony, add great weight to the charge, whk^
would be preferred againft him, and difcover his defigns agtinft
the chief the Otbmdn emphre. He therefore fends, on fi^me pretence,
ejfficers, for all tbofe who had oppofed him in the laft confultatton, and
commands the Pajhas to be ftrangled (QJt and the other offi-
cers of the army to be put to death ; giving out^ that they, in
conjuncS^ion with Tekeii^ had firft devifed the ficge of Viinmy
and in a manner conffa-ained him to undertake it, contrary to
his inclination : that^ notwithftanding, they were afterwards
very dilatory io obeying his orders, and the ftrft who in the
battle betook themfelves to flight. After this, he encamps
under the walk of Buda^ of which he makes Kara Mehemi
PaJhA the governor ; a man who had always implicitly fol-
lowed his opihion.
fhe Poles In the mean time^ the confederate army, refblving to re^
defeated, in Hungary fome farther fruits of their viQory, move towards
the eafl. The Polesy who alTumed the greatefl fhare of that
fuccefs, claimed the right of marching in the van, being farther
puffed up with the pride of having routed fome of the flyiog
troops, wander about the country without any order, as if
they bad now fubdued all the Othtmn forces. In this manner
ranging, they happen, in the month of Shawtri^ to meet near
Gran with fix thoufand horfe, and two thoufand yanizaritSj
drawn together by two Pa/has. Thefe they attack boldly,
thinking to rout them rt the firft onftt t but the Turi^s^ who
were at firft inclined to fly, perceiving them to be feparated
from the reft of the artty, toake a ftand, ahd, after repulfiflg,
hem them in : fo that, had not tk^edrmans feafonably come into
Seafonahlj their aififtance, they muft all have been deflroyed by the Otih
rditved. mdns^ who killed a thou&nd of them, with the fdh of general
Tablofvnotuski K
Thb Chriftian writers i^orm o», that t^ defign of the
confederate army beihgto h^iegtBarkan^ a palanka, or fort,
oppofite to Gran^ the king of Pokmdy in hafte to get thtAer,
marched forward, leaving the infaiKry behind, contrary to die
advice of the duke \ who thereupon marched away, with mofl
^ Cant. p. 311, &feq.
( QJ They were the Pajhds raged hereat ; the Pdjhd ofBwd^
of Brnffl^ Ejfeck^ and Poffega^ being very, well beloved bf
ivith the Aga of the janixartH, them, as WcU as the Ag^
The foldiers were mightily en- M^Uy^
of
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C.'2or 19 Sokan Mohammed IV.
of the horfe to attend him. The Poles being come within
fight of fome fquadrons of the enemy, forced them to retreat :
but being fupported by frefh troops, the king with all his ca*
valry came to be engaged ; when fix thoyfand Turks^ con-
cealed behind a hill, fuddenly appearing, the Poles were
charged both in front and rear with fuch bravery, that
they were put to flight The dujce of Lorrxun^ on advice
of this, haftened his march to the opening of a plain, where
the Turks were in hot purfuit of the Poles \ hut on his appear-
ance they retreated. The Poles yirere fo dHcouraged with the
repulfe and lofs they had fuftained, amounting to 2G00 men,
that the duke had iome difficulty to bring them to refolve upon
another engagement *=.
Next day, the Polijh and German armies, being united, neV\\x\i%
attack the Turks near Barkan 5 and after a fierce battle, defeat defeated^
them. In their flight, paffing the Danube haftily, they with
their weight break down the bridge, before one fourth part
could get over, and are carried away by the fiream ; the reft
flying to Barkarij on the approach of the confederates, deliver
up the town, ^nd their arms, with both the generals. There
fell in the battle about three thou&nd Turks : the remainder
were either drowned in the river, or taken prifbners **. In
this battle, prince Lewis of Baden commanded the right
wing, Dunewaldt the left, and Staremberg the main body, '^
The Jcingtof P^/tf«tf?poftcd himfelf on theri^t wing, between
the imperial cavalry and dragoons ; Jabloreski in the left ; and
the reft of the Poltfh army made a third line. In this order, be-
ing come near the enemy, the Ti<r^j right wing charged the left
of the confederates with fuch fierceneS, as if they had a parti-
cular referitment againft the Poles, At the fame time, thofe
on the rifmgof the hill advanced, as if they intended to attack
the main body of the confederates ; but they fuddenly wheeled,
and fell upon the left. This being obferved by the duke oif
JLorrainy he crofled the line of the cavalry on the left wing, and ^^^^
with all the firft line which had not yet been engaged, charged ^^^^
the enemy in flank with fuch bravery, as to put them to ^ jiaugbtt^
general rout, fo that they coujd nojt rally aga^n; Dunewaldt was
ordered to purfue them; and with the firft line, and Poles of
the left wing, advanced to the very gates of Barkan \ where
many were killed, and periflied in the marflics of Gran.
Hereupon, prince Lewis attacked, and took, the fort of Bar-
kan ; and of the vaft multitude of people who were in that
place, none efcaped the fword or drowning, excepting about
fsven or eight hundred, who were in a redoubt, and 0Dtauie4
« RiCAUT & Manlev, ubi fupra, ^ Cant. p. 311.
*^ ^ 3* Digitized b^
Hiftory of the Odunan Empire, B. XV.
quarter. The Turks in this battle loft above ten thoufand of
their beftfoldiers, and had about one thoufapd prifoners taken,
' among whom were the Pdjhas oiHdlep and Silijfriaj with
fcvcral ^gas. The Poles and Germans were ready to come to
blows about the plunder : but count Staremberg interpofing,
the place, with all the fpoil, was yielded to the Poles,
Gran be- The Turks^ on this defeat, grew very mutinous, fo that thp
fi'gf'l» prime IVaztr himfelf dared hardly Ihew his head : while 7i-
ktU and his aflbciates fent deputies, with propofals of accom-
modation, to the duke otLorrain ; who would agree upon no
terms, but an abfolute fubmilffion. Soon after this, fFesbrin
and Leventz received German garrifons : the countries alfo of
Ttinfchin^ Tirnenvy and Niiria^ declared againft the mal-
contents. Mean time, the duke induced the king of Poland^
after fome hefitation, to undertake the fiege of Gran **. The
Turkijh hiftorians tell us, that the chriftian generals were at
firft diverted from this defign, by a report, that the Warn
was advancing with an army of fourfcore thoufand men, to
wipe oft' his late difgrace: but that the report proving falfe,
they, in the beginning of Zilkaadehy attack this fortrefs with fo
much fury, that the Turks were feized with terror, and the
governor Bekr Pajha^ tho' he had above four thoufand men,
on the fourth day of the fiege, furrenders, upon capitulation, a
andtaken city which had refifted a much larger army for as many
months ^.
Th£ taking of this ftrong place was owing much to the
bravery of the Bavarian troops. Three batteries raifed againit
it, began to play on the 25th of 05loher early, and much bat-
tered the caftle, on the fide towards Buda : they threw in
likewife many bombs; whilft the imperialifts advanced to the
very ditch, and there made a lodgment, in fpite of the great
efforts of the befieged, to hinder them. They likewife ftormed,
and foon took, the lower town on Barkan-fidc, from whente
the inhabitants retired to the caftle. However, that night they
undermine the hill, on which itftood, and there being alfo a
wide breach made in the wall, the garrifon was fummoncd to
furrender, on condition of fafety for their lives and goods'^
which next day, being the fifth of the fiege, they, for fear of
the utmoft extremity, accepted of. The governor, Btkr
PajhL and fom^ others, having a great defire to wait on the
^uke of Lorratn^ were treated by him with great civility.
Other ad- Aftfr this fucccfs, the troops began to retire into winter
^jdnt^igei. quarters. In their way thither, Z^^^«/z yielded to them j the
Kroats alfo took the caftle of Rabonitz j the town of Prfl^
# J^iCAUj &MANLty, ubifupra. fCANT.p 312.
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C. 20; . .• 19 Soltan Mohammed IV. 551
ben% on the Drove i the caftle of EJJeght^ with tiie city and A. D.
caftle ©f Brevenitz near Kanijia. The citizens of Setzhij 1683.
which was attacked by the Poles^ opening the gates before the ^-/^v^^
articles were agreed on, a miferable flaughter was made of
them ; among whom were fl^in twelve hundred Janizaries
and two thoufand other Turks^ After this the king returned
home with his aripy. For all this feparation of the confe-
derate forces, the imperial arms gained fuch reputation, that
feveral caftles belonging to the mal-contents furrendered at
difcretion ; and count Zabbar^ commander in chief next to
TeieUj fubmitted to the emperor f.
While thefe things are doing in Hungary^ Peireczeicus^ MoMavi-
(O), prince of Moldavia^ after the departure of the king of an emefiy
Poland for the relief of Vienna^ joining thofe of his party with
Konikki (P), general of the Kofdks^ pafled the Tyras^ and
marched into Beffarahia. When he found the country witi-
out any defence (for the Bujhk and Krlm Tatars were almoft
all employed in the fiege of Vienna) leaving the Kofaks to
guard bis camp> he with his Moldavian troops deftroys the
country on all fides, with fuch cruelty, that he fpared neither
age nor fex. He empaled alive or daflied out the brains of
the Taiarian children ; caufed the virgins to be ravifhcd and
then murdered ; the women with child to be ripped up ; and
the old n^en to be put to themoft dreadful tortures, to n^ake
them diicover their riches ; in a word, he omitted no kind of
barbarity which had ever been before invented.
While the Moldavians {QJ are thus performing the part yj^^^A
of executioners, rather than of foldiers, the Tatars^ who revenged.
\\sA efcaped from the battle of Vienna^ return ; and finding
tbemfelves inferior to the enemy, lie concealed in the borders,
where being reinforced, they fuddenly attack them, difperfed
over the country, and take a fevere revenge for the flaughter
of their companions. Then they inclofe the Kofaks^ who
not daring, on account of their fewnefs, to venture an engage-
ment, defend tbemfelves with a chain of waggons, and pro-
^ RiCAUT & Manley, ubi fopra.
' (O) Wl;o in the battle of Cheh- [QJ This was not the faidt of
Tin had revolted from tiie Turks all the Mqlda^vians : for all the
to the Poles, old and principal barons had re-
(P) He \^as, after the dcfec- ^ tired to the mountains, and into
tion of Dorojhtnko and Circo Walakhia ; but it was done by
tp the Turks and Ruffians^ made fome of the younger, who had
by the FtfA/ Hetma9t of the Ko- been allured by the fallacious
/jiks dwelling between the Tyras promifes of Petrees^icus smd the
and\5^rjj^i6^»^/, who had not yet PaJts, Cant,
fliaken off the PoltJ^ yoke. Cant.
N n 4 cecd .
ft Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hifiory 9f the QthmSln Bt^ke. B.XV,
ceed flowly to the river Hierafas, But their number daily de-
creafing, and provlfions failing, they are difpeHcd by fiimine
and the fnows, rather than by their purfue^. In their Sx^
many are flain, and more taken prifoners : (b that of die
•whole army, only a few troops of Ktfdks^ with Petrtcxeim
and Konikki^ efcape with great difficulty into Poland \ nor
could they have cicaped, if the horfes of the Tatars had not
been quite fpent.
Frinee DU KAT^ prince of Moldavia^ underwent a much harder
Pukay V fate : for at his return from the Vienna expedition, when he
/»/^. fees the country in confufion (ahnoft aU the nobles having
either revolted to Petrecxeicus^ or fled into the nei^bounng
provinces) and finds Joffi^ his capital, defdate, he retires
with a few followers to Dommftinty a village in the diftrW of
Pidnoy in expeflation of better times : but here, while he b
intent on fettling the affairs of the nation, he is fbddcnly at-
tacked by Baifiski (R), a Moldavian^ related to Prtrecxeicui^
who takes and carries him into Poland ; where foon after he
dies in clofe confinement at Warfaw. In his room ^t7urk
appoint Demeinui Cantacuzenus (S), a man of noble extrac-
tion, but weak, and fitter for times of peace than war; ftr
which reafon he did not long enjoy his dignity ff.
^hf Wa- Let us novt^ fee what was doing in the mean rime at the
%usarti' Vthman court. The Soltan^ who knew nothing of whatpafled
^f' either in the army or ftate, but as he was informed hj tbe
IVazir^ having been affurcd by that minifter, that nttm
could not hold out many days longer, as hath been before re-
lated, removed his hunting nearer to ConftantinopU ; withifc-
fign, as foon as news was brought him of its furrender, to
celebrate his triumph with grtat magnificence : but when he
heard of his army's defeat, he returned to his capital, to pr^
vent any fediiion which might be raifed on that occasion.
Not long after he received letters from the fFazirj wherein
he imputed his ill fuccefs to the artifices and treachery of his
officers, efpecially Ibrahim P^Jha^ who firft advifcd the fiege,
and then rcfufed to obey his orders, prejudicing the reft by
his ill example. With the letters he had fent rich prefents to
the Falide'Soltd7Jay and all the officers of the court in favour
fcdeftroy with the Soltan *y who, bv their reprefentation of matters,
oikirs. was fo fully perfuaded of kira MoJlafa\ innocence, that he
^ Cant. p. 312. & fcq.
(R) AhcrPetrfczeui^s's death, father, who was then /V/w/of
he returned to MoLk^jia^ and Molda<via,
yvzs appointed Serd,? fy or f^iftera I (S) The fon of MUhatl,oi
#/' ihe army, which was beyond the Conjianiinc^liten fiunily.
ijbc Pi'uthf by prince Cammu'i
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C. 20. 19 Soldn Mohammed IV. gs3
not only approved of his putting Ibrahim Pajba and the reft A. D,
to death, but alfo confirmed him in the JVaztrjhip^ and the 16S3.
command of his new army. ^<y^>r\J
• The IVi^^ had not ventured to put all the officers to
death who were privy to his defigns, for fear the great num-
1»er of executions fliould raife a Uifpicion in the Soltdn^ with-
out whofe knowledge they had been done : but now, encou*
raged by the fuccefs of his prefence, privately intimates to
Mohammed by letters, that the Aga of the Janizaries and
other Pajbds^ whom he named, had again (hewed themfelves
difobedient to his orders ; yet, that he was unwilling to ufe the
power which his majefty had- given him, left his enemies
0ioiild malign him, and therefore defuxd to know hispleafure
concerning them.
But this ftep, inftead of obtaining his ends, proved his ruin : DeieBed^
for the court was by this time much changed ; and the other andftrattg-
cheers, who had been prefent at the fiege of Fiennaj had Ud,
tranfmitted a more faithful account of the tranfa£tions, where-
by the artifices and defigns of the ff^azir were difcovered. •
This, with the news which arrived of the taking of Gran^
and defeat of the forces at Barkaity gave the patrons of the
peribns accufed an opportunity to fet forth the treachery of
thc,0^»lr in fuch ftrong colours to the Soltan^ that he orders
the KjAaya of the Kapiji^ to go and put him to death. That Hcjrah
officer finds him at Belgrade in the hords of Mohama^ intent 109c.
on recruiting his army, and feizes him in his own houfe ; A. D.
where being fliewn the mandate, and making no refiftance, 1684..
but affirming himfelf crowned with martyrdom, he is ftrang-
led by four executioners, and his head carried to Conjlan*
tirtopk. The Sekdn appoints in his room KAra Ibrahim Pa--
JhAf the Kaymakarij and charges him to take a fevere revenge
on the enemy, for the difgrace which the empire had fuiFered
by his predeceflbr*s ill condud : but Kara Moftafa had, by
injuries offered to the Chriftian princes, raifed too many ene-
mies for the Othmdn empire to contend with **.
We are told by the Chriftian hiftorians, that this JVazir
having in 1680 married the Soltan's daughter, a child of
but eight years old, rapine and violence were neceflary to
ftipport the charge. One way to raife money was by falfe
demands or allegations againft the ambafladors or refidents of
Chriftian princes. They began with the French miaifter, to
whom they denied the privilege of fitting on the Sofa "when
admitted to audience. But the ambafiador, by his mafter's
order, refolutely ftanding on his privilege, the TVazir called
l^n) to account for what fome French men of war had afted
? Cant. p. 314, &fcc[*
Digitized J?£ainft ^[e
Hifiory of the Othm^n Empire. B. XV.
againft the TripoUnes in the SoJan's port of Scio (T) ; and
without fo much as feeing, committed him prifoner to the
' cuftody of the CSauJh Bafii^ demanding, befides fatisfafiion
for the affront, two, hundred thoufand crowns reparation for
the damage.
nt Cbrif' With this the ambaJIador was forced to comply ; aldio', to
^l^lrT' ''^^^ ^^ mafter's honour, the fubmiifion was made ^U) by his
baffadon. fecretary and agent of the French nation. Nor did the £iy-
lijh ambaflador. Sir John Finchj fare much better : for the Wa-
zlr demanded feventeen thoufand dollars, under pretence that
a great fum of money, which was imported to Turkey^ was
not good ; and then having borrowed the capitulations from
Sir jfohn^ under pretence of perufmg them, would not part
with them till the merchants paid him fifty purfes, twenty of
which were afterwards returned. The Vimtian Bailo^ think-
ing to run fome goods, was detcSed, and fined thirty thou-
fand dollars : but it coft the republick two hundred thou£md
to make amends for fome damage done to Dalmatza. Lafiiy,
the Dutch Wrefident having had a difpute with the cuftomer,
was obliged to pay feventy purfes, in order to have his capitu-»
lations rendered more explicit *.
The affair of the Venetian Bailo is fet in a more advanta-
geous light by the Turkijh hiftorians. According to them,
Two Bat' Pietro Ciurant, arriving at Con/iantinapJe with two men of
^' war and three merchant fhips, upon his landing, ordered the
goods to be carried to his houfe. The receiver of the cuf-
tbms fufpe£ling, from the quantity, that the eiFe&s did not all
belong to the ambaiTador, vifits the (hips, and finding that
great part of the freight was configned to merchants, who
refufed to pay the cufloms, confifcates and fends them to the
Saltan's warehoufcs. The Bailo^ to recover what was taken
from him, Ihews from publick records, that it was the privi^
lege of all foreign ambafladors to bring to Conftantinapie^ cuf-
tom free, whatever goods they pleafed, as well on the mcr-»
* RjCAUT, ubi fupra,
(T) This affair is placed by and in the nqme of tbeir king U
Manley in the year 1682. offer their pre/entSf in /atisfaBm
(U) Thcfe prollrated them- for that affront and in/ult itihicb
fclves with their prefcDts before the French Jhips offered at the
the Soitdn^ while the uftier of port of Scio. Then the prefcflt^
the .imperial prefence preclaim- were produced one by one, and
ed with an audible voice: Be- rated at ten times the value
hold the agents fent from the king each. Thus writes Jones^h^X
•f France, to humble themfilves Manley does not make fach a
lefore our magnifcent emperor ^ farce of the matter.
chaot$
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|. C. 20, 19 Soldn Mohammed IV. ^^g
• phants account, as their own (X) : .but finding reafons were of A. D.
no effeft, he redeems the (hips which had been feized, by pro- | ^84.
mifuig the receiver a large fum of money. u--v^*i^
■ A FEW days after a fenetian nobleman, who had formerly /^/jg^^ and
been taken prifoner at fca, efcapes to tbcihips fent to convoy jjneJ,
homt Morojini^ the former Bailo. His patron, being informed
of this, petitions the Waour by an Ar%uhal (Y), that th^ fu-
gitive might be reftored to him. Hereupon the Bojlunji PaJJjd
is fent to fearch the (hip; but the captain, denying he had ai)y
fugitive on board, oppofes him by force. However, numbers
prevailing over courage, the fliip is fearched, the captive
found, and the failors, who had taken arms, are partly killed,
and partly left on board, under ftrift guard. The Soltdn alfo,'
hearing that a Venetian (hip had' prefumed to make ufe of
arms in the very port of Conjiantlmple^ arrefts both the am -
bafladors, Ciurani and Morofini ; refufing to difcharge them,
till they had paid feveral purfes to redeem the failors, and
atone for their crime.
As Vienna was at that time befieged by the Turksy and th^ Venetians
event doubtful, the republic of Venice take no notice of the declare
affront : but when they hear of the defeat of the Turks before 'war.
that city, they boldly clemand fatisfadion. This being refufed,
they make an alliance with the emperor oi Germany (Z) and
king of Poland^ and then proclaim war againft tne Othman
Porte, The declaration is delivered to the Kaymak^n by thq
Venetian ambaflador, who afterwards changing his habit, flies
from Conftantinople, So unexpeded a blow ftruck the Turks
with more than ordinary terror : for fince it was neceflary to
employ their whoje flrength againft the Germans and Poles^
they were at a lofs how to ftipply all the maritime places with
jgarrifons, which would require a number of men equal to a
powerful army : nor was there any fleet on foot, excepting fix
Soltdna^y old and leaky ; nor any hopes of procuring one foon^
(X) The Chriftiaa writers ac- for the TVazirs refolution, with
cufe the Bailo of running goods; the opinion and fcntence of the
the Turkijh (perhaps to crimi- judges, muft be written on the
pate the Wa%tr) acquit him. . other half of the page. Cant,
(Y) As much as to fay, the (Z) The emperor, by way of
opening of the caufe ; fo thofe pe- opening a door to a treaty, pub-
titipne are called, which are pre- lilhed a general acl of pardon to
fented to the Wa^ir in the di^ the mal-contents : but, as no
wan, about judiciary matters, mention was made of liberty of
They muft be penned fo con- confcience, vtxy few accepted
cifcly, tho' the caufe be ever fo of it ; and Tekeli ordered count
great, or intricate, as not to fill- Humanai^ who did, to be bc-
up above half an o£lavo page : headed.
becaufe
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Hiftcrj of the OthmSn Emptrel B. XV.
becaufe the Hungarian expedition would empby all the moncj
in the treafiuy.
For thcfe reafons, Kara IbrMmj Pojha^ ufo all his cd-
Torkifh Jcavours to pacify the Venetians (A), declares, dxat the injuries
friparatt' complained of were not done by the Sobar^s orders, but thro'
^*'* the avarice of his predeceflbr; and promifes to reftore what had
been feized, in cafe thev would defift from the war. But the
Venetians^ deaf to thoic flattering fpeeches, anfwered, diat
they had fuflered injuries long enough already, and now tiic
time of revenging them was come. Tlie Waztr^ finding tkat
the ftorm, niHhich direatened the Otbman empire, cannot be
diverted, applies his whole care to refift the fhock. He ap-
points Skaytan Ibrahim P^Jba^ a man of approved valour, Se-
rajkier againft the Germans^ and Jyneji Sdeyman Pafid (B),
agamft Poland* He orders the high admiral to oblerve the mo-
tions of the Venetians ; and continues himfelf at Con/tantinopU^
under pretence of indifpofidon, directing the general to inform
him faithfully of the progrefs of affairs : but to acquaint the SsU
tan only with their good fuccefs, and conceal the bad as care-
fully as they could.
Vice- While thefe things are tranfaSing at Confantinopb^ the
grade imperial army, under the command of die duke ofLorrain (C),
taken. in yonusTj^olakbir^ marched into Hungary j and about the eijd
of that month befieged Vicegrade^ which in a few days fur*
rendered on conditions (D). In their march from thence, thcf
meet, and overthrow with great flaughter, the Beglerheg rf
Buda^ fent to retard their progrefs ; and then befiege Vacia ;
which Baddn Pajhd coming to relieve, he twice attacks the
imperial camp, and is twice repulfed, with the lofs of fif-
teen thoufand men. Hereupon, the governor furrenders the
city, upon the fame conditions which had been granted to
Vicegrade ^.
^f Turks Instead ofVacia^ theChriftian hiftorians mention fVit-
dsfcatedk zen. They tell us, that after the feduftion of Vicegrade^ the
impcrialifts having performed a difficult march, on the 27th
of June^ encamped near Witxen^ in fight of fifteen thoufand
Turksy and eight thoufand Ti/^rj, drawn- up on the fide of a
'^ Cant. p. 316. & fieq.
(A) He alfo reftored to the enemies. He was the fon of
JEngliJh and French the privi- Bofnian Cbrijiians, Cant.
lege of fitting with him on die (C) It did not exceed 40,000
fofa. Manley. Jones. Hjen, altho' the emperor had in
(B) Aynfji fignifie?, the de- all, for garrifons and the like,
jceitfuli a name given liim on 104,880 forces. Manley,
account of the m^ny artiF.ces, he \D) In the middle of Jane.
ufed to' deceive both friends and
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C. 20. 19 Soltan Mohammed IV.
htU, of difficult accefs ; for on the right they had the Danube,,
and on their left a morafs. The impcrialiits had their right
towards the Danube alfo, and left towards the mountain, ex- <
tending largely in front. The way to the enemy was very ^
rugged, and defended bv four pieces of cannon ; yet the prilice
of Baden, and count otaremberg, forced their paflage thro%
Hereupon the Turks attacked Taaff's regiment in the middle
of the line, and the duke o( Lorrain had his horfe killed under
him, by a piftol fliot : yet, not being able in three charges to
break the imperialifts, who moved regularly, and l^ept clofe
together, they began to give way : but, ra]l)rine again, made
a ^urth charge, without fucceis, fo that the Chnftians pref-
ling on them, they took to flight with confiderable lofs, altho'
moft of their cavalry cfcapcd to -Pr/?.
The confequence of this vi£^ory was the furrender of wjtxcii
JVitxen at difcretion ; when, July the 10th, the army ^^S^A/ftrremUrs^
the Danube, without oppofition from twenty thoufand Turks,
who were within three miles of the river, 'and might eafily
have hindered them. After this indeed, the Seraskier ad-
vanced againft them, with all his horfe, and fbme Janizaries ;
making (o fudden an attack, that the imperialifb had fcarce
time to dr^w into order of battle : but the duke of Lorrain, at
the head of his cavalry, leading the van, fuflained the firft
fiiock with carbine (blot ; fo that no breach being made in
their ranks, and at the fame time, the reft of the army having
drawn up, the Turks, upon their motion, were terrified into
a diforderly flight, to the place where the Janizaries and can-
non were left, and purfuod by the PoUfij horfe, with no fmall
flaughter *.
The Turkijh hiftorians before lis do not <jpeak of this bat-
tle previous to the fiege of Buda ; they only iay, that Vacia,
and the neighbouring towns, having been reduced, the duke of
Lorrain marched with his army to Buda, on the firft of Shaa- « , r
ban, and encamps under the very walls^ The firft attack was ^^ >
upon Pe/i, a town oppofite to it on the Danube, which was
taken in a few hours (E). But whilft thev were intent on
the fiege of Buda, the Serajkier, Shaytan Ibrahim Pajhdj
advances with the whole Othman power (F), and endeavours
to break thro' the lines, with which the imperialifts had for-
tified their camp ; at the fame time, ordering a body of Jani-^
Tories to attack the enemy another way, and try to throw iup-
' RiCAUT &Manley, abifupra.
(£) Our hiftorians fay the men, befide? 15,000 left to
Turki burnt it. guard the bridge of EJfeck,
(Fj Confifting of So^oco Manley^
tlies
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Hijtory of the Oehman Empre. B. XV^
plies into the garrifonj by penetrating through their camp :
but, being repulfed in every attempt, he pitches his tent op-
pofite to theirs, and annoys them with continual (kirmifhes ".
The Paiha ^^^ more particulars of the fiege, we muft have rccOurfe to
Jaitt. ^^^ Chrjflian writers. According to them, the confederate army
fitting down before Buda^ on the 14th of July^ the TurJts burnt
the lower-town next day, fituated on a hill, and defended by
a ilrong caftle, with regular works, and eight thoufand men^
furnifhed with all kinds of neceflaries. On the 12th of
Auguft^ tte bcfiegers fprung a mine near the great tower,
without much cfFcA; and Kara Mohammed^ Beglerbeg of
Buddy dying on the 14th of a wound in the face, he was fuc-
Ceeded by Ibr^m PAJbd ; who foon after was flain alfo. On
the 16th, the befieged made a fally, and were beateri\)ff with
fome lofs ; but had better fortune in feveral others, which
fucceeded. Mean time, endeavouring to open a wider
breach in the wall ; they were not a little difturbed by the ap-
proach of the Serajkier. But while the duke of Lorrain drew-
off part of his army to op^wfe him, fgme of his foremoft
troops fell violently into the trenches on the right, and were
feconded by a fally of the 'Janizaries^ from the city, on the
left. Their charge was fo furious, that they gained the two
firft pofts, and proceeded to the third, even under one of the
Turks de- batteries : but they were at length driven back, and had a
jeatcd. fort on the Danube taken from them. At the fame time the
cavalry of their left wing was fo warmly charged by the im-
perialills, that they fled in diforder, without ftaying for the
foot to advance upon them. . This done, the^uke ftormed
the upper town, and carried it. Many of the Turks fled to
the caftle, which being (hut againft them, fell by the fword,
whilft others who retired to their houfes, were burnt along
with them. It is faid that twelve hundred Janizaries fell
on this occafion, to about fourfcore imperialilts, killed and
woun/ded.
The Seraf- ^HE fame night, batteries were raifed againft St. Gerard's
kier at- mount : however, the befiegers began now to labour under
tempts many inconveniencies : and at the beginning of September
the rains fell in fuch abundance, that in fome trenches the
foldiers remained a whole day up to the middle in water.
' This encreafed the difeafes of the camp, and helped to give
the Turks fuccefsful fallies. At this time, the Bavarian in*
fantry coming to reinforce the imperialifts,thc duke fummoned
the governor to furrender, threatning otherwife to give no
quarter. The governor anfwered, that he expeded none; and
to (hew that he refolved to give none, ordered forty prifoners
■ Cant. p. 318.
' Digitized by VjOOQIC
C. 4o • 19 Soltan Mohammed IV. g^^
to be flain on the walls. But, for all this boaftcd refolution, he A. D.
depended not fo much on the ftrcngth of his garrifon, as the 1684.
alEftance of the Sirajkier ; who at length marched with about V./'W-^
twenty th^and men, to AWa Regalis^ with an intention to
difturb the nege : but on the advance of the duke of Bavaria^
he moved towards the bridge of EJfeck^ in order to hinder
count Lejley^ the general of Kroatia^ to burn that bridge, or
take the forts which defended it.
To furnifh this dcfign, the duke of Lorrain wenthimfelf in torelirvt
perfon to oppofe him. But the Seraskur declined fighting, fi^e citj,
and returned under the cannon of Ma Regalis : while certain
regiments were pofted on hills, to obferve their motions ; and
feveral redoubts built, to impede his march to Buda, Howe-
ver, that general being refolved once more to attempt the re-
lief of it, fet forward on the 20th of September. Next day
two thoufand Turks attacked the lines in two places, in order
to force their way into the city : but altho' they were beaten
ofF with confiderable lofs, fifteen hundred horfe and foot,
making a fally at the fame time out of the town, cleared all
the trenches before them, killed two hundred men, and ad-
vanced to the very batteries : yet at length they were driven
back, with the lofs of four hundred of their companions. To
make amends for this, about the fame number, on the 23d,
waded Over a marfliy ground, up to the arm-pits, and got into
the place, while the Serajkier appeared as if he would have at-
tempted the lines himfelf. On the 25th, making the fame feint,
th^ befiegers drew out of their lines to oppofe him. Mean time,
a detachment oiTurkiJh horfe advancing under covert of the
hills, before they were perceived, attacked a quarter of the
inaperialifts, where they cut-oflF one thoufand men, while a
thoufand Turks, under favour of the fame hills, got into Bu-
da :• whereupon the Seraskler retired to Mba Regaiis,
The fiegc now began to go on very heavily, and the \rr\\ie- fhe Jiege
rialifts, having on the fecond of 05loher, battered down a little raifed.
tower belonging to the caflle, next day, with four thoufand
men, attempted to make a defcent into the ditch ; but were
beaten-ofF, with the lofs of fifteen hundred. This encouraged
the befieged to make feveral fjccefsful falliesj while the ^^-
raskler kept the confederate camp in a continual alarm. Here-
upon the generals, confidering that the befieged were ftill ten
thoufand Itrong, well provided with neccfTaries : that v/ithout
a greater force, it was not poflible to cut ofi^ their communica-
tion with the Danube \iTi^ that their own mines, befides being
ill managed, had been difcovercJ, they raifed the ficge on the
lirft of November ; after they had loft twenty five ihouf^ind
jnen, and retired to winter quarters ".
^ RiCAUT &' Manlet, ubi fupra.
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Digitized b
s6o Hljiory of the Othman Empire. B. XV.
A. D. The Turkijb biftorians impute the raffing of the itege
1684. wholly to the laft caufe ; and confeft that all die efibrts made
V^v^O by the Seraskier^ would not have relieved die city, if the
to what garrilbn bad not, by accident, or treachery, difcov«ed the
^^*^i* mines, juft as the imperialifts had determined to furroiind the
]^t* For the generals, finding they muft now begin their work
again, and at the fam^ time contend with a fiiperior army,
thought it more advifeable to raife die fiege ; which they did
on the 23d of Zutkaadib^ after four months leaguer, with-
out any oppofition from the Turksy who were glad to fee diem-
felves freed from the fears of that formidable expedition.
In the mean dme count Lejky^ fentby the doke to befiege
tVirrowitj a confiderable fortrefs. in Sclavma^ defeated the
Turkijb auxiliaries in two batdes, and ailaulted die walls with
fuch fury, that the garrifon was obliged to furrender, on the
the 23d of Sbaabdn (G). About the fame time^ Teieli being
routed by the imperialifb at Eperies^ in upper Hungary^ bis
cabinet and baggage are taken by the conquerors,
Jffatrs of While the Seraskier of Hungary is thus engaged, to his
Moldavia, lofe, with the Germans^ Ayneji Soleyri%&n Pajha^ with better
fuccefs, fighwthe Poles at Bahaddghi (H) ; where having af-
fembjed his army, he pafles the Danube near SaJtcza (or Sak-
cba) and, hearing that the Polijh troops did not yet appear,
thinks it more proper to fetde the affairs dl Aloldavia ani
IValakhtay than march any farther. Thefe provinces were at
that time governed by the two Cantakuzenij Moldavia by De*
metrius, and fValakbia by Serban (I), whom he refolves to dc-
(G) By this means a way was which purpoie he bad made
opened for him toEfeck^ whither leagues with the emperor, and
he was bound, with, 15,000 czars oi Ruffia^ who promifed
men, to burn the bridge. to make him emperor, after
(H) The feat of die Pdjhd of Confiantinofle was taken. He
Siliftriaf as hath been obferved alfo cail 38 cannon, and raiied
before. There arc found in the 24,000 men. This the Turks
neighbourhood plenty of eagles, knew ; but, being barrafTed hj
from their ftrengdi and large- the Germans^ diffembled their
nefs^ called by the Turksy Ghiu- refentment. However, they
Jighien. Their feathers arc the were delivered from him by
bed for arrows ; but if an arrow, death, being poifoned, as it was
fledged with a quill of this eagle, thought, at a feaft, by his
be put into a, quiver with ar- brother Conjiantint Stolniky and
rows made with other feathers, Brankomany his fitter's fon, that
that feather, will eat all ihe other they might live at eafe. He
feathers to the wood. Canttmir* left one fon, TpnnocGeorgiy wbd
(I) A magnanimous prince, lives in Tranjyl'uamay under the
who formed the deiign to drive emperor's prote&ion, and foor
xYit^Turks out oi Europe : for daughters. Cant,
Digitized by GoOglC POfe I
C. ao. 19 Soltan Mohammed IV.
pofe; the firft, becaufe a weak man, and unflcilled in Inilitaiy
affairs ; the latter, becaufe he kept a correfpondence with the
emperor of Germany y and Czar of RuJJia. Demetrius he di- '
vetted of his authority, and appoints Conftantine Cantemir[K)y Polifti /«•
Serdar of the province, in his room : but, being bribed by 'vafion.
Serhdfiy with a large fum of money, conceals his treachery,
and confirms him in his government.
During the Seraskier*s ftay in thefe parts, John III. king
of Poland^ on the 1 2th of Ramdzan^ aflembles his forces at
Buchofhy and before any fuch defign was fufpeded, at the firft
aflault, takes ^ancze (L), fltuated on the TyraSy oppoiite
to Khotiriy and about two hours diilant from KaminieL There
he commands a bridge to be built over the TyraSy in order to
tranfport his troops into Moldavia : but when it was juft
fintfhed, the Serdsiier^ pzC^ng the TyraSy furprifes the king,
and (huts him up in his camp ; where he harafTes the Poles^
and gives them no time to reft, or draw- up in order, while
the Tatars deftroyed all the provifions in the neighbourhood.
The king finding things defperate, efcapes firft out of the
camp, with a few attendants, and is foon after followed by
the officers ; who, having burnt therr baggage, and thrown
their warlike engines into a lake, leads home the remains of
the army (M), not without great lofs.
The Venetians had much better fucccfs in the Jdriatik Venetian
fea : they begin the war at Morkkkiy in Dabnatiay fubdue fi^cefes.
Uranaj ObrowazzOy ahd Skardona \ burn Dernisy and take
the cattle of Duare by ttrataaem. Their fleet commanded by
Mof^finiy who furrendered Kandiay arriving at Leukos (N),
lays clofe fiege to the city, which Bekr Agay governor of the
cattle, after fevcnteen days defence, delivers up, on the 6th
of Ramazany and pafies over to the continent. The ifland
(K) Surnamed the old ; he had been bribed by the king of
was prince of Moldavia eight Trance^ their only friend among
years, and the father of our the Chriilians ; and fo made no
author prince Demetrius, Can- preparations againft him, for the
temir. He died in 1693. Serdar enfiiing year, Jones,
is general of the forces, ap- (N) Or Leucade^ called alfo
pointed to defend the borders, Si^ta Maura^ an ifland in the
that lie between the Hr>riz/iri and Ionian Cea^ north of CephaUniay
Tyras, agaiad the Ko/dis and formerly joined to the coaft. I(
Tatars. has no towns, but only the
(L) Or<^#tf»f^^thcChriftian forts of Demata^ and Santa
writers fay JaJl<rwitK, Maura, The fleet arrived thert
(&1) The Chriftian writers on the 20th of 7///^, which was
fay, the king^s adions this year furrendered on articles the 6th
fell very flat: and that the r«rii of Augufty when ready to be
laughed at them, and faid, he flormed. Jones,
^
Mod. Hist. Vol XII. O o
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byCoogk
/ i
562 Hifiory of the OthmSa Empire. B. XV.
A. D. being fubdued, the Venetians fend part of their forces, unfc
P 1684. the tommand of Strafoldoy into Akarnaniay a province of
^•^W.^ Epirus^ and compel Fentzxa and Seromero to fubmit In
their progrefs forward, they defeat four thoufend Turks^ under
Seffer Aga^ who endeavoured to ftop their paflage ; where-
upon the inhabitants of the country voluntarily fubmit to pijf
them tribute.
Frevefa In the mean time, the reft of the army had pafled into the
fwrren^ Morea^ and fo fiercely a&aulted Perenfefa (or Prevefa) tbit on
^fd. the eighth of the fame month of Ramazdn^ Mehemed Effenii^
who commanded the garrifon, was obliged to detiver up the
caftle (O). Befides thefe fuccefles, there came an account
from 77W, an ifland in the Archipelago^ that feveral TurJaJk
gaflies, fent to feize it, had been repiilfed with great lofs*
KARA Ibrahim Pajha^ judging that it would be cafy
to recover thofe places from the republic, when once the
German and Polijh armies were repulfed ; he appoints the ge-
nerals, who had before been fo fuccefsful, to be Seraskiers
againft thofe powers, and fends only a fmall army, with a
fleet, againft the Venetians.
Viwar Mean time, the Germans had fo clofely befieged (Owar^
btfieged^ or NewhaUfel) during the whole winter, that the famine
deftroyed more than the fword. At length on the firft of
Hej.1096 Shaabany in the year 1096, the city is afiaulted in form, and
A. D. the liege pufhed with fuch vigour, that the garrifoii, a few days
1685. after, was obliged to abandon the out-works **.
According to the Chrlflian hiftorians, befides famine,
fhows, and great rains, the Germans were afHi6ted with a
peflilence, which fpared neither man nor beafl : The block*
ade was commanded by general Scbultz^ with four thoufand
horfe and dragoons, befides Huffars^ who defeated fix thou-
fand men, coming to relieve the place, under Tekeli, How-
ever, this prince, adventuring a fecond time with three tliott-
fand horfe, made way for as many more, and three hundwd
waggons, with provifions, to enter. After this, two tho)i(afld
facks of corn got in : but while Schultz defeated another con-
voy, Tekeli defeated him, and took all hb baggage. Being
alfo forced to raife the ficge ofE^ries, he was, in his retreat
totally routed by Tehli ; whofe troops, fiot long after, were
routed in their turn, with the lofs of the provifions fent to
« Cant. p. 318 & feq.
. (O) The Venetians attacked September, and had the place
Prrue/a, bccaufe SaniSe Maura furrendered on articles, on the
could not othervvife be fecured. z8th.
They began xht fie^e the 2 1 ft of
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C 20; 19 Soltan Mohammed IV. 56^
fup^lj thtg^rrVon of Newbauf el (Fit^arot Owar). General A. D.
Heujler was likcwife fuccefsful in divers rencounters^ a^ 1685.
took two large convoys, going with proviiions to that city. **— "V^
Me A^ time the duke of Lorraln having joined the imperii /- ^^^ ^-^^
army at Gran^ it was refolved to befiegc Novigrade^ rather p^rialifti^
than Buda^ which had been ftrongly fortified by the Turh :
but encouraged by a letter, fent from the Chriftian flaves at
Newbaufil^ falfely fetting forth, that the place might be eaCly
taken, and that there were no more than twelve hundred men
in garrifon, they determine to invefi it ; and on the 7th of
July^ encamped on the Nitra^ about cannon-fhot from the
town* On the nth, they opened their trenches* The I4tb,
the batteries began to play againft the baftion, near the gate
of Gran I and by the 21 ft, made a confiderable breach, while
the duke fent parties to obferve the motions oi tht Seraskier^
Shaytdn Ibrahim^ late governor of Buja. On the. 22d, the
town was fet on fire ; which yet was extinguifhed by the
great rain that fell, and much incommoded the befiegers in
their trenches. On the 25th, they endeavoured to fill the
ditch with rubbifk; but the Turks in a fally flopped the chan-
nd by which the water ran into the river. ' Yet, being beaten
back by the Bavarians^ and the bank again opened, the water
fell fo low, that they difcovered a fccret paflage, by which the
ditch was fupplied from the marfhes ; the flopping whereof
became a continual caufe of conteft.
The waters flill encreafmg in the ,ditch, the befiegers fell
to make galleries, which being fired by the Turh, catched
hold of the next batteries, arid blew up their powder. Mean
time, advice arrived daily of the Seraskier^s motions j who on
the 26th, with 60,000 men, pitched his camp in fight of
Gran p.
Now let us return to tht Othmdn hiftorians. On advice that The Seraf-^
the garrifon of Viwar (or Newhaufel) had abandoned the kier
outworks of the town, the Seraskiery Shaytan Jbrahtm PaJhA^ marches
baflens to the relief of the city ; and finding it dangerous to
attack an army fo ftrongly intrenched, has recourfe to his
ufual artifices, and befieges at once. Gran and Vicegraie^
hoping by this means, to draw- oflF the enemy's forces froqi
Viwar . Fortune indeed feemed to favour him : for in a few
days he not.only recovered Vice\rade^ but fo diftrefled Grany
not yet fuffid^ntly repaired fince the laft fiege, that it feemed
in no Icfs danger of being taken, than Viwar,
But before the Seraskier could finifti what he had begun, to rtlitv
the duke of Lorrain^ leaving fixteen thoufand men to continue iV,
the fiege of that place, marches with the reft of his army
/ ' Rxcaut &MANLKy, ubifupra.
O o 2 againft
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftory of the OAmSn Empire. B, XV.
agatnft him, and, on the 2d of Ramazin, appears in fiebt of
the Othman camp. The Seraskiery imagining he had nofw
' gained his point, immediately abandons the Aege of Gran^^
draws up his army fo advantageoufly, that the enemy couU
neither furcound, nor attack him in. front or flank, without
great danger. The right wing was defended by the rapii
Danube ; the left by a ridge of mountains, which extended fcr
feveral leagues ; and the front was covered with wide and dif-
ficult mar(hes. In this fituation he continues four days,
without motion ; either, by delay,* to elude the attempts of die
enemy, or to deftroy them in their pailage over the mora^
* if they (hould venture to attack him. But the duke perceiv.
ing his defign, and confidering that his army could not, with-
out extreme danger, be expofed in fuch difficult places,
counterfeits a flighty and founding a retreat, on the I4diin
the night, retires with his whole camp.
hut is The Turks^ imagining that the Germans 'wrere fled in
»*ver» earneft, boldly follow them j and tho' often repulfed, con-
tbrown, tinue all night to attack them a$ they retreat : while.tbe impe-
rialifts proceed on, ^nd leave a fpace for the enemy both to
pafs the moraffcs, and open their front. At length, when
they perceived more were pafTed over than could return with-
out lofs, they halt, and fo furioufly attack their purfuers, who
followed them in confufion, that they compel them to flj
back to their camp, with great precipitation. The eledor of
Bavariay who commanded one of the wings, follows them
through the morafles; while the duke of Lorr as n does the fame
on the oppofite fide, tho* neither of them knew the other's in-
tentions. Upon this, the Turhy being feized with a panick,
in fpite of all the Seraskier could do, take to flight in fuch con-
fufion, that the Janizaries killed and unhorfed their own a-
valry, to ^y with more fpeed ; fo that a greater number were
flaiii by their cohnpanions, than by the enemy. Their camp,
baggage, treafure, provifion, and a great quantity of warlike
flores, fell to the conquerors q.
jif.o'ber The Chriftian hiftorians differ fomewhat from the TurJtifi>,
uuomt ff The duke of Lorrain^ on the news of the Seraskier^s being en-
camped in fight of Gran^ as before mentioned, fcnt out a
party ; who on the 4th of yf&r^i^ returned, with news that he
had befiegcd that city. Hereupon the duke fet forward with
40,000 men; and on the loth, fl^opped within three hours
march of the place. There next day they were furprifed with
the fight of the garrifon of l^icegrade\ fince they heard nothing
of the fiege, altho* attacked for fixteen days, before the blow-
irg up of the tcwer joining the cafllc obliged them to fur-
^ Cant. p. :2X. &fcq.
render.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
C. 2o» ig Soltan Mohammed IV.'
render. The 13th, he marched in qucft of the enemy, who
liad raifed the fiege on his approach ; and next day came in
iijght of them, encamped beyond the morafs : but, finding the '
morafs impaflable, he feigns a kind of fear, and retreated back
an hour's march. The Turis^ thus deluded, on the 15th and
l6th pafs the marfhy grounds, and coming up with him,
haftily charge the right wing of the imperialiits, who repulfed
them three times ; while the duke caufed the left wing to
move flowly to their affiftance. The Seraskierj perceiving the
diforder of his left wing, advanced to attack the imperial
right wing himfelf : but the duke doubling the forces of the
firft line, Domwaldt reinforcing it, and the ele£br of Bi^a^
ria at the fame time coming to their aiSftancc, the Turks
were put into confufion.
However, as foon as they were out of reach of the Ger-* tig latth^
man muflcets, they rallied again, and charged as furioufly as
before : yet at length were routed. This being obferved by
their right wing, mey wheeled that way, to try their fortune
once more, and fuccour them. With this view, a confider-
able detachment advanced to attack the imperialiils in flank ;
but being repulfed, the whole army was put to flight; and re- ^
treating over the marfhy grounds, in the purfuit, above two
thoufand of them periflied there.
Mean time, the imperial right wing, being acquainted
with the paflage over the marih, purfued them that way, and
made them abandon their camp; leaving tents, baggage,
and all behind them« Altho' in the firft adtion, they loft not
above four thoufand men, yet double that number periflied in
the morafs, and other ways ; befides thirty- eight colours,
twenty- three cannon, and two mortars, taken : whereas the
imperialifts loft not in all above two hundred men.
In the interim, the befiegers had made fuch a progrefs before Viwar
Newhaufel^ that, on the 19th of the fame month, they made tf^kin •
a general aflfault : , when the Turks defended themfelves with
great bravery, and never hung out a white flag, till three thou-
land of their enemies had entered the breach. But it being then
too late, the foldiers put all to the fword, without diftindtion
of age or fex. The governor died next day of his wounds, and
out of feventeen hundred of the garrifon, remaining out of
three thoufand, only two hundred were faved ^
The Turkijh hiftorians fay, this city was taken on the 19th. •
of Ramazdn^ and feveral thoufands of the garrifon flain, with
the lofs only of a few men on the enemy's fide. The 0/fr-
mnr^ according to tjie fame authors, were ftruck with fuch ^^.^^ ^^»
terror at the talong of this fortrefs, that not only the g^rrifons w^^^^^
'RiCAVT, ubifupra.
Oo 3 of
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
German
fuccefet.
KaiTovia
kefieged^
Tekeli
Hijiofydf the OihxtAn Empire. B.XV,
of Novlgrade and VUegradi abandon thofc. cities, at the re-
port of the enemy's approach : yet the &eraskier himfelf, tho*
in other rcfpcfts a man of invincible courage, and a veteran
foldi^r, fent one of his officers twice to the imperial general,
to try whether any peace might be made with the emperor j
btit, as more advantages were expefled from the prefent fitu-
ation of affairs, he was both times difmiiTed with a downright
denial.
WHitE the duke of Lorrain was yet engaged in the ficp
of Viwary count Lejley^ with a fmall body of troops (P), had
laid waftc all Sclavonia ; routed the Pajhd of Pojbega (Q.), and
on the 1 2th of Ramazany burnt great part of the bridge over *
the wide morafles of the Dravt^ and taken EJ/ii : but, not
being able to reduce the caftle, he plundered the town (R),
and then left it. Schuhz had equal fuccefs in lower Hungorjs
where, on the lOth of the fame month, after a long liege, he
compelled EJ^erieSj a city of Tekeffs party, to furrender(S)j
and took Tokay^ with feveral other caftles and towns, which
were ^rrifoned by the rebels. Merci and Ueujler^ joining
their forces, had fubdued Xolmk^ Ihraini^ Kalo^ Little^fFara^
din, St. Nicholases Church, and Safaifa. TekelVs party, be-
ing every-where routed, retire to Kajfovia (or KaJhaw)\trA
ftrongly fortifying the city, determine to wait there for the
troops promifed by the Turks^ chufing to fufFer the utmoft cx^
trerftities, rather than fubmit to the German emperor.
Soon after, Caprara, on the 3d of Zilkaadeh, beginning to
attack the city (T), Tfhl!, to fecure his troops from the
danger, fends frequent meffengers to the Pajhd of lVara£n
for afliftance. This the Pajhd promifes ; but delires Tekeii^
come and advife him how the place might befl be relieKcd.
Tekeli, putting too great a confidence in him, fets forwardi
with 7000 of his countrymen ; and, before he reaches Wdra-
din^ is met by the PAflsd, who receives him with great ho-
nour, quarters his foldiers in the neighbourhood, and delires
him to enter the city, with his principal officers. Then he in-
vites the prince to dinner ; which being over, an officer, at-
tended by feveral Janizaries^ enters the room, and flicwsthc
(P) About 8000 men.
(Q ) The Turkijh commander,
Hccording to the Chriftian ac-
counts, was called Sia^s or
Sham Pcjhd: which word, in
prince CMnttwur^% htflory, is
written Siavm, This defeat was
on the 1 3th of Augufi. He was
Jcilled here.
(H) And bornt it likewif«,
but did not think fit to attcmff
the cattle. Jones,
(S) The fiege began the 19*
of Jugmfi^ and the city fbrrflJ*
dered the i Qth of SeptenAer, ofl
very honourable ooiiditions.
(T) lUfckaw was VK^M
on the 6th ofOaoher, and for*
TOKleml QA the 25th*
0i^
Digitized
byGoogk
C.20. 19 Soltan Mohammed IV. -
Soltdnh mandate to bring Teketi in chains to Conftantinopk.
. ^ekell^ unable to refift, fuffers himfclf to be carried away
bound ; while his attendants, ftruck with furprifc, and fearing
fcr themfelves, flood motionlcfs^ nor dared to ask the reafon
of fuch treatment.
Presently after, the PSfl)etknis for Petrozzi^ the prin- pctrg^zi
cipal perfon among th^m, bids him lay afide his fears, and made gi*
take upon him the command of the Hungarian forces, till the ntral:
Soltan^% further orders. Petrozzi artfully conceals his refent-
iment, and replies, that ahho* he knew not Tekeli's crime,
and had believed him a faithful fervant to the Soltany yef he
did not doubt but his majefty had a very important reafon for
treating him in that manner : that, however, this affair would
not Ihake the fidelity either of himfelf or the Hungarians.
Thefe aflurances he gave the Pa fid : but, at his return to the
camp, with the reft of TekeU's attendants, he perfuaded his
countrymen to a very different condu<ft. After giving the
officers an account how treacheroufly the prince had been ea-
fnared at fp^aradin, he told them " it was in vain to expeft
•' the reftoration of liberty to Hungary, from men who knew revohs /»
•• not what liberty was, and had no other rule of their a£Hons the en^e^
** but the arbitrary will of their governors. — That they '^.
** ihould therefore confider what would be moft for the in-
** tereft of themfelves and the kingdom, whether to con-
*« tinue in exile, fee their country wafted, and be perpetually
•« in fear of prifon and chains ; or to implore the emperor's
** mercy, whofe troops had in two years fubdued almoft all
^ the kingdom, excepting Kajfoviuy and embrace the am-
♦* nefty offered them."
This laft meafure being approved by them all, Petrazzi,
trith the whole army, goes to Capr^ra, ftill engaged in the
fiege ofKaJJovia\ and promifing fidelity to his imperial majefty.
Joins his forces to thofe of the emperor, and orders them to
make incurfions upon the Othmdn territories. The garrifon
of Kajfivia hearing this, immediately follow their example,
and open their gal^ on the 26th of Zilkaadeb to the imperial
general '.
With regard to this arreft oiTek^, our hiftorians tell us, Withfe^
that the great fuccefs of the imperial arms in Hungary y as al- ^veral
ready related, had ftruck fuch a dread into the hearts of the plaut.
ITurisy and the malecontents, that they, without any diffi-
culty, yielded Potaky Regents, Ungwar, and Seraw, all be-
kmgiiig to TjgJkfli', and that feveral other ftrotig places (U),
*■ Cant. p. 322. &feq.
' (U) As SenHt. vcAVMnhin^ ?aUot%^ Duren^ SpadtZt Joram^
with the cables ofSonna, Annoin^ Hingen^ Zatmar, aad others.
O 0 4 followed .
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftary of the Othman Empire. B. XV,
followed their example : fo that the Seraskiery to cover his
own ill fuccefs, caufed that prince to be imprifoned at Wth
radin (X) •.
Poles /«- Mean time the Poles meet with a very diflferent fate m
n;aile Moldavia : for the king, taught by the ill fuccefe of the laft cx-
Moldavia. pedicion, that nothing could be done for his advantage in
thofe countries, unlefs he could engage the inhabitants in his
interefts ; tries, during the whole winter, by various arts, to
gain the prince Conjiantine Cantemir, and induce him to re-
volt from the Turis, Cantemir let him know, ** that he was
** willing enough to do as he defired bim, could he but fee
'' that by his revolt, the leaft advantage ,would accrue to
*« Chriftendamj whereas, at that time, it would rather prove
*^ detrimental to the king ; and, that in cafe he ihould coiw
*' fent to revolt, yet the.ftatcs of the province could never be
*^ perfuaded to hazard the lofs of their eftates and children,
** who were hdftages at the Porte^ for their fidelity.**
Princi SOB IE S Kiy finding the prince inflexible to his pcr-
Cante- fuafions, in the beginning of fummer, fends his forces, under
mir'iW- the command oi Potocky and Tablanowski^ towards AtoUa*
^ict via. QanUmir^ informed of this, advifes the generals by let-
rer, *' to take Kameniek^ before they pafled the Tyros (or
** Niejler) ; fince otherwife, as they had experienced laft year,
'^ their retreat would be cut ofF, in cafe they were defeated }
^^ and, if they obtainefl any vidories, would not gain the more
" ground : that their eruption would only expofe the in*
f'^ habitants to captivity and torments ; and that he hinifelf
*< was obliged by the fevereft threats to repair to the TurBJk
<^ camp, and defend his principality to the utmoft of his
•* power."
The generals, defpifing the prince's advice, anfwer, ^^ that
** they are commanded by their king, to endeavour to fubdue
** Moldavia ; arid therefore cannot difobey his orders ;
«' that the fiege of Kamenieky was difiicult and needleft, fince
** the neighbouring country being once reduced, the garriibit
*^ muft abandon the town for want of bread ; and that thejr
*' feared no defeat from ihtTurksy having an army with them
** fufEcient to repel the forces of the whole Othman empire.
** they conclude, by advifing him to join his troops with theirs;
*' and threatening otherwife to treat him as an enemy."
• RiCAUT.
(X) Oar author adds, that TV- the head of the army» to pro-
kili^ by his agents at court, fo claim bim iniioccnt : but a littlo
well acquitted himfelf, that or- lower the readers will find the
ders were quickly difpatched to Turkifi account of this affiur.
th« P^i^^ to releafe him, and at
Without
Digitized by VjOOQL
C. -20I 19 Soltan Mohammed IV.\ g6^
. Without waiting for a reply, they run a bridge over the A. J>.
TyraSy and pafs with their army into Moldavia: but had not 1685.
inarched far, before they were met, at a village called Boyartj ^<y^>r\J
by Ayneji Soleymdn Pajhd^ ^MNk'with twenty-five thoufand-^^*'^^ ^
Turks J and Selim Gyeray Khdrty with fifty thoufand Tatars^ ^^'*••
'who were followed by the prince of Moldavia^ with five thou-
fand men. When the two armies came near each other, they
ftopped, and fortified their camps. The Seraskier and Khdn^
perceiving the Poles to approach, confult whether they (hall
attack them, or wait till the enemy either fall on the Othmin
camp, or retreat. As they differed in their opinions, Cb«-
Umir^ defirous of turning every thing, as far as poffiWe, to the
advantage of the Poles^ perfuades the Seraskier to remain ii|
his pofl, and prevent the Poles from making any farther pro-
grefs ; alleging, <^ that a battle was not raflily to be hazarded,
*' fincc the enemy were numerous, and he (the Serajkier) ha4
^* but twenty-five thoufand men who could be depended on,
** as the Tatars would fcarcely ftand the firft fire : that if any
*•* misfortune happened, all Moldavia^ and perhaps Bujak^
^* with the Danuhian provinces, would become a prey to the
*« Poles : that, in fliort, they might be fubdued without the
*« lofs of a fmgle man, if he would but furround his camp
^* with ftrong works, and weaken them by continual Ikir-
« mifhes/'
The Seraskier approving this advice, Cantemir^ by a trufty fji^f.f^^z
perfon, informs the Poles of all which had paffed in the coun- cberout '
cil ; adding, that his troops were polled on the weftern bank proceed'
of the Tyrasy and that they had nothing to fear from that/W
quarter. The Polijh generals, on this advice, refolve firft to
defeat the Moldavians^ imagining that they fhould afterwards
meet with lefs oppofition from the Turks. To this end, they
immediately march towards the Moldavian camp, which lay
one hour's diftance from the7«ri/yi&. The prince, feeing them
come on full fpeed^ wonders, and thinking they had mif*
taken his dire&ions, draws up fifi^een hundred of his men;
not to oppofe, but to undeceive them by their colours, embroi-
dered with crolTes, iand other marks of Chriftianity : but the
PoleSy regardlefs of thefe peaceful and friendly difpofitions, fall
furioufly on them, as if they had been capital enemies.
The prtnce, incenfed at this treachery, commands all hisy^^^^
troops to arm, and repel force by force. This they did with routed.
fuch refolution, that they not only repulfe the firft body of
PoleSy confifting of fix thoufand men 5 but, in their turn, at-
tacking them, who retired when their firft ardor was fpent,
jit laft put them to flight. The noife of mufkets alarming the
^urksy they immediately fend feveral regiments to the aifift-
ance
Digitized
byGoogk
m<fry^f the O&axAxi Empire. B.XV.
ance of the Moldavians \ while the reft of their army vnex-
peftedlj affailbg the Poles m the rear, within the ^ace of one
hour, nx thoufand of them are killed, and five thou&n^ JTf-
*" f&ks^ who were fiirrounded, obliged to furrender. The re-
maining troops, iindiDg vidiory mcline to the Otbmdm^ en-
deavour to retreat to their trenches : but being intercepted by
the Tatars^ they take to. flight, leaving their camp and bag-
gage, with all their warlike provifions, a prey to the vidon.
Seromero This however was the only good fortune which this year
relievtd. attended the Othman arms : from all other parta, there came
nothing but accounts of the defeat of their forces, with the lo6
of cities, and even whole provinces* They eariy in the fpriog
attack Seromero, which. laft year had fubmttted to the Fetu^
tians ; but on the approach of their fleet, immediatdv retire «.
Here it may be proper to obferve, from the Chrifttanhifo-
rians, that ^^Maynotta, a people of the Morea, excited by the
ill fuccefles of the Turks on all fides, declared for the Venetians,
ffbe May- Hereupon, the Saltan having fcnt fome forces to reduce them,
nottas re- they, with the afliftance of fignor Detphtno, attacked Arte
nfolt* thoufand five hundred Turks, with fo much vigpurj that no
more than one hundred and forty efcapcd either the (word or
captivity.
These things were the preludes to greater matters : for the
captain general Msrojini, with the renetian fleet, joined by
the gallies of the pope and Malta, both failed to the w£^efs dP
Sapienza ; and having there prevailed on the Maymit^ to re-
volt a fecond time from the Turks, notwithftanding their late
agreement, refolved to befiege Koron, as the moft commo-
dious place, to fupport, and keep them firm to die repoUic.
With this view, the captain general landed his forces, coo-
fifting of eight thoufand foot, befides horfe, under the com-
mand of the count of St. Paul, almoft within cannon-Aot of
that city, without oppofition ",
Koroni^- The Venetians having, on the 23d of Rajeb (i5th'of 7***^
Jieged. - according to the Turkijh hiftorians, clofely befieged Korm,
Haiti, Serajkier of the Morea, marches to relieve it with the
' , forces which he had ready ; and having fuddenly taken a re-
doubt, built for their defence on the top of a hill, from thence
annoys their camp with his cannon. But the Mahefe, ap-
pointed to guard that part, aflault the Serajkier't camp, before
he could fecure what he had gained ; and being reinforced by
other troops, after a long and bloody conflidi, force him from
his poft. A few days after, he advances a fecond time ; but
•finding the enemy ftrongly fortified, after a few fkirmiflics re-
tires. The Venetians, no longer in danger firom the OthmoL
« Cant. p. 323. Sc fcq. " Ricaut, ubi fiipnu
Digitized by GoOglC ^^^7%
C. 20.' 19 Soltan Mohammed IV.
army, having demoUffaed the walls^ furround Koron on the
iot)i of RamazoHj and after an obftinate defence of the gar-
rifon, enter it by ftorm. The Turks^ feeing no poflUxlity of '
iaving the city, offered to furrender : but as this was too late^
^ler all the fortifications of the caftle were taken, they were
all put to the fword ».
According to the Cbriftian writers, the fuburbs, or out Suecows
town of Koron^ was quickly taken ; and the tower of the fort ^rnw .•
ereded towards the ^a, which much incommoded the fleet»
«ffe<aually battered by two gallies. However, the Tarix, on
promife of relief, made an obfiinate defence ; and, July 7,
about 6000 of them appeared under Siaus Pajha (Y) : who,,
finding himfelf too weak to attack the beilegers, fortified his
camp, and from thence much incommoded ttu;m> with a bat-
tery of four cannon played crofs-wife, a& well as with his fre«»
quent fkirmifhes. However, the Venetians went on with two
mines, one of which, charged with one hundred barrels of«
powder, being fired on the 24th, blew up part of the wall,^
but not moving the rock, vented itfelf another way. The
^urijy taking this to be a fignal for a general ai&^t, as in
fa<^ it was, immediately invefted the redoubt and battery^
created on an eminence by the befiegers, for fecurity of their
lines; aiid flormed it fo furibufly, that they at length took it,
and planted thereon twenty of their colours^
This being obferycd by M. la Tour^ who commanded tie thy are'^
knights of Mdlta^ and was polled neajeft, he, with great defeated.
fpeed advanced, and was the firil who leaped into the redoubt,
where he killed two Turh who oppofed him : but a third be-
hind, tipping off his light helmet, cut him down, while z,
barrel of powder, which took fire, blew him into the air.
However, he Was followed (b clo/e by the other knights, that
altho' many of thenv fell, yet they recovered the fort, and
flew the two hundred Turh who had lodged themfelves there.
They likewifc Vepulfed the enemy, in another attempt which
they made to recover it : but, to prevent being any more an-
noyed by them, it was refolved to attack their camp on the
7th of Auguft^ by break of day. To this purpofe, fifteen hun-
dred foldiers landed out of the gallies, one part marching to
the left, die other to the right of the trenches, while general
&. Paul^ widi three thoii£md out of the lines, aflaulted them
in front. The fonal being givcnj they all fell at once upon
the camp of the "Turks ; vrtH3 believing the Venetian forces to
liave been much augmented by the fdaymtteB^ and other aiix-
* Cant. p. 325.
(Y) TWs is a miftakc perhaps for HalilorKbam PaJM.
Digitized i«««»l^ie
Htftory of the Othmin Empire! B. XV.
iliaries, were fo terrified, that they fled, leaving the ground
covered with dead bodies.
The befiegers, no longer difturbed by the enemy's army,
nt aty gQ^ Q^ brifkly with the fie^e ; and on the i ith fprune a mine,
jurrendirs, ^fajch, being charged with two* hundred and fifty barrels of
powder, found in the Turkijh camp, overthrew the bulwark,
and blew up all who defended it. The breach thus widened,
they immediately aflault it, yet go no farther than to make a
lodgement there ; while die forces o( Malta, fupported by thofe
I oiBrunfwick and the pope', attacked another breach, and gained
the top of it, where a moft terrible fight enfued : but akho'
they were repulfed for this time, diey in the afternoon marched
out of their lines, to make a frefh afTault. Hereupon the be*
fieg^d ereded a white flag : but as the captain general refilled
any treaty, unlefs the main tower was firfl delivered up, it
happened that, while this point was fetding, a piflol was ihot
between two foldiers who felt out, and the bandaleers of an*
other took fire; which fo alarmed die befieged, that they cried
out, treachery! and immediately difcharged one of their can*
non, laden with fmall (hot. By this means, feveral who were
mounted thereon being killed, the enraged foldiers broke into
the town, and put all they met to the (word, without refpeA
to age or fex f.
Zamata This fortrefs being fubdued, the Maymtta (Z) likewiie
yitldu take up arms, and befiege Zamata : but the garriibn under*
flanding that forces were coming from the Venetians to affift
the enemy, they deliver up the city *.
The taking of this place is reprefented very difllerendy by
our hiftorians. They tell us, that, on thelofs o{Koron^ the
captain PaJBa failed with his gallies in fight of CtrigOy hoping
to divert the Venetians from any farther attempts this year : but
foon retired himfelf, for fear, to NapoliUi Romania. Meanwhile
Morofiniy reinforced at Korfu with tne Saxm troops, fet fail to
the coaft of Zamata ; which city was furren<Jered to him by the
Jga, commanding there. His officer fearing to be but to death
for his cowardice or treachery, remained in the Venetian camp,
y RiCAUT, ubifupra. * Camt. p. 326.
(Z) They are the defcendants pleafare. Their name is derived
of the ancient Z^r/i/f xv0ir/^7»/, and from manias maintfs i becaufe
at this day the braveft people they ru(h in battle upon the
among the Greeks, Tho^ they enemy as if they were mad.
are not reckoned to have above The country they inhabit it
12,000 foldiers, yet they never on all fides furrounded with
were fubdued, or made tributary mountains, which are the chief
by the 7urks : neither could the defence of their province. Cant.
Fenetiam ever give them law at
^ T and
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C.2o: 19 Soltan Mohammed IV. '573
and had apenfion given him by the ca{)tain general, of diirty A. D.
pieces of eight a month, after he had received baptifm, with 1685.
twenty Turks more, who confented to the furrendry. ^ — v""i^
While thefe things were adling, the captain Pajhd^ leaving Other fue*
the command of his fleet to Mezzamamoy or Mezzomorto, cejfes^
came and encamped with feven thoufand foot, and three thou- '
fand horfe, within five mileiof Zarnata\ but, on news of the
furrender of that fortrefs, withdrew his forces under the Z2xi^
Tion of Kalamata : yet, when the ^if«^//tf« forces landed, and
moved to attack him there, he fet fire to the magazines, and
made his retreat with fome fmall fkirmiihes (A). The in-
habitants alfo, finding themfelvesdeferted, fired the place, and
left it to the enemy ; who, not judging it fit for a earrifon,
demolilhed the walls. ^ After this, the Venetians ieized on
Porto Fitaloy and Hajfan Pajhd^ accompanied with a thoufand
people, brought the keys of Kbielafa to the admiral galley.
To crown the campaign, the captain general, happening in .
his return with fome gallies to put into the port of Gomme-
ntzza (BJ, he quickly obliged the garrifbn to leave him, in
pofieiffion of the caftle *.
In the mean time, Valler had clofely befieged Zing^ m Turks de^
Dalmatia ; but, after lofing a great many men, on the z^-feated.
proach of the Pajhas of Bofnia and Ercegovinoy retires from
before it. The Turks^ fluflied with this fuccefs, attack Duare :
but a few days after^ are repulfed with greater lofs by Falter^
who had raifed frefli forces ^.
Our hiftorians fay, that Paolo Michael^ a noble Venetian^
having with one thoufand horfe joined three thoufand Mor^
Idkians^ made incurfions into Bofnia ; and that the Pajhd be-
ing thereby diverted from his intended march into Hungary^
fcnt eight thoufand men to befiege the fortrefs of Duare^ in
Dalmatia : but that they were beaten off by Falier^ in con-
jun£Uon with Michaely while the i!4i?r/Jij defeated four thou-
fand others under the PaJhd himfelf, as he was advancing to
fupport the fiege.
'Tis hardly credible how much the account of thefe ill The Wa-
fuccefTes difturbed the Othmdn cpurt, and efpecially the prime zirV arti*
WauTy Kara Ibrahim PaJhd \ who, continuing at home, un- Jice.
der a real or pretended indifpofition, was in fear of being di-
» RiCAUT, ubi fupra. ^ Cant. p. 326.
(A) The Turkijh hidorians by the Othmdnsy were difmantled
fay the 7«ri/ were roated here by the enemy. Cant. Othm,
with great flaughter, by the hift. p. 326.
Venetians y under Degenjield; and (B) A town of Akhaia^ oppo*
that hereupon Kalamita^ Pajfa^ pofite to Korcyra. Ibid,
and Khielafuy being abando^d
veiled
Digitized by VjOOQiC
to cut off
rivals.
mprj of the Othman Empire. B. XV.
vefted of his dignity. To ward ofFthis blow, he has recourfe
to the method ufed by other Wavuri before (C) himt and die
only one left : which was to deflroy all who were eadnentfoi
their warlike abilities ; that, in cafe the Soltin (hould refoive to
deprive him of the imperial ical, there might be none fo wor*
thy to poflefs it as himfelf. He besins the tragedy with Shay-
tan Ibrahim Phjha^ Serajkier againtt the Germans^ whom he
accufed of negligence in the battle of Gran^ and of converting
the foldiers pay to his own ufe (D). The fame fate bcfalj
others, who could either juftly or unjuftly be charged with any
crime. The only perfon who feemedput of danger, was Jj-
neji Soleyman Pajbdj Serajkier agaiiift Polandy who had gained
fo great authority by his victory in Moldavia^ that he was
"univerlally declared worthy of the If^azirjhip itfelf.
XJRJ
\C) Some of tbc mod emi-
nent Waters have ufed this ar-
tifice. The moft Ikilful in this
pra&tce, was KyopriH Mehemed
Pajhd, who, in the feven years
of bis W4xvdrfl>ip^ put to deaths
under various pretences, almoft
all the dd Pufims brought up
•under l/hrad IV. The chief cf
thefe were &j^ Ogli^ the de-
fender of Hungary^ againft the
Germans ; and DJIi Hvffeyn Pa-
Jha, governor of Dalmatia ; two
of the mod excellent and invin-
cible heroes who ever were in .
the Othmdn empire. This Wa^
%ir^ after he had obtained a Kha»
tijharlf\f^x mandate) for putting
the latter to death, fent for
him, and with wet eyes pre-
tended to lament his misfortune.
But Huffeyn Pafid^ who knew
his hypooify, anfwered, Ol
thou old njoixard, like a crocodile^
thoujirfi killefi a many and then
njceefeji over his body. Then pul-
ling a gold box out of his bofom,
in which he kept 24 pieces of
bones, taken out of his wounds ;
ht flung them in his face, with
thcfe words ; I«was raifed to the
office ^Wa»ir, and the haffinefi
of dominion y not Rke thee^ hy mi-
gic arts, but /or my fidtlity, emd
effufion of my blood. Cut thire»
fore my head off ^ if thou <wilt,Ukt
an infidel: but Aty my feet in tbf
mothers pudendum. This P£/bi
was BeVbadar to Morad IV. who
never did any thing wit boot \iA
advice. He was fainbas for his
invincible refolution, in aH ooi«
editions of life. His ready wk,
eloquence, and quick repartees,
many excellent adUons and (ay-
ings of hts» are recorded, of whkJi
our author Cantemir gives feme
indances.
(D) Our hidorians tell os,
that differences ariiing in £br-
garj between the Janixariss
and Spabis, AremMdehy a man
of prudence, was fent to enqwre
into the cau^, and made a report
fo much to the diiadvantage «f
Sbeytan Ibrdinmy that an Mctt
was fent to take off his had,
which was brought to Confau'
tinople the 6th of December, He
died, pitied by all, in the Sotb
year of his age. Being an ex-
cellent accountant, he was firft
employed by Mr. Dav?s (i^fter-
wards Sir JonathesnJ a hSUit is
i:ttrkij:
Digitized
byGoogk
C, fto. 19 Soltan Mohammed IV. s';g
KARA Ibr&bim therefore, finding it not fafe to hurt him A. D.
operdvy perfuades the Sohan to appoint him Serajkier agatnft 16S5.
the Germans ^ by whofe valour he hoped that Pajha would ^— v-**J
lo%re the glory he had obtained in the Polijh war. Soltan /^^\ ,
Mohammed^ having thereupon ordered him to be recalled from r^^^¥ Kf
Moldavia^ and RuikkU Moftafa PaJha (E), left in his room ;
The Kipr Aga (F), who knew the Waztr to be Sokyman^s
mortal enemy, fufpeding a fnake in the grafs, gave the Pajhd
notice to be upon his guard. As foon as Soleymdn arrives at
Conjiantinoplej he waits on the Wa%tr^ as if he defired to re-
ceive his commands ; and pretends fo great a veneration for
him, that Kara Ibrahim^ imagining he had caught the fox,
acquaints him witli the Saltan's deiign in (ending for him.
When he comes to the palace, Soltan Mohammedy afia^r Ayneji
highly commending his fervice done that campaign, offers Soieyman
him the poft of Serajkier of Hungary. The P&Jhd^ Teeming to Palha:
decline the horror, anfwered, that the difordered ftate of the
jpublic affairs, and the terror ftill imprinted on the army by
the Vienna defeat, required the prefence, if not, of the Soltan
himfelf, at leaft of the prime JVaziry in the camp ; and th^t
the authority of a Serajkier w^s' not fufficient to. oblige
foldiers to do their duty, who feemed more inclined to fly or
mutiny, than to fight. The Soltan^ moved with this Ipeech,
ftands mufing for fome time ; which being ob&rved by the
Kijler Aga^ who had been long the Wazir's enemy, as well
as Soleymdn's friend, " Why (fays he) O emperor ! do you he-
" fitate? if you think the Seraskter's counfel juft and prudent, '
*' what hinders you from immediatley applying the remedy
Turkg : during which time a this Soltan^ Silhadar^ Kapudan
tnmult arifing, this obfcure per- Fajhd^ S trashier oiSiliJlria ; and
fon was in the hurry made trea- at length, for his vi^ory over
furer. He immediately gave the Poies^ made Wazir, From
Z>a<u;j notice of his advancement; this poft he was removed by
and wanting money to appeafe Ahmed II, to the government of
the mutiniers, was advanced all Damaikus. Bat he was recalled
that D.anjifj could raife, to the and made Kt^makdfty by Mojiafii
great advantage afterwards of II. ; who, after the battle of
him, ^nd all the £17^/^ in thofe Zenta^ offered^ him again the-
parts. When ?djhd of Egyft^ Wazir/bip : but he defired not to
meetiAg fome Englijh (hips in be placed a fecond time again in
his paflUge, he treated the of- that dangerous office, from wkioh
ficers; and on mentioning Sir he reckoned it one of the greateft
Jonathan^ faid he was the heft felicities of his life that he had
friend he ever had in the world, before efca]^d. Cant,
Jones, (F) Cliief of the blade cu-
(£) Buikkli fignifies banfing nuchs. He then bore the greateft
long whiskers : he was under fway at court Cant, >
" to
Digitized
byGoogk
mjiory dfthe Othman Empire. B. XV.
•*, to this evil ? dlveft of his dignity Kara Ibrahim Pa/baj mr
*• dcr whofe indifpofitipn, whether pretended or real, the
** empire languifhes, and appoint ^his hero both Seraskitr
« and fVazirr.
wtih^is The fufpicion which the SoMn had^ before entertained,
mmdi Wa- that Kara Ibrahim counterfeited ficknefs out of fear, being en-
xif. creafed by yrhat the Kijlar Jga had fuggefted, he removes the
tVazir from his poft, and places in his room Aynejt Solejmk
Pajhd \ who immediately fcizes his predeceflbr ; and finding
him accufed of many crimes, baniftics him to Rhodes. Then
he releafes Tekeli^ imprifoned by Kara Ibrahim^ and by the
evidence of Ibrahim Aga^ chamberlain of Kara Mcjiafay ac-
?uits him of the crime with which he was charged by that
^djh& \ whofe villanies, as well as pernicious dehgns agaioft
the empire, he expofes to the public. By this means 7>M »
reftored to his former honours \ and all his efFe£ls, ^vbich he had
been plundered of by the foldiers, returned to him. Affiun
being thus fettled, the WaxWy with great diligence, raifa an
army, and orders all his fdver and gold veflels to be turned
into money (G), for fupport of the war.
But before he could bring his forces into the field, the
country being ftill covered with fnow, part of the imperial
Artd troops, under Caraffa^ on the i8th oiRabioUawel 1097, had
^^f** taken St, Nicholas ; send another party under Jldercij had
A D^'^ routed feveral Turkijh regiments convoying provifions to
.^Q^' -/^rtfrf, taken that city (Hf), and burnt the ftorcs laid up there
*^*^- by the rttrij'.
According to our hiftorians, hoftilities began this year
by geneial HeuJIer taking a convoy of aoo waggons, laden
with provifions from Tranfyhania^ for the fupport of Buda\
which early aft ion made Jpri PSJhoy appointed Seraskier in
th6 room oiShaytan Ibrahim^ very aftive to fupply the frontier
garrifons with men and provifions.
Mongatz At this time Caprara having blocked up MongatZy which
hkckidwp. was defended by the lady of Tekeliy who could by no means
be prevailed on to furrender the place, her hufband made
• Cant. p. 326. &feq.
(G) There was little money coined, with thirty fir cent, I^
at this time; for after the trea- loy, to the value of 2060 purfes.
furies were emptied with the ex- Jones.
pencesofthelaft campaign, the (H) Our hiflorians fay the
Soltdn in fummer ranfacked the campaign in 1685 ended by the
treafury of the ftables, cauiitig taking of this place ((icaated 00
the gold and iilver fBrrups, with the MarozJ by colonel H^iifler,
other horfe furniture, to be
9 P«t
^ Digitized by VjOOQiC
C.ioV 19 Soltan Mbhitattied IV*
great preparations to raife the fiege. As this motion of TiieU
alarmed all the country. Car off a endeavoured to way-lay him
in his march : but the other being informed of his defign, di-
re£ted his courfe toward Giula^ to join the new PA/hdofxhzt
place. Garaffay having by this means mif&d of his prize, on
the 9th of Februdryi invefted the fortrefi of St. Joby three
leagues from great Wnradiny and threw in many bombs to
no efied ; till at length one falling direSly on die lower, in
the middle of the caftle, tore it to pieces : whereupon the
Slvrii immediately capitulated.
Mean time, Caprarsa carried on the fiege of Msngatz with St. Job
great vigour. But^ tho' at laft the befieged, by their great lof** takm.
fes, were able to a^ only!on the defenfive, yet^ at this jun^hu^
did the princefe Ragotski take a new oath of fidelity from the
ibldiers, who chearfully complied, aiTuring them from TekeW%
letters, that he would in perfon (hortly raife the fi^e. But,
- altho' TekeU was not as good as his word, yet Caprara was not
able to take the town ; for the great rains having rendered the
' ground (b fof^ that they could not maintain their works, he
was obliged to withdraw about the middle o£ April \ To re*
turn to the Turkijb hiftorians*
SECT. IV.
^e Siege ^/Buda^ and BattU d/Mohatz, xbith Solt^
Mohammed*/ Depojition.
AFTER, feveral bthel- rencouiiteri, it length, on the Boda2tl
26th Of Rajeb (or 7th of June) the whole imperial army Jiged.
befiege Buda (I), which had been in vain attempted two ^
years before ; and on the 2d of Shaabdnj make themfelves
inaftiirs of the lowCr town, with Icfs oppofition than was exr
Si&tA. Thev next affault the walls of the city, and thd
rongeft 5f all the forts being demdlifhed by thg camion, on
the 2ift of the fame month (July 2d) the breach is attacked
with futh Aiccefs, that the befieged were compelled to abandon
it : but the workmen who were to cover the viSors with a
rampart^ not coming immediately, many of them are killed by
the continual firing of the Turks \ who alfo. have an opportu-
nity of fpringing the mines before prepared^ which force the
imperialifts to retire with great lofs.
* RiCAUT, ubifupraw
(I) Otir Mftorians fajr, the general, their accoint agrcM
Tirrijhad not the leall intelli- with the 7«ri(v^«
^^ence of their defign. For the .
Mod. Hist. Vol, XIL P p Dp,,ed byT&f^Dgle
Hyiofy rf tbi CMitdkk Empire. B.ZV.
The befiegerS) rather animated &3m difceuraged hj ibii
repuKe, on the fourth of Ramazott (July 15) having deino>
Kihed feveral paces of the wall> they renew the afiault 10 the
£une place. The coneteft was lone doubtful, and (o fierce^
that above ^hree thouiand inaperi^ifls were either -killed or
wounded (K), before they could mount the bceach ; and k was
with great difficulty, that, after a confliA of feveral hows,
they forced the befieged to abandon the £rft wall. After this,
tiie batteries were dicei^dagainft tl^e (econd : the greaner part
of which was alfo demolimed (L), before the arrival of die
f' ' new Wa^r^ with his troops : who, iin^ng it .in vaia to at-
tack the imperial caoop, refelves, if poffible, to rciidbice the
garrifon, and amulib the enemy by delays, till he had an op*
portunity 'to attack them unexpeAedly, when fatigued with
the length of the fiege.
to raife • WiTH this view, on the add <^f Ramazan (Augufi jd) he
thefiege^ fends four B&Jhdt^ with eightthoutand hor&, and two tfaou&a4
'Jamxariit (M\, to try if they could pafs b^ween die qitaitcn
of the imperiallfts and Bavarians^ a^ throw in part, at leaft»
of the Janizaries^ to relievie the befie^ : bat the duke of
Lorrain fufpeding their defign, iends a ibodjr ofhocie to en-
counter them, before they reached the camp; which they
did with fuch vigour, ^l]at af^er a fh^rt; pppofition the cavaliy
fled, and left the Janizaries to the mercy of the imperialifls.
On. the iaft (Jay of the iaiAe AOhkh iAkn^Q^ Ac ^aur
fends two thoufand Jani^rifs^ ^h fe;vcral tM>ops of horie (N)»
to execute his former defign. Tbefe proceeding with greater
. caution, Jiu^fe tj^e advanced gpards qf the imperii^i^ $ dfii
then Ming op t)x^ Mranienburg camp, wUh the fti^ ofwl^
j^aft^, rather than pf ^pen^ rufli j^ro' fycp ai^ i^QX^j and at
. (K) Ofir i^iftotians fay thcv {urrendcr Jthe t^^n, provided a
Joii near ipoo men, bjefides 0/- p^ace was concluded*' Aup^fi 3,
f cars, and 50 vpltmteers, fe- the befiegers were rq^uned ia
'veral of whom were noblemen, making a general afiault, and
and among others divers Englijh alarmed with the apjnioacE of
men of quality ; while the T^urks 6o,poo Vvrhs,
had not above 200 Mled, and (M) Our hiftorians make Iwt
100 wounded. 6coo in all, and iay ; the ifflpe-
(L) Owin^ to the blowing rkilids took % pieces of canaoo,
up of the p^indpal magazine^ and 40 ilandards, after fla|riiig
near the caflle: after which, /«Z)r moft of the Jbmas«m/. TJk^
27ch, they in a general aiTault place this adUon on the l4diof
took the great tower 5 aod in 4ushII^ ■
another, advanced as far as the (N) The Chriftian writers (ajr
rinner tQwer, tho' not without about 4000^ on the acHh i-
great lofs. Hereupon t^e:gQ- ^>^u/, made (he attempt.
vcrnor /^fti Pajhd offered to • '
Digitized by Google ^^^
C* 2o^ ,; 19. Solemn Mo^mpiedlYi^
oiijce pafs the rampart raifcd againft them : but tlje Bran"
denhurg troops, being ftafonaMy relieved by Cafrara and tiew-
Jler^ inclofe t^e 71/^ lj, juft ready to enter the city ; and make ^
fuch a (laughter of them, that fcarce Aree hundred, and thofc " " ^
alinoft all \vounded, efcape within the gates.
Two days after, the imperialifts, to fliew the beficged qj^ithout
how little they dreaded, the PFa^lr^ aflault the ftrongeft part fj}^,
of the caftle (O), and aftei* a ftarp conflift, bfctonie rtiaftei^
of it. When they feemed, by this means^ to be ve|y ^eafr
taking the citv, the Wazfr, on the igth of 8haw4l (Jtigti^
the lothl for the third time, obliges one thoufand '^^rm^;,
iupported by one thbufand Spahisy and fifteen hundred Tatars^
to attempt' the relief of Buda : but altho' they' behaved with
the fame bravery as the former, and even penetr^tcdtp the
trenches of the imperialifts/ yet they were repulfcdiyfth gre^ • ' ^'
lofs. Thegarrifon, who to favour the attack, 'Hid made ?i *^ V*^
fally with their M4)ole ftrength, feemg their frieiiift defeated,
retire ^gain, with great fpeipd and ill fuccefs. • By riicfe lofli*s
the Othman army is quite difljeartehed; and a reporttdhg'fpre^.d,
^Jiat, when the confederate forces had taken the ci^, th^
•would attack them in their camp, the greater part of the fo^•
diers, notwithftanding the7if'/72:/VVinti?eaties, difperfe.th,ent-
felves, and return home. ' ' .... ^
7)iE befie^ers, being thps frefed from the danger whlc^ 7fo ciiy
threatened them* in the rear (P), 6h the 13th of the (slux furrenJers.
month {Auguji aid) make the laft effort upon Jthfe pitv 5 whicn
th? governor, jlbdt Pafl)a^ a m^n very famotisforhis warlljfc
abilities, fpr feveral hours bravdy repels : but her being it
length flain, the garrifoh begin to lofe courage, and iriake 'a
faint "refiftance. At laft, fSiding the matth unequal, thrfy
difplay the white flag, and defire quarter : but before tHe
ardor of the Germans could be reftrained, a great number of
the befieged are flain upon the very walls, fo that fcarce twi)
tboufand of them were received into mercy ". *
Our hiftorians fay, that the imperialifts, after a bloody fight, Numhr
for above three quarters of an hour, entered the town, and in JIain, " "
the heat of their fury, riut all to the fword : but that about " ' "* '
fixteen hundred retiring within the trenches, and works of the
« Cant. p. 329, & fcq. Sec alfo Ricaut.
(0) The Sa'V0riafts having play all their batteries, aod
played their batteries againft the making feveral movements, as if
main caftle, on the 2 id aifaulted to fight the fFazir^ fuddenly at-
tire tower, and pok it. tacked the breaches in three
(P) Being alfo reinforced with places, which they refolutely en*
8000 men, under count 5'r<7^»- tered ; Jfti Ffifhd being flain on
itrg^ on Sepember 2d, began to - the breach. Jones »
P p 2 caftle^
Digitized by VziOOQiC
Bijlory of the Othman Emptre. B. XT:
caftle) beg^ for quarter ; which, after holding a council of
war, was granted thein> in coniideration of the near a^spioadi
of night, and of the confufion, occafioned by the fires, in fe-
veral parts of the city. |n this^ adion, not above four hua-
dred of the befiegers were flain, and two hundred woundcj:
but of the Turksy three thoufand might have fiallen, and two
tbou(and been made prifonecs, among whom were fevcnl
oncers of note '.
BVDA being fubdued, the prime ^f^z/r, who, during
the aflault, bad with tears lamented his own and the empire's
fortune, with the reft of his army flies, rather than retreats;
while the garrifons of Hatmany and the other adjacent places,
abandon their pofts, and fubmit to the emperor.
Other Jkc' Thj& duke of Lorraiuy finding no army to oppofe him,
€tffis. Jividcfs hia< forces, and fends part, under the prince, of JS^^
into lower Uut^aryi and part into the upper, under the coo-
duft of Caraffa and Heujler. The prince of Baden^ with his
forces, on. the 8th of Zilkaadeb (September the j 5th) befieges
Simonthor-n^ and in 4 few days obliges the Turkt/b garrifon 10
furrender, thcmfelves and caftle to his mercy. Then beat-
.^cks Kapofwiwar (QJ> and takes the city, which he plundcn
and abandons, becauie he would not ftay to reduce the cafBc
, , , ;- Froai thcjnoe, having received frefli fupjJies by Schfrfenhari,
be marc)ies towards Five Churches ; and on the 28th of tb€
iamc month (O^ober the 5tb) arriving with his forcmoft
, troops within fight of the city, the garrifon, on a belief due
the whole army was come, fet fire to it, and retired into die
caftle (R) : but the prince ordered three hundred hoHe to dil-
mouni^ and (Bxtinguifli the flames, whereby the greater part
of the city was faved for the foldiers to plunder. The gar-
rifon, by this time fenfible of their miftake, out of fbame, en-
deavour by.afally to recover the town : but were repulfed with
lofs.
Five However, to atone for the fault, they difplay on the caftfe
Churches walls, one black and fix red banners, to let the befiegerc know
4aieM. that they were refolved to facrifice their lives in defence of it:
but when they faw tixeir ftrongeft works demolifhed by die
enemy's cannon, the profpeft of death infpiririg them
with gentler refolutions, they take down their enfigns, and
bffer to furrender, on condition to depart with their arnos;
which ' being refufed, they fubmit to mercy, and are made
* RicAUT, ubi fiipra.
( QJ Or Kapo/kvar. fcaled the walls, and entered k
(R) Our hiftorians fay,, the fword in hand, while the Tknb
impcrialills, furprifing the city, fled (o the caftle.
3 r- T prifoners.
Digitized by LiOOgle "^ '
C* 20* 19 Sokan Mohammed IV.
prifoners, with the Pajba and feven Begs^ on the thlrd^ of
Zilhajeb (October lOth). The prince of Badeny after this fuc-
cefs^ fends Scbcrfmberg^ with part of his army, againft Sy^
clos ; where that general arriving on the 7th, at the firft af-
fault takes the dty : then battering the caiUe, he in feveral
attacks (b prefles^ the garrifon, that on the I2th> they furrcn-
der themfclves prifonersofwar.
From thence Scberfenberg is recalled by theprincc, who EiTck
was tKen at Darda ; and hearing that feme Turkijh troops bumi.
were ftill about the Dravey was refolved to defeat them : but
the Turksy on the bare report of his approach, Ay with fuch
precipitation, that they leave EJfek open to the enemy, and
bum part of the bridge (S), to prevent purfuit. The prince
of BadiJiy finding they had efcaped him, orders the remainder
of that bridge, and the other bridges built by the Turks over
the Dravey to be burnt, hi his return he afTauIts the cadle of
Kapofwiwafy which before had been attemped in vain ; and
fo preiTes the governor, that it was furrendered on the 22d of
Zilhajfh (Oiiober 29th) on honourable terms.
Mean time the otherpart of the imperial! army, commanded Seghedis
by Caraffa and Heujlery had marched to Seghediny and be- takiu.
fieged that city; where, hearing that two thoufand Turksy
with a flrong body *of TatarSy were encamped at ScbintOy a
town fix hours diflant, with deiign to reinforce the garrifon,
Caraffa fends Veterani with feyeial regiments, who rout the
Tatars^ and take their camp, befides five thoufand horfes*
Soon after the Tatars return, imagining that the Germans were
employed in plundering ; but being repulfed by the outmofl
guards, immediately retire. They had not been gone long,
before the ^fizir himfelf appears (T), bringing them back 7'i&#Wa«
with him. Veteraniy altho' te knew not the OthmarCs flrength, zir dt»
yet would not retreat for fear of difcouraging his men ; h\xt fi^^^^
drawing them up, undauntedly expe^ls the enemy. The
Turks begin the attack, and fight with great fury \ but, afcer
two hours doubtful contefl, they retire to a hill, where they
are covered by their cannon : Veterant follows, and furmount-
ing all difficulties, drives them alfo from that pofl, after they
bad lofl in both battles two thoufand JanizarieSy and as many
Tatars. • Segbedin was the reward of this vidory, on the 5th *
of Zilbajeb (Odfobgr 12) , when theexhaufted garrifon deliver
up that fortreb*
(S) Thb bridge, according to (T) Near the bridge on the
dodor ^r0*ic;«, is five miles long, Danube^ with i2«ooo men.
and 17 paces broad, reaching They loft in this defeat all their
from Ae Dravi to Darda. . cannon and baggage. Jones.
* P 3 Digitized by GBbgk
mjiory of the OthmSn Efnpire. B. XV.
This was thfe ftatc of affairs in Hungary : but In Poland
moft part cf the year was fpcnt in negotiatrons. The emperor
' had invited the C'zars of Ruffta^ John and Peter j into an al-
J?^.^^' Fiance againft the common enemy o^ Chrtfiendotn ; in order fio
WW ihVade the Krim^ arid prevent the Tatars joining with the
. TuriSf while the reft of the confederate forces were employed
in Hungary. The Czars having anfwered that they were
ready, to declare war againft the PorUy provided they could
be fecare againft a rupture with Poland 5 the emperor at length
prevailed on the Poles, to renounce claim to Kiotv and Smo-
lenskOy which had for fevcral ages been the ground of fliarp
contefts, arid fign the artides of peace, on the 20th dfja*
rnazio'lhj), 1097 T.
invades ^ J 0 hN Sobiejki, encouraged by this new alliance, re-
Moldavia felves on another expedition into Moldavia, as being the chief
bulwark of the Othmin empirt, againft Poland. Bxxt before
he took the field, he refolved to try once more, by his am-
bafladors^ to engage the prince of that country in a trcatj
againft the 7«r A. Con/lantfne Cantemir excuTed hitnrdf from
an open rupture, for the rerfons already given, but promifed,
in C2ife the Turks and Tlz/^ri were defeated in the intended cx-
, pedition, that he Would then declare againft them 5 and in the
infean time let him know whatever pafled in the Otbman
camp, as well as order his fubjefls to fupply his army with
provlfiqns. The king of Pobmdy on receipt of this anftver, in
nuitbout the beginning of Shatval, pafles the Tyras (or Niejler) and
fffofition, ;^dvances to 7^, where mectirig with no oppolition^ and
finding ftore of corn and wine, which the prince had provided
,, for the Polijh army, he fpends fourteen days in feafting and
entertainments. .
Mean time the Serajkiery" Buiill Moftafa Pajha, wiA
twenty-five thoufand horfe, and eight thoufand yanizaries,
had ajteady palflfed the Danube, and feiit for NuradMn Soltin
(X), with thirty thoufand Tatars to his camp. Thefe he
orders to enter Moldavia, and ravage the country, to be rc-
^ Ci^NT. p. 330. Sc fcq. RicAUT, ibid*
(U) Jpril 3d 1683. Ta^ar langaagt fignifies JFiHJ is
I (X) There are two. ofiic^ the ne^t in degrfid, and is fcnc
among the 7V///?f.f, never given with a certain number of fbrca,
'to any buttheiufe^»'s fons, with as ten or twenty . thou^uid, 10
c^nfent of the Othmdn court, the afliflance of the Turks. Cant,
' .namely, Kalga >nd Nurradin : We \\^^^^ Nuttadin not to be
Kalga is as it were the Khan's a Turkift? but an AraM won?,
. lieutenant general, who never* the fa^e with Nuro'ddin figni^
moyei out cf Kbrim fartary, -fymg^fhiligjhi 4if religion: Kal-
but with the whole army of the ga alfo is by fome written
jferprj. Nurr^in (which iij^he '^{Galga, n c^c^n\o
• ^ -^ digitized by L^OOgle ^^^^
C. 20* 19 Sdt&n Moli^med IV, ;
yenged op Cantemify whofe abfeace was deeme4 a revolt:
but this mifery was prevented hy' Beg Mir%a^ a Tatar of the
CanUmr famtly (Y), who engaged /that in three days the
prince would arrive at the camp ^ as he accordingly did, about
the end of the fame month.
During this interval, the king of P^/«wrf advances far-
ther, with defign to drive the Turh out of Moldavia : but, on /« great
his fetond encampment, iinds his foldiers began to want pro- diflrtfs.
virions, becaufe all their ftores had bfeen wafted at 'Jajft^ thro*
negligence of the commiilioners. To remedy this inconve-
nience, he pafles the Hierafus (or Pruth) near Czoczura^
imagining, that before the Turks approached, he (hould feize
the richeft magazines of the Tatars : but, when he was fcarce
two days march from that city, the SeraskUr comes up and
furrounds him ; lyhile thci Tatars fetfire to the grafs, and cut off
the Poli/h foragers. The king, in defpair, offers battle to the '
SsraskieTj who evades it ^ either thinking fixty thoufand Poles
too many for him, or elfe to draw them farther from P<?A7«/5?. Plunders
SOBIESKI, thus diftreffed, having repaffed the Pruthy the mo-
at Vale Strimba (Z), with great difficulty, and lofs from the naft tries.
Tatars^ difcharges his refentment on the Moldavians^ wl^om
he gives up to be plundered by his foldiers (A). He himfelf
^ ( Y) This family was vtJry
eminent among the Tatars for
nobility and rich6s. They de-
rive their pedigree from T^emur
(or Timur^ the famous Tam^rlan) ;
Kantemur^ iignifying the blood
or race tf/'Tcmur. One of the
Kantemirs rebelled for feveral
years, both againft the Khan
<and Sohdn^ who at lail deceiving
him by a treaty, and title of
Beg^ cut him off. His brothers
fubmitted to the khdn^ and were
placed in the provinces of Ak
Kierman and Kilt, His fon,
^hdhbaxy changing his name,
took the furname xiiBeg Mirza^
iwhich paffed to his defcendants.
The Beg Mrxa in the text, ufed
often to come into Moldavia^
:ftnd told prince Confiantine, that
,at the time his anceftors were
mod preiTed by the Kbdn^ one
oi their family fled to the prince
of Moldaviaf and turned Chrif-
tian; on which account he af-
P
firmed, that he was prince Coff
Jiantine^s TthtioB* Cant.
(Z) This, in the Moldavian ,
language, denotes a ferverfe or
unjuft valley, Tis a place oa
the Pruth, very unfortunate to
the ChrifUans. Konicky^ ge-
neral of the Ko/aks, had his
trenches forced there by the
Tatars^ with great flaughter.
John Sobieski was forced to re-
tire twice out of it, with great
lofs : and Peter, Czar ofRuJia^
was there confiraitied to make
peace with the Turks, on terms
he did not like. Cant,
(A) The king indeed endea-
voured, by letters to the prince,
to clear himfelf, and lay the
blame on the foldiers, who z6ked
contrary to his orders : but his
own violent proceedings fhe#,
that if they did not commit rob-
beries,* and other crimes, by his
permiffion, th^ did by his ex-
*amt>le* Cant*
P + bui:n&
Digitized by VjOOQLC
Uifiory of tbe Othmln Empinl B. XV.
burns two monafterics at Jaffij feizes the facred vefiels, car-
ries away the reticles of St. Jwnof Soczava^ with many jcwek,
' the pious gifts pf former princes, and carries oflFdic metropo-
litan, for refufmg to deliver them. Afterwards coming to the
monaftery of the ffy'ee ffierarcbiesj he demands the relicks rf
St. Pqrafceva (B), of E^bati : and on the archimandrite's re-
fufal, orders the cannoii to be brought, threatening tp battel
down the doors, and feize the whole treafure : bi^ nndii^ the
prior inflexible, either touched with fliame, or prevented by
his officers, foon after departs. The foldiers, induced by huA-
ger, as well as the king's example, plunder the cities and vil*
hges, not fparing any place, religious or profane K
pis Army HoW£ vjER, thefe violences fooh met with due puniflunent :
nvafied* for the inhabitants being difperfcd by the cruelty of the P$Us
and Kofdks^ the troops, finding the hbufes empty, were forced
to eat raw flefh unfalted ; which occafion^ fuch a flux among
them, that five hundred died in the camp every night. Prince
Conftantine likewMc unexpededly, fending his forces over tbc
province, furprifes them difperfed, ^nd takes four tiioq&od
prifoners, of whom he burns fome, and impales others.
When the king arrived at Kotnar^ the Tatars^ with noxious
herbs (C), poifoned the lake, which waters that city, fo that
all the men and cattle who drank of it, were deftroyed. Tbe
thing being difcovered, the king avoids the open country, and
encamps on the Stretus^ furrounded by inountains ; which, bc-
in^ difficult for horfes to pafs, the Tatars leave him to retuqi
to his country, and march oiFladen with booty and prifbnen.
Pi/graced The king in his way attacks the caftle of Ntfrtez (D), de-
pt Ncm^z ferted by all m inhabitants, e^^eptiiig nineteen Aloldavm
hunters, who by change happened to remain there. Sobiedtiy
not knowing how inconfiderable the garrifon was, afliaults die
place four days with cannon and bombs, while the hunce»
* Cant. p. 332. k feq.
(B"^ She was miftrefs of the the fiream) die iipmcdiatefy.
v\\\9igt Epbihati \ which after- This» however incredible it msy
wards was pofTeiTed by the great feem to others, the author has
4pokaukui^ general of the em- fcen doi^e himielf by the7W#0r/«
peror ^ndrpnUus, Cant. Men- of whom not above three or
tipn is made of jipoiaukus in the four in all T(irt^ry l^pew dte
hilio^y of the Gr^fi emperors. fecrct. Cant.
(C) This herb is fo ftrong a (D) A ytry antient city of
poifon, that being thrown into » lower MaUanna^ feated on a
the rapid river Frutb^ a good high mountain, beyond the
way above the enemy's camp, Sjreitis^ near ' a river of die
• ^1 who crii^k of the water (till fam^name. C«f^,
the heib if carried 4ow(i witjv
defend
Digitized by VjOOQiC
C. 20* 19 SoltSn Mohammed IV.
defend themfelves, and kill /above fifty P^/fi, with the mafter
of the ordnance. But on the fifth day, feeing ten of their
number ilain, they furrender the city, on condition that the '
garrifon (hould depart where they pleafed. When the king
faw only fix hunters come forth,, carrying three others on their
ihoulders, ftruck with admiration, refencment and (bame, he
orders them to be banged ; but difmifles them at the inftancp
of Tabhiuvfiki : then leaving two hundred chofen horfe in the
city, marches to Soczava, the antient capital of Moldiplay
and finding it quite deferted, takes and garrifons it.
On thefc fuccefles of the Poles, the Ti/^ri were recalled to fetiresfim
glean the ftr^ggling foldiers : but on the i6th of Zilkaadehy be- cretlj.
* ing met by the high treafurer, fent before by the king with
eight th6ufand men, they were defeated with great lofs. Ho^
ever they took revenge, by cutting off great numbers of the
PoUsy who were now obliged to difperfe themfelves thro' the
woods, in queft.of fi'uit to fubfift on. The king, perceiving
this danger, fled privately in the night, With a few attendants, /
under the guidance of a Moldavian colonel, leaving the reft
of the ar^ny with Tablonowski^ who followed the king to Ta^
var^vid, about the end of the fame month.
The Fenetians had this year better fuccefs. In the begin- Venetiaa
fling of fpring, the Morlakhians take Ottokh (a city fituated y^f^ ^^,
between the two branches of the Cettin) by ftorm, and put
the whole garrifon to % the (Word. The Kapudan Pajha at-
tempts tUnelafa (£), but retires on the approach of the Ve^
netianitct. rart of this fleet being fent to block up the Dar^
^inels^ the reft attack old Navarin ; whicli being furrendered
on the firft day of the ficge (F), new Navarin is clofely in-
vefted. The Seraskier of Morea flies to its relief ; but in the
vay is routed by count Koningfmark (G), and the marquis of
Kurbony with eight thoufand two hundred men. Making an-
other attempt with three thoufand recruits, he is defeated a
fecond time; on which the city furrenders on the 26th of Ra^
Jeb (July 7th). Three days after Methone (or Modon) is be-
(£) With lOyOOO foot, and isfeatedon a rock, and acceffi-
1 500 horfe : but Cornaro, gc- ble only on one fide,
nerai of the iflands, in conjunc- (G) Koningsmark^ on the ^^-
don with Morofini^ the captain rasiier's approach with 10,000
general, landing with 4000 inentoitsrelief,marchedfrombe-
inen, flew 400 of the enemy, fore it 7«»« 4th; and forcing him
who lef( behind ^x * pieces of to a battle^ routed him, v^ith
'^cannon. Jones. the lofs of 500, their te^ts and
(F) They left behind forty- baggage. Jones.
difee bn^s camion. The caftle
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Hiftpry of a< Otbmin Empire. KXY.
fiflged, and on the 15th of Sbaaban (June 26th) delivered 19
by the garrifon (H), terrified by the defeat of the Seraskiir.
^ To crown the work, Morofim^ on the loth of RamazM
Napoli 0^^ 20th) lays fiege to Neapolis of Romania (I) 5 and, tbo'
taken ^^ ftrong both by nature and art (K), in a few days beats
down the walls. On the fixth of the fieg^ the Serajkicr hafteds
to the.relief of the city : but is obet by Koningfinariy and {ve-
(ently defeated. However, knowing that if the place was loft
he muft anfwer it with his head, be raifed a more numeroos
army; with which on the 9th of SbawM(Augufi 18 th) at break
of day, he, attacks the trenches of the Vemtians^ and Cakes
poiTeffion of a hill, from whence he cotild cannonade their
' camp. In this exigence 'Kmingfinark advances, and detains
the enemy till Mortfmi came up, with the reft of the army.
Altho' the Venetians were fuperior, yet the Turks fi^t for
icven hours, as if the whole Othman empire was at ilake ; but
at laft are put to flight. Hereupon Mofiafa the governor de-
livers up the caille, on promife of leave to depart ^.
ly Ko- OuK hiftorians are more particidar; according to them, the
ningf- Venetian army, July 30, pofted themfelves on mount Lamida^
mark. iiirhich commanded the city within musket-fhot \ and from
thence vigoroufly attacked it j yet could not prevent the &-
rajkier^ who lay incamped near Afg$s^ from reinforcing the
garrifon with three hundred men, under the command of Mef-
tafa PoJhA* Count iSTwwg/Jwtfrit, thinking it neceflary therefore
to diflodge the Serajkiety left fifteen YixxnirtA Italians to guard
the works about the town, and marched two miles out of the
camp to meet the enen>y ; who having lofl two hundred men,
prefently retreated* Hereupon, Koningsmark pofleiled himfelf
of the cafUe of Argos^ and then returned to the fiege of Napoli ;
which by this time was fet on fire in feveral places by the
bombs, and their magazine blown up. At length the Seraf*
f^er^ being reinforced to ten thoufand men, fell on the Vem^
iiam with great fury: but was received by the general, affifted
by two thoufand marines, with fiich bravery, that the Turh
retired in confufion, after fourteen hundred of them had beeci
killed and wounded.
Turks , The Turks having been very unfortunate this campaign,
f'^fi the Soltan next year, fends a Chaujh to propofe a peace (a thing
peace. unufual with the Turks) to the emperor j who made anfWcr,
» Cant. p. 535. & feq.
(H) They found here 100 (K) Being defended on one
pieces of cannon, J>elides a great fide by the foa, and on the other
quantity of ammunition ^nopro* by high and craggy mountain^
vifion. Jones, which rendered the iiege di^
/ [l^ .Ox Napoli di Romania. Cult.
Digitized by GoOglC ^^
C. 20. 19 SoMn Mohammed IV.
that he could not enter into any treaty, without confent of ^e
Poles and f^enetians. Being difappomted of peace, he prepared
fbr war^ and impofed great taxes >^w4rieb added to the dif-
contents of the jje6ple. Mean time t&e Waztry who was
at Belgrade^ contrfV^ed how to fupply and prefcrvc Zigith :
but for all hii vigilarice, the Qitinims from Five Churches^ fixt*
prifed and burnt the ^birrbs, whereby they made that and
the neighbouring placei more fecor^. However, the Turks
fearing Alba Regalts ^(?uWbcf attacked next, latbouredlib put tt
in a good pofture of ^afence; not without much dtfturbance
from tifie imperiatifts i but of atll jJaces belonging to the ene*
my, jfgriay or Erla^ Waairi iftoftdiftrefs. Tekelij who was
intrufted to reltevei if,- il^as often rdtited ; and in one conflid
with the HuffarSy woiirtded, while his princefe fortified Mm-
gatz ^.
The Pdjha of 6d/nia^ early In fp-ing, befieges Duare in Vcncdani
Dalmaiia y but on th^ approach of the VfnetianSy retreats with tahXxng.
great lofs. He makes attempts on the enemy in other places A. D.
alfo, but is repulfed with flaughter. The Fenetians^ elated 1687,
with thefe fuccefles, on the 7th of ShawAl(Augufi i6th), under
the conduft of Corhardi attack Zing, whkh f^allier had in
vain attempted the yedr before; and having battered down the
walls, on the fecond day of the fiege, take it by ftorm, put-
ting all the garrifon to the fword. With like fuccefs, the M^r^
lakhians make an expedition towards Conftantinsple '^ and hav-
ing by ffratagem drawn ofte thoufand foot, and five hundred
horfe, out of the garrifon, {till a great number, and purfue the
. reft with fuch vigour, that they entered the city with them,
and having plutidered, fet it on fire.
These misfortunes alarming the Ulemaj and people of that 5rii>w«
capital, they throw-out feditious fpeeches ; alleging, thattf/Con-
they were judgments for the breach of peace with the emperor, ftantino^
which could not be averted but by removing SoMn Mohammed^ P^^*
- who was the author of that unjuft war, and all thofe who ad-
vifed or approved of it.
The Soltdn on this news inftantly repairs to Ctmftantimpky
depofes the Mufti, and employs emiflaries to pferfliade the
people, that not he, but the prelate himfelf^ and Kara Moftafa
Pajha, who had been put to death, were the ©ccafion of begin- -
ningthe war. Farther^ to gain their good opinion, he fells
the jewels in the.treafury to.pay the fbldiers ^ ind the money
not being fufficient, lays a tax on the Jatnis^ and every houfe
(L), By thefe arts, the incipient (bdition is qu^ed 5 and
*» RiCAtfT, ubifoprk.
(L) The European merduQUs tious in other, refpedls, could
who live there, aUhp'v^rycu- _ never cgropute hoy/ much this
* ' ' Digitize(
StS Biftory of the Othman Empire. B* XV.
A, D. the people induced to contribute more readily for the poUic
1687. feivice c.
*^— v***^ According to the Chriftian hiftorians, this contribu-
^^^^" j^* tion extended to all the officers, military, civil and eccfc-
mfirejfti. fiaftij.^ tax-gatherers, and rich merchants. But they were
ftill more at a lo(s for men than money : for fcarce fix thou-
fand troops arrived from Afia^ inftead of forty thoufand ; and
the levies fell ihort in other parts alfo. This made the court
order the ffiizir to endeavour a peace at any rate ; aind offer
the delivering up of TeMi, as the firft preliminary : but tbt
-emperor infifting to be paid fix millions of gold, m fatlsfac-
^n for damages, that aU places held by the Turis in Hun-
gary (hould be yielded to him, and equal advantages givcfl
to his allies, his anfwer was considered at the PorU as an ab-
folute refiifal to treat.
Thb grand Watir*s army, bjr a moderate computation,
exdufive of the Tatars^ Hungartan$ under Tekeli^ garrifoas
and parties, was about fifty thoufand ftrong: but that of the im-
perialifts amounted to fixty-four thoufand brave troops, plen-
tifullv fupplijcd with neceflaries of all kinds ^.
Sattti 9/ Mean time, the duke of L$rrain marched with the in]p^
Mohitz. rial army towards E//ii^ and pafled the Drave^ with intent
to attack the Waztr^ who had encamped about that pbce:
but SoUyman Pajhd was fo adyantageoufly pofted, that the
duke, inftead of venturing to attack him, was oblig^ toforti^
his own camp, for fear of being aflaulted. The two armies
being fo near, firft try their fortune by (kirmifhes, and diea
fall to work with their cannon ; which doing moft execution
on the part of the TurkSy the Germans arc forced to give way.
The Turks taking this for a flight, follow the enemy, who re-
treat towards the Danube. Yet while the Wazir proceeds mow
^owly, by reafon of his nimibers, the duke of Lorrain encamps
ztMohach ; where, having refrefhed his troops, he fet out for
Zikli. But he had fcarce left his camp, when a great number
oifurkifl) horfc appears, and attacks x\\t Germans on all fides,
as they moved flowly, in order to detain them, till the JVaTix
.arrived with his whole army.
The Mi Aftwi three days ikirmilhing, the WaTur comes andpofts
attacked, himfelf in a little wood, thro* which the imperialifb were to
* Cant. p. 336, & feq. ' Ricaut, ubi fupra.
tribute brought into the treafury. hoofet, befides the markets,
But any one may guefs^ when inns» (hops and baths; every
he knows that in the city alone» hoafe paying according to tbeir
exclufive of Pera^ Khrtfopolis largenefi, or the mafter*s abili-
(EJkuJar Of SkutarijAyub^Bek' tics, from 10 to 500 IconiaeJ.
tojXf^ and other adjoining vil- Cmnt^
lages, there arc- above 400^000
Digitized
byGoogk
pa(s. Next day, which was the 4th of Shawal (Augujl ift),
fae draws up his army ; when obferving the front of the Ger-
nums to be- too wide for the wings to affift each 6ther, com- ^
mands his troops to ^oy the enemy's right wing, with con-
tinued, but flight attacks ; and at the fame time to rufh with
their whole ftrength upon the left win& The Turks accord-
ingly Cell upon the left wing with fuch fury, that they miift
needs have routed it, but for the cannon placed among the
memjr's foldiers ; which killed great numbers of the Otmnans
' as they moved incautiouily forward, and made them retreat to
the wood. However they attacked the fame wing a fecond
time with a larger force, but with na better fucccfs than the
firft.
The duke of Bavaria^ who commanded that body, ima'- The Wih
^ning the courage of the Turks to be abated by thefe two re- zir ovir^
pulfes, leads his troops to attack them in the wood r but be- thrvwn.
fore he tould execute his defign, he fees the Othmhns ad-
vancing in a body a^inft him. Hereupon, he orders his dan-
non to be placed in fhe front, loaded with fmall bullets and
pieces of iron; which did fuch execution, that they were forced
to retire in hafte. The duke follows them, but had fcarce con-
tinued the purfuit an hour, when, to his great furprife, he fees
the Oihman camp intirc, and fortified with a ftrong trench, in
fo fhort a time. However, the trenches being demoliflied by
the imperial cannon, the enemy penetrate into the camp it-
felf ; and put to the fword almoft all the Janizaries^ deferted
by their horfe. The ff^azir^ perceiving things to be defperate,
with a few only, dcapes by flighty leaving the vHiolecamp a
prey to the vidors; who purfue him with their' horfe, wheii'
he was out of their reach •.
Our hiftorians relate this adion with different circum-
ftances from the Turkijb, Their account of the battle is this : ^^ Gcr-
the duke of Lorrain^ joined by the duke of Bavaria^ prince mans rf
Lewis of Baden, Caprara, Heu/ler^ and other generals, hav- treat.
ing pafl'ed the Drove, on the loth of July ,^ marched to Effikj
and next day advanced towards the frazir j who was ftrongly >
and regularly encamped under that fortrefs, by the diredion of
fome Frenen Engineers : for at this time the French began to
enter into a confidence vnth the Turks. The imperiidiih
finding it impoifible either to draw them out to a battle, o^
force their camp, which was impregnable ; and bci^ig thcm-
felves expofed, by their fituation, to one hundred and fifty pieces
of the enemjr's cannon, as well as in want of provifioa and
. forage, they determined to repafs the Drave. The Turif^
believing this to be a kind of flight, made feveral attacks on
« Cant. p. 337, & fcq.
Di^tized by CjB'^^IC
^ . fiSfe' ^fk^ Qdbp?^ ^m^re: R Xy,
A> p. tb^ir rear : but beii^ ^!^9!^i^ by the $^j^ addreTs of the go-
1687. i^rals, they fii^iered t^m tQ crofs Usue nyicr uoindiefted^ i^ob-
<^i^^*"r^ jout laying hold of ihe grf a^ a^y^uitages wlji^ ^ P^'^e of it
jxroMld have given them. .
Pur/ued T^£ imperial arnw. having pa(Ied the. Drave^ enqusped
And at' pn the 28tij ne^r Mobi^% 9 where they, were joined by five
iacitd: fdhoufand German foot, /uiji one f)f/^^d hor(e. N^ct day,
-on advice that thctfazir begsui ^ ^afs that jiver^ aji fi^^
were difpoTed for ^ i^attje j and the ^^^U^ the bptter to inyitp
hiia to it, fiill ;etr/eatpd, be^ng fol^owefl^fey'th^ enepiy, who
yrface reporte^d to be eighty tjijipii^i^ AfOASi befides attendants.
At length, on the r stdi-pf Ai;^, w^fi^ ^^4^^'^ b? J advamc^
with his right wing, within an hour's march of Siaos^ thje
• - sAs/StotqiBa'uarw^ who co^mnaiidcd the left^ was **;:„cked
by eight thouiand Turkijh horfe, ffjpportq.d by fix thoui^
jamzaries ; who had the iii^ht before entrenched thcmfelvcs
J9n die fide of a blUj from wjience they fired mai^y voUieson
the cavalry. But prince Lfwis of Eadp^n having obfervcfJ a
very ^vant^geous poll, on the fide of ihe fame hill, he ffvas
gain the ordered to take iti which he did with admirable fuccefc : fj^r
vWorj. Jthe JqnizarUs having fired three voUics, and tlic Spahjs ^
,pftj|Bn furioufly charged fhe rear-guard j the brave de^lor fet-
tled Jhi$ p)en iirui ^tg^^inll the frequent and forcible attacks of
;the efifapiiy. Theft; not being able to endure the fire and unihicn
.Ofder^of tjfkc imperialiAs, betook themfehT^ to a difordcrJy and
ju;ecip|^a(e flight : fo that the horfe, breaking b upon the fpor,
fi[f^^;^)(e4 dov^rn thp Janizarm^ and drove them back to their
^trenches ; into u^hich the Gernwns entered at rhe fame tijEae,
, .^lifi put the whole army to a thamerul roitt, leaving their capip»
with all their taits and baggage, behind ihem (M). In th^s
Jb^t^l^ ^igb^ tliovf^nd Jmiizuriis^ with their Jga^ were killed ;
th^ep J^h^uf^nU otj^ers drowned ^ and two thoufand t^ken pri-
^erf . Of the i(nt>erialift?, of>)y 9i)e th94^fai»d veic ^io ^.
Sclavppjfi THcE IFaziTy ^(tf r this .d.eifeat, r^ijA)rp<Bs the gwifon of
innfoded^ EJfet .wijth fevftral regi^vsnts i ^94. )bav,yig left fix thouCaiid
Pf^&n to g^j»rd the:briilge,of P^//rj^r/7^«) retires to Btlgradt.
The dujee of Lorrain^ pej;cf;iying tbefp j;Jaces too well fortified
.tp be tgkcn in the x.y^ ^pntl^ which iiill remained of t^e
^ftWpaign, fpreads ^ KC^pprt )iiM he d^gned to befiege Tev^S-
^ RicAUTy ubi fapra»
(M) There were foQiid in the 10,000 grenadoes; arsis of all
campy 67 pieces or capnon ; forts, 2000 oi^enj ^00 horf^,
1 090 kintals of powder \ of and other animals, befides great
match 400 ; 8000 cannon ball ; plenty of pro vifions.
3000 bombs and carcafics
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
q. 20 19 Spitiin Mc^omipd IV.
war. The Wavur^ deceived by thisib*alagen), fends the greater
part of bt3 army to defend th^ city. The Othm&n forces ia
Sclavonia being by tbts means weakened, the duke orders Du-- ^
vewaUj ileitb a body of troops (N)^ to drive diem out of that
country; and continues htbo^fetf with the main army, to watdi
the matioDS of the Tur/ts in Hungary (^)* Dtunewald^ having
pafled the Drove co the 2d of Ztlkaadeb^ fit^ down before *'
Burzin^ and batters dowjn the wads.; fo that on the 6th day of
$|ie fiege, the garrUb^ yu^ j;bemrelves ^nd caiHe at difcretion. .
This dty biting jta^eo, be aflaults fValpo,, wfaofe governor,
by a fignal,' informs the garr^jloo of E£eij and ddires their and qtun
adttance. fiut<ihc& latter, iteiriiied at jtbe uneappfiied approach reduced.
of the impeiialifts, undermine the cadftle, aod. prepare to fly.
i>Mtu%valdj being in^iprfloted of this, osders Ladrone widi tw(>
thflu£nid hocfe to oJNferve the garrtfon* Thefe imagming that
the whole German ar'my .was with him, abandon the city witll
ftich, precipitation, |hat tb^ left behind moft of their baggage,
and evei^ forgot to /ot £ie to the mines ; upon ^ich the gol
iromor of Ivalpo fitfrenders, to preveitf an aflault. Wicb
equal fucc^ tjvsit gefieral takes Ppjhega^ capital of Sclavomoi^
with Bellqfiin^ Pdtrasky Sbirasi^ Teiikham^ Walkowar^ Er^
tkU^ and iGcvecai other cafljes (P), which the Turks had de-
ferted, and reduces the whole country under the emperor's
obedience. Mean tune Jreizaga^ Ciokakuy zudPolota, fur- -
render to the governor of Ltopoldftat ; while Jgria in upper
Hungary is inveftedby a fmaU body of imperiali^, and cut-
iM from all fuppiies.
The campaign on this fide is crowned with the redu£Bon Tranfyl-
of Tranfylvania, The prince of that country, MUbael Apaffi^ vania/»A-
had agreed in the beginmng .of fummer to quit his alliance ^<'^^*
with the Turh^ proved fthey were o^ce removed from his
borders, and admit the imperialifts. But when the duke of
Lorratn was preparing to take up his quarters in that province,
jfpaffi denies him entrance; alleging, that his promife of grants
ing quarters did not extend to the whole army, but only to
feme regiments (Q,). The duke hereupon enters the country,
without
(N) Ten thoufand men. (Q^) Our hiftprians fay, he
(O) The feafon being very alleged that in fo doing he
wety and his men growing fick- fhould offend the Porte^ which
ly, they with great difficujty got wojild ,be his rain : that here-
to Zohfok, Jones, upon the duke faid, he would
(P) Particularly Orovitza take quarters by force : that be-
and Zemeck, Our hiftorians ing refufed quarters ^t Klaufen*
lay, the Tari/ abandoned thefe hurg^ he propofed to attack it;
' and Fojhega^ on the news of whereupon the governor fur-
DunewaUt*% approach. rendered oh articles : that no
othcfogle
r
Hiftory of the Othman Eatpire. B. XV.
without the prince's confent ; and feizing Cibimum and Cku*
JiopoUs (R), the principal citi^, obliges him to fubmitto the
' emperor*
Ruffian The Rulftans did not ^leet widi the iame fuccefe agamft
9xfidithn. the Krim Tatars : for Bafilitay prince of GatiiauTL, bcinj
fent againft them by the young Czars^ with a numctotis but
confufed armyj after fevera] days march thro* the fronder de-
fart, is furrounded by NuredJtn Bob An. The misfbrtune of be*
ing thus cut -off from provifion and water, is foon followed by
a peftilence, whieh deftroys above forty thoufand of bis mea
in a (hort timet For all this, Nutadmn SoUttn^ fearing die
Ruffian army, to oblige thenfi to return, pretends to macch
towards Kiiw ; which had the defured effed. But this flra-
tagem would not have hindered the prince firom entering
Krim Tartary^ if he had not been haftily recalled by the ]gi*
ttrs. of Sophia (S) J fifter to the Czurj.
Poles ri' . The Poles^ under the command of yama BMeskij tbe
inat. king's eldeft fon, on the 24th of Sbawal {Augttft 2d )» appear
^l>efol'e Kameniek: but after throwing in fome bombs, and
.difcharging their cannon twice or thrice, they, on news that
^he Turks • and Tatars were advanced to Czuczera^ raife the
ilege. Nothing remarkable was performed farther this year
between the contending powers.
9h of' With much greater vigour the Venetians carry on the war
fmrs •/ in the Mtrea : for landing their forces at Patras on the 23d
tbt Mo- of Ramazdn^ they march three days after, under the condufi
^^* of count Koningfmark^ againft the Seraskier ; .who with hb
cavalry attacks their left wing* But bein? repulfed with lols,
he bends his whole force againft the ri^ wing, with fod
fury, that the ytf«/%flr*Vj* with their fwords endeavoured to
remove the barricades, which fecured the enemy's front : yet
is he forced, after receiving a dangerous wound^ and lofing
other place afterwards refufed alone, for the illfoccefs of Ai$
to receive the imperialifts into expedition : but I have chofai to
quarters ; and th^t afterwards relate here what I kfK>w to be
the duke made a treaty with true and unqueftionable. Otr.
'^pf'ffi^ and the ftates, to the fa- From this, and many other ox-
tisfadion of both parties. About cumftangss in this fecond part of
,the fame time the archduke the Othman hidory, a fufpiciofl
Jofcph^ was crowned king of arifes, that our author has mixed
Hungary, a great deal of matter from lui
(R) Herptanfladt and Klau* own knowlege, or other hiflo*
fenburg. It is wrong to change xians, with what he gives 01
the Turkijh names, efpedally to from the Turkijb writers, with-
give (he antient kftead of the out diftinguifhyig one anthotitj
modern . fxom the othcr^
(S) Many blan^e GalUcsdn
Digitized
by Google many
C. 20. 19 Soltin Mohammed IV*
many of his men, with the Pajha of Valona^ to fly to the
mountains, with the remainder, two thoufand of whom are
cut-ofFin the purfuit. This vidlory gained to the Venetians^ '
all which remained of the Morea in^ the hands of the 0th-
mans. The garrifon of the caftle oiPatras lead the way, and
fly». ^
According to our hiftorians, on the 21ft of July 1687, T^^S^raf-
thc whole Venetian Rectf confifting of twenty-iix gallies, and kielr /•<?»/#/
fix galleafles, bcfidcs eighty-feven veflels of other kinds, en-
tacd the river of Patras ; and altho' the Serajkier of the Mo-
tea was ftrongly encamped near the town, and two Pajhds
guarded the banks of the river ; yet, by count Koningfmark*%
advice, they landed in the river itfelf. Upon this a ftrong
party of ifurks attacked the Germans^ who led the van with
great fury, but were quickly put to flight ; and the captain
general hailing cut*oflF all conmiunication between the Turks
and the caftle, by die entrance x>f feveral gallies into the gulph
during the night, it was refolved to fight the Seraskiery and by Ka^
attempt his camp. With this view, on the 24th, general ningf-
Koningsmark drew up his army in order of battle ; which the mark*
Seraskier perceiving, he detached fome of his beft troops to
try to break their ranks. Finding that this had no effed^ he
gave the fignal for his whole forces to engage, and charge the
Venetians in flank, trufting to the great fuperiority of his
troops : but the German foot, who received the firft fire, fe-
conded by the cavalry, commanded by the marquis of Corbonj
foon put them to flight 5 whereupon the ftrong tortrefs of Pa-
tras furrendered ^.
ME HEME D Pajbh-^ who had fix thoufand men to de- Lepanto
fend the caftle of Rumelia^ after blowing up the walls, Atftvt^dMrendtr^
it likewife. The fame is done by Mehemedj governor of the
caftle of Morea^ on fight of the Venetian gallies : and, what
is more furprizing, the city of NaupaSfus (Lepanto) ftrongly
fortified both by nature and art, fends deputies to the Venetian
fleet which was failing thither, with offers of furrender.
According to our hiftorians, the captain general having
ordered the %et to bring their chace-guns, on the head of their
fhips, to bear on the fortrefs of Lepanto ; the inhabitants werd
fo terrified that they abandoned the place, carrying what bag-
frage they could on their backs. Thus in the fpacc of twenty-
our hours, the Venetians became mafters of four ftrong for-^
treffes, with little or no lofe ; and fxxty pieces of cannon, moft
of them brafs, were found in them, befides eight in the Seraf-
kier\ camp (who after his defeat, marched in hafte to Korinth)
and fix in that of Mojlafa Pajha.
« Cant. p. 338 U i^^* * Ricaut^ ttbi fupra.
Mod. Hist. Vol.. XII. CLh Wiifiw
Digitized by VjOOQiC
Korinth
dejerttd.
Athenn
dtr4
ningf-
mark.
Bifiorj of iht Othman Em^re. R XV,
When the affairs of the conquered cities were fettled, J&-
rofmi^ general of the Venetian army, appears before caftle 7#r-
nefey and MifitrOy which the governors deliver up, with all
the ftqres, without the lead oppofition. The only city which
made any refiftance was Epidaurus Limeria (T) ; wherefore
Morofmiy after annoying it extremely with his bombs to no
cffeft, fails with his fleet thro' the Korinthian bay, diredly to
Korinth; prefuming, that when this laft city Qiould be fubdued,
the paflage into the Morea would be fhut up to the Turksy and
the remaining caftles would be much eafier to reduce. The
Seraskier^ on his approach, confidering that the four thoufand
men he had with him would not be able to oppofe the ene-
my, fcts fire to the magazine^ ; and demoli{hing moft of the
walls, retreats into the mountains of TJr^^j, flaying all the
Greeks he met, on pretence that they were the caufe of bis
misfortune. But Morofmi perceiving the flames, fent and
extinguifhed them, before the magazines could be all con*
fumed.
After this he* fends Konitigfmark^ with part of his army to
jitbensj which furrenders, after a {hort fiege ; wherein the
antient temple, dedicated to the unknown God^ was blown
up, by a bomb fetting fire to the powder lodged there '.
Our hiflorians place the talcing o{ Korinth next after that
of Patras \ and bcfides Tornefe and Mifitra^ mention the fub-
miflion of Saritenea^ Idrapolica^ Solona^ and the ftrong fortrcls
of Mitra, After this, they fay Morofmi^ in his way to JthenSy
ruined with his artillery, great part of the town and cadle <rf
Malvajia. According to them, on the 20th of September ^ he
arrived at port Leon^ fi;t oi^ kv^n miles from Athens^* where he
landed his men ; and marching to the city, began to batter
the caftle with four mortars and fix cannon, fhooting red-hot
bullets, one of which falling into their magazine, blew it up.
This, with the Seraskier*s retreating from general Komnif-
markj who advanced to fight him, brought the place to fur-
render, on condition that the foldiers (hould march out with
what they could carry on their backs, but without arms. Ac-
cordingly fix thoufand perfons left the city, •fix hundred of
whom were capable to bear arms. Many of the Greeks re-
mained, with three hundred TurkSy who were baptized ; their
intermarriages with the Greeks^ difpofing them to embrace
the Chriflian rejigion here, more than elfe where. There
* Cant. p. 340, & feq* Ricaut.
(T) Called by the modem Italians^ Napo/i di Mal<vmfia,
Greeks Monemhafia : by ,thc It is the flrongeft fortrefs in all
Turks^ Menewcbe: and by the the Morea. Cant.
Digitized
byGoogk
were
C. CLoil '19 Soltan Mohammed IVJ
were found eighteen pieces of cannon in the caftle. On this
news, the uihabitants of Megara abandon that place, which
the Venetians burnt, as being of no ufe ^.
I N Dalmatia the Turks begin the campaign, and'under the Affairs tf
command of Atlagllk Pajhd^ governor of Bofnia^ on the firft of Dalmatia*
yamazioUawelj befiege Zing (or Singh) which Cornaro had
taken the year before : but after aflaulting it with great vigour
for forty, days, and loling a great number of men, he is ob-
liged to retire on the approach of the Venetian army. Cornaro^
on the other hand, with the affiftance of the fleets of Malta ^
and the pope, on the 25th oiShawaU befieges caftle Nusvo in
Dalmatia^ which the rdjhd of Bofnia haftes to relieve ; and
having forced thro' the narrow pafTes guarded by the Alor/a-
Hans, on the 8th of Zilhajeh, attacks the Venetian trenches
with fuch fury, that he would have defeated the forces which
defended them, had not Cornaro^ with the reft of the army,
and Maltefe auxiliaries, feafonably fupported them when they
began to give way, and obliged the Turks to fly, after they
had loft above eight hundred men. For all this the garrifon
held out, till the Venetians having taken the city by ftorm, on
the 2ift of the fame month, they three days after found them-
felves under a neceflity to furrender the caftle '.
Our hiftorians mention certain particulars relating to Caftcllo
this tranfadion, which deferve the reader's notice. On the Nucvor
2d of September, general Girolamo Cornaro, procurator of St. befieged.
Mark, landed his forces at a place called Komburt, near the
town ; and tho' the Turks were ftrongly intrenched on the
banks of the pafles, yet they forced their way, beating the
enemy out of their trenches. After this, having difcovcred
the condition of the town, which was fortified with redoubts
and trenches, it was thought advifeable to make another de-
fcent at a place called Zeleucia, which was performed by gene- '
ral St Paul; when, after five hours ftout refiftance, the Ve^
petians became m afters of the firft and fecond trenches, with
the hill of Santa Veneranda^ which commands the town : from
whence firing red-hot bullets into it, the foldiers were com-
pelled to quit their trenches.
Mean time, the Pdjhd of Bofnia came with all his forces ^, »j, .
to their affiftance : but two thoufand foldiers landing feafona- ^^/v^#^v
bly on the eaft fide of the town, put him and his whole army to
flight* After this, the militia of Malta, advancing to the very
muzzles of the enemy's muskets, bravely maintained their
ground, tho* many of them werecutoflF, and obliged them to
retreat under the cannon of the lower fortrefs. 1 he town
being thu$ blocked up, the defendants made a vigorous faliy
* RiCAVT. * Cant. p. 3^1.
Digitized by VjOOQ LC
595 Hijlory of the Othman Empire. B. XV.
A. D. with their beft men, but were repulfcd with lofs. At Ais
1687. time the Pajhd of Herzegovina^ endeavourmg to relieve Ac
^•S^>^ befieged j was met by a detachment fent to oppofe him ; ^o
being lately preferred to the govermnent o^Bofnia^ fo fiercely
attacked the battalion of ferjeant-major Gaili^ that they were
broken 5 and had been totally defeated, had not major-gene-
ral Grimani come to their affiftance. But at laft the enemy
was put to flight, leaving feven hundred dead on riie fpot, be-
fides feveral great men, whofe heads, three hundred in num-
ber, being cut ofF, were fixed on half-pikes before the town.
Theciiy FINDING the befieged ftill refolute, they hotter the place
jfJi/Jf. inceflantly : fo that hearing the PaJhd of Albania was coming
to relieve it, and the magazine being blown up, they aflaulted
the breach, now thirty-fix paces wide, and opened their way
into the town : but finding the ftreet barricaded with all forts
of lumber, while the men fired u^n them from the windows,
^nd the women threw ftones ft-om the tops of the houfes, they
were obliged to retreat again. Yet making another aflault on
the 29th of September^ the defendants capitulated the next day,
on condition to march out with their baggage, and be tranf-
ported to Albania ; foon after which, the middle and prind-
pal caftle furrertdered on the fame terms ».
fbe army Me A N time, there arifes in the Turkijh camp, from a flight
ffu^iny, caufe, a very great fedition, which deprived the Soltdn of the
imperial dignity, and proved an almoft irreparable detriment
to the whole empire. The lVa%iry Jyneii Soleyman Pajhiy
being informed at Petercoaradin^ that Agrta would be forced
to furrender, for want of provifion, if not fpeedily relieved ;
. commands a thoufand Janizaries^ and fome hundred Spabis^
to march thither with fupplies of victuals. But the (bldien,
alleging their being quite fpent with that year's fervicc, and
accufing him as the caufe of all their difgraces, refufe to obey
his orders ; and when he renews his commands, declare they
will not move one ftep without him (U), Thefe kindlings
pf fedition were inflamed foon after by a new incident j for the
"* RiCAUT, ubi fupr^.
(U) Oar hiftorians fay, the fe- fo infolent by the incitement of
(dition began after the battle of O/mdtt and Sbaus Fajbms, that
Mdbatz at EJ/e^k ; where the Ja- he was forced to fly to Beigradt \
nisiarics and SpabU upbraiding after which they made Sb^ms
one another with their ill be- their general. They differ ia
havioar in the late battle, at other particulars from the Tmri-
length fell to b\ow€ : that the (/h hiftorians before us, whofe
IFazjr, having pacified them authority, in an affair of this
with money, marched to Peter- nature, ought w^ $hink to be
. fivaraaitt^ where the foldicrf grew pr^ferr^d^
Digitized by GoOgtC ^^
C. 20^ 19 Soltan Mohammed IV. £qj
Wazir having attempted to deftroy feveral P^JhAs^ by ac- A. D.
cufing them to Soltan Mohammed of negleS of duty in the laft 1687.
battle, thofe officers, -being informed of the danger by their ^^y^/"^
friends at court, exafperate the whole army againft him.
SIAI^US Pajhd (X)> a flout and haughty man, who «;,^^^ Sia-
tiras in the lifl of the accufed, which was fent to the Soltan^ vusPaftia.
appeared at the head of thefe diflurbances; and by his perfua-
fion the army demands of the IVazir the payment of two '
Kyi ( Y) due to them. That minifler not having the money
ready, tells them their pay was on the road, and would be
there in a few days. But the foldiers, not to be put off with
fair words, command him either to pay them forthwith, or
refign the Wazirjhip^ fince they had a perfon ready, who was
much more deferving of that dignity, and would fatisfy their
demand. SoUymdn Pajha hereupon, in feai* of his life, fe-
cretly flies, and carries to the Soltan the firft neWs of this rc*
bellion ; laying the whole blame on Siavus, and (bme others,
whom he accufed of treachery in the German w^r.
SOLT AN Mohammed eafily credits the Wav^r^ znd Petition
withtears orders him to conceal bimfelf, till he eitquired into the Soltaa
the defigns of the r^eis. Soleymdn^ by this convinced of his
fovereign's good-will, retires to the houfe of Manolaii^ a ^
wealthy Greeks near the palace ; where he lay hid for twenty-
feven days, unknown to any body, excepting the Solt&n^ and
his friend the Kizlar Aga. Two days after the IVazir^s flighty
Siavus Pdjhd^ caHing a council of the chief confpirators at Bel--
grade^ engages them in a defign to depofe the Soltan^ and put
feveral of the great men to death. The refl of the army imagin-
ing that the Wa%ir had fled to expofe them to the enemy, or
tile Soltan'^ refentment, Adkt Siavus to take on him the Wa*-
%irjhip. He, to gain the Soitdn's favour, refufes the honour ;
alleging that the dignity could be conferred by none but
his majefly, againft whom he would not be fo wicked as to
attempt any thing ; and therefore exhorted them, before they
proceeded a flep farther, to fend him a petition, and wait hiS
anfwer.
This advice being approved, Siavus, in the name of the Thiirdet
whole army, fends an Arzmahzar (Z) to Soltan Mohammed, mands re-
jeSed.
(X) A man before this a£lion Navaka one day's pay. The
diftinguilhed for no merit. The Janizaries are paid quarterly.
Italians write Sciaus, or Shaus, (Z) It is a petition, prefented,
in our charaflers. Our hido- in the name of the whole pro-
rians call him Ogli likewife ; and vince or army, to the So/tdn or
join with him one Ozmdn Pa- Wazir ; that of a iingle perfon is
J!;a, as a leader in the mutiny. called Arzuha/, as mentioned in
(Y) That is three months pay, a former note. Caftt.
gs Ulyufi is one i^onth'sj an4
Digitized;,, o^^
Hipory of the Othman Empire: B. XV.
fetting fonhy ** That the forces of the empire were detcr-i
** mined to come to ConJiantinopU^ not to raife a fedition, or
^^^ attempt any thing againft his facred perfon, but to demand
•* juftice againft the treachery and defertion of the IVazir :
^^ that however, if he was deiirous immediately to appeafe
^' thofe commotions, he (bould fend to the camp the head of
*' that traitor, and the pay due to the army by the Tefterddr,
** and the Gyumrukchi Hujfeyn Jga (A)." The Saltan was
advifed by his moft intimate counfellors to (atisfy the demands
of the foldiers, for his own fafety ; but he had conceived fo
great an opinion of the tVazir^s abilities, that he returned no
• other anfwer to the ArTjnabzMr^ than that the money was al-
ready fent to pay them, and would foon be diftributed; hoping
the fight of it would fofteo their refentment to his minifter.
But the foldiers, perfifting in their demand, cry out, that the
S^tan is equally culpable with the Wcndr^ for prote^ng him,
' and ought to be depofed »*.
At length When Mohammed heard that for this purpofe they haftened
irmntid. their Riarch, he fent their leader the feal of the empire, and
Mohammed's ftandard ; flattering himfelf, that Siavus Pafiid\
having obtained what he wanted, would not be fo importunate
for the Wa%ir^% head ; but Siavus confidering that the autho*
rity conferred on him would not belafting, while his enemy, m
fuch favour with the Soltanj was alive, receives the enfigns of
power with ftrong declarations of fubmiffion, from the Silahdar
Jga ; but withal informs him that it was not in his power to
.pacify the army, till the Wazir^ Tefterddr^ and Gyumrukchi
Bajhi^ to whofe negligence they imputed the prefent calamities,
were executed. The Soltan hereupon fends the Wa%}r\ head
(Bj f which not contenting the foldiers, Siavus advifes ' his
» Cant. p. 341. &feq, . .
(A) One of the richeft men prayers, was ilfangled : bat firft
amoog the Turks^ and in fucb enjoined him two th ngs, I. to
credit with the Soltdriy that al- let the men in power know that
moft every week he dined at his he had given all his Oaves their
houfe, called F/Wz/7/, in Per a ^ freedom. II. To advife theia
almoft oppofite to the palace, not to torment his people to dif-
It is now moftly in ruins j an cover his money, for that he
', order having been made that it never had any thing confiderable,
ihould not be inhabited. The and the little which he was pof-
. Gyumrukchi is the receiver of the feffed of, was loft in the <;amp i
cuftoms. Cant, only he could wi(h the Soltdn
(B) As foon as the Chaujh would beftovv what furniture
came to the prifon, he fald, / and other things there might be
htaitj for njubat you come ; GocCs in his houfe at Skutary^ on his
mjtll be done : and having faid his (on. Jones,
^ , majefly
Digitized by VjOOQIC
C.ibi * 19 Soliln Mohammed IV.
majefty not to draw fome fatal confequencc on himfelf, by an
unleafonable clemency ; afliiring him, that if he would follow
his advice, he hoped in a fliort time to extinguifti the rebellion. '
The Soltan having complied on this remonftrance, Siavus Siavas
P^jha endeavours fmcerely to perform his promife, and dc- gained
tain the army at Adrianople : but the rebels, inftead of obeying o^tr
his orders, reproach him with betraying them for fake of in-
tereft, and going over to the Solt&n's party, now he had gratified
his ambition ; in fhort, they threaten, unlefs he leads them
on, to cut-ofF his head,* and choofe another general, who
fhould depofe the Soltan^ and place Soleymdn in his room* The
new Wa^fy finding it dangerous to refufe, brings them to Coti"
Jlantinople^ where he is received with great honour by Soltan fyti^SoV
Mohammed; who promifes to confer favours on him, even be- tan,
I yond his hopes, provided he would appeafe the tumults. Sia^
VU5 Pdjbd firft excufes himfelf for having accepted the com-
mand of the army without his knowlege ; alleging that, when
he faw them bjent on fome defperate dcfign, he judged it would
be of fervice both to his majefty and the empire. He then faid»
if the Soltan had granted their firft petition, he might eafily
have fupprelTed the fedition ; but that the rebellion now had
taken deep root in their minds. However, he promifed, on his
oath, to do his utmoft endeavour to extinguifti it, at the ha-
zard of his life.
As fooD as the Wazir returned to his palace, he fent for Becomes ^
the chief rebels, and endeavours to difluadc them from pro- fuffeHei.
ceeding in their defigrs, by reprefenting, " That the Soltan-
^^ had fatisfied all their demands, and was not to^ be blamed
*^ for the misfortunes brought on by others : that no man of
^' underftanding could aim at depofing him, as he had heard
*' fome did ; confidering, that as a wife and warlike prince,
** he was able to defend the empire ; while his fons were too
*' young to govern, and his brothers, efpecially Soleymdn^
'' were fitter to be monks than foldiers, beingflcilled in the laws,
*^ but not in arms." T*he confpirators, confirmed in their
former fufpicions of the TVazir*s fidelity, feign a readinefs to
divert the foldiers under their influence, from any fuch de-
fign : but as foon as they are out of the palace, they meet in
the Orta ydmi fC) ; and accufing Siavus Pdjhd with being
fecretly in the Saltan's intereft, in violation of his oath, advifc
the Janizaries to execute their purpofes, before they ara cir-
cumvented by his artifices °.
° Cant. 34.6. •
(C) A temple in the midft of when the SoUdnt are afraid of •
the Janizaries chambers, where a rebellion, they chiefly obferve
they confult about any matter what is doing in the Orta Jdmi.
of coafe^uence ; and therefore Cmit.
Digitized Jy^@l50gle
6co Hifiary of the Othm|p EB^ire. B, XV.
A. D. Hereupon the fcdition encre|^g lilce wild-fire, the fol-
1687k dien run armed in great bodies throrthe ftreets, crying out, tbi
^— -v--^ Soltan, both unfortunate and tndoUnt^ ought to be depofed^ and
Tbecitrgy] Soleyman advanced in his room \ who by his prayers would op-
^gree p^a/e the divine ind^nation. , They are f€V3>n after joined by the
JJUmay partly of their own accord, and partly thro' neceffity ;
on fight of whom the common people, thinking it criminal at
fuch a time to fit fttll, fnatch up what weapons are at hand,
and repair to the church of SanSfa Sophia. There the NM
(D) and Sheykh (E), offer themfelves to the reft as leaden
and directors of the intended confultation : but before any
thing is propofed, they order the Kaymakan^ KyopriU Mofiafa
Pajha (F), to be fent for, in the name of the wh<^ MufuU
man nation. When he came, the Sharif o^ Sophia j in a leog
fpeech, fet forth how many provinces and cities had been lofl;
how much blood and trealure had been fpent } and that greater
calamities were flill to be expelled, if the governoicnt fhouM
be continued in the hands of fuch an emperor, who took no
care of the army or flate, and only minded his hawks and his
hounds : then putting the Kaymakan in mind of the great fer-
vices done to the empire by his anceftors, exhorts him to af-
fift in averting the impchding danger p.
to depofe A s the Sharif is going on, he is interrupted by a clamour,
Moham- that the Shdzadeh wer6 in danger : for the Soltan finding, on
med. being informed of this confutation, that there was no way
left to prevent his depofition, but to put his brothers to death,
had fent feme of his chamberlains to difpatch them. But tb^
. Boftanji Bajhi^ beihg made acquainted with this defign, by
fome courtiers, bribed by the Soitdn's enemies, had furrounded
the apartments of Soleyman and Ahmed with a regiment of
Bojidnfi \ and having repulfed the chamberlains, informed the
p Camt. p. 345.&feq.
(D) Or more properly iViii/^ long with fo much power, the
Jj'hrdf^ the holy overfeer^ who Soitdn often changes him, but
is the keeper of the ^^»/i^/^^a- cannot take away his (alary.
rtfi or the holy fiandard. He is Cant,
the head of the Amirs or def- (E) He is the prelate of the
cendants oi Fatemah^ Moham- head of a temple; but the ^^iifr
tned's daughter, and alone hath of San^a Sophia takes place of
power over the reil ; for with- all other Sheykhs, Cant.
out his knowlege, the SoUdn (F) Son of the great Ahmed
himfelf cannot fo much as ftrike Pdjhd^ a man for holinefs of
one of them. He is no way m- life, integrity, prudence, and
ferior in dignity to the Mu/ii courage, famous above s^ the
himfelf: but became it would reit of theTftTi^/. Cant.
be dangerous to truft an/ man
Digitized
byGoogi *ff«»Wjr
^, 40. ip Soltin Mohammed iV. (5ol
aflembJy of this afiiin The rebels, fired with this news, dc^ A. 0* '
fired the Nakib and Sharif oi Sophia inftantly to proclaiai 1687.
the deppfitkwi of Mohammed^ and declare Soleyman cmpcrpr ; ^^^''VN^
lincc the SolUJt*s attempt on the life of his brothers, was- of
itfelf a fufficient sTound ; and the Bojidnji might be bribed, if
the defign fhoulabe delay efl.
Th£ multitude would perhaps by forc^ hav^ depofed the ^endbiftt
Soitdn^ and even attempted his life, if the Kaymakkn had not «^^«^<
prevented it, by pretending to approve their opinion. Having
thus gained their favoUr, he tells the affembly, ^* TlUt there
*' was no occafion for doing things in a hurry, fince the Shah-
*' %adtb were fecurely guarded by the Bofiinji Bafiii\ and
^^ advUes them to proceed in fuch a manner, a3 might both
*' prderve die honour of the Othman fapiily, and prevent
'^ more dangerous commotions; which would be to isxA
«< the &hijkh Shary'iLnd. Naitb to the Sdtan^ in order to de-*-
^< dare him deposed, in the name of the UUnta (or clergy)
*< foldiery, and the whole Mufftdman nation : then to d^e
^< him to leave the palace of his own accord, add refigil the
^^ empire to his brother Soleymdn.*^ This advice being ap-
proved of by the whole aflembly, the Nakib and Sheykh ^arif^
are fent, much a^tnft their wills, with this fatal meflage ;
which (fbey humbly deliver to the Saltan, and then ask pardon
£x doing what they were forced to by the multitude.
SOL TAN Mobammei heard the meflengers With great fhe §61-
tranquili^, and then told them, *' that they had brought him tanV ait^^
*' no news but what he expeded \ for that he had long found y^<^^
*<^ the common people were corrupted by the UUma, deiirous
^< of change, and engaged by them in then: rebellion, Which
^ he might have prevented by banifhiiig them :^ next having
mentioned (hejn^e of hie governments and his many war*
like exploits dufingl reign of forty years, he tells them, ^^ He
<< cannot think of any other pretence for their impious attempt^
«' excepting the breadi of peace with the emperor of G^rmany^
*' and the foar laft years ill fuccefs of the war : and yet that
«* they themfelves firft perfuaded him to that war ; and that
«< the Mdfti, the ^ead of their confederacy, by his fetvah^
*« pronounced the fame juft." — " That inftead of endeavour-
<< ingtoappeafethe divine wrath by fafting and prayer^ whi(^
** was their proper office, they had inftigated the people to
^< trample on his auth crity, and the laws, of which they werd
<^< tilt guardians." Then, after repeating the many concef-
lions and facrifices he had made to pleafe the people, and
l^rociire peace, coricluded, <' That altho* he knew the peoples
•' by their (the Ulemd's) authority, were too deeply rooted
^^ ttidooafiiMi^ in their wicked defign, yet he alfoknew that
•• the righteous cod would prove his avenger, and feverely
Mod. Hist. Vol. XII, R r . ** puniftt
\ Digitized by LjOOQ iC
6c2 Hijliflry of the OthmSn Empire. B. XV,
A- D. ** punifli the corrupted people, for the injury then offered
^687. " him/'
U'-v-i-.J The Naiiby unmoved widi the SoMtfs fpfech, ufes ftill
His ahdi' greater infolencc towards him, and replies, without any fenfe
itU\9u. qf modefty 5 ** That he was not fern by the people to hear
^^ his apology ; but to command him, in the name of the
<' whole Muffulman ailembly, to quit the throne : that there-
** fore if he was defirous to preferve his honour and life, he
<' (hould, of his own accord, refigti the government to his
•• brother SoUymn T fmce, was he to oppofe the will of the
*' citizens, they would notwithftanding execute their refolu-
** tions." The Soltan hereupon, fubmittingto neccffity, fay3
to the meflengers, ^^ Since I fee the divine indignation, ftir-
•* red up by the fins of the Mujfubnans^ difcharged on my
•* head, go and tell my brother, that God'x decree is declared
«* by the mouth of the people, and he is appointed governor
• . ^^v** of the Jit Othmdn empire." Soltan M^mmed^ having
%Udren. ^po^^*^ ^^^^ words, on the third qi Moharram 1099 (G)> ^*
figns the imperial fcepter ^.
The fcveral fteps taken in this great revolution, are more
ftilly and accurately related by the Turkijhy than the Chriftian
hiftorians ; from whom we (hall only add two particulars fai^
ther, to (hew the unaccountable viciffitudes, ahdoniferaUe
flate, to which human greatnefs is liable. XS^on Soleymaft
the fFazir*s flight to Conjtanttnopley Rejebj the Kaymaiam^ a
man of great abilities, who was his friend, fufpeAing that the
friends of Ibrahim^ the former fVaztr^ fomented the fedition,
he obtained an order to remove the Mufti (who the year be-
fore had been baniflied to Prufa) to the ifland of Rhodes y and
yejcbPa- another to take off the head oi IbrMfimy who was imprifoned
ftikef- there. After this, the foldiers, in their march towards the
^aUiS» capital, beginning to talk of depofing Mohammed^ Rejeh^ ap-
prehenfiveofthe danger, applied to the Mufti for zfetva^ to
declare all thofe rebels and infidels, who would not obey
the Soltan*s commands. But this being refufed, and the
KiJIar /ga infinuating to Soltan Mohammed^ as if Reieb was'
contriving how to make his peace with the army, it was agreed
to fend them his head along with SoIeymdn^Sy in order to make
atonement for the lives of others. Purfuant to this refolution,
the Eojlanji Bajhi^ being fent to feize Rejeb^ he very readily
offered to go with him : but as that officer and his fervants.
^'cnt down before him, he flopped (hort at the head of the
^ Cakt. p.'346, & icq.
(G) Which anfwers to 5^/w- .and 'our hidorians place this
^y the ic^Q{Q5ioher 1687: event on the 28th.
Digitized by VjOOQ iC
C. 20. 19 Soltan Mohammed IV, ^
ftair^, and faid, jlga^ it would not be amifs if IJhould take firm
Chekim with me into the prijon ; Jiep in with me for them into
my chamber: then, turning quick about, he entered into a
room, and paffing ninthly into another, thro' a fort of cup-
board door, from thence by a pair of back-ftalrs, got into the
garden, and made his efcape by the poftern. However, he
waa afterwards taken,. and put to death.
Meai* time the iW«///, • purfuant to the mandate obtained Ibrahim
by Rejeb^ was put on board a galley, whofe jB/^ or comrfi^H^^*
mander, being a friend of the fvaztr Ibf&him^ endeavoured,
during the voyage, to found the Kapiji Bdjhij whether he had
any other order to execute at Rhodes ; and this officer
not owning that he had any, the Beg^ as foon as he arrived
there, went diredUy to Ibrahim^ to afliire him that he was in
no danger. Not long after, the Kapiji Bajhi entered, and
kiffing IbfdhMs yeft, fat down by him : after which, being
alked what news, he faid, all was well. Then he drank fomc
coffee, and having fmoaked his pipe, drew a paper out of his
bofom, and gave it to Ibrahim^ who on reading it changed coun-
teiKince ; and happening tohavealitde child upon his knee,
kiffed it, with tears in his eyes, and faid, what have I done ?
they feized all my ejlate \ and not being content therewith y have
Jent for my life. O treacherous world ! This faid, he was pre- Moham-
fently Itrangled r. mcdV
SOLT AN Mohammed lived after his depofition for fivt reigtt
years, a thing very uncommon, clofely confined in his apart-
ment ; departing the world in Jomazio'lawel 1 104. He lived
fifty -two, and reigned forty years, five months, and fixteen
days. He left, by different wives, feven fons, two of whom,
Mojlafa and Ahmedy were advanced to thp empire i the reft
died in their infancy.
He was a prince eminent for juflice and warlike abilities ; and cha*
of great clemency, and his reign very happy, excepting the raSer.
laft four years of it. There was but one fault which his ene-
mies could reproach him with, and that, is his immoderate love
of hunting in the latter years pf his reign, to the negleft of
ftate affairs. He is reported by fome, to have been poifoned
by his brother Solt$n Ahmed^ at the infligation of the fFazir^
Arabaji Ali Pdjhd ; who having fought the death of certain
grefit men, and meeting with a repulfe from the Soltan^ by
M^hammed*s advice, in jevenge, fuborned the Munejin Bdjhi
(H), to give out he had difcovered, by the ftars, that Moham^
^ RiCAUT, ubi fupra,
(H) He is the chief aftrolo- ficers in the inner Othmdn court,
ger ; and third of the four of' >vhQ art reckoned eccleiialUc9,
5 ' nui
Digitized
byGoogk
A. D. iMtf iiAdd ^epoTe kis hrocber, and reaicend the throne:
i^^* irMdi anifi(3e the Wavdir made ufe of to kriUte Abmi
Vi^V>i/ ftgainR biai« But it is cuftomaiy en the death of a S^ban^ to
fuk a report of his being poifoned : b^fides it is gfeil kaown
AuMfhammsd^ before his depofttion, was oontinu^Iy troubled
with the gout in both his hands artd feet : this, added^^Jkhe
hypocondriackdiftemper, occafioned by hti confiin iil^fr aC
hft exhaufled aU hti vital fpirtts '•
* • Caht. p. 348, & feq*
Ihe other three ue, the Ehfti^ and the ysrrah B^i^ ot chkf
.•r Soiiam*% preceotor 1 the £/«• furgeon. Cant^
Um^fauH, or dutfplqpficiaaf
fhe £ND 9fihi Twelfth Volumi.
Digitized
byGoogk
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