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HARVARD COLLEGE
LIBRARY
PROM THB LIBRARY OF
WILLIAM TREGURTHA
of MaUcn, Mimchmtw
TI» Gift of
Miss Alma M. Brown
â– nd
Mr. 6c Mrs. George Channing Lawrence
April 12, 1933
MODERN PERSIAN COLLOaUUL GRAMMAR.
MODERN PEISIAI COLLOQUIAL
CONTAINING
A SHORT GRAMMAR , DIALOGUES AND
EXTRACTS FROM NA8IR-EDDIN SHAH'S DIARIES,
TALES, ETC. AND A VOCABULARY
Br
D«. FRITZ ROSEN.
LONDON:
LUZAC & C".
PUBLISHSRS TO THE INDIA OFFICE
46, Gi-eat Russell Street
1898.
•«? N^. / /
PRINTED BY E, J. BRILL, LEIDEN (HOLLAND).
To His Excellency
The Right HodU« the Marqais of DUPFERIN aed AVA,
G. C. B., K. P., G. C. 8. I., G. C. M. G., G. C. I. £.
IN ORATITUDB FOB THE EXAMPLE SET BT HIM IN THE ACQUIBEMENT
OF THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND IN KECOLLECTION OF THE
PLEASANT HOÜ&S SPENT, LISTENING WITH HIM TO
A PERSIAN STORY-TELLER IN INDLA
THESE PAGES ARE
DEDICATED BY
THE AUTHOR.
PREFACE.
The ^Modern Persian CoUoquicd Grammar" is a
translation and revision of my ^ Neupersischer Sprach-
führer" published at Leipzig by C. A. Koch in 1890.
Its object is to assist the student in learning the language
now spoken in Persia.
The Persian Grammars hitherto written in Engh'sh
have, like Forbes' Grammar and Clarke's Manual,
dealt with the Persian of India , which diflfers in every
respect from the language of Iran. A few English books,
it is true, such as Finn's little vocabulary, Haggard
and Lestrangb's able edition of the Vazir of Lankuran
and Wollaston's excellent dictionaries , have dealt with
the Persian of Modem Persia, but I think that a
work containing a grammar, dialogues and various
specimens of colloquial prose together with some in-
formation regarding journeys and life in Persia will
be found useful to all travellers and residents in that
country as well as in Baluchistan and Afghanistan.
The principal additions to the German edition are
VIII PREFACE.
the introduction throughout the book of the Persian
type along with the Latin transcription. This will enable
the student to acquire the rudiments of reading as well
as of speaking. Further-more an alphabetic vocabulary
has been substituted for the tabulated collection of
useftil words contained in the German edition. Since
publishing the "Neupersischer Sprachführer" a residence
of six years in Persia has enabled me to make many
corrections and amplifications.
The English translation of the diary of Nasir-Eddin
Shah's journeys to Europe has been taken from
Mr. Rbdhousb's "The Diary of H. M. the Shah of Persia
during his Tour through Europe in A. D. 1873. Lon-
don, 1874".
I have much pleasure in thanking Prof. E. Denison
Ross, of University College, London, for the kind
assistance he has lent me by reading a great part of
the proofsheets while I was in Persia.
Teheran, April 1897 The Author.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS TAKEN FROM THE
PREFACE TO THE GERMAN EDITION.
Persian , the most elegant and harmonious of all the languages
of Muhammedan nations has, from the earliest days, enjoyed an
importance far beyond the boundaries of the Shah's dominions
and has still survived the many vicissitudes of Eastern history.
As early as the seventh century Persia lost her independence
and fell under the successive sway of the Arab, the Turk and
the Mongol. But it was under the foi^ign rule of the Turkish
dynasties of the Ghaznevide and Seldjuk kings and their successors
the Atabegs that Persian literature attained its highest develop-
ment. It so far influenced the turklsh conquerors as to render
them instrumental in spi^ading Persian thought and speech over
a great part of Asia. Even the Mongols fell beneath its charm.
When they first invaded Ir&n under Jangiz Khan they had at-
tempted to extirpate from its soil the inhabitants together with
their civilization. But we see them not long afterwards when they
invaded India under Babur — the great grandson of Tamerlane —
in i526, appearing as the bearers of Persian speech and thought
and introducing into India the higher standard of Persian civili-
zation; and the counti*y, as it fell beneath their undisputed sway,
attained an unprecedented degree of wealth and magnificence. The
X INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
invaders introduced Persian art, Persian architectui*e and Persian
industiy, and Persian became the language of the court and go-
vernment of the Moghuls. In fact, there can be no clearer illus-
tration of Persian influence, than the transformation of a savage
Tartar horde into the polished and magnificent coui*ts of Dehli
and Agra. To this day Persian is not only spoken at all the courts
of India , but it is to a certain extent the official language of the
Indian Foreign Office in its dealings with the native Princes, and
it is taught in all the middle-class schools throughout Northern
India. Out of the language of the Tartar conquerors has sprung
up the language of the •hordes {ordü or urdu) or uRoyal campr»^
the modem Urdu or Hindustani^ which is itself three parts
Persian.
Persian has exercised almost as much influence on the Turkish
literature and language as on Hindustani, and the Persian classics
are the foundation of higher education among the Turks both of
Turkey and of Turkistan.
But though the Pei*sian language has formed a bond of intel-
lectual union between the nations of Isl&m inhabiting the im-
mense tract between the Syr, the Brahmaputra ^ the Euphrates
and the Danube, yet it has had to yield considerably to foreign
influences even on its original territory, the plateau of Ir&n: All
Persian provinces are mora or less populated by Turkish tribes.
Several races of Mongols are settled in Afghanistan, who have
however partially adopted the Persian language or in some in-
stances the East Persian dialect Pukhtu, while in Baluchistan a
distinct race, the Brahui talk a language of their own.
It is clear that this incroachment of foreign nations on Persian
tenntory must have necessanly exercised an influence on the
language. Already with the invasion of the Arabs and the con-
version of Persia to Isl&m a countless number of Arabic vfords
and phrases had been adopted into the classical language. In the
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. XI
same manner, at a subsequent period, Turkish expressions found
their way into the language and literature.
The addition of a considerable foreign vocabulary affected to
some extent the original language. By far the greater number of
foreign words were substantives and adjectives. The verb with its
simple inflection remained for a long time untouched. But by de-
grees the Arabic or Turkish «i^mi (noun or adjective), in con-
junction with a Persian verb, supplanted the old simple verb.
Thus there came into use a number of compound expressions for-
med by nouns and adjectives with auxiliary verbs, of which a
list is given on page 47. This tendency produced a proportionate
decrease in the number of simple verbs. E. g. rV^v^^ ämükhtan ,
to learn has been replaced by ry^y^ «^^ yod giriftan or (j*p<3
qAJL.^ dars khändan^ — ^xXfJUiJ^ bakhshidan, to bestow^
has been replaced by q«^ os4>^y« marhamat kardan.
A further change resulting from the foreign elements was the
introduction of adverbs. No special form had existed for this part
of speech in classical Persian , the meaning being expressed by an
adjective ubed adverbially. In the modern language the arabic ad-
verbs in ', an, are the rule, whereas in the classical language
they were the exception.
Another class of modifications might be styled organic and to
these all languages are subject with the lapse of time. Two forces,
a desire for lucidity and an inclination to laxity of expression,
are especially powerful in producing this change. The old words
lose their power and must either be strengthened or replaced by
strenger expressions.
This phenomenon is most clearly marked in the case of the
prepositions, for the prepositions of the classical language are now
either doubled or strengthened or their place taken by simple
concrete nouns. — It has been found necessary in a similar way
Xn INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
to strengthen the pronouns^ hecause like the prepositions, being
small words, they were likely to be completely lost. Thus we
now nearly always find khudanty khudat khudash used instead
of the shorter form khud of the classical language. Double forms
like: chi kär or chi chlz have replaced the simple form chi\ hich
kas na is used for the original kas na; chi vakht for key etc
Unfortunately the inclination towards laxity of expi^ession has
proved stronger in the development of modem Persian than the
tendency towards lucidity. To this circumstance must be ascribed
the great lack of rule and the partially apparent, partially real
arbitrariness and inconsistency of the language , which renders the
use of some parts of speech, especially the conjunctions and pre-
positions, a difficulty for the pupil and for the teacher. Also the
inflection of the verb has lost some of its clearness and simplicity
by the various forms being now frequently interchangeable , whereas
in the classical language they were distinctly differentiated.
But vanity and love of effect, which, from the earliest da3's,
have been weak points of the Persian character, have done even
moi*e harm to the language than inaccuracy of expression. It is
owing to this love of display that the simplest subjects are mostly
expressed in bombastic style, and quaint turns of speech are con>
stantly di*awn from the archaic or classical language and from
Arabic. It is therefore, in dealing with the vocabulary and with
the grammar, only possible to form a general distinction between
the classical language and that of our own day. But such a dis-
tinction will not hold good in each particular case. Modem Per-
sian must therefore to some extent be regarded as a mixture oi
strictly modem Persian and classical Persian, It is left to the
taste of the individual to adopt whichever style he likes, the
classical, the bombastic or the colloquial modern Persian. But it
is always necessary to distinguish the language of Iran from the
Persian which is still in use in India. The Persian of India mav
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. Xril
be looked upon as a petrification of the old classical language. It
has also presei^ved the umajhüh vowels e and o for t and ü and
many other differences in pronunciation. The Persian speaking
Indians, whose studies are mostly confined to the classics and to
poetic exercises , have followed none of the developments of the
modem language.
In order to obtain a fixed standard in the midst of this confu-
sion of styles« I have submitted nearly everything that has been
written in purely modern Peraian to a careful examination. The
limited number of these publications has considerably lightened
my task. Besides a few plays, of which the Vazir of the Khan
of Lankuran is the best known, a small volume: tädih ul atfal
(education of children) and the newspapers printed at Teheran,
Isfahan and Constantinople, there are only the works of Näsir-
eddxn Shah which are written in a modem and colloquial style.
The excellent dialogues in Mirza Ibrahim's grammar of the Per-
sian language (London i841) belong half to the classical language,
whose influence their author could not entirely shake off. In these
it is only the uneducated people who use the style which Näsir-
ed(Ün Shäh has now raised to the dignity of a written language.
The descriptions which the late Shah has published of his tra-
vels in Persia and Europe are the best and truest specimens of
the modem colloquial language spoken at the Pei*sian couil and
capital. I have often during audiences with His Majesty been able
to ascertain , in the course of long conversations , that the Shah
spoke in exactly the same manner as he wrote, and frequently,
in reading his most entertaining diaries, the very intonation of
his voice has come back to me.
It is because the language of the Shah is the simple colloquial
language committed to wiiting, that I have made it the founda-
tion of the vocabuIai*y . the grammar and the conversational parts
of this book. All the examples given and all the dialogues are in
XIV INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
stnct accordance with the style used by the late Shah in his
diaries.
As regards the Turkish words in the language, they follow
the same rules in forming the plural etc. as purely Persian words.
It has not therefore been necessary to devote a special chapter
to them, as has been the case with the arabic words.
In drawing up the vocabulary and the conversations I have
chiefly kept in view the requirements of the traveller. He may
also derive useful information from particular chapters, as «a
walk in the bazar» and «a journey through Persia» and others.
I have taken especial pains to give such information as I have
found useful in my first ride across the country, from the Per-
sian Gulf to the Caspian Sea. A knowledge of the distances of
the posthouses one from another, as given in the tables, may
frequently save the «taza valid» (new arrival) from overcharge.
I would finally venture to express the hope that this Grammar
of Colloquial Persian may awaken amongst some of my readers
a certain interest in the modes of Persian thought and Persian
expi*ession, and that, after conquering the difficulties of the Per-
sian characters, they may become acquainted with the very rich
and fascinating classic literature , a knowledge of which is indis-
pensable to the thorough mastery of the modem language.
F. R.
CONTENTS.
Page
Preface in
Introductory Remarks from preface of German edition . . ix
Chapter I. Alphabet and Pronounciation i
Chapter II. Grammar:
I. Nouns il
II. Adjectives i8
III. Numerals 20
IV. Pronouns 24
V. Verbs 31
VI. Prepositions 48
VII. Conjunctions 61
VIII. Adverbs 63
IX. Construction 64
X. Arabic Element in Persian 67
Chapter III. Dialogues 75
Extracts from Late Shah's Diaries .... 206
Appendix: Some of the titles most used in speaking . . 286
Weights and measures 288
Money 289
English-Persian Vocabulary 291
ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION.
The Persian alphabet consists of 32 letters which differ
according to their position at the beginning, middle or
end of a word or group of letters. The letters are written
from right to left and, when made into words form a
sort of shorthand.
As the table of the alphabet shows , some letters : I o
«3 J : ^ and 3 are never joined to the following letter. If
they occur in the middle of a word, a gap is formed,
similar to the interval between two separate words ex:
y:^^^ bar ü da r (harädar)^ brother.
In the so called luiß^^XjC:, shikasta, writing, all letters
forming one word are connected. This greatly facilitates
quick writing, but renders reading very difficult.
A number of letters, as may be seen in the table,
represent identical sounds in Persian, f. i. \Sj, ^j*, £nd ^jd
s=z Bj or . and 6 = hy or 3, \, lyo and ib = z, o and
J^ = t, T and c = spiritus lenis. — In Arabic j from
which language the Persian alphabet is taken, these let-
ters represent different sounds, but in Persian no distinc-
tion whatever is made between them. It is therefore use-
less for the student to trouble about the pronunciation of
arable sounds like ^, Jb or ^.
ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION.
The Persian alphabet consists of 32 letters which differ
according to their position at the beginning, middle or
end of a word or group of letters. The letters are written
from right to left and, when made into words form a
sort of shorthand.
As the table of the alphabet shows , some letters : I o
*^ J J J and 3 are never joined to the following letter. If
they occur in the middle of a word, a gap is formed,
similar to the interval between two separate words ex:
jO^ji bar ä da r (barädar)^ brother.
In the so called xX^^mX;^ shikasta, writing, all letters
forming one word are connected. This greatly facilitates
quick writing, but renders reading very difficult.
A number of letters, as may be seen in the table,
represent identical sounds in Persian, f. i. Ö, (j«» £nd ^jo
= s, or -. and <} = h, or o, j, (^lo and ib = z, o and
i = t, » and c = Spiritus lenis. — In Arabic ^ from
which language the Persian alphabet is taken, these let-
ters represent different sounds, but in Persian no distinc-
tion whatever is made between them. It is therefore use-
less for the student to trouble about the pronunciation of
arable sounds like ^, Jb or \jo.
1 1
j j 1
1 II II II il II II II II - 1
1
1
II
II
1
s
-1
IL
i -
i g. a - " }• A
W
■a «>
8 ^
conaeclcd irilh Ibe
Ml owing onlj.
; ,. n. !, « A' *• « -4 j ; : : :
connected irith ike
preceding * with
the folloiring.
: <■<. :< ■< Ü. «;> « »i ; : : :
*!
connected with ihe
pr.cdinE only.
-. J. 5> ä <5 4ii fc do sb -S -5 •^ -^
not conneclad.
— > 1' DO M 15 u '(0 Ol ^ -'^ i->
Pbm«
UDUlMof
Btteri.
^S.S2.l.l,sl S
5
£
i
:ä I s s H I H
^ I
»■3
~ 'S
II
II II II II II II II
c«
II . II II II II II 1
II '
II °
1
3.
1 Is l-S S 9
\
'S
t
lllllfl
i
1
1
s
5
1 <i a 5 -SI 'I «
â– u
.« :« V, V, ^ ♦ .^ ; a
•»
â– i S 9 J) ^ ,
â– tl
■«:«v<^-<*-< :*
«
<i, 5> ij ^ O
«O
'J'^-*-*-'. t-B^*
"J
*5 ?) i -a 'S "J
.«J
D ")TI D -^ •- " •
â– 3
I 1, 1 S I ? J
4 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
The arable alphabet contains no Towels proper. The
three letters I, 3 and ^ are semiTOoalic consonants, yiz:
I z= Spiritus lenisy L e. the sound, not written in English,
which introduces eyery initial Yowel. — ^ = ^ ^^^ l5 ^=
y in yard.
The Yowel sounds short a i) u and i are expressed by
the signs " fat^ha or zabar for a, ' zamma or pish for
u and ^ kasra or efr for t.
If these signs are added to the corresponding semivo-
calic consonants mentioned aboYe, they form the long to-
.weis A '), { and fi, ex: (j<v^JUJL> JSllnus (Galen).
If they are added to the other consonants, they express
short TO weis, by which these consonants are followed ex:
.- >
jiaXkA municuiir, expecting.
If a letter is to be followed by no Yowel sound at all ,
o o >
the sign » (Jacm or aukün) is placed oTcr it ex: vi^^^ww«
mushi, fist, jSoäXa nmntazir^ expecting.
A.S a matter of fact these signs are hardly ever used^
either in print or in writing. The consequence is, that
the reader mast either know or gueaa the Towels. This
1) The fatha " trftntcribed by a " it a ihort Towel very nearly re-
lembling the Eoglith a in 'apple* or «hat*. The final a represented by
« has the same soand, and noi that of the Italian a in 'Roma», as is
the ease in BmdüstänJ and Indian Periian,
8) Long ä is pronoonoed very mach like in the English word •hardm.
Sometimes the soand is a little nearer the 0, bat neyer as mach as in
the Snglish words »ioftm or 'hawk»»
ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION. 5
difficulty however is diminished by the general rule that:
\j ^ and ^ between consonants represent long d, long
Ü and long i respectiyely , ex: .U märj snake \J^ inüsh^
mouse , j^y« inlz , table.
In the transcription used in this book the long yowels,
are marked with — , all vowels not bearing this sign
being short.
t in the beginning of a word, as also c, is a mere
Spiritus lenis which can introduce any vowel or diphthong ,
ex: v^^umI asp, horse, qI^jI insane man, »vxl urdü, camp,
s-jj-fi ^Arab, Arab, v3|^ ^^^^2^)j o-ß ^A civil code,
^^w^ ^ein, eye, oli^t ouqät, times.
Long initial ä is expressed by t (the sign ^ is called
tnaddj prolongation) and by Lc ex: «ol ädam, Adam, v:»Lfi
^ädatj custom.
\ which may be sometimes replaced by « hamza in the
middle of a word, is in some oases a spiritus lenis as
it is when initial, ex: ^jJj ra^s cape (pronounce ra-as),
jj*-uJj ra-Hs, director. Whenever the sign ^ occurs in the
transcription J a distinct hiatus must be heard, i. e. the
word must be as it were, interrupted by a very short
pause.
Initial 3 and ^ are always pure consonants, ex: ^3.^
varag leaf, «^L yävar major.
Final short a is expressed by the letter v ex: slXJj
banda slave, x-^V-ao safha page. No A-sound is heard.
1) Vulgar *Jraq.
6
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
If this final 9 is to be followed by an i or t, this is
expressed by a « hamzaj over the 9, and the sound of
a y is inserted y so as to avoid the hiatus, ex:
aafha-yi a page, tj^ «J^.JL^ handout khudäj the slave
of God.
The following words are spelt with a ^ as if they had
a long 0, but pronounced with a short u.
two
thou
self
to eat
manger
food
stew
small
a little
the sun
happy
pleasant
are m modem Persian pro-
du
tu
khud
khurdan
äkhur
khuräk
khurish
khurd
khurda
uJSfy^ khurshid
\XXj>m^js> khursand
(jÄji> khush
The words ^ and ^^^
nounced chi and hamchi as.
The syllables an and am are frequently pronounced Gn
and f2m, especially in the South of Persia ex: qU nän
or nun bread, |»Lm sham or shüm evening.
In the following words the ^ is not pronounced at all :
vyt^ khäb sleep
Q(Xu|^ khäbldan to sleep
In tome Arabic words final ä ia represented by a (^ Ex : ^ ^ B n * rr <s
Muitafä, ^"^ ila unia.
ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION.
•|^ khaja ennuch
J^ khär abject
Ü^^ ^^^^^^^ the khanate of Khiva
qxam|^ khästan to desire
^Ji^jys> khahiah desire
9j^Jiy>j ol>^ A;Ään, khancha a tray
Q\X}|^ Ä;Aän<fan to read
j^}y^ khähar sister
Diphthongs.
There are two diphthongs in Persian, et and ouy ex:
(jc^ houz (not unlike English hose) a tank Jwa^ met*/
(not nnlike English matT) inclination.
The Consonants proper and Orthogra-
phical Signs.
The consonants require no particular explanations beyond
what is said in the table of the alphabet
The only case where the pronunciation differs from the
writing is the v at the end of the words tu^ $i three, &j
bi to t^ cht what and tS ki who (^) where no aspiration
is heard.
The « standing for a short a at the end of words has
been explained p. 5.
In order to show that a consonant is doubled, the
sign », tashdid is placed over it, ex s.c) darra valley,
(Xi^5U Muhammad.
Another orthographical sign much used in Persian is
the tanvtn I. It is originally the termination of arabio
8 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
accasatiyes , used in Persian as adverbs ex : ^LjU masalan
m m
for instance, LüLs ghalihan mostly, liUjt itiifäqan acci-
dentally. The t preceding the tanvin is a short a.
When the J / of the arable article J^ al is assimila-
ted with the following consonant, which is always the
case before the dentals c^Civ^J.j^jSir^^^J?
h and q, the sign •« vasla is placed oyer the J ex:
i»^LJI 08 saläm the greeting, vX-x^^t o^'"-^ Härün ar
Bashidj s^X^ai^ ^^kc^ jabal at Tariq the mountain of Täriq
(Gibraltar) qUia^I aah Sheitan the deyil.
All orthographical signs are frequently omitted in print
and usually in writing.
The Accen t
The accent falls on the last syllable of all words ex-
cept certain parts of the yerb and some particles which
are explained below.
The only Persian noun which has the accent on the
first syllable is jJ^*o sdnnar a penny, the contraction of
.Uoo kXao sad dinar a hundred dinars.
The following parts of the verb haye the accent on
the first syllable:
1) All forms beginning by the prefixes _^ mi and &j
bi ex: OjS^ mtglrad he takes ^»jw-aj hipursam shall I ask?
When either ml or hi are omitted , the accent remains on the
first syllable , ex : A^i^ kunam I may do «Aj^ guyad he will say.
The accent is particularly strong on the hi of the Im-
perative ex: Qii hizan strike! ^.^^ hivavlm let us go!
T
ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION. 9
2) The negative fonnSy beginning with xi na^ e:^: ^^JCi
nd-kun do not I f^r^ nd-kardam I did not ^äXa^j nd-
mikunam I do not.
In the past tense the syllable, which in the third per-
son is either the last or the only one, keeps the accent
throughout all the other persons of the tense ex: ^y^j^
farmid he ordered; the other persons are: fartnidam^
farmidif fartnidliny farmidldj fartnidand. w>b dad he
gave; the other persons are: dddam, dddlj dddimy dddldy
dddand (compare conjugation table p. 49).
All other parts of the verb have the accent on the last
syllable. These are:
1) The infinitive J full or shortened, ex: qiXm^^ pur-
stddny iAjumi^ purstd to ask.
2) The participles , present ex : t^JsJjS kunandd doing ,
sJOit^ khanandd singing,
and past ex : sjihS giriftd taken , »jy hurdd carried off.
3) The gerund ex: ^^^Jo.^^ khurdani a thing to be
eaten ^aäaI' guftani a thing to be said.
A few Arabic and Persian particles have the accent
on the first syllable:
LI dyä interrogative particle ^^^ bdli yes
\ji\ dmniä but o^ Itkan but
Jl^ vdH however c^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^7-
The f at the end of a word, when it is the indefinite
article is not accenti)ated. In this way words connected
with the indefinite article are to be distinguished from
abstract nouns or adjectives spelt and otherwise pronoun-
10 PERSIAN ORAMlfAR.
ced in the same way, ex: ^^^!fijS^^^ pädishdM a long ^ pa-
dishahi royal power. — ,^5^!^ douldH a goTemment, dau-
laH goYemmental. — i^ßj^ ahdhri a town, ahahrt belong-
ing to the town, municipal. — i^^J<^ gaddi a beggar,
gcKUd beggary.
There is a third t in Persian, which may be called
the relative t. It connects the relative pronoun tS hi with
the preceding word. This relative f has the accent, which
makes it distinguishable from the f of the indifinite ar-
ticle before mentioned, ex: ju^ ^^koJ^ ahakhst-ki the
person who, but shdkhn ki a person who ^Ji ^^^^^
owMft »JL^^ü^^ aspt ki jou nakhurda asty the horse which
has eaten no barley, but dspi ki jou na^khurda <i8tj a
horse which has eaten no barley.
A number of words are enclytiCj i, e. they are so clo-
sely connected with the preceding word, that they have
no accent of their own. These are:
1) The suffixed pronouns J antj o' a<, {Jif a«A, qL«
man, qIj tan^ qLa shän^ see p. 32, ex: ^A^i^L« mäddr'
ctsh his mother.
2) The present forms of the verb to be ^\ am^ ^t t,
vj;ajmI asty ^} im, JsJ Id, Jut and, see p. 41, ex:
^^y^\ vl>^Lm cht sä^dt-ast? what is the time?
3) The short i called izafa see p. 13.
chla.pxe:r II.
GRAMMAR.
The grammar of the Persian language is extremely
simple, there being only one declension, one conjugation
and no gender.
1. The Nouk.
The Plural in classical Persian used to be ^t an for
persons and L^ ha for things, ex: qL^UmO^ pädiskähän
kings, LfX^' iakhthä thrones.
Names of animals used to have their plurals formed
both ways, ex: L^Xam saghä and qIXm* sagan dogs.
In modern Persian the plural in qI an is almost ob-
solete and L^ Aä is generally used for persons as well as
for things, ex: jLjl.^ sarbaz soldier, plur: LJ^b^ sar*
bäzhäj ^1 zan woman, plur: L^j zanhäy s^J^^jiS kiiaby
book, plur: L^Uf , !<>/ gada beggar, plur: L^tcX/.
The obsolete method of forming the plurals of Persian words
in V, vis: agan for persons and aßU for things is still in use,
especially in books and oflBcial writings, ex: »AJü banda sla?e,
plar: qU lAJsj bandagän lüity navishta writing , plural : oLs^Ci«^
nacishtajai *^l>^33; ruznama newspaper, plural: C^L^X^Üvm rüz-
nämaßt. — »-JL3»%Li^ kärkkäna factory, plural: v:i>L^L>.L^
kärkkana/ät, — But at the same time the modern forms are used :
12 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
lP<AJb handahä^ l-^^^>J navishtaha^ Lf^Lii^j rüznämahät l^l^Ji
kärkhanaha.
Some arabic collective nouns in s form their plurals in ajat.
ex: jJUx *amala workmen, plur: c^L:^\JUfi 'amalajäl,
y^jA mard man, has three plural forms: L^s>..^ mardha, men
M>^ mardum and qI.^«^^^ marduman, people.
The Accusative is formed by adding L rU either to
the singular or to the plural, ex: cskw sagj dog, aoo: IjXam
aagräy noun plur.: l^Xx saghUy plural ace: |«L^Xam ^a^Aärä,
jüyM sarbäz soldies, ace: K'i^y** sarbäzräy plur. nominat.
L^L^ sarbäzhäy plur accusative IjL^Li,- *** sarhäzhära ^
Qj «ran woman, accus: LJ; zanra^ plur. nominat: I ^ u
j?anAä, plur. accusat: Kl-fk 2;anAarä.
The accusative ending L rä is also added to the ob-
solete plurals mentioned above as well as to the arabic
plurals.
The accusative ending K rä has the meaning of a dC'
finite article which otherwise does not exist in Persian.
If rä is omitted, it leaves the word indeünite, ex: Lx4m(
«kX-p aspra didatn I saw the horse, but i^Xp w^^m»! asp
didam I saw a horse.
In order to express the indefinite article in the singu-
lar ^ f is added to the corresponding words. This I is
long and not accentuated, see pp. 9 and 10, ex : ^^^^ aspi a
horse, ^^^^ V^^ khtib aspi a good horse. If a noun is
followed by an adjective, the t of the indefinite article
is added to the adjective ex: (^JJb v^ küh-i bulandi a
high mountain, i^^j\ *ä^ sag-i zardi a yellow dog.
GRAMMAR. 13
The izäfa.
1) The genitive is formed by adding a short i called
izafct to the goyerning noun, which generally precedes
the noun governed.
The i of the izafa is either not written at all or ex-
pressed by a . (kasra).
Examples of the genitive.
nljit v^^vM^ asp'i Shah, the horse of the King ^y v^
kUh'i nur the mountain of light q|jJ^ »L^^'-J yj3 n) ^^*^'^
vazir-i pädiahäh-i Iran, the wife of the minister of the
King of Persia.
When the governing word ends in a vowel , the izäfa
is pronounced yi, so as to avoid the hiatus, and spelt
with a j^, ex: J^-o ,^^^ pa-yi fll the foot of the ele-
phant, Q-y^ C55; rü-yi zamin, the surface of the earth.
If this vowel is the a expressed by n , the izäfa takes
the shape of a « (hamza) over the «, ex: (j^.^^jO &-iLi>
khana-yi darvlsh the house of the dervish , liAi> »cXJu handa'
yi khuda the slave of God.
2) Adjectives are connected in the same way with their
nouns as the governed word with the governing in the
case corresponding to the English genitive , ex : bLä y/^l
asp'i shah the horse of the king, »Uam v.^^^wwwt asp'i släh
the black horse — ^y n^ küh^i nur the mountain of light
cXxL «y^ küh'i buland the high mountain. The above exam-
ples show that for the Persians there is no difference
14 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
between the possessive case and a noun connected with
an adjective.
3) If several adjectives form attributes to the same noun ,
they are connected by the izafa unless they are connec-
ted by the conjunction 3 ra, and ex: vL^ is^r^ V*-^'
* • »
^^^^ asp'i ^arabi-yi siäh-i khübl a good black arab horse.
J^ji Lf^^ '-^-^ ^j^ A:öÄ-t buland-% sangi-yi harfdar a
high, rocky, snow-covered mountain.
4) The izafa is furthermore used to form possessive
pronouns f by connecting the personal pronouns with the
governing word, in the same way as adjectives are con-
nected with their nouns , ex : (^ man , I) ^ ^->^^ asp-i
man J my horse (U ma we) L^ ifc,iLf> khana-yi ma our
house.
Omission of the iz&fa.
The izafa is omitted in certain arabic genitives ') when
the governing and the governed word form one compound
noun or express one notion.
The most frequent governing words used in this way
are: v^^a^^Lo sahib owner, possessor, ^a^I or ^ amtr or
mir lord, ^^ vail lieutenant, ^i ibn or ^ bin son ex:
w^AAA^ w^^Lo sahib mansaby possessor of rank, ofiBcer.
qL3 w^i>Lo sahib qarän a Buler over a space of 30 years.
^u/ uA^Lo sahib kamal possessor of perfection.
1) In Arabic the genitiTe is formed by mere JaMr/!0-position ex: wb
bäb gate, v3^ al the, (^^3 vOdl valley (3^[^t U^ häh dl vOäi, the
gate of the valley, lXj yai hand vX«.^^ vXi yad Muhammad the hand
of Muhammad.
GRAMMAR. 15
The great number of arabic titles now used in Persia
are all formed in the same way, by mere juxtaposition ,
i. e. without the izäfa , ex :
Jati .iXo sadr a^zam most high chief, grand vizier.
vX^ ^J^ vaU ^ahd lieutenant of the office, heir ap-
parent.
qILLJI ^ zill as sultan shadow of the King (title of
the present Shah's eldest son).
juJaJUJI v^.oLi näyib as saltana lieutenant of royalty (the
present Shah's third son).
qUsLm ^ bin sultan son of a king,
v:>.4Jt3 ^Jj vali ni^mat lord of bounty. Sovereign.
«J^cXJt Juvt asad ad doula lion of the state.
ts)JUi^ O^^ amm al mulk confidant of the Kingdom.
qLLLmJI ßjc, ^azlz as sultan favourite of the king.
•e
«jLlaL^Jt A*a4JO samsam as saltana scimitar of the kingdom.
«J«jJi o;£ izzat ad doula honour of the state ) titles
-^ J I of
tSl^luJf v£;/^4.Aac S'snta^ a^ mu^üA; chastity of kings (princesses
qL«^' yKA\ amir tuman lord over 10,000, general.
-pJü pA mir panj lord over 5(000).
vy^»-^r jf^A mir ghazab lord of wrath , executioner.
l^ji, .jwo mir shikar master of the hunt.
.ki>l -yo mir akhur lord of the manger, master of
the horse.
In the same way some turkish-persian genitives are
used without the izafa , ex :
^LL^ w^l-^ näyib chapar postmaster.
16 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
jüL^ oJ^Lä shägird chapar postboy.
e^Aj^i^ beiglarbeig ander goveraor (l^^* chief of chiefs,
bat also with the turkish sign of the possessive case ex:
^^^Xa^ JbLu heiglar heig-l chief of chiefs.
^^^Xw^ L.c> daryä beig-i lord of the sea, admiral
In all the examples qaoted above the two words con-
nected withoat the izäfa express one notion and are to
be considered as compoand words. When this is not the
case^ the izäfa must be used ex: fc.,iL,'>- ^^„•>L^ sahib
khUna hoaseholder but sahib-i khäna the owner of the honse
\^^xs>Xja sahib mansab an ofiBcer, but ^.aaoJu« s^/oLo
• ' • •
^j^J^jMt sähib-i mansab'i sarhangt the holder of the rank
of a colonel.
The other cases are formed by prepositions as in En-
glish or French:
<4 bij to ij^ pish J to, (used only
^t^ barayi^ for for persons),
ji az from
b bä with.
The following forms of frequently used verbs should
be learnt by heart. They will be necessary in order to
illustrate the formation of the cases.
iX«l amadj came uy burd took away
i>3, raft went o^^T ävurd brought
vi>i/ guft said \:i^S girift took
Jco did saw ob dad gave
On the following page are given a few examples which
will serve to illustrate some of the foregoing rules:
• ••So a
B « fc t< „ g â–
S - s a I -z-
• >e Si ► s
I «111 Sil
17
-ä Ji •= S .
o ° ** ^
.a a ^ - .S «
1 1 a la -
2 a i ► I £ s
i .9
1
1
If
•c
1
1 1
3
1
•g
•s 1
5)
» s ?
â– p.
!
1
1
il
i
1
-a
5
1
1
s
z
5
5 "3
B 9 €
3 = ä
« äs
is
3 ^
1
r
II
'1
1
1
1
1
ill
« 1
V 4
i?
I'
1 1 B!
18 PERSIAN QRAMMiOl.
2. Adjictiyss.
Adjeotiyes generally follow nouns and in this case are
joined to them by the izäfa (see p. 13) ex. ^^ \^f^^
asp-i ^arabi the arabian horse, JUb ity^ küh-i buland
the high hill, wi^s^mL c>^^mO dfisUi rast the right hand,
v^ l5'^ p^'y* ^^p ^^® ^^^^ ^<><>^*
To form the accusatiTe L rä is added to the adjeC'
Hve only, ex. U^J— c v-j*-*^^ <Mrp-t ^ardbü-^äj \j iXUj »^-^
|)d-y» chap-rä.
The termination of the plural is added to the nouns
only, ex« ^f^— £ ^5^^^ asphä-yi ^arabl arabian horses,
cXJJb ^L^^ kühhä^yi buland high hills, o^^U i^^i^^^^*^
dasthäryi rast right hands, v.*'^-:^ i^J^^SL^ pähä-yi chap
left feet.
Examples of the plural accusative:
Ljt^ ^^L^x^l asphä-yi ^arabt-rä
LjOÜb ;^5L^«^ kühhä-yi buland-^ä
Lvi^^r ^^L^;:a*o dasthä-yi rast-rä
l.v*^^ L^^'^ P^^yi chap-ra
If a number of adjectives follow a noun, U rä is added to
the last of these adjectives only , ex. L^Uiy' «iUy^^ ^^ß ^
qalx-yi huzurg-i khushrang^i turkamänx'rä the large finely coloured
turkoman carpet.
A few adjectives sometimes precede the noun, which
is generally followed by the indefinite article ^^ t, and
in this case the izafa is mostly omitted.
GRAMMAR. 19
ex. ^i^ v'^^^ ^ajab havä-ij (a) wonderful air v^
^^aamI khüh asplj a good horse.
In very few cases adjectives precede the noun with the
izäfa. ex. Owo jaj |nr-f mar(2 an old man , qj -aj |nr-»
zan an old woman, ^Kb ^ P?r-t 5ä0dr the Saint's ba-
zar, qIiA-a^ JA4M sdbz'i meidän the green square.
Adjectiyes frequently precede nouns to form compounds ,
ex. ^yxX^ badbü of bad smell, «s)lJ^(j&^.3> khuahrang of
fine colour, juS^sLa^ mihhtaha Black Forest, n^yXj^sLm
Safidkah White Mountain.
The degrees of comparison are formed by adding to
the adjectiye:
y> tar for the comparatiye and ^y tarln for the Su-
perlative.
Examples.
u^^ khüb good «ÄJ^ khübtar better ^yo^ A;Aü^-
tonn best.
«J ^'A good ^Ä^ bihtar better ^jÄ^ ^»A^arfn best.
uXj ^a(2 bad «jcXj badtar worse ^J'cXj &a(2/artn worst
«ii^jj buzurg large y^^jJ buzurgtar bigger ^,^.l^ bu'
zurgtarin biggest
t^Li^y^ küchik small f^(^^ küchiktar smaller ^^JJii^S
küchiktartn smallest.
Than is expressed by ji az ex. qL> j' y^ bihtar
az jän better than life, Jucs ji r^yji buzurgtar az filj
bigger than an elephant
The superlative construction is the same as the ge-
20 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
nitiye ex. ^j-^ ^-jyC^ hihtarin^ fMtrdum the best of
men, L^vLäoL qjJ:5\j^ buzurgiarin'i podishähhä the
greatest of kings (the greatest king).
3. Numerals.
1. Cardinal Numerals.
1
<^.
yaÄ:
1
r
y>
du
2
r
4UM
si
3
f
jk^
chahär
4
1
panj
shish
5
6
V
Vi>sA^
haft
7
A
v:>Ji^
hasht
8
1
•
«J
nuh
9
L
v^
dah
10
tl
»^jU
yäzdah
11
ir
daväzdah
12
If
sizdah
chahärdah
13
14
to
tO^b
punzdah
15
11
(O^Lä
shumdah
16
Iv
• •
hlvdah
17
!a
• ••
hijdah
18
n
"•V
nuzdah
19
r.
bist
20
rt
bist u yak
21
rr
y> 3 o^^*^
bist u du
22
rr
IUm 3 Ci^-*^
bist u si
23
If
jl«- 3 •'"•"^ ^' ** c^aAs»-
24
ro
^ s w«-*J ^* « panj
25
n
JiJl. J «j*-**J 6i«t » sAisA
26
r«
.ijj* 5 «.--o Wt u haft
27
r«
.a^JiP y tu»-^ bist w AosU
26
n
*j y «>«--J 6w( M ««Ä
29
r.
^ »t
30
ri
«J^ 3 ^^ M « yajt
31
f.
,>^ rf.A«
40
A.
â– L^UJ pan}dA
50
^
ta»kja^ sAost
60
V.
jUW haftäd
70
A.
80
1.
•^ nocad
90
t..
uXm> sod
100
I.i
<ä^, J bX<a stuf u yak
101
r..
i4>^M^jO da cut
200
ni
O^Li 3 u: — j,.> (iavisf n yazdah 211
t"..
J-o^ mad
300
f..
<X>aL|^ chaftäraad
400
0..
JwajLj jiKnsod
500
1.
Ooai^ sAisAsad
600
v..
OaoIJi» Aa/TAod
700
A..
iXtfl.;^ AcuAtecHl
800
1..
iX>«u nuliaad
900
I...
)? »«^r
1000
r...
^j» jj du AfWac
2000
1. ..
jl^O da* Afwar ')
10000
1.. .
^f Jm> sad Aozär
100 000
1) I. ... i* »1*0 ctlltd (fU lak. (Tha IndJu Ilk ii 100000.)
22 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
Ö j^/ kurür 500000
t .-«mJCu« miHün 1000000
LAX«^ sadha hundreds, L^.I;P hazörhä thousands, tsLi tskj
yak yak or e)uj A^, yak hi yak one by one, <i)wjLCj
yakäyak suddenly ^ y^ y^ du du or y>j ^o (2u &« du by
twos, etc.
ova:> juft a pair, &5CjJ ^n^a the other of a pair.
Rule After cardinal numbers the noun is employed in
the singular J not in the plural , as in English ex. c>^
yS^Ji^^ haft lashgar seven armies {not haft lashgar^d,
Q^ÄM J^^ chihil sutüny forty columns, j»^ «^-4^^ fanjäh
rüz fifty days.
Often, and more especially in writing, collectiye nouns
follow the numerals, ex. &jL3> v^U c>«*mo^ davist bob
khänaj 200 houses, {J^^ J^ f^ panj nafar farrUsh^)
5 footmen, qL^Us sUCxmO eU yaA; dastgOh finjän a set
of cups , — «^^t (jm(. vO (JaA ra^5 asp 10 horses.
^Ld (jA^L ^1-^ chahardah ra^s qätir j 14 mules.
Ju3 ja:^ 3i> (Ju zanfir flly 2 elephants.
JCXm JÜ sXao sad nafar shutur. 100 camels.
\^yi «s>t^ ^jäuM^ 5AisA ^arrada tüpj 6 cannons,
^tcy« xib i2)li yaA; däna 5ar(2ärl, 1 coat.
i^XiJ>o JtAfi Si^^l^c) daväzdah adad sandaHj 12 chairs.
JUä*>c > U »o (2tt tö dastmäl, 2 handkerchiefis.
In ordinary conyersation ^ na/ar is used for persons
and generally b' tö, sometimes &ito (2äna for things.
Learn the following idioms: Lj som 3^ du si tä two
1) It 18 difBcalt to translate the word farräiA. A fiirrSsh maj be called
upon to act as housemaid or executioner.
GRAMMAR. 23
or three; Lj ^Ju jL^s^ chahär panj täy four or fiye;
U» 8c> v:>wJ^ o^aP ^fti hdshty dah tä some seTen or
ten (in this case «i nuh 9 is always omitted.)
Ordinals.
aXs yaA;f<m first
*j3b> duyum second
i«^uM aiyum third
«.L^:^ chahärum fourth
j«j^Uj panjum fifth
'^ «M 5^i5Aum sixth
l*XwwkP haftum seventh
^\:2a^ Aa^A^um eighth
^ ntiAum nineth
^v> dahum tenth
|kXo 5adum hundredth
mJ^ hazarum thousandth.
Besides the Persian ordinals the Arabic ordinals are
to a certain extent used :
v^t avval first
^LS' säni second
vi^U salts third
«^L rä6»^ fourth
^j«^Li> Ä;Aämi5 fifth
(j«oLam säJi5 sixth
^Lm säbf seventh, etc.
Of these arabic ordinals j^t avval the first, is used
in dates, ex. qI-a^ vL« ^i avval-i mäh'i Bamazän the
first of the month of Bamazan.
m
The first day of the month is also called v^c ghurra
and the last day ^JL^ ^a^A^A.
The plural of J^t art^a^ is Jul^t aväyil^ which means
the first days, the beginning.
The arabic ordinals are also used to distinguish so-
24 PERSIAN GRAMIiAR.
yereigns bearing the same name, ex. J^t (jJ— »^r «I
Shah Abbäs-i awalj Shah Abbas the First. ^^Ji^^h «L^
^Ü Shah Tahmäsp'i sänx^ Shah Tahmäsp II.
In enumeration the adverbial form of the arabic or-
dinals is mostly used: ^ avvalan firstly, LiLj sUnian
secondly, UJU sälisan thirdly, etc.
Adyerbial numbers.
These are formed by adding tj6^ dafa , .L bar or
iLOy« mariaba to the cardinals, ex. &«k> ^ yak dafa
once, ^b >> du bar twice, ^u^r^ ikm si mariaba three
times.
«.b ^ du bära means: over again, once more.
2X2 = 4: o^-ÄA^ ^L^ 5^ Lj jO du tä du chahsr
mtsJiavad.
Fractions.
1 ^ nim or \,Ji*aj niaf
^ \£>S^ suis or ^ Juw ^' yak
\ ^j rub^ or ^, Jl^:^ chahär yak
J (j*<^*i> khums or ^. gjü panj yaky etc.
5% ^Jü 3 uXao 5(u2 u |>any
20% v:^^*«^ ^ cXao 5(k{ u bist
20** (twenty degrees) t^^o vi>j^»*Ai Jw^ daraja.
4. Pbohoüks.
1) Personal pronouns.
^ man 1 Lo mä we
j3 tu thou Uä «Aumä you
^t fi he , she , it o*^^ ^^^ ^^^7*
GRAMMAR. 25
The second person singular yi tu thou, is used in speaking
to inferiors only, especially to servants. Otherwise LiJm
shufnä you, is used like in English or vous in French.
In speaking of a person of superior rank , the plural
^UmuJ ishän IB used instead of the singular ^t ü.
The accusative of ^-^ man is L.^ marä. Otherwise
the declension of the personal pronoun is the same as
that of the noun.
The personal pronoun in the accusative can also be
expressed by adding the shorter form of the possessive
pronoun to the word preceding the verb. Thus there is
no distinction between the personal and the possessive
pronoun in Persian.
2) Possessive pronoun, shorter form.
Singular. Plural.
1 person J am my, me. qLo man our, us.
2 „ oi at thy, thee. ^Lj tän your, you.
3 „ (^) ash his, hers, its, him. qLä shän their, them.
Examples of this pronoun used both as personal and
as possessive:
^s> dil^mj my heart, ^^yS ^^ vil-^m Arun, let me
go, ^kX-a-JL-Xm^j ofJu^ sadä'at na^shantdam I have not
heard your voice, ^ji' o^cXjo sadä-at kardam I called
you J (J^t ^»JLaaa>» mlMnam ash I see him, jLo (Jt»i (J*^
pi^A-o^A dlär bring him forward.
These forms are also sometimes used for the dative
(which in classical Persian was identical with the accu-
sative), ex. »Xj ajü nän-am bidih give me bread, s^yjS
qLww guft-i sJiän he told them.
26 PERSIAN GRAMÃœAR.
The longer form of the possessive pronoun is identical
with the personal pronoun on page 24. ex. ^y^ v^'^-^t
asp-i man my horse.
Illustration of the two forms of the
possessiye pronoun.
I^aamI aspam or ^yA v.^ajmI cisp-i man my horse
c^w^t asp-at „ jj s^f^ asp-i tu thy horse
^JiM^ asp-ash „ ^\ s^^«^^ asp-i ü his horse
qUaa«»! cMp-f man ,, U v.^^! a^-t mä our horse
qLäa^I asp-i tan „ U^ s^^^^ asp'i shumä your horse
^Uy^^t asp-i shän „ qL^J ^^^ asp-i tshan their horse.
The former of these two forms is the more frequent
one in ordinary conversation.
In order to form the accusative j K rä is added to
the pronoun: |«4>a^( aspamra or t^^ v^'^^' asp-i marä.
To form the plural L> Ad is added to the noun ex«
Q/o ^l^^t asphä-yi man or: (»L^a^' asphä-am.
The possessive case is often expressed by JLq tmlZ (pro-
perty) ex« Q/i ^ y^AjM\ asp mal-i man my horse wU^
l«^^^> JU A^ito^ mäl-i hakim the doctor's book.
3. The Reflexive Pronoun in classical Persian is o^
khud. Though this form is sometimes used in colloquial
Persian, the following forms are much more usual:
|i«.>^ khudam myself
khudat thyself
GRAMMAR. 27
{J^y> khudash himself, herself, itself
^U«3^ khudimän ourselves
QLjjy> khuditan yourseWes
QUx^i> khudishän themselyes.
Bule: Personal and possessive pronouns must he re-
placed hy the reflexive pronoun when they refer to the
same subject, ex. ^[m^ )^.a^^3> ^^ man khudamrä
na-mlshanäsam I do not know myself, «Aj^ V^^^ ^"^^
cisp'i khudashrä did he saw his horse.
In ordinary conyersation this rule is not always strictly
observed, ex. &jy^ |j4ÄaaO ^]y£sUA mikhäham dasUam-
rä bishüram I want to wash my hands , for ^jAi>y:> \zy,M*^
dast'i khudam-rä.
4. Demonstrative Pronouns.
^J In this qI an (commonly pronounced un) that. When
used as nouns they are declined in the ordinary way.
^^^A4^ hamin this same one
qLi^ hamän (hamun) that same one
ry^J^ chuntn ^^^^JL^fV^P hamchunln such a one as this
qU:^ chunän ^Jj^s^ hamchunän such a one as that
y^^ hamchu generally pronounced hamchi so, such
^.cXa:^ chandin and ^\jJ^ chandan so much.
5. Relative Pronouns.
^ ki who, that, accusative: K^^ ..«. «i^ x:^ cht which.
hi .... ürä or {^^ • . . • «i^ ki .... cuh, ex.
Jüo^ &Ä^ Ui v^*^-***' ^^3^1-^ sarbäz ki asp-i ürä
kashta büdand the soldier whose horse they had killed,
kXicX^w l^^^o ^^^S^^^ (^spt'ki dum-ashrä burrtdand the
horse whose tail they cut off.
28 PERSIAN ORAMMAR.
The relative pronouns x-i" ki and tk^ chi are often
connected with the demonstrative pronouns;
9XjJ inki , *JuT änki (unki)^ *^^' ^^chi &^ol , änehi
(unchi). ex. y^/i^j <^^^^.* i^ki raft this one who went,
^^^^ *^^ änchi guftl that which you said.
If a noun is followed by a relative sentence which
is to define it, a (^ t is added to that noun ex. ^^yoAa»
9S shakhsUki the person that, &-^ W^^^ sagtrd-ki the
dog which (accus.).
This relative { must not be confounded with the f
of the indefinite article or the I which serves to form
adjectives and abstract nouns , see pp. 12 and 13.
Note the construction of the following examples : ^^ykoi^U^
l»Jy^ sJb JLo 3L tS ahakhst-ki hi ü pül däda hüdam
the person to whom I had given money, ^ &^ u r^ ' ^
wX-JjLi«^A.4 vJL^ ^t chübt'ki az ü qäshuq misäzand the
wood out of which they make spoons.
shdhrv-ki dar ü yak faqlrt na-bäshad a town in which
there is not one poor person.
6. Interrogative pronouns. These are identical with the
relative pronouns: tS ki whoP and »^ chi what? The
latter is generally followed by j-a:^ chiz thing, Ji kär
business , o^ harf word.
tS ki who?
chi
chi chiz (thing)
ly , ^ . ' what?
ys 9^ chi kär (business)
chi harf (word)
GRAMMAR. 29
Among the common people ^gS> x:^ cht cht is often
used for jf>^ a^ chi chiz.
Note the construction of the following sentences: ^.t
\ziA**^ s^^ in asfhi kUst? {hi ast) whose horse is thisP
\sif^^ ^^ 9>^ ^j In chi harf ast ? what word is this ?
(what do you mean by this?) jy iS «3^ ^1 an mard
hi hud ? who was that man ? vi>^J yi^ &-:$- q-jJ j^ az
In chi bihtar ast? what is better than this?
JjS kudäm which? ex: (jnj^wA JjS kudäm shakhs?
which person? v^jUT JA-^ kudäm kitäb? which book?
cXJL:^ chand how much? how many? «Aijy J6 vX-JL^
chand nafar hüdand? how many were they? ^SjJü ^^yJ
(3J^3> OJ^ in tufang-rä chand kharidi? how much did
you give for this gun?
^^ chirä (originally the accusative or dative of »>^
chi) why? ex. ^^^ÄaiCi L^ chirä na guftt? why did you
not say (so)?
L:^ chirä in vulgar Persian is very frequently used
instead of the affirmative ^ bdtt or ^.1 ärei yes, ex«
L^ — l5)'*^ v^-^ 1^^ c^ri? — cÄira have you any mo-
ney? — yes. This is an abreviation of ^^Mj &X;^tJü ^y^
chirä na däshia bäsham? why should I not have any?
Ls^ kuja? where?
^ *"â– ' ! when?
My3^ «j;^ chi vakht? j
^^ kd is also used io the meaning of Aotr, ex. «>^^^^uyo ^^
kei miihavad? how can it be?
Table of Indefinite Pronouns and Adverbs.
&t^ hama all
juP &t^ hama hama all together
30 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
öL» J^ har yak every one
JjS j^ har kudam
tS ^ har ki
*Jül ^ har än-ki \ whoever
^jt*S -P har kas
iXy^y ^ har kasi'ki
Jtj JJc^ chand nafar some (persons)
|j cXJb> charid tä some (things)
^ har chtz I
-^ , ,1 everything
j^ har chlzi j
h^ ^ har cht \
iL^vil Jfi har unchi \
*' -* , , > whatever
jf^ ^ har chlz I
«Xjja:^ ^ har chts^ki ]
iz^K^ hama ja everywhere
L:>-^ har ja
iX)L> a liar jäi'ki ( whereever
L^x^^ har kujä
\^^ J^ har taraf
c:a^am ^ ^t har samt > whereever (in whatever direction)
j-ww ^ Aar $ü
»>^^^ySo ^ har touri-ki in which ever way
vi^J)^ Jfi har vakht at any time
&^<^^w^ AamüAa always
j3p J^ har rüz every day
w^ ^ Aar 5Äa6 every night
^ -^ ;, . ^ ^_ } day and night
j^ xjUxc shabana rüz )
vj^j »^ hama rüza all day long
»s> .^ Aar du both
(3L> ^ hi har häl in any case, at all costs.
GRAMMAR.
31
5. The Verb.
The Persian verb is particularly simple and easy to
learn. There is only one conjugation. All tenses are for-
med from two fondamental parts , the imperative and the
infinitive. The terminations added to these are the same
in all verbs without any irregularities.
1. The auxiliary verb ^y>^ büdan to be, is slightly
irregular only in so far, as it has three radicals: c><m<^
h($8t, <^ bud and (Jbb bash'.
Infinitive q^ büdan to be.
Indicative,
Present (weaker form).
J am I am
^^ i thou art
v£>i^t ast he, she, it is
A h
|4^) im we are
(AjI id you are
wXil and they are.
Present (stronger form) ')
j^jJ^ hastam I am
^Ä^M^ hasti thou art
vA^wMi^ hast he, she, it is
A^yL«^ hasttm we are
cXxÄJww^ hastid you are
lXJLä^m^ hastand they are.
Present negative.
nlstam I am not
nz5^ü thou art not
nis^ is not
».^XwAA. 1 nts^m we are not
(XOCmtuJ nt5^t(2 you are not
cXJLX^jJ nt5tonc{ they are not.
1) The stronger form is more emphatic than the weaker form ex*
v^^umI Xkü J<Xx:> {^^ tOyi jangal thikär ati? Is there game in
the forest? answer: sz^km*^ there is, — kSj^^L^ o'^ CJ^ ^^^
j^Xm*^ pagama man hamän khäk am ki hattam otherwise I am hat the
dast I (really) am. (Saadi).
32 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
Similarly words ending in a long Towel are conirao-
ted with forms of the present j^Jm^ hastam when fol-
lowed by them, ex. c>wmLo mast (for m:/^La) v£>^dM#UÄ
shuma-st (for c>^^ U^ shuma ast),
yJi tu (thy, thine) and o.^^ <i8t form tust (with a
short Towel)
9S hi (who, whose) and v^^um^ ast form v^^wm«^ feisty
the other forms with &^ hi are: (wL^^ A:t5tom, ^5^«^
ex. c^AjNMjk^ ^^/a.^LM^ ^i tn shakhs Mst? who is this per^
son? |*juuM^ (ikAM. L« mä ^a^-i Hs^tm? whose dogs are
weP (idiom).
Very often this contraction is not expressed in wri-
ting, but exists none the less in pronunciation.
Preterite (French je fus)
^«3^ hüdlm we were
(X)v>^ hudid you were
<>Js>^ hüdand they were.
<K>^ büdam I was
i^^ hüdx thou wert
s>^ hud he, she, it was
Imperfect (French fitais).
*i^y^ tnlbüdam I used to be
f^^j^yjUfA mibüdi thou used to be
y>yj^ mlbüd he, she, it used to be
^y*qyo mtbüdim we used to be
iXo^AJu« mlhüdtd you used to be
vXio^AjyQ mtbüdand they used to be.
Perfect.
m\ vo^ hüda am I hare been
fto^ büda I thou hast been
I sOy 6fida cLsl he has been
C>»MM
GRAMMAR. 33
*jf ik>^ büda Im we have been
Jul 8w>^ büda id yoa have been
wXil tO^ büda and they have been
Pluperfect.
jM^ «o^ 5fl^ hüdam I had been^ etc.
Future.
(formed with the auxiliary verb ^ y Ä.^|^»> khästan and
the shortened infinitiye v>^ 6fkQ
i3^ (^|>^ Ichaham hud I shall be
b>^ / c^!>^ A;AäAe Ml(2 thou wilt be
«^ Jc^l^ khähad bud he will be
j|^ *aP|^ IpAäAtm bud we shall be
o^ (Xk^t^ l;AdAt(2 612(2 you will be
i3^ JU^I^^ khähand bud they will be.
Infinitive.
,.|L>^ büdan ] ^ ^
*-^^^ , I to be.
^y^MbP hastan \
Past participle.
lO^ büda been.
Imperative.
;JtL 6ä«A I be I The other persons of the imperative
are identical with the corresponding persons of the sub-
junctive present.
Subjunctive.
Present.
ftMi bäs?Mm 1 may be
^^L bashi thou mayest be
yXjSif bashad he may be
^^\i bashlm we may be
«X^L bäshtd you may be
\XJJii\f bashand they may be.
8
34 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
Imper feo t.
« «JwLju« mlbäsham I might be
i^^^^ivLjyo tmhäshl thou mightest be
iXmLmu« mihäshad he might be
^.^^JLjyo mlbäshim we might be
vXamiLa^ mthcishtd jou might be
lXJLmtLa^ mibashand they might be.
The Pluperfect of the Subjunctive is expressed by «jy
&ü(^am, ^ A-x-^ niibudamj or «^-^L tO^j ^Ck2a basham.
See special usages of the tenses p. 43.
The Optative ob bad may he (she or it) be, is used
in phrases expressing a wish e.g. c\f \K^ cy£ ^umrat
diraz bad! may your life be long! s>L «iKL*^ mubarak
bad I may it be blessed !
2. The auxiliary verb qA^ ^^ue^an , to become , is a
regular verb and as such forms its indicatiye and sub-
junctive present from the imperative ^ shou, while all
the other parts are derived from the shortened infinitive
lA^ shud. The ^ of the imperative ^^Jii is pronounced
V when a vowel is added , e. g. (*^%-^ shavtm , ^XJ^
shavand.
Indicative.
Present.
^iy^!XA/o mtshavam I become
^y^A^ nitshavt thou becomest
«3^^^<Xa^ mtahavad he becomes
AJ^4^^y« mi^Aaoim we become
«XuAx^ ml^Aatnc^ you become
tXiyXy« mishavand they become.
/"
/
GRAMMAR. 35
Preterite (French je devins).
jtJsJit shtid^zm I became
^«A^M shudt thoa becamest
Js^ shud he became
^.wXÄ shudlm we became
(AjvXm^ shiidtd you became
Ju<Xm «Audand they became.
Imperfect (French je devenais).
|.kX^Mjy« mlshudam I became
^lXA^ ml^AucIi thou becamest
cX^^üXa^ misAtt(2 he became
AJvX:iwuwo misAut^m we became
jLi«X^iXA^ mtshudtd you became
uXkX^^^y« ifti^Aue^aneJ they became.
Perfect.
J «cXäv shuda am I haye become
slX^ shuda % thou hast become
c>^amI scXä shuda ast he has become
^} 5(X^ shuda tm we have become
<X)t bcXJm sAt4(2a id you have become
Jut 0lX^ 5Au(2a an(2 they have become.
Pluperfect.
|0^ sJLii shuda büdam I had become
^^^l)^ 8cX^ shuda büdl thou hadst become
o^ ikXw^ shuda bud he had become
l*^o^ slXJv shuda büdim we had become
vX}J>^ scXÄ shuda büdid you had become
Jüo^ 8<>^ ^Aueia biXdand they had become.
Future.
^^Ji, (*^1>^ khaharn shud I shall become
JwÄ ^^i^ A;AäAl shud you will become
JsJb J^^^ khähad shud he will become
36 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
JjX M^^y^ khähtm $hud we shall become
iXä, Ju^l^ khähtd ahud you will become
(X& Jü^^ khähand $hud they will become.
Infinitive.
^jJ^ shudan to become.
Present participle.
«Jü^ ithavanda becoming (hardly ever used).
Past Participle.
9j^ shuda become.
Gerun d.
^iX& ahudanl what ought to become.
Subjunctive.
Present.
^^ shavatn I may become
^yM shavt thou mayest become
j>yM^ shavad he may become
1»^ shavtm we may become
cX;^ shavtd yon may become
(A3y& «Aat^and they may become.
The Imperfect of the Subjunctive is identical with the
Imperfect or the Preterite of the Indicative.
The Pluperfect of the Subjunctive and of the Indi-
cative are also identical, ^s^u «tX^ ahuda büdatn.
The Regular Verb.
All infinitives end either in ^ dan or in ^' ton.
1) or fy^ hiiAapom, lee p. 44.
GRAMMAR. 37
In order to conjugate a verb , it is necessary to know
its infinitive and its imperative.
The imperatives of all verbs in qiAj tdan are obtained
by cutting off this ending e.g. Infin: ^jXxm»jJ pursidan
to ask, imperative: ^jm^ purs/ ask!
From the Imperative are derived:
1) the Present of the Indicative, by prefixing the syl-
lable _^ ml and adding the terminations «- am ,(3^9
O' adj etc. (»^r^ mupura-am^ ^^^jkj^ mi-purs-lj etc'
2) the Present of the Subjunctive, by prefixing the
syllable iu bi and adding the same personal terminations:
/*^j^ bi'purs-amy ^c>*'rt^. hi-purs-tj etc.
All other forms are derived from the shortened infi-
nitive i. e. the infinitive less the ending q an , ex : ^•cXjuwm^
pursid-am , ^^ß^X^x^^j^ pursld-i , etc. — ^1^^ guftan , to
speak, shortened infinitive, y^y^f 9'^f^j preterite, |«JCo
guft-am , etc.
Paradigm of the Regular Verb.
Active Voice.
i /n/?ni^»r«; ^^/ giriftan to seize, to take.
Imperative: -J^ gir! take! ^).
Indicative,
Present.
«^jXy« mlglram I take
i^jjS^ mlgtrl thou takest
jyXyQ m'lgirad he takes
A-i»A^A^ mi^frim we take
\Xjij*S^A mlgtrtd you take
cXijAiCy« mtgirand they take.
1) In colloquial Persian the form ^aJu ^i^<r is always used, instead of
1 1
98 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
Preterite (French je pris).
A-y3J^ girifßm we took
\\^*hS girifüd you took
JUÄä/ giriftand they toot
f^^ giriftam I took
^^/ girifü thou tookest
o^ girift lie took
Imperfect (French je prenais).
^^^ mlgiriftam I took or used to take
^y3^Cy« mlgirifß thou tookest
v4>3^Xjy« mlgirift he took
l«-(JC5^jCjy« mlgirifttm we took
(XJCdXyo mlgirifüd you took
lAÄÄsXut migiriftand they took.
Perfect.
«t xÄi^ girifta-atn I have taken
£Äd^ girifta-x thou hast taken
vi^umI &ä9^ girifta ast he has taken
ajJ JkXs^ girifta-im we have taken
tXjt iOJ^ girifta-id you have taken
uXit &}3^ girifta and they have taken.
PI up er fee t.
|ML>^ ^^ 9^*^f^ Ifüdcifn I had taken
;^«^ 1Ü&S girifta büdi thou hadst taken
o^ ^XiS girifta bud he had taken
^Oy^ &Ä9^ girifta büditn we had taken
(Xh^ «J3jf girifta büdtd you had taken
(Ai^ «33^ girifta büdand they had taken.
Future.
oSJ* |»^|^> khaham girift 1 shall take
oöj3 j^l^ üfÄöÄi girift thou will take
GRAMMAR. 39
o3^ «»]^ khähad girift he will take
c>öj^ ^^]ys> khalnm girift we shall take
v:>w90 lXa^I^ khähtd girift you will take
\^S cXa^I^ khähand girift they will take.
Infinitive.
^jii/' giriftan to take.
Present Participle (rarely used).
svXj^ gtranda one who is taking.
Past Participle.
^^ girifta taken.
Gerund.
^^JU3j^ giriftant what must he taken.
Imperative.
^A^ biglrf takel (obsolete: --J^ pir). The other per-
sons of the Imperative are identical with the correspon-
ding forms of the Subjunctive.
Subjunctive.
«^aJu bigtram I may take
\^jS^ bigtrt thou may est take
OjjJi^ higirad he may take
^^aXj higlrim we may take
(AjjaJo higirid you may take
kXijA^ bigtrand they may take.
The ^a5^. ^en^es of the Subjunctive are identical with
the past tenses of the Indicative. The Perfect of the
Subjunctive is ^Li xJihjS girifta bäsham. See: Special
usages of tenses p. 43.
40 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
Passive Voice.
The passive voice is formed by adding the auxiliary
verb QwX^ shudan to the past participle.
Indicative.
Present,
^y^^ ^^T^ girifia mishavam I am taken, etc.
Preterite (French je fus pris).
^OdSi &Ä9^ girifta shudam I was taken, etc.
Imperfect (French fitais pris).
«AAjy« tu^b^ girifta mtshudam I was taken, etc.
Perfect.
*\ scX^ «jCs^ girifta shuda am 1 have been taken.
Pluperfect.
1»^ }Oj^ iLiiS girifta shuda büdam I had been taken.
Future.
<XÄ (*^|>^ lü^S girifta khäham shud I shall be taken.
Infinitive.
qcXä iu^hjf girifta shudan to be taken.
PastPartioiple.
»c\-Ä ^XiS girifta shuda having been* taken.
Imperative,
J-Ä AÄ9^ girifta shou be taken.
GRAMMAR. 41
Subjunctive.
Present.
^yjS» jü3J^ girifta shavam I may be taken.
The p<i8t tenses of the Subjunctive are identical with
those of the Indicatiye.
All Persian verbs are formed in the same way as
\'f^/ giriftany by adding the verbal terminations to the
two radical forms viz. the shortened infinitive and the
imperative without «j bi.
In the so called irregular verbs the irregalarity con-
sists only in the infinitive and imperative being derived
from different roots, as Q^b dädan to give, imperative:
sO dih J or q<A^ didan to see , imperative : q-a.^ bin.
Otherwise they offer no irregularity , the tenses being
formed as in the case of regular verbs.
Thus in order to form all its parts, it is necessary
to know the infinitive and the imperative of a verb, e. g.
the verb to see: shortened infinitive: vXjP did, impera-
tive: ^«A^ btnj present: ^»JLaaa^ mtbinamj preterite: ^mJuJ
dtdam, subjunctive present: ^«Ju^ bibinamy etc.
All verbs whose imperatives end in a long vowel
{ä or Ü) insert a ^3 y between these radical vowels
and the termination, e.g.: ^^^ guftan to say, impera-
tive: ^ güj present: (^-^i^^ migüyam. qO^ namüdanj
imperative: Ui namäj present: ^.Uajv« mlnamäyam.
In the same way verbs beginning with a vowel insert
a ^ i between the prefix ju bi and the initial vowel,
thus giving the sound of i, e. g. : qlX-^I ämadan
to come, imperative; t ä and Lu bid. Mark the forms
42 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
showing this inserted ^3 (y and t) in the following cou-
plet of Saadi:
^ ^- Ü vV> ^ ^Lu ^^j^ ^^ *xä/
Crufta büdam chun btäyi gham-i dil hä tu higüyam^
Chi bigüyantj ki gham az dil biravad chün tu bläyu
I had meant when thou shonldst come, to tell thee the
sorrow of my heart. What shall 1 say, since sorrow flees
from my heart when thou comest.
Obsolete Parts of the Verb.
Some parts of the verh are almost ohsolete in modem
Persian and are only occasionally used in speaking.
These are :
1) The suhjunctive ^ buvam I might be, for which
Ai^L bäsham is used.
2) The negative imperative X4 ma, ex.: ^Su^ magü
do not say j^JHa magtr do not take. (In classical Persian
the distinction between the two negatives mo ma and xi
na is kept up exactly as in Hindustani: 5) c>^ fnat äOj
do not come^ and _^ Lit 2bJ na äyä hat he did not
come). In modem Persian the negative jü na is almost
exclusively used: >Xi na-gU do not speak, ^^Xi na-gir
do not take.
3) The present participle is almost obsolete. When it
is used it mostly has the meaning of a noun or adjec-
tive, e. g.: ««AJLmX:^ bakhchanda gracious.
4) The present participle in q^ an is only used in
phrases like the following: qLJ' wi^wa^ua suhbat kunän
GRAMMAR. 43
conyersing, ^U^ i-Xxi vXxI lund lund kunän murmuring,
qLm^ qL^ k(i8hän kashän dragging.
Special usages of Tenses.
The Preterite is used in narrating events which follow
close on one another. Wheneyer the narration is inter-
rupted by a description or a simultaneous action, the Im'
perfect is used, as in the following example : ^Juu«^^ ^^j
OjS tjoo ^Aoi^M^ ^»■A,Äi> MLi hi shahr rastdttHj bazar
rafftm^ shakhsi soda kard^ we reached the town, we
went to the market, somebody shouted. In this case the
three actions follow one another. But in the following
sentence: Oj^ ^sX*o ^^.aäää ^^ J^U ^^cXa^ j^ hi
shahr rasidimj bazar rafüm^ shakhäi sadä mtkard we
reached the town, we went to the market, someone was
shouting, — the third action took place either simulta-
neously with or before the second one. The preterite
corresponds with the French passd difini and the im-
perfect with the French imparfait.
Secondly the Imperfect is used to denote the duration
or frequency of an action, ex. Ju.^j^ \^^yio ^^koAa
shakhtH tüürä mtparvarid a man was bringing up a
parrot (duration) Oo|^J^ q^J> ^y^ ^i>^ vakat-i suhh
qur^an mtkhänd in the morning he used to read the
Koran (frequency).
Thirdly the Imperfect is used to denote actions which
are not real, but only supposed (Subjunctive), ex. L»^
vXjA^Luo shuma mtämadid? would you have comeP jS^
\ü/jSA>JifiA (Xj (V^^ «XoLx^ ol)'^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^f^
kheili bad mlguzashtj if it had rained it would have
been very disagreable.
44 PBRSJAN QRAMMAR.
In the langnage of the common people the imperfect
is sometimes used instead of the present tense, both in
the indicative and in the subjunctive mood, ex.: a-:^
iXyuMt^.^Lyo chi mtkhästid? oi> lXaä>m|^j^uo _:^ au^ chi
ch%^) mikhäsitd? what do you want? — OJJ^^uUmuu« Lj
iä mtshanldand for Jü^-.^-^ Lj iä mtshanavandj that
they may hear.
Irregularities in the use of _^ ml and ju 6» are
not unfrequent, but ought not to be imitated.
«o^ hüdam and a^äL 5ä^^m do not take the prefix
^ mi, e. g, : *.3^ ^1 agar büdam if I was. ^b jf\
agar bäsham if I were. ^L vo^ SS agar büda bäsham
if I had been. Both forms «^ shavam and «^^ ^tsAa-
t^am are in use.
qJUmIj dashtan when it means ^o Aave never takes
the prefix _^ ml, but only when it means to keep, to
hold, ex.: »So vV^ pf^^ däram I have money; but Kjk-J
A^ltXy« siX) püZm nigäh midäram, I keep the money.
As Q>^^v> däshlan, to have takes neither ^ ml nor
«J 6», there is no difference between the Indicative and
Subjunctive present. In order to avoid this identity, the
perfect of the subjunctive is used instead of the present,
ex.: ^L «X«i#b dashia bäsham I may have.
When ^yi>M^y> khastan means to toishy to want, the
prefix ^ ml may not be omitted. The present (*^|>-^
khUham (without ml) has the meaning of / shall and is
used to form the future, ex. vi^^i^ (^\>^ khäham guft
I shall say, (•>:K^ ^[^^^Ua mikhaham bigütjam 1 want
to say.
1) The common people often ase ekJ for ekts if^ thing.
GRAMMAR. 45
^yLiA^j^ harkhctstan to rise, ^^yL^tiv^^ bardashtan to
lift and ^^yXJ^j^ hargaahtan to return, take the prefix
_^ ml after ^ har^ ex. ^»^{C^Lyo^ harmtkhizam I rise,
j^^a^j^ barmtgardtm we return. The prefix ^ bi in
these verbs is omitted altogether, ex.: jtr^yi barkhtzf
rise I ^^ji j^t ^i^a^ bargardam, if I return. In the same
way the verbs composed with .3 dar have the mi and
5« after the preposition. These verbs are: ^y>J^ j^ dar
kardan to empty, q*-^^^' y^ ^^^ ämadan to get out,
qOj^I jO dar ävurdan to bring out and q-ä-s^ *»^ dar
raftan to escape, ex.: ^1-tH i^ M^ S-V^ cto&-t pamba
dar btär pull out the cork, JUJUCa-^ .o v^jyj ^tip (2ar
miÄfunand they are emptying (firing) a cannon ^),
The shortened infinitive (without an) is used:
1) with (*^^y> khäham (Future).
2) after the impersonal verbs:
qI^äa^ mitavan it is possible
*>yS!>^ mtshavad it is possible
JuMuy« mishud it was possible
iX>b bäyad it is necessary
c;/wmoIj bagist it was necessary
and their negatives, ex.: J^v^ ^^yCx^i a.^ o'"^ ^^'
män-ft JRfi^tom na-mUavan kashld, it is impossible to draw
Rustam's bow.
The Subjunctive is always used after ^\yjp^ mlkhä-
ham I want and /*^]y^ mttavanam I can, ex.: j^\yjp^
1) Verbs composed with [^ pel follow the same analogy ex q^^Iämo^ ^3
•a Utädan to stop, stand still, imperat. vi^aamJ^ I3 wä Ui\ stop! — ^3
^ÄmtKÄT vä guMäihian to leare to , q«->;^ ^ »a kardsn to open.
46 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
(^y^ qU mtkhähatn nun bikhuram I want to eat bread,
^ySi L ^lyLMJ namttavanam pa shavam I cannot rise.
The Subjanctiye mood is generally employed when an
intention, a desire j a condition or a doubt is to be ex-
pressed. It is immaterial in such cases, whether the con-
junctions Lj täj a5^Lj tä kij so that, ^i agar, if, (j^L/
käeh, would that I are added or not. These conj unctions
are naturally often omitted in a language remarkable for
its extreme terseness of expression.
Examples of the use of the Subjunctive.
^•juuo bibtnam let me see
l*jUf«j Lj tä bibtnam that I may see
aJL^jaj (JiiS hash bibtnam! would I might see!
vXjLu y^ bigU btayad tell him to come
cX^L bashad let it be.
vX^^ jy burd bipüshad he took it away to put
it on
sXJJ^ ';t^LÄ^ T^ ^^* hitahira bigüyand whatever book
they might name
^fj^ ^^ bidih bikhuram give (me something) that
I may eat
l»^A^ LT^ OJJS y^y^jO «k>b dadam durust kunandj pas
bigtram I gave it them to repair that
I might then take it back.
Causal Form.
The causal verb is formed by adding ^^^lXJI andan
or qA^I äntdan to the imperative root, ex. ^jtyli tars
fear ^^yXJlt^J tarsändan ^(XoLmJ tarsantdan to frighten
V fou go, ^^)lXJU) ravandan or ,^yX^^^j ravantdan to
cause to go.
GRAMMAR. 47
y^ douj run. ^vXi|)u> davandan or Q<Axii^s> davctmdan
to pat to a gallop (a horse). The causal form ^^^Uwö
nishändan to cause to sit dowo, to seat, from ^yu^^J^J m-
8?uistan to sit, is irregular.
Compound Verbs.
In modern Persian the use of simple verbs is very
limited. The original simple verbs have mostly been re-
placed by an auxiliary verb joined to a noun or adjec-
tive.- These latter are not unfrequently arabic, especially
the abstract nouns.
The verbs mostly used as auxiliaries are the following :
^S kardan (imperat ^ kun) to do
^o^S namudan (Ui namä) to show, to do
qJcm shudan {yü shou) to become
^j:>^ budan (j^L bash) to be
qO^ zadan (q; zan) to strike
rf>^^ khurdan ( .y> khur) to eat, to be struck ^)
qoIo dädan (»c> dih) to give
^'f^j^ giriftan {^ gir) to take, to seize, to begin
^.jt ävurdan (.1 är) to bring
^ji burdan U bar) to take off, to carry
^kXjomj rasidan (jj*. ras) to arrive
qJüLm. rasändan (qL^ rasän) to make arrive, to cause
1) The passive voice of all verbs meaning: to hit, to knock, to strike,
to throw, can be expressed by cy^jy^ khurdan, ex.: qi3i (*^\ zahhm
zadan to strike a wound, passive ry^j^^ (^"^3 zakhm khurdan to be
wonnded. In a similar way the following expressions are used qI» X ,j
^0«y> takdn khurdan to receive a push, Q'-^j^^ O*^ zarnln khurdan
to fall on the ground,. etc.
48 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
^^Jumo bastan («AJo band) to tie
qoLaSI uftadan (v^i uft) to fall
^y;:>tJül andäkhtan (;icXii andäz) to throw
qjL^ nihadan («i nt'A) to place, to put
^^^b dashtan (^ij dar) to haye, to hold
qa^]^ A;Aa«ton («]^ khah) to wish, to want
qvX^^ kashldan (^f A^a^A) to draw, to poll, to suffer
^yX4\ amadan (t ä) to come
^yüj raftan (j. rou) to go
^y^lM^ sakhtan (;Lm saz) to make
^JuJ dldan (qjlj 5in) to see
Q«:>^^ farmüdan (farma) to order (used in speaking
of anything done by superiors)
^^Li yäftan (v^ y^^) ^o fi^^^*
6. Prepositions.
The Prepositions form the only difficult chapter in
Persian Grammar. The difficulty is caused by the fact
that in cases where the classical language demands their
use, modem Persian frequently discards them or else
replaces them by various idiomatic expressions. The student
would do well to commit the following examples to
memory and to carefully observe the way in which the
prepositions are used in the dialogues and Persian text
given in this book.
The original and partly obsolete prepositions will be
marked by brackets [ ]. They are not followed by the
izafa.
The words which , in the language as spoken at the
present day, replace the original prepositions, are mostly
GRAMMAR. 49
ooncreie nouns like 3. rü face, ^ aar head, ji^ pahlü
side, etc.
The secondary prepositions, which are really nouns,
require the izafa to connect them with the word they
govern ex: jjy« ^y^ rü-yt niiz on the table (surface of
the table) <o^ ^y^ pusht-i parda behind the curtain
(back of the curtain).
Very frequently howeyer the preposition is left out alto-
gether :
1) [ y dar
y ta
QLwi tnlän (middle)
qU^ jO dar tnlän \ in, into, (at, on)
J3>f«> dakhil (entering)
Q^^iAit andarün (inside)
j^j rü (face)
lU hi I
Of the aboYe equiyalents of the English prepositions
tn, into J etc. ^ id and the leaying out of the preposi-
tion are the most common.
jO dar is mostly used with names of touma and coun'
tries J with dates or in connection with other prepositions
conyeying the same meaning.
Exampl es:
iJ^u^ (^5y tü-yi shisha y in (into) the bottle.
Q^jfb .L> dar Tahran^ at Teheran.
j^ jö dar shahr J in town.
jJüU qI3L:> qL«; a> iar zaman-i Khaqan-i maphfllry in
the days of the deceased monarch«
50 PERSIAN GRAMMAR«
«^Afi y^j jO dar rüZ'i Id^ on the day of the
festival.
o^ 3I c^wmO n^jJCi iufang dast-i ü büd^ the gan was
in his hand.
... -^
b v:>jmO^ CTl>r^^ tabarzin dar dost da^ht^ he had an
axe in his hand.
1^ jj dar hapäj in the air.
]^ i^yj rüryi ham in the air.
l^^ qIx« miSn-t daryä in the sea.
cXciy qLu« .<^ etor mtän-t käghaz in paper (wrapt).
v^ty> v:;^«3». ^3. rO-yt rakhi-i khäb in bed.
vj)ll7)t Qi^.Oot andarüH'i utäq in (side) the room.
jJomJiy .Lm savär-i kälaska in a carriage.
3t JJu baghahi ü in iiis arms.
I»aX> f«ji3> khäna-yi hakim in the house of the
doctor.
iOjjLm ^^^5u«>ji .0 (2ar nazdikt-yi saräparda in the
neighbourhood of the Royal tents.
sLä v.ib'^ rikäb'i ahäh | in the King's
sU^ v^^j j*^ <^^^ rikäb'i shah j retinue.
lüuxxJiü sJLliü ^t qäiq niahasta sitting in a boat.
v>%jjy« 03^ O^j^ ^* zamin furüd mlravad it pene-
trates into the earth.
qLiI J^b 1^ L^V^ amvän-Art däkhil-i Iran mlshavad
O^y^jy« goods which are imported into
Persia.
2) [
&J
GRAMMAR.
^j rü (face)
aar (head)
savär \
I (riding)
aavär hi j
bein between
dar bein between
51
on J upon , over ,
across.
on, upon, over,
across.
o^
"^{j bala above
^(j^ dar bälä above
[ji bar] is hardly ever used alone in modem conversation.
Examples.
ÄÄi^Lw *jL>i>5^ c53i; ^ Lf^ puU bar rü-yi rüdkhäna sakhta
<XSjy büdand They had built a
bridge across the river.
(AJJy aü:i»LM «jl3o3. ^ ^Jb pull sar-i rüdkhana säkhia
büdand They had built a
bridge across the river.
^3. «UwOl^ pädishäh rü-yi takht nislMSt
The King sat down on the
throne.
^^JcXJuo ^^9^J rü^i sandaU on a chair.
LkO f^^j rü-yi daryä on the sea.
ja4 jm sar-i mtz on the table.
»^ yM ifS f^^A zihüki sar'i asp bud the saddle
that was on the horse,
»t juC^U ^ 5ar-t iäkhta asp on a gallop-
ing horse,
jy (^^'1 yM j:^L> khäkistar sar-i ätash hüd there
were ashes on the fire.
V^^a^m^^mO
v^
52 PERSIAN ORAMBIAR.
sahib mansab aavar^i asp bud an
k>u w^sd^l o£Boer was riding on a hone.
to, towards.
jJi* .Lam aavar-i shutur on a camel.
^X^ ^Lam savär-i kaahü on board ship.
"S C^"^ > "!; O^ 6etn-«röÄ, dar 6etn-«räÄ on the way.
«XJ »JuLft 1^^; OjJ ^arf 2;amtn mända bud snow had
remained on the ground.
«jL^o«u y az rüdkhäna guzctshfim we went
across the river.
qLi) Lm a az tamam-i Iran guzashtlm we went
across all Persia.
3) [lu bi] \
s^Jo taraf
samt
bi samt
«J 3^ rfi bi
JO &i is often left ont when it is the equiyalent of
English to , before names of places, ex vi>o^ J^ he went
to the house. In the language of the common people
it is omitted also when it stands for the dative, ex: sJu
Q^ bidih man give me, instead of: q4J 0JO bidih bi man.
The various ways in which xj bi and its equivalents
are employed, may be seen in the following examples:
svXj ..y$j \Axf kitäbrä bi man bidih] .. , «_
^ ;'. ^ , _ _ I give me the book.
^ vcXj ijiiXf kitabra bidih man )
jXmJüu bi kälaska by carriage.
I^aXaam. 5c>«L bi Urdu rasidim we came to the camp.
j^jf:^ bi Shlr&z to Shiraz.
GRAMMAR 53
v^^J^^ ^. .wXJb bi qadr-i yak angnsht one finger's
breadth,
v^ bi ab with water.
J^LuC^b bi ihttät with care.
•• •
j^i^i^M ^JiAyi ^^ÄAi bi panj tümän mxfurilaham I sell it
for 5 tumans.
j^Jif^A Q^tyi' ^Jü panj tümän mifurüsham I sell it
for 5 tumans.
qU jy> s^Ajw> Oya^ bi sarf-i fib-i khüd^ mun Ärom our
own pocket.
^\X^0t^^ >l3^ idraf'i kühistan towards the moun-
tains.
^iXt ^cy'4.*^ bi samt'i urdü towards the camp.
dj^'iSy'^ «fi-y» mansil towards the station.
"^L fci ^j rü bi bälä upwards.
JjA^ 3^ birou mamilj go home.
\ii^j O'J^ ^^^^^*^ ^^f^} ^® went to Tehran,
l^jju^ «j^ ^^^.^JjS kanär-i Daryä-yi Khazir randlin we
came to the shore of the Caspian Sea.
f^j^ jh\^ bazar mtravi? are yon going to
the bazaar?
'\^f^ w 'with. by.
sy^ hamrah (same way) |
Examples.
oi^mOÜ qLjI ^t ahl-i Iran bä dost mVchurand The people
\Xj>^^^ifj^ of Persia eat with their hands.
3 *^JS L L^,^^>^ ^aran^iAd &ä kärd u ehangäl mikhurand
JÃœAJgU^ JbC^ the Europeans eat with knife and fork.
^L^ sLi^ ^j(^-fi^^ haktmra hamräh bfär bring the doctor
with you.
54 PERSIAN GRAmiAR.
«Lä sLi^ ^ Jj^ ehand nafar hamrah-i Shah Farangistän
•••* I- ^' I raftand? how many persons went with
^ O^^^"*^/ the Shah to Enrope P
o^ (*^lj4>^ fj^^ß harädar^atn hamräh-am hfld , my brother
was with me.
mJ^j ^Id n^j^ hamräh-^ qäfila rafiam I went with the
caravan.
^j »lh\jL ha qäfila raftatn I went by caravan.
Jl> ) qL> b hä jän u dil with heart and sonl.
öy*j *^y^*<ig^ »^j> har cht mishavad bishavad, bä Khudä-ai,
ycyjJO^ L come what may, it is «with God".
;L JLc fc^ ^J L ba in hama Ulm bäz khar ast notwith-
yz:/aJ^ standing dl this knowledge, he is an ass.
^> ^ ^ *l I without.
Q^Ju btdUn I
^^wlj^ _j &t (^QrMn without a telescope.
KCiAx^^x sei ^ zahmat without trouble.
^ ^^' O^^^M 6idQn-f ittila^'i man birUn narou with-
d/ Q%jAj out my knowledge do not go out.
L bä and ^ &I are much used to form compound
adjectives f and ^ 6i also to form nouns and adverbs ex:
Uud L &ä aa/a fine, lovely
e^tb bä ittilä^ endowed with knowledge.
vjya«b bä masraf useful.
Lm^ bi safä ugly.
c^iLt ^ di irnTä^ ignorant.
vjya^ ^ &l masraf useless.
^^^I^ bUidabi incivility,
fcibjt^ HcufaMna impolitely.
GRAMMAR. 55
6) . lf> juz]
:j) iim
yf^ hi juz ) except, besides.
^\ yf^ gheir az
Uaä^ü hi istisna
Examples.
^^^-^M^ O"^ 3^ ; A' ^ 9^^f (*z man Jam namidanad hi
yü y3 j^^ «Ait<AA4i juz du nafar az düsthä-yi man
^y* i^^^^i^^o jt besides myself nobody knows it,
except two of my friends.
t<>3> "i! \J^ y^y-*^ ntst khudä ilia khuda there is no
God but God.
^1/ ^^i j^ \j*i x-^ Kama has az tn kar razt andj hi
^Luuu«L lXJ^ ^4Jio^j isiisnä-^i handa Everybody is
tfkXJu pleased with this affair, except
myself (lit the sla?e).
7) [^1 az .
n\j y az räh by way of I from, out of,
^j i^ az rü from, according to, / by, ot, (for)
(French selon) ]
^«X^l Q^A^' )' az Isfahan amadam I oame f^om
Isfahan.
i>^^ c^wmOjI wwAM^ ^j in asp az dast miravad this horse
gets out of hand.
^Jüu* jt vl*^^ o^^ ^^ An'^a^ 02? Sa^di'St this book is by
v:;aami Saadi.
olftÄJt sL jt 02; räh'i iliifät by way of kindness.
JaJ^U«^ v,.iIä^ ^^ tt aa; rO-yt kitah-i khush-khatt mashq
' vfvikunam I am doing exercises from
»^ " a well written book.
56 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
^jjk ^ <^L-n v:>wuu^ jckv^ %aUi ziäd az mard u gan a
Qt ) large crowd of men and women.
^^^yuL^JCO^ o'^j' ^^ ;an-f A;Atic{-arna-mttor^? do you
not fear for your life?
8) [ U to]
[ ^\ ila] (arable) ^ to, up to , until.
t^ \:i tä bi
Examples.
^L(Äot Ij qU^ ;( 00 TaArein ^ Isfahan ehand faraakh
sL ^wMj-^ vXJL:^ räA a^^P How many farsakhs is it
v£>wmI from Tehran to Isfahan?
;t sK 0)Uj ^^-aaj &i&ti» tafävut'i räh az kujä-st iä hi
. . . .' ^ kujä see the difference (distance) of
the way from where to where (Hafiz).
Juy Cyj U' fJlijtA muatial-am ta pül birasad I am wait-
ing till the money comes in.
>»aJLo<u Lj ta bibintm until we may see.
CT*^J^ lt'' ol;^'' j' ^'^ Tahrän ilä Qazvün biat u panj
^^J^ ^^ 3 u^^^^Mwu farsakh räh ast from Tehran to
vi^wM^ bI. EazYin the distance is 25 farsakhs.
*Lm U ^^aao jt 0« 5U&A tä sham from morning till
night.
y.ji bi zir
ji\ jj dar zUr I under, below , down,
L pa (foot) / at the bottom of.
^L |)afn (at the foot)
Q^to daman (skirt)
GRAMMAR. 57
Examples.
y^^A^jj jjx zlr-i dirakht under a tree.
Qii ^y^ ^ ß) ^^'* ^^^ ^^'f *^*^^^ do i^ot speak un-
der your lip (indistinctly).
«b> ^ «^ dar ztr-i dih below the Yillage.
9^ VIT^^ daman-i küh on the skirts of the moan-
tain.
jIXa (^L pa-yi manar at the foot of the minaret
(below the minaret).
&^»y^ ^.l^ paifff kücha at the bottom of the street*
-)ij It^^^^V^ f^ 5ar-t A;Aii(2a5A-r2 &» «fr andäkht he let
v;>i^t(>J{' his head sink.
10) ^ ^ az la through I across^
Examples.
iji'i ^ LU-Ä As?^ ehädur-i ahumä'rä az lä^i dirakhthä
, .' didam I saw your tent across the
r^^J^ trees.
L^ ^^ \\ «.JJLf gulüla az la-yi neiha bi shikar khurd
c>«y> «ÜCmmü The ballet hit the game through the
reeds.
11) ^,^ Wro« j
Examples.
. ^ TT .,_... , , outside the town.
58 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
12) Oji nazd (almost obsolete *i
except in writing)
^ji^y nazdlkt \ by, close by,
^l(j pahlü (side) f near, next to.
^ dam (breath)
vJ lab (lip)
ip^ MÄ;A (root)
j^ <äViJv>^ nazätk-i shahr
j^M^ t^V^p^ no^^Äp 6« «AaAr V near the town«
^^^A^Ju ^ iS^^ pahlü-yi man hinshin sit by me.
^j^^j^ (H> (2am-f darvaza near the gate.
LKi> v^ lab'i daryä near the sea (on the sea-
shore).
«^ ^y%^^^ \^j'i h TaArän däman-i küh^i Älburz väqf aat
Tahrftn is situated at the foot of the
Elburz mountains.
^P^-t'^ I; ^3^-*^ sandüq ra btkh-i divär bugzär place
JSX^ j\^ the box quite close to the walL
13) lP-o puh
Uft^ ^ dar pish r ijofore, in
J5) U^ pish-i rü (before the face) / fr^^t of!
3jj 1^ rS &i rfi (face to face)
j)c> jilou (bridle) /
Examples.
{Ji^ «Uj hiär pish bring (him) forward«
1 "^ 1^^ r, c^Uefore the festiral.
' e'^ i^'
GRAMMAR. 59
^ \J^ Kj^ darra pish kun shut the door.
' , , . } before the judge.
(^•'SoLä ^J^ j> dar ptsA-t qäaA )
s:>sÄ^ er l5^ j)^ rfi ^' rO-yi inan guft he said so
before me.
s^j jh^ v:>woiAicu^MJk^ ptshkhidmat jilou raft the serrant
went in front,
-o _^1> K(j»jjli fänüsrä jilou hibar carry the lan-
tern to the front.
14) u^ pas (back)
^1 ^ pa5 o^ j ^^^^^
it vXju &a^d a^; ) V back, backwards, after.
^^a£o ^aqab (heel)
^ pet (heel)
Examples,
jl^y iAac jt (jMw^ pas az ^-t nourüz \ after the New
j3.y cXas ;I Juu ^a^d as; ^ü^-i fwurüz ) Year festiyal.
wJu -jt^ 'j^l^ kitahra pas hidih give the book back.
^^]L> y^ ^^Ja^Sü hi qatirehl higü jilou biravad yä ^aqab
L> «^3«-^ bimänad tell the muleteer to go to
JuUj the front or to keep at the back.
c>w^ pusht (the back) j , . . j
} behind.
^ M^^Ji^ pusht-i aar (the back of the head) |
Examples.
sOjj y^i^Ji^ pusht'i parda behind the curtain.
»jm c^aJwo pusht'i sar-am ehi kör tntkunl^ what are
JS you doing behind my back (my head).
60 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
1«^ u>v.mXj pusht-i ham one after (behind) the other.
»y (^ ^^j ^^fl P^'* ^<^ra he went to fetch (lit* after)
butter.
15) ^ ^ rfl hi rü t
JuUU muqabil J
vXi^Umw« ^3^ ^^ rü hi rü^i masjid ) opposite the
«X^Umw« JuU>i mti^a&«7-t masjid J mosque.
16) ^o dour ^
jS^^j^ douradour (all round) f ,
j^ j^'^\jy^ ^^ fouj dourädour'i shahr harakat mtkunad
. the regiment is marching all round the
" ^ town.
^LLu j^ oLbt aträf'i shahr htähün ast all round the town
ouMft there is desert.
L^o (^!^-^ j^ ^^ havaU-yi darya hi jangal rasid^m
^, from the neighbourhood of the lake we
r:N>^^ J>^^. reached the forest.
{yo^ jY^ ^Jf^ gulhärä daur-i houz hichtn place the
^-itr^ flowers round the tank.
^'^) k3^^ haräyi
(^Lj \\ az haräyi
\ja^<A inahz . , ^ ^ t.
,. .., \ for, on account of, be-
vi^^i^U 01 nhat't > « . -
f I* _ . ..,,../ cause of, out of.
9Ja^^^ vastta (middle) I
tJojiJyi hi vasiia 1
jlSdJ^ khätir (mind) I
GRAMMAR. 61
Examples.
^.jbtt yS (^U haräyi tu ämadam I came for you.
^ü ;t w'^-^^ <^p ^^ haräyi vaztr ävardand they brought
Jsjw>«^t -K^ a horse for the minister.
^o.Lj c>4^ &i jihat'i tärtkl on account of the darkness.
JjuiJ ^tSxiJyA bi vosita-yi irtifa^'i kühhä on account of
L^8^ the height of the mountains.
^»Jxwtff^ l5^ ^^^ väsita-yi khänum kujä^st? where is the
c^i^Lr^ ^\,s> tea for the lady?
«tJC^t (jso^^ maA;er-i t A^trSm out of respect.
Jol^ \JQ^ mahz'i khätir-i khänum for the lady's sake.
7. CoirjuKCTioirs.
The Conjunctions mostly used are the following:
S^ agar if
y 5 vagar and if
2kS^3 vagarna and if not, otherwise
X« magar but, howeyer
^ vaj u and
^ *"" ! also
^ A:i that
ä5 L;^ cÄirö
^ chirä'ki I
^, _ _ , - I because
A^Ajt y Uj &tnd &ar tn-ki in consequence of
Lot ammä
^J>^^ f>a llkan
Q^ llkan or teA;fn
62 PERSIAN QRAMMAR.
«/ fj«u jt az has hi since (causal)
«J — IÜ na — na neither-nor
AAoall al qissn i
ikXL &aZH perhaps
^^^ y,; ; I in spite of, although
i^J^i agarcht \
(tS) OJ^ ^ har ehand however much
(jmo pas oonsequenily
Ouu ba^d afterwards
Lj yä or
Li — L ya — yä either — or
aly> — »1^ A;AäA — khäh either — or
if^ — i^??- cht — cht what with — and
Q^ cÄwn when
iJol jt 02; an A:t since
«XjuCd« «J aa; vakhtUki since
jJS).j9 touri'ki thus
«/ rr^*^ Aamfn-A;t as soon as.
If ) is used to connect two words which together
form one notion, it is pronounced u, otherwise it is al-
ways pronounced va, en: u^j ^ wi^ shab u rOZj night
and day, «jy« ^ ^\ zan u tnardj woman and man, Cy
^L^ 3 gard u khäk dust — but: 3 L^^tAJL«^ ^ IfjU ^
LP^^IxJuo kitähhä va sandüqhä va sandahhä books and
boxes and chairs.
If a Dependent Clause begins with t^S^ agarehi al-
though, the Principal Clause is, contrary to the rule
in most European languages, generally introduced by Lol
ammä or tikan but , jb bäz yet ex : vi>w^i^ K qJ^ t^/ ^
GRAMMAR. 63
JU/ L ,^^1*^ ^^ agarehi in-ra na-dänistj ammä
kheiH bä Icamäl nst although he did not know this, (yet)
he is very aocomplished , ^1 jL y^i/^ ^S o^L:> «^«^'
oiümI ^^^iy^ (igarchi khiläf harda aatj bäz ädam-i khüH'SL
though he has failed, (yet) he is a good man.
8. Adysrbs.
There are no Adrerbs properly so called in Persian.
Nouns with or without prepositions and especially ad-
jectiyes are used adyerbially.
Examples of nouns with prepositions
used as adverbs.
jt as hadd unlimitedly
,bLa>t L bä ihOät carefully
f^fiy^ bi IchiM well
A^^^ ^ bi mulähaza without paying attention to
Examples of nouns without prepositions
used as adverbs.
^OymS äsüdiigi safely
^SjS^^[j yavashagi gently (vulgar)
^»jsX^T o>L rähat äma^m we came comfortably
Adjectives used adverbially require no explanation.
The Arabic adverbs in ) an , as e. g. Uaaj yaqinan
certainly or jLU masalan by way of example, etc., form
a special class. They will be dealt with in the chapter
on the Arabic element in Persian p. 72.
64 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
9. OOVSTBÃœOTIOV.
The order of the parts of a simple sentence isy ge-
nerally speaking, the same as in Latin ^ L e. subject —
object — verb, ex: o^^^U« j^ ^^-^^ ^^ i<^ m^hurad
(equus hordeum edit) the horse eats barley.
When there are two objects in a sentence, the ac-
casative generally precedes the dative, ex: ^^»jl aY ^jXj
i>t^ q4J padar-am kitäbrä bi man dädj my father gave
me the book.
If however the accusative forms a part of the verb,
it stands in close connection with the latter after the
dative, ex: v:;^ |»^ Uj ^^ao^AwÄ aJiakhsi hi mä aaläm
guft somebody saluted us.
In cases where the object is a pronoun in English,
it is mostly omitted in Persian, ex: J».t«Xi vi^wm^o dust
na därad he does not like it
c>.tjk5CA4J na-mtguzärad he does not let me (do it)
l^.tjo na-dänm we have not got it or any
^ tf)Lj pah kun clean it
^^^ ^j^^U« mikhäham hifurüsham I want to sell it
d^^Si^ Xp digar na-mikunam I shall not do it
again
^JuJu na-didim we did not see him.
The Verb is almost always placed at the end of the
sentence.
A few verbs sometimes precede their datives. There
are: QOti> dadan to give, r^-Ä-A-/ guftan to say, ry^j
raftan to go, q\Xum#. rasidan to arrive, q^>;^ supurdan
to entrust, ex:
^ jA:^ ^OjL ^wXa^ j:i f^j rafßm Lär, rasidim
ORAMMAR. 65
bi urdüj chädur zaditn. We went to Lar, we reached
the camp, we pitched the tents.
ji^ftÄj i^b L\j pülrä däd hi faqtr he gave the monej
to the poor man.
y^u ^Mf guftam hi noukar I said to the servant.
.f;b «i^ hirou bazar go to the market.
When the nominatiye of a sentence is the plural of
an inanimate object, the verb is frequently used in the
singular ex:
(AÄ 20ÜM«Xä J^ .v> Lo <^LumL Xäa x4^ Kama yi muhl
u asbäb'i mä dar sajar shikasta shudj all our furniture
and things were broken on the journey. — ^L^JLxx:>>
owM^ jJLm* Ju»äs ^.i^ .t> qK'J^L« jdngalhä-yi Mäzanda'
rän dar in fasl salim nlst, the forests of Mazandaran
are not healthy in this season.
The oblique narration is hardly ever used in Persian.
The words of another person are generally quoted in
direct speech and introduced by «/ ki ex: »^ cX-^X^
j^iXot \^^ migüyad ki dirüz ämadam. He says he came
yesterday y^K^*^ ^joj^U^ ^^^lifS (Aa^ purstd ki an shakhs
Hat ? he asked who that person was. — A^|>^Sy* ^ OJJiaf
jt^jS^ jAAO guftand ki mlkhähltn sabr bi-kunim^ they said
they wanted to wait.
After qäa^ guftan to say the conjunction ki is often
omitted ex: ^U^ b^ o^ guft farda miäyam he said
he would come tomorrow.
A construction resembling the oblique narration ap-
pears to be sometimes used when speaking of a given
order; ex: L^UjI vXjLo jJLi bigü biäyad tnjä tell him
to come here cXJojj ^Irh«^ v^ ^ ^j^^ f^'"^ r^^ hukm
66 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
dädam urdürä bar lab»i daryächa bizanand. I gaye or-
ders that they should pitch the camp on the bank of
the lake.
In the above examples the forms cX^.Lu htäyad and
JUijj bizanand may be quite correctly regarded as im-
peratives. If this view be taken, the oblique narration
may be said not to exist in Persian.
Dependent Sentences.
Dependent sentences are generally introduced by the
conjunction öS ki^ which however may be omitted, ex:
JoUj |Wmm]^Jsua mikf^ästam H-äyadj 1 wish he had come.
Interrogative Sentences,
Interrogative sentences are sometimes marked by the
interrogative particles X« magar or LI äya ex: y^ Sj^
^A-A-^ magar tu Seiyid-i? are you a SeyidP (descen-
dent of Muhammed). ^^lX^I j^r^ ^-^ ^^^ dtrüz ämadt?
did you come yesterday?
Sj» magar may also be placed at the end. ex: iu|^a>
j(^ vcX^ dtväna shuda-l magar? have you gone mad?
Another way of marking the interrogation is the ad-
ding of &j L yd na? or ,jp> Ls yd kheir or not ex:
iu U j^^b Jj-j pül ddrt yä na? have you got money
or not? jf^ L Jcojx^ vJ^ ^y^^J^ I > A shuma farsi
harf mtzanid yd kheir?
In most cases ho we f er no interrogative particle is used ,
the tone of the voice alone being sufficient.
All interrogative pronouns immediately precede the
verb and are strongly accentuated, ex : Jy t^ jy^^
GRAMMAR. 67
huzür k{ büd? who was in the (royal) presence? ^y^}
m
o«^^ {jaS^ JjS iulp> in khäna-yi kuddtn shakhs oat?
whose house is this? o^mvaS" w«.-^«.! ^} in asp-i kt-st?
whose horse is this P ss^^^ »^ '^^^^ «AJL^ j^ U id shahr
chdnd farsakh räh (ist? how many farsakhs is it to the
town? v:>wM*l ^^j^ «Ax:^ »^ ^j 6^ ^^-* ^^ fäh cJuind
farsakh ast ? How many farsakhs long is this road ? *^^^^äuo
^^jy L^ dishab kuja büdl ? where were you last night P
10. Thx Arabic Elkhkkt nr Persia v.
Through the influence of Muhammedanism a great
number of Arabic words have been, introduced into Per-
sian. As these words have preserved their own orthogra-
phy and to some extent their Arabic inflexion , a certain
acquaintance with Arabic grammar is clearly essential to
the mastery of Persian. Students are therefore recommen-
ded to acquire some knowledge of Arabic and especially
of the Arabic verb which is fully explained in any
Arabic grammar. We shall here restrict ourselyes to a
few remarks on the Arabic duals y plurals y adverbs and
phrases embodied in Persian.
Arabic Duals.
The arabic dual is used with words denoting things
of which not more than two are supposed to exist. It
is formed by adding ein to the singular ex:
Singular. Dual.
wiiL> janib side ^^^wwöL> jänibein both sides
kJJo iaraf side O^j^ iarafein both sides
68
PERSUN GRAMMAR.
^ koun existence
jJLc alam world
Ju ^ad hand
oJi^ vGliä parent
«^ haram sanctuary
.y »fir light
qaj^ kounein both exi-
stences
^^^A4JL£ ^älamein both worlds
qjlXj yadein both hands
QjJji^ validein both parents
qa^.^ haramein both sanc-
tuaries (Mekka & Me-
dina)
^^J nürein both lights
(sun and moon).
Arabic Plurals.
Arabic plurals are very much used both in writing
and in speaking. They may be divided in two classes:
regular and irregular or broken plurals,
1) The regular plurals are formed from the singular
by adding In for the masculine; and for the feminine
gender by changing the termination B, at into o^, d<; for
the neuter by adding at.
Examples of regular Arabic Plurals,
Masculine.
Singular. Plural.
yCob>- häzir present.
^.Lm säir other
^J^yL^KA mahbiis prisoner
^•aoi> hdzirin those pre-
sent.
rßrJ^^ säirin the others
.yxmy^^s^ mahbüstn the pri-
soners
^L^ musäfir trayeller ^yL^w« musäfirin the
travellers
^M^ näzirin those who
see.
jbU näeir one who sees.
ORAMMAR. 69
Feminine and Nenter.
Singular. Plural.
^^J^A> heivan animal oLi|^x:>- heivähät animals
oya^ hazrat Highness oLca> hazarat gentlemen
c^^Lm aa^at hour oLcLm aä^ät hours.
Sometimes the ending öU is added to a plara), which g^ves
it the meaning of *'all sorts of* ez: ^^^ joukor precious stone,
simple plural ^]y!>' javaMr precious stones; double plural oL^|^>
jarahirat all sorts of precious stones.
In imitation of these regular plurals of arabic femi-
nines, Persian nouns in ish frequently form their plu-
rals in ät ex:
Singular. Plural.
^JiJü9^ farmäyish an order oUwoLo farmäyiahät
(jft.ljCi nigarish epistle oUt^ljCi nigäriahät.
The arabic plural of persian nouns in s a as
Singular. Plural.
sJiXiityj naviahta letter oL^u«^ naviahtajät
ÄJL>.iy kärkhäna factory oLajL^vI/ kärkhänajat
nyKA miva fruit oL:>sywo mtvajät
has been mentioned pp. 14 and 15.
A.rabic plurals of some other persian words occasio-
nally occar in the spoken language, though more often
in writing , ex :
Singular. Plural.
tO dih Tillage oL^ diliät
cL bägh garden oLcL bäghät
70
PERSIAN ORAinCAR.
qUm^^ kahistän monntain- oülx««<J^ kühistänät
range
cAj^ytJSi Shimrätiät
Qt^4N<M Shimran a distriot
oLi^Li" Oilänäi
near Teheran
qXJ^ Oilän a proyince on
the Caspian Sea«
2) The broken or irregular plorals are so nnmerous and
anomalons, that it is impossible here to enter into a
full explanation of them. They belong rather to the dic-
tionary than to the grammar. In the vooabnlary at the
end of this work the broken plurals will be marked , and
should be committed to memory as well as the cor-
responding singulars.
The number of broken plurals entirely depending on
the whim of the writer or speaker, is unlimited.
Though an exhaustiye list of broken plurals cannot
be given here, yet some of those most frequently used
are added as examples:
Singular.
f^^ shajar tree
— ^ burj tower
OU9 qanät subterranean
watercourse
Ji^-Lm sähil coast
^^^It^ lütt a good for
nothing
&^li fakiha fruit
«X^Umw^ masjid mosque
Q^ loun colour
Plural.
.LääI ashjär
o|yä qanavat
JbS»!^ savähil ')
J?]^ alvät
»S\^ faväkih
vX>Lmw« fnasäjid
qI^I alvän
l) From this plaral tavQAil, ootttt, is derived the oame of the Itn-
gnage of the eaitern coasts of Africa: SaTihili (Saaheli)
ORAUUAR.
71
*^ gtsm kind
tsm name
mt'/jk landed property
mamlikat proTince
ma%ar passage
valad child
tifl Infant
amr affair, an order
amir chief
faqxr indigent
vaair minister
haHm doctor
tabth physician
qänün law
tnakän place
bahima beast
vahsh wild beast
^etr bird
|iö gottffi nation
jübÜ? täyifa tribe
oJU milkU community
y:;3
^"
aqaatn
asami
amlak
mamälik
ma^äbir
ouläd
atfäl
umür
umarä
fuqarä
vuzarä
hukamä
atihhä
qavänin
amäkin
bahäyim
vuhüsh
tuyur
aqväm
taväyif
JJU milal
qÜ^J dukkan shop ^jjS\So dakakin
sabab thing, reason «^L^l cubäb
^Lt ayyäm
Si^ baläd
m
JCk^ khuddäm
{JcU^<Ji!^ ashkhäs
s^^ qulüb
,v>Uj banädir
^ youm day
OJU bdUid town
pA^ khädim seryant
ahakhs person
qalb heart
jJüj bandar port
72
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
A d Y e r b 8.
Arabic adverbs are formed by adding the acousatiye
ending \ an to the noun or adjectiye ex:
ijftji taqrib approach
^jc^ farz supposition
\>J abad eternity
JJU masal example
wJLc ghälib most
^j3jJ*^ muataqlm straight
J3t aqall least
OsXj^ mujaddad renewed
Adverbs.
Lo Jij taqrxban appro-
ximately.
Uo^d farzan supposing
(Jul abadan never
^La4 masalan for in-
stance
LJLc ghäliban mostly
UaSä^x^wo mti5to$tmam straight
^i aqallan at least
« «
ijJc^^>^ mujaddadan rene-
wedly
Gender.
The Arabic Gender is sometimes used with Arabic ad-
jectives , especially in writing ex:
sXä, Vj^f^ j^ jc> qj ^^.i tn zan dar shahr mash'
hüra shudj this woman became celebrated in the town,
juu.t ol ^ "> jihäti arba^a the 4 points of the compass.
It is, however, never necessary to use it in speaking.
GRAMMAR. 73
Some Arabic Locutions commonly used in Persian.
^^aaS'^I q^ hein ul isnein between the two
^j^ijl ^ ^JJUJW ha an^aqshu fVV hajar like the
oarying on the stone
IvX^ _JLfi yj*S^ va qis ^alä häzä and conolnde from
this
8JAÄ3 va gheira etc.
^Lfiil ]\X^ ^^^ ^alä häzä 7 qläs in the same way
(lit. by this analogy)
1JÜI 5 v'Allähi or i^'^WöÄ \
xUb 6'/ZteÄ» or WZtöÄ ( ^ ^
|JLfit aLJI^ v*Ällähu a^lam and God knows best
j^^ xU) Allähu akbar God is great
»Ul jftxÄ4»t istaghfir TJllah may God forgiye,
God forbid
xUt t^fl^b 5äWik Allah may God bless yon,
brayo.
Jit fUJt m «^ Allah if God wül
jJjt fU Lo md sha Allah as God will
«JJt ajmo 6't5m i/Z^A in God's name
t^T O^^T^ ^^ f^*^ b*ism Hläh ar Rahman ar Rahim
in the name of God the Meroy-
fal, Bountiful.
»11 Juü- al hamdu VUlähl praise be to God I
JJU "^l g^ ^i^ vl^> ^ la houla va la qüvata illä Vllläh
there is no help nor strength
except in God.
74 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
^AJL<^t yfjk^ L ya Amir ul Mu^tnininl Lord of
the BelieTersI (All)
tcXf£jt vXm«« b yä Seyid ash Shuhadäl Prince
of Martyrs! (Hiueiii)
^^^aLm^I iXjuAi# L yä Seyid ul MursiUn! Prince of
Prophets'. (Mohammad)
^^ b yd iAU! o All!
«XX^ ^^^ b ya (^^ madadi o All help! (der-
vishes cry)
&LJb o^ na ÃœZU b^ Blah ! let as take refnge
to God!
«Ijt ^^ 3 (^^^ heini va bein Uüäh between me
and God (tmly)
tJs^M ma^ häzä all the same (lit. with
this)
tj^ It häzä therefore
tJoCP hahizä thus
3lu^\ \J^ ""aid n iitisäl continually
nJaSiJSi la yanqatf without interruption
e^ ^ ,«. ,^.- ™..l.i,.»d 0"«
iJLuu 6t ^etnt'A exactly alike (lit as its eye).
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PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
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PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
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PERSIAN QRAMMAR.
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ä
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DIALOGUES.
97
I I ^ I
S J 1 S ^ '- c
•S 'S
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fa be B â–
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5- 1" -^ ^.^ g 1 J5, -" :^^
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PBBSIAK atUUUAR.
\^%
I ' i
I 'E 8 •
•■1 : 9 . "
* 1-1 _ 60 g
g * a •
3 S " •=
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^ ^^ ^
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^
Ooing to the Bataar.
Stranger. Which is the way to
the Bazaar F
Natiee. It a the same way that
you are going. Ton mnst go
to the "Green Square". That
ia the entrance to the Bazaar.
1
ii
£ t
i i
fl
Native. It ia in front of you ;
if you go quite straight, jon
will reach the Bazaar. Which
Bazaar did you wish to go to?
Stranger. I want to go to the
carpet-aellerB' Bazaar, and
buy a carpet and a felt car-
1 ni
11 ill
'13 ä i s
i
â– d
1
1
1!
|1! IM
.:: B 1 s 1 2 5
1 'a ^ S 1 a S
1 }%
l
I
§ 1 J' 'i •?
1 ^11 ^ i
100
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
a
to f^
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08
§ £
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OD
08 ■*»
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III
t
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5.
PERSIAN ORAM MAR.
It haa no join nor dam, I
BUppOBO.
Merchant. No, air. It has not
a hole anywhere.
Master. Now put down a cor-
ner of the carpet on to the
ground, and spread it well,
Bo that I can aee whether it
is uneven or not. I see that
it is uneven; it makea a fold
and does not lie smoothly.
Merchant. That does not mat-
ter all carpeta are like that.
Master. It is also coloured with
Aniline dyea.
Merchant. No, look at it, its
colour« are faat.
Master. What is the price of
this carpet P
\ mm
ill:!
1 •§ i -s
11? lit
'S a 3 '-â– â– = ^
is I 111
« ,: 1 S.SS,
i -^5 1 \ }
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106
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PERSIAN aiUMUAR.
III41 Hi
ii'it
5fili
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111
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DlALOaUES.
& ^ J
1 -"
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â– I 'S i
S Mi '
I I I 'S S = -
» Ö 4 I - -S -S •
ä I |.1 I a °
i. 6- i 1 i
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i I Jl S a
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1|ill"i!llls'
â– 3 S
3 '-t
w "T ?.
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4 £
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um .
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PERSIAN ORAMHAR
■S I t § ^ J I g 5 J -
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PERSIAN ORAUHAR.
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1 -
1 g .-=
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3 I e
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i 3 3 s i
iff
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PERSIAN aRA.HHAR.
â– - s â– * s <
ji
p
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PEHSIAH QRAMHAR.
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In ^azm'n there is a good, big
Hotel, with furniture and
other things, and you can
get any kind of food there.
Qazvin itself is an important
Persian town , and was for-
merly the capilal of Persia.
They aay that the inhabitants
of Qazvin are great ruffians
and rascals, and the following
11
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läge of Rudbar, which, lik« £
the garden of Iram, ia gre«n,
cheerful, cultivated, and full
of trees and flowers, the road
leads into the wood. On both
sides of the way there are
hills covered with forests.
Coal-burners have out down n
the forest-trees in many pla- p
ces, and have made char ^
coal out of them. It is |
several years ago now since f
I saw this road; they must
have cut down more troes
by now and have made the
forest bare. Although in
many places there is deep
morass, yet it i> a lovely spot.
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man waa Blow ; if he had not ^
been slow , he too would have ^
caught hold of a aheep. Thii
is not the slave's (my) fault,
it is the fault of hia own la- .
finess. ) ^
Anecdote 1^. 2. |
A Turk, having mounted his *
own camel, wont to town and g
there bought aome wheat. s
Aa the wheat was not enough *
to make up one load, he put
all the wheat in one saddle,
bag, and in the other he put
stones of the same weight aa
the wheat.
Having placed both load« on
the camel's back, he took the
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drove to the residence of the
wife of Frederick Charles. She
was not at home. In front of
the avenne leading to the
gate of Frederick Charles,
there were two statues ol
recumbent stags , on the top
of the railings, most beauti-
fully executed. We drove on
and passed some charming
spots; among others a smal
pavilion most beautifully si-
tuated, which belongs to
the Empörer. It has some
pretty gardens, and a char
ming prospect over a large
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African and Indian; two g
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We next reaohed C
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vemor of the place
others, came to an an
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a salute. It is a larg
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a bridge, the riTorbeii
row, with hüls on eitb
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cherry-trees, and th
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"ii-ssiSitiS-is
1
^|||l|^.-. Ill
j"
-|is|'iir?-'i
s
1
i.2-f.sS s a,BESSS
1
5 j.-^^.H b:^-
lllp^
3_
i
EXTRACTS FROH THE LATE SHAH 3 DIARIES.
1g.al.r.e='|-=g''°s-3-s Sill»'
S.g JaMS-£'Tj«äsM>*2-t.-s,
► •s.aas.ssaK.SBSjS'.Sjsfiäf-s
S -3 fe £
'S Ö £ £ K â– â–
B _§ -
"-Sag«,
< Si s
- s i I 3 I -2 ' » I ^
■S J f S-äl|.=-|' E
I if lis
â– ^ 3 * TJ -o --
2 If 'S "? ^
is fl«.3 i
•" £ S •« 2 J
=• ; s S a s
H 3 -3 I . "»
•3 a s JS s .-
s i 1 1 .s i
i ?ß? "H a^
i t
■§3
a^ 5 c^ ts b C
^ is » S Ö ä. 9
= ^ a,l £■° * I'
i s â– ' ^ â– " ; = 1
J I II 1 iS II f
"a S
I
s|
I &
a ^ I S '
S 5 .3 s
1 i S| S - a i
•" g 3 ■■g i ■"
â– f a _- 2 J -g. 3 B
"""-^-^ ^- '5
'i -p. ? ri I M is
it
.- 3
â– -S
f
B
!in
^^ft l:^^ ^'
I
8
EXTRACTS FROH THE LATE SHAh's DIARIES.
>* ^ 1 5
I C) § "a '
S 2 S «« * to' a
g I 'S -5 .- i -J
"3 sigö-fc 2*--=* spsäv, I s*s "^s
.a««»'" a £ fa <B a S ^ S ^ c v
-*• «Q wtFtS to t4 > f f*^ a ^ Q a cA Fhh SfA
il'M14|JI'i-lfs-|is II °
lin^||ll|ils|liiH
f *.B -S - -iSl-fti? e ° 3 B i TäS
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
I J B «"
i "^ 1 I
â– .2 .2 's
i" - ü »
'. -3 â– & f^
-is |-ä 's I -
2 ^t 8 • S i s I - 1 I I
i J:
I J -
T
o
I 'I I I ~ 5 s "
EXTRACTS FROM THE LATE SHAH'S DIARIES.
-"01 0,-i .; a> ra j« b'ö'W A oja
I I 1 5 â–º_ I
1 5 8 1 ! 3 1 i I ^ 1 s 1 1 i ;
â– 3 -i
a a
"^ "& 3 .S a a S
g-itf I i.!|-33 III f
^"3 . a
c . ._ i I .3, 3
?3
^1^'i ^^'^'i k'^ Ml Vit
•3 a l,lH,Ti*f iKi,
PERSIAN aiUUHAII.
_.S.sS=-,.»-2S-3st 6" -■•> i ^
kS S<=^gS^ 'S
lllll-IHi
5 J
•a ;; 5 ; * .5 t; = .s
ä.S'SiSi Sa.,-
^O-S-S eS-5-sl
■i. ° I ä - i
■c s « 'S „
|s-3 IIa
i
^3
â– Vi |> ^^ il
'•^-
1 j td?
EXTRACTS FROM THE LATB SHAH's DIARIES. 265
SI i 'S if^ i S S :^ S *5s'iö*J
I i I ^ i
s ^ ^ * s ^
1 5 « 1 1 = ^ --
8
a 3 iJ Ä Ä 5 â–
-s -^ w a .
2 fe a "^^ !!:^ I
s I
i .- « s » -^ - I ?
S S- -7 .2 -« • ^, 'S
S .i . a s : s ., S a
2 I B -s
s ** S -r s <
s i
s ■►■5 J ■►• S S
1 a s B 2 -s. s
I 3 3 = s i i
-^ — **- '5* -S Ä 2
â– E T-l I 3 " S
= S -3 ^ â– = .g '
■s " 3 a 1 ^ •?
-^ a " g M a a
I S s -= £ w 3
.« - 2 -i E 3 I
g .2 I "S 'S s
," ä Ä £• J
I I •- - -I 'I
* s ^ w 's 4
.-s 1 S E s "^
I s' I i ^ i
PERSUX
Sä- S vi = »f
, I 5 g s " '
ass's l^Jiä-si
i^i s
_ a » B
I 11^
I si
Ill I
3 .s. i "t o g
5 ini
•Kj ill »f
f
EXTRACTS FBOU THE LATE SHAB's DIARIES.
â– = â– 38
• ^"^ 1 s 'S '
i-l "^ ^ I g-
1 ^ -
* "^ 1 ^
S ^ a •»
s 1 i -
* _ =â– 9
eg -s
- s s â–
; -5 W * 'S :
a 'S CK
^m^H H i^l {'
Q D H
J5 S (C ^
- s - a
2 ■« -S -^
I a
'f j> s ^
PERSIAN URAMHAB.
i
IS
! S-I|l||-3| III
111
lis
iii
-||l-s-ll|-l||l
, S *
5 'S "a ß
w -a s a ^ '
►; ä "^ s -^ "^ y '^
S =£• -° 3 £
g 5 .§ ;: 2
III
t
^llllli^Rii,
EXTRACTS FROM THE LATE SHAH 8
: i'^i II 111*
= a ü •=
5 .â–º S
S w g "o ^ - -" â–
o J £ S* ^ S 'S.
!.11
â– 11
^1
» £
130^5 -isla--" S'-äi
1 itS'S i ?-â– = sl Sl -i e
'^"°iä ass's i'Sa'S-
3
:-4 >^'
P£RStAM GIUMUAR.
»S^C-gfe-w «■3S'S§«sas
I5:'!l-Ill|;|lll|l^l
° ? S, £ ä s § f I S i s t 1;- S ° I ? 5
: "a s ~ s
t; s a "e. *
Jp .. g T3 "is -2
3 I -S I a 5
il "1 ti
- "a* i I i ^ ^
^ â–º* E a a -p 5
5 'S -
\
'a 1 *
EXTRACTS FROM THE LATE SHAh's DIARIES.
i.
PERSIAN ORAMUAR.
•-? = ^ si I ^ °7l -s - •
Sil
S 'S 3
! 1 1 1 1 1 f
S * £
: ä d " a ■=
I
llifll-'-S^s-i-Isi
Sl-slSsillEjlll
&<
ails! -I I-:
^ " ? (S -S, "3 1
al » ^ I S i.
^ 3 3 I 5 B E i
5 ^ \â– ^i
^.?
Iff
H V ^ o
f i i I
â– Sill
8 S a
EXTRACTS FROH THE LATE SHAu'S DIARIES. 373
s 1 1 ^ 1 1 i I
all
,1« 31
; ■! I £ " s - § °
■a -«'S o.Sja ao^
.|iiit.ril
lb > * 2 -3
-sal'
â– a 1 1 1 -a
.t - ' a
I II f S
a " * -I
": 1 S 1 I I
Soil's "gS'3
1 1 -' 1 1 1 3 I 3
1
6
> ?-^
h f
274
a â– * s â– "'
* I 6 .1
6^5 3
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
â– = i I I 3
-Sis -I .s^
1 3 ■■= § ". ^ «■i .a
s i s . I § J I ■I 1. 1
»«^.d Ss ä«i hS st^
; a S 5 § .
; -= a" .= * :
1 S •§ .-s S ,
ili||fii|l|li|
-g.s-S.SK.aSiBls-S'.3
•= 3 a
S-E I
4'^i â–
a S a S
3 I» JS 'S
■a g- ^ ü
i iS -p. 'I
5 f
J I f i
mOH THE LATE SHAH S DIARIES,
lii||l|ll:|f i
i.ii| !^ si £ 11?
„-t '.'2^ il i si i »
S.s.lilsl'-s'ssi'ä
11
s f ,
â– 3 'S fe =^
B « -i -a
•T ■1: a
3 3 S,-1
: = 1 b| Sil: ii;
â– 5lilils.:3l5S.
1
i!.i
276
•a b
en a
PERSUN ORAiniAR.
â– ?*ii3i|ii^l':i
i I i I = I - - i s i ~ I :
I pja »WS S a-'c *B s";
i 8,"
is
I =
I I
M
!
°'l'o'i~S|fs'f-l?'!
"Jä-c*! .-si "1]
S S Sail i3.;ls.S3
«4
•a>if
3 5,
h
^1 1
3 â– â–
if
%n i; ill ^. itj^
K-a-? ,.-5 M 1 i.'^'sij^
EXTRACTS FROM THE LATE SHAEl's DIARIES. 277
Q.SP99 ?a*Q..«^'Sö9o>'5ja5jt
i'si I s J ° S " I i ■? S - 5 I > s
tili 1 1 ^1 II ^l":^!;! 11
i.S5?!.^-g^S.oS.a'öS's-.!§K2j
'3 --
ilsl
IJäS:
äl ä:
I! ä ' - _
^ 'S a * s " â–
5 " I I J ^ c = i- -i
f"!« s|^| eS.?-1 .-1 s bI|
â– sax 3 â– ss.s|.S?|.ME3"'Sa
'aas ^!.ä5.l.^a"Jä.
s S I -
a ';; 3 -5 .
yil'M^iw?
13 ^ ^Kr^^t- ,-
l
.4
li nimilii^
11 5
PEEtSIAN ORAUUAR,
B * o ft -2 -
^ 2 ,
a * â– -
5 I a ^ .i
g 2 a
'S £ £ §1 1
.t -a «• s>
! "^ S -S S
• s" a" I i
I i .3 -d -2
- - - S a
I s
I M oa CO a h f
^ a m
J £ HI
S S 3 i S
â– f 1
■I Ö 2 •
a 3 jg 5
I 5 I
ä 3 „- t
lil
111
I -a I ^
lall
- -* 'S B
^ -3 .S -3
- ' 1 3
i â– = I a
3"* 1 f %
!i1
II
ill
) <'l
EXTRACTS FROU THE L&TE SHAH 3 DIARIIS.
15
& S S £ 9 B 1^
Sit ^3 i S
»is £ I ft
279
at
S t S
a 'S H
1 I :
^ J s * -f :
I 5 I 2 J ^
„ o ^ -ya .n ä s
' ■- ^ 5 " ä ^ 3 s
5,3
.* '^ 5 -
5S
^ä s o 'S -a
s^l.lii.S'i-
Sl 11 1 "^41 5
4 ot.
i\^2
\
PERSIAN QRAMUAR.
I r 1
Sa-
il I ä g J
9 =^
„-öS"
3 ä
l-IUli-
.a S- « g. " ^
[ s I ^ .^ - 3
i .i . I I e is I ;:
ll-i
I
It
ll
I
â– " s I 1 I â– ? 2 I
J. 3
' ä I I .& 'f I I i
«3
â– ^ 1 :
H 'S â–
= 3 g -
»3 - g, »
i III tifö?!
\\
X^ 'i^^
EXTRACTS FROH THE LATE SHAH's DIARIES.
â– f
a
i-ä
SSs-
' 'I -a
3 » J *
£ S o -"
2 ä '^ a - 5 **
gl 5^ 'S § 'a -
;s 1 1 'S 1 1| f .-
i i I-
■4: n € 2
I
©efe'f§:=. 00
ä & ^ Si ^ ,£ " -S -S 'S :9 'S
ill's i--ä|=*^^M äs
MJ3S VJi'S'nS'^'S^x K.
i 'J ._ -
Vt^
â– s-a i
r,i
PERSIAN QRAHIUR.
!<§ §
^1 ^ i I I .
el '--'- =
: 4 â–
1 1
4 5.
« s
5 S â– " â–
s s i r
1 1 £^
il.s
-^1
"^ i
91
rs
IS
I '^
i «i 3 I i 1
rSll-B S'
" 3 -c. I - -
^ .^ J 1 S â–
II
ill
I a_ a'
141% ~
m
EXTRACTS ]
TUE LATE SBAH S DIARIES.
- I -3 2 1
.1 ^ -o g
I? I i 1. 1 3 i
3" â– " " g
I & t- ir s.i
.s S 3 5 "s
s41 â– I'^l
l^ il
^ = i^
i 's a "
S -o 'S B -«I " "
9 .M 3 .5, W 'p. „5*
S « ■£ t 3 I
»" i, -2 Ä •« ~ I,
•sllii
>â– ?
4M k -^i
384
5 »■â–
PBRStAN QRAMtUR.
f I J i ? 3 •! •; ä '^
s s I « 3 i I s-3
^rMii
I I I- 1 -I " f .
I. I
â– II
•s f.
l|
1 i.
3 . ä
& â– 1 1 â–
1^
s I â–
ft
â– ^
KXTRACTS FROH TUE LATE SHAH's DIARIES.
lull
s s i 1 J
"- â– =. w" -I S
"<« i "a '°
a S "^ ;c 'S
5 "
m a
i4
tf?t
PERSIAN GRAUUAR.
I *1
lit
1 la
1
13.
>
a
l(S
â– i
.5
1 p
1
|2 g
o
^ b
i.^
e
1- 1
i >^
11
1 i
il
i"^
1 3
â– '*i
n
? I
H
^.
I ^
i i
^ «J
288
PERSUN ORAMMAR.
O.
o
^
6 ^
13
^ s
•
60
OQ
.1-1 *^
-^ 6
h«
•V
ca
o
• 03
•
9
00
hi
O
•4» ?5
•
s
sidam, Sir.
ressing a lady
ressing an inf
uger's breadth
•
1
length of a h
2 'S)
1«
bo <0
3 *
1. s
rO -^
ca
to
o
►»
CO
P4 iS
8*
a
'S 'S
08
o8
08
08
^â– ^
5
08
09
^
O
o
I
'S
o
•4»
s
Q
V.
<*
b
<*i*
^
s
•
9S
^
«%
i
^
&b
•
5
•<
§
^
s
oo
ä
S
^
CO
•
Ol
3
&
^
S
•
o
**
hi
s
bO
TH
•
CO
•
• p4
O
t
00
B
M
•
;^
-4«
00
bo
§
'S
•
lis
1
o
o
\
a>
a. g _^ S Si
â– 3-1,
;|^&ä
° ° I : i i I
S-l .18 = «
i -^ I f !! -I I i '°
ä.gj.sjssg|.||:
I l.^sS
11 1
1 '. 1
1 il ill
i m;^:^
290
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
o
2
TS
s
^ S £
Ol p
o
i
.5 s i
i • "
^1
â– ^ OB
S Ö
o
OB *4
OB
CS
.a
OB
s
u
M
'S
B
o
O o S ^
a «S 'S
'S 2" So
I
fl
B 5 _r
-« 'S
OB
<1
Pi O
o
•r
o
'Je
aä C a ^
Jq A .s a
IS
•I
t
08
s? a
'^ "♦*
S bt)
08 P
OB ^
S ^
TS
-2 -^
l^
3 J ^^ D
OB
p
o
-a
p
■*»
o
08
ENGLISH-PERSIA:^ VOCABULARY.
abandon
abreviated
abreyiation
abdication
abdomen
abhorrence
ability
abject
abjectness
able
ablution
abode
— (pl'ir.)
abolish
about) around
— nearly
— concerning
aboYe
aboYe mentioned
^J^ t^y tark kardan
yoÄ^U mukhtasar
^LaÄ:>t ikhtisar
isti'fls
shikam
nifrat
qabillat
khar, zaill
khari) zalalat
zarang
Yuzn
manzil , maksn
manszil, amEkin
mouqnf kardan
dour, gird
taqriban
dar khuBüs
balE
mazknr
mazbUr
A)
ü^l
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
abridged
yoXSKA mukhtasar
abroad
Sj"^ khary
abscess
JuJj dumbal
abscence
c;aaxc gheibat
absent
v-^ ghaib
absolute
yJüioA mutlaq
abstinence
jt^T^ parhiz
absurd
Oj^ ^ bl-khud
to abuse (bad lan-
Qv>b (J^^^^i fuhsh dadan
guage)
•
— ill usage
\^)^j «Aj bad rafton
acacia
LsL^i aqaqia
academy
^^yLaJI yo dar ul funnn
accept
^^ ^Lö qabul kardan
accident
J^\ ittiteq
accidentally
l3Uj't ittif&qan
accompany
^^3^ r^y^ hamroh raftan
according to
\jfii)]yA muysfiq-i
accordingly
^} Jj^j bina bar m
accountant
w^umtL^^^ muhoaib
•
accountbook
pö daffcar
accounts
v^Lmw»> hisab
•
accredited (dipl.)
A^JU muqim
accuracy
owd^ diqqat
accurate
sJ^ daqlq
accusation
UJ« iddi^
accustom (oneself)
^S coLc %dat giriftan
accustomed
&Äi>^T smnkhta
ache
u>.J dard
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
293
acid
acquaintance
acquire
acquit
acrobat
act plur :
— (of a play)
to act
— (in a play)
actor
adapt
add (figures)
addition
— (in arithmetic)
address (of a letter)
adieu
adjectiye
adjutant
administration
admiral
admire
admission
adopt
adore
adult
adulterated
adultery
JJLiu
oV
a^)
iksUot
I
Ãœt
tursh
sshnOl
hssil kardan
riha kardan
bozT gar
kttr , fi*"! plur : af^l
parda
kardan (kun)
bszi dar avurdan
muqallid
mansüb kardan
jam^ zadan
izafa
jam«
4nvEn
vida«
ism-i sifat
ajndan
idara
amir ul bahr
darya bag!
hazz kardan
dukhnl
tabanni k.
parastrdan
bEligh
makhlnt
zina
294
PERSUN QRAMMilR.
adyance (to)
advancement
advantage
plur:
advantageous
adventure
advertise
advice
advocate
affair
afflicted
afraid
afresh
after
afternoon
afterwards
again
against
age
agent
agio
agreement
agriculture
ague
aigrette
aim (to)
air
••1 A , .
â– Juti
it,
plnr: j^.lSj
plur: ^.Lao»
\s
pish raftan
taraqql
Mda
favayid
muftd
vHqi'a
vaqoi^
i^lEn kardan
naslhat
nassyih
vakil
kEr
parlshon
tarssn
az sar-i nou
baM ax
^asr
^1 jl Juu ba'd az an
^, ^b baz, digar
Joi9 ^ bar zidd-i
-•^ ^umr
«jC^Uy gumashta
O.M9 sarf
.La qarEr
\si/^yy zarS^t
;J v^' tap-i larz
O^/ JjiyJ qaravul giriftan
\j^ hava
EKOLISH-PERSMN VOCABULARY.
alas!
_jl_i:
afsOB
alchemy
W-i-
kimia
alcohol
J^i
alkuhnl
alooTe
o«^.l^
shSh nishin
alight (to)
o^' o^
psin smadan
alike
/j>
barKbar
alire
.JJ)
zinda
all
1^
hama
alliance
.Jo-bu
mn^hida ^ v,55
allow (to)
O^lJ „Ol
izn dsdan
almanac
r*fi
taqTTm
almighty
yii
qHdir
almond
fbb
bodsm
almOBt
v-jä
qanb
alms
OijA»-
kheirst
«lone
l^-
tanhs
Blond
Mh
bnland
alphabet
V 1
alif be
also
f»
ham
alteration
r»*i-
taghylr
oltfaongh
â– */'
agarchi
altogether
5X]L bilknU
always
hamlsha
amazed
o'r"
heiran
ambassador
.5^'.^
saftr, llohl
plur: Iji*
safars
amber (straw attractor)
4,.^
kah-rabs
amble
"J^
ynrgha
among
oL*-
mum
296
amoroas
amulet
amusement
ancestors
anchor
ancient
and
anecdote
angel
anger
angle
animal
annalist
annul (to)
another
answer
ant
— (white ant)
antediluvion
antiquities
anxious
any
apart
aperient
apologize
apoplexy
apothecary
apparent
appetite
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
• ••
• ••
plur : oU|^A>
^hiq
ta^yiz
tafarruj
ajdad
langar
qadim
u, va
naql
firishta
tagheiyur
kunj
heivEn
heivonEt
TEqi^a nigsr
bstil kardan
digar, gheir
javEb
mUrcha
mnrisna
qabl az tufkn
antlqa
diltang
hlch
juda Ufc-^
mushil
^uzr khEstan (khsh)
sakta
davEsEz
zEhir
ishtihE
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
297
apple
u^iuw Sib
• ••
appointment
ou.y«L« ma^mnrlat
appreciate
(;Uä)
QvX4>Ä ow4.aJLc ghanlmat shumur
dan (shumsr)
apprentice
0^\Ji4 shsgird
approve
Q<Xiv>JuM^ pasandidan
((AJumo) (pasand)
apricot
•
\^S^^ >)( Oj\ zard Ola qeisi
apron
u\aj,jÄ-o pishband
apt
v^^i^Luo munasib
•
Arabia
^IJuMoy: ^arabistan
Arab
\^j£ ^arab
arabian
]c .
arabic
^f^ arabi
arch
V^j^^ vj'-'^ ^^^ mihrab
archives
^ daftar
argument
J.Ai> dalll
plur: Jj'Ü^ dalffyil
arid
viV..^^Ö* khushk
aristocracy
Lh^ nujabE
arithmetic
vJ.^^ hisab
arm
3jb baza
arms
j^^OLmI aslaha
army
y^f^ qushnn
around
^^ dour
arrange
^b v^y tartib dadan
arrest (to)
qOJ^ (jo'^a^ habs kardan
arrive
(lT)) O-^^^^ rasldan (ras)
arrival
o^jj vurnd
arriving
öi^ vsrid
im
PERSIAN QEIAMMAR.
arrogance
j^jc. ghurttr
arrogant
j^jkA maghmr
arrow
ja5 tlr
arsenal
&3L>^ qnrkhsna
art
^ fann
plor: QyLi fannn
artificial
^yCx^'U sHkhtagl
artillery
il3L>s^' tnpkhsna
artillery man
L<^^ *^P<^^
artist
oU^t ustsd
ash
(fkA:^u/ qU zabEn-i gnnjishk
ashamed (to be)
^Juu^ u>JL^\i> khajalat kashldan
ashes
^ÄM.Jlj> khskistar
ask (to)
iu^ß) O^^^^;^ pursidan (purs)
asleep
ii\\jjy^ khEblda
asparagus
juy^L« msrchnba
ass
jS> khar
assassin
^13 qatil
assassination
vp3 qatl
assault
assembly
(jiJL:^ majlis
plar: ,jmJL^ majalis
assist
^^S A-^ kumak kardan
assistant
q^Ljm mu^yin
associate
<i)u^ shank
plur: L5y^ sharakH
astray
sL«/ gumrsh
astrologer
l»j^\JL« munajjim
astrology
astronomy
«k.^ü A.Lc Hlm-i nujTIm
ENOLISH-PERSIAM VOCABULARY,
barefoot
>JJ>j3 b pa barahna
iLiJ'j) ,1s kala barahna
barley
j=f jou
barn
^LJl ambar
barracks
uU> jUy. sarbRz Uüoia
barrel
â– -^ pip
- (of a gun)
«J^ Inla
barren
«)ui> khnshi
barricade
/i- sangar
bate
«i:*— ^ past
baaU
^yL=AJJ reihsn
basin
^ «1^,^ tasht, lagan
basket
J>»^ sabad
bastard
v^U'l^ harsmisda
bastinado
A^Cli , y^ chnb n falaka
bastinado (to)
^Jij vj^ <=hnb zadan
bastinadoed (to be)
^yl>JJ3â– yj^ chnb kburdan
bath
J.«j> hamm&m
battle
aUa- Jang
bayonet
»^ neiza
bazaar
^IjL bKzSr
be (to)
((jäib) j^ bndan (bash)
bead
9^ muhra
beak
tiU nuk
beam (wood)
^- tir
bean
LrfjJ !nbra
bear
^y> khirs
beard
lA!^ Hsh
beast
A*^ bahlma
plnr: ^l^ bahayim
beat (to)
(oß C^ ^" (™>
JWZ
PEEiSIAN GRAMMAR.
beaatifd]
\^JJiÄ qashang
beauty
^JM*^' hxLsn
beaver
_.jt (^Cm sag-i Hbl
because
tS Ln zlrH ki
become (to)
(y^) qOs^ shudan (shou)
becoming
2ÃœU0L& shHyasta
bed
^L3. vi>^, rakht-i khEb
bedstead
vy> c^^.^* takht-i khab
bedroom
»l/v^ khabgoh
bee
^y^\ zambur
beef
^IS c>M^^ gUsht-i gOY
beer
^^ \^\ Hb-i jou
beetle
^^ sin
beetroot
y-Xi^^ chuqundur
- (red)
^ labu
before
^ qabl
beg (to)
^S LcJüumI istid^ kardan
— (alms)
qO^^ <3^^ gadai kardan
beggar
tj^ gada
begin
ijj) ^/ giriftan (gir)
beginner
f^ßMJ^ mubtadi
behind
c>Äc ^aqab
belieye
^S .^b bSTar kardan
bell
tiCij zang
belly
aX;^ shikam
below
ß) ^
belt
JOj ^ kamar band
ENOLISH-PERSIAN VOCABUI.AHV,
bend (trauB)
— (intrans)
bend (subst)
besides
besiege
best
bet (to)
better
between
beyond
bible
bier
big
bigotry
bill
— (of eioh.)
bind (to)
bird
birth
biscuit
bit
bite (to)
bitter
black
blackguard
blacksmith
blade (sword ,
blame
knife)
y;«
Baku
^l^^ piohaudan
(f^'i Cf^-tr^ pichidan (pioh)
^'t^
pich u kham
j'.,^
'alSra aa
^/ ,yd^
muhasira kardan
crt*
bibtarln
d^-^^
sfaart baatan
/«
bihtar
oL^i
misn
^>oi
an taraf
»SMI J ,^j^-
tonnt Ta anjil
o„U
tsbnt
,.>ili-, /jj,
bnznrg, knlnft
ta'assnb
wl_=.
hisab
•^y
barst
(j^) „iL»,
bastan (band)
4^
mnrgh
^>-
tavaUud
Aii- ^Li
nun-i khnchk
â– ^
para
o-^/
gazldan
.c
talkb
sish
â– ^lifl-'
faaramzada
,Ss»<
«hangar
ÃœAJ
tigha
V-**. ,r^->äJ'
taqsir, 'eib
plur: vj*e
•liyTib
>>U4 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
blanket
jXj patu
— (of a horse)
J^ j«l
blasphemy
^ kufr
bleed (to)
J'j O^y C^ ^^^ giriftan, rag
Q^ zadan
blessed
K^jlxA mnbarak
blind
j/ knr
block (to)
^^^as^Lm s^^Xmka masdnd BUkhtan
blood
Q^ khnn
bloodthirsty
.t^Q^ khnnkhsr
blossom (to)
^^yC^ shignftan
blottingpaper
ij^ü^ Jccli' kaghaz-i Hbkash
blow (to)
(j3) a^:;3 vazldan (yaz)
— (with the breath)
^o^ vJi^ pnf kardan
blue
J^ Äbi
blunt
^y^ kund
board
iOi^' takhta
boast (to)
qOj vJ'i laf zadan
boat (rowing)
^r^/ karajT
body
^^^Aj , ^' tan , badan
— dead
vOy4 mnrda
boil (to)
q(XJLm^ jnshonidan
bold
^ dilir
bolster
JJb balish
bolt
vi>^ chift
bomb
s^U«^ khumpHra
bone
qL^eUmI ustukhsn
book
v^U^ kitsb
•
plur: w^ kutub
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
305
bookbinder
oL^^ sahhsf
bookbinding (the)
boot
Jjb- jild
JuX:?!- chakma
border
&jum;L> hoshla
••
born
»«>U zada
borrow
— (money)
botany
both
^^^ u>oUt amnnat giriftan
^j^ {jo^ qarz kardan
^LjU ^ llm-i nabatati
)0 ß har du
bottle
Awäuuä shisha
• •
bottom
Ki tah
bough
bouquet
bow
^U shnkh
jJumOJL^ gnldasta
qU/ kaman
to bow
Q^y OjIjü ta^'aruf kardan
bowl
jlJS kasa
box (big)
— (small)
— (on the ear)
box (to)
boxtree
^^(AJLo sandaq
jua:> ja^ba
^U sill
Q^; owMw« musht zadan
oLA^ shamshad
boy
bracelet
y*o pisar
J^ vi>^mO dastband
braces
^LLm^ JOj band-i shalyar
brackish
y^ shür
brain
J&4 maghz
brand
brandy
brass
brayo !
^0 dagh
dLi^ knnyak
gjy birinj
x> x> bah I bahl
• •
20
iJUÖ
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
bread
O^
nan, nan
breadth
break (to)
breakfast
f^l^j pahnai
(q^) ,^jä>«X& shikastan (shik
.Ui nahar
breast
mm
sina
— (female)
breath
to breathe
breeches
pistHn
nafas
nafas kashldan
shaWar
breechloader
••
tah pur
breeze
brick (unbumt)
•
p.. "
... A »^
nasTm
khisht
— (burnt)
bride
bridegroom
-* •
ajur
*arU8
dsmad
bridge
bridle
brigand
^r^ J^ pul, jiar
^^i> jilou
q;». rahzan
bright
0^5;
roQshan
bring
(/) o V
SYurdan (sr)
broad
broker
pahn
dallsl, simssr
bronze
brooch
chndan
sanjaq
broom
V3>;L>
jarab
broth
;^>w;^w^t
abgusht
brother
baradar
brown
brush
qahyal
pak kun
ENQLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
bnokle
ü)X- Bagak
bnd
Vf'-^ ghnncha
buffalo
iji-;^ i<^ gST-i mTsh
bug
u.L.m
— (poiaonona)
aJu* ijS gana, malla
build
^Ji^ Uj bana kardan
builder
Ãœj banns
building
o,'i-*t 'imarat
bulb
j^ pra^
bullet
â– J^ gulnia
bunch
fciija- khusha
burden
jL bar
burial
^^.> dafu
burn (trans)
^yJulJJ- Bnzttndan
- (intrana)
(j^) ,^^ ankhtan (anz)
burst
(«iJjj) ^^jJ^Ji tarakidan (tarak)
baah
iJfi buta
buainess
^ly kar
bu-y
Jykl. ma»hghal
but
0*y "kan
butcher
wL^ qaaaSb
butler
c^-xJ^ i_r-^ piah-khidmat
butter
./ kara
— (clarified)
O^j rooghau
butterfly
til^ bU ahah parak
button
juS*^ dukma
buy
(y>) (^ji- khandan (khar)
buyer
^^X^rf muahtan
308
cabbage
C.
kalam
cage
U-Ää
qafas
cake
tr^jÄ^ O^
nSn-i rfunm
oalwnity
5b
bals
calf
a-^ gouila
oalioo
jlX4ä, ^.^
ohit, qalamksr
call
^/ l^k*a
sads kardan
called
I.,—
muBammS
camel
jXÄ
shutur
»i«lj
babnna
camp
5->;
nrdn
camphor
j^
kamr
canal
VO^. ;»i
nahr, jub
candle
i*^
sham'
candlestick
„IJ-^
Bham'dBD
cane
iJ^
nei
cannon
vy
top
canter
J^ji*
charnal
canyas
uJ</
karbss
cap
.^
knlah
capable
iJi qlbil
capacity
«^lä
qBbillaH
cape
J-
Bar
caper
^^f
kabar
capital
.ji-ias i^Lj
psyi takht
caprice
jV«^-
talavTun-i miiBj
captain
olU-
Bnltsn
captiTe
r^l
aalr
caravan
,jSjb-, «lila
qafila, kiraTKn
CNQLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
309
carayanserai
^y^\^JS karvonsars
carcass
(>^ lash
card (play)
«ij^u/ ganjafa
— (visiting)
o^li^ gart
care
yä fikr
careful
Jo.xi»' khabardar
careless
-«3> .^ bl khabar
carnation
u^^Lyo mikhak
carpenter
^L^ najjar
carpet (general)
•'-' i ,JS>I3 farsh
— (knotted)
^ qall
— (woven)
^ gillm
~ (felt)
Jui namad
carriage
jJCjwJb^ kalaska
carrier
JU^ hammal
carrot
gay> havTj
carry
(x^) O-^;^ burdan (bar)
cartridge
• (iXJLMi fishang
to carve
(jfcly) ^AxÄly tarashldan (tarffsh)
carving
(JmJü naqsh
cascade
SJi^ abshor
cash
cXfli ^ pUl-i naghd
to cast (in a mould)
(jj^) ^^jXib^ rikhtan (nz)
castle
<^t jjdd ^ q&sr, qal^a, ark
castor oil
elj?" o*^ roughan chiragh
to castrate
..dk>^ aä:^ akhta kardan
cat
«u/ gurba
— (long haired
Persian
cat) ^' J burrffq
catalogue
31Ü
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
to catob
(;*^) o^
giriftan (gir)
cauldron
<^ dig
cauterize
O^/ gb
dagh kardan
cavalry
tj\ym
savsra
cayern
>
ghar
caviar
yj^ (f^
tukhm-i mshl
to cease
o^ r^
tamsm shndan
ceiling
â– SC
saqf
celebrated
OjjM j^iä^
mashhur , ma^mf
celery
cr*li'
kalafs
cellar
O^J :»>
zlr zamin
centre
/;-
markaz
ceremony
O
rasm
— plur.
rrj
rusum
certain
o^-
yaqm
certificate
tasdlq
— (of a servant)
<3cXJu«Lto^ Jutl/
kaghaz-i rizsmandl
chain
jf^j
zanjTr
cbair
^.JJU^
sandalT
chalk
cX^ J/
gil-i saftd
chamberlain
^yi3> vi>^KXi=UioO
pTshkhidmat-i huzUr
chancery
••1 V
daftar
chandelier
e}fr M=ir
chihil chirsgh
chandler
JLib baqqsl
to change
V Q>y U»;C
^avaz kardan
chapter
« •
bsb
character
1 •
khaslat
charcoal
JU;
zughal
EMQLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
311
charg^ d'affaires
^y^\ J^ ^J^^U
charjdafar, kafrl-i
umnr
charity
r/
karam
charm
talism
chastity
^asmat
cheap
oV
arzsn
cheapness
e^y
arzani
cheating
•
taghallnb
cheese
chemist
panir
^attar, daysssz
cheque
barat
cherry (sweet)
^-^
gTlHS
— (sour)
chess
chest (human)
• •
slabsla
shatranj
sina
chestnut
b^h sU
shah balnt
chicken
chief
child
V •
juja
ra^s , khan
bacha
childhood
^*^'^
bachagT
chimney
\jt*S Oy^
dadkash
chin
China
China , Chinese
chintz
choke
zanakh
Chin
chlnl
qalamkar
khafa shudan
cholera
^J
Yaba
choose
o^/ ;^*===^'
ikhtiar kardan
Christ
Hazrat-i ^Isa
Christian
t gV***"^^
^savl
312
PERSIAN ORAMMAft.
ohroniole
t^:)y t^'P
church
•• ••
cinnamon
iji-i^ J'^
circle
»ji'^
circumcision
k ••••i^
cistern
^U. v"l
citadel
»jJS
city
jtr"
ciyility
vol
claim
•
—
Uot
claimant
L?»^
class
«iub, f^mji
claw
JUO:?-
clay
0^
clean
V
clear
oLo
to cleave
oIXä ^U^
clergyman
clever
u^ W
climate (water and
air) !>^ 5 V^
to cling
'v O "V
cloak
•
clock
^JmJL^L« Vl>^»iAM
to close
iXu ^y:^
cloth
c^pL«
to clothe
uSj^ o^^^
— (causal)
o*-^ e>^U^
clothes
•
u*M
tsrikh plor: tavs-
nkh
kalisya
dar-chinT
daira
khatna
sb-ambar
qal^a
shahr
adab
talab
iddi'a
mudda^
qism, tabaqa
changal
psk
ssf
shiksftsn (shiksf)
kashish
ba hush
ab u hava
chaspldan (chasp)
'aba
ss'at-i majlisi
bastan (band)
mahut
pushidan (push)
pnshandan (püshsn)
rakht
libos
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
ms
cloud
/ abr
ClOTC
^.^Ly« mikhak
clover
jJu^ shabdar
coachhouse
Kks> &<^iy kalaskakhsna
coachman
^y^iJLJl^ kslaskaohl
coal
\^J^ v3^ zughsl-i sang
coarse
\z:^^ durusht
coast
JjS kansr
—
^U sshil
— (plar.)
^y:>i^AM savshil
coat (persian)
(C^^jy» sardsn
cobweb
o^a>CjLc ^U tar-i 'ankabnt
cock
cofifee
\j^^ khurus
8^ qahva
coffin
coin
ciyLj tsbnt
jJCim sikka
to coin
cold (adj.)
^^ Vt^ 2^^ kardan
Jy» sard
to catch cold
collar
\^j^ I^T^ sarms khurda
jjj jakha
to collect
^S ^^ jam^ kardan
collyrium
jüt.A» surma
colonel
^Cjjy« sarhang
colour
^y rang
colt
•^ karra
colamn
comb
.•«yuH^ suiUn
juU shsua
to comb
^: jJUt shina sadan
to come
(T) ^yJT smadan (b)
314
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
comet
Jo tXS^itjJi^
sitsra-yi dumb&la
dar
comic
(iL^UO^
mazhik
command
O^;^ r^
hakm, farmsn
to command
^? O^^;^
farmadan (farms)
commentary
• ••
J"
tafsTr
commerce
tijsrat
companion
^j^i
raflq
to compare
muqsbila kardan
comparatiyely
• •
bi*n nisba
compass
•
qibla namS
compensation
olilX«
maksf^t
complaint
^^^
shiksyat
complete
r^-
tamsm
compliments
*jLm
salsm
composed
-V
murakkab
to conceal
Q(jy o^"^ panhan kardan
concerning
(JO^AO^ jij
dar khusns
concession
imtisz
conciliation
musslaha
condition
J«>
hsl
pi or : J|^^
ahYSl
— (stipul)
shart
plur: -b^j^
sbnmt
to condole
o^/ ^i*^*
ta^zia kardan
conduct
M
raftsr
confectioner
shinnTssz
confederacy
bJO-Ljm
mu^shida
to confess
c^/ y/
iqrsr kardan
confidence
,,>L8äJ
i'tiqsd
confidentially
^L«-^U
mabramsna
ENOLISH>PERSUN VOCABULARY.
315
to confirm
to confiscate
^^ vJolXaoj tasdiq kardan
^0|^ iaxMO zabt kardan
conformably
confusion
to congratulate
conjurer
OU|^ mavafiq
^3«^ shulaq
Qcy ^^' tabrik kardan
y>LM sahir
to conquer
to consent
consolation
^cy ^sj3 fath kardan
^2^Jy Lf^j '^^^ büdan
^JL^ tasalli
consul
consulate
JmmoJ» qnnsul
^S^,M^ qansulgan
contagion
v:>ot.A» sarsyat
contagious
content
jCj^M«^ musrT
^1; razi
to contradict
qO.S' c>. radd kardan
contrary
(jMsXc Juk? zidd, ^aks
contrivance
convalescence
^joJü tadblr
convent
conversation
j^ deir
v^>uu^:uo suhbat
cook
to cook
cool
lA^T Hshpaz
jj ^^jL^* pukbtan (paz)
<^)uLi> khunuk
copper
coppersmith
copy
(j«wo mis
^Cmwo misgar
o|^^ savad
cork
;iuAj ujy> chnb-i pamba
corkscrew
(i^uo pich
316
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
com
a«
ghalla
corner
tr"
kunj
corporal
J-^3
yakil
corpulent
aU^
chsq
to correct
C^/
tas-hlh kardan
correspondence
•
mukatiba
corridor
O^"^
dalsn
corrupt
v!>*-
kharab
cost
^^
qimat
cotton
^
pamba
cough
sulfa
to count
^UÄ qs3j4-Ä
sbumurdan (shu-
msr)
counterfeit
,_^Xx>Lm sakhtagi
country
^:ii
â–¼ilsyat
countryseat
^^
yeilsq
couplet (yerse)
beit
courage
l?jaJ->
dilm
courier
^^^
chspffr
court
>>>
darbsr
courtesan
Jinda
cover
pnsbisb
to coyer
o^^
qJüU^ poshandan (pnnhsn)
cow
.L^
gay
coward
>-*y
tarsa
crab
iäCÄ?>y> kharchang
crack
*^/
tarak
cradle
"Vm^
gahyara
crayat
OJ^o^ gardanband
cream
\^Lr>
khama
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
317
to create
creator
creature
credentials
creditor
crime
cripple
crooked
crop
to cross
crow
crowd
crown
to crucify
cruel
cruelty
to crush
to cry
crystal
cucumber
cultivated
cultiyation
cup
cupboard
cupola
curb
curds and whey
cure
curiosity
curl
Vj
if
«J****!
u
> • ••
(Mb
M
^^^ly gar
afarldan (sfarin)
khaliq
makhlTXq
ikhtiHr nsma
talab-kar
taqsir
chulagh
kham , kaj
hosil
^ubar kardan
kalagh
jam^at
bi sallb zadan
zalim
zulm
khurd kardan
dad zadan
bular
khiar
abad
zara^at
finjan
dulabcha
gumbad
dahana
most
'ilaj
kunj kSYl
zulf
318
currants
currier
currycomb
curse
curtain
cushion
custom
custom-house
to cut
cypress
dagger
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
siAAM sabza
^x> dabbsgh
^^ qashou
oJLiJ la^nat
»Ojj parda
^JLlb balish
^. rasm
9J^ ^j^ gumruk-khsna
(jj) ^^ burrldan (burr)
^y*M sarr
D.
jj^^ khanjar
dam
J<^ sadd
damage
^*^ khar&bT
11
yj^ zarar
Damascus
^U Sham
damasked (steel)
1
.b -^v> jouhar-dar
to dance
danger
dangerous
(^joi^ Qjuukoi. rakhsTdan (rakhs)
l3=> khatar
elU^i^ khatamak
daring
ot^ jur^at
dark
i^mj tank
darkness
jL^p tanki
date (fruit)
Lo^ khurma
— (time)
daughter
gj^Li tankh
JCio dukhtar
day
)5; r^z
dead
lO^ murda
ZMOLtSH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
deaf
/
l^ar
dealing
>lL.U^
mu'ainala
dear (beloved)
— (expensiTe)
o'/
'anz
girin
death
debt
debtor
marg
qarz
bidili mr
decanter
J^
tung
to decaf
(trsd) CV-^l*^ pnaldan (pne)
deceit
to decorate
taqallub
zTnat dsdan
decoration
(order)
O^
niaban
to dednct
a>j< r'
kam Icardan
deep
defeat
li
gond
ahilcaBt
to defend
,w •^^
himayat kardan
defendant
»Ji i,^«X.
â– nudda's ileibi
degree
deliciouB
daraja
lazlz
d.lighl
oJJ
lazzat
to deliver
delnje
demon
demon of
the deeert
taaltm kardan
tnfen
div
glHil-i brabnni
denial
jUil
inkEr
dentiit
jL. ylAi>
dandan-BSE
to depose
deposit
(offioe)
ma'zDl kardan
amsnat
deputy
--.u
najib
320
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
derision
to descend
to describe
description
desert
deserving
desire
to despair
to despise
destiny
to destroy
detail
devil
dew
dialogue
diamond
diarrhoea
diary
— ^of a journey)
di4tionary
\Ä/ die
difference
different
difficult
to dig
to digest
dignity
diligent
nsh-khand
^lXJ) ^L psm smadan
^{ v-Ay" ta^nf kardan
^Lj beyan
.|ÃœLj bisban
}^y^ sazsvsr
\ srza
QckÄ (jmmU msyas shudan
^^^4.^ ^-i^ bi hlch na shu-
murdan
c>^ bakht
qJ»^ sJ^f> khai^b kardan
J^AAOSJ tafsll
qLLa^ sheiton
aJL^ shabnam
ySJs!S gnfluga
^L»Jt almas
3^ is'hsl
x^ü;». raznsma
iü«li Jum safar-nsma
vi^Jtl lughat
(jfjk) Q«-y« murdan (mir)
o^U:^ ,^3^ farq, tafavut
f^ if^ J'^^"^ ^^^"
,)X^ mushkU
(^) ^OsJS' kandan (kan)
[j^/ J^^O* tahlll kardan
qL& shsn
^.1/ kar-kun
ENnLISH-PERSIAN TOOABULARY.
321
to dine
o^;^^ r^
sham khurdan
dining-room
2ÃœL^ VjAam
sufra-khana
dinner
i»L*M
sham
direction
v:;n4i<w»
samt
directly
o^j
al on
director
\J^J
ra^ls
dirt
ittöU^
kassfat
dirty
v-J'aSS', ^j^
chirk, kasif
to discharge
^^b v!>>
jaysb dsdan
discipline
^Lkül
intizsm
discontented
OyUy>U
n^Tkhnshnlld
to discover
O^/ '^^
peida kardan
to disgrace
a^/ !>r>
rusYS kardan
dish
Lr*>
dis
— (food)
e)I,y>
khursk
disinterested
U=*/ iji
bl-gharaz
to dismiss
oV u*V
murakhkhas kai
disobedient
LT^/"
sarkash
dispersed
vjjj*^
mutafarriq
displeased
vjils» gi^
kaj-khulq
dispute
t^Ci>
da^ya
to dissolve
C^/ ^
hall kardan
distance
v:>3Lmw«
masafat
distant
.>9''
dar
to distribute
taqsim kardan
district
*V*
bulnk
ditch
,3»aä»
khandaq
ditto
••
eizan
to dive
Ü-*J!5^ *V
ghnta khurdan
to divide
o^/«.*^
qismat kardan
21
322
PERSIAN
GRAMMAR.
divine
divorce
to do
doctor
^^T ilabT
^^ taloq
(^) ^ji' kardan (kun)
^»^^ hakim
dog
— (sporting)
— (greyhound)
doll
eC» sag
9Jiyh tala
^Lj tszl
eUib^^ ^arusak
dome
\XxjS gumbad
domestic
domicile
_XiLi^ khsnagT
J^ manzil
door
.0 dar
— (to shut the door)
— (to bolt the door)
— (to open the door)
dot
,JLo \^ j^ dar-rs pish kardan
0^ 1^ y^ dar-i^ chift kardan
^ K \. y^ dar-ra vs kardan
«Iifij nuqta
double
^ 3k> da Is
doubt
dkÄ shak
dough
j*:^ khamlr
dove
down
j^5j45 qumn
dragoman
draper
^^ mutarjim
jlj^ bazzaz
draft
oi^ barst
aJ|^ havsla
draughtsboard
jJ f&Xi^* takhta-yi nard
to draw
drawer (furniture)
drawers
dreadful
(u^) o"-^^^"^ kashidan (kash)
&ak:> ja^ba
Ä^L> jjj zir-jEma
wAx^^ muhib
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
323
to dream
o^^ v!>^
dress
u»u
to dress
O*-^*^ <i^j
to drill
\ ^ . Ä •*• J«
to drink
<J!)^) C^J>^
to drip
(^) a^"*^
to driye
(o^j) O'^'j
— (in a carriage)
^yS, «juJLi' j\y^
drop (of liquor)
aJiä
*^
drowned
^f-
druggist
)Ls.
drum
^
>
oW^W
drunk
y*TKM*J^
dry
«äUx^
duck
tfb^l
dumb
Si
dun (horse)
dung
O^M
dungeon
ä3L> yjjj^
durability
^\^ö
during
pb u
dust
A=> 3 0/
to dust
a^/^/
duster
jL« vi>*^^^
duty
c^xIXj
to dye
o^j A
dynasty
khab didan
libss
rakht pnshldan
mashq kardan
khurdan (khur)
chakidan (chak)
randan (ran)
savar-i kalaska raf-
tan
qatra
chaka
gharq
^attar
tabl
balaban
mast
khushk
urdak
lal
samand
pahin
dustakh-khana
davam
ma dam
gard u khak
gard giriftan
dastmal
taklif
rang zadan
silsila
324
PERSIAN ORAMMAR.
each
eagle
ear
— (of com)
early
earring
earth
earthenware
earthquake
ease
easy
east
The East
to eat
ebony
edifice
to educate
education
effect
— (fried)
— soft boiled
egotism
either-or
elastic
elbow
— (plar:)
UÄ5» *f
cry*'
5; r*^ r*^'
Li L
•• ••
•• •
har yaki
qara-qUsh
gUsh
khusha
zad
gushysra
zamin, khsk
kuzal
zaizala
rshat
ason
mashriq
mashriq-zamm
khurdan (khur)
sbnns
^imsrat
tarbiat kardan
tarbiat
asar
tukhm
tukhm-i nlm-ra
tukhm-i mm band
khud-parasti
ytt-ya
jahanda
mirfaq
marsfiq
EHQLIS II- PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
to elect
(CT*/) o^/ g"«d»° (P»^)
elegaot (in clotbeB)
tjJ^ (jSjS- khneh-libBs
element
j*ai« 'nnanr
- (pliir)
ytJu^ 'ftowir
elephant
^ ftl
elm
CfiJ^ nwyan
eloquence
if>^»Uai faanhat
eloquent
^^ foslh
embaBBy
tjjS o,Li- eaftrat-i kubra
to embezzle
^^S Mi^bp' khiBnat kardan
to embrace
"jyS/ ^ baghal giriftan
embroidery
iSj9^ guldnzl
emerald
Jj-j «umnmid
emery
*^^JL-. sumbBda
emetic
^^äx»^ muBtafrigh
emperor
^^1^1 imparatur
empress
U-V'i5*' inipMStrlB
employed
JjÄ^ mashghnl
empty
JL>. khBll
enamel
lü^ mins
enclosed (in a letter)
iiJ laffan
end
ji-T IlkLir
to end
^JXä. fU:i tamSm shadan
enemy
f^^^ dashman
«aergy
vJijÄ shonq
engagement
•bXsj Ta'da
engine
p*^ mashin
engineer
U-Aif. mnhandis
English
U-ilXil ingllB
enougb
U- b"
•
^ kBit
dW
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
to enter
. u>J^ ^\> dakhil Bhodan
enTelope
c>^b pskat
enyions
öyi^o hasud
enyirous
o^^l atraf
enyy
Juxo hasad
equal
J^yi barsbar
error
.yi£ ghalat
to escape
(»^) ^yiJ00j rastan (rah)
especially
etc
»^ 3 ya gheira
eternity (without beginning) M azal
— (without end)
lAji abad
•
eunuch
Ur&>t^ khsja, sghs
Europe
^U.^^ Farangistsn
European
^3 Parang!
eyening
Jji, sham
eyery
y> har
ewer
xjLäsT sftsba
•
exact
v:>wM.j durust
to exaggerate
^ijy jJtJLw« mubslagha kardan
examination
^L^UUl imtihsn
example
JJU masal
excellency
J\^ V^^ janab-i ^li
except
^ bi gheir
exception
Uaä^^ istisns
exchange (money)
OjAO sarf
to exchange
^y (j>öjÄ ^ayaz kardan
excrement
ai^ guh
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
327
excuse
^^
uzr
execntioner
mTr ghazab
exercise
\^JfUJ*^A
mashg
existence
>v>,
YUJUd
existent
^f!-y
moujud
to expect
c^>^
muntazir budan
to expel
iy/ oi:^-
birun kardan
to expend
o^/ zf'
kharj kardan
experienee
*^f?<i
tajruba
expert
\-^ J^l
ahl-i khibra
to explain
o^^ o^
beisn kardan
to export
extra ordinary
bi khsrij burdan
fouq al ^sda
eye
c^^
chashm
eyebrow
>ß'
abrn
eyeglass
• •
^einak
face
p.
sQrat
facing
3ß i)
ru bi ru
fact
haqlqat
factory
wLiv^LT
ksrkhsna
to fade
^J^j^ O^fjß
pajmurdan (pajmir)
to faint
a^^ (jÄ)^ ^
bi hash shudan
fairy
^7^
pan
faith
^
Taf^
faithful
yoUj
yaf^dsr
faithless
L^. L^
bl yaf^
falcon
(j^
qash
to fall
(vi>s3l) ^^lÄit
uftsdan (uft)
328
PERSIAN OIUMMAR.
false
fame
family
famous
fan
fanatio(al)
faDcy
far
farewell
farrier
fast (well fixed)
to fast
fat (subst.)
- (adj.)
father
fault
faTOur
faTourite
fayence
fear
to fear
feast
feastday
feather
fee
to feed
feeling
felt
female
fertile
• • • ••
oUxil
je
9J Jw^L^
durUghT
nam u nang
^ayal u atfal
mash-hur
bad-bizan
muta^assib
kheysl
dur
Tida^
tia^ band
muhkam
rOza giriftan
chaq
padar , yalid
^eib , taqslr
iltif^t
^aziz
kashi
tars u bak
tarsldan (tars)
mihmsni
"id (Tulg. 'eid)
par
in^m
parrardan (parrar)
hiss
namad
mada
hosil-dih
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
329
fetters
fever (intermitteDt)
— (trembling)
few
field
— (in compositions)
fig
to figbt
figure
to fill
to filter
filth
filthy
finance
to find
fine
a fine
to fine
finger
to finish
fire
• V
^
J^\
— (to light the fire) ^^ ^^^ JiiT
pa-band
nouba
tap-i larz
kam
sahrs
zsr
anjlr
da^vs kardan
shakl
pnr kardan
ssf kardan
kasafat
kasif
malmt
peids kardan
nszuk
janmona
jarlmana kardan
angnsht
tamSm kardan
stash
atash roushan kar-
dan
— (to pnt out the fire) ^s^S \JiyA^ ^jäJ) stash khsmnsh kar-
dan
firewood
fireworks
first
*'jf^ hlzum
^L ^J*3 BtashbszT
Jji avval
K5U
PERSUN ORAMMAA.
fish
^^^\jt mShl
fist
c^Jw^ musht
fitÃœDg
sitwXib bi andosa
to fix
^S wuai nasb kardan
flag
yjyfii beiraq
— vulg :
^3>ua beidaq
flame
jJL«;2^ abulia
flattery
vJÃœUj tamalluq
flea
^ kahk
to flee
^^ ^^ farar kardan
flesh
y:iAJ^ gasht
flint
vJSUfi:^ ^CuM sang-i ohaqmsq
flock
ikA. tSf gftlft) rama
flood
JjuM# Beil
flour
o,T Hrd
flowing
l5;L> jttrr
flower
J^ gnl
flute
^ nei
fly
^jmX« magas
to fly
(j^) o^:;^ pandan (par)
foal
»^ kurra
foam
wA^ kaf
fog
ikA mih
to fold
qO^ Lj ta kardan
the following
Jui3 zeil
food
t:i)^^ khursk
fool
J> khar (ass.)
foot
^ pa
for
«^lj barayi
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
331
to forbid
forehead
foreign
Foreign Affairs
forest
forgery
to forget
•1/
to forgive (^JS-ÄJ) (^iXxAifU, ^/^
fork
form
former (preTious)
fort
fortunate
— (unfortunate)
fortune
fountain
fowl
fox
frame
free
freedom
freemason
freeze
French
fresh
Friday
friend
friendly
man^ kardan
plshsnT
ghanb
umnr-i kharija
jangal
BOkhtagl
faromnsh kardan
afy kardan, bakh-
shldan ^bakhsh)
changal
snrat
ssbiq
qala^
khnsh-bakht
bad-bakht)
bakht
favv&ra ^
mnrgh
mbsh
qsb, chahsr-chüba
szsd
ozsdl
faromasnn
yakh bastan
faransayT
toza
jum^a
dust
das tana
Öi52
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
friendship
to frighten
frock
frog
from
. y
frontier
fh)8t
fruit
to fry
full
fun
funny
fur
furlough
furnace
furniture
• ••
future
gall
gallnut
to gallop
— (causal)
— (a horse)
gambling
game
gaol
garden
gardener
garlic
dasti
tarsonldan (tarssn)
fistsn
qurbsgha
az
sar-hadd
sarmS
miva
birisn kardan
pur
tafarruj
muzhik
pastin
murakhasT
tanur
mubl u asbsb
«cXJLst ftyanda
G.
vyPt zahra
j^ü mäzU
(yS) qJm^«^ davldan (dou)
Lj^y^) qJu^o davsndan (dav&n)
(jLj) qX^Lj takhtan (tftz)
(^b .Ui qumar-bozi
L§lj bftzi
^jMbA^ habs
gL bagh
qLxü bäghbsn Yulg:
bsghbnn
jA-*-
Sir
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
333
garnet
JoJ W\
garter
OJJ v^r^ juräb band
gate
8^3.0 darvsza
gate-keeper
qLuO darbsn
gazelle
^t nhn
gelding
103^1 akhta
general (army)
w-^y- sartip
general (adjectiye)
^c'^y^c %mami
generation
vi>U^ pusht
gentle
ä^^ mulHyim
gentleman
w^uc^ü najib
genuine
f^f:^^*a sahlh
geography
L*it;*s^ jughrHftB
geometry
juwJU9 handasa
ghost
C5J «I»»
— (Holy Ghost)
(jM«Xiüt -*3^ Rah al quds
gift
^J^X^u^ pishkash
gilt
^iko mutalls
ginger
J^Ax^vii zanjabll
girl
y:i>o dukhtar
to giye
(»v>) ^b dsdan (dih)
glass
••
— (wine glass)
u-il/ gilas
— (tea glass)
JJiäamI istaqäm
— (looking glass)
tuut sina
••
glory
JbL> jalal
glue
r "J
to go
M cA ^*^*^ ^'^'"^
goat
jj buz
iKM
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
Ood
U>
Khads
»
M
Allah
gold
:ih
tils
»
•
2)
zar
goldsmith
h>
zargar
good
vy>
khab
good-bye
Mjs- IlX3-
khuds hfffiz
goods
JL.
msl
goose
•^
qaz
gospel
v)-*?^«
anjil
gourd
3^
kadü
gout
U-/5
niqris
government
V2>w«^X^
haknmat
governor
^Ls»
hakim
gradually
^ ^
kam-kam
grain
ub
dsna
grammar
^ a «-»/«
sarf a nahv
grandfather
vX>
jadd
grandmother
w
•
jadda
grandvizier
l^^t jlXaD
Sadr a^zam
grape
^'
angür
grass
-äU
'alaf
grateful
1 ; ••• *f» -»^
haqq shanSs
gratis
os^
muft
grave (tomb)
j/;^
qabr, gUr
gravel
^,
^Z
gray
jj^^X*«^b>
khäkistan
— (horse)
Jj3 qizil
grease
c^J^
charbl
ENOLISH'PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
335
greasy
<T*j^ charb
great
ijjjjj buzurg
green
;aam sabz
J-
greens
\^Y^ sabzi
greyboand
^Ij viCm sag-i tszi
grief
^ gbam
to grind (v.
iLm) quXäjLm sabidan (ssb)
grocer
Jüü baqqSl
groom
JC^ mibtar
ground
Oiy«; zamin
to grow (veget)
(».) ry^^ rustan rn
— (persons and animals)
qvX^ <fKjj buzurg sbudan
guarantee
c^oUx? zamonat
guard
«^U^ kashik
• •
guess
(J-.L5 qias
guest
qU^ mibman
guide
c\Jb balad
•
gulf (sea)
g^> khalTJ
gun
ciMij tufang
— (double barrelled)
J^ ^o du lala
— (breecb loader)
jjjü tabpur
— (muzzle loader)
.J ^^j^ daban pur
gunner
^^ojj tupchi
gut
0O3. ruda
gutter
vj »L rab-i ab
gymnasium
wL> .5J zur-kbäna
gymnastics
,Jijj^ yarzisb
gypsum
^ gaj
336
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
gipsy
J^^ kouli
H.
habitation
^M0jk maskan
— (plur.)
^^^5XiMw« masskin
hail
\Q^ tagarg
hair
yk mn
half
wiuoi m3 mm, nisf
hall
^yiS eivan
hammer
(j&yo^ chakush
hand
\^i^>aM^ dast
handful
oJ^ musht
handkerchief
JU v;>mmO dast msl
handle
&ÄA«A> dasta
to hang
O^;^ 0^>*-5^ ttviaan kardan
to happen
^S^\ K3JCi\ ittifeq uftadan
happy
v^^ (J^^ khush-rakht
harbonr
«1/ Xü langar-gsh
hard
s:>c^Lm sakht
harem
Q^lpcXj? andamn
harm
y^o zarar
harness
^1^ yaraq
harvest
Juob> ^.6 dirou, hSsil
haste
^JL^Vc ^ajala
hasty
&:^L v^>i^wO dast-pacha
hat
5^ kulah
hatred
Ot^ km
haughtiness
^5^ ghurur
haughty
.jjbo maghrOr
hawk
(JS53 qush
EN0LI8B-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
hay
head
«L^Üy
to bear
heart
heat
heathen
beaven
heavy
hedgehog
heel
height
heir
heU
helmet
help
hen
hero
hero
hideouB
high
HighnesB
hill
to hinder
hire
history
(j**) I
«US'
e*^
ynnja
ear
dard'i sar
sihhat
ahvzl
salamati
shanidan (shanou)
dil
garmi
ksfir
bihiaht
khar-pusht
pashna
bulaodi
dozakb
jafaannam
kbnd
mnrgh
Inja
bahndnr
bnland
hazrat-i tbIs
tapa
nian<= kardan
kirSya
tankb
33»
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
to hit
(o)^ o^
zadan (tan)
hog
^
khnk
to hold
^b »UCi
nigsh dOBl^tan
hole
Btlrfikh
holiday
rnz-i taHll
hollow
.^
khsll
holtstera
^ qubul
holy
(jikcXiu
muqaddas
honest
^i/^,^
darost-kor
honey
'asal
honour
J
sbm
to honour
o^/ r'/*'
ihtirsm kardan
hoof
r"
Bum
hook
•
qullsb
hoopoe
lXAX^
hudhud
»AM luLwW
shsna-sar
hope
••
umid
hopeful
yj^v«'
umldvor
hopeless
• •
ns-oznid
horizon
^^
'ufuq
horn
shskh
horse
asp
— (pack-horse)
^H
ysba
horse- shoe
J-i
nan
horseman
j!y"
savsr
hospitable
mihman-dnst
hospital
*jL:> ^jijj^
marrz-khsna
hot
e!^
dsgh
hotel
*jü> ^U^
mihnisn-khsna
hour
v:>xLm
sa^at
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
339
house
household
human
humble
hunger
hungry
— (vulg.)
hunt
hunter
hurry
to hurt
husband
hyacinth
hyaena
hypocrisy
hypothesis
KMtS^
• A
b,
"J
khsna
khanaysr
insani
mazlnm
gurusnagl
gorusna
goshna
shikar
shiksrchi
^ajala
ranjsnidan (ranj&n)
shouhar
sumbul
kaftsr
ria
farz
ibex
ice
idea
idiom
idiot
idle
idol
if
ignorant
ill
illness
illumination
image
^c^^S '^ buz-i knhl
yakh
kheysl
istilsh
bl shu^r
bl-kar
but
agar
na dan
nskhush
nskhushi
ohiraghsn
tamsll
34U
PEKSIAN GRAMMAR.
to imagine
^^ jyoS taBaYTiir kardan.
imitation (plnr)
(JuiLü'j) cXJLftj taqlld (taqslld)
immediately
qSI al an
imperfect
\jeä^ noqis
imperial
^^^UjlpU shohinshshl
to import (goods)
^o^ ^\o dakhil kardan
importance
ouk4iPt ahammlat
important
ä^ muhimm
impossible
^^^^4^ ^ gheir mumkin
improbable
^ dnr
impure
e)L Ü nspak
incense
j^^ bukhnr
inclination
i)^ meil
income
J3-liXo madokhil
to increase
Q^\) Qv>3jst afzndan (afza)
indeed
xÄjt albatta
independent
jji^ v>y> khud mukhtar
index
yuAMij^ fihrist
India
«JU9 Hind
1
^IJum-^JüL^ Hindustan
indigo
J^ ml
infancy
j^X^ bachagi
infant
^aSo k^ bacha, tifl
infantry
roLj piada
infection
\ci^}yM sirayat
influence
öJä nuftiz
influenza
,J^f J^j zukkam-i farangi
•<•
information
pih\ ittUa"
ingratitude
^l^i^u u^^i namak bi harami
inhabitant
^^«Am^ sakin
ENaLISH-PERSIAN VOCABOLARY.
341
inhabitant (plor.)
ijXj^ sakana
inheritance
v:l»Ly« miras
inheritor
y^S^ YSris
ink
v.yJyo murakkab
inlaidwork
^ -JL> khatim-kar
inn
«jL^ O^-H^ mihman-khana
innocent
»Ui* ^ bi-gunah
insect
^yL:> janyar
— (vulg.)
jnnayar
inside
Qj.Aji andarun
to insist
^y y^\ israr kardan
insolent
V^i ^ bl adab
instead
\j£>*f- ^avaz
instruction
^JL«j ta'llm
instrument
v£;JI alat
insult
^jiw^vj fuhsh
to insult
Qob ^Ji^^h fuhsh dadan
insurance
aLi^ blma
• • •
intellect
JJixi ^aql
intention
c^yAoÄA maqsnd
interesting
v^A.^M^ v3^ dil-chasp
interference
jJLi>lvX« mudakhila
internal
^^b dakhilT
interpreter
&=>'^ mutarjim
interyal
&Ldli f^ila
intoxicated
v:>^^M^ mast
intoxicating
yO«^ muskir
intronchment
XuM sangar
to introduce (to one
1 another) qO^ c^j** mu*^arraft kardan
to intrust
0*^^^ O^J^ supurdan (sipar)
inundation
^ seü
154^2
1
?ERSIAN GRAMMAR.
inyention
oL?u^ ijad
1
^lyü>» ikhti«^
inTentory
A^LuM sisha
••
to inrite
^S o^ da^vat kardan
iron
^i shan
irregular (troops)
^LLi yf^ gheir-nizsml
irrigation
^^LJ abyitrt
island
»yj> jazira
itch
(J^L:> khsrish
ivory
S^CHJ
— (of the
walrus)
^^Lo -A^ shlr-mahl
ivy
wJUi lablab
« •
jackall
J.
^jJt^ shaghal
jade
aJ^ yashm
jam
Lyo murabbs
jealousy
dU^^ rashk
Jesus
^^^MKf^ Oja23:> Hazrat-i ^IsS
Jew
^0^, YahudT
jockey
SyiM (^i^ chabuk-savsr
to join
(cXijAj) ^y^^MjAj peivastan (peivand)
joint
JsJo band
•
journal
iu«U j5^ ruz-nsma
journey
^A^ safar
joy
^yiy> khushi
Judas-tree
^l^.t arghavsn
judge (coranic law)
cy« ^l> hakim-i shar<
• (civil law)
vJ^ jj'ü> hakim-i ^urf
judgment
Ji^ hukm
ENGLISIi^PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
343
jag
«j/
knza
to jump
(*^) o^^^
jastan (jah)
just
JjU
"adil
justice
^ad) , inssf
to keep
^^b »lio
nigoh dashtan
keeper
Jbk^^ca.^^
mustahfiz
keepsake
}f^^.
ysdgar
kettle
^/^
katrl
key
vXJ^
kalld
— (of a carriage)
sch&r
to kick
ü^j ^
lagad zadan
(vulg.)
laghat zadan
to kill
(lA^) \^y^
kushtan (kush)
kind (species)
^i-MiA
qism
— (plur.)
^U5l
aqsam
kind (friendly)
o4;<^
mihriban
king
V
padishsh
>
«u
shsh
>
cilJL«
malik
kiss
x-.y
bnsa
— (vu^g-)
s^
mach
kitchen
iüL> jxÄl
ashpaz khsna
knee
y!;
zsnn
to kneel
zsna nishastan
knife
^,\s
ksrd
— (penknife)
ß\^
chsqn
to knit
(ob) ^L
bsftan (bsf)
to knock
(^) L-Jf^^
knbldan (knb)
1544
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
knot
»/ girih
to knot
o^; •/
girih sadan
to know
(^^^) ^^jÄ^b
danistan (dan)
knowledge
A^ ^b
danish, ilm
known
Ih
ma^lnm
labour
.^
kar
labourers
^
^rnala, fa^ala
lace
••
tun
ladder
o^y
narduban
lady
jjL:>
khsnum
lake
*^4;v>
daryacha
lamb
barra
lame
eLJ
lang
lamentation
iJU
nola
lamp
e!^
chirSgh
lance
VA^
neiza
lancet
nTshtar
land
o*";
samln
lane
4L^</ kitcha
language
O^)
zaban
lantern
^\3
ftons
large
^JJ^
buzurg
lark
^3^
chakSYuk
last
/f
skhir
late
J^
dir
latitude
(jJOjC
'arz
to laugh
(OJ^) ^JuJuL>
khandldan (khand)
laughable
^)l^U23>«
muzhik
laughter
««Axi»^
khanda
ENQLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
laDDdreBs
law
coraaio la«
law court
lawsuit
iftWD
iaxative
lay
lead
lean
to learn
learned
learning
leather
leave
legation
legible
em on
lemonade
to lend
length
g^)
ir^>
rakhtshUr
oy-s
qSnnn
tr-
shar'
'-V'
<urf
^ii o'^
divun-khsna
1^1^
mnrafa'a
o^
chaman
.k—
raan'hil
) o"'-^
guzashtan (guzitr)
i^
tambal
v/-
Barb
^>' <I*
barg, Yaraq
/^
iHghir
o-"-' '^"
takia dsdan
o-*/ â– 'â– â– ^
yHd giriftan
^u
%lim
r^
'^ilm
E^' r^
charm , tim&j
o^'
izn
„J/ ay
tark kardan
^'J
zKln
-5^
chap
L)
pa
o,U.
safitrat
U^
kbana
o-»,i
fareat
J^J
lima
^^j^
Bharbat-i limn
j.>b tt;>jL«l
amanat dsdan
^
tnl
(540
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
lentils
(jmAc ^adas
leopard
«iUb palang
less
JU/ kamtar
lesson
^«J dars
letter (epistle)
s\äS kaghaz
— (alphab.)
Oj^- harf
lettuce
^Pir kshn
lexicon
v£>Jü lughat
liar
y ^5^ durugh-gu
liberality
o^L^ sakharat
liberty
,^ijf azadi
library
^\J> y^,^ kutub-khsna
•
to lick
(u-J) o^^^-^ ^™^*» 0^8)
lid
(jS^ .Mt sar-pnsh
lie
c«.v> durUgh
to lie (mentir)
^^ysS c^^o durUgh guftan
to lie (coucher)
(v^l^) ^^^Juoy> khabldan (khab)
lieutenant
woU nSyib
life
^^\ zindagi
lifetime
^ ^umr
to lift
^y «AaL buland kardan
light (subst.)
^ nur
- (adj.)
(^)l*jm sabuk
to light
qO^ C7^ roushan kardan
lightning
07^ barq
like
JJU misl
to like
^öS sXXj^ pasand kardan
likeness
o^Iaä shabahat
lily
iy^\ zambaq
lime
^^ ohak
ENOLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
liD«
Sxi- khatt
linen
^yUi' kattSD
lisiig
yCl.su,
lioBMd
â– i^ barrj.
lion
^ «hir
lip
vJ lab
Ibt
,;>..^ fihrist
to listen
^ij J^ gOBh dadan
lithography
vU? chap
litter (trarelling)
^,1,^ lü^jöj takht-i ravsn
litHe
vOj^i" khurda
to liT«
0^ bJuj linda bnd»n
«Ter
^ jigar
load
^b bar
local
^^1^ mahalli
lock
^ q«fl
- (»nig.)
(qolf)
loonit
logic
gX* malakh
(JLJ-« mantiq
long
^jii dirKz
to look
^^y sJli nigtth kardan
loose
J-i Bhul
to lose
^y^>J' jJ* gam kardan
lose
' y» «a'"
lost
[J* gam
lond
JuJb baland
lonse
^jäL^ shipiih
lore
^^ 'whq
to lore
.JUlb u^.«,^ dnst dssbtan
94»
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
to be in love
o^^ (jH^
^hiq budan
lover
^oshiq
low
vi;^^
past
lucerae (hay)
*^?S*-
yunja
lack
•
•
bakht
luggage
V^La-m^
asbsb
lunar
• «
qaman
lunatic
»jl^
divsna
lunch
M"
nahsr
lung
A A
shush
luxury
M.
^eish
mace
j/
gurz
>
0^
chumagh
mad
"!>*>
divan a
madness
i.<^y^
divsnagi
magic
ys/v^
jadn-gari
magnet
Wjo*"^
shan-mbs
magpie
6
zsgh
mail (armour)
'Jl)
zira
maimed
c3^
ohulsgh
maize
O^J
zurrat
majesty
OySO^uJLct
a^lahazrat
major
>
yavar
to make
(jU») ^^y^:^
sskhtan (ssz)
male
•
nar
man (kind)
^t
adam
»
qUwoI
inssn
— (plur.)
ltLS
nos
— (male)
.y
mard
ENOLISH-PERSUM VOCABULARY.
349
man (plur. men)
\J^y9 mardhs
— » people)
^jA mardum
mane
JL». ysi
mange
{J^X^ kharish
manger
^y>T akhur
manna
/ gaz
- (biblical)
^^JJi mann
manner
.Jo tour
— (plur.)
^ijLl atTttr)
manoeuTres
SjSiJ v^>^aP (äU> jang-i haft lashgar
manuscript (adject)
^^ii> khatti
many
^^JL> JLKMt^ bisyor, kheill
map
i^Xi^ naqsha
marble
^jA marmar
to march
Qv>j5' — ^ kuch kardan
mare
...LoLo madian
mark
v:,>wc^ 1*)'-^ nishan , 'alamat
to mark
^^^xxtfJo o^^ ^alsmat guzashtan
market
J;L bazar
marriage
ye^^f^ ^arusi
marrow (bone)
Jbo maghz
marrow (vegetable)
}^ss^yXi kadncha
to marry (a womai
d^ß Oj ^*° giriftan
> (a man)
qJ*J^ ^yiu sbouhar kardan
martingale
JsJo xJuuM sina-band
• ••
martyr
iAa^ shahid
masculine
y«X« muzakkar
mason
«â–
LL) banna
•
massacre
»ya qatl
mast (of a tent)
e)jjJ dirak
;5dü
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
master
uT
sghs
mat
j*->»>
hasir
match (lucifer)
«^.^
kibrit
— (wax match)
sham^cha
mattress
eU^o
dnshak
mausoleum
9^
maqbara
meadow
o^
chamaD
meal
tv>x ghazs
meaning
L^**
ma^nl
measles
äK3y«#
surkhak
measure
»3IJUI
andsza
meat
gasht
to meddle
mudskhila kardan
mediation
^L^i^
vssita
medicine
s«>
davs
medlar
.M;l
azgil
to meet
jyj.^ OUX.
mulsqst kardan
meeting
,jJL^ majlis
melody
tfOiy y
navä, shang
melon
rfU/
garmak
"•;Mr^
kharbnza
— (water melon)
ui,ja^
hindavsna
— (vulg.)
handana
to melt
(jUT) ^^10/
gudskhtan (gud&i)
memorandum
o^b oLi
yad-dasht
memory
oC
ysd
»
r ' •
khatir
to mend
{y>/ f^
ta^mir kardan
mentioned
j^JKA
mazknr
merchant
tajir
- (pl«r.)
^^
tujjar
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
351
mercifal
merciless
mercury
message
metal
metre (yerse)
middle
mighty
mild
military
milk
milkpot
mill
millet
minarat
mind
mine
minister
ministry
mint (for coinage)
3> (plant)
minute (time)
minutely
miracle
mirage
mirror
mischief
miser
miserable
misfortune
r^J
rahim
(^J Lfi
bl rahm
9y^^
jiva
1 .
peigham
^
filiz
0)s
vazn
Jarj o***
misn y yasat
ut^-
tavana
(^>^
mulayim
^L£ü
nizsml
^
shir
o'*^^-*^
shirdsn
• •
asya
OjV
arzan
»,u«
mansra
jb\j>
khstir
^ycXjM
ma^dan
ji}S
yazlr
«^^
vazftrat
X)Li> v^r^
zarrsb-khana
Uati
na^na
•• •• _
• •
daqlqa
\ii/S\^ L
ba diqqat
'r^
mu^jiza
^.jA v^
ab-i Yazid
xJbT
••
aina
L>
sheitani
J-^
bakhil
o^:;^
parTshan
:ii
bala
xyz
PERSUN GRAMMAR.
to miss (the aim)
O"^
i/ [Ls> khats kardan
missionary
J***^
{Ji>jJ:>S kashish , mursil
mist
&4 mih
mistake
Joii. ghalat
mistrustful
^U/'ju bad-guman
to mix
(jty'')
^y:i?wy«I amikhtan (smiz)
»
^jS fjf^^ qtttl kardan
mixed
* 1"
Jt^wo makhlnt, qStl
moat
•JU^ khandaq
mockery
JL
ä£> ^JLk nsh-khand
modest
.Lm ^ sharm-sar
moist
y ^ nam, tar
moisture
m^ajJdj rutnbat
moment
qY an
money
i^ P^l
money changer
o^jA0 sarraf
monkey
QM^y« meiman
monopoly
jLAO^VJt inhissr
month
sL« mah
— (arabic)
rt^ (shahr)
moon
sL« mah
moonlight
Vi^LXp mahtab
morals
^iL>l akhlaq
more
j:.^^ bishtar
morning
^s^yd subh
morter
^^L^ havang
mosque
Jc^u«^ masjid
mosquito
jüMO pasha
most
y^^t aksar
moth
(Xu bid
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
353
mother
msdar
mother of pearl
lJ%Xjo
sadaf
motion
y^i/^ j^
harakat
— (plur.)
oLTp-
harakst
to mount
QtXÄ jiyM
savsr shudan
raoantain
«/
knh
mourning
^^y ÄJ^'
ta^zla-dsrl
mouse
uV
mush
mouth
a^
dahan
to move (trans.)
Q«3»«3 \ss/S J^
harakat dadan
— (intrans.)
O^/ vi>^^
harakat kardan
much
^l-A^J e5^^
kheill , bisyar
mud
^ gil
mulberry
OjJ
tat
mule
JLlä
qatir
mule-driver
^-:^^Lä qatirchl
muleteer
^»^^^^
charvadar
murder
^
qatl
mushroom
qarch
music
;Lm
saz
musician
mutrib
musk
usUx^
mishk
musket
(^A8'i
tufang
musketeer
L^^<^'
tufangchi
muslin
J^JU
malmal
mustachios
J^tw*^
sibil
mustard
vV>^
khardal
mute
J^
lal
mutineer
c^L..
yaghi
mutiny
O^A*^
tughysn
23
354
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
mutton
OJ<sum^ yz>JS:^ gusht-i gOsfand
muzzle-loader
jj ^u> dahan-pur
mystic
^yo BUfi
mysticism
v.J^Aaj tasavvuf
N.
nail (finger)
q:>Ü nakhun
— (of iron or
wood) ^^ mikh
naked
sciJ^ lukht
name
^««1 ism
1
— (plur.)
^U«! assmi
named
«Ü nsm
namely
^^ÄÄj ya*=nl
napkin
(3Uju«.i> dast-msl
narcissus
U^y nargis
narrow
i^Uj tang
nasty
.^^ makrah
nation
c>sLo millat
natural
nature
s'y.j^xjJo tab^at
near
v^oJ^, vf^Ojj nazdik, qarib
nearly
UjJij taqriban
necessary
^x^ lozim
neck
qOj/ gardan
necktie
JUj ^^ gardan-band
nectarine
JwJLä shalTl
to need
^x;;;b 1^^ lozim dHshtan
needle
i*j 3V^ sUzan
negation
^Üüt inkar
neglect
oJlftfi ghaflat
ENOLISH-PERSIAM VOCABULARY.
355
negro
<^^
zangi
negro man
slave girl
slave sLuM b \S
••
ksks sTsh
dada sTsh
to neigh
O»^ H^
sheiha zadan
neighbour
sjLm*^
ham-ssya
neighbourhood
^1— »»
ham-ssyagi
neither-nor
«i AJ
na-na
nephew (brother's i
son) ».>'^ .oL
barsdar zada
— (sister's son)
»Otj »^xA«i>
hamshira-zsda
nest
-y
lana
net
vy
tura
neutral
"-^j^ ^
bl-taraf
neutrality
K^J° ^
bi-taraft
new
«)^-, ^
nou, tsza
news
•
khabar
nice
yj^y
marghab
niche
V
tsqcha
niece (the same as
I nephew)
night
•
shab
nightingale
J-^
bulbul
no
;A> »^
na-kheir
noble
• •• • 7 ^^ ««^
sharlf, najib
nobody
hich-kas
noise
)0^
sads
nomads
• •
list
nom de plume
JöIiPJ
takhallas
noon
>
zuhr
north
JUä
shamsl
north-pole
JUi wd>3
qutb-i shamsl
nose (obsol.)
C<^) M^
damsgh (bmi)
350 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
nosebag (of a horse)
au^* tubra
note (letter)
9<M3j ruq^
nothing
xi ^sy^ hich-na
to nourish
0^;^ 0^;5;^ parvardan (parvar)
novelty
^^\J tazagi
now
"SL^ hala
numbed
,j^£> ^^ bi hiss
number
iXXx ^adad
numerous
iXXsCU muta^addid
nun
lu^l^ rahiba
nurse
&jjv> dsya (vulg. tSya)
nut (hazelnut)
ViAa9 funduq
— (walnut)
^s^/ girdu
— (cocoanut)
^fjjt nargil
nutmeg
3y> jouz
oak
O.
i?^ ballnt
oar
3^L paru
oath
^^jm3 qasam
>
OJ^fyM* sougand
obedience
v£>^Lbt ito^at
obliged (grateful)
obscene
Ji^[i iBhhh
to observe
^^ A^L^-^ mulahaza kardan
obstacle
«iU msni^
obvious
^Plb, ijuo peida, zshir
occasion
0^ mouqa^^
occasionally
»1/ si/ gah-goh
Occident
v^^Jb« maghrib
occupation
v£>uJytM^ mashghnllat
EKQLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
357
occupied
oA^ mashghnl
to occur
qJlä x3\^ vsqi^ shudan
ocean
Jax^VA j^ bahr-i muhlt
ode
tijc. ghazal
to offend
(qL^ij^) qcVjoL^ ranjsnidan (ranjsn)
offer
l^^cXftj taqdim
ofBce
o^«yoL« ma^mUrTat
— (place of
business)
^ daftar
officer
^kaoXa w,»a^>La0 sshib mansab
official
f^^4J^j rasmi
officially
Ujm.. rasman
often
i>A> kheill
oil
^3^ roughan
castor oil
cjy^ 0^3j roaghan chirsgh
olive oil
oyüt f^3j roughan-i zeitUn
linseed oil
^jj^ O^^ roughan-i bazrak
kerosine oil
oAj naft
oily
^J^j roughani
old (persons
or animals)
.-^ V^^
- (things)
«JL^ kuhna
olive
qjÄjj zeitun
onager (wild
ass)
j^ j^f gur-i khar
once
aüik> elj yak daf^a
onion
jLj praz
only
i^ faqat
onyx
^LijJLm (i)UuM sang-i suleimsnl
open
I3, jL baz, va
\5ÖÖ
PERSIAN QRAIflfAfi.
to open
O^/ ^3
TS kardan
operation
L5;l^ J^
^malksn
opinion
L^J
ral
opium
^^,f
tarysk
opposite
3ji 3J
rU bi rn
opposition
«oftlLicu
mukhalifat
to oppress
oV (^
zulm kardan
oppression
^
zulm
oppressor
JUb zslira
orange
'^.'i
purtuqol
— (tangerine)
^J^
nsrangi
— (bitter or.)
t^P
naranj
orangery
^yLx«^U
nSranjistsn
order
^
nazm
— (command)
o^*' r^
hukm, farmBn
to order
(U^) oV^
farmndan (farms)
ordinary
^ß^iU
"sdi
orient
0**j (3^^
mashriq-zamin
oriental
Lf^j C>f^
mashriq-zaminT
origin
J-o«
asl
original
^1
asll
ornament
o-^.S
zinat
ornamented
muzayyan
orphan
(*A^i.
yatim
orthography
iUI
imls
ostrich
d;^/^
shutur-murgh (ca
mel bird)
other
^ digar
otter
C5? 'äi^**'
sag-i sbl
ottoman
L^l-^
^usmsnl
ENQLlSil-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
359
outpost
J,!/
qaravul
outside
os^
blrlln
oval
tukhm-i murghl
oven
•j/
kara
overseer
^
nszir
to overwhelm
q«Aami kyOlff
ghalib shudan
to owe
o^^^ }^ »^
bidih-ksr badan
owl
•
jughd
owner
•
sshib
ox
.^
gav
oyster
sadaf
pace
p.
qadam
to pack
(JOj) ^^yi^
bastan (band)
pack-horse
yki, yabu
packing-needle
35.5 Jl^ jaTSl-dOz
packsaddle
O^Lj
pslan
padlock
J^
qufl
— (vulg.)
qulf
page
«.^\ÄO
safha
- (boy)
^\ r^
ghulam bacha
pail
J^>>>
dalvy satl
pain
o,>i
dard
pains
zahmat
paint
«itj,
rang
to paint
oy ciH^^
naqqsshi kardan
painter
lAUü
naqqssh
pair
^^^^^^
juft
palace
o^Uä
^imarat
pale
^^
kamrang
360 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
palm tree
JJ^ nakhl
— (date-tree)
L«y> MiA^js^ dirakht-i khurms
pan
s^Lj tora
panther
viCUb palang
paper
<AcU kaghas
parade
qLm son
parade-ground
/jf^Mw^ O^«-^ meidsn-i mashq
paradise
{j^^^>/j o^^ bihisht, firdous
paragraph
Ju^ fasl
— (plur.)
Jyod fusUl
parasang (4 miles)
«dCuM^, is^^ farsakh, forsang
parasol
jf/ v-iÄäT Bftab-gir
parcel
auC^j basta
•
pardon
^ftc ^afv
to beg pardon
^yU«|^ «Jsx ^uzr khostan
pardon!
OwxiXj^bo bibakhshldl
• • • •
parents
_>jjt^ TOlidein
parliament (members
of) vi>jL« e5^3 vukala-yi millat
parsee
^ gabr
parsley
^^JÄJL> ja^fan
part
partiality
^j\J3^ taraf-dan
particular
(jo^AO^U makhsus
partner
ti)uy;i^ shank
partnership
c^^^;^ sharskat
pass (mountain)
^;^, jüo/ gardana, kntal
to pass
(jOsf) ^yijCA>kf guzashtan (gusar)
passenger
^Lmo% musofir
passport
Oj^jiJ^L, s^Ou tazkara, boshport
past
aä^mA/ guzashta
ENQLISH-PERSUN '
301
paitnre
to pasture
to patch
patience
patriot
pattern
paToment
paTJlIion
pawn
to pay
pea
peace
peach
peacock
pear
peasant
pebble
peddler
to peel
P«g
pelican
pen
pencil
pendalnm
peninsula
pension
people
pepper
Ai^ji^ chars-gsh
(^) fyXitf^ ohandan (char)
i^jj* aJUij vasla kardan
jA*3 sabr
i,::amjj CT^ vatan-parast
AJ^ Daman a
ij:,^ ijLü. sang-farsh
^J^/ »^ knlflh-i farangl
i/ gi'ou
O^'"^ ^ P°) dadan
i_^ji vjysü nnkhud-i farangi
^Jlo sulh
y» halln
i_^.^Ü3 tans
^^V^ guiabi
^ijV
niurvsnd
^^^ dabali , ra'lat
d^^ 'Ig
(^J â– ^'^A^ khurda-furash
(i^) i^jAii' o-w^ pnsi kandan (kan)
^£w* niikh
\Äm tjA murgh-i sa^qB
|Jüi qalam
tjtjk^ mid&d
XJ langar
«yj> |kjJ nlm-jasTra
^yJw*» mnstamarrl
— >j> mardtun
^ filfil
^"JL
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
peppermint
Ujü na^ns
(5) percent
(gO^) 3 lXaö sad u (panj)
perfect
J^U kamil
perfume
•I^> l5v^^ khushbni, "titr
perhaps
JuLä shsyad
to perish
^Jui^ «d^ halsk shndan
permission
^i izn
to permit
(.IJs/) ^yuätj^ guzsshtan (gnisr)
perquisite
Jj>tw\^ madskhil
Persia
^\^\ Iran
Persian
^lyj Irani
— (language)
^^^^13 fersi
person
^j£iS\Jii shakhs
to perspire
O^^ s^^ ^araq kardan
petition
\jo^ ^arz
petitioner
(j».Lc ^ffriz
petroleum
o^ naft
phaeton
ikij^j^ durushka
pheasant
J^l'isy» qaraqSYul
philosopher
^^T ^,Jis> hakim-i Illahl
philosophy
jüLJLä, c>w«X> hikmat, falsafa
photograph
yj»*S>^ ^aks
photographer
^Ufi ^akkas
physician
ft^S^-j wxaaI? tabib, hakim
to pick
(OA^) O'^^^ ^^^^*^ (^^")
pickles
^^y turshi
pick- pocket
J? V^A=> JTb-burr
picture
^yoj tasvir
piehald
/jbt ablaq
piece
jJu tikka
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
363
to pierce
^xa^ saftan
pig
jl/, /y> khug, guraz
pigeon
Jj^ ^ ^^ kabntar kaftar
pilgrim (to Mecca)
,y>L> haji
— plur.
gu?ir> hajaj
— (to other shrines)
y^j zavvar
pilgrimage
o^L»^, g^ hajj, zrarat
pill
v^> habb
•
pillage
^a:^ chapon
pillar
^^jJi^M sutan
pillow
JiJL balish
pin
^L^vJLm- sanjaq
pine-tree
â– ir kBj
pink (flower)
^)c^u^ mikhak
pink (colour)
^ vi>wÄo pusht-i gull
pious
So s^Lk> dianat-dar
pipe (hubble-bubble)
^LJ3 qalyan
— (turkish)
tji^ chupukh
(tube)
ij^ lala
pipe-clay
«XJLm ^ gil-i safid
pistachio
<üUo pista
pistol
\.^oLL tapancha
pit
sL?!- chah
pity (sympathy)
^y rahm
it is a pity
v^^^^t (j<^y«3) afsUs ast
place
L> ja
plague
Q^ü? tafnn
plain
\j^<*o sahra
plaintiff
j-xJo« mudda^
to plait
(vjb) ^^U baftan (baO
364
PERSIAN ORAIfMAR.
plane
plane-tree
planet
plant
plaster
— (medical)
plate
platform
play
to be pleased
if YOU please
pleasure
plenipotentiary
plenty
plough
to pluck
plum
plunder
pocket
poem
poet
poison
police
polite
politeness
politics
pomegranate
pomp
pond
pony
o
• •
^^ •• *• V
randa
chinsr
seyysra
sabzi
marham
bushqsb
sakkn
bozi
pasandldan (pasand)
iltif^t karda
^eish
YAzir mnkhtsr
farSYSn
khlsh
chidan (ohm)
sla
chapou
jib^
shi^r, nazm
sho^ir
zahr
pulls
bs adab
adab
pulltik
ansr
hashmat
houz
ysbu
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
365
poor
poplar
poppy
population
porcupine
porter
— (carrier)
portmanteau
portrait
to possess
possible
post
postage-stamp
post-office
pot
— (earthenwar)
potato
potter
to pound
to pour
poverty
powder
— (gun p.)
power
praise
to pray
prayer
preacher
preaching
precious
•••
1^" A ff I»*'*'
tüLs»
• ••
^y^ qlmatl
faqlr
tabrlzT
khashkhssh
jam^at
juja tlgha
darban
hammsl
yakhdsn
shabih, timssl
doshtan (dsr)
mumkin
chapar
tambr (timbre)
pTIst-khsna
kosa
kuza
slb-i zamTnl
kuza-gar
kubidan (kub)
nkhtan (rlz)
faqr
sufüf
bsrut
zTir
ta'rlf
namsz khsndan
namSz
YS^iz
Ya^z
1500 PERSIAN QRAMMAR.
precipice
•li" o^
part-gsh
preface
^^=!T^
dibscha
to prefer
^b ^N^yf
tarjih dsdan
pregnant
o^
abas tan
to prepare
a^/./^^
hazir kardan
preparations
d^ija
tadaruk
presence
jy^
huzur
present (adjective)
ytoL>
hazir
- (gift)
^JXXxw^aj plshkash
to preserve
^^to aUCi
nigah dasbtan
— (fruit)
O^/ U^
murabba kardan
press (printer's)
^
matba^
— (Minister of the Press)
vazTr-i intibl^t
to press
(juS^) ^o^Uo
fishardan (fishar)
pretext
^Jl^
bahana
pretty
^JL^'»
qashang
to prevent
qcXÄ &jL«
mani^ shudan
previous
(j^U
sabiq
price
••
qlmat
pride
)9f
ghurnr
priest (muhammedan)
X.
mulla
— (christian)
kashlsh
prince
nO\y\Ji
shahzada
— (vulg.)
shazda
princess
1 >
shazda khanam
to print
&!/ V^
chap kardan
prison
LT^^
habs
xiL> ^Iä^»>
dustakh-khana
prisoner
LTJ^^^
mahbns
— (of war)
T-y*'^
asir
ENQLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
privilege
jU^I
imtlEz
probably
â– >!;(- JUi^'
ihtimal miravad
to pro care
&•/ IJ^
peids kardan
produce
>M»
basil
profession
"Aa
pisha
professor
^
mn'allim
progress
,jV "^v
promenade
JU/
gardish
to promise
cf»/ -J^»
va^da kardan
pronunciation
•feÜJü
talaffuz
>
WSV^
labja
proof
w^
dalll
property
«jy^
milk
prophet
j»^ä<
peighambar
prose
>"
nasr
prostitute
,«j^
Jinda
to protect
0^/^U:>
himHyat kardan
protection
c^.U:»
himHyat
protocol
U-i?^ Ojy«
snrat-i majlis
proud
J>J*-
maghrtir
proTerb
^
maaal
protident
l>*"ljyJ
dar-andisb
proTince
>i-.<l,»
mamlikat
>
«»S^i
Tilnyat
provisioHB
dl,^
kbnrsk
prudence
L^
bush
prudent
Mi^
hUshyar
psalm
j^j
zabnr
puberty
^^ bulngh
368
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
public
public-house
pudding
to pull
pulpit
pulse
pumice-stone
pump
pumpkin
punctually
to punish
punishment
pupil
pure
purgative
purgatory
purple
purpose
purse
to pursue
to push
to put
— (nearly obsolete)
to put on (clothes)
to put out (a light)
quail
quality
quantity
quarantine
Jx %mm
iJLisu^ mei-khana
^^ Bhinni
(lt^) o^^^^^'^ kashldan (kash)
-*JU mambar
(jnxi nabz
L (jXJuM sang.i ps
(w) ^L^
I •
JJÃœU
tulumba
kadn
bi yakht
tambih kardan
tamblh
shsgird
pak, khslis
mns-hil
i^af
binafsha-rang
maqsnd
kisa
ta^Tb kardan
takan dadan
guzashtan (guzar)
nihadan (nih)
pUshTdan (pnah)
khamnsh kardan
baldarchm
khaslat
miqdar
karantin
ENGLISH-PERSIAN YOCABULART.
369
qaarrel
qaarry
quarter
quatrain
queen
queer
question
— (affair)
to question
quick
quioksiiyer
quiet
quietly
quilt
quince
quinine
quite
rabbit (tame)
racing
radish
rafter
rag
railing
railroad
rain
to rain
'^}
da'va
ma^dan-i sang
rub^, chahsr-yak
ruba^
malika
gharib
su^sl
mas^ala
pursidan (purs.)
znd
jTva, sTmab
Jj^ sram
lP^Lj. yavash
KjLs^i lahaf
xj bih
ijS M gana-gana
L«Uj tamaman
R.
,^^I3> (j^^3- khargash-i khanagl
^^y^ «^>^^ asp-dayanl
iL^jJ» turbcha
V •-*
Kk^ kuhna
y<Ajt c>^mO dast-andaz
^^t si. rah-i ahan
(j&.b, iM^W baran, barish
(^L) ^cU^b barrdan (bftr)
24
370
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
ram
S5*
qnch
ramparts
khsknz
rank
•
•
mansab
rare
vU ^
kam-yab
rarely
8,Jü
nudratan
rat
JLajLLiLm (JX4
mnsh-i Sultsnia ')
raw
r^
khsm
razor
c/^^ jfH-
tigh-i dallaki
to reach
(ur;) o'^^^j
rasTdan (ras)
to read
(o^^) o^!>^
khsndan (khsn)
ready-
hssir
real
t"
sahlh
reallv
• •
haqlqatan
to reap
o-y v^
dirou kardan
reason
:y^
'aql
— (cause)
• •
sabab
rebel
yffghl
rebellion
O^^
tughysn
to receive
(^) o^/
giriftan (gir)
reception
Lf^'y-^
pazlroi
to reckon
o^/ vL--=>
hi sab kardan
to recognize
(^Ui) ^^Li^
shanakhtan (shanss)
recommendation
(Ji,U^
saforish
— (letter of r.)
^u^^u«^
saikrish-nsma
recompense
^lir)t
in^m
recruit
•^J^^
jadid
red
• •
qirmiz
1) Moute of tSdUania, so called because HuUania is the only place in
which the rat is to be found in the highlands of Persia.
CNOLISII-PEKSIAN VOCABULARY.
371
reed
reflet m^iallique
reform
refuge
— (asylum)
to refuse
regiment
register
regret
to regret
regular (troops)
regularly
reign
rein
relation (kin)
to release
religion
to remain
remedy
I remember
to remind
to remove
renewal
rent (of a house)
repairs
repeatedly
repentance
repentant
repetition
tiles Ji^ ^^\S
V
O^^ Jja3
,.ti>.
sJwcLdb
•• •
1
j^
â– I
».Li AHM J
o
,1/i-
nei
ksshl-yi tillSI
islah
pansh
bast
qabal nakardan
fouj
daftar
ta^assuf
afsus khurdan
nizsmi
bs qs^ida
saltanat
dasta-jilou
qoum u khlsh
yil kardan
mazhab , din
msndan (msn)
chara y ^Isj
ysd-am ast
yadavari kardan
bar dashtan (bar
dar)
tajdid
ijara
ta^mlr
mukarrar
pashimani
pashiman
takrsr
372
PERSIAN QRAMMAR.
reproach
republican
reputation
request
to request
research
to resign
responsible
responsibility
rest (remainder)
— (repose)
result
resurrection
return
to return
revenge
review (military)
revolt
revolver
Ä • ••
— ••
cy^ y
r
c>LmO
o^
malsmat
jumhnrl
sbrn
khahish
khsstan (khsh)
tafahhuB
isti^fö kardan
mas^l
mas^llTat
bHql
rohat
natija
qismat
mursja^at
bar gashtan (bar
gard)
intiqsm
san
fissd
t^jl ^^Jkm A^oLxb taponcha-yi-shish-
lula
reward
rheumatism
rhinoceros
rhubarb
rhyme
rib
ribbon
rice (in the field)
~ (cleared from the husk)
^IjüI in^sm
qI^j^UumI ^>y^ dard-i-ustukhsn
QcX/ji' kargadan
{jJUj^ ribEB
Ju^ radlf
vwXio danda
j}y navsr
^yiLä shaltnk
gjy birinj
ENQLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
373
rice (plain
boiled)
^
chilou
— (cooked
with meat ar
id spices) ^U pilou
rich
VI^J^l) L
ba doulat
riches
\a/Jy^
doulat
to ride
c^^^ Jr**
savsr shudan
rider
^ym
savar
ridiculous
tik^U2a4
muzhik
rifle
Qj *J^ liCiaj tufang-i gulnla-zan
right
\Zi/*>**^ \
rast
ring
xöl>
halqa
— (finger
r.)
jX^ÄjCil
angnshtar
ringlet
-^^
zulf
ripe
»A-^^
rasTda
to ripen
(lt;) o*-^^^.?
rasidan (ras)
to rise
(p^ ji) o^!>> ji
bar khostan (bar
khiz)
risk
^
khatar
rival
harif
river
1ÃœL> ^i^y
rnd-khana
road
<oL>, »1^
rshy jadda
roan (horse)
<Xr^f^
surkhnn
roast
vM'
kabab
robber
Oj/'j
rah-zan
rock
ntXJ^
sang
rocket
täUi^
mUshak
roe
li>
shnka
to roll
(iJU) ^J^Jlu
ghaltldan (ghalt)
roller (for
the
roofs)
^^LLlc ^b
bam-gbaltnn
roof
j.b c;^^^
pusht-i bam
(Tulg) bum
;574
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
room
s>^'
utaq
root
rope
blkh, iTsha
tansb
roBary
^^fi'^'
tasbih
to rot
(ltJ?) ^y*r:^? pasidan (pns)
round
gird
rough
j\y^
nB-harnvSr
row
i^*0
saff
to row
C^) iM
psm ladan
royal
Lf*^
shshi
»
q%jU^ humsynn
1
^^Lyi
mubftrak
to nib
(JU) ^jXj^
malidan (msl)
ruby
cyb
yaqut
rude
^' (^
bl-adab
ruffian
u>^
IntT
- (plur)
iyi
alvat
ruin
^t-^
kharabl
— (building)
^*j^
kharaba
to ruin
c^/ v»r^
kharab kardan
rule
r-;
rasm
to run
(5^) 0^5^
davidan (dou)
ruek (Europ)
L^r^ o^
nan-] sakharl
— (Persian)
dJi^ ^Ü
nan-i khushk
met
viUj
zang
rusty
v^( i^Ci^
zang-aluda
rye
•• r
gandum-i BiBh
sack
S.
v3|^ Java!
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
375
sacred
sacrifice
sad
(j^vJuU muqaddas
icXs, ^LyJ qurban, fada
^ jj dil tang
saddle
saddle (lady's)
jüLij ^\ zTn-i zanona
— (packsaddle)
to saddle
saddler
safe
q'^i^L pslan
qO-S^ ^.jj; zTn kardan
^\y^ sarraj
^Um sslim
safety
vi^vxJUt, v£>w«^ salomat, amniat
sail
qU ^b bad-ban
sailor
^SU mallah
loK |»Lo( Imam-zada
Saint (Persian)
salary
wA^I^ mavajib
sale
(ji^j furUsh
salmon
j^U i^M azad-mahi
salt
(£)L4J namak
— (adjective)
salt-cellar
^y;^ shnr
QtwXX^i namak-dan
salt-desert
salute
j^ kavir
i»^)Lm salam
salvation
oL^ nijat
same
sample
^^.^ hamin
&3^ namana
sand
^.) rtg
sapphire
<j^ oy»Lj yaqnt-i kabnd
sash
^ shal
satiated
jKm sir
376
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
satin
cr"'!
atlas
Batisfaotion
tjAi-lA»,
rixsmandi
Saturday
•
shamba
sauoepan
4h>
dig
savage
{.S^^S
vahsbl
to saye
(o^j) o^^^
rahsnidan
(rahsn)
saw
•y
arra
to say
(/) o^
guftan (gu)
— (respectfully)
(^*) c^>
farmndan
(farms)
scales
^J'.-
tarszn
scarcity
JaÄä
qaht
to scatter
%^) Ü^>^i^^
pschldan
(psch)
school
•
maktab
(high)
Aam^vX«
madrasa
school-master
cXj^T
skhund
science
(^
nim
scissors
cr^ qeichl
scorpion
v/c
aqrab
scout
u*5-J^
jssns
to scratch
(;L>) O^J^
khandan
(khSr)
to scream
^*^L>j^ jL^ farysd kardan
screen
"^^
parda
— (tenting)
^.. .
tajir
screw
g**
pich
scribe
munshi, katib
scull
^iS'
kalla
sea
b,0
darys
seal
J*^
muhr
sealing-wax
ti)^
Isk
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
377
seam
uO darz
season
,y*^ fasl
seat
^A^ nishlroan
to seat
(^LmJ) qvXjU^ nishsndan (nishsn)
second
ajj*^ dayum
— (arable)
^^L3 sEni
second (sixtieth part
of minute) juJLj; ssnia
secret
:K rttz
secretary
^^^^^A munshi
— (of legation)
o.Lä^ V^."-^ nsyib-i saferat
sect
&dJ firqa
secure
«^^ft^U mahfaz
sedition
c>La^ fisad
seditious
(AwiMii^ mufsid
to see
(o^) o^^ ^^^*^ (^^")
seed
j3ü' tukhm
to seek
(y>) o^^-*^ jos^n (ju)
»
(^/) O^^ Lßjf!^ c^ P®^"^ ^^™ gashtan
(gard)
to seize
(^) ^/ giriftan (glr)
seldom
«y kam
to select
Qc>^ w3^ÄJU muntakhab kardan
self
^^^J> khud
to sell
(ubj*) O^/ furukhtan (furush)
to send
(o^y) ^^^'^U^/ firistsdan (firist)
sense (plar)
^jNw^ hiss
senseless
,j«.^ ^ bl-hiss
sentence (gramm.)
jJU:>- jamla
sentinel
Jjiyi qarSYul
to separate
Qs>J^ )Jc> judS kardan
37«
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
separate
LX> judS
seraglio
Q3yX)i andamn
sergeant
d^y vakil
sermon
Jtic^ va""!
serpent
^U msr
servant
S^ noukar
to serve
^^ L5^y noukan kardan
seryioe
owcAi» khidmat
sesamum
\::A^pjS kunjit
to sew
(^) y^ji^y^ dakhtan (dnz)
sex
• ■*
U-^o^ jins
shadow
ajLm saya
shagreen
^^Lm s&ghin
to shake
(^bo) qJoUu takandan (taksn)
shame
c>JL^v>, ^ sharm, khajalat
shape
o^yo sorat
sharp
jt? tia
to shave
(lA^) o^^^Ir* tarashldan (tarash)
sheathe
o^ ghilaf
sheep
OJJimyf gnsfand
sheet (bedding)
tS^ malsfa
shelter
vUu panäh
shepherd
qU:^ chupan
shield
j^ sipar
to shine
(s^li) qJuoLj tffbidan (tab)
ship
JL^y ^J^^^ kashtl, jahäz
shoe
«^, jjÄü' kafsh, giva
— (horse-
shoe)
>i naT
shoemaker
^J ^jÄi^ kafsh-duz
to shoot
(j^jui)
^^Ijüt (äJ^ ^•) (tir or gnlula) an-
dakhtan (andsi)
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
379
shop
- (plnr)
shore
short
small shot
shoulder
to show
shrimp
shrine
shroud
shrub
to shut
sick (1 am)
side
siege
sieve
fine sieve
sight
signature
signet
silence
silent
silk
silver
simple
simplicity
sin
since
sincere
^^
J "J
• •
J Cv
dukksn
dakakin
kansr
kntah
sschma
shana , dnsh
nishsn dadan
meign
ziarat-gah
kafan
buta
bastan (band)
ahvsl-am bi ham
khurd
pahlQ
muhasira
ghalblr
alak
tamsshs
imzs
khatim
khsmUshT
khamush
abrishum
nuqra
ssda
BSdagi
gunah
*^ O' ;' ** An ki
vJjUd ssdiq
ötSÜ
P£RSIAN GRAMMAR.
sinew
ltJ P®^
to sing
(o!>^) 0^1>^ khandan (khan)
»
^Jüt3> vit^t SYSza khandan
singer
single
t£)ü tak
to sink
qJUm 'i<^ gharq shudan
sinless
vU/ ^^ bl gunah
sinner
^\y vU/ gunah-kar
sister
.^t^ khahar
»
9mU^ hamshira
to sit
Q^xAi) ^^yUi^Mu nishastan (nishln)
size
8;tJut andaza
skating
<^b g^. yakh-bazr
skill
^jLä^I, JLP hunar, ustadi
skin
\iif^m%, \ pUst
skirt
^b daman
sky
qLm^ asman
slack
\ZiAU*MM SUSt
slab
&Äi^' takhta
slate
^J louh
slaughterhouse
aub> wUai qassab-khana
slave
«^, s^AJLi banda, ghulam
Ju^ .; zar-khand
sledge
^9y »XmJS kalaska-yi barfr
to sleep
(w*ty>) ^^vXxjl^ khabidan (khab)
sleeve
O"
to slide, to slip
(jkl) qc>ujÜ laghzidan (lagha)
slipper
Ji^r kafsh
slippery
BiAiÄ) laghzanda
EN0LISH-PER8IAK VOCABULAR'
alow, slowly
01l,L., Jjy
kund, ysrssh
small
'!>>' t^' •'j^
khurd , kam , nsa
small-por
xU"
KbU
Binart
Aijj
zarang
to smash
(^)^ii
shikastan («hikan)
sneU
5*
ba
smile
r^
tabasaum
smith
^
tthangar
smoke
j^
dud
to smoke (tobaeco)
(lAT) o'V^ii'
kaabidan (kaih)
smooth
^J^ jljrf
hamvsr, sKf
to smother
^/ «^
kbafa kardaa
smuggler
,^J»l:ft-L> qachaqohl
snake
>
mar
to sneeze
^/ ..-^
'atea kardan
snipe
^'^y
Duk-diraz
snow
-^T*
barf
to snow
ü^:jW ^y
barf bandan
snuff
Or^
nuflhnq
so
ot^
chuniD
«up
a^^
BabDD
seek
V!;5-
jnrab
«>ph.
^^, ..^U^
ntm-takht, nlm-kat
soft
C^
narm
sojourn
o«Aäf
iqtimat
solar
^_^-^
BbarasI
soldier
jWr
aarbSz
some
Jiijn^, U j-i^
cband ta, chand
nafar
^l
PERSIAN GRAMlf AR.
son
j^ pisar
song
sJi^Suij tasnif
soon
Oi^; zad
sorrow
^ gham
sorrowful
(^' ^ dil tang
soul
^L> jan
sound
IvXo sada
soup
S-*j^, ^J^ ash, sup
— (broth)
u>^y V^ sb-i gnsht
sour
ijyi tursh
source
^1 asl
south
VM^ junub
souyenir
JScLj ysdgsr
to sow
(^LT) ^^jAAir kashtan (kar)
spade
J-^ bil
span
v^>3 vajab
spark
Ji^\ akhgar
sparrow
^kAj^UJ^ gunjishk
to speak
^^ ^r^ b^^ zadan
spear
8jxj neiza
special
{joyaJ^\A makhsas
speck
Jj lakka
spectacle
Ui^' tamSsha
spectacles
e)uu^ ^einak
speech
/ölai nutq
to spend
^y -y> kharj kardan
spice
Aj^ot adnya
spider
omXäc ^ankabat
to spill
(rb) O^^-^ rtkbtan (na)
to spin
(^^) ^^jJüÄo^ rtshtan (nsh)
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
383
spinach
to spit
splint (of a horse)
to spoil
sponge
spoon
spot
to spread
spring (season)
» (spiral)
spur
spy
squadron
square
to squeeze
stable (for horses)
stag
stage (on journey)
stain
staircase
stale (bread)
stallion
to stammer
stamp (postage)
to stand
standard
star
starch
to start
station
^
V
V
V
• ••
• •
)jJun\ isfinsj
tuf zadan
qaraqush
zayi^ kardan
abr
qsshuq
lakka
pahn kardan
bahsr
fansr
mahmTz
josns
dasta
murabba^
chalandan (chalffn)
tavTla
marsl
manzil
lakka
pilla
heist
narian
lukna kardan
tambr (timbre)
istsdan (Tst)
^alam
sitsra , akhtar
nishasta
raysna shndan
^ manzil
i5M
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
statue
â– â–
to stay
(qL«) qJuU msndan (man)
to steal
(i>yS) qJuj^o duzdidan (duzd)
steam
^L^ bukhsr
steamer
^Läi ^Ji^-ÄJ^ kashtl-yi bukhttr
steel
Siy falffd
steep
J'JJ^ sarttzir
step
I^Ai qadam
stick
v^^umJ vVf^ ohnb-dast
to stick
(v->--^) o^-*^ chaspldan (chasp)
— (transitive)
(qU^mm^) ^JuU.>*>^ chaspsndan (chas-
pan)
stiff
ti)UM3> khushk
sill
oJ'Lm sskit
to stink
(OJS) ^jXsJjS gandidan (gand)
to stir
^v>; ^ ham zadan
stirrup
vl^^ rikab
stockings
vj;>)> j«rab
stomach
9\Xjla ma da
stone
(iCuM# sang
stony
^^UCä^ sanglskh
stool
^^jM^y kursi
to stop
(c^wMot 1)) ^v>Ju«oi I3 YS istadan (yaist)
store
.Uit ambar
stork
«,£5üliÜ laklak
story
JJü, imaiy s£>jLX> hiksyat, qissa, naql
stout
^L^- chaq
stove
fjfjJ^ bukhari
straight
o^L rast
strange
vi>^^ gharib
ENOLISH'PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
385
stranger
V-ri/
gharlb
to strangle
^/ 2.a>
khafa kardan
strap
iL^^-, JiJ3
qoish , tasma
straw
«b-
ksh
strawberry
^/ ^y
tnti farangi
stream
S\ «»^
rsh-i Eb
street
^^
kucha
strength
J^J
zur
to strike
(oß a^j
zadan (zan)
string
&
nakh
stripe
Ji>
khatt
strong
qavT
stucco
^J^ e^
gaj-ksri
student
•
talaba
study
tahsll
to stumble
o^j r" J"
sar-i sum raftan
f
CJ^/ "^ cr^'j
nskhun band kar
dan
stupid
.->, c^'
ahmaq, khar
stupidity
t5r^
kharT
sturgeon
j-^U t^iCw
sag-mahi
style
OjUi:
'ibarat
subject (of a
state) cJ'^j, «*^»
taba^a, ra^lat
— (of a booi
: or letter) s..JLtxo
matlab
sublime
c^-
^ll
substantive
ism
successor
I
khalaf
— (plur.)
UL>
khulaf^
such
• ^^
chunin
i *.•
25
dm
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
to BQOk
i^) qOlajC« makldan (mak)
suddenly
vl/ü ns-gsh
saet
ur^ PI
suffering
c>^.> dard
sufficient
^ir kafi
sufficiency
MiKjIisS kaf^yat
sugar (soft s.)
Xm^ shakar
— (lump s.)
JUd qand
sugar-cane
X& ^ nei- shakar
suit of clothes
(jmUj juCmO dasta-yi libss
to suit
QvXy> ^L^ bi ksr-khurdan
sulphur
S/^ gUgird
sum
dU^ mablagh
summer
...Lä^nioLj tsbistsn
Summer residence
^iUj yeilsq
summit
jdd quUa
to summon
^y>S .La>>t ihzsr kardan
sun
cXjyä^y>, vJjiT sftab, khurshid
supper
^Ub sh&m
supplication
IxJüu«.! istid'a
to suppose
qJj^ ^3 farz kardan
sure
o^. yaqn»
surface
3; '«
surgeon
— L>. jarrsh
surroundings
o» J^i atraf
suspicion
qU^ gaman
suspicious
^Ui^ cXj bad-gaman
swallow
&L^JL:^ chilchUa
V
to swallow
Qs>j5l 3^ furu avurdan
swamp
jh qä! lajan-zar
swan
j^ ghou
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
387
to swear
sweat
to sweep
»
sweet
sweetheart
sweets
to swell
swelling
swift
to swim
to swindle
swine
to swoon
sword
symptom
syntax
syringe
.»>,
a
qasam khurdan
^raq
raftan (rnb)
jsmb kardan
shlitn
ma^shnqa
shirlni
bad kardan
yaram
tund
shanou kardan
gal zadan
khng, gursz
bi-hnsh shudan
shamshlr
^alamat
nahy
db;s> v^i ab-duzdak
T.
table
table-cloth
jAjA mIz
nJu^i sufra
tail
^ dum
tailor
1
JdLJ^ kbeiyat
to take
(^) ^/ giriftan (gir)
tale (see story)
talent
c>wJUl3 qabilTat
to talk
^' Oj> harf zadan
^J ^i^f guftugn kardan
tall
u\d job buland-qadd
tallow
L^ P^
388
tamboarine
tank
tap
tape
tar
tarantula
taste
good taste
tax
tea
to teach
>
teacher
tear (weeping)
to tear
telegram
telegraph
telegraphist
telescope
to tell
temper
temporary
tenant
tender
tent
tepid
terrace
territory
terror
testament
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
v->b dsira (yulg. dsna)
\j£>^ houz
•^ shir
«.Li navsra
0-^3 ruteil
«j4 maza
.„JUf salTqa
oLJLi , .U baj , mslTHt
<^ü^ chai
^b v>L) ysd dsdan
qJÜ \^y^ dars dsdan
JLat« mu^aliim
^JiS ashk
(jS) ^j>^^ dandan (dar)
o|;XLj talagrsf
j^^^^^jJLj talagraf-chr
a^ yy^ dar-bin
(/) ^ guftan (gu)
Jf4 misaj
c>J^ muYaqqat
y>LÄ^M^ musta^jir
^Li nszuk
<ux^, jv>^^ cUsdnr, kheima
^^ ^ shir-garm
y^ sakkn
yii^ khok
^tj^ hiras
iü«U owu^ Tasiyat-nsma
BNOLISB-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
389
testimony
coL^ shahsdat
to thank
qJl^ Sj^ tashakkur kardan
theft
\^^y^ duzdl
thermometer
Ui Lo^ garms-nama
thick
\ii^siS kuluft
thief
s^y> duzd
thimble
lübL^MiCit angushtsna
thin
<f);Ü nazuk
thing
yffsr Chl2
to think
qO>^ «31^^ kheysl kardan
thirst
JS^^ tishnagl
thirsty
aJL^' tishna
thistle (eatable)
isi kangar
thorn
.L> khar
thoroughbred
^j«JL>, J^AA^^ asTl, jins
thought
JU3- kheyal
thrashing-floor
r^^ kharman
thread
qLmao. risman
to threaten
(^Ly) QÜüUy tarssndan (tarsao)
threshold
8l/.v>, ^Ujr astana, dargah
throat
^ gala
throne
c;a:5^* takht
to throw
(jtjül) ^^y:i>tjut andakhtan (andaz)
thumb
o^tM^ shast
thunder
Js^. ra^d
Thursday
to tidy
Q^y L^L> ja-bi ja kardan
to tie
(JOo) ^y:^^ bastan (band)
tiger
^ babr
tight
oLiM, (iiCu tang, sift
jyu
PEEtSIAN
GRAMMAR.
tile
time
kasbi
â–¼akbt
— (leisure)
fursat
tin
.^
balabi
tin-opener
tinker
balabl-burr
balabl-ssz
tipsy
^
^^MMw4
mast
tired
.. »^
kbasta
title
•
laqab
toast
*X&^ ^U
nsn-i birisbta
tobacco for
water-pipes
yuo-
tambska
— for sbort pipes or cigarettes qäj tutun
to-day ^«,y«t imrTU
toe L w:>^Äiut angusbt-i pa
together
^ L
ba ham
toll
^)ö «1^
rah-dan
tomato
^y ^L?U>b
badiiy'sn-i farangl
tomb
••
qabr
to-morrow
b/
fards
tone
IJlm
sads
tongs
ambur
tongae
<h)
zabon
tool
«J
slat
tooth
^ljJv>
dandon
top
r
sar
torch
mash^al
tortoise
oJ^ tfH
lak-pnsht
torture
•
shikanja
total
# ~ ' " •
jam^
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
391
to touch
touchstone
towel
tower
town
toy
track
trade
traffic
to translate
translation
translator
transport
trap
trappings
to trayel
traveller
tray
treasure
treaty
tree
to tremble
tribe
tribute
troop
to trot
trouble
troublesome
trousers
trousseau
V •> •
k\^>m
3 J^t
dast zadan
mihsk
dast-msl
burj
shahr
bszlcha
radd-i pa
tijarat
smad u shud
tarjuma kardan
tarjuma
mutarjim
haml u naql
tala
yaraq
säfar kardan
seiyah
sini
ganj , khazsna
^ahdnsma
dirakht
larzldan (larz)
taifa
baj
dasta
yurtma raftan
zahmat
pur zahmat
shalvar
jahsz
Wz PERSIAN QRAlfMA.R.
troai
iJ( J^ qizil-Sla
true
^sjk^VAO sahlh
truly
f^^^) rHstI
train pet
^jjxAÄ sheipur
trunk (of a tree)
^Lm esq
» (of an elephant)
1^3- khartnm
» (box)
qIuX^. yakhdon
truth
\£;Jufi> haqiqat
to try
^y ^y^' tajruba kardau
tube
juy lula
Tuesday
'
auÄÄ jum si-shamba
tulip
jJ^ Isla
tumour
JbAjo dumbal
tune
li^T SYSZ
tunic
Li qabs
turban
lütUfi ^amama
Turk
«d)y Turk
Turkey
^ <£ll3- khsk-i Rum
turkey (bird)
•
Q^JLd^ buqalamun
Turkish
,y>' t«'ki
to turn
(>>/)
QiXp^ gardldan (gard)
turner
J9t3> kharrst
turaip
^xlÄ shalgham
turquoise
»J5;A^ ^ir^za
turtle
c^Jm^j (iUiM sang-pusht
twice ,
«JI9J y> du daf ^a
twin
J^
3J, l»t^' ton^am, du ghulu
tyranny
JLb zulm
tyrant
ugly
XT.
^ zslim
v:>J^ zisht
ENQLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
393
Ugly
^ vXj bad-gil
umbrella
JC:^ chatr
un-
^, w na-, gheir-
uuanimity
^UjI ittiffeq
unbeliever
^ir kaür
uncle (paternal)
y^^ ^amma
» (maternal)
v3L> khal
unclean
(jM^j^, <i)L Ü ns-psk, najis
under
rl; ^^'
undersigned
800x5^ UmI imzs-kunanda
to understand
(^) qu\*»^9 fahmldan (fahm)
»
s^^>J^ vi^^^saL« multafit shudan
undoubtedly
^Jis ^ bils shak
to undress
(^) qOO^ (^LJ libHs kandan (kan)
unfortunate
\ii/J^^ Jo bad.bakht
unhappy
\Ssj^^ dil-tang
uniform (military)
^^üi y*»LJ libas-i nizami
— (civilians)
(^-^^''N LT^J libss-i rasml
uninterrupted
«IiÄJu'S Is yanqata^
university
«jM.vX« madrasa
unjust
oLaiJ j^ bi-insaf
unless
yCo magar
unofficial
^^^-M^^ ^ gheir-rasmi
unpaid
s*2/^kA muft
unripe
^.ü, «L> khsm, ns-ras
until
L» ta
unwell
^..O ^ bl damagh
unworthy
/ij^ü na-layiq
up
^\^ bala
•
upon
L55J «J-yi
5[)4
PERSUN GRAMMAR.
upside down
use
rOuU
vsmna
fbida
to use
o^/ J'^-*^^
isti^msl kardan
useful
••
mufrd
useless
usual
V.
bl-flsida
%dl
to vaccinate
vain
valet
abla knbidan
khud-pasand
pTsh.khidmat
valid
Valley
bar qarar
darra, julga
valuable
value
• •
qTmati
qlmat
to value
O^y' o-i-^5
qTmat kardan
vanity
various
(^ßsXi^^M^ o^ khud-pasandl
sjJuJs:\A mukhtalif
varnish
roughan-i kamsn
vault
vegetable
veil
vein
sib
taq
sabzi
ru-band, parda
rag
velvet
J>*i:\-
makhmal
vengeance
(.LüÄit
intiqam
to venture
Venus
jasarat kardan
Zuhra
verandah
verb
o'^*'
^
eivsn
verdigris
J^}
zangsr
ENOLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
395
vermm
JSJ^"^
— (valg.)
verse
Vij^
very
^La^J I^^^
vestige
veterinary surgeon
to vex
^^/ Vi^^Jpi
viceroy
u^ o"^/
victor
victory
victuals
• • • 1
view
JqXa
village
8c>
villager
ji^o
vine
y
vinegar
iS y^
vineyard
violence
violent
••
violet
•
violin
»^üU-
virgin
virtue
>>
visible
^Lt»
visit
Lf^JSh^
»
visitor
oW-
visiting card
0,1/
vocabulary
ooLI
janvar
janavar
beit
kheili , bisysr
asar
boitsr
aziat kardan
farman-farma
fotih
fath
SzTlqa
manzar
dih
dihsti
mou
sirka
angnristan
shiddat
sbadid
binafsba
kamoncha
bskira
hunar
zahir
dldanl
did u bszdid
mihmsn
gErt
laghat
396
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
YOlCe
Yolcano
Tolley
Yolume
to Tomit
â–¼oyage
Yulgar
YQlture
wages
waist
waistcoat
to wait
to wake
walk
to walk
wall
wallet
walnut
want
war
warehouse
warm
warmth
warp and woof
to wash
washer
wasp
waste
>y
8TSI
^Ui ^JiS y^ knh-i stash fishsn
^SkJLä shalTk
JJL> jUd
Q«>y ^ qei kardan
safar-i darySI
^U^j ^
ff> LP
W.
^smm, past
Issh-khur
roaTSjib
kamar
jilaka
sabr kardan
bidsr shudan
gardish
piada raftan (rou)
dlYSr
qubul
girdn
khshish
jang
maghsza
garm
garml
tor u pud
shustan (shar)
rakhtshar
zambar
tafnt
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
397
watch
v^^cLw so^at
water
s^\ sh
•
to water
^C>S v't^:^ Blrsb kardan
wave
sy ""«"^J
wax
«y« mum
way
«L rah ^
weak
\^*jüta za^f
wealth
^^3^ donlat
weapon
t^^XjJ aslaha
weather
]^ hays
to weave
(ob) ^b baftan (baf)
wedding
f^^j^ "arusi
Wednesday
aaJLä JL^ chahar shamba
weight
0)5 ^^°
welcome I
juJc«r (Jt^ khush amadid
well (for water)
sL^ chah
well (adverh)
^^^o bi khubl
wellwisher
«1^ ^ kheir-khah
west
v^jyL« maghrib
wet
^;..^, y tar, khis
what
1^ ohi
wheat
f^ gandum
wheel
j;. j?>- charkh
when?
c/ ^«i?
where
^, L^ knja, ku
while
cxX^ maddat
whip
^^1;:^ Bhallagh
whirlpool
vp;lw>j^ girdab
to whistle
Qi^ oy» sat zadan
white
JuJum safid
3H8
PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
who?
*r ki?
whole
fUj tamäm
wholesome
jJLm BSlim
1
why
)^ chirs
wick
jJLä9 fatila
••
wicked
wiokedness
wide
y^ shanr
o^t^ sharSrat
oL^/ gushsd
widow
width
wife
wild
wilderness
will
iM biva
^^jU^ pahnai
^^.io^ vahsbl
...bUj biaban
oty« morod
willow
Oaj bid
• *•
to win
wind
(ji) ^oy burdan (bar)
ob bad
•
to wind up
window
wine
QiJ^^ xä^' kuk kardan
«p^Uj panjara
K^^jif sharSb
• ->
wing
Jb bsl
winter
..IXmw«; zimistsn
to wipe
wire
^oS dL pak kardan
Jy:A^ maftal
wisdom
o.^^^ hikmat
wise
bb dsns
wish
to wish
with
jÄ.^1^ kbahish
(ot^) ^^jy> khostan (khsh)
b bs
•
witness
vX^U shshid
witty
vjj^ zarif
ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY.
399
wolf
woman
wonder
to wonder
wonderful
wood
— (fire-wood)
woodcock
wool
word
work
workman
workshop
world
worm
worse
to worship
to be worth
worthy
wound
wounded
to wrap
to wrestle
to write
writer
writing
wrong
yard (court)
— (measure)
</
oj
r/
a»
Y.
garg
zan
karsmat
ta^ajjub kardan
'ajib
chab
hizum
nnkdirsz-i buzurg
pashm
kalama
ksr
fa'ala
ksrkhana
dunys, alam, jahsn
kirm
badtar
parastldan (parast)
arzldan (arz)
layiq
zakhm
zakhm-dsr
pichldan (pich)
kushti giriftan
navishtan (naTis)
naTlsanda , kstib
khatt
ghalat
heyst
zar^
400
year
yeast
yellow
yes
yesterday
yoang
youth
zeal
zephyr
zinc
Zoroaster
PERSIAN GRAMIUR.
aüL^My qm»j JLm» sal, sinn, sana
»jfiA maya
O.J zard
t^-O dlrUz
^L>, ^1^ javan, jahil
^»y> jaTSnl
Z.
o^ gheirat
^^umÜ nasTm
C>J 'Oh
«,:>u£u3«; Zardasht
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