PALEONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
VOL. LII.
PALHOZOIC PHYLLOPODA.
Part III.
Paces 125—176; Pirates XVILI—XXV.
CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Part III.
Paces 209—276; Puares XVI—XXV.
INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES.
Paxr X (Supprement No. 1).
Paces i—xxxii; Puares I—IV.
CARBONIFEROUS CEPHALOPODA
OF IRELAND.
Parr II.
Paces 23—48; Prates VIII—XVII.
DEVONIAN FAUNA OF THE
SOUTH OF ENGLAND.
Von. IDI, Past III.
Paces 179—236; Prates XXII—XXXVIII.
Issuep ror 1898.
California Academy of Sciences
Presented by Paleontographical Society.
December , 1906+
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PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
VOLUME LEY.
CONTAINING
THE PALAOZOIC PHYLLOPODA. Part III. By Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Dr. H. Woopwaxp. Light
Plates.
THE CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. Part III. By Dr. WurEiton Hinp. Ten Plates.
THE INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES. Part X. By Mr. S.S. Buckman. Four Plates.
THE CARBONIFEROUS CEPHALOPODA OF IRELAND. Part II. By Dr. A. H. Foorp. ‘Ten Plates.
THE DEVONIAN FAUNA OF THE SOUTH OF ENGLAND. Volume III, Part III. By the
Rey. G. F. Wurpporne. Seventeen Plates.
ISSUED FOR 1898.
DECEMBER, 1898.
THE PALAZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY was established in the year 1847,
for the purpose of figurmg and describing the whole of the British Fossils.
Each person subscribing ONE GUINEA 7s considered a Member of the Society, and is
entitled to the Volume issued for the Year to which the Subscription relates.
Subscriptions are considered to be due on the First of January in each year.
The back volumes are in stock. Monographs which have been completed can
be obtained, apart from the annual volumes, on application to the Honorary Secretary.
Gentlemen desirous of forwarding the objects of the Society can be provided with
plates and circulars for distribution on application to the Honorary Secretary, the
Rev. Professor ‘'Homas Wrursuirge, M.A., F.G.S., 25, Granville Park, Lewisham,
London, S.E.
A List of completed Monographs ready for binding as separate volumes will be
found on page 23.
The Annual Volumes are now issued in two forms of Binding: \st, with all the
Monographs stitched together and enclosed in one cover; 2nd, with each of the
Monographs in a paper cover, and the whole of the separate parts enclosed in an
envelope.
Members wishing to obtain the Volume arranged in the Larter FORM are requested
to communicate with the Honorary Secretary.
iLobs 2
OF
Che Council, Secretaries, and aembers
OF THE
PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY;
AND
I. A CATALOGUE OF THE WORKS ALREADY PUBLISHED ,j
Il. A CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE MONOGRAPHS COMPLETED, IN COURSE OF PUBLICATION,
AND IN PREPARATION, WITH THE NAMES OF THEIR RESPECTIVE AUTHORS ;
III. THE DATES OF ISSUE OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES ;
IV. a GENERAL SUMMARY, SHOWING THE NUMBER OF THE PAGES, PLATES, FIGURES,
AND SPECIES IN EACH MONOGRAPH 3;
V. A STRATIGRAPHICAL LIST OF THE BRITISH FOSSILS FIGURED AND DESCRIBED IN THE
YEARLY VOLUMES.
Council and Officers elected 17th June, 1898.
President.
Dr. HENRY WOODWARD, F.R.S.
Vite-Presidents.
Sir A. Gerxre, F.R.S. | W. H. Hup.eston, Esq., F.R.S.
Pror. H. AuLuyNe NicHotson, F.G:S. Rey. G. F. WurpsBorneg, F.G.S.
Council.
Dr. W. T. Buanrorp, F.R.S. Pror. R. Jonzs, F.R.S.
Rev. Pror. Bonney, F.R.S. | Dr. J. S. Puené, F.G.S.
Rev. R. A. Buiey, F.G.S. | F. W. Rupwer, Esa., F.G.S.
Rev. A. Funier, M.A. | W. P. SuapeEn, Esa., F.G.S.
Dr. H. Hicks, F.R.S. Dr. D. H. Scorrt, F.R.S.
W. Hit, Esa., F.G.S. A. Srranan, Esa., F.G.S.
J. Hopkinson, Esq., F.G.S. - H. Woons, Esa., F.G.S.
Dr. G. J. Hinpz, F.R.S.
Creasurer.
hk. Eruertves, Esa., F.R.S., 14, Carlyle Square, Chelsea. S.W.
Honorary Secretary.
Rev. Pror. I. Wrutsutre, M.A., F.G.S., 25, Granville Park, Lewisham, London. S.E.
Wotal Secretaries.
Bath—Rrv. H, WH. Winwoop, M.A.,, F.G.S. | Gloucester—S. S. Buckman, Esa., F.G.S.
Berlin—MEssrs. FRIEDLANDER & Son. | Hertfordshire—J. Horxinson, Esa, F.G.S,
Birmingham—W. R. Huauss, Esq., F.L.S. | Liverpool—G H. Mortox, Esq., F.G.S8.
Cambridge—H. Woops, Esa., F.G.S. | North Devon—TownsuEND M., Hatt, Esq, F.G.S.
Durham—Rev. A. Warts, F.G.S. Oxford—Prorerssor W. J. Souuas, F.R.S.
Glasgow
M. Lauriz, Esa., M.A. Sydney—H. Drank, EsqQ., F.L.S.
LIST OF MEMBERS
CORRECTED TO SEPTEMBER, 1898.
Her Mosr Gracious Magrsry THE QUEEN.
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, U.S.A.
Adelaide Public Library, Australia.
Adlard, R. E., Esq., Bartholomew Close. E.C.
Agassiz, Alex., Esq., Cambridge, U.S.A.
Albert Memorial Museum, Queen Street, Exeter.
Allendale, E. J. A., Esq., Creswick, Victoria, Australia,
Amhurst College, Mass., U.S.A.
Amsden, Mrs. E. B., Holmwood, South Norwood Hill. S.E.
Arlecdon and Frizington Free Public Library, Arlecdon.
Asher and Co., Messrs., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden. W.C.
Atheneum Library, Liverpool.
Auckland, The Institute of, New Zealand.
Balston, W. E., Esq., F.G.S., Barvin, Potters Bar.
Banks, W. H., Esq., Hergest Croft, Kingtou, Herefordshire.
Barclay, Joseph G., Esq., 54, Lombard Street. E.C.
Bardin, Mons. le Prof. L.; Université d’Angers, Maine et Loire, France.
Barking Public Library, Barking.
Barnes, J., Esq., 1, Trafalgar Street, Lower Broughton, Manchester.
Barnsley Free Library, Barnsley.
Barthes and Lowell, Messrs., 14, Great Marlborough Street. W.
Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution, Bath.
Bather, F. A., Esq., F.G.S., British Museum (Natural History).- S.W.
Battersea Public Library, Lavender Hill. S.W.
Bedford, J., Esq., Woodhouse Cliff, Leeds.
Bedford Literary Institute, Bedford.
Belfast Linen Hall Library, Donegall Square North, Belfast.
Bell, W. H., Esq., F.G.S., Cleeve House, Seend, Melksham.
* The Members are requested to inform the Secretary of any errors or omissions in this list, and of any delay in
the transmission of the Yearly Volumes.
Bell and Bradfute, Messrs., 12, Bank Street, Edinburgh.
Bergen, Museums Bibliothek, Norway.
Berkeley, Earl of, The Heath, Bear’s Hill, near Abingdon.
Berthand, Prof., Faculté des Sciences, Lyons.
Bethnal Green Free Library, London Street, Bethnal Green. E.
Bibliothéque de ’ Ecole des Mines, Paris.
Bibliothéque du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
Bibliothéque du Palais des Arts, Lyons.
Bibliotheque Communale, Boulogne-sur-Mer, per Mons. Martel, Conserv. Adjoint.
Birkenhead Free Library, Birkenhead.
Birley, Miss Caroline, 14, Brunswick Gardens, Kensington. W.
Birmingham Free Library, Ratcliff Place, Birmingham.
Birmingham Library (C. E. Scarle, Librarian), Union Street, Birmingham.
Blackburn Free Library, Blackburn.
Blackmore, Humphrey P., M.D., F.G.S., Salisbury.
Blake, W., Esq., Bridge House, South Petherton, [minster.
Blanford, W. 'T’., Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., 72, Bedford Gardens, Campden Hill. W.
Blathwayt, Lieut.-Col. Linley, Eagle House, Batheaston, Bath.
Blyth, C. E., Esq., Birdingbury Hall, near Rugby.
Bodleian Library, Oxford.
Bompas, G. C., Esq, F.G.S., 121, Westbourne Terrace, Hyde Park. W.
Bonney, Rev. Prof. T. George, D.Sc., F.R.S., 238, Denning Road, Hampstead. N.W.
Bootle cum Linacre Free Public Library, Bootle, Liverpool.
Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, U.S.A.
Bradford Technical College, Bradford.
Bradley, F. L., Esq., Bel Air, Alderley Edge, Cheshire.
Brenchley Trustees, Museum, Maidstone.
Brentford Free Public Library, Breutford.
Brighton and Sussex Natural History Society, Brighton.
Bristol Museum and Reference Library, Queen’s Road, Bristol.
Bristol Naturalists Society, Geological Section., per A. W. Metcalfe, Esq., Lloyd’s Bank
Buildings, Corn Street, Bristol.
British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, Geological Department. S.W.
British Museum, Printed Book Department. W.C. ‘
Bromley Naturalists Society, 99, Widmore Road, Bromley, Kent.
Bromley Public Library, Tweedy Road, Bromley, Kent.
Bromley St. Leonard Public Library, Bow Road. E.
Bruce, J. Esq., Port Mulgrave, Hinderwell, Yorkshire.
Buchan-Hepburn, Sir Archibald, Smeaton-Hepburn, Preston Kirk, East Lothian. N.B.
Buckman, S. S., Esq., F.G.S., &c., Local Secretary, Ellborough, Charlton Kings, Cheltenham.
Bullen, Rev. RK. Ashington, St. Martin’s Rectory, Little Stukeley, Huntingdon.
Burslem Public Library, Burslem.
Buxton Free Library, Town Hall, Buxton.
Camberwell Public Library, 20, High Street, Peckham. S.E.
Cambridge University Library, Cambridge.
Cambridge Philosophical Library, New Museums, Cambridge.
Campbell, Rev. J., M.A., F.G.S., M.R.A.S.E., Holy Trinity, Glen Innes, New South Wales.
Canada Geological Survey, Sussex Street, Ottawa, Canada.
Canterbury, Philosophical Institute of Christchurch, New Zealand.
Cardiff Free Library, Cardiff.
Carlisle Free Library, Carlisle.
Cash, Wm., Esq., F.G.S., L.S., R.M.S., 35, Commercial Street, Halifax, Yorkshire.
Chadwick Museum, Bolton.
Charterhouse School, Godalming.
Chelsea Public Library, Manresa Road. S.W.
Cheltenham College, Cheltenham.
Cheltenham Natural Science Society, Cheltenham.
Cheltenham Permanent Library, 5, Royal Crescent, Cheltenham.
Chester Society of Natural Science, Chester.
Chesterfield Free Library, Chesterfield,
Chicago, Library of, U.S.A.
Christchurch Free Public Library, Southwark, S8.E.
Christiania, Library of University of, Norway.
Christ’s College, Library of, Cambridge.
Chiswick Free Public Library, Chiswick, Middlesex.
Cincinnati Public Library, U.S.A.
Clarke, Mrs. Stephenson, Brooke House, Hayward’s Heath, Sussex.
Clifton College, Clifton, Bristol.
Clothworkers’ Company, Mincing Lane. E.C.
Clough, C. T., Esq., F.G.S., Museum, Jermyn Street. S.W.
Cobbold, E. S., Esq., Church Stretton, R.S.O., Shropshire,
Coombs, J. Ashton, Esq., F.G.S., Albion Lodge, Gloucester Road, Cheltenham.
Cornell University, Ithaca, U.S.A.
Corporation of London, Library Committee of, Guildhall. E.C.
Coventry Free Public Library, Coventry.
Cradock, C. M., Esq., Mayfield, Stockton-on-Tees.
Craig, R., Esq., King Cottage, Beith, Ayrshire. NB.
Crosfield, Miss Margaret, Undercroft, Reigate.
Croston, J. W., Esq., F.G.S., 29, Ostrich Lane, Prestwich.
Croydon Free Library, Croydon.
Cullis, F. J., Esq., F.G.S., Tuffley, Gloucestershire.
Darlington Public Library, Darlington.
Darwin, W. E., Esq., °'.G.S., Ridgemont, Bassett, Southampton.
Dawkins, Prof. W. Boyd, F.R.S., G.S., Woodhurst, Wilmslow Road, Fallowfield, Manchester.
Day, Rev. Hen. George, M.A., 55, Denmark Villas, West Brighton.
Day, J. T., Esq., ¥.G.S., Evian, Maybank Road, South Woodford, Essex.
Deane, Henry, Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, Railway Department, Sydney, New South Wales.
Delgado, Signor J. F. N., Direccao dos Trabalhos geologicos, 118, Rua do Arco a Jesus,
Lisbon.
Derby, Free Library and Museum, Derby.
Derham, Walter, Esq., 76, Lancaster Gate, Bayswater. W.
Devonport Free Public Library, Devonport.
Devonshire, Duke of, F.R.S., Devonshire House, Piccadilly. W.
Dewalque, Prof., F.C.G.S., Liége.
Dewsbury Public Free Library, Dewsbury.
Dickinson, W., Esq., F.G.S., Warham Road, Croydon.
Dickson, Edw., Esq., 11, West Cliff Road, Birkdale, Southport, Lancashire.
Donald, Miss, 10, Etterby House, Carlisle.
Doncaster Borough Free Library, Doncaster.
Dorlodot, Rev. H. de, D.D., Prof. Cath. University, Louvain, Belgium.
Dorset County Museum Library, Dorchester,
Dowson, E. T., Esq., F.R.M.S., Geldeston, Beccles.
Dresden Nat. Society, Isis.
Drew, Dr. J., F.G.S., Montrose, Battledown, Cheltenham.
Ducie, the Earl of, F.R.S., G.S., &c., 16, Portman Square, W.; and Tortworth Court, Falfield,
R.S.O., Gloucestershire.
Dudley and Midland Geological and Scientific Society and Field-Club.
Dundee Free Library, Dundee.
Dundee Naturalists Society, University College, Dundee.
Durham, the Dean and Chapter of (by C. Rowlandson, Esq., the College, Durham).
East, G. E., Esq., jun., 150, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee. S.E.
Edinburgh Geological Society, 5, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh.
Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, Argyle Square, Edinburgh.
Edinburgh Public Library, Edinburgh.
Edmonton Public Library, Edmonton, Middlesex,
Edwards, 8., Esq., F.Z.S., Kidbrooke Lodge, Blackheath. S.E.
Epsom College, Epsom.
Etheridge, R., Esq., F.R.S., G.S., &e., Treasurer, 14, Carlyle Square, Chelsea. S.W.
Eunson, J., Esq., F.G.S., 43, Abington Street, Northampton.
Evans, Sir John, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., G.S., Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead.
Eyre and Spottiswoode, Messrs., 5, Middle New Street. E.C.
Florence, Gambinetto di Geologia, per Prof. C. de Stefani.
Flower, Sir W. H., LL.D., F.R.S., British Museum, South Kensington. S.W.
Folkestone Public Library, Folkestone.
Foulerton, Dr. J., 44, Pembridge Villas, Bayswater. W.
Fraser, John, Esq., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.S.Edin., F.G.S., Chapel Ash, Wolverhampton.
Friedlander, Messrs., Local Secretaries, 11, Carlstrasse, Berlin.
Fritsch, Prof. K. von, Halle.
Fulham Free Public Library (¥. ‘I’. Barrett, Librarian). S.W.
Fuller, Rev. A., M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham Hill. S.E.
Galashiels Public Library, Galashiels, N.B.
Galton, Sir Douglas, K.C.B., F.R.S., G.S., &c., 12, Chester Street, Grosvenor Place. S.W.
Gardner, J. S., Esq., 29, Albert Embankment, Lambeth. S.E.
Garnett, C., Esq., Rownham House, Clifton, Bristol.
Gateshead-on-Tyne Public Library, Gateshead-on-Tyne.
Gatty, Charles Henry, Esq., LL.D., F.G.S., Felbridge Place, Hast Grinstead.
Gaudry, Prof., Membre de l’Institute, F.M.G.S., Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
Geikie, Sir Archibald, LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President, Director-General of the Geological
Survey of the United Kingdom, Museum, Jermyn Street. S.W.
Geneva, Museum of Natural History.
Geological Society of France, 7, Rue des Grands Angustins, Paris.
Geological Society of Liverpvol.
Geological Society of Manchester.
Geologists’ Association, University College. W.C.
Gibson, Miss, Hill House, Saffron Walden.
Gilmour, M., Esq., F.Z.S., Saffronhall House, 1, Windmill Road, Hamilton. N.B.
Glasgow Geological Society, 207, Bath Street, Glasgow.
Goss, W. H., Esq., F.G.S., Stoke-on-Trent.
Gosselet, Prof. J., F.M.G.S., Institut de Geologie, Rue Braile-Maison, 159, Lille, France.
Great Yarmouth Public Library, Great Yarmouth.
Guilles-Allés Library, Guernsey.
Haileybury College, near Hertford.
Halifax Free Public Library, Halifax.
Hall, Townshend M., Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, Orchard House, Pilton, Barnstaple.
Hammersmith Free Public Library, Ravenscourt Park, Hammersmith. W.
Handsworth Public Library, Birmingham.
Hannah, R., Esq., F.G.S., 82, Addison Road, Kensington. W.
Harker, Alfred, Esq., M.A., F.G.S., St. John’s College, Cambridge.
Harlesden Public Library, Craven Park Road, Harlesden. N.W. (A. S. Newland,
Librarian.)
Harley, Dr. John, F.L.S., 9, Stratford Place. W.
Harmer, F. W., Esq., F.G.S., Oakland House, Cringleford, near Norwich.
Harris, G. F., Esq., F.G.S., Nithsdale, 91, Brigstock Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey.
Hartley Institution, Southampton, per T. W. Shore, Esq., F.G.S., Secretary.
Hawell, Rev. John, M.A., F.G.S., Ingleby Greenhow Vicarage, Middlesbrough.
Hawick Public Library, Hawick. N.B.
Hawkshaw, J. Clarke, Esq., 33, Great George Street, Westminster. S.W.
Hedderley, J. S. Esq., Bulcote, near Nottingham.
Heginbottom Free Library, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Heidelburg Library.
Hereford Public Library, Hereford.
Hicks, Dr. H., F.R.S., Hendon Grove, Hendon. N.W.
Hill, Rev. Edwin, M.A., F.G.S., The Rectory, Cockfield, Bury St. Edmunds.
Hill, Wm., Esq., The Maples, Hitchin.
Hind, Wheelton, Esq., M.D.Lond., F.R.C.S., F.G.S., Roxeth House, Stoke-on-Trent.
Hinde, Geo. J., Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., Avondale Road, South Croydon.
Hodges, Figgis and Co., Messrs., 104, Grafton Street, Dublin.
Holeroft, C., Esq., The Shrubbery, Summerhill, Kingswinford, near Dudley.
Hopkinson, John, Esq., F.L.S., G.S., Local Secretary, The Grange, St. Albans.
Horen, Dr. F. Van, St. Trond, Belgium.
Host, M., Copenhagen.
Hove Public Library, Hove, Brighton.
Howse, H. G., Esq., M.S., F.R.C.S., 59, Brook Street, Grosvenor Square. W.
Hudleston, W. H., Esq., F.R.S., G.S., &c., Vice-President, 8, Stanhope Gardens. S.W.
10
Hughes, Prof. T. M‘K., F.R.S., &c., Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge.
Hull, Prof. Edw., LL.D., F.R.S., 20, Arundel Gardens, Notting Hill. W.
Hull Public Library, Hull.
Hurst, H. E., Esq., Kalgoorlie Lodge, 36, South Norwood Hill. S.E.
India, Geological Survey of.
Ipswich Museum, Ipswich. (F. Woolnough, Esq., Secretary.)
Isle of Man Natural History Society, Ramsey, Isle of Man.
Johns Hopkins University, U.S.A.
Johnes, Mrs., and Lady EK. Hills, Dolan Cothy, Llandeilo, R.S.O., South Wales.
Johnson, E., Esq., 6, Bickenhall Mansions, Gloucester Place. W.
Jones, Professor T. Rupert, F.R.S., G.S., &c., 17, Parson’s Green, Fulham. S.W.
Jukes-Browne, A. J., Esq., Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street. S.W.
Justen, F. W., Esq., 37, Soho Square. W.
Keighley Mechanics’ Institute, Keighley.
Kendal Literary Institution, The Museum, Kendal, per T. W. Milward, Esq., Hon. Sec.
Kettering Public Library, Kettering.
Kilmarnock Library, Kilmarnock. N.B.
King’s School, Library of, Sherborne.
Kingswood School, Bath.
Kirkcaldy Naturalists’ Society, 6, James Grove, Kirkcaldy. N.B.
Kirberger and Kesper, Amsterdam.
Kirkby, J. W., Esq., Kirkland, Leven, Fife.
Kitchin, F. L., Esq., M.A., Ph.D., F.G.S., Geol. Survey of England, 28, Jermyn Street. S.W.
Kitson, R. H., Esq., B.A., F.G.S., Elmet Hall, Leeds.
Lake, P., Esq., M.A., F.G.S., St. John’s College, Cambridge.
Lancaster Public Library, Lancaster.
Laurie, Malcolm, Esq., M.A., Local Secretary, 85, Castle Street, Glasgow.
Lausanne Musée Géologique, Switzerland.
Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Leeds.
Leeds Public Library, Leeds.
Lefevre, Mons. T., 10, Rue du Pont Neuf, Brussels.
Leicester Town Museum, Leicester.
Leigh, Hon. Dudley, 8, Hertford Street. W.
Leighton, T., Esq., 16, New Street Square, Fleet Street. E.C.
Leipzig, Museum of.
Le Marchand, Mons., Rouen.
Leyton Public Library, Leyton, E.
Linnean Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly. W.
Lister, Arthur, Esq., Leytonstone. N.E.
Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle, Westgate Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Literary and Philosophical Society of Sheffield.
Liveing, Professor G. D., M.A., F.R.S., Cambridge.
1]
Liverpool Free Public Library, Liverpool.
London Institution, Finsbury Circus. E.C.
London Library, St. James Square. S.W.
Loughborough Free Public Library, Loughborough.
Lubbock, Sir John W., Bart., M.P., F.R.S., L.S., &c., 15, Lombard Street. E.C.
Lyons, Lieut. H. G., R.E., F.G.S., Wady Halfa, Upper Egypt.
Mackenzie, G. W., Esq., 18, William Street, Lowndes Square. S.W.
Madras Government Museum (per Messrs. Williams and Norgaie).
Major, Charles H., Esq., Cromwell House, Croydon.
Malton Field Naturalists’ and Scientific Society, Malton, Yorkshire.
Manchester Free Library, Manchester.
Maachester Literary and Philosophical Society, 16, George Street, Manchester.
Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.
Mansel-Pleydell, John C., Esq., F.G.S., Whatcombe, Blandford, Dorset.
Mansfield Free Public Library, Mansfield.
Marburgh, University of.
Marr, J. E., Esq., M.A., F.R.S., St. John’s College, Cambridge.
Marsh, Prof. O. C., Yaie University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States, America.
Mason University, Birmingham.
Melbourne Public Library.
Mennell, H. T., Esq., F.L.S., The Red House, Croydon.
Meyer, C. J. A., Esq., F.G.S., 107, North Side, Clapham Common. S.W.
Middlesbrough Free Library, Middlesbrough.
Middleton Free Public Library, Middleton, near Manchester.
Millom Free Public Library, A. Hutchinson, Librarian, Millom vid Carnforth, Cum-
berland.
Milne-Edwards, Prof. A., Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
Mitchell Library, 21, Miller Street, Glasgow.
Mitchinson, Rt. Rey. J., D.D., Asst. Bishop, Diocese of Peterborough, Rectory, Sibstone,
Atherstone.
Molyneux, T., Esq., Earlestown, Lancashire.
Mond, Robert, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.E., F.G.S.; Winnington Hall, Northwich.
Mons, Museum of, Belgium, per Prof. C. A. Houzeau, Ryon, prés Mons.
Morton, George Highfield, Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, 209, Edge Lane, Liverpool.
Munich Royal Library.
Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. S.W.
Nantes, Musée d’ Histoire Naturelle.
National Library, Dublin.
Newberry Library, Chicago, United States, America.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne Public Library, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Newport Free Library, Newport, Monmouthshire.
Nicholson Institute (Library of), Leek, Staffordshire.
Nicholson, Prof. H. Alleyne, F.G.S., Vice-President, Marischal College, Aberdeen. N.B.
Norfolk and Norwich Library, Norwich.
Norwich Free Library, Norwich.
Norman, Rev. A. M., Burnmoor Rectory, Fencehouses, Durham.
12
North Devon Athenzum, Barnstaple.
North. Staffordshire Field Club, Hanley, Staffordshire.
Northampton Natural History Society, Northampton.
Nottingham Free Library, Nottingham.
Nutt, D., Esq:, Strand. W.C.
Oidham Free Public Library, Oldham.
Oldham, Mrs., 96, Lexham Gardens, Kensington. W.
Oswestry Free Public Library, Oswestry.
Owens College Library, Manchester.
Paisley Philosophical Institution, Paisley.
Parkinson, J., Esq., F.G.S., 251, Camden Road. N.
Peabody Institute, Baltimore, America.
Peal, C. N., Esq., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., Fernhurst, Mattock Lane, Ealing. W.
Peek, Sir Henry W., Bart., Rousdon, Devon.
Penruddocke, Charles, Esq., Compton Park, near Salisbury.
Penton, Edw., Esq., F.G.S., 1, Mortimer Street. W.
Peterborough Natural History, Scientific, and Archeological Society, Peterborough.
Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Philosophical Society of Glasgow, 207, Bath Street, Glasgow.
Phené, John S., Esq., LL.D., F.S.A., G.S., 32, Oakley Street, Chelsea. S.W.
Plymouth Free Library, Plymouth.
Plymouth Institution, Library of, Atheneum, Plymouth.
Pontypridd Free Library, Pontypridd.
Poole Free Library, Poole.
Poplar Public Library, 126, High Street, Poplar. E.
Portal, Wyndham S8., Esq., Malshanger House, Basingstoke.
Portis, Dr. A., Professor of Geology, The University, Rome.
Portsmouth Free Public Library, Portsmouth.
Preston Free Library, Preston.
Price, F. G. H., Esq., 17, Collingham Gardens, South Kensington. S.W.
Pruen, J. A., Esq., M.A., F.R.G.S., Romsdal, Guildford.
Pryor, M. R., Esq., Weston Manor, Stevenage, Herts.
Queen’s College, Belfast.
Queen’s College, Cork (by Messrs. Hodges and Smith).
Queen’s College, Galway.
Queensland Museum.
Radcliffe Library, Oxford.
Ramsden, Hildebrand, Esq., 26, Upper Bedford Place, Russell Square. W.C.
Reading Public Library and Museum, W. H. Greenhough, Librarian, Reading.
Reed, F. R. Cowper, Esq., M.A., F.G.S., Trinity College, Cambridge.
Richmond Public Library, Richmond, Surrey.
Ripon, Marquis of, 9, Chelsea Embankment. S.W.
13
Roberts, Isaac, Esq., D.Sc., F.R.S., Starfield, Crowborough, Sussex.
Roberts, Sir Owen, D.C.L., F.S.A., 48, Westbourne Terrace. W.
Rochdale Free Public Library, Rochdale.
Robertson, G., and Co., 17, Warwick Square, Paternoster Row, E.C.
Roscoe, Phillip, Esq., 28, Denning Road, Hampstead. N.W.
Rowe, A. W., Esq., 1, Cecil Street, Margate.
Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam.
Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh.
Royal College of Science for Ireland, Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
Royal College of Surgeons, Lincoln’s Inn Fields. W.C.
Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, Penzance.
Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro.
Royal Institution of Great Britain, Albemarle Street. W.
Royal Institution, Liverpool.
Royal Institution of South Wales, Swansea.
Royal Irish Academy, 19, Dawson Street, Dublin.
Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Royal Society of London, Burlington House. W.
Royal Society of New South Wales.
Rudler, F. W., Esq., F.G.S., Museum Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. S.W.
Rugby Public Library, Rugby.
Rylands, T. G., Esq., F.1..8S., G.S., Highfields, Thelwall, near Warrington.
St. Albans Public Library, St. Albans.
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St. George, Hanover Square, Public Library, Buckingham Palace Road. S.W.
St. Helens Free Public Library, The Gamble Institute, St. Heieris.
St. John’s College, Cambridge.
St. Leonard, Shoreditch, Public Library, 236, Kingsland Road. N.H.
St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields Public Library, 115, St. Martin’s Lane. W.C.
St. Mary, Rotherhithe, Public Library, Lower Ruad. S.E.
St. Peter’s College, Cambridge.
Salford Borough Royal Museum and Library, Peel Park, Manchester.
Salisbury Free Library, Salisbury.
Sampson Low and Co., Messrs., Crown Buildings, 188, Fleet Street. H.C.
Saunders, James Ebenezer, Esq., F.L.S., G.S., 4, Coleman Street. E.C.
Scarborough Philosophical Society, Scarborough.
Science and Art Department, South Kensington. S.W.
Scientific Society, Midland Institute, Birmingham.
Scott, H. D., Esq., M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., &c., Old Palace, Richmond, Surrey.
Seguenza, Prof., Messina.
Semple, Dr. Andrew, F.C.S.E., Caledonian United Service Club, Edinburgh,
Sheffield Free Public Library, Sheffield.
Shrewsbury Free Library, Shrewsbury.
Sidney Sussex College Library, Cambridge.
Simpkin, Marshall, and Co., Messrs., Stationers’ Hall Court. E.C,
Simpson, Rev. A., B.A., B.Sc., F.G.S., 28, Myrtle Park, Crosshill, Glasgow.
Sladen, W. P., Esq., F.G.S., 18, Hyde Park Gate. S.W.
Smith, Mrs. Emma, Hencotes House, Hexham.
14
Smith, B. Woodd, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.A.S., F.Z.S., Branch Hill Lodge, Hampstead Heath. N.W.
Smithe, Rev. F., LL.D., M.A., F.G.S., Churchdown, Gloucester.
Sollas, Professor W. J., F.R.S., Local Secretary, 169, Woodstock Road, Oxford.
Somersetshire Archeological and Natural History Society, Museum, Taunton.
Sorbonne Laboratoire de Géologie, Paris.
Southport Free Library, Southport.
South Shields Free Public Library, South Shields.
Spicer, Henry, Esq., jun., F.G.S., 14, Aberdeen Park, Highbury. N.
Stanley, F., Esq., Rokeby, Edgar Road, Margate.
Stanley, W. F., Esq., F.G.S., Cumberlow, South Norwood. S.E.
Stebbing, W. P. D., Esq., 169, Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park. W.
Stirrup, Mark, Esq., F.G.S., High Thorn, Stamford Road, Bowdon, Cheshire,
Stobart, W. C., Esq., Spellow Hill, Burton Leonard, Yorkshire.
Stockholm Rvuyal Academy of Science, Stockholm.
Stockport Corporation Museum, Stockport.
Stoke Newington Public Library, Church Street, Stoke Newington. N.
Stoke-upon-Trent Free Library, Stoke-upon-Trent.
Stonyhurst College, Blackburn.
Strahan, A., Esq., F.G.S., Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street. S.W.
Strangways, C. Fox, Esq., F.G.S., Museum, Jermyn Street. S.W.
Streatfield, H. S., Esq., F.G.S., Ryhope, Sunderland.
Strickland, Sir C. W., Hildenley, Malton.
Sunderland Corporation Museum, Sunderland.
Sunderland Subscription Library, Fawcett Street, Sunderland.
Swamy, A. K. C., Esq., Walden, Worplesdon.
Swansea Public Library, Swansea.
Sykes, Rev. W. Slater, Millom, Carnforth.
Tasmania, Roval Society of.
Thornaby-on-Tees Public Library, Thornaby-on-Tees.
Toronto University.
Torquay Natural History Society, Museum, Babhacombe Road, Torquay.
Trautschold, Dr., Moscow.
Trinity College, Cambridge.
Tunbridge Wells Natural History and Philosophical Society, Tunbridge Wells.
Twelvetrees, W. H., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Elphin Road, Launceston, Tasmania.
University College, Gower Street, London, W.C.
University Library, Aberdeen.
University of Bale, Switzerland,
University Library, Bordeaux.
University of Edinburgh.
University of Glasgow.
University Library, Leipzig.
University of Marsburgh.
University Library, Rennes, France.
University of Sydney, New South Wales.
University Library, St. Andrews.
—_
or
University Library, Toulouse.
University Library, Tubingen.
University Library, Upsala.
Upton, C., Esq., Tower House, Stroud, Gloucestershire.
Vicary, William, Esq., F.G.S., The Priory, Colleton Crescent, Exeter.
Victoria Public Library, per S. Mullen, Esq., 48, Paternoster Row. E.C.
Volney, The Dean of the Faculty of Sciences of, Angers, France.
Walcott, C. D., Esq., U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, United States, America.
Walker, B. E., Esq., Canadian Bank of Commerce, Toronto, Canada.
Walker, Rev. F. A., Dues Mallard, Cricklewood. N.W.
Wandsworth Public Library, West Hill, Wandsworth. S.W.
Warburton, Thos., Esq., F.G.S., 11, Grange Road, Canonbury. N.
Ward, Henry, Esq., F.G.S., Rodbaston, Penkridge.
Wardle, Sir Thos., F.G.S., St. Edward Street, Leek.
Warrington Museum and Library, Warrington.
Watson, Rev. R. B., B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.C., Mause, Cardross, Dumbarton,
Scotland.
Watts, Rev. Arthur, F.G.S., Local Secretary, Rectory, Witton Gilbert, Durham,
Watts, Professor W. W., M.A., F.G.S., Mason College, Birraingham.
West Ham Public Library. E.
West Hartiepool Public Library, West Hartlepool.
Westminster Public Library, Great Smith Street. S.W.
Weston Park Public Museum, Sheffield.
Whidborne, Rev. G. F., M.A., F.G.S., Vice-President, The Priory, Westbury-on-Trym, near
Bristol.
Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society, Musenm, Whitby.
White, C., Esq., Holly House, Warrington.
Whitechapel Free Public Library, 77, High Street, Whitechapel. — E.
Williams, Francis R. B., Esq., 5, Change Alley. EC.
Williams and Norgate, Messrs., Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. W.C.
Willis and Sotheran, Messrs., Strand. W.C.
Wiltshire Archzeological and Natural History Society, H. KE. Medlicott, Esq., Hon. See.,
Sandfield, Potterme, Devizes. _ a]
Wiltshire, Rev. Prof. Thomas, M.A., F.G.S., F.R.A.S., F.L.S., Honorary Secretary,} 25,
Granville Park, Lewisham, Kent. S.E.
Winchester College Natural History Society, Winchester.
Winwood, Rev. Henry H., F.G.S., Local Secretary, 11, Cavendish Crescent, Bath.
Wolley-Dod, Rev. Charles, Edge Hall, Malpas, Cheshire.
Wolverhampton Free Library, Wolverhampton.
Wood, J. G., Esq., M.A., LL.B., F.G.S., 7, New Square, Lincoln’s Inn.
Wood Green Public Library, Wood Green.
Woodd, A. B., Esq., Little Dene, Dennington Park Road, West Hampstead. N.W.
Woods, H., Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, St. John’s College, Cambridge.
Woodward, Henry, Hsq., LL.D., F.R.S., President, British Museum. S.W.
Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge.
Worcester Public Library and Hastings Museum, Worcester.
16
Workington Public Library, Workington.
Wright, Joseph, Esq., F.G.S., 4, Alfred Street, Belfast.
Wurzburg, the Royal University Library of.
Yorkshire College of Science, Leeds.
Yorkshire Philosophical Society, Museum, York.
Yule, Miss A. F., Taradale House, by Muir of Ord, Ross-shire. N.B.
Zoological Society of London, 3, Hanover Square. W.
§I. CATALOGUE OF WORKS
ALREADY PUBLISHED BY
THE PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY:
Showing the ORDER of publication ; the Yuars during which the Sociely has been in
operation ; and the Contents of each yearly Volume.
Vol. I. Issued for the Year 1847 The Crag Mollusca, Part I, Univalves, by Mr. S. V. Wood, 21 plates.
» I. »
oy OUI» np
ay Me *
av. »
seis 5
Bel!, 38 plates.
The Eocene Mollusca, Part I, Cephalopoda, by Mr. F. E. Edwards, 9 plates.
{ The Entomostraca of the Cretaceous Formations, by Mr. T. R. Jones, 7 plates.
The Permian Fossils, by Prof. Wm. King, 29 plates.
1849 | The Reptilia of the London Clay, Vol.1, Part II, Croccdilia and Ophidia, &c., by Prof.
Owen, 18 plates.
| The Fossil Corals, Part I, Crag, London Clay, Cretaceous, by Messrs. Mime Edwards
and Jules Haime, 11 plates.
The Reptilia of the London Clay, Vol. I, Part I, Chelonia, &c., by Profs. Owen and
1845 {
¢ The Crag Mollusca, Part II, No. 1, by Mr. 8S. V. Wood, 12 plates.
| The Mollusca of the Great Oolite, Part I, Univalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett, 15
plates.
| The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. I, Part III, No. 1, Oolitic and Liassic, by My. Davidson,
L 15 plates.
1850
The Fossil Corals, Part II, Oolitic, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 19
plates.
The Fossil Lepadid, by Mr. Charles Darwin, 5 plates.
a The Fossil Corals, Part III, Permian and Mountain-limestone, by Messrs. Milne
Edwards and Jules Haime, 16 plates.
| The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. I, Part I, Tertiary, by Mx. Davidson, 2 plates.
1852 4 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. I, Part II, No. 1, Cretaceous, by Mr. Davidson, 5 plates.
| The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. I, Part III, No. 2, Oolitic, by Mr. Davidson, 5 plates.
The Eocene Mollusca, Part II, Pulmonata, by Mr. F. E. Edwards, 6 plates.
L The Radiaria of the Crag, London Clay, &e., by Prof. E. Forbes. 4 plates.
The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations, by Prof. Owen, 39 plates.
i
* The Volume for the year 1849 consists of two separate portions, each of which is stitched in a paper cover, on
which are printed the dates 1848, 1849, and 1850. The one portion contains ‘ Cretaceous Entomostraca’ and ‘ Permian
Fossils ;’ the other, ‘London Clay Reptilia,’ Part II, and ‘ Fossil Corals,’ Part I
Vol, Vil.
,» VIIL*
» 1X.F
4 2SUe
yy ene
LV.
Issued for ee
Year 1853 4
1854
17,
CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued.
( The Fossil Corals, Part [V, Devonian, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 10
plates.
The Fossil Brachiopoda, Introduction to Vol. I, by Mr. Dee 9 plates.
The Mollusca of the Chalk, Part I, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe, 10 plates.
The Mollusca of the Great Oolite, Part II, Bivalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett, 8
plates.
| The Weieee of the Crag, Part II, No. 2, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 8 plates.
L The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part I, Chelonia, by Prof. Owen, 9 plates.
The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. 1, Part II, No. 2, Cretaceous, with Appendix and Index
to Vol. I, by Mx. Day idson, 8 plates.
The Reptilia of the Wealden For mations, Part II, Dinosauria, by Prof. Owen, 20 plates.
The Mollusea of the Great Oolite, Part III, Bivalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett, 7
plates.
plates.
The Fossil Balanide and Verrucide, by Mr. Charles Dar ma, 2 plates.
The Mollusea of the Chalk, Part II, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe, 6 plates.
The Eocene Mollusca, Part III, No. 1, Prosobranchiata, by Mx. F. E. Edwards, 8
plates.
|
1 The Fossil Corals, Part V, Silurian, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 16
|
L
(g The Mollusca of the Crag, Part II, No. 3, Bivalves, by Mr. S. V. Wood, 11 plates.
The Reptilia of the Wealden For mations, Part III, by Prof. Owen, 12 plates.
The Eocene Mollusca, Part ITI, No. 2, Pr osobr anchiata, continued, by Mr. F. E.
The Mollusca of the Chalk, Part ITI, ar eeralepodas by Mr. D. Sharpe, 11 plates.
1855 4 Edwards, 4 plates.
|
|
1856
1857
1859
|
e
(
|
4
|
L
at
| Edwards, 6 plates.
58 4
{
The Tertiary Entomostraca, by Mr. T. R. Jones, 6 plates.
L The Fossil Echinodermata, Oslitic, Vol. I, Part I, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates.
The Fossil Crustacea, Part I, London Clay, by Prof. Bell, 11 plates.
The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part IV, Permian, by Mr. Davidson, 4 plates.
The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part V, No. 1, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates.
The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part IV (Supplement No. 1), by Pr of. Owen.
11 plates.
The Reptilia of the London Clay, Vol. 1 (Supplement), by Prof. Owen, 2 plates.
The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I, Part III, by Dr. Wright, 14 plates.
The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part V, No. 2, Carboniferous, by Mx. Davidson, 8 plates.
The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations (Supplement No. 1), by Prof. Owen, 4 plates.
The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations (Supplement No. 2), by Prof. Owen, 8 plates.
The Polyzoa of the Crag, by Prof. Busk, 22 plates.
The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I, Part II, by Dr. Wright, 12 plates.
The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I, Part [V, by Dr. Wright, 7 plates.
The Eocene Mollusea, Part III, No. 3, Prosobranchiata continued, by Mr. F. E.
The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations (Supplements No. 2, No. 3), by Prof. Owen,
7 plates.
The Reptilia of the Purbeck Limestones, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate.
The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part V, No. 3, Carbonifer ous, by Mr. Davidson, 10 plates.
The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 4, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 20 plates.
The Reptilia of the Oolitic Formations, No. 1, Lower Lias, by Prof. Owen, 6 plates.
| The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Dee No. 1, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate.
lL The Eocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 1 , Bivalv es, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 13 plates.
( The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part V, No. 5, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates.
| The Reptilia of the Oolitic Formations, No. 2, Lower Lias, by Prof. Owen, 11 plates.
1860 4 The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 2 2, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate.
| The Fossil Estherie, by Prof. Rupert Jones, 5 plates.
| The Fossil Crustacea, Part II, Gault and Greensand, by Prof. Bell, 11 plates.
plates.
ie eee Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. II, Part I (Asteroidea), by Dr. Wright, 13
D
Supplement to the Great Oolite Mollusca, by Dr. Lycett, 15 plates.
* This Vol. is marked on the outside 1855.
+ This Vol. is marked on the outside 1856.
Vol. XVI.
ap 2G
5p OSAMU
5p 2D
5 OA!
Fy 2G 4
57 OIE 4
75 MILV.*
18
CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued.
( The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part I, by Dr. Wright, 11 plates.
The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part I (Devonian and
Silurian), by Mr. J. W. Salter, 6 plates.
Issued for the 5 ‘The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VI, No. 1, Devonian, by Mr. Davidson, 9 plates.
cae = | The Hocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 2, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 7 plates.
”
9
lL The Reptilia of the Cretaceous and Wealden Formations (Supplements), by Prof. Owen,
10 plates.
( The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part II, by Mr. J. W.
Salter, 8 plates.
1863 1 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VI, No. 2, Devonian, by Mr. Davidson, 11 plates.
The Belemnitide, Part I, Introduction, by Prof. Phillips.
l The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part I, by Prof. Owen, 16 plates.
rp The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. II, Part II (Liassie Ophiuroidea), by Dr.
Wright, 6 plates.
| The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part II], by My. J. W.
| Salter, 11 plates.
1864 4 The Belemnitide, Part II, Liassic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 7 plates.
| The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part I, Introduction, Felis spelea, by Messrs. W. Boyd
| Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 5 plates.
Title-pages, Ke., to the Monographs on the Reptilia of the London Clay, Cretaceous,
L and Wealden Formations.
{ The Crag Foraminifera, Part 1, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones, W. K. Parker, and
H. B. Brady, 4 plates.
1865 } Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part I, Tertiary, by Dr. Duncan, 10 plates.
The Fossil Merostomata, Part I, Pterygotus, by Mr. H. Woodward, 9 plates.
L The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VII, No. 1, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 12 plates.
f Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part IV, No. 1, Liassic, by Dr. Duncan, 11 plates.
| The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part IV (Silurian), by Mr.
1866 } J. W. Salter, 6 plates.
The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VII, No. 2, Silurian, by Mx. Davidson, 10 plates.
L The Belemnitide, Part III, Liassic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 18 plates.
( Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part I, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates.
| Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part IV, No. 2, Liassic, by Dr. Duncan, 6 plates.
The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part II, by Dr. Wright, 14 plates.
The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part I, by Messrs. J. Powrie and E. Ray
Lankester, 5 plates.
The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part II, Felis speleea, continued, by Messrs. W. Boyd
Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 14 plates.
1867
L
Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part II, No. 1, Cretaceous, by Dr. Duncan, 9 plates.
The Fossil Merostomata, Part II, Pterygotus, by Mr. H. Woodward, 6 plates.
The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VII, No. 3, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 15 plates.
1868 < The Belemnitide, Part IV, Liassic and Oolitic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 7 plates.
The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 3, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates.
The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part III, Felis spelea, concluded, with F. lynx, by
: Messrs. W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 6 plates.
( Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part II, No. 2, Cretaceous, by Dr. Duncan, 6 plates.
| The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part III, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates.
J The Belemnitidee, Part V, Oxford Clay, &c., Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 9 plates.
1869 < The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part I (concluded), by Messrs. J. Powrie and
| E. Ray Lankester, 9 plates.
The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part II, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates.
The Crag Cetacea, No. 1, by Prof. Owen, 5 plates.
( The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part II, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates.
| The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part IV, by Dr. Wright, 10
lates.
BN The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VII, No. 4, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 13 plates.
The Eocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 3, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 5 plates.
L The Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates.
* These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding; first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in
one cover; secondly, with each of the Monograrhs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope.
The previous Volumes are not in separate parts.
19
CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued.
{ The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part III, by Mr. EH. W. Binney, 6 plates.
| The Fossil Merostomata, Part III, Pterygotus and Slimonia, by Mr. H. Woodward,
5 plates.
Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, Part I (Univalves), by Mr. 8. V. Wood, with an
Introduction on the Crag District, by Messrs. 8S. V. Wood, jun., and F. W.
Vol. XXV.* Issued for the Harmer, 7 plates and map.
Year 1871} Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Iguanodon), No. IV, by Prof. Owen,
3 plates
| The Pleistovens Mammalia, Part IV, Felis pardus, &c., by Messrs. W. Boyd Dawkins
and W. A. Sanford, 2 plates.
| The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part V, Ovibos moschatus, by Mr. W. Boyd Dawkins.
L 5 plates.
( Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part III (Oolitic), by Prof. Duncan, with an Index
to the Tertiary and Secondary Species, 7 plates.
XXVL* 1872 J The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part V, by Dr. Wright, 5 plates.
“ 2 2 7 | The Fossil Merostomata, Part IV (Stylonurus, Hurypterus, Hemiaspis), by Mr. H.
| Woodward, 10 plates.
L The Fossil Trigonie, No. I, by Dr. Lycett, 9 plates.
( The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol I, Part VI, by Dr. Wright, 8 plates.
; Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part I (Tertiary and Cretaceous), by
My. Davidson, 8 plates.
XXVIL* 1873 4 Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, Part II (Bivalves), by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 5 plates.
a i ve Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Iguanodon), No. V, by Prof. Owen.
9
2 plates.
| Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Hyleochampsa) No. VI, by Prof. Owen.
\ The Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, Part I, by Prof. Owen, 2 plates.
( The Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, by Mr. G. 8. Brady, Rev. H. W. Crosskey, and Mr.
| D. Robertson, 16 plates.
9) ow VILT.* » 18744 The Carboniferous Entomostraca, Part I (Cypridinade), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones
and Messrs. J. W. Kirkby and G. 8S. Brady, 5 plates.
The Fossil Trigoniz, No. II, by Dr. Lycett, 10 plates.
The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part IV, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates.
XXIX* 1875 The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part VII, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates.
aD : 2 The Fossil Trigoniz, No. III, by Dr. Lycett, 8 plates.
The Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, Part II, by Prof. Owen, 20 plates.
(The Carboniferous and Permian Foraminifera (the genus Fusulina excepted), by Mr.
| H. B. Brady, 12 plates.
-, J} Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part II, No. 1 (Jurassic and Triassic),
» XXX* » 1876 : by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates.
| Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Poikilopleuron and Chondrosteosaurus),
M No. VII, by Prof. Owen, 6 plates.
Supplement to the Eocene Mollusca (Bivalves), by Mr. S. V. Wood, 2 plates.
The Fossil Trigonie, No. IV, by Dr. Lycett, 13 plates.
XXXL* 1977 The Eocene Mollusca (Univalves), Part IV, by Mr. S. V. Wood, 1 plate.
a : 3 ¢ | The Carboniferous Ganoid Fishes, Part I (Paleoniscide), by Dr. Traquair, 7 plates.
bene Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, Part III, by Prof. Owen, 2 plates.
The Fossil Elephants (E. antiquus), Part I, by Prof. Leith Adams, 5 plates.
( The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part VIII, by Dr. Wright, 8 plates.
Index and Title Page to the Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I (Echinoidea), by Dr.
Wright.
The Fossil Merostomata, Part V (Neolimulus, &c.), by Dr. H. Woodward, 6 plates.
\ Punyleniene to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part II, No. 2 (Jurassic and Triassic),
Poin oy Mr. Davidson, 13 plates.
» XXXIL* » 1878 | The Lias Ammonites, Part I, by Dr. Wright, 8 plates.
The Sirenoid and Crossopterygian Ganoids, Part I, by Prof. Miall, 6 plates.
Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Goniopholis, Petrosuchus, and Sucho-
saurus), No. VIII, by Prof. Owen, 6 plates.
| The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part A (Preliminary Treatise), by Prof. Boyd Dawkins.
* These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding; first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in
one cover; secondly, with each of the Monographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope.
The previous Volumes are not in separate parts.
20
CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued.
The Hocene Flora, Vol. I, Part I, by Mr. J.S. Gardner and Baron Ettingshausen, 5 plates.
1 Second Supplement to the Crag Mollusca (Univalves and Bivalves), by Mr. S. V. Wood,
6 plates.
Vol. XXXIII.* Issued for the | The Fossil Trigoniw, No. V (Conclusion), by Dr. Lycett, 1 plate.
Year 1879 ) The Lias Ammonites, Part II, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates.
| Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Goniopholis, Brachydectes, Nannosuchus,
Theriosuchus, and Nuthetes), No. IX, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates.
l The Fossil Elephants (E. primigenius), Part II, by Prof. Leith Adams, 10 plates.
( The Hocene Flora, Vol. I, Part II, by Mr. J. S. Gardner and Baron Ettingshausen,
6 plates.
| The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. II, Part III (Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea),
by Dr. Wright, 3 plates.
5 SOL .® Tee UN) } Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part III (Permian and Carboniferous),
; by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates.
The Lias Ammonites, Part III, by Dr. Wright, 22 plates.
The Reptilia of the London Clay, Vol. II, Part I (Chelone) by Prof. Owen, 2 plates.
The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part IX, by Dr. Wright, 6 plates.
Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part IV (Devonian and Silurian,
from Budleigh-Salterton Pebble Bed), by Mr. Davidson, 5 plates.
The Fossil Trigonie (Supplement No. 1), by Dr. Lycett.
» XXKV.* gs ABB canis Tine Aanmostes: Pacey, by Di, Wrighk) 10 platen,
The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part III (Conclusion), by Prof. Owen, 13 plates.
The Fossil Elephants (E. primigenius and H. meridionalis), Part III (Conclusion),
L ‘ by Prof. Leith Adams, 13 plates.
( The Hocene Flora, Vol. I, Part III (Conclusion), by Mr. J. S. Gardner and Baron
Ettingshausen, 2 plates.
| Third Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, by the late Mv. 8. V. Wood, 1 plate.
The Fossil Echinodermata, Cret., Vol. I, Part X (Conclusion), by Dr. Wright, 5 plates.
Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part V (Conclusion), by Dr. Davidson.
Do., Vol. V, Part I (Devonian and Silurian), by Dr. Davidson, 7 plates.
The Lias Ammonites, Part V, by Dr. Wright, 22 plates.
( The Eocene Flora, Vol. II, Part I, by Mr. J. 8. Gardner, 9 plates.
The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part V (Conclusion), by the
late Mr. J. W. Salter.
The Carboniferous Trilobites, Part I, by Dr. H. Woodward, 6 plates.
Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. V, Part II (Silurian), by Dr. Davidson,
10 plates.
The Fossil Trigoniw (Supplement No. 2), by the late Dr. Lycett, 4 plates.
The Lias Ammonites, Part VI, by Dr. Wright, 8 plates.
i The Eocene Flora, Vol. II, Part II, by Mr. J. S. Gardner, 11 plates.
The Carboniferous Entomostraca, Part I, No. 2 (Conclusion), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones,
Mr. J. W. Kirkby, and Prof. G. 8. Brady, 2 plates.
» XXX VITI.* » 18844 The Carboniferous Trilobites, Part II, by Dr. H. Woodward, 4 plates.
Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. V, Part III (Conclusion), by Dr. Davidson,
4 plates.
L The Lias Resmonibes, Part VII, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates.
( The Eocene Flora, Vol. II, Part III (Conclusion), by Mr. J. 8. Gardner, 7 plates.
| The Stromatoporoids, Part I, by Prof. Alleyne Nicholson, 11 plates.
» X&XIX.® 5, ists ie Fossil Brachiopoda (Bibliography), Vol. VI (Conclusion), by the late Dr. Davidson
9) KK VIF » 1882
,, XXXVII* » 1883 ;
and Mr. W. H. Dalton.
The Lias Ammonites, Part VIII (Conclusion), by the late Dr. Wright, 1 plate.
( The Morphology and Histology of Stigmaria Ficoides, by Prof. W. C. Williamson,
15 plates.
The Fossil Sponges, Part I, by Dr. G. J. Hinde, 8 plates.
» XL.* » 18865 The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 1, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston.
The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part I, by Mr. S. 8S. Buckman, 6 plates.
The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part VI, by Prof. Boyd Dawkins, 7 plates.
The Fossil Sponges, Part II, by Dr. G. J. Hinde, 1 plate.
XLL? 1887 The Paleozoic Phyllopoda, Part I, by Prof. T. R. Jones and Dr. Woodward, 12 plates.
za : ” The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 2, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston, 6 plates.
The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part II, by Mr. 8. 8. Buckman, 8 plates.
* These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding; first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in
one cover; secondly, with each of the Monographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope.
Vol, XLII.*
oy OLD hg
» SLIV.*
Ay 2 ON us
» XLVL*
» SLVIIL*
5 DUN A
45 ULX.*
” 1D ye
Issued for the
21
CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued.
The Stromatoporoids, Part II, by Prof. Alleyne Nicholson, 8 plates.
The Tertiary Entomostraca (Supplement), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Mr. C. D.
Sherborn, 3 plates.
The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 3, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston, 5 plates.
The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part III, by Mr. S. 8. Buckman, 10 plates.
Year 1888 1 The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Part I, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne,
4 plates.
Title-pages to the Monographs on the Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck (Supple-
ments), Kimmer: idge Clay, and Mesozoic Formations, and on the Cetacea of
ih the Red Crag.
The Cretaceous Entomostraca (Supplement), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Dr. G. J.
Hinde, 4 plates.
1sgg 4 The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 4, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston, 5 plates.
4 The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part IV, by Mr. 8. 8. Buckman, 13 plates.
| The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Part II, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne.
L 12 plates.
The Stromatoporoids, Part III, by Prof. Alleyne Nicholson, 6 plates.
The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. II, Part I (Asteroidea), by Mr. W. Percy
| Sladen, 8 plates.
1890 4 The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part V, by Mr. 8. S. Buckman, 8 plates.
The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Part III, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne,
9 plates.
(_Title-pages to the Supplement to the Fossil Corals, by Prof. Duncan.
( The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 5, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston, 4 plates,
| The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part VI, by Mr. 8. S. Buckman, 12 plates.
1891 4 The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Part IV (Cntidieeian of Vol. I),
7 plates.
te 7 6 vor II, Part I, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne, 5 plates.
(ees Stromatoporoids, Part IV (Conclusion), by Prof. Alleyne Nicholson, 4 plates.
The Paleozoic e Phyllopod: a, Part II, by Prof. 1. R. Jones and Dr. Woodw ard, 5 plates.
1892 J The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 6, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston, 6 plates,
“) The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part VII, by Mr. S. S. Buckman, 20 plates.
The Devonian Fauna of the South of Maia Vol) I; Part ae by the Rey. G. F.
Whidborne, 5 plates.
r The Fossil Sponges, Part III, by Dr. G. J. Hinde, 10 plates.
[ The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. II, Part iL (Asteroidea), by Mr. W. Percy
Sladen, 8 plates.
The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part VIII, by Mr. 8. 8. Buckman, 16 plates.
The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Vol. II, Part III, by the Rev. G. F.
Whidborne, 7 plates.
1893
Carbonicola, Anthracomya, and Naiadites, Part I, By IDraWie Hind, 11 plates.
The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part IX, by Mr. 8. 8. Buckman, A plates.
The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part II, No. 1, by Dr. R. H. Traquair, 4 plates.
The Crag Foraminifera, Part II, by Prof. T. R. Jones, 3 plates.
The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 8, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston, 8 plates.
Carbonicola, Anthracomya, and Naiadites, Part II, by Dr. W. Hind, 9 plates.
The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, vel il; BartilVs by the Rev. G. F.
Whidborne, 7 plates.
1894
1895
The Crag Foraminifera, Part II], by Prof. T. R. Jones
The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part IeeNond (Conclaaieid, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston,
4 plates.
Carbonicola, Anthracomya, and Naiadites, Part III (Conclusion), by Dr. W. Hind,
1896 1 plate.
The Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata, Part I, by Dr. W. Hind, 4 plates.
The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Vol. LET Part I, by the Rev. G. F.
Whidborne, 16 plates.
{ee Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 7, by Mv. W. H. Hudleston, 6 plates.
c
|
1
|
Ke
|
* These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding; first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in
one cover; secondly, with each of the Monographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope.
22
CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued.
( The Crag Foraminifera, Part IV (Conclusion), by Prof. T. R. Jones.
Vol. LL* Taser nacrom eis | The Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata, Part II, by Dr. W. Hind, 13 plates.
ol. LI.
- 1897 The Carboniferous Cephalopoda of Ireland, Part I, by Dr. A. H. Foord, 7 plates.
Year The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Vol. III, Part II, by the Rev. G. F.
E Whidborne, 5 plates.
The Palzozoic Phyllopoda, Part III, by Prof.T. R. Jones and Dr. Woodward, 8 plates.
The Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata, Part III, by Dr. W. Hind, 10 plates.
p 1898 The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part X, by Mr. 8. S. Buckman, 4 plates.
» LII. a2 4 The Carboniferous Cephalopoda of Ireland, Part II, by Dr. A. H. Foord, 10 plates.
The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Vol. III, Part IT, by the Rev. G. F.
Whidborne, 17 plates.
* These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding;
first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in
one cover; secondly, with each of the M
onographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope.
23
§ II. LIST OF MONOGRAPHS
Completed, in course of Publication, and in Preparation.
1, MONOGRAPHS which have been Compietep, and which may be bound as separate
Volumes, with directions for the BinpING :—
The Morphology and Histology of Stigmaria ficoides by Prof. W. C. Williamson. (Complete
with Title-page and Index in the Volume for the year 1886.)
The Eocene Flora, Vol. I (Filices), by Mr. J. 8. Gardner and Baron Ettingshausen. (Complete
in the Volumes for the years 1879, 1880, and 1882. Title-page, Index, and directions
for the binding, will be found in the Volume for 1882.)
The Eocene Flora, Vol. Il (Gymnosperme), by Mr, J. S. Gardner. (Complete in the
Volumes for the years 1883, 1884, and 1885. Title-page, Index, and directions for the
binding, will be found in the Volume for 1885.)
The Crag Foraminifera, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones, W. K. Parker, and H. B. Brady, assisted by
H. W. Burrows, C. D. Sherborn, F. W. Millett, R. Holland, and F. Chapman, (Com-
plete in the Volumes for the years 1865, 1895, 1896, and 1897. Title-page, Index, and
directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for 1897.)
The Carboniferous and Permian Foraminifera (the genus Fusulina excepted), by Mr. H. B.
Brady. (Complete in the Volume for the year 1876.)
The Stromatoporoids, by Prof. Alleyne Nicholson. (Complete in the Volumes for the
years 1885, 1888, 1890, and 1892. The Title-page, Index, and directions for binding will
be found in the Volume for the year 1892.)
The Tertiary, Cretaceous, Oolitic, Devonian, and Silurian Corals, by MM. Milne-Edwards
and J, Haime. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1849, 1851, 1852, 1853, and
1854. The Title-page and Index, with corrected explanations of Plates XVII and XVIII,
will be found in the Volume for the year 1854.)
Supplement to the Tertiary, Cretaceous, Liassic, and Oolitic Corals, by Prof. Martin Duncan.
(Complete in the Volumes for the years 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1872, and 1890.
The Title-page, with directions for binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1890.)
The Polyzoa of the Crag, by Mr. G. Busk. (Complete with Title-page and Index in the
Volume for the year 1857.)
The Tertiary Echinodermata, by Professor Forbes. (Complete with Title-page in the Volume
for the year 1852.)
The Fossil Cirripedes, by Mr. C. Darwin. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1851, 1854,
and 1858. The Title-page will be found in the Volume for the year 1854, and the Index
in the Volume for the year 1858.
The Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, by Mr. G. S. Brady, the Rev. H. W. Crosskey, and Mr. D.
Robertson. (Complete, with Title-page and Index, in the Volume for the year 1874.)
The Tertiary Entomostraca, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones. (Complete, with Title-page and Index,
in the Volume for the year 1855.)
Supplement to the Tertiary Entomostraca, by Prof. T, Rupert Jones, (Complete, with Title-
page and Index, in the Volume for the year 1888.)
The Cretaceous Entomostraca, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones, (Complete, with Title-page and
Index, in the Volume for the year 1849.)
Supplement to the Cretaceous Entomostraca, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Dr. G. J. Hinde.
(Complete, with Title-page and Index, in the Volume for the year 1889.)
The Carboniferous Entomostraca, Part I (Cypridinade and their allies), by Prof, T. Rupert
Jones, Mr. J. W. Kirkby, and Prof. G. 8S. Brady, (Complete in the volumes for the years
1874 and 1884, The Title-page and Index will be found in the Volume for the year 1884.)
The Fossil Estheriz, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones. (Complete, with Title-puge and Indez, in the
Volume for the year 1860.)
The Trilobites of the Cambrian, Silurian, and Devonian Formations, by Mr. J. W. Salter.
(Complete in the Volumes for the years 1862, 1863, 1864, 1866, and 1883. The Title-page
and Index, with directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1883.)
The Fossil Merostomata, by Dr. H. Woodward. (Complete in the Volumes for the years
1865, 1868, 1871, 1872, and 1878. The Title-page and Index, with directions for the
binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1878.)
The Fossil Brachiopoda (Tertiary, Cretaceous, Oolitic, and Liassic), Vol. I, by Mr. T. Davidson.
(Complete in the Volumes for the years 1850, 1852, 1853, and 1854, The Index will be
found in the Volume for the year 1854, and corrected Title-page in that for 1870.)
The Fossil Brachiopoda (Permian and Carboniferous), Vol. II, by Mr. T. Davidson. (Complete
in the Volumes for the years 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, and 1860. The Index will be found
im the Volume for the year 1860, and corrected Title-page in that for 1870.)
The Fossil Brachiopoda (Devonian and Silurian), Vol. III, by Mr. 'T. Davidson. (Complete in
the Volumes for the years 1862, 1863, 1865, 1866, 1868, and 1870. The Title-page and
Index will be found in the Volume for the year 1870.)
The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, by Dr. T. Davidson. Supplements: Tertiary, Cretaceous,
Jurassic, Triassic, Permian, and Carboniferous. (Complete in the Volumes for the years
1873, 1876, 1878, 1880, 1881, and 1882. The Title-page and Index, with directions for
the bindiny will be found in the Volume for the year 1882.)
The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. V, by Dr. T. Davidson. Supplements: Devonian and Silurian.
Appendix to Supplements, General Summary, Catalogue aud Iudex of the British Species.
(Complete in the Volumes for the years 1882, 1883, and 1884. The Title-page, with
directions for the binding will be found in the Volume for the year 1884.)
The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. VI, by Dr. T. Davidson and Mr. W. H. Dalton. Biblio-
graphy. (Complete in the Volume for the year 1885.)
The Eocene Bivalves, Vol. I, by Mr. S. V. Wood. (Complete, with Title-page and Index, in
the Volumes for the years 1859, 1862, and 1870. The directions for the binding will be
found in the Volume for the year 1870.)
Supplement to the Eocene Bivalves, by Mr. 8S. V. Wood. (Complete, with Title-paye and
Index, in the Volume for the year 1877.)
The Eocene Cephalopoda and Univalves, Vol. I, by Mr. F. E. Edwards and Mr, 8S. V. Wood.
(Complete in the Volumes for the years 1845, 1852, 1854, 1855, 1858, and 1877. The Title-
page, Index, and directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1877.)
The Mollusca of the Crag, Vol. I, Univalves, by Mr. S. V. Wood. (The Text, Plates, and
Index, will be found in the Volume for the year 1847, and the Title-page will be found in
the Volume for the year 1855.)
The Mollusca of the Crag, Vol. II, Bivalves, by Mr. S. V. Wood. (Complete in the Volumes
for the years 1850, 1858, 1855, 1858, and 1878. The Title-page will be found in the
Volume for the year 1878, and the Index will be found in the Volume for the year 1855,
and a Note in the Volume for the year 1858).
The Mollusca of the Crag, Vol. III, Supplement, by Mr. S. V. Wood. (Complete in the
Volumes for the years 1871 and 1873. The Title-page and Index will be found in the
Volume for the year 1873.)
Second Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, by Mr. S. V. Wood. (Complete, with Title-page
and Index, in the Volume for the year 1879.)
The Gasteropoda of the Inferior Oolite, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston. (Complete in the Volumes
Jor the years 1886, 1887, 1889, 1891, 1892, 1894, 1895, and 1895. The Title-page,
Index, und directions for the binding will be found in the Volume for the year 1896 )
25
Third Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, by Mr. 8. V. Wood. (Complete, with Title-paye and
Index, in the Volume for the year 1882.)
The Great Oolite Mollusca, by Professor Morris and Dr. Lycett. (Complete in the Volumes
for the years 1850, 1853, and 1854. The Title-paye and Index will be found in the
Volume for the year 1854.)
The Fossil Trigoniz, by Dr. Lycett. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1872, 1874,
1875, 1877, and 1879. The directions for the binding will be found in the Volume for the
year 1879.)
Supplement to the Fossil Trigoniz, by Dr. Lycett. (Complete in the Volumes for the years
1881 and 1883. The Title-page, Index, with directions for the binding, will be found in
the Volume for the year 1883.)
Carbonicola, Anthracomya, and Naiadites, by Dr. Wheelton Hind. (Complete in the Volumes
for the years 1894, 1895, and 1896. The Title-page and Index will be found in the
Volume for the year 1896.)
The Oolitic Echinodermata, Vol. I, Echinoidea, by Dr. Wright. (Complete in the Volumes
for the years 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, and 1878. Title-page, Index, and directions for
the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1878.)
The Oolitic Echinodermata, Vol. II, Asteroidea, by Dr. Wright. (Complete in the Volumes
for the years 1861, 1864, and 1880. Title-page, Index, and directions for the binding,
will be found in the Volume for the year 1880).
The Cretaceous Echinodermata, Vol. I, Echinoidea, by Dr. Wright. (Complete in the Volumes
for the years 1862, 1867, 1869, 1870, 1872, 1873, 1875, 1878, 1881, and 1882. The
Title-page and Index, with directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the
year 1882.)
The Cretaceous (Upper) Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe. (Complete in the Volumes for the
years 1853, 1854, and 1855, but wants Title-page and Index.)
The Lias Ammonites, by Dr. Wright. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1878, 1879,
1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, and 1885. The Title-page and Index, with directions for
the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1885.)
The Fossils of the Permian Formation, by Professor King. (Complete, with Title-page and
Index, in the Volume for the year 1849. Corrected explanations of Plates XXVIII and
XXVIII* will be found in the Volume for the year 1854.)
The Reptilia of the London Clay (and of the Bracklesham and other Tertiary Beds), Vol. I,
by Professors Owen and Bell. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1848, 1849, 1856,
and 1864. Directions for the binding, Title-paye, and Index, will be found in the
Volume for the year 1864.) Part I of Vol. II, containing Chelone gigas (to be found in
the Volume for the year 1880), can be added.
The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations, by Prof. Owen. (Complete an the Volumes for the
years 1851, 1857, 1858, 1862, and 1864. Directions for the binding, Title-paye, and
Index, will be found in the Volume for the year 1864.)
The Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck Formations, by Professor Owen. (Complete in the
Volumes for the years 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1862, and 1864. Directions
for the binding, Title-pages, and Index, will be found in the Volume for the year 1864.)
The Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck Formations (Supplements 4—9), by Professor
Owen. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1871, 1873, 1876, 1878, 1879, and 1888.
Directions for the binding, Title-page, Preface, and Table of Contents, will be found in
the Volume for the year 1888.)
The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, by Professor Owen. (Complete in the
Yolumes for the years 1859, 1860, 1868, and 1888. Directions for the binding, Tit/e-
page, Preface, and Table of Contents, will be found in the Volume for the year 1888.)
4
26
The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, by Professor Owen. (Complete in the Volumes for
the years 1859, 1860, 1863, 1869, and 1881. Directions for the binding, Title-pages,
and Index, will be found in the Volume for the year 1881.)
The Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, by Professor Owen. (Complete in the Volumes for
the years 1873, 1875, 1877, and 1888. Directions for the binding, Title-page, Preface,
and Table of Contents, will be found in the Volume for the year 1888.)
The Red Crag Cetacea, by Professor Owen. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1869 and
1888. Directions for the binding, Title-page, Preface, and Table of Contents, will be
found in the Volume for the year 1888.)
The Foss:] Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations, by Professor Owen. (Complete, with Title-
page and Table of Contents, in the Volume for the year 1870.)
The Fossil Elephants, by Professor Leith Adams. (Complete in the Volumes for the years
1877, 1879, and 1881. Directions for the binding, Title-page, and Index will be found
in the Volume for the year 1831.)
2. MONOGRAPHS in course of Pusxiication :*—
The Fossil Sponges. by Dr. G. J. Hinde.
The Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata, by Dr. Wheelton Hind.
The Paleozoic Phyllopoda, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Dr. H. Woodward.
The Trilobites, by Dr. H. Woodward.
The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, by Mr. 8S. S. Buckman.
The Belemnites, by Professor Phillips.t+
The Carboniferous Cephalopoda of Ireland, by Dr. A. H. Foord.
The Sirenoid and Crossopterygian Ganoids, by Professor Miall.
The Fishes of the Carboniferous Formation, by Dr. R. H. Traquair.
The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, by Messrs. J. Powrie and E. Ray Lankester, and
Professor Traquair.
The Pleistocene Mammalia, by Messrs. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford.
The Fauna of the Devonian Formation of the South of England, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne.
3. MONOGRAPHS which are promised or are in course of PREPARATION >*—
The Fossil Cycadex, by Mr. A. C. Seward.
The Graptolites, by Prof. Lapworth.
The Carboniferous Entomostraca, Part II, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Mr, J. W. Kirkby.
The Wealden, Purbeck, and Jurassic Entomostraca, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones, and Messrs,
C. D. Sherborn and F. Chapman.
The Cretaceous Lamellibranchiata, by Mr. H. Woods.
The Cambrian Fossils, by Dr. H. Hicks,
The Siturian Fish Bed, by Dr. Harley.
The Fossils of the Budleigh Salterton Pebble Bed, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne.
* Members having specimens which might assist the authors in preparing their respective
Monographs are requested to communicate in the first instance with the Honorary Secretary.
+ Unfinished through the death of the Author, but will be continued by Mr. G, C. Crick.
§ III. Dates of the Issue of the Yearly Volumes of the
Palzeontographical Society.
Volume I for 1847 was issued to the Members, March, 1848.
ss 1 = 5,¢ S843 5 se ‘5 July, 1849.
as IIT ,,,- 1849 “5 3 39 August, 1850.
55 LV olo5o. "i ~ ne June, 1851.
-e Wiese Loo os Be 3 June, 1851.
ay Vil <,, 852 os + BA August, 1852.
Pe Wit 5, 853 . x” os December, 1853.
3 Vi ., S54 eo a sis May, 1855.
53 JO oy ISSN) _ rs a February, 1857.
Bs xX; 1856 3 ar PA Apri, 1858.
i KT 4.31857 a 5 MP November, 1859.
os 2SIUE 5 stats} a 3 5 March, 1861.
= MI . -ea9 ts tn December, 1861.
Be XIV_,, 1860 5 a ss May, 1863.
os DOVES Fe lkstonl 2 os oe May, 1863.
re XVie W862 a Br 55 August, 1864.
5 VEE 5) “S63 Ps * - June, 1865.
Pe ey Lie Sot ye 5 e April, 1866.
5 XIX ;, 1865 Ef = Re December, 1866.
a XOX S66 ey Es 5 June, 1867.
‘ XXL «5-867 me 55 Pa June, 1868.
5 MK Gh US6s8 3 rs 2 February, 1869.
ee ee S69 a oD -, January, 1870.
ee OD Ven to wl O70 a re ee January, 1871.
59 MX, 54, 01871 3 if a, June, 1872.
ev A Lee Pes re a October, 1872.
a oe VL 87S % sg _ February, 1874.
a WET ee S74) S " Pe July, 1874.
‘ OMI ikehest 2 ri a December, 1875.
“2 TOs SG + . zs December, 1876.
e D:D DA regal lis rAd a Pr A February, 1877.
a), ee Se LETS Hs rs 3 March, 1878.
9 AEE: | 1879 5 Pe May, 1879.
5) RLV Fy, - S80 es Re me May, 1880.
7 eV ES SSSI as ns = May, 1881.
4 VE 5g Sse = x x June, 1882.
4) VIL 545. 188s 3 sd a October, 1883.
yee VITE ,, 1884 ay Pe os December, 1884.
3 AER §5, “1SS5 He = #3 January, 1886.
os XL ,, 1886 Pe 5 - March, 1887.
< XLI ,, 1887 es er r January, 1888.
ve AIL 5, L835 * re March, 1889.
Volume XLIII for
9
XLIV
XLV
XLVI
XLVII
XLVIII
XLIX
L
LI
LII
2)
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
Was
3)
issued
28
to
the Members,
March, 1890.
Apmil, 1891.
February, 1892.
November, 1892.
December, 1893.
November, 1894.
October, 1895.
October, 1896.
December, 1897.
December, 1898.
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(tt paqitosap ‘air has youa ut atecoes jo SUM TCetsouopy otf) OI[} FULUTEZNOD AIUNJOA a1]4 HdVUDONON AO Loardas
sawadg Jo'o = : ' Sa D1YR U2 SIVAX AY} JO sav yon LOf SWIX IP} JO $9zui
pads J0°ON | "jo “ont e9@{d 9 "ON |gageg soroyy | W724 HE SUK OTH JO Nam yoryn of Ox Onaga Rayer .
“TA "AT
32
§ V. Srrarierarnican TaBue exhibiting the Britisu Fossixs already figured and described
in the ANNUAL VoiuMus (1847—1898) of the PALMONTOGRAPHICAL Socinry
Las ee |
iz | eZ
a o
Series
A} & | ¢€
Au ae =
jee has
=
———— ~ | a —
Pleistocene ...... | 33
1865
ae 1895
Orage testo sae “= |1896
(\1879 |1897
| 1880
1882
Eocene ........ 4 1883 °°
| |1884. |
L|i885 J
Cretaceous ......
| |
Wealden ....... .
Ooliticveaeccccsece 1893
exASSICreeetecen 1893
ALTLASSIComsemactnr ec
+ 40 1849
Permian) s.. ..wes Rese 1849 1876
(|1867 )
| |1870, |
Carboniferous 1871) +1887) 1876
1875) |
MU 1886, }
Devonian ......... . | 1887
|
Pha 1886)
SILURIAN yas 1887 |e
aa 1886
Cambrian. .....-- 1887 \ ant
PROTOZOA.
|
)
|
{
RADIATA. ARTICULATA.
oe = B 2 g g | a E =
B=16) Ss ae esd |e n S ie
arg 2 3 ac [eis 2 Fs 25
2 3 SEIN fo <= 0 nS SS ao
Rh ie>) =) =
1874
ee hake. ies
1851 ) |
2 |
1849 1852 re ae |
|
Ho ||| slee2 Foe A peceice At aoe tly utes
1865 1854. 1888
|
( 1862
1867
1869 |
| 1870 |
| 1872 |
se J 1873 | 1851 1849
Fae 1875 | 1854 1889 aeu il —eunbaear "| © fi peneue
‘ | 1878 |
| 1881 |
| isse |
; 1890 |
{ 1893 J |
Eat Me Mee sxc 1860
1855, 1856,
1851) | | 1857, 1858,
anes ty teeeaeeetipeee 1860
1880
1851) | [ 1855, 1856,
J 1888 1858, 1861,
1867 1864
G80. tn ace. 1860,
1849
ee We4a, © il. Mss 1849 |1860
1860
ue 1874 | [1869 |. 1872 7 | 3
USS Zi el: OO raocwct® lll artssces { a cee | 1878 1883, 1884:
(1853) ,
| 1885 || 1895 7ahe
218884) 11898 1888 1860 es 1862, 1888
Toe 1872 (|
{1802 J | | L178
eel Wea Sasol
reece 1887| J 1871 | | ¢1862, 1863
ieee Wo acetal enters ace 1872 1864, 1866
: fea al ees
HSSON I Gee, WL carte | ey aes 1864.
|
Norr,—The numbers in the above List refer to the Volumes issued for those Dates.
33
STRATIGRAPHICAL TaBLE evhibiting the Brivisu Fosstis already figured and described in
the ANNUAL VoLuMzs (1847—1898) of the PALMONTOGRAPHICAL Socrnry (continued).
re
MOLLUSCA. VERTEBRATA.
< SE a
; =) aes ss a a
2 5 ay eB g 2 2
z 2 Aa 3 a a
aa) ZaS és) a
(1864.
1867
1868
; | 1871
Pleistocene ...... 200 SSE cekince 00s eescee ll | ates + 1877
1878
1879
7, 185 7] eee
1847, 1850 1886
1852 ?
1853, 1855, 1869
Cragieccctessscscss 1857 jis! 1871, 1873, [ bee aks. Pa de he atte 1881
1879, 1882 1888
1852, 1854,
f 1852 1855, 1858,
TBAT: ceoosooooane a (1873 1859, 1862, 1848 ... | 1848,1849, 1856,1880
1870, 1877
TSi2 1853
1852,1854, 1875 2 1851, 1857, 1858,
Cretaceous......... 500 1873, 1884 1877 is! hs 1862, 1873, 1888
1879 1853, 1854,
| 1855, 1856,
| 1857, 1862,
Wealden ...,..... Ce cemen IL | actin ace 600 + 1871, 1873,
| 1875, 1876,
(1850, 1853, ) Arse, en
1854, 1872, | (1850, 1861, |} Cea |
1874, 1875, 1868, 1869, | Cia). Geeei l
"1850,1852,) | | 1877,1879, | 1886, 1887, | igen 1868, |
QWWRE: soroscnososs 1876,1878, 4 1883, 1886, > |4 1888,1889,| + .. 4 1873, 1875, 1870
1884. | 1887, 1888, | 1890, 1891, | 1877, 1888.
1889, 1891, 1892, 1894, @ ee Ool i
18921804 | | 1898 |) ae
= - 875, 1888 J
| (1895, 1896 ) (1863, 1864,
1850,1852, seaee ere: sy | 1859, 1860,
Liassic ....... Ronee 1876,1878, See eat tual ve 1863, 1869,
aa 1879, 1883 | 1880, 1881, ASR GS
| 1882, 1883, te
(1884, 1885 |)
IESE Oanaassoqnss 600 1876, i878 STO. - . OG eer VS7Se |) 7 Bete 1870
Permian ...,.....{ 1849 ee 1849 1849 1849 1849
— 1858,1850, || [18% 28°51 | prso7y | sang
arbonirerous ,,. vee | 1860,1880, And) 4; 1898
1898
1884
IgE 1862,1863, 1890, 1891, 1867
Devonian ....0.. |4 1998 1881,1882, 1892, 1893, 1889 1869
L 1884,,1893 1896, 1897 1894.
| (1865,1866,
Silurian 1868,1870,
eae a “+ |) 1881/1882,
Cambrian ......... ( 1883
Notre.—The numbers in the above List refer to the Volumes issued for those Dates.
ete we) ves
To aseyeepet
* severe dey ee)
— #2 (enaeve
etree
PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVII.
MpcccxcvIiil,
A MONOGRAPH
OF THE
BRITISH PALASOZOIC = PHYLLOPODA
(PHYLLOCARIDA, Packarp).
PROF. T. RUPERT JONES, F-.R.S., F-G.S., &c.,
DR. HENRY WOODWARD, F.RB.S., F.G.S, &c.
PAR ri
DITHYROCARIS.
Paces 125—176; Puates XVITI—XXV.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
1898.
4
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— a LP ies
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aa a
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PRINTED BY ADLARD A iD SON,
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Ives shh ou ;
es
BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C!, AND 20,\ HANOVER SQUARE. W.
STATS
PARTY Ti.
DITHYROCARIS.
I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
Iv will be seen in our list of synonyms at pp. 129, 130 that the genus Dithyro-
caris, first known and named as Argas in 1835, and frequently mentioned by
geologists subsequently, has had its features and structure described chiefly by
J. Scouler, J. HE. Portlock, F. M‘Coy, H. Woodward, R. Etheridge, jun., James
Hall, and J. M. Clarke; whilst F. A. Romer, Ludwig, Meek and Worthen, and
Scudder have noticed some fragmentary portions, chiefly of the caudal extremity.
So many of the known remains of this genus have been found in the Carboni-
ferous strata of the West of Scotland that it 1s advisable to have before us, for
easy reference, a classified list of the localities there, and the geological horizons,
from which the specimens have been obtained. The following list of the local
formations and the species found in them has been made with the help of Dr. John
Young, F.G.S., of the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow.
A List of the Species of Dithyrocaris and allied genera, with their Localities in
the Carboniferous Formations of Scotland and elsewhere.
In the Upper Limestone series :
Cheenocaris tenuistriata (M‘Coy). Settle, Yorkshire; also Belgium.
— Youngii, sp. nov. Lingula-shale, Robroystone, near Glasgow.
Dithyrocaris testudinea, Scouler. Cement-Limestone, Orchard, Glasgow.
In the Middle Coal and Limestone series :
Dithyrocaris tricornis, Scouler. } Ironstone pits, Inkermann, near
— testudinea, Scouler.
Paisley.
7
126 BRITISH PALMOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
In the Lower Limestone series :
Dithyrocaris glabra, Woodward and Etheridge. Calderwood Cement-
Limestone, East Kilbride.
_ — W.and E. Shales above the First Calmy Lime-
stone, Raes Gill, Carluke.
=H ovalis — Shale above the Calderwood Cement-
— granulata — ; stone, East Kilbride.
oe testudinea, Scouler. Shales above the Main Limestone
and Lingula-limestone; and shale
above Calderwood Cement-Lime-
stone, East Kilbride district.
—_ — Shale over the Main Limestone, Raes
Gill, Carluke.
~-= a — Shale over the Hosie Limestone
series, Campsie.
= — — Shales over the Main Limestone,
Lickprivick, Hast Kilbride.
— — = Yoredale Beds, Congleton Edge,
Cheshire.
— tricornis, Scouler. Shale above the Calderwood Cement-
stone, East Kilbride.
— = — Yoredale Beds, Redesdale.
_- Colei, Portlock. Lower Carboniferous shales, Clogher,
Tyrone; Ballynascreen, Londonderry.
= = — Craigenglen, in strata under the Main
Limestone series, Campsie.
— — — Calciferous Sandstone group, Tweeden
Burn, near New Castleton, Rox-
burghshire.
-— orbicularis, Portlock. Lower Carboniferous shales, Bally-
nascreen, Londonderry.
-- funiculata, sp. nov. Calciferous Sandstone group, Tweeden
~ Burn. Also Tyrone.
— Scoulert, M‘Coy. Lower Limestone shale, Aghmaglogh,
Clogher, Tyrone.
-— — a= Cement-stone group, Tweeden Burn.
— insignis, sp. nov., and var. multijugata, nov. Millstone-
grit series, Eccup, near Leeds.
Dithyrocaris Belli (Woodward). Devonian, Gaspé, Canada.
Calyptocaris striata (Woodward). Lower Carboniferous, Carmichael Burn,
Lanark.
INTRODUCTION. 127
Chenocaris ? Richteriana, sp. nov. Devonian, Saalfeld.
Hibbertia orbicularis, sp. nov. Burdiehouse, Scotland.
Tail-pieces :
Dithyrocaris lateralis, M‘Coy. Mountain-limestone, Derbyshire.
aa == = Cement-stone group, 'weeden Burn.
os Dunnvi, sp. nov. Yoredale Beds, Redesdale.
— -- valciferous Sandstone group, Harelow Hill Quarry,
Penton, Cannobie.
a Newlsoni, sp. nov. Shales, Hast Kilbride. (See Note.)
— sp. Calciferous Sandstone group, Leatwater, below Hirzel,
Coldstream.
Gastric teeth (separate or in place): Dolly Quarry and Cowden’s Quarry,
Dunfermline ; Orchard Quarry, near Glasgow ; Hosie Limestone series, Campsie ;
Ardross, Fife ; Hast Kilbride; Scaterau, Dunbar; Eccup, Yorkshire; Congleton
Edge, Cheshire; Yoredale series, Redesdale; Newcastle-on-Tyne ; and Tyrone,
Ireland.
The Calderwood Cement-stone (of the Lower Limestone group) is worked at
Calderside and Hast Kilbride, at the Kirktonholm and Glebe quarries and else-
where. It has there an average thickness of about two feet. It is regarded
as the equivalent of the First Kingshaw Limestone of the Lower Carboniferous
Limestone group of the Carluke district. The Cement-stone near East Kilbride
is succeeded in descending order by three limestones, locally known as Third,
Second, and First Calderwood Limestones, with their intervening and accom-
panying shales, certain of which have proved to be very fossiliferous, especially
that between the two lowest limestones (Nos. 2 and 1) of the section.
‘I'he Cement-stone is known by other local names in the Carluke district, as at
Hallcraig Bridge on the left bank of Jock’s Burn, where the Lingula-Limestone
and Shales of the Lower-Limestone series occur. There are also localities along
with the Raes Gill Ironstones, Carluke.
For convenience of reference we give the following table of the Formations.
Norz.—The specimens marked “ Shales, East Kilbride,” in Mr. Neilson’s and other collections,
are from shales in connection with the Calderwood Cement-stone. Nearly all are from the shale
lying over that limestone. Specimens of Dithyrocaris are very rare in the limestone and the shale
below, which differs considerably from the overlying shale. The exposures are only a few hundred
yards apart. It has been observed that, although the carapaces are well represented in this shale,
there are but few teeth found at East Kilbride; and that where separate teeth occur carapaces seem
to be absent. Probably diverse currents may account for this fact.
128 BRITISH PALMOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
Table of the Geological Horizons and some of their Localities in Western Scotland.
PERMIAN.
7. Upper Coals and Ironstone............ Ell Coal, Rutherglen.
6. Millstone-grit or Moor-rock.
mM
oe =)
a1 9 6. Upper Limestone Group............:.. Auchenbeg. Lesmahagow. Orchard and Rob-
2) 2° 2 | roystone, near Glasgow.
all asaee 4 Middle Limestone Group or Possil Ironstone. Edge Coal series. Inker-
S| Basle 4 * ( Lower Coal and Ironstone Group mann Ironstone pits, near Paisley.
B a4 | Calderwood, East Kilbride. Raes Gill, Car-
ae) oO « luke.
a 3. Lower Limestone Group............ ) Hosie, Campsie, Hurlet, Main, and Craigenglen
A ( Limestones.
a nm
E 3 z 4 (2. Upper or Cement-stone Group ...... Ardross, Fife. Kirktonholm Works, Glebe
ae o Quarry, &c., East Kilbride District.
= ae (Burdiehouse, near Edinburgh.)
5 4a” (1. Lower or Red Sandstone Group:..... Carmichael Burn, near Lanark.
Se)
eS)
Oxtp Rep SANDSTONE.
Besides the large series of specimens of Dithyrocaris in the British Museum
(Natural-History Branch) we have had opportunity given to us by the Keepers of
other Museums, and by private individuals, of studying their many valuable
collections in Scotland and elsewhere. For this we sincerely thank Sir A. Geikie,
Director of the Museum of Practical Geology and the Geological Survey ; Prof.
T. McKenny Hughes, Keeper of the Woodwardian Museum, University of
Cambridge ; the Trustees of the Griffith Collection, Dublin; Dr. R. H. Traquair,
Director of the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art; Messrs. B. N. Peach and
J. G. Goodchild, of the Geological Survey of Scotland; the Trustees of the
Andersonian Museum, Technical College, Glasgow; Dr. John Young, of the
Hunterian Museum, Glasgow; Mr. James Neilson, of Glasgow; Mr. R. Dunlop,
of Airdrie; Mr. J. Dunn, of Redesdale; Mr. EH. J. Garwood, F.G.S., Trinity
College, Cambridge; Mr. P. F. Kendall, F.G.8., Leeds; Dr. W. Hind, F.G:S.,
Stoke-on-Trent, and others who have favoured us with replies to inquiries, and
with other useful information.
Dr. Scouler’s original specimens have been lent by the Trustees of the
Andersonian Museum ; some of J. H. Portlock’s type-specimens have been studied
among those lent from the Museum of Practical Geology ; the specimens described
in 1871-4 by Woodward and Etheridge, jun., are included in the Collection of the
Geological Survey of Scotland; and other rare and valuable fossils have been
confided to our care by Prof. McKenny Hughes, Dr. Traquair, and the other kind
helpers named above.
DITHYROCARIS. 129
Genus Dirnyrocarts, Scouler, 1843.
Ayrgas, Scouler, 1835. ‘Records of General Science’ (Thomson’s), vol. 1,
p. 136.
Dithyrocaris, R. Griffith, 1842. ‘Notice of Mountain-Limestone Fossils,
Ireland,’ p. 22 (table).
Scouler, MS., 1843. In ‘ Portlock’s Report Geology London-
derry,’ p. 315.
Morris, 1843. ‘Catal. Brit. Foss.,’ p. 173.
M‘Coy, 1844. ‘Synops. Car. Carbonif. Foss. Ireland,’ p. 163 ;
and 1862, 2nd edit., p. 224.
Bronn, 1848. ‘Index Paleont.,’ vol. i, p. 135.
M‘Coy, 1849. ‘Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 2, vol. iv, p. 395.
Morris, 1854. ‘Catal. Brit. Foss.,’ 2nd edit., p. 107.
F. A. Romer, 1855. ‘ Beitrag III, Harzgeb.,’ p. 120.
R. Griffith, 1862. ‘Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin,’ vol. ix, pp. 48,
68, 100.
et Argas, J. W. Salter, 1863. ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’
vol. xix, pp. 90, 91,
Ludwig, 1864. * Paleontographica,’ vol. x1, Lief. 6, pp. 309, 310.
J.W.Salter and H. Woodward, 1865. ‘Chart Foss. Crust.,’ p. 17.
Jones and Kirkby, 1866. ‘Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 3, vol.
Xvi, p. 40.
J. Young, 1868. ‘Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,’ vol. i, p. 58.
Meek and Worthen, 1870. ‘Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia,’ vol. xxii, p. 55.
J. Armstrong, 1871. ‘Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,’ vol. iii,
Appendix, p. 29.
H. Woodward, 1871. ‘Geol. Magazine,’ vol. vin, p. 106.
—- 1872. ‘ Report Brit. Assoc.’ for 1871, p. 53.
Meek and Worthen, 1873. ‘Geol Survey Illinois,’ vol. v
(Geol. and Palzont.), p. 618.
H. Woodward and R. Etheridge, jun., 1873. ‘ Mem. Geol. Survey
Scotland,’ Explan. Sheet 23, Appendix, p. 98.
— 1873. ‘Geol. Mag,’ vol. x, p. 482.
— 1874. Ibid., dec. 2, vol. i, p. 107.
J. R. S. Hunter, 1875. ‘ Paleont. Carbonif. Strat. West Scot-
land,’ part I), p. 89:
Armstrong and Young, 1876. ‘Catal. Foss. W. Scotland,’ p. 45.
S. A. Miller, 1877. ‘Americ. Paleoz. Foss.,’ p. 237.
130 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
Dithyrocaris, HE. Kayser, 1878. ‘ K. geol. Landes-Anstalt,’ vol. ii, Heft 4, p. 7.
Rhachura, Scudder, 1878. ‘Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,’ vol. xix,
p. 296.
Dithyrocaris, Bigsby, 1878. ‘Thesaur. Dev.-Carb.,’ p. 349.
—- H. A. Nicholson, 1879. ‘ Paleontology,’ edit. 2, vol. i, p. 349.
— R. Etheridge, jun., 1879. ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol.
xxxv, p. 464.
— R. P. Whitfield, 1880. ‘ Amer. Journ. Sci.,’ vol. xiv, p. 36.
— T. R. Jones, 1883. ‘Geol. Mag.,’ dec. 2, vol. x, p. 462.
— et Argus [-gas], Packard, 1883. ‘Monogr. North-American
Phyllopod Crustacea,’ pp. 445 and 452.
— Packard, 1883. ‘ American Naturalist,’ vol. xvi, p. 946.
_- J. M. Clarke, 1884. ‘Neues Jahrb., vol. ii, part 2, p. 184.
_ C. A. White, 1884. ‘Thirteenth Report Geol. Nat. Hist.
Indiana,’ p. 178.
— Etheridge, Woodward, and Jones, 1884. ‘ Report Brit. Assoc.
for 1883,’ p. 216,
_ Jones and Woodward, 1884. ‘Geol. Mag.,’ dec. 3, vol. i, p. 348.
— J. Coutts, 1884. ‘Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,’ vol. vii, p. 200.
— Zittel, 1885. ‘ Handbuch Paliont.,’ vol. i, part 2, p. 658.
= Novak, 1885. Sitzungsb. béhm. Gesellsch. Wissensch.,’ p. 344.
— H., W.,and J.,1888. ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1887,’ pp. 62—66.
— and Rhachura, Jones and Woodward, 1888. ‘ Monogr. Brit. Pal.
Phyl’. part; p. 2.
— Ktheridge, 1888. ‘ Foss. Brit. Islands,’ vol. i, Paleoz., p. 238.
Mesothyra (?), Hall and Clarke, 1888. ‘ Paleont. New York,’ vol. vii, pp. lvi
and 187.
Dithyrocaris, Lesley, 1889. ‘Dictionary Foss. Pennsylv.,’ p. 212.
— S. A. Miller, 1889. ‘ North-American Geol. and Paleont.,’ p.545.
— R. P. Whitfield, 1890. ‘Ann. New York Acad. Sci.,’ vol. v,
p. 3605.
— A. W. Vogdes, 1893. ‘ Bibliogr. Paleoz. Crust.,’ p. 382.
Mesothyra (?), J. M. Clarke, 1893. ‘ American Naturalist’ (September), p. 796.
Dithyrocaris, J. Neilson, 1894. ‘Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,’ vol. x, p. 71.
es W. Hind, 1897. ‘Monogr. Carbonif. Lamell.,’ Pal. Soc., p. 94.
DirHyrocaris appears to be a Phyllocarid having for the most part a nearly
flat or somewhat convex test, subcircular, suboval, or suboblong in shape, com-
posed of two subconvex lateral halves or valves, which meet in the middle along
the dorsal line at a very obtuse angle in the clypeiform specimens, but at a
DITHYROCARIS. 131
higher angle in some that may be bivalved. The hinge-line is simple, and the
valves easily separated.
Besides a dorsal (middle) ridge, appertaining to both valves, each valve has a
median ridge (the mesolateral). Generally a pair of short sigmoidal rugose ridges
occur on the cephalic or gastric region, and another small pair further back and
nearer to the dorsal edge (the nuchal ridges). Another ridge is sometimes present,
near to and parallel with the dorsal on each valve (the juwta-dorsal ridges).
In shape the tests vary from orbicular to suboblong, and the valves from
suboblong to semicircular. Hach valve has usually a slight projection on the
curvature of its anterior edge. A neat fringe, or occasionally a cord-like border,
of oblique striz, pointing backwards, ornaments at least a part of the convex
outer (ventral) border; and this edge, curving backwards, is prolonged over and
beyond the posterior border in a strong sharp spine or spike. The extreme
verge of this border was turned downwards or inwards.
In some tests there is good evidence that the dorsal or central junction-line
is overlapped by a rugose ridge of minute angular imbricating flakes of shell-
matter, forming plice or wrinkles (just as in the other ridges), and ending in a
strong triangular point. In one or more folded specimens and in some separate
valves this middle ridge, bearing an obliquely spinous fringe, lies on its side, and
thus shows its crest. This dorsal ridge is seen in some specimens to lie evenly
with the moieties, but in others clearly to override the two dorsal edges placed in
apposition beneath it, and not to lie between them as in the figures and description
of Mesothyra by Hall and Clarke, ‘ Nat. Hist. New York Paleont.,’ vol. vii, 1888.
The surface of the two valves or moieties may be smooth, punctate, or granu-
lated; and some are traversed by oblique wavy lines (analogous to lines of growth).
Interstitial sculpture is also present. Some allied forms bear thin longi-
tudinal ridges. In many instances abdominal segments and a trifid caudal
appendage are present. Gastric teeth frequently occur, sometimes in their place
in the cephalic region, but more often free and scattered in the shales.
It has been observed in the ‘ Geological Magazine,’ vol. vin (1871), p. 106,
that ‘‘it is exceedingly difficult to decide whether this form [Chenocaris tenwi-
striata] had its valves widely expanded, as in the recent Apus, and probably
in the fossil Dithyrocaris Scouleri; or whether, as in Nebalia and Ceratiocaris,
they were folded down upon the sides of the animal’s body. The distinction
seems to be an important one; but the frequent occurrence of the united
expanded valves of Ceratiocavis in the Upper-Silurian shales of Lesmahagow
often renders it difficult to decide as to the actual and normal degree of expansion
or of folding down of the lateral borders of these crustacean shields during the
lifetime of the animal.”
The partially open or not quite closed carapace of Chanocaris Youngii,
132 BRITISH PALAHOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
Pl. XXII, fig. 1, looks as if a bivalved test were kept from closing by the inter-
vention ofjthe shaly matrix; but it may have been habitually more or less open
or gaping. The ventral margin of Dithyrocaris seems to have stood out free from
the valves in some specimens, being, as noticed by others, obliquely striate on the
upper surface and longitudinally striate below; and this free edge is folded in
under the margin in some instances, Pl. XXVII, fie. 5: In Chenocaris it seems
to be limited in width, and to remain at right angles with the valve to form a
rabbeting joint with the other valve, Pl. XXI, fig. 11, and Pl. XXII, fig. 1d,
if closed.
The chief features to be noticed on the carapace-valves are—
Anterior process or spine.
Posterior process or spine.
. The middle or dorsal ridge and its flanges.
The juxta-dorsal ridges.
The middle-lateral (mesolateral) ridges.
. The cephalic, gastric, or ocular ridges.
The nuchal ridges.
. The anterior and posterior notches or medial indentations.
Se 2 ea Oa Cos ho
The antero-dorsal and postero-dorsal notches.
As far as at present known the allied genera comprise the following forms,
and perhaps others to which the various caudal appendages and gastric teeth may
have belonged :
Overriding—l. GLABRA ......... smooth, with slight mesolaterals.
f Dit OW AUSES oa en aepice ? Granulated ; with stronger meso-
Overriding—8. GRANULATA... ) laterals.
Overriding—4, TESTUDINEA .,.with transverse lines
mn
& With a dorsal ridge. ? eS COU Ril gee ree smooth ?
a (Dithyrocaris.) P 6. FuNIcULATA ...slightly reticulate B
= P Ge ENSUGNUIS tore n2.. 528 sinuato-reticulate S
5 Overriding—8. Cote ......... ercrcak vixta sharpgranules, | s
8 p 9. ORBICULARIS ewan ™ } reticulation, | 8 5
B Overriding 10. TRICORNIS ... - and pits. $s
2 Without a dorsal ridge ?...............11. Brntt ............ multilineate and reticulate <2
= | Without a dorsal ridge. ) 12. TENUISTRIATA multilineate and reticulate, With = as
= Gaping bivalve. > ........: 1 MOUNGID, ..26-. smooth \juxta- S
S (Chanocaris.) i 14. ? RicuTertana costulate dorsals| 3
Without a dorsal ridge. °
= \ Jiscger LO. SDBTAPA seegcet. multicostulate =
Closed bivalve.
(Calyptocaris.)
In the ‘ Geological Magazine,’ December 2nd, vol. i (1874), p. 109, it was |
suggested that some of the then known species of Dithyrocaris showed, by the
relatively deep central indentations in their anterior and posterior borders, that
the carapaces in this ‘Group B” may have been more acutely bent down at the
DITHYROCARIS. 133
sides during life, and more easily separated into two parts after life, than in
the “ Group A,” or true Dithyrocaris. Thus:
Group A. Grove B.
Dithyrocaris tricornis. Dithyrocaris granulata.
— Colet. -— glabra.
— ovalis. — ? tenuistriata.
—_ testudinea. _— ? Belli.
— Scoulert. |
We do not think that this suggested grouping is sufficiently well founded to
serve as a basis for classification.
As seen in the Table at page 132, the features which characteristically define
some of the species, namely, Nos. 1—10, as truly belonging to Dithyrocaris, are
wanting in others, which therefore must be separated from that genus.
The mesolateral ridges are present in all, in different degrees of development ;
but the dorsal ridge, an important feature, is absent in some (Nos. 11—15).
Some differ further by the two halves of the carapace not forming a shield-like,
but a bivalve test, folding down on each side, in Nos. 12, 13, and 14, though not
perfectly fitting below, but remaining somewhat open; whilst No. 15,a costulated
form, is symmetrically bivalved and closed up, like some Ostracoda.
Prof. R. P. Whitfield, at page 36 of the ‘American Journal of Science,’
vol. xix, 1880, states! that “the genus Dithyrocaris, M‘Coy, is described as
having three longitudinal ridges on the carapace. This feature is seen only when
the two valves are pressed open, as in M‘Coy’s example, so as to present the
appearance of one large plate, in which case the hinge-line forms the middle
ridge.”
This is also well shown in many of the illustrations of the present Monograph,
—such, for instance, as Pl. XX, figs. 1a and3a. There is, however, sometimes
present another longitudinal ridge in each valve, lying near to and parallel with
the dorsal ridge. This, feeble in Pl. XXIV, figs. 1 and 2, strong in Pl. XXI,
figs. 8, 9, and 11, and in Pl. XXXI, figs. 8 and 9, we term the juatadorsal
ridge.
At first sight the presence of this ridge might seem to constitute an important
difference ; but it is essentially present, though weak, in Dithyrocaris tricornis and
D. Colei, and strong in a variety of D. insignis. It is also a characteristic of
Chenocaris tenuistriata. It seems to be duplicated in Ch. Richteriana, and is
recognisable among the costule in Calyptocaris striata.
In looking at the relative length of the Style and Stylets in the trifid caudal
1 Also at p. 365 of the ‘ Annals New York Acad. Science,’ vol. v, 1890. e
134 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
appendages as supplying a distinctive character in the different species, we find
that—
The Style and Stylets are of equal or nearly equal length in—
Lengthof Length of
Carapace. Stylets.
mim, mm.
Dithyrocaris Colei; xxiii Ar exe 40 pacman eat | on) dase cena aeocec cea aaeee as vee
_— UICC Peo 2. dh Git Alar reel n CAN REEE oe G de con AREER DC COCO CREC OUD COCORENT Bile eng Ul
— Neils Ong RXR. Old OSC a aee eae sont oeeiscediet ont wieiealsaisine Sen sasioe encase De ee ab
_— (CER Gehur a Venosa XK, Ain ane tesiease te asec aereee eee ee eo oe P 48
— (HOTA NOITU TIL 2 8.109505 0) oe Sa noob Coa Hod cHODODE OUR acto cachooonyCoabedeG a ee
— LOG ig TSAIES YB cosovacooone ? 25
— breviaculeata, xxix, 9 ......... ? 15
The Stylets are shorter than the Style in—
DithyROCavis Cesta Ca 1 XXII Maas cPateceen phe cio. naea,aoseeenoansccneneeeecerses 2 Sea
— IS COUVETUSERENENO” sa seeRer econ nese ne eo COTE OEE oer eae SVfa tees AE
SCY SETE Fred Riace jx ats e reer ak Se ate eae eae ARN Aeon ae EOS Po (eee
The Stylets are rather longer than the Style in—
Dithyrocaris Dunne, xxanis/9, LO > oxi, Wy D ieic couiavaue ovation sheen ann suceaeiwosuws Eee il
9 9:
Ss AUB OMe TE a eas ULI oe ee se UR dot, | go ee
— LES TULICCREGRI Al Serr ne ae eee i OPPs aaa os Sciek Saws sels eee AG en
and longer in—
eee ° 2
Dithynocaris later age SX XiNy 0) Groeten secs seevnlee cn oie dies rseinoks mee bee vic eaceus { pigaa
— LESLUGINEM 4 KX FON XIU Ole) EXO A Meee Herein cee ecce seese cence: Sipe sear ele
— ERUCOPTUS SH KXINEE Ohare NON OR Ree Tt EEE SSO ORE SO) 22 238
insignt. = 8) i 6 43 and )
we S1GN1S) XXRG LL — 95 KRRL, OF ic yokghe dactawiwen asinasteckttesovagceu tes 56 j 30?
MESO nAROCEOTU Et aM Oe ceca nfas aan a Ice REE eR eee ee ee | LAO Deen
and much longer in—
Meno thiyn GNC pUiany ~ eds Baht me cists seuthans ce RRS MRE ae 0-8 oe tee een Rae Pe eke, JelLO
The measurements are so often difficult to make and unsatisfactory, on
account of the frequent imperfections in the specimens, that the results obtained
do not supply us with definite characteristics for the species at present catalogued.
Besides the obscurity and breakage of parts there are several reasons for the
apparent variations in the relative length of the caudal spines, both one with
another and with the size of the carapace. Stages of growth, sexual difference,
and the systematic variation of feature and character have to be taken into con-
sideration, and the material at our command has not yet enabled us to arrive
always at definite conclusions.
‘he carapaces and their halves are all here figured with the front end
upwards and the posterior downwards. The straight edge (dorsal or upper) of
DITHYROCARIS. 139
the right-hand valves is on the left hand in the plates, and the curved edge
(ventral or lower) of the right-hand valves is on the right hand in the plates.
We propose to commence the descriptions with the more simple and smooth
forms, and to take successively those with ridges and other surface orna-
mentation.
In arranging the plates and their figures we at first looked up the specimens
that had been already published, and began with the apparently simplest forms.
The arrangement of the drawings, however, was greatly influenced, of course, by
the incoming of specimens at different times and from different sources.
Table of the Distribution of Dithyrocaris and Allied Genera.
| |g
ae lial) ge
|S | 2] "c0| | 3|
13] 2] s/o] | 3/2
| = mr BINS) |S)
CARBONIFEROUS. |
ile Coca glabra, 1873, Woodward and Etheridge.................. | x
Ds BEAU ia pS hes, Wie AU, Bie oe nccassuadncat ase eetanseacetear | x
3. os granulata, TSI A arena lal rere Gane anccceeomenece seeiereas |x|
4. — testudinea, 1835, Seoul orth mae aed anaceee se socsceersce ae oe x<ilpeaiox
cA) Bs _ Colerletss, POrtloeke.... nag -escenn ae asnekneeacaeaehrer act x< |x
8 6. — OR DUCUIATIS MGA Om OLhlOoe Keren eacaeereeceeceeereetee eealS<)
a te — (APOETDEB, INSB YS SICOMIEE — sosocqpavensc0n coo onoeodsooaca068 ene | XJ-+| X
BS: — pumiculata, V89O8, 81), MOV so sacnstaeoesge stenoses nem seleorees| OS |
oO] 9. — Seoulert, S42 or 1844 MECOY ~ .prcensnsedseeseeccnccease lx|x |
10. — CI DCHG BOOSH E10 TEC) soap rpsggae dane nOcedDb Do bpDOC ated ecodeo on oEoacroc [><lenclies
11. Calyptocaris striata, 1871, Woodward, Sp. .......0.020.c0ceeeeeeer ern ees x
12. Chanocaris fonuietriata, 1844, M‘Coy, ane ord ty: ease eur each CIOS
13. — JUQMUNG UD, Wesley Siae WON s worppseoscoomdodoe hodcde Rdeacadue doosos|[eX
y (14. Dithyrocaris lateralis, 1851, iL Hel 6X0) eamerporencorearenadeeas seater ada. acl{0l see |2<
8 15. — Diinnii, US9S8; sSp2 MOVs. see0 ae. o8 saeee s\s-)s see aero eaeeas ON ae |OX
= 16. — IN OHISUL CED ANS IS S105 NOS apenssene aodorodepcue suv ogdes0coenSu x<|
va | 17. — carbonaria, 1870, Meek and Worthen .............2..0|...sec[eoe[eee[eoe [ee x
Si US. JIAO LTGP ORR OT ey MEAS, Sra Ke ho5.G50 000505000000 500 no00000e0c00000000||ace|\a50l|e00|)a0s| [oan beal|S
Carapace—19. Hibbertia or biculari 2s, 1898, gene ClISPs DOV. csace cowseeewsrs-cossscee-|O4 |
DEVONIAN.
Carapace—20. Dithyrocaris Belli, 1871, Woodward .......11.-..seceeeee see seeetnseeefeeelenefeeefer [on x
alts — TOCIE, UGH, ITCRAE sass ccocnoconddossabog ocoseoceoogear Peed (seein
ml 22: — breoracwleatas VSGAy Mid wioeeeeerece me eccrine cece PAllellasallonallo<
S | 23. — IEG, Motels GINA) aor ge ec nono cca soa cbaane quUGeab29205c.6 2p6|(b0al 04) obal| ex
oF 24. AHOLD; MUSING, USOT Son 0b0 on0gg00d6 coo ode cos G0KG0 000000006 vesfece[oes fone] X |
‘qd 125. Mesothyra Oceani, 1838, Halliand(@larker Manco ee ee EG eal lonallsoai fod |...|
‘SI ||28, — Neptuni, 1863, Hall . Bee pee Papeete oticde Gosena aod] snl (sod ladol ocellago Iie x
27. Chenocaris ? Richteriana, 1898, sp. NO Vowajapabenstesircingsctuiine eeeaeeeen nc bad! Bon o26| X|
Note.—In our “Seventh Report on the Paleoz. Phyllop.,” 1889 (‘ Brit. Assoc. Rep.,’ 1890,
p. 65), we referred to two specimens of Dithyrocaris, in M. Paul Lebesconte’s Collection at Rinnes,
from Lower Silurian Rocks, but have not yet been able to study them fully.
136 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
II. DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES.
1. Divnyrocaris cuaBra, Woodward and Etheridge, 1873. Plate XVIII, figs. 1, 2;
Plate XIX, figs. 1—4; Plate
XXIII, fig. 11; Plate XXV,
figs. i, 2.
Dituyrocarts GpaBra, H. Woodward and R. Etheridge, jun.,11873. Mem. Geo.
Survey Scotland, Explan. Sheet 23,
Appendix, p. 99.
= — H. Woodward and R. Etheridge, jun., 1874. Geol. Mag.,
dec. 2, vol. i, p. 108, pl. v, figs. 4 and 5; Report
Brit. Assoc. for 1873 (1874), Sect., p. 92.
_ — J. Armstrong, 1876. Catal. W.-Scot. Fossils, p. 45.
= _— H. Woodward, 1877. Catal. Brit. Foss. Crust., p. 73.
== = Bigsby, 1878. Thesaur. Dev.-Carb., p. 249
== — J. Coutts, 1884-5. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. vii,
pp. 200 and 327.
= — E., W., and J., 1887. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1886, p. 64.
— — Etheridge, 1888. Foss. Brit., vol. i, Paleoz., p. 238.
Size.—The following are the measurements of the two half-carapaces (PI.
XVIII, figs. 1 and 2) as given in the ‘Geol. Magazine,’ 1874, p. 109, for pl. v,
figs. 4 and 5:
Large half-carapace Smaller half-carapace
(fig. 4). (fig. 5)
Greatest breadth : : 25 mm. ; : 22 mm.
Greatest length : 62) : DD 55
Length along the dorsal line. 40 ,, : 30° &s
Breadth of anterior notch as 10' 425 : 5 1s
Depth of anterior notch : le? & ; : OR
Breadth of posterior notch : 29 5s 20 45
Depth of posterior notch SS lo ,,
Specific Characters.—Valves (or moieties of carapace) elliptical ; smooth except
for a granulated antero-dorsal area, the granules sometimes extending over the
dorsal area. Dorsal junction of the valves overridden by a rugose ridge, like a
closely set row of ridge-tiles (Pl. XXV, figs. 1 and 2). Sometimes there is a faint
indication of a mesolateral ridge (Pl. XIX, figs. 1 and 3).
Abdominal segments exposed, few; trifid appendage of strong style and
stylets of nearly equal length (Pl. XTX, fig. 3; and Pl. XXIII, fig. 11).
' The joint authorship is mentioned at p. 98.
DITHYROCARIS GLABRA. 137
The dorsal junction of the valves was furnished with a flanged crest or ridge
(Pl. XXV, figs. 1, 2), such as occurs in D. granulata and other forms; and
though the valves appear to have been sufficiently convex (Pl. XIX, fig. 2) to
have formed a bivalve carapace, there is no direct evidence of this having been the
case. In its congener D. granulata, with which form it has much in common, the
moieties are rather convex, and yet the carapace seems to have been clypeiform
or Apus-like (Pl. XX, fig. 3).
Pl. XVIII, figs. 1a, b. Mus. Geol. Surv. Scotl., F 22, 4368, tablet 23, No. 11.
Size.—Leneth of valve, imperfect, 53 mm.; breadth of valve 25 mm.
Characters.—A flattened subelliptical left valve, imperfect by the loss of its
posterior border and spine. Ventral margin elliptically curved; dorsal edge
straight and simple. It has no mesolateral ridge, but a slight longitudinal undu-
lation is formed by the compressed convexity. The apparent shading in Fig. la
is due to the thin shell being darkened by the black shale of the matrix, and it is
emphasised at its border by a crack showing the black matrix, especially at an
oval spot in the postero-dorsal region.
There are slight inequalities of the surface anteriorly, some of which are
due to the presence of the gastric apparatus; there is an obscure nuchal ridge.
The ventral border bears a fringe of closely-set, small, raised striz, or com-
pressed spinules, pointing outwards and backwards; they die out anteriorly, to
be replaced by small marginal prickles analogous to the ends of the striz.
The anterior process near the middle line or axis of the valve consists of a
group of small spines (about six) rising from amongst an obscure lattice-work of
angular scales, which die out ventrally in oblique strie, and are replaced dorsally
by scattered tubercles on the antero-dorsal sinuous curve of the valve as far as
the small nuchal ridge of stronger tubercles. They are continued still further
along the dorsal region as minute tubercles (especially in fig. 2), spreading out
near the margin as far as the postero-dorsal notch. The margin then curves
down boldly to the strong posterior spine, the lower edge of which is continuous
with the curve of the ventral border.
The specimen shown by fig. 1 a has been described and figured in the ‘ Geol.
Mag.,’ dec. 2, vol. i (1874), p. 108, pl. v, fig. 4.
In fig. 1} the surface, when the outer pitted film of shell is removed, shows a
very minute reticulation with porous meshes.
From black shale, non-calcareous, Cement-stone group, Lower Limestone
series ; Glebe, Hast Kilbride. Collected by Mr. A. Paton.
Pl. XVII, fig. 2. Mus. Geol. Surv. Scotl., F #7, 4078, tablet 23, No. 12.
Size.—Length of valve 55 mm., including both the anterior and the posterior
spines. Breadth of valve 22 mm.
138 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
Characters.—A semi-elliptical right valve. The surface is smooth and slightly
granulated locally asin fig. 1, but the longitudinal undulation, due to compression,
has given the false appearance of a mesolateral ridge; and a little fracture
makes an artificial notch close to the antero-dorsal spine. The rim of the ventral
margin is distinctly depressed, but accidental pressure may have caused this.
This specimen was figured and described in the ‘ Geol. Mag.,’ dec. 2, vol. i
(1874), p. 108, pl. v, fig. 5. The outline of the antero-dorsal edge somewhat
differs in Mr. George West’s careful photograph and lithographed figure,
Pl. XVIII, fig. 2, from that given in the fig. 5 referred to above.
This was also from black non-caleareous shale in the Cement-stone Quarry at
Glebe, Hast Kilbride. Mr. A. Paton’s Collection.
Pl. XIX, fig. 1. Brit. Mus. No. 59541, No. 1.
Size—Length of valve 57 mm., including the spines; breadth of valve
24 mm.
Characters.—A fine left valve, with general features like those seen in
Pl. XVIII, figs. 1 and 2, but there is a faint indication of a mesolateral ridge!
coinciding with the depressed convexity. The ventral region is rather crumpled
or puckered up by pressure, and there are discolorations by the black matrix
where the test is thin. Both the anterior and the posterior spines are present
(the former not quite so perfect as shown in the figure).
From black shale, slightly calcareous. EH. Kilbride. Paton Coll.
Pl XX, fie. 2. Mus.,Sci..and Art Ndm.. “USé3. 23,, 0,:’ No. 1.
Size—Length of valve 60 mm., including the spines; breadth of valve
25 mm.
Characters.—Two displaced valves of a carapace. The left is shifted side-
ways over and partly beyond the right valve, and both retain a considerable
convexity, perhaps indicative of the specimen having been bivalved rather than
of having been flatly shield-shaped.
As in other specimens, the dorsal region of each valve bears numerous minute,
scattered, sharp tubercles, most apparent on the right valve (lying under the
other in the figure). Both the front and the hind spines are more or less evident
on each valve.
From black shale, slightly calcareous. Hast Kilbride.
Pl. XIX, fig. 3. Mus. Sci. and Art Edin., 1883, 23, No. 4.
Characters.—A right valve, not quite perfect, smooth, and exhibiting a faint
trace of a middle line. At its hinder end are the remains of two crushed abdo-
1 This feature seems to give a weak foreshadowing of one of the characteristics of the next
species (D. granulata).
DITHYROCARIS GLABRA. 139
minal segments (ultimate and penultimate) and a caudal appendage of three stout
sharp spines, smooth but finely fluted. These have a reversed position, so as to
intrude into the postero-dorsal region of the valve.
The middle spine (style) is obscured at its extremity, but seems to have been
about as long as the others. The lateral or outside spines (stylets) are each
about 25 mm. long.
As with fig. 2. Lower Carboniferous ; East Kilbride.
Pl. XIX, fig. 4. Brit. Mus. No. 59541, No. 28.
Characters.—This figure shows a smooth impression (on black shale) of the
posterior ends of two valves, somewhat displaced. The fringed or serrated
hinder part of the ventral border in each valve is distinctly visible. The
test of two abdominal segments remains, but broken by pressure; also the
proximal portions of three relatively broad caudal spines, crushed and displaced.
Size.—The penultimate segment is about 5 mm. long; the ultimate segment
about 10 mm. long, and about 7 mm. broad in its crushed condition.
Black shale, slightly calcareous. Lower Carboniferous; Ardross.
This is one of the specimens of D. glabra exceedingly abundant at Ardross or
Ardross Castle. Our friend Mr. J. W. Kirkby informs us that “ Ardross” and
** Ardross Castle,” in Fife, refer to the same locality. The beds containing the
Dithyrocaris and other fossils are bounded on each side by volcanic ash, so that
their exact position in the Carboniferous series is rather doubtful; but they are
now mapped by the Geological Surveyors as Calciferous Sandstone, and he thinks
they are in that division, probably somewhere near the top.
Pl. XXV, fig. 1. Brit. Mus. 59541, No. 6.
Characters.—These two valves, squeezed sideways together, one over the
other, and retaining some considerable convexity, are about 38 mm. in width (the
carapace when perfect was probably 50 mm. wide and about 55 mm. long).
The dorsal edge of the right valve overlaps the dorsal region of the other
valve. There is present an imperfect dorsal crest (broken at each end, but still
20 mm. long), which has been shifted so as to have its right edge between some
(intruded) shale and the overlying dorsal edge of the right valve, while its left
edge rests on the dorsal region of the left valve. The disturbance that the valves
have suffered unfortunately hinders the former relationship of the parts to be
quite so plainly understood as in the next example (fig. 2).
From black shale, slightly calcareous, Hast Kilbride.
PE XXV, fie: 2, Brit. Mus., No. 3.
Oharacters.—This left valve, 48 mm. long and 25 wide, has some of its dorsal
crest still attached to its dorsal region. The fragment consists of the front
140 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
moiety of the ridge or crest, and begins at 2 mm. behind the nuchal ridge; it
is 14 mm. broad, and has a relatively high, sharp, tent-like section. Its left-hand
flange overlaps the dorsal edge of the valve for about $ mm.
This condition of the dorsal crest evidently shows that it was superposed
on the two dorsal edges when they were in contact, overriding them like a ridge-
tile on a house-roof.
From black shale, shghtly calcareous, Hast Kilbride.
In a specimen of two valves overlapping (right on left, one of them 63 xX
25 mm.), also from K. Kilbride, in Mr. J. Neilson’s Collection, a fragment of the
dorsal ridge, pushed off the junction of the valves, lies on the left valve, near its
dorsal margin. In this specimen of D. glabra, the striz of the postero-ventral
margin are relatively few in the portion preserved, being separate and strong.
Pixie 1h. Mus.Sci. and- Art Bdinz, =>) No.5.
Size.—Valves 43 mm. long, 17 mm. wide; abdominal segments 13 mm., not
easily separable in measurement, but probably antepenultimate 3 mm., pen-
ultimate 3 mm., ultimate 7 mm.; style and stylets about 12 mm. long.
Characters.—Two valves displaced, seemingly right valves, but probably one
shows the inside of one valve and the other the outside of the other. The valve
nearest the top of the figure (and lying obliquely underneath the other) exhibits
a narrow, ribbon-like, flattened edge at the dorsal margin, looking like a flange of
the dorsal angular ridge, but probably due merely to local pressure. The dorsal
border of the overlying valve and the mesolateral ridge on each valve are not
quite so clearly defined as in the drawing. Both valves had a smooth surface,
which has been much wrinkled by pressure. The ventral margins in this specimen
bear rather narrow fringes, and this modified feature is observable in other
examples from Ardross.
Hard dark-grey shale, slightly calcareous. Lower Carboniferous; Ardross.
2. Dirnyrocaris ovaLis, Woodward and Etheridge, 1873. Mus. Geol. Surv. Scotl.,
F 22, No.4. Plate XVIII, figs. 3a, bd.
Dirnyrocaris ovaris, H. Woodward and R. Etheridge, junr., 1873. Mem.
Geol. Surv. Scotl., Explan. Sheet 23,
Appendix, p. 100.
—~ — Tidem, 1874. Geol. Mag., dec. 2, vol. i, p. 107, pl. v,
fig. 1; Report Brit. Assoc. for 1873
(1874), Sections, p. 92.
DITHYROCARIS OVALIS. 141
DitHyRocaRis ovaris, J. Armstrong, 1876. Catal. W.-Scot. Fossils, p. 45.
— — H. Woodward, 1877. Catal. Brit. Foss. Crust., p. 73.
= — Bigsby, 1878. Thesaur. Dev.-Carb., p. 249.
— _ J. Coutts, 1884-5. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. viii,
pp- 200 and 327.
o a E., W., and J., 1887. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1886 (1887),
p. G4.
— — Ltheridge, 1888. Foss. Brit., vol. i, Paleoz, p. 238.
Size-—Length of single valves, probably 55 mm.; breadth of single valves,
probably 18 mm. ; breadth of the two valves side by side, probably 38 mm.
Specific Characters.—These are shown by the unique specimen here figured.
It consists of two valves crushed, flat, and open; imperfect at the edges. The
ventral border of each valve has left on the shale a strong impression of its
thickened margin, but no ornament is visible, except that a very small portion of
the postero-ventral margin of the left valve is preserved, with two or three
obscure prickles pointing backwards, just at the beginning of the large posterior
spine.
The surface is smooth on the ventral region of each valve; but the dorsal
regions are covered with numerous little triangular tubercles, with the apex
pointing backwards. A thin mesolateral ridge, very much depressed, evidently
formed of minute oblique rugz (as seen under the microscope, on the right
valve), exists on each valve, dividing the ventral from the dorsal region, and
reaching up to the cephalic region, where it is broken up by unequal pressure on
probably the gastric apparatus. On the left valve are faint indications of some
subsidiary parallel ridges.
The junction of the dorsal edges of the two valves is very obscure; they have
been squeezed together, and the right valve partly overlaps the other. Its
apparent edge and some longitudinal cracks simulate the relics of a middle dorsal
ridge, but are deceptive.
The frontal notch seems to be neatly concave, but is somewhat obscured by
fracture. There are no indications of anterior spines.
The posterior border, formed by the meeting of the curved ends of the two
valves, is much broken; it seems to have had a deep mesial indentation. A
portion of the postero-ventral spine of the left valve may be recognised.
From the Kirktonholm Cement-works, in black, non-calcareous shale above the
Calderwood Cement-stone of the Lower Limestone Group, Hast Kilbride. Mr. A.
Paton’s Collection.
19
142 BRITISH PALAJOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
3. Drrayrocarrts Granutata, Woodward and Etheridge, 1873. Plate XVIII, figs. 4,
5a, b, 6; Plate XIX, figs. 5, 6a, 6;
Plate XX, figs. 1a, b, 2a—d,3a—q.
Diryyrocaris GranuLata, H. Woodward and R. Etheridge, jun., 1873. Mem.
Geol. Surv. Scotl., Explan. Sheet 23,
Appendix, p. 99.
= —~ W.and E., 1874. Geol. Mag., dec. 2, vol. i, p. 108,
pl. v, fig. 3; and Report Brit. Assoc. for
1873 (1874), Sections, p. 92.
aa = J. Armstrong, 1876. Catal. W.-Scot. Fossils, p. 45.
= = H. Woodward,1877. Catal. Brit. Foss. Crust., p. 73.
= = Bigsby, 1878. Thesaur. Dev.-Carb., p. 249.
~- _ J. Coutts, 1844-5. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol.
vii, pp. 200 and 327.
— E., W., and J., 1887. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1886
(1887), p. 64.
--- Etheridge, 1888. Foss. Brit., vol. 1, Paleoz., p. 238.
Specific Characters.—Dithyrocaris ygranulata is very similar to D. glabra ; but:
it has on each valve a definite mesial (mesolateral) ridge; and an abundant
granulation on the anterior and dorsal regions. These features distinguish
this species from D. glabra. Moreover the medio-dorsal ridge, with its side-
flanges, is perhaps more strong developed. It remains attached to a valve, and
perfect, in P]. XVIII, fig. 4, and Pl. XX, fig.2a; and a portion of it overrides the
two dorsal edges of an open carapace in Pl. XVIII, fig. 6, and Pl. XX, fig. la.
Pl. XVIII, fig. 4, and Pl. XX, fig. 2 a—d (magnified). Mus. Geol. Surv.
Scotl., K-42, No. 6.
Size.-—Length of valve, 40 mm., including the spines; breadth of valve,
18 mm.
Characters.—A single left valve semi-elliptical, that is, having the shape of the
moiety of an ellipse that has been divided longitudinally into two halves. The
dorsal edge is straight ; the ventral has a symmetrical elliptical curve. The ends
differ ; the anterior, defined by the rising and narrowing curve of the ventral
border, bears a short antero-dorsal process, above which (to the right or left in
the figures) the dorsal border begins with an ogee curvature. The posterior end
is more broadly curved, but turned in suddenly to meet the junction-line of the
valves, so that the dorsal border ends in a medial recess. ‘The hinder border,
moreover, is marked by a strong, postero-ventral, triangular, flat, sharp spine,
DITHYROCARIS GRANULATA. 143
with the upper edge of which the postero-dorsal curvature makes a strong
angular notch.
The outer coating of the test on the ventral border has a delicately serrated
margin on its posterior half or two-thirds. This is formed of oblique strize (like
minute closely-set spines), pointing backwards; but this fringe becomes narrow
and dies out on the anterior part of the margin.
The dorsal edge has on its posterior two-thirds a narrow ridge of small angular
ruge, pointing backwards ; and, in Pl. XX, fig. 2 a (magnified), this is seen to have
a thin and narrow flat flange on each side; altogether constituting a narrow slip
of test, seemingly at first sight intermediate to the two valves,’ but really over-
lapping them at their junction; seen also in Pl. XX, figs. 1, 2, and 3.
On the surface the dorsal region of the valve is minutely punctated and
bestrewn with minute tubercles, which are coarser in the antero-dorsal region ;
and, continued round the front of the valve, they there pass downwards and
backwards for a little way in the antero-ventral region, as closely-set, parallel,
oblique striz. The ventral moiety of the valve is otherwise smooth.
A mesolateral rugose ridge, thinning away at its ends, passes along two-
thirds of the surface of the valve, between the dorsal and ventral regions. It is
composed of overlapping chevron-shaped flakes or scales, making transverse
scale-like markings (see Pl. XX, fig. 2 0).
This specimen was described and figured in the ‘ Geol. Mag.,’ 1874, p. 108,
ple v, fg. 2.
In the anterior part of the valve are two small rugose ridges; one (the
“nuchal” ridge about 3 mm. long) near the front end of the dorsal edge, and
parallel to it, just where the dorsal ridge ends, is thin and somewhat sinuous ; the
other (the “cephalic” or “gastric” ridge about 3°5 mm. long) between the
nuchal and the front end of the mesolateral ridge, is more or less sigmoidal, ter-
minating behind in a circular turn, which is either solid, or forms a small pit like
an ocular spot. (The latter ridge is more persistent than the nuchal ridge, which
is often obsolete or evanescent on one or the other valve in Dithyrocaris). All
the ridges consist of apparently overlapping scales or flattened chevrons, with
their angles pointing backwards. These are evidently essential elements in the
leaf-ornament or lattice-work on the abdominal segments of Ceratiocaris papilio
and O. stygia (‘ Monogr. Pal. Phyllop.,’ Pal. Soc., 1888, pp. 35 and 39; but in
Ceratiocaris the angles are set in a contrary direction to what holds good in
Dithyrocaris (Pl. XX, figs. 2b and 39).
From black non-caleareous shale in the Glebe Cement-stone Quarry, Kirkton-
holm Cement-works, Hast Kilbride. Mr. A. Paton’s Collection
1 As in Hall and Clarke’s Mesothyra, &c.
144 BRITISH PALHOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
Pl. XVIII, figs. 5 a, b. Mus. Geol. Surv. Scotl., F 77 and 23, No. 13.
Size.—Length of valve 32 mm., including terminal spines ; breadth of valve
15 mm.
Characters.—A single left valve, rather smaller than that in fig. 4, and with
a rather sharper mesolateral ridge, and the rim of the ventral margin depressed,
Otherwise the features are the same as in fig. 4.
‘his specimen was described and figured in the ‘Geol. Mag.,’ 1874, p. 108,
(Olle are oe
From black non-caleareous shale in the Cement-stone Quarry; Lower Lime-
stone group, Glebe, Hast Kilbride, Lanarkshire. Mr. Paton’s Collection.
Pl. XVIII, fig. 6; and Pl. XX, figs. 1a, b (magnified). Brit. Mus. No. 59541,
No.9.
Size.—Leneth of valve 35 mm., including the spines ; breadth of valve 14mm. ;
breadth of the two valves 28 mm.
Characters.—A pair of valves, united along their dorsal edges. The features
of each valve are as described for figs. 4 and 5. A short piece of the dorsal ridge
is preserved (magnified in Pl. XX, fig. 1 a); and there is sufficiently clear indica-
tion of it and of its narrow lateral flanges throughout its extent on the hinder
two-thirds of the dorsal region. Posteriorly the dorsal junction ends in a nearly
square central notch, without any special prolongation.
In “ Coal shales,” black, slightly caleareous, Hast Kilbride. Paton Coll.
Pl. XIX, figs. 6 a, b; and Pl. XX, figs. 3 a—g (magnified). Brit. Mus.
No. 59541, No. 10.
Size.-—Length of carapace, probably, 40 mm., when perfect; breadth of the
two valves 25 mm.
Characters.—Two valves of a carapace in apposition by dorsal attachment,
Though fractured by crush on the margins and posteriorly, it retains a consider-
able convexity (see Pl. XX, fig. 3 >). The carapace has the same features and
characteristics as Pl. XX, fig. 1, but it looks rather blunt in front, owing to
fracture and extension by pressure there.
The two mesolateral ridges are very distinct, and the dorsal ridge is high
and well preserved (see Pl. XX, figs. 3 a, b, d,f, g). It ends by fracture where
the test is broken away behind; fig. 3 d shows its cross-section (magnified) and
its almost tubular cavity.
The nuchal and gastric ridges are also well shown; the latter seem to end
behind in ocular pits; and the former have other and irregular elevations in their
vicinity, near the front end of the dorsal ridge.
From ‘‘ Coal shales,”’ black, slightly calcareous, Hast Kilbride. Paton Coll.
DITHYROCARIS TESTUDINEA. 145
Pl. XIX, fig. 5. Mus. Sci. and Art Edin., Coutts, 1887, 72, No. 9.
Size.—Length of valve, imperfect, 48 mm. ; breadth of valve about 25 mm.
Characters.—This 1s a right valve, imperfect at its posterior end; though much
depressed at its edges, it retains some convexity. The surface is tuberculate on
the antero-dorsal and the dorsal region ; but otherwise smooth and shining.
The sigmoidal cephalic ridge is nearer to the dorsal edge than usual, probably
owing to some displacements in the antero-dorsal region by pressure. The dorsal
edge is nearly straight, but irregularly broken. The ventral edge has the narrow
fringe or neatly corded rim as usual for a great part of its extent.
The mesolateral ridge is thin, but very distinct; there are some low, irregular
elevations at its front end.
In black shale, slightly calcareous, from Hast Kilbride.
4, DrtHyrocaris TesTUDINEA, Scouler, 1835. Plate XIX, figs. 7—9; Plate XXI, figs.
1—6; Plate XXII, fig.3; Plate XXIII, figs. 7 (?), 8;
Plate XXIV, fig. 7; Plate XXVII, figs. 3a, 0;
Plate XXVIII, figs. la, b, 2, 3a, b, 4, 5a—c; Plate
XXIX, figs. 10—14; Plate XXXI, figs. 1—38, 4.
ARGAS TESTUDINEUS, Scouwler, 1885. Records of General Science (Thomson’s),
vol. i, pp. 137, 141, fig. 3.
DirnynrocaRis TESTUDINEUS, Morris, 1854. Catal. Brit. Foss., edit. 2, p. 107.
— -— Salter and Woodward, 1865. Chart Foss. Crustacea,
poly, aes ao:
— — ? (teeth), J. Young, 1868. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,
vol. i, p. 58.
— = J. Armstrong, 1871. Trans. Soe. Geol. Glasgow,
: vol. iii, Appendix, p. 830; and 1876, Catal. W.
Scot. Fossils, p. 45.
_ —_ H. Woodward and R. Etheridge, jun., 1873. Mem.
Geol. Surv. Scotl., Expl. Sheet 23,
Appendix, p. 98; and Geol. Mag.,
vol. x, p. 482, pl. xvi, fig. 1.
= — J. R. S. Hunter, 1875. Paleont. Carb. Strata W.
Scotland, part 1, p. 65.
a rEstTUDINEA, H. Woodward, 1877. Catal. Brit. Foss. Crust., p. 73.
~~ — Bigsby, 1878. Thesaur. Dev.-Carb., p. 249.
Non DrrHrrocaris TESTUDINEUS, R. Etheridge, jun., 1879. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
vol. xxxv, p. 465, pl. xxiii, fig. 1.
ARGUS TESTUDINEUS, Packard, 1883. North-American Phyllop., p. 452.
DITHYROCARIS TESTUDINEUS, J. Coutts, 1884-5. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,
vol. vii, pp. 197 and 327.
— E., W., and J., 1887. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1886
(1887), p. 63.
146 BRITISH PALASOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
Diruyrocaris TESTUDINEA, Etheridge, 1888. Foss. Brit., vol. i, Palzoz., p. 238.
— TESTUDINEUS, W. Hind, 1897. Monogr. Carbonif. Lamell., Pal.
Soe., pp. 93, 94.
Specific Characters.—Carapace broad-oval, somewhat convex, and probably
clypeiform (Apus-like) ; anterior notch small and angular; posterior broad with
a sinuous edge (Pl. XIX, fig. 7). Posterior spines well developed ; ventral marginal
fringe stronger behind than in front. Dorsal junction of the two moieties (valves)
simple. Mesolateral ridges strong and rugose. Cephalic and nuchal ridges and
protuberances more or less evident. Surface ornamented with wavy and inter-
rupted lines sloping obliquely backwards from the dorsal to the ventral region.
Abdominal segments marked with similar and chevron-like lines; of the three
caudal spines, the style is shorter than the stylets.
Pl. XXIV, fig. 7. Mus. Techn. Coll. Glasgow.
This specimen was the first-described example of those referred to Dithyrocaris
testudinea ; and is therefore here taken first in the account of the species.
Size.—Leneth of valve 37 mm.; length of the exposed abdominal segments,
free of the valves, and the trifid tail, 20 mm. ; these have been twisted so as to show
their ventral aspect; longest caudal spine exposed (one of the stylets), 11 mm.
The style 10 mm. long. Breadth of the two valves 30 mm.; incomplete for
want of the ventral fringe on each valve; breadth of one valve about 15 mm.
without the fringe.
Characters.—A broad-oval carapace, slightly convex ; somewhat damaged by
pressure, but presenting its chief features (except the marginal fringe) distinctly.
It has a triangular notch in front opening into a narrow cleft (caused by pressure)
between the antero-dorsal regions of the valves; also a broad posterior indenta-
tion with broken edges. The valves, or lateral moieties of the carapace, are semi-
elliptical, and are in apposition by their dorsal edges, but overlapping irregularly in
the lower half of the dorsal region, and slightly apart in front. In each valve of
this specimen the ventral border is here destitute of a marginal fringe, such as is
usual in other specimens. It is uniformly simple and flattened at the edge. In
both valves it ends in a small, obscure spine; and the posterior border is imperfect
on account of fracture. <A strong ridge, having the usual rugose structure of
overlapping cheyron-shaped scales, rises along the middle of each valve, inter-
mediate to the margin and the dorsal line. There are also some irregular surface-
spots in the cephalic region ; but the cephalic ridge, and the place of the nuchal
ridges, are traversed and obscured by local crush-fracture.
The surface of the valves bears numerous parallel, slightly raised lines, oblique
and sinuous (‘‘raised, oblique, recurved, and divaricating,” Mtheridge), passing
from the dorsal to the ventral border; those reaching its hinder part are there
DITHYROCARIS TESTUDINEA. 147
bent forwards. Close to the posterior angles, over a limited area, these lines are
lost among small tubercles (visible in a photograph). The two moieties of the
carapace together present an elegant symmetrical pattern. In each valve the
lines converge at the antero-dorsal region.
The abdominal segments exposed in this specimen are much obscured by pres-
sure; and have been so squeezed as, at first sight, to look like numerous (eight or
more) very short rings (such as those in Apus and Lepidurus) ; and are crushed
in along the middle line. This false appearance of many rings, however, is due
to the relative prominence of the transverse, sinuous, overlapping lines of growth
on the segments being emphasised by pressure.
The style and stylets are stout, fluted, and have traces of granulation on the
riblets. They are of nearly equal length. ‘They have had their position reversed,
showing their ventral and not their dorsal surface.
Fig. 7 is from Dr. Scouler’s original specimen, described by him in 1835. It
is in hard black earthy limestone, from the Carboniferous Limestone series,
‘“ about a mile! to the east of Paisley’ (‘ Records, &c.,’ p. 136).
It was also described and figured by Woodward and Etheridge in 1873, and
has been lent to us by the Trustees of the Andersonian Museum (Technical
College) at Glasgow.
Pl. XIX, fig. 7; and Pl. XXII, fig. 3 (front end magnified). Brit. Mus.
No. 59541, No. 15.
Size.—Length of carapace 27 mm.; breadth of carapace 20 mm.
Characters.—Carapace, with its two moieties, or pair of valves, flattened out,
but in natural apposition at their dorsal margins. Damaged in the middle; it is
broadly oval in outline. Indented in front by a small notch at the junction of the
valves; its edges are there fringed with minute spines (Pl. XXII, fig. 3). Pos-
teriorly each valve has a strong spine, continuous with the ventral border ; and
curving in between them, with two gently convex curves, the one valve meets the
other in acentral notch. There is a faint trace of the marginal fringe on each
valve. The surface exhibits the peculiar oblique lineation of the species ; also
some gastric tubercles, and traces of the two mesolateral ridges.
In black shale, slightly caleareous. Probably from East Kilbride.
Pl. XIX, fig. 8; Pl. XXXI, fig. 1 (ornament). Brit. Mus. No. 1.109, No. 21.
Size.—Length of valve about 50 mm. ; breadth of valve about 23 mm.
Characters.—Two valves, showing their insides, displaced, but lying back to
back; neither of them perfect. A part of the anterior notch is traceable. The
1 At a place now called “ Inkermann,” where Mr. R. Dunlop has lately most obligingly sought
for further indications of these fossils, but without success.
148 BRITISH PALASOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
hinder edge of the right valve (on the left-hand side of the figure) retains its
spine and part of the posterior notch. ‘The hollow inside of a strong mesolateral
ridge is distinct in each valve.
These insides show also the usual oblique lineation, due apparently to suc-
cessive overlapping of the flaky tissue of the test in its growth. The spaces
between the lines are pierced with close-set minute perforations (Pl. XXIX, fig. 1),
individually blackened by the infilling of the black shale of the matrix. This
appearance is probably due to the removal, by decomposition, of both the outer
and inner filmy coatings of the test. Pl. XVIII, fig. 1b, shows such a structure
in the test of Dithyrocaris glabra, in which the removal of the delicately pitted
surface-layer exposes equivalent perforations in the next layer below.
In hard grey calcareous shale. From the Lingula-Limestone at Jock’s Burn,
below Hallcraig Bridge, about one mile west of Carluke. Dr. Rankin Coll.
Pl. XIX, fig. 9. Mus. Pract. Geol., No. 6368.
Size.—Length of valve about 34 mm. ; breadth of valve about 18 mm.
Characters.—Two valves, lying one on another; the dorsal edge of the left
(uppermost) valve shifted on and beyond that of the other valve. The ventral
border of the right valve (undermost) shows the serrated edge, or fringe,
thinning away forwards. Bounded inside by a thin definite parallel ridge, this
>
corresponds to the “ double margin”’ of other species. Hach valve has a mesial
ridge, somewhat rugose here and there. Postero-ventral spines are well shown.
The surface obliquely striated as usual.
A little obliquely sub-oblong Posidonomya, looking almost silky with its
numerous delicate, concentric striz, les on the same piece of hard, grey-black,
micaceous shale, non-caleareous, from the Glasgow Coal-field.
Pl XX; fie 1. Brit. Mus. No,.69451, No; 17.
Size.—Length of valve 50 mm.; breadth of valve 20 mm.
Oharacters.—A large left valve, perfect in outline, but filmy in substance;
dorsally apposed to an imperfect right valve ; the junction indicated by the position
of the front and hinder notches. The mesolateral ridge is rugose in its posterior
portion; the ventral border retains some of its fringed outer margin, and its
posterior spine.
In black shale, very slightly calcareous. From Hast Kilbride.
Pl. XXI, fig. 2. Brit. Mus. No. 46395, No. 18.
Size.—Length of valve 45 mm.; breadth of valve about 18 mm.
Characters.—Two imperfect valves, closely adpressed and obscurely overlap-
ping on the dorsal border. The ventral border of the left valve has left no mark
DITHYROCARIS 'TESTUDINEA. 149
of its fringe; but the impression of the longitudinal striz of its under surface is
present.
In “ Coal-shale,” black and calcareous, Carluke. Morris Coll.
Pl. XXI, fig. 3; Pl. XXXI, fig. 2 (ornament). Mus. Sci. and Art Hdinb.,
Coutts, 1887, 22, No. 13.
Size.—Length of valve, imperfect in front, 28 mm.; breadth of valve 15 mm.
Characters.—Right valve (or moiety of carapace) semi-elliptical ; with a very
thin film of the test, flattened, smooth, bearing numerous delicate, sinuous lines
passing obliquely from the dorsal region to the mesial ridge, and, coinciding with
the angular lines of its chevron-like ruge; passing on to the ventral border, they
are deflected forwards, as usual in D. testudinea. The spaces between the lines
are Closely pitted with very minute puncta (Pl. XXXI, fig. 2). There are the
usual small sigmoidal cephalic ridge and thin short nuchal ridge; not clear in
the figure.
The dorsal edge is simple; very slightly bent at the nuchal ridge, and damaged
at its posterior end. The postero-ventral spine is proportionally strong; the
ventral edge is fringed as far as it is clear of the matrix.
Black slightly calcareous shale. Probably from Hast Kilbride.
Pl. XXI, fig. 4. Mus. Sci. and Art Edinb., Coutts, 1887, 23, No. 11.
Size.—Length of one valve (the right), including the spine, 38 mm.; breadth
of valve about 18 mm.; of the abdominal segments exposed, the ultimate and part
of penultimate, 10 mm.; style, 11 mm.; stylets about 15 mm.
Characters.—This specimen represents a right and a left valve and the
caudal extremity, all displaced and crushed. The abdominal segments and tail
have not been removed far from the posterior extremity of the left valve; and
the hinder part of the right valve lies at a right angle over the postero-dorsal
region of the left valve, near both of which, indeed, the caudal portion is situated.
Both valves show evidences of the ventral fringe, the ridges, and the peculiar
lineation of D. testudinea.
The abdominal (ultimate) segment that is exposed has been turned over, so as
to show its lower or ventral aspect. It has rather sinuous chevron-lines crossing
it, with their bluntish angles looking backwards. Of the three tail-spines the
style (in the middle) is the shortest ; it shows a flat, smooth surface (ventral), and
probably was of a bayonet-shape. The others are much longer, convex, and
striated, coarsely at top, but more delicately towards the ends. The relative
position of the three spines shows that all the tail exposes the ventral aspect.
The mesolateral ridge of the left valve appears, by some accident, to be much
stronger (or better preserved) than that of the right valve.
20
150 BRITISH PALAMOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
A small Posidonomya lies in the shale near the end of one of the stylets, and
another at the ventral edge of the right valve near by.
In black shale, slightly calcareous. From Hast Kilbride.
Pl. XXI, fig. 5; Pl. XXXI, fig. 4 (magnified). Brit. Mus. 59541, No. 27.
Size.—All the three caudal spines are imperfect at the distal ends. The
longest stylet is about 30 mm.; the style 20 mm. without the head and the tip.
Characters.—This specimen shows an impression of the dorsal surface of part
of the ultimate segment, and the under (ventral) surfaces of three tail-spines.
The impress of the segment is smooth in appearance, but bears the characteristic
chevron-lines and obliquely striated interspaces. The caudal plate at the head of
the trifid is lost.
The spines are apparently smooth, but really delicately striated or ridged.
The style shows by the impress of upper (forward) part that it was striate;
and its lower moiety bears a single smooth ridge on its ventral aspect, with a
broad smooth furrow on each side of it. By their impressions the stylets were
evidently costulate on the dorsal face, with fine, oblique, subsidiary striz on the
sides of the four or five riblets; and on the ventral face each has three costule,
marked with delicate, close-set chevrons, pomting downwards (backwards), their
side-lines making oblique subsidiary striz. They show pits for bases of hairs.
In black non-calcareous shale; East Kilbride. There is a Posidonomya on the
shale, small, with concentric irregular undulations.
Pl. XXI, fig. 6; Pl. XXXI, fig. 3 (ornament). Mus. Sci. and Art Hdinb.,
Coutts, 1887, 22, No. 12.
Size.—Length of valve, imperfect, 30 mm.; breadth of valve about 16 mm.
Characters.
A right valve (or moiety of carapace) imperfect in front and at
the dorsal edge; more convex than fig. 3, and with thicker test; it has similar
characteristic lineation and minutely punctate interspaces (Pl. XXXI, fig. 3).
Ventral fringe strong in the posterior part, and narrowing forwards as far
as seen.
In black calcareous shale. From Hast Kilbride.
Pl. XXIII, fig. 7. Brit. Mus. 59541, No. 30.
Size.-—Carapace 27 mm. long, 18 mm. wide; style 10 mm. long; stylets (pro-
bably shortened by fracture) 9 mm. long.
Characters.—This small trifid tail-piece is attached to a subconvex, oval cast
(not figured) of a little Dithyrocaris testudinea, badly preserved, but retaining its
length and width, and some of the characteristic lineation, directed obliquely
backwards, outside the mesolateral ridges. The details of character are rather
obscure. The distal parts of the trifid have left impressions of the lower or
DITHYROCARIS TESTUDINEA. 151
ventral faces on the shale, and these appear to have been sulcate, with granula-
tions (possibly adventitious) on the median ridge. The dorsal faces have only a
small portion of the top end of each preserved, showing a median ridge, and
otherwise sulcate.
This may belong to a small variety or a young form of the normal D. testudinea.
It is comparable in size with the trifid of Ceratiocaris minuta of our ‘ Mono-
graph Brit. Palsoz. Phyll.,’ 1888, p. 47, pl. x, fig. 11, and pl. xi, fig. 10.
In black shale, non-calcareous. East Kilbride. Paton Coll.
Pl. XXITI, fig. 8. Brit. Mus. 59541, No. 29.
Size.—Penultimate segment 3 mm. long in its most perfect part. Ultimate
segment 6 mm. long; style obscure; stylets 13 mm. long.
Characters.—The penultimate segment is marked with transverse wavy lines
and the ultimate with oblique lines; thus comparable with D. testudinea.
In this small tail-piece the three spines have been pressed together, and one of
them (the style) is quite obscured as to character and relative size. The two
largest spines are cercopods (stylets) of equal length, and are suleate.
This little specimen, in dark-grey calcareous shale, was collected by the late
Dr. Rankin in Lanarkshire.
Pl. XXVII, figs. 3a, b. Neilson Coll., H.
Size.—Lenegth about 34 mm.; width about 2 mm.
Characters.—A small, delicate specimen of an isolated dorsal crest like that
attached to the valve shown in Pl. XXVIII, fig. 1.
In black shale, slightly caleareous. Kirktonholm, East Kilbride.
Pl. XXVIII, figs. la, b. Neilson Coll., D.
Size.—Lenegth, including the spine, about 85 mm.; width about 37 mm.
Characters.—The right-hand moiety (magnified) of a good carapace of D.
testudinea, having besides its usual characteristics a well-marked cristate dorsal
ridge, which is absent in all the specimens hitherto described. A separate
example, however, of such a dorsal ridge is also preserved in Mr, Neilson’s cabinet
CPEPXXV IL, fie. 3).
Black shale, non-calcareous. Hast Kilbride.
Pl. XXVIII, fig. 2. Neilson Coll., C.
Size.—Width at the top of the piece about 35 mm.; width between the points
of the two spines 24 mm.; width between the bases of the two spines 20 mm,
Characters.—The posterior portion of a well-preserved right-hand moiety or
valve of D. testudinea, showing the exact form of the hinder edge and the two
posterior spines.
Black calcareous shale. East Kilbride.
152 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
Pl. XXVIII, figs. 3 a, b, Neilson Coll., EH.
Size.—Length 13 mm.; width at top of the piece 11 mm.
Characters.—The posterior portion of the left-hand moiety of D. testudinea,
magnified to show the characters of its ventral fringe and spine, its mesolateral
ridge, and the usual obliquely curved transverse lineation. This has a very
sharp mesolateral ridge. The ventral fringe seems to be broad all the way
forward. Gastric tooth in place; and two, separate, in the shale.
Black shale, non-caleareous. East Kilbride.
Pl. XXVIII, fig. 4. Mus. Geol. Survey Scotland, F. 73, No. 10.
1
Diruyrocaris TestuDINEUS [EA], Woodward and Etheridge, 1873. Geol. Mag.,
vol. x, p. 482.
Size.—Length 22 mm.; breadth of the valve, narrowed by lateral pressure,
8 mm.
Characters.—This left-hand half of a carapace, from shale above the Main
Limestone (Lower Limestone group) in an old quarry on North Lickprivick’
Farm, at the site of Lickprivick Castle, near East Kilbride, was described, but
not figured, by Woodward and Etheridge in 1873 (op. cit.). Crumpled and
narrowed by lateral pressure, it possesses the usual “raised, oblique, recurved,
and divaricating lines” characteristic of D. testudinea. It shows also that “a
lateral median [mesolateral] ridge (seen on each side in Dr. Scouler’s specimen)
marks the centre intermediate between the margin and the dorsal line of the
carapace.” See page 146, Pl. XXIV, fig. 7.
Pl. XXVIII, figs. 5a—c. Mus. Se. and Art Edinb., Coutts, 1887, 22, No. 10.
Size.—Length of carapace 36 mm.; width of carapace 30 mm.
Characters.—This is the cast of a fairly perfect carapace, flattened out. It
shows on the inside the impression of the external surface of the original test.
This had very delicate, interlinear, sinuous, anastomosing striz, obliquely
transverse to the interspaces; also a minute punctation. The infilling of these
little pits of the surface appears in Fig. 5c as minute pimples.
Fig. 5 b is a magnified representation of a part of the inturned ventral margin,
visible on the right-hand side of fig.5a. Compare Pl. XXVII, fig. 2, in which
analogous features, in a fragment of D. tricornis, are seen; namely, the outside of
the straight-lned rim of the inturned margin, which is flattened down on the
inside of the fringe.
From East Kilbride. In black shale, slightly calcareous:
1 The Lickprivick locality is noticed at p. 80 of the ‘ Catal. Western Scot. Fossils,’ 1876.
DITHYROCARIS TKSTUDINEA. 143
Pl. XXIX, figs. 10 a, b; 1la—d; 12a,b; 13a—c; 14. Neilson Coll., J.
Size:
Fig. 10.— 8 mm. long, 8 mm. wide. A fragment.
ee beh os 8 a Imperfect in length.
a2 11-50" .,, x Nearly perfect in length, imperfect
in width.
» 138— 7:50 ,, Oo Onaass A fragment.
», 14.—Diagram of the ornament.
Characters.—These four abdominal (caudal) segments (more or less imperfect)
are cylindrical, and bear chevron-lines similar to those of D. testudineain Pl. XXI,
fig. 4. Similar ornament is present in Pl. XXI, fig. 10, which we refer with
some doubt to D. Scouleri.
Judging from Pl. XXI, fig. 4 (page 149), in which the ventral face is
upwards, fig. ll a, having the chevrons pointing downwards (backwards in the
living animal), presents its under side. _ Its interstitial ornament (fig. 11 b) consists
of an extremely delicate porous reticulation, with larger pores widely scattered.
Figs. 10a and 12a, for the same reason, must be taken as dorsal aspects. A
delicately crimped edge or fringe marks the lowest part of the test of these
segments just above the distal joint, to which the trifid spines were probably
attached. he ornament (fig. 12d) consists of the smooth raised strig (chevron-
lines) and punctate interspaces. These segments have been somewhat crushed,
so that the lower end is broken (fig. 12), and the sectional area (figs. 10 ¢ and
12 ¢) is suboval.
Figs. 13 a, b, retain a part of the top of the segment complete, but otherwise
the specimen has been damaged at the end and side (figs. 13a, )). The spines of
the crimped edge of the test have been broken off. Figs. 13 a—e show a short
cylindrical fragment.
In all of these four segments it is observable of the chevrons that those on
one face point in an opposite direction to those on the other face, so that one
chevron continuing on the two sides forms an elegant lozenge pattern with rather
blunt angles, as shown in the diagram, Pl. XXIX, fig. 14.
In black shale. Two from Calderside; and two from Kirktonholme.
Dithyrocaris testudinea, Scouler; W. Hind, 1897, ‘ Geol. Magaz.,’ dec. 4, vol. iv,
p- 208; and ‘ Monograph Carbonif. Lamellib.,’ Pal. Soc., p. 93.
A specimen obtained by Dr. Wheelton Hind, F.G.S., from a quarry on
Congleton Edge, Cheshire, was noticed by him in 1897, in his memoirs above
referred to.
It is too much broken by pressure and crush to be serviceable as a figured
specimen ; but we may notice that it has remains of the gastric teeth.
154. BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
The fossiliferous horizon in the quarry is not far below the base of the Millstone-
erit at this place.
In a letter dated December 4th, 1897, Dr. W. Hind has favoured us with the
following section of the strata shown in this quarry :
A, Shales with marine fauna and Dithyrocaris.
* Indicates the horizon at which D. testudinea was found.
B. Shales with Glyphoceras spirale.
c. Quartzose gannister-like sandstone with plant-remains.
In Dr. W. Hind’s opinion these do not belong to the so-called Yoredale series,
and he describes them in detail thus :
The quarry shows the following strata downwards :
A. Dark shales, with thin bands of concretionary limestone or seams of
calcareous nodules, all more or less fossiliferous ; with Glyphoceras diadema, and
the fauna noted in Dr. W. Hind’s Monograph, and in the ‘ Geol. Mag.,’ 1897,
pages 207, 208: 15’.
It was in the lower part of these shales that the Dithyrocaris (D. testudinea)
was found, together with Ceratiocaris Ortonensis.
B. Thin carbonaceous shales with Glyphoceras spirale, Posidoniella levis,
Productus cora, and Streptorhynchus crenistria: 1’.
co. Hard gannister-lke quartzite, with shale-partings and plant-remains ; 20’.
Loamy shale: 4’. Hard compact fine-grained quartzite: 4’. Dark shales a few
feet to the floor.
At page 72 of the ‘Mem. Geol. Survey: Country round Stockport, &c.,’ 1866,
the strata seen in this quarry at A, B, c, are thus described :
In a quarry by the road-side, south-west of Holly Wood, we have—
Dark shale, with fossil-bearing nodules of limestones: 15’. Hard, dark-grey
quartz rock (gannister), with thin partings of dark shale, containing layers of
coal, from one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch thick; large Stigmaria with
rootlets ; 20’.
The following is a section of the Lower Carboniferous strata in Cheshire, where
the roadside quarry, south-west of Holly Wood, referred to by Dr. W. Hind, is
situated.
DITHYROCARIS SCOULERI. 155
SECTION BETWEEN ConcLETon EpGre anp Asrsury Lime-works.
Fa
2
2
GLA SEAT E.
4
LLLD,
J = - — — — e
jn = — —-—- — — —— --~-—-- ~~ --~—
oj) penn ann— a ec
x
Excepting the beds la@ at the south-east end this section is taken from p. 72, ‘Memoir Geol. Survey: Country
round Stockport, Macclesfield, Congleton, and Leek.’
A, B, C. The approximate position of the quarry above referred to.
la. First Grit; clay, grit, shale, and sandstone, 55’; shale, 57’; shale with a coal-seam, 102’ (see
the ‘Mem. Geol. Survey’ here alluded to, p. 70).
. Third Grit, 100’.
. Shales (?), 500’.
. Thin-bedded hard sandstones and shale, 1400’.
Sandstone, hard, reddish-yellow (?).
Dark, sandy shale, 20’.
Impure cannel coal, 1’,
. Shales, with thin earthy limestones, 120’.
. Limestone, with thin shaly partings,
Fault. a. Red Rock fault. 1. Limekiln Farm.
. Lower Keuper Sandstone.
DIANE wD
SOR SX
5. Divnyrocaris Scounert, M‘Coy, 1844. Plate XXI, figs. 7 a, b (?), 10 (?);
Plate XXV, figs. 6 a—c, and fig. 7 (?).
DitHyrrocaris ScoutErt, M‘Coy, 1844. Synops. Char. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 163,
pl. xxiii, fig. 2; and 1862, ibid., edit. 2, p. 224.
— — Morris, 1854. Catal. Brit. Foss., edit. 2, p. 107.
— — Griffith, 1862. Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin, vol. ix, p. 48.
—- — Salter and Woodward, 1865. Chart Foss. Crust., p..17,
fig. 10.
— — H. Woodward, 1865. Intellect. Observer, vol. vin,
pp. 328, 324, pl. o, fig. 9; 1872,
Popul. Se. Rev., vol. xi, pp. 391 and
396, pl. xe, fig. 10.
= —- Bigsby, 1878. Thesaur. Dev.-Carb., p. 249.
TESTUDINEUS [EA], R. Etheridge, jun., 1879. Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., vol. xxxv, p. 465, pl. xxiii, fig. 1.
~- ScouLert, Wicholson, 1879. Paleontology, edit. 2, vol. i, p. 349,
fig. 204.
-- = Etheridge, 1888. Foss. Brit., vol. i, Paleoz., p. 288.
~w
156 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
Specific Characters.—We have not seen the original specimen of D. Scouleri,
nor are we quite certain that we have met with any specimen truly representing
that species. From the description and figure’ published in the ‘Synops. Char.
Carb. Foss. Ireland’ this species seems to have the following characters :—A
nearly round clypeiform test (36 mm. long, 34 mm. wide), slightly convex, with a
strong rugose dorsal ridge, two ocular or gastric ridges, and two rugose meso-
lateral ridges; otherwise smooth. A double ventral border is shown, with a
marginal fringe extending from the subtriangular frontal notch to the two strong
posterior spines; between these the posterior border is almost straight.
The last abdominal segment (or rather what represents its right-hand moiety),
14 mm. long, is ornamented with sinuous lines, passing obliquely backwards, from
the outer edges to the centre. At the end of this segment is a broad-headed
style (6 mm. wide), and a stylet on each side of it. The style, 25 mm. long in
the figure, is bayonet-shaped, with oblique fine striz on its sloping faces. The
stylets (each showing a length of 22 mm.) are blade-like and tapering (about
3 mm. broad near their articulation) and coarsely striate.
The caudal spines indicate the dorsal aspect by their arrangement, the stylets
passing under and behind the top of the style; but the piece of test at the place
of the ultimate seement shows the oblique lines arranged as on the ventral surface.
See D. testudinea, Pl. XXI, fig. 4.
In his ‘Synopsis of the Characters of the Carboniferous Limestone Fossils of
Ireland,’ * 1844, Professor (now Sir Frederick) M‘Coy refers at p. 163 to Dithy-
rocaris Scouleri, M‘Coy (pl. xxin, fig. 2), as follows:
“The characteristic length of expanded pair of valves very slightly exceeding the width;
surface smooth; central and lateral ridges transversely wrinkled; frontal notch as deep as wide,
rounded. Valves, when spread flat, forming a nearly orbicular shield, the length very slightly
exceeding the width, and having a deep rounded notch in front; central ridge or hinge strong,
rounded, regularly marked with transverse wrinkles [Pl]. XXYV, fig. 66]; lateral ridges marked
with irregular, flat, scale-like undulations [Pl. XXV, fig. 6c]; intermediate short ridges nearly
straight, slightly bent towards the central ridge above and towards the lateral ridges below;
surface smooth, margin of the valves narrow, fringed or obliquely striated, immediately within which,
on the lateral margins, is a plain rounded ridge, divided longitudinally by a nearly mesial sulcus ; it
is close to and parallel with the outer margin for about the upper half of its length, then gradually
turning in towards the lateral ridge, where it widens; tail exactly equalling the body in length,
terminating as usual in three spines of nearly equal length, the central one triangular, marked with
very fine oblique striz, meeting at an acute angle on the central ridge ; two lateral spines rounded,
coarsely suleated longitudinally. Width of the expanded pair of valves one inch four lines; length to
tip of posterior spine one inch five lines ; length of central spine of tail one inch.”
This has been photographed from M‘Coy’s figure, and reproduced in Pl. XXV, figs. 6 a—e.
7 Reprinted in 1862, with Table of Fossils and Localities.
~
DITHYROCARIS SCOULERI. 15
In his ‘Systematic Description of the British Palaeozoic Fossils in the Geolo-
gical Museum of the University of Cambridge,’ 1851, Fasciculus I, pp. 81, 82,
after mentioning ‘* Dithyrocaris, Scouler, MS.,” as one of the Apodiadx, M‘Coy
gave a generic description of it, from his knowledge evidently of D. Colei and
D. Scouleri, thus:
“ Gen. Char.—Carapace semi-oval, the two sides meeting along the middle at a very obtuse
angle ; anterior end rounded, often with an obscure notch in front ; posterior end subtruneate, with
the lateral angles produced backwards into short, flat, angular spines ; surface faintly marked with
irregular imbricating strie, the margins being usually thickened and corrugated, and with three well-
marked longitudinal ridges, one in the middle extending the entire length, and one on each side not
reaching the front margin; within and anterior to the ends of these latter are two small, obliquely
longitudinal, sigmoid ridges, extending inwards and forwards towards the mesial ridge; posterior
part of the body naked, tail terminating in three long, strong, equal, triangular spines, the middle
one bayonet-shaped with a triangular section, the lateral ones flattened. I have not yet detected any
trace of eyes in this genus, which seems closely allied to Apus.”’
He then passingly alluded to D. Scoulert, M‘Coy, but added no particulars.
Our friends at Dublin and elsewhere have not been able to find the original
specimen figured and described by Sir Frederick M‘Coy.
In response to our inquiry respecting the original specimen, the trustees of
the Griffith Collection have obligingly sent to us, as the only evidence they can
find of M‘Coy’s D. Scouleri in that Collection, a plaster cast and a photograph of
the slab labelled as representing that species, from Aughnaclogh. It shows
only a feeble outline of what may be a Dithyrocaris ; and we have given a repre-
sentation of it in Pl. XXV, fig. 7. The outline seems to represent an imperfect
suboblong carapace; one moiety is about 32 mm. long and 13 mm. wide. As far
as recognisable this may have belonged to a small D. Oolei, such as Pl. XXII,
fe. 7, and Pl. XXVIII, fig. o.
By some writers on Dithyrocaris, D. Scouleri, M‘Coy, has been referred to
D. testudinea of Scouler,’ to which the published figure bears some resemblance
in general appearance. The peculiar linear ornamentation of the valves or lateral
moieties, however, is altogether wanting in M‘Coy’s elaborate description, and in
the figure which he gave of the species, reproduced here in Pl. XXV, figs. 6 a, b, ¢.
The obliquely marked abdominal plate in fig. 6 a is doubtful in character.
Sir Richard Griffith, in the ‘Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin,’ vol. ix, 1862, p. 48,
refers D. Scouleri to the Carboniferous Slate, or Lower Limestone Shale, of the
Yellow Sandstone Group (at page 100—the Arenaceous Shale of that group), at
Aughnaclogh, Clogher, co. Tyrone.
! See p. 485, foot-note, ‘ Geol. Mag
ober)
* vol. x, 1873 ; and dec. 2, vol. i, 1874, p. 109.
21
158 BRITISH PALHOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
Pl. XXI, figs. 7a, b. Mus. Geol. Surv. Scotl., m 4273’, No. 16, and m 4274’,
Xxx :
F + (bis), (counterparts).
DirHyROCARIS TESTUDINEUS, R. Htheridge, jun., 1879. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
vol. xxxv, p. 465, pl. xxiii, fig. 1.
Size.—Length of the valve in fig. 7 , imperfect, 30 mm.; breadth of the
valve about 15 mm.
Characters.—Two counterparts; an embedded left valve (fig. 7 a), and its
cast (fig. 7b). Both ends of the valve are imperfect. The mesolateral ridge is
rugose, and stands up sharp on fig. 7 @; its hollow mould is seen in fig. 7 b.
The fringed edge of the ventral margin extends as far as the fracture, narrow-
ing forwards; as it is impressed on both of the counterparts, it must have stood
out free. The smooth ribbon-lke band within the ventral margin is slightly
convex in fig. 7), and slightly hollow in fig. 7 a.
These two casts of one moiety of a carapace were regarded by Mr. R. Ether-
idge, jun., as representing two separate valves. It was from its general shape
probably that Mr. Etheridge referred this specimen to Dithyrocaris testudinea ;
but there are no remains of the peculiar ornaments of that species. Possibly it
may belong to D. Scoulert, M‘Coy, which also had smooth valves (or moieties) ;
and in shape the hind part of the valve agrees sufficiently well.
This left half of a carapace is embedded in a split piece of brown, semi-
bituminous, calcareous shale, which is micaceous, and largely composed of small,
obscure, compressed Ostracoda.t It is from the Cement-stone group of the
Calciferous Sandstone series, in the Tweeden Burn, near its junction with the
Liddel Water, by New Castleton, Roxburghshire. Posidonomyz occur also in this
specimen of shale.
6. DirHyrocaris FUNICULATA, sp. nov. Plate XXII, figs. 6a—d. Mus. Geol. Surv.
Scotland, F 7, No. 21.
Size.
The fragment of a black filmy right valve 45 mm. long, probably
50 mm. or more when it was perfect. From the ventral margin to the meso-
lateral ridge 15 mm.; the whole valve was probably 30 mm. wide.
Specific Characters—One of two displaced valves. A rather narrow moiety
with rather straight ventral edge. Anterior portion lost; the ventral margin
strongly marked with close-set oblique striz, not forming a fringe, but a cord-like
pattern throughout (figs. 6 a and c); its posterior angle (fig. 6 b) shows a sub-
1 Just as some of the oil-shales are constituted.
DITHYROCARIS INSIGNIS. 159
reticular surface, having lines parallel with the lower edge, and feeble transverse
strie. A straight mesolateral rugose. ridge is present, ending at the notch above
the postero-ventral spine; the filmy surface of the valve bears a faint reticulation
(fig. 6 d), and there are some irregular accidental superficial inequalities.
The funiculate pattern of the ventral margin is peculiar, though essentially of
the same nature as the more usual fringe. This form is apparently distinct from
the other specimens, and we may name it D. funiculata. The narrow rigid shape
of the valve also distinguishes it from D. Colei (compare fig. 7 on the same plate).
On the same piece of thin black calcareous shale there is a filmy and imperfect
carapace of the same species. From the Calciferous Sandstone Group; 'Tweeden
Burn, 250 yards above its mouth, New Castleton, Roxburghshire. There is a
fragment of the same species, from Tyrone, in the Brit. Mus., I 280.
7. DiITHYROCARIS INSIGNIS, sp. nov. Plate XXV, figs. 3a—c,4,5 a,b; Plate XXVII,
figs. la, b,c; Plate XXX, figs. 1—3; Plate XXXI,
figs. 6, 7; and var. muLTiUGATA, figs. 8a, b, c, 9.
Specific Characters.—Carapace relatively large, suborbicular or suboval; with
broad ventral margin ending in a long sharp spine on each side; strong meso-
lateral, and weaker dorsal ridge. Posterior border straight between the two
postero-ventral spines, but projecting in the middle with the dorsal spine. The
surface has linear and reticulate ornament.
Pl. XXV, figs. 3, 4, and 5. Leeds Mus. Coll., Nos. 33.4 and 44.
Size.—From the mesolateral ridge to the ventral border 16 mm.
Characters.—Crushed and much displaced fragments of one or more large
suborbicular carapaces on one slab. The mesolateral ridge and the fringed ventral
border are well marked, and are like those in D. tricornis, &c. There is a faint
and rather curved elevation lying obliquely in the middle of the valve, probably
due to the test accidentally overlying some narrow fragment. The postero-ventral
border and its spine have been much damaged. ‘The dorsal ridge has been broken
away in this specimen.
The reticulation on one part of the surface (fig. 30) consists of delicate
raised, oblique, and sinuous striz, mterrupted and inosculating to form an
irregular network ; but on the right-hand side of the mesolateral ridge the main
strize are parallel with that ridge, and the network is therefore straighter.
Figs. 4.a—e show the features of the mesolateral ridge, the ruge passing down
into the general reticulation of the surface. When highly magnified, the meshes
160 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
are seen to be punctate. Figs. 5a, b, indicate the passage of the striz of the
upper (forward) part of the ventral fringe into the meshwork of the superficial
ornament.
The history and geological position of the specimens in Pl. XXV (which were
kindly sent to us by Mr. P. F. Kendall, F.G.S., of the Yorkshire College, Leeds),
and of others shown in Pls. XXX and XXXI, which were obligingly communicated
by Mr. E. J. Garwood, F.G.S., are recorded by Mr. Garwood in the ‘ Geol. Mag.,’
dec. 4, vol. iv (1897), p. 556, as follows :
‘“At present a collector is engaged upon the fauna of the Millstone-grit at Eccup, five miles
north of Leeds, where a fossiliferous black shale has been met with during the excavation of a puddle-
trench for a reservoir. The bed occurs about the centre of the ‘Middle Grits’ of the Yorkshire
Millstone-grit. The bed, which was discovered by Mr. Percy Kendall some three years ago, contains
a rich marine fauna, which has not yet, however, been properly worked out. The fauna includes
species of Nucula and Leda in great abundance and in excellent preservation, also numerous indi-
vidual specimens of Lingula and Discina. Gasteropods occur, and a few specimens of Gonzatites,
together with well-preserved specimens of Conularia.
“ Several specimens of Dithyrocaris have been found, and a single specimen of a minute Trilobite,
ef. Brachymetopus Ouralicus. Fish-remains referable to two genera have been identified.
“The fauna appears to bear little resemblance to that of the Cayton-Gill beds of Nidderdale,
which lie at approximately the same horizon in the Millstone-grit. On the whole the fauna appears
to resemble in many points that of the Ridsdale Ironstone Shale of the Bernician beds of South
Northumberland.”
PP Xx fies. la, 0; ¢. Neilson Coll..B.
Size.-—Fragment of a right-hand moiety, measuring 20 mm. by 20mm. From
the ventral border to the mesolateral ridge, 12 mm.
Characters.—This 1s a part of the postero-ventral region of the right moiety
of a carapace, retaining a portion of the mesolateral ridge, with its angular
rugee; also some of the thick ventral border, with its broad margin; this passes
into a narrow and almost cord-like edge in the upper (forward) part of the
border (not shown in the figure).
The carapace is delicately ornamented with numerous oblique, thin, sinuous,
interrupted rugule or wrinkles, parallel and anastomosing, having irregular inter-
spaces (figs. 1b, c). It is possible that in some other parts of the test these
wrinkly strie may have become more definitely reticulate; and may have
approached the pattern shown by Pl. XXV, fig. 3b.
In some respects this specimen approaches D. Scouleri, M‘Coy (Pl. XXV,
fig. 6); but its proportions and its ornament distinguish it.
Brownish non-calcareous shale, Hast Kilbride.
Leeds Mus. Coll., No. 36. Not figured.
Fragment of a large valve of D. insignis, measuring 20 mm. from the ventral
DITHYROCARIS INSIGNIS. 161
edge to the mesolateral ridge; the latter is strong, and the former has a simple
fringe as in other species (for instance, fig. 3a, Pl. XXVIII). The ornament of
the surface consists of simple oblique striz, parallel, but interrupted, with
punctate interspaces, and probably passed into meshwork on other parts of the
test. The specimens from Kccup occur in a hard, dark-blue, non-calcareous shale,
with Posidonomya, Aviculopecten, Goniatites, &c.
Leeds Mus. Coll., No. 39 bs.
This is a small right valve of D. insignis, 43 mm. long and 20 mm. wide; from
the dorsal to the mesolateral 10 mm., and the same from that to the ventral. A
neat ogee curve in its front edge resembles that in fie. 3a, Pl. XVIII; and figs.
1 and 2, Pl. XXIV, have a similar feature.
The superficial ornament is a freely irregular reticulation coming off from the
oblique lines crossing the ridges.
Pl. XXX, figs. 1 and 2a, b. Leeds Mus. Coll., No. 334.
Characters and Size.—'l'wo valves displaced ; the right valve, turned over, has
left the impression of its outside (fig. 1); the outside of the other is exposed
(fig. 2 a).
Fig. 1, the impression of the outside of an imperfect right valve, 73 mm.
long and 35 mm. wide. It shows a thick ventral rim and a strong mesolateral
ridge. The posterior border, with its spines, ventral and dorsal, is well indicated,
but the spines have been damaged.
Fig. 2a is the outside of a left valve, 71 mm. long and 37 mm. wide. The
mesolateral ridge is prominent and rugose as usual; the dorsal ridge is feebly
crested. The gastric and nuchal ridges are in their places. The ventral border
is broad and thick, and does not show any fringe.
Pl. XXX, figs. 3 a, b,c, d, e. Leeds Mus. Coll., No. 444 and 443 (counterparts).
Size.—Lenegth of carapace, with the spines (10 mm.), 60 mm.; width 50 mm.
Character.—A nearly perfect suborbicular carapace, somewhat damaged
anteriorly. Ventral border broad ; much obscured by being inturned and broken.
A little portion of the usual fringe is traceable on the counterpart (not figured) ;
the different patterns of the inside and outside free edge of the ventral margin
can be seen both in it and in fig. 3a. The postero-ventral spines are long and
sharp. Mesolateral ridges rugose and strong, especially shown by deep furrows
on the counterpart, in which a gastric tooth projects at the front end of the right-
hand mesolateral. The dorsal ridge is relatively weak, but ends behind in a
distinct triangular spine (4 mm. long).
The ornament of the surface near the mesolateral consists of sinuous, parallel,
162 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
wrinkly striz (like those in fig. 1 b, Pl. XX VII), with obscure, minute interstitial
network ; passing into a definite but irregular reticulation with punctate meshes
(figs. 3 b—e); see the postero-ventral angle of the test, where the head of the
right-hand border-spine has been slightly shifted away from its place.
Pl. XXXI, fig. 6. Leeds Mus. Coll., No. 448. (A trifid.)
Size.—Style 15 mm. long; 4 mm. broad at top. Left-hand stylet about
30 mm. long; 5 mm. broad at top.
Character.—This trifid shows its ventral aspect. The style is shorter than
the stylets. The latter appear to have had smooth and strongly grooved surfaces.
The style seems to be smooth, with a deep central sulcus, and is probably
triangular in section.
This tail-piece lies close to the front end of the carapace, fig. 3a, and may
have belonged to that individual.
A similar trifid, specifically the same, most hkely, but imperfect, is embedded
in specimen No 95 a.
Plate XXXI, figs. 7a, 6. Leeds Mus. Coll., No. 602. (A caudal plate.)
Size.-—Length 13 mm.; width at top 9 mm.; width at bottom 4 mm.
Characters.— This small tongue-shaped plate, tapering downwards to a
rounded end, was probably part of the ultimate abdominal segment. It may have
been a separate plate coating the outside of the head of the style. The ornament
of chevron-lines with the angles downwards is that of the ventral aspect of the
abdominal segments (see Pl. XXIX, figs. 100, ll a, 12 b, and 13 6). The
interstices are irregularly and sparsely punctate. The edges of this little plate
being somewhat damaged are ragged all round.
7*, DIvtHYROCARIS INSIGNIS, sp. nov. Var. MULTIJUGATA, nov. Plate XXXI,
figs. 8a, b, c, and 9.
Characters.—Besides a strong mesolateral ridge on each valve, and the usual
dorsal ridge, these specimens have another rugose ridge between the mesolateral
and dorsal ridges. This ridge is not strange to Dithyrocaris, for it is feebly
represented in the very distinct species D. tricornis, Pl. XXIV, fig. 1; and is
traceable in D. Colei, fig. 2. It is a feature also in Chenocaris tenuistriata,
Pl. XXI, figs. 8, 9, and 11, stronger than in the foregoing.
The presence of this juxtadorsal ridge on each side characterises some of the
specimens from Hccup as a variety of D. insignis in that locality, inasmuch as
the carapace has five instead of three prominent ridges; and we have named it
DITHYROCARIS COULEI. 163
accordingly. It is smaller than the type-form, and its carapace must have been
rather oval, like figs. 1 and 2, Pl. XXX, and not so orbicular as fig. 3.
Figs. 8a, b,c. Leeds Mus. Coll., No. 43.
An imperfect posterior half of a left valve (about 14 mm. wide), showing the
wide ventral border (as in Pl. XXX, fig. 3), with the mesolateral, juxtadorsal, and
dorsal ridges very distinct. The juxtadorsal is oblique (as also in fig. 9). The
left-hand edge of the dorsal ridge seems to have been squeezed in under the
neighbouring part of the test. The postero-ventral spine is long and sharp; the
medio-dorsal spine is much shorter.
The ornament of lines and network in fig. 8 ) extends over the dorsal ridge
and the test in its vicinity; the pattern of linear chevrons pointing downwards
(backwards) passes sideways into the general reticulation. The parallel sinuous
lines on one side of the limit of the dorsal ridge differ, but not essentially, from
those on the left-hand side of that limit. The irregular meshes are punctate
(fig, Sc).
Pl. XXXI, fig. 9. Leeds Mus. Coll., No. 40.
Size.—Valve, length about 35 mm. probably when perfect; width 15 mm.
Characters.—Rather more than half of the left moiety of a carapace; imperfect
at the front end. Besides the ventral border, partly fringed, the mesolateral,
juxtadorsal, dorsal, and the right-hand juxtadorsal are distinct. The two juxta-
dorsals are set obliquely (see also fig. 8 a), and thus appear to be in their normal
position and not squeezed out of place. They are parallel one to the other.
The gastric ridge on the left side, and the nuchal ridges on both valves, are all
apparent.
8. Dirayrocaris Cost, Portlock, 1843. Plate XXII, fig. 7; Plate XXIII, figs. 1—4;
Plate XXIV, figs. 2, 4; Plate XXV,
figs. 9 a, b, ¢ (7); Plate XXVII, fig. 5.
Diruyrocaris ConEt, Portlock, 1843. Report Geol. Londonderry, &c., pp. 314,
565, 570, pl. xii.
— — Morris, 1843. Catal. Brit. Foss., p. 73.
_ — IM‘Coy, 1844. Synops. Char. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 163.
— — Bronn, 1848. Index Paleont., vol. i, p. 135.
= — Morris, 1854. Catal. Brit. Foss., edit. 2, p. 107.
— — R. Griffith, 1862. Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin, vol. ix, p. 48.
— — IM Coy, 1862. Synops. Char. Carb. Foss. Ireland, edit. 2,
p- 224.
— — J. Young, 1868. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. 1, p. 58.
wo
164 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
? Dirnyrocarts Couet, J. Armstrong, 1871. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. iii,
Appendix, p. 29; and 1876, Catal.
W.-Scot. Foss., p. 45.
— — HH. Woodward, 1877. Catal. Brit. Foss. Crust., p. 72.
— — Bigsby, 1878. Thesaur. Dev.-Carb., p. 249.
— — HE. W., and J., 1887. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1856 (1887),
p- 63.
— — Etheridge, 1888. Foss. Brit., vol. i, Paleoz., p. 238.
Specific Characters.—A relatively large oval-oblong carapace (laid out flat in
Pl. XXIV, fig. 2; halved in Pl. XXIII, fig. 1), with strong features of rugose
dorsal and mesolateral ridges, weak juxtadorsals, ventral fringe (especially
posteriorly), and posterior spines (two ventral and one dorsal). Delicate super-
ficial ornament reticulate and subaculeate. Dorsal junction of the carapace-
moieties surmounted by a serrated crest, with narrow side-flanges. In the
separate half (Pl. XXIII, fig. 1) this cristate ridge, remaining prominent, shows
its side-view.
All the specimens referred to above (excepting Pl]. XXII, fig. 7) formed part
of the original Irish series collected and described by General Portlock in 1843.
Pl. XXIII, fig. 1. Mus. Pract. Geol., 6262. ‘Catal. M. P. G. Fossils,’ 1865,
palo:
Size.—Moiety of valve 75 mm. long, 41 mm. wide. The whole carapace was
probably about 82 mm. wide.
Characters.—This is a right valve, showing (1) a broad ventral margin,
dwindling away forwards, from which the fringe has been broken away; (2) the
rugose mesolateral ridge; (8) the almost straight posterior edge; and (4) a pos-
terior portion of the dorsal rugose ridge, terminating in the postero-dorsal spine.
This ridge is rather too regular and too delicate in the drawing; only the rough
ends of the chevrons come to the surface.
Overlapping the antero-dorsal (upper in the figure) region of this valve is the
postero-ventral portion of another right valve, fig. 4 of Pl. XXIV.
In a black shale, micaceous and calcareous; being almost wholly composed of
compressed small Ostracods. In a similar shale (some with less of the small
Ostracods) are the specimens Pl. XXIII, figs. 2, 3,4; Pl. XXIV, figs. 2, 4; and
Bev figs. |
Pl. XXIII, figs. 2, 3,4. (Tail-pieces.) Mus. Pract. Geol. Fig. 2, 38, 6261;
Fig. 3, 32, 6261; Fig. 4, 38, 6265.
Size-—Fig. 2. Length 80 mm. Exposed segments 35 mm.; penultimate
10 mm. ; ultimate 25mm. Style 37 mm. Stylets 39 mm.
DITHYROCARIS COLEI. 165
Fig. 3. Exposed segments 40 mm.; ultimate 30 mm. Style 26 mm. Stylet
30 mm.
Fig. 4. Hxposed segments 40 mm.; antepenultimate 6 mm.; penultimate
12 mm.; ultimate 22 mm.? Style 22 mm. Stylets broken at tips.
Owing to the crushed and imperfect state of the several parts these measure-
ments are for the most part only approximate.
Characters.—Fig. 2 shows the same specimen as that represented by fig. 4,
pl. xu, of Portlock’s ‘ Report Geol. Londonderry,’ 1843; with the remains of two
abdominal segments and three well-preserved caudal appendages of probably
normal characters and proportions ; the dorsal aspect is exposed. The segments
are imperfect and crushed, but the joint between the ultimate and the penultimate
supplies a definite datum for their measurement. The ultimate segment bears
chevron-lines, with their angles pointing forwards (upwards in the figure). The
telson or style is rather shorter than the two cercopods or stylets, and all these
are longitudinally striate; the style, having a median ridge, was _ bayonet-
shaped.
Fig. 3 is the same specimen as that in fig. 5, pl. xu, op. cit. It has been
widened and broken by pressure, so that it is difficult to measure its parts with
exactness. It has been mixed up in the shale with a fragment of ventral margin,
and perhaps other fragments obscure the ultimate segment, which seems to be
broad and chevroned with finer lines than those in fig. 2. The tail-spines are also
shorter; but the style is the shortest, as in the other examples. They are sulcate
rather than striate, and somewhat granulated on the ridges, a condition due
perhaps to fossilisation. Their relative position gives a ventral aspect.
Fig. 4. The same specimen as fig. 3a, op. cit., is also flattened and much
widened by pressure. The oblique lines on the ultimate segment are directed
backwards (downwards in the figure) and inwards towards the centre, thus in a
contrary direction to those in figs. 2 and 8. This is the ventral feature in
D. testudinea. The three spines may also be said to show their ventral aspect.
They are broken at the tips, but resemble those of the other specimens, except
that at the head of the stylets a few of the striz converge at a sharp angle for a
short distance—not nearly so far as this feature is continued in fig. 3a, op. cit.
‘The surface of the segments bears patches of an attached kind of Spirorbis
(fig. 3 6, op. cit.); minute, discoidal, and smooth; perhaps near Sp. pusillus,
Martin.
Pl. XXIV, fig. 2. Mus. Pract. Geol., 6263.
Size.—Carapace flattened out and imperfect (the same as Portlock’s pl. xu,
fig. 1). Originally about 85 mm. long and 70 mm. wide. . . . . . . And
Pl. XXIV, fig. 4. Mus. Pract. Geol., 6262 (bis). Cat. M. P. G., 1865, p. 116.
22
166 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
Size.—Moiety or valve 68 mm. long; including posterior spine 74 mm.
About 35-mm. wide. The whole carapace was originally about 70 mm. wide.
Characters.—The flattened carapace (Pl. XXIV, fig. 2) is suboval, anteriorly
contracted, and showing a relatively broad, shallow, central notch, where the
edges of the two valves (or lateral moieties) turn slightly inwards and backwards
to their junction.
In the separate subelliptical moieties the ventral edge is elliptically curved
and depressed. The dorsal edge is straight, and provided with a rugose ridge
(Pl. XXIV, fig. 2), which is seen in its side view (Pl. XXIII, fig. 1) to be crested,
and to end behind in a broad triangular spe. ‘The dorsal edge of each valve,
when in apposition seems to have been overridden by the straight, narrow,
rugose crest, which had narrow lateral flanges, and constituted the medial or dorsal
ridge of the carapace. There is also on each valve a straight mesial rugose ridge,
besides a shorter, coarser, and rather sinuous cephalic ridge, a weak juxtadorsal,
and a thin, short, nuchal ridge. This last is more distinct in Pl. XXIV, fig. 4,
than in fig. 2, where the two small nuchal ridges, usually parallel with each other
and with the dorsal ridge between them, are somewhat displaced, probably by
unequal pressure at that spot, as evidenced by the apparent local disturbance of
the specimen.
The mesolateral ridges are attenuated in front, and curve towards the cephalic
ridges in Pl. XXIV, fig. 2; but in fig. 4, and Pl. XXIII, fig. 1, they are straight
as far as they go. They end posteriorly just above (in front of) the postero-
ventral notch and spine, Pl. XXIII, fig. 1, and Pl. XXIV, fig. 4. This spine is
relatively long, triangular, flat (?), and sharp; and is continuous with the
depressed edge of the ventral margin. This, marked off by a smooth, thin ridge
(the real solid rim of the valve, partially preserved in figs. 1 and 4), becomes
narrower forward, and is furnished with a fringe, or strongly and obliquely
striated border along the hinder two-thirds of its length, perfectly shown in
Portlock’s fig. 2, pl. xu. This narrow, flat, or depressed portion of the ventral
margin appears to have been a free edge, and to have been longitudinally striated
on its under side.
The fringed border of the left moiety is for the most part preserved as a
narrow whitish rim of the test, with the striz lying close together, adpressed and
almost cord-lhke, with a partial film of shining black shale, which emphasises the
minute granulation on each fibre of the fringe.
The posterior edge of the valve is nearly straight between the dorsal and the
(larger) ventral spine (Pl. XXIII, fig. 1, and Pl. XXIV, fig. 4).
In the specimen illustrated by fig. 2, Pl. XXIV, the surface has a faint and
delicate reticulation in the anterior part of each valve between the cephalic and
dorsal ridges. It is much obscured elsewhere in the compressed shale, which has
DITHYROCARIS COLEI. 167
coated or replaced the test. Wherever this permits the original surface to assert
its presence, it is seen to be profusely spotted with minute triangular tubercles, or
obsolete prickles ; their angles pointing backwards.
General Portlock remarked, at page 315, op. cit., with regard to the shape that,
** As a further means of distinguishing the species, the position of the lateral lines
may be noted, and the following dimensions taken into account :
Length of buckler of large specimen . . 3°90 inches.
Total breadth of buckler : ‘ 2 ROR,
Breadth of single valve : : & Woes
The lateral line is nearer to the margin than to the axis, though with some
variation; if, therefore, it be prolonged through the valve and considered a
chord, the length would be 3:1 inches, and the versed sine or perpendicular from
that line to the margin, ‘7 inch, or less than one-fourth of the chord.”
General Portlock’s specimens, all belonging to the Lower Carboniferous
Series, came from the Tyrone Shales at Clogher, and the Derry Shales at
Ballynascreen; and Sir R. Griffith referred D. Colei to a Lower Carboniferous
Shale in the Yellow-Sandstone group at Auchmaclogh, Clogher, co. Tyrone.
In 1863 Professor (now Sir Frederick) M‘Coy described some specimens of
D. Colet from Auchmaclogh, Clogher, Tyrone, which were in the Griffith Collection
(Dublin). The Trustees of that Collection have kindly sent us two plaster casts
of the original specimens. One of them bears also the impression of a trifid tail,
like those in Pl. XXITI, figs. 2—4.
In his ‘Synopsis Carb. Fossils Ireland,’ M‘Coy thus described the species at
page 163 (without figures) :
“Sp. Ch.—Longitudinally oval; anterior end narrow, having a shallow rounded sinus in front,
posterior end broader; margins sigmoidally curved, forming an acute sinus towards the centre ; sides
terminating in acute, angular, flattened spines; the mesial [dorsal] ridge strongly crenated ; lateral
ridges almost as large as the mesial one, and similarly crenated ; short, sigmoidal, anterior ones also
similar ; margins of the valves obliquely striated ; surface otherwise perfectly smooth.
“This large species is very closely allied to the Argas tricornis, Scouler. Taking one half of the
shield, or one valve, its length is about twice and a half the width. Length of single valves three
inches seven lines, width one inch six lines.’’
Pl. XXII, fig. 7. Mus. Geol. Surv. Scotland, m 4271’, F %, No. 21.
Characters and Size.-—This is a filmy black remnant of a left valve, 43 mm. long
(formerly about 45 mm.) and 18 mm. wide. The fringed ventral margin and its
posterior spine, the mesolateral rugose ridge, the indications of the posterior
edge, and the spine terminating the dorsal margin are present.
These features are very like those of D. Colei (compare Pl. XXIII, fig. 1;
XXIV, fig. 4), and we regard this Scotch specimen as a small representative of
168 BRITISH PALAHOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
the large Irish D. Cole’, although the latter measures 80 x 45 mm. in contrast
with 45 « 18 mm.
In dark grey micaceous calcareous shale, containing some obscure small
Ostracods. From the Cement-stone Group, Tweeden Burn, 250 yards above its
mouth, near New Castleton, Roxburghshire.
Another specimen, also from Tweeden Burn (F ¥, No. 18, Mus. Geol. Surv.
Scotland), is also D. Colei, similar to Pl. XXII, fig. 7, but a fragment of a larger
carapace crushed flat. Remaining fragments of ridge and ventral edge, each 45 mm.
long. The distance between dorsal and mesolateral ridges 20 mm.
Pl. XXVII, fig. 5. Mus. Pract. Geol., 6260, Derry, Sheet 40, 13.
Size.—This is a fragmentary left-hand moiety ; length 40 mm., width 18 mm.;
both measurements being imperfect.
Character.—This imperfect half-carapace has the characteristics of a small
Dithyrocaris Colei, and is almost exactly like the specimen shown in Pl. XXII,
fig. 7. It is evidently one of the original specimens collected by the Geological
Surveyors in Ireland, and described by General Portlock.
In both Pl. XXII, fig. 7, and Pl. XXVII, fig. 5, the posterior edge is well
defined for half of its length as a narrow flat band, tapering slowly from the
postero-ventral spine to the place of the dorso-medial spine.
9. DirHyrocaris orpicuLaRis, Portlock, 1843. Plate XXIV, fig. 3. Mus. Pract.
Geol., 6266.
DirHyrocaRis orBicuLaRkts, Portlock, 1843. Report on the Geology of London-
derry, &e., p. 316 (not figured).
— — Morris, 1843. Catal. Brit. Foss., p. 73.
= — Bronn, 1848. Index Paleont., vol. i, p. 135.
— — Morris, 1854, Catal. Brit. Foss., edit. 2, p. 107.
= — M‘Coy, 1868. Synops. Char. Carb. Fossils Ireland,
p. 163.
= — H. Woodward,1877. Catal. Brit. Foss. Crust., p. 63.
—_ _ Bigsby, 1878. Thesaur. Dev.-Carb., p. 249.
— — E., W., and J., 1887. Rep. Brit.*Assoc. for 1886,
p. 64.
_ — Etheridge, 1888. Foss. Brit., vol. i, Pal., p. 238.
Size.—Length of carapace 18 mm.; width of carapace 24 mm.—approxi-
mately.
DITHYROCARIS ORBICULARIS. 169
Specific Characters.—Vhis represents the specimen which was described but
not figured by General Portlock. The outline of its left moiety is almost semi-
circular, and the probably similar edge of the right valve may be regarded as
conterminous with the right-hand broken edge of the specimen. This is in
accordance with Portlock’s view also. Its postero-ventral spine is still traceable
in places. From this, across to the opposite angle (of left valve), is the obscure
posterior edge of the carapace, with faint traces of the medio-dorsal and postero-
ventral spines.
From the left edge the first ridge is 7 mm. From the first to the second
ridge is 5mm. From the second ridge to the right-hand edge of the specimen is
10mm. ‘Taking the first ridge for a mesolateral, and the second ridge for the
mid-dorsal (and evidently so regarded by Portlock), the width of the valve is
nearly 12 mm., and its length (and that of the carapace) is about 18 mm. (with-
out the spines). The whole width of the carapace was probably about 24 mm.
The right valve is unfortunately hidden, and perhaps broken up under the
matrix on that side, its hinder spine only remaining in evidence. The anterior
edge, like that of the left valve, is lost. Besides the two prominent crenulated
rugose ridges, there is a small (cephalic ?) ridge between the front end of the left
mesolateral ridge and the ventral edge, and some displaced fragments of similar
but thinner ridges in the posterior region. ‘The left valve, besides having an
obscure trace of its posterior spine, is characterised by its fringed edge being con-
tinuous throughout.
General Portlock particularly points out the differences between the shape of
this form and that of his D. Colei. “The length of the single valve ‘6 inch,
breadth ‘4 inch. The lateral line prolonged, would form a chord nearly as long
as the axis, and the versed sine would be ‘25 inch, or more than one-third of the
chord, a proportion very different from that of the preceding species.’’ See above,
page 167.
A somewhat similar orbicular carapace may be noticed in Lepidurus bilobatus,
Packard, ‘ North American Phyllopods,’ 1883, p. 318, pl. xv, fig. 3.
This interesting and rare Irish fossil was obtained by General Portlock and his
colleagues on the Geological Survey, in the Lower Carboniferous Shale at Bally-
nascreen, on the Whitewater River, Derry. The shale is black, calcareous,
containing a few small obscure Ostracods.
Sir Frederick M‘Coy stated in his ‘ Carb. Foss. Ireland,’ p. 163, that—
““T have only seen a few fragments probably of this species along with the
last [D. Colei|; it is distinguished by its nearly circular outline, and its tubercu-
lated lateral and mesial ridges and margin.”
170 BRITISH PALMHOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
10. Dirnyrocaris TRIcoRNIs, Scouler, 1835. Plate XXII, fig. 4 (magnified part),
figs. 5sa—e; Plate XXIV, figs. 1, 5a, b, and 6;
Plate XXV, figs. 9a, b, ¢c(?); Plate 2o@yVaE
fies. 2a, b, c, 4a—e.
ARGAS TRICORNIS, Scouler,! 1835. Records of General Science (Thomson’s), vol. i,
p- 187, fig. 2; and p. 141.
= — Bronn, 1848. Index Palxont., vol. i, p. 102.
DirHyrocanis TRICoRNIS, Bronn, 1848. Ibid., vol. i, p. 433.
— -- Morris, 1854. Catal. Brit. Foss., edit. 2, p. 107.
= Salter and Woodward, 1865. Chart Foss. Crust., p. 17,
fig. 12.
= = J. Armstrong, 1871. Trans. Geol. Soe. Glasgow, vol.
iil, Appendix, p. 30; and Catal. W.-
Scotl. Fossils, 1876, p. 45.
—_ — H. Woodward and R. Etheridge, jun., 1873. Mem.
Geol. Surv. Scotl]., Expl. Sheet 23,
Appendix, p. 99; Geol. Mag., vol. x,
pp. 483, 486, pl. xvi, figs. 2 and 3.
— — H. Woodward, 1877. Catal. Brit. Foss. Crust., p. 73.
— — Bigsby, 1878. Thesaur. Dev.-Carb., p. 249.
— R. Etheridge, jun., 1879. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
vol. xxxv, p. 466.
= J. Coutts, 1884. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. vii,
pp- 200 and 327.
— _ E., W., and J., 1887. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1886,
p. 63.
— — Etheridge, 1888. Foss. Brit., vol. i, Palxoz., p. 238.
— — J. Neilson, 1894. Trans. Geol. Soe. Glasgow, vol. x,
jou Jl, jos (Ak
Specific Characters.—Subquadrate carapace, occurring in both an expanded
(Pl. XXIV, figs. 1 and 5) and a folded state (Pl. XXIV, fig. 6); strongly ridged,
both dorsally and laterally and in the cephalic region; weak juatadorsal ridges
are also present; the two ventral margins and the dorsal line all end with a
strong triangular spine; and these three, coming into a line at the hinder end of
the folded specimen, Pl. XXIV, fig. 6, originated the name “ tricornis.”’ Surface
covered with a delicate reticulation, with thin irregular meshes, which thicken at
frequent intervals into small, short, blunt spines.
? According to Portlock (‘ Report Geol. Londonderry,’ 1848, p. 313), Dr. Scouler described this
and another species (A. testudineus ?) at the meeting of the British Association at Glasgow in 1840.
Not mentioned in the Report for that year.
DITHYROCARIS TRICORNIS. iia
Pl. XXIV, fig. 1. Mus. Geol. Surv. Scotl., 8 3095 a, No. 12.
Size.—Length of each moiety or valve 63 mm., including their posterior
spines. Breadth of the two valves 63 mm.
Characters.—A nearly perfect subquadrate carapace, consisting of two
moieties or valves. Ventral border elliptically rounded ; its thickened (double)
margin, as shown by its strong impression, was marked on the inside with longi-
tudinal delicate striz. On the edge it bore a fringe of strong oblique strie, or
compressed prickles, pointing backwards, especially at the posterior curve, where
they form a sharp serrated edge ; and they are less strong at the anterior region.
The anterior margin had a gently curved medial hollow, where the two valves
meet. Dorsal junction along a ridged line, which is obscurely indicated as having
been a long, thin, separate (probably overriding) part of the test, with a narrow
flat flange along each side, somewhat like the ridge-tiles on the roof of a house.
In Pl. XXIV, fig. 1, the flange on one side (spectator’s left hand) of the
dorsal ridge is definitely indicated by a thin line; but on the other side it is
covered up by the black shale having been squeezed up over it inside the long
thin rugose ridge (juwtadorsal) parallel with the thick dorsal ridge.
Besides the central ridge, there are two shght tuberculate ridges (ju«tadorsal),
parallel and near to it, one on each side; on the left reaching up to the nuchal
ridge, but interrupted on the right side. These two nuchal ridges are thin and
tuberculate, parallel, and close to the anterior part of the central (dorsal) ridge,
and between it and the sinuous cephalic (gastric or optic) ridge on each moiety of
the carapace.
On each valve there is also a strong, straight, and rugose or tuberculate (imeso-
lateral) ridge, between the dorsal ridge and the ventral border, passing from near
the gastric ridge to the posterior border just above the large spine at the postero-
ventral angle. There may have been also a middle posterior spine, terminating
the dorsal ridge, as in figs. 4 and 6, and Pl. XXIII, fig. 1. The rugosity of all
the ridges is due to the sharp prominences of imbricated chevron-shaped scales, or
successive angular outgrowths of the test.
The whole surface is sprinkled over with minute triangular tubercles, having
the apex pointing backwards. ‘The posterior corners of the test, and some parts
of the ventral region, bear numerous round tubercles.
All the ridges consist of numerous overlapping, raised, chevron-like layers of
test, pointing backwards. The surface of the specimen, Pl. XXIV, fig. 1, is
partially obscured by thicker or thinner layers of black shale. On the outer
division of the moiety on the left hand there is mostly a thick layer, leaving bare
the postero-ventral angle and spine. On the inner division is a rather thinner
layer, leaving its anterior third bare, with its delicate reticulation. The inner
division of the right-hand valve carries a thick layer along the narrow area between
172 BRITISH PALHOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
the dorsal and the neighbouring thin parallel ridge; and a thin layer or film on
the rest of that part of the test allows the blunt little prickles to be recognisable,
and leaves bare the anterior fourth part and some of the posterior surface.
On the outer division of the right valve a narrow thick layer of the black
shale lies between the mesolateral ridge and the ventral border. The latter here
shows the impression of a narrow rim, marked with very fine and silky, longi-
tudinal, parallel strie. This tapers forwards, and widens backward towards the
root of the postero-ventral spine. A remnant of this striated rim is visible on
the other (left-hand) side of the carapace, passing from beneath the fringed edge
up to the anterior border, where the striz of the fringe are closer together and
pressed nearly parallel with the edge.
An intwrned part of the ventral margin has been seen in a fragment to consist
of a finely reticulated band (about 5 mm. broad), tapering backwards and
bordered by a narrow, but thick, striated rim.
This reticulated band and its rim were once a part of the outside of the test,
but turned down at an angle. As now seen from underneath, they lie compressed
on the inside of the fringe and a narrow smooth band, Pl. XX VII, figs. 2a—e.
In Pl. XXIV, fig. 1, there is also the relic of an abdominal segment, marked
with deep sinuous transverse lines, due to the overlapping flakes of the test. In
the ‘Geol. Mag.,’ vol. x, p. 485, pl. xv, fig. 3, the remains of three abdominal
segments are indicated, but they have been partly broken away since 1873.
From black, non-caleareous shale above the Calderwood Cement-stone, Lower
Carboniferous Limestone Group, East Kilbride. At the Kirktonholm Cement
Works, East Kilbride. The counterpart of this remarkably fine specimen is in the
Museum of Practical Geology, London. It bears the original mark of the Geol.
Surv. Scotl., “3B 3096 a,” and the following label :—‘* Lower Carboniferous Lime-
stone Group. Shales above Calder Wood Cement-stone, Kirkstone Holme Cement
Works, Hast Kilbride, Lanarkshire. Cast of Dithyrocaris tricornis, Scouler.” It
is this specimen that exbibited a portion of the outer part of the ventral border,
infolded and pressed flat. In hard black non-calcareous shale, Pl. XXVII,
fiG8s 2hd,90;
Pl. XXIV, fig. 6. Mus. Techn. Coll. Glasgow. This is the original of
Dr. Scouler’s fig. 2, p. 187, ‘ Records,’ &e., 1835.
Size.—Length of carapace (including spikes) 80 mm., breadth of carapace
36 mm., abdominal segments 28 mm. long, 12 mm. broad, longest spine 42 mm.
long, middle spine 25 mm. long, lowest spine 28 mm., not quite perfect.
The two valves or moieties of an oblong carapace, folded together, and some-
what damaged by crush. They lie almost symmetrically, but by a transposition of
parts usual in decayed and floating Phyllopods, the three rather obscure abdominal
DITHYROCARIS TRICORNIS. 173
segments, and a trifid caudal appendage, project from the lower part of the front
of the carapace.
The test was sufficiently thin (probably by the loss of the external layer) to
allow of the gastric teeth being exposed, together with some other (obscure)
internal organs.
There is also a curved object standing out at the antero-dorsal region, and
continued backwards into the cephalic region with a straight (somewhat solid, but
apparently broken) stem. Whether it be a disconnected portion of the margin,
or quite adventitious, is doubtful.
The thick and double ventral margin is brought out in relief, with its strong,
flat, triangular spine.
The dorsal edge of this (the right) valve is distinct; possibly tuberculated
anteriorly, and decidedly marked on its posterior third with a row of oblique
striz or close-set prickles, pointing backwards ; and though similar to the fringe
usually present on the ventral edge, it is the side view of a dorsal ridge or crest
of sharp, chevron-like rugz, and ends in a strong, flat, triangular spine, such as
is seen in the allied species, D. Colet, Pl. XXIII, fig. 1, and Pl. XXIV, fig. 4,
though not so strong. Another posterior spine of the carapace stands out below
that of the dorsal margin (between it and the ventral spine), and makes the third
“horn” of Scouler’s D. tricornis. This latter spine is probably that of the left
valve, which (as seen through the thin and compressed carapace) has been
shifted, and broken along its mesolateral ridge.
This fossil has been described and figured in the ‘ Geological Magazine,’ vol. x,
pp. 483, pl. xvi, fig. 2. It was found one mile east of Paisley, Renfrewshire,
in the same black, thin-bedded earthy lmestone from which Dr. Scouler’s D.
testudinea (Pl. XXIV, fig. 7) was obtained. Both of these unique specimens
have been lent to us for illustration and description by the ‘Trustees of the
Andersonian Museum in Glasgow.
Pl. XXII, figs. 5a—e. Dunn Coll., C. 14, 29. Redesdale.
Size.—A fragment 50 mm. long by 27 mm. broad. The whole valve was
probably more than 65 mm. long and 30 mm. broad.
Characters.—The antero-dorsal portion of the front end has been broken away,
leaving a small part of the antero-ventral region, which retains an indication of
the approximately real curvature of that portion of the ventral border. The
straight edge of a portion of the middle of the crested dorsal border is evident
(compare fig. 6, Pl. XXIV), and was probably continued forwards (upwards in
the plate). A relatively long, sinuous, rugose nuchal ridge lies near the front end
of the dorsal line, and joins on (with a curve) to the long, thin, rugose, juztadorsal
ridge, parallel to and inside the dorsal edge (just as in fig. 1, Pl. XXIV). Acurved
23
174 BRITISH PALAJOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
cephalic ridge with its little crater-lke end, and some protuberances near by, lie
between the nuchal ridge and the remaining anterior end of the mesolateral
rugose ridge of this right-hand valve.
The surface is minutely reticulate, and frequent trigonal outgrowths of the
meshes form obscure or abortive prickles (figs. 5b, d,e). The dorsal crest is
very prominent (compare Pl. XXIII, fig. 1), showing both of its sides (figs. 5a,
b, c,d). Its chevron-like and imbricated rugz rise out of its reticulate sides, one
of which is shown in the fig. 5d. Clearly marked off from the rest of the
surface is one flange of the overriding crest, as in Pl. XXIV, fig. 1, and Pl. XX,
figs. la,2a,b,3aand g. In the arrangement of the ridges (cephalic and others)
and in its subaculeate ornament this specimen closely resembles D. tricornis
(Pl. XXIV, fig. 1); also in its reticulation, which is well preserved.
Two counterparts in a split calcareous nodule; from the shales of the Redes-
dale Ironstone of the Lower Carboniferous series, Northumberland. Collected by
Mr. Dunn.
Pl. XXIV, figs. 5a, 6; Pl. XXII, fig. 4 (magnified part). Mus. Geol. Surv.
scotl., F 42, No. 9.
Size.—Length 13 mm., breadth 10 mm., depth or thickness 4 mm.
Characters.—A small specimen referable to D. tricornis. It exhibits three
obscurely rugose ridges (one dorsal and two mesolateral) along the surface, and
two cephalic ridges in front. Some distortion from pressure has narrowed the
right moiety, and made its mesial ridge oblique to its ventral border and to the
dorsal ridge. The end view (fig. 5b) shows a subquadrate outline, with sloping
sides, which are the down-folded and inturned lateral expansions of the ventral
margins outside the mesolateral ridges.
Pl. XXII, fie. 4, exhibits a magnified view of a part of the surface of fig. 5a,
comprising the right cephalic ridge and its crater-like ocular spot, and the front
end of the right mesolateral ridge, formed, like the other ridges, of imbricating
chevrons. ‘The coarse (worn?) reticulation is also shown, and the irregularly
scattered tubercles or false prickles.
This interesting little fossil has been referred to and figured in the ‘ Geol.
Mag.,” vol. x, p. 485; and dec. 2, vol. 1, p. 111, pl. v, fig. 7.
In black calcareous shale. From the Lower Limestone group, Kirktonholme
Cement Works, East Kilbride. Mr. A. Patton Coll.
Pl. XXVII, figs. 4a—e. Neilson Coll., F.
Size.—Length of carapace 17 mm., breadth 13 mm., depth 5 mm.
Characters. —A small individual like D. tricornis, of a neat suboval shape, and
DITHYROCARIS TRICORNIS. 175
retaining the carapace whole, having its dorsal and two mesolateral ridges, and
other characteristic features, including a reticulate and subaculeate ornament of
the surface.
Compare Pl. XXII, figs. 5d, e (for the ornament); Pl. XXIV, figs. 5a, b (for
shape and outline).
This well-preserved specimen clearly exhibits the clypeiform test, with its
dorsal convexity (fig. 46), when looked at sideways, and its suboblong and
angulate shape when viewed from front or behind (figs. 4 c,d). Its dorsal
ridge and ornament are magnified in fig. 4 e.
From Kirktonholme, East Kilbride.
Pl. XXV, figs. 9 a—c. Mus. Geol. Surv. Scotland, F , No. 20.
This is a large separate dorsal ridge, possibly belonging to D. tricornis or
D. Colei, or even to a different species.
Size.—Length probably about 60 mm. when perfect; width in the middle
5 mm.
Characters.—A long, narrow, fusiform, rugose ridge, with a flat narrow flange
along each side. Thus it matches such a dorsal ridge as belongs to D. tricornis
(Pl. XXIV, figs. 1 and 6) or D. Colei (Pl. XXIV, fig. 2). The latter seems to
have had a rather longer carapace and ridge than the former, but its ridge is not
so thick.
The rugosity of fig. 9, Pl. XXV, has a slight difference of structure from that
of the other rugose ridges (Pl. XX, figs. 2 6, 3 g), due to the divisions of the
chevrons being more exactly alternate in their distances and in their extent over the
ridge, so that there appears to be almost a double row of rounded rugz along this
ridge. This, however, may have been the character of an individual, not of a
species (see D. granulata, Pl. XX, figs. 2b and 3 q).
In brownish calcareous shale. From the Calciferous Sandstone group at
Larriston Burn, near New Castleton, Roxburghshire.
If this dorsal ridge belonged to either D. tricornis or D. Colei, both species are
also represented in the Roxburghshire beds.
Pl. XXV, figs. 10 a—c. Mus. Geol. Surv. Scotland, F =, No. 20.
The surface of the piece of hard shale in which the foregoing dorsal ridge is
embedded is covered with scattered carapaces of small Ostracoda, mainly if not
entirely belonging to Kirkbya plicata (figs. 10 a, side view; 10 b, edge view; and
10 ¢, end view).
My friend Mr. J. W. Kirkby tells me that from this locality (Larriston Quarry)
the Geological Surveyors of Scotland have obtained several good sets of Ostracoda,
which he has determined as Leperditia Okeni (and varieties), Kirkbya costata, K.
176 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA.
plicata, Kirkbya, sp., Argillecia equalis, and Cytherella, sp. Also that K. plicata
and other species occur at other localities near New Castleton.
Mr. Dunn has favoured us with the following note on the succession of strata
comprised in the ‘‘ Redesdale Limestone and Shale.’’ The late Mr. George Tate,
of Alnwick, divided the Carboniferous rocks of Northumberland into the—
1. Coal-measures : : . about 2000 feet.
Pate : P : 900 ,
2. Mountain-limestone | oe oa hi :
Carbonaceous : ee AO es
32 luedians — . . ‘ an L000 2
The ‘‘ Redesdale beds ” belong to the base of the ‘‘ Caleareous”’ division, and
they are as follow :
1. Shale, containing “ Leaf” ironstone nodules. Often replaced by red
Boulder-clay, 10 feet.
2. Redesdale Limestone, 14: feet.
3. Clayey Sandstone, containing Stigmarvia with rootlets, 16 inches.
+, Yellow, fine-grained Sandstone, calcareous in many places, 9 feet.
5. Ironstone Shale, 30 feet. Near the top is an ironstone band, about 4 inches
thick, and full of organic remains. Fossiliferous ironstone nodules, sometimes in
beds, are scattered throughout this shale.
6. Sandstone, 60 feet. A coal-seam,! 14 inches thick, occurs in this sandstone.
From the Shales and Ironstones of Redesdale Mr. J. Dunn has collected
Dithyrocaris glabra, D. tricornis (Pl. XXII, fig. 5), D. Dunnii (tail-pieces,
Pl. XXIII, figs. 9 and 10), several Gastric Teeth of Dithyrocaris (Pl. XXVI,
figs. 21—26, 35, 36), Trilobites (Phillipsia, &c.), and some fish remains, besides
other fossils, obscure and fragmentary.
11. Dirayrocaris Betut, H. Woodward, 1871. Plate XVIII, figs. 8a, 8, ¢.
Dirnyrocaris srriatus, H. Woodward, 1871. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1870,
Sections, p. 90.
— Bruit, H. Woodward, 1871. Geol. Mag., vol. viii, p. 106, pl. iu,
fig. 5.
— 1872. Canadian Naturalist, vol. vi, pp. 18,
Ie);
== — 8. A. Miller, 1877. Americ. Palewoz. Foss., p. 217.
= — Bigsby, 1878. Thesaur. Dev.-Carb., p. 27.
* See also G. A. Lebour’s ‘Outlines of the Geology of Northumberland,’ 1878, pp. 38, &e.
——<—< o-
PRATE -<Vilt:
Fig. 1 a.—Dithyrocaris glabra, H. Woodward and R. Etheridge, jun. Left
moiety or valve. Mus. Geol. Survey Scotland, 4368, F 72, No. 11 (= ‘ Geol.
Mag.,’ 1874, pl. v, fig. 4). (Page 136.)
Fig. 1b.—The same. Part of the surface, with and without the outermost
film. x 40.
Fig. 2.—D. glabra, W. & EB. Right valve. M. G. S. Sce., 4078, F 22, No. 12
(=‘ Geol. Mag.,’ 1874, pl. v, fig. 5). (Page 137.)
Fig. 3a.—D. ovalis, W. & EH. Carapace, crushed and open. M. G. S. Sce.,
F 22, No. 4 (=‘ Geol. Mag.,’ 1874, pl. v, fig. 1). (Page 140.)
Fig. 3b.—The same. Part of the surface. x 40.
Fig. 4.—D. granulata, W. & H. Left valve. M. G. 8S. Sc., F 42, No. 6;
also Pl. XX, fig. 2, magnified (= ‘ Geol. Mag.,’ 1874, pl. v, fig. 2). (Page 142.)
Fig. 5a.—D. granulata, W. & E. Left valve. M. G. S. Se., 4076, F 23,
No. 13 (=‘ Geol. Mag.,’ 1874, pl. v, fig. 3). (Page 144.)
Fig. 5>.—The same. Antero-dorsal region. X 34.
Fig. 6.—D. granulata, W. & HE. Carapace. Brit. Mus., 59541, No. 9; also
Pl. XX, fig. 1, magnified. (Page 144.)
Fig. 7.—Calyptocaris striata, Woodward, sp. M. G. 8S. Se., M 576a, F $2,
No. 15 (= ‘Geol. Mag.,’ 1874, pl. v, fig. 6). Two valves pressed together,
showing the left imperfect.
Fig. 8 a.—Dithyrocaris Belli, Woodward. Two valves overlapping, imperfect.
B. M., No. 20 (=“'Geol. Mag.” 1871, pl. m,fig.5). (Pagesl76.)
Fig. 8b.—The same. Postero-ventral region of the left valve. x 5.
Fig. 8c.—The same. Part of surface. x 15.
PLATE XVII,
TRI. direst. Geo West & Sons lith.et imp.
BRITISH FOSSIL PHYLLOPODA.
Sagks
@
‘ee - a
igen -
ww n A
; et
1m e Fer oe
PLATE XIX.
(All the figures of the natural size except Fig. 6b.)
Fig. 1.—Dithyrocaris glabra, H. Woodward and R. Etheridge, jun. Left
valve. Brit. Mus., 59541, No.1. (Page 138.)
Fig. 2.—D. glabra, W. & HE. Two displaced and partly overlapping valves.
Mus. Sci. and Art, Edinburgh, 1883, 23,5, No. 1. (Page 138.)
Fig. 3.—D. glabra, W. & EH. Right valve and tail. M. Sc. A. Edin., 1883, 23, 5,
No. 4. (Page 138.)
Fig. 4.—D. glabra, W. & HK. Crushed carapace and tail. 3B. M., 59541,
No. 28. (Page 139.)
Fig. 5.—D. granulata, W. & HE. Right valve, imperfect. M. Sc. A. Edinb.,
Coutts, 1887, 72, No. 9. (Page 145.)
Fig. 6 a.—D. granulata, W.& E. Carapace, somewhat crushed and imperfect.
B. M., 59541, No. 10; also Pl. XX, fig. 3, magnified. (Page 144.)
Fig. 6b.—The same. Part of the surface. x 20.
Fig. 7.—D. testudinea, Scouler. Carapace crushed and imperfect. B. M.,
59541, No. 15. See also Pl. XXII, fig. 3, cephalic part magnified. (Page 147.)
Fig. 8.—WD. testudinea, Scouler. Two valves crushed and displaced. B. M.,
I, 109, No. 21. (Page 147.)
Fig. 9.—D. testudinea, Scouler. ‘Two valves overlapping. Museum of
Practical Geology, 6268, 28. (Page 148.)
i, KIX.
AE
is
ed
mT Caceres ee
Goo.West
t
2. J, direxi
rT
Illy PHYLLOPODA
=)
re)
BO
gITISH
B
PEATE XX
Fig. La.—Dithyrocaris granulata, W. & HE. Carapace flattened, open. X 25.
B. M., 59541, No. 9; also Pl. XVIII, fig. 6. (Page 144.)
Fig. 1) —The same. Two cephalic and one nuchal ridge. X 95.
Fig. 2a.—D. granulata, W. & H. Left valve. x Oa) MiG. G2 se. Harge
No. 6; also Pl. XVIII, fig. 4. (Page 142.)
Fig. 2b.—The same. Part of surface, including the dorsal ridge. x 14.
Fig. 2¢.—The same. Outline of the ridge. X 14.
Fig. 2d—The same. Part of the surface. X 40.
Fig. 3 a.—D. granulata, W. & EH. Carapace, somewhat crushed. xX 23. B.M.,
59541, No. 10; also Pl. XIX, fig. 6. (Page 144.)
Fig. 3b.—The same. Outline of the elevation of the carapace. X 25.
Fig. 3c.—The same. One of the cephalic ridges. X 5.
Fig. 3d.—The same. View of the broken end of the dorsal ridge. xX 10.
Fig. 3¢.—The same. Part of the surface. X 40.
Fig. 3.—The same. Outline of the elevation of the dorsal ridge. X 15.
Fig. 3 g.—The same. Part of the dorsal ridge. X 15.
E12 DOC,
A
Pie
s lith.et irap.
eo. West & Son
TR. direst.
SIL PHYLLOPODA
PLATE XXII.
(All of the natural size except Figs. 11 d, 11 e, and 11/,)
Fig. 1.—Dithyrocaris testudinea, Scouler. Left valve. B. M., 59541, No. 17.
(Page 148.)
Fig. 2.—D. testudinea, Scouler. Inperfect carapace. B. M., 59541, No. 18.
(Page 148.)
Fig. 3.—D. testudinea, Scouler. Right valve. M.Sc. A. Edin., Coutts, 1887,
22, No. 13; also Rl. XXXI, fig. 2. (Page 149.)
Fig. 4.—D. testudinea, Scouler. Two displaced valves and tail. M. Sc. A.
Edin., Coutts, 1887, $2, No. 11. (Page 149.)
Fig. 5.—D. testudinea, Scouler. Abdominal segments and tail. B.M., 59541,
No. 27; also Pl. XXXI, fig. 4. (Page 150.)
Fig. 6.—D. testudinea, Scouler. Right valve. M. Sc. A. Edin., Coutts, 1887,
GS eoENOwt cg dlsOnt | XOXO, Hono. . (Page La0,)
Fig. 7 a.—D. Scouleri (2), M‘Coy. Left valve.
Fig. 7 b.—D. Scouleri (7), M‘Coy. Counterpart of fig. 7 a.
(bis), No. 17. (Page 155.)
Fig. 8—Chenocaris tenuistriata, M‘Coy, sp. Left valve. B. M., 32988,
No. 23. (Visé.)
Fig. 9.—Chenocaris tenwistriata, M‘Coy. Left valve. B. M., 44987, No. 24.
(Settle. )
Fig. 10.—Dithyrocaris Scouleri (7), M‘Coy. Caudal extremity. B. M., 59541,
No. 22. (Page 155.)
Fig. 11 a.—Chenocaris tenuistriata, M‘Coy, sp. Right valve. Mus. Cambridge.
(Settle. )
Fig. 11b.—The same. Edge view.
Fig. 1lc.—The same. End view.
Fig. 11d.—The same. Part of surface at the ventral margin. X 20.
Fig. 1le——The same. Part of surface at the mesolateral ridge. X 20.
Fig. 11f.—The same. Part of surface near one end of the valve. X 20.
} M. G. S. Se., F-
Pie Aw) Xoxar
c
Pama isa rstese ce.
7a cana
eee
ak
Geo West & Sons lith. et imap
iJ. direxmt
FOSSIL PHYLLOPODA.
BRITISH
PLATE XXII.
Fig. 1 a.—Chenocaris Youngui, sp. nov. Carapace, showing the left valve.
J. Young Coll. (Robroystone.) x 7.
Fig. 1b.—The same. Carapace, showing the right valve. x 7.
Fig. 1c—The same. Carapace, end view. xX 7.
Fig. 1d.—The same. Carapace, back view. xX 7.
Fig. 1e.—The same. Part of surface at the mesolateral ridge. xX 30.
Fig. 2.—Chenocaris ? Richteriana, sp. nov. One valve, imperfect at the edges.
x 5. From Saalfeld.
Fig. 3.—D. testudinea, Scouler. Cephalic portion. xX 3. B.M., 59541, No. 15;
also Pl. XIX, fig. 7. (Page 147.)
Fig. 4.—D. tricornis, Scouler. Part of surface of fig. 5, Pl. XXIV. x 30.
(Page 174.)
Fig. 5a.—D. tricornis, Scouler. Part of right valve. Dunn Coll. C 14,
(Redesdale.) (Page 173.)
Fig. 5b.—The same. Part of the dorsal ridge. 5.
Fig. 5¢c.—The same. End view of the dorsal ridge. x 5.
Fig. 5d.—The same. Left-hand side of part of the dorsal ridge. x 10.
Fig. 5e—The same. Part of the surface. xX 16.
Fig. 6a.—D. funiculata, sp. nov. Right valve. M. G. S. Se., F %, No. 7.
(Page 158.)
Fig. 6b.—The same. Part of the postero-ventral region. xX 8.
Fig. 6c.—The same. Part of the ventral edge. x 8.
Fig. 6d.—The same. Part of the surface. x 20.
Fig. 7.—D. Colei, Portlock. Imperfect left valve of small individual. M. G.
Surv. Scot., m 4271, F *, No. 21. (Page 167.)
IIL YN, DOO.
T.RI.dirext. Geo.West & Sons lith. et irmp.
BRITISH FOSSIL PHYLLOPODA.
PLATE XXIII.
(All the figures are of the natural size.)
Fig. 1.—Dithyrocaris Colet, Portlock. Right valve nearly perfect, and part
of another overlying; also Pl. XXIV, fig.4. M. P. G., 6262, 8& @ Portlock’s
pl. xii, fig. 2). (Page 164.)
Fig. 2.—D. Colei, Portlock. Tail. M. P. G., 6261, 3% (Portlock’s pl. xii, fig. 4).
Fig. 3.—D. Colei, Portlock. Tail. M. P.G., 6261, 3¢ (Portlock’s pl. xii, fig. 5).
Fig. 4.—D. Colei, Portlock. Tail. M. P. G., 6265, 3° (Portlock’s pl. xii, fig. 3 a).
Fig. 5.—D. lateralis, M‘Coy. Tail. M.G. 8. Se., m 4268, and counterpart,
m 42667 b, No. 26.
Fig. 6.—D. lateralis, M‘Coy. Tail. Mus. Cambridge.
Fig. 7.—D. testudinea (?), Scouler. Tail. B. M.,59541, No. 30. (Page 150.)
Fig. 8.—D. testudinea, Scouler. Tail. B. M., Rankin, No. 29, (Page 151.)
Fig. 9.—D. Dunnii, sp. nov. Tail. Dunn Coll., 28.
Fig. 10.—D. Dunnii, sp. nov. Tail. Dunn Coll, 28.
Fig. 11.—D. glabra, W. & E. Two displaced valves and a tail. M. Sc. A.
Edinb., 1886, 91, 1, No. 5. (Page 140.)
wo "|
IFLA, DOO,
TRI. direxit Geo.West & Sons lith. et irnp
BRITISH FOSSIL PHYLLOPODA.
ye
=<
PLATE XXIV.
(All the figures are of the natural size).
Fig. 1.—Dithyrocaris tricornis, Scouler. Carapace and abdominal segments.
Mus. Geol. Surv. Scotl., F 22, No. 14. (Page 171.)
Fig. 2.—D. Colei, Portlock. Carapace, imperfect. (The type.) Mus. Pract.
Geol. 6263, 32. (Page 165.)
Fig. 3.—D. orbicularis, Portlock. Carapace,crushed. (Thetype.) M. P. G.,
6266, 28. (Page 168.)
Fig. 4.—D. Colei, Portlock. Right moiety or valve. M. P. G., 6262 (part).
(Overlapping fig. 1, Pl. XXIII.) (Page 166.)
Fig. 5a.—D. tricornis, Scouler. Carapace of small individual. M. G. 8. Se.,
¥ 37, No. 9. (Page 174.)
Fig. 5b.—The same. End view in outline.
Fig. 6.—D. tricornis, Scouler. Folded and compressed carapace and tail.
(The type.) Mus. Tech. Coll. Glasgow. (Page 172.)
Fig. 7.—D. testudinea, Scouler. Carapace, abdominal segments, and tail.
(The type.) Mus. Tech. Coll. Glasgow. (Page 146.)
Fig. 8.—Chenocaris tenuistriata, M‘Coy, sp. Right valve. (The type.)
Copied from M‘Coy’s ‘ Carb. Fossils Ireland,’ pl. xxiii, fig. 3.
XXIV.
IIL ASE a
imay
ns lith et
eo. West & So
Ge
TRI. direxit
FOSSIL PHYLLOPODA.
BRITISH
PARE exe:
Fig. 1.—Dithyrocaris glabra, W. & EH. Part of the dorsal noe of one of
two valves. x 23. B. M., 59541, No. 6. (Page 139.)
Fig. 2.—D. glabra, W. & H. Part of the dorsal ridge of the left valve. x 29.
Boe, oa No. 8. (Page 139.)
Fig. 3. a4.—D. insignis, sp. nov. Part of right valve among displaced fragments
of two valves. Mus. Leeds Coll. x 24. (Page 159.)
Fig. 36.—The same. Part of the surface. x 10.
Fig. 3¢.—The same. Part of the surface. x 50.
Fig. 4.a.—Possibly from the same specimen. Part of a dorsal ridge. X 3.
Fig. 4b.—The same. Part of its surface. x 10.
Fig. 4¢.—The same. Outline of its elevation. x 10.
Fig. 4d.—The same. Part of its surface. x 10.
Fig. 4e.—The same. Part of its surface. x 50.
Fig. 5a.—Probably from the same specimen. Fragment of a valve. X 10.
Fig. 5b.—The same. Part of its surface. X 50.
Fig. 6a.—D. Scouleri, M‘Coy. Carapace and tail. Copied from M*‘Coy’s
‘Carb. Foss. Ireland,’ pl. xxiii, fig. 2. (Page 155.)
Fig. 6 b.—The same.
Fig. 6 c.—The same. } Parts of the ridges.
Fig. 7.—D. sp. (?).. From a plaster cast. Griffith Coll. Dublin. (Page 157.)
Fig. 8 a.—Hibbertia orbicularis, gen. and sp. nov. X 2. (Burdiehouse.)
Fig. 8 b.—The left-hand postero-ventral angle. xX 5.
Fig. 9 a.—D. Colei (?) vel tricornis (7). A separate dorsal ridge. M.G.S.Sc.,
t=, No. 20. (Page 1175.)
ie 9b.—The same. Part of its surface. x 5.
Fig. 9c.—The same. Outline of its elevation. x 5.
Fig. 10 a.—Kirkbya plicata, J. & K. Carapace, showing the right valve. x 25.
On the same specimen with fig. 9. (Page 175.)
Fig. 10b.—The same. Dorsal view. x 25.
Fig. 10c.—The same. Part of the surface. X 50.
XXX.
PLATE
6 lith. et imp.
Geo West & S
T. RJ. direxit
BRITISH FOSSIL PHYLLOPODA.
PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVII.
VOLUME FOR 1898.
MDCCCXOVIII.
A MONOGRAPH
OF THE
BRITISH CARBONIFEROUS
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
BY
WHEELTON HIND, M.D., B.S.Lonp., F.R.C.S., F.G.S.
MEMB. SOC. GEOL. BELGIUM.
PART Itt.
NUCULIDA, TRIGONIDA, UNIONIDA, EDMONDID A.
Pages 209—276; Phares XVI—XXV.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
1898.
PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON,
BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C., AND 20, HANOVER SQUARE, W.
it
CTENODONTA. 209
Genus Crenoponta, Salter, 1851.
3 b)
TreLiinoMya, Hail, 1847. Nat. Hist. New York, Pal., vol. i, p. 151.
Crrnoponta, Salter, 1851. Rep. Brit. Assoe. for 1851 (1852), Sect. p. 64,
Lepa, de Ryckholt, 1853. Mél. Paléontol., partie ii, p. 146.
Crenoponta, Salter, 1859. Geol. Surv. Canada, dec. 1, p. 34.
— Murchison, 1851. Siluria, edit. 2, pp. 218 and 546.
Non — Salter, 1864. Mem. Geol. Surv., Geol. around Oldham, p. 65.
— — 1866. Mem. Geol. Surv. Gt. Brit., vol. ii, p. 345.
— pars, Bigsby, 1878. Thesaurus Devonico-carboniferus, p. 303.
— Barrois, 18382. Terr. anciens Asturias et Galice, p. 339.
Tr“itnomya, de Koninck, 1885. Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Belge, tom. xi, p. 138.
Crrenoponta, @Whlert, 1888. Bull. Soe. Géol. France, ser. 3, vol. xvi, p. 653.
TeLuinomya, Miller, 1889. North Amer. Geol. and Pal., p. 514.
Crenoponta, Beushausen, 1895. Abh.k. Preuss. Geol., Landesanstalt, neue Folge,
Heft 17, p. 65.
— Whidborne, 1896. Devonian Fauna, vol. ili, pt. 1, p. 98.
-- Tornquist, 1896. Das fossilfiihrende Untercarbon in den Std-
Vogesen, pt. 2, p. 74.
Generic Characters.—Shell more or less transverse, ovate ; surface smooth, or
with regular concentric lines. Hinge consists of a lone row of teeth, which
become smaller as they approach the centre from either extremity; there is no
cartilage-pit below the umbo separating the teeth into an anterior and a posterior
set. Pallial line entire.
Observations.
At p. 177 of this Monograph I gave an account of the synonymy
of Salter’s genus Ctenodonta, showing it to be, without doubt, synonymous with
Tellinomya of Hall, which clearly antedates Salter’s name. Following Cthlert,
Whidborne, Beushausen, and Tornquist (op. sup. cit.), I have adopted Ctenodonta
in preference to Tellinomya, considering the latter name to have been already
used for a genus of Lamellibranchs by Brown, who spelt it Vellimya; but
Agassiz in 1846, considering the orthography incorrect, altered it to Tellino-
mya. It is satisfactory to be able to discard a name which conveys such a very
erroneous idea of the generic affinities of the genus for which it was proposed.
Although from external characters alone it is impossible to separate shells of this
genus from Nucula; the hinge is very different, the muscle-scars not so pro-
nounced or so low down, and the accessory scars are absent. At present I am
able to recognise only one species in Great Britain, but this occurs pretty
abundantly at Congleton Edge, Cheshire, with the peculiar fauna to which I
have already drawn attention, antea, p. 93.
De Koninck describes two species from the Carboniferous rocks of Belgium,
under the name Tellinomya ; C. sinuosa, de Ryckholt, sp., and C. pusilla. The
27
210 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
latter species is founded upon a single valve, but both forms are from the same
locality and horizon, ‘‘ Cale-schiste”’ of Tournai.
Barrois has described one species of this genus from the Carboniferous beds of
the Asturias and Gallicia, Spain, under the name C. Halli, but this species seems
to me to be identical with that described by de Ryckholt and de Koninck.
Crenoponta stnuosa, de Iyckholt, sp., 1853. Plate XVIII, figs. 1—6.
Lepa stnvosa, de Ryckholt, 1853. Mélanges Pal., pt. 2, p. 151, pl. xvii, figs. 5, 6.
Crrnoponta stnvosa, Bigsby, 1878. Thesaurus Devonico-carboniferus, p. 303.
— Hatt, Barrois, 1882. Recherches Terr. anciens des Asturias et
de Galice, p. 339, pl. xvii, figs. 2 a—e.
TELLINOMYA stnuosa, de Koninck, 1885. Ann. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belge,
tom. xi, p. 189, pl. xxv, figs. 24, 25; pl. xxvi,
figs. 22—29, and 42.
Specific Characters.—Shell of moderate size, transversely ovate, moderately
convex, produced posteriorly. The anterior side comprises about one-third of the
valve, and is regularly swollen, much deeper in a dorso-ventral direction than the pos-
terior end, which is compressed, narrowed, and produced. ‘The anterior border is
regularly rounded, passing with a continuous curve into the inferior, which is
convex, especially in front, and produced. ‘he posterior border is very short,
bluntly pointed, narrowed by the approximation of the ventral border and the
hinge-line. The latter is very slightly arcuate, and produced posteriorly. The
umbones are small and inconspicuous, contiguous, not elevated, only limited in
front; elsewhere they are continuous with the general convexity of the valve.
They are situated at the junction of the anterior and middle thirds of the valve.
Commencing at the apex of the umbo a narrow ridge passes backwards, almost
parallel with the hinge-line, forming with that of the opposite valve a well-marked
escutcheon. The valve is regularly convex from before backwards, and above
downwards, the point of greatest convexity being midway between the umbo and
the ventral border.
Interior. —The anterior adductor muscle-scar is round, large, deep, and
situated just within the margin at the anterior-superior angle. ‘The posterior is
pear-shaped, situated within the posterior slope, remote from the border, with a
deep, elongate, narrow, accessory scar between it and the upper border. The
hinge-plate consists of an anterior set of about six teeth, triangular in shape, with
the apices directed backwards, and which gradually become smaller as_ they
approach the umbo; the teeth m the posterior set are much more numerous, at
CTENODONTA SINUOSA. 211
times as many as twenty-four, situated with their angles pointing forwards, and
becoming gradually smaller as they approach the umbo, where they are very minute
and crowded. There is no gap between the two sets, or any internal socket for the
cartilage. ‘he umbones are much hollowed out, so that casts of them are
acutely pointed, much more so than the shell itself. The pallial line is entire and
inconspicuous.
Kxterior.—The surface is ornamented with numerous regular concentric lines,
separated by bands of very fine striz.
Dimensions.—Fig. 2, Pl. XVIII, a cast, measures—
Antero-posteriorly : ; = 7 mann.
Dorso-ventrally . =. 2 nm:
Laterally . . mame
Locality.—England: in Caleareous Bullions and Shale below the Third Mill-
stone-grit, Congleton Edge, Cheshire.
Observations.—This species was described by de Ryckholt as Leda, and sub-
sequently by de Koninck as Tellinomya sinuosa. I have examined the specimens
in the type collection at the Royal Natural History Museum, Brussels, and have
no doubt as to the identity of the British specimens. I have been fortunate enough
to obtain some beautiful impressions of the hinge-teeth in casts, one of which I
figure, Pl. XVIII, fig. 1 a, which at once shows the absence of the cartilage-pit
between the anterior and posterior sets of teeth, which is present in all the
Carboniferous species of Nucula and Nuculana.
Externally the species somewhat resembles Nucula levirostrum, Pl. XV, figs.
34—38, but I think that I have satisfied myself of the presence of the internal
cartilage-pit in this species; nor does it possess the escutcheon, in the anterior
part of which probably was lodged the external ligament which is said to be
present in CO. sinuosa.
De Koninck states that his specimens were obtained from the ‘‘ calschiste”
of Tournai, which is considered to be near the base of the Carboniferous rocks of
Belgium. My specimens, curiously, are from an horizon presumably far higher,
occurring as they do in calcareous shales some little distance below the Third
Millstone-grit, the Fourth and Fifth grits not extending so far south, but
dying out a few miles north of Congleton Edge. The fossiliferous bed is situated
upon a thick bed of quartzose, gannister-like sandstone with plant remains, and
has been described at p. 93 of this Monograph; though the present species is
not included in the list, having been only obtained, with several other species
new to the horizon, since that part of the work was published. I cannot see any
real difference between C. Halli of Barrois and C. sinuwosa. ‘hough de Koninck
says (p. 139), ** La Tellinomya (Ctenodonta) Halli, C. Barrois, du terrain carbonifére
d’Hspagne, est a peu pres la seule espéce de cette formation qui ait une certaine
212 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
ressemblance avec celle que je viens de décrire; elle en difftre par sa taille, qui est
plus grande, par la forte dépression de son cété postérieur, par allongement de sa
charniére et la régularité plus grande des deux séries de ses dents cardinales.”
These differences do not exist, for De Koninck describes the posterior end of
C. sinuosa as “ rétrécie et prolongée en pointe émoussée en arritre ;”” the length of
the hinge depends on the size of the specimen, and the teeth are always regular.
A. comparison of the figures given by de Koninck and Barrois respectively does
not afford a single point for differentiation of the species.
Lanily TRIGONIDA.
Genus Scnizopus, King, in De Verneuil, 1845.
TELLINItTES, Schlitheim, 1816. Acad. Minch., vol. vi, p. 31.
— — 1820. Petrefactenkunde, p. 189.
Axinvus, Sowerby, 1821. Min. Conch., vol. iv, p. 12.
Isocarpia, Phillips, 1836. Geol. Yorks., pt. 2, p. 209.
Axinus, Rhind, 1838. The Age of the Earth, p. 167.
Donax ?, Sowerby, 1840. Geol. Coalbrookdale (explan. of plates).
Venus ?, Sowerby, 1840. Ibid.
CucuLLmA, Geinitz, 1841. Neues Jahrbuch, p. 1388.
Axinus, Morris, 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., 1st edit., p. 80.
Tsocarpia, Morris, 1848. Ibid., p. 88.
Pacuyopon, Brown, 1843. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xii, p. 396.
Non Axinvus, ‘Coy, 1843. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 63.
CarpromMorPHA (pars), J/‘Coy, 1843. Ibid., p. 56.
CucuLLmA, Geinitz, 1843. Gaea von Sachsen, p. 96.
Scutzopus, King, 1844. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 313 (nomen nudum).
— de Verneuil, 1845. Pal. de Russie, vol. ii, p. 308.
— Howse, 1848. Trans. T. N. F. C., vol.i, p. 246.
— Geinitz, 1848. Versteinerungen Zechsteingebirges, p. 8.
Isocarpia, Brown, 1849. Illust. Foss. Conch., p. 197.
Unto (pars), Brown, 1849. Ibid., p. 178.
CarvioMoRPHA (pars), d’Orbigny, 1850. Prodrome de Paléont., p. 133.
Scuizopus, King, 1850. Monog. Permian Foss., p. 185.
Axinus, Morris, 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2nd edit., p. 188.
Myornorta, I‘Coy, 1855, Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 495.
Scuizopus, Hichwald, 1856. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, tome xxix, 2e partie,
p-: 134.
Axtnus (Scuizopus), Meek and Hayden, 1858. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
p. 262.
Scuizopus, Hichwald, 1860. Lethza Rossica, vol. i, p. 997.
SCHIZODUS. 213
Scuizopus, Salter, 1860. Trans. Royal Soc. Edin., vol. xxii, p. 385.
— — 1861. Mem. Geol. Surv. Gt. Brit., “Iron Ores Gt. Brit.,”
pt. 3, pl. 1, fig. 30, p. 221.
CypricarpiA ?, Swallow, 1862. Trans. St. Louis Acad., vol. i, p. 96.
Scuizopus, Meek and Worthen, 1865. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 457.
— Meek and Hayden, 1865. Pal. of Upper Missouri, p. 58.
— Meek and Worthen, 1866. Proc. Chicago Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. i, p. 18.
— — — Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. ii, p. 301.
mS Geinitz, 1866. Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 18.
— Meek and Worthen, 1870. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 41.
= Stoliczka, 1881. Pal. Indica Cret. Faun., vol. iu, p. 309.
Non — Meek, 1871. Proce. Acad. N. Sci. Phil., p. 165.
» Axinus, Young and Armstrong, 1871. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasg., vol. iii, Appendix,
p. 49.
Scuizopus, Meek and Worthen, 1873. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. v, p. 579.
-- White, 1875. Rep. Exp. W. of 100th Merid., vol. iv, p. 154.
— Meek, 1875. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. ii, pt. 2, p. 336.
— Rk. Etheridge,jun., 1875. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xv, p. 431.
Axinus (pars), Young and Armstrong, 1876. Carb. Foss. W. of Scotland, p. 53.
Scuizopus, R. Etheridge, jun., 1878. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxiy, p. 15.
— Bigsby, 1878. ‘Thesaurus Devonico-carboniferus, p. 311.
— Barrois, 1882. Terr. anciens des Asturias et de la Galice, p. 341.
— White. U.S. Geol. Surv. Indiana, 13th Ann. Rep., p. 147.
— Walcott, 1884. Mon. U.S. Geol, Surv. Pal. Eureka District, p. 252.
— Fischer, 1887. Manuel de Conch., p. 995.
— Waagen, 1887. Pal. Indica, ser. xiii, vol. i, “ Salt Range Fossils,” p. 230.
— Etheridge, 1888. Brit. Foss., vol. i, Paleozoic, p. 290.
— Miller, 1889. N. Amer. Geol. and Pal., p. 510.
— Ward, 1890. Trans. N. Staff. Inst. Min. and Mech. Eng., vol. x,
p. 181.
_ Worthen, 1890. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. viii, p. 107.
Nucuta, sp., Wild, 1891. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., vol. xxi, pl. 11, fig. 3.
Scuizopus, Miller, 1891. Geol. Surv. Indiana, 17th Ann. Rep., p. 91.
= Whitfield, 1893. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. vu, p. 474.
— Wokrman, 1894. Jahrbuch k. k. Geol. Reichsanstalt, Band xliii, p. 7.
—_— Keyes, 1894. Missouri Geol. Surv., vol. v, pt. 2, p. 123.
Generic Characters.—Equivalve, inequilateral, the posterior side produced.
Ovate, trigonal, gibbose. The hinge consists of three teeth in each valve, 1:1:1,
those of the right valve being anterior to those in the left. Adductor muscle-
scars well marked but shallow. Pallial line entire.
Surface smooth, or with fine concentric parailel lnes, which have the same
contour as the margins.
Observations.—Professor King, as early as 1844 (op. supra cit.), stated that he
proposed to institute the generic term “ Schizodus for the Permian and Car-
boniferous Axinuses, to distinguish them from the London Clay Awvinus angulatus.”
214 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Neither description nor figures were given, and the first published diagnosis and
description was given by de Verneuil in his work on the ‘ Paléontologie de la
Russie,’ who acknowledged that he had had the opportunity of perusing the MS.
of King’s ‘Monograph on the Permian Fossils,’ in which volume a full and
detailed account of the genus was to appear. The generic name Schizodus must,
therefore, date from de Verneuil’s work; but as he himself distinctly states
that he has used King’s MS. account, I have quoted the author as King in
de Verneuil.
In a foot-note on p. 185 of his work King stated that he considered the
Sedgwickia gigantea of M‘Coy to be a species of Schizodus; but I think he was
wrong in this case. He also stated that a large number of shells classed under
six different genera by M‘Coy were referable to his new genus; these, however, I
now refer to Protoschizodus.
Sowerby included under his genus Awinus two very different shells,—A.
angulatus from the London Clay, and A. obscurus from the Permian; the former
had an edentulous hinge, and the latter was shown by King to possess well-
marked hinge-teeth, so that there was little or no doubt of the wisdom of erecting
a new genus for shells possessing the latter characters ; Axinus being now classed
in the family Ungulinidee, Schizodus in the Trigonide.
Professor King described the hinge of Schizodus as consisting of two smooth
cardinal teeth in the right valve, with three in the left, those of the latter being
placed in front of those in the right valve. With this description I am not able
entirely to agree, for I find in the best preserved and full-grown specimens that
there are three distinct teeth in each valve, only one of which, however, is really a
cardinal tooth, the anterior and posterior teeth in each valve being lateral teeth;
and that, in direct opposition to King’s statement, the teeth of the right valve are
always in front of those in the left. This misstatement is fully accounted for by
the non-discovery of the anterior tooth of the right valve, for in every other detail
the figures of the hinges given in the ‘Monograph of Permian Fossils,’ pl. xv,
fig. 29, are very fairly accurate.
The anterior tooth in the right valve is sessile, and the least apparent of any,
being only a thickening of the edge of the hinge-plate (Pl. XVI, fig. 2), but the
cardinal tooth of the left valve is the larger, and is comparatively thick, and there
is not room enough to receive it in the small hollow between the anterior and
cardinal teeth of the right valve ; and these two teeth are connected in the right
valve by a plate of shell, while the tooth-cavity posterior to the cardinal tooth is
large and perfectly free. These details are well shown in a right valve of
S. Pentlandicus, from Woodhall, Water of Leith (fig. 2, Pl. XVI), and a left valve of
S. Harvi, Miller, from the Upper Coal-measures of Kansas (fig. 1 a, Pl. XVI), which
SCHIZODUS. 215
I figure here as it is a large shell, and consequently possesses all the details of
L 010101
the hinge on a large scale; the formula being ;°)\" from before backwards.
Waagen says (op. sup. cit.), p. 282, “In the right valve the posterior cardinal
tooth is generally very small and firmly adpressed to the hinge margin, superseded
by a not long but very distinct fulerum. Anteriorly the hinge margin is some-
what thickened, forming an indistinct third anterior cardinal tooth.” In the left
valve he describes the three teeth, but states that the cardinal tooth is not always
bifid.
De Verneuil (op. supra cit.) described only two hinge-teeth in each valye—an
error which King pointed out.
De Ryckholt (‘ Mélanges paléontologiques,’ partie i, p. 79) places Schizodus
as a synonym of Dolabra, M‘Coy, the hinge of which genus as described by M‘Coy
consists of ‘two long diverging cardinal teeth, and two lengthened posterior
lateral teeth.’’ M‘Coy was of opinion that Schizodus of King was identical with
Myophoria, Bronn, from the Muschelkalk, and there is no doubt that the two
genera are closely allied. In Myophoria, however, the cardinal teeth are striated,
and the anterior adductor muscle is situated upon an elevated prominence, and
the surface is ornamented with radiating ribs—characters absent in Schizodus.
King, however, seems to have been quite aware of the close similarity of these
two genera.
The affinities of the genus Myophoria have been discussed by Neumayer, Frech,
and others. Their views are discussed in detail by 8. Frh. vy. Wohrman in vol. xhii,
1893, of the ‘Jahrbuch der k.k. Geol. Reichsanstalt.’ He describes the hinge
of the left valve of Myophoria as having three teeth; the posterior, commonly
long and short, may become short and blunt, and almost entirely disappear in
the posterior edge of the valve. ‘he cardinal tooth strongly, slightly, or not at all
bifid on its articular surface ; and the anterior tooth formed by a narrow thickening
of the hinge-plate, which may become strongly developed, and in front of which is
a tooth-socket. The hinge of the right valve possesses as a rule two teeth, the
posterior, either long and narrow or short and thick; the cardinal tooth always
rises below the umbo, and is directed forwards: there is also at times an anterior
tooth on the anterior edge, well marked in M. truncata, Goldfuss.
It is at once evident that the hinge as here described is identical with those
which I figure (Pl. XVI, figs. 1 and 2) as Schizodus Harii and S. Pentlandicus,
When discussing the affinities of Schizodus, v. Wohrman remarks on the difficulty
of distinguishing this genus from Myophoria. He says the tooth formula may be
the same in both, but the chief difference in Schizodus is its possession of a deeply
bifid Trigonia-like tooth in the left valve. Waagen (‘ Pal. Indica,’ ser. 13, vol. i,
*‘ Salt Range Fossils’) appears to have considered that the absence of the muscle
ridge, the greater distance of the muscle from the hinge, and the opisthogyrous
216 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
umbo were not always characteristic of the various forms described as Schizodus,
and suggests that probably many species have been erroneously classed in this
genus. Von Wohrman sums up his remarks by stating that it 1s very question-
able whether the genus Schizodus can be retained under the circumstances.
Waagen, who admits both Schizodus and Myophoria, says (op. sup. cit., p. 232),
*Myophoria is, indeed, very nearly allied to Schizodus; the cardinal teeth in
both valves are perfectly identical, and the only point of difference consists in a
more or less strongly developed internal ridge surrounding the anterior muscular
impression at its upper extremity, and extending from them a short way up
towards the apex of the valves. Also in Schizodus a certain tendency exists to
develop internal ridges inside the valves, but they are mostly posterior.” This
author traces the descent of Myophoria through Schizodus and through Curto-
notus to Pseudaxinus, with its thin shell and shghtly developed cardinal apparatus.
Waagen shows that in the Salt Range fossils there are certain forms which
are intermediate in character between Schizodus and Myophoria, which are
themselves only separated by very minor differences.
Beushausen (‘‘ Die Lamellibranchiaten des Rhein’schen Devon,” ‘ Abhandlung.
Preuss. Geol. Lands.,’ neue Folge, Heft 17, 1895) refers the Trigonide of the
Devonian to Myophoria, and agrees with Frech that these Devonian shells show a
closer resemblance to Myophoria than to the Permian Schizodus. From this it
would appear that Beushausen admitted both genera.
Fleming in 1828 (‘ British Animals,’ p. 426) described a new shell from shale
connected with Carboniferous Limestone as Corbula limosa, which may perhaps
have been a specimen of one of the species of Schizodus ; but as no figures were
given, and the description is very meagre, we cannot be at all certain of what
shell is referred to. ‘The description is ‘‘ transversely subtriangular and longi-
tudinally heart-shaped, beaks gibbous, surface slightly striated by layers of growth,
shell thin.”
De Koninck in 1885 erected the genus Protoschizodus for certain shells which
had been referred to Schizodus by King and others; this was on account of the
marked difference in the hinge-characters, the left valve having two cardinal
teeth, the right valve one. The general shape of the shell, too, differs from that
of Schizodus, being more regularly triangular and compressed.
Many of the British species hitherto placed under Schizodus belong to the
Protoschizodus of de Koninck, and I have only retained four species in the former
genus. The distribution and the nature of the deposits in which these four species
are found are of interest. Never found in pure limestone, they all occur in shales
or impure concretionary or argillaceous limestones ; one, S. Pentlandicus, seems to
be peculiar to the Calciferous Sandstone series. 8S. axviniformis has the greatest
vertical and horizontal range, being found in the Redesdale Ironstone and in the
SCHIZODUS PENTLANDICUS. PANY
Coal-measures of Coalbrookdale. 8. carbonarius seems limited to the Coal-
measures of Coalbrookdale and South Wales, while S. antiquus characterises the
marine conditions of the Upper Carboniferous division of British rocks, taking
the top of the Carboniferous Limestone in Derbyshire, the top of the Yoredale
series of Wensleydale, and the top of the Carboniferous Limestone series of
Scotland as the upper limit of the lower division. The shaley nature of the
deposits in which the species of Schizodus occur probably points to their
habitat having been near the mouth of a large river, and possibly at no great
depth, but I am not clear as to whether they burrowed in the soft muddy ooze
or not.
Scurzopus Pentianpicus, Rhind, sp., 1838. Plate XVI, figs. 2—9.
Axinus Penrianpicus, Rhind, 1838. Age of the Earth, p. 167, pl. u, figs. a, b.
PacHYoDON PYRAMIDATUS, Capt. T. Brown, 1843. Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xii,
p- 396, pl. xvi*, fig. 9.
Unto pyramipatus, Capt. T. Brown, 1849. Foss. Conch., p. 179, pl. lxxiii, fig, 19.
Myopnoria CarBonaria, M‘Coy, 1855. Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 495.
Scuizopvus, sp. (Salter), Rev. T. Brown, 1861. Trans. Roy. Soe. Edin., vol, xxii,
p. 392, figs. 1—3.
— Sanrert, FR. Etheridge, jun, 1875. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol. xv, p. 481, pl. xx, figs. 6—9.
= == — 1878. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol.
xxxiv, p. 16.
— — Bigsby, 1878. Thesaurus Devonico-carb., p. 311.
= — Etheridge, 1888. Brit. Foss., vol. i, Paleeoz., p. 290.
Specific Characters.—Shell mequilateral, subquadrate, convexly swollen, espe-
cially in the umbonal region. he anterior margin is rounded, and passes with
a semicircular curve into the inferior border, which is gently convex downwards.
The posterior margin is a little shorter than the anterior, being narrowed by the
convergence of the upper and lower margins; it is obliquely truncate from
above downwards and backwards, making bluntly rounded, slightly obtuse
angles with the hinge-line and ventral margin respectively. The upper border
consists of two portions, which slope rapidly upwards from each extremity to meet
in the region of the umbo at an acute angle.
The umbones are large, tumid, situated in the anterior third of the upper
border, pointed, incurved, contiguous, and pointed very slightly forwards. The
valves are very convexly swollen in the umbonal region, and curve rapidly down-
wards to the ventral margin. In front the umbonal swelling is only marked off
from the rest of the valve at the anterior-superior angle; the convexity of the
anterior portion of the valve is very steep. Posteriorly, an obtusely rounded
28
218 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
obliquely diagonal ridge passes from the extreme apex of the umbo downwards
and backwards to the posterior-inferior angle, becoming obsolete in its lower
third; above and posterior to this ridge the valve is rapidly compressed, so that
the posterior slope becomes slightly concave.
Interior.—The anterior adductor muscle-scar is situated immediately within
the antero-superior angle of the valve, and is oval; that of the posterior
adductor, somewhat larger, is situated near the upper margin of the valve, some
little distance from the posterior border. The pallial line is entire and well
marked, submarginal. An internal ridge extends obliquely from the umbonal
cavity to the postero-inferior angle.
The Hinge.—fight valve: There is a small and almost obsolete anterior tooth,
being simply a thickening of the edge of the valve, directed obliquely downwards
and forwards. The cardinal tooth is thin above and swollen below, inclined
forwards and downwards. The posterior tooth is long, separated from the
margin by a shallow elongate furrow. On either side of the cardinal tooth is a
deep, obliquely delta-shaped hollow.
Left valve: The anterior tooth is small, not elongate, projecting backwards.
The cardinal tooth is prominent, massive, thicker below and above, and inclined
obliquely backwards and downwards, obscurely bifureate, or with its ventral
margin concave below. The posterior lateral tooth is elongate and almost
horizontal. When the valves are in apposition the teeth of the right valve are
severally anterior to the corresponding teeth of the left.
Hexterior—The surface is ornamented with regular, close, fine, concentric
strie and lines of growth, which become more rugose towards the lower margin.
Dimensions.—Fig. 6, Pl. XVI, measures—
Antero-posteriorly p ; F = So MI
Dorso-ventrally , : . 25 mm.
Elevation of valve : ' « 10.mm.
Localities—Scotland : Fifeshire, Ardross Limestone, Ardross, base of Lower
Carboniferous Limestone group. Cambo Ness, Kingsbarns; Limestone No. 5,
Randerstone. In a 2-foot limestone east of the Target, Billowness, between
Pittenween and Anstruther, Fifeshire (zone 12 of Mr. Kirkby); Wardie Shale
group, Woodhali, Water of Leith,—all in the Calciferous Sandstone series of
Scotland. In a bed of impure limestone above the Cooper’s-eye Coal, Scre-
merston, Northumberland.
Observations. —This species has been long recognised as occurring in the Lower
Carboniferous beds of the east of Scotland, and has been alluded to by several
authors. 'The fullest description of the species is that by R. Etheridge, jun., who
gave it the specific name Salteri. The Rey. 'l. Brown had prior to this referred
the shell, on the authority of Mr. Salter, correctly to the genus Schizodus (op. sup.
SCHIZODUS. AXINIFORMIS. 219
cit.). But prior even to this, and as early as 1838, Mr. W. Rhind had figured the
shell, from specimens obtained at Woodhall, as Avinus Pentlandicus, and it is
therefore a pity that Mr. Etheridge did not preserve the earliest specific name.
Though there is no description there is little doubt as to the identity of Rhind’s
shells, as the locality is given; and though Etheridge doubts whether the two
specimens figured by Rhind are of the same species, [ am of opinion that they are,
because I have seen numerous examples which appear as in the drawings, in
neither of which is the correct outline of the shell shown, because specimens were
evidently figured which were not perfectly free from the matrix.
Etheridge makes the following remarks on one of Rhind’s types (op. supra
cit., p. 432), ‘One of these (fig. b) was afterwards refigured and described
by Capt. T. Brown as Pachyodon pyramidatus, without any reference to Rhind’s
figure, and again as Unio pyranidatus. I am at present under the impres-
sion that Rhind’s fig. 6 and Brown’s pyramidatus are the same shell as the
present species, which I have ventured to describe under the name of S. Salter,”
&e., &e. It is therefore apparent on that author’s own showing that his specific
name cannot be retained, and I have therefore adopted Rhind’s term Pentlandicus
as the specific name ; and indeed Mr. Etheridge goes on to say, ‘‘ The posterior slope
of S. Salteri is very frequently broken or crushed when the individuals bear a
close resemblance indeed to the above shells, in which there is no slope figured,
the posterior side consisting of a blunt acumination. If future investigation
should prove them to be identical, Capt. Brown’s specific name will have to be
adopted.” Apparently, therefore, Mr. Etheridge regarded Rhind’s specific
name as a nomen nuduin.
I am inclined to believe that this species is of value as a zonal form, for it
seems to be confined to Calciferous Sandstone series, and never to be present in
the upper beds, which are characterised by the presence of Productus giyanteus.
I have been fortunate enough to obtain very well-preserved examples of the
hinge of this species from Randerstone, Fife, and from Woodhall, near Edinburgh.
The species is easily distinguished by its subquadrate posterior end and
moderate gibbosity from S. axviniformis. It is relatively much more transverse
and more compressed than S. carbonarius.
SCHIZODUS AXINIFORMIS, Phillips, sp., 1836. Plate XVI, figs. 10—15; Plate
XVII, figs. 1—6.
IsocarpIa ? AXiNiFoRMIS, Phillips, 1836. Geol. Yorks., pt. 2, p. 209, pl. v,
fig. 13.
Donax? suncarus, Sowerby, 1840. Geol. Coalbrookdale, pl. xxxix, fig. 1 (explana-
tion of plates).
co
wo
oO
CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Non AmpuiprsMA Axtntrormts, Portlock, 1848. Geol. Londonderry, p. 439, pl. xxxvi,
fig. 6.
Non — — Morris, 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., lst edit., p. 77.
Axinus sutcatus, Morris, 1843. Ibid., p. 80.
TsocarpIa AXtnIrorMIs, Morris, 1843. Ibid., p. 88.
CaRrDIOMORPHA AXINIFoRMIS, M‘Coy, 1843. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 56.
Non Axtnus AXINnrForMIs, W‘Coy, 1843. Ibid., p. 63.
— osscurus?, Brown, 1849. Illust. Foss. Conch., p. L194, pl. xxix, figs. 5, 6, 7.
TsoCARDIA AXINIFORMIS, Brown, 1849. Ibid., p. 197, pl. lxxx, fig. 6.
CarDIOMORPHA AXINIFORMIS, d Orbigny, 1850. Prodrome de Paléont., p. 133.
Axrnus axrntrormis, Morris, 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2nd edit., 1854, p. 188.
— suxtcarus, Morris, 1854. Ibid., p. 189.
? Scutzopus CHEsTERENSIS, Meek and Worthen, 1865. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phil., p. 457; Geol. Surv. Illinois, Palzontol., vol. 11
p. 301, pl. xxii, figs. 6a, b.
P AxINUS AxINIFoRMIS, Young and Armstrong, 1871. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasg.,
; vol. ii, Appendix, p. 49.
Po — — 1876. Cat. West-Scottish Fossils,
p- 53.
Scurzopus suutcatus, Barrois, 1882. Recherch. sur les Terr. Anciens des
Asturias et de la Galice, p. 340.
= AXtNtecorMIs, R. Htheridge, 1885. Brit. Foss., vol. i, Pal. p. 290.
_- suLcatus, R. Etheridge, 1885. Ibid.
Specific Characters.—Subtriangularly ovate, transversely produced, gibbose,
inequilateral. ‘The anterior end of the shell is generally convex below, but above
it is compressed backwards into the umbones, and flattened, forming a cordate
anterior surface, which is separated from the lateral surface of the valve by a
rounded angular ridge, from the centre of which the prominent and raised
anterior border projects. This border is elliptical, and it passes above and below
into the hinge-line and lower border respectively without interruption. The
inferior border is regularly but gently curved, with the convexity downwards.
The posterior end is obtusely pointed, and its border obliquely truncated from
above downwards, joining the lower border at a more or less marked acute angle.
The hinge-line is short, curved, and its extent ill-defined.
The umbones are gibbose anterior to the middle line of the valve, elevated
above the hinge-line, pointed, incurved, and directed forwards, non-contiguous,
with an angulated border in front continuous with the outer edge of the anterior
surface. Behind, the posterior border of the umbo is continued downwards as a
rounded ridge to the postero-inferior angle; above this line the dorsal slope is
depressed, compressed, and hollowed, so as to be concave in transverse section.
Interior.—The anterior adductor muscle-scar is oval, shallow and incon-
spicuous, and close to the margin. The posterior adductor scar is deeper, ovate,
and situated in the hollow of the dorsal slope near the junction of the hinge-line
—
SCHIZODUS AXINIFORMIS. 221
and posterior margin. The pallial line is entire and remote from the margin.
The hinge is apparently normal, but I have not been able to expose the whole of
it in any one specimen. In casts, several obscure radiating sulci are to be seen
on and anterior to the posterior umbonal ridge.
The ligament is external, small, and short.
Jaterior.—The surface is adorned with regular, concentric, fine lines of growth,
which are crowded in front, but soon become separated and equidistant, dividing
the surface of the shell into a series of regular, equal, concentric bands, which are
bent sharply at an acute angle along the line of the dorsal ridge; from this point
they become linear, and terminate on the upper margin of the valve. | Occasion-
ally one of the concentric lines is accentuated, and becomes imbricate.
Dimensions.—Fig. 11, Pl. XVI, measures—
Antero-posteriorly : : : . 66 mm.
Dorso-ventrally : . 46 mm.
From side to side : : . 36mm.
Localities.x—England : the Redesdale Ironstone, Lower Carboniferous, North-
umberland ; Pennystone Ironstone, Coalbrookdale Coal-measures ; Rosser Vein,
Cwm Bryn ddu, South Wales Coal-measures. Scotland: in Calcareous Sandstone,
Garngad Road, Glasgow; Upper Limestone series.
Observations—The original specimen on which Phillips founded his species
Isocardia? aainiformis is stated to have come from Northumberland, though the
exact horizon is not noted. The species occurs in abundance in the Redesdale
Ironstone Shales. Iam unable to differentiate the species described by Phillips
from the Donax ? sulcatus of J. de C. Sowerby, which I have placed as a synonym.
Kine seems to have come to the same conclusion, for he states (‘ Monograph of
Permian Fossils,’ p. 185), ‘Mr. Prestwich kindly allowed me to examine the
originals of Mr. Sowerby’s species, and I find from my memoranda made at the
time that Donaw ? sulcatus . . . is the Lsocardia aviniformis of Phillips.” I, too,
have had the same privilege (the Coalbrookdale shells are now in the collection of
the British Museum [Nat. Hist. ], South Kensington), and have come to the same
conclusion. The Coalbrookdale specimens are always in the form of casts, but
fortunately a few testiferous examples occur at Redesdale. In the latter locality
the shell reaches a much larger size than at Coalbrookdale, and examples occur in
all stages of growth, which show that with increasing age the posterior end
becomes more pointed and narrower, though there is some variation in contour to
be seen in certain individuals.
M‘Coy (op. cit., p. 56) refers the Isocardia aviniformis of Phillips to Cardio-
morpha, but he says of it, ‘ This species much resembles an Avinus in its depressed
hatchet-like form, and obliquely truncated compressed posterior side; the large in-
curved beaks, however, approximate it more to Isocardia or Cardiomorpha.” This
222 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Species is at once distinguished from the other Carboniferous forms by its pro-
duced and bluntly pointed posterior end, and by the regularity of its lines of
growth.
It is probable that Young and Armstrong referred the name Azinus avini-
formis to quite a different shell; as, from what I can observe, the species is rare
in the West of Scotland.
ScCHIZODUS CARBONARIUS, Sowerby, sp., 1840. Plate XVII, figs 7—9.
Venus? carsponanria, Sowerby, 1840. Geol. Coalbrookdale, pl. xxxix, fig. 2.
Non — — (ameHipesMa), Portlock, 1843. Rep. Geol. Londonderry,
p. 438, pl. xxxvi, fig. 8.
AMPHIDESMA CARBONARIA, Morris, 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 77.
— CARBONARIUM, Brown, 1849, Lllust. Foss. Conch., p. 224, pl. xci, figs.
44, 45.
AXINUS CARBONARIUS, Morris, 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2nd edit., p. 189.
a4
Non Myornorta carBonanta, A Coy, 1855. Brit. Pal. Fuss., p. 495.
ScHIzoDuUS CARBONARIUS, Salter, 1861. Mem. Geol. Surv. Gt. Brit., Iron Ores Gt.
Brit., pt. 3, p. 221, pl. i, fig. 20.
Non Axinus carBonanius, Young and Armstrong, 1871. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasg.,
vol. ii, Appendix, p. 50.
—_ — — 1876. Cat. West-Scottish Foss.,
p- 93.
ScHIZODUS CARBONARIUS (pars), 2. Etheridge, 1888. Brit. Foss., vol. i, Paleozoic,
p. 290.
Specific Characters.—Shell subquadrate, gibbose, inequilateral. The anterior
portion is regularly swollen, its upper part compressed backwards and flattened
to form an anterior surface, cordate in shape, bounded on each side by the
anterior umbonal ridge, and slightly elevated in the middle line where the anterior
margin of the valves projects forwards. The anterior border is regularly and
convexly curved, passing into the hinge-line above and inferior border below
without any break. The inferior border is convex downwards, the segment of a
larger curve than that which forms the anterior edge of the valve. he posterior
border is truncate, nearly straight, and slightly obliquely inclined from above
downwards, making an obtuse angle with the hinge-line above and the inferior
border below. The hinge-line is short, especially in front, and almost straight.
The umbones are prominent, swollen, incurved, non-contiguous, raised above the
hinge-line, and situated about the junction of the anterior and middle thirds of
the valve. ‘I'he anterior surface of the umbo is flattened, and from the posterior
edge a bluntly rounded oblique ridge descends to the postero-inferior angle,
which marks off the posterior slope from the rest of the valve. The lateral
SCHIZODUS CARBONARIUS. 223
surface of the valves is regularly convex, the greatest convexity being near the
upper part of the shell; the dorsal slope is compressed and hollowed, the postero-
superior angle being somewhat alate.
Interior.—The anterior adductor scar is very shallow and inconspicuous ;
the posterior large and irregular, elongate from above downwards, and situated
along the whole of the dorsal margin just within the edge of the valve. The
pallial line is entire and remote from the margin. The hinge has not yet been
exposed.
Heteriorv.—Though the shells are nearly all casts, traces of fine regular con-
centric lines of growth are to be seen preserved near the margins.
Dimensions.— Fig. 9, Pl. XVII, measures—
Antero-posteriorly —. : ‘ . 42 mm.
Dorso-ventrally : ; : , 39 mm:
From side to side : . ; , 26mm.
Localities.—Kngland: the Pennystone Ironstone, Coalbrookdale, and Rosser
Vein, Cwm Bryn ddu, South Wales Coal-measures.
Observations.—'This species, as far as my present knowledge goes, seems to be
confined to a single horizon in the Coalbrookdale and South Wales Coal-fields.
M‘Coy described some shells from the coal shales intercalated in the limestones
near Berwick-on-Tweed under the name Myophoria carbonaria (§ Brit. Pal. Foss.,’
p. 495), referring them to the Venus ? carbonaria of Sowerby. These shells I now
refer to S. Pentlandicus, Rhind, sp., after the examination of several specimens
collected by myself from the shale above the Cooper’s-eye Coal, Scremerston, and
a fine series in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, on which M‘Coy probably
founded his description.
Portlock was in error in referring his shell to Venus ? carbonaria, Sowerby ; a
comparison of the types at once shows that the former isa much flatter triangular
shell, which I am of opinion belongs to the genus Protoschizodus, de Koninck.
Portlock’s shell is refigured on P]. XVII, fig. 11, of this Monograph.
A series of shells from Coalbrookdale, among which is the type, which I
reproduce (Pl. XVI, fig. 7) by the kindness of the authorities, is preserved in the
British Museum (Nat. Hist.), South Kensington. These specimens formed part of
the collection made by Sir J. Prestwich when preparing his paper on the Coal-
brookdale Coal-field.
The curious fauna of the Pennystone Ironstone of this coal-field has a much
lower facies than generally obtains in the Coal-measures, and it is important to
note its similarity with that in the Rosser Vein and at the base of the South
Wales Coal-field.
S. carbonarius differs very markedly in shape from any of the other species of
the genus ; unfortunately the shells mostly occur in the form of internal casts, and
224 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
the hinge has not been preserved. In fig. 9, Pl. XVII, the posterior muscle-scar
seems to have been of extraordinary size and strength, but all specimens do not
show it so well developed. This specimen is the largest example I have yet seen,
and is in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. It shows some faint traces of
concentric markings near the lower margin.
ScHIzopus ANTIQUUS, sp. nov. Plate XVIII, figs. 24—27; Plate XIX, figs. 4, 5.
Dd”
? CyTHERHA ANTIQUA, Brown, 1841. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., vol. i, p. 228,
pl. vii, fig. 76.
Anturacosta, sp., Wild, 1892. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soe., vol. xxi, p. 366, pl. ii,
fig. 7.
Scnizopus CARBONARIUS (pars), Ward, 1890. Trans. N. Staff. Inst. Min. and
Mech. Engin., vol. x, p. 181.
— Saurert, Barnes and Holroyd, 1897. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soe., vol.
xxv, pl.,! fig. 12.
Specific Characters.—Shell of moderate size, gibbose, ovate, quadrate, slightly
inequivalve. The anterior portion of the valve is much compressed, but soon
expands and becomes gibbose. The border is regularly rounded, it sweeps round
into the inferior margin, which is more gently convex and extended, terminating
abruptly where it meets the posterior border at a well-marked obtuse angle. The
posterior border is obliquely truncate from above downwards and straight. The
hinge-line is arcuate, and the postero-superior angle obtuse. The umbones are
gibbose, incurved, and somewhat elevated, situated a little in front of the middle
line. Proceeding backwards and downward towards the postero-inferior angle
is a rounded oblique ridge, which gradually becomes less marked, but in large
specimens is continued to the very margin. — In front of this ridge the valves are
evenly convex, but behind it the shell is rapidly compressed and somewhat
expanded, forming the dorsal slope.
Interior.—The muscle-scars appear to be normal in position, and the pallial
line entire, but somewhat remote from the border. Indications only of the hinge
are seen in one of the specimens, a cast, but little can be stated of it precisely.
Heterior.—The surface is smooth, but the microscope reveals fine concentric
lines, especially near the margins. Shell thin.
Dimensions.—Fig. 27, Pl. XVIII, measures—
Antero-posteriorly : ; ; . 26 mm.
Dorso-ventrally , » 2) mim.
Hlevation of valve : : > | omm.
Localities—England: the Black Shales below the Millstone-grit of High
1 In this paper the plates bear no number. The Plate is the third in the paper.
SCHIZODUS ANTIQUUS. 225
Green Wood, Hebden Bridge, and Pule Hill, Yorkshire; in a bed of ferruginous
grit, Pule Hill, Millstone-grit series.
Lower Coal-measures: roof of Bullion Mine, Carre Heys, Colne, Lancashire ;
above the Gin Mine Coal, Longton, and the 4-foot coal, Wetley Moor, North
Staffordshire Coal-field.
Observations.—This species is founded on several specimens which have been
collected from the localities mentioned above. One shell (Pl. XIX, fig. 4) from
the Manchester Museum, Owens College, is labelled in Capt. Brown’s writing as
Sanguinolaria axiniformis from Todmorden. I cannot find any printed notice of
this name, and am unable to retain the specific term on account of it having
been already applied by Phillips to a species of the genus. The locality,
Todmorden, is somewhat misleading, for the majority of the specimens collected by
the late Mr. Gibson, and now in the Geological Collection of Owens College, came
from High Green Wood and Horsebridge Clough, a mile or so north of Hebden
Bridge. The specimens from Pule Hill were discovered by Messrs. Barnes and
Holroyd, who figured one example (op. sup. cit.) under the name of Schizodus
Salteri, for up to the present it has been thought that this species, which occurs
in the Calciferous-sandstone series of Fife, survived into Coal-measure times in
Central England. The species are quite distinct; S. Pentlandicus, under which
name the Fifeshire shell is now described, for reasons of priority, is more trans-
verse and more regularly quadrate. Judging from the figure I suspect that the
Cytherea antiqua of Brown (op. sup. cit.) is a young example of the species under
description.
Unfortunately the casts (figs. 24 and 25, Pl. XVIII) from the calcareo-ferru-
einous grit at Pule Hill are not perfect, and the dorsal slope is not visible in
fig. 24; but, from what I know of the relation of the shape of the internal cast to
the complete shell in this genus, I do not think that there is much doubt that they
really belong to the species. Mr. Wild described and figured a very small
example from the roof of the Bullion Mine, Carre Heys, Colne, as Anthracosia, new
angular species. This I figure (Pl. XIX, fig. 6) and consider may be a young
example of S. antiqua.
This species, though it seems to have a fairly long distribution in time, is very
rare; only few specimens have been met with at each locality. It is easily recog-
nised by its rounded antero-ventral contour being much less quadrate than in
any other form.
29
226 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Genus Proroscuizopus, de Koninchk, 1885.
AMPHIDESMA, Portlock, 1843. Rep. Geol. Londonderry, p. 438.
— Morris, 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 77.
ANATINA (pars), I/Coy, 1845. Synops. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 51.
AmpuipesMa, I‘Ooy, 1845. Ibid., p. 538.
Axinus (pars), U‘Coy, 1845. Ibid., p. 63.
Lepropomus, Jl‘Coy, 1845. Ibid., p. 67.
Dorapra (pars), M‘Ooy, 1845. Ibid., p. 65.
AmPHIDESMA, Brown, 1849. Illust. Foss. Conch., p. 224.
Dorapra (pars), de Ryckholt, 1852. Mélanges paléontol., pt. 2, p. 82.
Anatina (pars), Morris, 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., edit. 2, p. 183.
Axinvs (pars), Morris, 1854. Ibid., p. 189.
Anopontopsis, Morris, 1854. Ibid., p. 184.
Doxrapnra (pars), Morris, 1854. Ibid., p. 202.
Leptopomus, Morris, 1854. Ibid., p. 202.
Scuizopvus, Meek, 1871. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 165.
Axinus, Young and Armstrong, 1871. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasg., vol. ili, p. 49.
Nioze, de Koninck, 1873. Recherches sur les Anim. foss., vol. ii, p. 77.
Scuizopvs (pars), Bigsby, 1875. Thesaurus Devonico-Carb., p. 311.
Axinus, Young and Armstrong, 1876. Cat. W.-Scot. Foss., p. 53.
Protoscuizonus, de Koninek, 1885. Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique, vol. xi,
p-» 125.
— Fischer, 1887. Mém. Conchyliologie, p. 996.
Scuizopvs (pars), Etheridge, 1888. Brit. Foss., vol. i, Paleozoic, p. 290.
Anopoytoprsis, Etheridge, 1888. Ibid., p. 278.
Lertropomvs, Etheridge, 1888. Ibid., p. 284.
DoraBra, Etheridge, 1888. Ibid., p. 283.
Awnatina, Etheridge, 1888. Ibid., p. 277.
Protroscuizopvs, Tornqguist, 1896. Fossilftihr. Untercarb. Sitidvosgesen, p. 147.
Generic Characters.—Shell subtriangular, inequilateral, compressed, rounded
in front, angular posteriorly. Umbones small, subcentral, with an oblique keel
from the umbo to the posterior-inferior angle, closed all round.
Hinge: the left valve with two teeth situated anteriorly, the posterior and
larger and most prominent being immediately below the umbo. The right valve
has a single tooth situated in front, with a fossa on each side to receive the teeth
of the left valve.
Adductor muscle-scars shallow, close to the hinge-line. Pallial line entire.
Surface smooth, with fine concentric lines of growth.
Observations—De Koninck states that he had long had doubts as to the
correctness of referring the Carboniferous species included in the genus Schizodus
by King and others to that genus, on account of the difference in the details of
PROTOSCHIZODUS. 227
the hinge; and because of this fact, as early as 1873, he had published his views
with a descriptive account (op. cit.) under the name Niobe ; but, finding that the
name had been proposed by Gerard for a genus of Gasteropoda, he eventually
adopted the name Protoschizodus. In assuming that King was wrong in
referring certain Carboniferous species to Schizodus de Koninck also fell into
error; for certain Carboniferous species undoubtedly belong to this genus, e. 9.
S. aviniformis, Phillips, sp., 8S. carbonarius, Sowerby, sp., and S. Pentlandicus,
Rhind, sp. The shells described as Amphidesma by Portlock have been referred
to Schizodus by the authors of catalogues previous to de Koninck’s discovery of
the hinge characters, and erroneously placed with others typical of that genus,
but I cannot find that these species were ever included by King in the genus
Schizodus.
De Koninck describes eleven species of Protoschizodus, nine of which are said
to be new; but one of these had been referred by de Ryckholt to another genus.
Three of these species are founded on single specimens, and five others are stated
to be very rare. It is probable that the species named P. Halli, P. impressus,
and P. uncinatus are really one and the same, although they exhibit some slight
variation in the degree of truncation and obliquity of the posterior end; but I
think that much of the variation of contour seen in the Belgian specimens is due
to incomplete filling of the cast of the shell during fossilisation and similar causes.
Tornquist (op. cit.), following Freech, thinks that Protoschizodus has no real
relation to T’rigonia, and that the genus is more closely connected with Scaldia,
the edentulous Hdmondide, and Cardiomorphe, and belongs to the family
Astartidex. I am unable, however, to agree with him, and consider that de
Koninck was more correct in assuming a close family relationship to Schizodus
(as the name indicates) upon the other characters of the interior.
There is no doubt that many of the species included under the genus Dolabra
by M‘Coy belong to Protoschizodus, and that M‘Coy’s generic name would have
been retained had he not selected the Devonian Cucullea of Marwood as the type
of his new genus, and to which unfortunately his description does not correctly
apply. On the other hand, the diagnosis of Dolabra differs very widely from that
of Protoschizodus, it bemg stated that the shells are ‘‘ slightly inequivalve,” and
that the hinge consists of ‘‘two long diverging cardinal teeth, anterior one
longest, and two lengthened posterior lateral teeth.”
In a later diagnosis of the genus (‘ British Paleozoic Fossils,’ p. 269) there is
a considerable difference from that originally given; for example, the hinge is
stated to have “one thick, elongate, posterior lateral tooth in each valve,
inclining at an acute angle from the hinge-line, that of the left valve sometimes
bifid ;’’ and the genus is placed in the family Mytilide. None of the shells which
I now refer to Protoschizodus are inequivalve or have any Mytiliform characters.
228 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
I am referring the Leptodomus fragilis, M‘Coy, to Protoschizodus. Leptodomus,
as first defined, was very unsatisfactory, containing the shell mentioned above and
Leptodomus (Corbula) senilis, Philips, which is really an Hdmondia. Later on
(‘ Brit. Pal. Foss.,’ p. 277) Leptodomus was emended by M‘Coy in such a way as
would exclude both his original species. Many of the shells described by
M‘Coy under the generic name Avinus I have now placed under Protoschizodus ;
three out of the four new species described by him as Avinus being retained.
King pointed out in a foot-note (‘Permian Fossils,’ p. 185) that he thought
Sedqwickia gigantea of M‘Coy was a species of Schizodus, and that ‘‘ the same may
be said of Leptodomus fragilis, M‘Coy; Dolabra securiformis, M‘Coy; Mactra
ovata, M‘Coy; Amphidesma subtruncata, M‘Coy; <Anatina deltoidea, M‘Coy;
Axinus obliquus, M‘Coy, &.” To a certain extent King was correct in his
view, for the majority of these shells belong to the same genus, which is now
separated from Schizodus, since de Koninck pointed out the essential differences
in the structure of the hinge. I propose still to retain the genus Sedgwickia, to
which Dolabra securiformis probably belongs.
PROTOSCHIZODUS AXINIFORMIS, Portlock, sp., 1843. Plate XVII, figs. 10, 13, 14,
16—19,
Venus? carnonarta, Portiock, 1843. Rep. Geol. Londonderry, p. 438.
AMPHIDESMA CARBONARIA, Portlock, 1843. Ibid., pl. xxxvi, fig. 8.
— DEPRESSA, Portlock, 1843. Ibid., p. 439.
— AXINIFORMIS, Portlock, 1843. Ibid., p. 489, pl. xxxvi, fig. 6.
-- DELTOIDEA, Portlock, 1843. Ibid., p. 439, pl. xxxvi, fig. 7.
— CARBONARIA (pars), Morris, 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 77.
— AXINIFORMIS, Morris, 1843. Ibid., p. 77.
= pEpREsSA, Morris, 1843. Ibid., p. 77.
AXINUS AXINIFORMIS, J/‘Coy, 1844, Synops. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 63.
— carBonartius, U‘Coy, 1844. Ibid., p. 63.
— DELToIDEUS, Al‘Coy, 1844. Ibid., p. 63.
AMPHIDESMA PortTLocku, Brown, 1849. Illus. Foss. Conch., p. 224, pl. xex
fig. 40.
— AXINIFORME,! Brown, 1849. Ibid., fig. 41.
CYPRICARDIA DELTOIDEA, Brown, 1849. Ibid., pl. Ixxx, fig. 6.
AXINUS AXINIFORMIS (pars), Morris, 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2nd edit., p. 188.
— CARBONARIUS (pars), Morris, 1854. Ibid., p. 189.
— DELTOIDEUS (pars), Morris, 1854. Ibid., p. 189.
— cCaRrBonartus, Young and Armstrong, 1871. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,
vol. ili, Appendix, p. 50.
1 The other specific names of Amphidesma ought also to be neuter words, because déoua is
neuter.
PROTOSCHIZODUS AXINIFORMIS. 229
Scuizopus carBonanivs, Bigsby, 1875. Thesaurus Devonico-Carbonif., p. 311.
-- DELTOIDEUS, Bigsby, 1875. Ibid., p. 311.
— AXINIFORMIS (pars), Etheridge, 1888. Brit. Foss., vol. i, Paleoz.,
p- 290.
_— CARBONARIUS (pars), Htheridge, 1888. Ibid., p. 290.
—_ DELTOIDEUS, Etheridge, 1888. Ibid., p. 290.
_ DEPRESSUS, Etheridge, 1888. Ibid., p. 290.
Proroscuizopus WonrruHent, de Koninck, 1885. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belgique,
vol. xi, p. 129, pl. xxii, figs. 4,
5,and 9; pl. xiii, figs. 12—16.
Specific Characters.—Shell triangularly ovate, slightly inequilateral, com-
pressed near the margins, moderately gibbose above; transverse and dorso-
ventral diameters almost equal. ‘The anterior border is sharp, the margins of the
valves being thinned and projecting slightly forwards, and almost semicircularly
curved, passing into the inferior border without a break. The latter is regularly
curved, but the degree of curvature is less than that of the anterior border. The
posterior border is compressed and projecting, almost straight, obliquely truncate
from above downwards and backwards, and joins the lower margin at a blunted
obtuse angle. The hinge-line is short and arched, its extent not very clearly
indicated either in front or behind. The umbones are tumid, pointed, incurved,
contiguous, elevated above the hinge-line, and situated in front of the centre of
the shell.
Anteriorly the umbonal swelling is not well marked on the surface of the
valve, but posteriorly a well-defined and fairly acute ridge passes from the upper
point of the umbo obliquely downwards and backwards, terminating at the
postero-inferior angle. In front of the ridge the valves are equally and regularly
curved, but above it the dorsal slope is very rapidly compressed, so as to become
concave both from above downwards and before backwards.
Interiov.—The anterior adductor muscle-scar is small, oval, and situated
close to the margin at the extreme base of the umbonal swelling. ‘The pos-
terior scar is oval, and situated in the hollow of the dorsal slope close to the
margin. In casts some irregular low ridges pass upwards from the scar towards
the umbo. The pallial line is entire, strongly marked, and remote from the
margin.
The surface of casts is marked with obscure and irregular depressions on the
dorsal slope.
The hinge has not yet been exposed in British specimens, but de Koninck has
figured specimens (under the name P. Wortheni) which are perfectly normal, the
hinge having the formula aT
Heterior.—The surface is marked with fine and regular concentric lines of
230 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
growth, with here and there, towards the inferior margin, two or three deeper
concentric sulci.
Dimensions.—Fig. 10, Pl. XVII, the type of Portlock’s Aimphidesma
axiniformis, measures—
Antero-posteriorly. Dorso-ventrally. Elevation of valve.
22 mm. 20 mm. 5 mm.
From side to side.
Fig. 19, Pl. XVII, measures 30 mm. 27 mm. 15 mm.
Localities. —England: ? Limestone, Lowick ; the Redesdale Ironstone shales,
Redesdale and Bellingham, Northumberland; Black Limestone, Poolvash, Isle
of Man. Scotland: Upper Limestone series, Garngad Road, Glasgow; Gare,
Carluke; Newfield, High Blantyre. Lower Limestone series in the Lingula
Ironstone; Calmy and Main Limestones, Carluke; Kirktonholm, Craigenglen ;
Langside, Beith. A marine band in the Calciferous-sandstone series, Fife.
Ireland: Limestone shales, Clogher, co. Tyrone.
Observations.—The confusion as to the nomenclature of this species has been
very great, partly owing to the fact that Portlock gave names to several local
varieties of the same species, and was unfortunately mistaken as to their specific
identity. Under the name Venus ? carbonaria (p. 488) he remarks, ‘‘It is
probable that the fossils here noticed should be placed either in Mactra or
Amphidesma. Three forms occur closely approximating to each other; and, as
the several specimens exhibit considerable variation, they may prove varieties of
the same species ; I, however, adopt the name Amphidesma.
“Ist. Amphidesma carbonaria, Venus carbonaria ? Sow.—This is the variety
nearest to Sowerby’s species.
2nd. Amphidesma depressa.—The general form the same, but the truncation
is less marked and the shell less convex.
“3rd. Amphidesina axiniformis.—More convex ; beak rather nearer the front ;
truncation more distinct; less transverse.’’
A fourth form, A. deltoidea, the Cypricardia deltoidea of Phillips, is also described
(p. 439) ; but this is only the cast of the interior of the third form; and Phillips’s
shell came from the Petherwin beds of Devonshire.
The references to V. carbonaria, Sow., and Cypricardia deltoidea, Phillips, were
unfortunately not quite correct. The former shell is Schizodus carbonarius,
Pl. XVII, figs. 7—9; and the latter the Rev. G. F. Whidborne now refers to
Myophoria deltoidea (‘ Devonian Fauna, Pal. Soc.,’ vol. ii, 1896, pt. 5, p. 93), which
is a totally different shell from Portlock’s species.
Of the four species invented by Portlock two only were new ; and the first of
these, “‘ depressa,” can hardly stand as the name of the species, because the shell
to which it was originally given is a varietal form, and not at all typical of the
PROTOSCHIZODUS AXINIFORMIS. 231
genus. There are two specimens of this variety in the Collection of the Geolo-
gical Survey, Jermyn Street, which I have been kindly permitted to figure
(Pl. XVII, figs. 11 and 12), and which I describe below.
The name Amphidesma aainiformis was given to the shell which I regard as
typical of the species, and which I retain, although the Schizodus aviniformis,
Phillips, sp., has been confused with Portlock’s shell by various authors. There
is, however, no evidence at all that Portlock had Phillips’s shell in his mind, but
the very reverse; for a few lines lower down (op. cit., p. 439), under “ Amphi-
desma deltoidea,” he says, ** Philips suggests of his species that it may be the
young of Isocardia axiniformis, but such reference appears very doubtful.” The
figured specimens are preserved in the Geological Survey Museum; but the
specimen labelled Amphidesma depressa is not the figured specimen, which is,
however, present in the Collection.
The type of A. axiniformis, Portlock, is represented in the original drawing as
having its anterior umbonal slope angulated. This seems to me to be an error,
and my artist’s drawing (Pl. XVII, fig. 10) shows the absence of this character.
Portlock states of this series of shells, as quoted above, the three forms ‘* may
prove varieties of the same species”—A. deltoidea, Portlock; the internal cast,
was, however, considered as a distinct species.
Unfortunately I have not been able to obtain any more examples from the
locality whence the types were obtained, and am unable to decide, owing to the
absence of sufficient material, whether the dA. depressa, Portlock, is really more
than a varietal form ; I have therefore described it as a variety of P. aviniformis.
I have not, however, met with similar varieties in other localities where this
species occurs.
Although, unfortunately, I have not been able to isolate the hinge in any
specimen, I have assigned this shell to the genus Protoschizodus, de Koninck, upon
the evidence of the muscle-scars and external characters, which agree in every
detail with those shells known from their hinge characters to belong to the
genus.
The description (op. cit., p. 129) and figures of P. Wortheni given by de Koninck
leave no room to doubt that his shell is identical with Portlock’s type, although
he states, “‘ elle a quelque ressemblance avec le P. (Amphidesma) axiniformis, J. EK.
Portlock, dont il a @ peu pres la taille, mais le cdté postérieur est plus fortement
tronqué et son extrémité est plus anguleuse.’’ A comparison of the figures of
de Koninck’s specimens with those which I give will show, however, that this
difference does not exist.
The hinge characters were, it appears, described from this species.
Brown was evidently of opinion that there was some confusion in the nomen-
clature, for when he published his ‘ Illustrations of Fossil Conchology’ he gave
232 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
the name Amphidesma Portlockii to the shell originally figured as A. aviniforme,
Portlock.
This species varies considerably in the length of the hinge-line posteriorly, a
variation which is accompanied by a change in the posterior slope and the apparent
length of the posterior border. In large examples the inferior border seems to
become sulcated towards its posterior end, giving a beaked appearance to the
postero-inferior angle, and as in figs. 10and19, Pl. XVII. P. aviniformis is much
less convex than P. rectangularis, and it also lacks the compressed antero- and
postero-superior angles of the latter species. It is less oblique than P. obliquus,
and has its posterior dorsal slope less obliquely truncate. LP. impressus is more
transverse, and the posterior umbonal ridge is less angular.
P. aviniformis seems to have the largest vertical and horizontal distribution of
all the species of the genus. It is not met with in purely organic limestones, but
only in shales or earthy calcareous beds.
PROTOSCHIZODUS AXINIFORMIS, var. DEPRESSUS, Portlock. Plate XVII, figs. 11, 12.
AMPHIDESMA DEPRESSA, Portlock, 1843. Geol. Rep. Londonderry, p. 439.
—_ CARBONARTA, Portlock, 1848. Ibid., p. 438, pl. xxxvi, fig. 8.
Varietal Characters.—Shell compressed, transversely suborbicular, sub-
equilateral. The anterior end is markedly produced, and has a_ broadly
semicircularly curved border, which passes gradually into the lower border, which
is more broadly convex. The posterior border is bluntly rounded, with an
approach only to angulation above and below. The hinge-line is arcuate. The
umbones are small, comparatively broad and flattened, pointed, close, and subcentral.
The valves are flattened, and there is only an obscure trace of an oblique line on
the shghtly compressed dorsal slope.
Exterior.—The surface is covered with regular, scarcely visible, concentric
lines of growth. Shell thin.
Dimensions.—The type of Portlock’s Amphidesma depressa, Pl. XVII, fig. 12,
measures—
Antero-posteriorly i : : . 23 mm.
Dorso-ventrally : i : : SUS mama:
Tocality.—Carboniferous shales of Clogher, co. Tyrone, Ireland.
Observations.—Although described, the shell named Amphidesma depressa was
not figured in Portlock’s work. It shows the extreme degree of variation,
Portlock’s A. carbonaria coming midway between it and P. aviniformis. The
variety differs chiefly in the marked growth of the anterior end, so that it
PROTOSCHIZODUS IMPRESSUS. 233
occupies the greater part of the valve. ‘This condition causes a difficulty in deter-
mining, at first sight, to which side the valve belongs; but the slight traces of a
keel on the dorsal slope settle this question. The labels now on the specimens
are somewhat confused, but there is no doubt as to which specimens were the
originals of Portlock’s drawings. VP. carbonarius, the type specimen of which is
refigured, Pl. XVII, fig. 11, has characters midway between P. aviniformis and
the variety depressus.
ProtoscHIzopus ImpRESsUS, de Koninck, 1885. Plate XVIII, figs. 7—9; Plate
XIX, fig. 1.
The “ Cockle,” Ure, 1793. Nat. Hist. Rutherglen, p. 310, pl. xv, fig. 2.
DonaBra sEecuRtIForMIS, de Ryckholt, 1853. Mélanges Paléont., pt. 2, p. 83,
pl. xvi, figs. 5, 6.
AXINUS CARBONARIUS, Gray, 1865. Biograph. Notice of Rev. David Ure, p. 52.
Proroscuizopus Impressus, de Koninck, 1885. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belgique,
vol. xi, p. 128, pl. xxii, figs.
19—24.
Compare — Hatt, de Koninck, 1885. Ibid., p. 127, pl. xxii, figs. 11 and 12.
— uncinatus, de Koninek, 1885. Ibid., p. 128, pl. xxii, fig. 18.
Specific Characters——Shell of medium size, subtrigonal, somewhat oblique,
compressed, inequilateral, transverse diameter longer than the vertical. The
anterior end is depressed, deep in a dorso-ventral direction ; its upper border,
considerably below the level of the umbones, with a regularly rounded anterior
border, the curve of the lower segment being less rapid than the upper, and
therefore the lower part of the border is somewhat oblique from above downward
and backwards. The inferior border joins the anterior without a break, and is
curved, being convex downwards in front; but the posterior moiety is almost
straight, and is directed upwards and backwards to join the posterior border,
with which it makes a bluntly rounded angle, a little less than a right angle.
The posterior border is oblique and almost straight, truncated from above
downwards. The hinge-line is arched, its extent not clearly marked off from the
anterior border in front, but behind it makes a rounded obtuse angle with the
posterior border. The umbones are subcentral, obtuse, gibbose, twisted inwards
and forwards, raised above the hinge-line, and not contiguous. The anterior edge
of the umbo rises from the body of the shell only just below the hinge-line; the
posterior edge is continued obliquely downwards and backwards towards the
postero-inferior angle as an obtuse rounded ridge, which gradually becomes lost
on the surface of the valve. Posterior to the ridge the valve is compressed
rapidly to form the dorsal slope. The greatest gibbosity is subumbonal.
Interior.—The anterior adductor muscle-scar is small, shallow, marginal, and
30
234 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
oval, situated at the antero-superior angle of the valve, bounded below and
behind by an almost obsolete curved ridge; the posterior is larger, oval, and mar-
ginal, situated at the postero-superior angle. There are some obscure radiating,
almost obsolete ridges in the hollow of the oblique ridge, represented by grooves
in casts. he pallial line is entire, and close to the margin.
The hinge has not yet been exposed in British examples, but de Koninck
describes the right valve as having a single tooth anterior to the umbo, and the
left valve two teeth, separated by a deep socket, an example of which I figure
PL exXVil, fig. 15 ia.
Heterior.—For the greater part the surface is almost smooth, but towards the
inferior margin irregular concentric grooves with subimbricating lines and ridges
appear, which follow the contour of the valves.
Dimensions.—Fig. 7, Pl. XVIII, from Orchard, near Glasgow, a testiferous
example, measures—
Antero-posteriorly : ; . 32mm.
Dorso-ventrally : . 27 mam,
Elevation of valve ; : : ~ «6 MIM.
Localities —England: the Limestone of Lowick, Northumberland. Scotland:
Upper Limestone series; Orchard, in the Thornliebank district, and Hast Kilbride,
near Glasgow.
Observations.—The Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, possesses a fine series
of this species from the neighbourhood of Lowick, but the exact limestone of the
many in this locality from which they were obtained is uncertain. These speci-
mens are all in the form of casts, but have the internal characters of the
shell beautifully preserved. Fortunately a testiferous example, from Orchard,
in the collection of Mr. J. Neilson, has enabled me to describe the exterior of the
valve. Ihave been favoured with the loan of the shell figured by the Rev. David
Ure as a “ cockle,” from Black Craig, Hast Kilbride, now in the possession of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh, and which is here figured, Pl. XIX, fig. 1. This shell
was referred by John Gray to Avinus carbonarius, op. cit., but it 1s quite distinet
from the shells figured by Portlock under the same specific title.
Three species—P. impressus, P. Halli, and P. uncinatws — described by
de Koninck so closely resemble each other, that I think it very probable that
they only represent one species. Of P. Halli de Koninck states, ‘‘ Cette espéce
est tres voisine du Protoschizodus impressus, dont elle ne différe que par une forme
un peu moins longue et moins anguleuse; les dents cardinales de la valve gauche
sont aussi un peu moins saillantes que celles de cette méme valve de l’espéce qui
vient d’étre citée”’ (P. impressus). OF the latter species he states, ‘‘ Hlle a aussi
des rapports avec le Protoschizodus uncinatus, que s’en éloigné par une forme plus
allongée et par la corbure plus réguliére et plus intense de son bord ventral.” I
PROTOSCHIZODUS OBLIQUUS. 235
am able to figure the hinge of a left valve from a Belgian example of this species,
Pl. XVII, fig. 15a. None of the British examples have any indication of this
structure preserved.
This species is distinguished from P. awiniformis by the absence of the acute
angulated oblique ridge, and by the less regularly triangular and more obliquely
transverse shape of the shell. The inferior border is less curved, and the
postero-inferior angle less acute, while the anterior end is comparatively much
larger, and the umbones less pointed.
PROTOSCHIZODUS oBLIQUUS, M‘Coy, sp., 1844. Plate XVIII, fig. 10; Plate XIX,
figs. 7—9.
AXINUS OBLIQUUS, Jf‘Coy, 1844. Synops. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 64, pl. viii,
fig. 29.
—? — Morris, 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., edit. 2, p. 189.
Non Myorpnorta oprigua, MW‘Coy, 1855. Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 496.
Scuizopvus? oBiiquus, Bigsby, 1875. Thesaurus Devonico-Carboniferus, p. 311.
— — Etheridge, 1888. Brit. Foss., vol. i, Paleoz., p. 290.
Specific Characters.—Shell inequilateral, obliquely subtriangularly ovate, only
moderately convex. ‘The anterior end forms barely one third of the valve trans-
versely, but is very deep from above downwards; its border is almost semicircular,
so that the most anterior point is about the centre, and passes with regular
curvature into the inferior border, which is strongly convex downwards, but
forms the segment of a larger circle than the anterior border. The posterior
border is produced downwards and backwards; very obliquely truncate and
almost straight, joining the inferior border at a well-marked, more or less blunted
angle. The hinge-line is very arcuate, at the shortest margin of the shell; and the
posterior-superior angle is obtuse and fairly well marked. The umbones are
situated at the junction of the anterior and middle thirds of the shell, projecting
markedly upwards, moderately convex, small, incurved, and twisted forwards,
contiguous, only slightly elevated above the hinge-line; excavated in front, so
that they appear to stand up high above the anterior part of the shell. Passing
downwards and backwards from the umbo close to the posterior margin is a
strong angular oblique ridge, which separates a compressed and very much
narrowed dorsal slope from the rest of the valve, which is regularly curved from
above downwards and before backwards, the greatest convexity being about the
centre of the valve. The ligament was external, small, and short.
Interior.—The muscle-scars are normal in position ; pallial line entire.
Heterior.—The surface is almost smooth, but in front there are indications of
regular concentric striations.
236 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Dimensions—
Antero-posteriorly. Dorso-ventrally. Laterally.
Pl. XIX, fig. 8, from Easter Bucklyvie, Donibristle 18 mm. 15 mm. —
Pl. XIX, fig. 7, from same locality ‘ . 28 mm. 24mm. 5mm.
Localities.—Scotland: Ayrshire, Beith; in shale below the Main Limestone,
Lower Limestone series; Woodtop Quarry, Teasses; Easter Bucklyvie, Doni-
bristle ; Pathhead, Lambland Quarry; Encrinite bed, Broom Hill, St. Andrews.
Ireland: in Arenaceous shale at Mullaghtenny, Clogher, co. Tyrone.
Observations.—I find this species in some Scotch cabinets under the name
< Avinus aviniformis, Phillips,” but it differs from P. axiniformis in its obliquity
and by the much more strongly pronounced diagonal ridge. It has also a much
shorter anterior end and hinge-line, and the umbones are less twisted forwards.
I refigure the type specimen of M‘Coy’s Avinus obliquus, Pl. XIX, fig. 9, which
is preserved in the Griffith Collection at the Museum of Science and Art, Dublin.
This is a left valve, and not, as represented in the original drawing, a right valve.
M‘Coy’s description states that the shell possesses ‘‘a strong ridge from the
beak to the posterior angle,”’ and this is well shown in Scotch specimens. The
following statement also occurs—‘ Epidermis produced into long fringes beyond
the margin,’ but on this point I am not able to offer an opinion, as I have not
been able to observe this character in any specimen; and the members of this
genus do not, as far as I know, possess a periostracum of any thickness. I
figure several testiferous examples from the collection of the Geological Survey,
Edinburgh.
This species resembles P. awiniformis more nearly than any other, but is dis-
tinguished from it by its greater degree of obliquity, the very rapid descent of the
posterior border, the marked angulation of the oblique ridge, and the very narrow
adpressed dorsal slope. It is also less convex. JP. obliquus is found at about the
same horizon as P. aviniformis in Scotland, but, as far as I know, does not occur
in the Upper Limestone series. In Ireland the species seems to be confined to the
Lower Limestone shales, an horizon which I believe, on strong paleontological
grounds, to be the equivalent of the Calciferous-sandstone series of Scotland.
M‘Coy (op. cit.) redescribed his species, taking for a second type some shells
from the Limestones of Lowick, Northumberland ; but I have never seen this
species from that locality, and the fine series of shells in the Woodwardian
Museum, Cambridge, have nothing in common with the shell which was the
original type. The description, however, agrees in every particular with the
original specimen, and with those which I now refigure as typical of the
genus, except perhaps that it makes the shell too convex. I am of opinion that
specimens of P. axiniformis, which are fairly common at Lowick, must have been
mistaken for P. obliquus.
PROTOSCHIZODUS RECTANGULARIS. 237
PROTOSCHIZODUS RECTANGULARIS, M‘Coy, sp., 1844. Plate XVIII, fig. 20, and
Plate XIX, figs. 2, 3.
DoaBra RECTANGULARIS, J‘Coy, 1844. Synops. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 66,
pl. xi; figs LO;
_— —_— Morris, 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., edit. 2, p. 202.
CUCULLHA RECTANGULARIS, Bigsby, 1878. Thesaurus Devonico-Carbonif., p. 305.
DowaBRra RECTANGULARIS, Etheridge, 1888. Brit. Foss., vol. i, Paleoz., p. 2838.
Specific Characters.—Shell triangularly gibbose, subquadrate, of moderate size
only, almost equilateral, much compressed and subalate posteriorly. The anterior
end is compressed and flattened from before backwards, and has its border
semicircularly curved. It is continuous with the inferior border, which is
regularly convex downwards, meeting the posterior border at a well-marked,
shehtly obtuse angle. The posterior border is almost straight, obliquely truncate
from above downwards and backwards, and it makes a well-marked angle with
the hinge-line above. The hinge-line is short and arcuate. ‘The umbones are
small, acutely pointed, contiguous, only slightly raised above the hinge-line, and
subcentral. The umbonal swelling is well marked off, both in front and behind,
from the rest of the valve, and is triangular and regularly convex ; the anterior
border being regularly rounded, steep above, but gradually lost in its passage
downwards. The posterior umbonal border is very oblique and strongly sub-
angular, and is continued as far as the postero-inferior angle. . Posterior to this
oblique ridge the valves are markedly and abruptly compressed, and somewhat
expanded, so as to be concave transversely.
Interior—The muscle-scars are normal in position, and the pallial line is
entire. ‘The hinge has not been isolated.
Ezxterior.—The surface is almost smooth, but fine concentric lines of growth
are to be seen towards the lower margin. Shell thin.
Dimensions.—Fig. 20, Pl. XVIII, from Settle, measures—
Antero-posteriorly : : . 32mm.
Dorso-ventrally : ; . 28) muy.
Hlevation of valve : ; é > So mnie
Localities.—England: the Carboniferous Limestone of Settle, Yorkshire.
Ireland: the Carboniferous Limestone of Firog and Ballyhomock, co. Limerick.
Observations.—The type of M‘Coy’s species is a much smaller shell than those
here figured ; but he describes very exactly the characters of the shells which I now
refer to P. rectangularis. ‘There is some curious misprint, I think, in M‘Coy’s
remarks on this species (op. cit., p. 66), as follows :—‘* This shell much resembles
the Cucullea angusta, Sow., in general form, but is much more depressed, and is,
moreover, distinguished by its greatly larger beaks and prominent posterior
238 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
diagonal ridge; the straight rectangular posterior side distinguishes it from
every species of Oypricardia with which I am acquainted.” The word Cypricardia
must be a misprint, for the shells figured by M‘Coy under this generic name have
no resemblance at all to Protoschizodus.
P. rectangularis resembles P. aainiformis in shape, but is much more gibbose,
and has a much more compressed and expanded dorsal slope, and a much
stronger oblique ridge.
I have at present seen only very few examples of this species; it seems to
be rare, but more frequent in Ireland than in England. The shell figured,
Pl. XVIII, fig. 20, from Settle is in the Burrow Collection of the Woodwardian
Museum, Cambridge. The other, fig. 9, Pl. XIX, is in the collection of the
Geological Survey of Ireland, in the Museum of Science and Art, Dublin.
PROTOSCHIZODUS TRIGONALIS, de Koninck, 1885. Pl. XVIII, figs. 14, l4a.
PROTOSCHIZODUS TRIGONALIS, de Koninck, 1885. Ann. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat.
Belgique, tom. xi, Appendix, p. 248, pl. xiv,
figs. 9, 10.
Specific Characters.—Shell of very moderate size, gibbose, subtrigonal, shghtly
inequilateral, greatest dorso-ventral and antero-posterior diameters almost equal.
The anterior end gibbose above and compressed below, projects forwards
inferiorly. Its border slopes rapidly downwards and forwards for half its extent,
and then becomes semicircularly curved into the lower border without any
interruption. The inferior border is long, very feebly curved in front, but
straight in its posterior half, which ascends rapidly towards its termination and
joins the posterior border at a bluntly rounded angle. The posterior border is
straight, obliquely truncate from above downwards and backwards, making an
obscurely marked obtuse angle with the hinge-lme. The hinge-line is arched in
front, but its posterior part, shehtly produced, is straight. The umbones are
cibbose, incurved, twisted forwards, contiguous, raised above the hinge-line, and
situated in front of the middle point of the hinge-line. Proceeding obliquely
downwards and backwards to the inferior border, in front of the postero-
inferior angle, is a very well-marked, obtusely rounded ridge, behind which the
valves are very rapidly bent on themselves, so that the dorsal slope is very broad
and hollow transversely, and the extreme edges of the valve are compressed and
project backwards. The surface of the valves is convexly swollen above and
for half the dorso-ventral diameter, the lower half beimg gradually flattened and
expanded laterally. The greatest gibbosity of the valve is subumbonal.
Interior.—The anterior adductor muscle-scar is very shallow, elongate, and
PROTOSCHIZODUS SUBAQUALIS. 239
situated immediately within the antero-superior angle; the posterior, better
marked, is situated in the hollow of the dorsal slope, remote from the postero-
superior angle. The hinge has not yet been observed.
Heterior.—The surface is almost smooth, but there are occasionally very
indistinct concentric lines of growth, better marked in front. Shell thin.
Dimensions.—P1|. XVIII, fig. 14, measures—
Antero-posteriorly . : . 20°) mm.
Dorso-ventrally ; ; 5S) fargo
From side to side. : : . 13 mm.
Localities.—England: the upper beds of the Carboniferous Limestone,
Castleton, Derbyshire.
Observations.—This species is described by de Koninck in the Appendix to his
great work (supra cit.). In his observations on the species he says, ‘‘ Cette
espece, qui par sa taille et sa forme trigonale, a quelques rapports avec le
P. Wortheni, sen distingue par le prolongement et la forme beaucoup plus
anguleuse de son cété antérieur.” ‘To this I would add that P. tiigonalis is more
eibbose, the posterior border more nearly vertical, the postero-inferior angle less
acute, and the inferior border less curved than in P. aviniformis.
As far as can be ascertained at present, the two species mentioned above do
not occur together, either in Belgium or in Great Britain, P. awiniformis occurring
in Etage I, Tournai, and P. trigonalis in Htage IT, Panquys. In Great Britain,
however, this species occurs at the top of the zone of Productus giganteus, which
shell is considered in Belgium to be typical of the Viséen, or upper division of
the Carboniferous Limestone. I have obtained only one specimen of this species
in Great Britain, and that from the fossiliferous beds at the top of the Carboni-
ferous Limestone series at Castleton.
The species is easily distinguished from P. subequalis by its triangular form
having its greatest transverse diameter at the lower border, the great expansion
laterally of the dorsal slope, and absence of any alation at the postero-superior
angle.
PRoTOscHIZODUS sUBmQUALIS, de Koninck, 1885. Plate XVIII, figs. 15—19.
PROTOSCHIZODUS SUBHQUALIS, de Koninck, 1885. Aun. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belgique,
vol. xi, p. 130, pl. xxii, figs. 380, 31.
Specific Characters.—Shell somewhat transverse, small, moderately gibbose,
inequilateral, ovately subtriangular. The anterior end is somewhat shorter than
the posterior, regularly gibbose, and has an evenly rounded border, passing with
a single curve into the inferior border, which is regularly but less convex. The
240 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
posterior border is somewhat elongate, obliquely truncated, and straight in the
upper two thirds, bluntly rounded below, where it joins the ventral edge at a
rounded obtuse angle. The hinge-line is short, arcuate in front, produced and
straight behind. The umbones are small, convex, pointed, contiguous, curved,
and pointing slightly forwards, and situated about the centre of the hinge-line.
The posterior edge of the umbo is acute, and produced obliquely downwards and
backwards to the postero-inferior angle, dividing the shell into a larger regularly
gibbose and a smaller much compressed portion, which forms the hollowed pos-
terior slope. The greatest convexity is about the junction of the upper and
iniddle thirds of the valve.
Interior.—The anterior adductor muscle-scar is small and shallow; the
posterior rounded, comparatively large, and situated within the dorsal slope.
The pallial line is very faint, but entire. The hinge has not as yet been exposed.
Exterior.—The surface is smooth, the very faintest traces only of concentric
markings being observable with a glass. Shell very thin.
Dimensions.—Fig. 17, Pl. XVIII, measures—
Antero-posteriorly —. ; 3 « ho mm:
Dorso-ventrally . 13mm.
Elevation of valve ; / ‘oumm:
Localities —England: the upper beds of the Carboniferous Limestone of
Thorpe Cloud, Derbyshire; Wetton, Staffordshire; and Thorpe, near Grassington,
Yorkshire.
Observations.—The species P. subequalis was founded by de Koninck on a
single shell from the Limestone of Naméche, stated to be in the Etage III, Viséen,
in the text, and Btage IT in the explanation of the plate; the latter is probably a
misprint, as Htage Viséen is given in the table of distribution at the end of the
volume. I have obtained a large number of specimens from the Limestone of
Thorpe Cloud, at the entrance to Dovedale, which agree so closely with the
figure and description of de Koninck’s shell that I have no hesitation in adopting
his name for the British shells.
As far as I can ascertain, P. subequalis never seems to attain to a greater size
than the specimens figured in Pl. XVIII, figs. 15—19. I have been able to ascer-
tain the internal characters from the cast of an interior from Thorpe by
Grassington, fig. 15, Pl. XVIII; but unfortunately as yet the hinge-line has not
been exposed.
This species comes between P. trigonalis and P. rectangularis in shape, and
is distinguished from the former by its less triangular and less gibbose form, and
by the marked alation of the postero-superior angle. The contour of the anterior
and inferior border is much more convex. It is, however, less circular in outline,
and more convex than P. orbiculavis.
PROTOSCHIZODUS ORBICULARIS. 241
PROTOSCHIZODUS ORBICULARIS, M*Coy, 1844. Plate XVIII, figs. 21—23.
Cf. Axinvs orbicuLaRris, M‘Coy, 1844. Synepsis Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 64, pl. viii,
fig. 28.
», DoLABRA ORBICULARIS, Morris, 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2nd edit., p. 202.
,», CUCULLHA ORBICULARIS, Bigsby, 1878. Thesaurus Devonico-Carbonif., p. 305.
,», SCHIZODUS ORBICULARIS, Htheridge, 1885. Brit. Foss., vol. i, Paleozoic, p. 290.
Specific Characters.—Shell small, compressed, suborbicular, equilateral. The
anterior end is comparatively well developed, compressed, its border semicircular,
passing with a continuous curvature into the ventral border, which is only a little
less convex. The posterior border is regularly rounded, about as long as the
anterior ; its upper limit is obscure, but there is an approach towards angulation
at the postero-inferior angle. ‘The hinge-line is arcuate and short. The umbones
are small, triangular, pointed, very slightly convex, not raised, and median.
Proceeding obliquely downwards and backwards towards the postero-inferior
angle is a distinct ridge, which marks off a small compressed portion of the valve
as the posterior slope. Elsewhere the valve is slightly but regularly curved.
Interiov.—The anterior adductor muscle-scar is small, round, and situated in
the hollow between the umbo and the antero-superior angle. The posterior,
elongate and fairly conspicuous, is placed in the hollow of the dorsal slope. The
pallial line is entire and remote from the margin. The hinge appears from casts
to be normal. There are some oblique ridges on the dorsal slope of casts, which
indicate hollows in the interior of the valve in this position.
Hetevrior.—The surface is almost smooth even under the microscope, and the
shell is very thin.
Dimensions.—Fig. 21, Pl. XVIII, measures—
Antero-posteriorly : : ] = alsimini,
Dorso-ventrally ‘ : e242 rome
Elevation of valve , ; : ‘ 3mm.
Locality.— England: in caleareous bullions some hundred yards below the
third bed of Millstone-grit (Roaches), Congleton Edge, Cheshire.
Observations.—I have referred to this species three specimens from a bed
some distance below the third Millstone-grit at Congleton Edge. One of the
specimens, fig. 22, Pl. XVIII, is a cast, and gives a more perfect contour than
the testiferous example, fig. 21, which, owing to a loss of a small portion of the
lower part of the posterior end, gives an exaggerated idea of the angulation
of the lower portion. I have been fortunately able to identify in the casts
the hinge and internal characters which are typical of the genus. This species is
more orbicular than any other, and seems to attain to no great size.
31
242 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
De Koninck describes a form (P. donaciformis) which has some similarity to
my species ; but he states that his shell is thicker transversely than P. Worthent,
whereas mine is more flattened than that species, but the two species agree in
having the anterior end equal to, or slightly larger than, the posterior. De
Koninck’s shell is stated to occur in the Waulsortian stage, and therefore at a
much lower horizon than P. orbicularis.
M‘Coy described a shell under the title Avinus orbicularis in his ‘ Synopsis of
the Carboniferous Limestone Fossils of Ireland,’ p. 64, but unfortunately the type
is lost, and nothing is now known about the specimen. The figure has very much
the contour of my shells, and it is represented as possessing a slightly marked
diagonal ridge, which also characterises mine. There is unfortunately no means
of establishing the identity, but I have retained the specific name because
description and figure agree very closely with my shells.
PROYOSCHIZODUS TRIANGULARIS, sp. nov., Hind, 1898. Plate XVIII, figs. 11—18.
? AXINUS CARBONARIUS, Young and Armstrong, 1871. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,
vol. iii, Appendix, Carb. Foss. West of Scot-
land, p. 50.
Specific Characters—Shell almost equilateral, triangular, compressed. The
anterior end is moderately swollen almost to the anterior border, where it becomes
rapidly compressed into the edge of the valve. The anterior border is almost
straight, obliquely truncate in its upper portion, but semicircularly rounded
below, where it passes with regular curve into the inferior border, which is
gently but regularly convex; the posterior border is straight for the greater
part of its extent, obliquely truncate from above downwards and backwards; but
below it joins the inferior border at a bluntly rounded obtuse angle. The hinge-
line is very angular and short, its limits not well defined. The umbones are
small, elevated, pointed, and twisted forwards, almost contiguous, and sub-
central; not well marked off from the valve either in front or behind. The
dorsal slope is very slightly compressed, because the general convexity of the
valve is continued almost to the edge of the shell. The valves are regularly and
interruptedly convex above downwards, and before backwards; the greatest
convexity is subumbonal.
Interior.—The anterior adductor muscle-scar is small, shallow, and marginal ;
the posterior elongated and submarginal. The pallial line is entire. The hinge
has not yet been exposed.
Hxterior.—The surface appears to be smooth.
PROTOSCHIZODUS NUCULOIDES. 243
Dimensions.—Fig. 11, Pl. XVIII, measures—
Antero-posteriorly : ; ; . 25 mm.
Dorso-ventrally . ; : , 26emm,
From side to side , 12 mm.
Locality.—Scotland: Ayrshire, the shale under the Main Limestone, Beith,
Lower Limestone series.
Observations—To Mr. R. Craig of Beith I am indebted for the kind gift of
the shell on which this species is founded, and which I am unable to identify
with any other form yet described. He tells me that this is the shell generally
known in the west of Scotland as Avinus carbonarius, Portlock, now described as
Protoschizodus axiniformis, var. depressus, Portlock, var. The latter species is not
so regularly triangular or so nearly equilateral, and has a well-marked oblique
ridge and dorsal slope, which characters may be relied upon for the differential
diagnosis of the two species. One of the specimens of P. Cantrainianus,
de Ryckholt, sp., in the Museum of Natural History, Brussels, somewhat
resembles this species, but the figured specimen is totally unlike; it is more
oblique, and has the dorsal slope more developed.
PROTOSCHIZODUS NUCULOIDES, M‘Coy, sp., 1844. Plate XIX, figs. 1O—16.
AXINUS NUCULOIDES, J/‘Coy, 1844. Synops. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 63, pl. xi,
fig. -9.
ANATINA DELTOIDEA, Jf‘Coy, 1844. Ibid., p. 51, pl. viii, fig. 7.
AXxinus ? nucuLorpEs, Morris, 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2nd edit., p. 189.
ANATINA? DELTOIDEA, Morris, 1854. Ibid., p. 183.
Scuizopus NucuLorpEs, Ltheridge, 1888. Brit. Foss., voi. i, Palezoz., p. 290.
ANATINA DELTOIDEA, Etheridge, 1888. ITbid., p. 277.
Specific Characteis.—Shell small, ovate, transverse, moderately convex, biuntly
pointed behind. The anterior end comprises about one third of the valve, and is
comparatively deep in a dorso-ventral direction; its border is gradually curved,
and not well defined either above or below. ‘The inferior border is extended, only
very gently convex for the greater part, but more so posteriorly, where it joins
the posterior border, making an elliptical curve. The posterior border is long,
oblique, almost straight, descending backwards and downwards. The hinge-line
is fairly extensive and gently arcuate, passing behind into the posterior border
without a break. ‘The umbones are small, pointed, forming the largest portion of
the valve in front; the anterior umbonal slope is not well defined, but proceeding
downwards and backwards towards the postero-inferior angle is a well-marked
244 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
angular ridge, above which the shell is compressed, forming a flattened dorsal
slope. ‘The valve is gently convex, and much narrowed posteriorly from above
downwards.
Intervior.—The pallial line is entire. ‘he hinge of the right valve consists of a
single fairly large tooth, situated in front of the umbones, inclined forwards.
The posterior part of the hinge-plate is somewhat flattened, but there is no sign
of a posterior lateral tooth. Muscle-scars are normal in position. Pallial line
simple.
Exteriov.—The surface is almost smooth, but here and there the microscope
reveals fine concentric lines of growth. Shell very thin.
Dimensions.—Fig. 10, Pl. XIX, measures—
Antero-posteriorly : . 13mm.
Dorso-ventrally i ; : : 9 mm.
Elevation of valve 3 . 4mm.
Localities —Scotland: Enerinite-bed, Broom Hill, St. Andrews; Calciferous
Sandstone series. Ireland: Carboniferous shales of Dromard, Draperstown, co.
Londonderry.
Observations.—This little species was described and figured by M‘Coy in 1844.
The Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, possesses a slab from the same locality as
that where the type specimen was collected, which is full of specimens of this
shell. I have been able to isolate the hinge of the right valve, which I have
described above, and which is typical of the genus in its characters. The
Geological Survey of Scotland possesses a block from the Encrinite-bed,
St. Andrews, in which are two specimens, both casts. One, a right valve, shows
as a hollow the place which the cardinal tooth occupied ; the other, a left valve,
gives details of the muscle-scars and pallial line.
This species is much more comparatively transverse than any other, and can
be easily distinguished by this character.
The Anatina deltoidea, M‘Coy, is, I think, without doubt, a synonym of this
species. The following is the description given of it:—‘*‘ Subtrigonal, gibbous ;
anterior side large, rounded; front margin very convex; posterior side com-
pressed, broad, obliquely truncated, separated from the body of the shell by an
obtuse ridge,” &c. The interior is shown in the original figure with an entire
pallial line; but it is stated that the ‘‘ pallial impression (is) sinuous.” An
attempt is made in the figure to make the pallial sinus in an impossible place,
i. €. posterior, and just below the posterior adductor muscle. This specimen is
refigured, Pl. XIX, fig. 11. Although the name Anatina deltoidea is found on p. 51,
and that of Avinus nuculoides on p. 63, the former specific appellation cannot be
adopted on account of its previous use (though only as a synonym) for another
species of this genus.
PROTOSCHIZODUS MAGNUS. 245
The specimen of an interior figured Pl. XIX, fig. 12, shows that the pallial line
was entire.
PROTOSCHIZODUS MAGNUS, de Koninck, 1885. Plate XIX, figs. 22, 22a, 23.
Proroscuizopts MaGNnts, de Koninck, 1885. Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique,
vol. xi, p. 126, pl. xiii, figs. 1—3.
Specific Characters.—Shell of medium size, moderately compressed, triangularly
suborbicular, subequilateral, subalate at the postero-superior angle. The anterior
end forming rather less than half the shell, is produced forwards, and regularly
and gradually compressed into the margins. ‘he anterior border, immediately
continuous with the hinge-line above, is only gently curved, passes forwards and
downwards, and then being bluntly curved backwards becomes the inferior
border, which is very convex, especially in front and behind. The posterior
border is truncate and nearly straight above, making a well-marked obtuse
angle; below it becomes curved, and so joins the inferior border. The hinge-line
is Short in front and curved; posteriorly it is straight, depressed, and produced.
The umbones are small, not marked off at all in front from the rest of the valve ;
pointed, contiguous, almost central, and not much raised above the hinge-line.
Posterior to a line passing from the umbo to the postero-inferior angle the valve
is rapidly compressed and expanded, so that the dorsal slope is concave, __Else-
where the valves are regularly but slightly convex, and there is no indication of
an oblique ridge. The hgament is small and external, situated in a very narrow
eroove posterior to the umbones.
Interiovr.—This has not been well observed, but there are indications that the
muscle-scars are normal in position. Pallial line entire.
Heterior.—The surface is ornamented with very numerous, regular, fine, con-
centric lines of growth, more apparent near the anterior edge.
Dimensions.—Fig. 22, Pl. XIX, measures—
Antero-posteriorly : : . 93 mm.
Dorso-ventrally : ; : . 47 mm.
Laterally . : : . 23 mm.
Localities.—Ireland: the Carboniferous Limestone of Ballyhomon, co.
Limerick, and Little Island, co. Cork.
Observations.—I have met with only two specimens of this species, both of
which occurred in Irish beds; one, a very fine testiferous example, is in the
collection of the Geological Survey of Ireland, and the other is in the cabinet of
Mr. Joseph Wright, F.G.8., of Belfast. ‘hese two shells are distinguished from
other species of the genus by their peculiar shape. The produced anterior end,
246 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
depressed and extended hinge-line, and the small inconspicuous umbones, which
have no sign of an anterior fold, are characteristic. This condition of the umbo
at once separates P. magnus from P. xquilateralis, in which the anterior fold is
very well marked. :
Mr. J. Wright’s specimen, fig. 23, Pl. XIX, is a cast from Little Island,
co. Cork, but unfortunately details are not well shown, and it is imperfect at the
posterior end; and this is also, to a smaller extent, the case with the other
specimen, fig. 22, Pl. XIX; but the general contour can be well made out from
the two examples, for the latter specimen is only imperfect below, while the
former is so above. The absence of any oblique ridge is also very marked—a
feature present in most of the species of this genus. In the absence of this
character P. magnus agrees with P. impressus, but the umbones of the latter
species are much better marked off from the shell and raised above the hinge-line,
and not median. The external ligament is well preserved in the Survey specimen,
and is very small and short.
De Koninck gives three figures of a single specimen of this species, which, he
states, 1s very rare, and occurs in the Lower Carboniferous of Tournai. His
specimen shows the hinge, which is normal. The specimen is less perfect even
than those I figure, and this fact accounts for the slght difference in his
description of the contour of the valve and mine. He remarks on the feebleness
of the diagonal ridge, so common to other species of the genus.
PROTOSCHIZODUS HQUILATERALIS, M‘Coy, sp., 1844. Pl. XX, figs. 5, 7, 1O—12.
Lerropomus Fraatiis, M‘Coy, 1844. Synops. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 67, pl. x,
fig. 11.
DowaBra £ZQUILATERALIS, Df‘Coy, 1844. Ibid., p. 65, pl. xi, fig. 14.
— — Morris, 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., edit. 2, p. 202.
LeEpPTopoMUS FRAGILIS, Morris, 1854. Ibid., p. 206.
= — (pars.), R. Etheridge, jun., 1876. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 101, pl. iv, figs. 6, 7.
ProtoscHizoDus InsiGnts, de Koninck, 1885. Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belge,
vol, xi, p. 128) pl. xxn, fig. UO:
DoLaBRA HQUILATERALIS, Etheridge, 1888. Brit. Foss., vol. i, Paleoz., p. 283.
Specific Characters.—Shell of moderate size, subquadrate, oblique, regularly
eibbose, except at the postero-superior angle, which is compressed, produced, and
subalate. The anterior end is much shorter than the posterior, regularly convex,
and has its border semicircularly curved, which passes into the ventral border
without a break. The latter is convex, the are of a larger circle than that of the
anterior border. The posterior border is almost straight, truncate, and slightly
PROTOSCHIZODUS AQUILATERALIS. 247
oblique from above downwards and backwards. The postero-inferior angle is
almost a right angle, but the postero-superior angle is obtuse. The hinge-line is
arcuate in front, but produced and straight posteriorly, and somewhat depressed
downwards.
The umbones are of moderate size, marked off both in front and behind by a
distinct fold, and twisted forwards, pointed, incurved, contiguous, raised above
the hinge-line, and situated in the anterior third of the valve.
Proceeding downwards and backwards from the posterior border of the umbo
to the postero-inferior angle is a more or less acute ridge, posterior to which the
shell is rapidly compressed and somewhat expanded. There is a second ridge
close to the hinge-line, formed by the bending of the valve on itself to form the
hinge-plate, which is fairly constant, and gives rise to a pseudo-escutcheon.
Interior.—The anterior adductor muscle-scar is subcircular; its position is
high up, and just within the anterior edge of the valve. The posterior is placed
high up on the dorsal slope, and very inconspicuous. The pallial line is entire,
and remote from the margin. The hinge has not yet been exposed.
Kxterior.—The surface is almost smooth, but under the microscope fine
concentric lines, parallel to the margins, are to be seen, and these become a little
coarser or subimbricating as they pass over the posterior slope to end in the
hinge-line, and are fairly well marked at the lower margin. Shell thin.
Dimensions.—Fig. 5, Pl. XX, from Magazine Limeworks, Pathhead, measures—
Antero-posteriorly. Dorso-ventrally. Elevation of valve.
48 mm. 4] mm. 10 mm.
The type of M‘Coy’s
Dolabra xquilateralis }
Localities.—Ireland: the Carboniferous Limestone; Clonmel; Monaster ;
Doorin, Co. Donegal; Limerick. Scotland: Magazine Ironworks, Pathhead ;
Burn Anne; Calderwood Cement-stone, East Kilbride.
The type-specimen of Dolabra xquilateralis, M‘Coy, is very poor and incom-
plete, it has lost a good deal of the posterior end, and the umbo is badly pre-
served. On this account it isa very unsatisfactory specimen on which to found a
species, and the drawing given by M‘Coy is largely ideal. In its incomplete
condition this type does not appear to be so oblique as the shells which I have
ventured to think belong to M‘Coy’s species; and the original shell, now pre-
served in the Griffith Collection in the Science and Art Museum, Dublin, is here
refigured. Mr. R. Etheridge, jun., described and figured a certain specimen from
the Calderwood cement-stone as Leptodomus fragilis (op. cit.), which, from its
obliquity and the angular nature of the oblique ridge, cannot belong to that
species; but which I have no doubt is the same species as the shell here figured,
Pl. XX, fig. 5, from Pathhead. A comparison of this specimen with the type
35 mm. -+ (not perfect) 37 mm. —
248 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
of Leptodomus fragilis, Pl. XX, fig. 6, will at once show that this reference of the
Calderwood shell was erroneous.
De Koninck considered the Dolabra xquilateralis of M‘Coy to be a synonym of
Amphidesma subtruncata of the same author, but I think this is incorrect, and
give the reasons for this view under my remarks on this species, p. 249. He
described, however, as a new species, founded on a single specimen, P. insignis, a
shell which is identical with Mr. Joseph Wright’s specimen, represented in
Pl. XX, fig. 10. These both have the shell well preserved, and it is not altogether
to be wondered at that de Koninck did not recognise that his specimen was the
exterior shell of the cast figured by M‘Coy.
De Koninck states, ‘‘ Le Protoschizodus cuneatus, F. B. Meek (‘ Pal. Ohio,’
p. 336, pl. xx, fig. 7), est le seul qui ait quelques ressemblance avec celui que je
viens de décrire.”” But on reference to the original figure and description of
the shell in question, it is not easy to understand why it was thought necessary
to compare two such dissimilar shells, and from the shape of the American
specimen I should doubt, in the absence of any evidence of the hinge, the pro-
priety of removing that shell from the genus Schizodus. This shell may be
briefly described as ovate, subtrigonal, posterior side long, cuneate, somewhat
narrowed.
P. xquilateralis more nearly approaches P. subtruncatus than any other species
of the genus, but is easily recognised by the strong oblique ridge, more truncate
posterior end, and more elevated and conspicuous umbones.
Proroscuizopus sustruNcatus, M‘Coy, sp., 1844. Plate XX, figs. 1—4.
AMPHIDESMA suBTRUNCATA, Jf‘Coy, 1844. Synopsis Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 53,
pl. x, igs 10.
ScHIzoDUs suBrRUNCATUS, King, 1849. Monogr. Permian Fossils, p. 185 (foot-
note).
ANODONTOPSIS SUBTRUNCATUS, Morris, 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2nd edit., p. 184.
Dovasra sustruncata, de Ryckholt, 1853. Mélanges paléontol., pt. 2, p. 78.
ANODONTOPSIS SUBTRUNCATUS, Bigsby, 1878. Thesaurus Devonico-Carboniferus,
p. 297.
PROTOSCHIZODUS SUBTRUNCATUS, de Koninck, 1885. Ann. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat.
Belgique, tom. xi, p. 131, pl. xxii, fig. 2.
ANODONTOPSIS suBTRUNCATUS, Etheridge, 1888. Brit. Foss., vol. i, Paleoz.,
p. 278.
Specific Characters.—Shell of medium size, transverse diameter only slightly
longer than the dorso-ventral, ovately subquadrate, moderately and very regularly
el
PROTOSCHIZODUS SUBTRUNCATUS. 249
gibbose. The anterior portion comprises about one-third of the valve, is deep,
and has its border semicircularly curved. The inferior border is regularly curved
in front, continuously with the anterior edge; but behind, where it joins the
posterior border, the curvature is much more rapid, and there is no approach to
angulation. The posterior border is subtruncate, but more or less convex ; and
it joins the superior border with an obscure, almost obsolete, obtuse angle. The
hinge-line is gently curved. The umbones are small, triangularly pointed, not
much raised above the hinge-line, contiguous, anterior, and slightly twisted
forwards. The valve is rapidly compressed posterior to a line passing obliquely
downwards and backwards from the posterior edge of the umbo, so that the
dorsal slope is concave; but there is no ridge or approach to angulation.
Interior.—The muscle-scars are normal in position. Hinge not yet exposed.
Heterior.—The surface is almost smooth, but under the microscope very
faint concentric lines of growth are visible. Shell very thin.
Dimensions.—Fig. 4, Pl. XX, the type of Amphidesma subtruncata, M‘Coy,
measures—
Antero-posteriorly —. . 33mm.
Dorso-ventrally ; : =) <oOumm,
Elevation of valve : mam
Localities. —England : the Carboniferous Limestone of Park Hill, Derbyshire.
Ireland: the Carboniferous Limestone of Millicent, Clane, co. Cork ; and Firogh,
co. Limerick.
Observations.—The figure given by M‘Coy of his Amphidesma subtruncata is
very different from the original shell. As is the case with all M‘Coy’s figures,
the original, a right valve, is depicted as a left; and the shell is more oblique, and
not so quadrate as represented in the figure. That the specimen which I
reproduce, Pl. XX, fig. 4, now preserved in the Griffith Collection in the
Museum of Science and Art, Dublin, is the orginal, there can be no doubt, the
contour of the line which shows where the shell is absent being identical with
that shown in the original drawing. The type is a little imperfect in front, but
otherwise is a very good specimen. Unfortunately I have not been able to
obtain any other examples but the three fragmentary specimens here figured,
Pl. XX, figs. 1—8, which are from the Limestone of Park Hill, Derbyshire.
De Koninck figures a single example of this species from Pauquys, near Dinant,
and states that it is not so very rare in one locality, but that he has only seen a
single complete specimen. This author confounds this species with the Dolabra
equilateralis, M‘Coy (now re-described as P. xquilateralis), placing the latter as
a synonym of P. subtruncatus. For some time I thought that this view was
correct, but P. equilateralis has a much more truncate posterior end, its umbones
more anterior, and marked off both in front and behind by distinct umbonal
32
250 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
ridges, and there is a well-marked oblique ridge posteriorly—a series of characters
which, taken together, are sufficient, in my opinion, to retain both species.
PROTOSCHIZODUS FKAGILIS, M‘Coy, sp., 1844. Plate XX, figs. 6, 8, 9.
LEPTODOMUS FRAGILIS, M‘Coy, 1844. Synops. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 67, pl. x,
figs.
= — Morris, 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., edit. 2, p. 202.
Non = — KR. Etheridge, jun., 1876. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol. xviii, p. 101, pl. iv, figs. 5—7.
— —_ Rk. Etheridge, 1888. Brit. Foss., vol. i, Palzoz., p. 284.
Specific Characters.—Shell subquadrately oval; gibbose, inequilateral. The
anterior end is well developed, and has a regularly curved border which passes
gradually into the inferior margin, which is very gently rounded and produced
transversely. The posterior border is narrowed from above downwards, some-
what obliquely truncate and almost straight, meeting the upper and lower
margins at well-marked cbtuse angles. The hinge-line is arched in front,
straight, extended and depressed posteriorly. The umbones are obtusely
rounded, gibbose, pointed, contiguous, elevated above the hinge-line, and situated
at the junction of anterior and middle thirds of the upper border. The umbonal
swelling rises gradually from the general convexity of the valve, and its borders
have an approach to sharpness only in the upper part. The dorsal slope of the
valve is much compressed and expanded, becoming slightly concave in section,
and the oblique swelling, which marks the passage of the compressed dorsal slope
into the general convexity of the valve, is gradually rounded.
Interior.—I have not been able to observe the hinge or muscle-scars, but the
pallial sinus is entire.
Hxteriov.—The surface is ornamented with regular very fine concentric striae
and lines of growth. Shell very thin.
Dimensions.—Fig. 6, Pl. XX, the type of M‘Coy’s Leptodomus fragilis,
measures—
Antero-posteriorly ; ; : . 53mm.
Dorso-ventrally 5 ; ; . 44 mm.
Elevation of valve 2 ; = 6am,
Localities.—England: the Redesdale Ironstone, Redesdale, Northumberland.
Ireland: the type specimen is said to have come from the Lower Limestone, but
no locality is given, probably Limerick.
Observations.—I refigure the type specimen of M‘Coy’s Leptodomus fragilis,
Pl. XX, fig. 6, which is a fairly complete specimen of a left valve; but it has lost
UNIONIDA. 251
its antero-superior angle. This species is more regularly oval and less obliquely
triangular than most of the others included in the genus, and it may be distin-
guished from P. xquilateralis by the absence of an oblique angular keel, also by
its comparatively larger anterior end, and the absence of any general obliquity.
R. Etheridge, jun., described certain shells under this species, but these I now
place with P. xquilateralis for reasons given above. In his observations on the
more perfect of these specimens Mr. Etheridge admits that “the obtuse diagonal
ridge is more pronounced, the posterior portion of the ventral margin straighter.”
It is not to be wondered at, considerable uncertainty having existed as to M‘Coy’s
species, because the specimens were so poor and the descriptive accounts very
meagre, but a study of the type makes it impossible to associate with it forms
which have an acute oblique ridge, anterior prosogyrous umbones, and a more
generally flattened shell, such as is characteristic of P. equilateralis.
P. subtruncatus appears to me to be more closely allied to P. fragilis ; but it is
flatter, and has not the squared subalate posterior angle; it is quite possible,
however, that the one may only represent the adult form of the other. Owing to
the paucity of examples it is impossible to pronounce definitely.
Family UNIONIDA.
Genus Carspontcona, M‘Coy, 1855.
(See ‘ Monograph on Carbonicola, Anthracomya, and Naiadites,’ Pal. Soc., 1894, p. 38.)
Generic Characters.—Hquivalve, inequilateral, transversely ovate, gibbose; scar
of accessory pedal muscle above that of anterior adductor. Hinge-plate triangular,
with or without cardinal teeth; no anterior and posterior lateral teeth. Pallial
line non-sinuate. Periostracum thick, wrinkled; ligament external; umbones
often eroded.
Species.
CaRBONICOLA ROoBUSTA, Sowerby, sp., 1840. Monogr., 1894, pp. 45, 174, pl. i,
figs. 1—6; pl. ii, figs. 1—6, 9—11; pl. xxi,
figs. 11, 11a, and 12.
— ruGOsA, Brown, sp., 1843. Ibid., p. 49, pl. ii, figs. 7, 8, 8 a.
_ acuta, Sow., sp., 1829. Ibid., pp. 150, 175, pl. iii, figs. 1—12;
pl. iv, figs. 8—17; pl. v, figs. 1, 83—87, 39; pl.
vi, figs. 1—43 ; pl. xxi, fig. 1.
252
CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
CARBONICOLA ACUTA, var. RHOMBOIDALIS, Hind, 1894. Monograph, p. 55, pl. iii,
figs. 183—21; pl. iv, figs. 1—7.
ovaLis, Martin, sp., 1809. Ibid., p. 56, pl. iv, figs. 18—22; pl. v,
fig. 38.
POLMONTENSIS, Lhind, sp., 1838. Ibid., p. 58, pl. vii, figs. 1—4.
suBcoNnsTRIcTA, Sow., sp.. 1812. Ibid., p. 59, pl. vi, fig. 44; pl. vii,
figs. 5—12.
optusa, Hind, 1894. Ibid., p. 61, pl. vii, figs. 16—23; pl. xi,
figs. 1, 2.
NUCULARIS, Hind, 1894. Ibid., pp. 63, 174, pl. vii, figs. 24—42;
pl. ix, fig. 11; pl. xi, figs. 14—16; pl
xxl, fig. &.
a1BBosa, Hind, 1894. Ibid., p. 65, pl. viii, figs. 1, la, 1, 2.
SUBROTUNDA, Brown, sp., 18438. Ibid., p. 65, pl. viii, figs. 3—7.
TURGIDA, Brown, sp., 1848. Ibid., p. 66, pl. vin, figs. 8—25.
AQuIninA, Sow., sp., 1840. Ibid., p. 69, pl. v, fig. 2; pl. ux;
figs. 1—10, 12—37; pl. x, figs. 1—42; pl. xi,
figs. 31—33.
AnGuLATA, de Ryckholt, sp., 1850. Ibid., p. 75, pl. xi, figs. 3—5.
SIMILIS, Brown, sp., 1843. Ibid., p. 76, pl. xi, figs. 6—18, 15,
17—23, 25—27.
CUNEIFORMIS, Hind, 1894. Ibid., p. 78, pl. xi, figs. 24, 24a.
ANTIQUA, Hind, 1894. Ibid., p. 79, pl. xi, figs. 28—380.
ELEGANS, Kirkby, sp., 1880. Ibid., p. 81, pl. xx, figs. 12—15 a.
Genus ANTHRACOMYA, Salter, 1862.
(See ‘ Monograph on Carbonicola, Anthracomya, and Naiadites,’ Pal. Soc., 1894, p. 83.)
Generic Characters.—Shell very slightly inequivalve, inequilateral, posterior
end compressed, expanded, and truncate; umbones small, from which a rounded
oblique ridge passes towards the postero-inferior angle.
Interior.—Muscle-sears shallow, as in Carbonicola. Hinge-plate small, with a
cardinal and one long posterior lateral tooth. Pallial line non-sinuate.
Hxterior.—Surface concentrically striate, with thickened wrinkled perios-
tracum.
Species.
AnTHRAcCOMYA ApamstI, Salter, 1861. Monograph, 1895, p. 89, pl. xii, figs.
1—19.
— var. EXPANSA, Hind, 1894. Ibid., p. 91, pl. xiii, figs.
1-—3.
DOLOBRATA, Sowerby, sp., 1840. Ibid., pp. 93, 176, pl. xiii, figs. 4—
9,11; pl. xxi, figs. 13 and 15.
EDMONDID. 253
ANTHRACOMYA MODIOLARIS, Sowerby, sp., 1840. Monograph, p. 95, pl.- xiii,
figs. 10, 12 ; pl. xiv, figs. 1—11, 32;
pl. xvi, figs. 49—53.
— WILLIAMsonI, Brown, sp., 1849. Ibid., p. 99, pl. xiv, figs. 12—
31; pl. xv, fig. 10.
— var. OBTUSA, Ludwig, sp., 1859. Ibid., p. 108,
pl. xv, figs. 5—9.,
— LANCEOLATA, Hind, 18938. Ibid., p. 104, pl. xv, figs. 11, lla.
— Wazpl, Etheridge (after Salter), 1890. Ibid., p. 105, pl. xiii, figs.
18, 15, 16; pl. xv, figs. 1—4, 12—20;
pl. xxi, figs. 9—10a, p. 175.
— PpuMILA, Salter, 1861. Ibid., p. 108, pl. xvi, figs. 2, 3, and 40.
— SUBCENTRALIS, Salter, 1861. Ibid., p. 109, pl. xvi, figs. 1, 49;
pl. xvil, figs. 3—5; pl. xix, figs.
Palka Pall (ie
— opovaTa, Hind, 1893. Ibid., p. 110, pl. xvi, fig. 41.
— SENEX, Salter, 1861. Ibid., pp. 111, 175, pl. xv, figs. 21—28;
pl. xxi, fig. 14.
— VatEnciensis, Hind (after R. Etheridge, jun., MS.), 1895. Ibid.,
p. 113, pl. xvi, figs. 44—48.
_— puLcHRA, Hind, 1895. Ibid., p. 114, pl. xv, figs. 29—49.
— MINIMA, Ludwig, 1859-60. Ibid., p. 116, pl. xvi, figs. 21, 22,
24—34.
— — var, cARINATA, Hind, 1895. Ibid., p. 119, pl. xvi, figs.
35—39.
-- Putiiuiesi1, Williamson, sp., 18386, Ibid., pp. 120, 176, pl. xvi,
figs. 1O—16; pl. xxi, fig. 7.
— LEVIS, Dawson, var. scoTica, Etheridge, 1877. Ibid., p. 123, pl.
xvi, figs. 17—20, 42, 43.
— SUBPARALLELA, Portlock, sp., 1843. Ibid., p. 176, pl. xvii, figs.
1,2; pl. xxi, figs. 2—6,
Family EDMONDIDA, King, 1849.
Epmonpip#, King, 1849. Monogr. Permian Foss., p. 162.
ANATININE (pars), Stoliczka, 1871. Pal. Indica, vol. ili, p. 162.
CarpiomorPHIps, Hall, 1883. Pal. New York, vol. v, pt. 11, headings of pls. Ixii
—I]xiv.
— Miller, 1889. Geol. and Pal. N. America, p. 458.
Family Characters.—Equivalve ; umbones more or less prosogyrous ; no
lunule; hinge edentulous, or with a single blunt cardinal tooth (an Scaldia).
Ligament external, small. Pallial line entire.
Observations.—The genera Cardiomorpha and Hdmondia, de Koninck; Sedg-
wickia, M‘Coy; Scaldia, de Ryckholt, form a well-defined group, which cannot
254. CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
satisfactorily be placed in any of the accepted families of the Lamellibranchs.
These genera have been referred by various authors to various families, including
the Mytilidx and the Anatinide. I have felt it imperative, therefore, to form a new
family, and have adopted for it the name proposed by King, Hdmondide, which I
would place after the Unionide. King states of this family, “* This is a provi-
sional group, supposed to be related to Mytilide, concluding from the internal
ceartilage-fulcra, edentulous hinge, and entire pallial line of its type.’ The type
of the genus Hdmondia is stated to be Isocardia wnioniformis, Phillips. I think
that the term ‘“‘cartilage-fulera”’ is misleading, and that de Koninck and de Verneuil
were describing something different from that which King called by this name.
De Koninck, it seems, was describing a vertical plate, the hinge-plate, but King
assumed that he referred to a horizontal ossicle, a character which he (King)
figures most accurately in a shell from the Redesdale Ironstone, which, however,
differs in every essential character from the type of the genus Hdmondia, and
which must therefore be referred to a new genus.
When de Koninck proposed the name Hdmondia for his new genus he stated
that it belonged to the Mactride, and at the same time placed Cardiomorpha in
the family Cardiadx, notwithstanding the fact that neither of these genera
possessed hinge-teeth. He thought that these genera might bear some such
relation to the types of those families as Anodon does to Unio; but the Mactride
are sinuopallial, and Hdimondia integropallial.
King thought that Hdmondia showed more affinities to the Mytilidx, but still
retained Cardiomorpha in the Carditide. De Ryckholt referred his new genus
Scaldia to the Mactride ; and de Koninck states that he included in it species of
Hdmondia and Cardiomorpha.
M‘Coy included Hdmondia in the family Mytilidx, and Cardiomorpha in a new
family, Cwlonotidx, which he placed immediately after the Mytilide. Hdmondia,
however, is equivalve, not byssiferous, and has no mytiliform characters whatever.
Stoliczka placed Hdmondia and Cardiomorpha together in a new sub-
family, Anatinine, of the Anatinide, in spite of the absence both of an internal
cartilage-pit and the presence of a deeply sinuate pallial line.
Meek and Hayden place Cardiomorpha and Sedgwickia in the Anatinide.
Fischer refers Hdmondia to Lyonsiide, and Cardiomorpha and Sedgquwickia,
with a number of very different genera, provisionally to the Grammysvide ; while
Pachydomus is placed in a new family, Pachydomidx, which is located after the
Cyprinide ; Scaldia and Pseudedmondia are referred to the Unicardide.
De Koninck, in his final work on the Carboniferous Lamellibranchs, placed
Cardiomorpha, Hdmondia, Pachydomus, and Scaldia, with several other very
dissimilar groups, in the Anatinide.
I do not think it permissible to place any group of shells in the Anatinide
EDMONDID. 255
which do not possess a sinuate pallial line and a central cavity in the hinge for
the internal cartilage.
The hinge-apparatus of the genera composing the Hdmondide has been mis-
understood, and the small external ligament overlooked. Fischer pointed out
that many of de Koninck’s species of Hdmondia have a very well marked groove
for the external ligament, and in consequence erected the genus Pseudedmondia ;
but de Koninck states this fact as a generic character, and the latter ‘‘ genus”’ is
therefore unnecessary.
De Koninck is evidently at one with me on the close connection between
Cardiomorpha and Hdmondia, for he says, *‘ Il est presque impossible de dis-
tinguer les coquilles de ce genre [Edmondia] de celles qui appartientient a
certain groupe du genre Cardiomorpha lorsque la charniére fait défaut”? (¢ Ann.
Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belgique,’ vol. xi, p. 28). I am unable to see any real
difference in the hinge-plates of the two genera except that due to the peculiar
shape and size of the shells.
I find myself unable to retain the genera [soeulia and Pachydomus which were
placed in a group with Cardiomorpha and Hdmondia by de Koninck. The former is
separated from Cardiomorpha on the supposed presence of a lunule, and its more
circular shape and concentric sulcations. The lunule, however, is absent, and I
give my reasons at length, under my remarks on Cardiomorpha, for this view.
Pachydomus of Morris is stated to have one or two (?) large teeth in each hinge,
and deeply excavated muscle-scars, characters which are absent in the shells de
Koninck has referred to this genus.
The genus Scaldia, de Ryckholt, differs from all others in this group in the
possession of a single blunt cardinal tooth in each valve, with a corresponding
socket, the valves also being orbicular rather than transverse. Externally they
closely resemble Hdmondia, as de Koninck says, ‘“‘ Les coquilles de ce genre ont
le facies des Hdmondia et des Cardiomorpha a crochets, non contournés.”
Woodward regarded Scaldia as a sub-genus of Hdmondia, and Zittel (‘ Man.
Paleont.,’ p. 512) considers the two names synonymous. On examination the
fine series of H. Kicksiana in the Museum of Natural History at Brussels shows
the tendency of this species to develop the rudiments of a single cardinal tooth,
and points to the close connection of Hdmondia and Scaldia, the latter species
probably being descended from the former, and there is no evidence of an ancestral
form with a toothed hinge from which Hdmondia could have been evolved.
The term Cardiomorphide has been used by Hall (‘ Pal. New York,’ vol. vy,
pt. 2) and Miller (‘ North Amer. Geol. and Paleontol.,’ p. 458) as a family including
OCardiomorpha, Edmondia, Huthydesma, and Protomya, but I am unable to trace
the authority for this family.
Stoliczka, in spite of the non-sinuate pallial line of Hdmondia, Cardiomorpha,
256 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
a
and others, referred a very large number of dissimilar genera, Hdmondia,
Allorisma, Cardiomorpha, Ceromya, Myacites, Cerconya, Anthracomya, and ,Che-
nomya, to Anatinine, a sub-family of the Anatinide, but this classification
obviously cannot now stand.
Genus—CarpiomorPHA, de Koninck, 1842.
Isocarpta, Sowerby, 1825. Min. Conch., vol. v, p. 148.
— Fleming, 1828. Hist. Brit. Anim., p. 420.
— Phillips, 1836. Geol. Yorks., pt. 2, p. 209.
CaRDIOMORPHA (pars), de Koninck, 1842. Anim. Foss. Terr. Carb. Belgique,
p. LOK
— Morris, 1843. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 81.
— (pars), JZ‘Coy, 1844. Carb. Limest. Foss. Ireland, p. 56.
Isocarpra, de Verneuil, 1845. Géol. de la Russie, vol. ii, Pal., p. 302.
Non Carpiomorpua, de Verneuil, 1845. Ibid., p. 308.
— Brown, 1849. Illus. Foss. Conch., p. 197.
— @’Orbigny, 1850. Prodrome de paléont., p. 182.
== IM‘ Coy, 1854. Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 509.
_- Morris, 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., edit. 2, p. 190.
— Eichwald, 1856. Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. xxix, pt. 2, p. 187.
_— Shumard and Swallow, 1858. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, vol. i,
p- 207.
— Hichwald, 1860, Lethea Rossica, p. 1019.
= Shumard, 1860. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, p. 635.
Non — Meek and Worthen, 1860. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 458.
= Wardle, 1862. Sleight’s Hist. Leek, p. 286.
Axinus, Wardle, 1862. Ibid., pl. iii, fig. 8.
CarpiomoreHa, Winchell, 1862. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 416.
= = 1863. Ibid., p. 15.
— Dawson, 1868. Acadian Geol., p. 304.
— Young and Armstrong, 1871. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasg., vol. iii,
Appendix, p. 50.
— Stoliczka, 1871. Pal. Indica, vol. ii, p. 66.
— Baily, 1875. Figures Charact. Brit. Foss., p. 115.
— ? Meek, 1875. Geol. Surv. Ohio, Pal., vol. ii, p. 304.
Romer, 1876. Lethea Paleozoica, pt. 1, pl. xliv, fig. 5.
= Bigsby, 1878. Thesaurus Devonico-carboniferus, p. 301.
— Waagen, 1881. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, Salt Range Fossils, p. 191.
—= ? Barrois, 1882. Terr. Anc. des Asturias et de la Galice, p. 346.
— Hall, 1883. Pal. New York, vol. v, pt. 1, pls. 1xii—lxiv.
— de Koninck, 1885. Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique, p. 9.
Isocuuia, de Koninck, 1885. Ibid., p. 17.
Pacuypomus, de Koninck, 1885. Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique, p. 23.
CarpromMorpPHa, Young, 1887. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. viii, p. 295.
— Etheridge, 1888. Brit. Foss., vol. i, Paleozoic, p. 280.
re 7
CARDIOMORPHA. 257
CarpiomorPHa, Miller, 1889. N. Amer. Geol. and Palzont., p. 469.
— ? Worthen, 1890. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. viii, p. 126.
— Keyes, 1894. Missouri Geol. Surv., vol. v, pt. 2, Pal., p. 131.
Non — Beushausen, 1895. Abhand. Kon. Preus. Geol. Landes., Heft 17,
Die Lamell. des Rheinsch. Devon, p. 276.
Epmonpia, Beushausen, 1895. Ibid., p. 287.
Generic Characters.—Equivalve, inequilateral, gibbose, of obliquely rounded
or subquadrilateral shape. The umbones are swollen and elevated, with the
beaks markedly prosogyrous. Lunule absent. The hinge-plate is edentulous ;
the ligament small and external. The muscle-scars are shallow, and the pallial line
entire. Shell thin, either ornamented with fine regular concentric lines, or smooth.
Observations —This genus was erected by de Koninck in 1842 for certain
shells which till that time had been confounded with Jsocardia, but he included in
it shells which, in his subsequent works, he recognised as belonging to totally
different species. Out of thirteen species described he retained only one in the
genus in his latest work; and, curiously enough, the type of the genus C. elongata,
a species founded on a single valve, is not mentioned in this latter work. As
this specimen, cannot be found, C. oblonga becomes the type in its place; in fact,
de Koninck states that he regards this species as the type of the genus. This
Species was figured and described by Sowerby (op. cit.) under the name of
Isocardia. M‘Coy, unaware of the erection of Cardiomorpha by de Koninck,
proposed the generic name Jsoculia for these shells, but immediately substituted
de Koninck’s name for it in the text of his book, though in some copies I[soculia
appears at the foot of the plates. He described four species, only two of which,
C. corrugata and C. ventricosa, were new ; but he included erroneously Schizodus
awimifornus, Phillips, sp.
Lately Dr. Beushausen has criticised de Koninck’s diagnosis of Cardiomorpha.
He demurs to the statement that a groove exists for the internal ligament, and in
this stricture I am in agreement with him; but he further objects to the separa-
tion of [soculia from Cardiomorpha, stating that the absence of a lunule and the
deep concentric grooving, on which de Koninck relied as generic characters, are
found in certain Devonian shells which he describes. I do not think that these
characters supply sufficient grounds for separating Isoculia from Cardiomorpha,
and am of opinion that no lunule exists in M‘Coy’s species. Indeed, I am of
opinion that most if not all the shells referred to Cardiomorpha by Beushausen do
not belong to this genus, which was enlarged by that author to receive them ; nor
can I understand on what grounds he bases his statement that a lunule is present
in C. oblonga, or in any of the species included in the genus by de Koninck in his
later work.
Many of Beushausen’s Devonian species are transverse, and possess acute
33
258 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
oblique ridges, e.g. Cardiomorpha alata and C. Humbolti, and I question the
advisability of expanding the genus in order to receive them. I have never been
able to observe a lunule in the typical species of Cardiomorpha, and, as defined by
de Koninck, this genus does not contain transverse shells with an ornament
consisting of concentric sulci.
The figures of Hdmondia gigas from the upper part of the Middle Devonian of
West Germany given by Beushausen (op. cit.) seem to me to be characteristic of
the genus Cardiomorpha rather than that to which it is referred, and much more
im accordance with it than any of those shells placed in the genus by that
author.
De Koninck described eighteen species, seventeen of which were said to be
new; many of them are probably synonymous, and due to slight variations in
shape, and to the fact that several specimens are in different stages of growth.
The distribution of these species is as follows:
Etage II].—Viséan . ; ; 5 a 88)
us IJ.—Waulsortian . : ‘ x aD
. I.—Tournaisian. : . =i alt
18
—the idea being that each species is confined to its own horizon. Curiously
enough, the common forms, C. communis and C. oblonga, which are said to be
confined to étage II in Belgium, are in Great Britain found in the limestones
characterised by the presence of Pvroductus giganteus, which is considered as
typical of étage I, the Viséan in Belgium. Fifteen out of the eighteen species are
stated to be more or less rare. The description of fourteen species is from the
pen of Prof. Jules Fraipont.
IT am able to recognise only at most half a dozen of the species, as many of
the shells described as new species are simply different stages of growth of the
common forms, or differ merely in some slight details of comparative measure-
ment. Although in the possession of markedly prosogyrous umbones, Cardio-
morpha has a close resemblance to Isocardia ; its edentulous hinge-plate at once
separates the two genera.
De Koninck separated the Cardiomorpha corrugata, M‘Coy, from Cardionorpha
on the ground that the former possessed a lunule, concentric folds, and umbones
less enrolled. J cannot agree with him on these points ; and, as I point out under
my observations on C. corrugata, the species has no more trace of a lunule than
any of the other species of the genus. I would also add that, few though they
be, C. ventricosa possesses well-marked concentric grooves. The hinge-characters,
judging from casts and internal anatomy, are identical in C. corrugata and the
other species, and I can see no real grounds for retaining the genus Jsoculia.
Saar
CARDIOMORPHA OBLONGA. 259
I am unable to agree with de Koninck that shells with edentulous hinges
should be placed under Pochydomus of Morris; and retain the species described
under this generic name as Cardiomorpha, although they have not the markedly
enrolled umbones of the type of this genus, and at the same time are more
orbicular, and have a thicker shell and more marked concentric striations. These
characters, however, are not absolutely peculiar to the shells included under
Pachydomus by de Koninck, for OC. corrugata and C. orbicularis have an orbicular
outline.
Hall has erected a genus Huthydesma on a single species (‘ Pal. New York,’
vol. v, pt. 2, p. 832) which he places near Cardiomorpha, and which has somewhat
the appearance of these shells, but at present I prefer including them in the
genus Cardiomorpha.
CARDIOMORPHA OBLONGA, Sowerby, sp., 1825. Plate XXI, figs. 1—6.
Isocagpia oBnonea, J. de C. Sowerby, 1825. Min. Conch., vol. v, p. 148,
pl. cecexci, fig. 2.
—— — Fleming, 1828. Hist. Brit. Anim., p. 420.
= oe Woodward, 1830. Synops. Table Brit. Org. Rem., p. 13.
= — Deshayes, 1835. Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., 2nd edit.,
t. vi, p. 450.
== _ Phillips, 1836. Geol. Yorks., pt. 2, p. 209, pl. v, fig. 9.
Non CarpiomorrHa oBtonea, de Koninch, 1842. Desc. des anim. foss. de la Belgique,
p- 105, pl. ii, fig. 7.
= — Morris, 1848. Cat. Brit. Foss., p. 81.
— — M‘Coy, 1844. Syn. Carb. Limest. Foss. Ireland, p. 56.
= — Bronn, 1848. Nomencel. paleont., p. 223.
— —- Brown, 1849. Illus. Foss. Conch., p. 197, pl. Ixxix,
figs. 30, 31; pl. Ixxxi, fig. 8.
== — ad’ Orbigny, 1852. Prodrome de Pal., p. 182.
== — de Ryckholt, 1852. Mélange pal., p. 102.
— 2 — S. P. Woodward, 1854. Man. Mollusca, p. 323.
_— — Morris, 1854, Cat. Brit. Foss., 2nd edit., p. 191.
= — M‘Coy, 1855. Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 510.
Non — — Young and Armstrong, 1871. Trans. Geol. Soe. Glasg.,
vol. iii, Appendix, p. 50.
= = Baily, 1871. Figures Char. Brit. Foss., vol. i, p. 115,
pl. xxxix, fig. 10.
= _ Young and Armstrong, 1876. Catal. Foss. W.Scot., p. 53.
ry — Romer, 1876. Lethea Pal., pl. xliv, fig. 5.
= = Bigsby, 1878. Thesaurus Devonico-carb., p. 301.
a — de Koninck, 1885. Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique,
vol. xi, p. 11, pl. ii, figs. 3, 4; pl.
il, figs. 10, 11.
_— guapRata, de Koninck, 1885. Ibid., p. 13, pl. ii, figs.
260 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
CarDiomoRPHA ErHERIDGEI, de Koninck, 1885. Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat.
Belgique, vol. xi, p. 14, pl. iii, figs.
LGR.
— ELEGANS, de Koninck, 1885. Ibid., figs. 8, 9.
— pata, de Koninck, 1885. Ibid., p. 13, pl. ii, figs. 11, 12.
? Pacuypomus Lonaus, de Koninck, 1885. Ihbid., p. 26, pl. iii, fig. 15.
—_— oBLonaus, Etheridge, 1888. Brit. Foss., vol. i, Paleoz., p. 280.
Specific Characters.—Shell oblique, somewhat transverse, subquadrilateral,
gibbose, very inequilateral, expanded posteriorly. The anterior end is very short
and low, compressed, especially above, where it is actually concave laterally,
between the base of the umbonal swelling and the edge of the valve. The
anterior border is semicircularly curved. ‘The curvature hardly becomes altered
in degree at the anterior inferior angle, where it passes almost imperceptibly into
the lower edge of the valve. The inferior border is very gently curved and
somewhat produced, becoming more convex posteriorly, and passing without a
break into the posterior border, which is bluntly rounded, the degree of curvature
being greater at the junction with the upper and lower borders. ‘The hinge-line
is arcuate, the anterior portion being at a much lower level than the posterior,
which is long and almost straight. The umbones are prominent, gibbose, raised
above the hinge-line, twisted forwards at first, and then become spirally coiled on
themselves, so that the pointed apices are twisted down and outwards, and partly
upwards. Thereis no lunule. The umbonal swelling is well marked off from the
anterior part of the shell, and rises suddenly; posteriorly, however, it passes
gradually into the general convexity of the valve. The umbonal gibbosity is
produced somewhat obliquely backwards and downwards, but becomes lost
about midway across the surface of the valve. The posterior and larger portion
of the valve is evenly swollen, but compressed rapidly near the borders. The
greatest convexity of the valves is through the umbo at about the level of the
hinge-line.
Interiov.—The anterior adductor muscle-scar is shallow and rounded, and
situated immediately within the antero-superior angle. The posterior scar is
large, obovate, almost obsolete, and situated on the dorsal slope, remote from the
margins. The pallial line is entire and almost obsolete.
The hinge-plate is edentulous. The anterior third of the posterior part is
formed by a bending of the valve on itself at right angles, so as to develop a flat
plate, which comes in contact with that of the opposite valve; but posteriorly
this plate gradually becomes obsolete. Above this plate, and between it and the
umbo, is a narrow groove, which widens as it passes backwards, forming an
elongate area or escutcheon, marked off from the rest of the valve by a longitudinal
ridge. The ligament is not preserved in any of the specimens I have yet
CARDIOMORPHA OBLONGA. 261
examined, but it was probably lodged in a narrow groove above the hinge-plate,
which is seen between the umbones.
Hxterior.—The surface of the shell is covered in front with numerous very fine
striz and lines of growth, arranged concentrically; but over the greater portion
of the shell posteriorly the surface is smooth. Shell very thin.
Dimensions.—Fig. 2, Pl. X XI, the largest example I have met with, measures—
Antero-posteriorly ° : . ~ ¢Oammas
Dorso-ventrally . 58mm.
From side to side . 47 mm.
Localities—England: the Carboniferous Limestone of Thorpe Cloud and
Castleton, Derbyshire; Clifton, near Bristol. The Isle of Man. Scotland: the
Lower Limestone series of Gameshill, Stewarton. Ireland: the Carboniferous
Limestone of St. Dooghlas and Blackrock, near Dublin; Millicent, co. Cork;
Kildare ; Rathkeale and Limerick.
Observations.—The original type of Sowerby’s Isocardia oblonga appears to have
been lost, but that of Phillips is in the Gilbertson Collection of the British
Museum (Nat. Hist.), South Kensington, and I am able to reproduce it by
the kindness of the authorities. Sowerby’s specimen is stated to have been
obtained from Blackrock, co. Dublin; and I am able to figure a fine specimen
from this locality, from the collection of Mr. Joseph Wright of Belfast,
Pl. XXI, fig. 1. De Koninck thought that the specimen figured by Phillips,
Pl. XXI, fig. 5, did not belong to the same species as that of Sowerby, and
gave it a new name, C. Woodwardi. The distinctive character of this species
is that the dorso-ventral diameter is equal to the transverse; or, judging from
the figures in the ‘ Descript. des Anim. foss.,’ pl. 1, figs. 7 a,b,c, apparently
even greater. Woodward pointed out that de Koninck’s specimen was wrongly
referred to Sowerby’s species (‘Manual Mollusca,’ p. 323); but I think de
Koninck was in error in placing Phillips’s shell in the same species, and consider
that the original determination was the correct one.
In de Koninck’s last work Fraipont has described a number of species of
Cardiomorpha, which I can but regard as synonymous with C. oblonga. The
examination of a fair number of specimens from British localities shows that this
species varies somewhat in the comparative dimensions in almost each individual
case, and it is easy to findin a series from one locality specimens which possess the
characters given by Fraipont as distinctive of the numerous species he describes.
The characters are, without exception, mere differences in comparative measure-
ment, which cannot be accepted as possessing specific value. I therefore regard
C. quadrata, OC. Etheridgei, C. elegans, and OC. lata as synonyms of C. oblonga;
and possibly O. ovata should be added to these.
262 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
T have also placed with a ? Pachydomus longus, de Koninck, as a synonym of
C. oblonga. This species differs from the others referred to the genus in
possessing anterior umbones, which are markedly prosogyrous. The figure
appears to me to be an adult specimen of the species under discussion, somewhat
flattened relatively to its other dimensions. There is a great tendency for
the valves of this fossil to slip on each other, and in consequence the extreme
edges are often wanting, and this gives an erroneous idea of the real dimensions
and shape.
This species is easily distinguished from C. ventricosa by its regularly quadrate
form, and the absence of the broad deep sulcations which pass concentrically across
the shell of the latter. It is not so compressed or transversely produced, nor
so oblique as its variety, C. communis.
CarpiomorPHA comMuUNIS, de Koninck, 1885. Plate XXII, fig. 2.
CaRDIOMORPHA CoMMUNIS, de Koninck, 1885. Ann. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat.
Belgique, vol. xi, p. 10, pl. ii, figs. 1, 2.
— sprciosa, de Koninck, 1885. Ibid., p. 12, pl. ii, figs. 5, 6.
_ PARALLELA, de Koninck, 1885. Ibid., pl. ii, figs. 7, 8
Specific Characters.—Vhe general characteristics are as in C. oblonga, and the
only difference is one of shape. Shell transversely elongated, subovate, obliquely
swollen; narrow infront and expanded behind. ‘The anterior end is very narrow
and very little produced; its border bluntly rounded. The inferior border is
nearly straight, and is directed downwards and backwards. The posterior border
is obliquely truncate, the postero-superior and inferior angles being well rounded.
The shell is moderately gibbose, and the gibbosity of small extent and oblique,
posterior to which the valve is rapidly compressed. The umbones are not very
large ; prosogyrous and almost terminal. The posterior part of the hinge-line is
long and almost straight. The greatest thickness is about the centre of the valve
from above downwards.
Dimensions.—Fig. 2, Pl. XXII, a somewhat imperfect specimen, measures—
Antero-posteriorly : : , . 62 mm.
Dorso-ventrally . 5 : . O59 mm.
Laterally . 43 mm.
Locality.—The Cabomtaron: eameetous of St. Doe lias, publ
Observations.—Longer, less globose, more oblique than ©. oblonga; its short
anterior and long posterior end give a very characteristic shape to this variety.
Fraipont in de Koninck’s work says it is closely allied to C. speciosa, with which
species and also with C. parallela I believe it to be synonymous. I have only
come across a single example in Great Britain, and at present cannot speak with
CARDIOMORPHA OBLIQUA. 263
any certainty on the value of this “species,” which may turn out to be only a
variety of CU. oblonga.
CaRDIOMORPHA OBLIQUA, Hind, sp. nov. Plate XXIV, figs. 83—5, 5a, 5b.
Specific Characters.—Shell ovate, inequilateral, obliquely gibbose. The
anterior end is short and narrow, but projects forwards in front of the umbones,
forming a rapidly compressed lobe with an elliptically rounded erect border,
passing gradually into the ventral margin, which is markedly convex and
extended, being much longer than the upper border. ‘The posterior border is
bluntly but regularly curved, and about twice as extensive as the anterior, the
postero-inferior and postero-superior angles being gradually rounded. The
hinge-line is arched and somewhat extended, and depressed posteriorly. The
umbones are, in the anterior part of the shell, gibbose, large, not elongated,
elevated, twisted forwards and inwards, the apices being rolled on themselves.
The valves are obliquely swollen, the line of greatest convexity passing from the
centre of the umbones downwards to the middle of the inferior border. Both in
front of and behind this line the valves are rapidly compressed, especially poste-
riorly and upwards. ‘The upper part of the anterior part of the valve is so much
excavated and compressed below the prosogyrous umbones as to be concave.
No lunule, but a well-marked escutcheon, which becomes broader and shallower
as it passes backwards.
Interior.—The posterior adductor scar is large and round, situated near the
dorsal border in the hollow of the posterior slope, but remote from the posterior
end; pallial line faint but entire. Hinge not exposed.
Heterior.—The surface is almost smooth, but is seen to be covered with faint
concentric lines, collected into bands by very shallow grooves. Shell thin.
Dimensions.—Pl. XXIV, fig. 3, from Ardlaman, co. Limerick, in the collec-
tion of the Geological Survey of Ireland, measures antero-posteriorly 50 mm.,
dorso-ventrally 40 mm., from side to side 36 mm.
Localities —The Carboniferous Limestone of the Isle of Man. Ireland: the
Carboniferous Limestone of Ardlaman, co. Limerick.
Observations.—This species is more regularly ovate than any other; more
transverse than CU. orbicularis, and not oblong-quadrangular like C. oblonga. It
differs from both these species in possessing a prominent anterior end. The
peculiar oblique gibbosity and more erect elevated umbones also serve to imme-
diately distinguish it from the latter species. In adult specimens the posterior
end becomes more and more contracted by the approach of the upper and lower
borders. This is well shown in Pl. XXIV, fig. 4.
264 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
(. obliqua appears to be very rare. I have only met with the species in the
two localities mentioned above.
CARDIOMORPHA ORBICULARIS, M‘Coy, 1853. Plate XXII, figs. 1, 3—7.
CaRDIOMORPHA oRBICULARIS, Jf‘Coy, 1853. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2,
vol. xii, p. 189.
— — — 1855. Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 510, pl. 31,
figs. 41, 41 a.
_ _ Bigsby, 1878. Thesaurus Devonico-carbonif., p. 301.
_— aLoBata, de Koninck, 1885. Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Bel-
gique, vol. xi, p. 15, pl. iv, figs. 3, 4.
_ SowErByI, de Koninck, 1885. Ibid., p. 15, pl. iv, figs. 5,6; pl.
xii, figs. 21, 22.
Cf. — TRAPEZOIDALIS, de Koninck, 1885. Ibid., p. 15, pl. iv, figs. 9, 10.
— SUBQUADRATA, de Koninck, 1885. Ibid., p. 16, pl. viii, figs. 1
and 2.
— ORBICULARIS, Etheridge, 1888. Brit. Foss., vol. i, Paleoz., p. 281.
Specific Characters.—Shell large, suborbicular, gibbose, almost equilateral.
The anterior end is comparatively large, compressed, especially at the antero-
superior angle, where it is concave; its border is semicircularly curved. The
ventral border is also regularly curved in front, and behind it passes into the
posterior border without a break. The posterior margin is short and convex,
the segment of a smaller circle than that which forms the anterior, the posterior
side being smaller than the anterior and gradually compressed. The hinge-line
anterior to the umbo is straight, but the posterior portion is regularly arched and
rapidly depressed, the whole extending across the shell, of which it forms the
longest transverse diameter. The umbones are very large, tumid, elevated above
the hinge-line, markedly twisted inwards and forwards, contiguous; the apices
are depressed, everted, and curved spirally on themselves. They are almost
median in position, and somewhat oblique. There is no lunule. The valves are
regularly convex, but become gradually compressed towards the margins. The
valves attain the greatest degree of convexity at a point on a level with the
hinge-line.
Interior.—The anterior and posterior adductor muscle-scars are very shallow
and inconspicuous. The former is large, orbicular, and situated just within the
antero-superior angle; the posterior, almost obsolete, is just below the posterior
extremity of the hinge-line. The pallial line is simple and remote from the
margin. The hinge is thin and linear in front of the umbo; a hinge-plate
is developed behind at right angles to the shell, corresponding to a deep
CARDIOMORPHA ORBICULARIS. 265
groove in casts. This at first 1s bevelled at the expense of its lower border, the
upper border being prominent, but in the posterior third the plate again becomes
flatter. There are no signs of hinge-teeth. Above the extreme edge of the
valve is a narrow elongate groove, which follows the curvature of the shell, and
forms a narrow elongate escutcheon. The external ligament occupied the
anterior part of this groove.
Kxterior.—The surface is almost smooth, but under the microscope fine
regular lines of growth are to be distinguished.
Dimensions. —The type specimen, Pl]. XXII, fig. 6, measures—
Antero-posteriorly. Dorso-ventrally. From side to side.
90 mm. : 80 mm. : —
lO hier o) 68: mim. 62 mm. ‘ 46 mm.
Localities.—Eugland : the upper beds of the Carboniferous Limestone, Castle-
ton and Park Hill, Derbyshire; Settle, Yorkshire; Worston, near Clitheroe,
Lancashire. Scotland: the Upper Limestone series of Newfield, High Blantyre,
Blathgate. The Lower Limestone series of Gameshill, Stewarton. Ireland: the
Carboniferous Limestone of Tuogh, Ardlaman, co. Limerick.
Observations. —This species was described by M‘Coy in 1853, and subsequently
the description was republished with a figure, but the species does not seem to
have been widely recognised, as apparently it is not mentioned in any of the
lists of fossils of Great Britain. As M‘Coy points out, “this is only likely
to be confounded with the C. oblonga, Sow. sp., but is distinguished by its large
anterior and small posterior sides, extremely large beaks, and flattened orbicular
valves.”
I have placed four species described by de Koninck as synonyms of this
species. Of C. subquadrata it is remarked that “cette espece ressemble beau-
coup a Cardiomorpha orbicularis, F. M‘Coy, mais elle est moins arrondie, plus
haute, et sa surface n’est pas aussi lisse que celle de l’espéce qui vient d’étre
citée.”” Our specimens show that M‘Coy’s species does vary in the degree of
curvature of its lower border, and in the proportions of the transverse and dorso-
ventral diameters.
Cardiomorpha globata is stated to have its anterior extremity larger than the
posterior. This is the case in the younger examples of C. orbicuwlaris, for with
growth the posterior end enlarges more rapidly than the anterior. The relation of
the posterior to the anterior part of the shell depends largely on the angle of view
at which the shell is placed. The more the posterior part of the hinge-line is
elevated, the smaller in consequence is the anterior extremity, and wice versa,
for the division between anterior and posterior is arbitrary, and is generally
defined by a perpendicular line falling from the umbones, and in shells with
arcuate hinge-lines there is no special horizontal line that can be taken as fixed.
34.
266 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Cardiomorpha Sowerby: is founded on a fragmentary valve, and it is stated
** cette espéce est plus allongée que le Cardiomorpha globata,’’—not a very definite
specific characteristic when a large portion of the anterior part of the shell is
wanting. There is a fine series of specimens of C. orbicularis from the Limestone
of Ardlaman, co. Limerick, in the collection of the Geological Survey of Ireland,
showing the shell in all stages of growth.
I figure a well-preserved example of the hinge of this species, which was
presented to me by Professor G. De Walque of Liége, fig. 4, Pl. XXII, from the
Carboniferous Limestone of Belgium.
CarpiomorPHa vENTRICOSA, M‘Coy, 1844. Plate XXIII, figs. 1—4.
CaRDIOMORPHA VENTRICOSA, JfCoy, 1844. Syn. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 56, pl.
xiul, fig. 3.
—- OBLONGA (pars), Morris, 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., edit. 2, p. 191.
= — Griffith, 1860. Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin, vol. ix, p. 91.
— — (pars), de Koninck, 1885. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg.,
Vol.) x1, ps 11.
os _ Etheridge, 1888. Brit, Foss., vol. i, Paleozoic, p. 281.
Specific Characters.—Shell of only moderate size, very obliquely ventricose,
produced downwards, so that the antero-posterior diameter is shorter than the
others in all except very large examples ; shape very irregular. The anterior end
is very short, deeply excavated above, just below the twisted umbones, but else-
where regularly swollen. ‘The anterior border is'curved and very short. The
inferior border descends downwards and somewhat backwards, passing at its
posterior and lowest portion into the posterior border with a blunt curve. The
latter border is extended and very bluntly curved, joining the hinge-line above
without any marked break. ‘The hinge-line is arched, the posterior part pro-
duced. The umbones are large, gibbose, somewhat compressed laterally, much
raised above the hinge-line, twisted forwards, with their apices markedly pro-
sogyrous, being curved on themselves, and very anterior in position. The
umbonal swelling is prolonged obliquely across the shell to the postero-inferior
angle, becoming somewhat flattened in its progress across the shell. Above
this swelling, which occupies a very large portion of the valve, the shell is com-
pressed so as to form a gradually flattened slope towards the hinge-line, which lies
in the centre of an elongate groove between the two expanded valves. Below
the oblique swelling the valve is somewhat flattened and compressed into the
inferior border.
CARDIOMORPHA VENTRICOSA. 267
Interior.—The muscle-scars and pallial line are normal. The hinge has not
yet been exposed. ;
Exterior.—The surface is ornamented by numerous almost microscopic lines of
growth, which are divided at irregular intervals, more frequent towards the lower
margin, by deep concentric grooves, the upper one of which is fairly broad from
above downwards; but they diminish as they approach the margin. The finer
concentric lines are continued in the grooves as in other parts of the valve.
Shell thin.
Dimensions.—Fig. 1, Pl. XXIII, a fairly perfect specimen in the collection of
Mr. J. Wright of Belfast, from the Limestone of Cork, measures—
Antero-posteriorly. _Dorso-ventrally. From side to side.
33 mm. 38 mm. 37 mm.
A more transverse example,
12) CES re eon ; 53 mm. 46 mm. 48 mm.
Localities.—Ireiand: the Carboniferous Limestone of Little Island, co. Cork.
Observations.—This very distinct species was, M‘Coy says (op. cit.), regarded
by him as a “monstrous variety of C. oblonga,” but he erected the species on
becoming aware that examples were fairly common in the Limestone of Cork.
O. ventricosa differs very markedly from C. oblonga in its degree of gibbosity and
obliquity, and in its dorso-ventral diameter being longer than the antero-posterior,
whereas the opposite measurements obtain in C. oblonga. I have been able to
find the same characters in several young shells, which show the characteristic
linear sulci passing transversely across the shell, so typical of the species. One
of these, from Little Island, co. Cork, I figure, Pl. XXIII, fig. 2. There is
another young specimen in the collection of the Geological Survey of Ireland.
M‘Coy’s original specimen is represented in the Griffith Collection in the Museum
of Science and Art, Dubhn, by a plaster cast, but I am quite sure that the shell
from Mr. J. Wright’s Collection, which I figure, Pl. XXIII, fig. 1, was the type,
for it was originally part of the collection of the late Dr. Haines, of Cork, who
possessed some of the types figured in M‘Coy’s work. ‘l'his specimen has a pecu-
liar imperfection in the front part of the inferior border of the left valve, which
is present also in the plaster cast, which removes all doubt of the identity of this
specimen being the type.
This species seems to have had a very limited horizontal distribution, for
it has been found only at Little Island, Cork, and even here it seems to be rare,
although M‘Coy says, “‘I am assured that they are not uncommon in the Cork
limestone.”
De Koninck with strange inconsistency, though apparently always willing
to make new species, thought CU. ventricosa was only a deformed variety of
CO. oblonga. Morris and Etheridge also seem to have confounded these two species
268 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
in their respective catalogues. They cannot have been correct; for it would be
unlikely that very young examples should possess the same characteristics which
are shown in the adult, if the peculiar shape and marking of C. ventricosa were
due to deformity.
‘here seems to be a fair amount of variation amongst the specimens collected.
Pl. XXIII, fig. 3, is relatively much more transverse than the type, but it is a
much larger shell, and this may account for it. The depth, number, and position
of concentric grooves also vary. In young specimens one appears much closer to
the umbo than is seen on the adult examples, showing that these grooves
probably became filled up or altered during the process of growth.
In C. corrugata, M‘Coy, the tendency to deep, occasional, concentric grooves
becomes a regular character, but the shapes of the valve in the two species have
nothing in common.
CARDIOMORPHA LIMosA, Fleming, sp. Plate XXI, figs. 7—11.
CorButa timosa, Fleming, 1828. Hist. Brit. Animals, p. 246.
CaRDIOMORPHA OBLONGA, Young and Armstrong, 1871. Carb. Foss. W. Scotland,
p. 50.
Specific Characters.—Shell small, transversely ovate, gibbose, somewhat inequi-
lateral. The anterior end is well developed ; somewhat narrower from above
downwards than the posterior ; gradually compressed into the margins, but above,
beneath the umbones, it is concave, so that the anterior part of the hinge-line
forms a central elevation. The border is elliptically curved, and passes without a
break into the ventral border, which is shghtly curved, but becomes more convex
at each end. The posterior end is short, obliquely truncate above and rounded
below, and forms an obtuse angle with the hinge-line. This is arcuate, but pro-
duced posteriorly, and this portion is nearly straight and somewhat depressed.
The umbones are gibbose, slightly prosogyrous, contiguous, and elevated above
the hinge-line. They are situated a little in front of the middle of the shell, and
the anterior border is much more apparent than the posterior. The umbonal
swelling becomes rapidly gibbose, but is not of large extent, the valves being
rapidly compressed into the borders. ‘The greatest gibbosity is at the junction of
the upper and middle thirds of the shell. In adult specimens there is an oblique
groove, which passes from the umbo backwards and very slightly downwards to
the posterior border at a small distance below the upper border.
Interior.—The muscle-scars have not yet been exposed. ‘The hinge is
edentulous, with a narrow groove above, between it and the umbones, for the
CARDIOMORPHA LIMOSA. 269
ligament, which becomes slightly broader and shallower posteriorly, and forms a
false escutcheon. Pallial line not exposed.
Exterior.—The surface is ornamented with fine microscopic concentric lines of
growth, parallel to the margins. Shell very thin.
Dimensions.—P1. XXI, fig. 7, measures—
Antero-posteriorly ‘ : ‘ oO mamas
Dorso-ventrally ; : : . 14mm,
Laterally . 5 : ‘ . 2 mma:
Localities.—Scotland : Upper Limestone series, excavation for Inland Revenue
Buildings at St. George Square and Railway cutting, Garngad Road, Glasgow ;
Thornhebank ; Orchard ; Gare; Limekilnburn. Middle Ironstone and Coal series,
Robroystone; Bishopbriggs; and Calder. Lower Limestone series, Beith; Craig-
englen.
Observations.—Mr. James Neilson has fortunately unearthed a tablet of shells,
in the Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh, which formed part of the Fleming
Collection, bearing a label: ‘* Described in Fleming’s British Animals—Corbula
limosa.”’ Unfortunately all the figures were drawn before this discovery was
made. Fleming did not figure any specimens in his work; but his description is
as follows: ‘* Transversely subtriangular and longitudinally heart-shaped, beaks
gibbose, surface slightly striated by layers of growth, shell thin. From shale clay
connected with Carboniferous Limestone.” It appears that hitherto these shells
have been considered as dwarf forms of Cardiomorpha oblonga, with which species
they have really nothing in common. The characters distinguishing C. limosa
from C. oblonga are the more regularly ovate form, the umbones being not so
spirally coiled, the shell never attaining to one-fifth the size of the latter, and the
comparatively greater development of the anterior end.
It is more difficult, however, to distinguish this species from the genus
Schizodus, to which it has, from its peculiar shape, a very close resemblance.
The hinge and the groove for the external ligament just below the umbo are,
however, characteristic of the genus. The dorsal slope is not so hollow, nor is
the posterior end so truncate.
As far as I can ascertain at present this species has not been found in England
or Ireland. From the associated fauna—Nucula, Nuculana, and a number of small
Gasteropoda—it would appear that the beds in which these species occur were
laid down in comparatively shallow water, which probably in a large measure
accounts for the small size of the individuals of this species ; for with the excep-
tion of C. parva, to be next described, all the representatives of the genus attain
a large size. Mr. Neilson says that this species is rare, but moderately common
in one bed in the Middle Ironstone and Coal series ; but as this bed is only rarely
exposed, during sinking to reach the Lower Fossil Ironstones, few specimens can
270 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
be obtained. The Middle Coal and Ironstone series consists almost exclusively
of fresh-water beds, there being only one thin bed containing marine fossils, and
these even are confined to those species which could stand a large mixture of
fresh water.
CarpiomMorrPHIa PARVA, Hind, sp. nov. Plate XIX, figs. 17—21.
Specifie Characters.—Shell small, globosely triangular, the transverse and
dorso-ventral diameters almost equal, inequivalve.
The anterior end is short, its upper border, descending rapidly downwards,
makes it very short from above downwards in the extreme front; its. upper
portion being excavated below, the overhanging umbo is concave. The border is
almost elliptically curved, and passes into the ventral edge without a break. The
latter border is very slightly convex, and forms the greatest transverse diameter
of the shell. The posterior border is subtruncate, making an obscure obtuse
angle with the hinge-line; but below it is gradually rounded off into the inferior
border.
The hinge-line is arcuate, the umbones comparatively large, much raised,
prosogyrous, and contiguous, though the points are far apart.
The valves are convexly swollen from above downwards, and from before
backwards, the greatest degree of convexity being about the middle point of the
valve. There is a very slight amount of compression at the postero-superior
angle.
Interiov.—The muscle-scars, pallial line, and hinge have not yet been exposed.
Hateriov.—The surface is ornamented with very fine concentric striz, visible
only with the microscope; but over the umbones these lines become obsolete.
Dimensions.—Fig. 21, Pl. XIX, measures—
Antero-posteriorly : : : 3. el ome
Dorso-ventrally : : : ; LOG:
Hlevation of valve : Be) Seorank
Localities.— England: the Redesdale Ironstone, Redesdale, Northumberland.
Scotland: Upper Limestone series of Orchard and Clonbeith, Kilwinning ; Lower
Limestone series of Waterland, near Dunlop; Shale between the Lower Lime-
stones, Gateside, Beith.
Observations.—I have erected this species on a fairly numerous suite of speci-
mens from the Redesdale Ironstone, collected by Mr. John Dunn, of Redesdale,
and myself. I have referred the shell to the genus Cardiomorpha on external
characters only, as at present I have not been able to discover any specimens
CARDIOMORPHA CORRUGATA. 271
showing the hinge-plate or the interior. The shape and markedly prosogyrous
umbones are, however, very typical of the genus. This species never appears to
attain to any considerable size, fig. 21, Pl. XIX, being the largest specimen I
have yet obtained, Fig. 17, Pl. XXI, is the only specimen with both valves in
contact which I have yet seen. I figure also a series showing the shell in all
stages of growth from a very small size to the full-grown adult.
De Koninck, in his ‘ Description des animaux fossiles,’ &c., p. 100, described
a species, apparently of Cardiomorpha, under the name of Isocardia pumila, which
agrees with C. parva in its small size, but has its dorso-ventral diameter greater
than the transverse. This species has been lost sight of, and is not redescribed
in de Koninck’s later work, so that it has been impossible for me to examine the
specimen. Thespecies was founded on two specimens fromthe Limestone of Visé.
From the only other small species of this genus (Cardiomorpha limosa), C. parva
can at once be distinguished by its less transverse and more globose shape.
I do not think it probable that we have to do here with a dwarfed form of
one of the larger species of Cardiomorpha, though in shape it very closely
resembles CO. orbicularis, M‘Coy. Other dwarfed forms of species associated with
the latter shell are not found in the Redesdale fauna, which, especially with
regard to the bivalves, is very different from that which is found in the Carbo-
niferous Limestone. Both species, however, occur at horizons which have beds
containing Productus giganteus both above and below them.
CaRDIoMORPHA corRUGATA, M‘Coy, 1844. Plate XXIII, figs. 5—7.
CarpIoMORPHA corRUGaATA, M‘Coy, 1844. Synops. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 56,
pl. vin, fig. 15.
— —- d’Orbigny, 1850. Prod. Pal. Strat., vol. i, p. 133.
— — Morris, 1854. Cat. Brit. Foss., 2nd edit., p. 190.
— — Griffith, 1860. Journ. Geol. Soe. Dublin, vol. ix,
p- 91.
Isocunra corrveata, M‘Coy, 1862. Synops. Carb. Foss. Ireland, 2nd edit., pl. viii,
fig, 15.
CaRDIOMORPHA corruGaTA, Bigsby, 1878. Thesaurus Devonico-Carbonif., p. 301.
Isocutia corruaara, de Koninck, 1885. Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique,
vol. xi, p. 18, pl. viii, fig. 5; pl. ix,
figs. 5—9.
Po o— unpDATA, de Koninck, 1885. Ibid., p. 18, pl. x, figs. 3, 27, 28.
CaRDIOMORPHA corRUGATA, Etheridge, 1888. Brit. Foss., vol. i, Paleoz., p. 280.
Specific Characters.—Shell large, gibbose, shghtly transverse, obliquely sub-
orbicular, The anterior end is shorter and compressed, especially at the
272 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA
postero-superior angle, where it is concave. This compression is continued
along and below the anterior portion of the hinge-line, forming a well-marked
excavation below the prosogyrous umbo, and takes the place of a lunule, which is
really absent. The antero-superior angle is well marked, and is a rounded right
angle, from which point the border descends in a regular, almost semicircular
curve, Sweeping round and continuous with the curvature of the lower border
(which, however, is the segment of a larger circle than that forming the anterior
edge), and passes into the posterior border without a break. The latter is
regularly curved, larger than the anterior border; and it passes gradually into the
hinge-line above, so that the antero-inferior border forms one general curve of
varying intensity. The hinge-line is long, elevated, and almost straight in front,
slightly arched and produced posteriorly.
The umbones are large, gibbose, produced and twisted forwards, with their
apices curled on themselves, pointing downwards, outwards, and forwards ; much
raised above the hinge-line and contiguous.
The umbonal swelling expands rapidly, and forms the general convexity of
the valve, which is somewhat oblique in direction, the shell becoming gradually
less convex towards the borders. Parallel with the hinge-line is a narrow
elongate groove for the external ligament; it becomes shallower and broader
posteriorly.
Interior.—The position of the anterior adductor muscle has not yet been
exposed, but the posterior is large and fairly deep, situated on the dorsal slope,
well within the margin. Pallial line simple. Casts show the usual elongated
groove for the posterior portion of the edentulous hinge-plate, and they show a
series of deep concentric regular grooves,—deeper, in fact, than are indicated on
the preserved exterior of the shell.
Keterior.—The surface is covered with very numerous, fine, concentric lines
of growth, and on the anterior and posterior portions of the shell these are
thrown into a series of regular folds and sulci, which are almost obsolete over the
median portion of the valve and at the antero-superior angle. These folds are
narrow and close at the umbo, but become more widely separated and larger as
they approach the lower border. Shell thin.
Dimensions.—Pl. XXIII, fig. 5, the type specimen, measures—
Antero-posteriorly —. : . 103 mm.
Dorso-ventrally : . 100 mm.
From side to side, single valve . = doom.
Localities —Kngiand: the Carboniferous Temperons of Thorpe Cloud and
Castleton, Derbyshire. Ireland: the Carboniferous Limestone of Malahide, St.
Dooghlas, co. Dublin; also obtained in co. Limerick, but the locality was not
given.
CARDIOMORPHA CORRUGATA. 273
Observations.—M‘Coy’s species, C. corrugata, is very distinct, being sepa-
rated at once from all other species of the genus by its general shape and
ornament. It seems to attain a much larger size than any other, but with
advanced growth becomes more transversely oval and less orbicular. De Koninck
separated this species from Curdiomorpha, placing it in the genus Isoculia, which
name, it seems, M‘Coy had proposed for the shell on which de Koninck founded
Cardiomorpha, being unaware of this fact. This name, however, only appeared
by mistake in the explanation of a plate, and was never really brought into use
by M‘Coy. De Koninck bases his reason for separating C. corrugata from
Cardiomorpha on the strength of it possessing a lunule—an observation which I
believe to be erroneous. There is really no lunule marked out by definite lines ;
but, in common with all species of Cardiomorpha, C. corrugata has its anterior and
upper part compressed and hollowed without there being a definite lunule. The
hinge-line of the species under discussion is very much compressed and raised
in front, so as to stand erect (see figs. 5 and 6, Pl. XXIII); and, though
the sulci and ridges are absent lower down, there is no definite lunule marked
off by a distinct margin from the rest of the upper surface of the valve.
If C. corrugata has a lunule, all other species of the genus have exactly the same
character quite as well developed. De Koninck has mistaken the absence of
ridges and sulci at the extreme antero-superior angle, and taken the resulting
smoothness as evidence of a lunule. He says (op. cit., p. 17), “‘ Isoculia
se distingue non seulement par les fortes rides concentriques, mais encore par la
lunule qu’elle postde au-dessous de ses crochets. . . . C’est principalement ce
dernier caractére qui sert a séparer le genre Jsoculia du genre Cardiomorpha, dont
les espéces sont complétement depourvues. J’ajouterai encore que les crochets de
ces derniéres espéces sont beaucoup moins enroulés et moins‘ profondément situés
que ceux des especes appartenant au genre voisin.”” The umbones are, perhaps,
somewhat less enrolled than those of C. oblonga, but are more so than in C. parva.
C. ventricosa possesses well-marked concentric grooves; and I therefore see no
ground for retaining de Koninck’s genus Jsoculia, under which he described
only two forms. ‘‘ Isoculia wndata,” he says, ‘a les plus grands rapports avec
UIsocula corrugata, F. M‘Coy, et je l’eusse considérée comme ne formant que le
jeune Age de celle-ci, si le paléontologiste Ivlandais n’avait fait remarquer, et si
moi-méme je n’avais pu constater qu’en cet état sa forme était généralement sub-
circulaire, tandis que celle de [’Isoculia wndata est ovale. C’est principalement
dans cette différence de forme que réside son caractére distinctif.” Both these
species occur together at the same horizon in Belgium, and I think it is probable
that a large suite of specimens would show that this form is merely a variety of
M‘Coy’s species.
De Koninck says that C. corrugata is limited to the middle or Waulsortian
35
274 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
division of the Belgian Carboniferous series, and claims that it is characteristic of
this division in Ireland ; but, unfortunately for this view, it occurs with a fauna of
Visean facies at St. Dooghlas, and I have collected a specimen (fig. 7, Pl. XXIII)
from the uppermost beds of the Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire.
CarpioMoRPHA Haesrroni, M‘Coy, sp., 1844. Plate XXIV, figs. 1 and 2;
Plate XXV, figs. 1—4.
Cyprina Eerrtoni, I‘Ooy, 1844. Synops. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 55, pl. x,
fig. 9.
CARDIUM ORBICULARE, M‘Coy, 1844. Ibid., p. 56, pl. xii, fig. 7.
Macrra mncrassata, M‘Coy, 1844. Ibid., p. 52, pl. xix, fig. 8.
Cyprina Eerrront, d’Orbigny, 1850. Prodrome de paléontol., p. 133.
_ a Morris, 1854. Catal. Brit. Foss., p. 199.
Macrra mncrassava, Morris, 1854. Ibid., p. 209.
CaRDIUM ORBICULARE, vel Epmonpia, Morris, 1854. Ibid., p. 193.
Epmonpia Eeerront, M‘Coy, 1855. Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 500.
Cyprina Eaertont, Griffith, 1860. Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin, vol. ix, p. 91.
Non EpmMonp1a Ecerroni, Young and Armstrong,1871. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasg.,
vol. 111, Supplement, p. 51.
= 1876. Cat. West-Scott. Foss., p. 53.
CarpiomorPHa Eerrtont, Bigsby, 1878. Thesaurus Devonico-carbonif., p. 301.
= = Etheridge, 1885. Brit. Foss., vol. i, Paleozoic, p. 280.
Maorra incrassata, Htheridge, 1885. Ibid., p. 285.
- CARDIUM ORBICULARE, Etheridge, 1885. Ibid., p. 281.
Pacuybomus Ecerrront, de Koninck, 1885. Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat., vol. x1,
p: 25, pl. v, fig. 4; pl. vi, figs. 3,
4, 15, 16.
— DEPRESSUS, de Koninck, 1885. Ibid., p. 25, pl. iv, figs. 1, 2.
— MacCoyt, de Koninck, 1885. Ibid., p. 26, pl. v, figs. 11, 12.
EpMONDIA ORBICULATA, de Koninek, 1885. Ibid., p. 40, pl. iii, fig. 12 ; pl. vii, figs.
1, 2, 15, 16.
Specific Characters.—Shell large, triangular orbicular, only slightly inequivalve,
regularly but only moderately convex. The anterior end is large, compressed, and
narrowed in the dorso-ventral diameter. Its border is more or less semicircularly
rounded, and passes with a regular sweep into the hinge-line above and the
ventral border below. The latter is rounded, the segment of a larger circle than
that of the anterior edge. The posterior border is also rounded ; but above there
is an approach towards truncation, the postero-superior angle being obscurely
obtuse. The hinge-line is gently arched and extended; the posterior portion being
almost straight and elevated. The umbones are obtuse, tumid, twisted inwards
and forwards, and only slightly curved on themselves, slightly elevated above the
CARDIOMORPHA EGERTONI. 275
hinge-line, contiguous, and subcentral. There is no lunule, but a narrow elongate
escutcheon exists, in the front part of which is lodged the external ligament.
The shell is regularly curved, and is gradually compressed into its margins.
Owing to the direction of the umbones, and the depressed anterior end, the
general gibbosity appears to be somewhat oblique, and there is an approach
to compression at the postero-superior angle.
Interior.—The anterior adductor muscle-scar is large, ovate, and very incon-
spicuous, remote from the margin, in the anterior umbonal hollow. The
posterior scars almost obsolete, situated on the dorsal slope. The hinge consists
of a thickened plate at right angles to the valve, which leaves a groove in casts ;
edentulous. Pallial line entire, almost obsolete. The surface of casts is marked
by obscure, fine, radiating strie.
Heterior.—The surface is ornamented with numerous well-marked but fine
concentric lines of growth, with an occasional deeper one at irregular intervals.
Shell thick.
Dimensions.—Fig. 4, Pl. XXV, the type of M‘Coy’s ‘* Cyprina Hgertoni,”
measures—
Antero-posteriorly . 97 mm.
Dorso-ventrally : : : . 87 mm,
Elevation of valve : ; . : 33 mm.
Localities—England : the Carboniferous Limestone of Narrowdale, Stafford-
shire; Castleton, Derbyshire; Lowick, Northumberland; Scotland: the Carbo-
niferous Limestone series of Longniddry, Haddingtonshire. Ireland; the
Carboniferous Limestone of Millicent, co. Cork ; Nanteenan, co. Limerick ; and
St. Dooghlas, co. Dublin.
Observations.—This species is easily recognised by its orbicular shape, thick
shell, and the small degree of inrolment of the umbones. De Koninck placed
this species in the genus Pachydomus of Morris, established in 1845 for some
large bivalves from New South Wales. I am at a loss to understand on what
grounds he thought it right to place a shell with an edentulous hinge-plate in a
genus whose hinge is described as follows by Morris in Strzelecki’s ‘ New South
Wales and Van Diemen’s Land,’ p. 271 :—‘‘ Hinge-line sunk, with an antiquated
area, and one or two (?) large teeth in each valve.” In this genus the muscle-
scars are very well marked.
De Koninck says of the genus, “‘ Dents nulles, remplacées par un étroit bour-
relet lisse.’ The hinge is, in fact, so very similar to that of Cardiomorpha,
described by the same author, that I have retained the shell in this family. If in
the future it should be thought that the absence of inrolled umbones and the
orbicular form are sufficient to separate it from this genus, it is possible that it
may have some affinity to Paracyclas of Hall. C. corrugata and C. orbicularis
276 CARBONIFEROUS LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
seem, however, to form well-defined intermediate stages between C. oblonga and
the species under description. M‘Coy soon changed his view as to the generic
character of this species, for he relegated it to Hdmondia, with which it has
certain resemblances ; and it seems, indeed, to be a link between that genus and
Cardiomorpha.
De Koninck figures several shells (op. cit.) under the names Pachydomus
Hgertom, P. depressus, and P. MacCoyi, which I am disposed to regard as the
Same species. Curiously enough, the shells which he refers to M‘Coy’s species
are less like the type than either of the others, being less orbicular and more
transverse ; but such a variety occurs in Ireland, an example of which I figure,
Pl. XXIV, fig. 1. The first and third of these are stated to occur in étage II,
Pauquys, the second in étage I, Visé; which to some extent accounts for the
number of species. Both M‘Coy and de Koninck describe this species as
possessing a lunette, but this is a mistake. In M‘Coy’s type specimen the shell
is absent at the antero-superior part, and the groove for the hinge-plate in the
cast has been perhaps mistaken for alunule ; but an examination of Figs. land 3 a,
Pl. XXV, shows that, in common with all other species of the family, P. Hgertont
has no lunule. I have no hesitation in referring the Cardium orbiculare and
Mactra incrassata of M‘Coy to this species, the type specimens of which I
figured, Pl. XXV, fig. 2. The latter shows a series of equidistant, deep, con-
centric grooves in the cast, which has been mistaken by M‘Coy for the external
surface, although a portion of the shell is preserved lower down. This character
is also present in Fig. 1, Pl. XXV, a specimen from Nanteenan, co. Limerick,
in the collection of the Geological Survey of Ireland, which fortunately has
the shell preserved on the other valve. This character is an approach towards
the concentric markings of C. ventricosa and C. corrugata, and is another
character showing the affinity of the species to the genus Cardiomorpha rather
than to Hdmondia.
The original type of Cardiwm orbiculare is extant in the Griffith Collection of
the Museum of Science and Art, Dublin, and it is figured in Fig. 2, Pl. XXIV.
Both valves are preserved with a portion of the shell, but they have shipped some-
what one on another. This is a younger example than the type of C. Eygertoni,
and consequently the shell is not so thick.
C. Hgertont is quoted by Messrs. Young and Armstrong in their List of
Carboniferous Lamellibranchs from the West of Scotland under the generic name
* Hdmondia.” The shells which I find with this name attached in Scottish
collections are Hdimondia senilis, Phillips, sp., and I have not yet come across this
species in the Carboniferous series of the West of Scotland. They also mention
Mactra ? imerassata as occurring at Craigenglen, but I have not seen any shell
that I can identify as the species.
PLATE XVI.
Fig. 1.—Schizodus Hari. A left valve from the Upper Coal-measures, Kansas,
U.S.A. My Collection. (Page 214.)
Fig. la.—Schizodus Harti. The hinge of the same specimen, figured to give
an idea of the typical hinge of the genus as developed in a large example.
@, anterior tooth; y, bifid cardinal tooth; z, elongate posterior lateral tooth.
(Page 214.)
Fig. 2.—Schizodus Pentlandicus. The interior of a right valve, with the hinge-
teeth and muscle-scars. From the Calciferous-sandstone series, Woodhall, Water
of Leith. In the York Museum. (Page 217.)
Fig. 38.—Schizodus Pentlandicus. The hinge of fig. 7; a left valve with, a, the
anterior tooth; 6, the cardinal tooth; c, the posterior lateral tooth. Same
locality and Collection. (Page 217.)
Fig. 4.—Schizodus Pentlandicus. The hinge-plate of a right valve ; a, anterior
tooth; b, cardinal tooth ; c, posterior lateral tooth. From the Calciferous-sand-
stone series of Randerstone, Fife. My Collection. (Page 217.)
Fig. 5.—Schizodus Pentlandicus. A right valve. Same locality. My Collec-
tion. (Page 217.)
Figs. 6 and 7.—Schizodus Pentlandicus. A right andleft valve. From Wood-
hall, Water of Leith. In the York Museum. (Page 217.)
Fig. 8.—Schizodus Pentlandicus. A left valve from Randerstone, Fife. My
Collection. (Page 217.)
Fig. 9.—Schizodus Pentlandicus. A right valve from the roof of the Coopers-
eye Coal, Scremerston, Northumberland. In the Collection of the Woodwardian
Museum, Cambridge. (Page 217.)
Fig. 10.—Schizodus aviniformis. A cast, the type specimen of Sowerby’s
Donaz (?) suleata. From the Pennystone Ironstone, Coalbrookdale. In the British
Museum (Nat. Hist.), Geol. Department. (Page 219.)
Fig. 10 a.—Schizodus axiniformis. The type specimen viewed from above.
(Page 219.)
Fig. 11.—Schizodus axiniformis. A very large and fine example, semi-
decorticated. From the Redesdale Ironstone. My Collection. (Page 219.)
Fig. lla.—Schizodus axiniformis. The same specimen viewed from above.
(Page 219.)
Figs. 12 and 13.—Schizodus axiniformis. Two other specimens exhibiting
slight differences in the contour of the posterior extremity. Same locality. My
Collection. (Page 219.)
Fig. 14.—Schizodus aviniformis. A right testiferous valve. Same locality.
My Collection. (Page 219.)
Fig. 15.—Schizodus awxiniformis. A right testiferous valve. Same locality.
My Collection. (Page 219.)
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PLATE XVII.
Fig.:1.—Schizodus awiniformis. A cast from the Redesdale Ironstone. My
Collection. (Page 219.)
Fie. 2.—Sehizodus axiniformis. The cast of an adult example from the
Pennystone Ironstone, Coalbrookdale. My Collection. (Page 219.)
Fig. 3.—Schizodus axiniformis. A cast from the Redesdale Ironstone. My
Collection. (Page 219.)
Fig. 4.—Schizodus awiniformis. A young example. Same locality. My
Collection. (Page 219.)
Fig. 5.—Schizodus axiniformis. Showing portion of the hinge in the right
valve. Same locality. My Collection. (Page 219.)
Fig. 6.—Schizodus axiniformis. Showing the hinge of a left valve. Same
locality. My Collection. (Page 219.)
Fig. 7.—Schizodus carbonarius. The type specimen of Sowerby’s Venus
carbonavia. From the Pennystone Ironstone, Coalbrookdale. In the British
Museum (Natural Hist.), Geological Department. (Page 222.)
Fig. 7 a.—Schizodus carbonarius. The same specimen viewed from above.
(Page 222.)
Fig. 8.—Schizodus carbonarius. <A fairly perfect specimen. From the same
locality. My Collection. (Page 222.)
Fig. 8a.—Schizodus carbonarius. The anterior aspect of the same specimen.
(Page 222.)
Fig. 9.—Schizodus carbonarius. A very large and perfect example from the
same horizon. In the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. (Page 222.)
Fig. 10.—Protoschizodus axinifornis. The type of Amphidesina axiniformis,
Portlock. In the Museum of the Geological Survey, Jermyn Street. (Page 228.)
Fig. 11.—Protoschizodus axiniformis, var. depressus. The type of Aimphidesma
carbonaria, Portlock. In the same Collection. (Page 232.)
Fig. 12.—Protoschizodus aviniformis, var. depressus. The type of Amphidesma
carbonaria, var. depressa. In the same Collection. (Page 232.)
Fig. 13.—Protoschizodus axiniformis. The type of Amphidesma deltoidea,
Portlock. In the same Collection. (Page 228.)
Fig. 14.—Protoschizodus axinifornis. The cast of both valves, showing
muscle-scars and pallial line. From one of the Lowick Limestones. In the
Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. (Page 228.)
Fig. 15.—Protoschizodus impressus. A specimen from Tournay, Belgium.
Fig. 15 a. Showing the hinge-teeth of the left valve. (Page 234.)
Fig. 16.—Protoschizodus axiniformis. A left testiferous valve. From the
Redesdale Ironstone. My Collection. (Page 228.)
Fig. 17.—Protoschizodus axiniformis. A perfect example. From the Redes-
dale Ironstone, Bellingham. My Collection. (Page 228.)
Fig. 17 a.—Protoschizodus axiniformis. The same specimen viewed from
above. (Page 228.)
Fig. 18.—Protoschizodus awinifornis. A perfect example. From the Upper
Limestone series, Garngad Road, Glasgow. In the Collection of Mr. James
Neilson. (Page 228.)
Fig. 19.—Protoschizodus axiniformis. The cast of a full-sized shell. From
the Upper Limestone series of Newfield, Scotland. (Page 228.)
PALME, ZV,
A.H Searle del etlith. Mintern Bros. imp.
PLATE XVIII.
Fig. 1.—Ctenodonta sinuosa. A cast of the right valve, showing muscle-scars, hinge-teeth, and
pallial line, from a marine band below the Third Millstone-grit, Congleton Edge, Cheshire. My
Collection. (Page 210.)
Fig. 1 a.—Ctenodonta sinuosa. The hinge-plate of the same specimen enlarged.
Fig. 2.—Ctenodonta sinuosa. A perfect cast, showing hinge-plate. Same locality and collection.
(Page 210.)
Fig. 8.—Ctenodonta sinuosa. A testiferous example. Same locality and collection. (Page 210.)
Fig. 4.—Ctenodonta sinuosa. A younger example, with 4 a, the upper surface showing the narrow
escutcheon. Same locality and collection. (Page 210.)
Figs. 5, 6—Ctenodonta sinuosa. Two young specimens to show the truncate, obtuse posterior
end in this stage of existence. Same locality and collection. (Page 210.)
Fig. 7.—Protoschizodus impressus. A testiferous left valve from the Upper Limestone series of
Orchard, near Glasgow. In the Collection of Mr. J. Neilson. (Page 233.)
Fig. 8.—Protoschizodus impressus. A perfect cast from one of the Lowick Limestones, showing
muscle-scars and pallial line. In the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. With fig. 8a,a view
from above. (Page 233.)
Fig. 9.—Protoschizodus impressus. A smaller cast. Same locality and collection. (Page 233.)
Fig. 10.—Protoschizodus obliquus. A decorticated specimen from the Lower Limestone of
Beith. 10a.—View from above. My Collection. (Page 235.)
Fig. 11.—Protoschizodus triangularis. <A fairly perfect cast from the Lower Limestone series of
Beith. My Collection. (Page 242.)
Figs. 12, 18.—Protoschizodus triangularis. Two casts from the same locality. My Collection.
(Page 242.)
Fig. 14.—Protoschizodus trigonalis. An almost perfect specimen from the upper beds of the
Carboniferous Limestone, Castleton, Derbyshire. With 14a, a view from above. My Collection.
(Page 288.)
Fig. 15.—Protoschizodus subequalis. A right valve from the upper beds of the Carboniferous
Limestone, Hill Bolton, Yorks. My Collection. (Page 239.)
Figs. 16—19.—Protoschizodus subequalis. A series of specimens from the Carboniferous
Limestone of Thorpe Cloud, Derbyshire. These appear much too flat in the drawing. They are
very gibbose, with a much compressed and depressed posterior superior wing. My Collection.
(Page 239.)
Fig. 20.—Protoschizodus rectangularis. From the Carboniferous Limestone of Settle. Burrow
Collection of the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. This specimen is much too flat in the drawing.
(Page 237.)
Fig. 21.—Protoschizodus orbicularis.—A full-sized example of a left valve from the marine band
below the Third Grit, Congleton Edge. My Collection. (Page 241.)
Fig. 22.—Protoschizodus orbicularis. The cast of a left valve, showing muscle-scars, pallial line,
and the impression of the hinge-teeth. Same locality. My Collection. (Page 241.)
Fig. 23.—Protoschizodus orbicularis. A small specimen of the left valve. Same locality and
collection. (Page 241.)
Figs. 24, 25.—Schizodus antiquus. Two imperfect casts of the left valve, showing the pallial
line and muscle-scars from bed of a calcareous sandstone below the Millstone grits, Pule Hill,
Marsden. My Collection. (Page 225.)
Fig. 26.—Sehizodus antiquus. A small testiferous example from the roof of the Bay Coal,
Longton. Collection of Mr. J. Ward. (Page 224.)
Fig. 27.—Schizodus antiquus. A fine specimen of both valves from the shales below the grits of
Pule Hill, Marsden. Collection of Mr. W. F. Holroyd. (Page 224.)
PEATE XVI:
A.H.Searle delet lth. Mintern Bros. imp
PLATH XIX,
Fig. 1.—Protoschizodus impressus. The original of the shell figured by the Rev. David Ure in
his ‘ History of Rutherglen and East Kilbride,’ pl. xv, fig. 2. From the latter locality. In the Ure
Collection of the Royal Soc. of Edinburgh. (Page 233.)
Fig. 2.—Protoschizodus rectangularis. A right valve from Ballyhomock, co. Limerick. Geo-
logical Survey of Ireland Collection. [The actual shape is more compressed on the dorsal slope than
shown in the figure.}] (Page 237.)
Fig. 3.—Protoschizodus rectangularis, the type specimen of M‘Coy’s Dolabra rectangularis from
Bundoran. In the Griffith Collection of the Museum of Science and Art, Dublin. (Page 237.)
Fig. 4.—Schizodus antiquus. A right valve from the shales below the Millstone-grit, Vale of
Todmorden. In the Geological Collection of the Manchester Museum, Owens College. (Page 225.)
Fig. 5.—Schizodus antiquus. <A right valve from the Millstone-grit series at Holt Head, near
Slaithwaite, Yorkshire. In the Collection of Mr. J. Barnes, of Manchester. (Page 224.)
Fig. 6.—Schizodus antiquus (?), Young (?). The shell figured as Anthracosia by Mr. Wild,
‘Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxi, pl. ii, fig. 7. From the roof of the Bullion Mine, Carre Heys,
Colne. In the Manchester Museum, Owens College. (Page 225.)
Fig. 7.—Protoschizodus obliquus. The cast of the interior of a large right valve from Haster
Bucklyvie, Donibristle. In the Collection of the Geological Survey of Scotland. (Page 235.)
Fig. 8.—Protoschizodus obliquus. A testiferous example of the right valve. Same locality and
collection. (Page 235.)
Fig. 9.—Protoschizodus obliquus. The type specimen of M‘Coy’s Avinus obliquus from Mullagh-
tenny, Clogher, co. Tyrone. In the Griffith Collection of the Science and Art Museum, Dublin.
(Page 235.)
Fig. 10.—Protoschizodus nuculoides. A testiferous example of the left valve from the encrinite
bed, Broom Hill, St. Andrews. In the Collection of the Geological Survey of Scotland. (Page 243.)
Fig. 11.—Protoschizodus nuculoides. The type specimen of M‘Coy’s Anatina deltoidea from
Townplots, Killala. In the Griffith Collection of the Museum of Science and Art, Dublin. (Page
243.)
Fig. 12.—Protoschizodus nuculoides. The cast of a left valve. Same locality and collection as
Fig. 10. (Page 243.)
Figs. 13—16.—Protoschizodus nuculoides. A series of small examples from Dromard, Drapers-
town, co. Londonderry. In the Collection of the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. Fig. 14 shows
the hinge of the right valve. (Page 243.)
Fig. 17.—Cardiomorpha parva. <A perfect example from the Upper Limestone series of Clon-
beitb, Kilwinning. In the Collection of Mr. J. Smith, of Kilwinning. (Page 270.)
Fig. 17 a.—Cardiomorpha parva. The same specimen viewed from above. (Page 270.)
Figs. 18, 19.—Cardiomorpha parva. Two specimens, a right and a left valve, from the Redesdale
Tronstone, Redesdale. My Collection. (Page 270.)
Fig. 20.—Cardiomorpha parva. A right valve, same locality and collection. (Page 270.)
Fig. 20 a.—Cardiomorpha parva. The same specimen viewed from above. (Page 270.)
Fig. 20b.—Cardiomorpha parva. The same specimen viewed from in front. (Page 270.)
Fig. 21.—Cardiomorpha parva. A very large example from the Lower Limestone series of
Craigenglen, Campsie. In the Collection of Mr. J. Smith, of Kilwinning. (Page 270.)
Fig. 22.—Protoschizodus magnus. A bivalve testiferous example from the Carboniferous Lime-
stone of Ballyhomock, co. Limerick. In the Collection of the Geological Survey of Ireland. (Page 245.)
Fig. 22 a.—Protoschizodus magnus. The same specimen viewed from above.
Fig. 238.—Protoschizodus magnus. A cast from the Carboniferous Limestone of Little Island,
co. Cork. In the Collection of Mr. J. Wright, of Belfast. (Page 245.)
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Figs. 1—3.—Protoschizodus subtruncatus. Three very imperfect examples
from the upper beds of the Carboniferous Limestone, Park Hill, Derbyshire.
My Collection. (Page 248.)
Fig. 4.—Protoschizodus subtruncatus. The type specimen of M‘Coy’s Amphi-
desma subtruncata, from Millicent, co. Cork. In the Griffith Collection, Museum
of Science and Art, Dublin. (Page 248.)
Fig. 5.—Protoschizodus exquilateralis. A fine testiferous specimen from the
Magazine Limeworks, Pathhead. In the Collection of the Geological Survey of
Scotland. (Page 246.)
Fig. 6.—Protoschizodus fragilis. The type specimen of Leptodomus fragilis,
M‘Coy. In the Griffith Collection, Museum of Science and Art, Dublin.
(Page 250.)
Fig. 7.—Protoschizodus xquilateralis. The type specimen, very imperfect, of
Dolabra equilateralis, M‘Coy, from the Carboniferous shale of Doorin, co. Donegal.
In the Griffith Collection of the Museum of Science and Art, Dublin. (Page 246.)
Fig. 8.—Protoschizodus fragilis. A right valve from the Redesdale Ironstone
beds, Redesdale. My Collection. (Page 250.)
Fig. 9.—Protoschizodus fragilis. A young example with the shell partially
preserved, from the Carboniferous Limestone of Limerick. In the Collection of the
Geological Survey of Ireland. (Page 250.)
Fig. 10.—Protoschizodus equilateralis. A somewhat imperfect bivalve example
from the Carboniferous Limestone of Clonmel. In the Collection of Mr. J.
Wright. (Page 246.)
Fig. 11.—Protoschizodus xquilateralis. A cast of the right valve from the
Limestone of Monaster. Same Collection. (Page 246.)
Fig. 12.—Protoschizodus equilateralis. A bivalve example from Burn Anne,
Scotland. In the Collection of the Geological Survey of Scotland. (Page 246.)
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PLATE XXT.
Fig. 1.—Cardiomorpha oblonga. A fine example from the Carboniferous
Limestone of Millicent, co. Cork. In the Collection of Mr. J. Wright of Belfast.
(Page 259.)
Fig. 1 a.—Cardiomorpha oblonga. The same specimen viewed from in front.
Fig. 1 b.—Cardiomorpha oblonga. .The same specimen viewed from above.
Fig. 2.—Cardiomorpha oblonga. A full-grown example from the Carboniferous
Limestone. In the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. (Page 259.)
Fig. 3.—Cardiomorpha oblonga. A cast from the Carboniferous Limestone of
the Isle of Man. Same Collection. (Page 259.)
Fig. 4.—Cardiomorpha oblonga. A specimen in the Sowerby Collection of the
British Museum (Natural History), South Kensington. From the Carboniferous
Limestone. Locality not known. (Page 259.)
Fig. 5.—Cardiomorpha oblonga. The type specimen of Phillips’s Lsocardi
oblonga. From Bolland. In the Gilbertson Collection of the British Museum
(Nat. Hist.), South Kensington. (Page 259.)
Fig. 6.—Cardiomorpha oblonga. <A left valve with portions of the test pre-
served. Locality unknown. British Museum (Nat. Hist.), South Kensington.
(Page 259.)
hig. 7.—Cardiomorpha limosa. A full-grown example from Thornhebank.
In the Collection of Mr. J. Neilson of Glasgow. (Page 268.)
Fig. 7 a.—Cardiomorpha limosa. The same specimen viewed from above.
(Page 268.)
Fie. 8.—Cardiomorpha limosa. A specimen showing the hinge-plate and
cartilage-groove of a left valve. From the Upper Limestone series, Garngad
Road, Glasgow. Same Collection. (Page 268.)
Fig. 9.—Cardiomorpha limosa. A perfect specimen from the Upper Limestone
series under George Square. In the Collection of Mr. J. Neilson. (Page 268.)
Fig. 10.—Cardiomorpha limosa. A testiferous example. From Bishopbriggs.
In the Collection of Mr. J. Neilson. (Page 268.)
Fig. 10a.—Cardiomorpha limosa. he same shell viewed from the front,
showing the prosogyrous umbones. (Page 268.)
Fig. 10b.—Cardiomorpha limosa. 'The same specimen viewed from above to
show the upper surface. (Page 268.)
Fig. 11.—Cardiomorpha limosa. A slightly crushed example. From the
Upper Limestone series of Dernshaw, Stewarton. In the Collection of Mr. J.
Smith. (Page 268.)
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Fig. 1.—Cardiomorpha orbicularis. A full-grown example from the Carbo-
niferous Limestone of Belgium. In the Collection of the British Museum (Natural
History), South Kensington. (Page 264.)
Fig. 2.—Cardiomorpha communis. A specimen from the Carboniferous Lime-
stone of St. Dooghlas, co. Dublin. My Collection. (Page 262.)
Fig. 3.—Cardiomorpha orbicularis, showing part of the hinge-plate of a left
valve from the Carboniferous Limestone of Belgium. In the Collection of the
British Museum (Natural History), South Kensington. (Page 264.)
Fig. 4.—Cardiomorpha orbicularis, A left valve showing the hinge-plate,
presented to me by Prof. G. DeWalque from the Carboniferous Limestone of
Belgium. (Page 264.)
Fig. 4a.—Cardiomorpha orbicularis. The same specimen showing the exterior
of the valve. (Page 264.)
Fig. 5.—Cardiomorpha orbicularis. A complete cast from the topmost bed of
the Carboniferous Limestone, Castleton, Derbyshire. My Collection. (Page
264.)
Fig. 5 a.—Cuardiomorpha orbicularis. The same specimen viewed from above,
showing the grooves left by the impressions of the hinge-plates.
Fig. 6.—Cardiomorpha orbicularis. The type specimen figured by M‘Coy from
the Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire. In the Woodwardian Museum,
Cambridge. (Page 264.)
Fig. 7.—Cardiomorpha orbicularis. To show the anterior portion of the shell.
Viewed from the front. From the Carboniferous Limestone of Settle, Yorkshire.
In the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. (Page 264.)
PLATE XxU.
A.H. Searle del et hth. Mantern Bros. imvp
PLATE XXIII.
Fig. 1.—Cardiomorpha ventricosa. The type specimen figured by M‘Coy, now
in the Collection of Mr. Joseph Wright, of Belfast, who obtained it from the
Collection of Dr. Haines, of Cork. From the Carboniferous Limestone, co. Cork.
(Page 266.)
Fig. 1 a.—Cardiomorpha ventricosa, The same specimen viewed from in
front.
Fig. 1 b.—Cardiomorpha ventricosa. The same specimen viewed from above.
ig. 2.—Cardiomorpha ventricosa. A very young specimen from the Carboni-
ferous Limestone of Little Island, co. Cork. Same Collection. (Page 266.)
Fig. 3.—Cardiomorpha ventiicosa. A large example from the Carboniferous
Limestone, co. Cork. Same Collection. (Page 266.)
Fig. 4.—Cardiomorpha ventricosa, A specimen from the Carboniferous Lime-
stone of the South of Ireland, which possesses less well-marked concentric
grooves than generally obtain. In the Collection of Mr. James Neilson, of
Glasgow. (Page 266.)
Fig. 5.—Cardiomorpha corrugata. The type specimen figured by M‘Coy.
From the Carboniferous Limestone of Millicent, Clane, co. Cork. In the Griffith
Collection of the Museum of Science and Art, Dublin. (Page 271.)
Fig. 6.—Cardiomorpha corrugata. A full-sized example from the Carboni-
ferous Limestone of co. Dublin. In the Collection of the Geological Survey,
Jermyn Street. (Page 271.)
Fig. 7.—Cardiomorpha corrugata. A small example from the Carboniferous
Limestone of Thorpe Cloud, Derbyshire ; showing 7 a, a view from above, and 7 b,
a view from in front. My Collection. (Page 271.)
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PLATE XXIV.
Fig. 1.—Cardiomorpha Egerton. A very transverse example from the Carbo-
niferous Limestone of Ireland. In the Collection of the Geological Survey of
Ireland. (Page 274.)
Fig. 2.—Cardiomorpha Egertoni. The left valve of the type specimen of
M‘Coy’s Mactra incrassata from the Carboniferous Limestone of Kilmallock.
The artist has unfortunately depicted the opposite valve to that which is shown
by M‘Coy, although, from M‘Coy’s custom of not reversing his figures on the stone,
it would appear that the left valve is figured in each case. In the Griffith Collec-
tion of the Museum of Science and Art, Dublin. (Page 274.)
Fig. 3.—Cardiomorpha obliqua. A very finely preserved example from the
Carboniferous Limestone of Ardlamon, co. Limerick. In the Collection of the
Geological Survey of Ireland. (Page 263.)
Fig. 4.—Cardiomorpha obliqua. A very large example of the right valve,
showing the comparative elongation of the anterior end in advanced growth.
Same locality and Collection. (Page 263.)
Fig. 5.—Cardiomorpha obliqua. A fine specimen from the Carboniferous
Limestone of the Isle of Man. In the Collection of the Woodwardian Museum,
Cambridge. (Page 263.)
Fig. 5a.—Cardiomorpha obliqua. The same specimen viewed from above.
Fig. 5 b.—Cardiomorpha obliqua. The same specimen viewed from in front.
ATE XEXVE
A.H.Searle del. et lth Mintern Bros. imp
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PLATE XXV.
Fig. 1.—Cardiomorpha Egertoni. The right valve of a specimen with only the
upper part of the shell left, showing the concentric lines seen on casts of the
interior, from Nanteenan, co. Limerick. In the Collection of the Geological Survey
of Ireland. (Page 274.)
Fig. la.—Cardiomorpha Hgertoni. The left valve of the same specimen with
the shell preserved, showing the surface markings.
Fig. 2.—Cardiomorpha Hgertoni. The type specimen of M‘Coy’s Cardiwm
orbiculare, from the Carboniferous Limestone of Little Island, co. Cork. In the
Griffith Collection of the Museum of Science and Art, Dublin. (Page 274.)
Fig. 8.—Cardiomorpha Egerton. The cast of a complete specimen, showing
the adductor muscle-scars. From Nanteenan, co. Limerick. In the Collection of
the Geological Survey of Ireland. (Page 274.)
Fig. 3 a.—Cardiomorpha Egerton. The same specimen viewed from above.
Fig. 4.—Cardiomorpha Egerton. The type specimen of M‘Coy’s Cyprina
Hgertoni. From Millicent, Clare. In the Griffith Collection in the Museum of
Science and Art, Dublin. (Page 274.)
PIL JS, LORY,
A.H.Searle del. et hth Mintern Bros. imp.
THE
PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVIL.
VOLUME FOR 1898.
MDCCCXOVIII.
2
A MONOGRAPH
INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES
THE BRITISH ISLANDS.
BY
S. S. BUCKMAN, F.G:S.,
HE YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY; HONORARY SECRETARY OF THE COT
HONORARY MEMBER OF T
NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB, ETC.
PART X.
SUPPLEMENT:
I.—REVISION OF, AND ADDITION TO, THE HILDOCERATID 4.
PaGeEs i—xxxii; Puatres I—IV.
if ON DOANE
PRINTED FOR THE PALMHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
1898.
PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON,
BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C., AND 20, HANOVER SQUARE, W.
INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES:
SUPPLEMENT:
I. REVISION OF, AND ADDITION TO, THE HILDOCERATIDA.
A THOROUGH revision of the genera and species belonging to the family
Hildoceratidze is imperative, for two reasons :—(1) because of the large accumu-
lation of material, with so many new forms; (2) because the knowledge concern-
ing the affinities of different species has necessarily become more complete. This
revision will form the main object of the present Supplement.
The great difficulty in connection with the Hildoceratide is the occurrence of
many series of specimens with a remarkable similarity of shape. So long as such
a feature was regarded as of supreme importance, and due consideration was not
given to other characters, because their significance was misunderstood, so long
was the classification of the Hildoceratide incorrect and unsatisfactory.
Outward form is of merely subordinate value in classification. It is obvious
that species most dissimilar in mere shape can produce, by modification, specimens
which are very similar. Hence some other criteria of affinity must be sought for ;
and they are to be found in the characters of the ornamentation and suture-lines
of the species. In comparison with the mere shape both these features are
constant. They are modifiable and they are modified ; but they change so much
more gradually than does the mere shape of the conch that they may, for practical
purposes, be regarded as fairly stable. At any rate, they change so slowly that
their identity is preserved.
In regard to the suture-line and the character of the ornamentation as criteria
of affinity, it must be acknowledged that the former undoubtedly holds premier
position. But there are many practical reasons why it cannot always be used as
efficiently as it deserves. And when, as in the Hildoceratide, the ornamentation
A
ii INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES.
is found to give a criterion with so much diversity of character, it may well, until
knowledge of the family be more complete, be utilised, with the suture-line, as a
basis for a classification.
By the term ornament it is not intended to imply merely the production of
cost and tubercles. They practically indicate stages of phyletic development,
and no more. It is not the kind, but the manner of ornament which has to be
considered, namely, the disposition of the growth-lines, for in these cases the
ornament is parallel therewith. The disposition of the ornament, then, is found
to have very remarkable vanation in the Hildoceratide ; and, as this disposition
is the same as the growth-lines, which were the results of the two processes of
deposition and absorption on the part of the mantle during the growth of the
specimen, it must indicate certain anatomical differences on the part of the various
species.
Therefore in the Hildoceratidz the disposition of the ornament, or, what is the
same thing, of the growth-lines, is considered to be of particular importance. At
any rate, it is regarded as a test of generic affinity. This disposition of the
rnament is used in illustration, and referred to as the radial line or curve.'
Such are the reasons for, and the methods of the revision. Noone regrets more
than the author of this work that the revision will mean the alteration of many
names, involving the disturbance of what appeared to be settled. But it cannot
be helped. It may be said with Cicero, Hirrorem creat similitudo ; and what may
be called the deceptions of homceomorphy are only being gradually learnt. I con-
fess that they have misled me. It is no excuse if I have been deceived in good
company. But I recognise some of the incorrectness of my own work. I would
attempt to alter this, and to place the whole on a surer basis, hopeful that I am
wiser to-day than I was yesterday.
In order to carry out the revision with conciseness, and to deal with an
immense mass of detail, it becomes very necessary to introduce certain definite
technical terms. Some of them have been already employed in earlier portions of
this work ; but the following notes are intended to save the labour of reference in
regard to the old, and to explain the meanings of the new terms.
Shape of Whorls——Concise terms to express the differences of whorl]-shape are
required. Some of the following terms are already used in connection with
Gastropoda, and so I have extended them to make a congruous series.
An Ammonite may reach a given diameter by making several narrow, or a
few broad whorls. In the first case, in reference to the number of whorls, it
would be polygyral; in the second, oligogyral ; while in reference to the breadth
of the whorls—from inner margin to periphery—it would be stenogyral, narrow-
1 The radial curve and the suture-line both demand consideration. In certain cases there is an
identical form of radial curve, but a marked difference in suture-line. There are some striking cases
of this deceptive homcomorphy.
SUPPLEMENT.—TERMINOLOGY. iii
whorled, or platygyrul, broad-whorled. Then there is the other dimension of the
whorl to be considered—from side to side. If the Ammonite has thick whorls it
is pachygyral ; if thin compressed whorls it is leptogyral.
Radius.—YThis is the comprehensive term for the ornament which is parallel
with the growth-lines. It gives no qualification as to its direction, size, shape, &e.
Direction of Radius.—This has to be considered under two headings :
1. The radius is straight or curved on the lateral area. In the first place it
is a rectiradius, and the specimen is rectiradiate ; in the second, a fleviradius.
2. The recti- or fleeiradius has a general direction across the whorl in regard
to a straight line drawn from the centre of the Ammonite through the inner end
of the radius: (a) it either falls behind that line on its way to the periphery,—
it is then a rwrsiradius, and the specimen is rursiradiate ; (b) it has, in its general
direction, the same course as the line,—it is then a versiradius; (c) it tends
forwards of the line,—it is then a prorsiradius, and the specimen is prorsiradiate.'
When the radius is so disposed as to be a combination of prorsi- and rursiradius,
forming a >, the apex pointing towards the aperture of the conch, it may be
called an unguliradius, and the specimen would be anguliradiate.
It is convenient to have similar terms in connection with the manner in which
the radius crosses the periphery. As the radial curve is drawn in comparison
with a straight line from the centre to the position attained by the radius on the
medial line of the periphery, it makes much difference whether the specimen be
peripherally anguliradiate or rectiradiate.
Stria.—This describes the radius when it is like any slightly raised line.
Costa.—This signifies a coarser ornamentation in the form of aridge. Accord-
ing to the size of its coste a specimen may be parvicostate or crassicostate ;
according to the number, paucicostate or densicostate.
When the radius is part costa and part stria the terms may be strii-costa or
costi-stria, commencing from the inner margin.
Tuberculation.—A raising of the test, more restricted than a costa, forms a
tubercle—as a general term. A conical elevation is a spina; an obtuse elevation,
2
more or less laterally compressed, a bulla ;? a round knob, a nodus; a small
pimple-like elevation, a papilla.
In certain cases the tubercle is partitioned off by a layer of test at the base.’
In other cases it is not, and the interior must have been occupied by the
1 Rursum, backwards; versum, turned in the direction of ; prorsum, forwards.
2 In the cases under consideration the long axis of the bulla is across the whorl parallel with the
radius. To meet other cases further nomenclature will be required. It is obvious that these terms
are not sufficient.
3 In Deroceras (Am. armatus group): when the test is lost there are no tubercles on the core,
but only plate-like areas.
iv INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES.
mantle... In the former case the specimen is septituberculate; im the latter
non-septituberculate, or, more simply, twherculate.
Ornamentation.—The greater or less elaboration of the ornament (coste and
tubercles) upon the conch may be stated in the following terms: crassornate,
ornate, subornate ; when there is no ornament, levigate.
Regulari- and Irregulari-ornate.—The ornament is irregular if it varies
considerably in size, or is not uniform in its development. When the irregularity
consists merely of occasional variation in size, a more particular term may be
inequi-ornate. Similar qualifying terms may be used in connection with the
particular details of the ornament.
Periphery.—In order to describe all the different aspects of the periphery an
elaborate scheme of nomenclature would be required. That would be out of
place here, but the following terms are necessary.
The periphery may be planate, convex, or concave ; when the concavity is rather
restricted the periphery is sulcate ; if furnished with a carina it may be carinati-
convex or carinati-sulcate ;* when somewhat like the roof of a house sloping into a
more or less definite edge, it is fastigate. Its sloping sides may be slightly convex,
flat (truly fastigate), or shghtly concave, when the following modificatory definitions
are necessary: convevi-, plani-, and concavi-fastigate. A narrow flat periphery is
tabulate ; divided by a carina it is carinati-tabulate, which is perhaps better than
bitabulate.
Carina.—The different developments of the peripheral carina may be distin-
guished as alticarina, carina, parvicarina. The carina is sometimes partitioned
off by a septum, when it has been called a hollow carina (vide p. 81); when not
so parted it has been designated a solid carina. The terms are not exact, and
may be replaced by septicarina and non-septicarina. In most cases an alticarina
is a septicarina, but not always,—for instance, Hyperlioceras.
The umbilicus requires many technical terms, but the following may suffice for
the present.
Gradumbilicate—A portion of each inner whorl is exposed, making the
umbilicus in the form of steps, or like an amphitheatre.
Concavumbilicate.— A small bowl-shaped umbilicus, so noticeable in the
Ammonites concavus, Sow. The lower edge of the inner margin of the over-
lapping whorl is superposed on the upper edge of its predecessor, and as the
inner margin has more or less of a slope, the result 1s in some cases a regularly
concave umbilicus like a small bowl. When the superposition is not quite exact,
1 In Sonninia, in Stepheoceras (= Stephanoceras, i.e. Humphriesianum group), &c.: when the
test is lost the core is still tuberculate.
* Formerly carinate-bisuleate, but it is really one furrow divided by a carina.
SUPPLEMENT.—CHRONOLOGY. Vv
but a small portion of the side of the whorl is shown, it may be called suh-
concavumbilicate ; when’ more of the preceding whorl is exhibited, the conch would
be gradumbilicate.
Oraterumbilicate, having a deep basin-shaped umbilicus like that of Ammonites
Blagdem.
Latumbilicate, with a wide umbilicus.
Angustumbilicate, with a narrow umbilicus.
Ooncentrumbilicate, having an umbilicus in which the whorls coil regularly
around the central axis at a gradually increasing distance.
Excentrumbilicate, havmg an umbilicus in which the whorls do not coil regu-
larly around a central axis. The umbilicus shows a more or less sudden expan-
sion after a certain period.
Particular attention should be given to whether a species is ewcentri- or
concentri-latumbilicate. Frequently a species may be angustumbilicate in youth,
but may become ewcentrilatumbilicate in the adult state.
The Septa.—The following terms in connection therewith are required for the
sake of brevity in definition.
Densiseptate, a specimen with septa close together.
Pauciseptate, when the septa are distant.
Ornatilobate, when the septum is considerably branched, so as to form a
complex suture-line.
Inornatilobate, when the septum is not much branched.
By the use of these technical terms the descriptions will be rendered much
more concise, and the comparison of species will be facilitated.
Chronology.—One other matter yet remains, and that is how to indicate the
sequential occurrence of the different species. In this Supplement the chrono-
logical system will be adopted ; and each species will be dated, as regards the time
of its existence, by means of the chronological unit, the term hemera.’
For the purposes of this Monograph the term “ Inferior Oolite’”’ has been con-
sidered to embrace the deposits from the base of the Cotteswold Sands of Frocester
Hill to the top of the limestone beds of Broad Windsor, inclusive. The time
which it took to deposit these and all their intervening strata is now divided into
twenty-three hemerz, whereby it is possible to express the date and sequence of
species with considerable and very necessary exactitude. The lst of these
hemere, named after their principal Ammonites, is as follows:
1 “The Bajocian of the Sherborne District,” ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xlix, p. 481.
vi INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES.
HEMERZ: Witchellizx sp. Aalensis.
Fusce. Sonninize sp. Moorei.
Zigzag. Discite. Dumortierizx sp.
Truellii. Concavi. Dispansi.
Garantiane. Bradfordensis. Struckmanni.
Niortensis. Murchison. Striatuli.
Blagdeni. Seissz. Variabilis.
Sauzei. Opaliniformis. Lilli.
Of these Hemere so many form an Age, but that portion of the subject does
not require consideration here.’
Family—HILDOCERATIDA.
The Lillia-Haugia series.
At present a considerable series of species, to which certain titles have
been somewhat indiscriminately applied, are arranged under the two genera
Inllia and Haugia. The method of such generic distribution and its consequent
nomenclature is more influenced by shape than by questions of exact genetic
affinity. It is somewhat as follows :
Haugia, platyleptogyral, somewhat angustumbilicate, more or less alticarinate
species.
Lillia, stenogyral, latumbilicate, peripherally carinati-sulcate species.
However, such characters belong to stages of phylogenetic development,—that
is to say, the biologically later Lilliz would possess characters ascribed to
the biologically earlier Haugie the characters given to ‘ Lillia.”
** Haugia ;”
Such characters, therefore, can only be taken relatively to other features, as to
what degree they are developed in proportion to the development of those other
features.
The following is a list of the principal species which belong to the Lillia-
Haugia series, or are sufficiently similar to require consideration :
Anpium, Harpocrras, Gottsche, PI. i, fig. 8.
Bayant, AMMmonttTES, Dumortier, Pl. xvi, figs. 7—9.
1 Buckman and Wilson, “ Dundry Hill,” ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. lii, p. 669 ; and Table
IV, &., 1896. Also Buckman, ‘ Jurassic Time,’ ibid., vol. liv, p. 442.
SUPPLEMENT.—LILLIA-HAUGIA. vii
ComensIs, AMMONIYES, von Buch, PI. ii, figs. 1—3.
ss — . Dumortier, Pl. xx, figs. 1, 2.
a — Hauer, Pl. xi, figs. 1—8.
_ — Meneghini, Pl. v; Pl. vi, figs, 1—3; Pl. vii, figs. 1—5; Pl. viii,
figs. 5—7; Pl. xii, fig. 1.
ErRBakEnsIs, AMMONITES, Dumortier, Pl. xxii.
— — Hauer, P|. xi, figs. 1O—14.
— — Reynés, Aveyron., Pl. v, fig. 5.
_ —_— — Monogr., Pl. vi, figs. 1—11.
EscueEeri, AMMONITES, Dumortier, Pl. xix, fig. 7.
-— a Hauer, P). x, figs. 1—3.
EsEert, AMMONITES, Oppel, Pal. Mitth., pl. xliv, fig. 3.
InLustRis, AMMONITES, Denckmann, PI. v, fig. 2; Pl. vi, fig. 1.
Juaosus, AMMonitTEs, Sowerby, Pl. xeu, fig. 1.
Linu, Linuia, Bayle, Pl. 1xxxii, fig. 1.
— Ammonites, Dumortier, P]. xxi.
— — Hauer, Pi. viii, figs. 1—3.
— — Reynés, Monogr., Pl. v, figs. 31, 32.
LyrHEnsis, AMMonITES, cf. Quenstedt, Amm. Schwab. Jura, pl. liii, fig. 14.
Mataema, Ammonites, Dumortier, Pl. xxii, figs. 1—4,
Navis, Ammonites, Denckmann, Pl. vi, fig. 4.
— — Dumortier, Pl. xx, figs. 3—6.
Ogerieni, Ammonites, Denckmann, Pl. v, fig. 1.
— — Dumortier, Pl. xix, figs. 83—5.
RapIans COMPRESSUS, AMMONITES, Quenstedt, Ceph., pl. vii, fig. 9.
— _— — — Jura, pl. xl, fig. 13.
= — — Amm. Schwab., pl. li, figs. 6—8.
_— G@igas, AMMONITES, Quenstedt, Ibid., pl. li, figs. 2, 3.
RHEUMATISANS, AMMONITES, Dumortier, Pl. xxv.
Rosustus, AMMonIvES, Denckmann, Pl. vii, fig. 1.
TIROLENSIS, AMMONITES, Dumortier, Pl. xxiv.
— — Hauer, P|. vii, figs. 1—3.
VaRIaBILE, Harpoceras aff., Gottsche, Pl. i, fig. 9.
— — Quenstedt, Amm. Schwab., pl. lu, figs. 11—13. A doubt may be
expressed whether the specimens shown in figs. 12,
13 do belong to the Lillia-Haugia group at all.
-— —_ Wright, Pl. lxvii, figs. 1, 2, 5,6; Pl. Ixviii.
VARIABILIS, AMMONIYES, Chapuis et Dewalque, PI. ix, fig. 2.
— — Denckmann, Pl. v, fig. 3.
— — @ Orbigny, Pl. exiil.
Werrtui, Ammonites, Denckmann, PI. ii, fig. 1.
The following is a list of the works wherein they are figured :
Bayt, Explic. Carte géol. de la France, vol. iv, pt. 1, 1878.
Bucu, Pétrif. remarq., 1831.
Cuapuis ET Dewarque, Foss. Luxembourg, Mém. cour. et Mém. des Savants étrang.,
tom. xxv, 1853.
Viii INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES.
DrncKMANN, Fauna von Doernten; Geol. Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thiiringischen
Staaten, Bd. viii, Heft 2, 1887.
Dumortrer, Etudes pal. Bassin du Rhone, vol. iv, 1874.
Gorrscue, Jurass. Verstein.; Paleont., Suppl. 3, Lief ii, Heft 2, 1878.
Haver, Ceph. N. O. Alpen; Denksch. math.-natur. Wissensch., Bd. xi, 1856.
Have, Nouy. Amm.; Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 3e sér., 1884.
MenecuinI, Lias supérieur ; Pal. Lombarde, series 4, 1867.
OpveEL, Jurass Ceph. ; Pal. Mittheilungen, 1862.
Oxrzieny, Ceph. Terr. Jurass.; Pal. frang., 1844.
QuENstEDT, Cephalopoden, 1846.
— Jura, 1858.
a Amm. Schwab. Jura, 1885.
Reynis, Géol. et Pal. Aveyronnaises, 1868.
— Monogr. Amm., Lias sup., 1879.
SowErBY, Mineral Conchology, 1815.
Wrtieut, Lias Ammonites, Pal. Soc., 1882.
These species of the Lillia-Haugia series may be arranged according to the
different characters which they possess. Thus at least five different characters
may be utilised for the purpose of a rough analysis. So a species is either—
Rursiradiate Crassornate
Latumbilicate | Rectiradiate or or | Regulari-ornate
or or Versiradiate ornate or
Angustumbilicate? | Flexiradiate or or | irregulari-ornate
Prorsiradiate parviornate
—and there are further characters of distinction.
A rough classification of the different species of the Lillia-Haugia series is
now attempted. It is attended with very considerable difficulty. In the first
place, it has not hitherto been considered necessary to figure the radial curve, and
so a most important character is wanting. ‘I'hen there is a mechanical difficulty :
it is impossible to place side by side the figures of species contained in a number
of large volumes; so that comparison is rendered extremely laborious, and at best
it is unsatisfactory. It is only possible to carry out the arrangement of the
species in a natural order by having figures of all specimens mounted on separate
slips, in order that they can be brought together in series ina smallcompass. But
this can only be accomplished either by re-drawing all the figures, or by cutting
up the plates of costly volumes ; and both these processes are out of the question
at present. But one or the other will have to be adopted if an exact classification
is to be obtained.
However, the result of the comparison which I have instituted between the
various species, and the analysis of their characters, is now presented.
1 These terms are used comparatively with regard to species nearly in the same develop-
mental stage,—for instance, to express the distinction between the umbilication of Zilli and Bayani,
both costate species with the carinati-sulcate periphery retained.
SUPPLEMEN'T.—LILLIA-HAUGIA. ip:¢
CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPECIES OF THE ZLIZLLIA-HAUGIA
SERIES.
I. Latumbilicate * (pachygyral).
A. Rectiradiate.
A. Subornate—Lillia, Chartronia.
a. Subtuberculate—Lillia.
1. Subpaucicostate.
Am. Linn, Hauer, = Liniia Ltt.
2. Subdensicostate.
Am. Linu, Dumortier, == LILLIA NARBONENSIS.
Littia Linu, Bayle.
6. Bituberculate—Chartronia, g. n.
CHARTRONIA BINODATA, Sp. 0.
B. Crassornate—Denckmannia, g. 0.
a. Rursiradiate.
1. Crassicostate, tuberculate.
AM. ERBAENSIS, Dum. (non Hauer), = D. isprEensis (Oppel).
AM. ERBAENSIS, Reynés, Aveyron, PI. v, fig. 5.
2. Subcrassicostate, paucituberculate.
AM. ERBAENSIS, Hauer.
AM. ERBAENSIS, Feynés, Monogr., L. Sup., Pl. vi, figs. 7, 10.
f. Versiradiate.
D. TuMEFACTA, sp. n.
Am. ERBAENSIS, Reynés, Monogr., L. Sup., Pl. vi, fig. 5.
Am. navis, Denckmann, PI. vi, fig. 4.
D. roRQUATA, sp. n.
1 In comparison to development.
INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES.
y- Rursi-subflexiradiate.
Am. koBustus, Denckmann.
AM. MALAGMA, Dumortier.
Harp. VARIABILE, Wright, Pl. Ixviii, = D. aspura.
Am. cf. OcERIENI, Denckmann, Pl. v, fig. 1.
D. oBTEOTA, sp. Nn.
CO. Inequiornate =‘ Podagrosi”’ (pars).
a. Tuberculation inconspicuous.
AM. RHEUMATISANS, Dumortier.
8. Tuberculation more conspicuous.
Am. comEnsis, Meneghini, Pl. vi, fig. 3.
D. Subcrassornate—Haugia.
a. Subrursiradiate, subirregulari-ornate.
Ammonitus sp. ind., Denckmann, Pl. vi, fig. 6.
Am. navis, Dumortier.
8. Subrursiradiate, regulari-ornate.
1, Tuberculate stage long.
Am. comENSIS, Meneghim, Pl. vi, fig. 1.
Hammatooeras Ocerrient, Bayle.
AM. VARIABILIS, d’Orb, Pl. cxin, figs. 3, 4.
Havers vaRiaBILIs, This Monogr., Pl. xxv, fig. 2, = Hauelra aff. VARIABILIS.
HARPOCERAS VARIABILE, Wright, Pl. lxvu, figs. 1, 2, = Haveta sp.
2. Tuberculate stage short.
AM. TIROLENSIS, Hauer.
y. Versiradiate.
1. Umbilicate.
AM. VARIABILIS, @’Orb, Pl. exiii, figs. 1, 2. Type == Havata vARIABILIS.
HARPOCERAS VARIABILE, Wright, Pl. lxvu, figs. 5, 6, = Haueta vaRiaBILis P
Am. Ocrrinni, Dum., Pl. xix, fig. 5. Type = Havera Ocertent.
Haucia sucosa, This Monoer., Pl. xxiv, = HAuGIA GRANDIS.
HAUGIA PATELLIFORMIS, Sp. n.
SUPPLEMENT.—LILLIA-HAUGIA. xi
. 2. Less umbilicate.
Am. sucosus, Sowerby.
Am. Ocerient, Dumortier, Pl. xix, figs. 3, 4.
HAavGia JuGcosa (vARIABILIS), This Monogr, Pl. xxiii, figs. 11—18.
The following species show a slight amount of flexure in the costation, and
this character seems to distinguish them. They may be placed here for
convenience, but it is possible that they are more connected with Phymatoceras.
Am. ILLustTris, Denckmann, Pl. vi, fig. 1, (Type).
Am. InLustTRIs, Denckmann, Pl. v, fig. 2.
HavGiA P COMPRESSA, sp. n.
Some of the species of the Hseri-group show flexure too. ‘l'hey are perhaps
descendants of different genetic series, possibly of Lillia, possibly of Phymatoceras.
But that matter being uncertain they may be placed here to avoid change of name.
B. Flexiradiate—Phymatoceras, Hyatt.
A. Tuberculation irregular.
Am. TIROLENSIS, Dumortier, (Type of genus).
Am. comensis, Meneghini, Pl. vii, fig. 6.
B. Tuberculation subregular.
Am. Escusri, Hauer.
AM. COMENSIS, Meneghini, PI. viii, fig. 7.
Haver, Dumortinri, S. Buckman.
C. Tuberculation inconspicuous.
Am. comensis, Meneghini, Pl. v.
Am. COMENSIS, von Buch.
AM. COMENSIS, Dumortier, Pl. xx, figs. 1, 2.
Am. Werral, Denckmann, PI. ii, fig. 1.
Pee PAUPHR spel.
xii INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES.
II. Angustumbilicate (pachygyral)—Brodieva.
A. Septicarinate ? carinati-sulcate.
A. Rectiradiate.
Am. comENsis, Hauer, Pl. xi, figs. 1, 2.
Am. Bayant, Dumortier.
Am. comensis, Meneghini, Pl. vu, figs. 2, 3, two species.
Am. comensis, Meneghini, Pl. xu, fig. 1.
BRoDIEIA JUNOTA, sp. n.
B. Subjflewiradiate.
Am. comensis, Meneghini, Pl. vii, fig. 1.
Am. comENsis, Hauer, Pl. xi, figs. 4, 5.
B. Non-septicarinate (periphery not bisulcate).
A. Non-tuberculate, platygyral.
Incert# septs, This Monogr., Pl. xu, figs. 35, 36, = BropigIA CURVA.
LB. Tuberculate, stenogyral.
Am. Escurrt, Dumortier.
Lupwicta sp., This Monogr., Pl. xxiii, figs. 9, 10, = Bropreia (?)
WITCHELLI.
From the foregoing grouping it will be seen that there are several distinct
genetic series to be dealt with. But as the series is obviously very incomplete,
the application of generic names must be for the present somewhat arbitrary.
Geological Position.—The bulk of the species of the Lillia-Haugia series mark
a very definite portion of geological time. The following table will show this:
|
|
Hemere. | Palzontological phenomena. | Geological phenomena in the Cotteswolds.
| —— — =~ —— =| —E — —
Striatuli : .| Grammoceras striatulum dominant.| Ironshot limestone, base of Cephalo-
| Non-tuberculate species like Hseri. pod-bed.
| Variabilis ; .| Platygyral forms like Haugiajugosa. | Upper part of Cotteswold sands.
lili tg : .| Stenogyral forms like Zilli. Lepto-| Lower part of Cotteswold sands.
gyral forms allied to Hild. bifrons.
| Bifrontis : .| Hildoceras bifrons in its prime. So-called Upper Lias clay.
| |
SUPPLEMEN'T.—LILLIA. xiii
The species like Lilli are only sparingly found in this country; and in some
cases the containing deposits are so thin that the faunal sequence is made out with
difficulty. In the Cotteswolds, where there is some thickness of deposit, they do
not occur ; but contemporaneity is established by their companion, the leptogyral,
subangust-umbilicate development of Hildoceras bifrons.'
The forms like Lilli seem to belong to the Mediterranean borders and the
Rhone basin. It would be interesting to know if their position in those places
corresponds to that set forth in the above table.
Family—HILDOCERATIDA.
I. Genus—Luuia, Bayle.
1889. Linura. This Monograph, p, 108 (pars).
Definition. Stenogyral, latumbilicate, nodate, subrursi-recticostate, septi-
carinate, subpauciseptate, inornatilobate.
Remarks.—The nodi when present are situated near the edge of the inner
margin of the whorl. They are not strongly developed, and they disappear in
the gerontic stage while the coste are still present.
Correction.—The solid carina described at p. 108 was an error partly due to
incorrect drawings in the works of certain authors, partly to a wrong identification
of “sulcata” as a Lillia. ‘he carina is evidently hollow, as may be seen in
Supplement, Pl. I, fig. 2, where a portion of the preserved infilling is shown.
History.—The title Inllia was given by Bayle to an Ammonite which he
called ** Lillia Lilli (Hauer) ;’* but it is not Hauer’s species. Subsequently it was
used by Haug for the groups of A. comensis, von Buch, and A. Mercati, Hauer.*
Later it was employed by myself as title for a genus, with A. comensis for the type.
More critical consideration of generic characters makes it doubtful if such an
interpretation was justified. It seems probable that the Mercati-group has
nothing to do with the Lillia-Haugia series; while the comensis-group, so far as
may be judged from von Buch’s not very satisfactory figure, appears to be easily
separable from Bayle’s Lilli by possessing the character of flexed ribs.
Therefore it appears desirable to take as the type-form of Lillia the species
which Bayle figured as Lillia Lilli, though it is not Hauer’s species, as it is more
densicostate.
! Cf. this Monograph, PI. xxii, figs. 30, 31.
Z5Opscit:; pla ixxxi, fies 1
> «Beitr. Monogr. Harp. Neues Jahrb. Mineral.,’ Beil.-Bd. ii, p. 687.
xiv INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES.
Correction.—In the explanation of Pl. XXII, figs. 32, 38, and Pl. XXIII,
fig. 1, erase the word Lillia. The species does not belong to the Hildoceratide,
but to the Sonninine, a sub-family of the Amaltheide. Haug has more correctly
called the species Sonninia sulcata ;' but its removal from Sonninia will become
necessary. Consequently make the necessary corrections in the text at p. 109.
1. Lita Litt, Hawer. Suppl., Plate 1, figs. 1—6.
1856. Ammontires Linu, Hauer, P|. viii, figs. 1—3.
(Non Am. Lilli, Dumortier; non Lillia Lilli, Bayle.)
Description.—Stenogyrai, latumbilicate, subornate, nodate, sparsi-subrursi-
recticostate, septicarinate, subpauciseptate, inornatilobate.
Remarks.—The rursicostate character is shown in Hauer’s figure with so much
want of uniformity as to suggest a possible incorrectness on the part of the
artist. If, however, the character does exist as delineated, then our specimen
does not agree with Hauer’s in this respect, for it is only subrursicostate, in
which case it may be wrong to give it the name of Lilli.
Localities and Stratum.—Somerset: Shepton Beauchamp; and Trent, near
Yeovil, ‘‘ Upper Lias”’ (in close connection with Hildoceras bifrons).
Date of Hxistence.-—Iilli hemera.
2. LILLIA NARBONENSIS, S. Buckman. Suppl., Plate II, figs. 3, 4.
1874. Ammonites Lriut, Dumortier (non Hauer), Pt. 4, pl. xxi.
Description.—Stenogyral, latumbilicate, subornate, nodate, subdensi-subrursi-
recticostate, septicarinate (?).
Remarks.—The description is drawn up from Dumortier’s figure. It may be
presumed by analogy with other species that this one is septicarinate, and that
the representation of the carina in Dumortier’s figure is incorrect, the remains of
the infilling being drawn as a complete carina.
The name narbonensis is taken from the appellation of the Roman province in
which Dumortier’s specimens were obtained.
1 “Htudes sur les Ammonites des étages moyens du systéme jurassique,” ‘ Bull. Soc. Géol.
France,’ 3e sér., pl. xx, p. 290, 1898.
SUPPLEMENT.—LILLIA. xv
Mistory —The A. Lilli of Dumortier differs from the A. Milli, Hauer, in being
less umbilicate, more numerously costate, less tuberculate, and having more
elliptical whorls. It therefore requires a new name.
A rough fragment found by Mr. B. Thompson, F.G.S., was sent to me a few
years ago for identification. I pointed out that it agreed with the A. nll,
Dumortier (non Hauer), and Mr. Thompson quoted it on my authority in his
paper on ‘‘ The Jurensis-zone in Northamptonshire”? (‘Journal Northants N. H.
Soc., 1890). The fragment, however, is not good enough to found a species
upon. Therefore Dumortier’s figure is taken as the type of Lillia narbonensis ;
and this specimen is considered to agree with Dumortier’s figure. His drawing
represents the rursicostate character as more marked than in the present frag-
ment ; but the representation of this character is not uniform, and it has perhaps
been exaggerated in places. Also difference in age may have something to do
with it.
Distinction.—The more numerous costee sufficiently separate this species from
Tnllia Lilli.
Locality and Stratwm.—Northamptonshire: Moulton (Upper Leda-ovwi-beds,*
“ Upper Lias”’), Mr. B. Thompson, F.G.S.
Date of Hxistence.—Lilli hemera.
1 Mr. Thompson claims “the Upper Leda-ovum-beds ” as Jurensis zone, and “that [they were]
laid down contemporaneously with the sands and Jurensis beds of Gloucestershire and other
counties’ * (‘Northants N. H. Soc.,’ 1890, p. 99); also that they were deposited later than the
“communis-beds.” The last point may be admitted without allowing that the strata belong to the
Jurense-zone. The fault really lies with the zonal system of nomenclature. With the hemeral
system of geological chronology it may be stated that the Upper Leda-ovwm-beds were deposited
during the hemera Ziliz, and before the hemera variabilis, the strata of which are usually taken as the
first portion of the Jwrense-zone. So these beds are contemporaneous only with the lower part of the
Cotteswold Sands, the portion deposited before Haugia jugosa appeared.
* One remark of Mr. Thompson it is necessary to note because it states a fallacy which has led more
than anything else to confusion in the matter of paleontological horizons. ‘“ A considerable change
in the character of the sediment took place in the west and south-west long before it did with us in
Northamptonshire, and this was necessarily accompanied by a change in the fauna generally, and
particularly in the Ammonites, which latter seemed less able or willing to accommodate themselves
to new conditions than lower forms ” (p. 99). It is a great mistake to suppose that Ammonites were
influenced by the character of the deposit, though this error has been so widely taught that nearly
every writer, myself included, has argued as if it were a fact. When Dorset, Somerset, and
Gloucestershire are compared, it will be found that the same species lived when the deposit was
argillaceous, arenaceous, or calcareous, and flourished equally well. Notably is this the case when
the Middle Lias of Dorset and of Somerset are compared ; or the Lias-Oolite deposits of Dorset,
Somerset, and Gloucestershire, and these again with the Continent. Further, that the Ammonite
xvi INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES.
II. Genus—Cuarrronia,’ 8S. Buckman.
(Type: Chartronia binodata, sp. n.)
Definition. — Stenogyral, latumbilicate, binodate, versi-rectiradiate, septi-
carinate, subornatilobate.
Note.—The binodation is a phase of development. There might be uninodate
ancestors and descendants of the type-species, and yet they would belong to
the same genus.
Remarks.—The nodi of the inner row are situated at some little distance from
the edge of the inner margin, and there are coste extending from them to the edge
of that margin. The nodi of the outer row are rather inconspicuous ; they are
situated on the edge of the periphery, just beyond L. (superior lateral lobe).
Distinction.—The binodation distinguishes the genus from either Lillia or
Haugia. The more ornate character of the suture-line separates it from Lillia.
It may also be noted that the position of the inner row of nodi is different from
anything found in Lillia or Haugia.
1. Cuarrronia BinopaATA, S. Buckman. Suppl., Plate I, figs. 11—15.
Description.—Given in the definition of the genus.
Note.—The peculiar characters of the species are, first, a row of tubercles set
rather away from the inner margin ; secondly, another row of small tubercles on
the edge of the periphery.
Locality and Stratum.—Frocester Hill, Gloucestershire. Certainly from the
“‘ Cephalopod-bed,”” and, judging by the matrix, from the strata containing
Dumortierie.
Date of Hxistence.—Hemera Dumortierix presumably.
History of the Figured Specimen.—Purchased from the collection of the late
Dr. Thos. Wright, F.R.S., &c.
fauna changes quite independently of lithic conditions is shown throughout the Lias, particularly in
Dorset.
It must be remembered that the fauna of any given hemera was of more than European exten-
sion, but that particular lithic characters were often excessively local, and seldom contemporaneous.
1 In honour of M. L. Chartron, Memb. Soc. Géol. de France.
2 This may be known by the impressed periphery bearing the mark of the partition-band.
SUPPLEMENT.—DENCKMANNIA. xvii
III. Genus—Dencxmannta,! S. Buckman.
(Type: Denckmannia tumefacta, sp. n.)
Definition. Stenopachygyral, sublatumbilicate, crassornate, tuberculate, septi-
carinate, pauciseptate.
Distinction.—So far as the type species of the genus is concerned it is distin-
guished from Lillia by less compression being coupled with smaller umbilication
and more pronounced ornamentation. The species grouped with Denckmannia ?
iserensis are even more separated by the robustness of their ornamentation.
They show in a marked degree a rursicostate character, and are really quite
separable from the true Denckmannia. The only feature which they possess in
common therewith is a robustness of ornament.
1. DENCKMANNIA? ISERENSIS (Oppel). Suppl., Plate II, figs. 1, 2.
1856. AMMONITES ISERENSIS, Oppel, Juraf., p. 249.
1874. _— ERBAENSIS, Duwmortier (non Hauer), Etudes pal. Bassin du
Rhone, iv, pl. xxiii.
1898. Li~tr1a isERENsISs, Bonarelli, Osservazioni sul Toarciano, &c., Boll. deila
Societa geol. italiana, vol. xii, fase. 2, p. 12 (pars).
Description.—Stenopachyeyral, latumbilicate, subirregulari-crassornate, nodate,
rursi-recticostate, septicarinate (?).
Note.—The above description is drawn up from Dumortier’s figure. In all
probability the species is septicarinate, and there has been the usual mistake in
the delineation of the carina. Dumortier’s specimen is chosen for the type for
the reasons given under the historical remarks. The specimen now figured is
considered to be a fragment of a large adult.
History.—Under the name Am. iserensis, Oppel separated, as distinct from
** Am. comensis,” a species which he said reached a foot in diameter, and was not
uncommon in the ironstone of la Verpillitre and St. Quentin; it was found
frequently at Milhau, and occurred in Swabia. He described it as having a
nearly quadrate ‘‘ aperture,” ribs coarse and thick on the outer whorls, a broad
keel, and an appearance like Amm. Conybearet or Bucklandi, &e. Unaccompanied
by any figures, or by any measurements, or by any description of the septa,
1 Tn honour of Dr, August Denckmann, whose work has frequently been referred to in these pages.
C
xviii INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES.
such a notice cannot be held to give a name to a species, and is of no value in
the matter of priority.
Meneghini’ considered Oppel’s iserensis to be the same as Hauer’s erbaensis.
He supposed that Oppel did not know, or pretended not to know, of Hauer’s
almost contemporary work; but considering that both works appeared in the
same year, and that publication is often long after preparation, the idea of
pretence is scarcely warranted. Meneghini placed erbaensis as a synonym of
comensis, though he recognised it as a perfectly distinct form; in fact, he
separated comensis into as many as nine distinct types.
Haug regarded iserensis as a synonym of erbaensis.
Bonarelli, however, has definitely separated iserensis, and has placed as
synonyms erbaensis and tivolensis, Dum. (non Hauer), and comensis, Meneghini,
Pls vi, ties. 1, 2.
It is very probable that Oppel had more than one species in view when he
gave his description. Considering that Dumortier’s erbaensis and tirolensis both
come from the locality noted by Oppel for iserensis, and that they are both
distinctly different forms from what Hauer described by these names, the
chances certainly are that one, if not both of them, were regarded by Oppel as
iserensis. ‘Therefore Bonarelli is perfectly right in considering Oppel’s iserensis
as ‘‘a form quite distinct”’ from Hauer’s erbaensis. Still Bonarelli gives iserensis
too wide an application. From the series I select as the type of iserensis the
Am. erbaensis, Dumortier, non Hauer (see p. xvii).
The fragment figured in Suppl., Pl. Il, fig. 1, agrees with the outer whorl
of Dumortier’s erbuensis, but it is not sufficient to found a species upon. For
that reason the present figure is not taken as the type. If future examples show
that it is distinct from Dumortier’s fossil, then it will require a new name.
Locality and Stratwm.—Northamptonshire: Moulton, in the Upper Leda-ovwm
beds. Found by Mr. B. Thompson, F.G.S.
Haug’ says that eriaensis belongs to the jurense-zone; but Meneghini® says
that comensis (including iserensis, erbaensis, &c.) occurs with Am. bifrons in the
red Ammonitiferous limestone of the Central Apennines, &c.
Date of Ewistence.—Lilli hemera.
' ¢Monogr. Lias sup. Lombarde ;’ Pal. Lombardie, series 4, p. 22, 1867.
2 Op. cit., p. 634.
> Op. cit., p. 80.
SUPPLEMENT.—DENCKMANNIA. xix
2. DenckMANNIA TUMEFACTA, S. Buchman. Suppl., Plate I, figs. 7—10.
Description.—Stenopachygyral, sublatumbilicate, subirregulari-crassornate,
bullate, versi-recticostate, septicarinate, subpauciseptate.
Note-—The carina is strong and laterally compressed. On the core of the
periphery are slight signs of furrows. he tubercles are elongated in the
direction of the ribs, and are therefore technically bulle. The ornamentation is
somewhat irregular.
Distinction.—This species is like the erbaensis of Dumortier (non Hauer), but it
is distinguished by the difference in direction of the costex. It is also less
umbilicate and more quickly coiled. It is less umbilicate and yet thicker than
robustus, Denckmann.
Locality and Stratum.—Somerset: Shepton Beauchamp, just above where
Hildoceras bifrons is plentiful.
Date of Hexistence.—Lilli hemera, presumably,—that is to say, it was probably
earlier in date than variabilis, and later than bifrons; but the strata being very
thin, it lies closely associated with them.
3. Denckmannia TorQuATA, S. Buciinan. Suppl., Plate III, figs. 4—6.
Description.—Platygyral, angustumbilicate, crassornate, bullate, subrursi-flexi-
costate,’ septicarinate, subdensiseptate, LZ. broad.”
Note.—The umbilicus tends to become excentric, while the costae and bulls
are retained. ‘he rursi-flexicostate character becomes more pronounced with
age.
Distinction.—The much thicker form, and the more rounded, broader periphery
separate it from Haugia illustris (Denckm.). ‘Che combination of coarse orna-
mentation with a small excentric umbilicus and rather thick whorls (relatively to
similarly umbilicate species) is the distinctive character of the present species.
Remarks.—The retention of the bullz and the strong character of the ribbing,
in connection with a compressed form and a small umbilicus, indicate a possible
connection with Denckinannia tumefacta. In the same direction does the some-
what small carina point. The subrursi-flexicostate character seems to be only a
later acquirement, and is not necessarily against such connection.
Locality and Stratum.—Shepton Beauchamp, Somerset, with species of Haugia,
above Hildoceras bifrons.
Date of Hxistence.— Variabilis hemera.
! In the latter part of the whorl.
2 L. = superior lateral lobe.
xx INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES.
4, DenckmanniA ?' Matacua (Dumortier). Suppl., Plate IV, figs. 1—3.
1874. AMMONITES MALAGMA, Dumortier, Pl. xxii, fig. 1 only.
Description.—Substeno-subleptogyral, latumbilicate, subcrassi-subirregulari-
bullicostate, rursi-recti-costate, subalti-septicarinate.
Remarks.—The coste are arranged somewhat in groups of four, whereof two
unite into a fairly large bulla, while the other two come close together, are scarcely
joimed, and have no bulla. Of any four ribs one is distinctly larger than the
others, and these larger ribs appear like raised bands across the lateral areas.
The largest rib is the first in a series of four, so that the rib-sculpture may be
diagrammatically represented thus: 1 2 3 4, the bracket denoting the connate pair.
Was
Comparison.— With malagma, Dumortier: that author has figured under this
name two species, whereof one is much more coarsely costate than the other,
It is only with the coarsely costate form (his fig. 1) that comparison need be made.
This comparison is not easy because the specimen represented is obviously some-
what ill preserved, so that irregularity of costation has been exaggerated. But
certain points may be noticed, as follow: the diameter of Dumortier’s figure
without carina is 96 mm., with an umbilicus of 39 mm., one whorl back 18 mm.,
two whorls back 8mm. ‘Taking the same diameter ca my specimen the umbilicus
is respectively 39 mm., 20 mm., 9°5 mm. This indicates that my specimen is more
concentrically umbilicate. If Dumortier’s specimen be correctly drawn, the differ-
ence deserves careful consideration; but experience tells that exactly correct
drawing in such details is very difficult to obtain.
Further remark may be made with regard to Dumortier’s description. He
says—‘‘ With regard to the bifurcate cost, it may be noticed that the rib which is
in front is always the larger (que c’est toujours la céte qui est en avant qui est la
plus volumineuse).”” This does not agree with my description, but there may
be an ambiguity here. Thus of ribs 1, 2 of the bifurcate series, 1 is the larger in
my specimen, not 2, as Dumortier’s description seems to infer. Now 1 is the rib
which appears first from the point of view of growth, but 2 is the rib which is in
front, that is, nearer to the aperture.
Locality and Stratum.—Somerset : Shepton Beauchamp, in the “ Upper Lias,”
just above Hildoceras bifrons.
Date of Evistence.—Variabilis hemera.
! The assignment of this and the following species to Denckmannia is provisional.
SUPPLEMENT.—DENCKMANNIA. xxi
5. DENCKMANNIA ? asppra, 8. Buckman.
1874, AMMONITES MALAGMA, Dumortier, iv, P]. xxii, figs. 2—4 only.
1882. HarpocErras VARIABILE, Wright, Pl. 1xviii.
1890. Havers varraBiuis, var. a, This Monograph, p. 147 (pars).
Description.—Platygyral, sublatumbilicate, irregulari-crassornate, Dbullate,
subrursi-recticostate tending to flexicostate, subalti-septicarinate.
Distinciion.— From variabilis, by coarser, more irregular ornamentation. In
the points where it differs from variabilis it most resembles malagma, fig. 1, but
that is still more coarsely ornate. Dumortier also shows another less coarsely
ornate fossil as malagma (figs. 2—4), which appears to belong to the present
species. It is certainly different from his fig. 1, to which the name malagma
must be restricted.
Remarks.—A very fine side view is shown by Wright, but not a front view.
Localities and Strata.—Gioucestershire: Nailsworth, Wright’s specimen (evi-
dently from the Cotteswold sands); Somerset: Shepton Beauchamp (‘‘ Upper
iby 2)
Date of Hvistence.—Variabilis hemera.
6. Denckmannia? oprgota, S. Buckman. Suppl., Plate LV, figs. 4—6.
1890. Haveta vartaBILts, var. a, This Monograph, p. 147 (pars).
Description.—Platyleptogyral, angustumbilicate, subparvi - subrursi - subflexi-
costati-bullate, subalti-septicarinate.
Remarks.—The bulle fail at a diameter of about 80 mm.; the costz become
irregular and obsolete at about 120 mm.; after that the test is smooth except for
some obscure undulations.
Where the bulle are most prominently developed, the occlusion by the
succeeding whorl reaches nearly up to the bullze themselves, so that there is no
costate space between them and the inner edge of the next whorl. Afterwards
a costate space appears, partly because the bullee decline in size, partly because
the inner margin recedes.
Distinction —From aspera, less umbilicate and less coarsely costate; from
variabilis, the earlier failure of tubercles, the less coarse costae, the want of a
regular costate space between bulle and inner edge of succeeding whorl, greater
irregularity of ornament.
xxii INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES.
Locality and Stratum.—Gloucestershire : Coaley Wood, in the Cotteswold Sands
(Bed 16 of section vi, p. 45).
Date of Existence.—Variabilis hemera.
IV. Genus—Havera, S. Buckman.
(Type: Haugia variabilis, d’Orbigny sp.)
1888. Havara. This Monogr., p. 45, 1889, p. 142.
Definition.—Subplatyleptogyral, sublatumbilicate, subcrassornate, versi-recti-
radiate, alti-septicarinate, subdensiseptate, subornati-lobate.
Remarks.—The species placed under Hagia are really capable of further
division. The arrangement is confessedly somewhat arbitrary.
Distinction.—In general Haugia is less strongly ornate than Denckmannia, but
rather more ornate than Lillia. It is more carinate than either.
The comparison of Haugia and Lillia is dificult because the species referred
to the genera are not in the same degree of phyletic development. But Bayle’s
pl. Ixxxii shows in figures of Lillia Lilli and “* Hammatoceras Ogerieni”? some of
the differences which may be expected between the species of the two genera.
A. The navis-group.
The greater proportionate compression in conjunction with similar umbilica-
tion, and the greater development of the carina, distinguish this group from
Denckmannia. The ornamentation of Denckin. torquata, much coarser than that
of adult H. navis, the carina less developed, and the ZL. broad instead of
narrow, show that that species cannot belong here.
1. Havera navis (Dumortier). Suppl., Plate II, figs. 5—7.
1874. AMMONITES NAVIS, Dum., Pl. xx, figs. 3—5.
Description.—Subplatyleptogyral, sublatumbilicate, subcrassornate, subrursi-
recticostate, alti-septicarinate, subdensiseptate, L. narrow.
Distinction.—This species is distinguished from variabilis chiefly by coarser,
more irregular ornamentation. It also seems to be more quickly coiled and rather
thicker.
Locality and Stratum.—Somerset : Barrington, near Ilminster, ‘* Upper Lias,”
above Hildoceras bifrons.
Date of Haistence.— Variabilis hemera.
SUPPLEMENT.—HAUGIA. xxiii
b. The rursiradiate group.
2. Havuaia aff. variaBiLis. Plate XXV, fig. 2.
21844. AMMONITES VARIABILIS, d’Orbigny, Pl. exiii, figs. 3, 4.
1878. HamMatoceras Ocrrtient, Bayle, Pl. lxxxii, fig. 2.
1890. Havera varrazitts, This Monograph, Pl. xxv, fig. 2, p. 146 (pars).
The form depicted in these figures seems to differ from variabilis chiefly in
being rursicostate. This character is shown in d’Orbigny’s young specimen
(Pl. exii, figs. 3, 4). How much and how long it was a character of variabilis,
if it was a character at all, is somewhat difficult to determine from d’Orbigny’s
reduced figure of his large specimen.
Locality and Stratwm.—North Nibley (Cotteswold Sands).
Date of Hwistence.—Variabilis hemera.
3. Haueia sp.
1882, HarpoceRas vaRIaBILE, Wright, Pl. lxvii, figs. 1, 2.
This is less umbilicate than d’Orbigny’s figure of variabilis. It also seems to
be rursicostate.
Locality and Stratum.—Dorset : ‘‘ sands between Lias and Inferior Oolite, near
Bridport,” Wright, p. 448. I have some doubts with regard to the locality and
the horizon, as they do not agree with my experience.
o. The variabilis-group.
4, Haueia vartaBiuis (d’Orbigny). Plate A, fig. 34, p. 146 (pars).
1844, AMMONITES VARIABILIS, d’Orbigny, Pl. exiii, figs. 1, 2 only.
1853. _ — Chapuis et Dewalque, PI. ix, fig. 2.
21882. Harpoceras VARIABILE, Wright, Pl. lxvii, figs. 5, 6.
1890. Havera varraBiLis, This Monogr., Pl. A, fig. 34, p. 146 (pars).
The shell depicted by Dr. Wright seems to represent d’Orbigny’s species ;
but there are some slight errors in regard to the drawing,’ and the reduction in
d’Orbigny’s figure makes determination somewhat difficult.
1 See p. 146, foot-note.
xxiv INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES.
Correction.—lt is doubtful if the rursicostate character is a feature of this
species, for d’Orbigny’s small specimen (figs. 3, 4), wherein it is shown, may
not really be a young variabilis.
Remarks.—In regard to d’Orbigny’s figure of variabilis, it may be noted—that
the coste are not equally distant, but that they are somewhat bunched in a
triform arrangement with wider interspaces; that there is a definite costate
space between the nodi and the inner edge of the next whorl; that the umbilicus
is large and fairly concentric; and that the compression is considerable.
The specimen which I possess does not show any irregularity in the width
between the groups of costz. It agrees in other respects, but identification with
variabilis may not be correct; nor does the specimen formerly in Dr. Wright’s
possession show this irregularity of costation.
Localities and Strata.—Gloucestershire: North Nibley (Cotteswold Sands,
Bed 30, section vii, p. 46); Dorset: ‘‘ sands between Lias and Inferior Oolite,
near Bridport,” Wright, p. 458. It is possible the writer may have been mis-
taken on these points.
Date of Hxistence.-—Variabilis hemera.
5. Havers OcErtmnt (Dumortier).
1874. AmMonitEs OGERIENI, Dumortier, Pl. xix, fig. 5.
Description.—- Subplatyleptogyral, sublatumbilicate, versicostate, nodate,
septicarinate.
History of Specific Name.—Dumortier figures two specimens as Ogerieni. The
one marked fig. 5 is more umbilicate than the example placed as figs. 3, 4.
Since the latter appears to be the same as Sowerby’s jugosus, the former may now
be taken for the type of Ogerient.
Remarks.—A specimen about 205 mm. in diameter from Shepton Beauchamp
is distinet from any other similarly large specimens of Huugia, and it appears to
be the adult of Dumortier’s Ogerient as now defined; but the centre is too
ill-preserved to allow of exact comparison.
Localities —Gloucestershire: North Nibley (Cotteswold sands) ; Somerset :
Shepton Beauchamp (“ Upper Lias’’).
Date of Hxistence.—Variabilis hemera.
SUPPLEMENT—HAUGIA. XXV
6. Haver parettirormis, S. Buckman. Suppl., Plate III, figs. 1—3.
Description.—Platyleptogyral, versi-parvicostate, parvinodate, septicarinate,
subdensiseptate, L. broad.
Note.—The inclusion decreases with age, so that the species is angust-
umbilicate in youth, and latumbilicate when adult.
Distinction.—Less ornate than Ogerieni. The extreme compression makes it a
very distinct form.
Localities and Strata.—Gloucestershire : Coaley Wood (Cotteswold Sands) ;
Somerset : Shepton Beauchamp (‘‘ Upper Lias,
Date of Hvistence.—Variabilis hemera.
+)
with other species of Haugia).
7. Havata sucosa (Sowerby). Plate XXIII, figs. 11—13.
1815. AmMonires JuGosus, Sowerby, Pl. xcii, fig. 1.
1874. _ OaeErRIENI, Dumortier, Pl. xix, figs. 3, 4.
1889. Havaeta varraBiuis, This Monogr., Pl. xxiii, figs. 11—13.
1890. — _ sueosa, This Monogr., p. 149, in correction.
Description.—Platyleptogyral, subangustumbilicate, versi-recticostate, parvi-
regularinodate, alti-septicarinate.
History.—1 refigured Sowerby’s jugosus, which is a rather unsatisfactory
specimen, and compared therewith two other examples, a small and a large one.
But they do not strictly agree with it, and their separation is necessary.
The drawing of Sowerby’s original specimen given in the body of this work
was, owing to defective preservation, somewhat unsatisfactory. In order to make
better comparison Mr. G. C. Crick, F.G.S., of the British Museum, has kindly
developed the other side of the type. It shows that, in the side view depicted,
the nodi are not conspicuous enough, and the cost are not sufficiently
distinct.
Remarks.—lft Sowerby’s species be now correctly identified with an adult in
my collection, then jugosuws when somewhat fully grown is thicker and costate for
a longer time than the specimen depicted in Pl. XXIV.
Localities and Strata.—Somerset: White Lackington Park, near Ilminster,
D
XXV1 INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES.
Sowerby’s type [‘‘ Upper Lias”’]: Shepton Beauchamp, near Ilminster (“ Upper
Lias”’).
Date of Hxistence.— Variabilis hemera.
8. Hauera cranpis, S. Buckman. Plate XXIII, figs. 14,15; Plate XXIV; Plate
XXYV, fig. 1; Plate XXVIII, figs. 1—3 (?) ;
Supple PL I ties 11.
1889. Havera vartaBinis, This Monogr., Pl. xxiii, figs. 14, 15.
1890. = guGosss, Ibid) p. 149s Pl xxiv; (Pl xxv, figs 4
figs. 1—3(?).
6 Jal seat,
Description.—Platyleptogyral, subangust-excentri-umbilicate, subprorsi-recti-
costate, parvi-subirregularinodate, alti-septicarinate.
History.—A young form, though supposed to be identical with Am. jugosus,
Sow., was figured first as Haugia variabilis for reason given in explanation of
Pl. XXIII. This was subsequently altered to Haugia jugosa, by which name an
adult was also figured.
Remark.—The adult is a little more irregularinodate than the smaller
example.
Distinction.—From jugosa:—strictly compared with Sowerby’s original, the
smaller example of this species is shehtly less umbilicate, a point of importance
where young specimens are concerned. Further, it has smaller ribs less widely
separated, the ribs have a slight forward inclination on the lateral area, and they
join the carina with a distinct though slight turn forwards on the periphery. It
is also slightly thinner altogether.
From Ogerient, more angustumbilicate in youth. From patelliformis, more
distinctly costate and less acute peripherally.
Localities and Strata.—Gloucestershire: Coaley Wood (Cotteswold Sands,
Bed 16, sect. vi, p. 45); North Nibley (Cotteswold Sands, Bed 30, sect. vii,
p- 46); Chalford Waterworks, near Stroud (‘“‘ Upper Lias’’). Somerset: Pipley
Bottom, North Stoke (in an ironshot limestone—EH. Wilson, F.G.S.).
Date of Hxistence.— Variabilis hemera.
9. Havara 1Lustris (Denckmann).
1887. Ammonites (HaMMATOCERAS) ILLUsTRIs, Denckm., Pl. vi, fig. 1.
Remarks.—Denckmann shows three specimens under the name illustris, of
SUPPLEMENT—HAUGIA. XXVil
which one (PI. in, fig. 6) is not the same genus, not even one of the Lillia-
Haugia series. ‘The other two differ in degree of coarseness of costation. The
larger specimen is selected as the type.
A specimen well in agreement therewith has been obtained from Shepton
Beauchamp at a horizon corresponding with that noted by Denckmann—namely,
beneath striatulus. This specimen differs from those figured in this Monograph
as illustris—from fig. 3 (Pl. XXVI) by smaller umbilicus, from fig. 4 by less
definite tubercles but rather more definite costze.
Localities and Strata.—Somerset : Shepton Beauchamp (‘‘ Upper Lias,”’ between
bifrons and striatulus [toarcensis]). Gloucestershire: North Nibley (Cotteswold
Sands).
Date of Haistence.—Variabilis hemera.
10. Haveta aff. tntustris. Plate XXVI, figs. 3—5.
1890. Havera nLustris, This Monogr., Pl. xxvi, figs. 3—5.
Remarks.—The reference of these specimens to i/lustris can scarcely be main-
tained.
The two specimens can hardly both belong to one species, but the material is
insufficient and badly preserved.
11. Havcia compressa, S. Buckman. Suppl., Plate II, figs. 8—10.
1844. AMMONITEs VARIABILIS, d’Orbigny, Pl. exili, figs. 5, 6 only.
1887. Amwonrres (HAMMATOCERAS) ILLUSTRIS, Denckm., Pl. v, fig. 2 only.
Definition.—Platyleptogyral, angustumbilicate, parvibullate, versi-subflexi-
parvicostate, septicarinate.
Note.—The adult would no doubt be subexcentri-latumbilicate.
Distinction.—From jugosa—less ornate; from Ogerieni—the same, and less
umbilicate; from patelliforivis—more distinctly tuberculate, more distinctly and
more closely costate; from Werthi—less flexicostate, more distinctly tuberculate.
Localities and Strata.—Gloucestershire: The Waterworks, Chalford, near
Stroud (‘* Upper Lias,”’ with other tuberculate species of Haugia); Coaley Wood
(Cotteswold Sands). Somerset: Shepton Beauchamp (“ Upper Lias”).
Date of Ewvistence.—Variabilis hemera.
Xxvi.i INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES.
The non-tuberculate, or seri group.
This name may describe the platyleptogyral, angustumbilicate, non-tuber-
culate species of the Lillia-Haugia series. It is almost certain that they are
polygenetic, the development of different tuberculate species. Somewhat enlarged
coste near the inner margin in certain cases point to ancestral tubercles, elon-
gated on account of greater involution.
The description of the species as Haugia ? is merely a matter of convenience.
It is probable they belong to more than one genus, some perhaps to Lillia as
descendants of Lillia Lilli, some to Phymatoceras, &e.
12. Haveia? occipEnratis (Haug). Plate XXVII, figs. 1, 2.
1890. Havera occrpentaris, This Monogr., P]. xxvii, figs. 1, 2, p. 154.
Remarks.—The specimen figured with the above name differs from the
example depicted by Haug; it is certainly more umbilicate and more coarsely
costate. It may deserve separation.
Locality and Stratwm.—Gloucestershire : Little Sodbury (Sands).
Date of Hvistence.—Striatuli hemera.
13. Haveta? Eseri (Oppel). Plate XXV, figs. 3, 4.
1890. Havera Esxrr, This Monogr., Pl. xxv, figs. 3, 4, p. 155.
Remarks.—The specimen referred to seems to agree particularly with what
must be taken as the type, namely, Quenstedt’s Ammonites radians compressus in
‘Cephalopoden,’ pl. vu, fig. 9.
It was pointed out at p. 156 that the other specimens do not agree so well.
It seems desirable to separate them.
Localities and Stratwm.—Gloucestershire: Coaley Wood ; Cam Down; North
Nibley ; Whitehall Farm, Alderley (in all cases lower portion of the Cephalopod
bed).’
Date of Bwvistence.—Striatuli hemera.
1 This and the associated species of the group are generally found just on the top of the lowest
limestone band.
SUPPLEMENT—HAUGIA. 0.0.9.
14. Havera? Fascicera, S. Buckman. Plate XXV, fig. 7.
1890. Havera Esrrt, This Monogr., Pl. xxv, fig. 7, p. 156.
Remarks.—This is a more compressed, more umbilicate form than Hseri, and
it is also distinguished by somewhat irregular fasciation of rather more flexed
coste.
Localities and Strata.—Gloucestershire: Stinchcombe Hill, and North Nibley
(Cephalopod bed with Hseri) ; Sodbury (in a sandstone rock).
Date of Evistence.—Striatuli hemera.
15. Haveta ? inaqua, S. Buckman. Plate XXV, figs. 5,6; Plate A, fig. 37.
71862. Ammonites Esrrt, Oppel, Pal. Mitth., pl. xliv, fig. 3.
1890. Haveta Esenri, This Monogr., Pl. xxv, figs. 5,6; Pl. A, fig. 37, p. 156.
Remarks.—This form agrees in umbilication with the true Hseri, but is
distinguished by irregularity of costation, and it is slightly thinner. It is less
umbilicate than fascigera. The specimen figured by Oppel is more regularly
costate.
Localities and Strata.—Gloucestershire: North Nibley, Stinchcombe, and
Breakheart Hill, near Dursley (in the Cephalopod-bed with the foregoing).
Somerset: Dundry Hill (HE. Wilson, F.G.S.).
Date of Hxistence.—NStriatuli hemera.
16. Havueia?P scutpta, S. Buckman. Plate XXVI, figs. 1, 2.
1890. Havera Esrrt, This Monogr., Pl. xxvi, figs. 1, 2.
Remarks.—This is really quite distinct from true Hseri—the coarse, fasciate
coste will separate it. It is, however, also more umbilicate and thicker. Costa-
tion and thickness distinguish it from fascigera.
Locality and Stratum.—Gloucestershire : North Nibley (with the foregoing).
Date of Hvistence.—Striatuli hemera.
Of this Hseri-group there are in my cabinets just as many forms again which
require to be figured and named.
XXX INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES.
V. Genus—Puymatoceras, Hyatt.
(Type: PHYMaTOCERAS TIROLENSE, Dumortier} sp.)
1867. Puymatocrras, Hyatt, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 5, p. 88.
LILLIA, pars, auct.
Definition.—Steno-subleptogyral, rursi-flexiradiate, tuberculate, septicarinate.
History.—The species named by Hyatt as examples of his genus have not been
figured, so the genus has never really had recognition.
In answer to my queries the Professor writes to me,’ ‘‘The Phymatoceras
robustum is the young of Am. tirolensis, Dum., Pt. iv, Pl. xxiv,” wherefore
that species becomes the type of the genus.
Distinction.—The flexiradiate character sufficiently separates this genus from
either Lillia or Haugia, but mode of growth and manner of ornament also
distinguish the type species.
Remarks.—The species now ranged under Phymatoceras (see p. x1) are placed
here from their possession of the flexiradiate character; but more division is
obviously required on account of mode of growth and other characters.
Some of the Hseri-group are perhaps non-tuberculate descendants of some of
the species arranged under Phymatoceras, and should therefore bear the generic
title of such species.
1. Puymatoceras Dumortiert, S. Buckman. Plate XXIII, figs. 16,17; Plate A,
fig. 36.
1889. Havera OceErient, This Monogr., Pl. xxiii, figs. 16,17; Pl. A, fig. 36.
1890. — DumortieErt, Ibid., p. 152, in correction.
Description.—Platy-subpachygyral, angustumbilicate, flexicostate, parvituber-
culate,* subparvi-septicarinate.
Remarks.—This species has the combination of small umbilicus, thick whorls,
and tubercles, characterising the Bayani-group. But it cannot belong there,
because the periphery is not sulcate and the carina is hollow.
' This is not the same as the tirolensis, Hauer, and so the type of the present genus will require
a new name.
2 June Ist, 1897.
> The tubercles are not so definite as shown in the figure. They are somewhat obscure,
elongate bulgings.
SUPPLEMENT—BRODIBEIA. XXxi
Distinction.—The flexicostate character is a good noticeable feature.
Locality and Stratum.—Gloucestershire: North N ibley (Cotteswold Sands,
Bed 18, section vii, p. 46).
Date of Existence.—Variabilis hemera.
2. Puymatoceras pauper, S. Buckman. Suppl., Plate ITI, figs. 7—9.
Description.—Platyleptogyral, angustumbilicate, subflexi-parvi-densicostate,
parvituberculate, septicarinate.
Distinction.—The species is distinguished from Am. Werthi, Denckmann, by
smaller umbilicus and more distant, straighter ribbing.
Localities and Stratum.—Gloucestershire: Coaley Wood (in Bed 13 of the
section given at p. 45: it is therefore rather more than ten feet above Haugia
grandis: it occurs with large Lime, probably L. toarcvensis, Dum.) ; North Nibley
(Bed 20, p. 46).
Date of Hxistence.—Variabilis hemera.
VI. Genus—Bropieta,! S. Buckman.
(Type: Broprera curva, sp. n.)
The Bayani-group.
Definition.—Platypachygyral, excentri-angustumbilicate, flexiradiate, parvi-
carinate.
Remarks.—In their mode of growth the species of this genus differ from all
other members of the Lillia-Haugia series. There is a combination of a small
umbilicus, stout whorls, a broad periphery, and a small carina, in which even if
there were any septation such a character would be recognised only with great
difficulty. In other members of the Lillia-Haugia series, when a small umbilicus
is attained, the whorls are thin, and the carina is strongly elevated with a very
noticeable septation. The nearest approach in shape is found in Phymatoceras
Dumortieri, but the elevated septicarina at once forms a distinction in that case.
For the present the species of the Bayani-group may be known as Brodieia ;
but probably further separation will be required, as there are recti- and flexi-
radiate forms. There is a noticeable scarcity of any of these species in this
1 Tn memory of the Rev. P. B. Brodie, .G.S., my father’s friend and fellow-worker.
RXxii INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES.
country, so that the present classification depends mainly on figures. But it may
be remarked that the true Bayani-group would be the recticostate species, while
circumstances render it desirable to choose as the type of Brodieia a flexicostate
form. Wherefore it is possible that in the future the true Bayani-group, that is
the recticostate species, may require another generic name than Brodieia.
1. Bropista sunora, 8. Buckman. Suppl., Plate IV, figs. 7—9.
Cf. 1874. Ammontres Bayant, Dumortier, Pl. xiv, figs. 7—9.
Description.—Platypachygyral, excentri-angustumbilicate, subrursi-parvi-sub-
recticostate, parvicarinate.
Remarks.—Vhe small carina is set in a slightly flattened area of a rather
broad periphery, and so the periphery might be termed obsoletely carinati-
sulcate.
Two, sometimes three coste are connate on the inner area to form larger
ribs.
Distinction.—The periphery distinguishes it from Bayan, which is distinctly
carinatisuleate. Excentri-umbilication also begins earlier in this form.
Locality and Stratum.—Barrington, Somerset (‘‘ Upper Lias,” with Haugiz).
Date of Hxistence.—Variabilis hemera.
2. Bropreta curva, S. Buckman. Plate XXII, figs. 35, 36.
1889. Incerr# sepis, This Monogr., Pl. xxii, figs. 35, 36.
Description.—Platypachygyral, excentri-angustumbilicate, flexicostate, non-
tuberculate, connaticostate, parvicarinate.
Remarks.—The style of ribbing is fairly well shown in the figure. A slightly
stouter rib on the inner area breaks into two waved ribs. The ribs have not
much peripheral projection, but still there is a decided forward turn.
Localities and Stratum.—Gloucestershire: North Nibley (Cotteswold sands,
Bed 30, section vil, page 46).
Date of Haistence.—Variabilis hemera.
The next species is only placed as PBrodieia ? for convenience. It is not that
genus, though it has somewhat similar ornament; but it lacks the association of
stout whorls with angustumbilication. It is nodate, and yet leptogyral. It has
SUPPLEMENT, PLATE I.
Lilli hemera. i
Figs. 1—6.—Liniia Litui, Hauer.
Fig. 1.—Side view of a typical but immature specimen without test. The + shows the position of the last septum,
and the O where the partition-band terminated, as indicated by the shape of the periphery. Shepton Beauchamp,
Somerset. My Collection. (Page xiv.)
Fig. 2.—A portion of the periphery taken at the place marked a. Attached to the lower part may be seen a piece of
the infilling of the septicarina: this infilling has been shifted, and has become cemented again during fossilisation.
Fig. 3.—Outline of the whorl at the commencement of the body-chamber. What appears as carina is only the
infilling.
Fig. 4.—Portions of three consecutive septa, taken at a diameter, for the middle one, of about 40 mm., showing
the long Z and also the very small 7 on the upper edge of the inner margin—the dotted line.
Fig. 5.—Radial curves.
Fig. 6.—Portion of the body-chamber of a large adult (senile?) specimen, which probably measured over 300 mm.
in diameter. It is not certain that it is Z. Lilli, but it belongs to a closely related fossil. It probably measured 68 mm.
in whorl-thickness, but the other side is incomplete. Found loose at Trent, Somerset; but its horizon is unmis-
takable, as embedded in the back of it are portions of two examples of Hildoceras bifrons.
Figs. 7—10.—DENCKMANNIA TUMEFACTA, S. Buckman.
Fig. 7.—Side view, showing the large, coarse ribs. The specimen possesses the test, but is not altogether in good
condition; the centre of the umbilicus is wanting. From just above Hildoceras bifrons. Shepton Beauchamp, Somerset.
My Collection. (Page xix.)
Fig. 8.—Peripheral view.
Fig. 9.—Outline of the whorl-section.
Fig. 10.—Portions of two septa. The superior lateral lobe of one and the siphonal lobe of its successor are given in
position to illustrate the size of the loculus. The superior lateral lobe is apparently tridactyloid, with very isosceloid
terminal lobule, and much abbreviated inner lobule.
Dumortieria hemera, probably.
Figs. 11-—15.—CHARTRONIA BINODATA, S. Buckman.
Fig. 11.—Side view of a poorly preserved specimen destitute of test. Purchased from the Collection of the late
Dr. Wright, F.R.S. It is labelled “ Frocester Hill.” It is certainly from the Cephalopod-bed; and by the matrix
probably from the Dumortieria-bed. Now in my Cabinet. (Page xvi.)
Fig. 12.—Front view of the same specimen to show the presence of rudimentary nodi towards the outer ends of
the costez. These pimples are situated on the edge of the periphery, between the siphonal and superior lateral lobes,
The septicarina of this specimen is lost, but there remains a distinct imprint of the partition band.
Fig. 12 a.—Part of the periphery enlarged twice, to show the small nodi and the imprint of the partition band.
Fig. 13.—Portions of two suture-lines at 56 mm. diameter.
Fig. 14.—The same at 67 mm. diameter. The superior lateral lobe is not dactyloid, but may be said to be somewhat
claviform.
Fig. 15.—Radial curves of the same specimen.
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SUPPLEMENT, PLATE II.
Inllt hemera.
Figs. 1, 2.—DENOKMANNIA ? ISERENSIS (Oppel).
Fig. 1.—Side view of a fragment found in the Upper Leda-ovwm-beds at
Moulton, near Northampton, by Mr. B. Thompson, F.G.S. In his Collection.
(Page xvii.)
Fig, 2.—Outline of the whorl-section, one side restored.
Figs. 3, 4.—Liti1a narsonensis, S. Buckman.
Fig. 3.—Side view of a very inferior fragment reduced one-half natural size.
From the Upper Leda-ovwm-beds, Moulton. Collection of Mr. B. Thompson,
F.G.8. (Page xiv.)
Fig. 4.—Outline of the whorl-section, natural size.
Variabilis hemera.
Figs. 5—7.—Hauera navis (Dumortier).
Fig. 5.—Side view of a somewhat poorly preserved wholly septate specimen.
From the so-called ‘**‘ Upper Lias,” Winsmoor Hill, Barrington, Somerset. My
Collection, (Page xxii.)
Fig. 6.—Front view.
Fig. 7.—Parts of two consecutive suture-lines.
Figs. 8—10.—Hatvera compressa, S. Buckman.
Fig. 8.—Side view of a wholly septate specimen. From a bluish-green marl
usually called ‘*‘ Upper Lias.”” The Waterworks, Chalford, Gloucestershire. My
Collection. (Page xxvii.)
Fig. 9.—Front view.
Fig. 10.—Radial curve.’
Fig. 11.—Havera Granpis, 8S. Buckman.
Fig. 11.—Radial curve of the shell figured in Pl. XXIII, figs. 14, 15.
(Page xxvi.)
' The curve in the septicarinate spines is followed up to, but is not continued over, the carina.
SHOR MEL AL vasa, I.
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SUPPLEMENT, PLATE III.
Variabilis hemera.
Figs. 1—3.—Haveta PATELLIForMIS, S. Buckman.
Fig. 1.—Side view of a portion of a wholly septate specimen. The details
have been supplemented from the other side. From the so-called ‘“‘ Upper Lias,”
Shepton Beauchamp, Somerset. My Collection. (Page xxv.)
Fig. 2.—Outline of the whorl-section.
Fig. 3.—Suture-lines.
Figs. 4—6.—Denoxmannia Torquata, S. Buckman.
Fig. 4.—Side view of a wholly septate specimen, reduced to two-thirds of the
natural size. From the so-called ‘‘ Upper Lias,” Shepton Beauchamp, Somerset.
My Collection. (Page xix.)
Fig. 5.—Outline of the whorl-section, natural size.
Fig. 6.—Suture-lines and radial curves.
Figs. 7—9.— Puymatoceras Pauper, S. Buckman.
Fig. 7.—Side view of a somewhat poorly preserved shell. Details have been
supplemented from the other side. From the Cotteswold Sands, Coaley Wood
(Bed 13, section vi, p. 45). (Page xxxi.)
Fig. 8.—Outline of the whorl-section, restored slightly.
Fig. 9.—Radial curve.
SURES, IIe 1000.
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SUPPLEMENT, PLATE IV.
Variabilis hemera.
Figs. 1—3.—Denckmannia P MALAGMA (Dumortier).
Fig. 1.—Portion of the side view of an example from the so-called ‘‘ Upper
Lias,’’ Shepton Beauchamp, Somerset. My Collection. (Page xx.)
Fig. 2.—Outline of the whorl-section.
Fig. 3.—Radial curve.
Figs. 4—6.— Dunoxmannia ? opteota, S. Buckman.
Fig. 4.—Portion of the side view of a specimen from Cotteswold Sands, Coaley
Wood (Bed 16, section vi, p. 45). My Collection. (Page xxi.)
Fig. 5.— Outline of the whorl-section.
Fig. 6.—Radial curve.
Figs. 7—9.—Bropieia Junota, S. Buckman.
Fig. 7.—Side view. From so-called “Upper Lias,” Barrington, Somerset.
My Collection. (Page xxxii.)
Fig. 8.—Outline of the whorl-section.
Fig. 9.—Parts of suture lines. 9 a.—Radial curve.
Murchisone or Bradfordensis hemera.
Figs. 1O—12.—Cosmoeyria oprusa (Quenstedt).
Fig. 10.—Side view. Dundry, Somerset. Collected by the late Mr. E. Wilson,
F.G.8., to whom I am indebted for its addition to my cabinet. (Page Nii.)
Fig. 11.—Outline of the whorl-section.
Figs. 12, 12 a—Suture lines. 120, c, d.—Radial lines.
Bradfordensis hemera.
Figs. 13—15.—Cosmoeyria susptaBuLata, S. Buckman.
Fig. 13.—Side view. Quarry Hill, Chideock, Dorset; from the ‘red beds.’
My Collection. (Page liii.)
Fig. 14.—Peripheral view (outline). 11 a.—Outline of whorl-section.
Figs. 15, 15 a.—Suture lines. 15 b.—Radial line.
Figs. 16—18.—Wetscu1a rustica, S. Buckman.
Fig. 16.—Side view. Stoke Knap, Dorset ; from the “‘ Building Stone.” My
Collection. (Page lii.)
Fig. 17.—Outline of whorl-section.
Fig. 18.—Radial line.
Murchisonx hemera.
Fig. 19.—Wetscuta optusiForMis, S. Buckman.
Fic. 19.—Radial line of the specimen figured in Plate I as Ludwigia Murchi-
sone, which should now be altered. (Page I.)
SIP IAIL 2 LAs, IN
F.H Michael del et ith . Mint ern Bros.imp.
twee
PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCLETY.
INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVII.
VOLUME FOR 1898.
MDCCCXCVIII.
MONOGRAPH
ON THE
CARBONTFEROUS CEPHALOPODA
IRELAND.
BY
ARTHUR H. FOORD, Pu.D. (Mbncu.), F.GS.
PART If:
CONTAINING THE FAMILIES
ORTHOCERATID (conctupine Parr), ACTINOCERATIDA,
CYRTOCERATIDA, ann POTERIOCERATIDA.
Paces 23—48; Puates VIII—XVII.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE PALHZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
1898.
PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON,
BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C., AND 20, EANOVER SQUARE, W.
ORTHOCERAS SOLLASI. 23
OrrHoceras Sottasi, A. H. Foord. Plate VIII, figs. 1 a—f.
Orrnoceras Sonuast, A. H. Foord. Ueber die Orthoceren des Kohlenkalks
(Carboniferous Limestone) von Irland. . . . In-
augural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwirde
der Kgl. bayer. Ludwig-Maximilians- Universitat
zu Miinchen, p. 32.
Description.—Shell straight, of medium size, tapering at the rate of 1 in 8.
Section slightly elliptical, the ratio of the two diameters as 37:32. Body-
chamber of moderate size, about one-fourth the length of the shell; edge of the
aperture undulating ; below it on the cast there is a well-defined shallow, crescentic
depression, which at each extremity of the longer axis of the shell is 10 mm.
below the edge of the aperture, from whence it passes down and forms a shallow
sinus on the broader aspect of the shell. Septa deeply concave, horizontal,
distant from each other about two-fifths of their own diameter. Siphuncle
cylindrical, about one-eighth the width of the shell; nearly central. ‘The surface
of the cast, where it is well preserved, shows admirably the fine ‘‘ wrinkles”’ and
minute punctures described by the Brothers Sandberger under the name of
**Runzelschicht” (‘Die Verstein. Nassau,’ 1856), which have been ascribed to
the markings on the mantle of the animal preserved through the medium of the
extremely fine sediment which filled the body-chamber, and sometimes too the
septate parts of the shell after the death of the animal, but before the decay of
the soft parts. The ornaments in this specimen are very conspicuous; they
consist of fine imbricating striz, disposed with great regularity, the edges of the
imbrications being directed towards the aperture. Four of them occupy the space
of 1 mm.; they are therefore visible to the naked eye, at least in the older parts
of the shell (Pl. VIII, fig. 1c, natural size, and giving nearly the number of
strie of the part figured). -
Size.-—The most complete specimen, wanting only a portion of the apical end,
measures 190 mm. in length, the diameter at the apertural extremity being 35 mm.,
that at the apical one 13 mm.
Afjinities—This species is closely related to Orthoceras Clanense, and the
question naturally arose as to whether it might not have been the young of that
form. There are, however, some points which weigh against this supposition :
chief among these is the rate of tapering, which is much quicker in O. Clanense
(1:6) than in the present species (1:8); further, the septa in O. Sollasi are
horizontal, while they are oblique in 0. Clanense. ‘The ornaments, though
finer in O. Sollasi than in the latter species, are the same in character in both,
9)
24 CARBONIFEROUS CEPHALOPODA OF IRELAND.
and constitute the main and obvious feature in the relationship of the two
forms.
Remarks.—The occurrence in the Clane quarries of several examples of this
beautiful form, all stamped with its characteristic features, impart the requisite
stability to it as a species. ‘l'wo of the best specimens are figured, the test being
exquisitely preserved in the one represented by fig. 1a; in the other (fig. 1e)
the surface is considerably eroded, though the strength of the markings has pre-
served them here and there from complete destruction, and thus the identity of the
species has not been lost. I regret that the apical end is not present in any of the
specimens before me. Most of the fossils which come into the hands of the pale-
ontologist have already suffered from the effects of the sledge-hammer of the quarry-
man, whose untrained eyes allow these valuable pieces to remain embedded in
the rock, and thus many a precious fragment is thrown aside or shot into the fiery
depths of the lime-kiln! The species is named after Professor W. J. Sollas, F.R.S.,
of Oxford.
Locality.—Clane, county of Kildare.
OrtHoceras MuLTIStTRIATUM, A. H. Foord. Plate VIII, figs. 2 a, b.
ORTHOCERAS MULTISTRIATUM, A. H. Foord. Ueber die Orthoceren des Kohlen-
kalks (Carboniferous Limestone) von Irland.
TInaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung
der Doktorwiirde . . . der Kgl. bayer.
Ludwig-Maximilians- Universitit zu Muiinchen,
p. 31.
Description.—Shell straight, elongate, tapering at the rate of 1: 10, measured
along the larger diameter. Section somewhat elliptical, whether naturally so or
by rock-pressure it is difficult to determine; the ratio of the two diameters is as
38:30. Body-chamber imperfect, so that its size in relation to the complete shell
cannot be computed. Septa oblique, 8 mm. apart’ where the diameter of the
shell stands at about 20 mm.; necks of the septa short and hooked. Siphuncle
cylindrical and rather wide (Pl. VIII, fig. 20). Test ornamented with fine,
irregularly spaced, imbricating strie, the edges of which are directed upwards;
about two of the striz fill the space of 1 mm., they are therefore visible to the
naked eye (Pl. VIII, fig. 2 a).
Size.—The length of the most complete specimen known to me is about
195 mm., the greatest diameter 40 mm., the least 18 mm.
Affinities.—The ornamentation of this species naturally suggests affinities with
O. perellipticum, but the general form is quite different, the rate of tapering being
very low in the present species and very high in O. perellipticum. While thus
(RS)
(i
ORTHOCERAS PERELLIPTICUM.
agreeing in the character of its ornamentation with the latter, O. multistriatwiv 1s
in its shape and septation more akin to O. Sollasi, from which, however, it sepa-
rates itself by its much finer ornamentation and larger siphuncle. On the whole
it is a fairly well-marked species. It has been found up to the present time only
in the Cork district.
Locality.—Laittle Island, near Cork.
OrtHOcERAS PERELLIPTICUM (A. H. Foord), F. M‘Coy. Plate VIII, figs. 3a—e.
1844. Orruocrras (Loxoceras) pistans, F. M‘Coy. Synopsis of the Char. of
the Carb. Limest. Foss. of Ireland,
p. 8, pl. iv, fig. 1 (not of Sowerby).
1888. _— PERELLIPTICUM, A. H. Foord. Cat. Foss. Ceph. British
Museum, pt. 1, p. 104.
1896. — _ (A. H. Foord), M‘Coy. Ueber die Ortho-
ceren des Kohlenkalks (Carboniferous
Limestone) von Irland. . . . In-
augural-I)issertation zur Erlangung der
Doktorwiirde . . . der Kgl. bayer.
Ludwig-Maximilians- Universitat zu Miin-
chen, p. 30.
Description.—Shell of medium size, straight, rate of increase rapid, being at
the rate of 1:5. Section elliptic, the ellipticity probably at least in part caused
by rock-pressure ; the proportion of the two diameters in the type specimen as
12:8. Body-chamber unknown. Septa undulating, rather widely separated
(hence M‘Coy’s name), distant from each other 6 mm. where the diameter of the
shell is 18 mm., the space between them increasing to 8 mm. where the diameter
of the shell is 26 mm. Siphuncle central or nearly so (Pl. VIII, fig. 3d), its
structure unknown. Shell thin, ornamented with very fine, upwardly imbricating
striz, arranged with approximate regularity, running obliquely across the surface
of the shell. Six or seven of these striz occupy the space of 1 mm. When
highly magnified (Pl. VIII, fig. 3c) they are seen to be of unequal size, though
their general aspect when looking over the surface of the shell with a hand-lens
gives the impression of their being fairly regular.
Affinities.—Its elliptical form and high rate of tapering enable this species to
be readily distinguished from O. multistriatum. These features exist in all
specimens to which I have had access, including the type specimen contained in
the Dublin Museum of Science and Art (Griffith Collection), and others in the
general collection in that museum ; also the one figured, which is from the museum
of Queen’s College, Cork. It is easily distinguished from O. Clanense and
O. Sollasi by its much finer sculpture, added to the characters mentioned above.
26 CARBONIFEROUS CEPHALOPODA OF IRELAND.
Remarks.—I have not refigured the type specimen because it is almost entirely
denuded of the test, owing to which circumstance M‘Coy overlooked the striations
upon its surface; these are, however, actually preserved upon a fragment of the
test to which my attention was drawn by my friend Mr. G. C. Crick, of the British
Museum. But for this fortunate discovery it would not have been possible to
identify M‘Coy’s species with any other form without much uncertainty. Owing
to M‘Coy’s O. distans being preoccupied by J. de Carle Sowerby (in Murchison’s
‘Silurian System,” p. 619, pl. vin, fig. 17), [ was compelled to re-name the
present species when describing it in the ‘ Catal. Foss. Cephal. British Museum’
(1888, pt. 1, p. 20).
Locality.—Little Island, near Cork.
[OrTHooERAS cInctuM, J. de Carle Sowerby. Min. Conch., vol. vi, 1829, p. 168,
pl. dixxxvin, fig. 3.
OrrHoceraAs cinctum, A. H. Foord, 1896. Ueber die Orthoceren des Kohlen-
kalks (Carboniferous Limestone) von
Irland. . . . Inaugural-Dissertation
zur Erlangung der Doktorwiirde
der Kgl. bayer. Ludwig-Maximilians-
Universitat zu Miinchen, p. 37.
The original of this species, which should be in the “‘ Sowerby Collection ” in
the British Museum, has been lost, and there is therefore only the author’s brief
description and accompanying figure by which to identify it. Sowerby’s descrip-
tion is as follows: ‘‘ Shell nearly cylindrical, surface ornamented with numerous
sharp, annular striz ; siphon central. In this species the septa are rather more
concave than is usual, and also distant. The transversely striated surface is
what it is best distinguished by, and seems to indicate a shell formed outside the
animal. Ihave seen but one specimen. . . . . Near Preston, Lancashire.”
‘he short description given by Sowerby, and the sketchy character of his
figure, make any attempt to identify O. cinctum with actual specimens a very
risky matter, considering that several species ornamented with striz of different
kinds can now be identified from England, Scotland, Ireland, and Belgium.
The appearance, therefore, of the name “ Orthoceras cinctum” in lists of fossils
cannot be taken as in any way authoritative for the occurrence of Sowerby’s
species in the particular locality indicated, since we are ignorant as to what that
species is. Caution in this case 1s all the more necessary since it was not formerly
the practice to examine minutely into the character of the ornamentation upon
ORTHOCERAS PERCONICUM. 27
the surface of such shells, and apparently no distinction was made between what
are properly termed ‘‘imbricating”’ lines and other fine transverse lines of a
totally different nature.
I would suggest, therefore, that the name “ Orthoceras cinctum” be given up,
since its further employment can only lead to confusion. |
B. BrevIcongs.
Ortuoceras PERCoNIcUM, A. H. Foord. Plate VIII, figs. 4a, b.
1896. OnrrHoceras PerconicumM, A. H. Foord. Ueber die Orthoceren des
Kohlenkalks (Carboniferous Limestone) von
Irland. . . . Inaugural-Dissertation zur
Erlangung der Doktorwiirde . . . der
Kgl. bayer. Ludwig- Maximilians-Universitat
zu Miinchen, p. 36.
Description.—Shell abruptly conical; rate of tapering very rapid, that is
about 1:2. The transverse section is shghtly elliptical, the proportion of the
two diameters being as 35: 29. The body-chamber is very large, occupying fully
half the length of the entire shell, and far exceeding it in bulk. Only the sutures
are seen, the septa themselves, as a section proved, having been completely
destroyed ; they are perfectly horizontal. The siphuncle is not preserved. The
only example obtained measures 86 mm. in length; the greater diameter amounts
to 47 mm., the lesser to 16 mm. (this is considerably above the apex). The test
is perfectly smooth.
Size.—Length (imperfect at both ends) 86 mm.; greatest diameter 47 mm.,
least 16 mm.
Affinities.—In seeking for a species related to the present one, that described
by de Koninck from Visé, Belgium, under the name of Orthoceras cucullus* at
once presents itself to our notice. This consists only of the chambered part of
the shell, so that the proportions of the body-chamber in relation to the complete
shell cannot be compared with those of O. perconicum. The rate of increase in
the diameter of the Belgian species is 1 : 2°66; that of the Irish species, as
indicated above, 1:2. The sutures are rather wider apart in O. cwcuwllus than they
are in'O. perconicum; that is, in an interval of 28 mm., measured off at the
smaller end of each specimen, there are five chambers in the latter against four
and a half in the former. Both species are unfortunately only imperfectly known.
In O. cucullus the body-chamber and the test are wanting, in O. perconicum the
siphuncle and the septa (not their sutures) have been destroyed. There are thus
1 «Descrip. Anim. Foss. Belg.’ (Suppl.), 1851, p. 54, pl. lix, fig. 1.
28 CARBONIFEROUS CEPHALOPODA OF IRELAND.
two elements of difference between these species, viz. the rate of increase and
the width of the intervals between the sutures.
This may be regarded as a very rare species, only one specimen having been
found in the course of several years of collecting.
Remarks.—The group of forms to which Barrande' gave the name ‘‘ Orthocéres
brévicones’”’ are rare in the Carboniferous rocks. Iam only acquainted with three
Kuropean species, viz. UO. dilatatum, de Kon.,’ O. cucullus, de Kon.,* and O. per-
conicum, Foord. The other Carboniferous species assigned by Barrande to the
brevicone group prove to be species of Poterioceras; these are “ Orthoceras”
cordiforme, J. Sow., and “ 0.” latissimum, Portl. The latter was even suggested
by its author to be ‘‘ O.” cordiforme, its condition being too imperfect to admit of
certainty as to its true position. I shall have occasion to refer to this fragment
again later on.
Family AcvINOCERATIDS.
Genus ACTINOCERAS, Bronn, 1837.
AOCTINOCERAS GIGANTEUM, J. Sowerby, sp. Plate IX, figs. 2a—e.
1821. Ortnocera aicanrea, J. Sowerby. Min. Conch., vol. i, p. 81, pl. cexlvi.
1836. OrtHoceras GiGantrEeUM, J. Phillips. Geol. of Yorkshire, pt. 2, p. 287,
pl. xxi, fig. 3.
1840. ActrnocERas Simusit, C. Stokes. Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. v, pt. 3,
p- 708, pl. lix, figs. 4, 5.
1843. = — J... Portlock. Rep. onthe Geol. of Londonderry,
&e., p. 391.
1844. OrrHocreras GicantrEuM, LZ. G. de Koninck. Descrip. Anim. Foss. Belg.,
p. 510, pl. xliv, fig. 2; pl. xlv, fig. 3; pl. xlvi,
and pl. xlvii, fig. 1.
1844. ACTINOCERAS GIGANTEUM, F. A‘Coy. Synop. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 11.
1844. — PYRAMIDATUM, F. M‘Coy. Ibid., p. 11, pl. i, fig. 5.
1854. — GIGANTEUM, F. A. Roemer. Beitr. z. geol. Kenntn. des
nordwest. Harzgeb., Paleontographica, Band
iii, p. 93, pl. xiii, figs. 27 a—e.
1855. OrrHocrras (AcTINOCERAS) GIgaANTEUM, F. M‘Coy. British Pal. Foss.,
fase. 3, p. 571.
1862. ACTINOCERAS GIGANTEUM, #. Griffith. Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin, vol. ix,
pp. 83 and 55.
1874. _ — J. Young and J. Armstrong. Trans. Geol. Soe.
Glasgow, vol. iv, p. 280.
1 «Syst. Sil. de la Bohéme,’ vol. ii, p. 18.
2 “Descrip. Anim. Foss. Belg.,’ 1842-4, p. 515, pl. xlv, figs. 8, 9.
3 Idem, Suppl., 1851, p. 54, pl. lix, fig. 1.
ACTINOCERAS GIGANTEUM. 29
1880. OrriuocEeras ai@anteum, ZL. G. de Koninck. Faune Cale. Curb. Belg.,
tom. v, p. 75, pl. xliv, figs. 5—10.
1888. AcrinocEeRras GIGanteuM, A. H. Foord. Cat. Foss. Cepb. British Museum,
pt. 1, p. 187.)
Description.—Shell very large, straight. Section nearly circular. Rate of
increase varying from 1: 7 to 1:5. Septa moderately convex, somewhat oblique
in the upper part of the shell, increasing somewhat rapidly in their distance
apart; for example, in a specimen measuring 850 mm. in length the septa are
only 2 mm. (about) distant at the smaller extremity, while at the larger the interval
between them has increased to 25 mm. ‘There is a large fragment contained in
the Museum of Science and Art, Dublin, from the red limestone of Castle Espie,
county of Down, which has the following dimensions: length 750 mm., greatest
diameter 280 mm., least 155 mm. Another specimen, collected by myself at
Clane, in the county of Kildare, has a length of 910 mm., the greatest diameter
being 240 mm., the least 835 mm.; this gives a rate of tapering of about 1 : 4°5.
The distance of the last three septa from each other is from 40 to 50 mm., that of
those at the smaller end (where the diameter is 55 mm.) from 11 to 12 mm. The
length of the portion of the body-chamber preserved is 240 mm. The specimen
is chemically eroded, the surface roughened and destroyed, and showing no trace
of the test. The siphuncle is not large in proportion to the size of the shell; it is
a little excentric in position in the young shell, tending to become more nearly
central in the adult; it is much inflated between the septa, where it forms
depressed spheroidal segments twice as wide as long. The outer surface of the
test is generally wanting, and the inner layer being quite smooth has led to the
species being described as having a perfectly smooth shell. There is a specimen,
however, in the British Museum which has a distinctly striated surface above the
smooth layer, the ornaments consisting of fine transverse lines, of which there
are about three in the space of 2 mm.”
Affinities. —The only species with which the present one may be compared is
that next to be described, and the characters separating the two species being
enumerated under the latter, it is not needful to mention them here.
Remarks.—Of the records of this species in foreign localities of the Carbo-
niferous rocks only two need be referred to, viz. that of de Koninck and that of
Roemer. The former of these authors has described and figured the species in
his well-known work on the Carboniferous fauna of Belgium, where it occurs in
several localities. The latter has figured and very briefly described a fragment
from the Kulmkalk of Grund, in the Hartz Mountains (‘ Paleontographica,’ 1854,
1 The list here supplied gives only the more important synonyms and references ; it does not
claim to be exhaustive.
2 The specimen showing these markings is registered C 325 in the collection.
30 CARBONIFEROUS CEPHALOPODA OF IRELAND.
Band ii). The species occurs in several places in the British Isles, chief
among which are Closeburn in Dumfriesshire (the locality whence Sowerby’s type
was obtained), and Castle Hspie, county of Down, where specimens of this rather
common species occur of such a size as fully to justify the name given to it by
Sowerby. It has been found also at Orchard, near Glasgow, and at Bolland in
Yorkshire.
The specimens of A. gigantewm yielded by the Carboniferous rocks of Belgium
present the same differences when compared with A. insulare as do those of
Scotland and Ireland, of which the closer septa in the Belgian form is the most
important one. ‘To this must be added the striated test described above, whose
presence might seem to have been strangely overlooked among the many specimens
of this form passing through the hands of paleontologists. I have not observed
the test, however, upon any of the specimens from Closeburn or Castle Espie,
whence most of the specimens to be seen in museums have come. It is not so
astonishing, therefore, that it should all along have been supposed that the species
had a smooth shell.
I am indebted to the kindness of Prof. J. Joly, F.R.S., for the use of some
examples of this species from the museum of Trinity College, Dublin. These
show the structures of the siphuncle remarkably well, considering the highly
crystalline condition of the rock in which they are preserved (PI. IX, figs. 2 a—c).
Locality.—Castle Espie, county of Down (specimens figured). Other localities
are mentioned above.
ACTINOCERAS INSULARE, sp. nov. Plate X, figs. 1 a—d.
Description.—Shell (fragment) large, straight. Section elliptical, at least in
the lower half of the specimen, the ratio of the two diameters here being as
58:48. Rate of increase about 1 in 7. Septa very concave, increasing rather
rapidly in their distance apart ; that is, at a place where the diameter of the shell
is 58 mm. they are 17 mm. apart, and where this has increased to 125 mm. they
are 35 mm. distant. The length of the portion of the shell thus measured is
260 mm., out of a total length of 345 mm. for the whole fragment. The septa
are strongly oblique in the upper part of the shell, where they have been exposed
by the accidental removal of the test in breaking the rock away from the shell ;
in the lower half they cannot be seen, as the test is there preserved and covers
them. Their obliquity makes an angle of about 20° with the horizontal axis of
the shell. The siphuncle is well seen in longitudinal (polished) sections (Pl. X,
fig. 1 d), and its position is also indicated on the convex surface of the smaller
end of the specimen (PI. X, fig. 16). It forms, as usual with Actinoceras, sac-
ACTINOCERAS INSULARE. 31
like swellings between the septa, and is traversed through the centre by the
endosiphuncle, whose radiating tubuli are given off circumferentially from these
swellings (Pl. X, fig. 1d). The siphuncle is somewhat compressed laterally,
perhaps through partial collapse, though it would be naturally less inflated than
in species having closer septa. Its outline, seen in section, is only slightly
inflated, so as to make each segment of it a little higher than wide. The necks of
the septa are distinctly seen in several places (PI. IX, figs. lc, d; Pl. X, fig. 1d),
and in some places the perforations in the walls of the siphuncle (at the second
tubule from the bottom of the figure, Pl. X, fig. 1d; the perforation is not
indicated in the drawing). The position of the siphuncle is markedly excentric,
being about two-fifths across the shorter diameter of the shell, measured to the
centre of the siphuncle; it is also not quite central in relation to the longer
diameter. Its position may be best realised by looking at the figure (PI. X, fig. 1 ¢).
The test 1s perfectly smooth.
Size.—Length of the fragment 345 mm.; greatest diameter 120 mm., least
45 mm.
Affinities—The fragmentary condition of the only example of this species
known to me up to the present time makes the question of its relationship with
other species a difficult one to settle. If the external characters are examined
the differences observed between the present species and Actinoceras gigantewm
are found to consist in the smoothness of the test, the much greater width of the
septa, and the more compressed character of the segments composing the
siphuncle in the former as compared with the latter. In A. isulare the septa are
16 mm. apart where the diameter of the shell is 58 mm., whereas in a specimen
of A. gigantewm from Orchard, near Glasgow, the septa, at the same diameter of
the shell, are only 13 mm. apart; or, measuring in another way, three chambers
of the Cork species require 43 mm. to span them, while in the Scotch specimen
only 34 mm. are necessary. The diameter of the shell for this measurement is
the same in both cases, viz. from about 50 mm. up to 58 mm. It would appear
also that the position of the siphuncle is more nearly central in A. gigantewm
than it is in the present species.
The obliquity of the septa, which is so strongly marked in A. insulare, is not
unknown in A. gigantewm, and I find a reference in my note-book to a specimen
in the British Museum coming from Ireland in which this feature is well developed.
On the other hand, in the Belgian examples figured by de Koninck (‘ Faune Cale.
Carb.,’ v, pl. xliv) the septa are perfectly horizontal. Reliance could not, there-
fore, be placed upon this character alone in distinguishing the two species, as it
seems to be one that is subject to variation.
Remarks.—Attention should be directed still more particularly to the flatness
of the outline of the siphuncular segments in A. insulave as compared with
6
32 CARBONIFEROUS CEPHALOPODA OF IRELAND.
A. gigantewm, in which they are strongly inflated or bulbous (ef. Pl. IX, fig. 2c,
with Pl. X, fig. 1d). The greater width between the septa in A. insulare may
have caused the segments to be more drawn out, and thus to approach the
cylindrical form which they must have assumed if this process had been carried
still farther; whether, however, this would have been compatible with the
existence of the endosiphuncle and its appendages is questionable, since it is
evident that the development of these organs could not have taken place within
a very contracted space. It is at least certain that in such a form as A. insulare
there could not have been developed so great a number of tubules as are indicated
by the perforations in such a form as Actinoceras Bigsbyi (cf. ‘Cat. Foss. Ceph.
British Museum,’ 1888, vol. i, p. 164, fig. 21).
I may take the opportunity before leaving the subject of the structure of
Actinoceras to refer to an important contribution to the literature of the fossil
Cephalopoda by Prof. Hyatt, viz. his ** Phylogeny of an Acquired Characteristic ”
(‘ Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.,’ vol. xxxii, No. 143, August, 1894). Under the heading
“ Ontogenetic Stages,” in which the embryology of the group is very fully
discussed, some important observations are made with reference to the siphuncle
of Endoceras, Piloceras, and Actinoceras, and justification is found for the use
of the term endosiphon (or endosiphuncle), to which F. A. Bather, in his able
critical summary of recent views and discoveries (‘‘ Cephalopod Beginnings,”
‘ Natural Science,’ vol. v, December, 1894), takes exception. The following extract
from Hyatt’s memoir has a direct bearing upon the subject :—‘* The structure of
the apex in Hndoceras, Piloceras, and Actinoceras indicates large and direct, open,
tubular connection between the protoconch and the animal when in this first
chamber through which the endosiphuncle in the generalised Nautiloids, Endo-
siphonoidea, opened into the protoconch. The tubular opening of the apex in
Endoceras, Piloceras, and Actinoceras, and other genera having a marked endo-
siphuncle, is not closed by the cecum of the siphuncle as was formerly supposed.
It is, on the contrary, directly continuous with the eudosiphuncle, as was first pointed
out by Foord in his ‘Catalogue of Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum,’
part 1, 1888, p. 165. This is an attenuated, central, more or less irregular tube
or axis formed by the extension of the points of successive endocones or sheaths.
It is more or less interrupted by pseudo-septa, and is a separate and distinct part
occupying the axis of the large siphuncle. This organ is continuous with some
corresponding part in the embryo which existed in the protoconch. On the other
hand, the true siphuncle, including the cecum of the first air-chamber, is a
secondary organ formed by the funnels of the septa.”
The “ endocones or sheaths ” and ‘ pseudo-septa”’ referred to by Hyatt in the
above quotation do not occur in Actinoceras or its congeners, but the analogy
between the inner tube in the siphuncle of the latter and that which is found in
CYRTOCERAS APICALE. 33
Endoceras and Piloceras is too clear to be doubted. Whether their functions
were alike is quite another question. Of the functions of the radiating tubuli
given off by the endosiphuncle of Actinoceras, which are not present in Hndoceras
or in Piloceras, the explanation suggested by Owen seems a very rational one,
viz. that they served for the passage of blood-vessels to the lining membrane of
the air-chambers. They also afforded support to the endosiphuncle, and held it
in its central position in the siphuncle.
Locality.—Little Island, near Cork.
ACTINOCERAS PROPINQUUM, Sp. nov. Plate IX, figs. 1 a—e.
This is a fragment of the septate part of a rather slowly tapering species
(1 in 7). The septa are deeply concave and wide apart, varying very little in
their distance as the shell increases in diameter. The necks are recurved. The
siphuncle, which is badly preserved, is composed of somewhat flattened elements
(cf. A. imsulare), with the endosiphuncle indistinctly seen as a dark patch running
through the centre of the tube, having obscure indications of the characteristic
tubuli. The position of the siphuncle is decidedly excentric (figs. 1 c—e). The
test is perfectly smooth.
Remarks.—Though I originally intended to include the fragmentary form here
referred to in Actinoceras insulare, I have since decided that it is better to keep
them separate despite their resemblance. This consists in the character of the
septa and siphuncle ; in both species the former are relatively wide apart, and in
both the elements of the siphuncle are compressed as seen in section (Pl. IX,
fig. 1c; Pl. X, fig. 1 d). The complete horizontality of the septa, however, in the
present form, and its apparently more slender habit, caused me to hesitate about
uniting the two forms without having more satisfactory material than the frag-
ment here described provides.
Locality.—Little Island, near Cork.
Family CYxTocEravipaé.
Cyrroceras (MELOCERAS) APIcal.H, sp. nov. Plate XI, figs. 1 a, 1 b, 2 a, 2 b, 3;
Plate XII.
? 1854. Orrxoceras uneuis, Maughten. Journ. Geol. Soe. Dublin, vol. vi, p. 48,
pl. —, fig. 3 (not of J. Phillips).
Description.—Shell of moderate size, rather sharply curved in the lower third
of the septate portion, but becoming almost straight above this, so that a frag-
34 CARBONIFEROUS CEPHALOPODA OF IRELAND.
ment consisting only of the upper two-thirds of the shell would scarcely exhibit
any curvature. Upon a chord of 38 mm. subtending the concave side of the
apical region of the shell the greatest curvature is 5mm. The rate of tapering
above this curved part is about 1 : 4, which is a rapid increase in diameter. The
section is very nearly circular, the siphuncle close to the margin of the outer
curvature of the shell. ‘The body-chamber considerably exceeds one-third of the
length of the entire shell; its basal line is indicated by the letters a, b, im fig. 2
of Pl. XII, in which its obliquity is very marked, making an angle with the
horizontal axis of the shell of about 18°. The septa are numerous, and being
tilted up in a ventro-dorsal direction the sutures have a strong obliquity on the
sides of the shell, while they are nearly horizontal on the ventral and dorsal
aspects, perhaps with a slight arching upwards on the dorsal aspect (Pl. XII,
figs. 1 a, 1b). The distance between the sutures in an adult shell (Pl. XII,
fig. 1 b), where the diameter is about 50 mm., is from 5 to 6 mm.; 1n a somewhat
smaller example (Pl. XII, fig. 3) the sutures are 4 mm. apart where the diameter
is 15 mm., 6 mm. apart where it is 87 mm. Ina smaller specimen (Pl. XI, figs.
2 a, 2b), which is entirely septate, there are twenty-two septa within a distance
of 106 mm, The chambers must thus have been very shallow. Exactly in the
median line of the ventral aspect, or outer curvature of the shell, there is a
straight thread-like line or keel, feebly developed, but clearly perceptible when the
surface of the cast has not been abraded; it is represented rather too broad in
the figure (Pl, XII, fig. 1b). The siphunele is exogastric,—that is, it is situated
close to the convex or ventral border of the shell; it is strongly inflated in
passing through the chambers (Pl. XII, figs. 3, 4 a, 4 5), casts of it presenting the
characteristic bead-lke appearance as in the last figures referred to.
The surface of the shell is perfectly smooth.
Size.—The approximate measurements of the most complete specimen give
length 190 mm., greatest diameter of body-chamber 53 mm., diminishing to
48 mm. at or close to the aperture, and 6 mm. near the apical extremity.
Affinities.—There can be no doubt that Cyrtoceras rostratwm, de Koninck,’ is
closely related to the presont species. Both forms have quickly tapering, thick
shells, with the curvature most marked in the apical region. The distinguishing
characters are found chiefly in the septa, which are strongly oblique in C, apicale,
while they are only very slightly so in C. rostratwm. ‘The section also in the latter
species 1s distinctly oval (cf. de Koninck, Pl. xxxvy, fig. 1b), while it has been
shown to be almost circular in the former. ‘he oval form of the section in de
Koninck’s species is brought out in his figures, in which the narrow ventral aspect
is in strong contrast with the much broader lateral one. ‘The section gives a
1 « Faune Cale. Carb. Belg.,’ 1880, tom. v, p. 26, pl. xxxv, figs. 1, 2.
CYRTOCERAS APICALE. 35
dorso-ventral diameter of 42 mm., and a lateral one of 38 mm. ‘The position of
the siphuncle is the same in both species.
Of other species described and figured by de Koninck, C. cornu is a more
slender shell and has a stronger curvature than the present species. CO. digitus is
nearer to C. apicale, but it tapers much more slowly; a fragment only is figured
by de Koninck: the species has been identified by him from Rathkeale, near
Limerick. Fragments named by de Koninck C. hircinuin, C. impotens, C. Nysti,
C. ignotum, C. concinnum, and others, must be passed over, as they are too
imperfect to make a comparison with the present species in any way satisfactory.
Remarks.—It 1s always instructive to consult the pages of Barrande’s great
work on the fauna of the Bohemian basin, and to study in the rich illustrations
to it the varying forms assumed by such an extensive group as the Cyrtoceratide,
especially during the period of its greatest development—the Silurian.
The most striking differences between the present species, which may be taken
as typical of the Carboniferous development of the group under consideration,
and the Silurian (fitage E of Barrande) forms described by Barrande, are to be
recognised in the relative dimensions of the body-chamber, and in the septation.
Beginning with the first of these characters, it is found that the body-chamber in
the Silurian species is generally small, sometimes excessively so, relatively to the
size of the shell; it is often less than one-fourth, sometimes even less than one-fifth
of the whole length of the shell (cf. Barrande, ‘Syst. Sil. Boh.,’ u, pl. evin, Cyrt.
equale, pl. cx, C. miles, pl. exvi, C. acinaces). The septa are, as a rule, crowded
together to the utmost extent (cf. Barr., pl. exxxui, C. nescium, pl. eci, C. Scharyi),
indicating a remarkable rapidity of growth in the animal that secreted them.
Turning to the siphuncle, it is observable that the beaded character is, in the
main, the prevailing one, though this is modified in form by the curvature of the
shell, the position of the siphuncle therein, and the width apart of the septa.
Some of the modifications assumed by the siphuncle are well illustrated in
pls. exxxiv to cxxxvili of Barrande’s work. There are not wanting also types in
which the siphuncle is cylindrical, as in the living Nautilus, while there are
transitional forms from these to the most inflated kinds (cf. Barr., pl. cix, exx—
eylindr.; pls. cxxvi, exxvil—transit. ; pls. exxxv, cxlii—inflated).
Of the Devonian species of Cyrtoceras it may suffice to say that their
affinities lean more in the direction of their Silurian progenitors than in that of
their successors in the Carboniferous period. The Devonian rocks have not
yielded very numerous examples of this type either in Enrope or in America, but
“the different forms it assumes are fairly well represented. Thus we have the
short, thick, and quickly increasing shell, exemplified in the Eifelian species C.
depressum, Goldf., the type of the genus; and in contrast with this the slender,
beautifully ornamented forms found in the typical rocks of Devon (cf. G. F.
36 CARBONIFEROUS CEPHALOPODA OF IRELAND.
Whidborne, ‘Devonian Fauna of the South of England,’ Paleontographical
Society, 1890, vol. for 1889), and similar forms ornamented with frill-hke lamellee
in North America (cf. James Hall, ‘ Paleont. New York,’ 1879, vol. v, part 2).
In all these, certain characters recalling the Silurian forms are to be traced ;
these are the numerous septa and marginal siphuncle, sometimes exogastric,
sometimes endogastric, the highly ornate shell being perhaps the only distin-
guishing mark that can be applied to them as a group.
he Carboniferous species, so far as they are known, present, on the whole, a
more simple type of structure than that of their Silurian ancestors as represented
in the rich series of forms found in the Bohemian basin. The shells are
generally more rapidly tapering and less strongly and uniformly curved, and the
septa much less numerous in the Carboniferous species, which thus represent a
generalised type in which the features that distiuguished the ancestral forms have
become greatly modified.
The tendency in this expiring race to a more simplified structure is still more
strongly exemplified in the species to which I have given the new name Husthe-
noceras, a passage form, in all that relates to the structure of the adult shell (the
embryo is not known), from Orthoceras to Cyrtoceras, using these words in a
somewhat wide sense.
I may here state that I do not count among species of Cyrtoceras all the forms
attributed to it by de Koninck (‘ Calc. Carb. Belg.,’ 1880); on the contrary, I
would exclude all but the following :—Cyrtoceras (Meloceras) cornu, de Kon.;
CO. (M.) acus, de Kon.; C. (M.) Verneuilianum, de Kon.; C. (M.) arachnoideum,
de Kon.; C. (M.) Gesneri, Mart.; C. (M.) rugoswm, Flem.; C. (M.) rostratum,
de Kon.; C. (M.) digitus, de Kon.; C. (M.) vnperitum, de Kon.; C. (M.) acus,
de Kon.; C. (M.) Nysti, de Kon.; C. (M.) repertum, de Kon.
The fragment named by de Koninck Cyrtoceras cornu-bovis is difficult to
allocate, though it seems on the whole to be more akin to OCyrtoceras than to any
other group. Oyrtoceras Antilope, de Kon., another fragment, has only one
Cyrtoceran character, viz. a slight curvature, quite insufficient to establish its
connection with the genus to which it is referred by de Koninck. It has
considerable resemblance to a species described in the first part of this memoir
(1897, p. 19) under the name of Orthoceras hibernicum, which is also slightly
curved. The latter has a more rapidly increasing diameter and somewhat wider
septa, and the elements of the siphuncle are not so inflated nor so wide and
flattened as they are in the Belgian species. The two species may, nevertheless,
fairly be compared, and it was by an oversight that this was not done under the
deseription of the Irish fossil.
Locality. —St. Doulagh’s, county of Dublin.
CYRTOCERAS ARCUATOSEPTATUM. 37
Cyrroceras (Menoceras) ancusTOsEPTatuM, sp. nov. Plate XI, figs. 4, 5a, 5b.
Description.—Shell of moderate size, shghtly curved in the lower third, but
even less so above this; somewhat compressed, probably in part by rock-pressure
(this species being from the cleaved rocks of the Cork district). Rate of tapering
1:4. Section elliptical, the ratio of the two diameters being as 31: 25. Of the
body-chamber only a small remnant is preserved in one of the specimens before
me. Septa (known only by the sutures) numerous; at a diameter of 10 mm.
they are 4 mm. apart, at 23 mm. they are 6 mm., and at a diameter of 32 mm. the
interval between them has increased to 8 mm., showing that the growth is slow
and gradual. In one of the specimens the sutures bend sharply upwards on one
aspect of the shell, with a marked obliquity on the sides whence the arches spring.
This distinct arching of the septa may partly arise from pressure, but whether
this be so or not it is prevalent throughout the specimen. ‘The siphuncle occupies
a position farther from the margin than is usual in typical forms of Cyrtoceras ;
the nature of its elements is difficult to determine, owing to the almost total
destruction of all internal structures by crystallisation in the specimen cut for the
purpose of examining them. ‘The vestige of the siphuncle preserved shows that
it was slightly inflated between the septa, and that is all that can be ascertained.
The test is quite smooth, and so thin and transparent that the sutures of the
septa are plaimly seen through it.
Size.—Length of the longest specimen 180 mm.; greatest diameter of the
base of the body-chamber 55 mm.; diameter at the (broken) apex 8 mm.
Affinities—The very slight curvature of this species is its most striking
characteristic, and to this may be added the position of the siphuncle. These
features militate somewhat against the Cyrtoceran affinities of this fossil, but on
the whole I cannot but regard its affinities as being with the genus to which I
have referred it; it seems to indicate the presence of a more generalised type
than the form described above under the name of C. apicale, which, however, it
resembles in its limited curvature.
Remarks.—I have been fortunate enough lately to obtain another specimen
of this rare and interesting fossil.' It is less compressed than the other two
examples, and therefore gives a better idea of the normal form of the species ; it
is imperfect at both ends, and thus can give no further information as to the
body-chamber or the apex.
Attention may be drawn to the fact that fig. 4 represents the narrow aspect
of the shell, on which the arching of the sutures is clearly seen; while fio. 5a
1! This specimen is now in the Dublin Museum of Science and Art.
38 CARBONIFEROUS CEPHALOPODA OF IRELAND.
(another example) is drawn from the broader aspect. These figures show the
ellipsoidal shape, whether natural or induced, of the species.
Locality.—Little Island, near Cork.
HUSTHENOCERAS,' gen. nov.
This genus is founded upon two Irish species described by de Koninck * under
the names Cyrtoceras Hulli and Cyrtoceras Baily. I shall endeavour to show
that these species do not belong to the genus to which they were assigned by de
Koninck, but that they are intermediate in their structure between Orthoceras
and Oyrtoceras. From the latter they are excluded by the general straightness of
the shell, by the nearly central position and apparently cylindrical form of the
siphuncle, as well as by the great depth of the chambers in the proximity of the
body-chamber in the adult shell. From the former they differ in the sharp,
hook-hke curvature of the shell in the young, and in the peculiar arching of the
septa on the dorsal (concave) aspect of the shell.
These oscillations between Orthoceras and Cyrtoceras seemed to justify the
separation of this type from both, rather than to sink its individuality in either,
and thus to lose sight of it as a connecting link between them. These connecting
forms are as rare as they are interesting, hence it is the more necessary that they
should be strictly characterised.
In Husthenoceras, as appears from the enumeration of its structural features
above given, there is, on the whole, a leaning towards Orthoceras ; the sutural
characters, however, differ as already shown in important points from Orthoceras
on the one hand, and from Oyrtoceras on the other. From the former by their
arching on the concave curvature of the shell, from the latter by their great width
anteriorly.
A diagnosis of the genus Musthenoceras may be thus constructed :—Shell
large, typically curved only in the apical portion; septa at first approximate,
afterwards becoming very widely separated; sutures arching upwards on the
dorsal or inner curvature of the shell; siphuncle subcentral in the sense of the
ventral region, apparently cylindrical. Type, Cyrtoceras Hulli, de Koninck.
I have included Cyrtoceras Baily: in this genus, although the single individual
representing it departs in some particulars from Husthenoceras Hulli,—that is, the
chambers do not become deeper as they approach the body-chamber, the curva-
1 From etoerjs, stout ; Képas, a horn.
2 * Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique,’ tom. ix, 1881-2 (Mémoires), pp. 50—60, ‘‘ Sur
Le)
quelques Cephalopodes nouveaux du calcaire carbonifére de |’ Irlande.
EUSTHENOCERAS HULLI. 39
ture of the shell is more regular and persistent than in H. Hulli, and the rate of
growth more rapid.
If it should be found subsequently by the discovery of other specimens of
Husthenoceras Bailyi that the characters found in the isolated individual described
persist in others, it may be necessary to modify the description of the genus as
given above, or to restrict it entirely to the single species H. Hulli, of which there
is abundant material.
HustHenoceras Huu, L. G. de Koninck, sp. Plate XIII; Plate XIV, figs.
la—e, 3.
1882. Cyrroceras Huuui, L. G. de Koninck. Annales de la Soc. Géologique de
Belgique, tom. ix, 1881-2 (Mémoires), pp. 50—60,
pl. vi, figs. 1—3.
Description.—Shell elongate, of robust habit, sharply curved in the young,
but becoming straight in the adult. Upon a chord of 45 mm. subtending the
concave or dorsal side of the apical part of the shell, the greatest curvature is
9mm. ‘The section is nearly circular in the young shell, but becomes ellipsoidal
in the adult, the ratio of the ventro-dorsal to the transverse diameter in an
uncompressed specimen (Oldtown) being as 48: 43. Body-chamber (Pl. XIII,
fig. 1 a) not quite complete anteriorly, having a length of 150 mm. as compared
with 450 mm. for that of the entire shell, exclusive of the apical part, not
preserved in the specimen measured, or in the ratio of 1 to 3. Sutures compara-
tively close-set in the young shell, varying little in the distance separating them
until a certain stage of growth is reached, when they suddenly widen, and
continue to do so till the body-chamber is reached. In one of the specimens
(Pl. XIII, figs. 1 a, 1b) the sutures are 10 mm. apart where the greater diameter
of the shell is 47 mm., and where this has increased to 65 mm. the sutures are
20 mm. distant from each other. It may be added that in two adjacent
chambers, which are respectively the fifth and sixth from the body-chamber, the
space between the sutures augments from 16 mm. to 25 mm., the latter width, or
very near it, being maintained up to the penultimate chamber, the last chamber
being, as usual, somewhat shallower—21 mm. (PI. XIII, figs. 1 a, 1).
The direction of the sutures varies with the age of the shell; in the young
they are nearly horizontal; at a later stage of growth they become distinctly
arched (Pl. XIII, fig. 1 ¢) on the dorsal (concave) aspect, passing obliquely over
the sides and maintaining the horizontal direction of the young shell on the
a
4.0 CARBONIFEROUS CEPHALOPODA OF IRELAND.
ventral (convex) aspect. There are thus three sutural regions—the horizontal,
the oblique, and the arched, which probably indicate the form of the aperture.
Very fine but distinct ridges or keels, perceptible to sight and touch, traverse the
cast longitudinally exactly in the centre of the horizontal and arched sutural
regions respectively, and thus diametrically opposite to each other. These
ridges are present in all the specimens before me wherever the removal of the
test permits of their being seen (Pl. XIII, fig. 1c, drawn a little too broad).
Ridges such as these, which are met with on the casts of the shells of Orthoceras,
Cyrtoceras, &c., have been called ‘‘ median ”’ or ‘‘ normal” lines, but their origin
is unknown.
The siphuncle is situated about its own diameter from the centre of the
septum, in the region nearest to the ventral border. This agrees fairly well with
its position as figured by de Koninck (loc. cit., pl. vi, fig. 3). It is well seen near
the apex in de Koninck’s type specimen which I have before me, where its
position does not differ materially from that which it occupies in the adult shell
(Pl. XIII, fig. le). In another specimen (Pl. XIV, fig. 3) the siphunele is
almost exactly central; it is seen at the bottom of the deeply concave septum
partly indicated in the figure. Some obscure remains of the siphuncle (near the
upper part of the figure) seem to show that it was cylindrical, but this may be
deceptive; its nearly central position at least is quite clear.
The test, which was apparently thick, is perfectly smooth ; it is well preserved
upon all the specimens before me.
Size.—The largest uncompressed specimen, that from Oldtown (Pl. XIII), bas
a total length, excluding the apex which is broken off, of about 450 mm.; its
ereatest diameter, measured about the middle of the body-chamber, is 73 mm. ;
the apical end (imperfect) measures about 18 mm. in diameter.’
The total length of the specimen (without body-chamber) figured by de
Koninek (loc. cit., pl. vi, fig. 1) is 260 mm.; the greatest diameter 70 mm., the
least (not far from the apex) 12 mm.
The other specimen figured by de Koninck (pl. vi, fig. 2), though wanting the
body-chamber, has indications in the great depth of the last four or five chambers
that the latteris nearly reached, though the base of it is not seen. Probably
de Koninck’s estimate of the total length of this specimen (500 mm.) is not
very wide of the mark.
Affinities —The only species known to me which can be compared with the
present one is Husthenoceras Bailyi, de Kon., sp., about to be described. Only a
single specimen of it was found, but it happens. to be tolerably complete, and
therefore admits of a comparison with H. Hulli. It consists of the greater part
‘ Though designed to show the arching of the septa and the median line, fig. 1 ¢ also illustrates
the larger diameter of the fossil as contrasted with the smaller, which is seen in fig. 1 a.
EUSTHENOCERAS HULLI. 4]
of the septate division of the shell with the body-chamber attached. The latter
is not quite perfect, but.a fair approximation of its form and size may be arrived
at. The septa exhibit the closeness of arrangement characteristic of H. Hulli in
a similar stage of growth, and there is the same arching upwards in them upon
the dorsal or inner curvature of the shell (cf. Pl. XIII, fig. 1 b—lower portion,
from the part marked a, 0).
The differences between the two species may be summed up as follows :—the
body-chamber is larger in proportion to the entire shell in #. Pailyi than it is im
Hi, Hulli. The septa in the former do not increase greatly in their distance apart
towards the body-chamber, the reverse of this being the case in the latter
species. The section is nearly circular throughout the shell in H. Bailyi; it
becomes markedly elliptical in the adult in H. Hulli. Lastly, the curvature is
more regular and continuous in #. Bailyi than in LH. Hulli, in which it becomes
nearly straight at about the lower third of the shell.
Remarks.—Vhe great size of the individuals belonging to this species is
worthy of note, and did not escape de Koninck’s attention in his description of
the species. There were giants in those days in the Carboniferous seas of the
British and Belgian areas; this may at least be said of the Cephalopoda, for not
only did Actinoceras giganteum flourish and abound, but there were also gigantic
forms of many of the coiled shells, such as Celonautilus cariniferus, Asymptoceras
dorsale, and others. Favourable environment, immunity from the attacks of their
enemies, and other physical conditions may be invoked to account for such
unusual development, which was most marked in the Irish area.
Returning to the subject of these remarks, it cannot but be conceded, I think,
that the group to which I have given the name Musthenoceras is transitional im
character between Orthoceras and Cyrtoceras ; the persistence of the characters
noted in Husthenoceras in several individuals being of such a nature as to allay
any suspicion of their representing merely individual variations or abnormalities
of some kind. If this be the true interpretation of the phenomena presented by
these fossils, it is a further proof that the specialisation characteristic of the race
of the Cyrtoceratidee met with im the Silurian and Devonian rocks was not
maintained in the Carboniferous period, but that, contrariwise, a series of forms
then appeared in which a more simple structure was the leading feature. These
witnessed the dying out of the race, which did not survive the close of the
Carboniferous period.
I am again indebted to Prof. Joly, who lent me the fine specimen figured on
Pl. XIII, which gives valuable information regarding the structure of the present
species not furnished by the other examples.
Localities.— Oldtown, Queen’s County; Rathkeale, county of Limerick.
42 CARBONIFEROUS CEPHALOPODA OF IRELAND.
Kusrapnoceras Batty, LD. G. de Koninck, sp. Plate XIV, figs. 2a, 2 b.
1882. Cyrroceras Bainyt, L. G. de Koninck. Annales de la Suc. Géologique de
Belgique, tom. ix, 1881-2 (Mémoires), pp. 50—60,
Blew, ce"
Description.—Shell (the only example known) of moderate size, strongly
curved in the apical part, but becoming straighter as the body-chamber is
approached. Upon a chord of 97 mm. subtending the concave side the greatest
curvature is 17 mm. The section is circular in the young stage of growth, and
does not deviate from this form in the adult. The body-chamber is of consider-
able length. As to its length in proportion to that of the entire shell only an
approximation can be come to, for part of the apex is wanting, and the body-
chamber itself is not perfect, but it would appear to have been nearly one-half.
The septa are approximate and deeply concave. At a diameter of 25 mm.
they are 6 mm. apart; where the diameter has increased to 38 mm. they are 10
mm. distant, there being an interval of about 40 mm. between the two points
measured. It can thus be seen that the septa increase very gradually in their
distance from each other.
The sutures arch shghtly forwards on the dorsal or inner curvature of the
shell, and become straight on the ventral aspect, a condition the reverse of what
is generally encountered in these curved shells (cf. Barrande, ‘Syst. Sil. de la
Bohéme,’ vol. 1, pl. chi, figs. 28—30).
The siphunele as seen in the concavity of the last formed septum is about
twice its own diameter above the centre, that is towards the ventral or convex
side of the shell (Pl. XIV, fig. 2b).
The test 1s quite smooth.
Size.—Length, measured along the outer curvature, 225 mm., of which the
body-chamber occupies about 100 mm. ; greatest diameter, measured near the centre
of the body-chamber, 56 mm., least 12 mm., the latter not far from the apex.
Affinities.—I was at first inclined to the opinion that the present species was
the young of Husthenoceras Hulli, and my doubts upon this point are not entirely
dispelled. One of the most marked features in H. Hulli is the extraordinary size
of the chambers in the adult stage of growth. Should H. Bailyi prove to be the
young of #. Hulli this abnormal development of the chambers could not have
been attained. On the other hand, the curvature of the shell in the present
species is much less restricted than it is in HW. Hulli, giving a very different aspect
to the shell. Single specimens are always difficult to deal with unless they have
some very distinctive features, and it. must be left to individual opinion to
POTERIOCERAS FUSIFORME. 43
determine in these cases whether such features are of sufficient importance to
entitle their possessor to be treated as an independent species, or, on the other
hand, whether it should be merged in one already established. Any future
attempt to determine with more certainty the affinities of H. Baily: must depend
upon fresh evidence; as the matter at present stands it is preferable to retain de
Koninck’s name for this fossil.
Locality.—Samphire Island, county of Kerry.
Family Porertockratip®.
Genus Potsrtocnras, M‘Coy, 1844.
PoreRIOCERAS FUSIFORME, J. de C. Sowerby, sp. Plate XV.
1829. Orrnocera Fustrormis, J. de C. Sowerby. Min. Conch., vol. vi, p. 167,
pl. dixxxviu, fig. 1 (excl. fig. 2).
1836. ORTHOCERAS FUSIFORME, Phillips. Geol. of Yorkshire, pt. 2, p. 238,
pl. xxi, figs. 14, 15.
1844. Porrrroceras FUSIFORME, A/‘Coy. Synop. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 10.
1844. AproceRAS FUSIFORME, Fahrenkohl. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol.
xvii, p. 781.
1854. ORrTHOCERAS FUSIFORME, Haughton. Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin, vol. vi,
p. 48, pl. —, fig. 4.
1855. — (PoTERIOCERAS) FUSIFORME, M‘Coy. Brit. Pal. Foss., fase.
iii, p. 569.
1862. PoTERIOCERAS FUSIFORME, Griffith. Journ. Geol. Soe. Dublin, vol. ix,
p: 55.
1876. — _ Armstrong, Young, and Robertson. Catalogue
of the Western Scottish Fossils, p. 59.
?1880. GomeHoceras FusIForME, L. G. de Koninck. Faune Cale. Carb. Belg.,
tom. v, p. 42, pl. xxxvii, figs. 4a—e.
1888. PorertocEras FusIFORME, A. H. Foord. Cat. Foss. Ceph. British Museum,
pt. 1, p. 259.
Description.—Shell of medium size, fusiform, gradually expanding, and then
contracting towards the aperture, curved in the apical region, straight above;
flattened on the ventral or outer curvature, conspicuously inflated on the dorsal
side (Pl. XV, fig. 1c). The apical part slender and tapering to a fine point.
Upper part of body-chamber contracted in the region of the aperture, which is
simple as in Cyrtoceras. Septa and base of body-chamber markedly oblique at
the sides, the septa nearly horizontal in the siphuncular region, strongly arching
upwards along the median line of the dorsal region (PI. XV, figs. la, 1c). Septa
Ad CARBONIFEROUS CEPHALOPODA OF IRELAND.
fairly approximate, about 5 mm. distant from each other in the vicinity of the
body-chamber. Siphuncle near the margin of the ventral, flattened side; strongly
inflated between the septa. Test perfectly smooth. ;
Size-—Length of the most perfect specimen (wanting anterior portion of
body-chamber) 160 mm., length of septate part 120 mm., length of portion of
body-chamber preserved 50 mm.
Affinities. —The plano-convex form of the shell and the more numerous septa
are features that readily distinguish this species from the one next to be described,
viz. Poterioceras latiseptatum, Foord; its much more slender proportions separate
it unequivocally from Poterioceras cordiforme, J. Sowerby.
Remarks.—A specimen of this species having been obtained with the apex
nearly perfect, a much better conception of the shape of the shell can now be
formed than has been possible hitherto. The extreme apical point is unfor-
tunately broken in the specimens available, so that nothing can be ascertained
with reference to the presence of a cicatrix or other embryological mark.
Through the kindness of my friend Mr. G. C. Crick, of the Geological
Department of the British Museum, I have been’ enabled to reproduce a drawing
he made for me of the posterior end of Sowerby’s type specimen of the present
species contained in that museum. The principal dimensions of Sowerby’s
specimen are as follows: total length 162 mm., length of body-chamber 65 mm.,
length of septate part 97 mm., diameter of base of body-chamber 56 mm. (nearly).
It is, of course, not possible to make a very close comparison between the type
specimen and the one whose dimensions are given in the above description of the
species (see Pl. XV, figs. 2 a, 2b), as they are both imperfect, the one anteriorly,
the other posteriorly; but, judging by the two measurements, there is probably
not much difference between them, the proportions being the more easily realised
as the specimens are nearly the same size.
There is a noteworthy agreement in the figures of this species given by different
authors in respect to the remarkably plano-convex form of the shell when the
ventro-dorsal profile is looked at (Pl. XV, fig. 1c). This shape may not always
be equally strongly pronounced, but it asserts itself distinctly enough in most of
the figures I have seen, hence it furnishes a good guide for the identification of
the species (cf. Phillips, ‘Geol. Yorks.,’ loc. cit.; Haughton, ‘ Journ. Geol. Soe.
Dublin,’ loc. cit.).
De Koninck’s figure of this species, which he called unaccountably ‘* Gompho-
ceras fusiforme,” represents a longer and more slender form than Sowerby’s; it
is a question, therefore, in what category it should be placed. It appears to me
to be distinct from P. fusiforme. In the description de Koninck states that the
ventral side is more convex than the dorsal, so that in this point at least there is
agreement between the two forms. P. fusiforme is nevertheless clearly a much
POTERIOCERAS LATISEPTATUM. 45
shorter and more inflated form than that to which de Koninck has given the same
specific name.
De Koninck’s allocation of P. fusiforme to Gomphoceras was unfortunate
considering that not only is the aperture simple in Poterioceras, but the form of
the shell is different from the latter, even allowing for the absence of the apical
part in Gomphoceras, which gives to this form a stumpy and, if I may so express
it, ungraceful outline. The complicated, multilobate aperture of Gomphoceras
indicates structures in at least the oral parts of the animal which would certainly
be regarded as of generic importance in any living form, and it is therefore with
no great latitude that we assign a distinct generic position to the fossil.
Localities—St. Doulagh’s, county of Dublin; Millicent (Clane), county of
Kildare (M‘Coy, Haughton); Kildare, (exact locality not stated) (Phillips); Little
Island, near Cork (Dublin Museum of Science and Art).
PoTERIOCERAS LATISEPTATUM, Sp. nov. Plate XVI.
Description.—Shell of moderate size, fusiform, slender, inflated, the inflation
being most prominent dorso-ventrally, and, influenced by the curvature of the
shell, a little higher on the ventral than on the dorsal aspect (Pl. XVI, fig. 2 a).
Section nearly circular when uncompressed. The shell tapers gradually from the
very acute apex, the inflation beginning at about the mid-length, becoming
contracted in diameter towards the aperture. ‘The apex has a central, very
shallow pit, surrounded by a thickened rim; in the centre of the pit there is a
circular spot representing the orifice of the siphuncle through which the latter
passed out of the protoconch or embryonic chamber. The diameter of the apex
is 2 mm. (PI. XVI, fig. 2a). The body-chamber (partly exposed in some of the
specimens by the removal of the test) has an undulating outline at the base, but
in a general sense it is horizontal.
The septa are comparatively distant, there being seven in a length of 45 mm.
in this species, against ten in P. fusiforme in the same length. The last two or
three chambers are very shallow in some specimens (Pl. XVI, fig. 4). The
course of the sutures is slightly oblique on the lateral areas of the shell (Pl. XVI,
fig. 3 a).
The siphuncle is situated near the convex margin; fig. 4 shows its position,
which is seen to become gradually more nearly central as the shell grows. It has,
unfortunately, not been cut quite through the centre in the specimen figured,
consequently the segments do not appear to completely fill up the space they
occupy between the septa, and owing to this also they have an oval instead of a
nearly circular form.
A6 CARBONIFEROUS CEPHALOPODA OF IRELAND.
The test is quite smooth.
Affinities —This species is nearly related to Poterioceras fusiforme, J. Sow.,
sp., from which it is readily distinguished by its wider and less oblique septa, and
by its being almost equally inflated on the ventral and dorsal areas.
Remarks.—None of the specimens of this well-marked species have been up to
the present time obtained at St. Doulagh’s, and it is remarkable that many of the
species obtained there differ from those yielded by the Clane quarries, less than
twenty-five miles distant. This is especially the case with the Cephalopoda.
Localities.—Clane, county of Kildare; county of Limerick (exact locality
unknown).
PoTERIOCERAS VENTRICOSUM, M‘Coy. Plate XVII.
21843. Orruoceras Larissimum, J. #. Portlock. Rep. on the Geol. of London-
derry, p. 390, pl. xxxv, figs. 2a, b.
1844. PorerRioceras VENTRICOSUM, J/‘Coy. Synop. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 10,
pl. i, fig. 2.
1888. — CORDIEFORME (pars), 4. H. Foord. Cat. Foss. Ceph. British
Museum, pt. 1, p. 260.
Description.—Shell large, broadly fusiform, much inflated in the upper half,
curved in the apical part, the most inflated part being ventro-dorsal as in P.,
fusiforme. The body-chamber, which comprises the most inflated part of the
shell, contracts towards the aperture; the base is markedly oblique, conforming
in this respect to the chambers which precede it. The chambers, as indicated by
the suture-lines, are very shallow, the distance between them not exceeding 8 mm.
where the diameter of the shell varies from 50 mm, to 70 mm. (PI. XVII, fig. 2 a),
thus showing a remarkable uniformity of spacing. The same uniformity is found
in another somewhat larger specimen, so that it may be taken as a characteristic
feature of this species. ‘The section in the young shell is slightly elliptical, the
ratio of the two diameters being as 30: 27. The siphuncle in the young shell is
situated at about one-third of the distance across the longer diameter (Pl. XVII,
fig. 2b); M‘Coy describes it as “large, inflated, and slightly excentric,’’ which
probably refers to its position in the adult; if so, it gradually assumes a nearly
central position as in some other cephalopod genera.
The surface of the test is beautifully ornamented with a series of faint
longitudinal ridges, easily seen when the light falls upon them from the side;
they may also be felt (Pl. XVII, fig. 1 a). These ridges or bands are crossed by
very numerous delicate lines of growth, with stronger ones at intervals.
POTERIOCERAS VENTRICOSUM. A7
Size.—Leneth of the most perfect of the specimens figured (fig. 2a; wanting
the apical part), 170 mm.; greatest diameter 110 mm.; least 30 mm. A larger
specimen (a cast) collected by myself and now in the Museum of Science and Art,
Dublin, has the following dimensions: length 210 mm.; greatest diameter (body-
chamber) 120 mm.; least about 20 mm. This specimen is imperfect at both
ends, though considerably more than half of the body-chamber remains, as is
indicated by its contraction above the inflated part showing proximity to the
aperture.
Affinities.—The species most nearly related to the present one is undoubtedly
P. cordiforme, J. Sow., a very large species found in the Red Sandstone Group of
the Calciferous Sandstone, at Closeburn, Dumfriesshire. I have, in fact, in the
‘Catalogue of Fossil Cephalopoda, British Museum,’ 1888, Part 1, p. 260, made
M‘Coy’s species a synonym of Sowerby’s, being at that time unable to find
adequate grounds for their separation. With better material at my disposal I
now deem it advisable to keep them apart, because, in addition to the ornamenta-
tion described above, there is a slight but distinct curvature in P. ventricosum in
the young shell; this may be seen in both the specimens I have figured. This
may be better realised by extending the outline of the apical end of the figures
until the lines thus drawn meet together; a very perceptible curvature is the
result.
Remarks.—Though only a small fragment, consisting of about six chambers,
Portlock’s species, Orthoceras latissimum, is difficult to distinguish from M‘Coy’s :
the septa are equally distant in the two forms, and the position of the siphuncle,
a minor consideration here, is apparently also the same. Portlock’s specimen,
which is labelled ‘* Kildare” (meaning probably Clane, which is in the county of
Kildare), is still to be seen in the Museum of Science and Art, Dublin, having
survived the vicissitudes through which the ‘‘ types” figured by Portlock and
M‘Coy have passed before reaching their present resting-place.
It is to be regretted that M‘Coy should not have referred in his description of
P. ventricosum either to Portlock’s or even to Sowerby’s species.
Locality.—Clane, county of Kildare.
The genus Poterioceras, with which the uncoiled forms of Cephalopod shells
terminate in this memoir, has a wide stratigraphical range, extending from the
Ordovician to the Carboniferous. Though the first species described was a Carbon-
iferous one (“ Orthocera”’ cordiformis, J. Sowerby, ‘ Min. Conch.,’ vol. ii, 1821),
the genus originated, as stated above, in rocks of Ordovician age. Under the
8
AS CARBONIFEROUS CEPHALOPODA OF IRELAND.
generic name Oncoceras,' James Hall described several species from the Ordovician
and Silurian rocks of the State of New York. The genus was afterwards recog-
nised by Billings (who employed Hall’s generic name) from rocks of the Niagara
eroup in Canada, and anumber of species of it were described by him (‘ Catalogue
of the Silurian Fossils of Anticosti,’ 1866). M‘Coy,in his‘ Synopsis of the Silurian
Fossils of Ireland,’ 1846, described and figured Poterioceras approximatum from
Ordovician rocks, but this appears to have been a somewhat doubtful determination |
as regards the genus.”
Of Silurian species of Poterioceras, Barrande described some from his Etage E,
among which may be mentioned P. heteroclitum (§ Syst. Sil. Boh.,’ vol. ii, pl. exviii)
and P. lwmbosum (abid., pl. eecelxiv).
The Devonian rocks have yielded a few species, among which may be cited
Orthoceratites subfusiformis, Minster,*® O. subpyriformis, Minster, and Gompho-
ceras sulcatulum, Murch. de Vern., and de Keyserl.* To these may be added the
species described by Whidborne in his valuable ‘‘ Monograph of the Devonian
Fauna of the South of England” (Palzont. Soc. vol. for 1889), under the names
Poterioceras vasiforme, P. Marri, and P. ellipsoidewm.
In the Carboniferous rocks only four species are known to me with certainty
as referable to Poterioceras : these are P. cordiforme, J. Sowerby; P. fusiforme,
J. de C. Sowerby; P. ventricosum, F. M‘Coy; P. latiseptatum, A. H. Foord.
Probably de Koninck’s species, Gomphoceras fusiforme (not Sowerby’s) and G.
lagenale also belong here.’
Poterioceras is nowhere very rich in species, the most numerous in any rocks
being those of the Ordovician and Silurian of North America.
1 M‘Coy’s name Poterioceras has priority over this one, which was adopted by Hall for what he
no doubt considered at the time he wrote to be a distinct genus (‘ Paleont. New York,’ vol. i, 1847).
2 See Blake, ‘ British Foss. Ceph.,’ 1882, pt. 1, pl. xxiv.
5 «Beitrige zur Petrefactenkunde,’ 1840.
4 «Géo]. de la Russie d’ Europe,’ vol. ii, Paleont.
5 «Faune Cale. Carb. Belg.,’ tom. v, 1880.
UL wn
pe ey Te 3A
a
od os
a
ir
Pecan tool wails
DH a heph Mt Sy rr
PVAT EH: Nii
OrtHocerAs Souuasi, A. H. Foord.
Fig. 1 a. Specimen showing the body-chamber and the greater part of the
septate portion of the shell. (Note the crescentic depression at the anterior end of
the body-chamber just below the margin of theaperture.) 1 b. Transverse section
with siphuncle. 1 ¢. Portion of the test showing the striz, natural size. 1 d.
Figure of the striz (somewhat diagrammatic), enlarged to show bifurcations. 1 e.
Another specimen, somewhat more complete than 1 a, showing the septa where
the test is removed; the slight constriction near the aperture is well seen. 1 /f.
Longitudinal section showing septation and a fragment of the siphuncle. Clane.
Dublin Museum of Science and Art. (Page 23.)
OrTHOCERAS MULTISTRIATUM, A. H. Foord.
Fig. 2a. Fragment with body-chamber and a good deal of the septate part of
the shell. 26. Longitudinal section showing the septa and siphuncle. Little
Island. Dublin Museum of Science and Art. (Page 24.)
OrTHOCERAS PERELLIPTICUM, A. H. Foord.
Fig. 3a. Fragment of the septate part of a specimen. 30. Transverse section
showing siphuncle. 3c. Imbricating strie greatly enlarged. Little Island.
Museum of Queen’s College, Cork. (Page 25.)
OrtHocrerAS PeRconicumM, A. H. Foord.
Fig. 4 a. Fragment showing the greater part of the body-chamber and some
of the septa. 4 b. Transverse section, the siphuncle not preserved. Clane.
Dublin Museum of Science and Art. (Page 27.)
1 All the figures in this and the following Plates represent the specimens of the natural size unless
the contrary is stated.
PLATE VII.
West, Newman imp.
WH. Crowther lith,A-HF dir.
.
PEATE TX.
ACTINOCERAS PROPINQUUM, Sp. nov.
Figs. 1 a, 1b. Fragment of the septate part of the shell, imperfect at both
ends; the test has been removed and the under surface polished to show the
septa; the apical part, 1 c, 1 d, 1s cut longitudinally to show the siphuncle and the
endosiphuncle within. 10 is separated from 1 a on the plate to enable the
specimen to be figured without reducing its size. le. Transverse section
showing the siphuncle. Little Island. Dublin Museum of Science and Art.
(Page 33.)
ACTINOCERAS GIGANTEUM, J. Sowerby.
Fig. 2 a. Longitudinal section of a fragment, showing s?, the endosiphuncle,
with remains of the tubul, ¢, ¢, given off from it. 2b. Longitudinal section of
another fragment, showing at n,n, the necks of the septa. No remains of the
endosiphuncle are preserved in this specimen, which is filled with crystalline calcite.
2c. Fragment with casts of the bulbous siphuncular segments; one of them
shows the puckered appearance characteristic of their caleareo-membranous walls.
Castle Espie. Museum of Trinity College, Dublin. (Page 28.)
PLATE IX.
SS
Sr erttoessncnnseresrer
Scere
¥
West, Newman imp.
WH. Crowther hth., AHF. dir.
P oe ; a Vai
7
=~ &
-, o
4 -
ioe
¥
rol
of.
a
=
»
aT
7
~
so
ao ts
rae A.
PAE Xs.
ACTINOCERAS INSULARE, Sp. nov.
Figs. 1 a, 1 b. Fragment of a portion of the septate part of a large specimen,
showing the very oblique septation; a considerable part of the smooth test is
present, so that the septa are not seen on the lower half of the specimen. 1 «.
Transverse section showing the position of the siphuncle. 1 d. Longitudinal
section showing siphuncle and endosiphuncle, with obscure remains of the tubuli
attached to the latter. Little Island. Dublin Museum of Science and Art.
(Page 30.)
PLATE
=r
Pasty
RS
NS
wt
Veeceeetey
Bence se.
WH.Crowther lith, AHF del et dir
West Newman imp
—
Pres Wieny
PLATH, Xt.
Cyrtoceras (Menoceras) APICALE, sp. nov.
Fig. 1 a. A nearly perfect specimen covered with the test, but showing at the
apex faint marks of the sutures. 1. Transverse section of the same. 2a.
Another specimen with only the septate part preserved. 2. Ventral view of the
same, showing the horizontality of the sutures in this part of the shell. 3.
Longitudinal section displaying the siphuncle and the septa, the latter displaced
here and there. St. Doulagh’s. Dublin Museum of Science and Art. (Page 33.)
CYRTOCERAS (MELOCERAS) ARCUATOSEPTATUM, Sp. Nov.
Fig. 4. A polished specimen showing the strongly arched sutures. 5 a.
Another specimen with a portion of the body-chamber preserved. 5b. Transverse
section showing the position of the siphuncle. Little Island. Dublin Museum of
Science and Art. (Page 37.)
West, Newman imp.
ieee to
bree Roya
W.H Crowther hth, AHF dir
: i ate
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i ie 4 :
fi
Ph
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; : Ls ye
.
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.
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PLATE XII.
CyrtocerRAs (MELOOEnRAS) APICALE, sp. nov.
Fig. 1 a. Lateral view of a specimen, nearly perfect at the apical end, showing
part of the body-chamber and the obliquity of the sutures on the lateral areas.
1b. Ventral view of the same specimen, showing the horizontality of the sutures
on this aspect of the shell; the median line is also seen. 1c. Transverse section
showing the position of the siphuncle. 2. Lateral aspect of another specimen,
perfect at the apex, but not preserved in such a way as to show any indication of
a cicatrix; from a to b is the base of the body-chamber. 3. Polished longitudinal
section of a portion of another specimen showing the siphuncle with its beaded
segments. 4a, 4. Ventral and lateral views respectively of a young individual,
showing three of the beaded elements of the siphuncle. St. Doulagh’s. Dublin
Museum of Science and Art. (Page 33.)
PLATE XI
West, Newman imp
WH.Crowther hth, AHF dir
4
“ =
~
~~ "\
;*
r ,
t 4 ( ~ ;
‘
. =
1 h ’
- )
<i >
eo - :
= >
ent > et
oy ar
‘
rie 4
:
n
| -
foe
i & +
PATH Xi
Kusruenoceras Houu, DL. G. de Koninck, sp.
Figs. la, 1b. A large specimen, imperfect at both ends, but with the greater
part of the body-chamber preserved ; the letters a b, a b, show where the two
halves of the figures join. 1c. Part of the same specimen, showing the arching
of the sutures (in the anterior direction) and the distinct median or ‘‘ normal ”
line. 1 d. Section taken from the apical part of the shell, showing the septa and
their necks (upper part of the figure ; but the necks are drawn with too narrow
a space between them where the siphuncle would pass through). Obscure lines
indicate where the siphuncle has been, but its form cannot be made out. 1 e.
Transverse section, showing a little circle just above the centre which indicates
the position of the siphuncle, but not quite so clearly in the specimen as in the
drawing. Oldtown. Museum of Trinity College, Dublin. (Page 39.)
PLATE XII.
i
rh
Peay
OL Tah
eh ¥
FgAtt
ve
y
‘j
{
eee
ld.
WH Crowther lth JAE chr West, Newman imp. |
PLATE Xv.
EKustuenoceras Hutu, L. G. de Koninck, sp.
Fig. 1 a. Lateral view of a specimen wanting the body-chamber and a small
portion of the apical end; a short piece (about 15 mm.) of the upper end has
been omitted, as it made the specimen too long for the plate. 1b. The nearly
circular transverse section showing the siphuncle. 1 c. Section at the apical end
of an elliptical form. 3. Longitudinal section of another specimen of this species,
showing the septa which have become coated over with a crystalline deposit of a
fibrous nature; the necks of the septa are well preserved, but the siphuncle has
become absorbed in the process of crystallisation ; there are obscure remains of it
in the upper part of the section, which seem to indicate that it was of cylindrical
form, but this is by no means clear. The lighter tinted and white parts of the
section represent crystalline calcite, which often fills these chambered shells to the
destruction, partial or complete, of the internal parts. Rathkeale. Dublin
Museum of Science and Art (Geological Survey of Ireland Collection).
(Page 39.)
Evsruenoceras Batty, L. G. de Koninck, sp.
Fig. 2 a. Lateral view of a nearly complete specimen (cast), showing the
septa (sutures) and the greater part of the body-chamber; the extreme apex is
breken off. 26. The last chamber viewed from above, showing the position of
the siphuncle. Samphire Island. Dublin Museum of Science and Art (Geological
Survey of Ireland Collection). (Page 42.)
PLATE XIV.
West, Newman amp.
AH Crowther lith, AHF dir
c
PLATE XV.
PoTERIOCERAS FUSIFORME, J. de C. Sowerby, sp.
Fig. 1 a. Imperfect specimen showing the septation on the ventral side, and
the greater part of the body-chamber. 1. A septum of the same, showing the
position of the siphuncle. 1c. The same specimen viewed laterally, exhibiting
the flattened ventral and inflated dorsal profiles. 2a. Ventral view of another
specimen, nearly perfect, the septate part almost covered by the test. The base
of the body-chamber is seen along the line a, b, in 2 b, which is a lateral view of
the same specimen. 2c. A septum of the same, showing the siphuncle. The
dotted line added to fig. 2 ¢ enables it to be more readily compared with 2 J,
which is placed for that purpose in the same position. 3. Posterior end of
Sowerby’s type specimen, contained in the British Museum. St. Doulagh’s.
Dublin Museum of Science and Art. (Page 43.)
JEL JIE Tels OV
West, Newman mp
WHCrowther lth AHI dir
PAT: XVii
PoOTERIOCERAS LATISEPTATUM, Sp. NOV.
Fig. 1 a. A nearly perfect specimen wanting only a small portion of the apex.
1}. Transverse section of the same showing the siphuncle. 2 a. Lateral view of
another specimen. 2). Ventral view of the same. 2 c. Section of the same,
showing the position of the siphuncle. 3a. Lateral view of an imperfect
specimen, showing the widely spaced septa. 3b. Transverse section of the same,
showing the position of the siphuncle. The elliptical form of the section is
artificial, being due to the specimen having been ground and polished to show the
sutures which were covered by the test. +4. Longitudinal section showing the
siphuncle (this section was unfortunately not cut through the centre of the
siphuncle, whose elements therefore appear oval and less than their full size would
be). The last three chambers are extremely shallow. Clane. (Figs. 1, 3, and 4).
County of Limerick (exact locality unknown—fig. 2). Dublin Museum of Science
and Art. (Page 45.)
dure memmayy sey
te
Sp HV UA teupou ETM
IAX BLV Id
PATE XV ET:
PoreRIoceRAS veNTRICOSUM, I’. M‘Coy.
Fig. 1 a. Lateral view of an imperfect specimen, showing the faint longitudinal
ridges. 1. Longitudinal section showing the septa (dark-tinted spaces) much
thickened and obscured by crystalline deposits. 2a. A fine specimen showing
the septa and the greater part of the body-chamber. 2b. Transverse section of
the same, showing the position of the siphuncle. Clane. Dublin Museum of
Science and Art. (Page 46.)
duit ueurmayy sayy
UP WHY Di epoos9 HM
Be Rnanww Ripe tas
SUNSETS At
PALASONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVILI.
VOLUME FOR 1898.
MDCCCXOVIII.
A MONOGRAPH
OF THE
DEVONIAN FAUNA
OF THE
SOUTH OF ENGLAND.
BY
G. F. WHIDBORNE, M.A., F.G:S.
Vout. [11.—Parr III.
THE FAUNA OF THE MARWOOD AND PILTON BEDS
NORTH DEVON AND SOMERSET
(continued).
Paces 179—236; Pirates XXII—XX XVIII.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
1898.
PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON,
BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C., AND 20, HANOVER SQUARE, W.
CHONETES. 179
2. CuoneTes Marcarivacea, Whidborne. Plate XXII, figs. 5, 5a, 6.
1896. CHONETES MARGARITACEA, Whidborne. Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv,
p. 376.
Description.—Ventral valve small, very transverse, semi-oval. Umbo low,
rounded, very slightly extending over hinge. Hinge-line straight, equal to the
width of the shell in length, bearing three (or four) nearly perpendicular spines.
Margins very gently curved in front, gradually increasing in curvature laterally,
and meeting the hinge-line at nearly right angles. Contour of surface moderately
convex, becoming flatter on the wings. Ribs about thirty, low, rounded, divided
by narrower concave furrows, vanishing on the wings, and crossed by minute
regular sharp distant concentric threads, which are twice as close as the ribs.
Size-—Length 7 mm., width 15 mm.
Localities.—In the Porter Collection are six specimens from Roborough,
Poleshill, and Pilton; in the Barnstaple Athenzum one from Bradiford; in the
Museum of Practical Geology one from Braunton; and in my Collection one from
Croyde.
Remarks.—This beautiful shell is distinguishable from Ch. Hardrensis, with
which it occurs, by its somewhat larger size, its more transverse and oval shape,
and its much larger, fewer, and more simple ribs, as well as by its pronounced
concentric ornament.
From Oh. Phillipsii, Davidson,’ it differs in its more oval and transverse shape
and its considerably finer ornament.
Ch. plebeia, Schuur,” appears to be less transverse, and to have less simple ribs
and more oblique hinge-spines.
3. CHonrtes Intinotsensis, Worthen? Plate XXII, figs. 7, 8.
21858. CHonrres Loeant, Hall (not Norwood and Pratten). Geol. Rep. Lowa,
vol. i, pt. 2, p. 598, pl. xii, figs. 1 a—e, 2.
? 1860. — TInuroisensis, Worthen. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. i,
p: ove
? 1868. — —- Meek and Worthen. Geol. Surv. Illin.. vol. iii,
p. 505, pl. xv, figs. 8a, 6.
1896. — -- Whidborne. Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv, p. 376.
Description.—Shell rather small, transverse. Hinge-line straight, nearly as
long as the width of the shell. Margins moderately convex in front, their
1 1882, Davidson, ‘ Brit. Foss. Brach.,’ vol. v, p. 54, pl. i, figs. 23, 23 a.
2 1897, Whidborne, ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. hii, p. 454, pl. xxxiu, figs. 1, 2.
AA
180 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
convexity gradually increasing on the sides, the extremities of which meet the
hinge-line at an obtuse angle. Ventral valve moderately convex. Dorsal valve
flat, becoming concave near the margins. Hinge-line with (at least) two very
long, thin, slightly oblique spines on each side in the ventral valve. Surface
covered with multitudinous elevated, rounded, divaricating and sometimes rather
flexuous, minute radiations (probably about 150).
Size.—A distorted specimen is 8 mm. long by 15 mm. wide.
Locality.—In the Porter Collection are two slabs, containing several specimens
from Pilton or Fremington.
Remarks.—These fossils appear distinguished by the very great number of
the ribs, as well as by the flexuosity of these ribs, which seems to be caused by
their frequent divarication at irregular intervals.
They are very similar to Chonetes Dalmaniana, de Koninck,' as given by
M‘Coy*® and Davidson,’ but appear to differ by their longer, less oblique, and
(apparently) fewer hinge-spines, and their rounded cardinal angles.
As far as can be judged from Meek and Worthen’s figure, they do not appear
distinguishable from Ch. Illinoisensis, though in that figure the length of the
spines is not shown, and the sides of the shell seem rather straighter.
2. Orper—INARTICULATA, Deshayes, 1836.
I. Family—Craniuvm, d’Orbigny, 1847.
Ll. Genus—Cranietta, Gihlert, 1888.
1. CRaNIA INSECURA, n. sp. Plate XXII, fig. 9.
Description.—Cast of dorsal or upper valve irregularly quadrate with
rounded angles, rather longer than broad, and widest at or about one-third the
diameter from the front. Apex small and sharp, slightly in front of the centre.
Contour broadly conical, but having two large indistinct swellings before the
apex, one on each side, in front of which the surface sinks steeply to the margin.
Anterior margin almost straight; lateral margins oblique and slightly arching;
posterior margin straight, and only half the width of the anterior. Margins (in
cast) with a broad concave border. Occlusor muscle-marks two, concave, ovoid
11843, de Koninck, ‘Discr. Anim. Foss. Terrain Carb. Belg.,’ p. 210, pl. xiii, fig. 8; and
pl. xiii bis, fig. 2.
2 1844, M‘Coy, ‘Synops. Carb. Foss. Irel.,’ p. 119, pl. xx, fig. 7. Mons. Gihlert informs me that
he questions the identity of M‘Coy’s and de Koninck’s species.
3 1861, Davidson, ‘ Brit. Foss Brach.,’ vol. ii, pt. 5, p. 188, pl. xlvi, figs. 7—7 8.
CRANIA. 181
or pear-shaped, adjacent in front and slanting outwards, situate immediately
behind the apex, and one-seventh of the shell in length. Divaricator scars
rather larger and more oval than the occlusors, concave, elongate, not slanting,
apparently bisected longitudinally, situate at the postero-lateral corners, and
touching the inner edge of the marginal rim. Surface (of cast) traversed by an
irregular transverse ornament, reproduced from the organism to which it was
attached.
Size. —Leneth 13 mm., width 12 mm., depth 7 mm.
Localities —In the Barnstaple Athenzeum is a specimen ona slab with Productus
preélongus, Rhynchonella Partridgix, &e. Though its locality is not stated, it is
clearly from the equivalent to the Top Orchard beds. A doubtful specimen is in
the Porter Collection from Pilton, and another in my Collection from Ashhuill
Quarry.
Remarks.—The figured specimen is indistinct, especially in consequence of its
having irregular ridges assumed from some other organism on which it was
parasitic. Davidson’ notes that the free valves of the Carboniferous Cranix are
sometimes similarly marked. ‘The broad marginal concavity seems to indicate a
massive shell, and the concave marks in the cast show that in the shell the
muscle-scars were very convex.
In 1896 I referred this shell to Craniella Meduanensis, Gthlert ;? I am inclined
now to think that there are probably, not sufficient grounds for this identification ;
the muscular impressions appear to be smaller and differently shaped, and there
appears something in the nature of a border. Moreover, Mons. Mhlert, judging
from a photograph submitted to him, regards it as a Craniella of the group of
Meduanensis, but distinguishable by its contour, the situation of the muscles, and
the position of the summit.
To the Carboniferous Crania quadrata, M‘Coy, sp.,° it also appears somewhat
similar; but it is distinguished by the anterior position of its vertex and its
occlusor scars, and by the more transverse shape of its divaricator scars.
Of Crania proavia, Goldfuss,* I have only been able to find figures and
descriptions of the lower or fixed valve, and have therefore been unable to
compare it. In shape it would seem to have been more rectangular and
transverse.
1 1861, Davidson, ‘ Brit. Foss. Brach.,’ vol. il, pt. 5, p. 195.
1888, Ghlert, ‘ Bull. Soc. Etud. Sci. Angers,’ (1887), p. 38, pl. x, figs. l—1g.
3 1844, M‘Coy, ‘Synops. Carb. Foss. Irel.,’ p. 104, pl. xx, fig. 1.
4 1853, Schnur, ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. ili, p. 230, pl. xlui, figs. 9a, b; and 1871, Kayser,
‘Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Gesell.,’ vol. xxiii, p. 641, pl. xiv, fig. 6.
uw
182 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
2. Genus—Crania, Retzins, 1781.
1. Cranta? RicTa, n. sp. Plate XXII, figs. 10, 10a.
1896. Cranta RINGENS, Whidborne (not Hininghaus). Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv,
p. 376,
Description.—Ventral valve flattish, transversely oval. Divaricator scars
rather small, transversely oval, slightly convex, strongly defined, crossed by
strong oblique ridges, and situated very near each other and near the centre of the
posterior margin. Occlusor scars confluent, forming apparently a long transverse
oval prominence, covered with transverse ridges, and situate at about the
posterior fourth of the median line. Ventral adjustor (?) scars very small,
obliquely oval, situate at the antero-lateral margins of the occlusor scars. Inner
surface covered by minute closely-arranged tubercles or granules.
Size.—Leneth about 14 mm., width about 19 mm.
Localities. —A single specimen from Pilton is in the Porter Collection.
Remarks.—I am very doubtful about the generic position of this curious
fossil, and only place it provisionally in this genus as its muscle-marks appear not
unlike those of some species of Crania. In many ways it seems to be remarkable.
The specimen, which is almost flat, and may, I think, be regarded pretty confidently
as a ventral valve, shows no signs of having been attached to any other organism.
The striation of the muscle-scars is very strong and acute; the divaricator scars
are unusually proximate to each other, being less than their own width apart;
and the width across the pair is less than one-third the width of the whole shell.
The surface at the centre of the occlusor scars is blurred, so that 1t cannot be
seen whether they are fully or only partially confluent. At their anterior corners
may be seen two much smaller and less distinct scars, which may perhaps belong
to ventral adjustors. The most striking feature of the fossil, however, is the
coarse tuberculation of its inner surface, which conveys the idea, not of being the
casts of pores left in a decayed shell-structure,' but of being the original internal
face of the shell. This is, perhaps, analogous to the tuberculated border of some
species of Crania.
I have been unable to find the description of any species at all approaching
this shell; and, though its general resemblance to some more recent Oranizv makes
it just possible that it may be included within the limits of the genus, it is far
more likely that further specimens will prove the existence of generic or even
ereater distinctions.
1 But compare 1892, Hall and Clarke, ‘ Pal. N. Y.,’ vol. viii, pt. 1, pl. ivy, fig. 7.
LINGULA. 183
II. Fanily—Disciniom, Gray, 1848.
1. Genus—Discina, Lamarck, 1819.
1. Discina nitipa, Phillips, sp. Plate XXII, figs. 11, 11 a, 12.
1836. OrpicuLa niTIpA, Phillips. Geol. Yorks., vol. ii, p. 221, pl. ix, figs.
10—13.
1865. Discina nitipa, Davidson. Brit. Foss. Brach., vol. iii, p. 104, pl. xx,
figs. J—10 a.
1871. — — ? Kayser. Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Gesell., vol. xxii,
p. 640.
Size.—Length 23 mm., width 18 mm.
Localities —In the Museum of Practical Geology is a lower valve from
Barnstaple, and two upper valves (the smaller of which was figured by Davidson)
from West Angle (Pembrokeshire). In Miss Partridge’s Collection is a specimen
of each valve from Saunton. I have obtained specimens from Saunton Hotel and
the ‘‘ Laticosta Cave,” ’ Baggy.
Remarks.—The comparison of our specimens with a large series of Carboni-
ferous specimens leaves no doubt of their specific identity. The only differences
observable are that the Devonian specimens sometimes are slightly larger and
sometimes more elongate and oval, and that the foramen of the lower valve, as
seen internally in them, is much smaller than it is as seen externally in the
Carboniferous examples, which difference probably is simply due to its character.
In Miss Partridge’s specimen of the upper valve, the strong median longitu-
dinal thickening under the apex is more evident than it is in the Yorkshire shells,
in several of which, however, it is observable.
ca. Family—Lineuuipa, King, 1850.
1. Genus—Lineuta, Bruguiére, 1792.
1. Lincuta squamirormis, Phillips. Plate XXII, fig. 13.
1836. LinevuLta sqguamiFormMis, Phillips. Geol. Yorks., vol. 11, p. 221, pl. x,
fig, 14.
1865. oo a Davidson. Brit. Foss. Brach., vol. ili, p. 105,
plixx, fies: ie?
1 « Taticosta Cave” is, of course, not a local name in ordinary use. It is as well to remark again
that I have simply used it as an abbreviation to indicate the one spot where (in company with
numerous other species) Rh. laticosta has hitherto been found.
184 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
Size—Length 19 mm., width 14 mm.
Localities—Very abundant at Sloly Quarries. Specimens have been found
near Baggy Point by Mr. Townshend Hall. A single fine specimen from Saunton
is in Miss Partridge’s Collection.
Remarks.—The specimens from Sloly sometimes occur in beautiful states of
preservation, but are almost always more or less distorted. Occasionally they
appear almost circular in shape, and these my friend Mr. Townshend Hall was
inclined to separate under the manuscript name JL. circularis; but, having
examined his specimens, I believe that their shape is entirely due to pressure, and
that there is no reason to regard them even as a variety of the common form.
On the other hand, I am more doubtful as to the identity of the fine dorsal
valve (Pl. XXII, fig. 13) found by Miss Partridge in the Pilton Beds of Saunton.
Its almost oblong shape, almost horizontal posterior margin unbroken by the
apex, its very convex shoulders, its thin shell, and the five or six radiating lines
on the cast in front, seem to indicate that it is at least a marked variation from
the form of the species occurring at Sloly.
2. Crass—BRYOZOA, Ehrenberg, 1832.
1. OrpErR—GYMNOLAIMATA, Allman, 1856.
1. Sus-orp—ER—CRYPTOSTOMATA, Vine, 1883.
Fenestellids are very abundant in the Pilton Beds ; but, as usual, their state of
preservation is such as not to lend itself to their easy determination. They can
in general only be obtained in fragments, crushed and drawn out in different
directions, so as to mask their relative dimensions. From the pressure which the
fronds have undergone it can rarely be said whether they were originally fan-
shaped or conical. From the nature of the rock it is impossible to obtain
sections. They occur for the most part either (1) in the condition of internal casts
when the cells are visible, but too frequently the dissepiments have disappeared, or
(2) in that of external moulds, in which case sometimes the cell-mouths may be
recognised, but the dissepiments are frequently blurred by the matrix or missing.
Hence specific determination can only be very tentative. There appears to
be sufficiently clear evidence of the existence of at least three or four species,
but to define them so as to show their differences or their identity with fossils
occurring in other localities is almost impossible; and it is not unlikely that if
better specimens were obtainable, differences would be found to exist between
some specimens which, under present circumstances, it is necessary to place
together.
FENESTELLA. 185
I. Family—F unestettiva, King, 1849.
Ll. Genus—Fenestecta, Lonsdale, 1839.
1. Fenestetua pLeseta, M‘Coy. Plate XXII, figs. 14—15a; and Plate XXIII,
osu leas
1841. FENESTELLA ANTIQUA? vars. BP and y, Phillips. Pal. Foss., p. 24, pl. xii,
figs. 35 (d, e?) fy g.
1844. — PLEBEIA, M‘Coy. Synops. Carb. Foss. Irel., p. 208, pl. xx:x,
fig. 3.
1855. — = -~ Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 76.
1879. — — Shrubsole. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxv,
p. 278.
1881. —— —_ Tbid., vol. xxxyu, p, 179.
Description.—Zoarium apparently flabelliform, large. Fenestrules about nine
or ten in the length of 10 mm., and thirteen in the width of 10 mm., elongate,
oblong. Branches stout, undulating near the base, almost straight in the distal
parts, about the width of the fenestrules, and divaricating at first irregularly and
farther from the base at very regular distances. Dissepiments apparently small
and narrow. Non-poriferous surface ornamented with a few strong longitudinal
ridges. Mode of increase sometimes near the base by one or two new branches
rising from the closed head of a fenestrule, but generally by the simple fission of
the branches, which appears to occur at the rate of once in about ten fenestrules,
and at the same level in groups of adjoining fenestrules. Cells arranged in two
alternating rows, sometimes with a third cell intercalated at the commencement
of a branch, pentagonal in longitudinal section, numbering from four to six,
generally five, in the length of a fenestrule.
Size.—A fragmentary specimen is 50 mm. long.
Localities. — Poleshill, Wrafton Lane, Pilton, Ashford Strand, Snapper
Quarry, Kingscote (near Brushford), Croyde, &c. It is an abundant species,
and is found at most of the Pilton localities, though it is not so frequent in beds
where large Brachiopods predominate.
Remarks.—This appears to be the species described by Phillips from North
Devon under the name “ Fenestella antiqua, (?), Lonsdale, var. 8 and y,” though
under these varieties he also included the South Devon form, which I have called
F. fanata,' and from which it differs in its less rapid branching, the larger number
of cells to a fenestrule, and other points. M‘Coy, in 1855, separated the form
found at Petherwyn from the Middle Devonian species, and referred it to his pre-
1 1895, Whidborne, ‘ Dev. Fauna,’ vol. 1, p. 165, pl. xviii, figs. 6B—10; and pl. xix, figs. 3, 4.
186 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
viously described I’. plebeia, and it appears to me that with that species these Pilton
fossils are identical.
The only point in which Phillips’s description does not agree with our fossils
is that he figures and describes the non-poriferous face as granular, whereas they
show it to be striated. A free specimen, however, from Ironpost has it tubercu-
lated, and though the fossil is obscure, it seems most likely that that feature is
due to mineral change acting perhaps on a finely granulated matrix, and may
have obliterated the original striation.
2, FENESTELLA? UMBROSA, n. sp. Plate XXII, figs. 16, 16a; and Plate XXIII,
figs. 2, 2a, 3, 3a.
Description.—Zoarium large, convex, infundibuliform. Branches undulating,
stout, broader than the fenestrules, poriferous on the external face, which is
obliquely flattened, and appears to bear a thin sharp median keel. Non-
poriferous face with a few very strong longitudinal striz, of which the central
seems strongest, and perhaps forms an incipient keel. Cells two or three (or
occasionally even four) to a fenestrule, projecting (?) so as to cause indentations
on the sides of the branches. Fenestrules twelve to seventeen in the length of
10 mm., and about twenty-two in the width of 10 mm. Rate of branching about
one in seven.
Size.—A doubtful crushed specimen is more than 80 mm. long.
Localities.—In the Barnstaple Athenzeum is one specimen from Roborough ;
in the Woodwardian Museum two from Barnstaple; in the Museum of Practical
Geology one from Croyde and one from the Pilton Beds; in the Porter Collection
six from Roborough, Poleshill, and Pilton; and in my Collection one from
Croyde Rocks.
Remarks.—These specimens appear clearly to indicate a species distinct from
the common Pilton Fenestella plebeia both in general appearance and detail, and
distinguished from it by its stouter, more undulating branches, its smaller and
narrower fenestrules, its more rapid branching, its cup-like shape, and other
points. At the same time the imperfect state of our specimens, which are almost
all moulds or casts, makes it hard to say how much weight may be placed on
characters and measurements observable in them, and there are some inconsis-
tencies noticeable in them, rendering it not impossible that they include two
similar species, which cannot be separated without better material. Thus—
(1) A specimen in the Woodwardian Museum, another in the Museum of
Practical Geology, and another in the Barnstaple Athenaeum show that the
i ee re ae
FENESTELLA. Sz
zoarium was infundibuliform, either from its developing from a central base or
from its sides overlapping each other. In these fossils the poriferous face.of
the branches is external, and in one of them it appears to show a thin keel.
(2) In a second specimen in the Museum of Practical Geology, however, the
poriferous face appears to be upon the concave (or internal) side of the zoarium.
This fossil is a mould, and is remarkable for having circular cavities, not quite as
numerous as the fenestrules, irregularly placed on its branches, which they equal
in width. Whether these cavities indicate spines, as in F. Lyelli, Dawson,’ or
ovarian capsules or nodes such as are described in the very similar IF. vera,
Ulrich,’ does not appear. The specific identity of this specimen must evidently
be at present doubtful, unless the appearance of the inner face being poriferous is
deceptive.
In the other specimens the number of cells to a fenestrule is sometimes two,
sometimes three, while sometimes (unless a dissepiment has been obliterated) it is
four. In one or two specimens which seem to belong to the same species, but
which are in a different state of preservation, and perhaps more nearly resemble
I’, plebeia in some points, their number is clearly three or four.
Affinities.—F’, nodulosa, Phillips,’ appears to be a closely allied form, resembling
our typical specimens in the prominence of the cell-mouths, which nodulate the
sides of the branches. Possibly its cells were as a rule slightly more numerous,
and its fenestrules wider. Among numerous examples of it in the Woodwardian
Museum are two which show its frond to be flabellate, as described by M‘Coy *
(though Phillips called it ‘‘ radiating,” and so figured it). For this reason it seems
safer to regard it as distinct.
F, oculata, M‘Coy,’ also is very similar, but appears to branch more rarely, to
have no keel on the poriferous face, and to be smooth on the reverse. In these
points, perhaps, J’. flabellata, Phillips,’ is still nearer, but its branches seem to be
slighter, and its fenestrules more regular; it was regarded by Shrubsole as
synonymous with I’. membranacea, Phillips (i.e. Hemitrypa hibernica, M‘Coy).
M‘Coy mentions that in H. hibernica there are large irregular spines on the
inner face. The fact that the external face is poriferous, and other resemblances,
may possibly indicate that our species is really a Hemitrypa, but at present there
is no direct proof that it is so. The prominence of the pores, at all events,
distinguish it from H. hibernica as well as from H. oculata, Phillips.
1 1879, Nicholson, ‘ Manual Paleont.,’ vol. i, p. 420, fig. 262.
2 1890, Ulrich, ‘ Geol. Surv. Illinois,’ vol. viii, p. 535, pl. xliv, figs. 1, 1 @; and pl. liv, fig. 3.
3 1836, Phillips, ‘Geol. Yorks.,’ vol. ii, p. 199, pl. i, figs. 31—33 ; and 1881, Shrubsole, ‘ Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxxvii, p. 183.
4 1844, M‘Coy, ‘Synops. Carb. Foss. Ireland,’ p. 203.
5 Ibid., p. 208, pl. xxviii, fig. 15.
6 1836, Phillips, ‘ Geol. Yorks.,’ vol. ii, p. 198, pl. 1, figs. 7—10.
BB
188 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
3. FENESTELLA LAxa, Phillips.
1886. FrnrsteELta taxa, Phillips. Geol. Yorks., vol. 11, p. 199, pl. i, figs.
26—30.
1841. — — _ Pal. Foss., p. 23, pl. xii, figs. 34a, b.
1879. — crassa, Shrubsole. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxv,
p- 280.
1881. _— — _— Ibid., vol. xxxvui, p. 186.
Remarks.—Under this name Phillips identifies fossils from Petherwyn and
Croyde with those he had before described from the Carboniferous of Yorkshire.
His Devonian figure shows fenestrules about 10 mm. long by 5 mm. wide.
I have met with no specimens of any Fenestella at all approaching these
dimensions.
4, FENESTELLA POLYPORATA, Phillips. Plate XXIII, figs. 4, 4a, 5, 5a.
18386. FENESTELLA PoLyporata, Phillips. Geol. Yorks., vol. ii, p. 199, pl. i,
figs. 19, 20.
? 1844. — MULTIPORATA, W‘Coy. Synopsis Carb. Foss. Irel., p. 203,
pl. xxviii, fig. 9.
1879. _ POLYPORATA, Shrubsole. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxv,
p- 280.
1881. —_— — a Ibid., vol. xxxvii, p. 185.
Description.—Zoarium composed of very large network, very irregular near
the base, but more regular (and rather smaller ?) in the upper parts. Branches
much narrower than the fenestrules, sometimes dividing at the same levels.
Poriferous face with a blunt angle or keel, and with obliquely flattened (or
excavated P) sides, bearing (close to, but not protruding over, the margin) a row of
elevated, elongate, oval cell-mouths, separated by intervals of about half their
length. Non-poriferous face rounded (or bluntly keeled ?), roughly granulated (?).
Fenestrules oblong, 2 to 4 mm. in length, and about 1 mm. wide; but near the
base irregularly ovoid, and sometimes still longer. About eight cells to a fenestrule.
Localities.—A fragmentary specimen, showing the cell-mouths, from the Pilton
beds is in Mr. Hamling’s Collection, one from Pilton in the Porter Collection, and
three from Kingscote, Pouch Bridge, and Hast Anstey in my Collection.
Remarks.—Carboniferous specimens of Ff. polyporata in the Woodwardian
Museum from Hook Head and from Settle are evidently identical with our Pilton
examples. In both these cases the stems seem slightly stouter and the fenestrules
PENNIRETIPORA, 18g
more oval, but probably our specimens might more resemble them if they were
not so cloaked by the matrix, which often almost or entirely covers the dissepi-
ments. F. multiporata, M‘Coy, is united by Shrubsole with this species, and
there certainly seems nothing to distinguish it; the Pilton fossils seem midway
between them.
Affinities.—F. quadridecimalis, M‘Coy,' would appear to branch more rapidly,
and to have thinner branches and much more numerous pores.
Whatever the specimens from Pilton referred by Phillips to his F’. lawa may
be, their reticulation (as in the Carboniferous type) was very much larger than
that of the present species, e.g. in his figure (said to be natural size) it is more
than twice the length of that of our fossils, and the stems are wider than the
width of our stems and fenestrules together. It could not, therefore, be
reasonably regarded as the same species.
Il. Family—Acantuoo.apups, Zittel, 1880.
1. Genus—Pennirerivora, d’Orbigny, 1849.
Goldfuss defined his genus Glauconeme* for four of Minster’s species belong-
ing to or in the style of Vincularia, and afterwards added a fifth species, G. disticha,’
from the Eifel or from Dudley, to which his generic definition was not applicable.
The latter species, according to his figure, seems probably congeneric with G.
bipimnata, Philips. In 1839 G. disticha was described from Dudley by Lonsdale *
in *Siluria,’ but in terms which imply that the Dudley fossil was more akin to
Ptilopora than to G. bipinnata, which Phillips in 1841 described from the Pilton
beds. In 1849 d’Orbigny’ formed the genus Penniretipora, and defined it in
terms which, though slight, are consistent with the characters of the present
genus. He enumerated eight species, of which probably the first two do not
belong to the present genus, and the next four do, Curiously enough he omits
G. bipinnata, and places it under M‘Coy’s genus Ichthyorachis, having possibly
mistaken Phillips’s drawing of the reverse side for the obverse. In 1884 Vine*
formed a new genus, Pinnatopora, with G. bipinnata for its type, and restricted
Glauconeme to G. disticha, Lonsdale. In 1890 Ulrich’ followed Vine as to
1 1844, M‘Coy, ‘Synopsis Carb. Foss. Ivel.,’ p. 204, pl. xxviii, fig. 18.
2 1830, Goldfuss, ‘ Petref. Germ.,’ vol. i, p. 100, and p. 101, note on Vineularia.
3 Ibid., p. 217, pl. Ixiv, fig. 15.
4 1839, Murchison, ‘ Sil. Syst.,’ p. 677, pl. xv, figs. 12—12 d.
5 1849, d@’Orbigny, ‘ Prodrome,’ vol. i, p. 45.
6 1884, Vine, ‘ Report Brit. Assoc.,’ 1883 (Southport), pp. 191 and 192 (woodcut).
7 1890, Ulrich, ‘Geol. Surv. Illinois,’ vol. vii, p. 614.
190 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
Pinnatopora, but considered that G. disticha, Lonsdale, should perhaps be called
Penniretipora.
Dr. Gregory informed me in 1895 that he considered Pinnatopora a synonym
of Penniretipora, and following him I described two doubtful Lummaton species
under the latter name.
It is clear from the above that our fossils cannot be called Glauconeme, and
that they can be called Pinnatopora.
It seems rather doubtful whether Penniretipora is sufficiently defined to be
valid. D’Orbigny’s definition is “Two rows of cells on one side; the whole
pinniform, with a stem and free lateral branches.” It is perhaps allowable to
discard the doubtful species he enumerates, and to restrict the genus to those
congeneric with G. bipinnata, Phillips ; in fact, to treat it as identical with Pinna-
topora, and therefore on the score of priority regretfully to regard the latter and
neater name as a synonym.
1. Penniretipora BIPINNATA, Phillips, sp. Plate XXIII, figs. 6—8.
1841. GLAUCONEME BIPINNATA, Phillips. Pal. Foss., p. 21, pl. xi, figs. 33 a—g.
1844. — — M‘Coy. Synopsis Carb. Foss. Irel., p. 199.
Description.—Zoarium pinnate, elongate, generally curved and rambling,
sometimes sending forth a second midrib at an acute angle to the original one.
Midrib about ‘5 mm. wide near the base, decreasing very slowly in width, striated
and perhaps granulated on the reverse side, which appears rounded and possibly
rather flattened. Poriferous side with a strong (perhaps nodulated ?) keel, and
with obliquely flattened sides, each of which has a row of small rounded cell-
mouths, which appear to project rather forward, and to be thickened internally.
Cells oblong and elongate longitudinally, with thin walls, numbering two on the
midrib to each branch. Lateral branches starting from the centre of the sides of
the cells, set at an angle of about 70° to the midrib, free, straight, subcylindrical,
sometimes 3 mm. long, about half the width of the midrib and about two-thirds
the width of the intervals between them, with rounded extremities, and containing
two rows of from six to ten alternating cells; from fourteen to eighteen branches
occupying a length of 10 mm. on the midrib.
Size.—A defective but longitudinally stretched specimen is 35 mm. long.
Localities.—Saunton Point, Croyde, Upcot Arch Quarry, Poleshill, Bradiford,
Frankmarsh, Top Orchard, Brushford. It appears to be of frequent occurrence.
Remarks.—'Vhough from the state of preservation it is hard to be sure of its
exact character and dimensions, this species seems to have abundant distinguishing
PENNIRETIPORA. 191
marks, e.g. the regularity with which the branches start from the centre of every
second cell on the midrib, their angle and length, and the serpentine general form.
The divarication of the main stem itself is rare, and I have not observed any
specimen in which it occurs more than once. The angle thus formed is curvilinear,
and is generally much less than that of the secondary branches; while the new
midrib immediately bears similar lateral branches, though probably at first they
are not so long as those on the old. The secondary branches alternate with each
other, though they sometimes seem nearly level. The dimensions seem to vary a
good deal in different specimens.
Affinities.—Glauconeme pluma, Phillips, sp.,! appears from the figures to have
longer and slighter branches, and more cells on the midrib between them.
In G. pulcherrima, M‘Coy,” the habit seems very different, the cell-mouths more
’ In G. gracilis, M‘Coy,°* the
cell-mouths are much larger and nodulate the sides, and the branches are much
broader than the intervals, but in some respects it bears much likeness to our
species. None of the American species described by Ulrich in the eighth volume
of the ‘ Geol. Surv. Illinois’ at all resemble it.
G. stellipora, Young and Young,’ is much more irregular, and has stellate cell-
mouths; nor do any of the other species described by those authors’ appear to
approach the present form.
central, and the lateral branches “‘ regularly attenuate.’
2. PENNIRETIPORA VIRGATA, n. Sp. Plate XXIII, figs. 9, 9 a.
Description.—Zoarium small (?), slight, loosely ramose, consisting of a midrib,
from which occasional lateral branches start at an angle of about 50°, which in
their turn appear to bear similar and similarly set minor branches. Midrib slight,
about ‘25 mm. wide, straight, slightly tapermg. Reverse face rounded, smooth or
minutely striated (?). Poriferous face sharply keeled, obliquely flattened on the
sides. Cells in two rows, triangular in longitudinal section. Lateral branches
few, unequally distant, slight, sometimes about 4 mm. long, with central keel and
two rows of cells, and apparently tapering to a subacute point. Numerous
(from five to ten ?) cells on the midrib in the intervals between the lateral branches.
Intervals unequal, and frequently about 2 mm. in length.
Size.-—A specimen (which is probably a fragment) measures 6 mm. long.
1 1836, Phillips, ‘Geol. Yorks.,’ vol. ii, p. 199, pl. i, figs. 13—15.
2 1844, M‘Coy, ‘Synops. Carb. Foss. Irel.,’ p. 199, pl. xxviii, fig. 4.
3 Tbid., p. 199, pl. xxviii, fig. 5.
4 1874, Young and Young, ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxx, p. 682, pl. xl, figs. 5—11.
5 1876, lidem, ‘ Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow,’ vol. ii, pt. 2, p. 825; and 1879 ? vol. iv, p. 354.
192 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
~
Localities.—There is a specimen from Croyde Bay in my Collection, and three
slabs containing several specimens from Top Orchard in the Woodwardian
Museum.
Remarks.—This little species seems rare, but from its slightness it may easily
have been overlooked. It is very different from P. bipinnata, and I am not aware
of any species which it at all resembles. The very large and variable number of
cells between adjacent branches, the acuteness of the angle at which the branches
are set, the repetition of branching in the lateral branches, and the greatness of
the width of the intervals compared with the width of the branches, as well as
possibly the shape of the cells, appear to be distinguishing features.
The pieces I have seen are very small, but it is possible that they are only
fragments from larger specimens.
ILL. Fanily—Srrustorryeips, Ulrich, 1890.
* Zoaria variable. Zocecia with primitive portion subtubular or tubular;
apertures subcircular, often truncated posteriorly, surrounded by a slightly
elevated rim. Front or outer portion of cell, back of the aperture, simply
depressed, or with from two to twelve or more small pits. Diaphragms wanting”
(Ulrich)."
1. Genus—Stresiorryepa, Ulrich, 1890.
**Zoaria ramose, slender, solid. Zocecia radiating from an imaginary axis,
with primitive portion long, tubular ; or from a linear axis, when they are somewhat
shorter. . . . Apertures regularly elliptic or truncated at the posterior margin,
surrounded by a slight peristome, and within this sometimes a narrow sloping
area; arranged usually in rather regular longitudinal series. Just back of the
aperture, occupying the depressed front of the cell, are from one to twelve small
pits, which, when numerous, are arranged in two or three rows. Very small
acanthopores occasionally present” (Ulrich,’ abbreviated).
1. Srresotrypa Grecoru, Whidborne. Plate XXIII, figs. 10, 10 a.
1896. SrreplorryPa Grecorit, Whidborne. Proce. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv, p. 376.
Description.—Zoarium cylindrical, small, with strong, acute, elevated, undu-
lating, longitudinal ridges dividing the cell-areas. Areas elongate, irregularly
! 1890, Ulrich, ‘ Geol. Surv. Illin.,’ vol. viii, p. 402.
2 Tbid., p. 403.
RHABDOMESON. 193
fusiform, concave, with a large, probably circular cell-mouth, behind which are
three or four smaller pits or mesopores.
Size.—Length of fragmentary specimen 9 mm.; breadth about 1 mm.
Locality —A slab containing two specimens from the Pilton beds is in
Mr. Hamling’s Collection.
Remarks.—The specimens, though in many respects good, are rather difficult to
make out in exact detail. As far as can be judged from external appearance,
they belong undoubtedly to Streblotrypa, but it is not easy to say whether the
smaller pores are only situated on one side of the aperture or on both.
As both our specimens are broken pieces, it cannot be seen whether it is, as
most species described by Ulrich, a branching form.
IV. Family—Ruaspomesontivm, Vine, 1883."
1. Genus—-Ruappomeson, Young and Young, 1874.
Of this genus Ulrich’ says that it only differs from Rhombopora in having a
solid axial tube. Rhombopora he thus defines (abbreviated) :—* Zoaria slender,
ramose, solid. Zocecia with thick-walled vestibules. Apertures in diagonally
intersecting or longitudinal lines. Strong acanthopores at angles of junction, and
more numerous smaller spines generally occupying the summit of the ridge-like
interspaces between the subelliptical apertures. Diaphragms sometimes present
in the axial regions.”
Elsewhere Ulrich notes the close resemblance between the Rhabdomesontide
and the Batostomellidx, tracing passages through kindred species in both families.
I feel in great doubt as to which of these two families the species described
below—the Millepora gracilis, Phillips—belongs.
It appears (as far as can be seen without the aid of sections) exactly to agree
with the above definition of Rhabdomeson, except that it seems clearly to possess
mesopores. In one of the specimens three or four subsidiary cells, chiefly at the
corners, are distinctly seen, and these must, I think, be probably regarded as
mesopores, and not as acanthopores, while less clear indications of them are visible
in one or two other specimens. In the latter, again, are seen prominences which
appear in every way identical with the acanthopores and spines described by
Ulrich in Rhombopora. Besides Phillips’s species we find a second form of
1 Ulrich (loc. cit. infra) states that the primitive cell is tubular, that hemisepta are usually present,
and that there are no mesopores.
2 1890, Ulrich, ‘ Geol. Surv. Illin.,’ vol. viii, pp. 401, 402.
194 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
Polyzoa whose exterior is distinguished by the much greater distance of its cell-
mouths. Belonging to one of these two species (it is not easy to say which) are
sometimes found natural casts and sections. In a few instances the latter are
along the centre, and these show clearly a strong cylindrical central tube or axis
from which the cells arise—that is, have the distinguishing mark of Rhabdomeson.
The history of the genus Ihabdomeson is as follows:—Young and Young’
described a Carboniferous species which they referred (with one expression of
uncertainty) to Phillips’s M. gracilis thus (abbreviated) : ‘* Stem slender, cylindrical,
branching perpendicularly, having a hollow axis or thin calcareous tube with cells
ranged round. Apertures oval in funnel-shaped depressions, divided by tuber-
culated ridges. Tubercles (or in good specimens spines) four, situated at the
angles, with sometimes smaller between. Cells conical, turning upwards and
outwards, separated at their apex by a thin wall which thickens outwardly, so
that the mouths are separated by one-third the diameter of the cell-cavity.
Spines solid, but showing a central pit when worn.’ They name the genus, but
leave its characters to be inferred from the species.
That the pits in this description correspond with the subsidiary cells seen
in our specimens is possible, but, it seems to me, doubtful. Unless they do,
Young and Young’s Carboniferous species cannot be congeneric with ours, and in
any case can only retain its specific name, if ours, which is Phillips’s original
species, proves to belong to a different genus.
For the present it seems best to refer the Pilton species provisionally to
Lhabdomeson, as, with the exception of this difficulty of the character of the
minute pores, it is probable that it fulfils the requirements of that genus.
1. RHABDOMESON ? GRACILE, Phillips, sp. Plate XXIII, figs. 11—16 a.
1841. MuiniEpora eracitis, Phillips. Pal. Foss., p. 20, pl. xi, figs. 31a, b.
21874. RHABDOMESON GRACILE, Young and Young. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol. xili, p. 335, pl. xvi, figs. B1—6.
? 1875. — — Young and Young. Ibid., vol. xv, p. 333.
? 1884. — _- Vine. Report Brit. Assoc., 1883, p. 208.
Description.—Zoarium small, straight, cylindrical. Axis strong, cylindrical,
about one-eighth the width of the zoarium. Cells elongate, tubular, rising
obliquely from the branches at a greater or less angle, and with their vestibules
recurved, so as to become approximately horizontal. Interior of cells unknown.
' 1874, Young and Young, ‘Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 4, vol. xii, p. 385.
RHABDOMESON., 195
Surface with circular or longitudinally oval cell- mouths set in quincunx,
separated from each other by intervals less than their diameters. Interspaces
elevated, ridge-like, bearing nodes or acanthopores on their summits, and three or
four mesopores (?) situated generally at the corners of the apertures. About three
cell-mouths to 1 mm.
Size.—A specimen measures 20 mm. long and 1 mm. wide.
Localities.—Top Orchard Quarry, East Anstey, Ironpost.
Remarks.—The difficulties in describing this and the following species have
been stated above, and the descriptions must be taken as tentative in some
respects.
There is, I think, no doubt that this species is the original Millepora gracilis
of Phillips. His enlarged figure accurately represents the appearance that rather
worn specimens retaining the surface assume.
If the Carboniferous Rh. gracile of Young and Young is congeneric, that form
would require a new specific name, as it is certainly not identical.
To the above description it may be added that in some of the natural
cylindrical sections showing the central tube there seems a point at which the
cells become horizontal, and beyond which they are set obliquely with a slope in
the opposite direction to that upon the other side of it. This would appear to
be a point of origin, and if so the organism would probably be free. In these
specimens I have not seen any signs of branching.
Affinities. —Carboniferous specimens of * Rhabdomeson gracile” in the Wood-
wardian Museum, from Hook Head and other localities, appear to me to be totally
unlike our fossils ; their cells are in perpendicular ranges, their acanthopores are
very prominent and bead-lke, and I can see no trace of anything like mesopores.
Rhombopora dichotoma, M‘Coy, sp.,’ and Rhabdomeson rhombiferum, Phillips, sp.,”
as represented by specimens in the same Museum, seem quite different in
structure from the present fossils. On the other hand, Rhabdomeson interporosum,
Phillips, sp.,*> appears, from its specimens, to be very much more like them; it
seems to have mesopores, or at least subsidiary cells or pits of the same character
as those in our fossils, and may certainly be regarded as belonging to the same
genus.
1 1844, M‘Coy, ‘Synopsis Carb. Foss. Irel.,’ p. 198, pl. xxvii, fig. 15,
2 1836, Phillips, ‘Geol. Yorks.,’ vol. ii, p. 199, pl. i, figs. 34, 35.
3 Tbid., p. 199, pl. i, figs. 36—389.
(ome)
196 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
2. Sus-orpErR—TREPOSTOMATA, Ulrich, 1882.
I. Family—Batostometiipa, Ulrich, 1890.
1. Genus—Letociema, Ulrich, 1882.
1. Letoctema ? pistans, Whidborne. Plate XXIII, figs. 16, 16 a.
1896. RuyaBpomEson? pistans, Whidborne. Proceed. Geol. Assoe., vol. xiv,
p. 876.
Description.—Zoarium small, ramose, cylindrical. Zocecia small, elongate,
oval, separated from each other by interspaces considerably greater than their
diameters. Interspaces apparently flat, and occupied by numerous thin-walled
mesopores (?) Cell-mouths possibly covered with convex opercula (?).
Size.—A specimen measures 11 mm. long, and 1 mm. in the width of the
branch.
Localities—In the Woodwardian Museum are two slabs containing two
specimens from Top Orchard, and in Mr. Hamling’s Collection two slabs with two
or three specimens from rocks to the north-west of the ‘‘ Laticosta Cave,” Croyde.
Remarks.—This species is similar in habit to &. gracile, but is clearly dis-
tinguished from it by its smaller and much more distant cell-mouths, and by the
existence of numerous small mesopores round the larger cells, evidence of which is
seen in the Woodwardian specimens, which are in the form of moulds, and which
also show slight ridges dividing the cell-areas.
In the Croyde specimens, on the other hand, which retain the surface, though
probably worn, the cell-mouths form small convex projections, which may perhaps
mean that they were covered by opercula. In parts of the latter specimens which
are worn to form rough natural sections the cells appear to be short conical tubes,
rapidly curved, and enlarged in the mature part or vestibule.
In this species (assuming that sections like that shown on Pl. XXIII, fig. 15,
do not belong to it) we do not appear to have any approach to Rhabdomeson,
while it presents a general likeness to Batostomella; its external resemblance to
Leioclema gracillimum, Ulrich,’ is so strong, that it seems advisable to refer it
provisionally to that genus.
The genus Hyphasmopora, Etheridge,’ certainly appears to have much in
common with it. Its cells are in vertical lines, separated by a cancellated network
' 1890, Ulrich, ‘ Geol. Surv. Illinois,’ vol. viii, p. 429, pl. lxxv, figs. 6—6 b.
> 1875, J. Etheridge, jun., ‘Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 4, vol. xv, p. 43, pl. xiv, figs. B1—4.
FISTULIPORA. 197
of irregularly formed pores, but cell-mouths are almost entirely absent from the
reverse side,—a feature which does not appear from our specimens, though it is
quite possible that it may exist.
Il. Fanily—Fistutiprorma, Ulrich, 1882.
1, Genus—Fistutipora, M*Coy, 1849.
1. Fistutirora? sp. Plate XXIII, figs. 17, 17a.
? 1841. Manon crisosum, Phillips. Pal. Foss., p. 17, pl. ix, fig. 26.
1896. BerreNICEA IRREGULARIS?, Whidborne. Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv,
p. 376.
Description.—Zoarium forming a very thin expansive layer, in which no signs
of attachment to other organisms have been discerned. Zocecia short, stout,
cylindrical, set perpendicularly to the face of the layer, divided by walls which,
though appreciably thick, are much thinner than the diameter of the cells, and
crowded together in such a way that irregular circular patterns may frequently
be traced in the mass. Ten zocecia occupying a distance of about 5mm. Cell-
mouths possibly contracted.
Size.—A specimen is 40 mm. long and more than 10 mm. wide; it seems
about 1 mm. thick.
Localities.—There is a specimen in the Porter Collection from Poleshill, and
another in my Collection from Saunton Hotel.
Remarks.—Of these fossils little can be said, except that they appear to be so
similar in pattern to Berenicea irregularis, Lonsdale,’ that it is possible that they
may prove to be akin. The same irregular arrangement appears to be observable
in the Silurian species. J have observed a very similar fossil in the Ilfracombe
beds.
Whether they are the same as the very similar fossil which Phillips described
from these beds as Manon cribosum, Goldfuss,’ I am uncertain, as his figure shows
a texture which, though much finer than that in Goldfuss’s figure, is much coarser
than that of our specimens. As I have only seen these little fossils in the condition
of casts it has been quite impossible to arrive at their true character, and it therefore
seems best to leave them for the present in the genus Mistulipora, which was
formed by M‘Coy “ to include Manon cribosum, Goldfuss, and some new species.” °
One of our specimens shows vacant spots, which may, or may not, represent
monticules.
1 1839, Murchison, ‘Sil. Syst.,’ p. 679, pl. xv, figs. 20, 20a.
1826, Goldfuss, ‘ Petref. Germ..,’ vol. i, p. 3, pl. i, figs. 10a, 6.
1855, M‘Coy, ‘ Brit. Pal. Foss.,’ p. 11.
©) 3
ws
198 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
2. FistutiporaP sp. Plate XXIII, figs, 18, 19.
Description.—Zoarium formed of a very thin layer encrusting crinoid stems
and other organisms. About twenty-five cells in a distance of 5 mm. Cells
probably opening obliquely.
Size-—A specimen measures about 20 mm. long and 10 mm, wide.
Localities.—A specimen from Frankmarsh is in the Barnstaple Athenzeum, one
from Barnstaple in the Woodwardian Museum, and one from Saunton Hotel in
my Collection. I have observed other specimens, and it does not appear to be
uncommon.
Remarks.—Whether this is more than a young stage or dwarfed encrusting
variety of the last species I am unable to say. In the specimens before me the
cells seem distinctly smaller and more oblique near the margins of the layer,
and it therefore seems better to keep them apart, at least for the present.
ANNULOSA.
1. Orprern—TUBICOLA, Cuvier (?).
1. Genus—Cornutires, Schlotheim, 1820.
Without expressing an opinion as to the systematic position of these fossils,
except offering the remark that their resemblance to Spirorbis, as may be
seen by the figures given by Hall, seems favorable to their being placed among the
Tubicolous Annelids, it may be observed that their presence in the Pilton Beds
is not favorable to theory that they are ‘‘ horns of Cystideans,” as no Cystideans
occur in these beds.
1. CornuLites DEvoniaANuS, Whidborne. Plate XXXVII, figs. 1—8.
1896. CoRNULITES DEVoNIANUS, Whidborne. Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv, p. 377
Description.—Tubes conical, solitary, straight curved or irregularly flexuous,
generally elongate, but occasionally short and rapidly increasing; apparently
unattached. Surface (of cast) crossed by very strong annulations, which usually
are broad (about three in a length equal to the width), nearly regular and in
the form of consecutively truncated inverted cones, but sometimes are very irre-
gular, close and confluent.
LEPIDESTHES. 199
Size.-—Length from 3 to 12 mm.
Localities.—In the Barnstaple Athenzeum is a specimen from Top Orchard; in
the Porter Collection five from Pilton, one from Roborough, and one from
Poleshill; and in my Collection one from Pouch Bridge, one from Kingdon’s
Shirwell, and one from Laticosta Cave, Baggy.
Remarks.—Our specimens being chiefly casts do not show any cellular
structure, and only in two cases faint signs of longitudinal striation. From their
form and general character, however, there can be no doubt that they belong to
the genus Cornulites. In the smaller specimens the annulations are, as a rule, fairly
regular (though occasionally they appear to vanish over a portion of the circum-
ference) and the shape is a very elongate cone, sometimes straight, sometimes
recurved. In one or two specimens, which are larger, the annulations have
become very irregular and confused, the shape is a broader cone, and there is a
more rapid expansion near the mouth or broader end. I have not observed any
signs of their being attached to other bodies, but it is most hkely that they were
so attached by the apex.
From the Silurian C. serpularius, Schlotheim,’ our fossils are widely different
in size and the width of their annuli, and they also appear to differ in the same
respects, though in a less degree, from CU. proprius, Hall,’ and the other species
described by him. A comparison of Hall’s figures’ is interesting, as they show
that the same variations with age occurred in his species as in ours.
ECHINODERMATA.
1. Crass—ECHINOIDEA, Breyn, 1732.
1. Sup-chass—PALECHINOIDEA, Zittel, 1890.
1, OrpeEr—PERISCHOECHINIDA, M‘Coy, 1849.
I. Family—Mevonitipa, Zittel, 1890.
1. Genus—Leupipestuzs, Meek and Worthen, 1868.
‘‘Subspheroidal; interambulacral areas narrow, with plates imbricating from
below upwards, and from the middle outwards; ambulacral areas very wide,
composed of numerous small pieces scarcely differing in form, and all imbricating
from above downwards, the lower edges of each lapping upon the next series
1 1820, Schlotheim, ‘ Petrefact.,’ p. 378, pl. xxix, fig. 7.
2 1888, Hall, ‘ Pai. New York,’ vol. v, pt. 2, Suppt., p. 19, pl. exvi, figs. 1—21.
3 Thid., pls. exv, exvi, cxvi a.
200 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
below ; ambulacral pores two in each piece, and nearly central. Anal opening
and apical dise unknown. Jaws welldeveloped. Entire surface ornamented with
numerous very small granules of uniform size, probably for the articulation of
minute spines, as in Palechinus.”'
The species described below seems so nearly to fall within the limits of the
above description that in the crushed condition of our fossils it hardly seems safe
to form a new genus for it at present, especially as the generic definition gathered
from a single specimen of a single species may perhaps require some modification.
The chief particulars in which our species disagrees are—(1) that the inter-
ambulacral plates bear six or eight irregular small tubercles of different sizes; (2)
that the ambulacral plates seem smooth; and (3) that there seem to be very
humerous minute acicular spines, mixed with a comparatively few larger ones. It
must here be distinctly observed that it fails to meet accurately the requirements,
not only of the genus, but of the family.
Its imbricated plates, together with their large numbers in both areas, separate
it from all the other genera of this order mentioned by Zittel except Pholido-
cidaris, which differs among other things in the much larger comparative size of
the adambulacral plates, and in many of the interambulacral plates bearing a
large central tubercle.
Perischodomus* has ouly two rows of ambulacral plates in each area.
Hybechinus, of Meek and Worthen,’ chiefly differs from Lepidesthes in having
the imbrication exactly opposite, 7. e. from above downwards in the inter-
ambulacral zones, and from below upwards in the ambulacral (so that their lower
part is covered). Its interambulacral plates are rhombic instead of being
hexagonal, as in our species. The granules seem very much more minute; they
are not visible in the drawing of H. spectabilis, Worthen and Miller,’ the type
species.
1. Leupmesrues ? pevontcans, Whidborne. Plate XXIV, figs. 1—2; and Plate XXV,
fies. 3 a—f.
1896. LepipEsTHES? DEVoNICANS, Whidborne. Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv, p. 376.
Description.—Test very large, regular, composed of very numerous plates,
which are approximately equal in height and breadth. Interambulacral areas with
1 1868, Meek and Worthen, ‘ Geol. Surv. Illinois,’ vol. iii, p. 522 (slightly abbreviated).
* 1878, Ibid., vol. v, p. 510.
* 1849, M‘Coy, ‘Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 2, vol. iii, p. 254.
* 1883, Worthen and Miller, ‘Geol. Surv. Illinois,’ vol. vii, p. 381.
1883, ibid., p. 332, pl. xxxi, figs. 5a—d.
LEPIDESTHES, 201
about seven rows of subhexagonal plates, which appear to be of uniform size in all
the rows at the same level, and to be imbricated from below upwards. Inter-
ambulacral plates about 2 mm. in diameter, minutely granulated over their whole
surface, and ornamented by (1) an irregular circle of five small unequal tubercles
or warts, which have a minute perforated mamelon on a sloping elevated boss, and
are bordered by a minute linear furrow or areola, and (2) several much smaller
warts of various sizes. Spines very numerous (or crowded), acicular, sometimes
5 mm. long, covered with microscopic longitudinal grooves, and slightly expanded
at the base, which seems to be concave with a slight median projection. Ambu-
lacral areas with numerous (probably about seven) rows of rather smaller and
narrower plates (apparently of a rather wide curvilinear polygonal shape), each of
which bears close-set twin ambulacra, and which generally seem smooth, though
small tubercles are observable upon a few of them. Lantern-apparatus composed
of very large, smooth, wedge-shaped bones, some of which are 12 or 15 mm. long.
Size.—A flattened distorted specimen is about 120 mm. long and 55 mm.
wide.
Localities.—A large flattened example (on two slabs split horizontally) from
‘the Pilton Beds, North Devon,” is in the Museum of Practical Geology, and
another (almost entirely hidden by the matrix), from Croyde, is in my Collec-
tion.
Remarks.—The best of these specimens appears to be an almost complete
test, but, having been flattened and then split through the centre, the plates
have become so confused that it is almost impossible to decipher it accurately,
though most of its characters may be said to be uearly clear. Occa-
sionally the hexagonal form of an interambulacral plate is evident; and their
imbricating character is undoubted, though it is not so easy to be sure of the
direction of the imbrication. These interambulacral plates do not all seem
tuberculated, but all are granulated. Their tubercles are clear and vary in size, but
they are always small: though irregularly placed, a roughly circular arrangement
of the five largest may often be traced. In one part seven plates at least may be
counted across the area. The ambulacral plates, again, are obscure in shape, but
they appear sometimes rather broader than high, and irregularly polygonal or
pentagonal, with some concave sides. They do not, as a rule, show any ornament
or granulation, but in one or two cases spiniferous tubercles can be seen upon
them. They evidently imbricate, and the imbrication seems probably to be in the
opposite direction to that of the interambulacral plates. The ambulacra are
large and very distinct, and perhaps are obliquely arranged, but this is not
certain. Judging from the casts of the ambulacra, the test must have been thin.
The spines, though always very small, seem to vary in length and thickness.
From the present dimensions of our -crushed specimens we may conclude that
202 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
the test in its original shape could hardly have been less than three inches in
diameter, and possibly was considerably larger.
Affinities.—Lepidesthes Coreyi, Meek and Worthen,’ differs in having much
smaller and more numerous (eighteen to twenty-five) warts, which are all equal
in size, both on the interambulacral and ambulacral plates. Its test also appears
to have been much smaller.
If. Family—Arcuaociaripe, M*Coy, 1855.
1. Genus—Prortociparis, gen. nov.
Interambulacral plates with a small central perforated tubercle, consisting of a
minute mamelon on a base without a distinct areola or bounding ring round the
base, and with five or six minute subsidiary tubercles. Spines acicular, finely
striated.
The central perforated tubercles show that the species described below may
be regarded as belonging to the family Archexocidaride, but the absence of a
‘ring or slight projection round their base” excludes it from the genus
Archexocidaris, in which genus, moreover, the spines are (with very rare excep-
tions) covered with thorny points.
Neither does it appear referable to Hocidaris, Desor,’ though it agrees with it
in the absence of the bounding ring or slight projection. In that genus as
described by Hall,’ and in #. Drydenensis, Vanuxem, sp.,* it is stated that there is
only one spine to each plate, whereas our species would seem to have had several
subsidiary spines. Desor, moreover, in his original description, states the spines
to be spinuliferous, whereas ours are simply striated.
In Lepidocidaris,? which appears to be a genus founded by Meek and Worthen
for their Hocidaris ? squamosus,’ the central tubercles appear very much larger,
bordered by a groove, though without a bounding rim, and surrounded on the
margins of the plate by crowded granules; its spines, however, are similar in
shape to ours.
There seems, therefore, only to remain the genus Lepidechinus,’ with which
1868, Meek and Worthen, ‘ Geol. Sury. Illinois,’ vol. iii, p. 525, woodcut a.
1858, Desor, ‘Synopsis des Echinides Fossiles,’ p. 155.
1867, Hall, ‘Twentieth Rept. Regent’s Univ. N. Y.,’ p. 297.
Ibid., p. 298.
1873, Meek and Worthen, ‘ Geol. Surv. Illinois,’ vol. v, explan. of pl. ix.
® Ibid., p. 478, pl. ix, figs. 15 a—g.
1861, Hall, ‘ Dese. N. Sp, Crinoidea,’ Preliminary Notice, p. 18.
PROTOCIDARIS. 203
our species may be compared. In Hall’s definition of the genus and of the type
species (L. imbricatus) no tubercles are mentioned. In his second species, LD. raii-
spinus,' a few of the interambulacral plates bear very much elevated tubercles.
The characters of these tubercles are not very evident from the description of the
species, but judging from the figure it seems extremely unlikely that they tally
with ours.
It therefore is most probable that its genus is distinct, although at present this
can be only very imperfectly defined.
1. Prorociparis acuaRiA, Whidborne, sp. Plate XXV, figs. 1—2 a.
1896. Eociparis? acuaria, Whidborne. Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv, p. 376.
Description.—Interambulacral plates large, 4 or 5 mm. in diameter (probably
sometimes hexagonal in shape), bearing a small central perforated tubercle
consisting of a mamelon surmounting a boss, but without any distinct areola, and
surrounded by an irregular circle of five or six minute granules or warts. Spines
cylindrical, of various sizes, sometimes being more than 11 mm. long, finely
striated longitudinally, but without lateral spicules, and slightly constricted above
the base, which is expanded in the shape of an inverted truncated cone. Dental
apparatus large, apparently more than 30 mm. in size, some of its ossicles being
covered on one side with transverse, and on another with obliquely rugose,
markings.
Size.—The test was probably very large, a fragmentary specimen, which shows
comparatively few plates, being about 65 mm. in length.
Locality.— In the Museum of Practical Geology are three fragmentary
specimens, all probably portions of a single animal, from “ Kast of Barnstaple.”
Remarks.—The only specimens of this species with which I am acquainted
yield but very imperfect information about its characters. They consist of the
casts of confused groups of plates and spines, the latter having helped to obscure
the shape of the former. I have not recognised any ambulacral plates among
them, and it is therefore probable that the ambulacral areas occupied a compara-
tively small portion of the test. Though the margins of the plates are for the
most part obliterated, their general size and character are clear, and, with the
following exception, I have not been able to recognise anything very similar to
them in the descriptions of recorded species.
Cidaris levispina, Sandberger,’ which Desor® refers to Hocidaris, though
1 1867, Hall, ‘ Twentieth Report Regents Univ. N. Y.,’ p. 295, pl. ix, fig. 10.
2 1856, Sandberger, ‘ Verst. Rhein. Nassau,’ p. 382, pl. xxxv, figs. 2—2 0.
3 1858, Desor, ‘Synopsis Echinides Fossiles,’ p. 156, pl. xxi, figs. 18—22.
DD
204. DEVONIAN FAUNA.
remarking that it perhaps differs generically from another species which he places
beside it, seems very nearly akin to the present form, but its subsidiary tubercles
are very much larger and more regularly placed.
2. Crass—ASTEROIDEA, Grey, 1840.
1. OrpErR—HNCRINASTERIA, Bronn, 1860.
1. Genus—Parmaster, Hall, 1852.
1. PaLmaster Loncimanus, Whidborne. Plate XXVI, figs. 1—4; and Plate XXIX,
fio. 3.
1896. PaLmasTER LoneIManus, Whidborne. Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv, p. 376.
Description.— Upper surface of body of medium size, convex, without any
expanded disc, and with five very long slightly tapering arms. (Madriporiform
tubercle unobserved.) Surface covered with polygonal or subquadrate tesselated
plates, each bearing a large rounded central tubercle. Plates arranged in from
seven to five longitudinal rows on the arms, the central row being the largest,
and the lateral rows smaller, the plates gradually diminishing from the centre.
Under surface having narrow transverse ambulacral plates with large grooves,
bounded by a row of large transverse adambulacral plates which alternate with a
row of smaller marginal plates.
Oral plates small, triangular. Arm-plates in more than fifty transverse rings.
Length of a single arm about 20 mm.; hence the animal, if regularly
Size.
expanded, would measure about 35 mm.
Localities.—In the Museum of Practical Geology are four specimens labelled
“Park, near Braunton,’ ‘‘ Braunton Down,” ‘‘ Baggy Point,” and “ North
Devon.” In the Woodwardian Museum are two specimens from Top Orchard ;
in the Porter Collection one from Pilton; and in my Collection one from Top
Orchard.
Remarks.—I have repeatedly searched these specimens, which are all casts,
for a madriporiform body, but, probably from their state of preservation, have
not been able to discover anything resembling one. The external skeleton of the
arms seems generally to consist of a large central plate, having on each side a
smaller proximate plate, three very small lateral plates, a larger marginal plate,
and a still larger transverse adambulacral plate, so that the ring is composed
normally of thirteen rows, but occasionally an additional row seems to be present.
The shape of the plates of the body and back, their bevelled margins, flat surfaces,
MEDUSASTER. 205
and large central oval bead-like tubercles are well shown in one of the specimens in
the Museum of Practical Geology. The oral plates are not distinct; they are
probably either very small, or have their surface divided by a depression. The
arms seem unusually long for this genus; in two of the specimens (Pl. XXVI,
fio. 4, and Pl. XXIX, fig. 3) the arms appeared at first sight shorter and more
conical, but a sheht development of the specimens (after they had been drawn)
showed that their arms were really longer than at first appeared, and there seems
little doubt that their semblance of shortness is due to their being twisted and
covered with matrix.
Affinities —The length of the arms and the much fewer number and larger
size of the rows of plates appear to distinguish this species from P. asperrimus,
Salter.’ From P. coronella, Salter,’ it seems separated by the absence of a corona,
and from P. obtusus, Forbes, sp.,* and P. Ruthveni, Forbes, sp.,* by the character
of the ornament. Most if not all of the species of Palxaster described by Hall*®
in his Twentieth Annual Report are distinguished by the much greater shortness
of the arms.
Asterias asperula, Ferd. Romer,* seems, on the other hand, to be still shehter in
shape, and to have relatively longer arms. From its state of preservation the
figures are not easily compared with ours, but the description indicates that there
were two alternating central rows of plates instead of a single large central row,
as in the present species.
The arms of P. Caractaci, Salter, are much shorter, and the surface arrange-
ment quite different.
2. OrpeER—HUASTERLA, Zittel, 1895 (= Asturim verm, Bronn).
1. Genus—Mepvusasrer, Stiirtz, 1890.
1, MepuSASTER PARVUS, n. sp. Plate XXXVII, fig. 4.
Deseription.—Animal minute, with a large round dise and sixteen arms. Disc
rather thick, flatly cushion-shaped, and apparently covered by numerous large
nodular plates. Angle-ossicula apparently very large and long, leaving in the
cast long triangular ridges, which extend from the point of junction of the bases
1 1857, Salter, ‘Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 2, vol. xx, p. 325, pl. ix, fig. 1.
* Thid., p. 326.
3 1849, E. Forbes, ‘Mem. Geol. Surv.,’ Decade 1, p. 2, pl. i, fig. 3.
| ibid ps 2, pli, fig. 1:
§ 1867, Hall, ‘Twentieth Ann. Report Regents Univers. N. Y.,’ p. 283, pl. ix, figs. 1—4.
6 1863, Ferd. Romer, ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. ix, p. 146, pl. xxiv, figs. 1—5; pl. xxvi, fig. 6;
and pl. xxvii, fig. 1.
206 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
of the arms almost half-way to the centre of the disc. Arms rather longer than
the width of the disc, slight, composed of rows of few long and level ossicula,
bearing on each side at long regular intervals a single large, long, thorn-like spine
(which in the fossil is occasionally bent, possibly from accidental causes).
Size.—Total width of specimen 8 mm. (If perfect and untwisted it probably
would measure 9 or 10 mm.) Disc 2°55 mm. Arms between 3 and 4 mm. long.
Locality.—A. single specimen from north-east of Harford Landkey is in
Mr. Hamline’s Collection.
Remarks.—It was only after the description of the last species was in print
that I found this interesting little fossil in a slab sent to me by my friend
Mr. Hamling. Though minute, and in such defective preservation that it is
impossible to make out the arrangements of its plates, it is sufficiently clear to
leave no doubt whatever as to its general character. Its sixteen arms can be
definitely counted, and the few long distant spines that margin them are evident,
though sometimes they seem curiously bent. The plates of the arms have the
appearance of being remarkably long.
Affinities.—This species appears to be congeneric with M. Rhenanus, Stiirtz," but
is distinguished from it by its small size, its much larger disc, its more numerous
arms, and several other particulars.
Helianthaster Rhenanus, Ferd. Romer,’ is very much larger, its disc is relatively
smaller, the plates of its sixteen arms more numerous and differently arranged,
and the spines much more numerous.
3. Crass—OPHIUROIDEA, Wright, 1857.
1. OrpeEr—OPHIURBEA, Zittel, 1879.
I. Family—Opnto-ENcrINASTERIA, Stiirtz, 1886.
1. Genus—Provaster, Forbes, 1849.
Stiirtz® and Dr. Gregory* have both pointed out that various species, differig
in important particulars from each other, have been referred to this genus, and that
it greatly needs revision. While, therefore, until this be done, it may be necessary
still to refer species of unlike aspect to it, it is best to remember that neither
P. Miltonii, Salter, nor P. Forbesti, Hall, nor P. brisingoides, Gregory,* but
1 1890, Sttrtz, ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. xxxvi, p. 229, pl. xxxi, figs. 34, 35.
2 1863, Ferd. Romer, ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. ix, p. 147, pl. xxviu, fig. 1.
8 1886, Stiirtz, ‘ Paleeontographica,’ vol. xxxii, p. 79.
4 1889, Gregory, ‘ Geol. Mag.,’ Decade 3, vol. vi, p. 24, woodcuts 1—4.
PROTASTER. 207
P. Sedgwickii, Forbes, is the type of the true genus Protaster, from which the
superfluities will have to be removed.
1. Proraster GRANIFER, Whidborne, sp. Plate XXVI, figs. 5, 5a, 6, 6a.
1896. EvuGasTeR GRANIFER, Whidborne. Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv, p. 377.
Description.—Animal with a moderately large pentagonal disc, and rather long
arms, which are slightly fusiform at first, and then taper very slowly to a
distant extremity. Upper surface of disc marked by a large impressed stellate
corona, which is bounded by elevated sides, and is about half the width of the disc
in diameter. Upper and lower surface of disc and upper surface of arms covered
with an integument composed of minute convex scales, irregularly scattered
among still more numerous and minute granules. Mouth apparently small and
central. Oral or buccal plates apparently large, deep, and elongate. Upper
surface of arms having (1) two central alternating rows of transverse sub-
hexagonal plates, divided transversely by a linear groove, and (2) an alternating
lateral row of slightly convex squamose or imbricating plates, at the lower
margins of each of which are situated one or more short, broad, ovate, slightly
curved spines. Under surface of arms with two alternating rows of narrow
ambulacral plates, excavated on their outer margins by pores, which are outwardly
enclosed by a row of obliquely protruding adambulacral plates, at the outer or
lower extremities of which the spines are situated.
Size.—A nearly perfect, but perhaps slightly elongated, arm measures 50 mm.
The size of the expanded animal was therefore probably about 90 mm.
Localities—In the Museum of Practical Geology is a very fine specimen
(seen as casts of the upper and lower surfaces) from “the Pilton Beds of North
Devon.”
Remarks.—Casts taken from the under surface of this specimen and from the
under surface of specimens of Protaster Sedgwickii, Forbes,’ in the same Museum
appear accurately to agree in all points of the arrangement of the arms and plates.
The arrangement of the buccal plates appears also to be similar. Hence, as
P. Sedgwickw is the type of the genus, it appears that this is a species of
Protaster, in spite of the disc having a pentagonal form more in the shape of that
of the genus Hugaster, Hall.’
From P. Sedgwickii it differs in the large size of the corona and many other
minor particulars.
1 1849, Forbes, ‘ Geol. Surv.,’ Decade 1, p. i, pl. iv, figs. 1—4.
21867, Hall, ‘Twentieth Report Regents University, N. Y.,’ p. 290.
208 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
2. Proraster P (DREPANASTER) SCABROSUS, Whidborne. Plate XXIX, figs. 1—2a.
1896. Prorasrer scaBrosus, Whidborne. Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv, p. 377.
Description.—Animal small, with long, narrow, regularly tapering arms. Disc
probably one-fourth or one-fifth the width of the expanded animal, subcircular,
covered on its dorsal surface with comparatively large squamiform overlapping
plates, which appear to be subquadrate in shape. Dorsal surface of arms covered
with similar, but smaller, squamiform plates. Ventral surface of arms with (1) a
double median row of ambulacral plates, excavated at their outer ends by moderately
large pores, and (2) a marginal row of elongate arching adambulacral plates, whose
proximal ends in part bound these pores, and each of which bears a group of two
or three spines. Buccal plates (ten? paired) apparently rather large, giving, in
the cast, the appearance of a short-rayed star on the under side.
Size.—A specimen with twisted arms measures 22 mm. One of the arms is
about 20 mm. long, so that the expanded animal probably measured about 37 mm.
across.
Localities.—There is a good specimen from Croyde in the Barnstaple Athenzeum,
and another from Braunton Down in the Museum of Practical Geology.
Lemarks.—It is to be observed that the ambulacral plates in this species dis-
tinctly alternate. This appears to be consistent with Forbes’s original definition
of the genus Protaster ; though, from Salter * having described them in P. Miltonii
as level (by way of exception), Hall and others seem to have come to regard this
as a generic character—Hall, however, questioning it, as in P. Forbesii, Hall,’ they
shehtly alternate. It appears to me, however, that for various other reasons,
P. scabrosus, together with P. Forbesii, with which it appears to be congeneric,
will have to be separated from the genus Protaster as defined by Forbes ; from the
shape of its adambulacral plates it might perhaps bear the name of Drepanaster.’
3. Proraster? (DREPANASTER) scaBRosus, var. Plate XXVII, figs. 1—3; and
Plate XXVIII, figs. 1—2.
Description.—Anuimal small, five-rayed. Disc large, circular, covered with very
small plates. Rosette large, subpentagonal. Arms long, rather stout at the base,
regularly and rather rapidly tapering, and having on their under side a double alter-
1 1857, Salter, ‘Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 2, vol. xx, p. 330, pl. x, figs. 4—4 ¢ (cf. p. 825, where
** Protaster, nov. gen.,” is evidently a misprint).
2 1867, Hall, ‘Twentieth Report Regents University, N.Y.,’ p. 293, pl. ix, figs. 5, 6.
3 Apéruroy, a sickle.
EUGASTER. 209
nating row of stout ambulacral plates (probably thirty in number) excavated on
their outer margins by large round pores, which are bounded outside by elongate,
curving or bent, adambulacral plates. Surface of plates minutely granulated.
Oral plates large, wedge-shaped, paired into close connection at their apices.
Size.—An arm measures 28 mm., so that the expanded animal must have
measured about 50 mm.
Localities.—In the Museum of Practical Geology are three specimens from
Croyde, and one (cast and reverse) from North Devon; in Mr. Hamling’s Col-
lection one (cast and reverse) from Top Orchard Quarry; and in the Porter
Collection an indistinct specimen from Fremington.
Remarks.—While these specimens have much resemblance to those last
described, several dissimilarities are to be noted in them. Thus the disc (usually
very indistinctly seen) appears much larger and covered by much smaller plates,
the rosette seems larger, the arms stouter and more quickly tapering, and the
ambulacral plates much broader. In some of the specimens the adambulacral
plates appear to have been pushed out of place. At the same time it does not
seem certain, in the defective state of our specimens, how much real value these
dissimilarities have,—whether they are partly caused by their imperfection, or are
indicative of a specific difference. It has seemed advisable, therefore, to keep
them separate for the present, as an unnamed variety of the former species.
2. Genus—Huveaster, Hall.
1. Hucaster ? prrarmatus, Whidborne, sp. Plate XX VII, figs. 4—6a.
1896. Prorastrer PERARMATUS, Whidborne. Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv, p. 377.
Description.— Animal large. Upper surface of the plates of the disc and arms
minutely granulated. Arms very stout, rather rapidly tapering, covered on the
upper surface by a median row of broad, convex, subhexagonal plates (which
seem slightly to imbricate inwardly) alternating on each side with a row of still
wider subpentagonal plates, which in their turn are followed by a row of smaller
plates on the perpendicular sides, bearing at their lower extremities long lateral
spines at the rate of two or three to each plate. Spines thorn-like and probably
about the width of the arms in length. Under side with a double row of level
ambulacral plates, succeeded on each side by a row of narrow adambulacral
plates, which are separated from the former by very large transverse hexagonal
excavations, of which probably only the outer portions are occupied by the pores
themselves.
210 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
Size—A small portion of an arm is 30 mm. long; another is 10 mm. across.
Though the specimens are too fragmentary to convey much idea of the size of the
animal, it is clear that it must have been considerably larger than any of the
accompanying species.
Localities —In the Museum of Practical Geology are confused masses of the
arms of two animals (in three specimens) from Braunton Down. In the Porter
Collection are two fragmentary portions of another animal and a third specimen
from Pilton.
Remarks.—Though these specimens are too fragmentary or confused for full
description, thei very large size, the stoutness of the arms, and the shape and
arrangements of the plates, both above and below, show that they belong to a
species quite distinct from the other star-fishes of these beds—so distinct, indeed,
that it must probably be removed from the genus Protaster. The arrangement
of the lower side of their rays appears, as far as can be seen, to have much in
common with that of Hall’s genus Hugaster, but the plates appear not to alternate
but to be perfectly level.
II. Family—Opuiuripa, Agassiz, 1835.
1. Genus—OPpuiurRELLA, Agassiz, 1835.
1. OpHIURELLA ? GrecaRIA, Whidborne, sp. Plate XXVIII, fig. 3.
1896. PRoTASTER GREGARIUS, Whidborne. Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv, p. 377.
Description.—Animal small, with five very long slight arms, which taper
very slowly to a very acute termination. Disc circular? with a finely granulated
surface, occupied almost entirely by ten very large, curved, paired, radial plates,
which form a prominent petalloid corona. Arms composed of about forty rings of
squamose plates in distinctly level rows ; these rows consisting on the dorsal face
of a prominent, apparently indented median row, and a row on each side, the
plates of which appear to have a triangular depression and to bear a series of
four or five small obliquely set comb-like spines. Ambuiacral plates large, level,
margined by a large circular pore.
Size—An arm (probably wanting a few terminal joints) is more than
25 mm. long.
Locality.—In the Museum of Practical Geology is a slab, containing the
remains of numerous specimens, from Braunton Down.
Remarks.—This species is distinguished from the accompanying forms by its
prominent corona, the character of its plates, the absence of alternation in the
PENTREMITIDA. 211
rows of plates, and the extreme length and tenuity of its arms. From the mode
of their occurrence, however, the specimens may possibly be the immature state
of some other form known or unknown. It has been very difficult to distinguish
between the upper and lower faces of the arms, which probably very closely
resemble each other in general appearance.
Among British Paleozoic starfish this species seems most nearly to resemble
Protaster leptosoma, Salter,’ both on its upper and under surfaces, but in that
species the central pentagon is smaller and the shape still slighter. Comparing
these two species with Purcaster palxozoicus, Stiirtz,’ it seems probable that they
may be members of the same group. Moreover, Mesozoic’ species referred by
Wright® to Ophiurella seem sufficiently similar to make it possible they may be
congeneric, while a Devonian species O. priivigenia is referred to Ophiurella by
Stiirtz.* Again, the figures of Ophiura rhenana, Stiirtz,’ show details which might
correspond with the indications seen in our less well-preserved fossil. On the
whole it may be well to leave it temporarily in the genus Opliurella, to which,
even if not actually belonging, it probably is nearly allied. It certainly has
nothing to do with Protaster.
4. Crass—BLASTOIDEA, Say, 1825.
1. Orper—REGULARHES, Etheridge and Carpenter, 1886.
I. Family—Pentremitipn, @ Orbigny, 1852.
The species described below appears to fall within this family (as amended by
Etheridge. and Carpenter) from (1) possessing, as far as can be judged, minute
irrecularly rhombic deltoids, which occupy the extreme summits of the inter-
radial sinuses, and (2) the spiracles being apparently situated in the oral space
beyond the deltoids and not within their margins, the ambulacra being rather
broad, and hydrospire-slits not being exposed outside them.
With regard to its generic position, it may be noted that its ambulacra are
very long and are broader than the intervening sinuses. Its shape too, as far as
can be seen, is more or less a prolate spheroid; but in none of our specimens
1 1857, Salter, ‘Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 2, vol. xx, p. 331, pl. ix, fig. 5.
2 1886, Stiirtz, ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. xxxii, pl. viii, p. 79, figs. 4—5 @ ; and 1890, ibid., vol. xxxvi,
p. 214, pl. xxxi, figs. 40, 40 a.
3 1866, Wright, ‘ Brit. Foss. Echinod. Oolitic Form.,’ vol. 1, p. 154, pl. xvin, figs. 3a, d; and
p- 154, woodcut 40.
4 1886, Stiirtz, ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. xxxii, p. 77, pl. vin, figs. 1—2a.
5 1893, Stirtz, ‘ Verh. n. h. Vereins Preuss. Rheinl.,’ vol. 1, p. 7, pl. i, figs. 1—3.
212 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
is the base visible, though enough of the radial plate is seen to show that the
basal parts were probably at least shghtly extended beyond the extremities of the
arms.
It seems to differ from most species of Pentremites by the narrowness and
arrangements of its arms; from most species of Pentremitidea by the length of its
sinuses, and from most species of Mesoblastus by the width of its arms, the apparent
shape of its spiracles, and the probable presence of an under-lancet-plate. On the
whole there seems to be least difficulty in assigning it for the present to the genus
Pentremitidea, bué this must only be regarded as a provisional arrangement until
the discovery of specimens sufficiently perfect to decide the point.
1. Genus—Prnrremiripea, d’ Orbigny, 1849.
1. Pentremitipea Pairs, n. sp. Plate XXIX, figs. 5, 5a, 6.
1841. PENTREMITES OvALIs, Phillips (not Goldfuss). Pal. Foss., p. 29, pl. xiv
figs. 40 a, b.
1886. Etheridge and Carpenter, Catal. Blast. Brit. Mus., p. 129.
Description.—Calix probably more or less prolately spheroidal ; summit flatly
convex, broad; base unknown. Ambulacra (i. e. ambulacral areas) moderately
broad, rather rapidly tapering, extending very far down the calix. Radial plates
very large; bodies convex, much shorter than the limbs. Limbs very long.
Interradial sinuses elongate, lanceolate, with sharp raised margins, not reaching
far into the summit, and slightly narrower on the whole than the ambulacra.
Deltoids indistinctly seen, very small, apparently irregularly rhombic. Spiracles
apparently subcentral, undivided by septa, situate above the tops of the deltoids.
Lancet-plate exposed, with a central groove and with rather distant branches,
both being margined with long and coarse crenulations (which seem also to
extend to the side-plates). Side-plates squarish.
Three or four hydrospire-folds seen at the distal extremity of one of the
ambulacra, probably exposed by the breaking off of part of the under-lancet-plate,
which appears to cover all the area between the side-plates. Radials marked
with microscopic rounded lineations, slightly radiating towards the sides of the
interradial sinus.
Size.—A specimen appears to be about 7 mm. long.
Localities.—In the Barnstaple Athenzeum is a specimen from Strand, Ashford,
and another from Bradiford ; and in my Collection is one from Wrafton Lane.
Remarks.—These specimens are all fragmentary, and consequently it is very
=
PENTREMITIDEA. 213
difficult to make out the character of the species from them, or from the figure of
Phillips’s equally defective specimen, the original of which appears now to be lost.
At the same time their resemblances to each other are so close that there can be
no doubt that all four fossils belong to the same species.
(1) The Strand specimen is the largest. It is an inside cast. It appears to
show a radial with the included ambulacrum, and (?) a deltoid (the division,
however, of which from the radial is very indistinct) and the beginning of an
adjoining ambulacrum. The hollows for the side-plates (and casts of the pores ?)
are visible.
(2) The Bradiford specimen is the cast of a single ambulacrum. It shows
the median food-groove and its side-branches ; the coarse crenulations upon them
are very evident; the shape of the lancet-plate is perhaps discernible.
(3) The Wrafton Lane specimen is the mould of parts of the summit, of
three ambulacra and of two radials. There seem to be signs of two spiracles.
The impressions of the ambulacra seem very perfect, and show their median groove
and branches, the side-plates (the marks on which are not easy to decipher), and
the hydrospire pores. There are also seen two deltoids (very indistinctly) and one
interradial sinus, the surface-ornament and the raised sides of which are very
evident.
(4) Phillips’s specimen appears to be lost. In his figure the ambulacra seem
slightly broader and more triangular. The structure shown in his enlarged
drawing may be either a deformity or an indication of the appearance which,
in some lights, the ambulacra from our Wrafton Lane specimen assume. He
describes “the general figure” as “‘ oval, attenuated at the base,” but does not
show the shape of the base in his drawing.
Phillips identified his specimen with Pentremites ovalis,Goldfuss.* The resem-
blance, as far as the figures can be compared, is certainly considerable. In the
German figure, however, the ambulacra are broader and slightly more petaloid, the
side-branches are longer, narrower, and much more numerous, the interambulacral
areas are more triangular and acute, and do not extend quite so high, and the
ornament of these areas, though similar, is coarser. Thus Goldfuss’s fossil comes
nearer to Etheridge and Carpenter’s definition of the genus Pentremites as restricted
by them, and though it is not absolutely proved to be different from our English
species, there is the greatest probability that it is so, not only specifically but
generically. Moreover it is said to have come from a Carboniferous quarry,
though from beds in it which Professor Ferdinand Rémer thought might
possibly be Devonian. Under these circumstances it does not seem desirable
to retain the German name for our Pilton fossil.
1 1826-33, Goldfuss, ‘ Petref. Germ.,’ vol. i, p. 161, pl. 1, fig. 1 a—e.
214 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
Il. Family—Convonasteripa, Htheridge and Carpenter, 1886.
1. Genus—Coponaster, M‘Ooy, 1849.
1, CoponastER conicus, n. sp. Plate XXIX, figs. 4, 4a.
Description.—Calix very elongate, subfusiform. Base apparently trilobate.
Summit very gently convex. Radial plates nearly half as long again as the basal,
and separated from them by a slightly zigzag suture. Section of upper parts of
the calix distinctly pentagonal, apparently becoming slightly stellate at the
summit. Upper margins of the interradial sinus forming a very low triangle.
(Shape of deltoid plates unobserved.) Ambulacra apparently moderately narrow,
short, curving gently downwards near their distal ends. Deltoid plates apparently
bearing a strong ridge along their centre. Anus semicircular, situated very near
the centre? Hydrospire-slits few and coarse.
Size.—Leneth about 6 mm., width about 3 mm.
Localityi— A single specimen (with part of its mould) from Top Orchard
Quarry is in the Woodwardian Museum.
Remarks.—This little specimen is crushed, and being in the state of preserva-
tion usual in these beds its details are indistinct. This is especially the case at
its summit, where not only is it squeezed together but its surface has been mostly
carried away with the mould. From its general shape, however, and what
indications of its structure remain, there seems no reason for doubt that it
belongs to the genus Codonaster. The spaces in the ambulacra seem very few and
coarse, indications of three or four of them being seen. Three or four ridges
(more or less parallel) outside some of the ambulacra, where the surface is broken
away, appear to be the upper part of the hydrospire-slits. Remains are seen of a
circular or semicircular wall round the central area, and there is a round pit, which
may be the anus. The upper margins of the interradial sinuses are defective,
but they appear to have been elevated into low triangles and probably to have
been bent obliquely inward at the summit. Five short coarse radi, dividing the
interradial areas on the summit, appear to be the ridges on the deltoid plates.
Affinities —From the Carboniferous C. trilobatus, M‘Coy' (which, including
C. acutus, M‘Coy,! is the only described English species), our Pilton form is totally
different in shape ; but to the Upper Devonian C. Hindii, Etheridge and Carpenter,”
1 1849, M‘Coy, ‘ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ vol. iii, p. 251.
2 1886, Etheridge and Carpenter, ‘ Catal. Blastoid. Brit. Mus.,’ pp. passe, pl. xii, figs. 4—7.
TAXOCRINUS. 215
its likeness is very great indeed, both in general appearance and as far as can be
seen in the arrangement of the ambulacra. In form, however, it distinctly
differs in being still more elongate; while (though it is not possible to speak
positively) it also appears more stellate in the shape of its summit and has wider
ambulacra.
Its similarity to an American species of equivalent age is interesting.
5. Crass—CRINOIDHA, J. S. Miller, 1821.
1. Oxp—erR—FLEXIBILIA, Zittel, 1895.’
I. Family—Icurnyocrintpm, Wachsmuth and Springer, 1879.
1. Genus—Taxocrinus, Phillips (apud Morris), 1843.?
1. Taxocrinus macropactytus, Phillips, sp. Plate XX XIII, figs. 2—4a.
1841. Cyarnocrinus? (Isocrrnus) Macropactytus, Phillips. Pal. Foss.,
pp. 29, 30, pl. xv, figs. 41 a—g.
1843. Taxocrrnus macropactyius, Morris. Catal. Brit. Foss., p. 90.
1879. — — Wachsmuth and Springer. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philad., 1879, p. 272.
Description.—Column cylindrical, expanding considerably in the immediate
proximity of the cup. Columnars rather short, alternating, becoming gradually
very short as their diameter increases, having milled faces, and, as arule, flat lateral
margins, though occasionally at some distance from the cup some joints occur with
convex margins. (Under basals unobserved). Basals five, very narrow, triangular.
Radials five, very large, transversely quadrate. Primibrachs 5 x 3 (or some-
times 2?), similar to the radials except the uppermost, which is pentagonal
and axillary. Secundibrachs 10 x 5, similar to the primibrachs but smaller.
Succeeding series of brachials similar but progressively smaller and shghtly more
numerous in their rows, there being five or six series of brachials in all. Arms
uniserial, sometimes curling in at their extremities. No interradials visible.
Size.—Phillips’s type specimen measures 88 mm. from the bottom of the cup to
the curled extremities of the arms.
Localities.—In the Museum of Practical Geology are one of Phillps’s type
specimens from Pilton and five other specimens from North Devon; in my
1 Cf. 1898, F. A. Bather, ‘ Geol. Mag.,’ Decade 4, vol. v, p. 324.
2 Cf. 1879, Wachsmuth and Springer, ‘ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,’ 1879, p. 270.
216 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
Collection is a specimen of the stem, showing its expanded proximal end, from
Ashhill Quarry ; and in the Porter Collection are two specimens from Fremington.
Remarks.—The specimens are all obscure about the base of the dorsal cup.
The shape of the basals is clearly seen from the mould, though their number is
only gathered by inference.
It seems probable that Phillips’s figure, 41 c, does not belong to this species.
Afjinities.—Tawocrinus nobilis, Phillips, sp.,, seems remarkably similar. Its arms
appear relatively stouter, and Phillips” distinguishes it by the fewer rows of plates
in its upper series of brachials (¢.e. by the more rapid branching of the arms).
It also shows interradials, of which our specimens give no sign.
2. Taxocrinus stuttus, Whidborne. Plate XXXIV, figs. l—3.
1896. Taxocrinus? sruttus, Whidborne. Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv, p. 377.
Description.—Stem rather stout, cylindrical, not perceptibly expanding near
the cup. Columnars with convex or bead-shaped outer margins, arranged, at
some distance from the body, in an alternating series of long and medium-sized,
between very short, segments, but becoming uniform and increasingly short in
the proximity of the cup. Edges crenulated, especially near the cup. Under
basals (apparently) three, very narrow, flatly pentagonal, visible externally. Basals
five, small, transverse, and pentagonal, except the one on the anal side, which
appears to be considerably larger and higher than the rest, intruding between the
radials and truncated on the top, and followed by a longitudinal row of two or
three small anal plates. Radials large, squarish or inversely pentagonal, in
contact, except, perhaps, at their upper corners and on the anal side. Primibrachs
5 x 3, similar in size and shape to the radials except the uppermost plate, which is
pentagonal. Secundibrachs rather smaller but similar to the primibrachs, and
in rows of five or six. Upper series of brachials indistinctly seen in the specimens,
but possibly short and few, and inclined to curl inwards. Under side of arms
perhaps rather convex, with a very small concave groove.
Size.—A specimen of the cup and arms (their extremities perhaps unseen) is
20 mm. high.
Localities.—In the Porter Collection is a specimen (obverse and reverse) from
Pilton, and another from Poleshill. In the Barnstaple Athenzum is another from
Roborough.
1 1836, Phillips, ‘ Geol. Yorks.,’ vol. ii, p. 205, pl. ui, fig. 40.
2 1841, Phillips, ‘ Pal. Foss.,’ p. 30.
RHODOCRINUS. 217
Remarks.—This little species appears to fall well within the limits of the
genus Taxocrinus as restricted by Wachsmuth and Springer. It is distinguished
from T. macrodactylus by various points, among others by the proximate columnars
being much higher and being uniform in diameter. The arms also seem relatively
much stouter.
Close examination has proved the short synopsis of the species which I
originally gave to be incorrect ; the plates in the best of the specimens are very
difficult to distinguish, and it was only by tracing them out plate by plate that
their true relationship, as seen in the opposite halves of the fossil, could be
ascertained.
2. OrpeER—CAMERATA, Wachsmuth and Springer, 1885.
I. Family—Ruovocrinipa, F. Romer, 1855.
1. Genus—Ruopocrinus, J. S. Miller, 1821.
1. Raopocernus?, Psp. Plate XXXI, figs. 3—3 d.
Size.—A distorted cup measures 25 mm. by 12 mm. in transverse sections,
and the accompanying arm is 60 mm. long.
Localities —In the Museum of Practical Geology is a specimen (with its
reverse) from North Devon of a flattened dorsal cup with some expanded arms ; and
in the Woodwardian Museum from south-west of Sloly is the broken base of another
cup, which may, from its somewhat similar ornamentation, possibly belong to the
same species.
Remarks.—Though the first of these specimens is not in a condition to permit
its identification, it appears distinct from any of the accompanying Crinoids. The
dorsal cup is large, and was probably deeply conical or subglobose, and composed
in large part of hexagonal plates arranged something in the style of Actinocrinus ;
but it is now so much flattened and cloaked by matrix that few of its plates can be
seen, and their exact arrangement cannot be traced. The plates that are visible
seem small and numerous, and they are marked with coarse nodules having a
stellate arrangement. From the margins of the cup anumber of very slender and
long arms take their rise. Signs of only eight or ten of these arms remain, but it
appears probable that there were originally twenty, of which ten were small and
did not bifurcate, and ten were larger. These larger arms have more than five
rather narrow uniserial plates before their first bifurcation, after which the plates
218 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
become cuneate, and at last definitely biserial, and the arms do not appear to
branch again. The greatest portion of these longer arms is clothed by exceedingly
fine and elongate, close-set, hair-like pinnules, with ten or fifteen long segments, so
that they have much the appearance of a feather from a bird’s tail. These arms
are totally different in general aspect from those of Actinocrinus Porteri.
Mr. Bather, who has kindly examined the specimen, expresses the arm-formula
thus :
thick IIT Br.—IV B. (F.)—pinnules.
thin III Br. (F.)—? pinnules.
To what genus this fossil belongs is most uncertain. There seem some slight
grounds for supposing that it might belong to Rhodocrinus, and therefore with
much hesitation I have placed it tentatively there.
I Br.—II Br.—
Il. Family—Barocrinipm, Wachsmuth and Springer, 1897.
1. Genus—Meaistocrinus, Owen and Shumard, 1852.
1. Mrcistoorinus ?, sp. Plate XXXVII, fig. 5.
Remarks.—In the Woodwardian Museum, from Barnstaple, is the imperfect
cast of the dorsal cup of a Camarate Crinoid which measures about 10 mm. wide,
and which appears to be distinguished from Actinocrinus Porteri by the much more
uniform size of its plates.
In this specimen (taking a single ray) the lowest plate seen appears to be
a radial, which, however, is almost destroyed ; this is followed by a small hexagonal
first primibrach, and this by a similar sized, polygonal, axillary primibrach.
This, again, is followed by two pairs of hardly smaller secundibrachs, the first
hexagonal, the second axillary ; and between these are three or four small inter-
axillary plates. The interambulacral plates in the adjoining area (which may
be an anal area ?) are very numerous; there seem three in the second row, and
four in the third and fourth rows.
It seems, as far as can be judged, sufficiently like a Megistocrinus to be placed
tentatively in that genus.
MARIOCRINUS. 219
WL. Family—Metocrinivon, Zittel, 1880.
1. Genus—Mariocrinus, Hall, 1859.
To what genus the following species belongs seems very doubtful. Being
monocyclic with four basals and presumably without an anal in the radial ring,
it is however, excluded from Melocrinus by its uniserial arms, and their mode of
branching.
The Silurian genus Mariocrinus* perhaps presents the least difficulty. Accord-
ing to Wachsmuth and Springer it differs from Melocrinus in having uniserial
arm-plates. Some of its arms, however, are stated to be simple, whereas those
of our fossils probably all fork once a long way up. The number of plates,
moreover, which are contained in the cup in our species seems very much fewer.
1. Magioorinus ? MUNDUs, n. sp. Plate XXXIV, fig. 5? and Plate XXXVII,
fies. sOpa/e
Description.—Stem round, very long, consisting of rather long, uniform, rather
convex columnars in the lower parts, which become very short and more convex
near the cup, the uppermost joint being apparently formed only halfway round.
Margins of columnars very strongly crenulated. Dorsal cup elongate, vasiform.
Basals four, about as long as their width. Radials five, very large, hexagonal or
heptagonal, longer than wide, with flat upper margins. First primibrachs much
smaller than the radials, pentagonal, axillary. Secundibrachs shghtly smaller
than the primibrachs, pentagonal, included within the cup, bearing two arms.
Interambulacral plates (in one observed area), one resting on the shoulders of two
radials, and about the same size as and at rather a lower level than the first
primibrachs, hexagonal, bearing on its shoulders two much smaller inter-
ambulacrals of the second row. Anal side unobserved. Arms twenty ? uniserial,
apparently short (about one and a half times the length of calix), tapering,
composed of alternating wedge-shaped plates, bifurcating at about the fifteenth
joint, and without any visible signs of pinnules.
Size.—A specimen with stem and arms measures about 110 mm., the cup being
about 7 mm., and the arms 14 mm.
Localities.—A single specimen from Croyde Rocks is in my Collection; and in
the Barnstaple Atheneum is a doubtful specimen from Braunton (Pl. XXXIV,
fig. 5) showing a few plates of the cup and parts of the stem and arms, which
possibly may belong to the same species.
1 1881, Wachsmuth and Springer, ‘ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,’ 1881, p. 288.
FF
220 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
Remarks.—The Croyde specimen possesses the customary indistinctness of our
fossils, for though both sides of the mould and the central cast are preserved, the
cup is much distorted, and each side of it is obliterated. Hence its plates cannot
be perfectly traced; and, particularly, it seems a little doubtful whether the first
primibrachs are axillary, so as to produce twenty arms instead of ten; 7. e.
whether the following series of plates are second primibrachs or secundibrachs.
The exposed face shows five arms, but their junction with the cup is obscure.
In the Athenzeum specimen the stem is slight and round, and apparently bears
a few fine cirrhi, and (some distance from the cup) every eighth columnar seems
enlarged. In the cup a vertical row of five or six small polygonal plates may
be traced, which may be a basal, a radial, and one or two primibrachs and
secundibrachs, but there are too few plates shown to make their characters clear.
The arms are comparatively much larger and more massive, uniserial, formed of
rather long plates, clothed with rather sparse pinnules, and bifurcating some six
or eight plates up. Its identity with the former specimen is very doubtful.
IV. Family—Acrrinocrinipx, LF. Romer, 1855.
1. Genus —Actinocrinus, J. S. Miller, 1821.
1. Actinocrinus Porverit, Whidborne. Plate V, fig. 21; Plate XXX, fig. 8;
Plate XXXT, figs. I, la, 2,5; and Plate XXXID fie. I
1896. AcTinocrInus PortTEenrt, Whidborne. Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv, p. 377.
Description.—Column long, round, with short alternating or doubly alter-
nating segments. Larger columnars with a large prominent squared central
band occupying more than half of their flat peripheries, and with about thirty-
five rather stout submarginal radiations on their articulating surfaces. Central
canal petaliform in section, dumb-bell-shaped between the sutures.
Calix large. Basals three (?), very narrow, hexagonal. Radials five,
moderate in size, hexagonal. First primibrachs similar to the radials, but rather
smaller. Second primibrachs rather smaller than the first, pentagonal. Secundi-
brachs 10 x 1, smaller than the primibrachs, pentagonal. Arms probably twenty,
with short plates, uniserial for the first two or three plates (which are included
in the cup), then biserial with alternating plates, branching at somewhat uneven
heights from thirteen to twenty plates up, and again at still more uneven heights
higher up.
Interradials (in one interradial area)—in the first row, one plate intercalated
between, and of the same size as, the first primibrachs—in the second row two,
smaller, and situated between the first and second primibrachs—in the third row
ACTINOCRINUS. 221
three, situated on the level of the second primibrach—in the fourth row three
which are very small. Anal area (Pl. V, fig. 21) with—in the first row, an anal
plate equal to and intercalated between the radials—in the second row, three
plates arching over the former, and more or less level with the first primibrachs
(the two lateral of these being of the same size as the primibrachs, and the ceutral
smaller)—in the third row four (or five ?) smaller plates—in the fourth row five
smaller plates rather irregularly placed, and above these several more small
irregularly placed plates. (The only specimen showing the anal area is, however,
too obscure to permit certainty as to the above numbers.)
Plates of the dome small and bearing central bosses, but in the condition of
the specimens not individually decipherable. Arms thickly clothed with long and
large, close-set tapering pinnules, having six or seven joints. Ornament of body-
plates nodular-radiate.
Size.—A specimen of a portion of a dorsal cup is about 35 mm. across at the
base of the arms.
Localities.—In the Museum of Practical Geology are two slabs containing
portions of two very large specimens from Braunton, half a calix with stem from
Barnstaple, another calix with arms from Barnstaple, and another specimen
showing the arms and part of the dome, and another of a calix divided
transversely from North Devon. In the Woodwardian Museum are two
specimens of the dorsal cup, and two of the arms from Barnstaple. In the
Porter Collection is a specimen of the dorsal cup, and two of portions of the arms
from Pilton.
Remarks.— Although several of these fossils are much finer as specimens than
are often found in the Pilton Beds, none of them show the entire cup, and
therefore it is not easy to judge of the value of their individual plates without
some uncertainty. The plates of the dorsal cup are ornamented by coarse
radiating ridges, and the starting of the arms form clustered projections from the
side of the cup, after the manner of typical forms of Actinocrinus, with which
genus if appears to agree generally, unless it be in the mode of branching of
its arms.
A curious case of deformity occurs in one of the specimens (P]. XXXI,
figs. 1,1 a, 2). One of its arms, instead of simply bifurcating at the thirteenth joint,
divides into three branches at once. These three new arms go off as nearly as
possible at the same level; the regular biserial arrangement of the back of the
arm is broken at the beginning of the division by several small plates, mostly
pentagonal in shape, but it is at once resumed as soon as the division 1s
completed.
Another specimen of a dorsal cup in the Porter Collection (Pl. V, fig. 21)
is interesting as having had its dome covered by a Capulus (Orthonychia).
222 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
2. Actinocrinus ? Barnert, Whidborne. Plate XXXII, figs. 2—30.
1896. Acrrnocrinus Baruert, Whidborne.| Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv, p. 377.
Description.—Dorsal cup rather shallow, conical, apparently considerably
wider than high. Basals three, apparently wide and very short, with convex
surfaces forming a kind of rim or bead round the base. Radials and first and
second primibrachs very indistinctly seen, apparently small, subhexagonal, wider
than high, and regularly decreasing in size. Secundibrachs very large, pentagonal,
axillary. Arms twenty, uniserial for the first seven or eight joints, and then
becoming biserial, clothed with strong, close, tapering pinnules. Interambulacral
g;
plates of the first row apparently large and hexagonal, and of succeeding rows
much smaller and narrower. One (or two) interaxillary plates between each pair
of secundibrachs. Dome apparently not quite as high as the cup, composed of
very numerous plates, each bearing a very large globular boss. Surface of dorsal
cup covered with extremely strong ridges, forming a coarse stellate pattern.
Size.—Height of dorsal cup about 7 mm., width about 13 mm.
Locality—A specimen of the dorsal cup and arms, on two slabs obliquely
divided, is in the Museum of Practical Geology from Braunton; and a doubtful
specimen of the base of a cup is in the Woodwardian Museum from south-west of
Sloly.
Remarks.—The very strong ornament, together with the poorly preserved
surface of this fossil, which is in the condition of a mould, has rendered it quite
impossible to trace more than a very few of the plates in the lower part of the
cup. Those that can be traced appear on the whole to have the characters and
arrangement of Actinocrinus, the basals being evidently very short, the radials and
primibrachs probably rather wider than high. ‘They all seem relatively small
compared to the secundibrachs, which are large, convex, and smooth, and in this
respect the fossil differs so remarkably from A. Portei that there seems no doubt
that it belongs to a distinct species, if not genus.
1 By thus naming this species I had meant to express my gratitude to my friend Mr. F. A. Bather
for some kind help in regard to it. I was unaware at the time that he preferred that species should
not bear personal names.
ADELOCRINUS. 223
V. Family—Puaryoriniva, Ff. Romer, 1855.
1. Genus—Puatycrines, J. 8. Miller, 1821.
1. PLATYORINUS P ANGULIFERUS, n. sp. Plate XXXVII, fies. 8—12.
Description.—Cup probably elongate. Basal disc nearly horizontal? Radials
large, upright, suboblong, higher than wide, with a low excavation above, and
ornamented by two or three central perpendicular ridges, from which four or five
horizontal ridges start to the sides. Second primibrach axillary. Arms uniserial,
with very low alternating cuneate plates (not quite reaching the sides), very long
and moderately slender, sending out branches some distance up, and bearing
close-set pinnules. Some small interradials on the shoulders of the radials.
Size.—Radials 8 or 10 mm. high.
Localities.—A crushed specimen from Saunton Hotel, consisting of parts of
four radials with arms attached, is in Mr. Coomara Swamy’s Collection; three
detached radials from Top Orchard, Roborough, and Pilton are in the Porter
Collection; and one from Ashhill Quarry and another from Croyde are in my
Collection. A detached columnar of a Platycrinus from Vicarage Lane, Pilton, in
the Barnstaple Athenzeum, may perhaps belong to this species.
Remarks.—These specimens appear to be the remains of a fine species, the
full characters of which cannot at present be ascertained. I have long been
acquainted with the scattered plates, which are very similar in shape to those of
Platycrinus or Hexacrinus, and are curiously ornamented with strong ridges
which do not radiate, but form a succession of right angles on their surface.
Recently Mr. Swamy has lent me a specimen showing part of the cup and arms,
but these are unfortunately somewhat obscured by crushing. I have not
observed any anal plate among the specimens, and though it is possible that one
may have existed in the cup, it seems rather more probable that it was wanting.
If it is a Platycrinus it is quite possible that the highly nodulate segment of a
Platycrinus stem in the Barnstaple Atheneum may have belonged to it.
VI. Family—Hexacrinios, Wachsmuth and Springer, 1885.
1. Genus—Avevocninus, Phillips, 1841.
So little appears to be known about the single species on which Phillips
founded it, that the validity of this genus must remain for the present entirely
in doubt. It has of late been sometimes treated as a synonym of Platycrinus.
224 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
The occurrence, however, of a small detached plate (Pl. XXX, fig. 2), sus-
piciously like the anal of Hewacrinus, makes it more likely that it was related to
that genus. But its style of ornament so closely resembles that of Arthracanthaas
to suggest its identity with it. However, though the little tubercles which cover
the body-plates are so elongate that they may be probably regarded as spines, I
have been unable to trace their full length or their shape, and am not quite certain
that they are moveable. Hence, while this view may ultimately be found correct,
it certainly cannot as yet be asserted positively. It seems therefore best to retain
for the present Phillips’s existing name for whatever it may be worth, rather
than to unite it with any genus from which it might again have to be separated.
1, ADELocRINUS HysTRIX, Phillips. Plate XXX, figs. 1—7a.
1841. ADELOCRINUS HYSTRIX, Phillips. Pal. Foss., p. 30, pl. xvi, fig. 42a, b.
Description.—Dorsal cup large, deep, apparently obconical, composed of large
plates, which seem to be thm, covered with more or less numerous small elongate
tubercles or spines, and so closely united that signs of the sutures are rarely
discernible. Basal plates three, forming a shallow cone. Radials large, higher
than wide, subpentagonal, with a small excavation above. Anal plate? narrow,
subquadrate. No other plates of the calix decipherable except a few small poly-
gonal plates (apparently of the dome), each of which bears a large rounded central
tubercle. Arms stout, probably not very long, about ten in number, and not
branching ; biserial, composed of rather high joints, and clothed with long stout
pinnules.
Size —A specimen of the cup with closed arms (perhaps not fully shown) is
about 40 mm long.
Localities.—In the Museum of Practical Geology are a dorsal cup (Phillips’s
type) from Brushford, a portion of another cup and some arms from Braunton,
and two detached plates from Barnstaple. In the Barnstaple Athenzum are a
cup with arms (mould and reverse) and a plate of the calix with some arms from
Top Orchard, and portions of two other cups from Braunton. In the Porter
Collection are portions of three cups and two detached plates from Pilton. Frag-
ments of the dorsal cup do not appear to be rare.
Remarks.—Although several specimens have been found, we are unable to
carry the description of this species very much further than where Phillips left it.
Repeated examination of the specimens has only resulted in showing indistinct
signs of the division of the lower part of the cup into three unequal plates ; and
the shape of the radials is only known from detached plates. The plates appear to
POTERIOCRINUS. 225
have been very thin and very intimately united, consequently it is quite impossible
to trace the divisions of the upper parts of the calix, which are, moreover, in
many of the specimens wanting. Some of the arms are, however, occasionally
clearly shown, and a few scattered plates of the dome are seen in one of the
specimens.
The tubercles on the plates of the cup seem to vary very considerably in
number and size. They appear to be conical, and higher than wide, and may be
in the shape of small spines.
Affinities. —The basal disc is remarkably like that of Arthracantha Ithacensis,
Williams,' as figured by Wachsmuth and Springer ;” but, if it had spines, they were
probably very much smaller and more lke those of A. punctobrachiata, Hall, sp.’
The ornament of . Hexacrinus interscupularis, Phillips, sp.,* may also be compared.
The fossil doubtfully described by Romer’ as Ceriopora ? patina certainly
presents much superficial resemblance in general shape to some of our specimens,
though the ornament seems closer and more regular. Rémer himself notes its
likeness to a Crinoid.
3. OrpeER—INADUNATA, Wachsmuth and Springer, 1885.
In the maze of this order it almost requires a necromancer to bring down a
species to its rightful place amid the kaleidoscopic genera that appear, change, and
vanish with the progress of science. With such obscure data as our Pilton fossils
the results must necessarily be highly problematical.
I. Family—Porsrtworinipm, Austin, 1850? (emend. Wachsmuth and Springer,
1886).
1. Genus—Poreriocrinus, J. S. Miller, 1821.
Wachsmuth and Springer,’ finding difficulties in reference to Miller’s type
species P. crassus,’ propose P. notabilis, Meek and Worthen, as ‘“‘a new, or at
1 1883, H. 8S. Williams, ‘ Proceed. Amer. Philos. Soc.,’ p. 89, plate.
2 1897, Wachsmuth and Springer, ‘ N. Amer. Crinoid. Camer.,’ vol. il, p. 749, pl. Ixxvi, figs. 1 a—e.
3 Ibid., p. 750, pl. Ixxvi, figs. 2a, d.
4 1895, Whidborne, ‘ Dev. Fauna,’ vol. ii, p. 190, pl. xxi, figs. 1—4, and pl. xxii, figs. 1—2 a.
5 1850, F. A. Romer, ‘ Beitr. Harzgeb.,’ pt. 1, p. 8, pl. ii, figs. 3a, bd.
6 1879, Wachsmuth and Springer, ‘ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,’ 1879, p. 327.
7 1821, J. S. Miller, ‘ Nat. Hist. Crinoid.,’ p. 68, pl. xxii, figs. 1—17.
226 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
least an additional type.” The latter might perhaps have value as an explanatory
species, but it is evident that to raise it to equal rank with P. crassus, Miller,
may only make confusion worse confused. ‘he true remedy would be a re-
description of P. crassus trom the original figured type (now in the Bristol
Museum), and other carefully identified specimens of it from the same beds. As
a matter of fact, it is very questionable whether Wachsmuth and Springer are
even right in supposing that P. notabilis belongs to the same group of species.
I have not been able as yet to examine closely the specimens in the Bristol
Museum, but from what I am able to see of them Iam inclined to think P. crassus
may be found to have several rows of primibrachs in at least one of its arms, as
stated by Austin,’ and therefore that the primibrachs are variable in the genus,
as stated by Sladen,’ whereas P. notabilis (and therefore, according to Wachsmuth
and Springer, the genus Poteriocrinus*) has one row only.
1. Porsrtocrinus teEnsus, Whidborne. Plate XXXV, figs. 1—2; Plate XXXVIII,
fig. 1.
1896. Porrrrocrinus TENSUs, Whidborne. Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv, p. 377.
Description.—Columnars very short, with smooth peripheries. Dorsal cup
high, conical. Infra-basals five, large, pentagonal, as high as wide. Basals five,
hexagonal ?, very high. Radials rather shorter than basals, inversely pentagonal,
with excavated upper margins. First primibrachs sometimes axillary ? Arms very
long, uniserial, bifurcating twice, composed of truncate cuneate plates. Pinnules
rather few, slight, extremely elongate, with ten or twelve distant joints. Anal
plates three. Ventral sac large, cylindrical, very long, with regular longitudinal
undulations, and composed of about six rows of very numerous, subquadrate,
slightly transverse plates with linear slits and lateral perforations.
Size.—A cup with portions of the arms is 80 mm. long.
Localities. —In the Woodwardian Museum is a specimen of the cup and arms,
and another of a detached ventral sac from Barnstaple; in Miss Partridge’s
Collection a specimen of the cup and expanded arms from Saunton Hotel; and in
the Porter Collection a ventral sac from Pilton.
Remarks.—Our specimens do not show the characters very clearly ; but on
the whole, taking the Woodwardian specimen as the type, the species seems to
1 1850? Austin, ‘Mon. Ree. Foss. Crinoid.,’ p. 71.
? 1877, Sladen, ‘ Proc. W. Rid. Yorks. Geol. Polyt. Soc.,’ n. s., vol. i, p. (8).
3 1886, Wachsmuth and Springer, ‘ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,’ 1886, p. 158; but see 1897,
Wachsmuth and Springer, ‘N. Amer. Crinoid. Camer.,’ vol. i, pp. 78, 154.
POTERIOCRINUS. 227
approach P. crassus, and is therefore probably a typical Poteriocrinus. That
specimen is accompanied by three gutta-percha casts, which appear to have
brought away portions of the cup as they were taken, so as to enable the plates
to be counted, though in one their interior, and in the others their exterior, casts
are seen. Part of its ventral sac is exposed. ‘Two bifurcations may be traced in
the arms, but whether the plates below the first of these are primibrachs or
secundibrachs is not clear; the arms seem hardly sufficiently numerous for the
latter. No pinnules are visible.
In Miss Partridge’s fine fossil, on the other hand, no bifurcation of the arms
is observable, and this must throw some doubt on its identity with the other
specimen. The arms appear ten in number (eight are seen), and they bear
remarkably long and slight distant pinnules, having ten or twelve distant joints.
2. Porzriocrinus BarumeEnsis, Whidborne, sp. Plate XXXIV, fig. 6; and Plate
XXXY, fig. 3.
1896. CyarHocrinus BarumMeEnsis, Whidborne. Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv,
p- 377.
Description.—Rather small. Stem cylindrical ?, composed of short alternating
columnars. Cup short, obconical. Infra-basals five, pentagonal, as high as wide.
Basals small, hexagonal, as high as wide. Radials five, large, pentagonal, truncated
above, as high as wide. Primibrachs five, large, pentagonal, as long or longer
than the radials, axillary. Arms stout, very long, uniserial with truncated cuneate
plates, and bearing very long close pinnules. Anal side unknown. Ventral sac
large, long, composed of slightly transverse pieces with stellate marks.
Size—A cup measures 7 mm. wide and 6 mm. high.
Localities.—There are two specimens (from Top Orchard Quarry and from
Barnstaple) in the Woodwardian Museum. An indistinct specimen from Fre-
mington is in the Porter Collection, and its reverse in Miss Partridge’s Collection.
Remarks.—At first I supposed these fossils to be specimens of P. tensus, but
further examination convinces me that they cannot be included in that species.
The cup is much shorter and more globose, the basals smaller and primibrachs
larger and single, and the columnars circular.
The stem in one of the specimens (Pl. XXXV, fig. 3) shows a curious
deformity. Across one (and perhaps a second) longitudinal line the columnars
are not continuous, but meet alternately, their line of junction being marked by a
zlgzag suture.
GG
228 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
3. Porertocrinus, sp. Plate XXXV, figs. 4—5 a, and Plate XXXVI, figs. 9, 9 a.
Description.—Large. Stem angular near dorsal cup. Columnars short, alter-
nating. Proximal columnar curvilinear. Dorsal cup rather high, conical. Infra-
basals five, pentagonal, wider than high. Basals five. Radials rather shorter
than basals, with truncated upper sides. Primibrachs 5 x 2 or 3. Arms stout,
uniserial, occasionally bifurcating, and composed of truncated cuneate plates,
which in the lower parts (at least) bear stout short pinnules or armlets. Anal
plates ? Ventral sac extremely large, cylindrical, elongated, with longitudinal
undulations, and composed of exceedingly short transverse pieces with long linear
slits.
Size.—A dorsal cup is about 12 mm. high. The sac of another specimen is
100 mm. high.
Localities—In the Museum of Practical Geology is a specimen on two slabs as
well as two detached ventral sacs from Braunton Down, and another ? from
Braunton ; in the Woodwardian Museum is a specimen from Barnstaple ; and in
the Porter Collection a ventral sac from Pilton.
Remarks.—I first supposed these might be large specimens of Poteriocrinus
tensus ; but, though the specimens are imperfect, they reveal several points of differ-
ence, ¢.g. the character of the ventral sac is very different, the arm-plates seem
shorter, and the arms more rapidly branching. A pinnule or armlet very near
the cup (Pl. XXXV, fig. 5a) is noteworthy, as it has the appearance of bearing
shorter pinnules on its side; its true character is therefore obscure.
2. Genus—Scararocrines, Hall, 1858.
S. dichotomus is the second of the two species described by Hall! in 1858; but
Wachsmuth and Springer select it as the type of the genus as revised by them,
because, they state, the first species belongs to the genus Graphiocrinus, de
Koninck and le Hon, 1853.
1. ScaPHrocrinus P PLUMIFER, n. sp. Plate XXXI, figs. 4—4c¢c; Plate XXXIII,
fig. 1; Plate XXXVI, figs. 1, 1 a; and
Plate XX XVIII, fig. 2.
Description.—Stem becoming acutely pentagonal near the base of the cup,
composed of short columnars in a doubly alternating series, having convex peri-
1 1858, Hall, ‘ Report Geol. Surv. Iowa,’ vol. i, pt. 2, p. 553, woodeut 72.
SCAPHIOCRINUS. 229
pheries. Dorsal cup basin-shaped, wider than high. Infra-basals five ? short.
Basals five, almost regularly hexagonal in shape, as wide as high. Radials five,
wider than high, pentagonal ? convex, and with wide horizontal upper margins.
Surface of plates of the cup marked with strong (sometimes intermittent) ridges,
radiating from the centres of the basals and other points. Primibrachs five, in
from one to six rows, the first, the second, and the sixth primibrachs appearing to
be axillary in different arms. Arms elongate, branching two or three times at
rather regular distances so as to become about twenty-eight in all. Brachials
rugose, uniserial, cuneate, bearing numerous slight, close-set, elongate pinnules of
six or eight plates. Ventral sac probably (as seen in another specimen) long and
narrow, and composed of small subhexagonal pieces marked with stellate ridges.
Anal apparently situated on the horizontal top of a basal, and bearing on its
shoulder a second anal, above which seem to be other interambulacral plates.
Size.—A cup with the greatest portion of the arms hitherto found measures
about 60 mm. in length.
Localities.—In the Woodwardian Museum are six fine specimens of parts of
the dorsal cup and arms from Barnstaple (on seven slabs); in the Barnstaple
Athenzum a specimen of the extended head, and another (on two slabs) of the
closed head from Braunton ; in the Museum of Practical Geology a specimen from
Braunton, and in Mr. Coomara Swamy’s Collection one from the Pilton Beds.
Remarks.—It appears to me that these specimens give evidence of a well-
marked species, though in spite of the excellence of several of the specimens it
seems impossible to be certain about some of its most important characters.
The elaborate ornamentation of the dorsal cup, and the ridges or rugosities on
the larger arm-plates, are of some assistance in identifying the specimens ; but the
plates of the cup, and especially the arrangement of the anals, are not well shown
in any of the specimens, none of which enable us to trace the plates all round.
One of the Woodwardian specimens shows short stout armlets of three segments
upon the secundibrachs, which seem, however, only modifications of the pinnules
of the higher branches.
I have found very great difficulty in locating this species in any of the genera
allowed by Wachsmuth and Springer. While the ornate surface of its body-
plates would approach their definition of their restricted Poteriocriinus, the shape
of the dorsal cup is quite different, as also is the arrangement of the primibrachs.
While perhaps not quite falling within the limits of their emended definition of
Scaphiocrinus, Hall, it certainly bears sufficient likeness to several species referred
by them to that genus to be imagined congenerie.
230 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
2. SCAPHIOCRINUS TRANSCISUS, n. Sp. Plate XRX VIL, fis. 3.
Description.—Column at the base of the cup pentagonal, with very short
columnars. Dorsal cup conical, rather short, apparently consisting of five rather
large infra-basals, five large subhexagonal basals, five rather short radials, and
three anal plates, all very strongly ornamented by large, smooth, rounded ridges,
which radiate from the centres of the plates. Primibrachs 5 X 2 (at least in one
ray), short. Arms uniserial, with cuneate plates, bifureating again a few plates
up. Ventral sac exceedingly large and heavy, composed of rather large and
high pieces.
Size.—Height of dorsal cup about 25 mm.
Localities —A fragmentary portion of a calix and of the ventral sac from
Barnstaple is in the Woodwardian Museum; and another similar specimen from
Pilton is in the Porter Collection.
Remarks.—These specimens are too imperfect for anything like a full
specific description. They appear most nearly to resemble S. plumifer, and I am
not certain whether they may prove to be more than a variety of it. As far,
however, as can be seen at present they seem to differ from it by their very much
larger size, and their much less elaborate ornamentation. The ventral sac is
exceedingly wide and massive. The individual plates are ornamented with five
or six large bars or coste radiating from their centres, without tubercles, in a
way very like some of the plates of Poteriocrinus crassus, figured by J. 8. Miller.
3. SCAPHIOCRINUS ? INORDINATUS, n.sp. Plate XXXIV, fig. 7?; Plate XXXV, fig. 6,
6a; Plate XX XVIII, fig. 4.
Description.—Stem pentagonal near the cup. Columnars short, alternating,
with a central raised and perhaps nodulated band round their peripheries. Dorsal
cup probably bowl-shaped and rather shallow. Infra-basals indistinctly seen,
probably five, short. Basals five, small, polygonal. Radials five, large, convex,
truncated above. Primibrachs large, convex, the first (at least in four of the
rays) quadrate, the second pentagonal and axillary. Anal plates—one in the first
row, large, elongate, apparently squeezed in between the basals, but prolonged
above them, bearing in the second row a large plate resting on its upper margin,
and a third above that. Surface coarsely rugose. Arms composed of elongate
quadrate plates, and bearing very long pinnules.
Size.—A flattened cup is about 7 mm. wide.
Localities.—In my Collection is a flattened specimen from Upcott Arch (on the
SCAPHIOCRINUS. 231
two faces of a slab divided horizontally). As far as can be seen, a specimen (on
the two faces of aslab divided longitudinally) from Barnstaple in the Woodwardian
Museum belongs to the same species; as perhaps does also a fine but obscure
specimen (divided longitudinally) from Poleshill, in the Porter Collection, and a
specimen from Braunton in the Museum of Practical Geology.
Remarks.—I have drawn up the above description from the specimen from
Upcott Arch. While the Woodwardian specimen from its corrugated surface and
its general appearance seems probably identical, its plates are not sufficiently
clear to make this certain. Its cup is of a low vasiform shape, the large radials
bending outwards and being convex, so that a section across them would be
petaloid. In most of the rays the second primibrach is axillary, but in one (the
right anterior ?) the first primibrach seems axillary, or at least it is shorter than
the corresponding pairs, and no suture can be traced across it. Its arms appear
to be ten in number, and clothed with strong pinnules.
To what genus this species (with the Upcott Arch specimen for its type) may
belong is a perplexing question. It appears to me clear that the first anal is
included in the basal ring, and is level with the basals; but, according to
Wachsmuth and Springer, this arrangement exists in none of the Inadunata,
though Bather’ has since proved it to occur in Thenariocrinus and one or two
other genera, to neither of which, however, our species in other respects approxi-
mates. This position of the azygous plate would probably be a character of generic
importance, but our specimens are not sufficiently good and indubitable to form
the type of a new genus. ‘T'he only course, therefore, is to leave them for the
present in Scaphiocrinus, and await the evidence of further finds.
4, ScaAPHIOORINUS, sp. Plate XXXIV, fig. 8.
Description.—Stem circular, with very unequal alternating columnars which
have convex peripheries. Dorsal cup very shallow, bowl-shaped. Infra-basals
pentagonal, very short. Basals about as igh as wide. Radials large. First
primibrachs very large and long, axillary. Arms large and very long, composed of
rather short cuneate plates, bifurcating at about the sixth plate, and clothed with
large and stout pinnules. Anal side unknown.
Size.—A cup is about 4 mm. wide.
Localities.—In the Museum of Practical Geology is one specimen from Barn-
staple and one from Braunton Down; in the Woodwardian Museum one (on two
slabs) from Barnstaple; in the Porter Collection one from Poleshill ; and in my
Collection one from Top Orchard.
1 1890, Bather, ‘Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. vi, vol. vi, p. 222.
230 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
2. SCAPHIOCRINUS TRANSCISUS, n. sp. Plate XXXVIII, fig. 3.
Description.—Column at the base of the cup pentagonal, with very short
columnars. Dorsal cup conical, rather short, apparently consisting of five rather
large infra-basals, five large subhexagonal basals, five rather short radials, and
three anal plates, all very strongly ornamented by large, smooth, rounded ridges,
which radiate from the centres of the plates. Primibrachs 5 X 2 (at least in one
ray), short. Arms uniserial, with cuneate plates, bifurcating again a few plates
up. Ventral sac exceedingly large and heavy, composed of rather large and
high pieces.
Size.-—Height of dorsal cup about 25 mm.
Localities.—A fragmentary portion of a calix and of the ventral sac from
Barnstaple is in the Woodwardian Museum; and another similar specimen from
Pilton is in the Porter Collection.
Remarks.—These specimens are too imperfect for anything like a full
specific description. They appear most nearly to resemble S. plumifer, and I am
not certain whether they may prove to be more than a variety of it. As far,
however, as can be seen at present they seem to differ from it by their very much
larger size, and their much less elaborate ornamentation. The ventral sac is
exceedingly wide and massive. The individual plates are ornamented with five
or six large bars or costz radiating from their centres, without tubercles, in a
way very like some of the plates of Poteriocrinus crassus, figured by J. S. Miller.
3. ScAPHIOCRINUS P INORDINATUS, n.sp. Plate XXXIV, fig. 7?; Plate XXXV, fig. 6,
6a; Plate XX XVIII, fig. 4.
Description.—Stem pentagonal near the cup. Columnars short, alternating,
with a central raised and perhaps nodulated band round their peripheries. Dorsal
cup probably bowl-shaped and rather shallow. Infra-basals indistinctly seen,
probably five, short. Basals five, small, polygonal. Radials five, large, convex,
truncated above. Primibrachs large, convex, the first (at least in four of the
rays) quadrate, the second pentagonal and axillary. Anal plates—one in the first
row, large, elongate, apparently squeezed in between the basals, but prolonged
above them, bearing in the second row a large plate resting on its upper margin,
and a third above that. Surface coarsely rugose. Arms composed of elongate
quadrate plates, and bearing very long pinnules.
Size.—A flattened cup is about 7 mm. wide.
Localities. —In my Collection is a flattened specimen from Upcott Arch (on the
SCAPHIOCRINUS. 231
two faces of a slab divided horizontally). As far as can be seen, a specimen (on
the two faces of aslab divided longitudinally) from Barnstaple in the Woodwardian
Museum belongs to the same species; as perhaps does also a fine but obscure
specimen (divided longitudinaily) from Poleshill, in the Porter Collection, and a
specimen from Braunton in the Museum of Practical Geology.
Remarks.—I have drawn up the above description from the specimen from
Upcott Arch. While the Woodwardian specimen from its corrugated surface and
its general appearance seems probably identical, its plates are not sufficiently
clear to make this certain. Its cup is of a low vasiform shape, the large radials
bending outwards and being convex, so that a section across them would be
petaloid. In most of the rays the second primibrach is axillary, but in one (the
right anterior ?) the first primibrach seems axillary, or at least it is shorter than
the corresponding pairs, and no suture can be traced across it. Its arms appear
to be ten in number, and clothed with strong pinnules.
To what genus this species (with the Upcott Arch specimen for its type) may
belong is a perplexing question. It appears to me clear that the first anal is
included in the basal ring, and is level with the basals; but, according to
Wachsmuth and Springer, this arrangement exists in none of the Inadunata,
though Bather’ has since proved it to occur in Thenariocrinus and one or two
other genera, to neither of which, however, our species in other respects approxi-
mates. This position of the azygous plate would probably be a character of generic
importance, but our specimens are not sufficiently good and indubitable to form
the type of a new genus. The only course, therefore, is to leave them for the
present in Scaphiocrinus, and await the evidence of further finds.
4. ScaPHIOCRINUS, sp. Plate XXXIV, fig. 8.
Description.—Stem circular, with very unequal alternating columnars which
have convex peripheries. Dorsal cup very shallow, bowl-shaped. Infra-basals
pentagonal, very short. Basals about as high as wide. Radials large. First
primibrachs very large and long, axillary. Arms large and very long, composed of
rather short cuneate plates, bifurcating at about the sixth plate, and clothed with
large and stout pimnules. Anal side unknown.
Size.—A cup is about 4 mm. wide.
Localities.—In the Museum of Practical Geology is one specimen from Barn-
staple and one from Braunton Down; in the Woodwardian Museum one (on two
slabs) from Barnstaple; in the Porter Collection one from Poleshill ; and in my
Collection one from Top Orchard.
1 1890, Bather, ‘Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. vi, vol. vi, p. 222.
232 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
Remarks.—All these specimens are imperfect and indistinct. They seem to
agree as far as can be made out, but whether they belong to a new form or to one
of the accompanying species is uncertain.
5. SCAPHIOCRINUS ? SALEBROSUS, n. sp. Plate XXXVII, fig. 13.
Description.—Stem pentagonal, composed near the cup of short alternate
columnars with a raised central band round their peripheries. Dorsal cup rather
shallow, bowl-shaped (nearly hemispherical), composed of tumid plates. Infra-
basals very indistinctly seen. Basals large, convex, apparently hexagonal.
Radials convex, pentagonal, truncated above, and with a linear articulating ridge.
Azygous plate pentagonal, situated on the shoulders of two basals, and bearing
an anal piece on its left shoulder, and another on its truncated summit. First
primibrach in some of the arms axillary? Arms stout, uniserial, bifurcating (in
one instance six plates up), composed of somewhat cuneate plates ; (arm-furrows
wide, with hgamental fosse ?). Pinnules strong, with rather short plates. Ventral
sac probably large, and covered by ridged, polygonal plates. Surface of body and
arm-plates covered with a minute irregularly corrugated ornament.
Size.—A dorsal cup measures about 6 mm. high and 9 mm. wide.
Localities.
A specimen from Pilton is in the Porter Collection; another from
Barnstaple in the Woodwardian Museum ; a third from Upcott in the Barnstaple
Athenzeum.
Remarks.—Of these specimens the first is exposed longitudinally, the second
horizontally, while the third is only a most obscure and doubtful basal part of a
cup. They seem sufficient to show the distinctness of the species, but not to give
a clear conception of its characters. The bowl-shaped cup with tumid plates
covered with a minute ornament gives distinguishing characters. The ventral
sac is not itself seen, but the occurrence of numerous peculiar plates indicates
something of its size and character. It seems to differ from Poteriocrinus —
Barumensis by having larger basals and smaller infra-basals and by the greater
tumidity of its plates.
It appears to come very near to the characters given by Wachsmuth and
Springer’ for Cromyocrinus, a genus which they first unite with and then separate
from Hupachycrinus, Meek and Worthen.” It may be compared with C. globosus,
Worthen, sp.,* and C. papillatus, Worthen, sp.*
1879, Wachsmuth and Springer, ‘ Proc. Nat. Sci. Philad.,’ 1879, p. 356.
1886, ibid., 1886, p. 170.
1
3 1873, Meek and Worthen, ‘ Geol. Surv. Illin.,’ vol. v, p. 557, pl. xxi, fig. 12.
4 1883, Worthen, ibid., vol. vii, p. 315, pl. xxix, fig. 17.
SCYTALOCRINUS. 233
3. Genus—Scyratocrinus, Wachsmuth and Springer, 1886.
Sladen! founded the genus Dactylocrinus for the Poteriocrinus tenuis of Austin®
(not Miller’); and the species S. stadiodactylus described below, which is very
similar to that species, seems quite agreeable to his definition. Wachsmuth and
Springer, however, stating that his name had been preoccupied by Quenstedt in
1876 for another form, merge Sladen’s genus into their own Scytalocrinus,* to
which they refer a large number of American fossils. How far our species is
congeneric with some or all of these may be doubtful, though in many points it
corresponds. It differs from most if not all of them in the very great length
and quadrate shape of its arm-joints, and this feature was made by Sladen one of
the important characters of his genus. Wachsmuth and Springer explain this
away by saying that it simply betokened a young animal. In our case, however,
their remark hardly appears applicable ; several of our specimens show the arms,
and these are of very great length, and seem to be of sufficiently mature
character.
1. Soytanocrinus stapiopactyLus, Whidborne, sp. Plate XXXVI, figs. 2—6, 8,
and Plate XXX VII, fig. 14.
1886. PorErrocrinus srapropactyLus, Whidborne. Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv,
p. 377.
1886. — Batuerl, ibid., p. 377.
Description.—Stem apparently long and slender, composed of moderately high,
equal or nearly equal columnars. Dorsal cup conical or slightly obconical,
moderately deep. Infra-basals five, small, shghtly higher than wide, pentagonal.
Basals five, apparently large, higher than wide, hexagonal. Radials five ? mode-
rately short, truncate above. Primibrachs 5 xX 2. Arms ten, very long and
slender, composed of very long
oO?
narrow, subquadrate plates, and sending out
occasionally long slight armlets or pinnules. Anal side with a pentagonal azygous
plate, resting on the shoulders of two basals, and bearing an anal piece on its left
shoulder level with the radials, and another hexagonal anal on its summit; the
last two supporting further similar plates, which appear to clothe the lower parts
1 1877, Sladen, ‘Proc. W. Rid. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc.,’ n. s., vol. 1, p. (4), pl. x, fig. 2.
2 1850? Austin, ‘Monog. Ree. and Foss. Crinoid.,’ p. 83, pl. x, figs. 5 a, 6.
8 1821, J. S. Millez, ‘ Nat. Hist. Crinoid.,’ p. 71, pl. xxii, fig. 2, and pl. xxiv, figs. 1—25.
4 1879, Wachsmuth and Springer, ‘ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,’ 1879, p. 339; and 1886, ibid.,
1886, pp. 157, 161.
234 DEVONIAN FAUNA.
of the greatly elongated ventral sac, which in its higher parts is covered by
slightly transverse quadrate plates, and swells out into a slightly clavate
form.
Size—A calix is 3 mm. high; another 6 mm. high. The arm of a similarly
sized specimen appears to be more than 50 mm. long.
Localities.—In the Barnstaple Athenzeum are one specimen from Braunton
and two from Roborough ; in the Woodwardian Museum are five (on four slabs)
from Barnstaple; and in the Porter Collection two from Pilton.
Remarks.—The great slightness and elongation of its arm-plates and the
length and mode of branching of the arms easily distinguish this form from the
accompanying Crinoids. The arms do not appear to exceed ten, and are com-
posed of alternately long and shorter quadrate plates, only the longer of which
appear to bear long and relatively strong pinnules, which, therefore, do not pro-
duce the usual plumose aspect. The arms do not seem straight, but slightly
waved or zigzagged, the pinnules starting from the outer angles thus formed.
Possibly the pinnules themselves sometimes have a shghtly waving shape, and
hence they may be of rather doubtful nature, and possibly have to be reckoned as
armlets, but I have not been able to recognise any branching in them.
The anal side of the cup is seen in a small specimen (PI. XXXVI, figs. 2, 2 a,
which I should regard as the type) which retains the arms; but there it is rather
distorted by accident. ‘This specimen also shows the ventral sac, which is seen to
rise from the anal plates of the cup for some distance as a narrow tube covered
with elongate hexagonal plates, and then to swell out into an elongate inflated
shape, when it is covered by short quadrate pieces in probably ten or twelve rows.
How high it extends cannot be seen. The height of the cup being about 4 mm.,
the neck of the sac is 10 mm. long, and the inflated part more than 10 mm. ; while
the width of the neck is 1 mm., and of the inflated part 3 mm.
The arm-plates are sometimes three times as long as their width.
Two specimens (Pl. XXXVI, figs. 6,8) were regarded by me in 1896 as a dis-
tinct species, which I named Poteriocrinus Batheri. They seemed to differ from
the type by the greater size and length of their basals, shorter columnars, and
some other points. Further examination makes me very doubtful whether any of
the supposed distinctions hold good, or may not have been really caused by the
imperfect preservation of our specimens—the appearance of the column especially
being due to decay, and the portion of an arm (fig. 7) on the same slab as fig. 6
evidently belonging to another animal of a different species. They must therefore,
I think, be united with the present species.
Affinities.—Se. loreus, Sladen, sp.’ (= Poteriocrinus tenuis, Austin), is very
similar, and seems evidently congeneric, but its dorsal cup is more elongate and
1 1877, Sladen, ‘ Proc. W. Rid. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soce.,’ n. s., vol. i, p. (5), pl. x, fig. 2.
SCYTALOCRINUS. 235
conical, its arm-plates seem all equal, and it appears to differ in having only one
row of primibrachs.
Sc. Vanhornei, Worthen,' is also very like, both as to its dorsal cup and its
ventral sac, but its arm-plates are much shorter and more cuneate. Its second
primibrach is axillary.
2. SCYTALOCRINUS ARACHNOIDLUS, n. sp. Plate XXXVIII, figs. 5, 6.
Description.—Stem round, with alternate very long and moderate columnars
(near the cup), which have gently convex peripheries. Dorsal cup small, appa-
rently semi-globose (bowl-shaped). Infra-basals elongate, pentagonal? longer
than wide. Basals subhexagonal, equal to the infra-basals in height but broader.
Radials pentagonal, about the same size as basals, convex laterally, and with
horizontal upper margins. First primibrachs large, square ; second primibrachs
pentagonal, axillary. Arms very long, simple, not perceptibly tapering, composed
of equal plates, which are rather higher than wide, have almost horizontal sutures,
and bear very long pinnules with numerous joints. Azygous plate very similar to
the radials, bearing apparently another very small anal on its left shoulder, and a
third on its truncated upper margin; these being followed by numerous rows of
subhexagonal pieces forming a long narrow neck to the sac, which is longer than
the height of the cup, the sac then expanding and forming a long reticulate bag
four or five times the height of the cup.
Size.—Height of a cup 5 mm., length of ventral sac about 40 mm.
Localities.—There are three specimens from Barnstaple in the Woodwardian
Museum.
Remarks.—These specimens appear to have very much the same characters as
Sc. stadiodactylus, but to differ distinctly from it in the structure of their arms,
which are much stouter, and composed of comparatively short equal joints. The
ventral sac seems also very similar. The defective state of our specimens leaves
of course many of the characters indistinct and doubtful, but as their size
does not seem to exceed that of the former species, they could hardly be sup-
posed to be its adult condition, and must therefore, I think, be regarded as a
new form.
1 1875, Worthen, ‘ Geol. Surv. Illin.,’ vol. vi, p. 517, pl. xxxi, figs. 2, 3.
HA
236 DEVONIAN... FAUNA.
4, Genus—Catioorinus, White, 1863.
1. Catiocrtnus, n. sp. Plate XXXVIII, fig. 7.
Description.—Dorsal cup unseen. Arms stout, slowly diminishing in size,
bifurcating at nearly level distances, the ramifications occurring only on the two
outer arms of the rays, and the branches being given off toward the inner side of
the ray, and remaining single throughout. Arm-plates extremely short, uniserial,
cuneate. Pinnules large:and long. About five plates between the first divari-
cation seen and the second; about seven between the second and third; and about
eleven between the third and fourth.’ Anal sac long.
Size.—A specimen with parts of the arms is 22 mm. long.
Localities. —A single defective specimen from Barnstaple is in the Woodwardian
Museum.
Remarks.—This specimen being a mass of arms with only indistinct indications
of the dorsal cup is insufficient for full determination, but at the same time is
distinctly different from any other Pilton Crinoid.
As far as can be seen, it has great resemblance to such forms as Zeacrinus cari-
niferus, Worthen,’ and Z. lyra, Meek and Worthen,’ which Wachsmuth and Springer
refer to Celiocrinus,’ a genus with a ‘ balloon-shaped ”’ dorsal sac, and for one of
the species of which they somewhat rapaciously claim* the well-known Hchino-
spherites tesselatus, Phillips, sp.,° regardless ofits structure! A small portion of the
ventral sac, seen in our specimen, proves it to have been large and possibly wide,
but its shape is unknown, so that it is not certain whether our species belongs to
this or some kindred genus. The cuneate plates of the arms, however, appear,
according to Wachsmuth and Springer, to separate it from Zeacrinus, and from
such species as Zeacrinus ramosus, Hall,® or Scaphiocrinus subequalis, Wachsmuth
and Springer,’ which, after having placed in a new genus Pachylocrinus, they
afterwards referred to Woodocrinus, de Koninck,® from the type form of which,
W. macrodactylus, these species certainly have a very different aspect, though
they may be more like W. expansus, de Koninck.?
1 1873, Meek and Worthen, ‘ Geol. Surv. Illin.,’ vol. v, p. 535, pl. xx, fig. 4.
2 Tbid., p. 482, pl. i, fig. 11.
3 1879, Wachsmuth and Springer, ‘ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,’ 1879, p. 354.
4 1886, ibid., p. 168.
5 1841, Phillips, ‘ Pal. Foss.,’ p. 135, pl. lix, figs. 49% a, 6.
6 1858, Hall, ‘Report Geol. Surv. Iowa,’ vol. i, pt. 2, p. 548, pl. ix, fig. 3.
7 1873, Meek and Worthen, ‘ Geol. Surv. Illin.,’ vol. v, p. 494, pl. xv, fig. 6 (this figure, however,
has cuneate plates) ; and 1879, Wachsmuth and Springer, ‘ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,’ 1879, p. 339.
8 1854, de Koninck et le Hon, ‘ Recherches Crinoid. Terr. Carb. Belg.,’ p. 212, pl. viii, figs. 1 a—e.
9 1858, de Koninck, ‘ The Geologist,’ vol. i, p. 18, pl. ii, fig. 1.
PLATE XXII.
PRODUCTUS INTERRUPTUS, Sowerby (?). (Page 172.)
Fig.
1. Ventral valve, lying obliquely in the matrix, showing the ribs and the interrupting grooves and
ridges in the posterior parts, x 3. Pilton. Porter Collection.
2. Dorsal? valve, somewhat worn, showing the transverse ridges over the whole surface, x 2.
Fremington. Porter Collection.
3. Portion of a crushed specimen, showing ornament, X 8. Pilton. Porter Collection.
Cuonetres Harprensis, Phillips, sp. (Page 177.)
4. Cast of dorsal valve, showing the areas of the dorsal and ventral valves, and the divaricating ribs,
x 8. Saunton Hotel. My Collection.
CHONETES MARGARITACEA, Whidborne. (Page 179.)
Cn
. Ventral valve, showing the shape and the simple ribs, x 3. 5a. Portion of surface, showing the
shape of the ribs and the transverse ornament, x 10. Roborough. Porter Collection.
6. Another specimen, much crushed, showing two of the hinge-spines, x 3. Braunton. Museum of
Practical Geology.
CHONETES ILLINOISENSIS, Worthen(?). (Page 179.)
7. Dorsal valve, showing the crowded divaricating and slightly waved strie and the slight genicula-
tion, x 3. Fremington(?). Porter Collection.
8. Ventral valve, much crushed, showing one of the long oblique hinge-spines, x 3. Fremington (?).
Porter Collection.
CRANIELLA INSECUBA, n. sp. (Page 180.)
9. Cast of dorsal valve, showing the apex, the casts of the muscle-scars, and the ornament assumed
from the organism to which the other valve was attached, x 2. Pilton Beds. Barnstaple
Atheneum.
Crania? RicTA, n. sp. (Page 182.)
10. Ventral valve, showing the divaricator, the occlusor, and the ventral adjuster (?) muscle-scars, x 3.
10a. Portion, showing the minutely tuberculated inner surface, x 10. Pilton. Porter
Collection.
Discrna nitipa, Phillips, sp. (Page 183.)
11. Upper valve, which is a cast in the central part, but retains the surface near the margins, the
front part of which is covered by matrix, x 8. lla. Lateral view, x 3. Saunton Hotel.
Miss Partridge’s Collection.
12. Lower valve, x 3. West Angle Bay, Pembrokeshire. Museum of Practical Geology.
LInGuLA squaMirorMIs, Phillips. (Page 183.)
13. Dorsal valve, showing the radiations on the surface, x 2. Saunton Hotel. Miss Partridge’s
Collection.
FENESTELLA PLEBEIA, J{‘Coy. (Page 185.)
14, Part of a large frond. 14a. A fenestrule, showing the non-poriferous surface, x 20. 146. A
fenestrule, which is a natural section, showing five or six cells between the dissepiments, x 20.
Snapper Quarry. Hamling Collection.
15. Fragment of a frond. 15a. Portion, showing a nodulated surface, and the section of some cells,
x 20. Ironpost. My Collection.
FrnESsTELLA ? UMBROSA, n. sp. (Page 186.)
16. Wax impression of the natural cast of a frond. 16a. A portion of the surface showing the blunt
central keel, the shape of the fenestrules, and three or four cel!-moutks to a fenestrule, x 20.
Roborough. Barnstaple Atheneum.
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FENESTELLA PLEBEIA, ‘Coy. (Page 185.)
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Fragmentary specimen. 1a. Portion, showing the striated non-poriferous side, and the section
with four or six cells to a fenestrule (slightly restored), x 20. Pilton Beds. Porter
Collection.
FrnrsTtELLA? UMBROSA, n. 8p. (Page 186.)
. Fragmentary specimen in the condition of a cast, probably belonging to this species, but with
very small fenestrules. 2a. Portion, showing two cells to a fenestrule, x 20. Roborough.
Porter Collection.
. Fragmentary specimen of the radical portion of a frond. 38a. Portion, showing the keeled and
striated non-poriferous side, which sometimes appears to have two cells to a fenestrule, x 20.
Poleshill. Porter Collection.
FENESTELLA POLYPORATA, Phillips. (Page 188.)
. Fragmentary specimen of the poriferous face. 4 @. Portion, showing six cells to a fenestrule,
the median keel, and the elevated cell-mouths, x 20. Pilton Beds. Hamling Collection.
. Fragmentary specimen of the radical portion of a frond. 5a. Portion, showing the mode of
branching, the cells, the cell-mouths, and the median keel, x 20. Pilton. Porter Collection.
PENNIRETIPORA BIPINNATA, Phillips, sp. (Page 190.)
. Portion of a large cast, showing mouths of cells. Ga. Portion, showing two cells on the central
stem between each two of the branches, x 20. Poleshill. Porter Collection.
. Slab with several specimens retaining surface. 7a. Portion of a frond, showing the central keels
and the cell-mouths, x 20. Barnstaple. Woodwardian Museum.
. Specimen, showing the mode of branching. Pilton. Porter Collection.
PENNIRETIPORA VIRGATA, D. sp. (Page 191.)
. Fragmentary specimen. 9a. Portion, showing the numerous cells between the subsidiary
branches, x 20. Croyde Bay. My Collection.
STREBLOTRYPA GreGort, Whidborne. (Page 192.)
Portion of a zoarium. 10a, Portion of surface, showing the acute undulating ridges, the mouths
of the zocecia and the mesopores, x 20. Pilton Beds. Hamling Collection.
RHABDOMESON? GRaAcILE, Phillips, sp. (Page 194.)
Portion of a zoarium. 11a. Portion of surface, showing cell-mouths, x 20. Barnstaple.
Woodwardian Museum (on a slab from which Sowerby’s figure in ‘ Geol. Trans.,’ ser. 2, vol. v,
pt. 3, pl. lui, fig. 17, was taken).
Portion of a zoarium, 12a. Portion of surface, showing cell-mouths and acanthopores, x 20.
Ironpost. My Collection.
Portion of the zoarium of a variety with larger cell-mouths. 13 a. Portion of surface, showing
the long, oval cell-mouths and pores, x 20. East Anstey. My Collection.
Cast of a zoarium, probably belonging to this species. 14a. Portion, showing the form of the
ceils, X 20. Pilton. Porter Collection.
Portion of the natural section of a zoarium, probably belonging to this species. 15a. Portion,
showing the shape of the cells and the central axis, x 20. Pilton. Porter Collection.
LEIOCLEMA ? pistans, Whidborne, sp. (Page 196.)
Portion of a zoarium. 16a. Portion, showing the small, distant, oval cell-mouths and the scattered
mesopores, X 20. Laticosta Cave, Baggy. Hamling Collection.
Fistuntpora ? sp. (Page 197.)
Specimen of a free zoarium. 17a. Portion, showing the cells, x 15. Pilton. Porter Collection.
Fistutiora (?), sp. (Page 198.)
Specimen encrusting a coral, x 2. Frankmarsh. Barnstaple Atheneum.
Wax cast of the portion of another specimen, encrusting a crinoid stem, X 20. Barnstaple.
Woodwardian Museum.
PLATH XXIL
Geo.West & Sons lith. et imp.
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LEpipEestHES P Devonicans, Whidborne. (Page 260.)
Fia.
1. One side of the mould of a nearly perfect but flattened and compressed
specimen, in which the remains of the lantern are seen, and the ten areas
may be roughly traced, nat. size. Pilton Beds, North Devon. Museum of
Practical Geology.
2. Portion of the opposite face of the same specimen, showing numerous spines
and interambulacral and ambulacral plates, x 2. Pilton Beds, North
Devon. Museum of Practical Geology.
PLATE XXIV.
Geo.Weet & Sons lith. et imp.
PLATE XXYV.
PROTOCIDARIS ACUARIA, n. sp. (Page 203.)
Fic.
1. Mould of a portion of a crushed test, showing numerous interambulacral plates
and spines, X 2. la. Portion of the same, showing a tubercle and parts
of two spines, X 25. 10. Portion of the same, showing several plates
and large and small spines, x 5. Hast of Barnstaple. Museum of Prac-
tical Geology.
2. Another specimen, probably belonging to the same test, showing remains of
the lantern-apparatus, nat. size. 2a. Portion of one of the bones of the
lantern, X 10. Hast of Barnstaple. Museum of Practical Geology.
LEPIDEStHES P DEVONICANS, Whidborne. (Page 200.)
3a. Wax cast of some interambulacral plates from the test figured on Pl. XXIV,
showing their shape and ornamentation, X 5. 3. Wax cast of some
ambulacral plates, x 5. 3c. Portion of an interambulacral plate, showing
a tubercle, X 25. 3d. Portion of a spine, X 25. 3e. Another spine,
x 10. 3. An ambulacral plate, showing its thickness, x 10. Pilton
Beds, North Devon. Museum of Practical Geology.
Geo. West & Sons lith. et imp.
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PALMASTER LONGIMANUS, Whidborne. (Page 204.)
Mould of the upper surface of a specimen, X 3. 1a. Wax impression of a
portion of the same, showing the arrangement of the plates, x 5. Park,
near Braunton. Museum of Practical Geology.
. Mould of the under surface of the same animal, x 3. Park, near Braunton.
Museum of Practical Geology.
. Mould of the under surface of another specimen, showing the length of the
arms, X 3. 38a. Wax impression, showing the mouth, xX 5. 3b. Wax
impression of an arm, which has been twisted so as to show its upper
side, X 8. Baggy Poimt. Museum of Practical Geology.
. Wax impression from another specimen, showing the mouth and parts of the
arms, X 6. Pilton. Porter Collection.
PROTASTER GRANIFER, Whidborne, sp. (Page 207.)
. Mould of the lower surface, x 3. 5a. Wax impression from a portion of one
of the arms showing (indistinctly) the arrangement of the plates, x 3.
Pilton Beds, North Devon. Museum of Practical Geology.
. Mould of the upper surface of the same animal, x 3. 6a. Wax impression
of a portion of the surface, k 15. Pilton Beds, North Devon. Museum
of Practical Geology.
PLATE XXVI
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PLATE XXVII.
ProtasteR? (DrepanasteR) scaBrosus, Whidborne, var. (Page 208.)
1 a. Wax impression of a
Fic.
Hamling Col-
1. Under surface of an indistinct specimen, X 2.
portion of one of the arms, X 4. Top Orchard Quarry.
lection.
2. Upper surface of the same animal, x 2. 2a. Wax impression of a portion
of one of the arms, xX 4. 2b, Side view of the same, *¥ 2. 2c. Wax
impression of a portion of the surface, x 10. Top Orchard Quarry,
Hamling Collection.
3. Another specimen in a very poor state of preservation, X 3. Fremington.
Porter Collection.
HucasterR? pERARMATUS, Whidborne, sp. (Page 209.)
4, Wax impression from the mould of the lower side of an arm, x 3. Poleshill.
Porter Collection.
5. Wax impression from the mould of portions of the upper sides of three arms,
x 2. Poleshill. Porter Collection.
6. A confused group of arms from another animal.
of the arms, X 4. Braunton Down. Museum of Practical Geology.
6a. Wax impression of one
PLATE XXVIL
West & Sons lith. et imp.
o
PLATE XXVIII.
ProvasteR ? (DREPANASTER) ScABROSUS, Whidborne, var. (Page 208.)
Fic.
1. Under side of a specimen, X 3. 1a. Wax impression, showing the oral
arrangement, X 5. 1b. Wax impression of a portion of the arms, X 7.
Croyde. Museum of Practical Geology.
2. Under side of another specimen, x 3. 2a. Wax impression of a portion of
one of the arms, X 10. 20. A small portion of the surface of the same,
x 70. Croyde. Museum of Practical Geology.
OPHIURELLA P GREGARIA, Whidborne, sp. (Page 210.)
3. Wax impression of a portion of the mould of a specimen, xX 5. (The longest
portion of arm here shown is only three fifths of its full length.) Braunton
Down. Museum of Practical Geology.
PLATE XXVIII
Geo.West & Sons lith. et imp.
PHATE XXX.
Prorasrur ? (Drepanaster) scasrosus, Whidborne. (Page 208.)
Fie.
1. Specimen showing the small plates of the dorsal surface of the disc and
portions of the arms, and the lateral spines, x 5. la, 1b. Wax impres-
sions of two portions of the arms, x 10. Croyde Bay. Barnstaple
Athenzeum.
2. Another specimen, showing the lower side of an animal, x 3. 2a. Wax
impression of a portion of one of the arms, xX 10. Braunton Down.
Museum of Practical Geology.
PaLMASTER LONGIMANUS, Whidborne. (Page 204.)
3. Wax impression from the mould of the upper surface of a small specimen,
the arms of which are really longer than here visible, x 4. Top Orchard
Quarry. My Collection.
CoDONASTER CONIOUS, n. sp. (Page 214.)
a
Small specimen, showing the sutures, X 6. 4a. Upper view showing the
disc, the surface of which is partly destroyed, X 12. Top Orchard Quarry.
Woodwardian Museum.
PENTREMITIDEA PaItttesi, n. sp. (Page 212.)
5. Mould of a specimen, showing two ambulacra and an interradius, x 10.
5a. Wax impression of a portion of one of the ambulacra, showing the
food-grooves and the plates, x 20. Wrafton Lane. My Collection.
6. Cast of a radial plate with an ambulacra, x 3. Ashford Strand. Barnstaple
Athenzeum.
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PLATE X
co West & Sons hth, et imp
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PLATE, XXX.
ADELOCRINUS HystRIX, Phillips. (Page 224.)
Basal view of the wax impression of a mould of part of a dorsal cup, X 2.
Pilton. Porter Collection.
A single concave plate of another cup (possibly an anal plate ?), x 4. Pilton.
Porter Collection.
Wax impression of part of another cup, having larger and more numerous
tubercles, and being quadrate in horizontal section, X 2. Bradford. Barn-
staple Athenzum.
. Wax impression from Phillips’s type specimen, having few and small tuber-
cles, X 3. Brushford. Museum of Practical Geology.
. Specimen of a calix with arms attached, xX 2. Top Orchard. Barnstaple
Athenzeum.
. The other side of the same animal, showing the arms, X 2. 6a. Wax
impression of a portion of one of the arms, showing the plates and
pinnules, X 7. ‘Top Orchard. Barnstaple Athenzum.
. Specimen, showing parts of five arms with their pinnules in situ, and part of
the calix of the same or another animal, x 3. 7a. Wax impression of
one of the arms, X 7. Braunton. Museum of Practical Geology.
Actinocrinus Porrert, Whidborne. (Page 220.)
. Gutta-percha cast of a specimen, X 2. Barnstaple. Woodwardian Museum.
s lith. et irap
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PLATE XXXI.
Actinocrinus Portseri, Whidborne. (Page 220.)
Fra.
1. Mould of part of a calix with arms and pinnules, nat. size. 1a, wax cast
of a portion of one of the arms, showing a curious triple branching, X 2.
North Devon. Museum of Practical Geology.
2. Mould of the opposite side of the same animal as fig. 1, showing part of the
dome. North Devon. Museum of Practical Geology.
Ruopocrinus? sp. (Page 217.)
3. Specimen showing a defective dorsal cup with armlets and long arms clothed
with fine pinnules, nat. size. 3a,a plate of the cup, x 7. 30, a portion
of an arm, showing the arrangement of the plates, x 10. 3 c, impression
of the inner surface of one of the pinnules, x 25. 3 d, portion of the
outer surface of one of the arms, xX 5. North Devon. Museum of
Practical Geology.
SCAPHIOCRINUS P PLUMIFER, n. sp. (Page 228.)
4. Gutta-percha cast of a specimen, nat. size. 4a, anal side of the dorsal cup,
x 6. 46, one of the arms, X 5. 4c, impression of one of the pinnules,
x 25. Barnstaple. Woodwardian Museum.
Actinocrinus Porreri, Whidborne. (Page 220.)
5. Part of the dorsal cup and arms of a large specimen, nat. size. Braunton.
Museum of Practical Geology.
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PLATE XXXII.
Aotinocrinus Portert, Whidborne. (Page 220.)
Fie.
1. Specimen, containing the opposite side of the dorsal cup figured on Pl. XXXI,
fie. 5, together with the stems of several other individuals. Braunton.
Museum of Practical Geology.
Actinocrinus ? Barusri, Whidborne. (Page 222.)
2. Mould of the dome and inner side of the arms, X 3. 2a, wax cast of part
of the dome, showing some of the plates, x 3. 26, three plates, x 10.
Braunton. Museum of Practical Geology.
3. Mould of the dorsal cup of the same individual, x 3, 34a, wax cast of the
dorsal cup, slightly restored, X 3. 30, lateral view, X 3. Braunton.
Museum of Practical Geology.
PLATE XXXII
‘,
Geo. West & Sons lith. et imp
=
PA OTT,
SCAPHIOCRINUS? PLUMIFER, n. sp. (Page 228.)
Fia,
1. Gutta-percha cast of a large specimen, in which the plates of the dorsal cup
are broken away, X 2. Barnstaple. Woodwardian Museum.
TAXOORINUS MACRODACTYLUS, Phillips. (Page 215.)
2. The only remaining specimen of Phillips’s types of this species known, nat.
size. Pilton. Museum of Practical Geology.
3. Another specimen, showing the bifurcations of the arms, X 3. 34a, wax cast
of the inner side of one of the arms, X 3. North Devon. Museum of
Practical Geology.
4, Another specimen, being a cast in the upper part and a mould in the lower,
nat. size. 4a, wax cast of the top of the stem and lower part of the dorsal
cup, restored above the dotted line from the arms seen in the specimen,
x 2. North Devon. Museum of Practical Geology.
PLATE XXXII
GeoWest & Sons lith.et imp.
’
5.
PATE XOX:
Taxocrinus sturrus, Whidborne. (Page 216.)
Fie.
1. Wax cast of a specimen, showing the top of the stem, the dorsal cup, and the
beginnings of the arms, one of which has three primibrachs and five and six
secundibrachs respectively, x 3. (Uhe little plates seen between the arms
have been drawn too regularly, and are probably not pinnules, but scattered
plates from the infolded extremities of thearms.) Pilton. Porter Collection.
2. Mould of the opposite side of the same individual, x 2. 2a, wax cast,
showing anal plates, X 3. Pilton. Porter Collection.
3. Another specimen, showing the character of the stem, X 2. Pilton. Porter
Collection.
Sp. INDET.
4. Terminal portion of an arm with stout short pinnules, xX 4. 4a, portion,
x 10. Pilton. Porter Collection.
Marioorinus ? sp. (Page 219.)
5. Doubtful specimen, showing the arms and a few plates of the dorsal cup, X 2.
Braunton. Barnstaple Athenzum.
Pornriocrinus Barumensis, Whidborne. (Page 227.)
6. Gutta-percha cast of a specimen showing the plates of the dorsal cup, the
first primibrachs axillary, and nine secundibrachs in one of the arms, X 2.
Barnstaple. Woodwardian Museum.
ScAPHIOCRINUS ? INORDINATUS?P n. sp. (Page 230.)
7. Mould of a specimen, very doubtfully referred to this species, X 3. Braunton.
Museum of Practical Geology.
ScaPHIOCRINUs P sp. (Page 231.)
8. Mould of a specimen, showing the very shallow dorsal cup and the large
primibrachs, xX 3. 8a, portion of an arm, showing the pinnules, X 5.
Braunton. Museum of Practical Geology.
XOCXIV.
4
PLATE
lith. et imap
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PLATE XXXYV.
Poreriocrinus Tensus, Whidborne. (Page 226.)
Fie.
1. Gutta-percha cast of a specimen, showing the dorsal cup (much injured), the
branching of the arms, and fragments of the anal tube, x 2. (The plates
between the cup and the first bifurcations of the arms have been restored in this
jigure, and perhaps incorrectly.) 1a, portion of one of the arms, X 5.
Barnstaple. Woodwardian Museum.
. Another gutta-percha cast, taken subsequently from the same specimen,
showing the opposite side of the dorsal cup, X 2. Barnstaple. Wood-
bo
wardian Museum.
Poteriocrinus Barumensis, Whidborne. (Page 227.)
ss)
. Specimen, showing the plates of the dorsal cup and the arms, and having a
curious deformity in the stem, X 2. Top Orchard Quarry. Woodwardian
Museum.
PoTeRIOCRINUS, sp. (Page 228.)
4, A large detached ventral sac, nat. size. Braunton. Museum of Practical
Geology.
. Specimen, showing one arm, part of the ventral sac, and some plates of the
5
dorsal cup, nat. size. 5a, portion of the arm, showing an armlet which
appears to bear pinnules, xX 5. Barnstaple. Woodwardian Museum.
SCAPHIOCRINUS P INORDINATUS, n. sp. (Page 2380.)
6. Specimen, showing the dorsal cup and arms, X 2. 6a, portion of one of the
arms, showing the pinnules, x 7. Barnstaple. Woodwardian Museum.
UY XXXV.
PLATE
Geo West & Sons lith. et imp
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ae
PLATE XXXVI.
SCAPHIOORINUS P PLUMIFER, n. sp. (Page 228.)
Fie.
1. Mould of a specimen in rough preservation, x 3. 1a, wax cast of the dorsal
cup, showing the plates, the surface-ornamentation of which appears to
have been obliterated, x 3. Braunton. Museum of Practical Geology.
ScyTALOORINUS ? sTADIoDACTYLUS, Whidborne, sp. (Page 233.)
2. Wax cast of a specimen, showing the anal side of the dorsal cup and the
ventral sac, nat. size (see Pl. XXXVII, fig. 14). 2a, dorsal cup, x 4.
Braunton. Barnstaple Athenzeum.
3. Specimen in which the dorsal cup is obliterated, but the expanded arms and
pinnules are seen, X 2. 3a, gutta-percha cast of the central parts, x 4.
Barnstaple. Woodwardian Museum.
4, Wax cast of a specimen, showing the anal side of the dorsal cup and the
beginning of the ventral sac, the plates of the stem being obliterated, x 3.
Pilton. Porter Collection.
5. Wax cast of part of a dorsal cup with closed arms, xX 4. Roborough.
Barnstaple Athenzeum.
6. Mould, showing the plates of the dorsal cup, the first and second primibrachs
and the beginning of the arms, X 2. Pilton. Porter Collection.
8. Mould of a smaller specimen, X 3. Roborough. Barnstaple Atheneum.
Sp. INDET.
7. Terminal portion of an arm, X 2. 7a, portion showing the pinnules, x 6.
Pilton. Porter Collection.
PoTeRiocRINuUs, sp. (Page 228.)
9. Mould of a defective dorsal cup, with portions of two arms and the upper
part of the stem, nat. size. 9a, portion of one of the arms, showing
the pinnules, x 3. Braunton Down. Museum of Practical Geology.
XXX V I
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PATE xe At:
CorNuLites pEvontANUS, Whidborne. (Page 198.)
Small specimen, X 8. Pilton. Porter Collection.
Small recurved specimen, X 8. Roborough. Porter Collection.
Larger specimen with irregular annulations, x 2. Pilton. Porter Collection.
MEDUSASTER PARVUS, n. Sp. (Page 205.)
. Mould of a specimen, showing the disc, the buccal plates, and the sixteen
arms, X 9. North-east of Harford Landkey. Hamling Collection.
MEGIstocrINus? sp. (Page 218.)
. Cast of a dorsal cup, showing primibrachs, secundibrachs, interradials, and
interambulacrals, x 6. Barnstaple. Woodwardian Museum.
MaRIooRINUS ? MUNDUS, n. sp. (Page 219.)
. Specimen, showing the mould of the stem and the dorsal cup, and the cast of
the arms, X 3. Croyde Rocks. My Collection.
. Mould of the other side of the same dorsal cup, x 3. Croyde Rocks. My
Collection.
PLATYCRINUS ? ANGULIFERUS, n. sp. (Page 223.)
. Mould of a specimen, showing two radials, some smaller plates, and the
beginnings of the arms, X 2. Saunton Hotel. Mr. Coomara Swamy’s
Collection.
. Detached radial, x 3. Roborough. Porter Collection.
. Wax cast of a radial with stronger ornamentation, x 3. Pilton. Porter
Collection.
. Wax cast of another radial, x 3. Roborough. Porter Collection.
. Mould of a detached columnar, probably belonging to this species, x 3.
Vicarage Lane, Pilton. Barnstaple Atheneum.
SCAPHIOCRINUS P SALEBROSUS, n. Sp. (Page 232.)
Mould of a dorsal cup, showing the tumid plates, x 2. Pilton. Porter
Collection.
SoyTaLOCRINuS srap1opactyLus, Whidborne, sp. (Page 233.)
The same specimen as figured on Pl. XXXVI, fig. 2, showing the dorsal cup,
the ventral sac, and the arms, X 2. Braunton. Barnstaple Atheneum.
(Figures 2, 3, 9, 10, and 11 have by accident been placed on the Plate upside down.)
PLATE XXXVI
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PLATE XXXVIII.
Porsriocrinus TENSUS, Whidborne. (Page 226.)
no bifurcations are visible), and the exceedingly long slight pinnules, x 2.
Saunton Hotel. Partridge Collection.
SCAPHIOCRINUS ? PLUMIFER, n. sp. (Page 228.)
Gutta-percha cast of a specimen showing the dorsal cup and the closed arms,
x 2. Barnstaple. Woodwardian Museum.
SCAPHIOCRINUS TRANSCISUS, n. sp. (Page 230.)
Wax cast of a specimen, showing some plates of the anal side of the dorsal
cup and the beginning of the ventral sac, nat. size. Poleshill. Porter
Collection.
SCAPHIOCRINUS P INORDINATUS, n. sp. (Page 280.)
Cast of a flattened specimen, showing the arrangement of the plates of the
dorsal cup, including the anal plate in the basal ring, and (in four of the
arms) the two primibrachs, x 2. Upcott Arch. My Collection.
SCYTALOCRINUS ARACHNOIDEUS, n. sp. (Page 235.)
Gutta-percha cast of a specimen, showing the upper part of the stem, the
plates of the dorsal cup, the ventral sac, and part of the arms, X 2.
Barnstaple. Woodwardian Museum.
Gutta-percha cast of another specimen, showing the arms, X 2. Barnstaple.
Woodwardian Museum.
Ca@Liocrinus? n. sp. (Page 236.)
. Gutta-percha cast of a specimen, showing the mode of branching of the arms,
their short cuneate plates, and the pinnules, xX 2. Barnstaple. Wood-
wardian Museum.
PLATE XXXVI
F\H Michael delet lith Geo West % Sonsimp,
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