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Declaration
The work provided in this thesis, unless otherwise referenced, is the
researcher's own work, and has not been submitted elsewhere for any other
degree or qualification.
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AN-Najah National University
Faculty of Graduate Studies
The Prophet's (Peace Be Upon Him) Attitude Towards al-
Hijaz Jews (A Historical and Methodical Study)
By
Khaleda Abdullateef Hasan Yaseen
Supervised by
Professor. Jamal Juda
Submitted in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Arts in History, Faculty of Graduate Studies, at An-Najah
National University, Nablus, Palestine.
2009
The Prophet's (Peace Be Upon Him) Attitude Towards al- Hijaz Jews
(A Historical and Methodical Study)
By
Khaleda Abdullateef Hasan Yaseen
Supervised by
Professor. Jamal Juda
Abstract
This thesis, entitled (The Prophet's Attitude Towards al-Hijaz Jews
AHistorical and Methodical Study), discusses the historical geography of
al- Hijaz, the political and economic conditions of the Jews, the Islamic
Call and the Jews, the Prophet's measures related to the Jews' possessions
in al-Hijaz, and restricted chronologically from the pre-Islamic period to
the death of the Prophet in the year 1 1 AH / 633 AD.
The study investigated the natural geography of al-Hijaz such as the
surface, mountains, valleys, the climate, frontiers, population distribution
whether urban or nomads, and the locations where the Jews occupied and
their importance.
The Jews comprised an integral, effective part of public life in al-
Hijaz. There are various narrations regarding their incoming in the area. It
seems that they arrived in Arabia in successive periods represented by
several immigration waves, the strongest of which was after the Roman
occupation of Palestine in the first century AD.
The Jewish locations were scattered in several Hijazi loci including
Yathrib (Medina), Khaibar, Wadi-lqura, Fadak, Tayma, and Maqana. These
places were, in fact, oases and plains that were suitable for agricultural
b
activities due to their fertile soils and abundant underground water.
Furthermore, they lay at the active trade routes between Yemen, Syria,
Africa and Iraq. Therefore, their inhabitants worked in agriculture,
industry, trade, and financial swaps such as money exchange, usury and
credits. Consequently, the influence of the Jews strengthened financially
that enabled them to control the economy of al-Hijaz to a large extent.
Apparently, the Jews in al-Hijaz in general and in Medina in
particular had the upper political hand. However, after the intervention of
Byzantium in the region to control the trade routes in the middle of the
sixth century AD, it assisted al-Aws and al-Khazraj to extract the authority
from the hands of the Jews. This was followed by the emergence of the
Islamic Call in al-Hijaz.
The relations between the Prophet on the one hand and the Jews of
Medina and al-Hijaz on the other consisted of three phases: peaceful co-
existence, controversy, and then confrontation and liquidation. Following
al-Hijrah immediately, that relationship was characterized with harmony
and cooperation between the two parties. The Prophet attempted to
organize the political, economical and social relations among the
inhabitants of Medina including the Jews through the Medina Charter.
No sooner had the first phase started that the second phase of
controversy and disagreement began. The Jews launched a media campaign
that targeted the essence of the Prophet's thought. Gradually, the two
parties became at loggerheads. The situation exploded soon after the Battle
of Badr (2 AH / 623 AD) because the Jews were alarmed of the raising
status of Muslims. Consequently, they made attempts to cooperate with
Quraish against the young state. In addition, they breached their
agreements with the Prophet. As a result of the Jewish hostile measures, the
Prophet had no other alternative except to confront them,. Hence, the phase
of confrontations started. The beginning was with Banu Qaynuqa who were
the first to breach the agreements, followed by Banu Nadir who conspired
against the Prophet and attempted to murder him. Following that, Banu
Qurayza allied the allies and conspired with Quraish to finish the young
state. As a result, the Prophet evacuated them from Medina and confiscated
their possessions, finishing their intellectual, economical, and political
existence. The same was executed outside Medina against the Jews of
Khaybar which had become a center of planning and conspiracy against
Islam and Muslims. The Prophet did the same with Fadak and Wadi-lqura,
concluded a truce with Tayma and Maqana that accordingly paid Dane-
geld, making them part of the non-Muslims who enjoyed Muslim
protection (Ahlu-Thimmah).
The Prophet's conquest of the Jewish lands was in various forms.
Some of them surrendered without combat after siege and gave in under the
Prophet's judgment (Banu Qaynuqa and Banu Nadir), others were besieged
and fought until they surrendered and gave in under the Prophet's
judgment (Banu Qurayza, Khaybar, and Wadi-lqura), while others
surrendered voluntarily without fighting such as Fadak.
The Prophet's measures against the possessions of the Jews were not
similar despite the similarity of conquest of some locations. In some cases,
he evacuated them from Medina and agreed to their existence outside it. He
distributed the monies of Banu Qaynuqa, but he personally possessed the
possessions of Banu Nadir and confiscated all their monies. He possessed
half the lands of Fadak but he made a resolution to execute all the fighters
of Banu Quraiza and possess women and offspring. However, he did not do
the same with Khaybar and Wadi-lqura. He granted protection to the Jews
of Tayma and Maqana and take from them Jizya following the conquest of
Mecca.
Through investigating the narrations of historians, the research
studied the development of terms and expressions such as truce, by force,
spoils of the war, booty, and loot. Such terms had not been used by the
early narrators but appeared with the narrators of the second decade of the
Umayyad State, making us feel that the Islamic administration passed
through consecutive stages until stabilized with some related terms.
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