THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,
INCLUDING
CEYLON AND BURMA.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF
STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL.
EDITED HY A. E. SHIPLEY, Sc.D. Cantab., HON. D.Sc. Princeton, F.K.S.-
ASSISTEI) J5Y GUY A. K. MARSHALL, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
MOLLTISCA.
(FRESHWATER GASTROPODA & PELECYPODA.}
BY
H. B. PRESTO X, F.Z.8.
LONDON:
TAYLOR ANJ) FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
CALCUTTA: I BOMBAY:
THACKER, SPIXK, & CO. THACKEK & CO., LIMITED,
March, 1915.
03
PKINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
Cat. for
Earth
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
p
MOLLUSCA
a g e
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
o
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
Page
4. livesayi (Dohrn) 8
5. squamata (Dohrn) ....
Order PECTINI-
BRANCIIIATA . .
Suborder Taenioglossa .
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
Order SOUTIBRANCHIATA.
Suborder Rhipidoglossa
Family 1. HYDROCBNIDJE ....
Subfani. 1. Hydrocenince ....
1. Hydrocena, Parreyss ....
') Oeorissa Blanford . .
Family 1. TIARID^: [ = Me-
laniidce]
Subfani. 1. Tiarince . ....
1 . Faunus, de Montfort ....
1. ater (Linne&us)
1. saritta (Benson)
2. liratula, Stoliczka ....
3 illex (Benson)
var. perdecollata,
Nevill . .
2. Tiara, Bolten
4. pyxis (Benson)
o. fraterna, Theobald $
Stoliczka
6. frustillum (Benson). . . .
7. rawesiana (Benson) ....
8. blanfordiana, Stoliczka .
1. cybele (Gould). .
var. amara (Morch) . .
3. Iladina, Preston
1. hastula (Lea)
var. subacutissima
(Nevill) . .
subvar. subcrenulata
(Nevill)
Subiiiiu 1 ^ct'itincc . . .
2. crenulata (Deshayes) . .
var. tirouri (Ferussac).
var. ccnfusa (Dohrn) .
3. clavus (Lamarck) ....
var. sobrius (Lea) ....
subvar. cochlidium
(Lea}
1 . Theodoxis, de Montfort . .
1. perotetiaiia (Recluz) . .
2, fuliginosa (Theobald) . .
3. reticularis (Soicerby) . .
4. obtusa (Benson)
2. Septaria, Ferussac
1. reticulata (Recce) ....
2. compressa (Bejison)
3. crerulescens (Sowerbu) . .
var. pirenoidea (Nevill)
subvar. perdecollata
(Nevill) . .
var. plana (Brot) ....
4. fuscata (Born) . .
4728
IV
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
5. zeleborii (Brot)
var. nana (Nevill) . .
var. solid! uscula
(Nevill)
6. charon (Preston)
7. expatriata (Preston) . .
8. multistriata (Preston) . .
4. Striatella, Brot
1. tuberculata (Midler) . .
var. subcrebra, Nevill.
var. layardi (Dohrn) .
var. tigrina (Huttori) .
var. orissaensis, Nevill
var. luteomarginata,
Nevill
var. myadoungensis,
Nevill
sub var. subplicifera,
Nevill
2. sublutosa (Nevill)
3. turriculus (Lea)
4. nevilli (Brot)
var. andamanica,
Nevill
sub var. sernilaevigata,
Nevill
subvar. appressa,
Nevill .
5. nicobarica (Reeve) ----
subvar. canaliculata,
Nevill ........
subvar. gigantea,
Nevill ........
var. fusiformis,
Nevill ........
var. perstriatula.
Nevill ........
6. crebra (Lea) ........
subvar. emaciata,
NevM ........
7. rivularis (Ph'Hippi) ....
var. subunifascialis,
Nevill ........
8. pyramis ( Benson)* ____
5. Melanoides, H. $ A.
Adams ..............
herculea (Gould) ......
gloriosa (Anthony) ....
var. peguensis (Hanley
# Theobald) . .
var. compacta, Neiill .
var. beddomeana,
Nevill ........
humerosa (Gould) ....
var. lanceolataC Hanley
fy Theobald) ____
1.
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
Page
var. imbricate (JSfan&y
$ Theobald) .... 23
var. solidiuscula,
Nevill 23
4. variabilis (Benson) .... 23
subvar. cincta (Hanley
$ Theobald) . . 24
subvar. subtubercu-
lata, Nevill .... 24
subvar. subspinosa,
Nevill 24
var. subvaricosa,
Nevill 24
var. fasciata, Nevill . . 24
5. episcopalis (/. $ H. Lea) 25
var. pontificalis (v. d.
Busch) 25
6. menkeana (Lea) 25
var. microstoma,
Nevill 26
7. baccata (Gould) ...... 26
subvar. recta. Nevill. . 26
var. fusif ormis (Hanley
$ Theobald) 26
var. pyramidalis
\Hanley fy
Theobald) 26
var. iravadica
(B/anford) 27
8. terebra (Benson) 27
9. spinata (Godwin-
Austen) 27
10. baccifera ( Theobald) . . 28
var. sublaevigata,
Nevill 28
var. vittata (Theobald) 28
11. jugicostis (Benson) .... 28
12. godwiui (Brot) 29
6. Pachychilus, Lea 29
1. liruborgi (Hanley) 29
2. hinigerfordiana,}S T <?M7/. . 30
7. Acrostoma, Brot 30-
1. hiigeli (PhiUppi) 31
var. compacta, Nevill . 32
2. assamensis, Nevill . . , , 31
3. praemardica ( Tryoii) . . 31
4. pagodula (Gould) 32
8. Melanella, Swainson 32
1. zonata (Benson) 32
2. riqueti (Grateloup) 32
9. Tarebia, H. $ A. Adams. . 33
1. batana (Gould) 33
2. broti (Dohrn) 33
subvar. subrudis,
Nevill 34
3. rudis (Lea) 34
SYSTEMATIC IIS'DEX.
Page
var. ceylouica, Nevill . 34
4. lineata (Gray] 34
var. seniigranosa (v.
d. Busch) 35
sub var. pergranosa,
Nevill 35
var. fiavida (Dunker) . 35
10. Plotia. H.tSf A. Adams . . 35
1. scabra (Milller) 35
var. elegans (Benson) . 36
2. datura (Dohrn) 36
3. aeanthica (Dohrn} 36
var. roepstorffiana,
Nevill 37
subvar. brevispira,
Nevill 37
subvar. subscabra,
Nevill 37
11. Mairiwaringia, Nevill .... 37
1. paludomoidea, Nevill , . 37
Subfam. 2. Palmlomince 38
1. Faludomus, Swainson .... 38
1. globulosa (Gray} 38
2. sphaerica, Dohrn 39
3. conica ( Gray) 39
subvar. cherraensis,
Nevill 39
subvar. dibirensis,
Nevill 40
subvar. chittagong-
ensis, Nevill .... 40
var. sibsaugorensis,
Nevill 40
var. pealiana. Nevill. . 40
var. jaintiaca, Nevill . 40
var. kopilensis, Nevill 40
subvar. nana, Nevill. . 40
4. paludinoides. Reeve . . 40
5. constricta, Reeve 41
6. ornata, Benson 41
7. andersoniana, Nevill . . 41
var. myadoungensis,
Nevill 42
subsp. peguensis,
Nevill 42
subvar. nana, Nevill. . 42
8. regulata, Benson 42
subvar. minor, Brot . 43
9. blanfordiana, Nevill . . 43
10. petrosa ( Gould) 43
11. burmanica, Nevill .... 43
12. stephanus (Benson) . . 44
13. reticulata, Blanford . . 44
Page
14. obesa (Philippi) 45
15. chilinoides, Reeve .... 45
16. Isevis, Layard 45
17. zeylanica (Lea] 46
18. fulgurata, Dohrn 46
19. palustris, Layard .... 47
20. tanschaurica (Gmelin). 47
var. kadapaen-is,
Nevill 47
var. malabarica,
Nevill 47
21. inonile, Hanley 48
22. rotunda, Blanford 48
var. microstoma,
Nevill 48
23. inflata, Brot 49
24. striatula, Nevill 49
25. travancorica, Blanford 49
26. annandalei, Preston . . 50
27. spiralis, Reeve 50
28. maurus, Reeve 51
29. pyriformis, Dohrn . . 51
30. clavata, Reeve 51
31. lutosa, Souleyet 51
32. nasuta, Dohrn 52
33. albreviata, Reeve .... 52
34. acuta, Reeve 52
35. baccula, Reeve 53
2. Philopotamis, Layard .... 53
1. sulcata (Reeve) 53
subvar. minor, Nevill . 53
var. contracta, Nevill . 53
var. compacta, Nevill . 54
2. decussata (Reeve) .... 54
3. trifasciata (Reeve} 54
4. bicincta (Reeve) 55
5. rupseformis (Brot) .... 55
6. regalis, Lai/ard 55
7. nigricans (Reeve) 55
var. subgranulosa,
NeviU 56
8. erronea, Nevill 56
9. subdentata, Nevill .... 56
10. violacea (Layard) .... 56
3. Tanalia, Gray 57
1. loricata (Reeve) 57
2. erinaceus (Reeve) .... 57
3. nodulosa (Dohrn} .... 57
4. reevei, Layard 58
subvar. minor, Nevill . 58
5. funiculata, Reeve 58
6. picta, Reeve 58
7. swainsoni (Dohrn) .... 59
8. distinguenda (Dolun) . . 59
9. torrenticola, Dohrn .... 59
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
10. neritoides (Reeve} .... 60
var. globosa (Brot) . . 60
11. dilatata (Reeve) 60
12. gardneri (Reeve) 60
13. cumingiana (Dohrn) . . 61
14. thwaitesi (Layard} 61
15. tennantii (Reeve] 61
16. dromedarius (Dohrn} . . 62
17. solida (Dohrn) 62
18. hanleyi (Dohrn) 62
var. major? Nevill . . 62
19. skinneri (Dohrn} 62
20. similis, Layard 63
21 . melanostoma (Hanley fy
Theobald) 63
4, Stomatodon, Benson 63
1. stomatodon, Benson . . 64
Fam. 2. LITTORINIDJE
Subfam. 1. Cremnoconchime .
1 . Oemnoconclms, Blanford
1. syhadrensis (Blanford)
2. conicus, Blanford . . .
var. canaliculatus,
Blanford
3. carinatus (Layard} . . .
2. Bithinella, Moquin-Tandon. 66
1. canningensis, Preston . . 66
Fam. 3. PALUDESTRINTDJE 67
64
64
64
60
65
66
66
Subfam. 1. Paludestrinince ....
1. Paludestrina, d'Orbigny ..
2. Belgrandia, Bourc/uiynat . .
1 . miliacea, Nevill
subvar. gibbosula,
Nevill
subvar. subangulata,
Nevill
var. minor, Nevill ....
3. Tricula, Benson
1. montana, Benson ..*....
var. curta, Nevill ....
4. Amnicola, Gould
1. cincta, Gould
2. parvula (Hutton) ....
Subfam. 2. Lithoylyphince ....
1. Lithoglyphus, Hartmann. .
1 . martabanensis, Theobald.
67
67
(37
68
68
68
68
68
69
69
70
70
Page
Subfam. 3. Bitliyniina \_Bithi-
ni'ince emend.] . . 70
1. Bithynia, Leach .
1 . tentaculata (Linn&us} . .
var. kashmirensis,
Nevill
2. cerameopoma (Benson) .
var. carinulata, Nevill.
var. gigantea. Nevill. .
3. travancorica, Benson . .
4. lutea, Gray
5. moreletiana, Nevill ....
6. pulcliella (Benson) ....
var. obtusa, Nevill . .
var. pusilla, Nevill . .
7. subpulchella, Nevill . .
var. tenuior, Nevill . .
8. inconspicua, Dohrn ....
9. orcula, Benson
var. minor, Nevill
var. producta, Nevill. .
var. parvula, Nevill . .
var. acuminata, Nevill.
10. nassa, Theobald
11. IfBvis, Morelet
12. goni omphalos (Morelet) .
13. evezardi, Blanford ....
14. pygnisea, Preston
15. stenothyroides, Dohrn . .
var. biangulata, Nevill.
16. troscheli (Paasch)
2 ? Fossaiulus, Neumayr ....
1. costigera, Kilster
var. curta, Nevill ....
3. Hydrobioides, Nevill
1. turrita (Blanford) ....
70
70
71
71
72
72
72
72
72
73
73
73
73
74
74
74
74
74
75
75
7o
75
76
76
76
77
77
77
77
78
78
78
78
79
! Subfam. 4. Stenoikyrina
1. Stenothyra, Benson 79
1 . deltas (Benson) 79
subvar. minor, Nevill . 79
subvar. minima, Nevill 79
2. hungerfordiana, Nevill. . 80
3. monilifera, Benson .... 80
4. foveolata, Benson .... 80
var. minor, Nevill . . 81
5. blanfordiana, Nevill . . 81
6. minima (Sowerby} .... 81
7. woodmasoniana, Nevill . 81
8. chilkaeusis, Preston 82
9. orissaensis, Preston .... 82
SYSTEMATIC IXDEX.
VII
Fam. 4. VIVIPARIDJE
Page
83
Subfam. 1. Viviparmce 83
]. Vivipara, de Mont fort .... 83
1. bengalensis (Lamarck) . 83
vav. balteata (Benson). 83
var. fasciis-elevatius-
culis (Nevill) . . 84
var. phaeostoma,
(Nevill) 84
var. gigantea (Reeve) . 84
2. doliar is ( Gould) 84
3. oxytropis (Benson) .... 84
4. uaticoides ( Theobald) .. So
var. concolor (Nevill) . 85
var. carinata (Theo-
bald) 85
var. fasciata ( Theo-
bald) 85
5. theobaldi, Kobelt 86
G. crassa (Button) 86
var. tezpurensis
(Nevill) 87
7. siamensis, Francnfeld . . 87
var. \mrmnmcti( Nevill) . 87
8. dissimilis (M 'tiller) .... 87
var. sindica (Nevill) . . 88
var. subiimbilicata
(Nevill) 88
var. assamensis
(Nevill) 88
var. bhamoensis
(Nevill) 88
var. kutchensis
(Neuill) 88
9. variata (Franenfeld) . . 89
var. pseudohelicina,
Kobelt 89
var. peguensta, Kobelt. 89
10. ceylonica (Dohrn) .... 89
var. ecarinata (Hanley
# Theobald) 90
11. lecythis (Benson) 90
var. ampulliformis
(Benson) 90
12. remossii (Philippi) .... 91
13. dipfona (Blanford) 91
14. nagaensis, Preston .... 91
15. hilmendensi., Kobelt . . 91
16. anuandalei, Kobelt .... 92
var. halophila, Kobelt. 92
17. shannensis, Theobald . . 93
2. Idiopoma, Pilsbn/ 93
1. henzadensis, Pilsbry .. 93
Page
94
var. viridis (Reeve) . . 94
2. helicifornns (frauen-
Fam. 5. VALVATIDJE .
Subfam. 1. Valmtinfc .
1. Valvata, Midler
1. piscinalis (Miiller) .
2. microscopica, Nevill
Fam. 6. PJLIDJE [ = Ampul-
^
95
95
95
95
96
96
Subfam. 1 . PUinee 96
1. Pila, Bolten 96
1. globosa (Stcainson) .... 97
var. sphaBrica (Hanley
8> Theobald) .'. 97
var. fasciata (Hanley
$ Theobald) . . 97
var. sinistrorsa
(Nevill) 97
var. incrassatula
(Nevill) 97
var. minor (Nevill) . . 97
2. corrugata (Swainson) . . 98
var. longispira (Nevill) 98
3. carinata (Swainson) . . 98
4. malabarica (Philippi) . . 98
5. layardi (Reeve) 99
var. virens (Lamarck) . 99
6. mix (Reeve) 99
7. maura (Reeve) 99
8. theobaldi (Hanley) 99
9. saxea (Reeve) . .' 100
10. conica ( Gray) 100
var. expansa (Nevill) . 100
var. orientalis
(Philivpi) 101
11. dolioides (Reeve) 101
12. mcesta (Reeve) 101
13. cinerea (Reeve) 101
14. olea (Reeve) 102
15. tischbeini (Dohrn) .... 102
16. woodwardi (Dohrn) . . 102
17. alucinans (Sowerby) . . 103
18. winkleyi (Pilsbry) 103
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Order PULMONATA
Page , Page
. 104 Subfam. 3. Planorbitue . . 115
Suborder Hygrophila ...... 104
Fam. 1. LIMNJEID.E
104
.Subfam. 1, Ancylimc ........ 104
1. Aiicylus, Geoff t-oy ........ 104
1. baconi, Bourguignat . . 104
2. ceylanicus, Benson .... 104
3. tennis, Bourguignat . . 105
4. verruca, Benson ....... 105
Subfam. '2. Limnceince ........ 105
1. Limnaea, Lamarck ...... 106
2. Limnaea, Lamarck (sensu
stricto) .............. 106
1. stagnalis (Linncem) . . 106
2. acuininata, Lamarck . . 106
var. patula, Troschel. . 107
var. sulcatula, Troschel 107
var. aniygdalum
Troschel ...... 107
var. prunum, Troschel. 108
var. cerasum, Troschel. 108
var. strigata, Hanley
# Theobald ____ 108
var. chlamys, Benson . 108
var. rofescens, Gray. . 109
var. syllietica, Hartley
# Theobald .... 109
var. gracilior, von
Martens ...... 109
3. ovalis, Gray .......... 109
var. nucleus, Troschel . 1 09
4. tigrina, Dohrn ........ 110
var. /3 minor ........ 110
3. Gulnaria, Leach ........ 110
1. pereg-er (Drapernaud) . . 110
"2. auricularia (Draper-
naud} .............. HI
3. brevicauda (Sowerby) . . Ill
4. hookeri (Reeve) ..*.... Ill
5. auriformis (Clessin) .. 112
6. labiosa (Philippi) .... 112
7. succinea (Deshayes) . ... 112
var. i mpura ( Troschel) .113
8. hians (SknMrby) ...... 113
9. pinguis (Dohrn} ...... 113
10. siamensis (Sowerby} . . 113
11. simulans (Preston) .... 114
4. Bulinmea, Haldeman .... 114
1. truncatula (Jeffreys} , . 114
2. bowelli (Preston). ..... 114
1. Planorbis, Geoff roy 115
1. exustus, Deshayes .... 115
var. eburneus, Gray . . 116
var. brunneus, Gray. . 116
var. zonatus, Dunker . 116
2. zebrinus, Dunker 116
3. hindu, Clessin 117
4. orientalis, Lamarck. ... 117
5. modicus, Benson 117
6. merguiensis, Philippi . . 118
2. Gyraulus 118
1. compressus (Hutton) . . 118
2. convexiusculus (Htitton) 118
3. labiatus (Benson) .... 119
4. sivalensis (Hutton) .... 120
5. hohenackeri, Clessin . . 120
6. huttoni (Benson) 120
7. barrakporensis (Clessin). 120
8. himalayanus (Hutton) . . 121
9. liratus, Westerland 121
10. demissus, Westerland . . 121
11. associatus, Westerland. 122
12. elegantulus (Dohrn) . . 122
13. nauus (Sowerby) 122
14. rotula (Benson) 122
15. stelzneri (Dohrn) .... 123
16. hyptiocyclos (Benson) . . 123
17. acutus, Clessin 123
18. issykulensis, Clessin . . 124
3. Hippeutes, Ayassiz 124
1. versicolor, Wester lund . . 124
4. Segmentina, Fleming .... 124
1. umbilicalis (Benson) . . 125
2. trochoideus (Benson) . . 125
3. gruneri (Clessin) 125
4. spirodelus, Westerlund . 126
5. sindicus (Benson) .... 126
6. cantori (Benson) 126
7. calathus (Benson) .... 127
8. caenosus ( Benson) .... 1 27
Fam. 2.
. 127
Subfam. 1. Physince 127
1. Physa, Drapernaud 127
1. coromandelica, Dunker. 128
Class Pelecypoda 128
Order TETRABRANCHIA . . 128
^
Suborder 1. Mytilacea 128
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
IX
Finn. 1.
Page
Subfam. 1. Arcitue 128
1. Scaphula, Benson 129
1. celox, Benson J29
2. pinna, Benson 130
:"}. deltas, Blanford U30
Suborder 2. Submytilacea . . 132
Fam. 1. UNIONIDJE 132
Subfam. 1. Utiioninee 132
1. Solenaia, Conrad 132
1. soleuiformis (Benson) . . 132
Subfam. 2. Hyrime 134
1. Unio, Retzius 134
2. Lymnium, Oken 134
1. niongolicus, Middendorff 135
3. Nodularia, Conrad 135
4. Nodularia, Conrad (sensu
stricto) 135
1. digitiformis (Sowerby) . . 135
2. cseruleus (Lea) 136
var. gaudichaudi (Ey-
doux) 1 37
var. keraudreni (Ey-
doux) 137
3. shurtleffiana (Led) 138
4. occata (Lea) 138
5. pacliysoma (Benson) . . 139
6. chaudhurii, Preston . . 140
7. bonneaudi (Eydoiix) . . 140
8. pugio (Benson) 141
9. gratiosa (Phillipi) 141
10. crispata (Gould) 142
11. scobina (Hanley) 142
12. andersoniana (Nevill) . . 143
13. theobaldi, Preston 143
14. olivaria (Lea) 144
15. nuttalliana (Lea) 145
16. involuta (Benson) 146
5. Radiatula, Simpson 146
1. crispisulcata (Benson) . . 146
2. lima, Simpson 147
var. siliguriensis(Pres-
ton) 148
5. Physimio, Simpson 148
<3. Lens, Simpson 148
1 . velaris (Soiverby) 149
7. Pseudodon, Gould 149
8. Trigonodon, Conrad 149
Page
1. peguensis (Anthony) . . 150
var. crebristriatus(/l?z-
thony) 150
var. curvata, Preston . 152
9. Pseudodon, Gould (sensu
stricto) 152
1. inoscularis (Gould) .... 152
2. salwenianus (Gould) . . 152
3. nicobaricus (Morch) . . 153
10. Bineurus, Simpson 153
1. ava (Theobald) 153
11. Parreyssia, Conrad 154
12. Parreyssia, Conrad (sensu
stricto) 154
1. corruffata (Millie r) .... 154
var. fragilis (Hanley
$ Theobald) 156
var. laevirostris (Ben-
son) 156
var. nagpoorensis
(Lea) 157
2. wynegungaensis (Lea) . 157
3. favidens (Benson) .... 158
var. marcens (Benson) 159
var. trig-ona (Benson) . 159
var. densa (Benson) , . 159
var. deltae (Benson) . . 159
var. chrysis (Benson), 160
var. viridula (Benson) 160
var. assamensis, Pres-
ton 161
var. pinax (Benson) . . 161
var. plagiosoma (Ben-
son) 162
4. smaragdites (Benson) . . 163
5. bhamoensis ( Theobald) . 163
6. pernodulosa (Preston). . 164
7. feddeni (Theobald) 165
8. daccaensis, Preston .... 165
9. tavoyensis (Gould) ... 166
var. triembolus (Ben-
son) 167
10. vulcana (Hanley) 168
11. feeea (Tapparone-Cane-
fri)..... 168
12. rajabeusis (Lea) 169
13. rugosa (Gmelin) 169
14. corbis (Hanley) 169
15. burmanus (Blanford) . . 170
16. sikkimensis (Lea) .... 171
17. gowhattensis(7tfeo&afr/) 171
18. perconvexa, Preston . . 172
19. annandalei, Preston. . . . 173
20. dalliana ; Frier son .... 174
13. Lamellidens, Simpson .... 174
SYSTEMATIC IX.DEX.
Page
14. Lamellidens,*S'm;js0 (sensu
stricto) 175
1. rnarginalis (Lamarck] . . 175
var. obesa (Heinle y $
Theobald] 170
var. tricolor (Kiister) . 170
var. zonata (Deshayes) 177
var. candahftrica(Jiaw-
iey Theobald).... 178
var. cylindrica (Han-
ley $ Theobald) . . 179
var. hanleyi, Simpson . 179
subsp. thwaitesi (Lea) 179
subsp. consobrina
(Lea) 180
subsp. lamellata (Lea) 180
var. sublamellata,
Preston 181
subsp. scutum (Sower-
by) 181
var. humilior (?;. Mar-
tens) '. 181
subsp. corrianus (Lea) 183
subsp. generosus
(Gould) 184
eubsp. jenkinsianus
(Benson) 184
subsp. sawaddyensis,
Preston 185
2. pulcher (Tapperone-
Canefri) 185
var. lamellatiformis
( Tapparone- Canefri) 185
var. ponderosus (Tap-
per one- Canefri) 185
3. exanthematicii8(Jtt*fcr) 187
4. canefrianus, Simpson . . 187
5. narainporensis, Preston . 187
6. nongyangensis, Preston . 190
7. phenchooganj ensis, Pres-
ton) 190
8. mainwaringi, Preston. . 190
15. Trapezoideus, Simpson .... 193
1. foliaceus (Gould) 193
var. comptus (Deshayes
Sf Jullien) 193
var. zayleymauensis,
Preston . 194
2. misellus (Mordet) .... 194
3. exolescens (Gould) .... 195
4. theca (Benson) 195
16. Arcidopsis, Simpson 196
1. footei (Theobald) 196
Page
Subfain. 1. ^Etlieriince 197
1. Mulleria, Ferrusac
1. dalyi, Smith. .
197
Suborder 3. Conchacea
Fam. 1. GLAUCOMYIDJE .
Subfain. 1. Glaiicomyince
1. Tanysiphon, Benson .
]. rivalis. Benson. . .
197
197
200
200
200
200
201
Fam. 2. CYBENIDJE 201
Subfam. 1. Cyrenince 201
1. Cyrena, Lamarck . 201
1. ceyloniea (Chemnitz) . . 202
2. impressa, Deshayes .... 202
3. smuosa.,Desh(iyes .... 205
4. bengalensis, Lamarck . . i ; 05
5. tennentii, Hanley 206
6. proxima, Prime 206
7. galathese (March) .... 207
2. Batissa, Gray 207
1. iuflata, Prime 208
2. sirnilis, Prime 208
3. capillata, Preston 208
3. Velorita, Gray 209
1. cypriuoides (Gray) .... 209
2. cochinensis (Hanley).. . 210
3. Coibicula, Meaerle ...... 210
1. fluminalis '(Miiller) 211
var. liolstitina, Scklesch 211
2. fluminea (Miiller) 211
3. fluviatilis (Miiller) . . 212"
4. parvula, Prime 212
5. agrensis, Prime 213
6. subradiata, Prime .... 213
7. cashmirensis, Deshayes .213
8. trigona, Deshayes .... 214
9. striatella, Deshayes .... 214
10. huttoniana, Clessin .... 215
11. subnitens, Clessin 215
12. solida, Clessin , 215
13. nevilli, Clessin 216
14. occidens, Deshayes .... 216
15. iravadica, B Ian ford. . . 216
16. regularis, Prime 217
17. bengalensis, Deshayes. . 217
18. bensoni, Deshayes .... 218
19. consan guinea, Prime . . 218
20. sylhetica, Preston .... 218
21. quilonica, Preston .... 219
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XI
Page
'22. alberti, Preston 219
23. inflata, Clessin 220
24. picta, Clessin 220
25. iiidica, Clessin 221
2(1. regia. Clessin 221
27. ncetmgi, v. Martens. . . . 222
28. arata (Sowcrby) 222
Subfara. 2. Spherima 223
1. Sphserium, Scopoli 223
1. avanuffl, Theobald .... 224
2. indicum. A. Adams. . . . 224
2. Pisidiurn, C. Pfeiffer .... 224
1. clarkeanum, G. fy H.
Nevill. . . 225
Page
2. hvdaspicola, Theobald . . 225
3. bombayanum, Theobald. 226
4. atldnsor.iamim, Theobald 226
5. nevillianuiu, Theobald. . 227
6. stewarti, Preston 227
7. zugmayeri, Wcler .... 227
Fam. 3. SOLEXIDJK .
Subfani. 1. Soleninte
228
228
1. Novaculma, Benson 229
1. gangetica, Benson .... 229
2. andamanensis, Preston. . 230
INTRODUCTION.
IN collecting the materials for the following pages, the Author
has been chiefly concerned in assembling, as far as possible, the
original descriptions of all the freshwater species of both
Gastropods and Pelecypods inhabiting the regions in question.
Many of these, however, are of so short or fragmentary a nature
that it has been deemed advisable either to supplant them
altogether or to supplement them considerably by various notes
of his own or of other writers on the subject. Moreover, even
original descriptions have only been retained when printed in
English or Latin, those in other languages having been either
translated or rewritten.
An effort has been made to reduce all original measurements,
as far as possible, to millimeters, and thus to eliminate a host of
different systems ranging from English inches to German lines.
Wherever possible, illustrations of hitherto unfigured species
have been given, though in a few cases, owing to the lack of
authentic specimens, this has not been found practicable
In some cases considerable difficulties have presented themselves
with regard to the inclusion or rejection of certain genera which
include both fresh and brackish-water forms, but generally
speaking a genus has been included where members are liable,
when occasion arises, to adapt themselves readily to new con-
ditions, such, for instance, as in the case of the ponds and pools
of the Grangetic Delta, which, though normally brackish, may
become practically fresh through excess of rainfall after a dry
season, or through the gradual silting up of the saltwater chan-
nels feeding them ; in such instances the Mollusca which inhabit
them will generally thrive equally well under the new conditions
and become, in effect, freshwater species.
At one time it was intended to add to the present volume the
terrestrial operculate genera, and a certain portion of the work
was actually done when the Author was informed that this group
had already been entrusted to other hands ; under the circum-
stances the work was immediately stopped and, presumably, these
families will form the subject of another volume by a different
author.
It is much to be regretted that the present volume can, in most
instances, only deal with the shells of the species quoted, this
being largely due to the little anatomical work which has been so
far done on the freshwater genera inhabiting the Indian region
Xiv INTRODUCTION.
chiefly owing to the lack of properly preserved material for
investigation ; it may not, however, be out of place to here insert
a few biuomic notes which concern the families generally, these
being grouped under the various headings as below : -
1 . Breeding Habits.
2. Larval Stages.
3: Development from Post- Larval Stages.
4. Habitat and Mode of Life.
5. Movements, Locomotion, and Dispersal.
6. Economic Uses.
1. Breeding Habits. Generally speaking the sexes in both the
freshwater Gastropoda and Pelecypoda are distinct, though here
and there examples of herinaphroditism are known to exist, as,
for instance, in the case of certain species o Anodonta.
In the former case, the sexes can frequently be distinguished
by the form of the shell, that of the female being of a larger size
and generally more inflated than is that of the male. In the
Gastropoda this is especially to be remarked in the Viviparidae,
while in the Pelecypoda it is chiefly evident in the LTmonidae, the
female in this group being noticeably broader than the male.
In the fluviatile Gastropod families sexual contact usually takes
place, ova as a result being deposited in the majority of instances.,
though in the case of the Tiarida? and Viviparidse, as the name of
the latter would imply, the young are produced alive.
In the Pelecypoda, however, union of the sexes does not take
place, the male at certain seasons in the year freely discharging
the spermatozoa into the water, these being introduced into the
inhalent siphons of the female by means of currents set up by
ciliary movements, fertilization taking place either in the oviduct
itself or else in specialized spaces of the mantle cavity.
The quantity of eggs or young produced by the different
families varies enormously, this, while attaining in the Pelecypoda
to thousands, and sometimes even to hundreds of thousands, as in
the case of certain species of Unio and Anodonta, falls in Planorlis
and Limncea to anything from twenty to a hundred, and in Ancylus
to such a small total as five or six only, while Vivipara and Tiara
average not more than about fifteen individuals at a time.
In Tiara the embryos are developed in a marsupium which is
formed by an infolding of the skin near the base of the right
tentacle, while in the Unionidae, CyrenidaB, and some other
Pelecypoda development takes place in the spaces between the
folds of the gills where, in the Cyrenida?, special marsupia exist
for their reception.
2. Larval stages. In the fluviatile Gastropoda at birtli the
animal is generally more or less similar to that of the half-grown
or adult state, though the shell differs considerably ; in the earlier
stages it is exogastric or coiled forward over the head of the
animal, but rapidly assumes the normal spiral of the adult. In
INTEOPUCTION. XV
the hyperstroph genus Planorbis the embryonic shell is sinistral,
becoming dextral at a very early stage of growth, though the
animal remains sinistral throughout life, moreover the protoconch
or embryonic shell is frequently of a horny texture, even though
the later growth is of a calcareous nature, and in all cases the
line of demarcation can be plainly seen between the embryonic
shell and the later formed test, this line being probably caused by
a rest period during which the young animal was occupied in the
fuller development of other parts.
The larval stage of the freshwater Pelecypoda calls for con-
siderable comment, so different is the embryo of the Unionidae
from the later stages of development that it was at first described
as a different creature under the name Glochidiwn, a name which,
though it can no longer be employed in a generic sense, is still
used to differentiate it from the later stages of growth. The
Olochidium upon its emancipation from the parent animal is a
helpless creature enough, being unable to swim freely or to fend
for itself in any way, indeed so helpless is it, that it must perforce
become parasitic in its habits ; so that it may attain this object,
it is furnished with a hook-like process in the median part of the
margin of each valve, which is perforate, and in addition a long
byssal thread ; should a fish approach, the valves are rapidly
opened and shut, by which action the byssal thread is thrust
forward, and should this touch the approaching fish it clings fast
to it ; thus attached it will generally, by the movements of the
fish, be drawn into close contact with it, when the hook-like pro-
jections immediately grip the intended host beyond power of
dislodginent ; to allay the irritation occasioned by the adherence
of the Glochidium the unwilling host causes a skin or cyst to
form over it, and thus the embryonic naiad obtains a new home
in which to continue its development, while obtaining its susten-
ance from the tissues of the fish. During this second period of
development considerable changes take place, both the byssus and
the aductor muscle are dispensed with, and in place of the latter
two new aductors, together with the foot, make their appearance,
a new shell is formed underlying the embryonic test, and finally
the cyst is eliminated and the animal, falling from its host, begins
its normal life as a free agent.
Post-larval development. On this subject little need be said,
the Gastropods having passed the embryonic stage proceed to
develop on quite normal lines, only pausing frequently for rest
periods, which may be due to seasonal conditions or other Causes ;
generally just before these periods of rest a thickening of the
shell is more or less formed round the outer rim of the aperture,
in some species when the new growth activity commences these
thickenings are left and appear as either slight transverse ridges
or sometimes varicose costulaB on the adult test, in other species
upon the resumption of growth they are absorbed by the animal,
the material thus secreted being doubtless used in the further
building up of the shell ; in a few genera, such for instance as
XVI INTRODUCTION.
Planorbis, denticles and lamellae are also found on the inner walls
of the shell, these also being absorbed at a later stage ; thus
should an immature shell be split open these are often disclosed,
though the inner walls of an old specimen would be quite smooth
and without excrescence of any kind.
This post-embryonic shell is formed both in the Gastropods
and Pelecypods of three layers, the outer or " periostracum "
being formed almost entirely of " conchyolin," a chitinous sub-
stance indissoluble in water, acid, alcohol or ether ; the two-
inner layers are composed chiefly of about 95 per cent, of
calcium carbonate in the form of calcite or arragortite, the
remaining parts being made up of small quantities of calcium
phosphate and magnesium carbonate with a small admixture of
conchyolin, this compound being known as "ostracum," and, as
will be readily seen, is easily subject to erosion by reason of the
extreme vulnerability of most of its component parts by acids in
the water, hence the outer chitinous layer for its protection.
The progress of post-larval growth in the Pelecypods is the
same, the growth markings appearing as consecutive lines or
ridges ; in many of the TJniouidse, and especially the Indian
members of the family, the umbonal region of the shell is fre-
quently corrugatedly sculptured, this sculpture becoming obsolete
and gradually disappearing in the later formed portions of the
test, though in some cases, notably of African or Par Eastern
forms, the corrugated sculpture is carried on to the end.
4. Habitat and Mode of Life. The habitat of the freshwater
pulmonates and prosobranchs varies usually according to the
genus, and even sometimes the species : thus Hydrocena and
Cremnoconchus are more or less amphibious dwellers in wet
vegetation, clinging to the faces of rocks continually washed by
the spray from waterfalls ; Theodoxis and StenotJiyra are in-
habitants of either absolutely fresh or brackish water, and even
in the case of the former, of pure sea-water, these generally
requiring a rocky bottom, while the latter delight in a muddy or
sandy bottom on which to crawl ; the habitat of Paludomus is
chiefly rocky mountain-streams, though the author has found
more than one species plentifully occupying the muddy runlets
among the paddy-fields of Ceylon.
Tiara, Bitliynia, Vivipara, and Pila, as also the pulmonate
genera Limncea and Planorbis, chiefly inhabit either stagnant or
slow running water; especially where decaying vegetable matter
and mud are abundant.
Among the Pelecypoda the UnionidaB are chiefly, though not
always, to be found on sandy bottoms in clear running water,
though some species are by no means averse to an abode in the
mud of pools and tanks, in which situations they lie almost buried
in the sand or mud with only the posterior side and the projecting
siphons showing ; Scapliula, which is obviously a descendant from
the marine Area, is found not only in the brackish waters of the
Gangetic and other Indian deltas but also in perfectly fresh water
INTBODUCTIOtf. XVli
a thousand miles from the coast ; Corbicula and Sphcerium are
generally sand or mud dwellers ; while Pisidium largely affects
running streams where there is still considerable vegetation in
which to lurk.
As would be naturally supposed the waters of the plains and
lower mountain-slopes are the most productive of molluscau life,
though the writer was able to record some years ago the presence
of Limncea and Pisidium in Thibet at an altitude of 14,500 feet,*
this probably establishing a record for the elevation at which
mollusca are known to exist, though it is only fair to state that
the stream in which they were found was fed from a warm spring
and was only completely frozen over in the coldest months
(February to March).
The extraordinary adaptability, in adverse circumstances, of
certain of the delta genera is remarkable, being able, as they are,
to thrive equally well in either brackish or almost salt and per-
fectly fresh water as occasion arises, as is also the power of some
species of both Gastropods and Pelecypods to sestivate buried
deep down in almost dry mud during times of drought.
To illustrate the powers of endurance of certain species it may
here be stated that Limncea pereger has been known to occur in a
spring in Iceland having a normal temperature of 40 Centigrade,
while a species of Paludestrina has been taken also in a warm
spring with a temperature as high as 50 Centigrade.
As far as is known, the freshwater Gastropoda are usually
vegetable feeders, though some specimens of an African proso-
branch (Cleopatra), kept alive recently by the author, eschewed
oatmeal and all other vegetable food provided for them, prefering
instead to devour the periostracum of one another, this canibalistic
action, however, was probably produced by the sudden change of
climate and environment to which they were subjected.
The Pelecypoda, having once passed the parasitic embryonic
stage, are equally vegetarian in their habits.
5. Movements, Locomotion, and Dispersal. The progress of the
fluviatile Grastropods is necessarily slow as they glide along on
the "foot" across the mud, rocks, or up the aquatic plants on
which they live, this gliding motion is caused by the alternate
contracting and expanding of certain portions of the lower surface
of the foot, several contractions and expansions being frequently
in operation in different parts of its " sole " at the same time ; in
the Pelecypods, however, the causes of the mode of progression
are rather different, the foot, it is true, is also used to propel the
creature on its way, but the gliding motion of the Gastropods
gives place to a jerky movement caused by the foot being ex-
tended, then swollen by the blood being, as ifc were, pumped into
it, thus giving it power in its swelled condition to obtain a grasp
of the object or exact spot which is to form the end of the step,
* Eec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta, iii, 1909, pp. 115-116.
Xviii INTEODUCTIOtf.
this being accomplished by a sharp contraction of the pedal muscle,
the shell and the remainder of the animal are forced suddenly
forward.
Both Gastropods and Pelecypods, however, are not dependent
on the foot only for voluntary movement, among the former
Limncea especially, and among the latter Pisidium are able to put
forth filaments of mucous by which they are enabled to ascend
and descend to and from the surface of the water and not only to
float on, but to skim along it, foot uppermost.
The more or less artificial dispersal of mollusca is a subject
upon which, from time to time, a good deal has been written ;
undoubtedly the larval Gasteropod forms are often swept many
miles hy floods, frequently by this means being stranded in pools
and ponds isolated in normal times and to which it would
necessarily be impossible for them to obtain access were it not for
the agency of waterfowl which, there can be little doubt, do carry
certain species about in the plumage just above the legs, con-
siderable opportunity being given for the mollusca to ascend these
and become entangled in the feathers during the lengthy periods
in which the birds remain stationary in the water watching for
their prey.
The Pelecypoda also are great travellers, but this is due to their
being carried far in their embryonic state by the hosts to which
they have attached themselves ; once the parasitic larval stage is
over, they are seldom able, except through an exceptional accident,
to move far afield.
Prom the foregoing remarks, however, it must not by any means
be assumed that all the fluviatile species are widely distributed,
many instances occur of extremely localized forms, among which
may be mentioned as examples the Limncea involuta of Killarney
and some of the peculiar forms of Lake Tanganyika which do not
seem to have become diffused in the remainder of the Congo basin.
6. Economic Uses. The purification of water is doubtless to
a certain extent performed by the mollusca in their capacity of
scavengers, in addition to which they also provide food for valu-
able birds and fish ; as a rule, however, the fluviatile species are
not in much request as food for man ; though in Guadeloupe,
Mauritius, China, Japan, and even in France, certain species of
freshwater bivalves are* used for human consumption.
The chief services rendered to the human race are, however,
rather ornamental than actually useful; in the Unites States
certain species of UnionidcR are extensively fished and even culti-
vated for their nacre which is used largely for button punching,
small knife handles and other purposes to which mother-o'-pearl
is put, while as a bi-product pearls themselves are doubtless
obtained ; indeed, a case has recently been placed on record of as
many as nine hundred and twelve being taken from a single
individual *, one hundred of which were of marketable size, though
* Nantilus, Boston, Mass., xxv.. p. 84.
INTEODUCTIOK. XIX
the large majority of the remainder must have been so small as to
be commercially worthless ; there is no doubt, however, that the
whole industry is of considerable value.
There is also a legend, which may or may not be true, that one
of the reasons which tempted Caesar to the invasion of Britain
was the exaggerated stories current in Borne of the magnificent
pearls produced by the river mussels of these Islands ; whether
this is true or not, the fact remains that, certainly up to a few
years ago, the Highland peasants were in the habit of eking out
their scanty incomes by fishing for Margaritana margaritifera in
the Scottish rivers, though the pearls obtained therefrom were
not of great value, they being generally small and of a dark
colour ; but the shell itself does not seem to have been a com-
mercial article, possibly because of the small quantities only
obtainable.
In China an extensive artificial cultivation of " blister pearls "
was at one time in vogue, the mode of culture being as follows.
When adult, or nearly so, a large species, Dipsas plicata, was
selected ; a wedge was placed temporarily between the valves in
order to prevent their closing, while obstructions, often in the
shape of small metal images of Buddha, were inserted between the
mantle and the shell, generally in horizontal rows, the irritation
caused by these foreign bodies in the shell induced the animal to
cover them over with a layer of shelly nacre, though how long
the whole operation took before they were fully and sufficiently
thickly coated it- is difficult to say; as many as twelve of these
metal images were frequently placed in a single shell, each image
measuring about 19 by 13 millimeters.
In India and the middle East, however, the author has never
heard of any economic use for the freshwater mollusca, and
certainly, after a sojourn of some years in Ceylon and Southern
India, no case of this ever came to his notice.
In conclusion the author's thanks are due to many friends for
help most willingly given in various ways, among whom may he
mentioned Messrs. E. A. Smith, I.S.O., B. B. "Woodward, E.L.S.,
and Gr. C. Hobson, of the British Museum, Lieut. -Colonel H. H.
Godwin-Austen, E.R.S., Mr. T. Iredale, and especially to Dr. N.
Annandale of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, who has been kind
enough to place the whole of the Indian Museum Collection of
Naiades at his disposal in order to assist him in his work.
To Mr. Eorster Cooper, of the Museums at Cambridge, the
author is also indebted for the loan of certain specimens from the
Benson Collection for purposes of figuring.
Eurther, the author would wish to acknowledge the help
afforded to him in compiling the above binomic notes by
Mr. B. B. Woodward's admirable book 4 The Life of the Mollusca/
53 West Cromwell Road, S.W.
March 1915.
MOLLTJSCA.
Class GASTROPODA.
Order SCUTIBRANCHIATA.
Suborder EHIPIDOGLOSSA.
Family HYDROCENID.E.
Subfamily HYDROCENIN^E.
Shell globose, imperforate, small ; operculum calcareous, with
concentric striae.
Distribution. S.E. Europe ; S. Asia ; Malaysia ; S. Africa.
Genus HYDROCENA.
Hydrocena, Parreyss, 1846, Hermannsen's Indicis Generum Malac.
i, p. 546.
TYPE, H. cattaroensis, Pfeiffer ; Dalmatia.
Range. S.E. Europe ; S. Asia ; Malaysia ; S. Africa.
Shell small, thin, imperforate, with few volutions; whorls
convex; aperture oval, angled nt the base; labrum having the
margins joined by a light parietal callus, not reflexed, acute ;
operculum subconcentric, outwardly spirally striate.
Subgenus GEORISSA.
Georissa, W. Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 463.
TYPE, Hydrocena pyxis, Benson ; Burma.
Range. India ; Malaysia.
Original description : Testa imperforata vel vix perforata,
minima, conica, succinea vel rubella, plerumque spiraliter sulcata
vel striata.
Operculum semiovale, sine ullo vestigio structurae spiralis, ex-
centrice striatum, testaceum, transparens.
Animal parvum, lobis hemisphaericus in loco tentaculorum
munitum.
Oculi normales. Pes brevis, rotundatus.
B
1. Hydrocena (Georissa) saritta (Benson).
Hydrocena (Georissa} saritta (Benson), A. M. N. H. ser. 2, viii, 1851,
p. 188 (as Cyclostoma) ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. i, p. 314 (as Cyclo-
stoma) ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 117, fig. 2 (as Hydrocama).
Original description: Testa subimperforata, ovato-conica, liris
spiralibus crebris, sulcis angustis divisis, munita, ferrugineo-albida,
apice rubente, sutura bene impressa, apice obtuso ; anfractibus 4
valde convexis; apertura vix obliqua, ovata, | longitudinis iequante,
peristomate acuto, expansiusculo, marginibus disjunctis, columel-
lari superne angulato, pariete calloso.
Alt. 2, diaru. 1'25 mm.
Hob. Cherra Poonjee, Garo Hills.
2. Hydrocena (Georissa) liratula, Stoliczka.
Hydrocena (Georissa) liratula, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, pt. 2,
p. 157, pi. 6, fig. 6.
Original description : Testa globoso-corrica, solida, imperforata,
carneo-luteola; anfractibus 3-3|, convexis, sutura profunda sim-
plici junctis, priino apicem subobtusum formante mammillato,
laevigato, luteolo vel rubescente, caBteris supra (infra suturam)
paululum depressiusculis, spiraliter liratis, liris acutis, simplicibus
i'ere arquidistantibus, in anf. penultimo 6-7, in ultimo 9-10, basi
convexa, centraliter minute multistriata ; apertura semilunari,
altitudine fere spiram sequante, baud dilatata ; labro simplici,
curvato, intus striato, labio incrassato, albido, aduato, intus recti-
usculo, laevi. Operculum testaceum, tenue, diaphanum, latiuscule
semilunare (nucleo excentrico), striis incrementi rugulosis vestitum,
intus ad nucleum appendice tenui, longo, lateraliter sub marginetn
columellarem projiciente, instructum.
Alt. 2-2, alt. ult. anf. ad aperturam fere 1, diain. maj. 1*8, diain.
min. l - 5 mm.
Aperture : diam -7 mm.
Hob. Damotba, near Moulmein.
Animal sordide rubescente albidum, rostro lato, nigricante ten-
tuculis brevissimis, \dx projicientibus, latis, inedio fere conHu-
entibus, oculos parvos supra, ad basin et paulo lateraliter sitos,
gerentibus ; pede breve, subovato pallido.
" It is mostly allied to the Khasi hill species G. saritta,
Bens., but is more globose and a little more numerously spirally
ribbed "
3. Hydrocena (Georissa) illex (Benson).
Hydrocena (Gcorissa) illex (Benson), A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 18oG,
p. 231 (as Hydrocena} ; PfeilFer, Mon. Pneum. ii, p. 161 (as Hy-
drocena) ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 117, fig. 4 (as Hydrocena).
Original description : Testa vix perforata, ovato-acuta, minutis-
sime striata, spiraliter confertim tenuisulcata, succinea, trans-
HYDROCENA. 3
lucente, versus spiram rubello-fusca, spira nitida, elongato-conica,
sutura prof uiida, apice obtusiusculo ; anfractibus 4 valde convexis,
ultimo -^ totius testae superante ; apertura obliqua, ovata, superne
angulata, peristomate tenui, nori continue, marghribus conniven-
tibus, dextro recto acuto, columellari reflexiusculo. Operculo
tenui, corneo, pellucido, pauci-spirato, nuuleo basali.
Alt. 2'65, diam. 1*65 mm.
Hab. Phie Than, Tenasserim, adhering to stones.
"Nearly allied to Hydrocena (Cyclostoma') saritta, nobis,
but more slender in form."
4. Hydrocena (Georissa) pyxis (Benson).
Hydrocena (Georissa) pyxis (Benson), A. M. N. II. ser. 2, xvii, 1850,
p. 232 (as Hydrocena) ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. ii, p. 161 (asHydro-
ceena) ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 117, tig. 3 (as Hydroccena).
Original description : Testa obtecte perforata, ovato-conica,
spiraliter sulcata, succinea, translucente, spiram versus rubente ;
spira conica, sutura profunda, apice obtuso ; anfractibus 4 con-
vexis, ultimo f totius testae aequatite; apertura obliqua, semi-
circulari, peristomate tenui, acuto, non continuo, margine
columellari expanse, reflexiusculo. Operculo ?
Alt. l*o, diam. 1*25 mm.
Hab. Thyet-Mio.
" H. pyxis, although smaller than H. illex, is more coarsely
sulcate, and the furrows on the lower whorl are more distant near
the suture than below."
5. Hydrocena (G-eorissa) fraterna, Theobald $ Stoliczka.
Hydrocena ( Georissa} fraterna, Theobald & Stoliczka, J. A. S. B.
xli, 1873, pt. 2, p. 332, pi. 11, figs. 5, 6.
Original description : Testa cylindraceo conoidea, solidula,
pallida, iraperforata, regione umbilicali paulo impressa ; anfrac-
tibus 3|, convexis, supra modice subtruncatis, sutura per-prcfundu,
junctis, spiraliter crasse liratis, liris in anfractu penultimo quiuque,
supera a sutura remotiuscula : apice valde mamillato ; ultimo
anfractu spira breviore, basi convexiusculo, spiraliter striato ;
apertura fere semicirculari, labro simplici, antice modice recedente,
margiue subobtuso instructo, labio recto, incrassato ; operculo
testaceo, tenui, subdiaphano, paucispirato.
Alt. 1'4, diam. maj. '9o mm.
Hab. Ataran Eiver Valley, near Moulmein.
" Allied to O. pyxis in having the uppermost spiral ridge on the
whorls somewhat remote from the suture, but the ridges them-
selves are stronger, the whorls somewhat less numerous, the apex
very distinctly mammillate, and the entire form of the shell more
slender and cylindrical,"
4 HYDROCENID^.
6. Hydrocena (Georissa) frustillum (Benson).
Hydrocena (Georissa) frmtillum (Benson), A. M. N. II. ser. 3, vi,
1860, p. 193 (as Hydrocena} ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. iii, p. 251;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 117, fig. 5 (as Hydrocana).
Original description : Testa iraperforata, ovato-oblonga, solidi-
uscula, spiraliter confertissime tenuisulcata, succinea?; spira
subpyramidata, apice obtusiusculo, sutura impressa; anfractibus 5,
convexis, ultimo f testae subaequante ; apertura obliqua, truncato-
ovata, superne necnon ad latus sinistrurn angulata, peristomate
tenui, non continue, pariete calloso. Operc. ?
Alt. 2'5, diam. 1*75 inm.
Hob. Ava.
Differing from G. illex (Benson), " in the absence of the very
elongate slender spire of that species, in the want of an umbilicus,
and in the form of the aperture, which presents internally an
angle at the junction of the coluraellar lip."
7. Hydrocena (Georissa) rawesiana (Benson}.
Hydrocena (Georissa) rawesiana (Benson), A. M. N.H. ser. 3, vi,
J860, p. 193 (as Hydrocena) ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneuin. iii, p. 252;
Theobald & Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, pt. 2, p. 332 ; II. & T.,
C. I. pi. 117, fig. 6 (as Hydroccena).
Original description: Testa imperforata, subgloboso-conica,
solida, confertim spiraliter striata, luteo-albida; spira conica, apice
obtuso, sutura profundiuscula ; anfractibus 4, valde convexis,
ultimo spiram subaequante ; apertura vix obliqua, semicircular!,
superne et ad latus sinistrum angulata, peristonmte tenui, margine
parietali calloso, intus recto, stricto ; loco umbilicali subfoveato.
Operc. ?
Alt. 2, diam. 1-5 mm.
ffab. Near Moulmein in the J?arm Caves.
" The shell is more globose than that of H. pyxis, Benson, and
the sculpture is altogether different. In the formation of the
aperture there is an approach to that of H. frustillum, but it
exhibits a straight knife-like edge at the internal parietal
margin."
8. Hydrocena (Georissa) blanfordiana, Stoliczka.
Hydrocena (Georissa) blanfordiana, Stoliczka, J.A.S. B. xl, 1871,
pt. 2, pp. 157-158, pi. 6, fig. 6 ; xli, 1873, pt. 2, p. 332 ; H. & T.,
0. 1. pi. cxvii, fig. 2 (as Hydroc&nu).
Original description: Testa globoso conoidea, imperforata,
moderate solidula, Juteola, apice rubescente, mammillato lvissinio;
anfractibus 3|, convexiusculis, trans versaliter striis increment!
urinutis tectis, sublsevigatis ; ultimo ad peripheriam rotundato, in
altitudine spiram subaaquante ; apertura late semilunari ; labro,
NBBITIDA 5
uniforme curvato, postice (vel supra) ansrulata, labio incrassato,
levissime arcuato, supra paululum dilatato, infra angustiore.
Alt. 18, alb. ult. anf. ad apert. '8, diam. inaj. 1*2, diain. min.
1 mm.
Aperture : diam. *5 mm.
Hab. Farm Caves, near Mouhneiu.
Family NERITID2E.
Subfamily NERITINJS.
Shell imperforate, subglohular or subpatelliform ; operculum
calrareous, the internal surface furnished with projecting apo-
phvses, the internal margin being thus articulated to the coluinellar
septum.
Distribution. Temperate and Tropical Regions of the "World.
Genus THEODOXIS [Neritina'].
Theodoxis, de Montfort, Conch. Syst. ii, 1810, p. 350.
JVeritina, Lamarck, 1822 [Neritine, 1809].
TYPE, T. lutetianus, de Montfort (fluviatilis, Linn.) ; Europe.
Range. Temperate and Tropical Regions of the World.
Shell globular, oval, or turriculated, smooth or spirally striated,
often adorned with vivid and varied colours; inner lip septifortn,
crenulated, rarely simple.
9. Theodoxis perotetiana (Reduz).
Neritina perotetiana, Recluz, Rev.Zool. Cuv. 1841, p. 333; Sowerby,
Thes. Conch, ii. pi. 115, figs. 200, 201 ; Reeve, Con. Icon., Ner.
sp. 124 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 157, figs. 2, 3.
Original description: Testa ovato-semiglobosa, fusco-nigricante,
tenuissime striata ; anfractibus tribus : nltimo superne coarctato ;
spira brevi, convexa, obtusata ; apice pallido, sub-hyaline ; aper-
tura extus rotundata ; labio piano, albido, in medio vix arcuato
obsoleteque crenato.
Alt. 9, diam. 11 mm.
Hab. Streams of the Nilgherries.
T. ceylonensis (Recluz), J. Conch. 1851, p. 202, appears to be a
variety having an orange edge to the otherwise black operculum.
10. Theodoxis fuliginosa (Theobald).
Neritina fuliginosa (Theobald), 3. A. S. B. xxvii, 1859, p. 315.
Neritina reticularis, var. capillulata, Sow. Thes. Conch, ii, pi. 156,
figs. 265, 266 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 157, figs. 8, 9.
Original description : Testa neritinaeformi, subglobosa, spira
6 NERITIDJE.
minima; colore luteo-flavescente rubro reticulata; intus flave-
scente-pallida ; aliquando caerulescente ; non raro fasciis duobus
eineta in apertura facilius visis. Epidermide plerumque nigro
colore, extraneo fucato ; semipolita, operculo palliae aurantiaco,
margine anteriore rubro.
Alt. 12-5, diam. 12%5 mm. (from fig. 266 in Thes. Conch.).
Nab. Burma, near Amrapoora.
11. Theodoxis reticularis (Sowerby).
Theodoxis reticularis (Sowerby) (for Neritina reticulata, Bens, not
Sow. in P. Z. S.), Conch. lllust, Ner. fig. 44 ; Thes. Conch, ii.
p. 536, figs. 264, 265 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 157, figs, 5, 6.
Neritina humeralis, Th. (name only).
Original description : Testa snbconica, Isevi, pallide fulva,
rufescente, epidermide tenui, subviridi induta, lineis angulatis
transverse reticulata; spira plerumque exsertiuscuia, apice sub-
complanato, anfractu ultimo, supra suturam angulatira elevato,
infra medium ventricoso ; apertura subcontracts, labio externo
superne declivo, infra medium producto ; columella tumida, margine
sublaevigato.
Alt. 15, diam. maj. 15 mm. (from fig. 264 in Thes. Conch.).
Hob. Calcutta.
12. Theodoxis obtusa ( Benson).
Neritina obtusa, Benson, in Sow. Conch. lllust., Ner. fig. 43 ; Thes.
Conch, ii, p. 517, pi. Ill, figs. 72, 73.
Neritina spiralis. Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ner. fiaf. 99 (from type) ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 157, fig. 7.
Original description : Testa transverse ovali, leviter striata,
epidermide subviridi induta ; spira depressa, anfractibus duobus ;
apertura magna, subcinerea ; labio externo interne crassiusculo ;
labio interno complanato, recedente, margine sinistro oblique
acuto, margine dextro in medio subarcuato, subcrenulato. Operculo
cinereo.
Alt. 10, diam. maj. 12-5 mm. (from fig. 72 in Thes. Conch.).
Hub. Banks of the Ganges, Calcutta.
* Genus SEPTARIA.
Septaria, Ferussac, Essai M^th. Conch., Paris, 1807, p. 61.
Navicella, Lamarck, 1809.
Cimber, de Montfbrt, 1810.
Sandalium, pars, Schumacher, 1817.
Catillus, Humphrey, 1797, fide Swainson,
1840.
TYPE, Patella porcellana, Linn. : Islands of Bourbon, Eodriguez,
Mauritius, and Madagascar.
Range. S. Asia ; N. Australia ; Malaysia ; Tropical Islands of
Indian and Pacific Oceans.
SEPT A HI A. 7
Shell oblong-ovate, depressed, Patella-shaped, sometimes con-
centrically striated, more frequently smooth, olive -yellow or
greenish, generally reticulated with black, no spire, vertex rather
obliquei} r inflected, sometimes beaked, lip simple, columellar area
thin, flat, septum-like, aperture very large, muscular impressions
two, distinct. Operculurn testaceous, nearly square, flat, with a
sharp tooth at the side. (Reeve.)
13. Septaria reticulata (Reeve).
Septaria reticulata (Reeve), Conch. Icon., Navic. pi. 5, figs. 20 , 6,
& pi. vi, figs. 26 , 6 (as Navicella eximia) ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 137, tigs. 5, 6.
Original description: Shell depressly ovate, thin, semitrans-
parent, yellowish, tinged with rose towards the apex, openly
reticulated with olive-black, columellar area small.
Diam. inaj. 20, diam. min. 13 mm. (from fig. 20 a in Conch.
Icon.).
Diam. maj. 31, diam. min. 20'5 mm. (from fig. 26 & in Conch.
Icon.).
Hcib. Ceylon.
14. Septaria compressa (Benson),
Septaria compressa (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 749.
Navicella lineata, var., Sow. Thes. Conch, ii, pi. 118, fig. 25 ; H. & T.,
C. I. pi. 137, figs. 1, 4,
Original description : Testa transverse elongata, compressa,
lutea, albida, vel cornea, lineis munitissimis trausversis diverse
coloratis, maculisque alternatis radiantibus decoloratis picta;
dorso elevato ; limbi extremitatibus emarginatis.
Diam. maj. 21-25, diam. min. 11'25 mm.
Eab. Hooghly River.
Generally found adhering to the stems of shrubs growing in
the water.
15. Septaria casrulescens (Sowerby).
Septaria ccendescens (Sowerby), Thes. Conch, ii, p. 550, pi. 118,
fig-. 29, & pi. 118 bis, figs. 36, 37, 38; Reeve, Conch. Icon.,
Navic. pi. 7, fig. 29.
Navicella orientals, Reeve, loc. cit. fig. 33 (young).
Navicella tessellata, Benson (not well of Lam.), J. A. S. B. v, 1836,
p. 750 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 137, figs. 2, 3, 7, 10.
Original description : Testa breviuscula, subdepressa, sub-
quadrata, ca3rulea, maculis nigris angulatis picta ; raargine apicem
superante ; septo angustissimo, arcuato.
Diam. maj. 17'5, diam. min. 12'5 mm. (from fig. 29 in Thes.
Conch.).
Hob. River Ganges, Bengal.
8 . TIAKID^E.
16. Septaria livesayi (Dolirn).
Septaria livesayi (Dolirn), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 135 (as Namcella) ;
H. & T v C. I. pi. 137, figs. 8, 9.
Original description : Testa oblongo-ovata, tennis, parum
pellucida, fusco-viridis, ad apicem rubescens, maculis triangu-
laribus luteis ornata ; apex ad dextram spectans, prominulus ;
apertura alba.
Alt. 6, diam. maj. 35, diain. min. 15 mm.
Aperture: diam. 18 mm.
Hob. Ceylon.
17. Septaria squamata (Dcihm).
Septaria squamata (Dolirn), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 135; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 157, figs. 1, 4 (as Navicelld).
Original description : Testa ovata, tenuis, pellucida, fusco-
viridis, ad apicem rubeseens, maculis luteis squamseformibus, striis
fulguratis et maculis nigrescentibus picta; apex ad sinistram
spectans, marginalia ; apertura alba.
Alt. 5'5, diam. maj. 18, diam. min. 12-5 mm.
Aperture : diam. 15 mm.
Hob. Ceylon.
Order PECT INI BRANCH IAT A.
Suborder TJ2NIOGLOSSA.
Family TIAR1DJE [= Melaniidce].
Subfamily TIAEIN^E.
Shell ovately or subulately fusiform, smooth, striate costulate
or spinously nodulate.
Distribution. S.E.Europe; S. & E. Asia; N.Australia; Africa;
America ; Tropical Islands of Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Genus FAUNUS.
Faunus, de Montfort, Conch. Syst. 1810.
Pirena, Lamarck, 1822.
Melanamona, Bowditch.
TYPE, Strombus ater, Linnaeus : Moluccas ; New Guinea ; New
Ireland; Java; Philippines; Timor, Buru, Amboyna ; Ceylon.
Range. The above Islands and also New Caledonia ; Penang ;
China.
rATJNUS. 9
Shell subulate, acuminate ; columella smooth, arched, extending
into a parietal callus ; aperture ovate, having an anterior canal
at the base.
18. Faunus ater (Linnceus).
Strombus ater, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1213, no. 516; Rumph. Amb.
pi. 30, fig. R ; Chemn. pi. 135, fig. 1227.
Nerita atra, Miill. Verm. no. 375 ; Schroter, Flussconch. p. 371.
Strombus atropurpureus, Schroter, Flussconch. p. 372.
Strombus dealbatm, Gmel. 110. 46, p. 3523; Seba, Mus. pi. 56.
figs. 13, 14.
Cerithiumfluviatile, Fer. Syst. Conch, p. 69, no. 1.
Melanamona, Bowditch, Elem. Conch, pi. 6, fig. 19.
Pirena atra (L.), Mousson, Moll. Java, pi. 10, tig. 1 ; Reeve, Conch.
Icoii. fig. 5.
Faunus ater (L.), H. & A. Ad., Gen. of Reo. Moll. ; Gray, Guide
Syst. Distrib. ; Chemn. Man. Conch, tig. 2080.
Melanopsis atra (L.), Fer. Monogr. Melanops. pi. 2, fig. 7, p. -32 ;
Sow. Gen. of Shells, fig. 1 ; Deshayes, Encycl. Meth., Verm, ii,
p. 337, no. 11.
Pirena terebralis, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. no. 1 ; Quoy & Gaimard,
Voy. Coquille, ii, p. 360 ; Sowerby, Conch. Man. fig. 316 ; Brot,
Mater, iii, p. 23.
Pirena picta, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 3.
Buccinum acicula, Gmel. p. 3503 ; Lister, Conch, pi. mlv, fig. 7.
Pirena acus, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, ii, p. 360.
Melanopsis atra, Pot. & Mich. Gal. pi. 31, figs. 7, 8.
Melanopsis princeps, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v, pi. 19, fig. 74;
Lea, Obs. Gen. Unio, i, p. 194, pi. 19, fig. 74.
Faunopsis princeps (Lea), Gill, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil. 1863 (Monstr.).
Pirena pagodus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 4.
Faunas acer, Linn., Nevill, Hand List, ii, p. 217.
Shell sharply elongately tapering, intense black, obscurely
minutely yellow-mottled ; whorls twenty or more, concavely
flattened, densely minutely wrinkle-striated ; aperture small,
columellar margin callously incurved. (Reeve.)
Alt. 84, diam. 19 mm. (Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 5).
Hob. Ceylon; Nicobars?; Moluccas; New Ireland; Penang ;
Java ; Philippines ; Timor ; Buru j Amboyna ; Celebes, etc.
Var. perdecollata, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 218.
" Apparently a form constantly characterized by the strong
decollation, erosion of the surface and iron-rust, reddish colour of
the peristome, etc Very variable in size." (Nevill.)
Alt. 76-5, diam. 21 mm.
Hab. Ceylon, Southern Province (Nevill).
10
Genus TIARA.
Tiara, Bolten, 1798, Mus. Bolten.
Melania, Lamarck, 1799 et auct.
Turritella, Link, non Lamarck.
Ellistoma, Rafinesque.
Melanites, Krugel.
Hygronoma, Gistel.
TYPE, Helix amarula, Linn. : Mauritius ; Madagascar ; Comoro
Islands.
Range. Tropical Islands of the Indian Ocean and Moluccas.
Shell ovate ; spire and aperture of nearly equal length ; whorls
coronated with spines or tubercles ; aperture ovate, entire in front,
pointed behind ; inner lip very thin ; outer lip simple, acute.
19. Tiara cybele (Gould).
Tiara cybele (Gould;, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 1847, p. 222 (as
Melania cybele).
Melania crenularis, Deshayes, Mag. Zool. 1884, pi. 83 ; Nevill, Hand
List, pt. 2, p. 279.
Original description : Testa ovata, turrita, crassa, f uliginosa,
epidermide velutina induta ; spira ad apicem valde erosa, anfr.
superstit. ad 3 planulatis, superne tribulatis, et pinnis curtis acutis
arrectis ordinatim dispositis corouatis ; apertura angusta, elongato-
ovalis, postice angulata ; intus livida.
Alt. 25, diam. 15*5 mm.
Hob. Fij i, Navigators' Islands, etc.
Var. amara (March), J. de Conch. 1872, p. 319, as Melania
amara, for M. mitra, Reeve (not of Meuschen), Con. Icon. sp. 175.
Original description : Shell ovate, ventricose, black-brown,
sometimes covered with a soft epidermis ; whorls few, smooth,
sharply coucavely angled at the upper part, prickly-tubercled at
the angle; aperture obliquely ovate ; colurnella callously effused,
interior sometimes blood-stained.
Alt. 47, diam. 24-5 mm. (fig. 6 in Conch. Icon.).
Hob. Sumatra (Cuming) ; Pulo Panjang (Morch) ; Great Nicobar
(Roepstorff).
Melania, Lamarck, b'eing an absolute synonym of Tiara, Bolten,
and as none of the names used in the genus appear to be
applicable, the author proposes the subgeneric name Radina for
the following group.
Subgenus RADINA, nov.
Melania, H. & A . Adams, 1855 ; Brot, 1874.
TYPE, Melania hastula, Lea : Philippines ; Fiji ; Halmaheira ;
Aru Islands.
TIAEA. 11
Range. S. & E. Asia; Malay Archipelago; islands of the
Pacific.
Shell subulate, elongated ; spire many-whorled, acute ; whorls
smooth, not spinose ; aperture ovate, acuminate, posteriorly entire,
rounded in front; inner lip thin, not callous; outer lip simple,
acute, margin entire. (H. fy A. Adams.)
20. Tiara (Radina) hastula (Lea).
Tiara (Radina) nastula (Lea), P. Z. S. 1850, p. 189 ; Conch.-Cab. ii,
pi. 16, figs. 3, 3 b ; tide Brot.
Melania costata, auct. [not of Quoy].
Melania Jlammulata, Busch [not of Reeve].
Melania picta, Rve. [not of Hinds].
Melania acuta, live, [not of Lea].
Melania arroensis, Rve., Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 228.
Original description Testa striata, nonntmquam plicata, elon-
gata subulata, diaphana, tenui, fusca, striis transversis crebris
costulas decussantibus ; spira acuminata ; suturis linearibus ; an-
fractibus plano-convexis'; apertura parvula, ovata, intus vel fusca
vel albida ; columella incurva tortaque.
Alt. 83, diam. 20-25 mm.
Hab. Philippines ; India.
Var. subacutissima, Nevill, torn. cit.
" Spiral striation on base of last whorl distinct :
upper whorls obscurely dotted and flamed with brown and
peculiarly alternate .*..."
Alt. 55, diam. 16 mm.
Hab. Andamans (Roepstorff).
Subvar. subcrenulata, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 229.
Alt. 51, diam. 16-75 mm.
Hab. Andamaus (Roepstorff).
21. Tiara (Radina) crenulata (Deshayes).
Tiara (Radina) crenulata (Deshayes), Lamarck, Hist. Anim. s. Vert.
ed. 2, viii, 1838, p. 434.
Bulimus torulosm, Brug. Encycl. Meth., Vers, i, p. 352 ?
Helix crenata, Dillwyn, Cat. ii, p. 950, no. 144 ; Nevill, Hand List,
pt. 2, p. 225.
Original description: Testa elongato-turrita, apice truncata albo-
fuscescente obsolete sulcata ; anfractibus latis subplanis ad suturam
depressis, marginatis ; margine lato, excavato ; apertura magna,
ovali, ad basim dilatata ; columella coutorta, crassa.
Alt. 64, diam. 21 mm.
Hab. Philippines.
12 TIAEIDJ3.
Var. tirouri, Ferussac, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de 1'Astr., Zool. iii,
p. 159, pi. Ivi. figs. 38, 39 (as Melania tirouri) ; Nevill, Hand List,
pt. 2, p. 226. '
Original description : Testa turrita, solida, crassa, rudenter
transversim sulcata, albida; anfractibus plano-eonvexis ; postiee
sulco impresso divisis ; spira erassa, truncata ; apertura ainpla,
ovali et caerulea.
Alt. 54 mm.
JJab. Celebes ; Philippines ; Puniar River, Cuddalore (Beddome) ,
Vizagapatam (Stoliczka) ; Audamans (Roepstorff).
Var. confusa, Dohrn, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 225.
Melania confusa, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 135 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 72,
fig. 4.
Original description : Testa turrita, solida olivacea vel nigricans ;
anfr. 10-11 planulati, spiral isulcati aut varicosi, longitudinaliter
striati ; apertura oblonga, albida, non detmncata. Operculum
corneuui, nigrescens, oblongum.
Alt. 72, diam. 18 mm.
Aperture: alt. 22, diam. 11 mm.
Hob. Ceylon.
22. Tiara (Radina) clavus, Lamarck.
Tiara (Radina) clavus (Lamarck), Hist. Anim. s. Vert, vi, 1822,
p. 165.
Melania acuminata, Dkr. Phil. Abb.
Melania acus, Lea, P. Z. S. 1850 ; Reeve, Con. Icon. %. 92.
Melania gaudiosa, Hinds, A. M. N. H. xiv, 1844 ; Nevill, Hand List,
pt. 2, p. 223.
Shell shortly subulate, spire sharply acuminate towards the
apex, horny, rather thin, livid purple, white at the sutures ; whorls
twelve to thirteen, rather flat, the first longitudinally ribbed, the
rest smooth ; aperture ovate, columellar margin callous white.
Alt. 25, diam. 85 mm. (Eeeve, Con. Icon. fig. 92 as M. acus,
Lea.)
Hab. Nicobars (Levitt).
Var. sobrius, Lea.
Melania sobrius, Lea, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 181, and Reeve, Con. Icon.
figs. 32, 80 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 223.
" of a plain uniform colouration, without traces either of
spots or bands." (Nevill.}
Alt. 31-5-39 5, diam. 10-1275 mm.
Hob. JNlcobars.
TIARA. 13
Subvar. cochlidium, Lea.
Melimia cochlidium, Lea, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 183 ; Reeve, Con. Icon.
%. 27 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 224.
Original description : Testa la?vi, subulata, subcrassa, rufo-
cornea ; spira elevata, acuminate, ad apicera minute plicata;
suturis regulariter irapressis ; anfractibus tredecim, subcompressis,
anf ractu ultimo supra angulato, inagno ; apertura late ovata, parva,
ad basira retusa, iritus albida ; columella regulariter incurva.
Alt. 37-5, diam. 12-5 mm.
Hah. Philippines ; Katchall, Nicobar Islands (Roepstorff).
Var. pirenoidea, Ntvill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 224.
" A remarkable, * Pirena-like,' strongly decollate and massive
form, " (Nevill.)
Alt. 30, diam. 12 mm.
Hab. Nicobars.
Subvar. perdecollata, Nevill, torn. cit.
A smaller form, still more decollate, only two or three whorls
remaining.
Hab. Nicobars.
Var. plana, v. d. JBusch, MS., Brot, Conch.-Cab. ii, pi. 21,
fig. 17 a.
? Melanin gaudiosa, Hinds, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 225.
" The apical eight whorls are very prominently and regularly,
longitudinally ribbed and spirally striated ; last whorl, of course,
smooth at base ; of uniform dark olive-green colouration."
(Nevill.)
Alt. 28-5, diam. 7'75 mm.
Hab. Great Nicobar.
23. Tiara (Eadina) fuscata (Born).
Tiara (Radina) fuscata (Born), Test. Vindob. 1780, p. 390 (as Helix)
[not of the Con. Indica], and Test. Mus. Caesar. Vindob. pi. 16,
tig. 17 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 221.
Original description : Testa subulata, laevis, transversim sub-
tilissime striata ; anfractus decem teretes ; apertura ovata ; labriun
laeve ; faux cinerea ; color e luteo fuscus.
Alt. 48, diam. 15 mm.
Hab. Nicobars.
24. Tiara (Radina) zeleborii (Brot).
Tiara (Eadina) zekborii (Brot), Mat. Melaniens, iii, p. 35, pi. 2,
figs. 13, 14 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 230.
Original description ; Testa subulata, solida, f usco-nigra, polita ;
14 TIABID.E.
spira eroso-decollata (specim. adult.) ; anfract. 5-6 incolumes sub-
plamilati, Inevigati, sutura subcanaliculata, angusta marginata
divisi, ultimo magno, basi obtuse angulato, circa columellam striato.
Apertura pirit'ormis, superne acute angulata, basi producta, late
effusa, columella torta, margine dextro recto, basali arcuato.
Opercul. subspiraturn, nucleo basali, marginal!.
Testa jnvenilis spira subintegra, colore fusco-corneo ; aufr.
ultimus basi angulatus, parte mediana fusco tinctus. Anfr.
circa 11, supreini lougitudinaliter crebre striati, striis sensim
evanescentibus.
Dim. specim. adult, decollate (anfr. 5-6).
Alt. 54, diam. 13 mm.
Aperture : alt. 18, diam. 10 mm.
Dim. specim. juv. (ant'r. circa 11),
Alt. 37, diam. 8 mm.
Hab, Nicobars (Roepstorff).
Var. nana, Nevill, torn. cit.
" Strongly decollate, only 3 or 4 whorls remaining."
Alt. 29-5', diam. 10-5 mm.
Hab. Great Nicobar (Roepstorff).
Var. solidiuscula, Nevill, torn. cit.
"A very distinct variety, slightly decollate, 6 whorls ;
constantly distinguished from the preceding by its greater
solidity and by the less convex whorls, especially noticeable in the
last one."
Alt. 37, diam. 11 '5 mm.
Hab. Andamans (Roepstorff) .
25. Tiara (Radina) charon (Preston}.
Tiara (Radina) chat-on (Preston), Ilec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 196, pi. 15,
tig. 22.
Shell elongately subulate, dark brownish black ; remaining
whorls 12, convex, marked throughout with lines of growth and
spirally sculptured with faint, somewhat distant raised stride ;
sutures well impressed ; columella descending in a rounded curve
and extending into, a slight callus which reaches the lip above ;
peristome simple ; aperture oblong-ovate ; interior slate-colour.
Alt. 56, diam. maj. 12 mm.
Aperture, alt. 11*75, diam. 7 mm.
Hab. Andaman Islands.
26. Tiara (Radina) expatriata (Preston).
Tiara (Radina) expatriata (Preston), Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p 196
pi. 15, fig. 23.
Shell subulately turreted, dark blackish brown; remaining
whorls 4|, spirally striated on the lower half of the upper whorls ;
TIA.RA. 15
the body- whorl encircled by an infra-sutural ridge forming a
distinct shoulder and weakly spirally lirate throughout below the
ridge; sutures impressed; peristome simple ; columella arched, a
callus joining it with the lip above ; aperture inversely auriform.
Alt. 33-25, diam. maj. 12-25 mm.
Aperture, alt. 10-5, diam. 5-5 mm.
Hob. Andaman Islands.
The shoulder formed by the infra-sutural ridre presents a some-
what striking appearance and recalls some of the Western Pacific
Island forms in which this character occurs ; the other characters,
however, when taken collectively or singly, easily separate it from
any of the species described from those regions.
27. Tiara (Radina) multistriata (Preston}.
Tiara (Radind) multistriata (Preston), Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 196,
pi. 15, fig. 24.
Shell decollate, subulate, dark olive-brown ; remaining whorls 4,
rather flat, sculptured throughout with fine transverse striae and
coarser spiral striae ; sutures deep and incised ; columella arched ;
peristome acute ; aperture ovate; interior bluish grey.
Alt. 26, diam. maj. 10 ram.
Aperture, alt. 9'5, diam. 4 mm.
flab. Andaman Islands.
Subgenus STRIATELLA.
Striatella, Brot, Conch. Cab. 1875, pp. 7, 193.
TYPES, Melania corporosa, Gould, Tahiti ; and Melania tubercu-
lata, Miiller, N. Africa, S. & E. Asia, Malaysia, N. Australia.
Range. Add to the above S. & E. Africa and Tropical Islands of
the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Original description: Testa turrita, mediocris, longitudinaliter
plus minusve striata, saepe transverse plicata ; apertura basi rotun-
data, columella modice torta.
Testa longitudinaliter inciso-striata, sutura canaliculata.
(Typ. M. corporosa.}
Testa longitudinaliter elevato-lirata ; rubropunctata vel flam-
mulata.
(Typ. M. tuberculata.}
28. Tiara (Striatella) tuberculata (Mullir).
Nerita tuberculata, Miiller, Hist, Verm. 1774 (as Nerita), Coro-
mandel ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 74, figs. 1-4 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2,
p. 239.
Shell elongate, very acuminate or subulate, pale, thin, sculptured
with raised spiral striae and undulating grooves, blotched with
blood-red, these red markings often forming zigzag bands. Whorls
8 or 9, ornamented with longitudinal tubercular ridges, each bearing
16
about 9 tubercles on the body-whorl ; aperture ovate, outer lip
acute, polished within and marked with more or less transparent
bands.
Hab. Throughout India, Burma, and Ceylon, and perhaps one
of the most widely distributed and variable of species extending
as it does from Morocco in the West to China and Australia in
the East.
The principal Indian varieties would seem, according to Nevill,
to be as follows :
Var. subcrebra, Nevill, Hand List, p. 241.
"A subgranulose variety approaching M. crebra, Lea ;
of a uniform straw-colour ; spire not much produced ; last whorl
convex, whorls 6-7."
Alt. 22, diara. 775 mm.
Nab. Baiidarawella, Ceylon.
Var. layardi (Dohrn), Nevill, Hand List, p. 242.
Melania layardi, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 135; Reeve, Conch. Icon,
pi. 15, sp. 104 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 73, figs. 8, 9.
Original description : Testa turrita, solidiuscula, olivacea ; anfr.
6-7 convexi, striis spiralibus, rugis longitudinalibus regulariter
ornata, ad suturam f usco-maculata : apertura ovato-oblonga, iritus
cseruleo-albida ; columella rotundata, peristomium valde product 11111,
arcuatum.
Alt. 35, diam. 10 mm.
Aperture : alt. 10, diam. 5 mm.
Hab. Ceylon; S. Canara (Beddome).
On the S. Canara specimen Nevill makes the following
remarks :
" The first specimens, I believe, of this very characteristic variety
described from Continental India. They are a very fine form.
long. 33, diam. 10-} mm. 7 whorls."
The dimensions given in the original description are those
of Dohrn's largest specimen, he gives them, together with the
following description, of a smaller form, thus :
" Var. Minor, decollata, nigrescens. intus cserulea."
Alt. 22, diam. 7 mm.
Aperture : alt. 7, diam. 4 mm.
Var. tigrina (Hutton), Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 242.
Melania tigrina, Hutton. J. A. S. B. 1850. p. 658 ; H. & T., C I.
pi. 110, fig. 2.
Original description : Shell devoid of apex, the spire being
invariably much eroded ; general appearance that of M. pyramis,
TIARA. 17
but differs in being coarser, in wanting the strong and prominent
longitudinal furrows which characterise that species, and which
are observable throughout its length ; the outer lip also has a
tendency to be more produced ; while the flame-shaped streaks of
colouring are narrower, closer, and less devious or zigzag, often
becoming bifid or pronged on the body-whorl ; epidermis pale
olive-green or olive-brown, ornamented with close, narrow, irregular
transverse dashes. General number of whorls in eroded and
decollated specimens five, though nine or ten would appear to
be the correct number, wrinkled transversely by coarse lines of
increase ; the upper angle of the aperture is never so acute as in
M. pyramis, and the sutures are deeper and whorls more tumid at
their junction.
Var. orissaensis, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 243.
" A remarkable form ; spire short, with ventricose whorls, sub-
stance thick, coloration uniform green (or almost so), longitudinal
ribbing remarkably developed, even on the last whorl."
Long. 25, diam. 9 (scarcely) mm.
Hub. Cuttack, Orissa (J. Caldwell).
Var. luteomarginata, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 244.
Long. 37'5, diam. 13 mm.
Hob. Kalgan, Persia ; Baluchistan.
Var. myadoungensis, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 245.
" A very distinct form remarkable for its ' terebra-like ' pro-
duced spire, its contracted or appressed whorls (especially the
last) ; the spiral, undulating sculpture is more acutely prominent
than in any form I know ; all the whorls, except the last, have
a light longitudinal ribbing as well; of a light yellowish-green
colour, prettily marbled with brown. Anfr. 8 ; long. 27|, diam.
7/0- mm."
" PI. 74, fig. 1 of the Con. Indica resembles it, only
the last whorl is too ventricose, etc."
Hob. Myadoung, Upper Burma (Anderson).
Subvar. subplicifera, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 245.
" A form nearer Eeeve's fig. 109 B ; distinguished from the
preceding by the more developed longitudinal structure through-
out."
Hab. Myadoung (Anderson).
29. Tiara (Striatella) sublutosa (Nevill).
Tiara (Striatella) sublutosa (Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 234.
Original description : " Very strongly decollate, an exact
c
18
'miniature' of M. Brot's pi. 24, fig. 15, M. . lutosa, Gould,' from
Upolu. "
Alt. 15, diam. 6-10 mm.; whorls 3.
JJab. Great Nicobar (Roepstorff).
30. Tiara (Striatella) turriculus (Lea).
Tiara (Striatella} turriculus (Lea), P. Z. S. 1850, p. 190.
Melania perpinguis, Reeve [not of Hinds], sp. 113; Nevill, Hand
List, pt. 2, p. 234.
Original description : Testa striata, conoidea, subtenui, obscure
maculata, cornea, spira subelevata ; suturis impressis ; anfractibus
novem, convexiusculis, lineis subraris impressis, superne angulatis ;
apertura parva, subconstricta, intus albida et obscure maculata, ad
basim rotunda; columella regulariter curvata.
Alt. 2775, diam. 10 mm.
Hob. Philippines ; Andamans (Roepstorff).
31. Tiara (Striatella) nevilli (Brot).
Tiara (Striatella} nevilli (Brot), Conch .-Cab. ii, 1877, p. 200, pi. 22,
fig. 13 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 236.
Original description : Testa subulato-turrita, subcylindracea,
solida, virenti-olivacea, nitidula. Spira erosa ; anfr. persist. 6-7,
declivi-convexiusculi, sutura appressa, subcanaliculato-incisa divisi,
supremi longitudinaliter arete inciso-striati, ultimi 3-4 omnino
laevigati vel lineis increment! leviter striatuli. Apertura piriformis,
basi latiuscula, vix effusa ; columella subincrassata, parum torta et
arcuata ; margine dextro subrecte descendente, baud protracto.
Alt. 38, diam. 11 mm.
Aperture: alt. 11, diam. 5-5 mm.
Hab. Andaman Islands (Hanley) ; Tahiti (Morelet).
Var. andamanica, Nevill, torn. cit.
" distinguished by the upper three or four whorls being
invariably longitudinally ribbed, the ribs being not at all pro-
minent and slightly but distinctly arcuate ; quite young specimens
show the ribbing throughout, the ribs only becoming obsolete on
the lower portion of the last whorl. Generally but slightly
decollate, eight whorls remaining; covered with a rust-brown
coating, beneath which the shell is light green, irregularly and
very slightly spotted with brown below the suture ; throughout
spirally striated ; a single specimen only has this spiral sculpture
obsolete on the central portion of the last two to three whorls.
The majority ef specimens are smaller than type-figure of
M. nevilli, and have the last two whorls increasing much more
rapidly in breadth "
TIARA. 19
Subvar. semilaevigata, Nevill, toin. cit.
The author gives no further description than that implied by
the name.
Hob. Andamans (Ford).
Subvar. appressa, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 237
The last two whorls are contracted much as in typical
T. (S.) nevilli.
Hob. Andamans (Anderson).
32. Tiara (Striatella) nicobarica (Reeve).
Tiara (Striatella) nicobarica (Reeve), Con. Icon. sp. 54 ; Nevill,
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 237.
Original description : Shell turriculated, rather solid, black :
whorls ten to twelve, somewhat rounded, the first spirally grooved
throughout, the rest with the upper and lower grooves fading
away ; aperture rather small.
Alt. 33*5, diam. 10 mm. (fig. in Con. Icon.).
Hcib. Nicobar Islands.
Subvar. canaliculata, Nevill, torn. cit.
Apparently channelled below the suture.
Hab. Nicobars (Roepstorff) S. Andaman (Roepstorjf).
Subvar. gigantea, Nevill, torn. cit.
A large form which, though only having four whorls remaining,
is of the following dimensions :
Alt. 43, diam. 17 mm.
Hab. Camorta (Roepstorff) ; S. Andaman (Roepstorff).
Var. fusiformis, Nevill, torn. cit.
" Well distinguished by its produced and fusiform shape ; the
whorls increase regularly and are more convex than those of
the type form, in which the upper whorls are abruptly and cori-
tractedly attenuate, the lower ones increasing rapidly in size,
especially the last, which is always very tumid. In var. fusi-
formis, on the contrary, it is only a trifle more swollen than the
preceding one. More solid and of brighter coloration ; sculpture
rather less distinct." (Nevill.)
Alt. 32-5 (9 whorls), diam. 9 mm.
Hab. S. Andaman (Roepstorff).
Yar. perstriatula, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 238.
"The last two whorls are throughout regularly and evenly,
finely spirally striated."
Hal. Andamans [?] (Stoliczlca).
c2
20 TIAKIDJE.
33. Tiara (Striatella) crebra (Lea}.
Tiara (Striatella} crebra (Lea), P. Z. S. 1850, p. 193 (as M. crebra} ;
Reeve, Con. Icon. 1860, sp. 162 ; Tar. from Nicobars, Brot, pi. 33,
fig. 2, as of Sect. Tarebia ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 238.
Original description : Testa cancellata, elevato-conica, crassa,
tenebroso-castanea ; spira valde elevata ; anfractibus decem, con-
vexiusculis, ad basim striis impressis ; apertura parvula, ovata,
intus albida ; ad basim rotunda ; columella incurvata.
Alt. 37-5, diam. 12-5 mm.
Hob. Philippines (Lea) ; Preparis Isd., Bay of Bengal (Stol-
iczka, Wood-Mason') ; S. Andaman (Roepstorff) ; Nancowri and
Katchall, Nicobars (Roepstorff).
Subvar. emaciata, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 239.
" Besides the more contracted whorls the coloration is darker
and the longitudinal sculpture less developed."
Alt. 28*5, diam. 7 mm.
Hob. Katchall and Nancowri, Nicobar Islands (Roepstorff).
34. Tiara (Striatella) rivularis (PMUppi).
Tiara (Striatella) rivularis (Philippi), Abbild. ii, pi. 4, fig. 6, 1847.
p. 171 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 247.
Original description : Testa turrita, virescente, apice decollata ;
anfractibus 7, convexis, sutura prof unda divisis, transverse striatis,
superioribus lineis runs longitudinalibus, medianis serie transversa
punctorum infra suturam, pictis ; apertura ovato-oblonga, superne
acuta, basi effusa ; labro basi valde producto.
Alt. 20, diam. 6-75 mm.
Hab. Java ; Andamans (Roepstorff).
Var. subunifascialis, Nevill , torn. cit.
" .... the spiral striation is more or less obsolete on the upper
portion of the whorls, imparting a very characteristic appearance
to the shell ; basal band round the columella not visible within
the aperture/'
Alt. 19 (whorls 8^), diam. 6 mm.
Hab. Andamans
35. Tiara (Striatella) pyramis (Benson).
Tiara (Striatella) pyramis (Benson), as Species B, Gleanings in
Science, no. 13, 1830, p. 22 ; Hutton, J. A. S. B. xviii, 1850
pt. 2, p. 658 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 110, figs. 3, 4.
Original description : Shell subiilafce-turreted, translucent ;
whorls depressed, with longitudinal and transverse rug*, which
give a decussated appearance to the upper whorls. Colour pallid,
TIAKA. 2 1
with bands of red-brown dots or irregular longitudinal streaks of
the same colour, sometimes altogether devoid of markings.
" This shell occurs alive in the Gumti, Yamuna, Betwa, and
Cen rivers. I have met with the exuviae in the Ganges. In this
.... species the foot is of a pullid colour with brownish black
markings. The body is light verdigris-green."
Alt. 29*75, diam. maj. 8'75 mm.
Aperture : alt. 8'5, diam. 4 mm.
The above dimensions are taken from a specimen in the British
Museum, none being given in the original description.
Subgenus MELANOIDES.
Melanoidss, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. 1854, i, p. 296 ; Nevill,
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 248.
TYPE, Melania asperata, Lamarck ; Philippines.
Range. S. and E. Asia ; Japan ; Malaysia.
Shell subulate, solid ; whorls often nodulous or rugose ; aperture
subcircular, produced in front; inner lip somewhat callous;
outer lip sinuated, thickened, dilated and produced anteriorly.
Operculum subcircular, stibspiral, of few rapidly-enlarging whorls.
36. Tiara (Melanoides) herculea (Gould).
Tiara (Melanoides) herculea (Gould), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
1846, ii, p. 100 ; Otia Conch, p. 199 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 72, tig. 5.
Original description : Testa ponderosa, elongato-conica, fusco-
viridis, decollate : anfr., numero integro ad 15, superstitibus 2-5,
planulatis, infra suturam constrictis, plicis profundis 4-nodosis
longitudinalibus ; ultimo subcarinato, basi striis crassis cincto ;
apertura subrhomboidali ; antice producta, callo columellari rotun-
dato, crasso, fauce plus minusve fusco.
Alt. 71*5, diam. 25*5 mm.
Hob. Tavoy River.
37. Tiara (Melanoides) gloriosa (Anthony).
Tiara (Melanoides) gloriosa (Anthony), Amer. Journ. Conch, i,
1865, pt. 3, p. 207, pi. 18, fig. 2 j H. & T., C. I. pi. 72, figs. 1, 2.
Original description : Shell ovate-conic, smooth, olivaceous ;
spire elevated, but abruptly decollate, exhibiting only four whorls,
which are convex and quite broad ; sutures very deep and dis-
tinct ; lines of growth remarkably prominent, often amounting to
varices, and with revolving striae less prominent, but, nevertheless,
distinct, decussating with them; aperture large, ovate, blotched
with reddish-brown within; columella very much curved, thickened
22
with a white callus, and forming, with the sinuous outer lip, a
lengthened, but not very decided sinus at the base.
Alt. (as eroded) 63, diam. 25 mm.
Aperture : alt. 25, diam. 18 mm.
Hob. Pegu.
Belongs to a group of which M. Jierculea, Gould, may be cited
as an example, but is much larger, has never such regular folds as
that species, nor are its concentric striae so prominent as to form
nodulous ridges as in M. Jierculea ; it is probably one of the most
ponderous species of the genus ; the revolving striae are more
prominent near the sutures, and at the base of the shell they are
also much crowded and more elevated.
Var. peguensis, Hanley <$> Theobald, H. & T., C. I. pi. 72, fig. 6
(as M. peguensis) ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 250 (as var. of
M. touranensis, Soul.).
Differing chiefly from the typical form in the absence of spiral
striation and basal contraction of the aperture.
Alt. 88, diam. 31 mm. (fig. in Conch! Ind.).
Hob. Henzada, Pegu (Stoliczlca}.
Var. compacta, Nevill, to'm. cit. (as var. of M. touranensis,
Soul.).
Smaller and more compact than the above, with the spiral striae
at the base of the last whorl very distinct but more crowded than
in typical M. gloriosa.
Alt. 63-5, diam. 23-5 mm.
Hob. Henzada (Stoliczlca}.
Var. beddomeana, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 251 (as var. of M. touran-
ensis, Soul.).
4 Closely resembles the preceding in shape of the whorls and
spiral striation at base of the last whorl; relatively even more
solid; appears to be perfectly smooth throughout, with the
exception of the above-mentioned basal striation." (Nevitt.)
Alt. 44, diam. 17 j diam.
Hob. Near Moulmein (Beddome).
38. Tiara (Melanoides) humerosa (Gould}.
Tiara (Melanoides) humerosa (Gould), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
ii, 1847, p. 219 ; Otia Conch, p. 200 ; Brot, Conch. -Cab. 1875,
p. 107.
Melania (Melanoides) reevei, Brot, Mater, i, 1862, p. 46=balteata,
Keeve, sp. 144, fide Nevill.
Original description : Testa elongate -turrit a simplex, viridi-
cornea ; spira derosa, anfr. ad 8 convexis, prope suturam obsolete
angulatis, lineis tenuissimis spiraliter striatis, ultimo antice
TIARA. 23
costato-striato ; apertura subovali, antice vix effusa; columella
rotundata, alba, fauce fasciatim sublivida.
Alt. 47*5, diam. 12-5 inm.
ffab. Manko, Tavoy.
Var. lanceolata (Hanky $ Theobald), Concli. Ind. pi. 153,
fig. 1 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 248.
A slender form.
Alt. 63, diam. 22-75 mm.
Hob. Mandalay (Anderson) ; Henzada, Pegu (StoliczJca) ; Thyet
Myo (Hungerford).
Var. imbricata (Hanley $ Theobald), torn. cit. fig. 4; .Nevill,
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 249.
" In quite young specimens the ' imbricated ' sculpture can
scarcely be detected." (Nevill.)
Alt. 65, diam. 25 mm.
ffab. Henzada (StoliczJca) Taylaymaw (Anderson).
Var. solidiuscula, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 249; Brot,
Conch.-Cab. ii, pi. 13, fig. 6 (as M. reevei [juv.] ")
" . . . . Solid and light yellow coloured ; a quite young specimen
having a single broad brown belt on the middle of the last whorl."
(Nevill.)
Alt. 48, diam. 18 mm.
ffab. Pegu (StoliczJca).
39. Tiara (Melanoides) variabilis (Benson).
Tiara (Melanoides) variabilis (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836,
pp. 746-747 ; Brot, in Conch.-Cab. 1875, pp. 85-87, pi. 10, figs. 1,
1 a-d-, H. & T., C. I. pi. 109, figs. 2, 3, 5, 6.
Original description : Testa elongato-turrita, solida, olivacea vel
picea, sub epidermide albida ; anfractibus convexis transverse
liratis, longitudinaliter striatis et costatis ; costulis anfractus
ultimi superne nodulosis ; apice plerumque truncate ; suturis
excavatis. Apertura intus violacea, coiumellae basi sinuata.
ffab. Goomty River at Jonpur, Tolly's Mullah, near Calcutta.
Var. A. Anfractuum inferiorum liris elevatis, nodulis eleva-
toribus.
ffab. River Hooghli at Calcutta.
Var. B. Liris, mediana excepta, obsoletis ; nodulis subspinosis
carinam humeralem coronantibus.
This is the var. sjoinosa, Benson.
Var. C. Laevis liris costulisque obsoletis ; anfractus ultimi medio
subcarinato, adulti nodulis humeralibus frugaliter sparsis.
24 TIARIDJE.
Var. D. Anfractuum superiorum costulis obsoletis, ultimi et
penultirai liris transversis costulis longitudinalibusque superne
serie duplici nodulosis.
Benson further adds : " Varieties B, C, and D are in the
Silhet collection. The type specimens of several of these varieties
would, if viewed apart, be easily mistaken for distinct species, but
they melt into each other so gradually, occasionally showing the
characters of more than one variety combined in the same shell,
that no doubt remains of their blending in one species. In
Tolly's Nullah I took larger specimens than any in the collection
[Museum of the Asiatic Society] ; though at least four twists of
the spire were defective, one individual measured 3'4 inches in
length. The Gumti specimens are less liable to truncation, and
in young specimens the apices are nearly perfect. I have not
observed more than 12 whorls present in any specimen. I de-
scribed the type of the species without a name as species A in the
13th no. of the ' Gleanings in Science.' It was figured as no. 7
in plate vii. vol. i."
Subvar. cincta (Hanley $ Theobald), H. & T., C. I. pi. 109,
fig. 5 ; JXevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 252.
The ribs in this variety show a strong tendency to become
spinose.
Alt. 58, diam. 19 mm. (fig. in Conch. Ind.).
Hob. Assam (Bacon} ; Eaniganj (StoliczJca).
Subvar. subtuberculata, Nevill, torn. cit.
" Aperture relatively very small, almost round ; last two whorls
with scarcely any sculpture/' (Nevill.)
Alt. 36, diam. 12-5 mm.
Hob. Calcutta (Stoliczlca).
Subvar. subspinosa, Nevttl, torn. cit. p. 253.
No other description given than that implied by the name.
Hob. Tank opposite Bengal Club, Calcutta (Nevill).
Var. subvaricosa, Nevill, torn. cit.
Appears to be more or less varicose.
Alt. 65'5, diam. 24*mm.
Hob. Arakan and Pegu ? (StoliczJca}.
Var. fasciata, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 256.
Having " a somewhat indistinct brown band in the middle of
the whorls, two at base; substance rather thin, outer lip not
acutely angled at base, although angled at the periphery; no
tendency to posses a raised keel there, as is often the case."
Alt. 33, diam. 17 mm. (4 remaining whorls).
Hob. Bhootan (StoliczTca).
TIARA. 25
40. Tiara (Melanoides) episcopalis (1. & H. Lea}.
Tiara (Melanoides) episcopalis (I. & H. Lea), P. Z. S. 1850, p. 184,
in part; Reeve, Con. Icon., Melania, pi. 3, sp. 12; H. T..
C. 1. pi. 72, fig. 7, & pi. 75, figs. 5, 7.
Original description: Testa plicata, turrita, subcrassa, tene-
brosa-castanea ; spira elevata ; suturis impressis ; aufractibus
subconvexis, prope suturam superiorem concavis; plicis raris,
subacuminatis ; apertura rnagna, elliptica, intus caerulescente ;
columella contorta.
Alt. 61, diam. 20 mm.
Hob. A sluggish river, Malacca.
The authors also append the following note :
" This is a remarkable and interesting species, and differs from
any which has been described in having rather large and some-
what distant folds rising on the upper part into nodular points
in all the four specimens submitted for examination. The apex
of these specimens being truncated, the number of whorls cannot
be ascertained. A perfect adult would probably present about
ten. The folds are distinct on the four lower whorls only. On
the middle of the lower whorl there is a slightly elevated line,
below which are about six obscure striae. The aperture is large,
and more than one-third the length of the shell ; it is twisted,
and has an elongated base. The columella is whitish and very
much incurved. The operculum is more spiral than usual, and
the polar point more toward the centre."
A number of minor varieties are cited by Nevill in his ' Hand
List,' from which, however, for the purposes of the present work
it will be sufficient to quote the following :
Var. pontificalis (v. d. Busch), Mousson, L. & S. Moll. Java,
p. 65, pi. 10, fig. 3 (as Melania pontificalis).
Melania infracostata, v. d. Busch, in Reeve, Conch. Icon., Melania,
sp. 14 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 259.
Original description : Testa turrita, magna, crassa, lactea,
superne flammulis nonuullis picta, epidermide olivacea induta,
anfractibus longitudine transversimque tenuiter striatis, superiori-
bus fere planatis, inferioribus convexis, ultimo et penultimo
crassicostatis, costis distantibus superne in nodulos exeuntibus ;
columella arcuata, labro acuto ad basin producto ; apertura ovata,
Jactea.
Alt. 72, diam. 24-5 mm.
Hob. Borneo ; near Sibsagar (Peal).
41. Tiara (Melanoides) menkeana (Lea), emend.
Melania metikiana, in Lea, Obs. Unio, iv, p. 24, for Melania plicata,
Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (& Obs. Unio, ii, p. 20), pi. 23, fig. 95
(not oi'Meuke, Synops. 1830).
26 TIAEIDJE.
Melania menkeana, Lea, Brot in Conch.-Cab. 1875, p. 91, pi. 11,
figs. 1, 1 , b ; H. & T., C. I. p. 45, pi. 110, fig. 6.
Testa turrita vel conoideo-turrita, solidula, fusco-olivacea non-
nuDquam brunneo bi- vel trifasciata ; spira decollata, anfr. super-
stit. ad 8, convexi, in medio angulati, infra angulum transversim
plicati, plicis ad angulum in spinas breves, extus directas termi-
natis. Ani'r. ultimus basi obsolete liratus, linea suturali con-
spicue filoso-angulata. Apert. elliptico-ovata, superne acuta et
angustata, basi angulatim producta; columelJa contorta, margine
dextro simplici, basin versus protracto. (Brot, in Conch .-Cab.)
Alt. 46, diam. 20 mm.
Aperture : alt. 18'5, diam. 9 mm.
Hob. Bengal.
Var. microstoma, Ntvill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 26] .
A small form with a small and almost rounded aperture.
Alt. 25, diam. 11*75 mm.
Hob. Sjlhet.
42. Tiara (Melanoides) baccata (Gould).
Tiara (Melanoides) baccata (Gould), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist,
ii, p. 219; Otia Conch, p. 200; H. & T., C. I. pi. 75, figs. 1, 4 :
Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 262.
Original description : Testa magna, crassa, elongato-turrita,
epidermide fusco-castaneo induta ; spira decollata, anfr. 6 rotun-
datis, plicis longitudinalibus et costis volventibus triseriatim
nodoso-decussatis, ultimo ad basim 4 costato ; apertura lunata,
labio antice producto, columella aurantia valde arcuata; fauce
caarulescente fusco-fasciato^
Alt. 51, diam. 18*5 mm.
Hob. Thoung-yin River, Burma.
Subvar. recta, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 262 ; Brot, in Conch.-
Cab. 1874, pi. 9, fig. 6 (as M. baccata, Gld.).
"Well represented by the above figure, but more decollate,
only 2| whorls remaining." (Nevill.) Upper Salvviii.
The following varieties are depicted by Hanley and Theobald
in the Conch. Indica, pi. 75, figs. 2, 3, both from the Shan
States :
Var. fusiformis.
Var. pyramidalis.
Melanoides variabilis, rar. pyranndah's, Theobald, J. A. S. B.
xxxiv, 1865, pt. 2, pi. 19, fig. 7.
TIABA. 27
Var. iravadica (Stanford), P. Z. S. 1869, p. 445 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 71, fig. 1 ; JSTevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 262.
Original description : Testa elongato-turrita, tenuis, fusco-
olivacea, decollata. Anfr. circa 7, primi erosi, 3-4 superstites
convexi, superi seriebus duabus spiral ibus nodorum confertorum
circuindati, ultimus spiraliter liratus, nodis fere vel omnino
obsoletis. Apertura rhomboideo-ovata, antice subeffusa ; peri-
stoma tenue, margine externo subrecto, basali antice porrecto,
columellari sinuate. Operc. ?
Length (of a large decollated specimen) 25, diam. 15 mm.
Aperture taken obliquely: length 13, diam. 8 mm.
Total length (of a medium-sized example, also decollated) 13,
of the last whorl 11, largest diameter 14, smallest 12'5 mm.
Aperture taken obliquely and including the labrum : length 13,
diam. 8'5 mm.
Hob. Irawady Eiver above Male and Bhamo ; Manwyne and
Taylaymaw.
43. Tiara (Melanoides) terebra (Benson).
Tiara (Melanoides) terebra (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 747 ;
Beeve, Conch. Icon. pi. 11, sp. 59.
Melanoides torqiiata, Busch, in Philippi, Ab. N. Conch, i, Melania,
pi. 1, fig. 18 j Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 264.
Original description : Testa elongato-turrita, olivaceo-brunuea,
Ia3vi, polita ; anfractibus tumidis ; suturis excavatis ; sinu inter
basin labri columellamque nullo. . . . Testa truncata.
Alt. 41 mm.
Hob. North-East Frontier of Bengal ; Sylhet.
Benson remarks : " It is distinguished from the young of the
smooth variety of M. variabilis by the want of angularity at the
centre of the lower whorl, by its polished epidermis, more tumid
whorls and more deeply sunk sutures, as well as by the absence of
the sinuation of the inner lip which characterizes that species.
The apex of the shell is more or less truncated."
44. Tiara (Melanoides) spinata (Godwin- Austen).
Tiara (Melanoides) spinata (Godwin-Austen), P. Z, S. 1872, p. 514,
pi. 30, fig. 1 (as Melanoides) ; Brot, in Conch.-Cab. 1875, p. 89,
pi. 10, figs. 2, 2 a ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 109, fig. 1.
Original description : Shell angularly turreted ; colour olive-
green ; spire acute, rather rapidly decreasing in diameter ; apex
eroded ; suture marked by a distinct cord continuous with that
on the lower angle of the last whorl ; whorls 5-6 (there would be
8 if perfect), very convex and flattened on the periphery, with
strong tubercles arranged in two parallel longitudinal rows, the
spines being rather longer on the upper : aperture ovate, vertical,
28' TIABIDJE.
well channelled at the base, a thin milky callus on the columellar
margin, within pale grey with two or more bands of brown
coinciding with the rows of spines and the corded surface of the
outer base.
Operculum paucispiral, nucleus suhcentral.
Animal 1*4 in. long ; foot round and large, not angular in
front ; colour grey, mottled with ochre ; body also grey, the ochre
markings showing as streaks ; tentacles very short, 0*4 inch.
Alt. 58, diam. 30 mm.
Aperture : alt. 26, diam. 17 mm.
Hob. Kopili Biver, North Cachar Hills, a tributary of the
Brahmaputra.
45. Tiara (Melanoides) baccifera, Theobald.
Tiara (Melanoides) baccifera (Theobald), J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1866,
pt. 2, p. 274, pi. 9, fig. 5 (as M. variabilis, var. baccifera).
Melanoides subasperata, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 262.
Differing from M. variabilis in having the " whorls ornamented
with four or five rows of beaded keels, the transverse ribbing being
often well marked likewise " (Theobald). The small and circular
aperture is also a distinctive character.
Alt. 47*5, diam. 18*75 mm.
Hob. Shan States.
Var. sublaevigata, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 262.
A rather smoother form.
Hab. " Burma " (Stoliczka) ; Shan States (Fedclen).
Var. vittata (Theobald), J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1866, pi. 9, fig. 4,
p. 273 (as M. variabilis, var. vittata) ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2,
p. 263.
Shell smooth, with somewhat convex whorls, rather pale in
colour, ornamented with a dark median band which becomes
obsolete on the last whorls ; it is, however, well marked on the
earlier convolutions.
Alt. 50, diam. 18-30 mm.
Hab. Shan States (Fedden).
46. Tiara (Melanoides) jugicostis (Benson).
Tiara (Melanoides} jugicostis (Benson), 31S. (Hanley & Theobald),
Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 110, tigs. 8, 9 ; Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi,
1877, pt. 2, p. 33.
"Shell small, slightly decollated; whorls five, abruptly angular,
smooth and shining, with a few rather distant, somewhat obsolete
and irregular, transverse ridges on the lower half of the last
whorl; longitudinally angularly ribbed, ribs very distant, thick
TIAEA. 29
prominent, almost varicose, eight of them on the last whorl,
disappearing towards the base ; very pale green, with no markings
except a subobsolete brown band at base." (Nevill.)
Fig. 1. Tiara (Melanoides) jugicostis, Bens. (type).
Alt. 12, diain. 6 mm.
Hob. Tenasserim Biver {Conch. Ind.} ; Myadoung, Burma
(Nevill).
47. Tiara (Melanoides) godwini (Broi).
Melanoides hanleyi, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 514, pi. 30,
fig. 2 (as Melanoides} ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 110, fig. 5.
Tiara (Melanoides) godwini (Brot), in Conch.-Cab. 1875, p. 90,
pi. 10, fig. 3.
Original description : Shell turreted, colour rich dark chestnut-
brown ; spire rather acuminate, rapidly decreasing ; apex eroded ;
suture impressed but slightly, but strongly marked ; whorls 5
(without the apical), flat, sharply angular above with a single row
of well-defined small tubercles on the angular margin ; body-whorl
large, well rounded below, distinctly corded at base near the
columellar margin ; aperture vertical, ovate, very slightly effused
at base ; within pale grey, with three or more red-brown bands.
Alt. 47,diam. 25 mm.
Aperture: alt. 22, diatn. 12 mm.
Hob. Diyung Eiver, North Cachar Hills.
Subgenus PACHYCHILUS.
PacJiychilus, Lea, P. Z. S. I860, p. 179.
TYPE, P. cumingii, Lea [as gen. n.] ; Central America.
Range. "W. Indies ; C. & S. America ; Tropical Asia.
Original desertion:- Testa conica. Apertura ovata, basi
integro. Labrum crassum. Collumella superhe incrassata.
Operculum suborbiculare, corneum.
48. Tiara (Pachychilus) limborgi (Hanley}.
Tiara (Pachychilus) limborgi (Hanley), Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xiv,
1878, p. 580 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 269.
30 TIAEID-ffi.
Original description: Testa oblongo-turrita, brevis, magis
minusve crassa, olivaceo-flava. Anfractus pauci (circiter 8),
magni, convexi, rapide crescentes ; supremi lacves, fascia spiral!
livida aliquantulum supra medium saepius picti ; inferiores costellis
subdepressis (nonnunquam versus costellas basis acutiores augustas
magisque distantes obsoletis) spiraliter ornati. Sutura distincta.
Fig. 2. Tiara (Pachychilus) limhorgi, Hanley (type).
Apertura ovato-elliptica, basi rotundata, circiter f longitudinis
testse sequans, livida vel livido-fasciata ; peristomo pallida ;
columella arcuata, macula livida picta, haud angusta.
Alt. 25 mm.
Hob. Mule-it Range, Tenasserim (Limborg).
" The shell, displays no other painting than the narrow
livid band which winds occasionally to the outer lip ; it is probable,
however, that additional ones are sometimes developed upon the
body-whorl. The spire tapers quickly to its point There
are no longitudinal folds."
49. Tiara (Pachychilus) hungerfordiana, Nevill.
Tiara (Pachychilus) hungerfordiana, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2
p. 270.
" Slightly truncate, seven whorls remaining, thick and
solid, of a yellowish-brown colour, girt with a single well-marked
band in the middle of the upper whorls ; three bands on the last
whorl ; the basal margin subacutely angled, not rounded . . . . ; no
spiral sulcation at base of last whorl.'
Alt. 39*5, diarn. 10 mm.
Hob. Upper Burma (type) (Hunger ford) ; Pegu.
Subgenus ACROSTOMA.
Acrostoma, Brot, in Conch. -Cab. 1874, p. 17.
TYPE, Melania h'tigeti, Philippi ; India.
Range. India ; Java.
Original description : Testa fusiformis subbiconica ; apertura
basi angulatim producta.
TIARA. 31
50. Tiara (Acrostoma) hiigeli (Philippi}.
Tiara (Acrostoma) hilgeli (Philippi), Abbild. N. Conch, i, p. 61,
Melanin, pi. 2, fig. 8.
Melanin siphonata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pi. 20, sp. 143 ; H. & T.,
C. I. pi. 71, tigs. 5, 6 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 270.
Original description : Testa oblongo-conica, obscure f usca ;
anfractibus planiusculis, transversim striatis ; ultimo ventricoso,
basi grosse sulcato ; apertura ovata, anfractus 3 antecedentes
simul sumptos aequante, basi manifesto effusa ; columella arcuata.
Ait. 33, diam. 19'5 mm.
Hob. Kbasi Hills ; Mysore ; Upper Canvery River (Stanford).
Var. compacta, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 270.
" Easily distinguished by its short, stout form, relatively con-
tracted aperture, less tumidly swollen, but more subangulate last
whorl, and closer spiral sculpture ; the spire is more truncate, the
coloration darker."
Alt. 25-5, diam. 1375 mm.
Hob. Wynaad [type var.] and Cochin Hills (Beddome); Canvery
River (Jerdon).
51 . Tiara (Acrostoma) assamenis, Nevill.
Tiara (Acrostoma} assamensis, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 271;
Hanley, Conch. Misc. pi. 5, fig. 43, as " M. hiigeli, var. of Philippi,
from Khasya."
Original description : Remarkably close to Mel. Jiiigeli, from
which it can be distinguished by its less solid substance, its much
more convexly rounded whorls, the last not being (more or less)
subangulate as in its ally ; of a plain, uniform, dark colouration ;
of similar minute striation. but wanting the spiral sulcations at
base of last whorl ; characters of the columellar margin and
aperture generally much as in typical M. Imgeli, strongly decollate,
three whorls only remaining.
Alt. 35, diam. 18*5 mm.
Hob. North Cachar (Godwin-Austen} ; " Delaima " ? (Nevill}.
52. Tiara (? Acrostoma) prsemordica (Tryori).
Tiara (? Acrostoma} pramordica (Try on), Amer. J. Conch, ii, pt. 2,
1866, p. Ill, pi. 10, fig. 3 ; Brot, in Conch.-Cab. 1875, p. 108, pi. 13,
figs. 8, 8 a ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 153, fig. 2.
Original description : Shell ovately conical, robust, covered with
regular, close, curved growth lines, and with rounded revolving
ribs, of which seven are on the body-whorl ; spire conical elevated,
(? eroded), suture deeply impressed; whorls convex, surface
32 TIARIDjE.
formed into a succession of planes by the revolving ribs ; aperture
ovate, a little broadly effused below; the ribs form slight sulcations
within the aperture. Reddish brovvu, sometimes dark greenish-
brown ; internally white or light yellowish, the sulcations deep
brown.
Alt. (eroded) 30, diam. 22 mm.
Hob. Burma.
53. Tiara (Acrostoma) pagodula (Gould).
Tiara (Acrostoma) pagodula (Gould), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
1847, ii, p. 219 ; Otia Conch, p. 200 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon., lo, fig.
10 (as lo), H. & T., C. I. pi. 153. fig. 3.
Original description : Testa crassa sub-rhombea, turrita,
tenuiter striata, fusco-castanea, decollata ; spira elevata, conica ;
anfr. 4 angulatis, angulo spinis 6 robustis armato ; ultimo autice
sub-rostrato, et costulis ad 4 cincto ; apertura ovata, antrorsum
producta, fauce cserulescente, fusco-maculato.
Alt. 38, diam. 22-5 mm.
Bab. Thoungyin River, a branch of the Salwin.
Subgenus MELANELLA.
Melanella, Swainson, 1840, Treat. Malac. p. 341 : Nevill, Hand List,
pt. 2, p. 271.
TYPE, Melania Jiolandri, Fe'russac ; Austria-Hungary.
Range. S.E. Europe ; S. & E. Asia ; Malaysia.
Original desertion : Obovate ; spire scarcely longer than the
aperture, which is entire ; inner lip much thickened its whole
extent.
54. Tiara (Melanella) zonata (Benson).
Tiara (Melanella) zonata (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 747 ;
Philippi, Abbild. N. Conch, i, Melania,pl. 1, fig. 12; Reeve Conch.
Icon. pi. 31, sp. 217 ; H. <fc T., C. I. pi. 71, fig. 4 ; Nevill, Hand
List, pt. 2, p. 272.
Original description : Testa ovato-conica-laevi, longitudinaliter
striata, olivacea, zonis tribus brunneis fasciata, anfractibus leviter
convexis, suturis minime profundis ; apertura albida, ovato-oblonga,
infra subangulata.
Alt. 21-25 mm.
Hal. North-East Frontier of Bengal ; Sylhet.
55. Tiara (Melanella) riqueti (Grateloup).
Tiara (Melanella) riqueti (Grateloup), Trans. Lin. Bordeaux, xi, pi. 5,
fig. 28 ; II. & T., C. I. pi. 71, fig. 10 ; Brot, in Conch.-Cab, 1877,
p. 333, pi. 34, figs. 6, 6 a.
TIARA. 33
" Testa ovato-turrita, tenuicula, nitida, cornea, sparsim fusco-
punctata. Spira modice exserta, Integra, acuta ; anfr. 8-9 ;
supremi transverse plicati et longitudinal! ter striati, media
angulati et submuricati, sequentes convexiusculi, infra suturara
leviter constricti, transversim sinuose costati, sparsim longi-
tudinaliter striatuli, costis ad suturam in nodulis terrainatis ; anfr.
ultimus basi liris elevatis 5-7 ornatus. Apert. ovata, superne
acuta, basi valde et subanguste effusa ; margine dextro valde
sinuoso, et versus basin conspicue arcuatim producto ; columella
torta, inodice arcuata." (Brot, in Conch. -Cab.)
Alt. 16, diam. 7mm.
Aperture : alt. 8, diam. 4 in in.
Hob. India, Bombay (Grateloup), Quilon, Travancore, Cochin
(Hanley) ; Philippines (Cuming)- Java? (Dunker).
Subgenus TAREBIA.
Tarebia, H.^ A. Adams, 1854, Gen. Rec. Moll. p. 304 (as subgenus
of Vibex, Oken).
TYPE, Melania granifera, Lamarck ; Timor.
Mange. S. &JE. Asia; Malaysia; Pacific Islands.
Original description : Shell ovato-fusiform, whorls granulose or
tessellated with nodules : outer lip sinuated towards the hind
part ; interior of aperture often furnished with spiral grooves.
56. Tiara (Tarebia) batana (Gould).
Tiara ( Tarebia) batana (Gould), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, p, 144 ;
Otia Conch, p. 191 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 74, figs. 8, 9 ; Nevill, Hand
List, p. 274.
Original [desertion : Testa turrita, solida, fusco-virescente,
apice erosa ; anfract. 6-7, planulatis, postice sub-coronatis, costulis
longitudinalibus et volventibus gemmularum series tres effor-
mantibus; apertura angusto-ovata, postice coronata, intus
caerulescente, columella alba.
Alt. 25-5, diam. 38 mm.
Nab. Tavoy ; Tenasserim Eiver.
57. Tiara (Tarebia) broti (Dohrn).
Tiara (Tarebia) broti (Dohrn), in Reeve's Con. Icon. pi. 22, sp. 160.
Melania chocolatum, Brot, Revue Zool. 1860, June, pi. 16, fig. 2;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 71, figs. 2, 3 ; Nevill, Hand List, p. 276.
Shell ovately turreted, rather solid, burnt-olive; whorls few,
decussately wrinkle-edged throughout, concavely angled at the
upper part, spinously tuberculed at the angle ; aperture rather
small, truncated at the base, lip notched at the upper part.
Hab. Ceylon
D
34 TIAEID^E.
" Strongly grain-wrinkled throughout, and conspicuously coron-
ated with spine-tubercles." (Reeve.}
Subvar. subviridis, Nevill, torn. cit.
"... it may fairly be considered a connecting link between this
species and M. rudis" (Nevill.)
Alt. 26, diam. 11*25 mm. (decollate, 3| whorls only remaining).
Bob. Ceylon (Layard).
58. Tiara (Tarebia) rudis (Lea).
Tiara (Tarebia) rudis (Lea), P. Z. S. 1850, p. 186 ; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. pi. 24, sp. 172 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 74, figs. 7, 10, as Melania
rudis ; Nevill, Hand List, p. 275.
Original description : Testa plicata, subfusiformi, crassa, cornea ;
spira subelevata ; suturis irregulariter impressis ; anfractibus plan-
ulatis trans versim lineis impressis cinctis, superne canalictilatis ;
plicis numerosis, crebris ; apertura parva, ovata, intus albida ;
labro superne emarginato ; columella Ia3vi, subcrassa, torta,
Alt. 27, diam. 10 mm.
Hob. Ceylon ; Tenasserim Eiver.
The original locality is given as Amboyna.
Nevill in his Hand List cites a " var. ceylonica,*' but without
figure or description.
59. Tiara (Tarebia) lineata (Gray).
Tiara (Tarebia) lineata (Gray), Wood, Index Test. Supp. (1828),
Helix, fig. 68 ; Trosch. in Wiegm. Arch. Nat. 1837, p. 176.
Melanin lirata, Benson, J, A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 782, name only tor
nameless fig. D in Glean. Sci. Calcutta, i (1829) ; Reeve, Con.
Icon. pi. 24, sp. 170 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 71, fig. 7 ; Nevill, Hand
List, p. 276.
Original description : Testa conica, exserta, tenui, subdiaphana,
anfractibus applanatis, lineis elevatis spiralibus 7-8, quarum super-
iores plerumque tuberculata3 sunt, cinctis ; apertura ovato-acuta.
Anfr. 10.
Alt. 22, diam. of the last whorl 9, alt. of aperture 10 mm.
Hob. River Goomty ; Tenasserim, etc.
Nevill in his ' Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian Museum '
notes the following forms :
" With one or two undulating, subgranulose keels below the
suture only ; well represented by the Con. Indica, pi. 71, fig. 7
Calcutta granulose sculpture distinct and well developed ;
fairly represented by M. Brot's pi. 33, fig. 6, excellently by Reeve's
fig. 170 ( Sikkim). Long. 30, diam . 14 ; another long. 34, diam . 12|
mil." ; Calcutta [in tanks].
" Long. 19, diam. 8 mill., granulose sculpture almost obsolete.'*
TeriaGhat; Ceylon; Tespore; Goalundo; Mandalay ; Gowhatty
and Bhootan.
TIARA. 35
Var. semigranosa (v. d. Busch), Nevill, Hand Lisb, p. 277.
Mclania semigranosa, v. d. Buscli, Philippi, Abbild. i, 1884, Java.
" Differs conspicuously by the shorter spire, and the more
tumidly ventricose last whorl, which is also more produced, etc.
Long. 31.
" Diam. 15 mm ; apex eroded.
" Hob. Near Moulmeiu.
" Long. 18, diarn. 8J mm. May be considered as a connecting
link with M. batana, Grid. Pegu.
" A fine form with turriculately planulate whorls. Long. 30,
diam. 13 mm. Meetan, Tenassernn Province; Teria Ghat?"
(Nevill}
Subvar. pergranosa, Nevill, torn. cit.
" Long. 15J, diam. 7| mm. G-ranulose sculpture very pro-
minent." (Nevill.)
Hab. Port Canning.
Yar. flavida (Dunker), Nevill, torn. cit. p. 277; Philippi, Abbild.
i, 1884, p. 164, pi. 3, fig. 15.
Original description: Testa parva, oblongo-pyrainidata, solidula,
flavida, diaphana, anfractibus senis planulatis, transversim sulcatis;
apertura subelliptica.
Alt. 12, diam. 4'5 mm.
A pale yellowish variety originally described as a species with-
out locality, it is a common Javan form, Indian specimens of which,
according to Nevill, have the spire more subcylindrically produced
than those from Java.
Hal). Teria Ghat (Stoliczlca).
Subgenus PLOTIA.
Plotia, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. 1854, p. 295.
TYPE, Melania spimdosa, Lamarck = J/. scabra, Miiller ; S. Asia.
Range. S. Asia, Malaysia and Tropical Islands of Indian and
Pacific Oceans.
Original description : Shell ovate, fusiform ; whorls spinose,
transversely sulcate ; aperture elongate, simple in front.
60. Tiara (Plotia) scabra (Miiller).
Tiara (Plotia) scabra (Miiller) (as Bucdnum scabra), Hist. Verm.
ii, p. 136: Chemn. Conch.-Cab. figs. 1259, 1260, badly as (Helix
scabra) ; Brug. Enc. Meth., Vers, i, p. 330 (as Bulimus scabra) j.
Desh. ed. Lam. Anim. s. Vert, ix, p. 443.
Helix aspera, Gmel. Syst. Nat. fig. 3656; Dillw. Cat. ii, p. 950;
Wood, Ind. Testae, pi. 34, fig. 141 .
Melania eleyans, Reeve, Con. Icon., Mel. sp. 178 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 73, figs. 1-4 ; Brot, in Conch.-Cab. 1877, pp. 266-269, pi. 27,
figs. 14, 14a-^ ; 15, 15 a.
" Sbell ovate, sometimes a little elongated, rather thin, brownish-
36
olive, dotted, and sometimes streaked with purple-rust; whorls
seven to nine, specially unequally striately ridged, slopingly angled
round the upper part, prickly spined at the angle, spines a little
descending in varices ; aperture ovate." (Reeve, Con. Icon.)
Alt. 13-26, diam. 7-11 mm.
Aperture : alt 6-11, diam. 2-5-5-5 mm.
Hob. India ; Pondichery, Madras (Blanford), Poona, Coro-
inaudel, Cochin (Hanky $ Theobald) ; Ceylon (Humbert) also
Timor (Lamarck); Vanikoro (Quoy 6," Gaimard); Java (Mousson);
ISew Guinea (Less.)', Halmaheira (Landaner) also Mauritius and
Seychelles.
Var. elegans (Benson).
Melania elegans, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836. p. 782, name only for the
unnamed turreted form in Gleanings in Science, ii, 1830, p. 22.
Melania letter c, Hutton, J. A. S. B. xvii, pt. 1, 1849, p. 657 ; H. &
T., C. I. pi. 73, figs. 5-7 ; Brot, in Conch.-Cab. 1877, p. 274,
pi. 28, figs. 9, 9 a.
" Testa turrita, solidiuscula, cornea, pallide rubro punctata vel
-eleganter interrupte flammulata. Spira integra ; anfr. 9 coavexi,
rsuperne subangulati, transverse plicato-costati, piicis ad angulum
spinulosis, longitudinaliter lirati, elegantissima granoso-clathrati.
Apertura ovata, basi subanguste rotundata ; columella vix arcuata,
margine dextro vix sinuoso." {Brot, in Conch.-Cab.)
Alt. 16-32, diam. 7-5-12 mm.
Aperture : alt. 7-11, diam. 4-6 mm.
Hob. Rivers Guinti, Belwa and Cen.
61. Tiara (Plotia) datura (Do7irn).
Tiara (Plotia) datura (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 135 (as Melania) ;
Reeve, Con. Icon. pi. 32, sp. 213 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 73, fi-. 10 ;
Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p, 281.
Original description : Testa oblongo-pyramidata, fragilis, dia-
phana, fusco-nigricans, decollata : anfr. 3-4 ad suturam angulati ;
supra plani, subtus vix convexi, in augulo iongis spinis, infra
medium lineis elevatis ornati ; apertura caerulea oblonga.
Alt. 21, diam. 11 mm.
Aperture : alt. ,10, diam. 5 mm.
Hob. Ceylon.
62. Tiara (Plotia) acanthica (I. & H. Lea).
Tiara (Plotia) acanthica (I. & H. Lea), P. Z. S. 1850, p. 194 (as
Melania); H. & T., C. I. pi. 110, fig. 10; Nevill, Hand List,
p. 281.
Original description -.Testa, spinosa, ovato-turrita, varicosa,
transversim lineata, subtenui, f usca ; spira elongata, conica, scalari-
f orini ; apice truncata ; sutura lineari ; anfractibus superne angu-
latis varicibus distortis ; angulo spinis instructo ; varicibus magnis
TIARA. 37
regularibus, subobliquis, superne in spinis productis ; spinis longis,
tenuibus, irregularibus, extortis ; lineis transversis, crebris, parvis,
subalternantibus ; anfractu ultimo parvo, ad basim lineato ; aper-
tura elliptica, inf'erne effusa ; labro inferne producto ; columella
parva, inferne incrassata.
Alt. 20, diam. 10 mm.
Hob. Ceylon ; also occurs in the Philippines, Sumatra, etc.
KeviH is his ' Hand List Moll, in Ind. Mus., Calcutta,' p. 281,
gives the following varieties, all from the Andaman Islands.
Var. roepstorffiana, Nevill.
Long. 18|, diam. 9| mm. ; whorls 7.
Very near M. Brot's pi. 28, fig. 10 A. [Philippines].
Subvar. brevispira, Nevill.
Long. 12|, diam. 6| mm.
Subvar. subscabra, Nevill.
Long. 14J, diam. 7f mm. A connecting link with Tiara (P.)
scabra, the spines being rather less developed.
Subgenus MAINWAEINGIA.
Maimoannyia, Nevill, Hand List, 1884, pt. 2, p. 286.
TYPE, Melania (Mainwaringid) paludomoidea, Nevill ; Gangetic
Delta.
Range. Gangetie Delta.
Original description : " apparently connecting Melania
and Paludomus, distinguished by the presence of rows of hairs or
bristles, especially noticeable on the body whorl, which is orna-
mented with broad revolving brown bauds ; not umbilicate ; apex
remarkably acute, ' quasi styliform ' ; peristome acute, columella
thickened and excavatedly inflected. Operculum transparent, of
one substance throughout that is, without any thickened process
for attachment of very light horn-colour, without sculpture,
ovate, acuminate at one end, at the other rounded, and distinctly
terminally subspiral, with 2| whorls, closely resembling Adams'
pi. 35, fig. 10 A-B, operculum of Hydrobia ulvce."
63. Tiara (Mainwaringia) paludomoidea, Levitt.
Tiara (Mainwarinyid) paludomoidea, Nevill, torn. cit.
Original desertion : [Shell] imperforate, conically produced,,
spire turretedly acuminate, apex very acute, suture distinct ; of a
rather yellowish, bright " horn-colour," girt on the last whorl with
three distinct, broad, dark- brown bands, showing clearly within the
aperture; spirally regularly striated, below the slight subangulation
38
of each whorl, the stria? prominent, with a minutely ''quasi
punctate" appearance, the above becoming somewhat obsolete ;
covered more or less with rather long and well-developed hairs ;
whorls nine, the apical three exceedingly minute, white and sculp-
tureless, the next live slightly subangulate a little above the middle,
cyliudrically turreted, last whorl rather tumidly convex, about the
same length as the spire ; aperture rather small, vertically ovate,
peristome acute, columella thickened, dark violet coloured, inflected
obliquely, at base sharply angulate. Operculum as above described ;
it seems to me slightly convex.
Alt. 9*5, diam. 4 mm.
Hal. Mutlah Eiver at Port Canning, in brackish water on trunks
of trees submerged at high tide (Mainwaring).
Subfamily PALUDOM1N.E.
Shell solid, ovate or ovately fusiform, imperforate, without
basal canal, smooth or spirally striate or lirate.
Distribution. India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Borneo.
The above was introduced by Stoliczka in his Pal. Ind., Cretac.
Fauna S. India, p. 207, but appears to be a nomen nuditm, hence
the above description by the present author.
Genus PALUDOMUS.
Paludomus, Swainson, Treat. Malac. 1840. p. 340.
TYPE, Melania ylobulosa, Gray ; Ceylon.
Ham/e. Ceylon ; India ; Malay Peninsula ; Borneo.
Shell oblong-globose, strong ; spire shorter than the aperture ;
inner lip very thick.
The above may be supplemented by Benson's amended des-
cription (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xvii, 1856, p. 495) :
Testa plerumque imperf'orata, globoso-ovata, ovato-oblonga,
vel ovato-acuta, fere solida, glabra, spiraliter sulcata, vel lirata,
interdum spinuloso-costata, epidermide cornea induta; apertura
subverticali, ovato-acuta, callo parietali munita, margine columel-
lari, crasso, arcuatp, basali integro, interdum subeffuso.
Operculo corneo, concavo ; nucleo subspirali insulari, sub-
mediano, ad sinistram sito, srriis lamellatis concentricis partem
majorein disci usurpantibus, circumdato.
64. Paludomus globulosa (Gray).
Paludomus globulosa (Gray), Griff, ed. Cuvier, Moll. pi. 14, fig. 6
(as Melania}', Reeve, Con. Icon., Palud. sp. 4; H. & T., C.I.
pi. 123, fig. 5.
Original description : Shell globular, solid, spire flatly depressed,
PALUDOHUS. 39
whorls swollen round the upper part, smooth throughout ; olive,
aperture whitish, conspicuously marked with three black bands.
Alt. 24, diam. 21-25 mm. (taken from fig. 4 , pi. 123, in
Con. Icon.).
Hab. Kopili Biver, Assam (Godwin-Austen).
" Distinguished from all others at present known by its solid
globular form, and is figured and named in Griffith's Cuvier ....
but not described."
The locality given in the Conch. Ind. as " Ainbegamoa, Ceylon "
is, according to Col. Godwin-Austen, who lent Hanley the specimen
from which the species was figured, a mistake, the true locality
being as above.
65. Paludomus sphaerica, Dolirn.
Paludomus sphcerica, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 124 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 124, fig. 8.
Original desertion : Testa solida, globosa, olivacea, parum
nitida, confertim longitudinaliter et transverse striata; spira
depressa, exserta ; anfractus rotundati, fasciatim spiraliter nigro-
maculati ; sutura simplex, alba.
Alt. 18, diam. 17 mm.
Aperture : alt. 15, diam. 12 mm.
Hab. Ceylon.
Still rounder than P. globulosa, Gray, and different in the
markings and sculpture ; P. globulosa is in the upper part of the
whorls slightly angulated ; the whorls of P. spluerica are round.
66. Paludomus conica (Gray}.
Paludomus conica (Gray), Griff, ed. Cuvier, Moll. pi. 14, fig. 5 (as
Melania] ; Reeve, Con. Icon., Palud. sp. 14 ; Benson, J. A. S. B.
v, p. 747 (as Melania).
Melania crassa, Busch, in Philippi, Ahbild. N. Conch, i, Mel. pi. 1,
figs. 10,11.
Paludomus rudis, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 126 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 124, fig. 4.
Original description : Testa solida, globoso-conica, longitudi-
naliter striata plerumque transverse obsolete sulcata ; anfractibus,
ultimo ventricoso, cseteris rapide diminutis ; suturis bene signatis ;
apertura ovata, intus albida, fasciis quibusdam castaneis ornata ;
labro intus denticulate.
Alt. 27, diam. 21 mm. (taken from fig. 14 c, pi. 3, in Con.
Icon.).
Hab. Sylhet, Bootan, Assam, etc.
Subvar. cherraensis, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 288.
" A short spired form. . . ."
Alt. 16, diam. 13-5 mm.
Hal. Teria Ghat (type), (Godwin- Austen] ; Mangken River,
Assam (Godwin-Austen}.
40 TIABIDJB.
Subvar. dihiriensis, Nevill, torn. cit.
Nevill gives no description other than the following dimensions :
Alt. 17-5, diam. 12 mm.
Hal. Stream on the Dihiri Hill (Brahmaputra watershed)
( Godwin- Austen}.
Subvar. chittagongensis, Nevill, torn. cit.
"Besembling M. Brot's [figure in Conch.-Cab.] pi. ii, fig. 13,
but with spire even more produced and the last whorl less tumid."
(Nevill.}
Alt. 21, diam. 14 mm.
Hob. Chittagong (type) (Raban).
Var. sibsaugorensis, Nevill, torn. cit.
" Agrees well with M. Brot's [figs, in Conch.-Cab.] pi. viii,
figs. 8, 9."
Var. pealiana, Nevill, torn. cit.
No description given, other than dimensions.
Alt. 19'5, diam. 15 mm.
Hob. Assam (Robinson) ; Sibsagar (Peal).
Var. jaintiaca, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 289.
" Spire not decollate, unusually sharp-pointed." (Nevill.)
Alt. 14-25, diam. 10 mm.
Hob. S. Jaintia Hills.
Var. kopiliensis, Nevill, torn. cit.
" Whorls 1| only, the apical ones being decollate, last whorl
remarkably inflated, subangulate." (Nevill.)
Alt. 24-5, diam. 21 mm.
Hob. Kopili River, North Assam (Godwin- Austen} N.Assam
(Oldham).
Subvar. nana, Nevill, torn. cit.
Presumably a dwarf form.
Alt. 16, diarn. 14-5 mm. (1^ whorls).
Hob. W. Khasi Hills (Godwin- Austen).
67. Paludomus paludinoides, Reeve.
Paludomus paludinoides, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 127; H. & T.,
C. I. pi. 123, fig. 9 ; Nevill, Hand List, as P. cornea var. palu-
dinoides, p. 289.
Original description-. Testa oblonga, spira subelevata ; an-
fractibus convexis, longitudinaliter lirato-striatis, superne leviter
PA.LUDOMUS. 41
depressis et marginatis ; apertura inediocri ; virescenti-olivacea,
rufo-nigricante irregulariter fasciata.
The dimensions given below are taken from the figure in the
* Conchologia Indica.'
Alt. 20-25, diam. 1575 mm.
Hob. Sikkim branch of the Granges.
Characterized by a fine sculpture of close-set longitudinal ribs.
68. Paludomus constricta, Reeve.
Paludomus constricta, Keeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 129 j H. & T., C. I.
pi. 126, figs. 1-4.
Original description : Testa subpyramidali - oblonga, solida,
spira exserta ; anfractibus laevibus vel obscurissime sulcatis,
superne concavo-constrictis ; olivacea, fascia nigropunctata, rnoni-
liformi, versus apicem picta ; apertura ovata, callosa, alba.
The dimensions quoted below are taken from fig. 1, pi. 126,
in the ' Couchologia Indica.'
Alt. 25-25, diam. 18'5 mm.
Hob. Mountain streams of Ceylon.
Differing " from P. conica, to which it is most nearly allied,
chiefly by its more oblong and constricted form."
69. Paludomus ornata, Benson.
Paludomus ornata, Benson, A. M. N. H. (ser. 2) xvii, 1856, p. 496 ;
U.&T., C. I. pi. 108, fig. 8.
Original desertion : Testa ovato-conica, solidiuscula, Iseviuscula,
striis remotis obsoletis, cincta infra suturain marginatam bisulcata,
luteo-olivacea, fasciis 4 f usco-castaneis, suturali angusta, secunda
latissinia, quarta inconspicua, ornata ; spira conica, apice eroso ;
anfractibus 4 superstitibus convexis, ultimo f testae vix superante ;
apertura vix obliqua, ovata, fauce caeruleo-albida, 4 fasciata,
superne angulata, angulo intus calloso ; peristomate tenui, acuto,
marginibus callo albo junctis, coluinellari subrevoluto, angusto,
albo. Operc. ?
Alt. 18, diam. 13 mm.
Aperture : alt. 13, diam. 8 mm.
Hob. Burma.
70. Paludomus andersoniana, Nevill.
Paludomus andersoniana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 35 ;
loc. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 160, pi. 5, fig. 2.
Original description : [Shell] large and globose ; spire produced
and pointed ; of a striking greenish-yellow colour, with four
intense black bands on the last whorl, the one at the suture and
the two near the base about the width of the broadest baud on
P. ornata ; the second band from the suture twice this width,
42 TIAEIDJB.
this latter, in all but very old specimens, is very distinctly visible
within the aperture ; whorls seven, the first two or three generally
decollated, transversely superficially ridged, ridges more or less
obsolete towards the centre of the upper whorls, one of them
below the suture more prominent than the rest ; columella pure
white ; the operculum constantly differs on its inner side from
those of the other Burmese species by the remarkably raised and
very rugose nucleolar portion and by the distinct, though minute,
granular margin.
Alt. max. 29, diam. max. 22 mm.
Hal). Mandalay, Ava, Bhamo, Kabyuet, and Myadouug.
NOTE. The width of the band on P. ornata, according to fig. 8,
pi. 108, of the Conch. Ind. is nearly a millimetre.
Var. myadoungensis, Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1, pt. 2, p. 160.
Original description : " A small decollate and prettily marked
variety, with the whorls markedly more rounded."
Alt. 15, diam. 12 mm.
Hob. Myadoung, near the Yunnan Frontier.
Subsp. peguensis, Nevitt, J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 35.
Paludomus regulata, Benson, var., H. & T., C. I. pi. 108, fig. 6.
Original description : Differs from the preceding [P. anders-
sonicoia]l>y the slightly more rugose sculpture, by its more decollated
apex, by the less cylindrical whorls and less produced and pointed
spire (more apparent in young specimens), by the columella being
apparently invariably faintly stained with brown, by the almost
entire apparent absence of colouration on the last whorl, especially
in the absence of the second broad band within the aperture.
Alt. 21, diam. 16 mm.
Hob. Pegu.
" The specimen figured in the Conch. Indica is a very old
decollated one."
Subvar. nana, Nevitt, J. A. S. B. 1, pt. 2, p. 160.
Original description : Spiral sculpture a trifle less distinct.
Alt. 15, diam. 11 mm.
Hob. Pegu.
71. Paludomus regulata, Benson.
Paludomus regulata, Benson. A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 496 ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 108, fig.' 5.
Original description : Testa ovato-acuta, solidiuscula, regulatim
distincte spiraliter sulcata, interstitiis latis planatis, minutissime
confertissimeque decussato-striatis, sulcis 2-3 prope suturam
latioribus profuudioribus, pallide lutea, fasciis subquatuor, tertia
latiori, ornata ; spira elata, conica, apice acuto ; anfractibus 6,
PALUDOMUS. 43
-convexiusculis, ultimo dimidium testae vix superante ; apertura
vertical!, ovata, superne angulata, albida, iutus 4-fasciata, peri-
stomatis margine dextro rectro acuto, aBtate intus vix incrassato-
inarginato, parietali calloso, columellari versus basin subdilatato,
appresso. Operc. ut in sp. typ.
Alt. 19-24, diam. 12-14 mm-
Aperture: alt. maj. 13, diam. 9 mm.
Hab. Thyet-Myo, Burma.
INevill in his * Hand-list,' on p. 391, cites a
Subvar. minor, Brot, Conch.- Cab. pi. 7, fig. 16.
Alt. 15-25, diam. 10 mm.
Hab. Burma.
72. Paludomus blanfordiana, Nevill.
Paludomus blanfordiana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 37 ;
op. cit., 1, p. 159, pi. 5, fig. 3.
Allied to P. labiosa, Benson, but larger and more angularly
globose than that species, the columella is less vividly stained
with brown, the brown bauds are more regular and distinct, and
neither young nor old specimens are truncate ; the sculpture of
both is the same, quite smooth except for a few irregular spiral
striae below the suture.
Alt. 19, diam. 15 mm. (type).
Hab. Ava; Assam.
An Assam specimen measures, according to Nevill : Alt. 20,
diam. 15 mm.
73. Paludomus petrosa (Gould).
Paludomus petrosa (Gould), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1844,
p. 144 (as Paludina).
Pahidomus labiosa, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 495;
Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1, pt. 2, p. 159, pi. 5, fig. 5.
Original description: Testa solida, imperforata, subglobosa,
apice erosa, saturate viridi, rufo-fasciata ; anfract. 3, ultimo amplo,
sutura praecipue marginata; apertura semi-circulari, columella
late planulata, rufescente ; intus nigrescente vel holoserica ;
operculo apice subcentrali, elernentis concentricis.
Alt. 13, diam. 10'5 mm.
Hab. Burma (Mason).
74. Paludomus burmanica, Nevill.
Paludomus burmanica, Nevill, .T. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 36 ;
op. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 160, pi. 5, fig. 4.
Original description : Shell small, very thick, spire depressed,
44 TIARIDJE.
in shape closely resembling the European Litorina obtusata\ only
two whorls, the others decollated in both young and old specimens ;
smooth, with a few irregular striae at suture; columella very
thick, pure white ; aperture somewhat compressed as in typical
P. labiosa [=petrosa~], not globosely expanded as in P. blanfordiana;.
in all the ten specimens found, only three instead of four bands v
the upper one exceedingly broad, covering nearly half the last
whorl, the middle one narrow, the basal one broad, but not diffused
over any part of the columella ; these bands are of the most intense
black within the aperture, even in very old, thick specimens ;.
epidermis unusually thick, dark olive-green, closely covered with
regular raised pustules of a lighter colour.
Alt. 14-5, diam. 12 mm.
Hob. Yaylaymaw and Mandalay.
75. Paludomus stephanus (Benson).
Paludomus stephanus (Benson), J. A. S. B. 1836, v, p. 747 (as
Melanidj ; Reeve, Con. Icon., Palud. sp. 11.
Melania coronata, v. d. Busch, in Philippi, Abbild. N. Conch, i,.
Mel, pi. 1, figs. 5, 6 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 122, fig. 10.
Original description: Testa ovato-conica, gradata, plerumque-
deinde truncata, globoso-ovata, olivacea, anfractibus obsolete
fasciatis, transverse sulcatis, superue plauulatis, spiris brevibus-
validis coronatis ; apertura albida subrotundata, superue fere-
augulata ; labro subdenticulato.
Alt. 15'5, diam. 14*75 mm. (taken from fig. in Con. Icon.).
A considerably larger shell is depicted in the ' Conchologia,
Indica,' of which the following are the dimensions :
Alt. 1975, diam. 19'25 mm.
Hob. Bengal.
76. Paludomus reticulata, Blanford.
Paludomus reticulata, Blanford, J. A. S. B. 1870, xxxix, pt. 2, p. 9,
pi. 3, fig. 1 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 108, fig. 4.
Original description : Testa imperforata, globosa, solida r
albida, epidermide i'usca induta, liris reticulati spiralibus et
verticalibus decussato-sculpta, lirarum intersectionibus riodiferis..
Spira brevis ; apice eroso ; sutura prof imda. Anfr. superst.
2-3 convexi, ultiinus infra suturain tumidus. Apertura ovalis,
postice vix subangulata, parum obliqua, intus crerulescens ;
peristoma tenue, acutum fere rectum, ad basin vix retrocurvatum,
intus minute corrugatum, niargine basali expansiusculo ; colu-
mella mediocri. Operc. normale.
Alt. 19, diam. maj. 17, diam. min. 13'5 mm.
Aperture : alt. 13'5, diam. 10 ram.
Hub. Cachar.
PALUDOMUS. 45
" This is an ally of P. stephanus, Benson, so far as form is con-
cerned, but it differs widely in sculpture, and although that is not
a, character of much importance in the genus Paludomus and its
allies, still, as no intermediate forms between the two are known,
it appears quite justifiable to separate them.' 7
77. Paludomus obesa (Philippi).
Paludomu* obesa (Philippi), Abbild. Neue Conch, ii, 1842, p. 170,
Melania, pi. 4, fig. 3 (as ? Melanid).
Paludomus maculatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. viii, p. 110.
Rivulina maculatus, Lea, Journ. Acad. Philad. ser. 2, vi. p. 118,
pi. 20, fig. 10; II. & T., C. I. pi. 126, figs. 7, 10.
Original description : Testa obloriga, tenuiuscula, lutescente,
punctis rufo-f uscis per series transversas dispositis picta ; anfrac-
tibus 4, prater summos erosos, convexis, superne subangulatis ;
apertura ovato-oblonga ; labro perpendicular!, recto ; columella
-arcuata, incrassata.
Alt. 13-25, diam. 10 mm.
Hab. Bombay, Ahmednuggur (Conch. Ind.).
78. Paludomus chilinoides, Reeve.
Paludomus chilinoides, Reeve, Con. Icon., Palud. sp. 7, pi. 2,
fig. 7 a, & pi. 3, figs. 7 b, c.
Paludomus phasianinus, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 127.
Paludomus parvus, Layard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 90 ; II. & T., C. I.
pi. 123, fig. 2.
Original description : Shell ovate, rather thin, spire small,
exserted, whorls depressed round the upper part, smooth ; olive,
longitudinally waved with black, aperture white.
Alt. 17*5, diam. 13*5 mm. (taken from pi. 3, fig. 7c, in Con.
Icon.).
Hab. Bed of the Mahawelle Granga, near Kandy, Ceylon :
Uda Pussellawa, Ceylon (Preston).
"Fouud abundantly in the stream above noted; the chief
variation of form consists in the whorls being more or less de-
pressed round the upper part, after the manner of a Chilina, with
the spire varying considerably in its elevation."
79. Paludomus laevis, Layard.
Paludomus lavis, Layard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 89 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 108, fig. 3 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 293 (as P. chilinoides
var. Icevis).
Original description : Shell oblong-ovate, axis 11 lines, diam.
lines ; spire acute, exserted, moderately long ; whorls rounded,
not depressed round the upper part, smooth. Colour olive-yellow,
the lower whorls seldom marked, but the upper always spotted
46 TIARID^E.
with one or two rows of arrow-headed dots ; apex bluish ;
aperture white.
Operculum as in P. cJiilinoides, Reeve.
Bab. Ceylon, in slow-running streams on the northern side of
the mountain-zone extending into the flat country beyond
Anarajahpoora. I also obtained a few in a paddy-field in the
south of the island, near the village of Heneratgodde.
Possibly a variety of P. chilinoides, from which it " only differs
in wanting the depression round the upper part of the \vhorls
and in the colouring." It is found in the same localities as that
species.
80. Paludomus zeylanica (Lea).
Paludomus zeylanica (Lea), P. Z. S. 1850, pp. 194-195 (as
Melanid).
Original description : Testa Ia3vi, ovata, crassa, nitida, albida
aut virido-f usca ; badio flammulata, spira brevi, acuminata, apice
acuta, aliquaudo erosa ; sutura lineari ; anfractibus quinque, con-
vexis, ad suturain superiorem impressis, maculis flammnlatis aut
sagittatis badiis ; anfractu ultimo magno, bullato ; basi laevi ;
apertura ovato- rotunda, superne angulata, inferne rotunclata, intus
albida ; colurnella magna, alba, superne incrassata, inferne curvata.
Fig. 3. Paludomus zcylanica (Lea).
Alt. 22'75, diam. 14-75 mm.
Hob. Ceylon (also reported from the Seychelles).
" The markings are very variable, being sometimes oblique,
zigzag lines, extending over the whole surface of the whorls^
sometimes sagittate or short zigzag spots in transverse series.
Indeed, some specimens are of a uniform dark green. The last
whorl sometimes has t'wo impressed transverse lines. The mouth
is nearly two-thirds the length of the shell."
81. Paludomus fulgurata, DoJim.
Paludomus fulgurata, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1857. p. 123 : H. & T., C. I.
pi 123, fig. 1.
Original description : Testa oblougo-ovata, tenera ; spira elevata,
apice obtuso, leviter longitudinaliter et spiraliter striata, lte
olivacea, fusco fulgurata, ad suturain impressain fusco fasciata;
PALUDOMUS. 47
anfractus quatuor convexi, supra medium obsolete carinati;
apertura oblonga, simplex, albida, lineis fuscis, pellucentibus.
Operc. ?
Alt. 16, diam. 13 mm.
Aperture : alt. 11, diam. 6 mm.
Hob. Ceylon.
82. Paludomus palustris, Layard.
Paludomus palustris, Layard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 89 ; II. & T., C. I.
pi. 126, figs. 2, 3.
Original description : Shell ovate, thin ; axis 10 lines, diam.
6 lines ; spire exserted, long ; whorls rounded, rather flat, spirally
closely grooved with minute granular striae (visible under the lens).
Colour of adult shell a rich yellow spotted with dark brown, the
markings frequently running into wavy lines ; apex bluish ; aper-
ture white. Operculum nearly oval, the apex slightly inclined to
the left ; concentric nucleus subcentral, sinistral.
Hob. The grassy margins of a tank at Anarajahpoora, Ceylon.
In young shells the ground colour is almost hidden by the dark
markings, and the aperture is found to be spirally marked with
thin lines of the same colour.
83. Paludomus tanschaurica, Gmelin.
Paludomus tanschaurica, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 3655, for the Helix
jluviatilis tanschaurensis of Chemn., Conch.-Cab. ix, p. 174,
fig. 1243.
Helix fluviatilis, Dillwyn, Desc. Cat. Shells, p. 959 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 123, fig. 8.
Paludomus tanjoriensis, H. F. Blanford, emend. Trans. Linn. Soc.
1863, p. 173, pi. 27, figs. 2 a-e.
Original description ; Testa subturrita, brunnea, glaberrima,
anfractibus septem, maculis obscurioribus seu nigricantibus cor.-
spersa, ore subrotundo, fauce albicante.
Alt. 16, diam. 13 mm. (taken from fig. in 'Conchologia Indica').
Hab. India.
Var. kadapaensis, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 294.
" Apparently without sculpture ; apex not acute ; spire pointed,
of four to five whorls, longitudinally, regularly, handsomely
flamed, somewhat as in P. parva, Layard [=<'7iilinoides, Eeeve],
but in a less " zigzag " manner." (Nevill.}
Alt. 15-5, diam. 975 mm. (spire slightly eroded only).
Hab. Kadapa District. Madras (King).
Var. malabarica, ^evill, torn. cit.
"Decollate and in shape exactly resembling the Ceylon var.
48 TIAEID^l.
palustris [P. palustris, Layard] ; decussating striae, however,
obsolete in the adult, as in the typical Madras form, spiral striation
very variable in amount of development." (Nevill.)
Alt. 16-5, diaui. 1T5 mm. (decollate, three whorls only re-
maining).
Hob. Travancore (Beddome) ; Pulney Hills (Fairban/e).
84. Paludomus monile, Thorpe MSS., Hanley.
Paludomus monile, Thorpe MSS., H. & T. ; C. I. pi. 108, fig. 10
(fig. only).
Shell fusiform! j turbinate, small, yellowish-olive, painted with
interrupted spiral lines and bands of reddish-purple; remaining
whorls 3|, regularly increasing, sculptured with spiral lines crossed
by transverse stria? which present a somewhat decussate appear-
ance ; suture impressed, callously and decussately margined below ;
coluniellar margin descending in a curve, whitish, extending above
into a thickish, well-defined, parietal callus which reaches to the
upper margin of the labrum ; labrum acute, bevelled inwardly at
the base ; aperture ovate ; interior of shell showing the reddish-
purple bands through the test.
Alt. 12-5, diaui. maj. 9, diam. min. 7 mm.
Aperture : alt. 6'75, diam. 4 mm.
Hob. Southern India.
Type in British Museum.
85. Paludomus rotunda, Blanford.
Paludomus rotunda, Blanford, J. A. S. B. 1870, xxxix, pt. 2. p. 10.
pi. 3, fig. 2 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 108, fig. 2.
Original desertion; Testa non rimata, globosa, rotunda,
solida, epidermide fusca induta, sub-laevigata, striis increment!
et liris sub-obsoletis confertis, miuutis, spiralibus decussantibus
signata ; spira brevissima ; apice erosulo ; sutura vix iiupressa.
Anfr. 2^-3 rapide crescentes, primi parum convexi, ultiinus valde
major, tumidus, antice non descendens, subtus convexus. Aper-
tura sub-obovalis, postice angulata, obliqua, intus fasciis 2-3 in-
trantibus ornata ; "peristoma simplex, acutum, margine basali
expansiusculo ; columella albida, callosa, lata. Operc. normale.
Alt. 15, diam. maj. 14 mm.
Hab. Travancore.
Var. microstoma, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 295.
Ko other description than dimensions given.
Alt. 11, diam. 10 mm. (much eroded, 1 whorls only remaining).
Hab. Anarnallay Rivers (Beddome) ; Madura Hills (Beddome).
PA.LUDOMUS. 49
86. Paludomus inflata, Brot.
Paludomus infata, Brot, Conch .-Cab. ii, 1879, p. 44, pi. 8,
tigs. 25, 26 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 295.
Original description : Testa globosa-turrita, solidiuscula, lutes-
centi-olivacea, profuse et distincte nigro undulatim fasciata et
punctata. Spira erosa, sat exserta, anfr. 3 persist, declivi-convexi-
usculi, longitudinaliter inaequaliter sulcati; anfr. ultimus subito
globose dilatatus, sulcis longitudinalibus superficial! bus, infra
suturam constrictus deinde gibboso-inflatus. Apertura late ovata,
intus vivide maculata et strigata, superne acuminata, basi obtuse
subangulata; columella arcuata incrassata; callo parietal! dis-
tincto; margine dextro acuto, superne impresso, deinde valde
arcuato. Opercul. typicum.
Alt. 18, diam. 14 mm. (eroded, 3 whorls remaining).
Aperture: alt. 11, diam. 7 mm.
Halt. Travancore (Hanley, Beddome) ; Amerghat ; Tinnevelly
(Beddome).
87. Paludomus striatula, Nevill.
Paludomus striatula, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 297.
" In Brot's pi. 7, figs. 7, 8, in the Conch.-Cab., P. isseli from
Borneo gives an exact representation of this ne\v and rare Ceylon
form ; the well-developed, crowded, almost granulose spiral
striation will at once distinguish it." (Nevill.)
Alt. 18, diam. 13-5 mm. (Strongly decollate, two whorls only
remaining).
Hob. Ceylon (type) (H. Nevill).
Brot's figures appear to depict a conically fusiform, solid, light-
brown form, with yellowish labrum and aperture; they do not,
however, give any appearance of spiral sculpture.
88. Paludomus travancorica, Blanford.
Paludomus travancorica, Blauford, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2, p. 219,
pi. 2, fig. 22.
Original description : Shell imperforate, ovately conical, rather
thick, covered with a dark-brown epidermis ; beneath the epi-
dermis white, with narrow vertical, very wavy dark purple stripes ;
all the whorls spirally ribbed, the ribs rather close together, with
the interspaces smooth, the striae of growth being inconspicuous.
Spire conical, apex eroded (doubtless acute when perfect), suture
impressed. Whorls remaining 3 (probably in the perfect shell
5 or 6), convex, the last exceeding half the length of the shell.
Aperture nearly vertical, ovate, angulate at the posterior ex-
tremity, bluish white, with conspicuous, close, vertical, wavy, deep
purple bands within ; peristome in one plane, the external margin
50 TIABID.E.
sharp, the columellar and basal margins white, thickened within,
aud dilated. Operculum normal.
Alt. (apex wanting) 23 (when perfect about 25), diam. maj. 16,
diam. min. 13'5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 12, diam. 9 mm.
Hab. Streams traversing the plains between Trevandrum and
the foot of the Aghastyamali.
" In a young specimen of P. travancorica, there appears to be a
tendency to the development of minor parallel ribs between those
forming the spiral sculpture, aud the latter are rather closer
together near the suture."
89. Paludomus annandalei, Preston.
Paladomus annandalei, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, iii, 1909,
p. 277 (figs, in text).
Original description : Shell conoidal, upper whorls eroded,
solid, dark olivaceous brown, a paler yellowish brown band
appearing at the periphery, above this obscurely painted with
regular, transverse, vertical, deep chestnut flammules and below
with very oblique flammules of the same colour ; remaining whorls
about 3, sculptured with revolving, spiral lirae rather coarser just
below the sutures and disappearing altogether or becoming obsolete
towards the periphery, but reappearing on the base of the shell,
the interstices between the Iira3 having a somewhat punctate
appearance ; sutures lightly impressed ; columeila arched, white
and diffused into a minutely granular callus which joins the upper
lip and is thickened almost into a nodule above ; peristome acute,
scarcely serrated ; interior of shell bluish white, showing the rows
of flammules distinctly ; operculum spirally laminiferous, with
subcentral nucleus.
The dimensions of the three specimens taken as the type series
are as follows :
1. 2. 3.
Alt 24 mm. 22 mm. 21-5 mm.
Diam., maj 18 17 16
Aperture : alt. . . 16 13 12-5
diam.. . 9-5 8 8
Hob. Tenmalai, W. Grhats (W. side), Travaucore (rocky mountain
stream (N. Annandale).
Types in Indian Museum.
90. Paludomus spiralis, Reeve.
Paludomus spiralis. Reeve, Con. Icon., Palud. p. 15, pi. 8, fig. 15.
Original description: Shell ovate, spire large, prominent, whorls
rounded, smooth ; olive, spotted here aud there with black, interior
\vhite.
Alt. 17'5, diam. 12-5 mm. (taken from Con. Icon.).
Hob. Streams of Ceylon.
PALUDOMUS. 51
91. Paludomus maurus, Reeve.
Paludomus maurus, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 127 : H. & T., C. I.
pi. 124, figs. 2, 3.
Original description : Testa subacuminato-turbiuata, spira pro-
minente ; anfractibus rotundatis, superne subexcavatis et obsolete
lineatis ; apertura parva ; castaneo-fusca, immaculata.
The following dimensions are taken from fig. 3, pi. 124 in
the ' Conchologia Indica.'
Alt. 21, diam. 22 mm.
Hcib. Branch of the Ganges.
92. Paludomus pyriformis, Dohrn.
Paludotmis pyriformis, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 536 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 125, figs. 2, 3.
Original description : Testa solidiuscula, pyriformis, laete
olivacea, striis viridibus brunneisque ornata, "decussata ; sutura
striis aliquot valde itnpressis circumdata ; anfractus 4 convexiusculi,
ultiinus -| spirae subaequans ; apertura oblonga, margine columellari
arcuato albido, striis pellucentibus.
Alt. 21, diam. 15 mm.
Aperture : alt. 15, diam. 9'5 mm.
Hcib. Ceylon.
93. Paludomus clavata, Reeve.
Paludomus clavata, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 129 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 123, fig. 4.
Original description: Testa oblongo-ovata, utrinque attenuata,
crassa, ponderosa, spira breviuscula, conica ; anfractibus lasvibus
conico-declivibus; nigricanti-olivacea ; apertura subdilatata, callosa,
alba.
The dimensions according to the figure in the ' Conchologia
Indica ' are as below :
Alt. 20, diam. 12-5 mm.
Hob. Mountain streams of Ceylon ; Uda Pussellawa, Ceylon
(Preston).
94. Paludomus lutosa, Souleyet.
Paludomus lutosa, Souleyet, Voy. ' Bonite,' Zool. ii, p. 550. pi. 31,
figs. 28-30; H. & T., C. I. pi. 123, fig. 6.
Original description : Testa oblongo- conica, olivacea, nitida ;
spira conico-acuta ; anfractibus septenis, supra depressiusculis ;
duobus inferioribus ventricosis, penultimo basi spiraliter sulcato,
ultimo in medio multi-sulcato ; apertura ovato-acuta. intus caBru-
B2
52
lescente ; labro incrassato, albo ; labro acuto. Operculum corneum,
fusco-nigrum, concentrice striatum.
Alt. 20, diam. 14 mm.
Hob. Ganges.
According to a note appended to the original description the
animal is of a blackish-brown colour.
95. Paludomus nasuta, Dolirn.
Paludomus nasuta, Dolirn, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 123 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 124, fig. 7.
Original description : Testa solida, oblongo-conica, apice acuto,
nigrescens, versus apicem albicans, ad suturam linea valde im-
pressa distincta, obsolete decussata; anfractus quatuor convexi-
usculi, ultimus inedio leviter angulatus ; apertura simplex, oblonga,
albida. Operc. ?
Alt. 12, diam. 8 mm.
Aperture : alt. 7'5, diam. 4-5 mm.
Hob. Ceylon.
96. Paludomus abbreviata, Reeve.
Paludomus abbreviata, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 127 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 125, fig. 7.
Original description : Testa abbreviato-ovata, solida, Keritiuse-
formi, spira brevissima ; anfracttbus superne plano-declivibus,
deinde convexis, laevibus ; apertura subampla ; olivacea, lineis
duabus fuscis interdum obsolete cingulata, aperture fauce fasciata.
The following measurements are taken from the figure in the
' Conchologia Indica ' :
Alt. 20-5, diam. 16 mm.
Nab. Ceylon.
Of a solid JKeritina-like form.
97. Paludomus acuta, Reeve.
Paludomus acuta, Keeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 127 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 123, fig. 7.
Original description : Testa acuminata-turbinata, spira acuta;
anfractibus rotundatis, ad suturam excavatis et lineatis, medio
liueis incisis cingulatis ; apertura parva, virescenti-olivacea.
The measurements of the figure in the * Conchologia Indica '
are as below :
Alt. 17-25, diam. 10-75 mm.
Hob. Near Pondicherry.
The apex of the shell, which in most species is eroded, is here
sharply developed. The whorls are characterized by being encircled
round the middle with conspicuous engraved lines.
PALUDOMPS. 53
98. Paludomus baccula, Reeve.
Paludomus baccula, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 128; Hanley, Conch.
Misc., Melan. fig. 63 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 124, fig. 10.
Original description: -Testa oblongo-turbiuata, spira prominente,
anfractibus, plano-convexis, laevigatis, vel, sub lente, subtilissime
striatis ; apertura parva ; olivacea, brunneo-aigro tincta.
The dimensions according to the figure in the Conchologia
Indica ' are as follows :
Alt. 17, diam. 11 mm.
Hob. Branch of the Ganges.
A small dark olive turbinated species, besmeared with shining
brown-black.
Subgenus PHILOPOTAMIS.
Philopotamis, Layard, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvi, 1855, p. 134.
TYPE, Paludomus sulcata, Reeve ; Ceylon.
Range. Ceylon.
Original description : Animal fluviatile, amphibious, delighting
in rocky torrents. Operculum horny, subtriangularly ovate ;
apex superior, paucispiral ; nucleus sub-basal, dextral.
The subgenus is based upon the characters of the operculura.
99. Paludomus (Philopotamis) sulcata (Reeve).
Paludomus (Philopotamis] sulcata (Reeve), Con. Icon.. Palud. sp. 8 ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 122, fig. 2.
Original description : Shell ovate, spire prominent, whorls
rounded, spirally very closely grooved, grooves and intermediate
ridges very closely decussated with longitudinal striae ; yellowish
olive, painted here and there with black, sometimes entirely black,
interior whitish.
Alt. 25, diam. 20 mm. (taken from pi. 3, fig. 8 c in Con. Icon.).
Hob. In a mountain stream at Ratnapoora, Ceylon ; TJda
Pussellawa, Ceylon (Preston).
Subvar. minor, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 299 ; cf. Brot, Conch.-
Cab. ii, pi. 5, fig. 18.
Apparently a small form.
Alt. 14-5, diam. 11'5 mm. (according to Brot's figure).
Hob. Ceylon (Stoliczka).
Yar. contracta, Nevill, torn. cit. ; Brot, Conch.-Cab. ii, pi. 5,
figs. 19, 20 (as ; ' P. sulcatus, var.").
Nevill gives no description beyond the reference to Brot's
figure ; it appears to be a narrow form.
Hob. Arabegammoa, Ceylon (Blanford).
54 TIARID^E.
Var. compacta. Nevill, torn. cit.
" Remarkable for its small aperture.''" (Nevill.)
Alt, 16-5, diam. 1175 mm.
Hab. Ceylon (H. Nevill).
100. Paludomus (Philopotamis) decussata (Reeve),
Paludomus (Philopotamis) decussata (Reeve), P. Z. S. 1852, p. 127 ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 123, fig. 3.
Original description : Testa acuininato-oblonga, tenuiuscula,
spira subacuta ; anfractibus eonvexis, striis minutis longitudi-
nalibus et transversis undique subtilissiine decussatis ; apertura
parviuscula ; virescenti olivacea, faseiis tribus rufo-nigricantibus
cingulata.
The dimensions given below are taken from the figure in the
Conchologia Indica ' :
Alt. 23-5, diam. 22 mm.
Hab. Ceylon.
Chiefly characterized by its finely decussated surface.
101. Paludomus (Philopotamis) trifasciata (Reeve}.
Paludomus (Philopotamis) trifasciata (Reeve), P. Z. S. 1852, p. 126
H. & T., C. I. p. xvii.
Original description: Testa oblonga, spira subelevata ; 'an- 1
fractibus plano-convexis, undique costellato-striatis ; apertura
Fig. 4. Paludomus (Phifopotamis) trtfasciata, Eeeve.
(Specimen.) Nat. size.
parviuscula, intus vix callosa ; olivacea, faseiis tribus nigricanti-
fuscis subirregulariter cingulata.
Alt. 21, diam. maj. 14 mm.
Aperture : alt. 13, diam. 9-5 mm. (specimen).
Hab. Branch of the Ganges.
102. Paludomus (Philopotamis) bicincta (Reeve).
Paludomus (Philopotamis) bicincta (Reeve), P. Z. S. 1852, p. 129 ;,
H. & T., C. I. pi. 123, fig. 10.
Original description : Testa globosa vel oblongo-globosa, longi-i
PA.LUDOMUS. 55
tudinaliter subobscure sulcato-striata, spira brevi ; anfractibus
convexis superne subdepressis, et minute spiraliter sulcatis,
olivaceo-fusca, nigricante obscure bifasciata ; apertura albida.
The dimensions according to the figure in the ' Corichologia
Indica ' are as follows :
Alt. 17'5, diain. 14 mm.
Hob. Mountain streams of Ceylon.
" Allied to P. decussata, but of more acuminated growth."
103. Paludomus (Philopotamis) rupaeformis (Brot).
Paludomus (Philopotamis) rupceformis (Brot), Concli.-Cab. ii,
p. 30, 1880, pi. 5, fig. 10 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 298.
Original description : Testa globoso-mucronata, solidula, corneo-
olivacea, nigro inquinata, unicolor. Spira subintegra, parvula,
breviter concavo-mucronata ; anfr. 6 (integra3 ad 7) convexi,
sutura distincta divisi, laevigati, lente crescentes ; ultimus subito
inflatus, globosus, sublaBvigatus vel striis incrementi tenuibus vix
striatulus. Apertura ovata, superne acuminata, basi rotundata,
intus alba, vel pallide late bifasciata ; coluinella arcuata, crassi-
uscula. Operculum typicum.
Alt. 16, diam. 12 mm.
Aperture : alt. 10-5, dium. 6 mm.
Hob. Matale, Ceylon (Layard).
104. Paludomus (Philopotamis) regalis, Layard.
Paludomus (Philopotamis) reyaiis, Layard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 93 ;
H. &T., C. I. pi. 121, fig. 10.
Original description : Shell oblong ovate ; axis 1 inch, diam.
9 lines. Spire exserted, short. Whorls rounded, depressed at
the upper part, spirally corded with close-set slight ridges, longi-
tudinally minutely striated, and crowned with a single row of
short, sharp, hollow, angular spines, closely set. Colour yellowish-
olive, painted with wavy, dark brown longitudinal lines. Aperture
pure white.
Operculum unknown, but most probably as in P. sulcata.
Hob, Stream in the Cnia Corle, Western Province, Ceylon.
105. Paludomus (Philopotamis) nigricans (Reeve),
Paludomus (Philopotamis) nigricans (Reeve), Con. Icon., Palud.
sp.6; H. & T., C. I. pi. 124, fig. 1.
Original description: Shell ovate, spire rather prominent, ex-
serted ; whorls smooth, faintly angled towards the base; blackish,
interior bluish white.
Alt. 1375, diam. 9*25 mm. (taken from fig. in Conch. Icon.).
ffab. Ceylon (in mountain streams at 6,000 feet elevation).
56 TIABIDJE.
Var. subgranulosa, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 299; Brot,
Conch.-Cab. ii, 1880, pi. 6, fig. 6 (as var. B).
No other description given than that implied by the name.
Hob. Ceylon (Blanford).
106. Paludomus (Philopotamis) erronea, Nevitt.
Paludomus (Philopotamis) erronea, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 300 ;
H. & T., 0. I. pi. 108, fig. 7 (as P. parvd) [not of Layard].
Paludomus phasianinus, Layard, A. M. N. II. 1855, p. 136 "[not of
Reeve].
" The only ally, I know, of Paludomus erronea is P. nigricans
of which Mr. H. F. Blanford considers it a smooth variety ; the
above-quoted figure, however, shows the differences at a glance."
Alt. 10-5, diam. 6-5 mm.
Hab. Hackgalle [Hakgalla], Ceylon (Layard); Ceylon (Blan-
ford).
107. Paludomus (Philopotamis) subdentata, Nevill.
Paludomus (Philopotamis) suldentata, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2,
p. 300.
Original description'. Almost smooth, prettily longitudinally
striped, " flames " only slightly flexuous ; columella very broadly
excavated, alabaster white, subdentate at base ; spire truncate,
two whorls only remaining, the last one convexly swollen ; flames
are discernible within the aperture.
Alt. 13-75, diam. 9'75 mm.
Hab. Ceylon (type) (H. Nevill).
108. Paludomus (Philopotamis) violacea (Layard).
Paludomus (Philopotamis) violacea (Layard), P. Z. S. 1854, p. 92,
(as Tanalia) ; Brot, in Conch.-Cab. ii. 1880, p. 15, pi. 5, tigs. 3,
3 a, 3b.
Original description : -Shell globose ; axis 6 lines, diam. 5 lines.
Spire very short, slightly exserted. Whorls rounded, ventricose,
spirally grooved with close-set, fine, minutely decussated stria3 (in
one variety the stria3 become ridges). Colour a dark bluish-brown,
almost amounting to black, with darkish brown patches appearing
in some specimens. Aperture deep violet inside ; columella
white, stained on the outside edge with dark brown.
Hal>. A small mountain torrent in a dense forest between
Gillymalle and Pallabaddoola, towards Adam's Peak, Ceylon.
PALUDOMUS. 57.
Subgenus TANALIA.
Tanalia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 153 ; Layard, op. cit. 1854, p. 88.
TYPE, Nerita aculeata, Chemnitz ; Ceylon.
Range. Ceylon.
Original description : Animal fluviatile, delighting in the most
rapid mountain torrents. Operculum horny, subtriangularly
ovate ; apex lateral, lamellated ; nucleus lateral, dextral.
As in the subgenus Philopotamis, the present subgenus is also
based upon the structure of the operculum.
109. Paludomus (Tanalia) loricata (Reeve}.
Paludomus (Tanalia) loricata (Reeve), Con. Icon, iv, Palud. sp. 1.
Paludomus area, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 128.
Tanalia loricata, Layard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 91.
Paludomus layardi, Reeve, 1. c.
Paludomus undata, Reeve, Con. Icon, iv, Palud. sp. 2; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 121, fig. 3 as P. undata, tig. 5 as P. area, fig. 6 as P. layardi.
Original description : Shell obovate, spire scarcely exserted,
whorls slightly angularly depressed round the upper part, spirally
encircled with close-set squamate ridges; aperture large; very
black-brown, interior white, columella and edge of the lip purple-
brown.
Alt. 20*5, diam. 2O5 mm. (from original figure 1 a).
Alt. 32-25, diam. 34'5 mm. ( 1 6).
Hal). In rapids flowing from Adam's Peak, Ceylon (Gardner}.
110. Paludomus (Tanalia) erinacea (Reeve}.
Paludomus (Tanalia) erinacea (Reeve), P. Z. S. 1852, p. 128;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 121, fig. 1 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 301
(as P. (Tanalia} aculeata var. erinacea}.
Original description: Testa obovata, tenuiuscula, anfractibus
convexis, Kris muricato-squamatis spiraliter cingulatis ; apertura
subampla ; atra, intus caerulescente, columella et aperturae limbo
castaneo-nigris.
The following dimensions are taken from the figure in the
4 Conch ologia Indica.'
Alt. 21-5, diam. 21 mm.
Hob. Mountain streams of Ceylon.
111. Paludomus (Tanalia) nodulosa (Dolirn).
Paludomus (Tanalia) nodulosa (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 3857, p. 125;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 126, figs. 8, 9; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2,
p. 302 (as P. (T.) aculeata var. nodulosa}.
Original description : Testa oblongo-ovata, laete olivacea, longi-
tudinaliter nigro f ulgurata ; spira exserta ; anfractus costis
58 TIAEID^E.
tuberculosis spiraliter cingulati, sutura crenulata ; apertura
subcircularis, nigra, intus albida, lineis nigris pellucentibus.
Alt. 27, diam. 21 mm.
Aperture: alt. 20, diam. 16*5 mm.
Hab. Ceylon.
112. Paludomus (Tanalia) reevei, Layard.
Paludomus (Tanalia) reevei, Layard, P. Z.S. 1884, p. 92 ; H. & T.,
C. I. pi. 121, fig. 7, and pl/124, fig. 5; Neviil, torn. cit. -(as
P. (T.) nodulosa var. reevei).
Original description : Shell oblong-ovate ; axis 1| inch, diam.
1 inch 2 lines. Spire exsertecl, short. Whorls rounded, spirally
corded with rather distant obtuse ridges, longitudinally striated
with well-marked close-set strire, the great characteristic mark of
the species. Aperture : outer lip edged with deep purple-brown,
columellar lip white. Colour a dark yellow-brown, thickly marked
with longitudinal, slanting, jet- brown wavy bands.
Hab. The Calloo Ganga, Ratnapoora [Kaluganga, Rafriapura],
Ceylon.
Subvar. minor, Neviil, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 302.
No description is given by Neviil, but presumably it is a small
form.
Hab. Ceylon (H. F. Blanford}.
113. Paludomus (Tanalia) funiculata, Reeve.
Paludomus (Tanalia} funiculata, Reeve, Conch. Icon., Palud. sp. 13.
Tanalia funiculuta, Layard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 93 (amended des-
cription) ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 125, figs. 1-4 ; Neviil, torn. cit.
(as P. (T.) aculeata \&i'. funiculata).
Original description : Shell oblong-ovate, spire exserted, whorls
rather depressed round the upper part, spirally corded with rather
distant obtuse ridges ; jet-brown, interior whitish.
Alt. 25, diam. 22 mm. (taken from fig. in Con. Icon.).
Nab. In a mountain stream at R/atnapoora, Ceylon.
" Of a dark sombre colour, without any indication of pattern,
encircled throughout with rather distant ridges."
j
114. Paludomus (Tanalia) picta, Reeve.
Paludomus (Tanalia) picta, Reeve, Conch. Icon., Palud. sp. 10 ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 122, fig. 7 ; Neviil, torn. cit. p. 303 (as P. (T.)
aculeata var. picta}.
Original description : Shell oblong-ovate, spire exserted, whorls
spirally obtusely striated : olive, painted longitudinally with
narrow undulated waved bands, interior white, margin of the
columella stained with brown.
PALUDOMUS. 59
Alt. 23-5, diam. 19*25 mm. (taken from pi. 2, fig. a in Con.
Icon.).
Hob. In a mountain stream at Katnapoora, Ceylon.
" The waved painting may be observed in adult specimens on
the outside, when not visible in the interior."
115. Paludomus (Tanalia) swainsoni (Dolirn).
Paludomus (Tanalia) swainsoni (Dolirn), P. Z. S. 1857, p. 125 ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 124, fig. 6.
Original description : Testa ovata, solida, olivacea, costis nigris
spiralibus ornata, obsolete spiraliter et longitudinaliter striata ;
spira exserta ; anfractus convexi, ad suturam nigricantem
depressi ; apertura ovata, albida, obsolete dentata, interdum
fusco-maculata.
Alt. 25, diam. 23 mm.
Aperture: alt. 21, diam. 12 mm.
Hob. Ceylon.
Allied to P. (T.} picta, but differing in having black ribs.
116. Paludomus (Tanalia) distinguenda (Dohm).
Paludomus (Tanalia) distinquenda (Doiirn),P. Z. S. 1857, p. 124;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 122, fig. 3 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 303
(as P. (T.) aculeata var. distinguenda) .
Original description : Testa ovata, olivacea, nitida, fasciis nigris
fulguratis longitudinaliter picta, spiraliter et longitudinaliter
striata ; spira exserta ; apertura ovata, caerulescens ; peristomata
nigro, obsolete dentato ; margine columellari planato, fasciis
nigris, pellucentibus.
Alt. 25, diam. 19 mm.
Aperture : alt. 18, diam. 12'5 mm.
Hob. Ceylon.
117. Paludomus (Tanalia) torrenticola, Dohm.
Paludomus (Tanalia) torrenticola, Dolirn, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 530;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 124, fig. 9 ; Neviil, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 303
(as P. ( T.) aculeata var. torrenticola).
Original description : Testa oblongo-ovata, nigricanti- olivacea,
obscure fulgurata et inaculata, spiraliter confertim, longitudinaliter
rarius striata ; spira exserta ; anfractus convexi ; sutura simplex ;
apertura ovalis, violacea, margine columellari albo.
Alt. 22, diam. 16 mm.
Aperture : alt. 16, diam. 12 mm.
Hob. Cevlon.
60 TIARID-.
118. Paludomus (Tanalia) neritoides (Reeve).
Paludomus (Tanalia} neritoides (Reeve), Conch. Icon., Palud. sp. 3 ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 122, fig. 8.
Original description : Shell oblong-ovate, spire a little exserted,
whorls rounded, obscurely obtusely ridged ; aperture rather large ;
olive, sharply waved in the young shell with brown, interior
white, columella and edge of the lip sometimes blotched here and
there with blackish brown.
Alt. 31'5, diam. 24*5 mm. (taken from pi. 1, fig. 3 b in Con.
Icon.).
Hob. In the bed of a river at Ambegamoa, Ceylon.
" This species has more the form of a Nerita than any other,
and is distinguished in an early stage of growth by a brilliant
pattern of zigzag painting in the interior. The lip and columella
are sometimes white, sometimes blotched with blackish brown."
Var. globosa, Brot, Conch.-Cab. ii, 1880, pi. 8, fig. 1 ; Nevill,
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 304.
A somewhat swollen form.
Hob. Ceylon (Nevill).
119. Paludomus (Tanalia) dilatata (Reeve).
Paludomus (Tanalia) dilatata (Reeve), P. Z. S. 1852, p. 128; H. &
T., C. I. pi. 125, figs. 5, 6; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 303 (as
P. (T.) neritoides var. dilatata ?).
Original description : Testa suboblougo-ovata, spira exsertius-
cula; anfractibus rodundatis, superne vix depressis, spiraliter
obscura superficialiter liratis ; intense nigricanti-fusca, immacu-
lata ; apertura oblonga, inferne dilatata, intus caerulescenti-alba,
bi- vel trifasciata, nigro-limbata.
The following dimensions are taken from fig. 5, pi. 125, in the
1 Conchologia Indiea.'
Alt. 36-75, diam. 29 mm.
Hob. Mountain streams of Ceylon.
120. Paludomus (Tanalia) gardneri (Reeve).
Paludomus (Tanalia) qardneri (Reeve), Conch. Icon., Palud. sp. 9;
II. & T., C. I. pi. 122, fig. 6 ; Nevill, torn. cit. (as P. (T.) neri-
toides var. (/ardneri).
Original description: Shell orbicularly ovate, spire flatly
depressed, whorls regularly convex, very closely spirally ridged,
ridges rather thin, obtuse, alternately larger ; aperture very large ;
jet-black, interior whitish, columella and margin of the aperture
stained with purple-black.
Alt. 35, diam. 34 mm. (taken from pi. 2, fig. 9 b in Con. Icon.).
Nab. In a stream at the foot of Adam's Peak, Ceylon.
PALUDOMUS. 61
121. Paludomus (Tanalia) cumingiana (Dolirn\
Paludomus (Tanalia} cumingiana (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1857. p. 124:
H. & T., C. I. pi. 126, figs, 5, 6.
Original description : Testa globosa, solida, olivaceo-fusca,
obsolete spiraliter sulcata ; spira valde depressa, exserta ; anfractus
ultirnus ceteros superans, ad suturam in formam canalis impressus ;
apertura magna, obliqna, flavescens, intus albida, lineis Digris
undatis longitudinaliter distincta.
Alt. 33, diam. 34 mm.
Aperture : alt. 30, diam. 24 mm.
Hob. Ceylon.
Allied to P. (T.) gardneri, Eeeve, but distinguished by the
" deep channel-like impression on the upper part of the whorl, and
in the large size of the mouth."
122. Paludomus (Tanalia) thwaitesi (Layard).
Paludomus (Tanalia) Ihwaitesi (Layard), P. Z. S. 1854, pp. 93-94
(as Philopotamis) ; H. & T., C. 1. pi. 125, figs. 8,9 j Nevill, Hand
List, pt. 2, p. 304 (as P. (T.} nentoides var. thwaitesi?).
Original description : Shell oblong-ovate ; axis 13 lines, diam.
9 lines. Spire exserted, short. Whorls almost carinated round
the upper part, spirally corded with unequal sized, close, but
irregularly set ridges, granulated or minutely striated. Colour
yellowish olive, painted more or less with wavy, dark brown
longitudinal lines. Aperture pinkish white, occasionally having
the outer lip dotted with dark pink-brown marks.
Alt. 30-5, diam. 23'75 mm. (Conch. Ind. pi. 125, fig. 9).
Hob. Weyweldenia, Ceylon.
123. Paludomus (Tanalia) tennantii (Eeeve).
Paludomus (Tanalia) tennantii (Reeve), Con. Icon., Palud. sp. 12 ;
H. & T., C. 1. pi. 122, tig. 5 (as P. te.nnentii) ; Nevill, torn. cit.
(as P. (T.) neritoidesvai*. tennenti).
Original description : Shell obovate, rather thick, spire scarcely
exserted ; whorls rounded, smooth, or very obscurely ridged ;
aperture rather largely effused ; olive, indistinctly longitudinally
waved, interior white, columella and edge of the aperture stained
with purple-brown. ,__ ^^ ,
Alt. 31, diam. 29 mm. (taken from pi. 3, fig. c, in Con. Icon.).
Hab. In a rocky stream flowing from Adam's Peak, Ceylon.
" . . . . distinguished in early growth by an elaborate pattern of
waved painting, which is very conspicuous in the interior of the
shell. At a more advanced period, this striking display of pattern
is entirely obscured by a superincumbent deposit of colourless
matter."
62 TIABID^E.
124. Paludomus (Tanalia) dromedarius (Dohrn).
Paludomus (Tanalia) dromedarius (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1857, p. 124;
H. & T., C. 1. pi. 122, fig. 9 ; Nevill, torn. cit. (as P. (T.) neri-
toides var. dromedarius).
Original description : Testa oblongo-ovata, nigra, obsolete
spiraliter, longitudinaliter striata ; anfractus convex!, ultimas
antice valde deflexus ; apertura subcircularis, alba, obsolete
dentata, interdum flavocincta. Operculurn subtriangulare, cor-
neum, nucleo lateral! dextrorse.
Alt. 29, diam. 21 mm.
Aperture : alt. 20-5, diam. 16 mm.
Hab. Ceylon.
125. Paludomus (Tanalia) solida (DoUrn).
Paludomus (Tanalia) solida (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1857, p. 124; H. &
T., C. I. pi. 122, fig. 4.
Original description : Testa ovato-oblonga, solidissima, flava,
brunneo-maculata ; spira exserta ; anfractus convex!, spiraliter
sulcati, sub lente longitudinaliter striati; suturaimpressa; apertura
crassa, alba, semicircularis. Operculuin corneum, nigrescens,
concent/rice stratum, uucleo sinistro.
Alt. 19, diam. 14*5 mm.
Aperture : alt. 13, diam. 10 mm.
Hob. Ceylon.
126. Paludomus (Tanalia) hanleyi (Dohrn).
Paludomus (Tanalia) hanleyi (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 535 ; H. &
T., C. I. pi. 125, fig. 10.
Original description : Testa semiovalis, neritaBforaiis, solida,
olivacea unicolor vel saturatius longitudinaliter striata, decussata ;
spira exserta ; anfractus convexi ; apertura obliqua, ampla, labio
columellari magno, margine interno vix curvato, externo semi-
circular! ; alba vel flavescens. Operc. ?
Alt. 18, diam. 15 mm.
Aperture: alt. 15, diam. 13 mm.
Hab. Ceylou.
Var. major, ? Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 305.
A large form.
Alt. 23, diam. 20 mm.
Hob. Ceylon (H. Nevill).
127. Paludomus (Tanalia) skinneri (Dohrn).
Paludomus (Tanalia) skinneri (Dohrn), I
H. & T., C. I. pi. 121, fig. 4.
Original description : Testa ovata, nigricanti-olivacea, confertim
Paludomus (Tanalia) skinneri (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1857, p. 124;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 121, fig. 4.
PALUDOMUS. 63
costis squamatis spiraliter cingulata, supra medium obsolete
carinata ; apertura semicircularis, alba, intus caerulescens.
Alt. 35, diam. 32 mm.
Aperture : alt. 29, diam. 21 mm.
Hub. Ceylon.
128. Paludomus (Tanalia) similis, Layard.
Paludomus (Tanalia) similis, Layard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 92 ; H. & T..
C. I. pi. 122, fig. 1.
Original description : Shell rather globose ; axis 8 lines, diam.
6 lines. Spire short, exserted. Whorls rounded, ventricose,
spirally grooved with close-set, fine, minutely decussated striae.
Colour rich olive-yellow, profusely marked with longitudinal,
wavy, dark lines, interrupted by four or five fine transverse bands
of the same colour. Aperture: the dark markings of the shell
show through, and are dimmed by a bluish haze ; columella lip
white, stained on the outside edge with dark brown, which runs
round the outer lip in a thin band.
Hob. A mountain torrent at Kandangamoa, near Ratnapoora,
Ceylon.
129. Paludomus (Tanalia) melanostoma, Hanley $ Theobald.
Paludomus ( Tanalia) melanostoma, Hanley & Theobald, Con. Ind.
pi. 121, figs. 8, 9 (figs. only).
Shell oblong-ovate, solid, dark yellowish-brown, painted with
oblique, transverse, zigzag bands of black ; remaining whorls 3,
rapidly increasing, the last large, sculptured with more or less
beaded, spiral lirae ; suture impressed ; columella margin excavated,
white within, stained with brownish- black without, extending
upwards into a thickish, well-defined, parietal callus which has
the same colouring and reaches to the upper margin of the
labrum; labruin edged with a variegated band of brown and
yellowish white just within, acute ; aperture ovate ; interior of
shell white.
Alt. 25, diam. maj. 21'25, diam. min. 15*25 mm.
Aperture : alt. 20, diam. 11'25 mm.
Hob. Ceylon.
Type in British Museum.
Subgenus STOMATODON.
Stomatodon, Benson, A. M. N. Tl. ser. 3, x, 1862, p. 414.
TYPE, Paludomus stomatodon^ Benson ; Travancore.
Range. Travancore.
For description see that of Paludomus (S.) stomatodon given
below.
64
130. Paludomus (Stomatodon) stomatodon, Benson.
Paludomus (Stomatodon^ stomatodon, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3,
x, 1862, p. 414 (as ? Tanalia) j H. & T., C. I. pi. 108, fig. 1.
Original description : Testa ovato-globosa, solida, laeviuscula
(juniorum polita), striis spiralibus obsoletis induta, olivaceo-
nigrescente ; spira brevi erosa, sutura irnpressa ; anfractibus 3
superstitibus, superioribus convexiusculis, ultimo convexo ;
apertura ovato-acuta, albida, intus demum angustiore, sinuata ;
peristomate integro, margine dextro basalique acuto, columellari
late calloso, infra latiore, subito intus truncate, dente prominente
crasso mimito.
Alt. 14, diam. 12 rnm.
Hal. Mountain streams near Cottyam, Travancore.
" . . . . There is some resemblance in this shell to Neritina^ for
which genus a specimen might, on a cursory glance, be taken.
The upper part of the columellar callosity exhibits in some
specimens a blackish-brown tint, and a patch of the same colour
may occasionally be observed at the base, in the interior of the
aperture, the throat of which is tinged with violet and purple and
presents a minutely corrugate surface.' 7
Family LITTORNID^E.
Subfamily CREMNOCONCHIN^E.
Shell ovate, depressedly turbinate, with large aperture.
Distribution. S. Asia.
Genus CREMNOCONCHUS.
Cremnobates, Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xii, 1863, p. 184.
Cremnoconchns, Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 4, iii, 1869, p. 343.
TYPE, C. syhadrensis, Blanford ; Western India.
Range. W.India; Tonkin.
Original description : Testa perforata, turbinato - globosa,
costulata. Apertura mediocris, subovata ; peristomatis margine
dextro simplici, columellari vix calloso.
Operculum testaceum, subovatum, paucispirale ; nucleo sinistro';
margine membranaceo.
Animal (pulmoniferurn ?) parvum ; tentaculis duobus brevibus
subulatis, oculos in lobis tumidis ad basin gerentibus praeditum.
Pes brevis, rotundatus. Proboscis brevis.
CREMNOCOXCHUS. 65
131. Cremnoconclms syhadensis (Stanford).
Cremnoconchus syhadensis (Blanford), A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xii, 1863,
p. 184 (as Crtnmobates), pi. 4, figs. 1-7 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 146,
fig. 6.
Original description: Testa subobtecte perforata, globoso-
turbinata, costulis elevatis crenulatis circumdata, inter costuliis
liris ininoribus spiralibus lineisque obliquis decussantibus incre-
ment! ornata, periomphalo baud costulato concentrice decussato-
striato albida, ad apicem rubella, epidermide viridi-fusca induta ;
spira brevis, conoidea, sutura impressa, apice acuto, plerumque
erosulo ; anfraetibus 3, rapide accrescentibus, convexis, ultimo
rotimdato, circa perforationem angulato ; apertura diagonalis,
ovata, lineis longitudinalibus fusco-purpureis prope suturam et
versus basin marginis dextri, spatio interveniente, interne signata,
interdum omnino colorata ; peristoma simplex, marginibus callo
junctis, dextro recto, basili expansulo, columellari reflexo, appresso
perforationem partim tegente. Operculuin normale.
Alt. 7, diam. 7 mm.
Aperture : alt. 5, diam. 4 mm.
Hob. Western Grhats. On wet rocks (Blanford}.
"Witb regard to tbe animal tbe author doubts the existence of
gills and makes the following remarks : " . . . . the large vascular
sac at tbe back of the neck exactly resembles that in the opercu-
lated land- shells. The mantle- margin is free, and the sexes
distinct. The lingual ribbon is very long; one from a large
specimen measured J inch (17 mill.); the teeth are 7-ranked, but
differ in form from those of Cyclostomaceous genera. The
amphibious habits of the animal, the short foot, and the olive-
green epidermis, so characteristic of fresh-water shells, induce me
to place it in the vicinity of Lithoglyplius."
132. Cremnoconchus conicus, Blanford.
Cremnoconchus conicus, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. 2, 1870,
p. 10, pi. 3, fijrs. 3, 3 a j H. & T., 0. I. pi. 146, figs. 8, 9, and
C. conicus var. lig. 10, fide. Blanford, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2,
p. 221.
Original description : Testa imperforata, ovato-conica, solida,
albida, fascia spirali castanea supra peripheriam interdum ornata,
epidermide olivacea, baud nitida, induta. Spira conica; apice
acuto, plerumque eroso ; sutura profunda. Anfr. 5 convexi
(primi sapissime carentes), ultimus ad peripheriam sub-angulatus,
subtus convexus, non descendens. Apertura obliqua, ovata,
postice subangulata, intus fulvescens vel alba, aliquando fascia
castanea intranti instructa; peristoma tenue rectum, marginibus
callo junctis, basali sub-effuso, columellari calloso. Operc. nor-
male, corneum, pauci-spirale, nucleo sub- basali, haud procul a
latere columellari sito.
F
66 LTTTORXID7E.
Alt. 8, diam. 6 mm. 1 A young specimen with
Aperture: alt. 4-5, diam. 3'5 mm.) perfect spire.
Alt. 9-5, diam. 7 mm. 1 An old specimen with eroded
Aperture : stlt. 6, diam. 5 mm. J spire.
Hab. Near Poonah.
Var. canaliculatus, Stanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. 2, 1870,
p. 11, pi. 3, fig. 4.
Original description : Sutura canaliculata, anfractibus juxta
suturam acute cariuatis.
Alt. 8, diam. 6'5 mm.
Hal. Torna.
133. Cremnoconchus carinatus (Layard).
Cremnoconchus carinatus (Layard), P. Z. S. 18o4, p. 94 (as
Anculotus) ; Blanford, J. A" S. B. xxxix, pt. 2, 1870, p. 12,
pi. 3, fig, 5 ; op. cit. xlix, pi. 2, p. 221.
Original description : Shell somewhat globose ; axis 5 lines,
diam. 4 lines. Spire exserted, short. Whorls inflated, rather
square, sharply keeled round the inferior angle, minutely; longi-
tudinally striated. Colour dull olive, marked faintly with two or
three broad bands of dark rufous-brown, which are very apparent
in the aperture : columellar lip white, stained with a light dash of
the same rufous-brown on the exterior margin.
No dimensions being given the following is taken from
Blanford's description (J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. 2, p. 12).
Alt. 7*5, diam. 5 mm.
Hab. Streams in the Mahableshwar Hills, Bombay Presidency.
Subgenus BITHINELLA.
Bithinella, Moquin-Tandon, 1851, J. de Conch. Paris, p. 239,
& Hist. Moll. Terr. Fluv. France, 1855, p. 516 (as Bythinella}.
TYPE, Bulimus viridis, Poiret ; Europe.
Range. Europe ; Asia ; N. America.
Shell having the opercuium set far back in the interior ; it is
also subcorneous, spirally striate, with excentric nucleus.
134. Bithinella canningensis, Preston.
Bithinella canninyensis, Preston, A. M. N. II. ser. 7, xix, 1907,
p. 216 (fig. in text).
Original description: Shell subperforate, pyramidal, dull
yellowish-brown horn-colour ; remaining whorls 3, somewhat
convex ; sutures well impressed ; aperture oval ; peristome
simple, continuous ; opercuium horny, paucispiral.
Alt. 1*75, diam. maj. 1 mm.
Hab. Port Canning, Lower Bengal ; in brackish pools.
Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.
PALUDESTRINID^E. 67
Family PALUDESTRINID^ [=HytooNUU].
Subfamily PALUDESTRININ.E.
Shell small, corneous, fusiform, narrowly rimate or imperforate.
Distribution. World-wide.
Genus PALUDESTRINA.
Hydrobia, Hartmann, 1821, nee Leach in Ooleoptera, 1817.
Paludestrina, d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Moll. 1840, p. 381.
TYPE, P. auberiana, d'Orb. ; S. America.
Itange. World- wide.
Animals having no eyes on the tentacles, these being placed
outwardly at their base ; operculum horny, spiral, resembling
Littorina. An inhabitant of both fresh and brackish water.
Subgenus BELGRANDIA.
Belgrandia, Bourgtiignat, Cat. Moll. Ter. Fluv. Env. Paris, 1869,
p. 15.
TYPE, Bithinella gibba, Drapernaud ; France.
Range. Europe; Asia.
Shell having one or two rounded swellings on the last whorl,
these, as the author explains at some length, being quite different
from those caused by rest periods.
135. Paludestrina (Belgrandia) miliacea, Nevill.
Paludestrina (Belgrandia} miliacea, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt, 2,
p. 161; op. cit., 1, p. 158, pi. vii, fig. 7; Nevill, Hand List,
pt. 2, p. 52 [as Hydrobia (Bythinella)].
Original description: Testa minuta, vix rimata, conico-
elongatula, solida, parum nitida, albido-viridula, laevigata ; spira
paululum producta, apice minuto, acutiusculo ; anfr. 5, con-
vexiusculi, ultimis duobus rapide accrescentibus, ultimo basi
subplanulato, ad aperturam gibbositate crassa circumscripto ;
apertura ovato-rotundata, iutus incrassata, peristoma continuum,
valide incrassatum, raargine externo arcuato, basi sinuato, mar-
gine columellari subangulatiin contorto, subrefiexo. Operculuui
sat prot'imde immersum, tenue, pellucidum, vitreum.
Alt. about 2-75, diam. 1-75 mm.
Hab. Port Canning (Nevill, Mainwaring).
Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Subvar. gibbosula.
Hab. Port Canning (Stoliczka),
68
Subvar. subangulata.
Hob. Port Canning (Nevill) ; Chilka Lake (Blanford).
The above two subvarieties are given by Nevill in bis * Hand
List/ p. 52, but without further descriptions than those implied
by the names themselves.
Var. minor, Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1880, pt. 2, p. 161.
Alt. 2, diam. 1'25 mm.
Hob. Port Canning.
Genus TRICULA,
Tricula, Benson, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. 1843, p. 467.
TYPE, T. montana, Benson ; India.
Range. India.
Original description : Testae spira olongatiuscula, apertura
obliqua, ovata, integra superne angulata; peristoinate contiuuo,
subreflexo ; anfractu ultimo subumbilicato.
Animal. Melaniae simile, proboscide elongata, antice emar-
ginata, tentaculis filiformibus duobus oculos postice prope basin
.gerentibus; pede mediocri ovato, antice subquadrato. Operculo
corneo subspirali.
136. Tricula montana, Benson.
Tricula montana, Benson, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. 1843, p. 467 ;
A. M. N. H. 1862, pp. 415-416; H. & T., C. I. pi. 155, %. 1.
Original description : Testa olivacea ovato-conica, anfractibus
sex rotundatis, suturis impressis, apertura intus albida, peri-
stomate nigrescenti ; apice obtuso, plerimique decollate.
Alt. 3, diam. maj. 1'25 mm,
Hob. Bhimtal.
Nevill (Hand List Moll. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, p. 62) cites a
presumably short variety under the name var. curia, but without
other description ; it is from the Jhiri Valley, N. Cachar, at an
altitude of 3000 feet.
Genus AMNICOLA.
Amnicola, Gould & Haldeman, Rep. Iriv., Mass., 1841, p. 228.
TYPE, A. porata, Say ; Massachusetts.
Range. N. America ; E. & S. Asia.
Original description: Shell ovate-conic, thin; spire acute,
composed of a tew rounded whorls ; aperture small, oblique,
rounded-ovate ; lips continuous, simple : operculum horny, spiral,
with a few volutions.
AMNiCOLA. 69
Animal having an elongated foot, rounded posteriorly, with
each anterior angle produced laterally ; head halt' the breadth of
the foot, and protruding beyond it ; tentacula short, filiform,
unequal, ? the eyes seated at the side of the external base ;
oviparous. Inhabits fresh water.
137. Amnicola cincta, Gould.
Amnicola cincta, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, p. 100 ;
Otia Conch, p. 199.
Original description: Testa minuta, tenuis, ovato-oblongata,
impert'orata, pallide cornea, decollata : anfr. (superstitibus) 3,
ventricosis, ultimo magno, subcarinato, liueis volventibus, et
interdum fascia fusca, cincto: apertura ovata, basi admodum
producta, labro simplici.
Alt. 2 mm.
Hal). Tenasserim, Burma.
Unfortunately no actual specimen has been accessible to the
author of the present work; hence the impossibility of illus-
trating this hitherto unfigured species.
138. Amnicola parvula (Hutton}.
Amnicola parvula (Button), J. A. S. B. xviii, pt. 2, p. 655
(as Paludina).
Bithinia globula, Lea, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1856, viii, p. 110,
& Jouru. Acad. Philad., n. s., vii, p. 119, pi. 22, tig. 12 (= Obs.
Unio, xi probably) ; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 161, tigs. 8, 9.
Original description : Animal dusky grey.
Shell conoid, of four whorls exclusive of apex ; colour of
epidermis dull or dusky green ; aperture ovate, rounded below,
angular above ; oblique ; operculum horny ; subumbilicate, pillar
lip partially reflected ; sutures deep ; epidermis of the upper
whorls usually eroded ; transversely striated by fine lines of
growth.
Alt. 4*5 mm,
Hab. A marshy patch of ground caused by a spring oozing from
the side of the Kojuck Pass, at Chunirnun.
Subfamily LITHOGLYPHIN^E.
Animal with simple foot; radula with several basal denticu-
lations ; penis simple or forked ; operculum horny, spiral or
subspiral.
Distribution. S.E. Europe ; S.E. Asia ; C. Africa ; N., S. and C.
America ; Melanesia.
70 PALUDESTKINIDJE.
Genus LITHOGLYPHUS.
Lithoglyphugj Hartmann, Sturm's Fauna, 1821, vi, Heft 5, p. 57.
TYPE, L. eburneus, Meg. v. Miihlfeld ; Europe.
Range. Europe ; India ; Tonkin.
Shell imperf orate, globular with short spire, solid, suture
lightly impressed; aperture large, snbovate or nearly circular;
labruin simple ; columellar margin callous ; operculum horny,
paucispiral, with excentric nucleus.
139. Lithoglyphus martabanensis, Theobald.
Lithoylyphus martabanensis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870,
pt. 2, p. 402, pi. 18, fig. 9; H. & T., C. I. pi. 81, tig. 10.
Original description : Testa globose coriica, imperforata, solida,
virescente albida, translucente, fere laevi, transversim exilissime
striata, spira parva, regulari, subobtusa; anfractibus 4|, celeriter
crescentibus, ultimo f longitudinalis sequante, apertura elliptica,
antice rotundata, postice angulata. Columella callosa, polita,
paulo dilatata, labro acuto leviter curvato, antice ad latus
eubtruncato.
Alt. 4 mm. (fig. in Conch. Ind.).
Hob. Martaban.
Subfamily BITHYNIIN.E [Bilhmiina emend.].
Animal with simple foot; rachila \\i\ln several basal denticu-
lations ; penis bifid; operculum calcareous, concentric.
Distribution. Europe; Asia.
Genus BITHYNIA.
Bithynia, Leach, in Abel's " Narrative of Journey into Interior of
China," 1818, p. 362.
TYPE, Helix tentaculata, Linnaeus ; Europe.
Range. Europe; Asia.
Shell small, ovately fusiform with more or less convex whorls ;
aperture oval ; labrum continuous ; operculum testaceous.
140. Bithynia tentaculata (Linnaeus).
Helix tentaculata, Linnseus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 774.
Neritajaculator, Miiller, Verm. Hist. pt. 2, 1774, p. 185.
Turbo nucleus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 1778, p. 91, pi. 5, fig. 12.
Bulimus tentaculatus, Poiret, Coq. de 1'Aisne, 1801, p. 61.
Cyclostoma impurum, Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. 1801, p. 41.
Turbo janitor, Vallot, Exerc. d'Hist. Nat. 1801, p. 6.
Cyclostoma jaculutor, Ftirussac, Ess. Meth. Conch. 1807, p. 66.
Lymncea tentaculata, Fleming, Edin. Eucyc. vii, 1814, p. 78.
B1TIIYNIA. 71
Paluclina impura, Brard, Coq. Paris, 1815, p. 183, pi. 7, fig. 2.
Paludinajaculator, Studer, Kurz. Verz. 1820, p. 91.
Turbo tentuculcitus, Sheppard, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv, 1823, p. 152.
Biikyniajaculator, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur, Merid. iv, ]826, p. 100.
Palndind tentaculata, Fleming, Brit. Anira. 1828, p. 315.
Bithinia tentaculata, Gray, Turton Man. 1840, p. 93, pi. 10, fig. 120.
Bithinia (Eiona) tentaculata, Moquin-Tandon. Hist. Moll, ii, 1855,
p. 528, pi. 39, figs. 23, 24.
Bythinia tvntaculata, Reeve, Brit. L. & F. W. Moll. 1863, p. 189.
" Shell : conically ovate, with a minute nearly closed umbilicus,
fulvous green, subtransparent, apex rather sharp ; whorls five,
smooth, convex, the last rather ventricose ; aperture somewhat
pyriformly ovate, lip dark-edged, scarcely reflected. Operculum
subtestaceous, striated concentrically around a central nucleus."
(Reeve.}
Hab. Throughout Europe (in gentle streams and still waters).
Nevill gives the following variety without other description
than the dimensions :
Var. kashmirensis.
Alt. 7, diam. 4-5 mm.
Hab. Kashmir (Stoliczlca) ; Srinagar (Kashmir) (Theobald ?).
141. Bithynia cerameopoma (Benson).
Bithynia cerameopoma (Benson), Gleanings in Science, Calcutta,
ii, p. 125 (name for sp. in vol. i, p. 362 ) (as Paludina) ; J. A. S. B.
xxiv, 1855, p. 131.
Bithi/nia ceranospatana, Frauenfeld, Verhandl. zool.-bot. Wien,
1862, p. 1156 5 H. & T., C. I. pi 38, figs. 1, 4.
Original description : Small, ovate-oblong, whitish -yellow,
subhyaline, the lip at the base of the columella slightly produced;
operculum calcareous.
The above meagre description may be supplemented by the
following, based on a specimen in the British Museum :
Shell oblong-ovate, cinereous shading to yellowish white ;
whorls 5, regularly and rather rapidly increasing, convex,
minutely and obsoletely sculptured with very fine, spiral striae
and marked with rather weak growth lines ; suture well im-
pressed ; umbilicus moderately narrow, deep ; labrum continuous,
slightly reflexed, bevelled within ; aperture a little oblique, ovate ;
operculum shelly, slightly concave, with subcentral nucleus,
having about seven convolutions.
Alt. 10-75, diam. maj. 9, diam. min. 6 mm.
Aperture: alt. 6, diam. 4'25 mm.
Hab. Bengal.
There is in the British Museum a second set of this species,
presented by Captain T. Hutton and labelled " Plains India."
The shells in this set are of rather smaller dimensions than those
72 PALUDESTRI^ID^.
to which the specimen above described belongs, and are all of a
dark colour, varying from light chestnut to yellowish-brown.
Nevill, in his ' Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian Museum,'
p. 34, quotes two subvarieties, as below :
Var. carinulata.
Apparently a deformed specimen from Assam.
Var. gigantea.
No description, but presumably a large form from Calcutta.
142. Bithynia travancorica, Benson.
Bithynia travancorica, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, vi, 1860,
p. 259 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 38, figs. 2, 3.
Original description: Testa imperforata, conoideo-globosa, irre-
gulariter striata, striis minutissimis spiralibus eonfertim decussata,
albida, vel corneo-flavescente, translucente ; spira dimidium testa3
OBquante, apicem versus conoidea, vertice obtusiusrulo hyalina,
sutura impressa ; anfractibus 4| convexis, ultimo globoso, antice
eensim descendente ; apertura obliqua. ovata, margine sinisiro
calloso, callo extus sulco marginato. Operculo normali, cras-
siusculo, extus nonnunquam tenuiter radiatim striato ; nucleo
subceutrali.
Alt. 6, diam. 5 mm.
Hub. Ponds near Quilon.
143. Bithynia lutea, Gray.
Bithynia. lutea, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1824, p. 277.
Bithynia goniostoma, Hutton MSS.
Paludina pulchetla, Kiister (not Benson), ed. Cheran. Paludina.
p. 30, p l. 6, fig. 19 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 37, fig. 7.
Testa anguste perforata. globoso-ovata, sericiua, tenera, sub-
pell ucida, obsolete striata, subtilissirae concentrice lineata, pallide
ferruginea ; spira obtusa ; anfractibus 5 convexis, ultimo basi
albo ; apertura subovali, marginibus conjunctis, albo-callosis ;
perist ornate reflexinsculo, basi angulato subauriculato. (Kiister.)
Alt. 7'25, diam. 5'5 mm.
Hob. Purneah (Conch. Ind.).
144. Bithynia moreletiana, Nevill.
Bithynia moreletiana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 29;
op. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 156, pl. 6, fig. 14.
Original description: In shape resembling B. lutea, Gray
(Conch. Ind. pl. 37, fig. 7); spire peculiarly short, apex very
obtuse and flattened, always eroded, but not decollated ; whorls
BITIIYNIA. 73
3|, the last obliquely produced ; always imperforate, both in very
young and very old shells ; margins of aperture entire, broadly
reflected, produced and angled at base, outer margin rounded ;
epidermis dark olive-green; under the lens a minute spiral
sculpture can be detected. Young specimens invariably show
a sort of varix, formed probably at a period when their growth
is arrested by some cause, this varix becoming a.bsorbed in adult
specimens.
Alt. 8'75, diam maj. 6 ; alt. anfract. ult. 7 mm.
Aperture : alt. 5-25, diam. 3 mm.
Hob. Yaylaymaw, ? Upper Burma.
" This species can easily be distinguished from the Indian
B. cerameopoma and B. lutea; it is imperforate, has fewer whorls,
a shorter and more obtuse spire, the columellar margin is less
acutely angled at base, the epidermis green instead of brown."
The original dimensions given by Nevill are quoted below,
though some of them are not intelligible.
"Long. max. 8|, inin. 7|, diam. max. 6, min. 7| mil., long,
anfract. ult. 7 ; long, apert. 5J, diam. 3 mil."
145. Bithynia pulchella (Benson}.
Bithynia pulchella (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 746 (as
Paludina) ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 38, figs. 5, 6.
? = Vafaeta, no. 9, Button, J. A. S. B. iii, p. 90.
Original description : Testa ovato-comca leviter striata, epider-
mide olivacea, anfractibus rotundatis, suturis depressis. Aperturae
peritremate nigrescente ; umbilico arco.
Alt. 7'25 mm.
Hal. Sylhet (Conch. Ind.).
Nevill designates two new varieties in his 'Hand List of
Mollusca in the Indian Museum,' p. 35, but without descriptions,
as follows:
Yar. obtusa.
Hcib. Port Canning (StoliczTca).
Yar. pusilla.
Presumably a stunted form.
Alt. 6*5, diam. 4'5 mm.
Hob. Ferozpur (Temple).
146. Bithynia subpulchella, Nevill.
Bithynia wbpulchella, Nevill, J. A: S. B. 1, pt. 2, p. 157, pi. 6,
fig. 12.
Original description : [Shell] narrowly rimate, conically ventri-
cose, of rather thin substance, slightly transparent, without
74 FALUDESTRIXIDJE.
sculpture, almost white, with a very slight brownish tinge here
and there, suture very distinct, spire elongately drawn out, apex
rather obtuse; whorls 4|, eonvexly ventricose, the last one
tumidly and globosely swollen, about the same size as the others
together, a distinct opaque varix on the left-hand side (away
from the aperture) on each side of the two last whorls ; aperture
nearly round, not oblique, with scarcely thickened, convex,
peristome, and columellar margin nearly straight, subangulate
at base.
Very variable in size. Type : Alt. 6, diam. 4 mm.
Hob. Kutch.
Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.
A thinner form designated by Nevill, var. tenuior, also occurs
in the same locality,
147. Bithynia inconspicna, Dohrn.
Btihynia inconspicua, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 123 ; II. & T., C. I.
pi. 37, figs. 5, 6.
Original description : Testa oblongo-conica, tenera, alba vel
fulva, pellucida ; spira acuta ; anfractus 4-5 convexiusculi, sub
lente leviter longitudinaliter striati; apertura oblonga. Operculum
testaceum, concentricum.
Alt. 5, diam. 3'5 mm.
Aperture : alt. 2-5, diam. l'7o mm.
Bab. Ceylon.
148. Bithynia orcula, Benson.
Bithynia oreula, Benson, MSS. in Frauenfeld, Verhandl. zool.-bot.
Wien, 1862, p. 1154 ; H. &. T., C. I. pi. 38, figs. 8, 9.
Shell very convex, globosely conic, scarcely perforate, milk-
white, smooth though little polished ; whorls 4, slightly rounded
with the exception of the last which is considerably swollen ;
aperture large, roundly ovate ; columellar margin somewhat
reflexed ; operculum weakly convolute, rather concave with
central nucleus.
Alt. 6-4, diam. 5 mm.
Hab. Purneah (Con. Icon.).
Nevill in his 4 Hand List,' pp. 36-37, cites several varieties
without other descriptions thau those contained in the names
themselves ; these are as below :
Var. minor.
Hob. Orissa (Ball).
Var. prcducta.
Hab. Sambhar and Salt-Lakes (Stoliezkd)\ Jam ul pur (Stoliczka);
Ferozpur (Temple).
The dimensions of the latter are : Alt, 7, diam, 5'25 mm.
BITHYN1A. 75
Var. parvula.
Hab. Moradabad ; Jaunpur.
Var. acuminata.
Hab. Andainaris? (Roepstorff).
149. Bithynia nassa, Theobald.
Bithynia nassa, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, pt. 2, 1865, p. 27o ;
op. cit, xxxix, pt. 2, p. 404, pi. 18, %. 8; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 37,
figs. 8, 9.
Original description : Testa elongata, i urbinata, polita, diaphana,
solidiuscula. Labio expansiusculo, plica callosa externa munita.
Anfractibus quinque.
Alt. 10-25, diam. 6-25 mm.
Hab. Shan States.
A supplementary and fuller description is given in the Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxxix, as follows :
Testa elongate turrita, polita, diaphana, solidiuscula, imper-
forata; anfractibus 6, lente convexis, sutura simplici junctis,
striis exilissimis increment! tectis ; ultimo basi convexiusculo ;
spira breviore ; apertura subovata, intus Isevi, supra (vel postice)
acute angulata, antice rotundata, sensim producfa ; labio et labro
leviter curvatis, primo paulo incrassato, altero acuto, margine
tenui, extra prope marginem costa solidiuscula crassa instructo ;
operculo testaceo, ovato, concentrice striato, nucleo subcentralL
Alt. 8-5, diam. maj. 6-25 mm.
Aperture : alt. 4-75, diam. 3-25 mm.
Hab. Shan States.
150. Bithynia laevis, Morelet.
Bithynia leevis, Morelet, Ser. Conch, iv, 1875, p. 313, pi. 13, fig-. 2
(as Bithinia Itevis) ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 38.
Original description : Testa superficialiter arcuato-rimata,
conico-oblonga, corneo-rubella vel lutescens, lineolis spadiceis,
distantibus, longitudinal iter uotata, uitida, Isevis, apice trunca-
tula; anfr. 5| convexiusculi, sutura simplici juncti, ultimus
ventriculosus, circa rimam compressus : apertura ovalis, basi
angulata, intus albido-toarulea, marginibus crassioribus, obtusiu>-
culis, fusco anguste limbatis, columellari strictim dilatato.
Operculum testaceum, pagina interna homogenea, alba, externa
concaviuscula, epidermide fulva, concentrice striata iuduta, nucleo
subcentrali.
Alt. 10, diam. 5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 4-5 mm.
Hab. Siam, Cochin China (Morelet) ; Damothu, Moulmcin
(Stolwzlca $ Riclithofen).
76 PALUDESTEINID.!:.
151. Bithynia goniomphalos (Morelet).
Bithynia yoniomphalos (Morelet), Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1866, p. 167
(as Paludina) ; Ser. Conch, iii, pi. 13, tig. 4.
Bithynia irawadica, Blanford, P.' Z. S. 1869, p. 446 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 37, fig. 10 (as Bythin/ia irawadica)', Nevill, in J. Anderson's
Anat. & Zool. Researches during Yunnan Exp., Calcutta, 1878
[1879], p. 890.
Original description: Testa riraato-perforata, oblongo-conoidea,
solidula, sub lente subtilissime decussata, parum nitens, viridi-
f usca ; spira elongato-conica, apice truncata, anfr. superst. 4J
convexi, ultimas circa perforationem compresso-carinatus, spiram
non sequaus; apertura ovalis, basi angulata, intus lilacina. mar-
ginibus fusco anguste limbatis. Operculum testaceum, extus
concentrice lamelloso-striatum, intus candidum.
Alt. 14, diam. 7 mm.
Hob. Cochin China (Morelet) ; marshes and rivers round
Maridalay (Blanford).
152. Bithynia evezardi, Blanford.
Bithynia evezardi, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2, p. 220 ; Nevill,
op. cit. 1, pt. 2, p. 157, pi. 6, fig. 13.
Original description : Shell narrowly umbilicate, ovately conical,
solid surrounded by regular spiral impressed lines rather close
together, whitish horny, covered with an olive epidermis. Spire
conical, apex eroded, suture deeply impressed. Whorls re-
maining 3 (in a perfect shell about 4 to 5), rounded, the last
about half the whole length, moderately ventricose, angulately
compressed at the base around the umbilicus, which is conical
and smooth inside. Aperture nearly vertical, oval, subangulate
in front at the base and at the posterior extremity ; peristome
simple, straight., obtuse ; operculum normal.
Alt. 3-75, diam. maj. 3'25, diam. min. 2 mm.
Aperture: alt. 2, diam. 1'5 mm.
Hob. Lanowlee (Lanaoli), on the railway -line between Bombay
and Poona, a few miles east ot Khandalla at the top of the
B or- ghat.
153. Bithynia pygmsea, Preston.
Bithynia pygmcea, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta; ii, p. 45, fig.
in text.
Original description : Shell ovately fusiform, dark olive-brown ;
whorls 3g, convex, smooth; sutures well impressed; aperture
oval; peristome simple, continuous ; umbilicus narrow; operculum
shelly, spiral with central nucleus.
Alt. 3*25, diam. maj. 2 mm.
BITHYNIA. 77
Aperture : alt. 1'75, diaia. 1 mm.
Hob. Myetmyo, Burma.
Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.
154. Bithynia stenothyroides, Dohrn.
Bithynia stenothyroides, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 123 ; H. & T.,
C. I. pi. 38, figs. 7, 10.
Original description : Testa ovata, tenera, alba vel fulva,
pellucida, nitida ; anfractus 4-5 convexiusculi, ultiraus efflatus,
ventricosus, ad basin leviter rarinatus, antice descendens ; sutura
simplex ; apertura oblongo-ovata, parum coarctata, ad basin acuta,
alba. Operculum oblongo-ovatum, testaceum, crassum, concentrice
striatum.
Alt. 5-5, diam. 4-75 mm.
Aperture: alt. 3, diam. 2 mm.
Hab. Ceylon ; Nilgherries.
'* This species has some characters of Stenoihyra. The last
whorl is unusually great, the mouth somewhat contracted, but
the general aspect is that of Bithynia"
Nevill gives the following variety as new, but without other
description than the mere name (Hand List Moll, in Ind. Mus.,
Calcutta, pt. 2, p. 37) :
Var. biangulata.
Hab. Madras.
155. Bithynia troscheli (Paascli).
Bithynia troscheli (Paasch), Archiv fur Naturg., Berlin, 1842,
p. 300, pi. 0, iigs. A-D (as Paludina).
Paludina similis, Boll. Moll. Arch. Yer. Freunde Nature, Mecklen-
burg, v, 1851, p. 102; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 40.
Shell small, ovately fusiform; whorls 4-5, convex; suture
rather deep ; labrum continuous ; aperture ovate.
Alt. 5-5, diam. 4-25 mm.
Hab. Europe ; Kashmir.
"All the Kashmir specimens are decollate; the whorls are
even more convexly rounded than usual." (A'evill.)
Subgenus FOSSARULUS.
Fossarultis, Neuinayr, Jahrb. Geol. Beichs. Anst., Wien, 1809,
p. 361.
TYPE, F. stachei, Neumayr : Miocene of Dalmatia.
llancje. India.
73 PALUDESTRIXIDjE.
Original description: Testa parva, subglobosa, rimata, longi-
tudiaaliter nodoso-costata ; apertura late ovata, superrie et ad
basin effusa : peristomate continue, incrassato, duplicate.
156. Bithynia (? Fossarulus) costigera, Kiister.
Bithynia (? Fossarulus) costigera, Kiister, Conch.-Cab., Paktdina,
p. 33, pi. 7, figs. 18, 19.
Valmta sulcata, Eyd. & Soul., Voy. ' Bonite,' Zool. p. 517, pi. 31,
figs. 19-21 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 151, fig. 10.
Original description : Testa perforato-rimata, ovato-conica,
turrita, solidula, pallide flava ; spira acuta ; anf ractibus 6 con-
vexis, subtilifcer concentrice lineatis, longitudinaliter striatis,
superne planulatis ; superioribus lineis tribus, ultimo numerosis
lineis elevatis, transversis obsitis ; apertura subrotunda, peristo-
mate recto, margine angulato.
Alt. 7*5, diam. 5-5 mm.
Hob. Bengal.
Var. curta, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 42.
A short form, apparently constant, with the spire less produced
or exserted.
Alt. 6-5, diam. 5-5 mm.
Hab. Bangalore.
Subgenus HYDROBIOIDES.
Hydrobioides, Nevill, Hand List, 1884, pt. 2, p. 42.
TYPE, Biihynia*! turrita, Blanford ; Burma.
Range. India ; Burma.
Shell solid, turrite, rimatc ; aperture ovate ; the margins of the
peristome united by a parietal callus.
157. ? Bithynia (Hydrobioides) turrita (Blanford).
? Bithynia (Hydrobioides} turrita (Blanford), P. Z. S. 1869, p. 446
(as Fairbankia (an Bithynia)).
Bithynia turrita, 'Nevill, in J. Anderson's Anat. & Zool. Researches
during Yunnan Exp., Calcutta, 1878 [1879], p. 890, pi. 80,
tigs. 4, 4 a.
Original description: Testa subperforata, turrita, solidula,
fulva, glabra, nitidula. Spira elongato-comca, sutura impressa.
Anfr. 7, convex!, ultimus antice subascendens, subtus rotundatus.
Apertura ovata, postice vix angulata, varice externa mediocri
instructa ; peristoma undique expansiusculum, marginibus callo
junctis, externo leviter arcuato, columellari obliquo, antice cum
basali subangulatim juncto. Operc. ?
STENOTHYRA. 79
Alt. 6-25, diam. 3 mm.
Aperture : alt. 2*5, diam. 1*75 mm.
Hob. Kyoukpong, River Irawady.
Subfamily STENOTHYRINJE.
Foot simple; radula of Bithi/nia ; operculum calcareous, spiral.
Distribution. S. and E. Asia; N. Australia (Recent): Eocene
of Europe (Fossil).
Genus STENOTHYRA.
Stenothyra, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 496.
Nematura, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 781 (not of Fischer,
genus Orthopt., 1813).
TYPE, S. delta, Benson ; Gangetic Delta.
Range. S. & E. Asia ; N.E. Australia.
Original description. Animal. Caput tentaculis duobus setaceis
oculis postice prope bases tentaculorum sessilibus ; proboscide
eloDgata, cylindracea, extensili. Pes ovato-oblongus, medio ventri-
cosus, postice augustatus, acuminatus, processu brevi filiformi
subito desinens ; antice expansus, medio prof unde emarginatus ;
ala utroque latere porrecta late angustata, acuminata.
Testa ovata, ventricosa, a latere cornpressa, ultimo anfractu
iusuper aperturam angulato, deflexo. Apertura integra constricta,
orbiculari, supra vix angulata ; peritremate acuto leviter intus
incrassato. Operculo teuui in spiram plenam convolute.
158. Stenothyra deltae (Benson).
Stenothyra delta (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 781 (as
Nematura) ; A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 499 ; Sowerby,
Mag. Nat. Hist. (Charles worth's series) i, 1837 (as Nematura) ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 37, fig. 2.
Original description : Testa ovato-conica, a lateribus tumida,
lutescente, ultimo anfractu ventricoso, majori omnibus oblique
minute striatis; spira brevi, apice acuto; umbilico evanescente.
Air. 6 mm.
JIab. Ganges Delta.
Subvar. minor, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 43.
Alt. 4, diam. 2-5 mm.
Hob. Port Canning (Nevill, Wood-Mason).
Subvar. minima, Nevill, torn. cit.
Alt. 2-75, diam. 1-75 mm.
Hab. Port Canning (Nevill, Wood- Mason).
80 PALUDESTR1NTDJE.
159. Stenothyra hungerfordiana, Nevill.
Stenothyra hungerfordiana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2, p. 159 ;
op. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 156, pi. 7, fig. 9.
Original description : Testa parva, imperforata, ovato-elongata,
solidiuscula, viridula, vix nitida (sub lente), lineis impressis ac
dense puncticulatis confertira cingulata ; spira panlulurn elongata,
ovato-convexa, apice obtuso, sutura profunda ac obsoleta raar-
ginata ; anfr. 4, convexi, ultiinus cornpresse ovuliformis, antice
subapplanatus, valcle descendens ; apertura perpusilla, suboblique
rotundato-ovata, superne leviter angulata, sulco profundiori ab
anfractu ventrali separata, peristomate obtuso.
Alt. 2'5, diam. 1*5 mm.
Hob. Andaman Islands.
" This is one of the most distinct and interesting species of the
genus as yet discovered ; the few imperforate whorls, with markedly
obtuse apex ; the distinct, though minute, close punctulation ; the
unusually convex whorls, with the remarkable long, compressed,
slightly flattened, and egg-shaped last whorl are all good characters.
The suture is very distinct and, on the last whorl, distinctly
marginate below. The operculum is normal."
Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.
160. Stenothyra monilifera, Benson.
Stenothyra monilifera, Benson, A. M. N. El. ser. 2, xvii, 1856
p. 497 ; Blanford, Cont. Ind. Mai. pt. 8, pi. 2, fig. 15 ; H. & T.,
C. I. pi. 37, fig. 4 (as Nematura in Index).
Original description. Testa subperforato-rimata, oblongo-ovata,
compressiuscula, nitidiuscula, sulcis confertioribus, dense puncfci-
culatis, spiralibus impressa, fusco-cornea, fascia pallida supra
mediani ornata, versus apicem obtusulum hyalinum rubente, spira
convexo-conica, sutura profunda, canaliculata ; anfractibus 4| con-
vexis, ultimo subsoluto, $ testa3 requante, antice valde descendente,
subtus rotundato, periomphalo subcompresso ; apertura obliqua
diagonali, rotundato-ovali, sules profundiori ab anfractu penultimo
divisa, peristomate obtusulo, callo parietali superne solum con-
spicuo. Operculo corneo-pellucido, apice ad dextrain spectante.
Alt. 4'5, diam. 3 mm.
Mergui; Fegu.
161. Stenothyra foveolata, Benson.
Stenothyra foveolata, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856,
p. 497 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 37, fig-. 3 (as Nematura in Index).
Original description. Testa vix rimata, ovato-acuta, spiraliter
foveolato-striata, striis versus basin confertissimis, spira conica,
apice acuto, sutura mediocri; anfractibus 5 convexiusculis, ultimo
at ventrem planiusculo, J testae a3quante, antice descendente, basi
STENOTHY2A. 81
rotundato ; apertura obliqua. rohmdato-ovata, peristomate obtuso,
margins parietal! sulco mediocri ab anfractu ventral! separate.
Operculo ?
Alt. 5, diam. 3-25 mm.
Hub. Ganges, near Sikrigali, Bengal.
Nevill cites a var. minor (Hand List, p. 44) also from Sikrigali.
162. Stenothyra blanfordiana, Nevill.
Stenothyra blanfordiana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2, p. 160;
op. cit., 1, pt/2, p. 156, pi. 7, tig. 10.
Original description : Testa minima, euperficie rimata, sub-
ventricoso-ovata, vix solidiuscula, nitida, laevis, pallide cornea,
subpellucida ; spira subacuta, apice minute, subobtuso ; anfr. 4|,
coiivexi, ultimus magnus, subsolutus, tumide-ventricosus, sub-
biangulatus, antice subapplanatus ; apertura subovalis, paululum
postice retro rsa, peristomate continuo, superne angulato. Oper-
culuru ovale, superne leviter acuminatum, vix crassiusculum,
subtranslucidum, spirale, apice subcentrali, interne testaceo-
costatum.
Alt. 3*1, diam. 2'1 mm.
Hob. Lake Chilka (type) ; also Port Canning and Madras.
Of the operculum the author further states : "it is oval, semi-
transparent, spiral, of few whorls, with the apex also central, on
the inner side three ridges, one semicircular and two short ones
with a slight S-curvature, for the attachment of the animal.
" The species is somewhat variable, especially as regards size
and the greater or less distinctness of the angulation of the last
whorl. Specimens from Port Canning agree better with the above-
described typical form than do those from Madras."
The type is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
163. Stenothyra minima (Soiverby).
Stenothyra minima (Sowerby), in Mag. Nat. Hist. (Charlesworth's
series), i, 1837, p. 217, fig. 22 b (as Nematura) ; Adams, P. Z. S.
1851, p. 225 (as Nematura) ; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii,
1856, p. 501 ; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 37, fig. 1.
Original description : Testa parva, cornea, semipellucida, ovali,
spira subproducta; polita, fasciis rufis subobsoletis ornata; apertura
orbiculari, peritremate simplici.
Alt. 3 mm.
Hob. Western India ; Lake Chilka.
164. Stenothyra woodmasoniana, Nevill.
Stenothyra woodmasoniana, Nevill, J. A
op. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 156, pi. 7, fig. 8.
Criminal desertion: Testa parva, imperforata, ovato-acuta,
Stenothyra woodmasoniana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2, p. 159 ;
op. cit., 1, pt. 2 ; p. 156, pi. 7, fig. 8.
82 PALUDESTRIKIDjE.
solida, crassa, pallide viridula, polita, nitida (sub lente), obsolete
submalleata ; spira aculeiformis, subconcava, producta, apice per-
acutissimo ; anfr. 6, baud convex!, ultinms pertumidus, medio
subangulatus, basi applanatus, antice ad aperturam abrupte et
valide deflectus ; apertura percontracta, perfecte rotundata, raar-
ginibus coritinuis, valide incrassatis.
Alt. 3-5, diam. 2 mm.
Hob. Port Canning.
" This interesting form is easily recognized by the very acute
and concavely-excavated spire, the subarigulate last whorl,
flattened round the umbilical region ; it is not spirally pitted,
as in most species of the genus, but appears absolutely malleated
or indented under a powerful lens."
The type is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
165. Stenothyra chilkaensis, Preston.
Stenothyra chilkaensis, Pjreston, Eec. Ind. Mus v Calcutta, x, 1914,
p. 300, tig. 011 p. 298.
Shell minutely rimate, ovate, yellowish brown ; whorls 5, the
first very small, the second large in proportion, the last also
large, convex, without sculpture ; suture well impressed ; perfora-
tion reduced to a very narrow chink : labrum continuous ;
aperture oblique, ovate.
Alt. 2-75, diam. maj. 2 (nearly), diam. min. 1-5 mm.
Hob. Barkul, Lake Chilka, Orissa, among weeds at the edge of
the lake.
Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
3 66. Stenothyra orissaensis, Preston.
Stenothyra orissaensis, Preston, torn. cit.
Shell small, narrowly perforate, ovately turbinate, pale greenish
yellow ; whorls 5, regularly increasing, smooth, but for growth
markings, the last convex and rapidly descending in front ;
labrum continuous, slightly erect ; aperture strangulate, oblique,
oval.
Alt. 2-25, diam. maj., 1*5 mm.
Hab, Off Satpara, Lake Chilka, Orissa, at a depth of from 4 to
6 feet, close in shore (type) ; dead specimens were also taken at
Manikpatiia at a depth of 4 feet.
Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.
YIVIPAIUJXE. 83
Family VIVIPAKID.E.
Subfamily VIVIPARIN^.
Shell turbinate, subperforate or imperforate ; whorls more or
less convex ; operculuui horny, concentric with excentric sublateral
nucleus placed near the inner margin.
Distribution. Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and N. America.
Genus VIVIPARA.
Vivipara, de Montfort, Conch. Syst. ii, 1810, p. 247, as Vioiparus,
emend. Dupuy, Hist. nat. des Moll. . . . qui vivent eu France,
1851, p. 534.
Paludina, auct.
V. ftuviorum, de Montf. (vivipara, Linn.); Europe.
Range. Europe; Asia; Africa; Australia; X. America.
Shell conoidal, rather thin, with obtuse apex ; whorls convex ;
labrum not sinuous; operculum horny with sublateral nucleus.
Animal having the tout moderately large; tentacles loug ; right
cervical lobe very large arid bent back to form a groove ; teeth ot
the radula finely crenellated on their reflexed margin.
167. Vivipara bengalensis (Lamarck).
Vivipara bengalensis (Lamarck), Aniiii. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.), viii,
p. 513; Deles. Rec. Coq., Lam. pi. 31, fig. 2 (as Paludina) ;
Reeve, Con. Icon., Paludina, sp. 5 ; Kiister, ed. Chemn., Paludina,
tigs. 15, 16.
Paludina elonyata, Swains. Zool. 111. ser. 1, pi. 98, top.
Paludina lineata, Valenc. in Humb. & Bonpl. Voy., Zuol. ii, p. 2-55 ;
II. & T., C. I. pi. 76, figs. 8, 9, 10.
Original description: Testa ventricosa, ovato-acuta, tenui,
virescente, transversim f'usco-lineata ; striis exilissiinis decussatis ;
spira conica ; anfractibus septenis, convexis.
To supplement the above, Reeve's description is given below.
Shell elevatedly conical, thin, greenish, shining lineated and
narrowly banded with dark-green ; whorls convex, smooth, very
minutely decussately striated.
Alt. 38, diam. 24 mm. (fig. 5 a in Conch. Icon.).
Alt. 44, diam. 29'5 mm. (fig. 5 b in Conch. Icon.).
Hab. North- West Provinces of Hindostan.
A shining pale-green shell, banded and lineated throughout
with dark green, sometimes turning to rusty-brown. The surface
is very minutely engraved with impressed spiral striae, decussating
slightly-raised longitudinal striae, which are striae of growth.
Var. balteata (Benson), J. A. S. B. 1836, pt, 2, p. 745 ; Nevill,
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 21.
Ha 1 ). Silcliar, etc. ; Cachar.
G2
84 YIVIPAB1D-S.
Var. fasciis elevatiusculis.
Hal. Sylhefc (Benson) ; Silchar and Cachar ( Wood-Mason).
Var. phaeostoma (Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p.. 21 (without
description).
Presumably a dark-lipped form.
flab. Calcutta.
Var. gigantea (Reeve), van den Buscli, MS,, in Reeve, Con.
Icon. sp. 7 (as Paludina gigantea) ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 21.
Original description : Shell elevately conical, rather ventricose,
pale green, moro or less obscurely banded and lineated with dark
green, whorls obtusely swollen round the upper part, then rounded,
decussately very minutely striated, longitudinal striae numerous,
close-set.
Alt. 54, diam. 37*5 mm. (fig. in Con. Icon.).
Hob. Bengal ( lieeve) ; Dinapur (Mainwariny).
168. Vivipara doliaris (Gould).
Vivipara doliaris (Gould), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, i, p. 144 fas
Paludina] ; Otia Conch, p. 191 ; Reeve, Con. Icon., Paludina,
sp. 1 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 77, fig. 6.
Original description : Testa tenui conico - globosa, luteo-
viridescente, arctissime uuibilicala ; anfract. 5 veutricosis, striis
ininutissimis reticulatis, coetulis numerosis inequalibus, purpureis,
cinctis ; apertura sub-circulari ; columella renexa, non appressa,
alba ; labiis postice disjunctis.
Alt. 28. diam. 22-5 mm.
Hob. British Burma (Conch. Ind.).
169. Vivipara oxytropis (Benson).
Vivipara ozytropis (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 745 (as
Pahtdina) ; Reeve, Con. Icon., Paludina, sp. 9.
Paludina pyramidata, Philippi, Ab. N. Conch, i, Pnludina, pi. 1,
figs. 3, 4 ; Kiister, ed. Cliemn., Taludina, pi. 6, figs. 1, 2 ; H. & T.,
C. I. pi. 76, fig. 5.
Original description : Testa tenui ovato-conic-a olivacea, decus-
satim striata ; anfractibus superne carinis plurimis fuscis ornatis,
ultimi carina media saliente subacuta ; interne fasciis quibusdam
elevatiusculis f uscis ; suturis inconspicuis ; apice acuta ; canali
umbilicali excavato ; apertura intus violacea, peristomate acuto,
nigro.
'Alt. 42, diam. 32-5 mm.
llab. Bengal.
VIVIPARA. 85
170. Vivipara naticoides (Theobald).
Vivipara naticoides (Theobald), J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, pt. 2, p. 274,
pi. 9, figs. 1, 2, 3 (as Paludina naticoides) ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 76,
figs. 1, 4,
Original description : Testa turbinata, snb-polita, solida, pallide
flavescente cornea ad peripheriam carina rnunita ; marginibus
callo junctis, callo coluroellari non raro valde incrassato,
uinbilicum obtegente.
Alt. 33, cliam. 22 mm. (taken from fig. 1 in Conch. Ind.).
Alt. 34-5, diam. 24 mm. (taken from fig. 4 in Couch. lud.).
Hob. Shan States.
Var. concolor (Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 25.
Of a light, uniform, olive-green colour ; whorls not so exserted
as usual, last one less swollen in proportion, more regularly and
globosely swollen, with a single, somewhat inconspicuous, raised
ridge at the periphery; aperture small, with the outer margin
regularly rounded.
Alt. 25-75, diam. 18 mm.
Hob. Upper Salween (type) (Theobald).
Yar. carinata (Theobald), torn. cit. p. 27-3.
Original description: Var. carinata. Carinis quatuor fortissimis
supra munitur, et infra peripheriam sex vel quinque laBvioribus ;
colore albido ; epidermide flavescente, fasciis nonuullis castaueis
interdum ornata.
Ail:. 35, diam. 25 mm.
Hob. Shan States.
" These two varieties pass into each other, but the peculiar
columellar callus is pretty constant in all specimens. But for
this character, some of the smooth variety might be referred to
P. bengalemis, which is an extremely variable species.
"The strongly corded var. is well marked, but I have preferred
taking the smooth shell as the type of the species, and have
regarded the keeled individuals as hypertrophied, placing the
greatest value, as a specific character, on the coiumellar callus,
occurring in both varieties."
Var. fasciata (Theobald), torn. cit. & Cat. Moll., Ease. E, p. 34.
Original description: Varietas fasciata, fasciis duabus castaneis
ornatur, htic superperipheriali, ilia juxta suturam posita. Anfractu
ultimo tertia notes t a carina paulum remota. Callo flavescente,
ore interior! coerulescente. Anfractibus (i.
Alt. 36, diam. 27*5 mm.
Hob. Shan States.
86 YIVIPAIMD.'E.
171. Vivipara theobaldi, Kolelt.
Vivipara theobaldi, Kobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch. -Cab.
1907, p. 151, pi. 30, tigs. 10, 11.
Original description: Testa exumbilicata, ovato-conica, tennis.
Laud nitens, unicolor fusco-olivacea vel subnigrans, subtiliter
striatula, plerumque limo ferrugineo ad hae rente induta, apice
nigricante. Spira conica, apice acuto, sutura par urn impressa.
Anfractus 7, superi convex!, inferi supra planati et angulati,
carinis spiralibus plus minusve distinctis 3 cincti, ultimns acute
carinatus, carina versus aperturam distinctiore et eubtuberculata,
utrinque convexus, carinulis tribus superioribus, prima et secunda
magis approximatis, duabus inferis minoribus cinctns, antice
descendens, basi irregulariter costato-sulcatus, spirae altitudinem
superans. Aperttira parum obliqua, basi recedens, ovata, supra
acutiuscula, faucibus ccerulescentibus, vix fasciatis ; peristomn.
rallo angusta nigro-marginato continuum, margine exteruo vix
incrassato, extus ad carinam angulato, columellari calloso, distincte
duplici sed parum incrassato, aibo, nigro-marginato.
Alt. 31-5, diam. 24 ram.
Aperture : alt. 17, diam. 12 mm.
JJab. Burma (Moellendorff Coll.}.
172. Vivipara crassa (ffuttoii).
Vivipara crassa (Button), MSS. in Benson, .T. A. S. B. v, 1836,
p. 745 (as Paludina) ; lieeve, Con. Icon., Paludina, sp. 33.
Paludina obtnsa, Troschel, Wiep:n)ann's Arch. Nat. Hist. 1837,
p. 173 ; Philippi, N. Conch, i, p. 116, pi. 1. n>. 14 : Reeve, Con.
Icon., Paludina, fig. 33 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 76, figs. 2, 3.
Original description : Testa ovato-conoidea, ventricosa, solida,
pallide virente, obsolete fasciata, rugis exilissimis decussata ;
anfractibue tumidis, suturis excavatis ; spira obtusa ; umbilico
Bubcanaliculato ; apertura intus lactescente.
Alt. 25 mm.
Jfab. Bengal.
" This species varies in configuration even in the same waters,
some specimens approaching to a subglobose form, while others
have a more lengthened conoid spire. It is very abundant in the
river Gumti at Jonpur, where it is paler, and has a more yellowish
tinge than the Silhet variety, which, from having an eroded
summit, appears 1o have inhabited stagnant water. It has a
singular habit, for the genus, of burying itself in the mud or
sand in shallow water, often in large societies ; other species
conceal themselves in the mud in the season of drought, but
]\ crassa does so from choice, and is impelled by no such
necessity. The shell of the lately excluded young ie so depressed
and globular, that it might be easily mistaken for a young
Ampullaria. The adult shell attains a degree of thickness
unusual in the genus."
VI VI PAR A. 87
Tar. tezpurensis (Nevill), Cat. Moll., Ease. E, p. 35.
"A very interesting form, almost exactly intermediate between
P. crassa and P. siamensis. Spire much shorter than in typical
form, and only a little more produced than in the Siam species ;
whorls more globose ; aperture less deflected, umbilicus less open,
sculpture more distinctly malleated "
Alt. 17*5, diam. 15'5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 9'5, diam. 11-5 mm.
Hob. Tezpur.
173. Vivipara siamensis (Frauenfeld) .
Vivipara siamensis (Frauenfeld), Verh.zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1865,
p. 531, pi. 2-2 ; Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 32, & op. cit. 1,
p. 32.
Shell solid, acuminately conic, flattened below, widely per-
forate, somewhat polished, very pale olive-green, margins of the
upper whorls almost whitish, the third and fourth convolutions
tinged with purplish-brown ; whorls 5, very convex, though
somewhat flattened in the sutural region, marked wirh faint
growth lines which show darkly here and t^ere and sculptured
with weak, interrupted, spiral striae ; aperture large, broad ;
labrum thick, black ; interior of shell white ; operculum thin,
pale brownish, with very excentric nucleus.
Alt. 24, diam. 21 mm'.
Aperture : alt. (including the labrum) 17'5, diam. 14'5 mm.
Hob. Siam.
Var. burmanica (Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 26.
Original description : A very small variety ; spire short, apex
obtuse, with the whorls even less acute and exserted, the last one
larger in proportion and more globosely swollen, with the keel
round the umbilicus obsolete ; aperture more contracted, that is,
less dilately expanded : colouration of epidermis and the black
peristome exactly similar.
Alt. 11, diam. 10 mm.
Hob. Prome, on the Irawady (type) (TJieobald)- Tenasserim
Province (Limborg) ; Yaylaymaw, Upper Burma (Anderson).
174. Vivipara dissimilis (Muller}.
Vivipara dissimilis (Muller), Verm. pt. 2, p. 184 (as Nertta.)',
Schroter, Einl^it. Conch, ii, p. 253, pi. 4, tig. 10 (Nerita).
Helix dissimilis, Gmelin, Syst.. Nat. 3647 ; Dillwyn, Desc. Cat.
p. 941 (Nerita).
Paludina remossii, Kiister (not Philippi), ed. Chemn., Paludina,
p. 26, pi. 5, figs. 17, 18 ; H. & T., C. 1. pi. 77, figs. 3, 4.
Original description : Testa pellucida glabra f uscescente-alba ;
albido maxime m iui'eriore anfractus parte conspicitur, quasi
88 VI VIP \HIDjE.
fascia lata alba cincta esset. Anfractus sex convexitate inter
viviparam et fasciatam media. Apertura distinguitur rnargine
minus acuto, nigro, nitido. Operculum pellucidum luteo-fuscum,
nitidum.
Alt. 28, diam. 20 mm. (from fig. 3, pi. 77 in Conch. Ind.).
Hab. Tanks, near Calcutta; Kondooruwave, etc. (Conch. Ind.).
Var. sindica (NeviU), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 28.
" . . . . not decollate, 6 whorls, almost colourless."
Alt. 32, diam. 2175 mm.
Hob. Sind ; Kathiawar (Fedden).
Var. subumbilicata (Nevill), torn. cit.
Columella straighter than usual, only slightly edged with black ;
distinctly openly rimate, almost umbilicate ; slightly more convex
whorls, the last one almost perfectly rounded ; belt at periphery
less distinct than in typical form, substance of shell a trifle
thicker and less brightly coloured.
Hab. ( Ferozpur (Temple).
Var. assamensis (Nevlll). torn. cit.
Original description : This is a well marked and characteristic
variety, easily distinguished from all the preceding forms by the
turreted and remarkably produced spire, the cylindrical instead of
convex whorls ; the deep, uniform green colour, the last whorl
and aperture much smaller and more contracted in proportion,
the latter less everted ; periphery subangulate, with the belt
obsolete ; scarcely rimate ; peristome black.
Alt. 22-75, diam. 16 mm. ; slightly decollate.
Hob. Tezpore, etc., Assam (type) (Stoliczka, Oldliam); Jamal-
pur ? (Stoliczka) ; Silcuri, Cachar (.Wood-Mason).
Var. "bhamoensis (Nevill), torn. cit. p. 29.
" An interesting gmall form of the preceding, with shorter and
less produced spire . . . ."
Alt. 17-25, diain. 1375 mm. ; slightly decollate.
Var. kutchensis (Nevill), Cat. Moll., Fasc. E, p. 40 (sine norn.) ;
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 30 (as Paludina) ; Kobelt, in Martini &
Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. 1908, p. 287, pi. 58, figs. 1-4.
Original description : A very fine, interesting form, with
sculpture even more developed than in Madras specimens; no
trace of a white band ; sharply angulate in young specimens,
becoming more or less obsolete in adult ones, no trace of hi-
angulation ; im perforate.
Alt, 28, diam. 22 mm.
, KaCh [Cutch] (Stolic&a).
YIVIPARA. 89
175. Vivipara variata (Frauenfeld).
a variata (Frauenfeld), Verbandl. zool.-bot., Ges. Wien,
1862, p. 1163 (as Paludina} ; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 115, g. 8.
Shell somewhat conic, narrowly deeply umbilicate ; olive-green,
slightly polished ; whorls 5?, not very convex, the last descending
behind the aperture, marked with weak growth lines and sculp-
tured with regular, numerous, very fine, punctate, spiral striae ;
suture well impressed ; aperture pyriform ; interior of shell of a
dirty bluish colour ; labruui polished, black.
Alt. 21, diam. 16 mm.
Aperture : alt. 12, diam. 10 mm.
Hab. Pondicherry.
Var. pseudohelicina, Kobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-
Cab. 19u8, p. 293, pi. 59, figs. 5-8.
Vivipara dissimilis subsp. helidformis, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 30
(nee Frauenfeld).
Original description : Testa subobtecte rimata, ovata, solida,
subtiliter striatula, sculptura spiral! nulla, olivaceo-viridis ; spira
ero^a, sutura linearis. Anfractus, superst. 4-5 convexi, infer!
supra subangulati, ultimus ad peripheriam obsolete angnlatus,
has! convexus, antice haud descendens. Apertura vix obliqua,
sat anguste ovata, supra leviter acuminata, intus coeruieo-albida,
late, nigro-limbata ; margo columellaris leviter incrassatulus.
Alt. 20, diam. 17 mm.
A.perture: alt. 11, diam. 9 mm.
Nab. Pegu.
Var. peguensis, Kobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch. -Cab.
1909, p. 378, pi. 58, figs. 7, 8.
Original description : Testa anguste et subobtecte umbilicata,
ovato-globosa, spira breviter conica, erosa, saturate viridescente-
fusca, hie illic anguste nigro strigaTa, anfractibus convexis, sutura
profunda discretis, ultimus niaguus, obsoletissime angulatus, circa
umbilicurn subcornpressus ; peristoma late nigrolimbatum. Oper-
culum crassiuseulum, extus limbo iucrassata, intus disco pedali
prominente munitum.
Alt. 21, diam. 17 mm.
Aperture : alt. 12, diam. 10 mm.
Hab. Moulmein, Pegu.
176. Vivipara ceylonica (Dohrn).
Vivipara ceylonica (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1857, p. 123 (as Paludina}
Keeve, Con. Icon., Paludina, sp. 32 (as P. ceylanica) ; H. & T. r
C. I. pi. 77, h'g-s. 1, 2, P. ceylanica.
Original description-. Testa ovato-couica, perforata, solidiuscula,
90 Y1YIPA1UDJE.
viridis, versus apicem fnscescens ; spira magis nrimisve elevatn,
exserta ; anfractibus convex!, ad suturam et basin obsolete, medio
acute carinati ; spiraliter et longitudinaliter striata ; sutura
simplex, impressa ; apertura ovata, intus alba, peristoma sub-
incrassatum, reflexiusculum, nigrum.
Alt. 21, diam. 16 mm.
Aperture: alt. 12-5, diam. 9 mm.
Hob. Ceylon.
Var. ecarinata (Hanley d: Theobald), Conch. Ind. pi. 115,
fig. 9.
The type of this variety is not available, and is probably lost;
the figure depicts an ecarinate shell with rounded whorJs and
painted with a narrow, brownish or blackish, subperipheral band
on the last whorl.
Alt. 21, diam. 16*5 mm.
Hob. Ceylon.
177. Vivipara lecythis (Benson}.
Vivipara lecythis (Benson), J. A. S. B, v, 18S6, p. 745 (as Pnltt-
dina) j H. & T., C. I. pi. 76, fig. 6.
Original description: Testa tentii, globoso-conica ampullacea,
olivacea, glabra, rugis obsoletis decussata ; spira obtusiuscula ;
anfractibus valde ventricosis, rotundatis; suturis excavatis ;
apertura intus violacea spiram longitudine superante ; peri-
tremate nigro, subreflexo ; umbilico evanescente.
Alt. 50-5, diam. 42-25 mm.
Nab. Upper Burma (Conch. Ind.).
" . . . . It is a very thin shell in proportion to its volume.
The epidermis is greenish olive in young specimens, reddish
fuscous in the adult."
Var. ampulliformis (Benson).
Paludina ampulliformis, Eydoux & Souleyet, Vov. Bouite, Zool.
p. 549, pi. 31, tigs. 25-27 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 76. tig. 7.
Original description : Testa globosa, conico-clepressa, fusco-
nigricante ; anfractibus senis, ventricosis ; superioribus erosius-
culis ; apertura ovato-acuta, obliqua, intus iusca ; peristomate
continue ; umbilico angusto. Operculum corneum, ovatum, con-
centrice striatum.
Alt. 35, diam. 30 mm.
Hob. Upper Burma ; Cochin China.
" Only differs from the type by the absence of the infra-sutural
angle." (Hanley fy Theobald.)
YIY1PAHA. 91
178. Vivipara remossei (PMlippi).
Vivipara remossei (Philippi) (erroneously as of Benson), Abbild.
N. Conch, ii, Paludina, p. 134, pi. 2, fig. 3 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 77,
figs. 8, 9.
Original description : Testa anguste-perforata ; ventricosa,
solida, Ifflvigata, corneo-virente ; ppira exserta, acutiuscula ; anfr.
senis parurn convexis, superne baud angulatis, sutura parum
impressa divisis, ultimo snbangulato ; apertura ovato-orbieulari,
spiram non aequante, nigrolimbata ; labio calloso.
Alt. 29-25, diam. 22 mm.
Aperture : alt. 13-25 mm.
Hab. Jounpore, Soobathur, etc. (Coricb. Ind.).
179. Vivipara digona (Blanford).
Vivipara digona (Blanford), P. Z. S. 1869, p. 445 (as Paludina} ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 115, fig. 7.
Original description : Testa P. bengalensi persimilis, sed de-
cussatim striatula, anfraciibus superioribus juxta suturam angu-
latis ; ultimo biangulato, efc supra et infra peripberiam, angulis
singulis fasciis f uscis spiralibus congruentibus, zona tertia inter-
media, aliis basalibus, lineis angustioribus spiralibus interdum
interjectis.
Alt. 23-5-32, diam. 17-5-23 mm.
Aperture : alt. 13-1 7'5, diam. 10-5-14-5 mm.
Hab. The Iraw.-idv about Ava, Bbamo, etc.
Appears, according to its author, to be intermediate between
V. benyalensis (Lk.) and F. oocytropis (Bens.).
180. Vivipara nagaensis, Preston.
Vivipara nagaensis, Preston, Proc. Malac. Soc. xi, p. 20, fig. in
text.
Original description : Shell globosely turbinate, rimate, dark
olive; whorls 5, regularly increasing, convex, painted with
narroxv, transver.se stripes of reddish-brown, sculptured with
fine, spiral and wavy, transverse striae, suture well impressed ;
umbilicus reduced to a mere chink ; labrum very slightly reflexed,
black, the margins joined by a light blackish Ciillus ; colnmella
descending in a slight curve ; interior of sbell bluish ; operculum
thin, larniniferous, with excentric, depressed nucleus
Alt. 28, diam. maj. 22, min. 20 mm.
Aperture: alt. 15'5, diam. 11 mm.
Hab. ]N T aga Hills.
181. Vivipara Mlmendensis, Kobelt.
Vivipara liilmendensis, Kobelt, in Martini &; Chemnitz, Conch.-
Cab. 1908, p. 289, pi. 59, figs. 9-12.
Original description : Testa obtecte umbilicata, ovato-conica
02
vel ovato-turrita, solidula sed paruni crassa, nitida. subtiliter
striatula, sculptura spiral! inconspicua, albida, obsolete fusco
fasciata, fascia lata in anfractibus superis, duabus latis in ultimo.
Spira conica vel turrita, apice in speciminibus extantibus fracto,
in erabryonalibus acutissimo ; sutura distinct a sed vix impressa.
An tract us 7 (superstates plerumque 5) convexi vel siibteretes,
mediani infra suturam plus minusve planati, ultiinus tumidus,
rotundatus, vix descendens. Apertura ovato-rotundata, supra
vix acuminata, intus fuscescenti-albida ; peristoma album, lenue,
acutum, m argin ibus callo tenui junctis, columellari leviter super
umbilicum dilatato. Operculum intus disco pedali rugoso vix
prominente munitum.
Alt. 24, diarn. maj. 20 mm*
Aperture: alt 13, diam. 15'5 mm.
Alt. 27, diam. maj. 2'2'5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 13, diam. ]2 mm.
Hab. Seistan.
182. Vivipara annandalei, Kolelt.
Vivipara annandalei, Kobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.'Cab,
1908, p. 296, pi. 57, tigs. II, 12 (V. unnendalei [sic]).
Original desertion: Testa vix rimata, ovata, tenuis, subtiliter
striatula, sculptura spirali nulla, viridifusca, saturate fusco varie
fasciata. Spira late couica, sat brevis, apice acutissimo ; sutura
linearis, impressa. Ant'ractus 6 vix celerirer accrescentes, superi
convexiusculi, penultimus convexus, supra angulato-planatus,
biiasciatus ultimus tumidus inflatus, supra vix planatus, medio
obsolete angulatus, basi convexus, fasciis 4-6 lineolisque nonnullis
angustis ornatus, antice baud descenclens. Apertura masjna,
irregulariter ovata, supra angulata, faucibus livide coarulescentibus
fasciis externis vix transliu-entibus ; peristoma acutum, tenue,
margiuibus vix callo tenuissimo junctis, externo supra producto,
basi cum columellari leviter dilatato et utnbilicum fere obtegente
angulum paruni distinctum forniante.
Alt. 26-6, diam. maj. 21 mm.
Aperture : alt. 16, diam. 11*5 mm.
Hab. South India?
Van halophila, Kobelt, torn. cit. p. 297, pi. 59, figs. 17-20 (as
V. annendalei halopMla [sic]).
Original description : Testa rimato-perforata, ovato-globosa,
summo omnino cariose-erosa, tenuis sed solidula) parum nitens,
striatula, sub vitro fortiore vix subtilissinie spiraliter sculpta,
viridi-fusca, fasciis nigro-castaneis 4-5 cincta. Spira in speci-
minibus adultis erosa, in junioribus breviter conica apice acuto ;
sutura linearis. Anfraotus 6 (persistentes 3-4), penultimus
angulato-tabulatus, ultimus inflatus, ad peripheriam obsolete
angulatus, fasciis tribus majoribus, 2-3 liuearibus ciuctus, antice
V1VIPARA. 93
baud descenclens. Apertura magim, ovata, supra acuminata,
infra subeffusa, faucibus ccerulescentibus ; peristoma tenue, acutunj,
marginibus vix junctis, columellari vix dilatato. Operculum
magnum, te.nue, corneum, extus concavum, disco pedali hand
rugoso.
Alt. 24, diam. maj. 20 mm.
Aperture: alt. 13, diam. 11 mm.
Hab. Salt Eange (N. India).
183. Vivipara shanensis, Theobald.
Vioipara shanensis, Theobald, Catalogue, 1876, p. 17 ; Kobelt, in
Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. 1909, p. 411, pi. 77, tigs. 4, 5.
Original description : Testa exumbilicata, ovato-conica, solicla,
crassa, oblique striata, in anfractibus inferis spiraliter et peculiarity
costata, costis nodosis, nitida, virescenti-t'usca, subunicolor vel sub-
nigro trifasciata. JSpira ehita, apice acuto, nigro; sutura distincta,
inter anfractus inferos subirregularis, impressa. Anfractus 7,
superi 3 lentissime accrescentes, Iseves, conulum regularum form-
antes, superi subscalati, liris spiralibus rudibus tribus prim urn
laevibus, dein tuberculatis, sculpti ; ultimus postice fere f- altitudinis
sequans, liris tuberculiferis vel seriebus tuberculorum obliquiis
4-5 majoribus nonnullisque minoribis cinctus, serie quarta peri-
pherica peculiariter squamosa, aperturam versus supra subdeclivis,
subangulatus, ad anguluin productus, vix descendens. Apertura
irregulariter ovalis, supra acuminata, basi valde recedens, intus
concolor vel fasciata; peristoma callo anguste nigro-marginato
continuum, margine externo tenui, acuto, ad peripheriain sub-
augulato, margine columellari calloso ; dilatato, f usco, nigro-
marginato, processum semilunarem, umbilicum omnino occludeatem
emittente.
Alt. 30, diam. maj. 24 mm.
Aperture : alt. 18, diam. 14-15 mm.
Hab. Sban States.
Section IDIOPOMA.
Idiopoma, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, liii, 1901,
p. 189.
TYPE, F. (/.) henzadensis, Pilsbry ; Burma.
Range. C. Africa ; S.E. Asia.
This section is based upon the characters of the operculum as
given in the following description of V. (L) lienzadtnsis, Pilsbry.
184. Vivipara (Idiopoma) henzadensis, Pilslry.
Vivipara (Idiopoma} henzadensis, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, liii, 1901, p. 188, pi. 5, fig. 1.
Original description : Shell umbilicate, broadly ovate-conic ;
94
olive-green with some narrow slightly darker streaks ; surface
glossy and smooth, under a lens showing fine, delicate and spaced
spiral striae, which become crowded and somewhat granulose ou
the base. Spire short, obtuse, the earlier whorls eroded, the
eroded portion reddish, tipped with black. Sutures deeply im-
pressed, the whorls strongly swollen just below them ; last whorl
angular at the periphery in front, the angle disappearing on the
last half whorl, which is rounded; umbilicus narrow, excavated
behind the columellar lip, surrounded by an angle. Aperture
oblique, rounded-ovate, bluish white inside; peristome narrowly
expanded at the edge, blunt, black, with a blackish border inside
and out; continuous across the parietal margin. Operculum
chestnut-brown and slightly wrinkled outside, with a conspicuous
raised or reflexed cuticular border ; inside with a conspicuously
raised and minutely roughened ovate area nearer the columellar
side, radiating striaB on the outside of this area, and a raised
border all around.
Alt. 23, diam. 16-5-1 7*5 mm.
Hob. Henzada, Burma ( Winkley).
185. Vivipara (Idiopoma) heliciformis (Ft-auenfdd).
Vivipara (Idiopoma) heliciformis (Frauenfeld) (as Paludina},
Verhandl. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xv, 1865, p. 532, pi. 22 ; Zool.
Misc. pt. 5.
Paludina dissimilis, var. decussntula or P. decussatula, Blanford,
P. Z. S. 1809, p. 445 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 77, figs. 6, 10.
Shell acuminately conic, scarcely umbilicate, rather solid,
smooth, polished, pale olive-green with eight or nine more or less
conspicuous brownish bands which disappear entirely on the
upper whorls ; whorls 6, regularly increasing, convex ; suture
well impressed ; aperture oval, somewhat angled above ; interior
of shell bluish white ; peristome acute, erect, somewhat thickened
towards the columella.
Alt. 20*5, diam. 14-5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 10, diam. 8 mm.
Hab. Pondicherry ; Pegu (Stoliczka).
Yar. viridis (Reeve), Hanley MS., Reeve, Conch. Icon. 1862,
sp. 20 (as Paludina. viridis) ; Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1877, pt. 2, p. 31,
& Anderson's Zool. Yunnan Exp. 1879, pi. 80, tig. 1 ; Nevill,
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 30.
Original description : Shell clavately conical, dark green, whorls
rounded, smooth, rather constricted at the sutures, beneath the
lens minutely decussately striated throughout.
Alt. 39, diam. 25 mm. (fig. in Conch. Icon.).
Ifab. Kabyuet, Upper Burma (Anderson).
VALVATID.E.
Family VALVATID/E.
Subfamily VALVATINJ3.
Shell umbilicate turbinate or subdiscoidal depressed ; labriun
continuous ; opercuium multispiral.
Distribution. Europe, N. Asia, IN". America.
Genus VALVATA.
Valvata, M tiller, Verm. Hist. ii, 1774, p. 198; Zool. Dan. Prodr.
1776, p. 239.
Buccinum, d'Argenville.
Nerita, Geoffrey ; Mtiller ; Schroter; Grnelin ; Alien.
Helix , Schroter ; Ginelin ; Montagu ; Alten.
Trochus, Schroter.
Cyclostoma, Drapernaud ; Voith ; Lesueur.
Turbo, Donovon ; Poire t ; Montagu ; Turton olim.
Valoearius, Dumeril.
Paludina, Menke olim ; Michaud ; Ueshayes.
Gyrorbis fy Valvata, Fitziuger.
Volvata, Berge.
TYPE, Valvata cristata, Miill. ; Europe.
Itange. Europe ; JN". Asia.
Shell umbilicate, turbinate or subdiscoidal, with little exserted
spire, whorls few, not numerous ; aperture circular, oblique ;
labrum continuous, thiu ; operculuin multispiral.
186. Valvata piscinalis (Miiller).
Nerita piscinalis fy nusilla, Miiller, Verm. Hist. pt. 2 (1774).
pp. 171-172.
Trochus cristatus, Sehroter, Gesch. Fluss-Conch. (1779), p. 280,
pi. 6, fig. 11.
Helix piscinalis fy fascicularis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788) pp. 3627,
3641.
Nerita obtusa, Studer, Coxe, Trav. in Switz. iii (1789) p. 436.
Turbo fontinalis, Pulteney, Cat. Shells Dorset. (1799), p. 45.
Turbo cristatus, Poiret, Ooq. de 1'Aisne (1801) p. 29 (not of Matoii
& Rackett).
Cyclostoma obtusum, Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. (1801) p. 39.
Valvata minuta, Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. (1805) p. 42, pi. 1,
tigs. 313-38.
Valoat.a viscinalis, Ferussac, Ess. Syst. Conch. (1807) p. 75.
Lymncea fontinalis, Fleming, Edin. Encyc. vii (1814) p. 78.
Valvata obtusa, Brard, Coq. Paris (1815) p. 190, pi. 6, fig. 17.
Turbo thermalis, Dillwyn, Desc. Cat. Shells (1817) p. 852.
Valvata depress, C. Pfeift'er, Deuts. Moll, i (1821) p. 100, pi. 4,
fig. 33.
Valvata moquiniana, Regnies, Dupuy, Hist. Moll, v (1851) p. 586,
pi. 28, fig. 15.
The following description of this species, which is widely spread
96 VALVATID.E. PILID.E.
throughout Europe, Siberia, and Asia Minor, is taken from Reeve's
*' Land and Freshwater Mollusks indigenous to the
British Isles " :
Shell : somewhat globosely heliciform, deeply narrowly um-
bilicated, pale straw-colour, semitransparent but solid ; whorls
four and a half to five, depressed at the apex, longitudinally
densely finely striated, spirally faintly ridged, ridges sometimes
obsolete ; aperture somewhat pyriformly rounded.
" Valvata piscinalis is almost milk-white, showing its bright
blue-black eyes very conspicuously on the inner base of each
tentacle,"
It is recorded from Kashmir.
187. Valvata (?) microscopica, G. Nevill.
Vakata (?) microscopic^ G. Nevill, Cat. Moll., Fasc. E, 1877, &
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 17.
Original description : Shell exceedingly minute, orbicular,
moderately thin, depressed, and discoidal ; whorls four, moderate,
convex, with distinct suture, the last whorl increasing rapidly ;
the shell, both above and below, rugosely and distinctly spirally
striated, deeply umbilicated, with rounded and proportionately
rather large aperture : the specimens were coated with some thick
black deposit; when cleaned the shell presents a brownish-red
appearance ; the operculum examined under the microscope is
horny and circular, of comparatively rather thick substance ; it
appears to be multispiral, but we were not able to make out the.
structure quite satisfactorily.
Diara. 1*5 mm.
Hab. Port Canning, in brackish water.
Family PILIDJE [~Amjndlariidci\.
Subfamily PILING.
Shell globose, large, holostome, with calcareous operculum.
Genus PILA.
Pila, Bolten, Mus. Bolten. 1798.
Ainpullaria, Lamarck, M6m. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1790, p. 76.
TYPE, Helix ampullacea, Linn. ; Malaysia.
Range. S.E. Asia ; C. Africa.
Shell turbinate, globose, with little exserted spire ; aperture
oblong, oval ; labrum arched, simple, occasionally reflexed ;
operculum calcareous.
PILA. 97
188. Pila globosa (Swainsoii).
Pila globosa (Swainson), Zool. Illust. ser. 1, ii, pi. 119 ; Philippi,
Monogr. Ampul. (Krister's ed. Chemn). p. 8, pi. 1, fig. 3 ; Reeve,
Con. Icon., Ampul, figs. 46, 47 ; H. & T., 0. 1. pi. 113, fig. 3.
Original description : Shell globose, very smooth, olive ; spire
depressed ; margin of the aperture thick, fulvous, grooved ;
umbilicus small, contracted, placed near the base; operculum
shelly.
Alt. 55-5, diam. 56-5 mm. (measurements of Swainson's figure).
Hob. Calcutta ; Rohilkund ; Orissa, etc. (Conch. Ind.).
Yar. sphjerica (Hanley $ Theobald), Conch. Ind. pi. 113, fig. 4.
Figured, but without description ; the figure shows a much
larger shell than the typical form, it is of a greenish-olive tint and
painted with several narrow bands of a reddish hue, with an
obliquely-set aperture.
Alt. 64*5, diam. 65 mm.
Nab. Moradabad.
Var. fasciata (Hanley $ Theobald), torn. cit. fig. 5.
Also figured, but without description ; the figure in this instance
shows a more numerously banded form with a rather less oblique
aperture.
Alt. 63-5, diam. 62 mm. (measurements of fig. in Conch. Ind.).
Hub. Moradabad.
Nevill in his 'Hand List' quotes a number of varieties as
follows :
Var. sinistrorsa (Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, 1884, p. 2.
Hob. Calcutta.
Var. incrassatula (Nevill), Cat. Moll. Fasc. E, 1877, p. 4 ; Hand
List, pt. 2, p. 2.
A small variety " distinguished by its greater relative thickness,
by its (in living specimens) pure white peristome, slightly more
exserted spire, absence of coloured bands, and by the unusually
small umbilicus."
Alt. 32, diam. 28'5 ram.
Hab. Calcutta (Nevill) ; Dum-Dum (Wilmer).
Var. minor (Nevill), Cat. Moll. Ease. E, 1877, p. 4 ; Hand List,
pt. 2, p. 2.
A small variety with spire and aperture at base more produced
than in the typical form ; the columellar margin is widely ex
panded and stained of a rich dark chestnut-brown, the interior of
the aperture being similarly coloured ; it is of a thinner and more
delicate texture than the var. incrassatula.
Alt. 36, diam. 3O5 mm.
Hab. Dum-Dum, near Calcutta ( Wilmer) ; Siliguri (Mainwaring).
H
98 PILID^B.
189. Pila corrngata (Swainson).
Pila corruffata (Swainson), Zool. Illust. ser. 1, iii, pi. 120 (badly
copied in Kiister's ed. Chemu., Ampul, pi. 1, fig. 10) ; H. & T.,
C. I. pi. 113, fig. 2.
Amrwttaria globosa, Sw., var. corrugata, Sw., Nevill, Cat. Moll.,
Fasc. E, p. 2.
Original description : Shell globose, wrinkled, olive ; spire
prominent, acute, the whorls ventricose ; margin of the aperture
thick, fulvous, grooved ; umbilicus small, linear, near the middle
of the inner lip ; operculum shelly.
Alt. 63, diain. 54 mm. (measurements of Swainson's figure).
llab. Bengal ; Pondicherry (Conch. Lid.).
Var. longispira (Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 2.
Rugoselv malleated, peristome of a pale yellow colour.
Alt. 68,'diam. 63 mm.
Nab. Benares (Mainwaring).
190. Pila carinata (Swainson).
Pila carinata (Swainson), Zool. 111. ser. 2, Ampul, pi. 1, from which
Philip. Mon., Ampul, (in Kiister's ed. Chemn.), pi. 1, fig. 2 ;
? Reeve, Con. Icon., Ampul, sp. 58 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 114, fig. 1.
Ampullaria globosa, Sw., var. carinata, Sw., Nevill, Cat. Moll.,
Fasc. E, p.' 3.
Original description : Shell olive, ventricose, without bands ;
whorls carinated near the suture.
The above description being so meagre, Philippics description in
Kuster's edition of Martini Chemnitz is given below :
Testa globosa, laevissima, olivacea, fasciis destituta, anfractibus
prope suturam carinatis, supra plauis ; apertura ovato-oblonga,
inlra medium latiore, fulvo limbata ; labro subreflexo ; umbilico
mediocri ad dimidinm labri sito.
Alt. 57, diara. 52-75 mm.
Hah. Ceylon.
191. Pila malabarica (Philippi).
Pila malabarica (Philippi) (not Reeve), MOR. Ampul. (K lister's ed.
Chemn.) p. 29, pi. 7, tig. 8 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 114, fig. 2.
Ampullnria globosa, Sw., var. malabarica, Phil. Nevill, Hand List,
pt. 2, p. 3.
Original description : Testa ovata, anguste umbilicata, olivacea,
unicolore, laevi; spira fere tertiam altitud.inis partern sequante,
subcontabulata ; anfractibus ad suturam horizontal! bus, ibique
radiatim subrugosis, ultimo versus basin paullulum attenuato ;
apertura ovato-oblonga ; peristomate intus incrassato.
Alt. 36-25, diam. 32 inm.
Hub. Mangalore.
PI LA.. 99
192. Pila layardi (Reeve).
Pila layardi (Reeve), Con. Icon.. Ampul, sp. 27 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. li4, fig. 4.
Ampullaria globosa, Sw., var. layardi, Reeve, Nevill, Hand List,
pt. 2, p. 3.
Original description : Shell rather compressly globose, whorls
narrowly flatly impressed round the upper part, then rounded,
smooth, shining ; umbilicus small, contracted ; aperture ovate ;
whitish, covered with an olive horny epidermis.
Alt. 48, diam. 44 mm. (taken from fig. in Con. Icon.).
Hub. Colombo, Ceylon.
Yar. virens, Lamarck, Hist. Anim. s. Vert, vi, 1822, p. 179,
Hab. ? ; Nevili, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 3.
" carination at suture obsolete."
Hab. Kollain (Beddome).
193. Pila nux (Reeve).
Pila nux (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul sp. 132 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 115, fig. 1.
Original description : Shell oblong-conoid, solid, scarcely um-
bilicated, spire obtusely exserted, whorls convex, slanting and
obsoletely plicately wrinkled at the suture ; fulvous-chestnut ;
aperture ovate, rather small, columellar lip callously reflected.
Alt. 3u, diam. 23 mm. (taken from fig. 132 a, pi. xxviii, in
Conch. Icon.).
Hab. Bom Day.
" A solid fulvous-chestnut shell of an oblong-conoid form, with
the columellar lip rather unusually callously reflected."
194. Pila maura (Reeve).
Pila maura (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul, sp. 57.
Original description : Shell globose, narrowly umbilicated, spire
rather short, whorls a little flattened at the sutures, then rounded,
smooth ; dark olive ; aperture ovate, lip stained within with
purple-black.
Alt. 45, diam. 41 mm. (taken from fig. in Conch. Icon.).
Hab. Assam (Conch. Ind.).
" Of a particularly globose form, the lip being characteristically
stained within with purple or chestnut-black."
195. Pila theobaldi (Haiiley).
Pila theobaldi (Hanley), H. & T., C. I. pi. 115, fig. 2 (as
Ampullaria).
Ampullaria maura, Reeve, var. theobaldi, Hanley, Nevill, Cat. Moll.,
Fasc. E, p. 6.
Figured as above, but not described, and as no specimen is
H 2
100 PILIDJE.
available to the author a few remarks only on the figure are
possible. The shell appears to be of large dimensions, globular in
form, of an olive-green tint ornamented with groups of narrow
spiral reddish bands, each group varying in having from two to
four bands in number, the umbilicus would appear to be
moderately wide and the columella is diffused above into a well-
defined, purplish, parietal callus which joins the upper margin of
the labrum, the outer lip is rather irregularly streaked or blotched
with the same colour and the aperture is obliquely ovate.
Alt. 80, diam. 77*5 mm.
Hob. Burma ? or Pegu ? (Conch. Ind.) ; Bharno (Nevill).
196. Pila saxea (Reeve).
Pila sa.vea (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul sp. 108 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 115, figs. 3, 4.
Original description : Shell oblong-ovate, rather solid, with a
narrow covered umbilicus, spire rather obtuse, whorls a little
depressed round the upper part, obsoletely angled, then rounded ;
olive ; nperture pyriformly oblong, columellar lip thinly reflected.
Alt. 29, diam. 2o mm. (taken from fig. 3 in Conch. Ind.).
Hab. Bassein, Pegu (Conch. Ind.).
" An oblong-ovate shell, of rather solid texture, characterised
by a faint depression round the upper whorls, causing a scarcely
perceptible angle."
197. Pila conica (Gray}.
(Ampullaria) conica (Gray), Wood's Index Test. Sup. p. 29, 1828,
& Hanley, Conch. Misc. pi. iii, fig. 13.
Ampullaria scutata, Mousson, Moll. Java, 1849 (not of Phil.).
Ampullaria javanica, Reeve, var. 1856, fide Martens j from Cam-
Morelet ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 5.
" Shell conically oblong, scarcely umbilicated ; spire exserted ;
whorls convex, rather narrow, smooth ; dark olive ; aperture
ovate, rather small ; lip thin." (Reeve.)
Alt. 40'75, diam. 30'5 mm.
Hab. Java (Reeve)-, Moulmein (Riclilliofen, Stoliczka) ; Akyab
(Stoliczka).
Var. expansa, Nevill, Cat. Moll., Ease. E, p. 9, 1877.
Ampullaria paludinoideSjU. & T., C. I. pi. 114, fig-. 5 [not of Philippi
or Crist. & Jan.] ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 5.
Original description: Testa subglobosa, umbilicato-perforata,
plerumque glauca, fusco-zonata ; epidermide olivacea : spira conica,
tertiam altitudinis partem occupante ; anfractibus ad suturam
PILA. 101
horizontalibus ; apertura oblongo-ovata ; labro intus incrassato,
obtuso.
Alt. 43, diam. 35 mm.
Hob. Mangalore ; Pegu (type of var.) (W. Theobald] ; Tenasserim
(Stoliczka) ; Mandalay (Stoliczka).
Var. orientalis (Philippi), Zeits. Malak. 1848, p. 192, ' China " ?
Ampullaria scutata, Phil. Conch.-Cab. ii, pi. 1, figs. 4, 5 [not of
Mousson] ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 5.
Original description : Testa obovata, subimperforata, satis
tenui, obsolete fasciata, saepius unicolore ; epidermide nitida,
olivaeea ; anfractibus convexis, superius subangulatis ; spira
dimidiam aperturam fere asquante, plerumque erosa ; apertura
ovato-oblonga, semilunari ; operculo calcareo.
Alt. 39'5, diam. 36 mm.
Aperture : alt. 30 mm.
Hob. China; Bassein, Arakan (Blanford).
198. Pila dolioides (Reeve).
Pila dolioides (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul. 1856, sp. 75 ; Nevill,
Hand List, p. 7.
Original description: Shell ovate, thin, ventricose, narrowly
umbilicated, spire short, sharp ; whorls convex, shining, impressed
at the sutures, last whorl largely swollen and expanded; ash-olive,
obscurely red-ban ded, bands linear, irregular ; aperture very large,
open, columellar lip reflected.
Alt. 56, diam. 47 mm. (dimensions of fig. 75 a in Conch. Icon.).
Hab. Bombay (Reere) ; Ceylon (Nevill).
199. Pila moesta (Reeve).
Pila mcesta (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul, p. 92 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 115, fig. 6.
Original description: Shell ovately globose, narrowly umbili-
cated, spire rather exserted ; whorls slightly flattened at the upper
part, then rounded, smooth ; dull olive, encircled with narrow
darker bands ; aperture lunar-ovate, lip yellowish-white within.
Alt. 36, diam. 30-75 mm. (taken from fig. in Conch. Icon.).
Hab. Ceylon.
"A dull greenish-olive species, of globose form, narrowly
compressly umbilicated, encircled with numerous faint bands,
irregular in width, but mostly linear."
200. Pila cinerea (Reeve).
Pila cinerea (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul, sp. 94 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 113, fig. ].
Original description : Shell globose, thin, rather inflated
102 PILIDjE.
narrowly umbilicated, spire short, whorls rounded, smooth, the
last ascending in front ; pale ash, encircled with three to four
linear reddish-brown bands ; aperture pyriformly ovate, columellar
lip thinlv reflected
Alt. 39'5, diam. 35 '25 mm. (taken from fig. in Con. Icon.).
Hob. Ceylon.
"A peculiarly rounded species, thin and somewhat inflated, of
a light ash-colour, encircled with faint bands, which, towards the
apex, are like red-brown lines, of which only the uppermost one
is visible."
201. Pila olea (Reeve).
Pila olea (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul, sp. 102.
Original description: Shell subglobose, scarcely umbilicated,
epire rather short, whorls rounded, longitudinally striated ; shining
olive, encircled with two distant narrow blackish-red bands ;
aperture pyriformly ovate.
Alt. 29, diam. 23'25 mm. (taken from fig. in Con. Icon.).
Bab. India?
" Of a peculiar compact subglobose form, with a shining olive
surface, encircled with two distant linear bands."
202. Pila tischbeini (Dohrn}.
Pila tischbeini (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 134 ; H. & T., C. I.
pi. 114, fig. 3 (as Anipullaria).
Original description: Testa ovato-globosa, solida, peranguste
umbilicata, rude longitudinaliter, sub lente subtilissime spiraliter
striata, olivacea, fasciis saturatioribus cingulata ; spira exserta ;
anfr. 3-4 integri convexi, rapide accrescentes, ad suturam im-
pressam angulati ; ultimus efflatus ; apertura lunato-ovalis, intus
i'usca, dense fasciata; peristomium rectum, labro intus albido.
Alt. 33, diam. maj. 31, diam. min. 28 mm.
Aperture : alt. 25, diam. 17 mm.
flab. Ceylon.
203. Pila woodwardi (Dohrn).
Pila woodward? (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 134 ; H. & T. ; C. I.
pi. 115, fig. 5 (as Arnpullaria).
Original description : Testa subturbinata, solidiuscula, parum
nitida, longitudinaliter striata, late umbilicata, olivacea, fasciis
viridibus vel fuscis spiralibus ornata ; spira exserta ; anfractus
4-4| integri convexi, rapide accrescentes, supra medium angulati ;
ultimus efflatus, antice descendens; apertura ovato-lunaris, alba,
fasciis intus pellucentibus ; peristomium simplex, rectum.
Alt. 29, diam. maj. 26, diam. min. 22 mm.
Aperture : alt. 19'5, diam. 11-5 inm.
Hob. Ceylon.
PILA.. 103
204. Pila alucinans (Sowerby).
Pila alucinans (Sowerby), Proc. Malac. Soc. ix, p. 63 (fig. in text)
(as Ampullaria).
Original description : Testa late ttirbinata, mediocriter umbili-
cata, t'usco-olivacea, fasciis numerosis angustis nigro-fuscis ornata,
longitudinaliter irregulariter plicata et striata, striis transversis
siibtiiissimis decussata ; spira brevis ; anfractus convex!, supra
planulati ; ultimus latiusculus, superne rofunde angulatus, supra
angulum leviter depressus, infra angulum rotunde convexus,
basim versus leviter contractus ; apertura latiuscula, intus fasciata ;
peristoma tenue.
Alt. 23, diam. 23 ram.
Aperrure : alt. 22, diam. 12 mm.
Hob. Ceylon.
205. Pila winkleyi (Pilsbry).
Pila winklei/i (Pilsbrv), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, liii,
1901, p. 19, pi. 5, figs. 2, 3 (as Ampullaria).
Original description : Shell narrowly umbilicate, globose ;
yellowish-olive, uniform or with few or numerous dusky olive
spiral bands, the earlier whorls eroded, blackish or ruddy. Surface
smooth, somewhat shining, under a strong lens seen to be very
densely, microscopically striated spirally, the striae minutely granu-
lose ; spire low-conic ; sutures impressed, the whorls flattened
below them, elsewhere sy in metrically convex. Aperture vertical,
semi-rotund, narrower above, reddish-tawny and sometimes banded
within, becoming white near the lip ; peristome a trine expanded
below, white or dirty yellowish, the outer margin equably curved,
columella concave, blunt and more or less thickened but not
reflexed, parietal callus rather thin, white, thinner within. Oper-
culum thick and solid, concave externally, and partially covered
with a thin, yellowish-brown cuticle. Tnside bluish, with a mica-
like gleam, the scar of attachment sunken, the columellar side
concentrically striate, the enclosed eminence narrow, curved and
smooth.
Alt. 58, diam. 50 mm.
Aperture : alt. maj. 43 mm.
Hob. Henzada. Burma ( Winkley}.
Types in Coll. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia.
104 LIMN XWJE.
Order PULMONATA.
Suborder HYGROPHILA.
Family LIMN^EID.E.
Subfamily ANCYLIN^.
Shell patelliform, without spire.
Distribution. Temperate and Tropical Regions of the World.
Genus ANCYLUS.
Ancylus, Geoffroy, Traite" de Coq. de Paris, 1767; Clessin, Conch.-
Cab., 1882, p. 11, etc.
TYPE, A. Jluviatilis, Linnaeus, from Europe generally, Algeria
and Madeira.
Range. Europe, Asia.
Shell small, patelliform, either dextral or simstral, thin, conoidal ;
aperture either ovate or rounded ; peristome acute, simple.
Animal having the lateral teeth of the tongue narrow, sharp
pointed, and the cardinal [median] tooth, small, rounded.
206. Ancylus "baconi, Bouryuignat.
Ancylus baconi, Bourguignat, Cat. Ancyl. in Journ. de Conch, iv,
1853, p. 181; Bourg. Descr. Ancyl. Cuming in P. Z. S. 1853,
p. 89, pi. 25, figs. 18-25; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll.
ii, 1855, p. 266; Bourg. Spicil. Malac. 1862, p. 205; Clessin in
Conch.-Cab. 1882, p. 61, pi. 7, fig. 7.
Original description : Testa autice recta vel paululum convexa,
postice recta vel paululum concava ; apice postico, obtusissirno,
paululum dextrorsus dejecto ; depressione apicali vix conspicua,
in extremitate verticis sita. Testa parva, fragili, diaphana,
laevissima, vel concentrice striatula ; epidermide albido-virescente ;
apertura ovata.
Alt. 1, diam. maj.-3, diam. min. 2 mm.
Hal). Bengal.
207. Ancylus ceylanicus, Benson.
Ancylus ceylanicus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 139 ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 81, figs. 2, 3.
Original description : Testa suboblonge conoidea, antice con-
vexa, postice concava, extus tenuissime radiato-costulata, costis
subremotis elevatioribus munita, striis confertis concentricis de-
cussata, viridescenti-cornea, margine lato, lulescenti-cornea, apiee
ANCYLUS. 105
submediano, subelongato, postice attenuate, acutiusculo, ad dex-
trum leviter verso ; apertura subrotundato-ovata, intus albida
nitente.
Alt. 2-5, diam. maj. 6, diam. min. 4 mm.
Hab. Matelle (Matale) District, Ceylon.
Resembling in some respects the A. fluviatilis of Europe.
208. Ancylus tenuis, Bourguignat.
Ancylus tenuis, Bourpruignat, Spicil. Malac., 1862, p. 208 ; Clessin,
in Conch.-Cab. 1882, p. 62.
Original description : Testa pygmea, depresso-oblonga, fragili,
i, cornea, vel luteolo-nigrescente ; - antice sinistrorsusque
paululum convexa; postice dextrorsusque recta, vel paululum
concava ; apice maximo, obtusissimo, paululum canaliculato,
postico, dextrorsus paululum dejecto ; - - depressione apicali
minima, rotundata, ad sinistram partem verticis sita; apertura
oblonga.
Alt. 1*5, diam. maj. 2 mm.
Hab. Streams in the Nilgiri Hills.
209. Ancylus verruca, Benson.
Ancylus verruca, Benson, A. M. N. H. 1855, ser. 2, xv. p. 12 ;
H. & T., 0. I. pi. 81, figs. 2, 3 ; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1882,
p. 62.
Original description. Testa vix sinistrorsa, depressa, sub-
elongato-ovata, postice vix angustiori-laevigata, pallide virente-
flavida vel cinerea, tenui, intus albida, submargaritacea, antice
superne convexiuscula, postice prope umbonem breviter declivi,
urn bone vix elevato, compiessiusculo, submediano, ad spatium
totaB testae posita.
Alt. 1, diam. maj. 3-5, diam. min. scarcely 2 mm.
Hab. Bhimtal ; .Kemaon Lake; marshes near Moradabad ;
near Budaon Rohilla; Orissa ; Ceylon, etc., always adhering to
the floating leaves of water plants.
From Benson's notes, attached to his original description, it
would seem that the present species, though generally sluggish
in its habits, is able to swim shell downwards on the surface of
the water.
Subfamily
Shell ovate or fusiform with exserted, or more or less contracted,
spire.
Distribution. World-wide.
106 LIMXJE1DJE.
Genus LIMNJEA.
Limncea, Lamarck, 1799, Me"m. Soc. Hist. Nat., Paris, p. 75, as
Lymncfa, emend. Rang, 1829, Man. de 1'Hist. Nat., Moll. p. 176;
Sowerby in Reeve,. Con. Icon, xviii, etc.
Helix, Linn., Gmelin, Burrow.
Bucinum, Miiller.
Bulimus, Poiret, Brugrriere.
Ltmnaus, Draparnaud, Born.
Limncea, Lamarck, Nilsson.
Stagnicola, Leach.
Linmceus, auct. reliq.
TYPE, L. staynalis (Linnaeus) ; Europe generally.
Range. World-wide.
Shell dextrally spiral, horny-testaceous, ovate or pyramidal,
covered with a thin epidermis ; spire acuminated, whorls generally
turreted, inner lip of the aperture narrowly spread on the body-
whorl, generally with a single plait. No operculum.
Animal rather long and twisted in a spiral coil ; head prominent ;
tentacles short, triangular and flattened ; foot oblong, bilobed or
notched in front and obtusely rounded behind.
Section LIMN^A (sensu stricto).
Eor characters, type and range, see above.
210. Limnaea (Limnaea) stagnalis (Linnceus}.
Limnceus, Linn., 1758, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. p. 774, as Helix stagnalis
&nd. frag His.
Limncea (Limncea) stagnalis, Lamarck, 1801, as Lymncea stagnalis,
Syst. Anim. sans Vert. p. 91 ; Sowerby in Reeve's Conch. Icon.
xviii, pi. 1, no. 4 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. xvi.
Lymncea stagnalis, in Reeve, L. & F. W. Moll. British Isles, p. 160.
" Shell : ovately turreted, eompressly urnbilicated, rather thin,
yellowish horny, spire produced and sharply acuminated; whorls
five to six, slopingly convex round the upper part, then ventricose,
striated in the direction of the lines of growth, sometimes evanes-
cently obscurely irregularly ridged and malleated in the opposite
direction ; aperture moderate, somewhat squarely ovate, columella
callously twisted, lip broadly appressly dilated over the umbilicus."
(Reeve.)
Alt. 47*5, diam. 22*5 mm. (spec.).
Hob. Europe ; Afghanistan ; Kashmir.
211. Limnaea (Limnaea) acuminata, Lamarck.
Limncea (Limncea) acuminata, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert, vi, pt. 2,
p. ICO ; Deles. Rec. Coq. Lam. pi. 30, fig. 6 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 69,
tigs. 8, 9 ; Sowerby, in Reeve's Conch. Icon, xviii, pi. 10, no. 66.
Original description : Testa ovato-ventricosa, tenuissima,
hyalina, subalbida ; spira brevissima, apice acuminata.
Alt. 25 mm.
Jdab. Bengal ; 130 miles S.E. of Hiugola, etc.
LIMNJ3A. 107
Sowerby's description in Eeeve is as follows :
" Shell oblong, ventricose, reddish purple, thin, semipellucid,
smooth, spire short, narrow, whorls attenuated ; last whorl
slightly angular above, inflated below the middle; aperture large,
rounded anteriorly, columellar lip tortuous."
The species, as are most of the group, is exceedingly plastic,
and a number of varieties have been described by various authors
as follows :
Var. patula, Troschel, in Wiegmann's Archiv for 1837, iii, p. 167;
H. & T., C. I. 1876, pi. 69, figs. 2, 3.
Original description : Testa imperforata vel vix rimata, ovato-
acuta, tenuissima, pellucidissima ; spira mediocri, acuta; ultimo
anfractu ventricoso ; | testae longo, margine exteriore patulo,
aiifr. 5-6.
Alt. 44, breadth of the last whorl 24, height of the last whorl
13, height of the aperture 33 mm.
Hob. Ganges.
Var. sulcatula, Troschel, von Martens, Conchologische Mittheil-
ungen, i, p. 75, pi. 14, tig. 6.
Limnceus sulcatulus, Troschel in Wiegmann's Arch, fiir Naturg, iii,
1837, p. 167.
Limnaus striatus (Benson), Kiister, in Conch.-Cab., Martini &
Chemnitz, Lira. p. 33, pi. 6, figs. 11,12.
Limncea amygdala (non Troschel), H. & T., C. I. pi. 69, figs. 7, 10.
Original description : Testa rimata, ovata, acuta, tenui, longi-
tudinaliter sulcata ; spira mediocri, acuta ; ultimo anfractu |
testae longo ; apertura ovata, plica columellari profunda. Ant'r.
5-6.
Alt. 33, breadth of last whorl 17'5, height of last whorl 15-25,
alt. of aperture 21*75 mm.
Hub. Bengal (Lamare-Picquot).
Var. amygdalum, Troschel, von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i,
p. 76, pi. 14, figs. 7, 8.
Limncea amygdalus, Troschel, Wiegm. Archiv, iii, 1837, p. 168;
Kiister, ed. Martini & Chemn., Lim. p. 35, pi. 6, figs. 15, 16.
Original description : Testa imperforata vel vix rimata, colore
strammeo vel cycaceo, nitida, ovata ; spira mediocri, acuta ;
ultimo anfractu | testae longo, margine exteriore plus minus
adpresso. Anfr. 5, rarissime 6.
Alt. 28-75 breadth of last whorl 17-5, height of last whorl
13*25, alt. of aperture 20'75 mm.
Hob. India.
108
Var. prunum, Troschel, von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 81,
pi. 15, figs. 1, 2.
Limnceus prunum, Troschel in Wiegmann's Archiv. fiir Naturg.
iii, 1837, p. 170.
Limnceus sinyaporinus, Kiister, in Conch.-Cab., Martini & Chemn.,
Lim. p. 35, pi. 6, fig. 17,
Limncea ovalis, Gray, Reeve in Conch. Icon, xviii, pi. 9, fig. 59
(small).
Limncea luteola, Lk., Reeve, id. pi. 15, fig. 104 ; II & T , C. I.
pi. 70, fig. 6.
Original description : Testa ovata, rimata, subglabra, subtiliter
striata ; spira globoso-acuta, anfractibus convexis, suturis pro-
fundis ; ultimo anfractu testae dimidium superante ; apertiira
ovato-acuta. Anfr. 6.
Alt. 26-75, breadth of last whorl 15-25, height of last whorl
13 - 25, alt. of aperture 17*5 mm.
Nab. Bengal (Lamare-Picquot).
Var. cerasum, Troschel, von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 81,
pi. 15, figs. 3, 4.
Limnceus cerasum, Troschel in Wiegmann's Archiv fiir Naturg.
iii, 1837, p. 170.
Limnceus petinoides (Benson), Kiister, in Conch. -Cab., Martini &
Chemn., Lim. p. 34, fig. 6, fior, 14.
Limncea ovalis, Gray, Reeve in Conch. Icon, xviii, pi. 9, figs. 59, a, b.
Limncea luteola (Lam.), H. & T., C. I. pi. 70, fig. 5.
Original description : Testa subglobosa, rimata ; spira pro-
minula, acuta ; ultimo anfractu ventricoso f testas longo ; apertura
ovato-acuta. Anfr. 6.
Alt, 21-75. breadth of last whorl 16-75, height of last whorl
13-25, alt. of aperture 17'5 mm.
Hub. Bengal (Lamare-Picguot).
Var. strigata, Hanley $ Theobald, Conch. Ind. pi. 70, fig. 4.
Said to have the aspect of var. cerasum, Troschel.
Hab. Jounpore.
Var. chlamys, Benson, von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 76.
Limncea chlamys^, Benson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1836, v,
p. 744 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 69, figs. 5, 6 ; Reeve, Couch. Icon,
xviii, pi. 10, fig. 65.
Original description : Testa translucente, cornea aut castanea,
elongato-ovata ; spira gracili, breviore, acuminata ; anfractu
ultimo infra prsecipue ventricoso ; suturis parce depressis ;
apertura infra patente, basi leviter evasa.
The dimensions of two specimens given by von Martens are as
below:
Alt. 29, diam. maj. 19, diarn. min. 13'5 ; apertura, alt. 22-5,
diam. 12 mm.
LIMNvEA. 109
Alt. 31, diam. maj. 18, diam. min. 13 ; apertura, alt. 21-5,
diatn. 12 mm.
Hab. Calcutta (Nevill), Benares and Moradabad (Benson &
Theobald).
Var. rufescens, Gray ; von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 76,
pi. 14, fig. 3.
Limncea rufescens, Gray, in Sowerby's Genera Shells, pt. vii,
Limn. fig. 2 ; Reeve, Conch. System, pi. 191, fig. 2 j H. & T.,
C. I. 1870, pi. 69, figs. 1, 4, and pi. 70, fig. 1.
Limntsa chlamys, Benson, in part.
Shell oblong-lanceolate, thin, hyaline, purplish-red, whorls 4.
Spire very short, acute, sutures very oblique. Aperture lanceolate,
elliptical. Columella very oblique.
Diameter to the length as 6 to 13.
Hab. Ganges etc.
Var. sylhetica, Hanley $ Theob., C. I. pi. 70, fig. 9.
According to the figure in the ' Conchologia Indica,' a form with
short spire and rather inflated whorls.
Hab. Marshes in Sylhet.
Var. gracilior, von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 77.
Limncea rufescens (Gray), Eeeve in Conch. Icon, xviii, pi. 3,
figs. 14 a, b; H. & T., C. I. pi. 70, fig. 1.
Original description : Minor, pallide flavescens (vel rosea),
valcle gracilis, antractu ultimo supra perangusto, margine aperturae
externo simplice, oblique paulum arcuato.
Alt. 24, diam. maj. 10, diam. min. 7 mm.
Aperture : alt. 16, diam. 6'5 mm.
Hab. Bengal (Nevill).
212. Limnaea (Limnaea) ovalis, Gray.
Limnaa (Limnced) ovalis, Giay, in Sow. Gen. Shells, pt. vii, Limn.
fig. 4 ; Reeve, Conch. Syst. pi. 191, fig. 4 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876,
pi. 70, figs. 2, 3.
Shell oval, pellucid, pale horn-colour : finely transversely striate,
whorls 5. Spire very short, acute, suture almost horizontal.
Aperture oval, elliptical.
Diameter to the length as 5 to 9.
Hab. Calcutta ; Almorah, etc.
Var. nucleus, TroscTiel ; von Martens, Conch. Mittheil., i, p. 82,
pi. 15, figs. 8, 9.
Limneeus ovalis, Gray ; Sow. Gen. Shells, pi. 43, fig. 4 ; H. & T.,
C. I. pi. 70, figs. 2, 3.
Linmaus nucleus, Troschel, Martens, Conch. Mittheil. p. 171 ;
Reeve, Couch. Icon. pi. 10, fig. 67.
110
Original description : Testa ovata, vix rirnata, cornea ; anfractu
ultimo | testae longo, impresso ; apertura ovata, margine exteriore
impresso subcordata ; margine columellari reflexo. Anfr. 6.
Alt. 22, breadth of last whorl 15-75, height of last whorl 13,
alt. of aperture 15*75 mm.
Hab. Bengal (Lamare-Picguot).
213. Limnaea (Limnaea) tigrina, DoJirn. i
Limn<ea (Limncea) tigrina, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 134 ;
von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 85, pi. 15, fig-. 5.
Limncea pinguis, var. strigata, Reeve, Uonch. Icon, xviii, pi. 9,
fig. 18 b.
Original description : Testa oblonga vel ovato-oblonga, imper-
forata vel vix rimata, tennis, pellucida, nitida, cornea, longi-
tudinaliter irregulariter albofasciata, subtilissime spiraliter et
longitudinaliter striata ; sutura simplex, plerumque brunnea ;
spira acuta, apice f uscescente ; anfr. 4-5 vix convex!, ultimus
efflatus, | longitudinis subaequans ; apertura ovato-oblonga vel
oblonga ; peristomium simplex, rectum, margine columellari re-
flexo ; inarginibus callo albido, non nitido, junctis.
Alt. 25, diam. 13 mm.
Aperture : alt. 16, diam. 8 mm.
Hab. Ceylon.
Var. fi. Var. minor : cornea vel albida, interdum unicolor.
Alt. 19, diam. 10 mm.
Aperture : alt. 14, diam. 7 mm.
Hab. Ceylon.
Section GULNAEIA.
Gulnaria, Leach, Syn. Moll. Great Britain, 1852, p. 106.
TYPE, Limncea pereger, Draparnaud ; Europe.
liange. World- wide.
Original description : Testa spira brevissima, abrupte formata,
ad apicetn acuminata. Umbilicus perforatus, apertus. Tentacula
latissima. Pallium non dilatatum.
214. Limnaea (Gulnaria) pereger (Drap.).
Limnaea (Gulnaria) pereger (Drap.), Tabl. Moll. 1801, p. 48;
H. & T., C. I. 1876 (as L. peregra, Linn.).
Lymncea limosa, Linn., Reeve, L. & F. W. Moll. British Isles,
p. 57.
Shell: obliquely ovate, compressly minutely umbilicated, rather
thin, yellowish horny, spire short, acuminated; whorls four,
convex, irregularly striated in the direction of the Hues of growth,
the last much the largest, ventricosely inflated ; aperture ovate,
columella arcuately t\\isted, lip broadly appressed over the
umbilicus. (Reeve.)
Alt. 19, diam. 12 mm. (spec.).
Jlab. Europe; Afghanistan; Kashmir.
LIMNJEA. Ill
215. Limnaea (G-ulnaria) auricularia (Drap.).
Limncea (Gulnarid) auricularia (l)rap.), as Lymnceus auricularius.
Tabl. Moll. 1801, p 48.
Limn&us, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 774, as Helix auricularia,
H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. xvi.
Lymncea auricularia, in Reeve, L. & F. W. Moll. British Isles,
p. 159.
" Shell : somewhat squarely semiglobose, compressly umbili-
cated, rather thin, pallid horny, spire very small, sharp ; whorls
three to four, convex, irregularly striated in the direction of the
lines of growth, sometimes evanescently obscurely irregularly
ridged and malleated in the opposite direction ; extremely rapidly
enlarging, last whorl abruptly widely auricularly inflated ; aperture
very large, outer lip thinly expanded, coluuiella callously twisted,
lip appressly dilated over the umbilicus." (Reeve.)
Alt. 30, diam. 23 mm. (spec.).
Hab r Europe ; Afghanistan ; Kashmir.
216. Limnaea (Gulnaria) brevicauda (Sowerby).
Limncea (Gulnarid} brevicauda (Sowerbv), Con. Icon., Limn..
sp. 105 ; H. & T., C. I., pi. 158, fig. 7.
Original description : Shell obliquely tortuous, pale horn,
veutrico^e ; spire short, acuminated ; whorls three, small ; last
whorl much inflated, rather short, excavated behiud the columella,
aperture expanded, anteriorly subacuminated ; columellar fold
prominent, spirally tortuous.
From the figure in the ' Conchologia Indica' the dimensions
would seem to be about as follows: Alt. 21, diam. maj. 17 mm.
It is probably a form of L. auricularia, Linn.
Hob. Kashmir ( W. Blanford).
Sowerby's specimen was said to be from Australia, but this was
undoubtedly an error.
217. Limnaea (Gulnaria) hookeri (Reeve}.
Limncea (Gulnaria} hookeri (Reeve), P. Z. S. 1850, p. 49; Gray, op.
cit. 1856, p. 186; Sowerbv, in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xviii, pi. 11,
sp. 74: Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1886, p. 381, pi. 42, tig. 3 ;
Preston, Rec. lud. Mus., Calcutta, iii, pt. 2, no. 3, p. 115.
Original description: Testa ovata, tenuicula, conspicue um-
bilicata, anfr. 4-5, convexis, superne depresso-rotundatis, suturis
subimpressis, apertura orbiculari-ovata, marginibus luiniua
latiuscula subverticali conjunclis; sordide olivaceo-fusca.
Alt. 17, diam. 10 mm.
Hab. Thibetian or North side of Sikldm Himalaya at 1800 feet
elevation (Hooker) ; Gyimtze, 13,120 feet, Mang-tsa, 14,500 feet ;
Se-chen, 13,100 feet, Thibet (Stewart).
Reeve, in his paper describing the shell, seems to think that it
is closely related to L. pereger, the common European form, an
112
idea which is certainly borne out by its general aspect. When,
however, recently working out some material for the Indian
Museum, the author had occasion to send specimens of what, after
comparison with the type specimen in the British Museum, he
believed to be this species to the Rev. E. W. Bowell for dissection,
his report states " that the genitalia are very similar to those of
the common European form L. auricularia, Linn. The vas deferens
is, however, markedly shorter, and the radula is remarkable for
the length of the cusps and their subulate appearance, and also
for there being no great distinction in type between the laterals
and marginals."
Keeve, in his description, gives no actual dimensions, but those
above given are taken from his smaller figure which is said to be
of natural size.
218. Limnsea (Ghilnaria) auriformis (Olessin}.
Limnceus auriformis, Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1886, p. 391, pi. 43,
fig. 11.
Original description: Testa auriformis, angustissime rimata,
solida, leviter striata, pallide cornea ; spira minuta, acuta; anfr. 4,
valde convexi, sutura profunda separati, celerrime accrescentes ;
peiiultimus et ultimus inflatus, ultimus i longitudinis aequans ;
apertura ampla, auriformis ; peristoma acutum ; marginibus callo
coluniellari levi conjunctis ; columella fere recta.
Alt. 12-3, diam. 10-5 mm.
Nab. India.
219. Limnaea (G-ulnaria) labiosa (Philippi).
Limntea (Gulnaria) labiosa (Philippi), Clessin, in Conch.-Cab.
1886, p. 397, pi. 16, figs. 3-4 (as L. labiosa).
Original description : Testa ovata, tennis, cornea ; spira brevis,
acuta; anfr. 5, convexi, celeriter accrescentes, sutura leviter
impressa separati ; ultimus inflatus, | longitudinis aequans ;
apertura ovata, superne acuminata, peristoma acutum, marginibus
callo columellari tenui latissimo conjunctis ; columella valde
contorta.
Alt. 21, diam. 1175 (fig. 3, pi. 16, in Conch.-Cab.).
Hab. India.
220. Limnsea (Gulnaria) succinea (Deshayes).
Limncea (Gulnaria) succinea (Deshayes), Voy. dans 1'Inde par
Belanger, Zool. p. 418, pi. 2, figs. 13, 14 ; Deshayes in Lamarck,
Anim. s. Vert. ed. 2, viii, p. 417, no. 15.
Limnaua succineus, Desh., Kiister, in Conch.-Cab., Martini & Chem-
nitz, Lim. p. 29, pi. 5, figs. 18, 19.
Original description: Testa ovato-acuta, tenuissima, fragili,
succinea, laevigata ; spira acuta ; anfractibus convexiusculi, ultimo
L1MXJEA. 113
maximo; apertura ovata-acuta, basi dilatata ; marginibus integris,.
tenuissimis, acutis ; columella contortuplicata.
Alt. 22, diam. 12.
flab. Malabar.
Var. impura (Troschel}, von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 86 y
pi. 15, figs. 6, 7.
Limnceus impurus, Troschel, in AViegmann's Archiv fiir Katurges-
chichte iii, 1837, p. 172.
Original description: Testa ovato-oblonga, rirnata, tenui sub-
tiliter striata, fusea, subolivacea ; spira inediocri, acuta, suturis
satis excavatis ; ultimo anfractu subventricoso, testae dimidium
superante, apertura ovata, plica columellari nullo vel exigua.
Anfr. 5.
Alt. 15-5, breadth of last whorl 8-5, height of last whorl 6-5 ;.,
alt. of aperture, 8'5 mm.
Ilab. Bengal (Lamare-Picquot).
221. Limnaea (Gulnaria) Mans (Sowerby).
Limncsa (Gulnaria) hians (Sowerby), in lleeve, Conch. Icon.-
xviii, pi. 9, sp. 57 ; Clessin. in Conch.-Cab. 1886, p. 392, pi. 4o,
fi. 9.
Original description: Shell thin, semipelhicid, polished, ovate-
oblong, subfusiform, pale horny ; spire acuminated, elevated
whorls three, narrow: last whorl ovate; aperture auriform,
columellnr fold tortuous, outer lip more or less expanded.
(Sowerbi/.)
Hal.' Malabar.
Closely related to, if not identical with L. succinea, Desh.
222. Limnaea (Gulnaria) pinguis (Dolini).
Limncea pinguis (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1858 ; p. 134 ; H. & T., C. I.-
pl. 70, gs. 7-10.
Original description: Tesia ini perforate vel vix rimata, ovato-
oblonga, pellucida, tennis, nitidissima, longitudinaliter levissime
striata, cornea vel albicans ; sutura simplex, albida ; spira elevat*
apice acuto, rubicundo ; anfr. 4-4J convexiusculi, ultimus-
| longitudinis subsequans 5 apertura obliqua, ovato-oblonga ;
peristomium rectum, simplex, margine columellari reflexo ;..
marginibus callo tenui iunctis.
Alt. 18, diam. 9 -5 mm.
Aperture : alt. 11*75, diam. 5*5 mm.
Uab. Ceylon (Dohrn) ; Bombay (Peile) ; Madras (Dalgliesli}>:
223. Limnaea (Gulnaria) siamensis (Sowerby).
Limruea (Gulnaria} siamensis (Sowerby), in
xviii, sp. 63 ; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1886,
Original description : Shell ovate, obese, smooth, finely red-
Ijimncea (Gulnaria} siamensis (Sowerby), in Reeve, Conch. Icon,
xviii, sp. 63 ; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1886, p. 330, pi. 50, fig. 9V
1 1 4 LIMNJEID.E.
lined; spire rather short, conical, acuminated; whorls 3, small, a
little convex ; aperture pyriform, rounded anteriorly, columellar
fold strong, raised to the middle, arched.
Alt. 24, diam. maj. 12-25 (%. in Conch. Icon.).
Hab. Siam.
Resembling Limncca pinguis, but marked with reddish lines.
(Sowerby.)
224. Limnsea (Gulnaria) simulans (Preston).
Limneea (Gulnaria) simulans (Preston), Rec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta,
ii, pt. 1, 1908, p. 46, fig. 6 (as L. simulans}.
Original description: Shell fusiform, brownish horn colour;
whorls 5; sutures impressed; umbilicus narrow, partly concealed
by the reflexed columella ; columella arched, thick, extending into
a callus which reaches the lip above; peristome simple ; aperture
inversely auriform.
Alt. 7*75, diam. maj. 4'25 mm.
Aperture : alt. 4, diam. 2 mm.
Bab. Pharping, Nepal.
Section BULIMNEA.
Bulimnea, Haldeman, Mon. Freshwater Univ. Moll. U.S.A. 1842
(Limnea), p. 6.
TYPE, Limneea megasoma, Say; IN .AY. Territory, U.S.A.; Ver-
mont, U.S.A.
llanye. N.America; Europe; Asia.
Original description : Shell thick in texture, inflated, lip not
^expanded.
.225. Limnsea (Bulimnea) truncatula (Jeffreys).
Limneea (Bui' .mea) truncatula (Jeffreys,), Trans. Linu. Soc. xvi,
1830, p. 7 (as Limnceus truncatulus) ; Miiller, Verm. Hist.
1774, pt. -, p. 130 (as Buccinum truncatuhtm) ; H. <fc T., 0. I.
1876, p. 16.
Lymncsa truncatula, in Reeve, L. & F. W. Moll. British Isles, p. 164.
Shell : acuminately ovate, distinctly umbilicated, rather solid,
yellowish horny, spire rather produced ; whorls 5 to 6, convex,
truncate next the sutures, roughly and often densely striated in
the direction of the lines of growth ; aperture rather small, ovate,
columella callous, but little twisted, lip elongately expandedly
reflected round the circumference of the umbilicus. (Reeve.}
Alt. 13, diam. 7*75 mm. (spec.).
Hab. Europe ; Afghanistan ; Kashmir.
226. Limnaea (Bulimnea) bowelli (Preston).
Limn&a (Bulimnea) bowelli (Preston), Re
no. 3, p. 115, figs, (as L. bowelli).
Original description: Shell rimate, acuminately ovate, rather
Limncca (Bulimnea) bowelli (Preston), Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, pt. 2,
no. 3, p. 115, figs, (as L. bowelli).
PLANOKBIS. 115
solid, polished, shining, pale yellowish horn colour ; whorls 4,
shouldered above, marked with rather coarse lines of growth;
sutures deeply impressed ; columella descending obliquely and
diffused above into a thick callus which joins the upper margin
of the peristome ; peristome simple ; aperture ovately, inversely
auriform.
Alt. 8*5, diam. maj. 5-25.
Aperture: alt. 5, diam. 3*75 mm.
Hob. Te-ring G-ompa, 14,000 feet; Mang-tsa, 14,500 feet;
High Hill, Gompa, G-yantse Valley, 14,500 and Gyantse, 13,120
feet, in small streams.
" Mr. Bowell informs me that the radula bears a strong re-
semblance to that of L. ylabra, Mull., but has fewer laterals, the
general appearance being more suggestive of the radula of a
Planorbis than that of a Limncea ; the maxilla is also very
remarkable, with a large blunt beak arising from the centre of
the semicircular piece."
Subfamily PLANORBIIN^E.
Shell sinistral, spire flattened or elevated.
Distribution. World-wide.
Genus PLANORBIS.
Planorbis, Geoffrey, Coq. de Paris, 1767, pp. 12, 81 ; Guettard,
1756 (pre-Linnean\
Coretus, Adamson, 1757.
Helix (pars), Linnaeus, 1758.
Angarius, Martens, 1773.
OrbiSj Schroter, 1776.
Nautilus, Lightfoot, 1786.
TYPE of genus, P. corneus, Linn.
Range. World- \v ide.
Shell spiral, sometimes sinistral, spire depressed, whorls 3 to 7 ;
aperture semilunar, or ovate or trigonal, margin generally thin.
227. Planorbis exustus, Desli.
Planorbis exustus, Desli., Belang. Voy. Ind. Orient., Zool. 1834,
p. 417, pi. 1, figs. 11-13; ed. Lam. viii, p. 392; Midler, Synopsis
Test. p. 34.
Planorbis indicm, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 743 ; Marten?,
Mai. Blatt. xiv, p. 212 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 39, rig. 10, & pi. 40,
fig. 10; Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 4, fig. 31;
Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1886, p. 43, pi. 6, figs. 20-22, & p. 116,
pi. 17, tigs. 1, 2.
Original description : Testa orbiculata, utroque latere depress,
sutus concaviuscula ; aufractibus convexis, tenue striatis
i2
116 LIMN^EIDJE.
obliquatis ; apertura semi-luuari, obliqua, alba ; colore externo
fusco, subcorneo.
Shell greenish brown, finely ridged ; spire rather flattened ;
whorls 3, last large ; aperture angularly raised, then depressed,
sloped, expanded below, rather produced ; lower disc broadly
concave.
Alt. 10-25, diam. maj. 2O5 mm. (fig. 10 in Conch Lid.).
Hob. India; Ceylon. (Generally diffused.)
The P. coromancielicus, Kiister, described and figured by Sowerby
in Reeve's 'Conchologia Iconica,' vol. xx, pi. 4, sp. 34, seems to
be a synonym.
Var. eburneus, Gray, Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 5,
sp. 38 ; Clessin, in Conch .-Cab.* 1885, p. 226.
Shell high, tumid, undulating, smooth, white, banded with
chest-nub in the middle of the whorls ; apex small ; whorls 3,
rather flattened above then sloped, inflated below ; last large,
high, rapidly increased ; lower disc convex, apical whorl hidden ;
aperture large, flexuously depressed above, inflated below,
produced. (Sowerby in Reeve.)
Diam. maj. 17, diam. min. 13'5 mm. (fig. 386 in Conch. Icon.).
Hob. Ceylon.
Var. brimneus, Gray, Adams, Genera, ii, 1858, p. 261 ; Sowerby,
in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 5, sp. 40 ; Clessin, in Couch.-
Cab. 1885, p. 226.
Shell subglobose, high, smooth, ferruginous, spire small ; whorls
contracted above, raised, a little angular above the suture, then
rounded, inflated in the middle ; lower disc narrowly umbilicated ;
aperture semilunar, produced and expanded below. (Sowerby in
Reeve.}
Alt. 8-25, diam. maj. 12'5 mm. (fig. 406 in Conch. Icon.).
Hab. Bombay.
The following are the dimensions taken from Sowerby 's figures
in Reeve: alt. (excluding labrum) 6'5, diam. maj. 11 -25, diam.
min. 9 ; aperture : alt. (including labrum) 8, diam. 6 mm.
There can be little doubt that it is a small variety of PI. exustus.
Var. zonatus, .Dunker, in Conch.-Cab. 1884, p. 117, pi. 17,
fig.l.
Alt. 6^, diam. 16 mm.
Hab. Ceylon.
Appears to be irregularly transversely banded with purplish red.
228. Planorbis zebrinus, Dunker.
Planorbis zebrinus, Dunker,
figs. 11-13.
Original description : PL testa solida, straminea strigisqne rufis
Planorbis zebrinus, Dunker. Conch.-Cab. 1850. p. 57, pi 6,
figs. 11-13.
PLANOKBIS. 117
picta, nitida denseque striata, haud pellucida, supera facie
planiuscula, in medio profuride umbilicata, inferne concava ;
anfr. 3|-4 tutnidis, rotundatis infra prope suturam profundam
subangulatis ; apertura reniformi perparum obliqua ; labro tenui
f usco vel castaneo ; lamella in pariete aperturali tenuissima.
Height 6'25, greatest diameter 16-25 mm.
Hab. Pondicherry and the Coast of Coromandel.
A very doubtful species.
229. Planorbis hindu, Clessin.
Planorbis hindu, Clessin, Conch.-Cab. 1885, p. 224, pi. 33, fig. 9.
Original description : Testa discoidea, depressa, leviter regulari-
terque striata, albidula, diaphana, nitida ; supra infundibuliforme
concava, infra concava ; anfr. 4, modice celeriter accrescentes,
depresso-rotundati, utrinque sutura modice profunda separati,
inferne ad suturam vix obtuse angulati ; ultimus amplus,
penultimo duplo latior ; apertura perobliqua, late-lunata ;
peristoma acutum, marginibus callo tenui conjunctis ; margine
superiore valde arcuate producto.
Alt. 4, diam. 11 mm.
Hal). India.
230. Planorbis orientalis, Lamarck.
Planorbis orientalis, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert, vi [2], p. 153 ;
Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 11, sp. 89; Clessin, in
Conch.-Cab. 1885, p. 227.
Original description : PI. testa discoidea, utrinque plano-
depressa, subrugosa, fragili, cornea ; ultimo anfractu subangulato.
Shell thin, irregularly undulated, yellowish-white, sinistral :
spire narrow depressed ; whorls a little raised above the suture ;
last broad, sloped, expanded towards the aperture ; aperture com-
pressed above and below, large, obliquely deflected ; margin
sinuous ; lower disc concave.
Lamarck in his original, though scanty, description, gives the
diameter of the shell as 4 lines (=9 mm.).
231. Planorbis modicus, Benson.
Planorbis modicus, Benson, Adams Genera, ii, 1858, p. 261 ; Sowerby,
in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 9, sp. 76.
Shell horny, tumid, spire funnel-shaped ; whorls 5, raised and
angular near the suture, last broad, sloped, concentrically finely
wrinkled ; aperture subtrigonal, lower disc concave, whorls
rather flat.
Diam. maj. 19-75, diam. min. 16-25 mm.
Hab. India.
118 LIMN^EIDJE.
232. Planorbis merguiensis, Philippi.
Planorbis merguiensis, Philippi tibi ? ; H. & T.,C. I. pi. 151, figs. 5, 6 ;
Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 11, sp. 85 ; Clessin, Conch.-Cab.
1886, p. 140, pi. 12, figs. 26-28, & pi. 20, tig. 4.
Shell depressed, solid, striate, shining, pale horn-colour or
brown ; deeply umbilicate, slightly concave above ; whorls 4,
rapidly and regularly increasing, rounded ; suture above deep,
umbilical suture only lightly impressed ; the last whorl twice as
broad as the penultimate ; aperture broadly semilunate, oblique ;
labrum acute, thickened.
Alt. 6, diam. 12 ram.
Hob. Mergui (Coll. Duuker legit Phil.); Chybassa, Bengal
(var. major) (Coll. Dunker).
Section GYRAULUS.
yrw/MS,Agassiz,Nouv.Mem. Soc. Helv. i, 1837 (Hartmann, 1844).
Nautilina, Stein, Schnecken Berlin, 1850, p. 50.
TYPE, Planorbis albus, Miiller ; Europe.
Range. World- wide.
Shell small, compressed, paucispiral ; whorls rapidly increasing,
the last broadening towards the aperture ; aperture rather wide.
233. Planorbis (Gyraulus) compressus (Hutton).
Planorbis (Gyraulus) compressus (Hutton), J. A. S. B. iii, p. 91
(no. 13), 93; Benson, J. A. S. B. v, p. 743; Martens, Mai.
Blatt. iv, p. 213 ; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 99, figs. 1,4; Sowerby, in
Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 14, fig. 118 ; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab.
1886, p. 107, pi. 16, fig. 10.
Planorbis tondanensis, Mouss., Moll. Java, p. 44, pi. 5, fig. 4.
Shell compressed, rather broad, pale, smooth, dextral, narrowed
above, broad below, somewhat keeled, spire depressed ; aperture
obliquely pyramidal, angular above, lower margin produced.
(Sowerby in Reeve.)
Alt. 3'5, diam. maj. 11*5 mm. (fig. 118 a in Conch. Icon.).
Hob. Biver Ganges, etc.
234. Planorbis (Gyraulus) convexiusculus (Hutton).
Planorbis (Gyraulus) convexiusculus (Hutton), J. A. S. B. xviii,
pt. 2 (1849), p. 657 ; H. &. T., C. I. pi. 99, figs. 8-10 ; Sowerby,
in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 11, sp. 93 ; Clessin, Conch.-Cab.
1884, p. 127, pi. 17, fig. 9.
Original description : Shell depressed, j of an inch in diameter ;
pale horn-colour ; polished ; closely and obliquely striate ; whorls
4 or 5 ; rounded ; suture well defined ; periphery subangular, but
PLAKORBIS.
not influencing the aperture, which is ovato-lunate ; umbilicus
wide, discovering all the previous volutions ; the whorls rising
gradually and spirally from the horizontal, and rounded below.
Animal black or dusky.
Hab. Kandahar, plentiful in tanks ; Quettah and the Kojuck
Pass, in marshes, and along the marshlands of the Eiver Helmund
at G-irishk (Hutton)-, Grangetic Provinces (Tope Cliancey}\ Pinjore,
below Simla (Jfutton).
It differs from Planorbis compressus in wanting the delicate
carina at the periphery and in having a lunate aperture without
the angle on the middle of the outer lip ; in being more convex,
with rounder whorls ; and in having its volutions wound round
on a more open and less horizontal twist.
235. Planorbis (Gyraulus) labiatus (Benson}.
Planorbis (Gyraulus) labiatus (Benson), A. AT. X. II. ser. 2, v y
1850, p. 350.
Original description : Testa solidiuscula, plano-depressa, niticla,
albido-cornea, subdiaphaua, oblique arcuato-striata, striis remotius-
culis spiralibus decussata ; apice profunde concavo; sutura
profunda ; anfr. 3|, cito crescentibus, convexis, ultimo antice
majori, ab axe superiorum discedenti, rotundato, carina mediana
levissima submembranacea instructo, infra valde convexo ;.
umbilico subaperto profundiori, margine interiori subangulato ;
apertura obliqua, cordiformi, intus albo-labiata ; margine superior!
arcuato, inferiori rotundato.
Alt. scarcely 2, diam. inaj. 5, diam. min. 4 mm.
Fig. 5. Planorbis (Grt/raulus) labiatus, Bens. (Types.)
1, spire ; 2, base of shell. X 4.
Hab. Moradabad (found amoog specimens of Planorbis
pressus, Hutton).
' This Jittle shell is remarkable for the departure of the last
whorl from the axis which governs the previous volutions. This
is especially apparent underneath, where the earlier whorls in the
umbilicus proceed regularly, the last whorl becoming suddenly
excentric. The whitish rib within the lip is also a marked
character, as well as the proportion of the axis to the diameter."
120
236. Planorbis (Gyraulus) sivalensis (Hutton).
Planorbis (Gyraulus} sivalensis (Hutt'on, MS.), Clessin, in Couch. -
Cab. 1884, p. 194, pi. 28, fig. 9.
Original desertion : Testa minuta, compressa, solid ula, pallide-
cornea, subtilissiine striata, nitidula; supra centre immerso,
infra concava; anfr. 3|-4, lente et regulariter accrescentes,
superne convexiusculi, sutura profunda separati, inferne sub-
planulata ; ultimus infra obtuse angulatus, penultirao vix duplo
latior ; apertura ovata, perobliqua ; peristoma acutum, marginibus,
x-allo tenuissimo conjunctis.
Alt. 1*2, diam. 4'5 mm.
Hab. N. India, Dehra Dun (Benson).
237. Planorbis (Gyraulus) hohenackeri (Clessin).
Planorbis (Gyraulus) hohenackeri, Clessin, in Concb.-Cab. 1884,
p. 205, pi. 31, fig. 7.
Original description: Testa solidula, diaphana. leviter et
regulariler costulata, fulvo-cornea, supra profundissime perforata,
infra parum concava ; anfr. 3| celerrime accrescentes, teretes,
utrinque sutura profunda separati ; ultimus ^ ornnis diametri
superans, ad aperturam breve descendens ; apertura lunata,
rectum ; peristoma acutum, fusco-labiatum ; marginibus callo
Jbenui juoctis.
Alt. 4-5, diam. 9 mm.
Hab. Himalayas.
238. Planorbis (Gyraulus) huttoni (Benson).
Planorbis (Gyraulus) huttoni (Benson, MS.), Clessin, in Conch.-
Cab. 1884, p. 139, pi. 18, fig. 4.
Original descriptions Testa parvula, depressa, tenuis, trans-
verse striata, pallide-cornea, supra plana centro immerso, subtus
modice umbilicata ; anfr. 3^, celerrime accrescentes, ovato-
depressi, sutura profunda separati, ultimus valde dilatatus,
penultimo triple latior ; aperturam versus paululum descendens ;
apertura ampla, valde obliqua ; peristoma acutum, margine
superiore producto.
Alt. 1, diam. 5'5 mm.
Hab. Calcutta; Benares.
239. Planorbis (Gyraulus) barrackporensis (Clessin).
Planorbis (Gyraulus] barrackporcnsis, Clessin, Conch. -Cab. 1884,
p. 125, pi. 18, fig. 7.
Original description : Testa depressa, supra paulo con-
vexiuscula, centro immerso; infra umbilicata; subtiliter striatula,
diaphana, tennis, paulo nitidula, pallide-cornea ; anfr. 3|, ovato-
rotundati, utrinque aequaliter convexiusculi, angulati; celerrime
PLANOBBIS. 121
accrescentes ; ultimus penultimo fere tertio latior ; apertura valde
obliqua, ovata ; peristoma acutum, margine superiore valde
producto, arcuato.
Alt. 1-2, diam. 4 mm.
Hal). Barrackpore.
240. Plan or bis (Gyraulus) himalayanus (Button}.
Planorbis (Gyraulus) himalayanus (Hutton, MS.), Clessin, Oonch.-
Cab. 1884, p. 141, pi. 20, tig. 8.
Original description : Testa depressa, solidula, uitidula,
pellucida, arcuate striata ; supra plauulata centre concavo; subtus
paululum concava ; anfr. 4, modice celeriter accrescentes, depresso-
ovati, sutura leviter immersa separati, in peripheriam fere
augulati, utrinque aequaliter convexiusculi ; ultimus penultimo
duplo latior; apertura perobliqua, ovata; peristoma acutum,
marginibus disjunctis, margine superiore arcuata producto,
inferiore fere recto.
Alt. 1-2, diam. 5'5 mm.
Hal. Tinjori Valley,
241. Planorbis (Gyraulus) liratus, Westerlund.
Planorbis (Gyraulus) liratus, Westerlund, in Vega Exped. Vetens-
kapliga Jakttagelser, iv, p. 206, pi. 4, fig. 18.
Original description: Testa parva, plana, utrinque centre
subaequaliter impressa, lutescenti-cornea, supra et infra, ab apice
ad aperturam sub lente perdistincte spiraliter lineata, transversim
vix striatula ; aui'r. 4, convexi, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus
leute accrescens, subcylindraceus, basi perobsolete angulatus, supra
paullo magis convexus ; apertura rotundata.
Alt. 1, diam. 2'5 mm.
Nab. Point de Gralle, Ceylon.
242. Planorbis (Gyraulus) demissus, Westerlund.
Planorbis (Gyraulus) demissus, Westerlund, in Vega Exped. Vetens-
kapliga Jakttagelser, iv, p. 204, pi. 4, fig. 16.
Original description: Testa depressa, utrinque centre impressa
(supra inagis), striatula, sculptura spiral! nuila, angulo peripherico
distincto, juvenis cornea, nitidula, matura alba, opaca ; aufr. 4^,
celeriter sed saspius (praesertim subtus) irregulariter accrescentes,
utrinque magis magisque centrum versus demissi, ultimus dilatatus,
medio angulatus, utrinque subaiqualiter convexiusculus, antice
paullo descendens ; sutura sat profunda ; apertura perobliqua,
intus semper nitida, ovata, extus acutiuscula, margiuibus callo
elato in pariete contiguis, interiore leviter curvato, exteriore forte
arcuato.
Alt. 1-5, diam. maj. 6, diam. min. 5 mm.
Hal. Point de Gralle, Ceylon.
122 LIMXJEIDJE.
243. Planorbis (Gyraulus) associatus, Westerlund.
Planorbis (Gyraulus) associatus, Westerlund, in Vega Exped.
Vetenskapliga Jakttagelser, iv, p. 205, pi. 4, fig. 17.
Original description : Testa depressa, supra plana, centre vix
impre'ssula, subtus late convexiuscula (anfractus ultimus circum-
circa altior et spira sensim profuudior), striatula, nitidula, cornea ;
anfr. 5, lente accrescentes, primi convex!, caeteri convexinsculi,
sutura sat profunda disjuncti, ultimus sensim latior, non dilatatus,
peripheria obsolete angulatus, utrinque subaequaliter convexi-
usculus ; apertura obliqua, ovato, peristomate subincrassato.
Alt. 1-5, diam. 5*5-6*5 mm.
Hab. Point de Galle, Ceylon.
Almost certainly a variety of P. (G.) demissus.
244. Planorbis (Gyraulus) elegantulus (Dokrn).
Planorbis (Gt/raulus) elegantulus (Uolirn), P. Z. S. 18o8, p. 134;
H. & T., G! I. pi. 151, figs. 1-3.
Original description: Testa discoidea, albida sub lente teuuiter
striata, nitida, pellucida, supra convexiuscula, umbilicata, subtus
plana ; anfr. 4-5 lente accrescentes, ultimus infra medium obsolete
carinatus ; apertura perobliqua, sublunaris ; peristomium rectum,
intus calloso-albo-labiatum.
Diam. maj. 4-75, diam. min. 4 mm.
Aperture : alt. 1 mm.
I Jab. Ceylon.
245. Planorbis (Gyraulus) nanus (Soiv.).
Planorbis (Gyrauhts) nanus (Sow.), Sowerby, iu Reeve, Conch. Icon,
xx, pi. 9, sp. 75 ; Benson, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 186.
Shell pale fulvous, compressed, rather convex above, broadly
and deeply umbilicated below ; spire narrow, flat ; whorls 3,
obliquely striated, rapidly increased, last very broad ; aperture
depressed, very bread, outer lip obliquely produced above.
(Sowerby in Reeve.}
Diam. maj. 11, diam. min. 10 mm. (fig. 75 a in Conch. Icon.).
Hab. India ; subfossil, Tsoral Lake, Tibet (Captain H. Stmcliey}.
246. Planorbis (Gyraulus) rotula (Benson).
Planorbis (Gyraulus) rotula (Benson), A. M. N. H. ser. 2, v,
1850, p. 351 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 99, figs. 2, 3.
Original description: Testa minuta, depresso-nlanata, aper-
tissime umbilicata, luteo-cornea, diaphana, impolita, spiraliter
obsolete striata; anfr. 3|, cylindraceis, lenie horizontaliter in-
crescentibus, supra et subtus asqualiter apparentibus ; ultimo ad
periphffirium rotundato, nullo modo angulato : sutura supra in-
fraque profunde impressa ; umbilico minime profundo ; apertura
vix obliqua, rotundato-lunata ; margine superior! arcuato.
PLA^OKBIS. 123
Alt. 1, diam. maj. 2-66, diam. min. 2 (about) mm.
Nab. Moradabad.
The figures and description given by Soxverby in Reeve's
' Conch ologia Iconica,' vol. 20, and copied by Clessin in the
' Conchylien-Cabinet,' 1885, obviously can have nothing to do
with Benson's species.
247. Planorbis (Gyraulus) stelzneri (Dolirri).
Planorbis (Guraulus} stelzneri (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 134;
H. &T., C. J. pi. 91, figs. 4, 7; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1884,
p. 117, pi. 11, tig. 11.
Original description: Testa discoidea, albido-cornea, tenuiter
longitudinaliter striata, nitida, pellucida, supra plana, subtus paullo
convexior, utrinque foveolata ; anfr. 3-4 vix convexi, ultimus
acute carinatus ; apertura perobliqua, sublunaris ; peristomium
rectum, intus albolabiatum.
Diam. maj. 7, diam. min. 5-5 mm.
Aperture : alt. 1 ram.
Hob. Ceylon.
248. Planorbis (? Gyraulus) hyptiocyclos (Benson}.
Planorbis (? Gyraulus) hi/ptiocyclos (Benson), A. M. N. H. ser. 3,
xi, 1863, p. 89, & Pfeiffer, Mou. Helic. v, p. 117 (as Helix) ;
H. & T., C. I. pi. 99; Sowerby in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx,
pi. 14, fig. 120; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1885, p. 228.
Original description: Testa latissime umbilicata, orbiculato-
planata, planorbit'ormi, depressa, fragili, oblique striatula, trans -
lucente, polita, olivaceo-cornea ; spira concaviuscula, apice foveo-
lato, suturis profundis ; anfr. 4|, gradatim increscentibus,
utrinque convexis, ultimo convexiusculo, peripheria subcarinata ;
apertura valde obliqua, elliptico-lunata; peristomate tenui, acuto,
marginibus conniventibus, callo tenui junctis.
Alt. 1:5, diam. maj. 6, diaoi. min. 5 mm.
Hab. Fort MacDonald, Ceylon (Province of Uva) (F. Layard).
Clessin (Xachr. Bl. Malak. Ges. xxxix, 1907, p. 7) reports
PI. (Tropidiscus) marginatus, Drap. var. submaryinatus, Jan, and
PI. (T.) carinatus, Mull, from the Pamirs, together with the
following txvo species described by him at the same time,
without figures.
249. Planorbis (Gyraulus) acutus, Clessin.
Planorbis (Gyraulus) acutus, Clessin, Nachr. Bl. Malak. Ges.
xxxix, 1907, p. 7.
Shell flattened, whorls 4, very rapidly increasing, the last one-
third of the total diameter of the shell, xvhorls very compressed,
in section almost lancet-shaped ; sharply keeled, more convex
above the keel than below; suture slightly impressed; finely
sculptured ; umbilicus wide ; aperture very oblique, compressedly
ovate.
Alt. 1-5, diam. 7 mm.
Hab. Pamirs, numerous but very local.
124
250. Planorbis (Gyraulus) issykulensis, Ckssin.
Planorbis (Gyraulus) issyktdensis, Clessin, Nachr. Bl. Malak. Ges.
xxxix, 1907, p. 7.
Shell small, slightly compressed, whorls 4, rapidly increasing
(the last scarcely one-third of the total diameter of the shell) ;
suture moderately deep ; umbilicus rather wide ; sculpture fine,
irregular ; aperture oblique, compresseclly ovate.
Alt. 1-2, diam. 4*5 mm.
Hab. Pamirs, from only one locality, but very plentiful.
Section HIPPEUTES.
Hippeutes, Agassiz, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Helv. i, 1837.
TYPE, Planorbis fontanus, Lightfoot ; Europe.
Mange. Europe; Asia.
Shell small, lenticular, much depressed, paucispiral ; whorls very
rapidly increasing, carinate ; aperture obliquely heart-shaped.
251. Planorbis (Hippeutes) versicolor, Westerlund.
Planorbis (Hippeutes) versicolor, Westerlund, in Vega Exped.
Vetenskapliga Jakttagelser, iv, p. 206, pi. 4, tig. 19.
Original description: Testa juvenis rufo-castanea, nitidissima,
adulta rufescenti-coruea, nitidula, subtilissinie oblique striatula,
supra convexa, centro sat profunde immersa, subtus planiuscula,
umbilicata (umbilico centro augustissimo, aperturam versus
dilatato) striatula ; anfr. 4, primi angusti, spiram minimam for-
mantes, ultimus maximus, extus declivis, subtus convexiusculus,
peripheria acute angulatus ; apert. perobliqua, cordiformis,
margine columellari subrecto, exteriore antrorsum valde convexo.
Alt. 1-5, diam. o mm.
Hab. Point de Galle, Ceylon.
Subgenus SEGMENTING
Segmentina, Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim. 1828, p. 279.
TYPE. Planorbis nitidus, Miiller ; Europe.
Range. Europe ; A sia ; Africa ; Australia.
Shell orbicular, depressed, furnished internally with transverse,
testaceous partitions or teeth ; aperture transversely oval, or
circular.
See also description of Planorbis, p. 115.
PLANORBIS. 125
252. Planorbis (Segmentina) umbilicalis (Benson).
Planorbis (Seymentina) umbilicalis (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836,
p. 741 ; A. M. N. H. ser. 2, v, 1853, p. 351 ; Martens, Mai.
Blatt. xiv, p. 216; H. & T., C. I. pi. 40, figs. 7-9; Sowerby
in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 10, fig. 77 ; Clessiu, in Conch.-
Cab. 1884, p. 136, pi. 15, tig. 6.
Original description : Testa quasi dextra luteo-cornea, polita,
leviter radiato-striata, infra excavato-depressa, anfractibus omnibus
versus umbilicum prol'undum spectantibus, ultimo interiores pene
tegeute; supra convexa versus apicem planata, apice concavo,
omnibus anfractibus satis apparentibus ; periphaaria obtuse
angulata.
The dimensions as given by Clessin are as follow :
Alt. 2, diam. 8*5 mm.
Hab. Sylhet.
253. Planorbis (Segmentina) trochoideus (Benson).
Planorbis (Segmentina) trochoideus (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836,
p. 742 (Glean. Scien. Calcutta, i, pi. 8, tig. 10) ; A. M. N. H.
ser. 2, v, 1850, p. 352; H. & T., C. I. pi. 39, tigs. 4-6;
Sowerbv in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 9, fig. 70 ; Clessin, in
Conch .-Gab. 1885, p. 225.
Original description : Testa quasi dextra diapbaua, subtro-
chiforini, supra glabra, rotundato-convexa, apice concavo-depresso
quasi umbilicali ; anfractibus omnibus parum apparentibus, sutura
excuvata divisis ; infra radiatim striata, truncata, planata, umbilico
contracto. Anfractu ultimo majori reliquos ainplectente, supra
pene, infra omnino obtegcnte ; peripbaeria acuta.
Alt. scarcely 2, diam. 3 mm.
Hob. Barrackpore.
254. Planorbis (Segmentina) gruneri (Clessin).
Planorbis (Segmentina) gruneri (Clessin), in Conch. -Cab. 1884,
p. 148, pi. 21, tig. 9.
Original description : Testa depressa, supra centre paululum
concavo, subtus subplauata, nitidula subtilissime irregulariter
striata, diaphana. cornea ; anfr. 4| lenteet regulariteraccrescentes,
depresso-ovati, utrinque convexiusculi ac sutura profundaseparati;
ultinius penultimo vix duplo latior ; apertura obliqua, ovata ;
peristoma acutnm, marginibus disjunctis ; margiue superiore
paululum producto.
Alt. 8, diam. 5 mm.
Hob. India ; Singapore.
126
255. Planorbis (Segmentina) spirodelus, Westerlund.
Planorbis (Segwentina) spirodelus, Westerlund, iu Vega Exped.
Vetenskapliga Jaktlagelser, iv, p. 209, pi. 5, fig. 21.
Original description : Testa navescenti-cornea (anfr. prioribus
rufis), supra convexa, medio impressa, subtus plana, concavi-
uscula, latiuscule unibilicata ; afr. 5, primi lente, ultimi regulariter
accrescentes et diameter penultimi ad aperturam perfecte duplo
minor quam reliqua spira et spira totamagna, latitudine anfractum
ultimum ad aperturain multo superans ; anfr. ult. couvexus, extus
lente descendens, basi sat acute angulatus, antice non dilatatus ;
apertura descendens, valde obliqua, forte lunata, obtuse cordata,
rnargine coluraellari subrecto, exteriore valde arcuatim producto ;
faux pluries lamellis 3 albis coarctata.
Alt. 1'25, diam. 4'5 mm.
Hob. Point de Galle, Ceylon.
256. Planorbis (Segmentina) sindicus (Benson}.
Planorbis (Segmentina} sindicus (Benson), A. M. N. H. 1850
p. 350 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 40, tigs. 4-6.
Original description : Testa rninuta, perforata, subleaticulari,
albida, laevi, subdiapbana, supra convexa ; spira planulata, apice
depresso ; anfr. 2|, ultimo medio obtuse angulata, subtus convexo ;
apertura cordata, obliqua, margine superior! arcuato, prominente,
inferior! recedente.
Alt, -66, diam. 2-5 mm.
Hab. Upper Sind.
257. Planorbis (Segmentina) cantori (Benson).
Planorbis (Segmentina) cantori (Benson), A. M. N. H. ser. 2, v,
1850, p. 349 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 40, figs. 1-3 ; Sowerby, in Reere,
Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 10, fig. 79: Clessin in Conch.-Cab. 1884,
p. 158, pi. 23, fig. 9.
Original description: Testa nitidula, cornea, subdiaphana,
radiato-striata, depressa. supra convexiuscula, spira planata, apice
concavo, sutura bene impressa; anfr. 5J, convexiusculis, lente
crescentibus, ultimo antice majori, subtus convexo, periphaeria
subcarinata ; umbilico aperto, prof undiusculo ; apertura obliqua
subcordiformi. margine supra valde arcuato, fuscato, infra leviter
rotundato.
Alt. 2, diam. maj. 7, diam. min. 6'25 mm.
Diam. spirse 3-5 ; lat. anfract. ult., antice, 3 mm.
Hab. Barrackpore.
PHYSID.E. 127
258. Planorbis (Segmentina) calathus (Benson).
Planorbis (Segmentina) calathus (Benson), A. M. N. II. ser. 2, v,
1850, p. 348; II. & T., C. I. pi. 34, figs. 1-3; Sowerby, in
Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 4, fig. 30; Clessin in Conch.-Cab.
1884, p. 136, pi. 15, fi-. 13.
Original description: Testa nitidiuscula, albido-cornea, vel
lutescente cornea, subdiaphana, exiliter radiato-striata, supra con-
vexa, versus apicem plunulata, apice concavo, sutura impressa ;
anfr. 4, ultimo extus depresso, inferne angulato, intus laminis
denticulisque radiatis frequentioribus munito, subtus subplanato,
versus umbilicum angustum, profunduin excavate ; apertura
obliqna, cordato sagittata intus remote labiata, margins superior!
arcuato, prominente, inferior! subrecto, recedente.
Alt. 2, diara. maj. 4-66, diam. min. 4 mm.
Hab. Bhimtal and Neini Tal, in tbe Kemaon Eegion of the
Himalayas; Moradabad ; Kattiawar ; Ceylon; Kashmir, etc.
Apparently very local, but abundant where fouud.
259. Planorbis (Segmentina) caenosus (Benson).
Planorbis (Segmentina) ceenosus (Benson), A. M. N. H. ser. 2, v,
1850, p. 349; H. & T., C. 1. pi. 39, figs. 7, 8; Sowerby, in
Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 10, fig. 78; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab.
1884, p. 165, pi. 24, fig. 4.
Original description : Testa nitida, luteo-cornea vel olivaceo-
t:oriiea, oblique et rude (praecipue subtus) radiato-striata, sub-
diaphana, supra depresso-convexa ; spira parvula, apice excavato ;
sutura impressa; anfr. 3J, ultimo majori, extus depressiusculo,
inferne carinato, subtus planato, versus umbilicum majorem
leviter excavato ; apertura obliqua, sagittiformi, margine superior!
arcuato, prominente inferior! recedente, recto.
Alt. 1'5, diam. maj. 6, diam. min. 5 mm.
Hab. Moradabad ; Ceylon.
Differing from P. (S.) calathus in having no internal laminas and
in being more depressed and more angular at the keel ; moreover
tbe relative dimensions are not the same.
Family PHYSID^.
Subfamily PHYSIN^.
Shell fusiform or ovately fusiform, sinistral, horny.
Distribution. World- wide.
Genus PHYSA.
Physa, Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France, 1801, p. 52, & Hist. Nat.
Moll. Terr. Fluv. France, p. 54.
128
Bulla, Linnaeus, etc.
Planorbis, Miiller.
Turbo, Costa.
Bulimus, Bruguiere, Poiret.
Limnea, Sowerby.
TYPE, Physa fontinalis, Linn. ; Europe.
Range. Europe ; Asia ; Africa ; America.
Shell fluviatile, horny, thin, spiral, simstral, generally ovate
acuminated ; outer lip sharp, simple ; inner lip expanded, con-
tinuous with the columella ; columella tortuous, single-plaited.
260. Physa coromandelica, Dunker.
Physa coromandelica, Dunker, Malak. Blatt. 1862, p. 150.
Original description : Testa subovata tennis, fusco-cornea, sub-
diaphana, anfractibus quinis carinatis, per longitudinam striatis,
sutura distincta divisis instructs ; spira parum exserta, ob carinam
prominentern scalata ; anfractus embryonalis vel apex obtusius-
culus; apertura ovato-oblonga obliqua ; spira duplo major; labrum
acutum in margine superiore angulatum.
Alt. 11, diam. 5*5 mm.
ffab. Coromandel.
Class PELECYPODA.
Order TETR A BRANCHI A.
Suborder MYTILACEA.
Family ARCID^E.
Subfamily ARCING.
Shell either equivalve or inequivalve, oval, rounded or trape-
zoidal, covered with a periostracum ; ligament spreading over a
considerable external area, or confined to a small depression 5
hinge multi-dentate, 'the teeth short or lamellif'orm ; adductor
scars extended, subequal ; pallial line simple ; interior of shell
not nacreous.
Animal, with the exception of Scaphula, marine; foot large,,
broad, bearing a byssiferous groove and frequently a. byssus ; the
adductor muscles in both valves of about equal size ; siphons
absent; gills oblique, either equal or unequal; palpes simple
without posterior appendages.
Distribution. Tropical and subtropical seas, and rivers of
Eastern India and Burma far bevoml the limits of tide.
BCAPHULA. 129
Genus SCAPHULA.
Scaphula, Benson, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 91; Zool. Journ. v, 1835,
p. 464 ; A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 128.
TYPE, Scaphula celooe, Benson ; River Jumna, near Bundelkund.
Range. Rivers of India and Burma.
The original description of the genus is as follows :
" The form of the shell, its lozenge-shaped ligamental scar, and
the position and order of its teeth shew its place to be among the
Arcacece ; while the oblique production of the teeth on the posterior
side down the inner surface of the cardinal lamina, the separation
of the teeth into two sets by the interposition of an edentate
portion of the cardinal lamina, and the freedom of the shell from
ribs, with the exception of the ridges which occur at the angle
of the shell, will suffice to distinguish our shell from the genus
Area, which will still comprehend marine shells only."
In 1856 in the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History/
p. 128, Benson gives an amended description of the above as
follows: "Testa aequivalvis, valde inaBquilateralis, subtrapezi-
formis, carina valida ab umbonibus distantibus usque ad marginem
posteriorem et basalem extendente ; cardo rectilihearis, medio
tenuis, ad extremitates sulcidentatas latior, dentibus anterioribus
4, crenulatis minutis obliquis posterioribus lamellatis, parallelibus,
intus oblique descendentibus, 4 ad 6, primo obliquis, demum
transversis, raro bifurcatis, munita ; ligamentum exterius, rhom-
biforme, inter umbones situm ; epidermis tenuis vel crasse
lamelloso-rugosa ; inusculi adductoris impressio antica unica,
posteriores dua3 subdistantes quorum inferior oblongo-quadrata :
pallii impressio integra."
"The genus is at once distinguished from its nearest allies,
Area and Cucull&a, by the hinge being linear and edentate in the
middle and for the greatest part of its length, and by the form
and position of the teeth at the ext^mities ; the laminar posterior
ones, which are sometimes ramose, running obsoletely and
obliquely into the interior of the shell. The two distinct ad-
ductor muscular impressions, and the squareness of the lower one
on the posterior side in both species, are peculiar features sup-
porting the claims of the type to generic distinction."
The animal is unknown.
261. Scaphula celox, Benson.
Scaphula celox, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 750 (as figured in
Glean. Science, Calcutta), i, pi. 7, figs. 2, 3 ; A. M. N. H. xvii,
1856, p. 129 ; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxvi, pt. 2, pi. 14, figs. 14,
15 ; H. & T., C. I., 1876, p. 47, pi. 116, figs. 8, 9 j Crosse &
P. Fischer, J. Conchyliol., Paris, xxiv, p. 339.
Area scaphula, Benson, P. Fischer, Man. Conch., p. 976.
] 30 ARCID.E.
Scaphula celox, Benson, Lamy, J. Conchyliol., Paris, 1907, Iv,
pp. 109-111.
Original description'. Testa elongata, tumida, Iseviuscula
antice angulata, inter umbonem extremitatemque anticam subito
evasa ; carino umbonali compresso, costula obsoleta contigua.
As Benson gave no dimensions, the following are taken from
three specimens in the British Museum.
1. 2. 3.
Long 3-5 3-25 4-5 ram.
Lat 10-75 11-75 11-5 mm.
Diain 6 6 775 mm.
Hob. Eiver Cane, near Banda, Bundelkund.
262. Scaphula pinna, Benson.
Scaphula pinna, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, pp. 128-
" 3. 11-J"
129 ; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxvi, pt. 2, pi. 14, figs. 11-13 ;
H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 47, pi. 116, figs. 5-6.
Original description : Testa elongato-triangulari, subtrapezi-
formi, extus sub epidermide albida, intus cserulescente, antice
angusta, extremitate subacute angulata, arcuatim descendente
postice, subalata, expansa, extremitate superne arcuata, infra
rectangular! ; carina acuta, compressa ; pagina postica majori
subremote, antica confertim concentrice sulcata, utrinque radiatim
striatula ; epidermide fusco-nigra, crasse rugoso-lamellata, mar-
ginem nigrescentem excedente, musculi anterioris impressione
ovato - rotundata, posterioribus duabus, superiori subcardinali
elongata, angusta, inferiori elongato-quadrata.
Long. 5, lat. 11, diam. 6 mm.
Three specimens in the British Museum, received from the late
Dr. Blanford, are of the following dimensions.
1. 2. 3.
Long 3*5 3 2'25 mm.
Lat 9-5 8-25 6-5 mm.
Diam 4'25 4-25 3-25 mm.
Hob. Tenasseriin River.
263. Scaphula deltae, Blanford.
Scaphula delta, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxvi, pt. 2, pp. 71-72,
S. 14, figs. 7-10 ; Cont. Ind. Mai. pt. 8, p. 21, pi. 3, figs. 7-10 ;
. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 47, pi. 116, figs. 2 & 3.
Original description : Testa tumida, perelongato-rhomboidea,
sub epidermide crassa, fusca, postice radiatim lirata albida, lineis
minutus elevatis coufertissimis decussata, ante carinam costa
SCAPHULA.. 131
unica lata, planulata, aliquando obsoleta, a natibus ad marginem
decurrente, inunita, intus caerulescens, antice rottindata, postice
oblique truncata, margine ventrali antice convexa, postice vix
concaviuscula (testae junioris recta). Carina perelevata, acuta,
valvas in paginas duas dividens, antica tumida, postica concava.
Area nitida, sub lente striatula, ligamento rhombeo solum antice
induta. Dentes cardinales postici breves, obliqui, ab extremitate
remotiusculi.
1. 2.
Long 3-5 3 mm.
Lat 10 8 mm.
Diam 6*5 5 mm.
Hob. Irawady River at Pegu ; found " under stones in creeks,
adhering by a byssus " ; Mahanadi River, at a point five miles
above Sambalpur, Orissa (Chaudhuri).
The author appends the following notes to his description :
" Shell very tumid, elongately rhomboidal (the ventral and dorsal
margins being parallel as in S. celox), covered with a thick dark
epidermis, which is rather rough and radiately ribbed behind the
keel. Beneath the epidermis the shell is white, and decussately
very minutely sculptured, one flat broad rib, scarcely raised, and
occasionally obsolete in old specimens, passing from the umbones
to the margin just in front of the keel. This is scarcely dis-
tinguishable until the epidermis is removed. The valves are bluish
within, rounded in front, obliquely truncated at the posterior
margin ; the ventral margin is convex anteriorly, subconcave
posteriorly, being straight for the greater part of its course in
young shells, but becoming slightly concave, at the spot where the
byssus passes out, in old specimens. The keel is very high and
sharp, separating the valves into two subdivisions, the anterior of
which is tumid, the posterior concave. The area is polished and
striated rather obliquely, the ligament diamond-shaped and
covering only the anterior portion, about to J the length of the
area. The hinge teeth are oblique, but less so than in either
S. celox or S. pinna, and the posterior teeth are much farther from
the extremity of the shell than in either of those species."
" The great distinction between this species and the other two
previously described is in the far greater tumidity of the valves,
which are nearly twice at broad in their diameter from side to side
(of the closed valves) as they are from the dorsal to the ventral
margin. The proportion of the two diameters in the present
species averages about 12 : 7. In S. celox it is 12 : 10! and in
S. pinna 12 : 91 "
K2
132 ITMONIDjE.
Suborder SUBMYTILACEA.
Family UNION TD^E.
Subfamily UNIONIN^E.
Shell nacreous, covered with a more or less thickened perio-
stracum; umbones generally corrugatedly sculptured; ligament
somewhat elongated, projecting ; hinge teeth bearing, the teeth
usually strong, arranged as cardinals and laterals ; pallial line
generally simple. Animal with labial palpes somewhat drawn out,
projecting posteriorly ; embryos borne in the outer or in all four
gills.
Distribution. Temperate and tropical regions of the world. A
single genus occurring in the Indian Eegion.
Genus SOLENAIA.
Solenaia, Conrad, Am. Jouru. Conch, iv, 1869, p. 249.
TYPE, Mycetopus emarginatus, Lea, from Siarn.
Range. South-Eastern Asia and China, one species only from
India.
Shell elongated, thin ; gaping anteriorly ; hinge with a long,
acicular, lateral tooth in each valve, slightly developed.
The soft parts appear to be unknown, though Fischer notes in
his paper * Observations sur les genres Mycetopus et Solenaia ' *
that the animal retains an upright position in a hole which it
bores in the earth, which is often very hard, the manner of boring
being unknown. The siphons are placed above, the valves gaping
apart, the foot is turgescent having the anterior extremity much
swollen in the form of a bowl.
264. Solenaia soleniformis (Benson).
Solenaia soleniformis (Benson), Simpson, Syn. Naiades, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 656.
Anodonta soleniformis, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 750.
Maryaron ( Unio) bensoni, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 57.
Mycetopus bemonianus, Lea, H. & T., C. I. 1876, pi. 9, fig. 1 ;
Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 186.
Spatha soleniformis, Fischer, J.Conchyliol., Paris, xxxviii, 1890,
p. 94.
Original description : Testa elongatissima, postice angustata,
extremitate rotundata ; antice latiore, sub-alata, extremitate
* J. Oonchyliol., Paris, xxxviii, 1890, p. 11.
SOLENAIA.
133
oblique truncata: natibus complanatis, inconspicuis, senectate
obliteratis, decoriicatis ; epidermide junioris fulvida, pneter
angulum umbonis viridi, sulcis illuc vinis impressa, setate fusca.
Long. 150, lat. prope apicem 30, lat. prope alam 37-5 mm.
Benson adds the following note to his description :
" This is a very interesting shell, being, in proportion to its
length, the most elongated of the genus. The pearl of the
Fig. 6. Solenaia soleniformis (Benson) (specimen), nat. size,
showing pallial line and muscular scars.
interior is bluish with a salmon tinge in old specimens, which are
likewise much worn on the exterior surface, and have their
posterior muscular impression very deeply marked, and, as it were,
carious. The anterior muscular impression is considerably
elongated under the transverse direction."
Hob. Assam.
There is a good series of this species in the Indian Museum
Collection, all from Cachar, of which the measurements of three
specimens are :
Long.
Lat.
Diam .
1.
55
183
29-75
45-5
391
25-75
3.
49*5 ram,
207 mm.
27'75 mm.
134
Subfamily HYRIN^E.
Male and female shells alike, with beak sculpture radial or
zigzag-radial ; marsupium occupying the inner gills only.
Distribution. Southern arid Eastern Asia ; Malay Archipelago ;
Solomon Islands ; Australia ; New Zealand ; Tasmania ; South
America ; and Africa. Several of the genera are found in the
Indian Region.
Genus UNIO.
Unio, Retzius, Diss. Hist. Test. Gen. 1788, p. 16 ; Bruguiere, Choix
de Memoires, i, 1792, p. 106.
Limneea, Poli (pars), Test. utr. Sic. i, 1791, p. 31.
Lymnium, Oken, Lehrbuch, 1815, p. 237.
Elliptic, Rafinesque, J. de Phys. t Hist. Nat. 1819, p. 426.
Mysca, Turton, Conch. Ins. Brit. 1822, p. 243.
Canthyria, Swainson, Tr. on Mai. 1840, p. 278.
Uniomerus. Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1853 y
p. 268.
TYPE, Unio tumidus, Retzius, from Northern and Central
Europe, Siberia.
Range. Europe, Siberia, Asia Minor, Assyria, N. Africa, and a
single species recorded from Kashmir.
Shell inequilateral, ovate or elongate, generally cuneate, ridged
vith concentric growth-lines ; umbones moderately large, generally
corrugately sculptured ; hinge possessing one pseudocardinal and
one lateral tooth in the right valve and two pseudocardinals and
two laterals in the left valve ; umbonal cavity shallow.
The following description of the animal is taken from Simpson's
work on the Unionidse.* " Animal having the inner branchiae
free from the abdominal sac for from one-half to their entire
length ; marsupium occupying the whole length of the outer
gills only, forming a thick, smooth pad when filled with young ;
gills united to the mantle behind to their extreme points, or very
nearly so ; papilla? on branchial and anal openings unbranched ;
superanal opening always closed below."
< Section LYMNIUM.
Lymnium, Oken, Lehrbuch, 1815, p. 237.
TYPE, Unio pictorum, Retzius ; Europe.
Range. Europe ; N". and C. Asia.
Oken's description being totally inadequate, it has been ampli-
fied by Simpson as follows : " Shell generally smooth ; beak
sculpture broken, often somewhat corrugated or pustulcms;
* Washington, D.O., Smithsonian Inst. Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 680.
UNIO. NODULABIA. 135
pseudocardinals compressed ; beak cavities well excavated, not
compressed. Animal highly coloured, anal opening crenulate or
smooth."
265. Unio mongolicus, Middendorff.
Unto mongolicus, MiddendorfF, Sib. Reise, ii, 1851, p. 277, pi. 27,
figs. 7, 8 ; Hessling, Perl, und Ihre Perlen, 1859, p. 203 ;
Sehrenck, Reise und Forsch. im Amur-Lande, ii, 1867, p. 699 :
Westerlund, Kong. Svensk. Vet.-Ak. Handl. xiv, no. 12, 1876,
p. 74 ; Paetel,"Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 159 ; Westerlund, Faun, der
Pal. ii, pt. 7, 1890, p. 113.
Original desertion : Testa transversim oblonga, subreniformi,
ttimescente, fusca ; latere postico anticum quater superante ; mar-
gine ventral! nonnihil retuso ; margine cardinali primo ventrali
parallel! et turn, inde a dimidio latitudinis, in rostrum asyminetri-
cum, inferum, descendente ; umbonibus prominulis, erosis ; den-
tibus cardinal! bus par vis, crassiusculis ; dent! bus lateralibus
evolutis.
Long. 32, lat. 76, diam. 24 mm.
Hob. A mountain stream at Gorbitza in Daurien.
There is a single specimen in the National Collection which
is indistinguishable from that in the Indian Museum from the
Upper Indus.
Genus NODULARIA.
Nodularia, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vi, 1853,
p. 268 ; Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst, Nat. Mus.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 806.
TYPE, Unio douylasice, Gray ; China.
Range. China; Japan; Eastern Siberia; Indo-China; India;
Borneo ; Java ; Sumatra ; New Guinea ; Africa.
Shell nodose ; cardinal teeth robust, single in the right valve ;
in each valve the principal cardinal tooth is parallel with the
lateral teeth, or directed towards the posterior extremity of the
shell.
Section NODULARIA (sensu stncto).
See above.
266. Nodularia (Nodularia) digitiformis (Sowerby).
Nodularia (Nodularia) digitiformis (Sowerby) ; Simpson, Washing-
ton, B.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc., xxii, 1900, p. 809.
Unio digitiformis, Sowerby, Conch. loii. xvi, 1868, pi. 65,
fig. 333 ; Pjfitel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890. p. 150.
136 UNIONIDjE.
Original description : Shell narrow, elongated, very tumid, very
thick, covered with a black, smooth epidermis, white within,
anterior teeth large, jagged, posterior teeth laminar, elongated ;
posterior side oblique, angular, acuminated at the end of the
angle, ventral margin slightly swelled posteriorly, then contracted,
straight in the middle; anterior side very short, umbones large.
No dimensions are given with the description, but the following
are taken from Sowerby's figure.
Long. 35*5, lat. 99 mm.
Hob. India.
267. Nodularia (Nodularia) caeruleus (Lea).
Nodularia (Nodularia) caruleus (Lea) ; Simpson, Syn. Naiades,
Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst, Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900,
pp. 811,812.
Unto ccendeus, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. iv,
p. 95, pi. 13, tig. 25 ; Obs. on Uniouidae, i, p. 105, pi. 13,
fig. 25.
Margarita ( Unio) cceruleus, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 26 ; 1838, p. 20.
Margaron (Unio) cantleus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 30; 1870, p. 47.
Unio gerbidoni, Eydoux, in Guer. Mag. de Zool. 1838, p. 9, pi. 118,
tigs. 2, 2 , 2 b ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 6, pi. 12, tig. 2.
Unio substriatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii,
1856, p. 93 ; Obs. on UnionidaB, vi, 1857, p. 20, pi. 26, tig. 14.
Margaron ( Unio) substriatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 47.
Unio humiiis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii, 1856,
p. 93; Obs. on Unionidae, vi, 1857, p. 16, pi. 26, tig. 10.
Margaron ( Unio) humiiis, Lea, Syn. 1870. p. 32.
Unio corrianus, Kiister, Conch.-Cab., Unio, 1861, p. 229, pi. 67,
tig. 5.
Unio leioma, Benson, A. M. N. II. 1862, p. 192 ; H. & T., C. I.
1876, p. 6, pi. 12, fijf. 6.
Unio pilatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, x, 1866,
p. 133; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1868, p. 181,
pi. 38, tig. 95.
Margaron ( Unio) pilatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 47.
Unio evittatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Philadelphia, 1868,
p. 133; Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1868,
p. 279, pi. 38, fig. 92.
Margaron ( Unio) cristatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 47.
Unio trirostris, Sowerby, Couch. Icon, xvi, pi. 65, fig. 331.
Original description : Testa angusto-elliptica, transversa, inaequi-
laterali, subcylindracea ; valvulis tenuibus ; natibus prominulis,
rotundatis ; dentibus cardinalibus lamelliformibus, et in dextra
valvula sola duplicibus ; lateralibus rectis margarita casruleo-alba
et iridescente.
Ha b. Eiver Hooghly.
To the above locality may be added the following, from which
specimens are represented in the Indian Museum, Calcutta : Eam-
pur; Siliguri ; Patna; Jamalpur, Phenchooganj, Central Sylhet;
Barrack Eiver, Silchar ; Darjiling ; Kochk ; Rajputana ; Maub-
hoom; Eohri, Sukkur District, Siud; Saharumpur, United
Provinces ; Lower Nerbudda ; Sambalpur, Bengal ; Bhagulpur ;
Kajmahal ; Umballa; Poonassa; Burwani; Bagh ; Hazrapur.
NODULARIA. 137
A very widely spread form, as will be seen from the list of
localities quoted above ; to a certain degree it varies considerably ;
always corrugatedly sculptured in the umbonal region, this
character may be either restricted to the extreme umbone, or
spread over the greater portion of the surface of the shell.
A number of so-called species have been constituted out of its
many varietal forms, of which, perhaps, that most often quoted is
U. leioma, Benson, but on examination of a large series there can
be no doubt that these must be relegated to synonymy.
Below are given the measurements of four specimens in the
Indian Museum, No. 1 being from Calcutta, No. 2 from Bagh,
No. 3 from Umballa, and No. 4 from Poonassa.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Long 20 17-25 25-25 30mm.
Lat 39-75 30 49-5 56 mm.
Diameter 12 11 18-75 21 mm.
Var. gaudichaudi (Eydoux).
Unio gaudichaudi, Eydoux, Mag. de Zool. 1838, Cl. v, p. 10,
pi. 118, fig. 3.
Margaron (Unio) gaudichaudi, Lea, Syii. 1850, p. 32; 1870,
p. 50.
Nodularia gaudichaudi, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst.,
Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 812.
Shell oval, transverse, inequilateral ; umbones not prominent,
slightly roughened, covered with a periostracum ; the anterior side
is short and rounded ; the posterior is broader and obscurely angled ;
the whole shell slightly swollen ; texture of shell thin, finely or
irregularly striate and covered with a dirty brown or yellowish
periostracum ; interior of shell nacreous, of a pinkish violet
shade ; hinge very narrow and nearly straight, a single, rough and
projecting cardinal tooth appearing on the right valve and two
oblique and unequal cardinal teeth in the left valve; lateral teeth
very thin, smooth, obliquely truncate at the posterior end, the
plates of the opposite valve, between which it fits, of nearly equal
size.
Long. 22-5, lat. 38-25 mm.
Hob. Rivers of Bengal.
Var. keraudreni (Eydoux).
Unio keraudreni, Eydoux, Mag. de Zool. 1838, Cl. v, p. 8, pi. 118,
fig. 1.
Margaron ( Unio) keraudreni, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 30 ; 1870, p. 46.
Shell oblong-ovate, somewhat depressed, very inequilateral,
smooth; anterior side obtuse, short; posterior side gently
attenuated with blunt extremity ; umbones scarcely prominent,
much eroded ; remainder of outer surface covered with a dark
brown periostracum ; interior of shell nacreous and tinged with
138 UXIOSIDJE.
yellowish white ; hinge narrow, rather sinuous in the median part ;
cardinal tooth lamelliform, carious somewhat oblique fitting into
the opposite valve between two small unequal teeth joined at
their base and denticulated above ; posterior lateral tooth lamelli-
form, sharp, inserted in the opposite valve between two lamellae,
quite as narrow as that of the left valve ; muscular scars sub-
circular, the anterior rather deep, the posterior very superficial.
Long. 22-5, lat. 40'5 mm.
Bab. Small streams and marshes of Bengal, it is found in great
profusion in the neighbourhood of Chandernagor.
268. Nodularia (Nodular ia) shurtleffiana (Lea}.
Nodularia (Nodularia) shurtleffiana (Lea) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst, Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, p. 813.
Unto shnrtlejfianus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
viii, 1856, p. 94 ; Obs. on Genus Unio, vi, p. 22, pi. 27, fig. 17 ;
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii, p. 302.
Margaron ( Unto) shurtleffianus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 32.
Original description : Testa minute plicata, elliptica, insequi-
laterali, subcylindracea, postice obtuse angulata, antice rotundata,
ad latus subplanulata ; valvulis subcrassis ; natibus prominulis, ad
apices minute undulatis ; epidermide nrido-lutea ; dentibus car-
dinalibus sublongis, compressis geminisque ; lateralibus longis
subrectisque ; margarita salmonis colore tincta et viridescente.
Hob. Siria Eiver, India (Major Le Conte); Ahmednugger
(SJmrtleff).
There are also specimens in the Indian Museum which cannot
be separated from this species from Myadong and Shuaygoomyo,
Burma. It is of doubtful specific rank, unfortunately very few
specimens have been available for examination ; probably, could a
large series be brought together, it would prove to be but a variety
of N. ccerulea.
The dimensions of three specimens in the British Museum
which agree well with Lea's original figure and description are :
1. 2. 3.
Long 24 22-5 20 mm.
Lat :. 44 44 35 mm.
Diam. 14-25 15 12-75 mm.
269. Nodularia (Nodularia) occata (Lea}.
Nodularia (Nodularia} occata (Lea) ; Simpson, Washington, B.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat., Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 813.
Unio occatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1860,
p. 307 ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1863, p. 398,
pi. 50, fig. 304 ; Ob8. on Genus Unio, x, 1863, p. 34, pi. 50,
fig. 304.
NODULARIA. 139
Margaron (Unio) occatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 31.
Unio macilentus, Benson, A. M.'N. H. x, 1862. p. 187 ; H. & T.,
C. I. p. 5, pi. 10, fig. 2, & p. 62, pi. 154, fig. 5.'
Unio rugosus, H. & T., C. I. p. 62, pi. 154, fig. 3.
Original description: Testa plicata, elliptica, rugoso-occata,
compressa, valde insequilaterali, postice biangulata, antice regu-
lariter rotundata ; natibus prominulis, valde compressis, ad apices
plicis, pulchris divaricatis ; epidermide luteo-oliva et valde rugosa;
dentibus cardinalibus parvis, compressis, obliquis ; lateralibus
sublongis subcurvisque ; margarita alba et valde iridescente.
Hab. Bengal (W. A. Haines).
The dimensions given below are those of a specimen in the
British Museum with locality " Bengal," which, although some-
what larger than that figured by Lea, agrees well with his figure
and description.
Long. 22, lat. 42, diam. 15-25 mm.
It may here be noted that, upon examination, the specimen
no\v in the British Museum, figured by Hanley in the ' Concho-
logia Indica ', pi. 10, fig. 4, and which was most probably copied
by Sowerby in the l Conchologia Iconica ' on pi. 79, fig. 412,
proves to be a very immature example of a totally different
species.
270. Nodularia (Nodularia) pachysoma (Benson).
Nodularia (Nodularia} pachysoma (Benson); Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst, Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 813.
Unio pachysoma, Benson, A.M.N.H. x, 1862, p. 186; H. & T.,
C. I. 1876, p. 6, pi. 12, fig. 1.
Margaron ( Unio) pachysoma, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 63.
Unio pachystoma y Paetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 162.
Original description : Testa transverse ovato-elongata, insequi-
laterali, tenuiuscula, valde tumida, antice brevi rotundata, postice
breviter alata, demum modice acuminata, margine ventral!
subrecto, postice ascendente ; disco laeviusctilo, polito, transverse
striatulo, postice dense striato ; epidermide viridi, fasciis nonnullis
luteis radiisque obscuris ornata, postice cserulescen ti -viridi ; um-
bonibus prominentibus versus apices contiguos minute radiato-
costatis, carina umbonali prominente obtusa, linea secunda
radiata interjacente ; dentibus cardinalibus duplicibus, laminatis,
lateralibus modice elongatis, valvae sinistra} solum duplicibus :
margarita pallide purpurea, interdum salmonis colore tincta.
Long. 23, lat. 44, diam. 22 mm.
Hab. Brahmapootra Eiver, Assam ; also Sawaddy, Burma
(Indian Museum Coll.).
The anterior cicatrices are distinct, the posterior confluent, the
dorsal ones under the cardinal teeth. The inner lamina of the
latter in the left valve is sometimes obsolete.
It differs from U. cceruleus in being more inflated and-devoid of
radiate corrugations on the slopes, the posterior side is excavated
140
and the colour of the interior of the shell also distinguishes it
from that species.
271. Nodularia (Nodularia) chaudhurii, Preston.
Nodularia (Nodularia) chaudhurii, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Cal-
cutta, vii, 1912, p. 290.
Original description : Shell small, rather thin, elongately ovate,
pale olive, covered with a finely laminiferous periostracum ; both
valves concentrically striate, sculptured with irregular, minute,
nodulous, radiate ridges which appear posteriorly as regular corru-
gations ; umbones small, somewhat prominent ; dorsal margin
Fig. 7. 1 & 2. Nodularia (N.) chaudhurii, Preston (type), nat. size.
3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.
slightly arched ; ventral margin straight ; anterior side produced,
rounded : posterior side bluntly rostrate, abruptly sloping above
and below ; hinge teeth elongate, anteriorly projecting ; anterior
scars deep, roundly triangular ; posterior scars scarcely impressed ;
interior of shell iridescent, nacreous, posteriorly corrugate.
Long. 12-75, lat. *J3 mm.
Hob. Upper Burma.
The type is in the Indian Museum.
272. Nodularia (Nodularia) bonneaudi (Eydoux).
Nodularia (Nodularia) bonneaudi (Eydoiix) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 813.
Unio bonneaudi, Eydoux, in Maff. de Zool. 1838, Cl. v, pp. 10-11,
pi. 119, figs. 1, I a ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 10, fig. 6.
Maryaron ( Unio) bonneaudi, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 32 ; 1870, p. 50.
Shell oval, transverse, swollen, inequilateral, of thin texture,
gently sinuous in the median region ; the anterior side obtuse,
short ; posterior side obscurely angled ; umbones scarcely promi-
nent and not eroded ; the outer surface irregularly furrowed by
multitudinous stria?, covered with a thin yellowish green perio-
stracum ; interior of shell nacreous, white ; hinge narrow, the
anterior margin of the right valve bearing two lamelliform teeth
of equal size, the left valve bearing a single rather large crest-like
141
tooth also on the margin, at the base of which appears a second
and much smaller tooth ; posterior lateral gently curved, narrow,
sharp, falling between two equal sized lamellae in the left valve ;
anterior muscular scar moderately to slightly deep, posterior
muscular scar superficial.
Long. 27, lat. 47'25 mm.
Hob. Eivers of India ; Pegu (Ind. Mus. Coll.).
The species seems to vary greatly in shape and colour, some
specimens, in the long series of the Indian Museum Collection,
being posteriorly much more rostrate than others, while in some
the dorsal margin is angled posteriorly and produced anteriorly.
In colour the species seems to vary from pale yellowish green to
dark blackish brown, and thus two extremes might easily be
taken at first sight for different species : there does not seem,
however, to be any clear line of demarcation between the many
varieties, all of which merge into one another when a sufficiently
large series is examined.
273. Nodularia (Nodularia) pugio (Benson).
Nodularia (Nodularia) pugio (Benson) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 814.
Unio pugio, Benson, A. M. N. II. x, 1862, p. 193 ; Sowerby, Concli.
Icon. pi. 45, fig. 516 j H. & T,, C. I. 1876, p. 5, pi. 10, fig. 7.
Original description: Testa transverse elongato-triangulari,
linguaeformi, valde inequilateral!, compressiuscula, crassa, antiee
brevissima, subito descendente rotundata, postice sensim angus-
tiore, cuneiform!, clemum acuminata, margine dorsali recta,
ventral! convexiusculo, postice ascendente; umbonibus late
planatis, laevibus, prominentibus, carina umbonali subito obtuse
angulata, area interjacente versus cardinem descendente ; disco
subplanulato, laeviusculo, substriato ; dente cardinal! (valva>
dextrae)brevi, crassa prominente, radiato-sulcata, laterali elongata,
subduplicata, iutus crenulata : margarita albida, iridescente.
Long. 21, lat. 42, diam. 16 mm.
Hob. Neighbourhood of Ava, Pegu (Indian Mus. Coll.) ; also
recorded from the Barrack River, Silchar.
A curious species whose smooth surface and anteriorly swollen
and posteriorly cuneiform shape easily distinguish it from any
other Indian members of the family.
274. Nodularia (Nodularia) gratiosa (Philippi).
Nodularia (Nodularia) gratiosa (Philippi) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 815.
Unio c/ratiosus, Philippi, Conch, i, 1845, p. 20, pi. l,fig. 5 ; Catlow
& Keeve, Conch. Norn. 1845, p. 59; ? Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio,
1861, p. 239, pi. 80, fig. 3.
Margaron (Unio) f/ratiosus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 32.
142 UNIONID^E.
Original description: Testa rainuta, trans versim oblonga,
antice rotundata, postice latiore subrostrata, rugio radiantibus,
confertissirnis sculpta, sordida lutescente et virescente ; dente
cardinal!, valvae dextrae coinpresso triangular! ; valvae sinistrae
huraili, sub vertice appendiculato ; dentibus lateralibus >alvae
sinistrae geminis ; margarita ex luteo rubente.
Height 156-5, length 273-5, diam. 91 mm.
The species would seeni to be very doubtfully Indian.
275. Nodularia (Nodularia) crispata (Gould).
Nodularia (Nodularia) crispata (Gould) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 835.
Unio crispata, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. i,1843,p. 141 ;
Otia Conch. 1862, p. 191.
Unio crispatus, Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Nom. 1845, p. 58; H. &
T., C. I. 1876, p. 21, pi. 45, tig. 1.
Margaron ( Unto) crispatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 32.
Unio scobinatus, Lea. Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Philadelphia, viii,
1856, p. 93 ; Obs. on Genus Unio, 1857, p. 19, pi. 26, tig. 13.
Margaron ( Unio) scobinatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 32.
Unio mandarinus, Morelet, J. Conchyliol., Paris, xii, 1863, p. 159.
Unio pellis-lacerti, Morelet, J. Conchyliol., Paris, xiii, 1865, p. 22;
Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 86, fig. 457.
Unio venustus, Morelet, J. Conchyliol., Parib, xiv, 1866, p. 63.
Unio oblatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 64.
Original description : Testa ovali-elongata, inaequilaterali, antice
rotundata, postice subrostrata, costaque mnbonali ; umbonibus
parvis ; colore virescente, fusco variegata ; rugis angulatis
radiantibus undique crispata : intus livida ; dentibus parvis
obtusis.
Long. 23, lat. 43, diam. 13 mm.
Hal. Tavoy ; also Siain and Battambong, Cambodia (Indian
Museum Coll.).
A very beautiful species easily recognizable by its curious
sculpture, consisting of dark green, nodulous, waved ridges run-
ning anteriorly in a horizontal, and posteriorly in a longitudinal
direction upon a ground of bright brownish-yellow.
276. Nodularia (Nodularia) scobina (Hanley).
Nodularia (Nodularia} scobina (Hanley) ; Simpson, AVashiugton
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 816.
Unio scobina, Hanley, Rec. Biv. Shells p. 382, pi. 23, fig. 40 ;
Hanley & Theobald, Cat. L. & F. W. Shells Brit. Ind. p. 49 j
H. & t. C. I. pi. 46, fig. 2.
Original description : [Shell] oblong, inequilateral, moderately
thick, rather compressed, with < dark green ray on the anterior
slope, densely covered with raised oorrugations, which, upon the
simple umbonal slope are disposed in somewhat transverse
divergent curved narrow folds, are angularly met beyond it by
similar raised wrinkles, are arranged upon the hinder extremity in
NODTJLARIA. 143
short subtransverse angularly flexuous lines, and elsewhere are
broken into short zigzags, or angular dots (like a worn out rasp) ;
dorsal and ventral edges subparallel, the latter straightish, a
little retuse ; anterior side bluntly biangulated ; umbones eroded,
not prominent ; nacre bluish, iridescent in front ; anterior
lateral tooth elongated, posterior lateral tooth very short, much
elevated The primary tooth, in the only valve known to me,
is a mere callus.
Long. 18, lat. 32 mm.
Hob. Assam ; Seebsaugor (Indian Mus. Coll.).
The dimensions of two specimens in the Indian Museum are :
1. 2.
Long 13 12'5 mm.
Lat 23 22 mm.
Diam 6'7o 7 mm.
277. Nodularia (Nodularia) andersoniana (Nevill).
Unto andersonianus, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 40 ; Yunnan
Exp. pi. 80, fig. 9.
Original description : Shell allied to U. pachysoma, Bens., and
to some of the varieties of U. cceruleus. Lea. It is easily distin-
guished from U. bonneaudi by its more irregular shape, thinner
texture, by the acute angulation, greater production posteriorly,
and by the more developed sculpture ; a constant character also is
the pink colour of the nacre, which in U. bonneaudi is bluish
white, this is equally distinct and characteristic in young as in old
specimens.
Long. 15-5, lat. 32, diam. 11-75 mm.
Hob. Myadong, Burma.
278. Nodularia (Nodularia) theobaldi, Preston.
Nodularia (Nodularia) theobaldi, Preston, Rec. lud. Mus. Calcutta,
vii, 1912, p. 292.
Orif/inal description: Shell ovately rectangular, very slightly
curved, gaping anteriorly, moderately solid, concentrically striate,
covered with a dark olivaceous periostracum ; umbones small,
not prominent ; dorsal margin somewhat arched, ventral margin
slightly excavated in the median region, otherwise straight ;
anterior side slightly produced and somewhat sharply rounded ;
posterior side very obtusely rostrate, steeply sloping above, then
sharply rounded and again sloping inwards below ; cardinal teeth
in right valve roughly triangular, jagged, somewhat inwardly pro-
jecting, fitting between two teeth in the left valve, which are
roughened and of which the anterior is rather broad and massive ;
lateral teeth in both valves elongate and nearly straight ; anterior
144
UNTOXID^E.
scars somewhat deeply excavated, especially above ; posterior scars
ovate, lightly impressed ; interior of shell nacreous shading from
Fig. 8.--1 & 2. Nodularia (N.} theobaldi, Preston (type), nat. size.
3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.
pale flesh-colour to bluish iridescent, especially towards the
posterior margins.
Long. 34, lat. 60, diam. 19 mm.
Hob. Manipur.
The type is in the Indian Museum.
279. Nodularia (Nodularia) olivaria (Lea).
Nodularia (Nodularia} olivaria (Lea) Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst.,,Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 817.
Unto olivarius, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. iv,
(n. s.) p. 108, pi. 16, fig. 38 ; Obs. Genus Unio, i, p. 118, pi. 16,
fig. 33 ; H. & T., C. I. p. 5, pi. 10, fig. 1.
Margarita ( Unio) olivarius, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 26 ; 1838, p. 20 ;
1852, p. 30; 1870, p. 47.
Unio pumilio, Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1862, p. 268, pi, 90,
fig. 7.
Original description : Testa ovata, transversa, inflata, pellucida ;
valvulis pertenuibus ; natibus prominulis ; epidermide pertenui,
lajve et oliv* colorem habente ; dentibus cardinalibus magnis
NODULAEIA. 145
laminatis erectisque, lateralibus laminatis brevibusque; margarita
pertenui albaque.
Long. 20, lat. 38, diam. 18 mm.
Hob. Burrill River (Dr. Burrougli) ; specimens in British
Museum from Moradabad, Agra, and E/ohilkund Streams (the last
figured in Conch. Icon. pi. x, fig. 1); in Indian Museum from
Assam and Saharanpur.
The above description is amplified by the following note :
" Shell ovate, transverse, inequilateral, inflated, pellucid : sub-
stance of the shell very thin ; beaks slightly elevated, rounded
and devoid of undulations : ligament very small : epidermis olive,
very thin and smooth : rays obscure : cardinal teeth large, erect,
and lameliiform ; lateral teeth short and lamelliform : anterior
cicatrices slightly confluent : posterior cicatrices confluent : dorsal
cicatrices not perceptible : cavity of the beaks wide : nacre very
thin and bluish white.
"Remarks. It is a perfectly distinct species, and
may easily be recognised by its form, its pellucidness and its
smooth olive-coloured epidermis. It somewhat resembles a young
Anodonta on the exterior, but the elevated lamelliform teeth
easily distinguish it from that genus. Its resemblance to a
Spanish olive is very striking."
280. Nodularia (Nodularia) nuttalliana (Lea).
Nodularia (Nodularia) nuttalliana (Lea) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 817.
27mb nuttallianus, Lea, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii,
1856, p. 103 ; Obs. Genus Z7mb, vi, 1857, p. 30, pi. 30, fig. 25 ;
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii, 1858, p. 310, pi. 30,
fig. 25 ; H. & T., C. I. p. 19, pi. 41, figs. 5, 6.
Margaron ( Unio) nuttallianus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 74.
Original description : Testa laevi, elliptica, subinflata, inaequi-
laterali ; valvulis tenuibus ; natibus prominulis ; epidermide
olivacea, eradiata, valde polita ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, rectis,
compressis crenulatisque ; lateralibus subcurtis, subrectis lamella-
tisque ; margarita salmonis colore tincto et iridescente.
ffab. India (Prof. Thomas Nuttall).
No dimensions are given with the above description; there are,
however, several specimens of the species in the British and
Indian Museum Collections, of which the measurements of three
are as follows ; No. 1 being in the British and Nos. 2 and 3 in the
Indian Museum.
1. 2. 3.
Long 23-25 19 17'75 mm.
Lat 38 31-25 28'5 mm.
Diam 15 11-5 10'5 mm.
Allied to N. olivaria, but of a darker colour and more convex,
with more rounded ventral margin and generally ovate form.
146 VNIONIIHE.
281. Nodularia (Nodularia) involuta (Benson).
Nodularia (Nodularia) involuta (Benson) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 817.
Unio involutus (Benson), in Hanley, Rec. Biv. Shells, 1856, p. 385,
pi. 23, fig. 19 j H. & T., C. I. p. 19, pi. 41, tig. 2.
Original description : Peaked ovate, not so very inequilateral,
compressed in front, swollen in the umbonal region, thin, polished,
rather pale green, very obscurely subradiated ventrally with ochre-
yellow, rather tinged with blue dor sally, marked with 2 or 3 dark
green lines on the anterior slope, partially marked with some
close and regular shallow groove-like posterior wrinkles, elsewhere
smooth ; ventral edge strongly arcuated and much rising behind,
less curved yet almost equally rising in front; anterior side
tapering to a blunt subcentral peak, no uinbonai ridge ; hinder
dorsal edge nearly straight, scarcely sloping ; umbones swollen,
prominent, with a few longitudinal corrugations ; beaks incurved ;
nacre silvery ; umbonal cavity ample ; lateral teeth large, laminar,
raised, the shorter one very elevated at its extremity.
"In the single specimen described from, there is no cardinal
tooth, but the hinge-plate is elevated beneath the umbones."
Long. 34, lat. 48 mm.
Hob. Assam.
A curiously thin, smooth, boat-shaped form which is consider-
ably inflated, the diameter respectively of a right and left valve
in the British Musum Collection being 10*75 and 9'5 mm.
Section EADIATULA.
Radiatula, Simpson, Washington D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 820.
TYPE, Unio crispisulcatus, Benson ; Burma.
Range. Burma ; Assam ; Cambodia.
Original description'. Shell rather solid, triangular oval, with
high beaks which are but little inflated, not very full at post base,
bluntly pointed behind, the beaks and entire surface covered with
radiating, occasionally slightly zigzag or divaricate ridges, which
are cut more or leg's into nodules or cancellations by concentric
sulcations; the sculpture of the posterior slope stronger, and
curving upward ; pseudocardinals of the left valve 2 to 3, ragged,
the anterior larger, two in the right valve, with a parallel-sided
socket, the larger teeth compressed but rather solid.
282. Nodularia (Radiatula) crispisulcata (Benson).
Nodularia (Radiatula) crispisulcata (Benson) ; Simpson, Wash-
ington, D.O., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 820.
tfODULABIA. 147
Unio crispisulcatus, Lea, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 193 ; Sowerby,
Conch. Icon, xvi, 1866, pi. 49, fig. 262.
Margaron ( Unio) crispisulcatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 149.
Original description : Testa transverse subovata, subinsequi-
laterali ; antice rotundata, postice superne descendente, leviter
angulata, demum obtuse angulata, crassiuscula, compressiuscula ;
disco convexiusculo minutissime radiatim rugoso-costulato, costulis
nonnullis acute divaricatis, posterioribus latioribus ; umbonibus
prominentibus, contiguis, apicibus acutiuseulis ; epidermide luteo-
olivacea, postice fuscata, hie illic nonnunquam viridiscente ;
dentibus cardinalibus utriusque valvae duplicibus, lamellatis, late-
ralibus obliquis, modice elongatis, valvze sinistrae duplicibus :
margarita cseruleo-albida iridescente.
Long. 28, lat. 45, diam. 36 mm.
Hob. Bangong Eiver near Thyet-Myo, Burma (W. Theobald) ;
Pegu (Indian Mus. Coll.).
To the above description is appended the following note :
" The anterior cicatrices are distinct, the posterior confluent,
the apical ones above the moderate angular cavity, and running
under the cardinal tooth.
*' The delicate sculpture over the whole disk of this shell is
peculiar. In form it does not approach any Gangetic type."
A well-marked and apparently very constant form, the large
series of about twenty-three specimens in the Indian Museum
Collection, from the Irrawaddy near Thyetmio and Pegu, practi-
cally showing no variation whatever.
283. Nodularia (Radiatula) lima, Simpson.
Nodularia (Radiatula} lima, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst,, Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 820.
Unio radula (Benson), Hanley, Rec. Biv. Shells, Supp. 1856, p. 382,
pi. 23, fig. 41 ; H. & T., C. I. p. 5, pi. 10, fig. 3.
Dysonomia radtila, Eochebrune, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris vi, 1882,
p. 42.
Original description : Transversely oboval, inequilateral, not
very thick, rather compressed, olivaceous, sculptured as in U. sco-
bina, but rather more linearly and transversely ; ventral and front
dorsal edges convex and subparallel; hinder extremity rounded,
narrower : umbonal ridge inconspicuous, umbonal slope simple ;
neither the eroded umbones nor the ligament prominent ; nacre
bluish ; umbonal cavity shallow ; hinder tooth strong, complicated ;
front lateral tooth elongated, a little curved.
Long. 19, lat. 32 mm.
Hah. Assam ; Siliguri and Sikkiin (Indian Mus. Coll.).
Extremely variable in sculpture and form ; in some speci-
mens the corrugations extend over the whole surface of the shell,
while in others they are confined merely to the umbonal region ;
in general outline it varies from ovate to trapezoidal as the
L2
148 . UNIONIDvE.
following measurements of four specimens in the Indian Museum
show:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Long 19 19 14 16-25 mm.
Lat 33-5 31-25 22'5 23 mm.
Diam 12 11-25 8-75 9-25 mm.
Var. siliguriensis, Preston.
Unio siliguriensis, Preston, Kec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, ii, p. 47 (fig.
in text) ; op. cit. vii, p. 293, as N. (JR.) lima, var. siliguriensis.
Original description : Shell inequilateral, ovate oblong, reddish
brown, sculptured with concentric lines of growth and oblique
transverse wrinkles, these latter being especially marked poste-
riorly ; anterior side rounded ; posterior side acuminately rounded ;
dorsal margin arched ; ventral margin very slightly contracted in
the middle ; umbones much eroded ; interior of shell iridescent,
pale bluish white.
Long. 21, lat. 37'75 mm.
Hdb. Siliguri, N. Bengal.
Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Genus PHYSUNIO.
Physunio, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 830.
TYPE, Unio gravidus, Lea, from Siam, Cambodia, and Cochin
China.
Range. Siam ; Cochin China ; Cambodia ; Sumatra ; Assam.
Original description : Shell thin, irregularly obovate, narrowed
in front, decidedly produced at post base, pointed behind, and
posteriorly winged, with a moderate posterior ridge and often a
second or third faint ridge above it ; beak sculpture zigzag radial,
somewhat disposed in two sets, the one down the posterior ridge
slightly nodulous ; posterior slope having irregular radial corru-
gations, the rest of the shell smooth ; epidermis often cloth-like,
with one or more green rays on the posterior slope ; hinge-line
curved ; a single obliquely granularly striate pseudocardinal and
generally three laterals in the left valve, and two pseudocardinals
and two laterals in the right, all greatly compressed ; beak cavities
deep ; muscle scars irregular ; nacre bright, bluish, and iridescent.
Animal unknown.
Section LENS.
Lens, Simpson, Washington, D.O., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc.
xxii, 1900, p. 831.
TYPE, Unio eximms, Lea, from Siam and Cambodia.
PHYSUNIO. PSEUDODOX. 149
Range. Slain ; Cambodia ; Assam.
Shell sublenticular ; three laterals of left valve distinct ; cavity
of the beaks compressed.
284. Physunio (Lens) velaris (Sowerby).
Physunio (Lens) velaris (Sowerby) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst, Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 831.
Unto velaris, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 72, fig. 368 ;
Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii. 1890, p. 171 ; Benson in Hanley, Rec.
Biv. Shells, p. 385, pi. 23, fig. 42.
Original description : Shell small, thin, rather compressed, pale
green, neither radiated nor sculptured ; anterior extremity very
narrow; posterior side winged, ventral margin arcuated, rising
abruptly anteriorwards, beaks very acute, prominent, lunule exca-
vated ; nacre white ; cardinal teeth large, lamellar, approximate.
The following note is appended to Sowerby's description :
"The abrupt fall of the front dorsal margin in this symphonote
species give a seeming projection to the beaks. Both dorsal edges
are angulated above, and rounded off below ; the hinder dorsal
edge is much elevated. The compression of the valves is espe-
cially conspicuous on the anterior portion of the shell."
As the author gives no dimensions the following are taken from
the figure in the k Conch. Icon/
Long. 55, lat. 59 '5 mm.
Hub. Assam.
Genus PSEUDODON.
Pseudodon, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1844, p. 161.
TYPE, Anodonta inoscularis, Gould, from the Salwen Eiver,
Burma.
Range. Siain and Indo-China ; Burma; China; Java; Sumatra;
Borneo ; Malacca ; Nicobars ; Japan.
Hinge margin with a tooth-like apophysis on each valve, the
surface of which is not fractured, but smoothly covered with
enamel, fitting into corresponding undulations in the opposite
valve, that on the right valve closing in front of that on the left.
Section TRIGONODON.
Trigonodon, Conrad, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1865,
p. 233.
TYPE, Monocondylcea peyuensis, Anthony, var. crebristriata,
Anthony; Pegu.
Range. Burma; Cambodia.
Oval, somewhat compressed, with a prominent triangular
cardinal tooth in each valve, with a deep pit behind it for the
reception of the tooth of the opposite valve.
150 UNIONID^E.
285. Pseudodon (Trigonodon) peguensis (Anthony).
Monocondylcea peguensis, Anthony, Am. Journ. Conch, i, 1865,
p. 205, pi. 17, fig. 2.
Margaron (Monocondylcea) peguensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 73.
Pseudodon crebristriatnm var. peguensis, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 5,
pi. 9, fig. 5.
Pseudodon (Trigonodon) crebristriatus var. peguensis, Simpson,
Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900,
p. 835.
Original description: Shell smooth, rhombic-ovate, inequilateral,
somewhat inflated, sub-biangular behind ; substance of the shell
thick; beaks rather prominent, eroded, but apparently not undu-
lated ; ligament short, thin ; epidermis dark brown or nearly
black, smooth over the umbones and on the anterior portion of
the shell, but having the sub-truncate posterior portion nearly
covered with distinct corrugated folds, more prominent near the
hinge margin ; cardinal teeth prominent, curved and slightly
bilobed, particularly in the right valve; anterior cicatrices con-
fluent ; dorsal cicatrices deeply impressed, placed in a curved line
under the beaks ; nacre light salmon-colour and very iridescent.
Long. 57, lat. 81, diam. 33 mm.
Hob. Pegu.
Yar. crebristriatus (Anthony).
Monocondylcea crebristriata, Anthony, Am. Journ. Conch, i. 1865,
p. 205, pi. 18, fig. 1.
Trigonodon crebristriata, Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch, i, 1865,
p. 233.
Unio crebristriatus, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 95,
fig. 517.
Margaron (Monocondylcea) crebristriata, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 72.
Pseudodon crebristriatus, H. & T., C. I. p. 5, pl/9,fig. 3.
Unio vondembmchi, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, pi. 95, fig. 518.
Pseudodon (Trigonodon) crebristriatus, Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 835.
Original description. Shell rhombic, strongly striate, very
inequilateral, depressed, bi-angular behind ; substance of the shell
rather thick ; beaks not prominent, eroded, having no indication
of any undulations at the tip ; epidermis light brown, with occa-
sionally broad green rays on the posterior slope ; the umbones
and, indeed, the surface is covered with crowded, fine, crenulose
striae, which, on the posterior slope, are crossed at right angles
with prominent, regular folds ; cardinal teeth prominent, erect,
bilobed in the left valve ; anterior cicatrices deeply impressed,
distinct ; posterior cicatrices confluent and indistinct ; dorsal
cicatrices small, but distinct, and placed at the base of the pro-
minent tooth in the left valve, while in the right valve they are
PSEUDODON.
151
less distinct and placed a little more posteriorly ; nacre light
salmon, iridescent.
Long. 32, lat. 53, diam. 13 mm.
Hob. Pegu.
Comparing the present variety with what must be considered
the typical form of P. peguensis, the author makes the following
observations : " .... uniformly more depressed, lighter coloured ;
more regularly rhombic in form, and of less size ; but the most
2
Fig. 9. 1 & 2. Pseudodon ( T.) peguensis (Ant.) vr. curvata, Preston.
(Type.) Nat. siafie.
3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.
prominent difference consists in the beautiful crenulose striae of
the present species, which are densely crowded over the whole
surface of the shell, while M. [P.'] peguensis is remarkably smooth
over all except the posterior slope, and there the rugose folds are
broader and less numerous than in M. [P.] crebristriata ; the lines
of growth are also more numerous in M. [P.] peguensis, generally
about 8, while crebristriata has rarely more than 3.
152 TJNIONIDJB.
Var. curvata, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, vii, 1912,
p. 295.
Shell having the ventral margin more curved, and generally
less ovate in shape than in the typical form.
Hob. Pegu.
Type in the Indian Museum.
Section PSEUDODON.
Pseudodon, Gould. 1884.
For characters and type see description of genus above.
Range. Siam and Indo-China ; Burma; China; Java; Sumatra;
Borneo ; Malacca ; Mcobar Islands.
286. Pseudodon (Pseudodon) inoscularis (Gould).
Pseudodon (Pseudodon) inoscularis (Gould) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. lust, Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 847.
Anodon inoscularis, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1844,
p. 160 ; H. & T., C. I. p. 5, pi. 9, fig. 2.
Maryaron (Monocondylcea) inoscularis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 73.
Margaritana inoscularis, Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 173.
Original description : Testa transverse oblonga, sub-ovata,
solida, subventricosa, picea : umbonibus parum elevatis ; margiue
supra brevi, recto, ad angulum posticum rotundato, postice sub-
truncato ; infra arcuata ; utraque valva processu cardinal! crassa,
dentiformi, instructa, uno ante altero aptante ; margarita albida ;
impressione musculari antico profundo.
Long. 44, lat. 76, diam. 28 mm.
Hob. Salwen Kiver, Burma ; Tenasserim (Indian Mus. Coll.).
287. Pseudodon (Pseudodon) salwenianus (Gould).
Pseudodon (Pseudodon) salwenianus (Gould) ; Conrad, Am. Journ.
Conch, i, 1865, p. 233.
Anodon salwenianus, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1844,
p. 160.
Anodonta salweniana, Gould, Otia Conch. 1862, p. 193.
Unio salwenianus, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 94, fig. 513.
Margaron (Monocondylcea) salweniana, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 72.
Pseudodon salwenianum, H. & T., C. I. p. 5, pi. 9, fig. 4.
Monocondylcea salweniana, Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 174.
Original description : Testa trapezoidea, compressa, subtenui,
retro dilatata, postice truncata, colore picea ; supra costam um-
bonalem radiatirn plicata : umbonibus parum elevatis ; margine
superior! recta, compressa, ligamentum occultante, ante umbonibus
excavata ; utraque valva processu dentiformi cardinali, uno ante
altero aptante, instructa ; cavitate minime profunda ; impres-
sionibus muscularibus rninime impressis ; margarita sub-livida.
PSEUDODOtf. 153
Long. 59, lat. 140, diam. 32 mm.
Hob. Salwen River, Burma; Tenasserim River (Lid. Mus.
Coll).
288. Pseudodon (Pseudodon) nicobaricus (Morch).
Pseudodon (Pseudodon) nicobaricus (Morch) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 838.
Alasmodonta (subg. ?) nicobarica, O. Fabiicius ; Morch, J. Conchyliol.,
Paris, xx, 1872, p. 327.
Original description : Testa irregulariter ovalis, convexiuscula ;
strise incrementi irregulares ; diraidium testae marginem versus
olivaceum, fasciis obscurioribus, radiis numerosioribus, obsoletis,
obscure viridibus. Intus argeutea, postice iridescens. Umbones
plani, erosi, antice siti ; margo dorsalis parum arcuatus, (inargo)
anticus rotundatus, angustior, (margo) ventralis antice et postice
sat arcuatus, medio leviter inflexus, (margo) post, angustus leviter
reflexus. Dentes cardinis fere oinnino evanescentes, dens lat.
post, linearis obsoletissimus.
Anodonta zollingeri, Mousson (Java, p. 96, t. 18, fig. 1), affinis,
sed species Fabricii differt : margine ventrali arcuato, postice
subito ascendente, nee non margine dorsalis declivi, baud arcuato.
Hob. Nicobar Islands (0. Fabricius).
The species was described from a single specimen without figure
or dimensions being given, it does not seem to have come to light
again at any time.
Section BINEURUS.
Bineurus, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 839.
TYPE, Monocondylcea mouhoti, Lea, from Cambodia and Siain.
Range. Cambodia; Siam ; Perak ; Burma.
Original description : Shell elongate rhomboid, thin, rounded in
front, widely and feebly biangulate behind, having two or more
raised radiating lines on the posterior slope, which is somewhat
obliquely wrinkled ; beaks low ; surface finely, irregularly, con-
centrically grooved ; epidermis olive ; teeth smooth, compressed ;
nacre bluish.
Animal unknown.
289. Pseudodon (Bineurus) ava (Theobald).
Pseudodon (Bineurus) ava (Theobald) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 839.
Monocondylcea ava, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1873, pt. 2, p. 209,
pi. 17, fig. 15.
Original description : Testa oblonga, solidiuscula, antica rotun-
data, postice curvatim truncata. Margine ventrali recto ; liga-
mentali convexo. Umbonibus decorticatis. Epidermide picea in
junioribus luteo-flavescente lineis tenuibus obscure radiatim
154 UNIONID^E.
notata. Testa increment! lineis concentrice rugata, postice plicis
paucis raro notata et valde evaneseentibus. Dentibus minimis
ut in M. salweniana. Nacrea cserulescente, unibones versus
flavescente.
Long. 52, lat. 96, diam. 28 mm.
Hob. Near Mandalay.
Allied to P. salwenianus, but differing from that species in its
more elongate form and smoother surface ; young specimens
occasionally show traces of sculpture on the posterior slope, but
this character disappears when adult.
Genus PARREYSIA.
Parreysia, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1853,
p. 267 ; Simpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, xxii, 1900,
p. 840.
TYPE, Unio multidentatus, Philippi. Said to come from
Australia but probably an Indian shell.
Range. India ; Burma ; Indo-China ; China.
Shell solid, inflated, oval to subrhomboid, with full, high, zigzag,
radially sculptured beaks, the sculpture often extending over the
disk ; epidermis smooth and bright, sometimes a little rayed, with
two irregular pseudocardinals in the left valve which are more or
less broken into ragged denticles or are strongly, vertically striate,
and two laterals, the lower the larger; right valve with one,
sometimes two pseudocardinals, the upper small, compressed, and
a few tubercles behind them, with two laterals, the upper the
larger ; cavity of the beaks rather deep, not compressed ; dorsal
scars under the hinge, not visible ; the two upper anterior muscle
scars very deep, confluent, the lower linear ; nacre white to
salmon, iridescent behind.
Animal unknown.
Conrad's name appears to be a nomen nudum and Simpson's
description is therefore that given above.
Subgenus PARREYSIA (sensu stricto).
Parreysia, Conrad, 1853.
.For type, range and characters see description of genus above.
290. Parreysia (Parreysia) corrugata (Miiller). .
Parreysia (Parreysia) corruqata (Miiller) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst, Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 841.
Mya corrugata, Miiller, Verm. Terr, et Fluv. 1774, pt. 2, p. 214 ;
Besch. Ges. Berl. iv, 1779, p. 56, pi. 36, figs. 7, 8; Gmelin, Syst.
Nat. 13th ed. 1788, p. 3221; Schroter, Flussconch. 1779,
p. 181, pi. 9, fig. 3 ; Wood, Gen. Conch, i, 1815, p. 108, pi. 24,
figs. 1-3; Dillwyn, Cat. i, 1817, p. 52; Mawe, Linn. Conch.
1823, pi. 4, fig. 3 ; Wood, Ind. Test. 1825, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 31 a ;
1856, rev. ed. p. 16, pi. 2, fig. 31.
PAEKETSIA. 155
Unio corrugata, Lamarck, An. sans Vert, vi, 1819, p. 78 ; Deshayes,
Enc. Meth. ii, 1827, p. 584, pi. 248, fig. 8.
Unio (Potamida) corrugata, Swainson, Tr. on Mai. 1840, p. 268,
fig. 51 ; p. 281, fig. 57.
Unio corrugata, Retzius, Diss. Hist. Nat. 1778, p. 18; Speugler,
Skriv. Selsk. Nat. iii, 1793, p. 68 ; Hanley, Test. Moll. 1842,
p. 197 ; Biv. Shells, 1843, p. 197 ; Catlow & Reeve, Conch.
Nona. 1845, p. 57 ; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1857,
pp. 493, 497 ; Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1862, p. 289, pi. 97,
figs. 3, 4 : Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1867, p. 136 ; Sowerby,
Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 71, fig. 360; H. & T., C. I. 1876,
p. 21, pi. 45, figs. 2-5 ; Pa>tel, Conch. Sam, iii, 1890, p. 149.
Margarita ( Unio) corrugatus, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 29 ; 1838, p. 21.
Margaron ( Unio) corrugatus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 20 ; 1870, p. 30.
Mya spuria, Gmelin, Syst. Nat, 13th ed. 1788, p. 3222; Wood,
Gen. Conch, i, 1815, p. 110; Lamarck, An. sans Vert, vi, 1819,
p. 80.
Mya gaditana, Schreiber's Versuch. 1793.
Unio multidentatus, Philippi, Conch, iii, 1847, p. 46, pi. 3, fig. 4 ;
Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1856, p. 136, pi. '36, fig. 5; Psetel,
Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 160.
Margaron ( Unio) multidentatm, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 50.
Unio fulmineus, Philippi, Conch, iii, 1847, p. 46, pi. 3, figs. 5, 6 ;
Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1862, p. 286, pi. 96, figs. 2, 3 ; Psetel,
Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 153.
Unio lutens, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii, 1856,
p. 93; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii, 1857, p. 291,
pi. 24, fig. 4 ; Obs. Genus Unio, vi, 1857, p. 11, pi. 24, fig. 4.
Margaron (Unio) lutens, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 46.
? Unio semirugatus, Chenu, Conch, iii, 1858, pi. 12, figs. 2, 2 a.
Unio merodabensis, Kiister, Conch-Cab., Unio. 1861, p. 233, pi. 78,
fig. 4; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 142; Psetel, Conch.
Sam. iii, 1890, p. 159.
Unio ivynegungaensis, II. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 21, pi. 45, fig.6.
Unio tennenti, II. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 22, pi. 45, figs. 7 & 9; Psetel,
Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 169.
Unio phayresi, Theobald MSS.
Original description. Testa viridescens, tenera, pellucida, ab
utraque cardinis parte et in natibus striis elevaiis rugosis, figuraque
a prsBcedente distincta. Valvulse intus striis radiantibus, sub-
tilissimus notantur. Csetera uti in praecedente. Epidermide
remota margaritacea evadit.
Hob. Rivers of Coromandel.
The species has a wide range and is represented in the Indian
Museum Collection by a long series of specimens, definite localities
for which are as follows: Garchiroti Tabsil: River Dukkaree
near Uniballa ; Ceylon ; Sewan, close to the Indus ; Gudur,
Madras Presidency; Manbhoom; Patna; Berhampore; Murshi-
dabad District; Brahmapuri Tahsil; Bangalore; Phenchooganj,
Sylhet ; Singpai Garki, Nepal ; Arrah. Assam.
As the original description is short and somewhat inadequate,
the following taken from the ' Conchologia Iconica ' may be of
interest : Testa parva, viridi, subventricosa, magis minusve ovali,
vix inaequilaterali, laevigata, paucis autem linearibus obliquis nates
156
versus eminentes subradiata ; rnargine dorsali vix declivi, antice
concavo ; margiDe ventral! convexo ; lunula distincta margarita
albida, dentibus cardinalibus validis, laciniatis, haud laminatis.
Shell small, green, subventricose (but varying in shape from
elliptic to rounded oval), scarcely inequilateral, smooth, except
near the prominent beaks, which are adorned with somewhat
radiating, oblique, linear ridges ; dorsal edges not much sloping,
the front one concave ; ventral margin convex ; lunule well
marked, nacre nearly white, cardinal teeth strong, jagged, not
lamellar.
No dimensions being given in either of the above descriptions
the following are taken from three specimens in the Indian
Museum collection ; No. 1 being a specimen from the Biver
Dukaree, and Nos. 2 & 3 from Ceylon :
1. 2. 3.
Long 32-5 24-5 2075 mm.
Lat 42-75 36 28 mm.
Diarn 19-25 17'5 14-25 mm.
Var. fragilis, H. $ T., C. I. p. 21, pi. 45, fig. 4.
Presumably a thin form.
Long. 29, lat. 41 mm.
Var. Isevirostris (Benson} ; Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 842.
Unio lavirostris, Benson, A. M. N. II. x, 1862, pp. 191-192 ;
Blanford, J. A. S. B. Calcutta, xxxv, 1862, p. 144.
Unio corrugatus, var. Icevirostris, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 21, pi. 44,
tigs. 5-6.
Original description : Testa transverse oblonga, subovata, valde
inaequilaterali, crassiuscula, medio subtumida, antice superne
breviter angulata, deinde ro tun data, postice superne sensim
convexe descendente ; demum rotundata, margine ventrali con-
vexiusculo ; disco Iseviusculo, concentrice leviter striato ; epi-
dermide olivaceo-viridi, fusco fasciata; umbonibus convexis,
decorticatis, obsolete radiato-sulcatis, apicibus prominentibus,
approximatis ; lunula, impressa, elliptica ; ligamento elongate ;
dentibus cardinalibus brevibus, crassiusculis, eroso-sulcatis, later-
alibus subobliquis, elongatiusculis, rectis, utriusque valvae duplic-
ibus ; margarita colore salmonis vix tincta.
Long. 28, lat. 50, diam. 20 mm.
Hob. Streams and ponds near Chunar above Benares ; repre-
sented in the Indian Museum collection by localized specimens
from the Chittagong Hills, Sudiya and Arrah.
Benson's description is supplemented by a short note from
which the following quotation is taken : " It has two indistinctly
raised dark rays on the posterior slope. The gradually compressed
PABBEYSIA. 157
form of the hinder edge of the shell contrasts strongly with the
inflated form of the central portion. Anterior and posterior
cicatrices confluent, apical ones under the cardinal tooth."
The variety sometimes attains a considerable size, a specimen
in the Indian Museum collection from the Chittagong Hills
having the following dimensions :
Long. 43-25, lat. 70, diam. 27 mm.
Var. nagpoorensis (Lea) ; Simpson, Washington, DC., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 842 ; H. & T., C. I. p. 21,
pi. 45, fig. 3.
Unia nagpoorensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii,
1859, p. 331; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1860,
p. 270, pi. 45, fig. 150; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, 1860, p. 88, pi. 45,
tig. 150; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 143.
Margaron ( Unio} naypoorensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 38.
Unio corrugatus, Mull., var. naypoorensis, H. &T., C. I. 1876, p. 21 ;
Psetel, Conch. Sam. 1890, p. 149.
Original description : Testa Ia3vi, subtriangulari, subinflata,
inaBquilaterali, postice biangulata, antice rotunda ; valvulis sub-
tenuibus, antice crassioribus ; natibus prominentibus, epidermide
rufo-fusca, striata eradiata, dentibus cardinalibus parvis, com-
pressis, obliquis, crenulatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus ; lateral-
ibus longis, lamellatis curvisque ; niargarita salmonis colore
paulisper tincta et iridescente.
Hob. Ambajari Tank, Nagpoor, Bengal (C. M. Wheatley).
Specimens in the Indian Museum Collection are localized as
follows : Poona ; Grudur ; Madras Presidency (G. H. Tipper) ;
Grodavery River.
The dimensions of an average specimen are : long. 30, lat. 46,
diam. 22*75 mm.
291. Parreysia (Parreysia) wynegungaensis (Lea).
Parreysia (Parreysia) wynegungaensis (Lea) : Simpson,Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii,' 1900, p. 842.
Unio wynegungaensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1859 (1860) p. 331 ; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, p. 89, pi. 45, fig. 151 ;
Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 143 ; Sowerby, Conch.
Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 67, p. 339 ; Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890,
p. 172.
Margaron (Unio) wynegungaensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 50.
Original description : Testa Ia3vi, elliptica, inflata, maaqui-
laterali, postice sub-biangulata, antice oblique rotundata ; valvulis
subcrassis, antice crassioribus ; natibus prominentibus, ad apices
valde divaricate undulatis ; epidermide luteo-oliva, micante, obso-
lete radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus subcrassis, suberectis. valde
crenulatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus ; lateralibus sublongis,
crassis subrectisque ; margarita salmonis colore paulisper tincta et
iridescente.
'158
Hob. Wynegunga Biver, 30 miles east of Nagpoor, in the
Deccan, Bengal (C. M. Wheatley).
The following localities are attached to specimens in the Indian
Museum Collection : Damuda ( W. T. Blanford) ; Surat ; Sambal-
pur ; G-odavery River ( W. T. Blanford} ; Barod, about 130 miles
S.W. of Sepree.
The dimensions of three average specimens are as follows :
No. 1 being those of the specimen figured by Hanley in the
1 Conchologia Indica,' and now in the British Museum Collection.
1. 2. 3.
Long 29 33-25 36 mm.
Lat 42 51 55 mm.
Diam. 17'25 19-5 21mm.
292. Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens (Benson).
Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens (Benson) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, pp. 842-843.
? Mya spuria, Wood, Ind. Test. 1825, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 35 a.
Unio favidens, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 188 ; J. A. S. B. xxxv,
1867, p. 138; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 6, pi. 11, fig. 1; Reeve,
Conch. Icon, xvi, 1865, pi. 26, fig. 131 ; Pajtel, Conch. Sam. iii,
1890, p. 152.
Maryaron (Unio) favidens, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 38.
Unioflavidens, Paetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 152.
Unio trirostriSy Musgrave, Hanley, Phot. Conch. 1863, pi. 2, fig. 9;
H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 6, pi. 11, fig. 6; Paetel, Conch. Sam. iii,
1890, p. 170.
Unio tripartitus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vii,
1863, p. 190; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1866,
p. 57, pi. 19, fig. 55 ; Lea, Obs. Genus Unio, xi, 1867, p. 61,
pi. 19, tig. 55.
Margaron (Unto) tripartitus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 35.
Unio smaragdites, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 190 ; Blanford,
J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 347 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 5, pi. 10,
fig. 5 ; Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 167.
Original description : Testa transverse ovata, insBquilaterali,
crassa, subtumida, antice rotundata, postice subalata, declivi,
angulata, demum obtusa, margine ventrali convexiusculo ; disco
inaequaliter sulcato ; 'epidermide olivaceo-f usca, versus marginem
ventralem luteo-olivacea, postice viridi parce fasciata ; umbonibus
tumidis, prominentibus, decorticatis, sulcis radiatis angulato-
flexuosis indutis ; lunula impressa, elliptica, decorticata; liga-
mento elongate; carina umbonali laeviuscula, linea unica vix
elevata notata; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, fortiter radiato-
rugosis, lateralibus obliquis, elongatiusculis, valvae dextra3 duplic-
ibus, sinistrae subtriplicibus ; margarita pallide lutea iridescente.
Long. 45, lat. 66, diam. 30 mm.
Hob. Upper Ganges.
PABREYSIA. 159
The anterior and posterior cicatrices are distinct, the apical
ones disposed on the underside of the cardinal tooth.
Taken by the author of the species at Bhitoura, between Cawn-
pore and Allahabad and represented by specimens in the Indian
Museum Collection from the following localities : Moradabad;
River Indus; Barrack River; Silcher; Rajputana ; Berhampur;
Dacca ; E. Cachar ; Sylhet ; Tezpore ; Poona ; Karnul, Madras ;
Calcutta (J. Wood- Mason}; Arrah ; Rajmahal ; Hazrapur; Rani-
gunga; Sunderbunds.
An enormously variable species, of which many varieties have
been described, several of these appear, however, to be somewhat
obscure; the original descriptions are nevertheless given below:
Yar. marcens (Benson), A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 188.
Unio marcens, H. & T., 0. I. 1876, p. 19, pi. 42, figs. 4-6.
Original description : Banded with olive and green ; nacre
salmon-coloured ; beaks nearly smooth, eroded ; sulci obsolete ;
lunule narrow.
Long. 44, lat. 66, diam. 27 mm.
Hal. Berhampooter River, Assam.
Var. trigona (Benson).
Unio favidens, var. densa, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 188.
Original description: Shell with a piceous epidermis, more
oblique ; beaks and nacre as in type ; lunule broad. It shows an
inclination to verge towards U. triembolus.
Long. 44, lat. 67, diam. 27 mm.
Hab. Nujeebabad, in the North-west of Rohilknnd.
Yar. densa (Benson).
Unio favidens, var. densa, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 189.
Original desertion : More solid and tumid [than the typical
form] ; epidermis yellow-brown, eroded ; lunule as in type ; shell
more oblique.
Long. 33, lat. 47, diam. 24 mm.
Hab. Ganges River, above Chunar, between Allahabad and
Benares.
Yar. deltae (Benson).
Unio favidens, var. delta, A. M. N.H. x, 1862, p. 189; H. & T.,
C. I. 1876, p. 19, pi. 42, %. 2.
Original description : Epidermis olive-green and yellow, rayed ;
nacre salmon-coloured ; rugae on umbones very distinct, some also
on the upper part of the umbonal hinder slope ; lunule somewhat
broader than in the type ; cardinal teeth narrower.
Long. 34, lat. 47, diara. 24 mm.
160
UKEONIDvE.
Hob. River Jellinghy, Upper Gangetic Delta. Also recorded
in the Indian Museum Collection from Hazrapur and Calcutta.
Var. chrysis (Benson).
Unio favidens, var. chrysis, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 189 ;
H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 19, pi. 41, fig. 3.
Original description : Longer and less broad in proportion ;
epidermis a beautiful green, banded more or less with yellow ;
Fig. 10. Parreysia (P.) Javidens (Bens.), var. chrysis (Bens.).
(Specimen.) Nat. size.
umbonal rugse very strong and extended ; cardinal teeth mostly
narrower than in the type ; nacre salmon-tinted.
Long. 27, lat. 35, diam. 16 mm.
Bab. Eiver Dojora at Kareily Ghat, near Bareilly. A specimen
in the Indian Museum is labelled Patna.
Fig. 11. Parreysia (P.] Javidens (Bens.), var. mridula (Bens.).
(Specimen.) Nat. size.
Var. viridula (Benson).
Unio favidens, var. viridula, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 189.
Original description : Form of type, but more compressed ;
PAEREYSIA.
161
colour as in the last ; cardinal teeth broad ; nacre bluish white ;
umbonal rugae as in var. chrysis.
Long. 27, lat. 40, diam. 17 mm.
Hob. Standing water, or <4 jheel," between Hameerpore and
Someerpore, Bundelkhund.
Indian Museum specimens are from Damuda ; Manbhoorn ;
Gunduk, Ranigunga and Patna.
Var. assamensis (Nemll MS.), Preston, Kec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta,
vii, 1912, p. 299.
Shell more convex than the typical form, the dorsal margin
rather less posteriorly angled, the anterior side is more rounded
and the posterior slightly more nasute.
Hob. Dihong.
Fig. 12.
-Parreysia (P.)favidem (Bens.), var. assamensis, Preston.
(Type.) Nat. size.
Specimens in the Indian Museum are also labelled as follows :
Assam; Arrah ; Sylhet.
Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Fig. 13. Parreysia (P .) favidens (Bens.), Tar. pinax (Bens.).
(Type.) Nat. size.
Yar. pinax (Benson).
Unio pinax, Benson, A. M. N. II. x, 1862, p. 192.
Uniofauidens, var. pinax, H. & T., C. I. p. 6, pi. 11, fig. 2.
Original description: Testa transverse oblonga, suboblique
H
162 UNION IDJE.
ovata, valde inaequilaterali, crassa, subinflata, antice rotundata,
postice superne sensim descendente, demum obtusa, margine
ventral! convexiusculo, postice vix emarginato ; disco laeviusculo,
concentrice leviter striatulo, antice obsolete radiato-striato, versus
marginem ventralem et posteriorem plicato ; epidermide olivaceo-
fusca; uinbonibus convexis, decorticatis, obsolete radiato-sulcatis,
apicibus prominentibus obtusis, remotiusculis ; lunula elongato-
elliptica ; ligamento brevi ; dentibus cardinalibus crassioribus,
radiatim eroso - suleatis, lateralibus obliquis, utriusque valvae
duplicibus, subflexuosis ; margarita albida, iridescente.
Long. 30, lat. 48, diam. 21 mm.
Anterior cicatrices subconfluent, posterior entirely so, apical
ones under the cardinal tooth ; cavity of the beaks very deep.
Hob. Gunguu Biver, near Moradabad, Eohilkhund. Specimens
in the Indian Museum from Arrah.
A very distinct cuneiform variety.
Var. plagiosoma (Benson}.
Unio plagiosoma, Benson, A. M. N. II. x, 1862, p. 191.
Unio favidens, var. plagiosoma, H. & T., 0. I. 1876, p. 6, pi. 11,
fig. 3.
Original description : Testa transverse trigono-ovata, ina3qui-
laterali, crassiuscula, tumidiuscula, antice rotundata, postice sub-
convexe declivi, demum obtusa, margine ventral! convexiusculo ;
disco obsolete plicato, epidermide luteo-olivacea vel olivaceo-f usca ;
umbouibus convexis, prominentibus, decorticatis, angulatim
Fig. l4.Parrei/sia (P.)faridens(Bens.), var.plagiosoma (Bens.).
(Type.) Nat. size.
flexuoso-sulcatis, apicibus prominentibus subremotis ; ligamento
brevi ; carina umbonali obtusa ; lunula elliptica ; deutibus cardi-
nalibus crassiusculis, radiatim eroso-sulcatis, lateralibus sub-
elevatis, inodice elougatis, obliquis, valvae sinistra? duplicibus,
dextra3 simplicibus : margarita colore salinonis tincta.
Long. 26, lat. 39, diam. 18 mm.
22, 32, 15 mm.
"The anterior cicatrices, as well as the posterior, are sub-
confluent, the apical ones situated on the underside of the
cardinal teeth. The nacre is very iridescent posteriorly. A dark
PARKEYSIA. 163
raised line borders the iuner side of the umbonal slope, which
exhibits a few rugae at the upper part."
Hal. Cane River, near Banda, Bundelkhund. Specimens in the
Indian Museum are labelled as follows : Patna ; Langlai ; Alipur,
Calcutta (Dr. J. Anderson), Beerbhoom (J. Wood-Mason).
293. Parreysia (Parreysia) smaragdites (Benson).
Parreysia (Parreysia) smaragdites (Benson) ; Simpson, Washington
D.C., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 843.
Unio smaragdites, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 190 ; Blanford,
J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 147 j H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 5, pi. 10,
fig. 5 ; Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 167.
Original description : Testa transverse ovato-rhomboidea, in-
aequilaterali, crassiuscula, tumida, antice rotundata, postice alata,
recta, turn valde declivi, demum subangulata, margine ventrali
convexo ; disco laevigato, polito, vix striatulo, sub epidermide
pulchre viridi tenuissima obscure radiata albo, margine lutescente ;
umbonibus prominentibus, apicibus approximatis, subdecorticatis,
margaritaceis, breviter et minute radiato-sulcatis ; lunula angusta,
elongata, transverse rugata ; ligamento subelongato ; carina um-
bonali prominente obtusiuscula, areola versus apicem depressi-
uscula, viridi obscure radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus duplicibus,
subangustis, rugosis, lateralibus curvatis elongatiusculis, valvae
dextrae simplicibus, sinistrae duplicibus, nonnunquam subtri-
plicibus : margarita albida, nonnunquaui luteo tincta.
Long. 31, lat. 42, diam. 20 mm.
The above description is amplified by the following note :
"Remarkable for the smoothness of the beautiful green
epidermis, which is very thin, and, when rubbed off, exhibits a
plain white colour, not nacreous, underneath. The anterior
cicatrices are confluent, the posterior nearly distinct, the apical
ones situated under the cardinal teeth. Cavity of beaks very
deep ; a few rugae cross the stria3 on the posterior slope. In
general characters it approaches most nearly to the Jellingyhy
variety (deltce) of U. [P. (P.)] favidens, which has a more tumid
ovate form, a regular, sulcate, olivaceous surface, longer and dis-
tinctly angulate-flexuous umbonal furrows, and a broad lunule."
Hob. Berhampooter Eiver, Assam (Col. Jenkins).
There is a fine series of this interesting form in the collection
of the Indian Museum bearing the Burmese localities, Bhamo and
Zayleytnan (Dr. J. Anderson).
294. Parreysia (Parreysia) bhamoensis (Theobald).
Parreysia (Parreysia) bhamoensis (Theobald) ; Simpson, Wash-
ington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 483.
Unio bhamoensis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1874, pt. 2, p. 207,
pi. 17, fig. 1; PHanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, p. 62;
pL 155, fig. 2; Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 146.
ic2
164
Unto mandelayensis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1874, p. 208, pi. 17,
fig. 2 : H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 62, pi. 154, fig. 4 ; Psetel, Conch.
Sam. iii, 1890, p. 158.
Original description : Testa subtriangulato-ovata, postice acunri-
nata, margine ventral! modice rotundato, umbonibus tumidiusculis,
laevigatis, pustulis parvis aliquando armatis, decorticatis. Epider-
mide tenuissima, laevi, subpolita, laete viridi, in senioribus flaves-
cente. Testa concentrice subrugata, lineis paucis sive rugis
angustis ligamentum versus plus minusve subradiatim notata, et
antice rugis paucis perbrevibus leviter corrugata. Deutibus cardi-
nalibus lamellatis, et denticulatis, in valva dextra singulo, multi-
fisso, in sinistra gemino, posteriore triangulari et umbonem juxta
posito, anteriore lainelliformi. striato. Nacrea argentea et viri-
descente.
Long. 40, lat. 52, diam. 26 mm.
Hab. !Near Bhamo; Pegu, Western Prome.
To Theobald's description the following is appended :
" A rare species in Western Prome where alone I have met
with it in Pegu, and remarkable for its smooth thin epidermis.
The posterior slope alone is conspicuous ly ornamented with
sculpture ; but in my largest specimen from Bhamo and in some
others also, the peculiar sculpturing of U. [P. (P.)] burmanus,
W. Blfd., is faintly but distinctly perceptible over part of the
valves towards the umbones especially."
295. Parreysia (Parreysia) pernodulosa, Preston.
Parreysia (Parreysia} pernodulosa. Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta,
vii, 1912, p. 300.
Original desertion : Shell small, ovate, dark brown ; both
valves sculptured anteriorly with coarse, corrugate ridges, which
Fig. 15. 1 & 2. Parreysia pernodulosa, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge of same.
become more nodulous and irregular in the median and posterior
regions ; umbones rather large ; dorsal margin rapidly sloping
anteriorly, slightly sloping posteriorly; ventral margin somewhat
PAKKETSIA. 165
rounded ; anterior side rather contracted, sharply rounded ;
posterior side broad, very gently rounded ; cardinal teeth very
anteriorly situate-, in right valve squarish, bearing two elongate
grooves, in left valve large, jagged, split into three portions, be-
tween each of which occur two deep notches, the middle portion,
or that between the two notches, being by far the smallest, at the
base of the anterior portion is situated a smaller, jagged tooth,
which is obliquely grooved in the centre; lateral teeth in both
valves posteriorly, elongately arched, grooved down the whole
length ; anterior scars very deep ; posterior scar elongate, but not
well marked ; interior of shell pale bluish, nacreous.
Long. 15'5, lat. 2O5 mm.
Hob. Zayleyman, Upper Burma (Dr. J. Anderson).
Type in the Indian Museum Collection.
296. Parreysia (Parreysia) feddeni (Theobald).
Parreysia (Parreysia) feddeni (Theobald) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C.. Smiths Inst., JN T at. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 843.
Unio feddeni, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1874, p. 208, pi. 17,
fig-. 3.
Original description : " Testa quadrato-ovali, concentrice sul-
cata, antice gibbose rotundata, postice dilatata, subtruncata ;
parum insequilaterali. Umbonibus decorticatis haud promi-
nentibus. Epidermide Isevi, subpolita, viridescenti-flava. Den-
tibus cardinalibus lamelliformibus, striatis ; in valva dextra singulo,
serrato, in sinistra geminis triangularibus, striatis et serratis.
Nacrea ca3rulescenti-albida.
Long. 29-5, lat. 40, diam. 19 mm.
Hob. Peemgunga, Central India (F. Fedden) ; there are speci-
mens also in the British Museum and in the Indian Museum
from the same locality, the latter collected by the late Dr. W. T.
Blanford.
297. Parreysia (Parreysia) daccaensis, Preston.
Parreysia (Parreysia) daccaemis, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta,
vii, 1912, p. 300.
Original description : Shell differing from P. feddeni, Theobald,
in its larger size, more ponderous form and more elongately ovate
shape, it is much darker in colour, being of a dark blackish-brown
instead of the greenish-yellow shade of that species, the shell is
much more coarsely concentrically striate and is also considerably
malleated, while P. feddeni is almost smooth in texture; the
umbones in the present species are, though larger, far less
prominent, but the" system of the hinge-teeth is the same.
Long. 47, lat. 76'5, diam. 29 mm.
Hob. Dacca.
The type specimen is in the Indian Museum.
166
UNIONIJXE.
Fig. 16; 1 & 2. Parreysla (P.) daccacnsis, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.
298. Parreysia (Parreysia) tavoyensis (Gould).
Parreysia (Parreysia) tavoyensis (Gould); Simpson, Washington,
B.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 843.
Unto tavoyensis, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1843,
pp. 140-141; Catlow_& Reeve, Conch. Norn. 1845, p. 64;
Kiij
1876, p. 62, pi. 154, fig. 6,7; Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890,
p. 169.
Margaron (Unio) tavoyensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 31.
Unio savoyensis, Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 166.
Unio parma, Benson ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 95,
'fig. 514 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 61, pi. 154. fig. 1 ; Psetel, Conch.
Sam. iii, 1890, p. 162,
Original description : Testa rotundata, solida, sub-equilaterali,
fusca, postice dilatata, subangulata; umbonibus elevatis, uoa cum
PAEEEYSIA. 167
latere postico corrugatis; dentibus cardinalibus pyramidatis,
lateralibus flexuosis : impressionibus musculorum profundis ;
margarita albido-incarnata.
Long. 38, lat. 51, diam. 20 inm.
Hob. Tavoy ; also recorded in the Indian Museum from the
following Burmese localities: Pegu, Arakan, Tenasserim, and
Mandalay.
I
Var. triembolus (Benson}.
Unio triembolus, Benson, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1855, p. 44 ; id. A. M.
N. H. x, 1862, p. 190; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 48, pi. 107, fig. i>;
Paetal, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 170.
Unio houngdaranicus, Tapparone-Caiiefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. St. Nat.
Genova, vii, 1889, p. 341.
Original description : A thick shell with large teeth. A massive
species which inhabits the Nerbudda. and the shells of which are
found fossil associated with the bones of extinct mammalia in the
gravels of the river valley, may be a variety of this species
[P. tavoyensis],
The author writing in the ' Annals & Magazine of Natural
History,' in 1862, further describes his species.
Testa oblique rhomboidali, subtrigona, transversa, inasquilaterali,
crassa, antice brevi rotundata, postice subalata, descendente,
demum angulata, obtusa, margine ventrali convexo ; disco trans-
verse plicato et striato, piceo-nigresceute ; umbone tumido, gibboso,
versus apices remotos obtusos decorticatos iridescentes radiato-
sulcato, carina umbonali obtusa; dentibus cardinalibus crassissiinis,
corrugatis, lateralibus obliquis, valva dextne duplicibus, sinistrse
triplicibus ; margarita albida vel colore salmonis tincta.
The dimensions of three specimens given at the end of Benson's
description are as follows :
1. 2. 3.
Long 47 45 44 mm.
Lat 57 62 63 mm.
Diam 27 27 30 mm.
Hob. Eanigunga, near Moradabad. Specimens in the Indian
Museum are labelled Cachar ; Barrack Eiver, Silchar, and
Calcutta.
The author also mentions that he obtained the following
variations of this form :
(1) Smaller, and more trigonal. Eiver Goointy.
(2) Smaller, obliquely elongated. Eiver Goomty.
(3) Green and olive in colour. Eiver Dojora, near Bareilly.
(4) Gibbous. Eiver Gungut, near Monghyr, in Bahar.
The following note is given with reference to the description of
the typical form : " The anterior and posterior cicatrices are
distinct, the latter particularly so; the apical cicatrices are in-
distinct on the inner side of the cardinal tooth; cavity of the
168 TINIONID^E.
beaks very deep and angular The green Dojora variety is
remarkable for the great development of the teeth. The lateral
ones are disposed to be treble in the right as well as in the left
valve; and several parallel plicae intervene between them and
the exaggerated cardinal teeth in a perfect specimen with the
following dimensions: Long. 37, lat. 50, diam. 23 mm."
299. Parreysia (Parreysia) vulcana (Hanley).
Pnrreysia (Parreysia} vulcana (Ilanley) : Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc/xxii, 1900, p. 844.
Unio vulcanus, Hanley, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 606 : H. & T.. C. I. 1876,
p. 62, pi. 155, fig. 3 ; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 172.
Original desertion: Testa solida, inaequilateralis, subovata,
viridis, undique (nisi fortasse ad extremitatem anticam) plicato-
rugosa ; plica? (sen tubercula elongata confluentia) undatim angu-
lariter et oblique ordinata3. Margo dorsalis posticus et margo
ventralis convexi, subparalleli. Costa umbonalis nulla ; area
postica nequaquam concava. Lunula lata, hand multum impressa.
Margarita alba, vix minime iridescens. Margo cardinalis latus ;
dentes cardinales solidi, lacerati ; in valvula sinistra dens lateralis
inter duos valvulae dextra3 insertus.
Long. 25, lat. 38 mm.
Hcib. Burma.
Described from an isolated specimen and appearing to somewhat
resemble P. tavoyensis (Gld.), in form.
To the description the following note is appended :
" . . . . When hold before a light the valves appear of a yellowish
green, richly embossed with zigzag ridges of ii darker or bluer ver-
dure. The hinge is nearly the same as in U. \_P. (P.)] fitoridcn* of
Benson, the central teeth being short and complicated."
300. Parreysia (Parreysia) feae (Tapparone-Canefri).
Parreysia (Parreysia} few (Tapparone-Canefri) ; Simpson, Wash-
ington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 844.
Unio fees, Tapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Geneva,
xxvii, 1889, p. 340.
Original description : Testa solida, crassiuscula, subcordato-
ovata, insequilateraii, postice attenuata, margine ventrali sub-
arcuato postice sinuato, umbonibus tumidiusculis, decorticatis.
Valvse rugis concentricis profundis 3-4-5 saepius exaratae, epi-
dermide luteo olivacea, tenui, ]a3vi indutae, umbonibus prsesertim
et latere postico in jtmioribus varie ex Ia3te-viridi depictis et
fulgurato-corrugatis. Dentes cardinales crassi, subtrigoni, laciniati
et striati, dentibus in valva dextera unico, in sinistra duplici,
postico majori triangulari, antico-oblongo minori. Margarita laete
carnea.
Long. 42-43, lat. 55, diam. 25-29 mm.
Hal. Meetan, Houugdaran Eiver (L. Fca).
PARKEYSIA. 169
301. Parreysia (Purreysia) rajahensis (Lea}.
Parreysia (Parreysia) rajahensis (Lea) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 844.
Unio rajahensis, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. ii,
1841, p. 30; Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. viii,
1842, p. 239, pi. 23, fig. 53; Obs. Genus Unio, iii, 1842, p. 17,
pi. 23, fig. 53 ; II. fc A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1857, p. 495;
Chenu, 111. Conch. 1858, pi. 26, figs. 3, 3 a, 3 b ; Pzetel, Conch.
Sam. iii, 1890, p. 165.
Maraaron ( Unio) rajahensis, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 25 ; 1870, p. 38.
Unio indicus, Sowerbv, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1866, pi. 40, tig. 222 ;
H. & T., C. I. 1876," p. 43, pi. 107, fig. 1.
Maraaron (Unto) indicus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 31,
Original description : -Testa triangulari, inflata, inaequilaterali,.
postice angulata ; valvulis crassis ; natibus valde prominentibus ;
epidermide tenebroso-t'usca ; dentibus cardinalibus magnis : later-
alibus sublongis curvisque ; margarita alba et valde iridescente.
Hob. The Rajah's tanks, Calcutta (Dr. Jay). The species in the
Indian Museum is represented by specimens from Poona; Ner-
budda River ( W. Theobald $ W. T. Blanford} ; " From the
soil of the Ran Kach ?' ; " From 130 miles S.W. of Sepree " ;
Sahibguoga.
Three specimens from the Nerbudda River yielded the following
dimensions :
1. 2. 3.
Long 27-25 28 27 mm.
Lat 31-75 35 31 mm.
Diam 16 19 16-25 mm.
302. Parreysia (Parreysia) rugosa (Gmelin).
Parreysia (Parreysia) rugosa (Gmelin) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 844.
Mi/a rugosa, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 13th ed. 1788, vi, p. 3222; Wood,
Gen. Conch, i. 1815, p. 109 ; Dillwyn, Cat. i, 1817, p. 53 ; Wood,
Ind. Test. 1825, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 33 ; rev. ed. 1856, p. 16, pi. 2,
fig. 33.
Unio ruyosus, Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1862, p. 290. pi. 97,
fig. 5 ; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1867, p. 137 ; Psetel, Conch.
Sam. iii, 1890, p. 166.
Original description : Testa ovali rugosa, extrinsecus virescente,
intus margaritacea : cardiriis dente primario crenulato, laterali
longitudinali, alterius duplicate.
Hob. Coromandel.
303. Parreysia (Farreysia) corbis (Hanley).
Parreysia (Parreysia) corbis (Ilanley) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 845.
Unio corbis, Hanley, Biv. Shells, 1856, p. 386, pi. 23, fig. 43 ;
H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 22, pi 45, fig. 10.
Maroaron ( Unio} corbis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 50.
Original description : Shell oval, inequilateral, rather thin,
170 UNIONIDJE.
subventricose, concentrically zoned with bluish green and ochra-
ceous yellow, rather glossy, smooth, except at the umbones, which
are adorned with longitudinally divergent slender corrugations,
the hinder lines of which incline interiorwards, the front ones
posteriorvvarcls ; a few similar wrinkles radiate subtransversely
thence to the dorsal end of the concave anterior slope ; ventral
edge convex ; front dorsal edge straightish, a little elevated ;
extremities rounded, the front rather broad ; nacre silvery ;
umbonal cavity ample ; teeth laminar, compressed.
Long. 19, lat. 26-5 mm.
Hob. Assam.
The species was originally described from a single valve : below
are given the dimensions of two specimens in the British and
Indian Museums collections respectively :
1. 2.
Long 1(5*75 19 mm.
Lat 25'5 30 mm.
Diam 13 1475 mm.
The above two specimens are the only ones which the compiler
of the present volume has been able to examine; though agreeing
in the essential characters with the original description, there are
still considerable differences between them : the smaller, or British
Museum specimen, being far more obtuse posteriorly than that of
the Indian Museum, the dorsal margin of the former gradually
sloping upwards posteriorly to a rounded angle, while in the latter
this character is not nearly so accentuated.
304. Parreysia (Parreysia) burmanus (Blanford}.
Parreysia (Parreysia) burmanus (Blanford) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst, Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 845.
Unio burmanus, Blanford, P. Z. S. 1809, pp. 449-450.
Unto birmanus, H. & T., C. I. 1870, p. 19, pi. 4'2, fig-. 1; Pastel,
Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 140.
Original description: Testa subovata, solida, subcompressa,
valde ina3quilateralis, picea vel fusco-olivacea, concentrice plicato-
striata, disco medio et postico rugis obliquis irregulariter angulatis,
interdum granosis, hie illic praesertim versus marginem veritralem
obsoletis corrngato ; umbonibus non prominentibus, subplanulatis,
angulatim corrugatis, haud procul ab extremitate anteriore positis;
lunella parva, concava; latere antico brevissimo subacuminato-
rotundato ; area convexa ; margine dorsali postice regulariter
convexo-curvato, terminaliter rotundato, ventrali convexo; den-
tibus cardinalibus crassis, radiatim corrugatis, in valva dextra binis,
anteriore minimo, in sinistra terriis vel subternis ; lateralibus
elongatis subcurvatis, in valva dextra subduplicibus, in sinistru
duplicibus ; margarita colore salmonis tincta. Testa junior
PAEHEYSIA. 171
rotundato-ovalis, omnino prater ad extremitatein anticain sub-
radiatim gran oso-plicif era.
The dimensions of three specimens given at the foot of the
original description are as follows :
1. 2. 3 (young shell).
Long. 52 45 34 mm.
Lat 35 32 26-5 mm.
Diam 22 20 17 mm.
Length of ligament 23 20 -5 16 mm.
Hob. Irawady River at Bharno.
The type is in the Indian Museum.
305. Parreysia (Parreysia) sikkimensis (Lea}.
Parreysia (Parreysia) sikkimensis (Lea) ; Simpson, Washington,
B.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 845.
Unio sikkimensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii,
1859, p. 151 ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1859,
tigs. 6, 7 ; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 167.
Maryaron (Unio) sikkimensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 64.
Original description : Testa laevi, obovata, inaequilaterali, sub-
inflata, postice obtuse biangulata ; valvulis crassiusculis ; natibus
prominulis ; epidermide luteo-fusca, eradiata ; dentibuscardinalibus
parvulis, brevibus crenulatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus ; later-
alibus brevibus subcurvisque ; margarita alba et iridescente.
Nab. Sikkim (H. Cuming Sf Prof. Hanley). Represented in the
Indian Museum by specimens from Sibsagar, Assam (S. E. Peal) ;
Siliguri ; Namtsik ; Dihang, and Cachar.
No dimensions being given with the original description, those
of three specimens in the Indian Museum are appended :
1. 2. 3.
Long 28-5 28-25 19-5 mm.
Lat 38-5 37-25 2725 mm.
Diam 20 19-25 12-25 mm.
The species though varying somewhat, usually in the posterior
region, is easily distinguishable from others of the group by its
considerable convexity in proportion to its size and by its short,
broad, and generally ovately rounded form.
306. Parreysia (Parreysia) gowhattensis (Theobald).
Parreysia (Parreysia) gowhattensis (Theobald) ; Simpson, Wash-
ington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 845.
Unio gowhattensis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1873, p. 208, pi. 17,
fig. 4; Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 154.
Original description : Testa quadrato-ovata, antice rotundata,
172
postice declive truncata, margine ventrali recto. Urabonibus
decorticatis. Epidermide flavescente, postice viridescente. Testa
concentrice striata et rugis plurimis minutis valde approximantibus
angulariter seu fulgurate granuloso-crispata, postice tantum radi-
atim granuloso-crispata. Dentibus cardinalibus bifidis in utraque
valvo. ISTacrea cserulescenti-albida, iridescente. In senioribus
granulationes valde inconspicua? fiunt.
Long. 25*5, lat. 39, diam. 18 mm.
Hdb. Near Gowhatti, Assam.
The sculpture of this species much resembles that of Nodularia
crispisulcata, Benson.
307. Parreysia (Parreysia) perconvexa, Preston.
Parreysia (Parreysia) perconvexa, Preston, Rec. Ind.Mus., Calcutta,
vii, 1912, p. 302.
Original description : Shell ovate, slightly curved, very convex,
solid but much eroded, where intact covered by a dark blackish-
Fig. 17. 1 & 2. Parreysia (P.} perconvexa, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge of same.
brown periostracum ; umbones moderately large ; dorsal margin
sloping in an anterior direction ; ventral margin slightly curved
PAEliETSIA.
173
posteriorly ; anterior side gently rounded ; posterior side slightly
and very bluntly produced, rounded ; cardinal teeth very anteriorly
situate, with upper surface multi-ridged and supported in each
valve by an enormous column-like callous thickening of the shell ;
lateral teeth coarse, rather short, curved ; anterior muscular scars
of great depth ; posterior scars subcircular, well impressed ;
interior of shell very pale greenish white.
Long. 37, lat. 55, diara. 33 mm.
Hob. ISTongyaug Lake, south of Patkai.
The type is in the Indian Museum.
308. Parreysia (Parreysia) annandalei, Preston,
Parreysia (Parreysici) annandalei, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta,
vii, 1912, p. 302.
Original description : Shell oval, convex, moderately solid,
coarsely concentrically ribbed, covered with a thin, smooth,
brownish-olivaceous periostracum ; umbones rather small, not
jrjg > 18. 1 & 2. Parreysia (P.) annandalei, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge of same.
prominent; dorsal margin arched; ventral margin considerably
rounded; anterior side slightly produced and rather sharply
rounded : posterior side very bluntly subrostrate ; cardinal teeth
two in each valve, somewhat anteriorly situate, rather coarse and
corrugated ; lateral teeth strong, curved ; anterior scars rather
174
small, very deeply excavated ; posterior scars also small, ovate,
deeply impressed ; interior of shell whitish iridescent.
Long. 29, lat. 41, diam. 20 mm.
Hob. Gowhatty.
The type specimen is in the Indian Museum.
309. Parreysia (Parreysia) dalliana, Frierson.
Parreysia (Parreysia) dalliana, Frierson, 'Nautilus/ Boston Mass,
xxvi, p. 142 ; Haas, Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. pi. 32,
figs. 3, 4 (as Trapezaideusfoliaceus).
Original desertion : Shell small, rather thick, somewhat
ovate Bounded before, basal and dorsal lines nearly
straight, post basal point rounded. Epidermis olivaceous,
greenish in young shells, brownish in old specimens, and
frequently bleached. Beaks very small, pointed, low, and in-
curved, with fine zigzag radial sculpture, which extends a little
down the shell, and especially down the post slope ; in dirty or
eroded specimens hardly to be noticed. The shell is a little
inflated, the post I'idge rounded. Inside the nacre is soft cream
or white. The left valve has two cardinals, the anterior blade-
like, and the posterior much smaller and tubercular. The laterals
are double (or even inclined to be trifid) ; in the right valve the
cardinals are split or double, and the laterals single. The
anterior cicatrices are confluent, and also those of the posterior.
Long. 25, lat. 40 mm.
Hob. Burma.
" The shell is stouter, shorter, and more inflated than
T. foliaceus, and the posterior 'portion is not green."
Genus LAMELLIDENS.
Lamellidens, Simpson, Washington. D.O., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 854.
TYPE, Unio marginalia, Lamarck, from India, Burma, and
Ceylon.
Range. India ; Burma ; Ceylon and China.
Original description : Shell elongate, elliptical, pointed behind,
with a slight post-dorsal wing, a low, often biangulate posterior
ridge, and generally two sharp, radiating lirae above it ; beaks with
curved, radiating ridges which sometimes are slightly zigzag and
often become almost concentric, but which fade out as they approach
each other at the centre of the disc ; epidermis smooth, generally
shining, brownish, often with concentric bands of lighter colour,
rayless or nearly so ; left valve with two compressed pseudo-
cardinals, the front one roughened, and two laterals; right valve
LAMELLLDENS.
with two parallel, lamellar pseudocardinals and one lateral ;
cavity of the beaks rather shallow ; dorsal scars few, deep,
distinct, scattered ; anterior scars separate ; nacre bluish-white
to straw.
Animal unknown.
Subgenus LAMELLIDENS (sensu stricto).
Lamellidens, Simpson, Washington, D.C. Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 854.
TYPE, Unio marginalia, Lamarck.
Eange. India ; Burma ; Ceylon ; China.
Shell dark-coloured ; teeth well developed.
310. Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck).
Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C.
Smiths. lust., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, pp. 854-855; Die
breite Mahler-Mtischel aus Gronland, Schroter, Flussconch. 1779
p. 181, pi. 9, fig. 1.
? Unio groenlandicus, Morch, Am. J. Conch, iv, 1868, p. 38.
? Unio testudinarius, Spengler, Skriv. Selsk. Nat. Hi, 1793, p. 65 ;
P*etel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 169.
? Umo truncatus, Spengler, Skriy. Selsk. Nat. iii, 1793, p. 65 ;
? Schroter, Arch. Zool. Zoot. ii, 2 Stuck, 1802, p. 107.
Unio marginalis, Lamarck, An. sans Vert, vi, 1819, p. 79 ; Deshave.*,
Enc. Meth. ii, 1827, p. 151, pi. 247, fig. 1 ; Hanley, Test. Moll.
1842, p. 206 ; Hanley, Biv. Shells, 1843, p. 206, pi. 20, fig. 53 ;
Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Norn. 1845, p. 61 ; H. & A. Adams,
Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1857, p. 491 ; Kiister, Conch. Cab., Umo,
1861, p. 239, pi. 80, fig. 4; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1867,
pi. 59, tig. 27 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 43, fig. 2 ; Paetel,
Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 158.
Margarita ( Unio) marginalis, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 37 ; 1838, p. 24.
Margaron ( Unio) marginalis, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 38 ; 1838, p. 24.
Unio anodontina, Lamarck, An. sans Vert, vi, 1819, p. 80 ;
Deshayes, An. sans Vert, vi, 1835, p. 546 ; ii, 1839, p. 671.
Unio anodontinus, Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1861, p. 240, pi. 80,
tig. 15 ; Pjetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 144.
Symphanota bilineata, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil.
Soc. iv, 1831, p. 98, pi. 11, fig. 19; Obs. Genus Unio, i, 1834,
p. 108, pi. 11, fig. 19.
Margarita ( Unio} bilineatus, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 38 ; 1838, p. 25.
Unio bilineatus, Hanley, Test. Moll. 1842, p. 207 ; Biv. Shells,
1843, p. 207, pi. 21, fig. 30; Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Norn.
1845, p. 56 ; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1857, p. 491 ;
Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 71, fig. 365.
Margaron ( Unio) bilineatus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 38 ; 1870, p. 61.
? Unio evanescens, Mousson, Moll. Java, 1849, p. 91, pi. 17, fig. 2.
Original description : Testa ovato-oblonga, subrhombea, tenui,
intus caerulescente ; fasciis transversis marginalibus ; dente cardi-
nali parvo conipresso.
176 UNIOKLD.E.
The above description may be amplified by that given by
Sowerby in the Conchologia Iconica ':" Shell oblong-ovate,
thin, very smooth, somewhat inflated, covered with a blackish-
brown shining epidermis, pale iridescent-fawn within ; posterior
side roundly angular, produced, dorsal margin straight, lateral
margin oblique, end subacuminated, ventral margin raised towards
the end, very slightly contracted in the middle ; anterior side
short, narrow, dorsal margin slightly sloped, cuueate ; umboes
smooth."
The following dimensions are taken from three adult specimens
in the collection of the Indian Museum :
1. 2. 3.
Long 51 50*5 52'5 mm.
Lat ]00-5 95-25 95 mm.
Diam 32 30 34 mm.
The species is very widely distributed throughout India, Burma,
and Ceylon, and should Mousson's Unio evanescens prove to be
really a synonym, then Java must also be added to the above.
Var. obesa (Hanley fy Theobald} ; Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 855.
Umo marginalia var. obesa, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 43, fig. 3.
Unio corrianus, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 77, fig. 401.
The variety is described as follows in the ' Conchologia Indica'
" A giant form, which does not exhibit the ochraceous band, and
is peculiarly swollen The upper anterior tooth is almost
linear ; the lateral [teeth] are not bent at the extremity, and the
upper one in the left valve is scarcely developed."
The following dimensions are those of three specimens in the
Indian Museum. Those of No. 1 are of a specimen from Silchar
and those of Nos. 2 and 3 of specimens from Tonghoo :
1. 2. 3.
Long 67 64 57*5 mm.
Lat 118 125 109 mm.
Diam 48 44 43 mm.
This inflated variety was originally noticed from the Irrawaddy
Eiver; there are, however, specimens in the collection of the
Indian Museum which undoubtedly belong to it from Chittagong,
Silchar and Toungoo, Burma.
Var. tricolor (Klister^^ Simpson, "Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 855.
Unio tricolor, Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1856, p. 156, pi. 45,
fig. 1 ; Jickeli, Faun. Moll. N.O.-Afr. 1874, p. 275 ; Pajtel, Conch.
Sam. iii, 1890, p. 170.
LAMELL1DEXS 177
Unio marginalis var. tricolor, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 42,
fig. 5.
Original description : Testa valde inaequilatera, ellipfcica, tenera,
nitida, modice convexa, obsolete sulcata et subtilissime strigata,
olivaceo-f usca, parte inferiore flava ; postice laete viridi-radiata ;
umbonibus depressis ; area compressa ; dentibus cardinalibus
compressis, dextro duplicate, lamellis tenuibus acutis ; margarita
nitido-caerulescens, subtiliter radiata.
Long. 28-25, lat. 60-5, diam. 17-25 mm.
Kiister gives as the habitat of his species ' ; JEgypten im Nil,"
but this must be an error, as the shell he figures is obviously
a variety of the Indian L. marginalis. It is represented in the
Indian Museum collection by specimens from the following
localities : Shuaygooinyo, Burma and Manbhoom, Bengal.
Var. zonata (Deshayes).
Unio marginalis, .Desh. Encycl. Meth., Vers. ii, p. 587.
Unio marginalis, Lk., var. zonata, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 44,
fig. 2.
Shell oval, transverse, inequilateral, thin, covered with a dark
brown periostracum interrupted towards the margins by trans-
verse zones of rather pale greenish-yellow ; anterior side rounded,
obtuse, rather narrower than 'the posterior side which terminates
in a somewhat prominent angle ; the dorsal and posterior margins
compressed and slightly dilated in the form of a wing, separated
towards the umbones by a posterior angle continuing to the top,
interior of shell nacreous, rather deep and very bright yellow,
tinged with reddish and bluish shades towards the posterior side ;
hinge very narrow, gently arched, consisting, in the right valve,
of an oblong, crested, cardinal tooth roughened on the inner side,
crenellated at its free end and bearing on the outward side a small
decurrent swelling which limits the cavity into which the tooth
of the opposite valve is received ; left valve bearing two blunt
teeth, of which the posterior, which is the shorter, only commences
to rise at the extremity of the other ; lateral posterior tooth
elongate, arched, narrow, sharp, rough and truncated at its
posterior end, fitting between two lamellae in the left valve which
are unequal both in length and height.
Long. 46, lat. 84 mm.
Hau. Bengal.
There are specimens which correspond to this description in the
Indian Museum collection from Rangoon, the measurements of
three of these being as below :
1. 2. 3.
Long 39-5 41 36 mm.
Lat 74-5 73 67 mm.
Diam. 23 19 23 mm.
178
Var. candaharica (Hanley $ Theobald) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.O., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 855.
Unio marginalia var. candaharica, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 43,
fig. 4 ; Hutton, J. A. S. B. xviii, pt. 1, 1849 (1850), p. 660.
Original desertion: Shell oval oblong, ventricose, tumid
not produced nor attenuated behind ; beaks flattened and denuded ;
upper edge rounded or falling ; lower edge curved ; strongly-
wrinkled transversely ; epidermis olive-brown, in young specimens
with broad yellowish margin.
The dimensions of three specimens mentioned by Hutton
are :
1. 3.
Long 41-25 41-25 44-25 mm.
Lat 75 73 78 mm.
and of two specimens, both from Candahar, in the Indian
Museum :
1. 2.
Long. , 37-5 38-25 mm.
Lat 65-5 68-5 mm.
Diam 22-5 24-5 mm.
Hob. Candahar, in canals.
Hutton further states that it differs from typical U. marginalis,
Lk. " in the less produced and lengthened form pos-
teriorly, in the upper part of the anterior edge being straighter
and more elevated than in U. marginalis, and in the beaks being
less denuded and more wrinkled. In Unio marginalis of the
Gangetic Provinces the breadth appears to exceed the length
much more considerably than in the Candahar shells, measuring
in four specimens of each as follows :
" Indian [Gangetic Provinces] specimen,
1. 2. 3. 4.
Long 35 41-25 35 38 mm.
Lat 40 89 80 76-5 mm.
"Afghan specimens,
1. 2. 3. 4.
Long *. . 16 41-25 41*25 46 mm.
Lat 75 73 75 78 mm.
"The proportions thus appear to be reversed; the Indian
species showing a greater transverse breadth in proportion to its
length, the Afghan one showing a greater length in proportion to
its breadth. All my specimens of the Indian variety are produced
or elongated posteriorly, giving the shell a narrow wedge-shaped
appearance, whereas the Afghan one, being transversely shorter,
appears ovate-oblong."
LAMELLIDENS. 179
Var. cylindrica (Hanley $ Theobald) Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 855.
Unio marginalia var. cylindrica , H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 44,
fig. 1.
As hitherto the name has been a mere nomen nudum, and no
specimen actually corresponding to Hanley & Theobald's figure
being available the following short description of the figure itself
may be given :
Eather more rectangular than the typical form, dark olive-
green, concentrically banded, especially towards the ventral margin
and posterior side, with yellowish brown, and transversely rayed
from the umbonal region with dark olive-brown ; interior of shell
salmon-coloured.
Long. 44, lat. 10-2 mm.
Hob. ?
Var. hanleyi, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat.
Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 855.
Unto marginalia var. corrictna, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 44,
fig. 4.
Shell more or less indented in the middle, sometimes elongated
cylindrical, sometimes compressed and oval-oblong ; cardinal
callosity (which is rarely absent) more or less developed ; anterior
or hinge teeth almost horizontal, outwardly curved, rather more
elongate, or if shorter, rather more prominently elevated.
Long. 42, lat. 89 mm. (fig. in Con. Ind.).
Sab. Calcutta, etc.
Subsp. thwaitesi (Lea).
Unio thwaitesi, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii,
1859, p. 152 ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1860,
p. 246, pi. 37, fig. 125 ; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, 1860, p. 64, pi. 37,
fig. 125 j Keeve, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1865, pi. 23, fig. 105; H. &
T., C. L 1876, p. 20, pi. 43, fig. 1 ; Paetel, Conch. Sain, iii, 1890,
p. 169.
Margaron ( Unio) thwaitesii, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 74.
Unio consobrinus, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 19, pi. 41, fig. 7.
Lamellidens thwaitesii (Lea), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 856.
Original description : Testa laevi, regulariter elliptica, sub-
inflata, inaequilaterali ; valvulis crassiusculis ; natibus prominulis ;
epidermide castanea, polita, transverse fasciata ; dentibus cardi-
nalibus valde compressis, lamellatis, valde obliquis, in utroque
valvulo duplicibus ; lateralibus longis, lamellatis curvisque ;
margarita salmonis colore tincta et iridescente.
Hob. Ceylon (Thwaites).
180 UNIONIDJE.
The following dimensions are taken from three specimens in
the Indian Museum :
1. 2. 3.
Long 44-5 35 34 mm.
Lat 88 63 62 mm.
Diam 28-25 20 20-25 mm.
Subsp. consobrina (Led].
Unio consobrinus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii,
1859, p. 331 ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 272,
pi. 45, fig. 152 ; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, 1860, p. 90, pi. 45, tig. 152 ;
Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 148.
Margaron ( Unio) consobrinus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 46.
Unio corbeti, Deschamps, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. xvii, 1892, p. 68, fig.
in text.
Lamellidens consobrinus (Lea), Simpson, Washington, D.C./ Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 856.
Original description : Testa lasvi, elliptica, subinflata, insequi-
laterali, postice obtuse angulata, antice rotundato ; valvulis sub-
tenuibus, antice paulisper crassiusculis ; natibus prominulis ;
epidermide micante, tenebroso-fusca, eradiata ; dentibus cardi-
nalibus parvis, crenulatis, compressis, obliquis in valvulam dextram
duplicibus ; lateralibus longis, lamellatis subcurvisque ; margarita
salmonis colore tincta et valde iridescente.
Nab. "China "(6'. M. WTieatley).
The locality as given by Lea is probably a mistake ; the variety
is widely distributed over India and Ceylon.
The following are the dimensions of three specimens in the
Indian Museum collection :
1. 2. 3.
Long 43 48-5 47 mm.
Lat 79 91 83 mm.
Diam 27-5 32 27 mm.
Subsp. lamellata (Lea}.
Unio lamellatus, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vi, 1838, p. 19, pi. 6, fig. 16 ; Obs. Genus Unio, ii, 1838, p. 19,
pi. 6, fig. 16; Troschel, Arch. Natg. Berlin, v, pt. 2, 1839,
p. 234; Hanley, Test. Moll. 1842, p. 194; Biv. Shells, 1843,
p. 194, pi. 21, fiff. 49; Catlow & Eeeve, Conch. Norn. 1845,
p. 60 ; H. & A. Adams. Gen. Eec. Moll, ii, 1857, p. 494 ; Chenu,
111. Conch. 1858, pi. 22, figs. 3, 3 a, 3 b ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon,
xvi, 1866, pi. 52, fig. 272; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 21, pi. 44,
fig. 7 ; Pretel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 126.
Margarita (Unio} lamellatm, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 26 ; 1838, p. 20.
Margeron (Unio) lamellatus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 29; 1870, p. 46.
Unio layardi, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii, 1859,
p. 153 ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1860, p. 243,
pi. 36, fig. 122 ; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, I860, p. 61, pi. 36, fig. 122 ;
LAMELLIDENS. 181
Reeve, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1865, pi. 23, fig. Ill ; H. & T., C. I.
1876, p. 19, pi. 41, fig. 1 ; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii,1890, p. 157.
Margaron (Unio) layardii, Lea, 1870, p. 46.
Lamellidens lamellatus (Lea), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 856.
Original description : Shell subovate, transverse, somewhat
inflated, shining; valves very thin; beaks scarcely prominent,
undulated ; cardinal teeth long, thin and lamellar ; lateral teeth
long, thin, and nearly straight ; nacre bluish.
Long. 38, lat. 64, diam. 25'5 mm.
Hob. Bengal (Captain Lang}. This variety is represented by
specimens in the Indian Museum bearing the following localities :
Mandalay, Pegu, Bhamo (Dr. J. Anderson), also Calcutta and
Ceylon.
Var. sublamellata, Preston, Eec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, vii, 1912,
p. 305.
Original description : An elongate, somewhat rostrate form,
having the hinge-teeth rather less developed.
Nab. Burma (W. Theobald).
The type is in the Indian Museum.
Subsp. scutum (Sowerby).
Unio scutum, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 94, fig. 510 ;
H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 22, pi. 46, fig. 1 ; Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii,
1890, p. 167.
Lamellidens scutum (Sowerby), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 857.
Original description : Shell thick, unequally subventricose,
somewhat indented in the middle, somewhat depressed in front,
very inequilateral, oblong, obliquely sub-biangular behind, of a
uniform pitch-colour, smoothish ; ventral edge retuse, rising in
front : umbonal ridge elevated, the space behind it broad and
rather concave ; beaks but little projecting, nacre livid whitish ;
primary teeth slanting, lateral lamellae distant.
The dimensions of the specimen figured in the ' Conch. Icon/,
and now 7 in the British Museum, are as follows :
Long. 50, lat. 1 00, diam. 32-5 mm. ;
and those of a specimen in the Indian Museum collection :
Long. 52-25, lat. 98, diam. 35'25 mm.
Hab. Tenasserim (original locality); there are also specimens
labelled " Eangoon " in the Indian Museum.
Var. humilior (von Martens), Arch. JSTaturg. Berlin, Ixv, pt. 1,
1899, pp. 45, 46, pi. 5, fig. 1.
Somewhat more depressed than the typical form, but agreeing
182
Fig. 19. 1 & 2. Lamellldens (Z.) marginalia, Lk. var. sublamellata, Preston.
(Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.
LAMELLIDE^S. 183
well in other respects ; juvenile specimens are bright brownish-
green, older ones blackish ; the following are the measurements
of a series at various stages of growth :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Lat 124 92 79 72 65 43 mm.
Long, (from urnbones) . . 49 40 36 32 28 19 mm.
Long, (from posterior ex-
tremity of wing) 56 46 39 37 32 21 mm.
Diam 26 25 20 20 17 llmm.
The wings average two-thirds of the length. The lower margin
in young specimens is fairly straight in the middle, in older ones
slightly curved inward. The edge running backwards from the
uinbones, separating the posterior from the lateral surface, is
always distinct. The hinge-teeth are nodulated, but comparatively
small.
Hob. The Chindwin Eiver, near Kalewa; also in the River Tu,
one of the tributaries of the former.
Young specimens of this variety, in outward form, greatly
resemble the U. marginalis var. anodontinus of the ' Conch. Ind.',
pi. 42, fig. 7.
Subsp. corrianus (Lea).
Unio corrianus, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. v,
ser. 2, 1834, p. 65, pi. 9, fig. 25; Obs. Genus Unio, i, 1834,
p. 177, pi. 9, fig. 25; Hanley, Test. Moll. 1842, p. 207; Biv.
Shells, 1843, p. 207, pi. xx, fig. 60 ; Catlow & Reeve, Conch.
Norn. 1845, p. 57 ; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1857,
p. 491 ; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 149.
Margarita ( Unio) corrianus, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 38 ; 1838, p. 25.
Margaron ( Unio) corrianus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 38 ; 1870, p. 61.
Lamellidens corrianus (Lea), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 857.
Original description : Shell narrow-elliptical, very transverse,
very inequilateral, subangular behind ; valves very thin ; beaks
scarcely prominent ; cardinal teeth thin and bladed ; lateral teeth
long, thin and nearly straight ; nacre pearly white and iridescent.
Long. 25-5, lat. 53*5, diam. 13'5 mm.
Hab. Calcutta. The following localities refer to specimens
in the Indian Museum : Seebsaugor (Peal) ; Pegu (W. T. Blan-
ford)', Balagunga, Central Sylhet; Madras; Berhampur, Mur-
shidabad District, Bengal (S. W. Kemp) ; Sambalpur ; Zayleymau,
Upper Burma (Dr. J. Anderson).
Lea's description is amplified by the following notes : " Shell
narrow elliptical, very transverse, very inequilateral, subangular
behind ; dorsal line nearly straight ; substance of the shell very
thin ; beaks very slightly elevated and minutely waved at the tip ;
ligament long and slender ; epidermis smooth, dark brown ; rays
none ; cardinal teeth thin, bladed, single in the left valve and
184 UNIONID^E.
double in the right ; lateral teeth long, thin, bladed and nearly
straight ; anterior cicatrices distinct; posterior cicatrices confluent ;
dorsal cicatrices situated nearly in the centre of the cavity of the
beaks ; cavity of the beaks exceedingly shallow ; nacre pearly
white and iridescent It closely resembles the U. margi-
nalia of Lamarck, but differs from that species in being more
transverse, in the beaks being more retuse, in the dorsal line
being nearly straight, and in its not being possessed of a light
border along the margin. The cardinal teeth are remarkably thin,
and form nearly a line with the lateral teeth."
Subsp. generosus (Gould).
Unio generosus, Gould. Proo. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 1847,
p. 220 ; Otia Conch. 1862, p. 210 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 22,
pi. 46, fig. 4 ; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 153.
Margaron (Unio) generosus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 29.
? Unio lamellatus, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 94,iig.5H.
Lamellidens generostts (Gould), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 857.
Original description : Testa magna, solida, transversa, oblongo-
ovata, inequilateral!, antice rotundata et angustata ; postice ob-
liquata, subrostrata, ad apicem truncata ; margine ventrali arcuata,
dorsali recta, abscendente ; umbonibus contiguis hand elevatis ;
valvis subtumidis radiatim substriatis, postice subcostatis, epider-
mide fuliginosa, disco nitido : dentibus remotis ; cardinalibus
elongatis, obliquis, laminatis : margarita alba vel salmonacea
limbo iridescente.
Long. 64, lat. 95-5, diam. 38-25 mm.
Hob. Newville, Tavoy (Mrs. Vinton) ; specimens in the Indian
Museum are labelled respectively Myadong, Upper Burma
(Anderson), Mandalay (Annandale), and Bhamo (J. Coyyin
.Brown).
Subsp. jenkinsianus (Benson).
Unio jenldnsiamis, Benson, A. M. N. II. x, 1862, p. 185 ; H. & T.,
C.I. 1876, p. 19, pi. 41, fig. 4; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890,
p. 155.
Lamellidens jenMnsianus (Benson), Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 857.
Original description : Testa transverse elongata, subacuminato-
ovata, valde insequilaterali, tumida, crassa, antice brevi rotundata,
postice elongata, minim e alata, superne sensim descendente,
demum angusta. . obtusa ; margine basali antice convexiusculo,
postice subrecto ; ligamento brevi ; disco valde tumido, transverse
plicato ; epidermide picea, versus marginem ventralem olivacea ;
umbonibus leviter convexis, decorticatis, apicibus obtusis ; dentibus
arcuatim sitis, crassiusculis, erosis, cardinalibus elongatiusculis.
LAMELLIDENS. 185
valva3 sinistraD subsimplicibus, dextrae duplicibus laminatis, laterali-
bus remotis subelongatis, valvse sinistrse duplicibus, lamina interna
demum incrassata ; margarita violaceo-albida, iridescente.
Long. 52, lat. 94, diam. 38 mm.
Hdb. Brahmapootra River, Assam. The following localities
are, among others, attached to specimens in the Indian Museum :
Sylhet, Bhagalpur (Captain Shenvill).
Subsp. sawaddyensis, Preston, Eec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, vh',
1912, p. 305.
Original description : Shell much more ovate and convex than
the typical form, having the dorsal margin more arched and
posteriorly ascending, the ventral margin and anterior side more
rounded, and the posterior side produced and roundly rostrate.
Hub. Sawaddy River. Specimens in the Indian Museum are
labelled Bhamo (Dr. J. Anderson) Shuaygoomyo, Upper Burma
(Dr. J. Anderson), and Mandalay (Dr. N. Annandale).
The type is in the Indian Museum.
311. Lamellidens pulcher (Tapparone-Canefri).
Lamellidens pulcher (Tapparone-Canefri) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 856.
Unio pulcher, Tapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Geneva,
vii, 1889, p. 350.
Original description: Testa tenui, subcompressa, ina3quilaterali,
transverse ovata, subquadrata, postice dilatata, sub-biangulata,
area postica depressa, margine ventrali rectiusculo, umbonibus
haud eminentibus, rarius integris, sa3pius breviter decorticatis.
Superficies valvarum Ia3vis, nitida, rugis concentricis minutis,
subregularibus, sa3pe obsoletis exarata; pallide olivaceo-castanea,
radiis duobus ina3qualibus in area postica fuscis vel viridibus
picta. Dentes cardinales parvi, laminati, infero in valva dextera
crassiusculo, subtruncato, superne acuto. Margarita argentea,
superne luteo-carnea vel luteola.
Long. 43, lat. 70, diam. 22 mm.
Bab. Meetan, River Houngdaran (L. Fea).
The author also describes two varieties of this species as
follows :
Var. lamellatiformis.
Testa magis postice dilatata, inferne bisinuata.
Long. 43, lat. 76, diam. 21 mm.
Var. ponderosus.
Testa majore, crassiuscula, magis lata, subquadrato-oblonga,
superficies valvarum castanea vel castaneo-fusca.
Long. 48, lat. 84, diam. 28 mm.
Both the varieties are from the same locality as the type.
180
Fig. 20. 1. Lamellidens (L.) marginalis (Lk.), var. sawaddyensis.
(Type specimen.) Nat. size.
2. Muscular scars and pallial impression of same.
LAMELLIDENS. 187
312. Lamellidens exanthematicus (Kilster).
Lamellidens exanthematicus (Kiister) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 856.
Unio exanthematicus, Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1861, 1 p. 243,
pi. 81, fig. 2; Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 152.
Original description : Testa trans versa, subovata, convexa,
tenuis flava, fuscescenti-annulata, postice viridi-radiata, sub-
tiliter striata, subtil issime pustulata, pustulis numerosis, majoribus
minoribusque mixtis ; umbonibus prominulis ; area subtrigona,
compressiuscula ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, minus elevatis, in
valvula utraque duplicibus, lamellis longis, curvatiusculis ; rnar-
garita carneo-alba et iridescente.
Long. 26, lat. 43, diam. 13-5 mm.
Hob. East Indies.
313. Lamellidens canefrianus, Simpson.
Lamellidens canefrianus, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst.,
Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 857.
Unio protemus, Tapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Genova,
vii, 1889, p. 349.
Original description : Testa transverse oblonga, insequilaterali,
postice subbiangulata, inter angulos truncata et in rostrum
abbreviatum attenuata, margine ventral! inodice arcuato et ad
rostrum sinuato, umbonibus late decorticatis. Superfices val-
varum epidermide kevi, intense fusca in adultis, viridi-olivacea
in junioribus induta, zona marginal! pallidiore inferne ornata.
Dentes cardinales tenues, in valva dextera duo majusculi,
laciniato-striati, inargine denticulati, in valva sinistra unicus,
tenuior, ultra medium siibacutus. Margarita argentea, postice
vivide iridescens ; superficies interna valvarum saepius plus
minusve margaritifera.
1. 2.
Long. ........ 89 65 mm.
Lat 44 34 mm.
Diam 27 18 mm.
Hob. Prome, Lower Burma (L. Fea).
314. Lamellidens narainporensis, Preston.
Lamellidens narainporensis, Preston, Hec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, vii
1912, pp. 305-306.
Original description : Shell cuneate, moderately convex, pos-
teriorly rostrate, dark reddish-brown, covered towards the margins
with a finely laminiferous periostracum, marked with concentric
lines of growth, bearing two carina3 on each valve running from
the umbones in a dorsally posterior direction; umbones small,
not prominent, somewhat coarsely corrugated; dorsal margin
188
TTtfJONIDJE.
very gently arched ; ventral margin scarcely rounded in the
anterior and median regions, slightly curved posteriorly ; anterior
side abruptly rounded; posterior side sloping ahove, then angled
and very abruptly descending ; cardinal tooth in left valve
obtusely triangular, erect ; absent in right valve ; lateral teeth
anteriorly short, deeply grooved and projecting in right valve,
erect and jagged in the left, posteriorly moderately elongate and
Fig. 21. 1 & 2. Lamellidcns (L.) narainporensis, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.
bifurcated in both valves ; anterior scars rather circular, deep ;
posterior scars lightly impressed ; interior of shell pale flesh-
colour, shading to iridescent bluish - white, very minutely
granulate.
Long. 35, lat. 84 mm.
Hob. Narainpore Bhil, Murshedabad District (Major C. J.
Robertson-Milne, I.M.S.).
The type specimen is in the Indian Museum.
LAMELLIDEXS.
189
Fig. 22. 1 & 2. Lamellidens (L.) nongyanjensis, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.
190
315. Laxnellidens nongyangensis, Preston.
Lamellidens nonyyanensis, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, vii,
1912, p. 306.
Original description : Shell very elongately ovate, inflated,
covered with a blackish-brown, finely laminiferous periostracum,
concentrically marked with rather coarse lines of growth ; dorsal
margin anteriorly somewhat straight, posteriorly arched above,
sloping and slightly excavated below; ventral margin scarcely
rounded ; anterior side abruptly descending ; posterior side
rostrate, obtusely rounded ; cardinal teeth very anteriorly situate,
triangular, erect ; lateral teeth elongate, also erect, terminating
posteriorly in an abrupt slope ; anterior scars deeply marked,
posterior scars lightly impressed ; interior of shell flesh-coloured,
shading to bluish ; iridescent, minutely pitted and granulate.
Long. 45, lat. 94 mm.
Hal. Nongyang Lake, South of Patkai.
The type is in the Indian Museum.
3L6. Lamellidens phenchooganjensis, Preston.
Lamellidens phcnchooganjensis, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta,
vii, 1912, p. 306.
Original description : Shell very elongately ovate, posteriorly
obtusely rostrate, dark blackish-brown, sculptured with fine con-
centric striae, crossed, especially in the anterior median region, by
fine, slightly distant, transverse, radiate striae, thus presenting a
minutely wrinkled appearance ; umbones flattened, much eroded ;
dorsal margin anteriorly gently sloping, posteriorly more rapidly
sloping in a slight curve ; ventral margin scarcely rounded ;
anterior side angled above, gently rounded below ; posterior side
produced, angularly rounded; hinge-teeth very elongate, some-
what fine ; anterior scars ovate, moderately impressed ; posterior
scars roughly triangular, not well impressed: interior of shell
shading from pale brown to bluish, nacreous, marked, especially
towards the anterior ventral region, with very shallow radiate
furrows.
Long. 42, lat. 86 mm.
Nab. Phenchooganj, Central Sylhet.
The type specimen is in the Indian Museum.
317. Lamellidens mainwaringi (Nevill, MS.},* (Preston.)
Lamellidens mainwaringi (Nevill, MS.), Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus.
Calcutta, vii, 1912, p. 306.
Original description : Shell rather small, cuneate, covered with
a finely laminiferous periostracum ; both valves marked with
rather fine, concentric, and finer transverse, radiate, scratch-like
LAMELLIDENS.
191
Fig. 23. 1 & 2. Lamellidens (Z.) plienclwoganjensis, Preston.
(Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.
192
striae; dorsal margin anteriorly gradually sloping, posteriorly
arched and more rapidly descending ; ventral margin somewhat
straight ; anterior side rounded ; posterior side angled above and
below, somewhat obliquely and obtusely rostrate; hinge teeth
Fig. 24. 1 & 2. Lamellidens (Z/,) mainwariiigi, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge of same.
well developed, moderately short ; anterior adductor scar deeply
impressed ; posterior scar somewhat roughly triangular, well
impressed ; interior of shell bluish iridescent, rather granulate.
Long. 25*5, lat. 50 mm.
Hob. Siliguri ; there are also specimens in the Indian Museum
from Namtsik, Dihong Biver.
Type in the Indian Museum.
A small, light, and thin form, which Simpson in his * Synopsis
of the Naiades ' * refuses to recognise as a species, but regards as
L. consobrinus ; the author, however, having been able to examine
a large series from the collection of the Indian Museum, all the
specimens of which are very constant in their size, form, and
hinge, and other characters,, considers it without doubt to be
worthy of specific rank.
The following dimensions are taken from specimens in the
Indian Museum Collection :
1.
2.
3.
Long
. 22-25
21
29-5 mm.
Lat
41-75
40-5
37 mm.
Diam.
11-75
12-5
9-25 mm.
* Washington, B.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Hus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 856
(footnote no. 3).
TRAPEZOIDEUS. 193
Genus TRAPEZOIDEUS.
Trapezoideus, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat.
Mus. Proc. xxii, p. 858.
TYPE, Unio foliacea, Gould ; Burma.
Range. Burma; Siam : Cambodia; Sumatra; Bundelkund.
Original description: Shell trapezoid, much compressed, with
a low posterior ridge and but slightly raised though pointed
beaks, which seem to be sculptured with irregularly radial ridges
arranged in two imperfect chevron-shaped loops ; surface con-
centrically sculptured, often having irregular radial ridges on the
posterior slope ; epidermis yellowish -green or brownish, with two
or more green rays above the posterior ridge ; teeth compressed ;
two pseudocardinals in the left valve, one under the beak, the
other in front, often not well separated, and two laterals ; right
valve with two pseudocardinals and one lateral ; pseudocardinals
all irregular, often pitted and peculiarly dentellate ; laterals
granular, showing traces of vertical striation ; cavity of the beaks
rather deep, compressed; muscle scars shallow, anterior scars
separate ; nacre soft, creamy, yellowish in the beak cavities.
Animal unknown.
318. Trapezoideus foliaceus (Gould).
Trapezoideus foliaceus (Gould) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 858.
Unio foliacea, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1843, p. 141 ;
Otia Conch. 1862, p. 191.
Unio foliaceus, Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Nom. 1845, p. 59;
H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1857, p. 492; H. & T.,
C. I. 1876, p. 19, pi. 42, fig. 3 ; Anderson, Yunnan Exp. 1877,
p. 900, pi. 80, figs. 8-12 ; Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 153.
Margaron (Unio) foliaceus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 39; 1870, p. 62.
Unio peyuensis, Anthony, Amer. Journ. Conch, i, 1865, p. 351,
pi. 25, fio-. 2 ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 95, fig. 619 ;
Pffitel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 162.
Margaron (Unio) peguensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 51.
Original description : Testa parva, compressa, fragili, fusco-
virescente, inequilaterali, transverse oblongo-ovata, postice sub-
angulata ; umbonibus parvis, subtilissime corrtigatis ; dentibus
exilibus, rectis, ad marginem parallelis ; margarita livida, irides-
cente.
Long. 22, lat. 41-5, diam. 12-75 mm.
Hab. Tavoy. Represented in the Indian Museum by speci-
mens from Bhamo (Dr. J. Anderson), and Pegu (W. T. Blanford).
Var. comptus (Deshayes # Jullien); Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 859.
Unio comptus, Deshayes & Jullien, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, x,
1874, p. 126, pi. 6, figs. 3 & 4.
194
Unio fraqilis, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 39; Anderson,
Yunnan Exp. 1877, p. 400, pi. 80, figs. 8-12.
Original description : Testa oblonga, trausversa, compressa,
tenui, fragili, inequilateral!, luteo-rubiginosa, ad apicem decorti-
cata et striis granulosis divaricatis ornata; umbonibus minimis,
obtusis, vix proeminentibus ; latere antico obtuso, paulo angus-
tiori; latere postico latiori, oblique truncate, striis numerosis,
sub^qualibus, arcuatis, ab angulo postico nascentibus ornato ;
margine cardinal! brevi, angnsto, in valvula dextra dente cardinal!
ruinimo, obliquo, simplici, vix preeminent], dente lateral! postico
elongate, angustissimo ; in altera valvula dentibus cardinalibus
duobus, iniequalissimus, divaricatis, dente postico angusto pro-
funde et angustissime bifido.
Long. 18, lat. 32, diain, 10 mm.
Hab. Cambodia.
Var. zayleymanensis (Nevill, J//S.) ; Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus.,
Calcutta, vii, 1912, p. 307.
Original description : Shell thinner and smaller than the typical
form, more produced anteriorly and much more obtuse posteriorly;
the slight curve in the ventral margin is also absent.
Hab. Bhamo (Dr. J. Anderson) ; there are also specimens in the
Indian Museum from Zayleyman (Anderson) and Bhamo.
Type in the Indian Museum.
319. Trapezoideus misellus (Morelet).
Trapezoideus misellus (Morelet) ; Simpson. Washington, D.C. ?
Smiths. Inst, Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 859.
Unio misellus, Morelet, Journ. de Conch., Paris, xiii, 1865, p. 21 ;
Ser. Conch, iv, 1875, p. 341, pi. 14, fig. 2; Psetel, Conch. Sam.
iii, 1890, p. 159.
Unio swmensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, x, 1866,
p. 133 ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1808, p. 279,
pi. 38, fig. 93 ; Obs. Genus Unio, xii, 1869, p. 39, pi. 38,
fig. 93.
Margaron ( Unio) siamensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 57.
Original description : Testa transversa, depressa, inaequi-
lateralis, tenuis, epidermide lamelloso-striata, luteo-virenti, pro-
gressu temporis fuscescente, vestita ; margo anterior attenuatus,
posterior dilatatus, inferior medio sinuatus ; umbones parvi,
depressi. acuti, plerumque decorticati ; dens cardinalis lamelli-
formis, exilissinius, in adultis obsoletus ; lamellae in utraque valva
parvulaa, simplices; testa interna inaequaliter sulcata vel malleata;
margarita plumbea, squalida, sub umbonibus late rubigineo tincta.
Long. 28, lat. 61, diam. 16 mm.
Hab. Siam. Represented in the Indian Museum by specimens
from Tenasserim, and the Irrawaddy River at Sagaing (J. Cogyin
Brown).
TKAPEZOIDEUS. 195
320. Trapezoideus exolescens (Gould).
Trapezoideus exolescens (Gould) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 859.
Unto evolescens, Gould, Proc. Boston, Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1843,
p. 141 ; Catlow & lleeve, Conch. Nona. 1845, p. 59 ; H. &
A. Adams. Gen. Eec. Moll, ii, 1857, p. 493: H. & T v C. I.
1876, p. 43, pi. 107, fig. 5 ; Psete), Conch. Sam. iii, 1890J
p. 152.
Margaron ( Unio) exolescens, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 32 ; 1870, p. 51.
Original description: Testa transverso-oblongata, inequilaterali,
subcompressa, fusco-virescente ; postice dilatata, sub-biangulata ;
umbonibus subelevatis; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, obliquis,
interdum exoletis; lateralibus reraotis, rectis ; margarita livida
v'el ferruginea.
Long. 32, lat. 70, diam. 15 mm.
Hob. Tavoy ; also Bhamo (Indian Museum Collection).
321. Trapezoideus theca (Benson}.
Trapezoideus theca (Benson) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst.. Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 859.
Unio theca, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 186; II. & T.,
C. I. 1876, p. 6, pi. 12, fig. 5 ; Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii. 1890,
p. 169.
Original description : Testa transverse oblongo-ovata, valde
inaequilaterali, tenui, compressa, antice et postice rotuhdata,
superne subtusque convexiuscula, margine ventrali medio recto;
disco subplanato, Iseviusculo, lineis trarisversalibus subrugosis
versus margines notato ; epidermide pallide stramineo-lutea ;
umbonibus planatis, decorticatis, versus apices tenues prominulos,
concentrice sulcatis, postiee lineis duabus radiantibus tenuibus
subelevatis munitis; ligamento longiore ; dentibus cardinalibus
laminatis, teuuibus, brevibus, utriusque valvae duplicibus, valvae
dextras prope marginem anteriorem sitis, obliquis ; sinistrse lobo
subapicali transverse, anteriore obliquo, lateralibus elongatis, vix
curvatis, valvae dextrse simplicibus, sinistrse duplicibus ; margarita
lutea, versus marginem ventralein albida.
Long. 20, lat. 40, diam. 10 mm.
Hob. River Cane, near Ban da, Bundelkhund.
The above description is amplified by the following notes :
" Interior of shell transversely subplicate ; cavity of beaks
shallow. Anterior cicatrices separate, posterior confluent, apical
ones in the cavity of the beaks. Some slight rugse are visible on
the posterior slope at right angles to the striae of growth.
" The shell is somewhat wider posteriorly than
anteriorly. The pale opaque straw-colour of the unpolished
epidermis is also a peculiar feature, not observable in any other
Northern Indian species.
the double umbonal line, apparent occasionally in adult
specimens of U. [(L.) L.~] marginalis, is conspicuous."
o2
196
Genus ARCIDOPSIS.
Arcidopsis, Simpson, Washington, B.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 861.
TYPE, Unio footei, Theobald, from the Kistna Elver.
The genus is represented by a single species (A. footei
(Theobald)).
Original description: Shell inequilateral. elongated, with dorsal
and ventral lines nearly straight and parallel ; anterior end
strongly and obliquely truncated from the beaks to the anterior
base, and ending in a rather sharp but rounded point below ;
posterior end obliquely truncated above, rounded below ; posterior
ridge full, rounded ; the shell in front and below rather compressed ;
surface concentrically and radially ridged ; pseudocardinals strong,
two in the right valve, one in the left, and supported by a strong
cardinal rib ; muscle scars well impressed ; pallial line distinct.
Animal unknown.
322. Arcidopsis footei (Theobald).
Arcidopsis footei (Theobald) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 861.
Unio footei, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 187, pi. 14,
figs. 9, 9 a.
Original description : Testa elongata, rofcundato-quadrata,
valde inaequilateraii ab umbonibus angulata, et infra et antice
valde compressa, concentrice striata et postice radiatim striata.
Dentibus cardinalibus fortibus, in callo costiformi positis, in valva
dextra duobus alteraque singulis, subverticalibus. Cicatricibus
valde depressis. Pallii impressione valde conspicua.
Hob. Kistna Eiver near the " Gutparba falls " (A. B. Foote).
To Theobald's description is added the further note. "The
shell has its valves divided into two subequal areas by a strong
ridge running back and down from the beaks. The lower and
anterior portion is strongly compressed, simulating the appear-
ance of Area subtorta, though there is no true " version *' in the
valves. The strorrg cardinal rib which supports the cardinal teeth
is also a marked feature of this species, as well as its radiating
striae intersecting the concentric lines of growth. Unfortunately
the beaks are much decayed in my two specimens and their
sculpture wholly effaced."
JETHERIIDjE. 197
Family
Subfamily
Shell irregular, free or attached, covered with a periostracurn,
interiorly nacreous or subnacreous ; hinge edentulate ; ligament
linnear, subinternal ; sometimes with two adductor scars on the
valves, sometimes with only the posterior ; pallial line entire.
Animal fluviatile ; mantle open ; branchial orifice communi-
cating with the pedal orifice ; anal orifice closed ; foot absent ;
palpes large, semi-ovate ; gills unequal, folded, uniting behind
together with the visceral sac and the mantle.
Distribution. Tropical Africa; S. India: United States of
Colombia.
Genus MULLERIA.
Mulleria, Ferussac, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1824, i, part 2 7
pp. 368-369 ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xviii, 1872.
TYPE, Mulleria lobata, Ferussac, from the U.S. of Colombia.
Range. United States of Colombia and Southern India.
Translation of original description : Shell attached, inequi-
valve, irregular [in form] ; valves joined by an exterior ligament,
short, lateral, and by a sinuous hinge furnished with oblique
fossettes, in which are enclosed corresponding projections, both
being ornamented with a ligamental appendage.
323. Mulleria dalyi, Smith.
Mulleria dalyi, Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 14, figs, in
text ; Woodward [Anatomy], torn. cit. p. 87, figs, in text.
Original description : Testa irregulariter quadrata, sed postice
producta et rotundata, compressa, insequivalvis ; valvae mediocriter
crassa3, intus margaritaceaB, iridescentes, olivaceo plus minus
maculataB et ad marginem olivaceo-fusco limbata}, extus sub perio-
straco subfibroso, nigro-fusco, fortiter concentrice striato, ex
laminis albis calcareis et aliis corneis fuscescentibus constitse;
valva adhaerens irregulariter planata, altera convexior, plus minus
erosa ; cicatrix musculi posterioris magna, elongata vel rotundata,
mediocriter profunda, concentrice et radiatim striata ; linea pallii
irregularis, punctata, ad marginem superior! fere attingens ; margo
dorsi rectus, ligamento valido per totam longitudinem instructus.
Long. 52, lat. 65, diarn. 20 mm.
Hob. Kadur District, Mysore.
After comparing it witlTthe S. American species of the genus
the author makes the following remarks " the nacre
exhibits an iridescent mixture of white, bluish, greenish, olive and
pinkish tints, whilst the margin is olive-brown. The exterior,
also, is of a rich deep brown or blackish-brown "'
198 jETHERIIDJE.
For the anatomy of this interesting species it may be well to
quote from the late Mr. Martin F. Woodward's invaluable paper
on the subject :
" The Mantle and Muscular System : The mantle folds are
almost completely separated from one another, being united at
two points only, viz., at the posterior attachment of the gills,
thus separating an iuhalent from an exhalent orifice, and dorsally
from the posterior end of the hinge-line for about one-quarter of
the distance between this point and the attachment of the gills.
The margins of the mantle below the attachment of the gills are
beset with small sensory papillae for a space which occupies about
one-quarter of the extent of the mantle-margin from the attach-
ment of the gills to the anterior hinge-line "
" A small posterior pedal retractor is present in Mulleria, situ-
ated immediately above, or anterior to the posterior adductor, and
exhibiting the typical relations of that muscle to the organ of
Bojanus and to the nerve-cords."
" The Mantle Cavity. The branchial cavity is large and entirely
open below. The supra-branchial (anal) chamber opens poste-
riorly by a wide slit; it consists of a large median chamber behind
the posterior adductor muscle, where it receives the opening of
the anus. Under the adductor this chamber becomes divided into
three by the union of the primary branchial filaments with the
body -wall on either side."
" Still further forward, the middle of these three chambers
becomes divided by the intervention of the visceral mass. In the
relationship of this cavity to the surrounding parts, Mulleria
resembles typical Eulamellibranchiata ; there is, however, no
communication, other than through the gill-slits, between the
branchial and supra-branchial cavities, such as we meet with
in a form like Anodonta"
" The external apertures of the organ of Bojanus, and of the
genital gland, open into the innermost subdivision of the supra-
branchial cavity."
" The Foot and Visceral Mass. The muscular foot present in
most lamellibranchiata is entirely wanting in Mulleria, a condition
which is correlated with the fixed abode of life of this form ....
" The visceral mass is small and slightly bilobed posteriorly ; it
exhibits a few superficial muscular fibres mainly connected with
the posterior pedal retractor."
" The Labial Palps. Two pairs of very small leaf-shaped
labial palps are present ; they are equal in size, and exhibit
oblique ridges on the opposed surfaces. The inner pair unite
below the mouth to form the lower lip, while the outer pair,
which become slightly expanded anteriorly, unite above the
mouth/'
" The Respiratory and Circulatory Systems : The gills of
Mulleria consist of two lamellae on either side of the body ; of
these the outer is slightly the smaller. Their relations to each
MULLERIA. 199
other, to the mantle and to the body-wall, are those of a typical
Eulamellibranch. The same is true of their more intimate
structure, for an examination of sections under the microscope
reveals the fact that the two halves of each gill lamella are
connected together by vascular mterlamellar junctions, and that
the gill filaments themselves are further similarly united. In the
individual filaments we find a supporting tissue, and firmer sup-
porting rods are present. The whole structure recalls in its most,
minute details that of the gills of Anodonta or Unio"
" The heart consists of a muscular ventricle and two thin- walled
auricles, the former giving origin to an anterior and a posterior
aorta, the whole being enclosed in a fairly spacious pericardium.
A mass of brown tissue forms the side-walls of the pericardium
anteriorly ; this evidently represents Keber's organ."
" The most striking feature seen in connection with the heart
is the fact that the ventricle is not perforated by the rectum, but
is situated some little distance below the latter, being separated
from it by a portion of the genital gland. The pericardium,
moreover, does not surround the rectum as in Anodonta, its roof
being formed by the thick mass of the genital gland, within which
the rectum lies embedded." .
' ; The Kidney or Organ of Bojanus. The kidney is
essentially that of a typical Eulamellibranch, and closely resembles
that of Anodonta in every detail."
" The Genital Organs : A large genital duct opens close to,
but perfectly independent of, the external opening of the kidney
in the super-branchial chamber. The genital gland is extensive ;
it surrounds the coils of the intestine, and even extends round the
rectum above the pericardium."
" The Alimentary Canal : The mouth practically leads direct
into the stomach, an oesophagus, as such, not being present. The
digestive glands are situated below and at the sides of the stomach,
into which they opsn. There is no crystalline style or " fleche
tricuspid." The intestine is fairly long, and bent on itself several
times ; before leaving the visceral mass it enlarges abruptly ; this
point evidently represents the junction of the mid-gut with the
hind -gut. The latter passes dorsally and continues to enlarge,
becoming considerably dilated just in front of the heart ; from
this point it runs posteriorly, and gradually diminishes in size,
finally opening into the super-branchial chamber above the adductor
muscle. The hind-gut is characterized by the possession of a
longitudinal infolding of its ventral wall, forming what is known
as a typhlosole."
" The Nervous System : The only point of interest connected
with the nerves is the presence of well-developed pedal ganglia ;
this, in face of the entire suppression of the foot, suggests that
the latter has only recently been aborted. The cerebro-pedal
commissures are, however, somewhat short. Owing to the great
transverse width of the mouth, the cerebral ganglia are widely
separated, and their transverse connective is consequently long."
200 GLAUCOMYID^;.
Suborder CONCHACEA.
Family GLAUCOMYID^.
Subfamily GLAUCOMYINJE.
Shell transversely eloDgate, thin, covered with a periostracuin ;
hinge bearing three cardinal teeth in each valve ; lateral teeth
absent ; ligament external, elongated; pallial line sinuous.
Animal inhabiting either fresh or brackish water ; siphons very
long, united ; gills unequal, the external the smaller and appendi-
culate ; foot small.
Distribution. India ; China ; Malaysia.
Genus TANYSIPHON.
Tanysiphon, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, i, 1858, p. 408, pi. 12.
TYPE, Tanysiplion rivalis, Benson, from Bengal.
Range. Gangetic Delta.
Original description : " Testa subincequivalvis, iuaBquilateralis,
transverse oblonga, umbonibus prominentibus obtusis, extremi-
tatibus (postica maxime) hiantibus, margine superiori subarcuato,
ventrali subrecto. Cicatrix siphonalis elongata ^ longitudinis
testa? invadens. Valvse dextra dentes tres, 1 anterior angustus
prominens intrans, 2 laminares transversi, medianus prominens,
posterior major obtusus ; valvre sinistra3 dentes duo, anterior
bilobatus, posterior major. Ligamentuni duplex, externum
parvum ellipticum, vix convexiusculum, internurn lineare t'oveam
posteriorem occupans, demum laminam cardinalem perpendi-
culariter truncans. Epidermis tenuis. Area interior test* nitida,
non margaritacea.
Some of the teeth are apt, in large specimens, to become
obsolete.
Benson makes the following remarks on the animal :
" The siphons closely resemble those organs in My a truncata,
Linn., Woodward, *p. 317, fig. 220. Both are united in a finely
annulated compressed scabbard nearly equalling the length of the
shell. A raphe or seam appears along the inferior margin of the
scabbard. The free extremity is surrounded by tentacula, which
are distant, and of unequal length. The orifices of the siphons
are papillar ; that of the branchial siphon, the larger, is provided
with minute tentacula, but the orifice of the exhalant siphon is
naked. The small foot is hatchet-shaped, with the posterior
margin notched. Both the siphons and the foot are wholly
retractile, and highly sensitive. The foot is sometimes extended
and tongue-shaped, but generally of the outline represented."
TAXYSIPHO2T. 201
"The specimens received in spirits show that the mantle is
closed at the basal edge, presenting narrow openings at either
extremity for the passage of the siphonal sheath and foot. The
suture is nearly straight, scarcely undulate. The foot is thick
and cartilaginous, broad, and with a pit or depression at the
anterior end, and laterally hamate, or bent like the crook of a
walking-stick, the point being towards the hinge-side and the
hinder edge straight, not concave."
324. Tanysiphon rivalis, Benson*
Tanysiplion rivalis, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, i, 1858, p. 408,
pi. 12 B, figs. 1-3 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 47. pi. 116,
figs. 1 & 4.
Original description: Testa tenui, transverse oblonga, antice
breviori obtusa, postice longiori, angustiori, extus tenuiter stria ta
et irregulariter remote rugosa, epidermide pallide cornea ; natibus
decorticatis latis prominentibus, umbonibus obtusis ; valvis male
congruentibus, per spatium breve cardinale et ventrale soluin
tactum exhibentibus ; humero umbonali antico breviter compressi-
usculo ; area interiori caerulescenti-alba.
Long. 11, lat. 21, diam. 9 mm.
Hob. Streams in the neighbourhood of Calcutta.
Family CYKENIDJB.
Subfamily CYRENIK/E.
Shell equivalve, closing tightly, with umbones often eroded,
covered with a periostracum, not pearly, trigonal or roundly
ovate ; hinge usually bearing two or three cardinal teeth and both
anterior and posterior laterals ; ligament external, prominent :
pallial line simple or sinuous.
Animal fluviatile, lacustrine or estuarine ; with anteriorly open
mantle; generally furnished with two siphons of variable size,
seldom a single (anal) one ; foot large, without byssus in the adult
state; palpes triangular; gills joined behind, unequal, the outer
the shorter.
Distribution. Asia ; Africa ; America ; Australia.
Genus CYRENA.
Cyrena, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert, v, 1818, p. 551.
Venus (pars), Chemnitz, Martini & Chemnitz, vi, 1782, p. 333,
pi. 32, fig. 336.
Cyclas (pars), Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth. 1792.
Cyanocydas, Ferussac, Diet. Sci. Nat. xii, 1818.
Polymesoda, Eafinesque, Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. fit IS at. v,
p. 219.
202 CYEENIDJE.
Mactra, Brongniart, Mem. Vincent, 1823, p. 81, pi. 5, fig. 8.
Gelonia, Gray, Synop. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 75.
Cyrena. Prime, Cat. Corbiculidae, 1869-70, p. 141 ; Clessin, in
Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 101.
TYPE, Cyrena ceylonica (Chemnitz) ; Ceylon.
Range. Tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa,
Oceania and Australia.
Shell oval or subtrigonal, rather convex, solid, covered with a
periostracum generally of a brownish-green or yellow hue ; each
valve bearing three somewhat divergent cardinal teeth ; the right
valve bearing four unequal short lateral teeth, of which the
anterior are more nearly situate to the cardinals than the posterior,
and the outer smaller than the inner ; the left valve bearing but
two lateral teeth, one anteriorly and one posteriorly ; pallial line
generally entire.
Animal with very short siphons, large, compressed, trigonal foot,
gills of unequal size, and triangular labial palpes.
325. Cyrena ceylonica (Chemnitz).
Venus ceylonica, Chemn. in Martini & Chemnitz, vi, 1782, p. 333,
pi. 32, fig-. 336.
Venus coaxans, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1788, p. 3278, fig. 336.
Cyclas zeylanica, Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. vii, 1806, p. 420.
Cyrena zeylanica, Lamarck, An. sans Vert, v, 1818, p. 554; Prime,
Cat. Corbiculidae, 1863, p. 6.
Cyrena ceylonica, Lamarck, Prime, Cat. Corb., 1869-70, p. 143,
Gen. Cyrena, no. 12; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879,
pp. 102-103, pi. 17, figs. 1 & 2, pi. 18, figs. 1 & 2.
Cyrena ceylanica, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1878, pi. 19, sp. 11.
Shell large, solid, subtrigonal, subcompressed, high, subequi-
lateral, covered with a thin, yellowish epidermis, with fringed
striae : posterior side obtusely two-angled, rather concave in front
of the anterior angle ; flattened, much sloped behind the posterior
angle ; anterior side rather short, latero-dorsal flattened, sloped.
(Sowerby.)
Hob. Ceylon.
The dimensions here given are those of three specimens in the
British Museum Collection :
1. 2. 3.
Long 62 51 47 mm.
Lat. 65 50 48-5 mm.
Diam. 35-5 27'25 27 mm.
326. Cyrena impressa, Desliayes.
Cyrena impressa, Deshayes, P. Z. S. xxii, 1854, p. 18 ; Cat. Brit.
Mus. 1854, p. 249.
Original description : Testa ovato-subcirculari, obscure sub-
quadraugulari, valde inaequilaterali, turgida, mediocriter crassa;
CYEEXA.
203
Fig. 25. Cyrena imprcssa, Desh.
(Type.) Nat. size.
204 CTKENIDJE
epidermide viridi-glaucescente, transversim tenuissime laininata,
postice inferneque atro-virente, lamellis saepius crispis ; umbonibus
minimis, oblique antice curvatis, decorticatis, acutis, parum
Fig. 1&. Cyrena imprcssa, Desh. ; hinge of. Nat. size.
prominentibus ; latere antico-declivi, rectilineo, inferne obtuso ;
margine suporiore convexiusculo, postico latere subtruncato, sulco
impresso ab umbone descendente distincto ; lamina cardinal! lata,
dentibus primariis tribus angustis, elongatis, prominentibus, apice
profunde furcatis, dente laterali antico conico, brevi, compresso,
postico longiore.
Long. 87, lat. 92, diam. 52 mm.
Hab. Java (Jukes}-, Philippine Islands (Cuminy)-, Australia;
Ceylon (fide Brit. Mus.).
Type in the British Museum.
CYRENA. 205
327. Cyrena sinuosa, Deshayes.
Cyrena zeylanica, Mousson, Moll. Java, 1849, p. 89, pi. 12.
Cyrena sinuosa, Desh., P. Z. S. xxii, 1854, p. 18; Cat. Brit. Mus.,
Conchif. 1854, p. 249; Prime, Cat. Corbiculidae, 1863, p. 6,
1869-1870, p. 147, no. 70; Sowerby, Con. Icon. 1878, pi. 7,
sp. 26 ; ? ? Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, r pp. 228-229,
pi. 45, fig. 1
Original description : Testa ovato-rotundata, tumida, cordi-
formi, solida, valde inaequilaterali, epidernride fusco-fuliginosa,
transversim tenue lamellosa vestita ; latere antico brevi. rotundato,
postico subtruncato, latere supero-posticali sulco, profundo,
sinuoso, decurrente separate ; umbonibus tumidis, brevibus,
saepius erosis ; ligamento aiigusto, partim infosso ; valvis intus
albis ; cardine crasso, utroque latere tridentato, deutibus obliquis,
mediano et postico valvse dextrae bifidis ; dentibus lateralibus
brevibus, antico crasso, conico, apice acuto.
Hob. Java. Ceylon, jide Sowerby.
Type in the British Museum.
The following dimensions are those of specimens in the
National Collection, nos. 1 and 2 being the type specimens from
Java and no. 3 a specimen labelled " China."
1. 2. 3.
Long 68 63 73 mm.
Lat 71 68 78 mm.
Diam 43 38 42mm.
Clessin's figure in the Conch. Cab. 1879, pi. 45, fig. 1 is
certainly not that of Deshayes' species.
328. Cyrena bengalensis, Lamarck.
Cyrena bengalensis, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert, v, 1818, p. 554 ;
Delessert, Recueil, 1841, pi. 7, figs. 6a-6 d; Prime, Cat. Corb.,
vi, 1865 ; 1869-70, p. 142, Gen. Cyrena, no. 5; Sowerby, Conch.
Icon, xx, 1878, pi. 7, sp. 23 ; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz,
1879, pp. 107-108, pi. 13, figs. 1 & 2, pi. 17, tigs. 4 & 6.
Venus bengalensis, Lister, Hist. An. pi. 345, fig. 182.
Cyclas bengalensis, Ferussac, Cat. 1837, p. 20.
Curena turgida, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.
v, 1832, p. 109, pi. 18, fig. 51 ; Hanley, Descrip. Cat. 1844, p. 93,
pi. 14, fig. 50.
Shell solid, tumid, thick, subtrigonal, blackish-brown, roughly
striated ; anterior side high, very short, sloped, full ; posterior
side produced, dorsal margin with a long slope, truncated at the
end, very slightly excavated in front of the angle. (Sowerby.)
Hob. Bengal.
206 CYBENIDJB.
The following are the dimensions of three specimens in the
British Museum Collection :
1. 2. 3.
Long. . , 47-25 42 41-25 mm.
Lat 52-5 48 43 mm.
Diam 31-75 26-5 28 mm.
329. Cyrena tennentii, Hanley.
Cyrena tennentii, Hanley, P. Z. S. xxvi, 1858, p. 23 ; Prime, Cat.
Corbiculidse, 3869-70,' p. 148, no. 75; Clessin, in Martini &
Chemnitz, 1879, p. 240.
Original description : Testa ovato-subtrigona, solicla, ventricosa,
insequilaterali, sublsevigata, epidermide tenui impolita fusco-
lutescente vestita : umbonibus tumidis, decorticatis, valde promi-
nentibus, vix obliquis ; latere antico anguste -rotundato ; latere
postico longiore subattenuato, ad extremitatem obtuse rotundato ;
margine ventrali arcuato ; margine dorsali antice declivi, convexo,
postice subdec]ivi, convexiusculo ; lunula nulla ; superficie interna
albido-violascente ; dentibus lateralibus brevibus, validis, x obtusis ;
antico approximate, postico remoto : sinu palliari brevissimo,
acutissimo.
Long. 27-75, lat. 38 mm.
Hob. Ariho River (flowing into the Gulf of Manaar), Ceylon.
In a note appended to the description the author states that
" the hinge-margin is strong, and the cardinal teeth of
the right valve peculiarly large. The inner disk, beneath the
umbones, has a redder tint ; there is neither a lunule, nor any
indication of an umbonal ridge."
j
330. Cyrena proxima, Prime.
Cyrena proxima, Prime, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii, 1864,
pp. 85-86. fig. 34.
Original description : Testa ovato-suborbiculari, suba2qui-
laterali, subinflata ; latere antico rotundato, postico subobtuso ;
pagina interna candidissima; cardine crasso, lato ; dentibus cardi-
nalibus angustis, divergentibus, majoribus bifidis ; umbonibus
parvulis, integris, inclinatis, iucurvis, approximatis ; striis
obsoletis ; epidermide viridi, nitente induta.
Long. 63, lat. 67, diam. 37 mm.
Hob. Siam ; Sulinan Island, Mergui (fide Brit. Mus.).
The following note is appended to the description :
"The shell is oval-suborbicular, nearly equilateral, and some-
what inflated. The anterior side is rounded, the posterior is
subobtuse. The beaks are small, they curve inwardly and are
approximate. The valves are solid. The interior is white. The
hinge is broad. The cardinal teeth are narrow and divergent,
the two principal ones are bifid. The anterior lateral tooth is
CYRENA. BATISSA. 207
conical and the posterior are somewhat elongated and flattened.
The striae are more or less obsolete. The epidermis is light green
and polished. The ligament is narrow, elongated, and not
prominent."
The only specimens of this species which the author has been
able to see are those in the British Museum, two in number,
which, though they agree well with Prime's description and figure,
are much smaller, having soinewhat the appearance of young
specimens ; their measurements being as below :
1. 2.
Long 43 46 mm.
Lat 47-5 49 mm.
Diam 24 24-5 mm.
331. Cyrena galathese (Morch).
Cyrena (Corneocyclas) (jahithea (Reinhardt MS,), Morch, Cat.
Conch. Kierulf, 1850, p. 32, pi. 2.
Cyrena yalathea, Prime, Cat. Corb., 1863, p. 6 ; 1869-70, p. 144,
no. 33.
Original description : Testa cordato-trigona, insequilatera,
turgida, concentrice striata, postice longiore, truncata, antice et
inferne angulata, umbonibus distantibus, prominentibus ad 5
anter. sitis ; lunula rhomboidali, medio carinata ; area lanceolata,
convexa, ligamento tumido duplo longiore. Dentibus lateralibus
interne fovea impressa ; d. 1. posteriore v. sin. triangulari
compresso ; pone ligarnenturn sito ; d. lunulari v. s. conico,
dentibus cardinalibus aproximato. Dentium cardinalium 2
anterioribus v. s. et 2 posterioribus v. d. bifidis, dente card,
posteriore v. s. lineari, v. d. obsolete. Limbo augusto, nitido.
Impressione musculari semilunari, posteriore rhomboidali, duplo
majore. Colore albo, dentibus cardinalibus et fundo cavitatis
flavescentibus. Epidermide nigrescente, antice radiis obsoletis.
Long. 100, lat. 120, diam. 74 mm.
Hab. Galatea River, ]S"icobar Islands.
Genus BATISSA.
tiatissa, Gray, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, xi, 1853, p. 38.
Cyprina, Cyclas, Bruguiere, Encycl. M3th. 1792.
Cyrena, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert, v, 1818, p. 553.
Venus, Gray, in Wood, Index Test., Suppl. 1828, pi. 2, fig. 13 :
Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus. 1854, p. 219 ; Prime, Cat. Corbiculida^
1869-70, p. 138 ; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch. Cab.
1879, p. 206.
TYPE, Batissa tenebrosa, Hinds, from the Fiji Islands.
Range. Nicobar Islands ; Malay Archipelago ; N. Australia and
Tropical Islands of the Pacific.
208
Shell roundedly ovate or subtrigonal, solid, thick, dorsal margin,
bearing on each valve three divergent cardinal teeth ; lateral teeth
curved, elongated, striate, unequal, shorter in front than behind,
double on the right valve ; ligament large, projecting, thick ;
pallial impression simple or subsinuous.
Animal having two short siphons, united at their base ; mantle
lobes simple or fringed.
332. Batissa inflata, Prime.
Batissa influta, Prime, P. Z. S. xxviii, 1860, p. 320 ; Cat. Corbi-
culidse, 1869-70, p. 139; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1878,
pi. 4, sp. 10; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 218-
Original description : Testa magna, orbiculari, inaequilaterali,
crassa, solida, obtusa, epidermide rugosa, fusco-nigrescente vestita ;
umbonibus productis, erosis obliquis ; valvis intus albis et violaceis ;
dentibus cardinalibus crassis, subaequalibus ; lateralibus angustis.
Long. 83, lat. 96, diam. 57 mm.
Nab. Nicobar Islands.
333. Batissa similis, Prime.
Batissa similis, Prime, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N.Y. vii, 1859,
p. 112; viii, 1866, p. 229, fig. 60 ; Cat. Corbiculidre, 1863, p. 5 ;
1869-70, p. 140, no. 25; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879,
p. 213, pi. 36, fig. 3.
Original desertion: Testa ovato-orbiculari, oblique inaequi-
laterali, tumida, solida, depressa, intus superne alba, postice
inferneque violacea, epidermide nigra vestita, sulcis remotis,
umbonibus profunde erosis ; dentibus cardinalibus tribus, sub-
aequalibus, caniculatis ; lateralibus elongatis, angustis, subaequal-
ibus, serrulatis.
Long. 53, lat. 79, diam. 34-5 mm.
Hob. Nicobar Islands.
334. Batissa capillata, Preston.
Batissa capillata, Preston, Rec. Ind, Mus., Calcutta, ii. 1908, p. 207.
pi. 16, fig. 39.
Original description-. Shell subtrigonal, inequilateral, thick,
rather inflated, covered with a dark, brownish-black periostracum
except in the umbonal region where erosion has taken place,
sculptured with coarse, irregular, concentric growth-lines which
are obliquely crossed posteriorly with coarse hair-like ridges ;
anterior side somewhat angularly rounded ; posterior side slightly
produced, obscurely angled ; ventral margin rounded ; ligament
large, prominent ; cardinal teeth broad and very coarse ; anterior
lateral teeth elongated, finely striate ; interior of shell purplish-
white, the purple staining deepening posteriorly.
Long. 74, lat. 72 mm.
Hob. Andaman Islands (Warneford).
YELOBITA. 209
Genus VELORITA.
Velorita, Gray, 1834, in Griffith, Animal Kingdom, xii, 1834, pi. 31,
fig. 6 (misprinted Villerita) ; Synops. B. M. 1842, p. 75 ; P. Z. S. xii.
1847, p. 184 ; A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xi, 1853, p. 38.
Cyrena, Gray, Ann. Phil. n. ser. ix, 1825, p. 137.
Venus, Gray, in Wood, Index Test., Suppl. 1828, pi. 2, fig. 14.
Villorita, Bunker. 1846 (misprint) ; Cyrenodontce, Johannis, Mag.
Zool. 1836, pi. 70.
Velorita, Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. p. 240 ; Prime, Cat.
Corbiculidee, 1869-70, p. 141 ; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz,
1879, p. 224.
TYPE, Velorita cyprinoidcs, Gray, from the Philippine Islands.
Range. S. India and the Philippines.
Shell triangularly cordiform, solid, with well marked lunule ;
umbones prominent; dorsal margin thick ; hinge bearing on each
valve three oblique cardinal teeth of which the anterior in the
right and the posterior in the left valve are obsolete ; lateral teeth
finely striate : the anterior short, strong, triangular, closely
situated to the cardinal teeth ; the posterior compressed, elongated,
diverging ; pallial line leaving a sinus scarcely noticeable at its
junction with the posterior adductor impression of the valves.
Animal unknown.
335. Velorita cyprinoides (Gray}.
Cyrena cyprinoides, Gray, Ann. Phil. n. ser. ix, 1825, p. 136.
Venus cyprinoides. Gray, Wood, Index Test., Sappl. 1828, pi. 2,
fig. 14.
Velorita cyprinoides,Gv^,j\n Griffifth, Animal Kingdom, xii, 18o4,
pi. 31, iig. 5 ; Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. 1854, pp. 240-
241; Prime, Cat. Corbiculidse, 1869-70, p. 141, no. 2; Clessin,
in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 224-295, pi. 42, tigs. 3 & 4.
Original description: Testa cordato-trigona, gibba, olivacea,
concentrice sulcata ; cardine incrassata, dentibus lateralibus
Isevibus, anteriori conico caeteris approximate.
Long 31*5, lat. 33*5 mm.
The habitat is undoubtedly Southern India, the original locality
" Japan " and later " ? Philippines," the latter quoted by Prime
in his ' Cat. Corbiculidae,' are certainly both erroneous.
The following dimensions are taken from authentic Malabar
Coast specimens in the British Museum ;
1. 2. 3.
Long. . . 41 31 29 mm.
Lat. ...... 39 29 28'5 mm.
Diam. 30 22'5 21 mm.
210 CYREXIDJE.
336. Velorita cochinensis (Hanley).
Cyrena cochinensis, Hanley, P. Z. S. xxvi, 1858, p. 54-3.
Cyrena corbiculiformis, Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
I860, p. 80 ; Cat. Corbiculidse, 1863, p. 6.
Velorita cochinensis, Hanley, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii, 1866,
p. 236, tig. 66 ; Prime, Cat. Corbiculidee, 1869-70, p. 141, no. 1 ;
Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 225, pi. 30, figs. 5 & 6.
Original description: Testa cordata, crassa, valde inaequilate
obliqua, ventricosa seii tumida, epidermide nitente, nigro-
fuscescente vestita, sulcis remotiusculis antice exarata, postice magis
minusve laevigata ; extremitate lateris antici perbrevis rotundata ;
lateris postici attenuati productique, in adultis obtusa, in junioribus
rotundato-acuminata : niargine ventrali arcuato antice valde,
postice parum acclivi : natibus obliquis, erosis, prominentibus :
lunula nulla, loco ejus autem sulcorum experfce: area dorsali postica
lata, retusa : superficie interna alba, niargine cardinali violaceo
sparso, concavitate noununquairi rubescente, sinu palliari vix ullo :
dentibus primariis vix emarginatis ; lateralibus haud mariifeste
striatis, sub lente autem minutissime corrugate -granosis, antico
brevi et valde approximate, postico elongato et remotiore.
Long. 47, lat. 38 mm.
Hab. Cochin.
In a note following the original description, the author makes
the following remarks : " .... The primary teeth are somewhat
peculiar, and have a tendency to shelve outwards ; the hinder
and central ones are not strictly bifid, but exhibit a kind of
shallow sublateral grooving; the front one in the right valve
is very short, and simply pyramidal. The beaks are probably
acute when young; the surface below the epidermis is reddish
purple."
The following measurements are taken from three specimens
in the British Museum, labelled as coming from the Malabar
Coast :
1. 2. 3.
Long 34 35 32 mm.
Lat..... 3625 35'75 33mm.
Diam. . 23-5 25-5 22 mm.
Genus CORBICULA.
Corbicula, Megerle, Mag. Gesell. Naturf. Berlin, v, 1811, p. 56.
Tellina \pars), Muller, Verm, ii, 1774, p. 205.
Venus (pars), Chemnitz, in ^Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. vi,
1782, p. 320.
Cyclas (pars), Bruguiere, Encycl. M<th. 1792.
Cyrena, Lamarck, A mm. sans Vert, v, 1818, p. 552.
Venulites, Schloth., Petref. 1820, p. 200.
TYPE, Corbicula flumindlis, Megerle.
Ranye. Tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
COBBICULA. 211
Shell subtrigonal or cordiform, subequilateral ; with umbones
prominent, concentrically grooved ; hinge bearing three divergent
cardinal teeth in each valve ; lateral teeth elongated, compressed,
lamelliform, finely striate ; right valve having two lateral teeth
both anteriorly and posteriorly, the left valve having but one on
each side ; pallial line usually continuous.
Animal having the edge of the mantle ornamented with small
conical tentacles ; siphons very short, closely situate ; orifices
papillary ; foot tongue-shaped, rather large, laterally compressed ;
palpes triangular, large ; gills joined behind.
337. Corbicula fluminalis (Muller).
Tellina fluminalis, Mull. Verm, ii, p. 205.
Venus jluminalis, Chemn. iii Conch.-Cab. vi, p. 319, pi. 30, fi?. 320 ;
Wood, Ind. Test. pi. 8, fig. 113.
Tellina Jluminalis, Schroter, Flussconch. p. 195, no. 20 ; Gmel.
S. N. p. .3242, no. 79.
Cy das fluminalis, Blainv. D. S. N. xii, p. 280.
Cyrena fuscata, var.?, Lamk. An. s. Vert, v, p. 522, no. 4.
Corbicvla fluminalis, Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. 1854,
pp. 222-22:1
Original description: Testa crassa, dura valde gibba, opaca,
antice versus cardinem latior, quam postice, extus viridis crebro
striatim. imbricata ; striae aperturae parallel*. Intus cyanea ;
cardiuis dentes inedii sex cum fossulis, tres nempe in quavis
valvula, utriusque ligamento proximus emarginatus est ; laterales
utrinque elongati, sulcique excipientes, crenulati sunt.
Hob. India, etc.
The following dimensions are those of two specimens in the
British Museum :
1. 2.
Long 39-25 38 mm.
Lat 45 43'25 mm.
Diarn 26 23*5 mm.
Var. holstiana, Schlesch, Calcutta, Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, 1908,
p. 308.
Said to be more arched than the typical form.
Hab. Hoti-Mardan, near Peshawar.
338. Corbicula fluminea (Mutter).
Tellina jluminea, Miill. Verm, ii. p. 206; Gmel. S. N. p. 3243,
no. 80.
Cyclas jluminea, Blainv. D. S. N. xii, p. 280.
Venusflumima, Chemn. in Conch.-Cab. vi, p. 320, pi. 30, figs. 322,
323, an eadem species ? ; Schroter, Einl. iii, p. 159, no. 13 ;
Wood, Ind. Test. pi. 8, fig. 114.
Tellina fluviatilis, Schroter, Flussconch. p. 193, pi. 4, figs. 2 & b.
212 CYRE1S T ID,E.
Cyrena fluminea, Lamk. An. s. Vert, v, p. 553, no. 5 ; Hanley,
Descr. Cat. p. 92; Philippi, Abbild. Conch, p. 2, no. 3, pi. 1,
fig-. 3, an eadem apecies ? : Mousson, Moll, de Java, p. 87, no. 2,
pi. 15, fig. 3.
Original description : Testa gibba, opaca, antice et postice
versus cardinem fere sequalis, extus viridis, costis latis transversis
quasi circulis doliaribus circumdata ; intus albida semicirculo
nigro notata. Cardinis dentes et fossula3, uti in pracedente.
Hob. India, etc.
The dimensions given below are those of three specimens in the
British Museum :
1. 2. 3.
Long 35-25 37 32-5 mm.
Lat 42 41-25 37 mm.
Diam. . 23 29-25 23 mm.
339. Corbicula fluviatilis (Mtiller).
Tellina fluviatilis, Miiller, Verm, ii, 1774, p. 206.
Cyclasfluviatilis, Blainv. D. S. N. xii, p. 280.
Venus fluviatilis, Chemnitz, Conch. -Cab. vi, p. 330, pi. 30, fig 1 . 321 ;
Wood, Ind. Test. pi. 8, fig. 116.
Cyrena fuscata, Lamk. An. s. Vert, v, p. 552, no. 4, exclus. var. .
Cyrena fluviatilis, Philippi, Abbild. Conch, p. 3, no. 5, pi. 1, fig. 5.
Cyrena manilensis, Philippi, Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1841, p. 163.
Corbicula fluviatilis, Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. 1854,
p. 226; Prime, Cat. Corb. 1869-70, Gen. Corbicula, no. 41,
p. 132; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 151-152,
pi. 27, figs. 3-5.
Original description: Testa latior et tenuior proxime prse-
cedentibus, fusco-virens, in cardine antice et postice aBqualis
latitudinis, lineis elevatis cincta area interjecta angustior, quam in
T. [(7.] fluminea t variolosa. Facies interna dentesque cardinis
uti in proxime praecidentibus.
Hob. India, etc.
The dimensions of a specimen in the British Museum Collection
are : Long. 17, lat. 19-25, diam. 12-25 mm.
340. Corbicula parjvula. Prime.
Corbicula parvula, Prime, Proc. A cad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861,
p. 127; Cat. Corb. 1863, p. 4 ; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii,
1864, p. 76, fig. 25 j Cat. Corb. 1869-70, no. 76.
Original description : Testa ovato-transversa, depressiuscula,
tenui, aBquilaterali, extremitatibus rotundata ; umbonibus magnis,
tumidis, erosis ; sulcis irregularibus ; epidermide viridi flavescente,
irregulariter maculata vestita ; intus pallide violacea ; dentibus
primariis crassis, lateralibus aequalibus.
Long. 10, lat. 12, diam. 5 mm.
Hab. India.
CORBICUEA. 213
341. Corbicula agrensis, Prime.
Corbicula agrensu, Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861
p. 128; Cat. Corb. 1863, p. 3; Ann. Lye. Nat. llist. N.Y. viii,
1864, p. 75, tig. 24 ; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 175,
pi. 30, fig. 23.
Original description : Testa ovato - transversa, aequilaterali,
laevigata, depressiuscula, extretnitatibus rotundata ; epidermicle
viridi-olivacea induta ; sulcis regularibus, distantibus ; intus
pallide violacea ; umbonibus tumidis. erosis ; cardiac angusto,
deiitibus cardinalibus crassis, lateralibus aequalibus teriuiter
serrulatis.
Long. 8, lat. 8, diain. 5 mm.
Hub. Agra.
342. Corbicula subradiata, Prime.
Corbicula subradiata, Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861,
p. 127 ; Cat. Corb. p. 4, 1863; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii,
1864, p. 75, tig. 23 , Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz. 1879,
p. 174, pi. 30, tig. 21.
Original description : Testa trigona, sequilaterali, compressi-
uscula, antice paulo latiore et obtusiore, striis regularibus,
epidermide viridi, nitente induta ; intus pallide violacea ; um-
bonibus niinimis, acutis antice obliquaris, violaceo-subradiatis
cardine angusto, dentibus priraariis crassis.
Long. 12, lat. 14, diam 7 mm.
Uab. India.
343. Corbicula cashnrirensis, Deshayes.
Corbicula cashmirensis, Deshaye*, P. Z. S. xxii, 1854, p. 344 ;
Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. p." 224 ; Prime, Cat. Corb. 1869-70,
Gen. Corbicula, no. 18 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 55, pi. 138,
tigs. 2 & 3; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 166,
no. 57, pi. 29, figs. 17 & 18.
Original description: Testa ovato -transversa, subtrigona,
sequilaterali, tumidula, transversim tenue et regulariter striata,
striis postice evanescentibus, epidermide nitida, atro-virescente,
in latere postico tenuissime striata vestita; umbouibus tumidis,
prominentibus, prot'unde erosis, violaceis ; cardine angusto, in
valva dextra bideutato, in altera tridentato, valvulae dextrae dente
antico laterali aduato, dentibus primariis divergentibus, sim-
plicibus, lateralibus longis, angustis, antico longiore, cardine
proximo; valvis iutus violaceis, impressione pallii margine valde
remota.
Nab. Casbmir; also recorded from Belucbistan, Avantipura,
etc.
Of the following dimensions (none having been given with the
description), Nos. 1, 2, & 3 are taken from the three specimens
214 CYRENID^E.
which form the type series ; the dimensions of No. 4 are those
of the specimen figured by Hanley and Theobald in the Conch.
Ind. All four are now in the British Museum.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Long 32-25 30 33 25-75 mm.
Lat 37 36 38-5 29 mm.
Diam. . 10-25 20-5 12 16 mm.
344. Cor bicula trigona, Desliayes.
'Corbicula trigwia, Deshayes, P. Z. S. xxii, 1854, p. 344; Cat.
Brit. Mus., Conchif. p. 224 ; Prime, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y.
viii, 1866, p. 221, fig. 53; Cat. Corb. 1869-70, Gen. Cvrbiculn,
no. 102; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 62, pi. 15-5, fig. 7 ; Clessiu, in
Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 203, no. 126.
Original description : Testa trigona, aeqnilaterali, compressi-
uscula, antice paulo latiore et obtusiore, utroque latere asqualiter
declivi, transversim tenue et regulariter striata, epidermide viridi,
nitente induta, intus pallicle violacea ; umbonibus minimis,
brevibus acutis ; lunula ovata, angulo obsolete circumscripta,
pallida laevigata ; cardine angusto, bidentato, altero tridentato ;
dentibus lateralibus aequalibus, tenuissime striatis, antico leviter
arcuato.
Hob. Pondicherry.
The dimensions given below are taken from three specimens in
the type series in the British Museum :
1. 2. 3.
Long 11-25 10 1075 mm.
Lat 12-75 11-75 12-25 mm.
Diam 7 *3 7 mm.
* Single valve.
345. Corbicula striatella, DesTiayes.
Corbicula striatella, Deshayes, P. Z. S. xxii, 1854, p. 344 ; Cat.
Brit. Mus., Conchif. p. 224 ; Hanley, Photog. Conch. ; Prime,
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii, 1864, p. 74, fig. 22 ; H. & T.,
C. I. 1876, p. 55, pi. 138, figs. 7 & 10; Clessin, in Martini &
Chemnitz, 1879, p. 167, no. 58, pi. 29, figs. 19 & 20, pi. 30,
fig. 20.
Corbicula violacta, Prime, op. cit. 1861, p. 28, teste Prime ;
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861, p. 128.
Original description : Testa ovato-transversa, depressiuscula,
subaequilaterali, extremitatibus sequaliter obtusa. transversim
regulariter lirata, liris ad latus posticum evanescentibus, epi-
dermide pallide virescente, nitida vestita, intus atro-violacea ;
umbonibus brevibus, atro-violascentibus, pallidiore biradiatis ;
COimiCTLA. 21
cardine angusto, tridentato, dentibus inaequalibus, divaricatis,
postico longiore et angustiore, dentibus lateralibus elongatis,
angustis subaequalibus, arcuatis, tenuissime striatis.
Bab. Pondicherry ; also recorded from Scinde.
The dimensions of Nos. 1 and 2, as given below, are those of
the two type specimens; those of No. 3 refer to the largest
Scindian specimens. All are in the British Museum.
1. 2. 3.
Long 14-25 10 18'5 mm.
Lat 18 12-25 21 mm.
Diam lo 6'25 1275 mm.
346. Corbicula huttoniana, Clessin.
Corbicula huttoniana, Clessin, Mai. Blatt. ix, n. f. 1887, pp. 77-78,
pi. 3, fig. 5.
Original description: Testa mediocris, ovata, subsequilateralis,
solidula, modice inflata, nitidula, anguste regulariterque sulcata ;
epidermide flavescente vel fuscescente ; antice vix acuminatim
rotundata ; postice rotundata ; umbonibus modice inflatis et
prominentibus ; margine dorsali valde arcuato, marg. postico
et antico rotundata, marg. ventrali convexo ; ligamentum curtum,
tenue ; lunula profunda, elongata ; cardine modice angusta ;
dentibus lateralibus a?qualibus ; margarita violaeea..
Long. 17, lat. 21, diam. 11 rum.
Hab. Ahimdabad.
347. Corbicula subnitens, Clessin.
Corbicula subnitens, Clessin, Mai. Blatt. ix, n. f. 1887, p. 77. pi. 3,
fig. 5.
Original description : Testa parva, triangulata, tenuis, ventri-
cosa, subaequilateralis, paullulum nitidula, levissime irregulari-
terque striata, obscure olivaceo-viridescente ; autice rotundata ;
postice acuminatim rotundata; umbonibus inflatis, prominentibus;
margine dorsali arcuato ; marg. postico et antico rotundato ;
marg. ventrali convexo ; ligamentum curtum, Ia3ve ; lunula incon-
spicua ; cardine angustissimo ; dentibus lateralibus subaequalibus ;
margarita violacea.
Long. 13, lat. 13, diam. 12 mm.
Hab. Ceylon?
348. Corbicula solida, Clessin.
Corbicula solida, Clessin, Mai. Bliitt. ix, n. f. 1887, p. 76, pi. 3,
fig. 4.
Original description: Testa parva, fere triangulata, sub-
sequilateralis, soliclissima, nitidula, epidermide olivaceo-flavescente,
216 CYKENID^E.
regulariter auguste sulcata ; antice panllulum acuminata, postiee
eubtruncata : umbonibus inflatis, valde prominentibus, erosis ;
margine dorsali fere angulato, niarg. antico rotundato, marg.
postico rotundato, marg. ventraii valde convexo ; ligamentum
curtum, solidum, lunula triaugulata ; cardine valde incrassato ;
dentibus cardinalibus crassis ; dent, lateral, paulluluin arcuatis,
subsequalibus ; margarita saturate violacea.
Long. 12, lat. 11-5, diam. 10 mm.
Hob. Ceylon.
Type in the British Museum.
349. Corbicula nevilli, Clessin.
Corbicnla nevilli, Clessin, Mai. Blatt. ix, n. f . 1887, pp. 70-71, pi. 2,
fig. 5.
Original description : Testa parvula, modice solidula, ovato-
rotundata, nitidula, sulcis distantibus ornata, epidermide flaves-
cente ; antice vix subacuminata, rotundata ; postiee subtruncata,
umbonibus paullulum elevatis, erosis ; margine dorsali valde
arcuato, marg. antico rotundato, m. postiee rotundato, m. inferioir
convexo ; ligamentum crassium ; lunula profunda ; cardine in-
crassato ; dentibus cardinalibus tenuibus ; dent, later, sub-
sequalibus, subarcuatis ; margarita violacea, sub umbo. pallida.
Long. 12, lat. 14-5, diam. 9 mm.
Nab. Assam.
350. Corbicula occidens, Deshayes.
Corbicnla occidens, Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus. Conchif. 1854, p, 223 ;
Prime, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii, 1866, p. 220, fig. 51 ;
H. & T., C. I. p. 55, pi. 138, figs. 8, 9.
Original description: Testa ovato-transversa, aequilaterali,
tumida, tenui, transversim regulariter lirato-sulcata ; epidermide
flavescente-viridi vestita, ad umbones atro-violascente vel breviter
albo radiata ; umbonibus tumidis, brevibus, laevigatis ; lunula
ovato-lanceolata, pallida, Isevigata ; valvis intus profunde fusco-
violascentibus ; cardine angusto, inaequaliter tridentato ; dentibus
lateraiibus brevibus augustis albis tenue striatis.
Hab. 8ikkim ; Moradabad, Bengal.
The dimensions given below are taken from three specimens in
the British Museum :
1. 2. 3.
Long.. 13-25 11-25 12-25 mm.
Lat 16 13-25 15 mm.
Diam 8 7 7*75 mm.
351. Corbicula iravadica, Blanford.
Corbicula iravadica, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xlix, 1880, pp. 221-222 ;
II. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 62, pi. 115, fig. 8.
CORBICULA. 217
Original description: Testa fere aequilateralis, rhomboideo-
ovata, ventricosa, solidiuscula, concentrice striato atque costulis
subremotis, iuterdum plus ininusve obsoletis, ornata, epidermide
olivacea induta, intus violacea : latere antice ante umbones
prominentes subhorizontali ; tune fere regulariter convexo, postico
declivi, oblique subrruncntulo, demum subangulato, margine
ventral! modice arcuato ; ligamento postice subito contracto.
Long. 9, lat. 10'5, diam, 7 mm.
The author also gives the dimensions of another specimen
as :
Long. 8'5, lat. 1V5, diam. 7 mm.
Hub. Maudalay.
352. Corbicula regularis, Prime.
Corbicula regularis, Prime, P. Z. S. xxviii, I860, pp. 321-322 ;
Cat. Corb. 1869-70, Gen. Corbicula, p. 136, no. 90 ; H. & T., 0. 1.
1876, p. 55, pi. 138, tigs. 5, 6 ; Clessm, in Martiiii & Chemnitz,
1879, p. 202.
Original description : Testa ovato-transversa, aequilaterali, intus
violacea, epidermide viridi-navescente ; umbonibus disparibus ;
dentibus cardinalibus tribus, inaequalibus, lateralibus pra3longis,
striatis.
Long. ]7'75, lat. 22-75, diam. 11 mm.
Bab. Deccan ; also recorded from Madras.
353. Corbicula bengalensis, Deshayes.
Corbicula bengalensis, Deshayes, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 344 ; Cat. Brit.
Mus., Conchif. p. 224; Prime, Cat. Corb. 1864, p. 4; 1869-70,
Gen. Corbicula, p. 128, no. 10; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii,
1866, p. 200, fig-. 52 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 62, pi. 155, fig. (5
(Corbicula bengalica [sic 1, Deshaves) ; Clsssin, in Martini &
Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 138-139, pi. 24, fig. 20.
Original description : Testa ovato-subtrigona, depressiuscula,
tenui, subsequilaterali, obsolete transversim striata, striis, regu-
laribtis, distantibus, epidermide flavescente, nitidissima, intus alba,
in medio macula rubescente notata ; umbonibus miuimis acutis ;
cardine angusto, trideutato, altero bidenlato ; dentibus lateralibus
angustissimis, argute striatis.
Hob. Bengal ; also recorded from the Eiver Jumna.
The dimensions given below are taken from the two specimens
forming the type series in the British Museum :
1. 2.
Long 8 8 mm.
Lat 10 9-75 mm.
Diam 5 *2 mm.
* Single vulve.
218 CTREXIDJE.
354. Corbicula "bensoni.
Corbicula bensoni, Deshayes, P. Z. S. xxii, 1854, p. 345 ; Cat. Brit.
Mus., Vener. p. 224.
Corbicula bensonii, Desh., Prime, Cat. Corb. 18C9-70 ; Gen. Corbicula,
p. 128, no. 11.
Corbicula bensoni, If. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 65, pi. 138, figs. 1,4;
Clessin. in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 198, no. 111.
Original description ; Testa ovato-transversa, subtrigona, aequi-
laterali, laevigata, nitida, depressiuscula, extremitatibus, obtusa,
utroque latere sequaliter declivi, epidermide tenui, nitente, vires-
cente vel flavescente induta, aliquantisper lineis interruptis,fuscis
radiata, intus alba, vel pallide violascente ; cardine angusto, tri-
dentato, dentibus insequalibus valde divaricatis, dentibus lateralibus
prselongis, angustissimis, tenuissime striato-crenatis, antico paullo
longiore.
Hob. Bengal ; also recorded from the River Jumna.
The dimensions given below are taken as follows : No. 1 from
the single valve representing the type, and Nos. 2 and 3 from two
other specimens in the British Museum :
1. 2. 3.
Long ....... 7-5 7 7 mm.
Lat ......... 9-25 9-5 9-25 mm.
Diam ....... *2 4-25 *2 mm.
* Single valves.
355. Corbicula consanguinea, Prime.
Corbicula consanguinea, Prime, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii,
1867, p. 417; Cat. Corb. 1869-70, p.' 129, no. 22; Clessin, in
Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 199.
Original description : Testa ovato-transversa, compressiuscula,
sequilaterali ; epidermide viriclescente, nitente vestita ; regular! ter
striata ; umbonibus brevibus, atro-violascentibus ; valvis intus
violaceis ; cardine lato.
Long. 14, lat. 16, diam. 9 mm.
Hob. India.
The type is inaccessible to the compiler of the present volume ;
the author, however, states that though closely allied to C. stria-
tella.) Deshayes, the lateral teeth are stronger and much broader
in the present species.
356. Corbicula sylhetica, Preston.
Corbicula sylhetica, Preston, Eec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta, ii, 1908,
pp. 47-48 (fig. in text).
Original description: Shell nearly equilateral, tumid, sub-
trigonal, pale olive-green, sculptured with fine irregular concentric
COBMCULA. 219
striae ; anterior side rounded ; posterior side somewhat angularly
rounded; lateral margins sloped; ventral margin rounded, slightly
contracted towards the posterior side ; umboes large ; interior of
shell purplish-white.
Long. 1O5, lat. 12 mm.
Hob. Phenchooganj, Sylhet, Assam.
Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Allied to C. iravadica, Benson, but is more trigonal and more
swollen.
357. Corbicula quilonica, Benson.
Corbicula quilonica, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, vi, 1860, p. 260.
Corbicula quilonensis [sic] Benson ; Prime, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
N.Y. viii, 1866, p. 224, fig. 56; Cat. Corbiculidse, 1869-70,
p. 135, no. 87; Clessin, in Martini Chemnitz, 1879, p. 135,
pi. 24, fig. 10.
Original description: Testa inaequilaterali, trigono-rhomboidea,
gibba, tenui, concentrice subremote costata, costis postice evanes-
centibii'i, sulcis intermediis latioribus, sub lente decussatim striatis,
albida vel lutea, radiis fuscis angustis ornata ; umbonibus promi-
nentibus, apice fere eroso ; latere antico breviore, valde arcuato,
angustiore, postico striato, latiore ; superue et basin versus
ungulata ; margine ventrali mediocriter arcuato ; ligamento ob-
longo intra nates attenuate ; pagina interna valde concava, albida,
maculis radiisque purpureis ornata ; dente mediana valvae dextra?
duplici, dentibus lateralibus brevibus serrulatis.
Long. 8, lat. 10, diam. 5'5 mm.
Hub. Xear Quilon, in (probably brackish) ponds.
The author adds a note to his description from which the
following may be quoted : " The younger shells are more gibbous
towards the uinbones in proportion to their length than the larger
specimens. A tawny-yellow epidermis covers the fresher speci-
mens. The rays are numerous, more or less broad, sometimes
appearing as mere lines of small spots, and occasionally spreading
so as to make the surface appear nearly black The
shortness of the lateral teeth, on the anterior side especially, is a
notable character, as well as the insequilateral form, which is-
more conspicuous in the young than in the adult shell."
358. Corbicula alberti, Preston, nom. nov.
Corbicula violacea, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 180-
181, p. 30, figs. 18, 19.
Shell small, almost equilateral, swollen, fairly thin, polished,
shining, strongly and distantly ribbed, covered with a dark olive-
brown periostracum ; anterior side scarcely attenuated, rounded ;.
posterior side dilated, truncated ; vertical transverse section
cordate ; horizontal contour ovate ; umbones broad, inflated,
220 CYBENIDJE.
prominent, eroded ; anterior margin rounded, gradually passing
into the lower margin ; ventral margin much arched ; posterior
margin curved, somewhat truncated ; ligament short, thin ;
ligamental sinus shallow, slightly rounded ; escutcheon and lunule
absent ; interior of shell polished only at the margins ; nacre dark
violet; hinge margin narrow; lateral teeth long, the anterior
longer than the posterior, the inner almost uniting with the
outer, those portions bordering on the cardinal teeth somewhat
swollen, the swelling increasing very gradually ; muscle and
mantle scars shallow.
Long. 17, la't. 19, diam. 12 mm.
Jlab. ? India.
Type in Sandberger Coll., Wurzburg.
The name "violacea" having been already used by Prime in
the genus, it becomes necessary to substitute another, hence that
now given to the present species.
359. Corbicula inflata, Clessin.
Corbicula inflata, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 179,
pi. 31, figs. 14, 15,
Shell of medium size, solid, much inflated, almost equilateral,
sculptured with polished, strong, somewhat distant, concentric
riblets, covered with a yellowish-brown periostracum ; anterior
side short, scarcely attenuated ; posterior side broadly truncated ;
umbones broad, much inflated, very prominent, strongly recurved ;
vertical transverse section broadly cordate ; horizontal contour
roundly ovate ; anterior margin somewhat curved towards the
lower margin, sharply rounded, gradually passing into the strongly
arched Literal margin ; posterior margin somewhat curved,
gradually passing into the lower margin ; escutcheon and lunule
scarcely noticeable ; ligament short, very strong ; ligamental
sinus shallow, angularly notched ; interior of shell polished only
at the margins, nacre pale violet ; hinge margin fairly strong ;
cardinal teeth solid, much elevated, furrowed above ; lateral teeth
very long, the anterior much longer than the posterior ; margin of
the hinge much dilated in the vicinity of the two cardinal teeth ;
muscle-scars shallow.
Long. 32, lat. 36^ diam. 24 mm.
ffab. India.
Type in Sandberger Coll., Wurzburg.
360. Corbicula picta, Clessin.
Corbicula picta, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 179, pi. 31,
figs. 12, 13.
Shell small, somewhat iuequivalve, slightly inflated, moderately
solid, strongly concentrically ribbed, the ribs being rather closely-
set, slightly shining, covered with a dark-green periostracum and
ornamented with black, radiate bands running from the umboues
COIIBICULA. 221
to the outer margins, the umbones themselves being of a reddish
colour; anterior side short, broadly rounded; posterior side
broad, somewhat truncate ; vertical transverse section narrowly
cordate ; horizontal contour almost cordate ; uinbones large, i'airly
prominent, much eroded ; anterior margin somewhat curved,
rounded, gradually passing into the ventral margin ; ventral
margin slightly arched ; posterior margin strongly curved, sepa-
rated from the ventral margin by a distinctly marked, somewhat
rounded angle ; ligament short, somewhat thick ; ligamental sinus
very shallow, slightly notched, elongate ; interior of shell dull,
except at the outer margin where it is polished, violet coloured ;
hinge margin rather narrow, bearing three cardinal teeth, the two
posterior comparatively strong, grooved above, the third or
anterior one very weak ; lateral teeth long, somewhat curved ;
muscle scars very shallow ; mantle scar distinct.
Long. 21, lat. 22, diam. 14 mm.
Hal. ? India.
Type in Sandberger Coll., Wiirzburg.
361. Corbicula indica, Clessin.
Corbicula indica, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 143-144,
pi. 25, figs. 21-23.
Shell of medium size, slightly inflated, solid, somewhat inequi-
lateral, with glossy, strongly ribbed surface, the ribs somewhat
close and acute, covered with an olive-green periostracum and
painted with dark spots ; growth striae not distinct ; anterior side
somewhat shortened and pointed, posterior side slightly elongated,
truncate ; umbones large, scarcely prominent, very slightly re-
curved, eroded ; vertical longitudinal section broadly lanceolate ;
vertical transverse section very narrow, cordate ; horizontal contour
triangularly ovate ; anterior margin somewhat rouudedly pointed ;
lower margin strongly curved ; posterior margin forming a some-
what broad and short beak considerably roundedly angled on both
sides ; escutcheon and lunule scarcely visible ; ligament short,
fairly strong and prominent ; ligamental sinus short, shallow
triangular ; interior of shell dull, the outer margin only slightly
polished, tinged with violet, dorsal or hinge-margin white ;
cardinal teeth not divergent ; lateral teeth very elongate and
finely ribbed, equally strong over their whole length, the anterior
much stronger than the posterior ; muscle and mantle scars both
shallow.
Long. 23, lat. 28, diam. 15 mm.
Hab. ? India.
Type in Gruner Coll., No. 518.
362. Corbicula regia (Benson MS.), Clessin.
Corbicula regia (Benson MS.), Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz,
1879, p. 267, pi. 43, fig. 5.
Shell small, ovate, solid, much inflated, very inequilateral, with
222
strong fairly distant ribs, periostracum yellowish-brown ; anterior
side elongated, pointedly rounded, posterior side much shortened,
obtuse, umbones much inflated, prominent, generally eroded ;
upper margin curved, gradually passing into the side margins ;
anterior margin narrow, rounded, gradually passing into the much
arched and long ventral margin ; posterior margin slightly curved
and merging into the dorsal and ventral margins ; ligament short,
fairly strong and prominent ; interior of shell dull, nacre white,
marked with fine narrow brown rays, of which three are equally
divided over the surface, running from the umbones to the ventral
margin, while the remaining two run towards the hinge-margin,
terminating at the lower side of the latter ; hinge-margin fairly
broad ; cardinal teeth small, not grooved above ; lateral teeth
elongated, depressed, the posterior being shorter.
Long. 9, lat. 10, diam. 8 mm.
Hab. ? India.
363. Corbicula noetlingi, v. Martens.
Corbicula ncetlingi, v. Martens, Arch. Natg. Berlin, Ixv, 1899, p. 47,
pi. 4, figs. 7-9.
? Cyrena moussoniana (Deshayes), Sowerby in Reeve, Conch. Icon.
xx, 1878, pi. 17, fig. 97 (non moussoni, Desh., Cat. Brit. Mus.,
Conchif. 1854, p. 227).
Shell posteriorly elongated, in form somewhat resembling Venus
or Tapes; dorsal margin descending more obliquely anteriorly
than posteriorly ; anterior margin rounded ; posterior margin
rounded above and below, vertically descending in the median
region ; ventral margin moderately rounded ; concentric ribs
strong, narrow, half the breadth of the spaces between, anteriorly
and posteriorly becoming gradually reduced to slight striae ;
hinge strong ; lateral teeth long, the anterior one bent at the
anterior end, the posterior one fairly straight ; interior of shell
bright violet.
Long. 22, lat. 29, diam. 14 mm.
Hab. Hpaung, N. Shan States (in a small pool).
The author mentions a small variety which is still more posteriorly
elongated and rounded (fig. 7 in the reference to the original
description quoted above).
Long. 16, lat. 22, diam. 11 mm.
Bab. Bakmio.
364. Corbicula arata (Sowerby).
Cyrena arata, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1878, pi. 17, fig. 93.
Original description : Testa ovata, tenuissima, rosacea, turni-
dissima, liris magnis, distantibus ad latera suboblique terminantibus
rugata, epidermide aurantio-flavida induta ; latere antico rotundo,
SPHvEUIUM. 223
vulde iuflato ; latere postico magis producto, subattenuato, anguste
truncate.
Hub. Tenasserim.
The dimensions of a specimen in the British Museum are:
Long. 14, lat. 17, diam. 11 mm.
A pale, uniform greenish-yellow shell ornamented with distant,
concentric riblets ; somewhat elongately ovate and considerably
inflated, especially remarkable for its thin texture.
Subfamily SPH^RIIJSLE.
Shell small, ovate or trigonal, lateral and cardinal teeth more
or less developed, ligament external ; palliul line entire.
Distribution. World-wide.
Genus SPHJERIUM.
Sphcerium, Scopoli, 1777 ; Scopoli, Introduct. p. 397.
Chama, d'Argenville, Hist. Nat. Lithol. Coiichyl. no. 9, 1742,
pp. 368, 374, pi. 31.
Teltina, Linnaeus ; Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. i, 1758, p. 678.
Cardium, DaCosla, Brit. Conch. 1778, p. 173, pi. 13, tig. '2,
Cydas, Bruguiere, Encycl. M6th. 1792, pi. 301.
, Humphrey, Mus. Calonn. 1797, p. 59.
Amesoda, llatinesque, Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. et Nat. v, 1820, p. 310.
Cycladitex, Kriiger, Gesch. Urwelt. ii, 1823, p. 469.
Pisidium, Verany, Descris. Geneva, ii, 1846.
TYPE, Sphcerium corneum, Linn. ; Europe.
Range. World-wide.
Shell thin, ovate, convex, subequilateral, covered with a fine
periostracuin, smooth or concentrically striate ; umboues lightly
anteriorly inclined ; anterior side rather shorter than the
posterior ; margins of the valves simple ; cardinal margins
thin; cardinal teeth small, that in the right valve often bifid,
fitting between two oblique teeth in the left ; both anterior and
posterior lateral teeth compressed, divergent, somewhat pro-
jecting, lameUiform double in the right valve, single in the left ;
ligament external, weak, scarcely apparent ; pallial line entire.
Animal having the edge of the mantle smooth ; foot tongue,
capable of considerable extension ; siphons moderately long,
united at their base, separated at the end ; the branchial siphon
somewhat the longer and broader ; siphonal orifices simple ;
palpes triangular, lanceolate; gills unequal, the outer the shorter
and fringed.
224 CYRENIDJE.
365. Sphaerium avanum, Theobald.
Spharium avanum, Theobald, J. A. S. B. 1873, xlii, pt. 2, p. 209,
pi. 17, fig. 6.
Original description : Testa quadrate rotunda, tumida, antice
rotundata, postice truncata, dilatata, equilateral!. Epidermide,
leyiter et concentrice corrugata, postice levissime radiata. Um-
bonibus prominentibus, tumidis, osculantibus ; colore pallide
stramineo, tribus fasciis purpureis umbonalibus radiatim picto.
Ligumento umbones versus inflate.
Long. 6-6, lat. 7*5, diam. 5'2 mm.
Hob. Near Ava.
366. Sphserium indicum (Deshayes, MS.\ A. Adams.
Spharium indicum (Desh. Ms.), A. Adams, P. Z. S. xxii, 1854,
p. 342, & Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. p. 265.
Oyclas indica, Deshayes, H. & T., C. I. pp. 62-63, pi. 155, fig. 9.
Original description : Testa ovato-rhomboidea, tumidula, sequi-
laterali, tenui, pellucida, albo-grisea ; Jatere antico late rotundato,
postico obtuse truncate ; umbonibus tumidis, paruin prominenti-
bus ; cardine obsolete bidentato, dentibus lateralibus candidis,
antico majore, trigono, acuto, postico paulo breviore, valvis sub
lente tenuissime striatis.
No dimensions, habitat, or figure are given with the above
description, but the habitat attached to the types is " Loodiana,
Punjab," and that given in the Conch. Ind. " Moradabad" ; the
following dimensions are taken from three specimens of the type
series in the British Museum :
1. 2. 3.
Long 5-25 5-5 4'7o mm.
Lat 6-25 6-25 5 mm.
Diam 3*5 3'75 2'75 mm.
Genus PISIDIUM.
Pisidium, C. Pfeiffer, Naturgeschichte deutscher Land- imd Sliss-
wasser-Mollusken, i, 1821, p. 123, pi. 1, fig. 19; ii, 1825, p. 33;
iii, 1828, p. 68.
Tellina, Miiller, V^rm. ii, 1774, p. 205.
Spharium, Scopoli, Introduct. 1777, p. 397.
Cardium, Poli, Test. Sicil. i, 1791, p. 65, pi. 16, fig. 1.
Cyclas, Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. 1801, p. 106.
Pera, Cordula, Leach, in litt. in Mus. Brit. 1818-20.
Phymesoda, Rafinesque, Ann. Gen. Sc. Phys. et Nat. v, 1820, p. 319.
Gallileja, Costa, Corrisp. Zool. 1839.
Pisum, Gray (non Megerle), P. Z. S. xv, 1847, p. 184.
Musculium, Gray (non Link), 1851.
Pisum, Deshayes (non Megerle), Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. 1854.
Musculium, H. & A. Adams (non Link).
Pisum, H. & A. Adams (non Megerle), Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1858.
PISIDIUM. '225
TYPE, Pisidlum amnicum, Jenyiis, from Europe aucl .Northern
Asia.
llanae. World-wide.
Shell small, roundly ovate or obliquely wedge-shaped, inequi-
lateral ; anterior side longer than the posterior; umbones slightly
inflated behind; hinge bearing two cardinal teeth in each valve ;
right valve bearing four laterals and the left valve two ; lateral
teeth strong ; ligament situated on the smaller (posterior) side ;
pallial line entire.
Animal having the mantle lobes smooth and open ; furnished
with a single short (anal) siphon, with non-papillary orifice ;
branchial cavity indistinguishable from the pedal cleft ; foot
large, tongue - shaped, capable of great extension ; palpes-
triangular, elongated.
367. Pisidium clarkeanum, G. *J- H. yevill.
Pisidium clarkeanum, G. & II. Nevill, J. A. S. 13. xl, 1871, p. 9,
pi. 1, figs. 4, 4 -4 d.
Original description : Testa ventricosa, pblonga, valide in&qui-
lateralis, pallide fulva ; postice elongata ac rotundata, antice
rotundate truncata ; umbonibus prominentibus ac tumidis ; super-
ficie coneentrice confertim striata, striis tenuibus, regularibus.
Long. 4*5, lat. 5*5, diam. 8*5 mm.
Hal. Tanks, etc., close to the Dainuda at Moisraka.
368. Pisidium hydaspicola, Theobald.
Pisidium hydaspicola, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 147.
Original description : Testa sub-cordate ovali tenui, exilissime-
striata, antice rotundata, postice vix truucata.
Long. 3-4. lat. 4, diam. 2-5 mm.
Hab. Kashmir, near Shypion.
Fig. 07. Pisidium hydaspicola, Tlieob. (Tjpe.) x4.
To the above scanty description is added the following note :
" The nearest ally of this species is P. clarkeanum, Xev., but it
more rounded in front and hardly truncated behind."
The type is in the British Museum.
2 CYEEXIDJE.
309. Pisidium bombayanum, Theobald.
Pisidium bombayanum, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlv, 18 TO, p. 188.
Original description: Testa subovali, tumida, tenui, iniequi-
laterali, postice rotundata, vix truncata ; antice rotundata
elongata; exilissime et confertim concentrice striata ; dente
Fig. 28.- 1 & 2. Pisidium bombayanum t Tlieob. (Type.) Xo
3. Hinge of the same, x 3.
cardinal! minutissimo ; dentibus lateralibus in valva dextra
geminis, in sinistra autem singulis.
Long. 3-70, iat. 4-30, diam. 2*70 mm.
Hah. Western Ghats (W. T. Blanford).
Type in tbe British Museum.
370. Pisidium atkinsonianum, Theobald.
Pmdium atJtinsonianum, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 189.
Original description : Testa subovali, vix tumida, iuaequi lateral!,
Fig. 29. Pisidium atJcinsonianum, Theob. (Type.) x4.
antice eiongata, utrinque rotundata, tenui, pnllide cornea, conceu-
trice striatula ; et lineis paucis (4-5) increment! fortioribus
signata.
Long. 2'70, Iat. 3-30, diam. 1 80 mm.
PISIDIUM. 227
Hab. Tonglu, Sikkim, at an altitude of 10,000 ft. ( \V. S.
Atkinson).
The following note is appended to the description : " Com-
pared with P. bombai/amim this is a smaller, natter and less
inequilateral shell. . . ."
Type in the British Museum.
371. Pisidium nevillianum, Theobald.
Pisidium nevillianum, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 188.
Original description : Testa trigona, tumidiuscula, tenui,
inaequilaterali, postice modice convexa, antice elongata, sub-
acuminata, exilissime concentrice striata ; umbonibus tavigatis.
Long. 3-50, lat. 3'60, diam. 2'20 mm.
Nab. Near Burki.
Appears to be chiefly distinguishable from its allies by its
trigonal form.
372. Pisidium stewarti, Preston.
Pisidium stewarti, Preatou, Rec. Ind. Mas., Calcutta, iii, 1909,
p. 116 (fig. in text).
Original description : Shell sub-trigonal, rather inflated, pale
yellowish brown colour, marked with fine concentric lines 3f
growth ; umbones large ; anterior later.il teeth somewhat curved
with broad grooves between, posterior lateral teeth broad and
somewhat projecting in right, strong and sharply curved in left
valve.
Long. 2-25, lat. 3 mm.
Nab. High Hill, Grompa, Gyantse Valley, Tibet, in a small
stream, among moss and stones, 14,500 feet.
The type-specimen is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Two specimens only were obtained by Capt. F. H. Stewart,
I. M.S.: its nearest ally would appear to be a fossil species from
the tertiary deposits of Belgium *, there being no known recent
form resembling it.
373. Pisidium zugmayeri, Weber.
Pisidium zuymai/cri, Weber, Zool. Jahrb. Jena, xxix, 1910,
pp. 310-311.
Ori' final description: Testa flavescens, satis solida, insequilatera,
orbiculato-ovalis, parte posteriore abbreviata, obtusa, ventriosula,
tenuissime striata, sulcis post intervalla interpositis, lineis incre-
ment! signata ; umbones versus marginem posteriorem siti, rotun-
dati, prominuli ; dentes cardiuales valvae sinistrse bini, ante
umbones, superior (exterior) fere rectus, tennis, media parte
* P. riticentianuni, B. B. Woodward, Cat. Brit. Spec. Pisidium in Co
rit.Mus., 1913, pp. 127-128.
. - .11.
Q2
1 28 SOLENJLDJE.
inferiorem (interiorem) tegens, inferior crassior, prope dentem
lateralem anticum, baud curvatus, altior exteriore ; dextra}
singuli ; pauluin curvafci, parte sinistra ascendente tenues, parte
dextra desceudente incrassati ; clentes laterales in valva sinistra
bini, erecti, antice triangulafci ; postice uncinati, valva dextra bini
postici et bini antici, bini exteriores (11011 semper exstantes)
minimi ; interiores longi, triangulati. antice crassiores.
Affinis Pis. scholtzii, Clessin*, differt forma dentium cardin.
valvse sinistrse, situ deutium cardinalium, minore profund.
Hob. Lake Walar, Kashmir.
The author appears to have only been able to see two perfect
specimens -which were both very young, lie therefore gives the
following measurements taken from a series of single valves :
1.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6.
f Long. . .
3
3
3 2-7 2-6 mm.
Eight Valves.
(TA*
3-5
3
3-2 3 29 3-4 mm.
^ jjitim. . .
1.
2.
3.
Three
Left, Valves.
f Long. . .
4 Lat, . .
[Diam.. .
2-7
3
1
3
3-1
1-1
2-4 mm.
2-8 mm.
1 mm.
The proportion between length and breadth is therefore 3'1
to 2-8.
Family
Subfamily SOLENIN^S.
Shell equivalve, transversely elongate, more or less gaping at
each end, covered with a periostracum ; umbones not prominent;
ligament external, on an elongate ridge; hinge very variable,
bearing from one to three cardinal teeth on each valve ; lateral
teeth wanting ; adductor scars in both valves distant ; pal Hal
impression posteriorly more or less sinuous, pedal impressions
well marked beneath the umbones or near the dorsal margin;
external surface of the shell presenting a well-defined cellular
structure, consisting of long prisms, very oblique in relation to
the surface and showing the presence of nuclei ; internal surface
nearly homogeneous ; non-nacreous.
Animal, with the exception of Novaculina, marine or estuarine ;
siphons usually short, in part united or entirely separate ; foot
large, powerful, more or less cylindrical, elongated ; without any
trace of byssogenous organs ; palpes variable in size ; gills straight,
unequal, lengthened and enclosed in the branchial siphon.
Distribution . World- w i de .
P. scholtzii, Clessin=P. olitusale.
NO VAC ULIXA . 229
Genus NOVACULINA.
Novaculina, Benson, Glean. Science, Calcutta, ii, 1830, p. 63.
TYPE, Novaculina gangetica, Benson ; Rivers Jumna, Gumti, and
Ganges.
Range. Ganges System ; Andaman Islands.
Original desertion : Shell subiuequivalve, inequilateral, trans-
versely elongated; ligament external, communicating with the
interior of the shell by an oblique channel. Beaks prominent.
Hinge-line nearly straight. Two narrow entering teeth under
the beak in one valve, generally three in the other. Syphonal
scar very long. Extremities of the shell gaping. Epidermis easily
detached when dry, folding over the edges and extremities of
the shell, and connecting the hinge-margins. Interior glossy or
dull, never pearly.
Animal. Mantle with the basal-edges united, forming a tube
which encloses the animal, longitudinally constricted at the
suture. Foot proceeding from the anterior extremity, short,
thick, cylindrical, and very muscular ; enlarged at the extremity
into a disk, with a convex surface, the plane of which is at right
angles with the axis of the foot and shell. Syphons separate, as
long as the shell, when fully extended ; the anal one > or that
nearest the hinge, half the thickness of the other ; apertures
constricted, not ciliated.
374. Novaculina gangetica, Benson.
Novaculina gangetica, Benson, Glean. Science, Calcutta, ii (1830,
Feb.), p. 63 (as genus Novaculina^ ; A. M. N. H. ser. 3, i,
1858, pi. 12 B, fig. 4 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 47, jl. 116, fig. 7.
Novaculina novaculina, Gray, A. M. N. H. xiv, 1854, p. 24.
Solecurtus novaculina, Reeve. Con. Icon. 1874, pi. 7, figs. 31 a& b.
Tayelus gangeticm, Clessin, in Conch. Cab. 1888, pp. 81-82, pi. 23,
fig. 6.
Original description : Shell oblong, with truncated extremities,
white, slightly violaceous internally, epidermis olivaceous.
The above meagre description was supplemented later * by
Benson as follows : " Epidermis easily detached when dry,
folding over the edges and extremities of the shell, and con-
necting the hinge-margins."
No measurements being given by the author, the following are
taken from three authentic specimens in the British Museum :
1. 2. 3.
Long. 9-25 8'75 7 mm.
L a t 25 20-5 19 mm.
Diam 6 6 5 mm.
Hub. Rivers Jumna, Gumti, and Ganges.
* A. M. N. H. ser. 3, i, 1858, pp. 409-410.
230 SOLENID.E.
375. Novaculina andamanensis, Preston.
Novaculina andamanensis, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, ii,
p. 209, pi. 16, fig. 40.
Original description : Shell oblong, elongate, inequilateral, con-
stricted towards the middle, pure white, bearing traces o having
been covered with a yellowish-brown periostracum, concentrically
striate ; dorsal margin slightly sloped anteriorly ; ventral margin
excavated in the middle, anterior side rounded ; posterior side
produced, somewhat angled below ; umboes small.
Long. 16-5, lat. 37'5 mm.
ffab. Andaman Islands.
The type is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
The specimens on which the above species was based were col-
lected in the Andamans by the late Eev. J. Warueford. It would
seem to be scarce as, though several collections of Andaman Island
material have since passed through the hands of the compiler of
the present volume, no further specimen has come to light.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
abbreviata (Paludomus), 52.
acanthica (Tiara (Plotia)), 36.
acicida (Buccinum), 9.
Acrostouia, 30.
aculeata (Nerita), 57.
acuminata (Bitliynia orcula var), 75.
aeuminata (Liinncea (Limnaea)), 106.
acuminata (Melania}, 12.
acus (Melania), 12.
acus (Pirena}, 9.
acuta (Melania}, 11.
acuta (Paludomus), 52.
acutus (Flanorbis (Gyraulus)), 123.
aerea (Paludomus), 57.
-/Etheriidae, 197.
yEtberiinse, 197.
agrensis (Corbicula), 213.
ulberti (Corbicula), 219.
albus (Planorbis), 118.
alucinans (Ampullarta), 103.
alucinans (Pila), 103.
amara (Melania}, 10.
arnara (Tiara cybele var.), 10.
a mar u la (Helix), 10.
Amesoda, 223.
Amiiicola, 68.
amnicum (Pisidium), 225.
ampullacea (Helix), 96.
Ampidlaria, 96.
Ampullartides, 96.
ampulliformis (Paludina), 90.
ampulliformis (Vivipara lecythis
var.), 90.
amygdala (Limncea}, 107.
amygdalum (Limntea (Limnaja) acu-
minata var.), 107.
amygdalus (Lijmncea), 107.
Ancylinae, 104.
Ancylus, 10^.
andamanensis (Novaculiua), 230.
andamsnioa (Tiara (Striatella) nevilli
var), 18.
andersoniana (Paludoinns), 41.
andersoniana ( Xodularia (Xodula ria))
andersonianus ( Unio), 143.
Augarius, 115.
annandalei (Paludomus), 50.
annandalei (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
l/o.
annandalei (Vivipara), 92.
annendalei ( Vivipara}, 92.
anodontina ( Unto}, 175.
anodontinus ( Unio), 175.
appressa (Tiara (Striatella) nevilli
var), 19.
arata (Corbicula), 222.
arafa (Cyrena), 222.
Arcidje, 128.
Arcidopsis, 196.
Arcinae, 128.
aroen&is (Melania), 11.
aspera (Helix), 35.
asper^^ta (Melania), 21.
assamensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)
f'avidens var.), 161.
assamensis (Tiara (Acrostoma)). 31.
assamensis (Viv para dissimilis A'ar.),
88.
associatus (Plauoi'bis (Gyraulus)).
122.
ater (Paunus), 9.
ater (Strvmbus), 9.
atkinsuiiianum (Pisidium), 226.
atra (Melanopsis), 9.
atra (Nerita}, 9.
atra (Pirena}, 9.
atropurpureus (Strombus), 9.
auberiana (Palurlestrina), 67.
auricidaria (Helix}, 111.
auricularia (Limnaja (Gulnaria)), 111.
auricidaria (Lymntea}, 111.
auricularius (Lymnceus], 111.
auriformis (Limnaia (Gulnaria)), 112.
auriformis (Limiiceus}, 112.
ava (Moitocondylcea}, 153.
232
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
ava (Pseudoclon (Bineurus), 153.
a van um (Sphaerimu), 224.
baccata (Melania), 26.
baceata (Tiara (Melanoides)), 26.
baccifera (Melania variabilis var.),
28.
baccifera (Tiara (Melanoides)), 28.
baccula (Paludoums), 53.
baconi (Ancylus). 104.
balteata (Melania), 22.
balteata (Vivipara bengalensis var.),
83.
barrackporensis (Planorbis (Gyrau-
lus)), 120.
batana (Tiara (Tarebia);, 33.
Batissa, 207.
beddomeana (Tiara (Melanoides
gloriosa var.), 22.
Belgraudia, 67.
bengalensis (Corbicula), 217.
bengalensis (Cyclas), 205.
bengalensis (Cyrena), 205.
bengalensis (Paludind), 83.
bengalensis ( Venus), 205.
bengalensis (Vivipara), 83.
bengalica (Corbicula), 217.
ben-son ian us (Mi/cefopus). 132.
bensoni (Corbicula), 218.
bensoni (Margaron (Unio)), 132.
bbanioensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
163.
bhaniocnsis (Unio). 163.
bhaiuoensis (Vivipara dissimilis var.),
88.
biangulata (Bithynia stenotbyroides
var.), 77.
bicincta (Palndoinns (Philopotamis)),
55.
bilineata (Syinphano(a). 175.
bilineatus (Margarita ( Unio)), 175.
bilineatus (Margaron ( Unio)), 175.
bilineatus ( Unio), 175.
Bineurus, 153.
birmconts ((7*1*0), 170.
Bithinella, 66.
Bithi)iiin(S, 70.
Bithynia, 70.
Bithyniinae, 70.
blanfordiana {Hydrocoena), 4.
blant'ordiana (Hydrocena (Georissa)),
4.
blanfordiana (Paludomus), 43.
blauf'ordiana (Stenothyra), 81.
bombayanum (Pisidiuua), 226.
bonncaudi (Margaron (Unio}), 140,
bonueandi (Nodularia (Noclularia)),
140.
bonneaudi ( Unio). \ 40.
bowelli (Limncea), 114.
bowelli (Liraiuiea (Buliranea)). 114.
brevicanda (Limnaea (Gulnaria)), 111.
brevispira (Tiara (Plotia) acanthica
var.), 37.
broti (Tiara (Tarebia)), 33.
brunneus (Planorbis exustns var.),
116.
Buccinum, 95, 106.
Bulimnea, 114.
BiilimitK, 106, 128.
Bulla, 128.
burmanica (Paludomus), 43.
burmanica (Vivipara siamensis var.),
87.
burmanus (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
170.
burmanus (Unio), 170.
Bythinella, 66.
caenosus (Planorbis (Segmentina)),
127.
caarulescens (Septaria), 7.
cceruleus (Margarita ( Unio)), 136.
ceeritleus (Margaron ( Unio)), 136.
caeruleus (Nodularia (Nodularia)),
136.
cceruleus (Unio), 136.
calatlms (Planorbis (Segmentina)),
127.
canaliculata (Tiara (Striatella) nico-
barica var.), 19.
canaliculatus (Crenmoconchus
conicus var.), H6.
candaharica (Unio marginalia var.),
178.
candaharica (Lamelliclens raargin-
alis var.), 178.
canefrianus (Laniellidens), 187.
canningensis (Bithinella), 66.
Canthyria, 134.
cantori (Planorbis (Segmentina)),
126.
capillata (Batissa), 208.
capillata (Neritina reticularis var.), 5.
Cardium, 223, 224.
carinata (Ampullaria globosa var.),
98.
carinata (Pila), 98.
carinata (Vivipara naticoides var.),
85.
carinatus (Anculotus), 66.
carinatus (Crernnoconchus), 66.
carinulata (Bithynia ceraineopoma
var.), 72.
cashmirensis (Corbicula), 213.
Catillus, 6.
cattaroensis (Hydrocena), 1.
celox (Scaphula), 129, 130.
ceraineopoma (Bithynia), 71.
cerameopoma (Palu'dina), 71.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
233
ceranospatana (Bithynia), 71.
cerasum (Limntea (Limnoea) acu-
rainata var.), 108.
cerasum (Limnteus), 108.
ceylanica (Cyrena), 202.
ceylanica (Paludina), 8',).
ceylauicus (Ancylus), 101.
ceylonensis (Theodoxis), 5.
ceylonica (Cyrena), 202.
ccylonica (Paludina), 89.
ceylonica ( Venus}, 202.
ceylonica (Vivipara), 89.
Ckama, 223.
charon (Tiara (Radina)), 14.
chaudhurii (Nodularia (Noclularia)),
140.
cherraensis (Paludomus conica var.).
39.
chilinoides (Paludomus), 45.
chilkaensis (Stenothyra), 82.
chittagongensis (Paludomus conica
var.), 40.
chlamys (Litnneea), 108, 109.
chlainys (Limiuea (Limnaea) acu-
minata var.), 108.
chocolatum (Melanin), 33.
chrysis (Parreysia (Parreysia) favi-
clens var.), 160.
chrysis (Unio favidens var.), 160.
Cinibur, 6.
cincta (Amnicola), 69.
cincta (Tiara (Melanoides) variabilis
var.). 24.
cinerea (Pila), 101.
clarkeanum (Pisidium), 22.").
clavata (Paludomus), 51.
clavus (Tiara (Radina)), 12.
coaxans (Venus), 202.
cochinensis (Cyrcna), 210.
cochinensis (Velorita), 210.
cocklidium (Melcinia), 13.
cochlidium (Tiara (Radina) clavus
var.), 13.
corapacta (Paludomus (Philo-
potamis) sulcata var.), 54.
corapacta (Tiara (Acrostorna) hiigeli
var.), 31.
compacta (Tiara (Melanoides)
gloriosa var.), 22.
coiupressa (Septaria), 7.
compressus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)),
118.
comptus (Trapezoideus foliaceus
var.), 193.
comptus ( Unio), 193.
Oonchacea, 200.
concolor (Vivipara naticoides var.),
85.
coiifusa (Melania), 12.
con f usa (Tiara (Radina) crenulata
var.), 12.
coniw. (Melon ia), 39.
conica (Paludomus), 39.
conica (Pila), 100.
conicus (Cremnoconchus), 05.
conicttt var. (Cremnoconchus), 65.
consangumea (Corbicula), 218.
consobrina (Lamellidens inargiualis
subsp.), 180.
consobrinus (Lamellidens), 180.
consobrinus (Margaron (Unio)), ISO.
conwbrinus ( Unio), 179, 180.
constricta (Paludomus), 41.
contracta (Paludomus (Philopotamis)
sulcata var.), 53.
con vexiusculus (Planorbis (G> raulus)),
118.
corbeti (Unio), 180.
Corbicula, 210.
corbiculiformis (C//rcna), 210.
corbis (Margaron (Unio)), 169.
corbis (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 109.
corbis (Unio), 109.
Cordula, 224.
Coretus, 115.
Cornea, 223.
corneum (Spbffirium), 223.
corneus (Planorbis), 115.
Corneocyclas. 223.
coromandelica (Physa). 128.
coromandelictcs (Planorbis), 116.
coronata (Melania), 44.
cerporosa (Melania), 15.
corriana (Unio marginalis var.),
179.
corrianus (Lamellidens), 183.
corrianus (Lamellidens marginal is
subsp.), 183.
corrianus (Margarita ( Unio)), 183.
corrianus (Margaron ( Unio)), 183.
corrianus (Unio), 136, 176, 183.
corruqata (AmpuUaria globosa var.),
,98.
corrugata (Mya), 154.
corrugata (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
154.
corrugata (Pila), 98.
corrugata ( Unio), 155.
corrugata (Unio (Potamida)}, 155.
corrugatus (Margarita ( Unio)), 155.
corrugatus (Margaron (Unio)), 155.
costata (Melania), 11.
costigera (Bithynia (? Fossarulus)),
78.
crassa (Melania), 39.
crassa (Paludina), 86.
crassa (Vivipara), 86.
crebra (Melania), 20.
crebra (Tiara (Striatella)), 20.
crebristriata (Margaron, (Monocon-
dykea)), 150.
crebristriata (Monocondyltfa), 150.
234
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
crebristriata (Monoeondylaea pegu-
ensis var.), 149.
crebristriata (Trigonodon}, 150.
crebristriatum var. peguensis (Pseu-
dodon}, 150.
crebristriatus (Pseudodon}. 150.
crebrtstriatus (Pseudodon ( Trigo-
liodon)}, 150.
crebristriatus (Pseudodon (Trigo-
nodon) peguensis var.), 150.
crebristriatus (Unio}, 150.
crebristriatus var. ptguensfa (Pseu-
dodon (Trigonodon)}, 150.
Cremnobates, 04.
Cremnoconclu'nse. 64.
Cremnoconcbus, 04.
crenularis (Melania}, 10.
crenulata (Tiara (Radina)), 11.
crispata (Nodularia ("Nudularia)),
142.
crispata ( Unio), 142.
crispatus (Margaron ( Unio}}, 142.
crispatus ( Unio), 142.
crispisulcata (Nodularia (Radia-
tula)), 146.
crispisidcatus (Margaron ( Unio}},
147.
crispisulcatus ( Unio}, 147.
cristatij, (Valvata), 95.
cristatus (Margaron ( Unio}}. 136.
cristatus ( Trochus), 95.
cristatus ( Turbo}, 95.
cuiningi (Pachychilus), 1:9.
cuniinofiana (Paludomus (Tiinalia)),
61.
curta (Bithynia (? Fossarulus) costi-
gera var.), 78.
curta (Tricula montaiia var.), 68.
curvata (Pseudodon (Trigonodon)
peguensis var.), 152.
Cyanocyclas, 201.
cybele (Melania}, 10.
cybele (Tiara), 10.
Ci/cladites, 223.
Ct/clas, 201, 207, 210 r 223, 224.
Cyclostonia, 95.
ejlindrioa (Lamellidens marginalis
var.), 179.
cylindrica ( Unio marginalis var.),
179.
Cypr'ma, 207.
cyprinoides (Cyrena'), 209.
cyprinoides (Velorita), 209.
cyprinoides ( Venus}, 209.
Cyrena, 201, 202, 207, 209, 210.
Cyrenidae, 201.
Cyreninie, 201.
daccaensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
165.
dalliana (Perreysia (Parreysia)),
174.
dalyi (Mulleria), 197.
datura (Tiara (Plotia)), 36.
dealbatus (Strombus}, 9.
decussata (Paludomus (Philo-
potaiuis)), 54.
decussat'ula (Paludina}, 94.
decussatula (Paludina disaimili* var.),
94.
delta (Ncmatura), 79.
deltas (Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens
var.), 159.
delta? (ScapLiula), 130.
deltas (Stenotbyra), 79.
deltte ( Unio favidens var.), 159.
dernissus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 121.
densa (Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens
var.), 159.
densa (Unio favidens var.), 159.
depressa ( Valvata}, 95.
digif.iformis (Nodularia (Nodularia)),
135.
digiiiformis (Unio}, 135.
digona (Paludina}, 91.
cligona (Vivipara), 91.
dihirensis (Paludomus conica var.),
40.
dilatata (Paludomus (Tannlia)). 60.
dilatata (Paludomus (Tanalia) neri-
toides var. ?), 60.
dissimilis (Helix), 87.
dissimilis (Nerita}, 87.
dissimilis (Vivipara), 87.
distinguenda (Paludomus (Tanalia)),
59.
distinguenda (Paludomus (Tanalia)
aculeata var.), 59.
dollar is (Paludina}, 84.
doliaris (Vivipara), 84.
dolioides (Pila), 101.
douglasiae (Unio), 135.
dromedarius (Paludomus (Tanalia)),
62.
dromedarius (Paludomus (Tanalia)
neritoides var.), 62.
eburneus (Litboglypbus), 70.
eburneus (Planorbis exustus var.).
116.
ecariuata (Vivipara ceylonica A T ar.),
90.
clegans (Melania), 35.
elegans (Tiara (Plotia) seabra var.),
36.
elegantulus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)),
122.
Kllipiio, 134.
Ellistoma, 10.
elongata (Paludina}, 83.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
235
emaciata (Tiara (Striatella) crebra
var.), 20.
eniarginatus (Mycetopus), 132.
episcopalis (Tiara (Melanoides)), 25.
erinacea (Paludomus (Tanalia) acu-
leata var.), 57.
erinacea (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 57.
erronea (Paludomus (Philopotamis)),
56.
evanescens ( Unio), 175.
evezardi (Bithynia), 76.
evittatus (Unio), 136.
exanthematicus (Lainellideus), 187.
exanthema/ ictis ( Unio), 187.
eximia (Navicelld), 7.
eximius (Unio), 148.
e.volescens (Margaron (Unio)), 195.
exolescens (Trapezoideus), 195.
e.colescens (Unio), 195.
expansa (Pila conioa var.). 100.
expatriate (Tiara (Radinaj, 14.
exustus (Planorbis), 115.
fasciata (Pila globosa var.), 97.
fasciata (Tiara (Melanoides) variabilis
var.), 24.
fasciata (Vivipara naticoides var.),
85.
faf-cicularis (Helix), 95.
fasciis-elevatiusculus (Vivipara ben-
galensis var.), 84.
Faunus, 8.
favidens (Margaron ( Unio)), 158.
favidens (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 158.
favidens (Unio), 158.
fete (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 168.
fe<e ( Unio)', 168.
feddeni (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 165.
fcddeni ( Unio), 165.
flammulata (Melania), 11.
flavida (Tiara (Tarebia) lineata var.),
35.
flavidens ( Unio), 158.
Huminalis (Corbicula), 210, 211.
tium.inalis (Cyclas), 211.
fluminalis (Tell in a), 211.
fluminalis ( Venus), 211.
fluminea (Corbicuia), 211.
fluminea ( Cyclas ) , 2 1 1 .
fluminea (Cyrena), 212.
fluminea (Tellina), 211.
fluminea (Venus), 211.
'fluviatile (Cerithiuni), 9.
lluviatiiis (Ancylus), 104.
fluviatilis (Corbicula), 212.
fluviatilis (Cyclas), 212.
fluviatilis (Cyrena), 212.
fluviatilis (Helix). 47.
fluviatilis tanschauriensis (Helix), 47.
fluviatilis (Tellina), 211, 212.
fluviatilis (Venus), 212.
fluviorum (Vivipara), 83.
foliacea ( Unio), 193.
foliaceus (Mar gar on (Unio)), 193.
foliaceus (Trapezoideus), 174, 193.
foliaceus ( Unio), 193.
fontanus (Planorbis), 124.
fontinalis (Lymn&a), 95.
'fontinalis (Physa), 128.
fontinalis ( Ttirbo), 95.
footei (Arcidopsis), 196.
footei ( Unio), 196.
Fossarulus, 77.
foveolata (Nemafum), 80.
foveolata (Stenothyra). 80.
frogilis (Helix), l6(>.
fragilis (Parreysia (Parreysia) eorru-
gata var.), 156.
fragilis (Unio), 194.
fraterna (rlydrocena (Georissa)). 3.
frustillum (Hydrocana), 4.
f rust ilium (Hydrocena), 4.
frustillum (Hydrocena (Georissa)), 4
fulgurata (Paludomus), 46.
fuliginosa (Neritina), 5.
fuliginosa (Theodoxis), 5.
fulmineus ( Unio), 155.
funiculata (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 58.
funiculata (Paludomus (Tanalia),
aculeata var.), 58.
funiculata (Tanalia), 58.
'fuscata (Cyrena), 211, 212.
'fuscota (Helix), 13.
'fuscata (Tiara (Radina)), 13.
fusiforinis (Tiara (Melanoides) bac-
cata var.), 26.
fusiforinis (Tiara (Striatella) nico-
barica var.), 19.
gaditana, (Mya\ 155.
galathea (Cyrena), 207.
galathese (Hyi-ena), 207.
qalathea (Cyrena (Corneoo/clas)),
207.
Gallileja, 224.
gangetica (Novaculina), 229.
gangeticus (Tagclus), 229.
gardneri (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 60.
gardneri (Paludomus (Tanalia) neri-
toidcs var.), 60.
Gastropoda, 1.
gaudichaudi (Margaron (Unn>)), 137.
qaudichaudi (Nodnlariti), 137.
gaudichaudi (Nodularia (Nodularia)
caeruleus var.), 137.
gaudichaudi ( Unio), 137.
gaudiosa (Melania), 12, 13.
Gelonia, 202.
generosus (Lamellidens), 184.
generosus (Lamellidens marginalia
subsp.), 184.
236
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
gencroms (Margaron ( Unto)}, 184.
generoms ( Unio), 184.
Geori.ssa, 1.
gerbidoni ( Unio}, 136.
gibba (Bithinells), 67.
gibbosula (Paludestrina (Belgrandia)
miliacea var.), 67.
gigantea (Bitbyniacerameopoma var.),
72.
gigantea, (Paludina}, 84.
gigantea (Tiara (Striatella) nicobarica
var.), 19.
gigantea (Vivipara bengalensis var.),
84.
Glaueoinyidge, 200.
Glaucomvinse, 200.
globosa (Paludomus (Tanalia) neri-
toides var.), 60.
globosa (Pila), 97.
globula (Bithinia), 69.
globulo?a (Melania), 38.
globulosa (Paludomus), 38.
gloriosa (Tiara (Melanoides)), 21.
godwini (Melanoides), 29.
godwini (Tiara (Melanoides)), 29.
goniomphalos (Bithynia), 76.
goniomphalos (Paludina}, 76.
goniostoiiia (Bithynia}, 72.
gowhattensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
171.
gowhaitensi* (Unio), 174.
gracilior (Liiunaea (Limnjea) aeumi-
nata var.), 109.
granifera (Melauia), 33.
gratiosa (Nodularia (Nodularia)), 141.
gratiosus (Margaron (Unio)}, 141.
gratiosm (Unio), 141.
graviclus (Unio). 148.
groenlandicus ( Unio), 175.
gruneri (Planorbis (Seginentina)),
125.
Gulnaria, 110.
Gyraulus, 118.
G-yrorbis, 95.
halophilla (Vivipara annandalei var.),
92.
halophilla (Vivipara annendalei var.),
92.
hanleyi (Lamellidens marginalis var.),
179.
hanleyi (Melanoides), 29.
hanleyi (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 62.
hastula (Melania), 10.
hastula (Tiara (Radina)), 11.
Jieliciformis (Paludina), 94.
heliciformis ( Vivipara dissimilis sub-
- sp"), 89.
heliciformis (Vivipara (Idiopoma)),
94.
Helix, 95, 106, 115.
henzadenpis (Vivipara (Idiopoma)),
93.
herculea (Tiara (Melanoides)), 21.
hians (Limnaja (Gulnaria)), 113.
hilmendensis (Vivipara), 91.
himalayanus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)),
121.
hindu (Plauorbis), 117.
Hippeutes, 124.
hobenackeri (Planorbis (Gjraiilus)),
120.
holandri (Melauia), 32,
holstiana (Corbicula fluminalis var.).
211.
hooker i (Limneca (Guluaria)), 111.
houngdaranicus ( Unio), 167.
hiigeli (Melania), 30, 31.
liiigeli (Tiara (Acrostoma)), 31.
hiigeli var. (Melania}, 31.
kumeralis (Neritiwi), 6.
humerosa (Tiara (Melanoides)). 22.
humilis (Margaron (Unio)), 136.
humilis ( Unio), 136."
humilior (Lamellidens marginalis
subsp. scutum var.), 181.
hungerfordiana (Stenothyra), 80.
hungerfordiana (Tiara (Pachychilus)),
30.
huttoui (Planorbis (Gynmlus)), 120.
huttoniana (Corbicula), 215.
hydaspicola (Pisidium). 225.
Hydrobia, 67.
Hydrobiida, 67.
Hydrobioides, 78.
Hydrocena, 1.
Hydrocenida 1 , 1.
Hydrocenina?, 1.
Hygronoma, 10.
Hygrophila, 104.
hyptiocyclos (Planorbis (? Gyraulus)),
123.
Hyrinae, 134.
Idiopoma, 93.
illex (Hydroctfna}, 2.
illex (Hydrocena}, 2,
illex (Hydrocena (Georissa)), 2.
imbricata (Tiara (Melanoides) hume-
rosa var.), 23.
impressa (Cyrena), 202.
impura (Limnoea (Gulnaria) succinea
var.), 113.
impura (Paludina), 71.
impurum (Cyclostoma), 70.
impurus (Limn&us), 113.
inconspicua (Bithynia), 74.
incrassatula (Pila globosa var.), 97.
indica (Corbicula), 221.
indica (Cyclax), 224.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
237
indicum (Sphaerium), 224.
indicus (Margaron ( Unio}, 169.
indicus (Planorbis), 115.
indicus ( Unio), 169.
inflata (Batissa), 208.
inflata (Corbicula), 220.
inflata (Paludomus), 49.
infracostata (Melania), 25.
inoscularis (Anodon), 152.
inoscularis (Anoclonta), 149.
inoscularis (Margaritana}, 152.
inoscularis (Margaron (Monocondy-
Itea)), 152.
inoscularis (Pseud od on (Pseudodon)),
152.
involuta (Nodtilaria (Nodularia)),
146.
involulus (Unio), 146.
iravadica (Corbicula), 216.
iravadica (Tiara (Melanoides) baccata
var.), 27.
irawadica (Bithynia}, 76.
irawadica (Bythinia), 76.
issykulensis (Planorbis (Gyraulus)),
124.
jaculator (Bithynia), 71.
jaculator (Cyclostoma}, 70.
jaculator (Ncrita), 70.
''jaculator (Paludina}, 71.
'jaintiaca (Paludoums conica var.), 40.
janitor (Turbo), 70.
javanica (Ampullaria}, 100.
jenkinsianus (Lamellidens}, 184.
jenkinsianus (Lamellidens marginalia
subsjD.), 184.
jenkinsianus ( Unio), 184.
jugicostis (Tiara (Melanoides)), 28.
kadapaensis (Paludomus tanschau-
rica var.), 47.
kashmirensis (Bitbyuia tentaculata
var.), 71.
Jteraudreni (Margaron ( Unio)), 137.
keraudreni (Nodularia (Nodularia)
cseruleus var.), 137.^
Jccraudreni ( Unio), 137.
kopilensis (Paludomus conica var.),
40.
kutchensis (Paludina), 88.
kutcbensis (Vivipara dissimilis var.),
88.
labiatus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 119.
labiosa (Li/nn&a), 112.
labiosa (Linma?a (Gulnaria)), 112.
labiosa (Paludomus), 43.
Icevirostris (Parrej-sia (Parreysia)
corrugata A-ar.), 156.
Icevirostris (Unio), 156.
lavirostris (Unio corruqattis var.),
156.
Its vis (Bithinia), 75.
laevis (Bithynia), 75.
laevis (Paludomus), 45.
Its vis (Paludomus chilinoidcs A r ar.), 45.
larnellatiformis (Lainellidens pulcher
var.), 185.
lamellafus (Lametlidens), 181.
lamellata (Lamellidens mar<rinalis
subsp.), 180.
lamellatus (Margarita (Unio}}, 180.
lamellatus (Margaron (Unio)}, 180.
lamellatus ( Unio}, 180, 184.
Lamellidens. 174, 175.
lanceolata (Tiara (Melanoides) hurae-
rosa var.), 23.
layardi (Amjmllaria globosa var.). 99.
layardi (Margaron ( Unio}}, 181.
layardi (Melania}, 16.
layardi (Paludomus}, 57.
lajardi (Pila), 91).
layardi (Tiara (Striatella) lubercu-
lata var.), 16.
layardi (Unio}, 180.
lacythis (Paludina}, 90.
lacy this (Vivipara), 90.
leioma (Unio}, 136.
Lens, 148.
lima (Nodularia (Radiatula)). 147.
limborgi (Tiara (Pacliychilus)), 29.
Limusea, 106, 134.
Limnsca (sensu stricto). 106.
Limnaeidfe, 104.
Limnaeinae, 105.
Limnceus. 106.
Limnea, 114, 128.
limosa (Lymntea}, 110.
lincata (Navicella}, 7.
lintata (Paludina), 83.
lineata (Tiara (Tarebia)). 34.
lirata (Melania}, 34.
liratula (Hydrocena (Georissa)), 2.
liratus (Planorbis (Gyranlus)). 121.
Lithoglypbimu, 69.
Litboglypbus, 70.
Littorinida?, 64.
livesayi (Navicella}, 8.
livesayi (Septaria). 8.
lobata (Mulleria), 197.
longispira (Pila corrugata var.), 98.
loricata (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 57.
loricata (Tanalia}, 57.
lutea (Bithynia), 72.
lutcola (Limiitsa). 108.
luteomarginafa (Tiara (Striatella)
tuberculata var.), 17.
lutetianus (Theodoxis\ 5.
lutens (Margaron ( Unio}). 155.
lutens ( Unio), 155.
238
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
lutosa (Paludomus), 51.
Li/'riintea, 106.
Lymnium, 134.
ma client us ( Unio). 139.
Mactra, 202.
maciilatus (Paludonus), 45.
maciilatus (Bivulina), 45.
Mainwaringia, 37.
mnimvaringi (Lamellidens), 190.
major (Paludoinus (Tanalia) hanleyi,
Tar:), 62.
malubarica (Ampullaria. globosa var.),
98.
malabarica (Paludomus tanscliaurica
var.). 47.
malabarica (Pila), 98.
mandarinus ( Unio), 142.
mandelaycnsis ( Unio), 164.
manilcnsis (Cyrena~), 212.
marcens (Parreysia (Parreysia) favi-
dens var.), 159.
marcens (Unio}, 159.
marginalia (Lamellidens). 175.
marginalis (Margarita (Unio)), 175.
marginalis (Margaron ( Unio), 175.
marginalis ( Unio), 174, 175, 177.
martabanensis (Lithoglyphus), 70.
inaura (Pila), 99.
inaurus (Paludoinus), 51.
megiisoma (Linmaea). 114.
Melanamona, 8, .
Mebinella, 32.
Melania, 10.
Mclaiiiida, 8.
Melanitcs 10.
Melanoides, 21.
melanostoina (Paludomus (Tanalia)),
63.
menkea.iia (Melanin}, 26.
meukeana (Tiara (Melanoides)), 2-.\
menkiana (Melanin), 25.
merguiensis (Planorbis), 118.
merodalicnsis (Unio), 155.
microscopica (? Valvata), 96.
microstoma (Paludomus rotunda
var.), 48.
microstoma (Tiara (Melanoides)
menkeana var.) 26.
miliacea (Hydrobia (Bythinclla}}, 67.
miliacea (Paludestrina (Belgrandia)),
67.
minima (Nematura*), 81.
minima (Stenothyra), 81.
minima (Stenothyra delta? var.). 79.
minor (Bithynia orcula var.), 74.
minor (Limnaea (Limnaea) tigrina
var.). 110.
minor (Paludestrina (Belgrandia)
miliacea var.). 68.
minor Paludomus (Philopotamis)
sulcata var.), 53.
minor (Paludonuis regulata var.),
43.
minor (Paludomus (Tanalia) reevei
var.), 58.
minor (Pila globosa var.). 97.
minor (Stenothyra deltas var.), 79.
minuta ( Valvata), 95.
inisellus (Trapezoideus), 194.
misellus ( Unio), 194.
mitra (Melania), 10.
modicus (Planorbis), 117.
moesta (Pila), 101.
mongolicus (Unio), 135.
monile (Paludomus), 48.
monilifera (Nematura\ 80.
monilifera (Stenothyra), 80.
rnontana (Tricula), 68.
moquiniana ( Valvata,}, 95.
moreletiana (Bithynia), 72.
iriouhoti (Monocondylaea), 153.
moussoni (Corbicula}, 222.
mousa-oniana ( Cyrena}, 222.
Mulleria, 197.
multidentatus (Margaron (Unio)),
155.
multidentatus ( Unio), 154, 155.
multistriata (Tiara (Kadina)), 15.
Musctilinm, 223, 224.
myadoungensis (Paludomus ander-
souiana var.), 42.
myadoungeusis (Tiara (Striatella)
tuberculata var.), 17.
Mi/sea, 134.
Mvtilacea. 128.
r.agaensis (Vivipara), 91.
Hogpoor&uu (Margaron (Unio)), 157.
nagpoorensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)
corrugata var.), 157.
nagpoor ens-is ( Unio), 157.
nagpoorensis ( Unio cornujatus var.),
157.
riana (Paludomus andersoniana siibsjj^
peguensis var.), 42.
naua (Paludomus conica var.), 40.
nana (Tiara (Radina) /eleborii var.),
14.
nanus (Planorbis (Gyraulus), 122.
narainporensis (Lamellidens), 187.
nassa (Bithynia\ 75.
nasuta (Paludomus), 52.
naticoidcs (Paludina}, 85.
naticoides (Vivipara), 85.
Xautilina, 118.
NoMtilux, 1 1 5.
Kavicella, 6.
Namatura, 79.
Xeriia, 95.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
239
Neritidaj, 5.
Neritina, 5.
Neritinas, 5.
neritoides (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 60.
nevilli (Corbicula), 216.
nevilli (Tiara (Striatella)), 18.
nevillianiun (Pisidium), 227.
nicobarica (Alasmodonta.), 153.
nicobarica (Tiara (Striatella)), 19.
nicobaricus (Pseuclodon) (Psen-
dodon)), 153.
niirrican3(Paliuioinus(Philopotainis)),
55.
nitidus (Planorbis), 124.
Nodularia, 135.
Nodularia (sensu stricto), 135.
nodulosa (Paludoiuus (Tanalia)), 57.
nodulosa (Paludomus ( Tanalia}
aculeata var.), 57.
noetlingi (Corbicula), 222.
nongyangensis (Lamellideiis), 100.
Novaculina, 229.
novaculina (Novaculina), 229.
novaculina (Solecurtus), 229.
nucleus (Limutea (Limnaea) ovalis
vaA), 109.
nucleus (Limnam), 109.
nucleus ( Turbo), 70.
nuttalliana (Nodularia (Nodularia)),
145.
nuttaUianus (Margaron (Unto)), 1-15.
nuttaUianus ( Unio), 145.
Nux, -J23.
nux (Pila), 99.
obesx (Melania), 45.
obesa (Paludomus), 45.
obesa ( Unio marginalis var.), 176.
obesus (Lnnelliclens marginalis var.),
176.
oblatus ( Unio), 142.
obttisa (Bithynia pulchella var.), 73.
obtusa (Nerita),95.
obtusa (Neritina), 6.
obtusa (Paludina), 86.
obtusa (Theodoxis), 6.
obtusa ( Valvata), 95.
obtusum (Ct/clostoma), 95.
ocrjata (Nodularia (Nodularia), 138.
occatus (Margaron ( Unio)), 139.
occatus ( Unio), 138.
occidens (Corbicula), 216.
olea (Pila), 102.
olivaria (Nodularia (Nodularia)), 144.
olivarius (Margarita ( Unio)}, 144.
olivartits ( Unio), 144.
Orbis, 115.
orcula (Bithynia), 74.
orientidis (Navicclla), 7.
orientali.s (Pila conioa var.), 101.
orientals (Planorbis), 117.
orissaensis (Stenotbyra), 82.
orissaensis (Tiara (Striatella) tuber-
culata var.), 17.
ornata (Paludoiuus), 41.
ovalis (Lirniuea) (Liiumea)), 109.
ooalit (Limnaa), 108.
ovalis (Limnaus), 109.
oxytropii (Paludina), 84.
oxvtropis (Vivinara), 84.
Pachychilus, 29.
pachysoma (Margaron ( Unio), 139.
pacbysoiua (Nodularia) Nodularia)),
139.
pachysoma ( Unio), 139.
pachystoma ( Unio), 139.
pagodula (lo), 32.
pagoduia (Tiara (Acrostoma)), 32.
pagodas (Pirena), 9.
Paludestrina, (57.
P'lludeatrinidiu. 67.
Paludestrinai, 67.
Paludina, 95.
paiudmoides (Ampullaria), 100.
paludinoides (Paludoiuus), 40.
paliidinoidcs (Paludomus conica var.),
40.
Paludoininae, 38.
paludomoidea (Melania (Main-
waringia)), 37.
paludomoidea (Tiara (Mainwaringia)),
37.
Paludomus, 38.
palustris (Paludomus), 47.
parnm (Unio), 166.
Parreysia, 154.
Parreysia (sensu stricta), 154.
parvula (Amnicola), 69.
parvula (Bitliynia orcula var.), 75.
parvula (Corbicula), 212.
pzr 'vula (P(dudina), 69.
par v us (Paludoi/ins), 45.
patula (Limnaea (Limnaja) acuiuinatu
var.), 107.
pealiaua (Paludomus coiiica var.), 40.
Pectinibrancbiata, 8.
peguewni (Margaron (Monocondylceu)),
150.
pegueiwia (Margaron ( Unio)), 193.
peguensis (Melania), 22.
pegucnsis (Monocondt/loea), 149, 150.
pe^uensis (Paludomus andersoniana
lubsp.), 42.
peguensis (Pssudodou crcbristriatum
var.), 150.
peguensis (Pseuclodon (Trigonodon)),
150.
peguensis (Pseudodon (Trigonodon)
crebristriatus var.), 15D.
peguensis (Tiara (Melanoides;
gloriosa var.), 22.
peunensis (Vivipara variata var.). 89.
240
ALPHABETICAL IXDEX.
'pcquensis ( Umo), 193.
Pelecypoda, 128.
pdlis-lacerti ( Unio), 142.
Pera, 224.
perconvexa (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
172.
perdecollata (Faunus aler var.), 9.
perdecollata (Tiara (Radina) clay us
var.), 13.
pereger (Limnaea), 110.
pereger (Limnaea (Gulnaria)), 110.
peregra (Limncea), 110.
pergranosa (Tiara (Tarebia) lineata
var.), 35.
pernodulosa (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
164.
pcrotetiana (Neritina), 5.
perotetiana (Theodoxis), 5.
pcrpinguis (Melania), 18.
pei'Striattila (Tiara (Striatella) nico-
barica var.), 19.
petinoides (Limnceus), 108.
pcfrosa (Paludina), 43.
petrosa (Paludomus), 43.
pbaeostoma (Vivipara bengalensis
var.), 84.
phasianinus (Paludomus), 45, 56.
j)hayresi ( Unio), 155.
Philopotamis, 53.
phencboogangensis (Lamellidens),
190.
Phymesod-a, 224.
Pbysa. 127.
Physidaj, 127.
Physinae, 127.
Physunio, 148.
picta (Oorbicula), 220.
picta (Melania), 11.
picta (Paludomus (Tanalia)). 58.
picta (Paludomus (Tanalia) aculeata
var.), 58.
picta (Pirena), 9.
pictorura (Unio), 134.
Pila, 96.
j)il(ttns (Margaron (Unio), 136.
pilatus(Unio), 136.
Pilidae, 96.
Piliiiae, 96.
pinax (Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens
var.), 161.
pinax ( Unio favidens var.), 161.
2)inax (Unio), 161.
pinguis (Limnjea (Gulnaria)), 113.
pinna (Scaphula), 130.
Pirena, 8.
pirenoidea (Tiara (Raclina) clavus
var.), 13.
pisefoqlis (Helix), 95.
piacinalis (Nerita\ 95.
piscinalis (Valvata), 95.
Pisidium, 223, 224.
Pisum, 224.
plagiosoma (Parreysia (Parreysia)
favidens var.), 162.
plagiosoma ( Unio), 162.
plagiosoma (Unio favidens var.), 162.
plana (Tiara (Radina) clavus var.),
13.
Planorbiinae, 115,
Planorbis, 115, 128.
plicata (Melania), 25.
Plotia, 35.
Polymesoda, 201.
ponderosus (Lamellidens pulcher
var.), 185.
pontifical-is (Melania). 25.
pontificalia (Tiara (Melanoides) epis-
copalis var.), 25.
purata (Ainnicola), 68.
porcellana (Patella), 6.
pramordica (Tiara (Acrostoina)), 31.
princeps (Faunopsis), 9.
princeps (Melanupsis), 9.
producta (Bitbynia orcula var.). 74.
protensus (Unio), 187.
proxiiua (Cyrena), 206.
prunuui (Limnaea (Limnjea) acumi-
nata var.), 108.
prunum (Limn&us), 108.
Pseudodon, 149, 152.
pseudobeiicina (Vivipara variata var.),
89.
pugio (Nodularia (Nodularia)), 141.
pitgio (Unio), 141.
pulcbella (Bitbynia). 73.
pulcliella (Paludina), 73.
pulcher (Lainellideus), 185.
pidcher ( Unio), 185.
Pulmonata, 104.
pumilio (Unio), 144.
pusilla (Bitbynia pulcbella var.), 73.
pusilla (Merita), 95.
pygrnaea (Bitbynia), 76.
pyramidalis (Melania varialnlis var.),
26.
pyramidalis (Tiara (Melanoides)
baccata var.)). 26.
pyramidata (Paludina), 84.
pyramidata (Vivipara), 84.
])yramis (Tiara (Striatella)), 20.
pyritbrniis (Paludomus), 51.
pyxis (Hydroc&na), 3.
pyxis (Hydrocena). 1, 3.
pyxis (Hydrocena (Georissa)), 3.
quilonensis(Corhicula), 219.
quilonica (Oorbicula), 219.
Radina, 10.
Radiatula, 146.
radula (Dtjsonomia), 147.
radnla (Unio), 147.
rajahensis (Margaron (Unio)), 169.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
241
rajahensia (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
169.
rajahensis ( Unio), 169.
rawesiana (Hydroccena), 4.
rawesiana (Hydrocena), 4.
rawesiana (Hyclrocena (Georissa)), 4.
recta (Tiara (Melanoides) baocata
var.), 26.
reevei (Melania (Melanoides)), 22.
reevei (Paludomus) (Tan alia), 58.
reevei (Paludomus (Tanalia) nodtilosa
var.), 58.
regalis (Paludomus (Pkilopotatnis)),
55.
regia (Oorbicula), 221.
regularis (Oorbicula), 217.
regulata (Paludomus), 42.
regulata var. (Paludomus), 42.
remossei (Vivipara), 91.
remossii (Paludina), 87, 91,
reticularis (Theodoxis), 6.
reticulata (Neritina), 6.
reticulata (Paludomus), 44.
reticulata (Septaria), 7.
Rhipidoglossa, 1.
riquetti (Tiara (Melanella)), 32.
rivalis (Tanysiphon), 200, 201.
rivularis (Tiara (Striatella)), 20.
roepstorffiana (Tiara (Plotia) acan-
thica var.), 37.
rotula (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 122.
rotunda (Paludomus), 48.
rudis (Melania), 34.
rudis (Paludomus), 39.
rudis (Tiara (Tarebia)), 34.
rufescens (Limn&a), 109.
rufescens (Limnsea (Limnasa) acu-
minata var.), 109.
rugosa (Mya), 1(59.
rugosa (Parreysia) (Parreysia)), 169.
rugosus (Unio), 139, 169.
rupaeformis (Paludomus (Philo-
potamis)), 55.
salweniana (Anodonta), 152.
salweniana (Margaron (Monocon-
dylaa)\ 152.
salweniana (Monocondylcea'). 152.
salwenianum (Pseudodon) 152.
salwenianus (Anodon), 152.
salwenianus (Pseudodou (Pseudo-
don)), 152.
salwenianus (Unio), 152.
Sandalium, 6.
saritta (Cyclostoma), 2.
saritta (HydroccBna), 2.
saritta (Hydrocena (Georissa)), 2.
savoyensis ( Unio), 166.
sawaddyensis (Larnellidens marginalis
subsp.), 185.
saxea (Pila), 100.
scabra (Buccinuiri), 35.
scabra (Bulimus), 35.
scabra (Helix), 35.
scabra (Melaniii), 35.
scabra (Tiara (Plotia)), 35.
Scaphula, 129.
scaphula (Area}, 129.
scobina (Nodularia (Nodularia)), 142.
scobina (Unio), 142.
scobinatus (Margaron. ( Unio)), 142.
soobinatus ( Unio), 142.
scutata (Ampullaria), 100, 101.
Scutibranchiata, 1.
scutum (Lamellidens), 181.
scutum (Lamellidens marginalis
subsp.), 181.
scutum ( Unio), 181.
Segmentina, 124.
semigranosa (Melania), 35.
semigranosa (Tiara (Tarebia) lineata
var.), 35.
semikevigata (Tiara (Striatella) nevilli
var), 19.
semirugatiis (1 Unio), 155.
Septaria, 6.
shanensis (Vivipara), 93.
sburtlefnana (Nodularia (Nodularia)),
138.
shtirtleffianus (Margaron (Unio)), 138.
shurtleffianus (Unio), 138.
siamensis (Limnsea (Gulnaria)), 113.
siatnensis (Margaron ( Unio)), 194.
siamensis ( Unio)), 194.
siamensis (Vivipara), 87.
sibsaugorensis (Paludomus conica
var.), 40.
sikkimensis (Margaron (Unio)), 171.
sikkimensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
171.
sikkimensis (Unio), 171.
siliguriensis (Nodularia (Eadiatula)
lima var.), 148.
siliguriensis ( Unio), 148.
similis (Batissa), 208.
similis (Paludina), 77.
similis (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 63.
simulans (Limneea), 114.
simulans (Limnaea (Gulnaria)), 114.
sindica (Vivipara dissimilis var.), 88.
sindicus (Planorbis (Seginentiua)),
126.
singaporinus (Limnaus), 108.
sinistrorsa (Pila globosa var.), 97.
sinuosa (Cyrena), 205.
siphonata (Melania), 31.
sivaiensis (Planorbia) (Gyraulus)),
120.
skinneri (Paludomus) Tanalia)), 62.
smaragdites (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
163.
242
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
smaragdites (Unio), 158, 1(53.
sobrius (Melania), 12.
sobrius (Tiara (Radina) clavus Tar.),
12.
Soienaia, 132.
Solenidae, 228.
Soleninae, 228.
soleniformis (Anodontd), 132.
soleniformis (Soienaia), 132.
soleniformis (Spat ha], 132.
solida (Corbicula), 215.
solida (Paludomtw (Tanalia)), 62.
Bolidiuscula (Tiara (Melanoides)
humerosa var.), 23.
soliduscula (Tiara (Radina) zeleborii
var.), 14.
sphaeriea (Paludomus), 39.
sphcerica (Pila globosa var.), 97.
Sptueriinse, 223.
Sphserium, 223, 224.
spinata (Melanoides), 27.
spinata (Tiara (Melanoides)), 27.
spinosa (Tiara (Melanoides) variabilis
var.), 23.
spinulosa (Melania), 35.
spiralis (Neritina), 6.
spiralis (Paludumus 1 ), 50.
spirodelus (Planorbis (Segmeutina)),
126.
spuria (Mi/a}, 155.
spuria (lMya\ 158.
squamata (Navicella), 8.
squamata (Septaria), 8.
stachei (Fossarulus), 77.
stagnalis (Helix}, 106. ' ,
stagnalis (Lymnaa), 106.
stagnalis (Limnaea (Limuaea)), 106.
Stagnicola, 106.
stjlzneri (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 123.
Stenothyra, 79.
Stenothyrinae, 79.
Stenothyroides (Bithynia), 77.
stephamts (Melania), 44.
stepbanus (Paludomus), 44.
stewarti (Pisidiuin) 227.
Stomatodon, 63.
stomatodon (Paludomus), 63.
stomatodon (? Tanalia), 64.
stomatodon (Paludomus (Stoma-
todon)), 64.
Striatella, 15.
striatella (Corbicula), 214.
striatula (Paludomus), 49.
striatus (Limnceus), 107.
strigata (Limnsea (Limnsea) acum-
inata var.), 108.
strigata (Limn&a pwguis var.), 110.
subacutissima (Tiara (Badina) hastula
var.), 11.
subangulata (Paludestrina (!Bel-
grandia) miliacea \ar.), 68.
suhasperata (Melanoides}, 28.
subcrebra (Tiara (Striatella) tuber-
culata var.), 16.
subcrenulata (Tiara (Kadina) hastula
var.), 11.
subdentata (Paludomus (Philopu-
tamis)), 56.
subgranulusa (Paludomus (Philo-
potamisi) nigrioans var.), 56.
sublievigata (Tiara (Melanoides)
baccit'era var.), 28.
sublasvigata (Tiara (Striatella) nevilli
subvai-.), 19.
sublamellata (Laniellidens marginalis
subsp. lamellatus var.), 181.
sublutosa (Tiara (Striatella)), 17.
Submytilacea, 132.
subnitens (Corbicula), 2J5.
subplicif'era (Tiara (Striatella) tuber-
culata var.), 17.
subpulchella (Bithynia), 73.
subradiata (Corbicula), 213.
subscabra (Tiara (Plotia) acanthica
var.), 37.
subspinosa (Tiara (Melanoides) vari-
abilis var.), 24.
substriahis (Margaron (Unio}), JS6.
substriatus ( Unio), 136.
subtuberculata (Tiara (Melanoides)
variabilis var.), 24.
subumbilicata (Yivipara dissimilis
var.), 88.
subunifascialis (Tiara (Striatella)
rivularis var.), 20.
eubvaricosa (Tiara (Melanoides) vari-
abilis var.), 24.
subviridis (Tiara (Tarebia) broti var.),
34.
succinea (Limnsea (Gulnaria)), 112.
siicciiieus (Limn&tts), 112.
sulcata (Paludomus), 53.
sulcata (Paludomus (Philopotamis)),
53.
sulcata ( Valvata), 78.
sulcatula (Limnaea (Limnsea) acumi-
nata var.), 107.
sulcatulus (Limneeus), 107.
swainsoni (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 59.
syhadrensis (Crenmobates), 65.
syhadrensis (Cremnoconchus), 64, 65.
sylhetica (Corbicula), 218.
sylhetioa (Limnaea (Limnsea) acumi-
nata var.), 109.
Taeniogloesa, 8.
Tanalia, 57.
Tanisiphon, 200.
tatijoriensis (Paludomus), 47.
tanschaurensis fluviatilis (Helix), 47.
tanschaurica (Puludomus), 47.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
243
Tarebia, 33.
tavoyemi* (Margaron ( Unio)), 166.
tavo^ensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
tavoycnsis ( Unio), 166.
Tellina, 210, 223, 224.
tenebroea (Batissa), 207.
tennantii (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 61.
tennenti (Paludomus (Tanalia} neri-
toides var.), 61.
tennenti ( Unio), 155.
tenneutii (Cyrena). 206.
tennentii (Paludomus), 61.
tentaculata (Bithinia), 71.
tentaculata (Bithinia, (Elona)), 71.
tentaculata (Bithynia), 70.
tentaculata (Bythi/tia), 71.
tentaculata (Helix), 70.
tentaculata (Lt/mncca), 70.
tentaculata (Paludina), 71.
tentaculatus (Bulimus), 70.
tentaculatus (Turbo), 71.
teuuior (Bithynia, subpulchella var.),
74.
tennis (Ancylus), 105.
terebra (liara (Melanoides)), 27.
terebralis (Pirena), 9.
tcssellata (Navicella\ 7.
test ud inarius (Unio), 175.
Tetrabrauchia, 128.
tezpurensis (Vivipara crassa var.), 87.
theca (Trapezoideus), 195.
thcca ( Unio), 19n.
theobaldi (AmpuUaria), 99.
theobaldi (Ampullaria maura var.), 99.
theobaldi (Noclularia (Nodularia)),
143.
theobaldi (Pila), 99.
theobaldi (Vivipara), 86.
Theodoxia, 5.
thermalis ( Turbo), 95.
thwaitesi (Lamellidens rnarginalis
subsp ), 179.
thwaitesi (Margaron ( Unio)), 179.
thwaitesi (Paludoums (Tauaha);, 61.
thwaitesi (Paludomus (Tanalia) neri-
toides var.), 61.
thwaitesi (Philopotamis), 61.
thwaitesi ^ Unio), 179.
thwaitesii (Lamellidens), 179.
Tiara, 10.
Tiarida;, 8.
Tiarinaa, 8.
tigrina (Limnsea (Limnjea)), 110.
tigrina (Melania), 16.
tigrina (Tiara (Striatella) tuberculata
var.), 16.
tirouri (Melanin), 12.
tirouri (Tiara (Eadina) crenulata
var.), 12.
tischbcini (Ampullaria), 102.
tischbeini (Pila), 102.
tondanensis (Planorbis), 118.
torquata (Melania), 27.
torquata (Melanoulcs), 27.
torrenticola (Paludomus (Tanalia)),
59.
torrenticola (Paiudomus (Tanalia)
aculeata var.), 59.
torulosus (Bulimu*), 11.
touranensis (Melania), 22.
Trapezoideus, 193.
travancorica (Bithynia). 72.
travancorica (Paludonuis), 49.
tricolor (Lamellidens marginalis
var.), 176.
tricolor (Unio), 176.
tricolor (Unio marginalis var.), 177.
Tricula, 68.
triembolus (Parreysia (Parreysia)
tavoyensis var.), 167.
triembolus ( Unio), 167.
trifasciatus (Paludomus (Philopo-
tamis)), 54.
trigona (Corbicula), 214.
trigona (Parreysia (Parreysia)
favidens var.), 159.
Trigonodon, 149.
tripartitus (Margaron (Unio)), 158.
tripartite (Unio), 158.
trirostris (Unio), 136, 158.
trochoideus (Planorbis (Segmentina)),
125.
Trochus, 95.
troscheli (Bithynia), 77.
troscheli (Pahidina), 77.
truncatula (Lymncea), 114.
truncatula (Limnoea (Buhmnea)), 114.
truncatulumi (Buccinum), 1 14.
truucatulus (Limnaus >, J 14.
triincatus ( Unio), 175.
tuberculata (Melania), 15.
tuberculata (Merita), 15.
tuberculata (Tiara (Striatella)), 15.
tumidus (Unio), 134.
Turbo, 95, 128.
turaida (Cyrena}. 205.
tur'riculus (Tiara (Striatella)), 18.
turrita (Bithynia), 78.
turrita (? Bithynia (Hydrobiuides)),
78.
turrita (Fairbankia (an
78.
Turritella, 10.
umbilicalis (Planorbis (Segmentina)),
125.
undata (Paludomus), 57.
Unio, 134.
Uniomeriis, 134.
Unionidse, 132.
244
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Unioninae, 132.
Valvata, 95.
Vahatidae, 95.
Valvatinse, 95.
Valvearius. 95.
variabilis (Tiara (Melanoides)), 23.
variata (Paludina), 89.
variata (Vivipara), 89.
velaris (Pbysunio (Lens)), 149.
velar is ( Unio), 149.
Velorita, 209.
Venulites, 210.
Venus, 201, 207, 209, 210.
venustus ( Unio), 142.
verruca (Ancylus), 105.
versicolor (Planorbis (Hippeutes)),
124.
Vibex, 33.
Villorita, 209.
violacea (Corbicula), 214, 219.
violacea (Paludomus) (Philopo-
tnmis)), 56.
violacea (Tancdia), 56.
virens (Pila layardi var.), 99.
viridis (Bulinius), 66.
viridis (Paludina), 94.
viridis (Vivipara (Idiopoma) helici-
formis var.), 94.
viridula (Parreysia (Parreysia) favi-
dens var.), 160.
viridula (Unio favidens var ), 160.
vittata (Mclfinia variabilis var.), 28.
vittata (Tiara (Melanoides) baccit'era
var.), 28.
Vivipara, 83.
vivipara ( Vivipara)^ 83.
Viviparidae, 83.
Viviparinse, 83.
Viviparus, 83.
Volvata, 95.
vondemhuscki ( Unio), 150.
vulcana (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 108.
vulcanus ( Unio), 1(58.
winkleyi (Aw pull aria), 103.
winkleyi (Pila), 103.
woodmasoniana (Stenothyra), 81.
woodwardi (Ampullarid), 102.
\voodwardi (Pila), 102.
wyuegungaensis (Margaron ( Unio)),
157. "
wynegungaensis (Parreysia (Par-
reysia) , 157.
wynegungaensis (Unio), 155, 157.
zayleyinanensis (Trapezoideus foli-
acetis var.), 194.
zebrimis (Planorbis), 116.
zeleborii (Tiara (Radina)), 13.
zelanica (Cyclas), 202.
zelanica ( Cyrena], 202, 205.
zeylanica (Melania), 46.
zeylanica (Paludomus), 46.
zonata (Lamellidens margirialis var.),
177.
zonata (Tiara (Melanella)), 32.
zonata ( Unio marginalis var.) 177.
zonatus (Planorbis exustus var.), 116.
zugmayeri (Pisidiuin), 227.
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