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THE

INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV.

This volume is issued to the Subscribers to the Ray Society for

the Year 1881.

LONDON:

MDCCCLXXXII.

LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

DAVIS

^ *

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

BRITISH

PHYTOPHAGOUS HYMENOPTERA.

(TENTHREDO, SIREX and CYNIPS, Linne)

VOL. I.

PETER CAMERON

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY.

MDCCCLXXXII

! IBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

DAVIS

PRINTED BY J. E. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE

rEEFACE.

The present work gives a systematic and biological
description of the species of the Hymenopterous
Families Tenthredinidce, Siricidw, and Cynipidce, known
at present to inhabit Britain. So far as the two first
families are concerned, this is not the first work on
the British species ; for in 1835, in the seventh volume
of his ' Illustrations of British Entomology,' ' James
Francis Stephens described the species known by him
to inhabit these isles. Stephens' work is now obsolete,
while since its publication until within the last decade
the plant-feeding Hymenoptera have been altogether
neglected. This is a somewhat curious circumstance,
considering that they are the easiest of all Hymenoptera
to name, that many of them possess elegant and beau-
tiful forms, and many interesting peculiarities of

structure, while their life histories can be worked out
with comparative ease, and afford biological and
physiological problems of the greatest interest for
investigation. The Cynipid<B or gall-flies have been
even more neglected, and only a few fragmentary

papers have been published on the British species

RG <»v >

PREFACE.

The published works or papers on the British
species and the workers at the groups being so few,
cannot hope that the present Monograph is very com-
plete as regards the actual number of British species ;
while, as will be seen, the life-histories of very many of

our commonest species are quite unknown. I cannot
hope either that I have escaped the errors of omission
and commission incidental to a work of this kind,
dealing as it does with little studied and little known
animals ; but such as it is, I hope, that at any rate it
will increase the number of students of these neglected,
but most interesting insects, and thus lead to an
extension of our knowledge of the British species and
their habits.

The literature being thus so scanty, my indebted-
ness is the greater to those gentlemen who have
rendered me assistance by lending me specimens or
giving me information. In this respect my thanks are
especially due to Professor Westwood, F.L.S., Pro-

fessor J. W. H. Trail, F.L.S., Professor Gustav L.

Mayr, of Vienna, the late Professor Zaddach, of
Konigsberg, the late Dr. S. C. Snellen van Vollen-
hoven, of the Hague, Dr. David Sharp, of Thornhill,
Dr. Buchanan White, F.L.S., of Perth, Messrs. R.

McLachlan, F.R.S., J. E. Fletcher, John B. Bridg-
man, Joseph Chappell, Edward Saunders, F.L.S., E. A.

Fitch, F.L.S., 0. W. Dale, James Hardy, J. J. King,
Thomas Wilson, T. E. Billups, J. Gr. Marsh, C. G.
Bignall, Richard McKay, the Rev. T. A. Marshall,

PREFACE.

Vll

E. A. Butler, Herr Brischke, of Dantzig, and the
late Fredk. Smith, of the British Museum. To
Mr. J. E. Fletcher, of Worcester, I am much obliged

for the great trouble he has taken in procuring mo
larvaB for figuring ; Mr. W. F. Kirby, of the British
Museum, has given me bibliographical information

which I could not obtain here from the absence of

libraries ; while I have to thank the Secretary of the
Ray Society, the Rev. Professor Thomas Wiltshire,
F.L.S., Professor Rupert Jones, F.R.S., and Mr. J. J.
Weir, F.L.S., for revising the proofs.

Glasgow;

July, 1882

A MONOGBAPH

OF THE

BRITISH

PHYTOPHAGOUS HYMENOPTERA

VOL. I.

INTRODUCTION.

The term " Phytophagous " is applied to the Insects
described in the present work to signify that most of
them are plant-feeders, and not that they form a homo-
geneous section of the Order Hymenoptera to which
they belong. Nor, indeed, is the term strictly correct,
for many of the species in one group — the Cynipidce

are animal parasites ; while this family differs
structurally from the other families described, in
having the abdomen attached to the thorax by a narrow
pedicle only — having it appendiculated or petiolate
the abdomen in the other section, that containing the
TenthredinidcB and Siricidce, being joined to the thorax
by its entire width, or sessile. The latter groups,
furthermore, differ from all other Hymenoptera (includ-
ing the Cynipidce) in the peculiar structure of the
ovipositor, and in the larvae having legs on the thorax.

The four families of Teiithredinidce, Siricidce, Ce-
phidce, and Oryssidce (Holonota, Foerster*) form thus

* Ueb. d. syst. Wertli d. Fliigelgeaders b. d. Hymen., p. 19.

VOL. I.

2 THE IMAGO THE HEAD.

a well-marked section, and together have been
variously called Phytlphaga in allusion to their habits,
Sessiliventris, in allusion to the form of the abdomen,
and Securifera or S err if era, after the form of the ovi-
positor. We may distinguish the groups as follows :

Abdomen joined to the thorax by its entire width. Trochanters with
two joints. Anterior wings with a lanceolate cellule,
on thorax only, or on thorax and abdomen. Sessiliventris*

I. Fourth body-segment (metathorax) fissured in the middle at its
apex, antennae placed above the clypeus, and above the lower part of
the eyes. Anterior wings with at least three cubital cellules.

A. Anterior tibiae with two spines at the apex. Prothorax small.

Larvae with legs

Tenthredinidce .

B. Antei

Prothorax large.

1. Antennae subclavate, abdomen compressed. Middle lobe of

mesonotum

short. Cephid

Tibiae spined. Ovi-

Antennae of uniform thickness. Middle lobe of mesonotum
reaching to scutellum, and separated from it by a transverse
line. Ovipositor loner. Siricidce.

II. Fourth body-segment not fissured. Antenna? in
clypeus and the eyes. Ovipositor semi-spiral. Ant
two cubital cellules. Orvssidce.

1st. Family.— TENTHREDINHLE.

The Imago.

The Head,

The head is always broader than long, bnt never
broader than the thorax ; it has never a globular form,
and usually is more or less concave behind. The eyes

are large, sometimes projecting, and situated on the
sides, rarely occupying much of the inner portion of
the head. They may (Sciopteryx) or may not reach to
near the base of the mandibles. The vertex is flat
with Lyda, depressed with some Tenthredina, and thick
and somewhat rouuded with Dolerus, &c. ; the three
ocelli are placed in a triangle on it. The vertex has
sometimes well-marked sutures, as has also the front ;
while immediately below the ocelli there is sometimes

* The other division of the Hymenoptera is called Petioliventris.

THE ANTENNA.

a raised five-angled field — the pentagonal or frontal
area — which is especially well defined with the
Nematina.

There are three of these furrows on the vertex, one on
either side of the ocelli, and one between, running in
the direction of the central ocellus, but this middle
furrow is not always present. Other furrows proceed
from below the ocelli, round the base of the antennae
— the frontal furroivs.

With Hylotoma, Nematus, &c, there is a projecting
ridge (sometimes with a fovea — the ant ennal fovea — in
its centre) between the antennae — the antennal tubercle.

The clypeus is large, and is either deeply incised
or truncated at the apex. The labrum is transverse,
rounded, and often hairy at the apex. In rare cases
the apex of the clypeus is slightly indented as in

ClacUus viminalis (PI. XV, fig. 3 b).

The antennce. — The antennas are placed immediately
over the clypeus. They are seldom (save in the case
of some male insects) much longer than the abdomen,
and may be, as in Perga, not much longer than the
head. With most species they taper slightly in thick-
ness towards the apex, while the joints decrease in
length, with those species which have them nine-
jointed ; the third joint being as a rule the largest.
The Gimbicides have them clavate or subclavate, the
apical joints forming a more or less distinct club.
Some species of Allantus and Tenthredo have them also
to a certain extent thickened at the apex, while others
have them more or less fusiform. The two basal
joints (forming the scape) are more globular than the
others, besides being the shortest. The remaining
joints may be of equal thickness throughout (as is more
often the case) or may be produced beneath into blunt
teeth (Lophyrus), or projecting processes (Tarpa). In
Pinicola (Xyela) the third joint is greatly developed,
much thickened, and fusiform in shape. Some species
of Lyda have the third joint enlarged and thickened,

and there may be, between it and the second, a small

THE TKOPHI MANDIBLES.

intermediate joint. A few genera of Hylotomina have
the large apical joint deeply grooved.

The number of joints varies : Gimbicides have from
five to seven ; Hylotoma has only three, namely, two
small ones at the base, and a very long terminal one.
Nine must be regarded as the normal number, that
being the number with Tenthredina (with a few
exceptions) and Nematina. The exceptions are the
Phyllotomides which have fewer joints (Goenoneura with
seven or eight) or more (Phyllotoma ten to sixteen
joints). Pinicola again has twelve- jointed antenna? ;
Lophyrus seventeen to twenty-three; and Ly da twenty-
two and upwards.*

Male insects have the antennae often differently
shaped from those of the female ; being often hairy,
pectinated, &c, as explained further on.

The mandibles. — These are as a rule short and thick,
broad at the base, and tapering (sometimes bulging out
first) to a blunt point at the apex. In Hylotoma and
some Nematina there is only the apical tooth (PI. X,
fig. 10), but other genera have them toothed or in-
dented along the edge as well, and in some cases the
basal part has a jagged edge. This is more especially
the case with carnivorous species {Tenthredo, &c,
PI. XII, figs. 13, 16), while again certain males
(Trichiosoma) have long, sharply-toothed mandibles,
which they use in fighting among themselves.

The form of the maxilla (PI. X, fig. 3) does not offer
any striking features, nor does it afford good cha-
racters which can be used in classification. The outer
lobe (PI. X, fig. 3, 2) is more or less rounded at the
apex, and contracted in the middle, or quadrate at the
apex as in Allantus. The inner lobe (1. c.,) is very short
with Hylotoma, with which it scarcely projects beyond

the base of the outer ; in Lyda it is slightly longer ;
with Nematus it ends in a sharp point, which reaches

When the number

mal number (9)

tend to vary in the same species, so that the number of joints cannot
always by itself be regarded as a specific character.

THE MAXILLA — PALPI.

to near the top of the outer lobe ; this being the case,

too, with Tenthredo, only it is longer. Generally the

parts are more or less membranous, especially at the
apex.

The maxillary palpi vary only in the relative size
and length of the different joints, and in number (at
least, so far as European species are concerned) they
are uniform, namely, six. In Fenusa there is indeed
a short intermediate joint at the apex of the third,
according to Hartig, but it is doubtful if it can be
regarded as a distinct joint, nor does it exist in all the
species. Curtis,* too, mentions a species having only
five in the maxillary and three in the labial palpi ; but I
have not been able to verify this observation, as he does
not mention the species, further than saying that it is
allied to Selandria.

The basal joints are horny; the apical are more
membranous and lighter coloured, while they may be
provided with short hairs. The basal joint is the
smallest, the second somewhat larger, and the third is
one of the longest. The fourth, again, is often very
small — Gimbex, Cladius — and not unfrequently the
joints, from the second, may be pretty much of the
same length — Dolerus, Athalia, Tenthredo.

The labium (PL X, fig. 2) is deeply cleft into three
nearly equal lobes, which are rounded at the apex and
generally of the same size and form. The middle lobe,
however, may be larger than the others and truncated
at the top. Tenthredo scalaris has a little conical
oint on the centre of the middle lobe. Some forms
ave the parts widely separated and well marked, but
with Hylotoma, Tenthredina, &c, they are closely
pressed together.

The labial palpi have usually four joints. With
Gimbex the third joint is thickened and bulged out, and
the fourth knob-like at its outer edge. With other
species (Emphytus, &c.) the third is smallest, while
with Hylotoma they increase in size from the base.

* B. E., 764.

THE THORAX.

With Nematus, again, there is no great difference in
size. Pinicola appears to have three-jointed palpi.

Save with Tarpa the labium and maxilla are incon-
spicuous. In Tavpa they are long and projecting.

The Thorax.

The thorax forms a compact mass, and is usually
slightly broader than the head, and of the same width
as the abdomen. The prothorax (PI. X, fig. 1, 17) is
small, the only portion visible from above being that
part often denominated the " collar," a part which,
from its being separated from the lower or leg-bearing
portion, has by some been regarded as a distinct
piece. The " collar " (pronotum) is firmly united to the

mesothorax, from which it is not readily detached.

Looked at from the side it is somewhat triangular as it
issues from the base of the mesothorax, where the wings

are inserted, towards the head, and from that curves
down towards the legs ; the same being the case on the
inner side, so that it becomes quite narrow at its lower
part (PI. XV, fig. 11 a). The episternum (1. c. b) is
shorter and stouter than the " collar," and slightly
broader at the bottom than at the top. It is much freer
in its attachment than the pronotum, and comes away
easily, carrying the legs and head with it when pulled
from its attachment. The prosternum is a small piece
situated between the episternum and the two coxge

(PI. XV, fig. 7, prosternum of Dolerus). .

The mesothorax is very large compared with the two
other portions. The scutum and scutellum form one
piece, the latter being generally flat and but slightly
raised above the scutum, but is usually sharply cut off
from the metanotum by the ridge which separates the
latter from the mesothorax. The mesonotum is divided
by depressions into three parts, a triangular one in
front and one on either side, the first being called the

« front" or "middle" (PI. X, fig. 1, 18), and the
others the " lateral " lobes of the mesonotum (PI. X,

THE METATHORAX.

fig. 1, 19, :20). The middle lobe never reaches to

the scutellum, from which it is sometimes separated
by a deep depression. Close to the prothorax, and
where the wings are inserted, are two overlapping
horny points, often differently coloured from the sur-
rounding parts, called tegulce.

The episternum is a small three-angled piece situated
below the front of the wings. The mesosternum and
epimera are well developed, and their usual form may
be seen by a reference to the figures (PI. XV, fig. 11,
(j, h). The mesophragma is made visible by remov-
ing the metanotum which lies over it. At its base it
stretches from one side of the thorax to the other, but
it narrows towards its apex, which curves down into
a sort of hook form, the apical part being split in two
(PL XV, fig. 6,j from above, d from the side).
. The metathorax forms a narrow ring, and is never
larger than the basal segment of the abdomen. It is
separated from the mesothorax above by a deep
depression. On its front edge, and close to the scu-
tellum, are two white bead-like horny points, called
cenchri (PL X, fig. 1, 22), which are usually un-
protected, but with Lijda are covered with overlapping
hoods. Immediately behind this ring (which has a
distinct metasternum) there is, separated from it by a
groove, another arc which has no ventral continuation
(PL XV, figs. 6, 12 a, 13 c) and bears a stigma (fig.
12 b). The precise signification of this segment has
been much discussed, some considering it to form part
of the abdomen, while others look upon it as belonging
to the metathorax. There can be little doubt that it
is a distinct segment, and if we regard the thorax as
being made up of three segments, then it would have
to be regarded as part of the abdomen ; but, on the
other hand, it seems clear that functionally it forms
part of the thorax, it having the muscular system, &c,
identical with the three preceding segments, besides
being much more intimately bound with the thorax

than with the abdomen. In other words, the thorax

THE LEGS.

is to be regarded as composed of four segments,* a
view which holds good likewise with the larvae, whose
fourth segment (which is never provided with legs like
the succeeding segments) ministers to the thorax
rather than to the abdomen, or the part of the body
subserving to nutrition. Latreille called it the " seg-
ment mediale," a term which is appropriate enough,
but probably it is best to call it the fourth thoracic or
body segment.

The legs have two-jointed trochanters (PI. X, fig.

1), and have on the apex of the tibiae (includ

the front pair, a character which distinguishes them
from all other Hymenoptera) two spurs (calcaria) (PI.
X, fig. 1, 24). The calcaria are absent in the
exotic genus Pachylota. In length the legs are vari-
able, but they are never of excessive length or thick-
ness, nor is one part ever much developed in propor-
tion to the others. The spurs are sharp-pointed and
minutely-toothed with Dolerus, Cladius, &c. ; tubercle-
like with Cimbex and Lophyrus; while with many genera
(Emphytus, &c.) the point of the outer spiue is dilated
at the end into a fleshy prong. The posterior calcaria,
are always simple and sharp-pointed, and one is longer
than the other. Hylotoma, Lyda, and Tarpa (among
European genera) bear one or more spines (PL X, fig.
1, 25) on the two hind tibiae, or one on all the
legs, as with Lyda pratensis, &c. Hylotoma has one
on each of the two posterior tibiae, Tarpa two on the
same parts ; some forms of Lyda have one on the

anterior and three on the two posterior. Pinicola,
again, has three on each of the two posterior tibiae.
The tarsi are five-jointed. The joints are unarmed
with Phyllotoma, but, with most of the other genera,
they are provided with leaf-like expansions on the

underside, called patellar (PL X, fig. 6, 1). Th
claws on the apex of the tibiae are either equally cleft

* See Audouin, Ann. d. Sc. Nat., i, 1824 ; Latreille, Regne An.
v; Westwood, Int. ii, 92; Reinhard, B. E. Z., 3865; Palmen, Zur
Morphologie des Tracheensysteins, 98.

THE WINGS

(bifid) (PL XV, fig. 10), simple (1. c. fig. 8), or with a
minute tooth not far from the apex (PL XV, fig 9).

Croesus has the basal joint of the tarsus flattened
into a plate-like expansion, the posterior tibiae being
also thickened towards the apex. Some species of
Nematus have the apex of the hinder tibiae thickened,
and often grooved on the inner side.

The wings are (with one exception*) always present,
and four in number, the two anterior being much the
larger pair. They are broadest at the apex, which is
rounded (PL X, fig. la). In texture they are mem-
branous. The front border (the costa) is thickened,
and towards the apical third of the wing is a thickened
spot called the stigma (PL X, fig. 1 st)9 which is often a
conspicuous object, especially when it projects above
the costa, as it does with Pachylostica.

Generally the wings are hyaline and often iridescent,
but with some species they are coloured, either in
patches or throughout, the usual colour in either case

being black, although with many exotic forms it is

bluish; and, in the latter case, it has occasionally a
metallic lustre, the wings themselves being of a thicker
texture than usual.

Proceeding from the base of the wing towards the
apex, but seldom reaching much beyond the stigma,
are four nervures, while from the neighbourhood of
the base of the stigma, other two nervures run to the
apex in a slightly curved fashion. Intersecting these
transverse nervures, are shorter longitudinal ones, so
that, in this way, enclosed spaces are formed, to which
the term cell or cellule has been applied. As the form
and position of these nervures are remarkably constant,
and, as the presence of a particular arrangement of the
nervures carries along with it peculiarities in other
parts of the animal's structure, great attention has
been paid to them, especially as to their use in the
definition of genera. In this relationship the cells
formed by the transverse nervures which run from the

* Pompholyz, Freymouth, which has the ? apterous.

NERVURES.

base of the stigma to the apex — called the radial and
cubital respectively, and a cell at the bottom of wing
the lanceolate cellule, are the most important.

The following are the designations of the various
nervures and cellules adopted in this work, with the
various names applied to them by different writers on
T enthr e dinidce ,* and a reference to the plate will make
their position clear to the student.

Nervures.

. Costal or costa (PL X, fig. 1 a) = Radius, Hartig ;
Vena marginalis, Foerster ; Bandader and Randnerve,
Zaddach.

•

2. Subcostal (PI. X, fig. 1 b)=Cubitus, Hartig ; Vena
submarginalis , Foerster ; Post-costa or Nervus post-
costaliSy Thomson ; TJnterrandnerve, Zaddach.

3. Median (PI. X, fig. 1 c),= Vena media, Hartig,
Foerster ; Cubitus or Nervus cubitalis, Thomson.

4. Anal (PL X, fig. 1 d) = Vena postiea, Hartig,
Foerster; Nervus branchialis, Thomson.

5. Accessory (PL X, fig. 1 e) . = N. humeralis,

Thomson.

. Inferior (PL X, fig. 1/).

7. Radial (PL X, fig. lo)=N. marginalis, Thomson.
. Cubital (PL X, fig. 1 jp) = N submarginalis,
Thomson.

10. Basal (PL X, fig. 1/) (behind the figure 8 in

left wing — letter omitted in right side, see PL XY, fig.
1 b) = Margino-discoidalis , Andre.

11. 1st transverse median (PL X, fig. 1 q, behind
figure 12 on left wing, see PL XV, fig. lc)=N.
transversus ordinarius, Thomson; Vena transverso-hume-
ralis, Foerster ; N. medio-discoidalis, Andre.

12. 2nd transverse median (PL X, fig 1 h) =N. Trans-

* For fuller details on the wing- characters in the Hymenoptera
generally see Foerster, Ueber den systematischen Werth des Flugel-
geaders bei den Hymenopteren, 1877, and Andre, Species, i, lxii,

et seq. • ...

CELLULE?

verso-discoidalis, Andre ; Vena media, Foerster ; = 1st
and 2nd inner apical or submarginal neryures of
Norton.

13. Recurrent (PL X, fig. 1 m, n)= Vena transverso-
discoidales, Foerster; Biicklaufendadern, Hartig.

14. Transverse radial (PI. X, fig. 1 g dotted line>

absent in Hylotoma) =marginal nervures.

15. Transverse cubital (PL X, fig. 1 i, j, h)= sub-
marginal nervures ; cubital scheidnerve, Zaddach.

Cellules.

1. Radial (PL X, fig. 1)= marginal, cellula margi-
nalis, Thomson.

Appendicular (PL X, fig. 2).

3. Cubital (PL X, fig. 3, 4, 5, 6) = submarginal ,
Thomson.

. Costal (PL X, fig. 16)= Area submarginalis,

Foerster =branchial, Andre.

. Humeral (PL X, fig. 7) = Area humeralis antica,
Foerster ; costal, Andre*.

6. Discoidal. 1st (PL X, fig. 8) =C. fur cat a, Thomson;
Areola discoidalis prima, Foerster ; 2nd (PL X, fig.
Cellula discoidalis, Thomson ; 3rd (PL X, fig. 12)
Areola humeralis media, Foerster; C. secunda branchi-
alisy Thomson.

. Posterior. 1st (PL X, fig. 10) = Areola discoidalis

tertia, Foerster ; Erste Hinterzelle, Zaddach. 2nd (PL
X, fig. 13)= Aussere Hinterzelle, Zaddach =apical cells
of English authors.

8. Median (PL X, fig. 11) = Area humeralis media,
interna, Foerster.

. Lanceolate (PL X, figs. 14 and 15).

14. Anal. The anal cellule, Areola humeralis postica,
Htg., is situated between the lower edge of the wing
and the lanceolate cellule.

The number of radial cells is never more than two,

CELLULES.

and of the cubital four ; but sometimes at the apex

of the outer radial cellule there may be a small cellule
called the appendicular (Hi/lotoma), but it has never
any nervures. When two cells are present, their
relative length depends upon the place in which

the dividing nervure is received — according as it is
received nearer the apex or the base of the cellule.
The cubital cells are never less than three with the
Tenthredinidce, but may be two only with Oryssus.
When there are three cubitals, either the first or
second may be the longest. The first is small with
Dolerus and Crj/ptocampus, large with Einphytus,
Gladius. If small, it never receives a recurrent ner-
vure, but in the other case it may receive one only or
two. If the first is small the second always receives
two nervures. When there are four the first is small
and never receives a nervure, but the second and third
receive one each, or the second may receive both, e.g.
Nematus.

On the lower side of the wing, between the median
and anal cellules, and bounded by the anal nervure
above and the accessory beneath, there is an elongated
cellule called the lanceolate cellule, which is of great
value in classification ; and it is moreover peculiar to
the Tenthr edinidce . According to the position of the
accessory in relation to the anal nervure, the cellule
assumes four different forms.

. The accessory nervure issues from the middle of
the cellule, where it curves down from it, to unite with
it again at the end, thus forming an elongated, sharply-

pointed cellule at the end. This is called a ^etiolated
lanceolate cellule, and it occurs with the following
genera : — Nematus, Dineura, Schizocera, Fenusa, Blen-
nocampa (PI. X, fig. 12 d).

II. The accessory nervure unites wTith the anal not
far from its origin, then breaks off, but issues again
from the anal nervure towards the middle, when it
curves down to become united with it at the end.
There are thus two unequal cellules formed, a small

POSTERIOR WINGS. 13

one at the base and a larger one at the apex. This is
a contracted lanceolate cellule, and is possessed by
Zarcea, Abiat Amasis, Jlylotoma, Monoctenus, Cladius,
Camponiscus, Uemichroa, Hoplocampay Macrophya (in
part), Syncerema (PI. X, fig. 12 e).

III. The accessory nervure touches slightly the
anal in the middle, thus forming two cellules of
nearly equal length. To this form the term subcon-
tracted has been applied, and we meet with it in
Pachyprotasis, Macrophya in part (PL X, fig. 12 b).

IV. The nervure does not touch the anal nervure at
all ; this form may be either open or closed. It may
be closed by

(a) An oblique cross nervure placed beyond the
middle of the cellule as in Dolerus, Emphytus, Phyllo-
toma, Eriocampa, Athalia, Tazonus, Poecilosoma,
Tarpa, Lyda, and Pinicola (PI. X, fig. 12 a), or by

(b) A straight cross nervure in the centre of the
cellule as in Tenthredo, Tenthredopsis, Allantus, Cimbex,
Trichiosoma, Clavellaria, Lophyrus (PI. X, fig. 12 c).

?) Without any cross nervure, as in Selandria,
Strongylog aster in part, and Aneugmcnus (PI. X, fig.
12).

The posterior wings have never a stigma, but may
have an appendicular cellule (Hylotoma). They are
divided into cellules like the anterior, but they are
fewer in number and in importance.

The most important feature in classification is the
presence or absence of the transverse cubital (PI. X,
fig. 1 g9 lower wing) and recurrent nervures (fig./). If

absent the inner cubital cellule (fig. 5) becomes con-
fluent with the outer (fig. 6), and the discoidal (fig.
with the posterior (fig. 9). Generally both nervures
are present, but with Monopthadnus, Harpiphorus ,
Poecilosoma, the transverse cubital is absent, and the
recurrent present ; while with Emphytus, Fenusa, Pliyl-
lotoma, Blennocampa, Taxonus, neither is present.
According as these nervures are absent or present, the
species are said to have no middle (or discoidal)

THE ABDOMEN.

cellule (as in Emphytus), one as in Poecilosoma, or two
as with Tenthredo, &c.

Specific characters, too, are sometimes afforded by
the position of the nervures. In this respect the form
of the accessory nervure is often useful. Sometimes it
is received at a greater or less distance in front of the
transverse median nervure (called then appendiculated)
(PL X, fig. 13), or it may be joined to the transverse
median (PL X, fig. 13 a), when it is said to be inter-
stitial.

The posterior wing has, on the costa, a number of
hooks, which fit into the thickened brim of the lower
edge of the front wing, so that in this way the two
remain united in flight.

It only remains to add that with individual speci-
mens of most species, one or other of the cross ner-
vures may be absent, while, less frequently, greater
aberrations are met with. The species of Dineura (and
the Nematina generally) are especially liable to vary in
this respect ; with D. stilata, for instance, the trans-
verse radial nervure is as often absent as present.

In the radial, cubital, and transverse and recurrent
nervures, are usually found small, white, blistered
spaces, which have been called by Walsh "bullae."
These exist in other groups of Hymenoptera ; and in
the Ichneumonidce have been shown by Walsh* to have,
from their constancy in position, some value from a
systematic point of view. They do not, however,
appear to have an equal value in the Tenthredinidce,
although in some cases they would seem to differ in
position in closely allied species or genera, and conse-
quently their presence or absence is worth mentioning
in specific descriptions, or even in generic ones.

The Abdomen.

The abdomen is joined to the thorax by its entire
width. It is, as a rule, longer than the head and

Soc. Phil., v, p. 209, and

. THE ABDOMEN

thorax, but may be shorter. It is never quite cylin-
drical, being usually somewhat flattened above and

beneath. With Selandria it is ovoid, is longer and

more rounded with the Tenthredina, and much flat-
tended with Lyda. With the Tenthredina it bulges out
in the middle : Gimbex has the dorsal surface some-
what arched, curved down towards the apex, and the
belly flattened with the sides sharp. A few forms
have the apical segments much contracted. On the
apex of the eighth (or ninth, counting the fourth
segment as abdominal) segment (which has sometimes
no dorsal arc) are two unjointed projecting organs,
called cerci. They are seldom very conspicuous, but
with C ryptocampus 9 &c, they are very prominent.
What may be their use is still an unsettled ques-
tion, but probably they act" in some way as tactile
organs.

The separation of the abdomen from the above-men-
tioned fourth thoracic segment is usually marked by
a transverse incision, covered with a white membrane,
which with Gimbex and many other genera is very
conspicuous, and is called the blotch (nuditas). The
abdomen thus, according to the above view, consists

of eight segments. Of course, if the fourth is to be
regarded as abdominal, the number would be nine,
and certainly the fourth has every appearance of
forming part of the abdomen, if we neglect other
considerations.*

While, as has been said, the last segment is not at
all, or but slightly, developed above, below it forms
two oval or oblong plates, cleft in the middle (PL X, fig.
5 1,3, PI. X, fig. 4, 8), which are called the hypopygial
calves. They are seldom of great size, rarely occupying
one fourth of the length of the abdomen, except with
those species, e.g. Nematus luteus, which oviposit in
twigs, and consequently require a long and strongly-

* As a matter of convenience, and to facilitate comparison with
Continental works, in the descriptions I have counted the number of
segments as nine.

16 THE OVIPOSITOR.

built ovipositor. In that case it occupies the apical

half of the abdomen.

The ovipositor proper consists of a pair of flattened,
broad, lancet-like organs, generally somewhat curved
towards the apex, and of a firm horny consistency

Bach pair is composed of two distinct parts, viz. a

back piece or support (PI. X, fig. 5 a), and the
cutting instrument proper. The support is, as a
rule, very much stouter in texture than the " saw "
itself. It is slightly hollow on one side, while on the
lower edge there is a thickened rim, by means of
which the " saw " is attached to it. At the base it
is much thicker than at the apex, while the colour

there is darker. On the surface of the support, as it
may be called, are not unfrequently a number of
transverse bars, readily noticeable by their deeper
colour. "With most species these transverse bars are
simple, but occasionally they are armed with minute
teeth, e.g. Hylotoma, Nematus luteus. The support may
be (and this is more often the case) of the same shape
the saw, but may be different, as in, e.g. Cimb

The lower edge of the saw bears projecting teeth,
which may be simple projections somewhat like the
teeth of a hand saw, or these projections may them-
selves be armed with minute teeth-like indentations.
In Cimbex the edge is provided with little bead-like
projections, arising at the base from a pedicle, and
covered all over with minute teeth. Like the support,
the saw bears a number of transverse bars, distin-
guishable by their darker colour, and either un-
armed or minutely toothed (Cladius). Thus, the
saw (to quote Newport's illustration) is, in its most
advanced state, a lance, a saw, and file all in one, for
there is no doubt that the teeth on the bars serve as a
file. The structure of the saw and its support has a
direct relation to the work they have to do. Thus,
those species which deposit their eggs in twigs or
young branches have the ovipositor very stout, broad

well armed with teeth, e.a. Eemichroa n

THE OVIPOSITOR.

Cladius viminalis, Hylotoma rosce, and Nematus luteus ;
while, contrariwise, when the eggs are laid in the
leaves they are slimly built, with the teeth and bars
not well developed, e.g. Nematus miliaris, or may be
scarcely represented, as with Nematics ribesii, which

simply glues the eggs to the leaf without making any
cutting.

Outside the saw and its support, and serving as a
protecting case to them, is a two-jointed organ, which
projects to a certain extent out of the last abdominal
segment. The outer joint of this case is, as a rule,
differently coloured from the basal portion, is much
thinner than it, and hairy at the apex. At the base
the inner side is lengthened out, so as to follow the
curve of the basal joint, while at the apex it is rounded,
but not very sharply (PI. X, fig. 5).

At first sight the basal joint looks as if it were

composed of one piece, but on dissection it is seen to
be composed of two. The main piece is longer than
broad, and curved to a point at each end, the lower
end being the sharpest. At the outer end of the
upper part is, firmly attached, a triangular plate,
which joins the whole to the base of the eighth abdo-

minal segment (PI. X, fig. 5, 1), the basal part being
thus composed of two pieces.

The saw and the back piece are joined to the above-
described plates in the following way : — The support
is attached, on the one hand, by its curved base to
the middle of the oblong plate on the inner side (fig.
4), while from its thickened rim there proceeds, not far
from the base, a thin wire-like structure, which goes
round the top of the " oblong " plate, to which it is
firmly attached close to the above-mentioned smaller
piece (fig. 5, 3). In a similar way a wire-like projection
proceeds from the base of the saw, above that of the
support, and fixes the saw to the triangular plate, but

is not attached otherwise, save, of course, to the
support.

The basal half of the sheath thus not only serves as

VOL. I.

18 THE ANAL APPENDAGES.

a. point of attachment to the saw, but it may be also
said to support its outer valve, which is only loosely
attached to it, and consequently is capable of being
moved about by the insect with some freedom. It
undoubtedly serves as a sheath to protect the apical
part of the saw, but I believe it acts also, in some way,
as a tactile organ.

The ovipositor, then, is composed of three pairs of
organs, or six pieces in all, the two-jointed outer
sheath, the support, and the saw itself. The saws are
joined near the top, and on the lower side, by a
muscular band, but the connection between them is
often not very close. They are thus capable of being
separated, and form a passage for the eggs to go
down. Above the saw may be seen a pair of chitinous
processes, between which the tube of the poison gland

enters.

The Male Anal Appendages.

The last abdominal segment projects on the lower
side and forms a kind of hollow, in which the male
genital armature lies. Like the female organs, they are
easily extracted, and are of a tough, horny, or leathery
texture. At the base is a thin ring (PI. XV, fig. 14,
3), by means of which the parts are brought into con-
nection with the inner sexual organs. The parts next
to this ring are two double- jointed valves, united by
membrane at the base. They are curved round on
the inner side so as to form a hollow tube, in which
the double-valvecl penis lies (PI. XV, fig. 14, 2, and
fig. 14 a), forming, in fact, a sheath for it. The basal
part is hard, horny, glabrous, and deep brown in
colour. The apical portion is much smaller, more
membranous, lighter coloured, and hairy externally

(fig. 14, 1) ; it is usually somewhat triangular or oval
in shape, and possesses some flexibility. The shape
of the organs may be seen by reference to the figures
(PI. XV, ^g. 14).

THE ANAL APPENDAGES. SPIRACLES. 19

The male anal appendages undoubtedly might be
made to furnish specific characters, but they are very
minute, and difficult either to describe or figure, so
have not mentioned them in the descriptions of the
species.

The spiracles are nine in number. The first is
placed on the prothorax, close to its union with the
mesothorax, and a little way down from the tegulas.
The second is on the metathorax, close to the meso-
thorax ; the rest are on the first to seventh abdominal
segments. They are always placed on the front of
the segment, and on the abdomen are situated on the
upper edge immediately below the back.

With the larvae the first segment bears a spiracle ;
the next is on the footless fourth segment, the rest on
segments five to eleven.

The outer covering of the imago is generally smooth
and somewhat shining, rarely is it punctured to
any extent. A few forms have hairy bodies, e.g.
Trichiosoma. Many (especially exotic species of the
Hylotomina) have their bodies of a decided metallic
lustre.

As for colour, it is generally black or some shade of
it. Some are coppery-green or blue; a few green

without any metallic reflection, e.g. Tenthredo punc-

tulata ; yellow or some shade of it is not uncommon
with Nematina and Hylotomina. The legs are often
differently coloured from the rest of the body ; red is
a not uncommon colour for them, and, as a rule, the
tarsi are black, or darker coloured than the other
parts. The antennse may be either uniformly coloured
or paler on the under side, more rarely they are orna-
mented with white rings.

There is one curious point about the coloration
pattern in these insects which deserves notice, namely,
that many species belonging to widely separated
genera are coloured alike. Especially is this the case in

COLORATION.

the neotropical region, where two forms of coloration,
rare in Europe, are very common, there being scarcely
a genus without an example of the two patterns. In
one case the body and wings are black, or bluish-black,
and the prothorax and, it may be, part of the meso-
notum, red ; in the other the ground colour is yellow
with black on part of the thorax, and the wings yellow,
with two or more broad black bands. Of the first
class we have two or three British examples, of which
Blennocampa eppiphium is the best known. As the
insects having this form are broad compared to their
length, and as they have the habit of folding the wings
and of pressing the antennae and legs close to the body,
and dropping to the ground, where they remain motion-
less as if dead, it is possible that the red on thorax may
aid in concealing them. The other type of coloration is
a common one with terebrant Hymenoptera in South
and Central America, and I suspect it has some refer-
ence to the flower-frequenting habits of the insects.

Secondary Sexual Characters.

Apart from the internal or primary sexual characters,
there are more or less well-marked secondary distinc-
tions between the males and females. These differ-
ences may be grouped under six heads, it being
premised that in all cases the males are smaller, and
of a slighter build than the females, while the abdomen
is flat, seldom or never cylindrical.

. Coloration. — The general rule is that the males
are darker and more obscurely coloured than the
opposite sex, while their specific characters are much
less well marked. In many luteous species of Nematus,
for example, the males have the upper surface of the
body black ; in others, e.g. Macrophya, they want the
white, yellow, or reddish markings, which the
females have on the legs, thorax and abdomen. Many
species show no distinction in colour between the

sexes, while in others it is extreme. Thus with

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS, 21

Hemichroa alni the ? has the head and thorax for
the greater part red and the legs black, while the

has the head and thorax black and the legs
testaceous. On the other hand, there are species which
have the males lighter coloured than the females.
This is the case with Nematus rumicis, Heptamelus
ochroleucus, Tenthredo zonata, T. velow, fyc.

2. The eyes. — The most noteworthy difference in the
eyes is with the 3 of Abia, in which they are con-
fluent, or nearly so, at the top of the head, although in
the normal position with the ? .

Mouth organs. — In Cimbex, Trichiosoma, and
especially Clavellaria, the mandibles in the male are

largely developed, projecting, and strongly
toothed.

Differences in the structure of the legs. — In

Trichiosoma the hind femora are grooved on the lower
side, each end of the groove at the apex terminating in
a blunt tooth. In Cimbex the patellae are well deve-
loped, and at the base of the basal one there is a pro-
jecting spine. In the same genus there are blunt,
short spines on the coxae, which are themselves vei
large, and projecting. Some species of Allantus and

Tenthredo have the legs in the S (especially the hinder
pair) much longer than in the ? , and the tarsi and
base of tibiae thickened, while in Tenthredo zonata,
besides these differences, the tarsi on the under side,
are provided with closely pressed velvety pads of hair.

Antennae. — With the majority of saw-flies, the
antennae merely differ in being a little longer or
thicker, or in having the joints more compressed.
But with the Lophyrina they are very dissimilar, being
either deeply biramose as in Lophyrus, or with only
one row of pectinations as in Monoctenus and Clado-
macra. The same is the case in a less degree with
Cladius. In Schizocera and other Hylotomina, they are
furcate or cleft in two, like the prongs of a fork, the
joints being either densely covered with long hair, as
in Sericocera, or bare and grooved as with Dielocera.

22 SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS.

Many widely divergent species have them densely
pilose, e.g. Gladius padi, Nematus lucidus, Blenno-
campa aterrima. In Peranthrix the terminal joint has
a stiff bristle. Not a few have the third joint curved
in the <£ . The species which have flabellate antennae
in the males, have heavy, thick-bodied females, which,
according to my experience, are very sluggish in their

habits.

. In the wings.-^- This is a rare occurrence. The
most interesting peculiarity occurs with Perineum,
Synaerema, Blennocampa with a few species, PJrio-
carapa Ginxia, and Taxonus agrorum, in which the
apical cross nervures are situated at the apex of the
wing, so as to form a continuous border round it,
while with the females they are in the normal position,
i.e. in the middle. The median cellules, therefore, do
not exist, properly speaking (PI. VIII, fig. 10, PI. XI,
fig. 6 a).

Habits of the Perfect Insects.

In the perfect state saw-flies live but a very short
time— generally only a few days. They abound mostly
during the months of May, June, and the early part of
July, and with the second broods at the end of July
and in August. As a rule they are very sluggish in
their habits. Their flight is weak and heavy, and they
never fly far at a stretch ; usually they alight after a
flight of ten to twelve feet, and unless engaged in lay-
ing their eggs it is only in the sunshine that they fly
much, nor do they rest long on any particular spot
when the weather is warm. During dull weather, and
after the sun has set, they rest almost motionless on the
leaves of plants, &c. The species of Lyda are very
active during hot sunny days. Many species frequent
flowers, partly for the purpose of feeding on the pollen,

but also, in the case of Tenthredo and Allantus, in
order to prey upon Meligethes, By turns, and other
insects found in such situations. The plants which

HABITS OF IMAGOS. 23

they are most partial to are Ranunculacece, Umbel-
liferce, Rosacece, and Composite. The flower-visiting
species belong mostly to Tenthredo and Allantus ; next
in order we have Hylotoma, Cephus, Athalia, Dolerus,
and last of all Nematus, which are very seldom found
on flowers. Selandria serva is often seen on Umbel-
lifer ce ; Tarpa on Compositce; Abia on Umbelliferce and
Compositce ; Tenthredo livida I have noticed to have a
partiality for Rubus idceus ; various species of
olerus (which are the earliest in the season to appear)
are not uncommonly observed on willow catkins,
have a specimen of Athalia hcematopus (a South*
African species) with pollinia of an orchid attached
to the fore tarsi.

Many of the smaller species — especially those of
Blennocampa, Fenusa, and some of the smaller species
of Nematus, have a habit, when alarmed in any way, of
tucking the antennae, legs, and wings, close to the body,
and falling to the ground as if dead ; and often they
remain some minutes in this position before making an
attempt to escape. This seems to be the only peculiar
method they have of escaping from their enemies,
except the usual ones of flight, &c, and, in the case of
Trichiosoma and other larger forms, of using the
mandibles on whatever attacks them.

Beyond depositing the eggs in the proper nidus, the
females, in the great majority of species, take no
further care of their progeny, and generally die imme-
diately after oviposition. An interesting exception to
this is found in the case of a Tasmanian species of
Perga (P. Leivisii, W.), which deposits its eggs in a
longitudinal incision between the two surfaces of the
leaves of an Eucalyptus, close to the midrib, arranged
across in a double row, there being about eighty eggs
in all. The mother sits over them with outstretched
legs, and when the larvse make their appearance she
follows them, defending them with great assiduity from
the attacks of Ichneumons and other enemies.

I am riot aware of any internal parasites attacking-

24 HABITS OF IMAGOS.

them in the perfect state except fungi. Nor do they
seem to have any special external enemies. Birds
have never seen feeding on them, but have often
witnessed combats between them and ants, carnivorous
beetles, and centipedes.

The males appear five or six days in advance of the
females. The union of the sexes generally takes place
in the sunshine. It lasts only for a few minutes, after
which the female gets restive and kicks off the male,
who dies in a few hours after, while the female imme-
diately proceeds to deposit her eggs. From the struc

ture of the copulatory organs, the $ has to insert

them backwards; and sometimes one may be seen

dragged about by the ? , attached only by the anal

appendages.

So far as my observations go no selection is shown
by either sex in choosing partners. With Trichiosoma

have noticed that the males, after emerging, and
apparently before the females have appeared, assemble
together on the tops of birches (with T. lucorum), round
which they fly in circles in the hot sunshine, making
as they do so a loud buzzing noise, not unlike the
humming of a Bombus. They do not fly far, and gene-
rally return after a short flight to the tree top from

which they started. I was once the witness of a
battle between two males of T. lucorum, which lasted
for nearly ten minutes, or perhaps longer, for they
flew away, and may have continued the fight after
lost sight of them. Their mode of fighting was simply
to fly at each other in the air, a concussion of the two
bodies being the result ; and they must have come
together with some force for the noise made thereby
could be distinctly heard. I did not observe whether
they tried to use their mandibles or not, but Westwood
mentions (Intr. ii, 109) having caught two males with
their mandibles interlocked. And every collector
know3 that these insects can use their mandibles to

some purpose.

PARTHENOGENESIS. 25

Parthenogenesis.

With regard to the relative number of the two sexes,
is only with a few species that the males and
females can be said to be in anything like equal
numbers. As a rule the males are far fewer than the
females, and this remark holds good not only with
captured specimens, but also with those bred. Not
only are the males fewer, but with some species they
are absolutely unknown, while with several species
which have males in tolerable numbers parthenogenesis
plays a normal or occasional role.

Of common species provided with males, but in
extremely limited numbers compared with the females,
may be mentioned Strongylog aster cingulatus, Selandria
stramineipes, Hemichroa alni, Croesus varies, Blenno-
campa ephippium, Eriocampa adumbrata, Nematus
quercus, N. gallicola, N. acumin atus \ Of Stron. cingu-
latus, Mr. Frederick Smith wrote me that he had only
taken in all five or six males, and these not on the ferns,
but on Umbelliferai in company of the females ; while
often he had had forty or fifty females in his net at one
time without a single male. My own experience with
this species is exactly the same. The only male I have
taken of 8. cingulatus was bred, and curiously enough it

appeared a fortnight after the females. I have often
reared N. gallicola, but have never been able to pro-
cure a male ; Mr. Smith has been more fortunate,
although even with him there only occurred " a single
male out of several hundreds of the flies " (Proc. Ent.
Soc. Lond., pt. iii, 1876, p. 22). Croesus varus is only
known to have a male from the very doubtful account
of its original describer Villaret, and that of Blenno-
campa ephippium from a single specimen taken by

Brischke (Beitr. zur Parth. d. Arth., p. 228). The

male of Eriocampa adumbrata is very scarce, and I have
only seen one myself. As an example of a species
where the males may be said to be tolerably common

26 PARTHENOGENESIS.

may be mentioned Nematus fallax, yet on counting the
specimens which I have caught and bred, I find a pro-
portion of about one male to twenty females.

The number of species in which no males are known
is pretty considerable, yet as many of these are rare
and local, it cannot be said with certainty that they do
not exist. Yet with some common species there is
evidence tending to show that this is actually the case,

or if they do appear it is at rare intervals. For
instance, Mr. Smith bred one year about four hundred
females of Eriocamjpa ovata, while not one of the other
sex made its appearance. This is also my own
experience ; nor has any Continental author described

it. Again, I have frequently bred such abundant
species as Hemichroa rufa, Phyllotoma nemorata,
Poecilosoma pulveratum, Fenusa betulce, without males
coming forth, and this has been the case with many
other observers.

Dineura verna is a widely known and common species,
of which no males have been discovered ; the same may
be said of Poecilosoma luteolum,* Hoplocampa brevis,
JBlennocampa brevis, B. luteiventris (?), B. albipes, Ne-
matus Erichsoni, and N pallidiventris. The lack, or at
least extreme scarcity, of males in these insects may be
accepted with tolerable certainty, since, if they existed
at all they would, ere this, have been bred. And, as
every breeder of insects knows, males are easier to rear
than females, from their smaller size and from their
appearing earlier.

But the evidence of the occurrence of partheno-
genesis with the T enthr edinidm is not altogether of this
negative nature. From the admirable and thorough
observations and experiments of Kessler (Die Lebens-
geschichte von Ceuthorhynchus sulcicollis und Nematus
ventricosus, Cassel, 1866), and more especially of von

Siebold (Beitr. zur. Parth. d. Arth., pp. 107—130),
there cannot be the slightest doubt that Nematus ribesii

* Andre has recently signalised a male of this species from Syria, the

only record I have of its existence (Ann. Soc. Ent. Tr., 1881, 353).

PARTHENOGENESIS. 27

possesses the faculty of laying unfertilised eggs which
invariably yield only males. There is reason to believe
that they do this regularly should they be prevented,
from any cause whatever, from having access to the
males ; and the eggs are laid immediately after the
females have left the cocoons. And when these
unfertilised females are examined after oviposition, no
traces of spermatozoa can be discovered in the ovaries,
while they are easily observed in those which have
been fertilised. It is worthy of remark that this
peculiarity of ribesii was noticed by Robert Thorn
as early as the year 1820 (in the * Memoirs of the
Caledonian Horticultural Society/ iv, pt. 2). He
seems to have had an idea " that there is a connection
between S and $ caterpillars ; for I have frequently
observed them twisted together for some time after
they had ceased eating, and a little before they cast
their skins to go into the pupa state.' '

My own experiments with N. ribesii are completely in
accord with those of the writers just mentioned; while
with N. miliaris,* N. ghdinosce, N. curtispina, and N.

palliatus, I have likewise been successful in getting
unimpregnated females to oviposit, the result being
(when the larvae did not perish young or in the
cocoons) that only males were produced. Mr. J. E.
Fletcher has likewise successfully experimented with
the species just named, with the same result, save that
in one experiment with N. curtispina he reared 21
and 1 ? . The rearing of a $ from an unimpregnated

is certainly very rare, and contrary to the results

obtained with other species and by myself with the

same species, yet from the care with which Mr. Fletcher

| conducted his investigation there can be no doubt of

the correctness of his statement.!

The same gentleman got an unimpregnated ? of
Nematus gallicola% to lay eggs, but owing to the
weakness of the plant (a potted one) did not rear the

* Scot. Nat., iv, 157; Trans. Ent. Soc, 1880, 77.

t Ent. M. M., 1880, p. 269. % Trans. Ent. Soc, 1880, 77.

28 PARTHENOGENESIS.

larvse ; a virgin Phyllotoma vagans to deposit between
sixty and seventy eggs, but failed to rear anything
from them ; one of Eriocamjpa ovata about thirty ova ;
and also got Ilemichroa rufa to lay, rearing males only
from the former, and males and females from the
latter.*

Mr. Fletcher also bred two females from virgin ova
laid by two Croesus varus. f Mr. Bridgman has also
got eggs from a virgin ? of E. ovata.%

I have myself obtained larvse from virgin Strongijlo-
gaster cingulatus, Phyllotoma nemorata, Ilemichroa
rufa, Poecilosoma jpulveratum, and reared females from
the two last species.

From these observations it is perfectly clear that
complete parthenogenesis occurs in such species as
Eriocampa ovata, Poecilosoma pulveratum, and Croesus
varus, while the mixed parthenogenesis of Nematus
ribesii and N. miliaris is beyond dispute. From the
readiness with which so many species deposit ova with-
out having had any connection with the males, and from
the general scarcity of the latter, it seems evident that
further investigation will show that the phenomenon is
of very common occurrence.

Von Siebold in his book has analysed Hartig's
Blattivespen with reference to this question, and shows
that the German author was unacquainted with the

males of 76 species out of a total of 381. A similar
analysis of the British species shows that the males of

53 species are yet unknown. No doubt many of these
are rare and little known forms, so that no great
reliance can be placed on them alone as showing the
scarcity or absence of males, yet the same result is
brought out in another way. Tabulating the species
in my collection I find, that in addition to the maleless

species noted above, 54 species are represented by

females only, so that I have never seen the males of
something like a third of the British species.

As to the precise significance which the phenomenon

* E. M. M., xviii, 126. f E. M. M.,xvii, 180. X Ent., 1878, 191.

PARTHENOGENESIS. 29

may play in the economy of the creatures, it is idle to
speculate with the scanty knowledge at our command.
It is obvious, for one thing, that a greater number of
larvae will be produced with complete parthenogenesis
than with the mixed, or even with sexual generation ;

for every individual that comes to maturity is capable
of producing offspring, while with the sexual brood,
possibly half of the brood might be males. A con-
siderable number of the males born from the par-

thenogenetic larvae again may never (and I believe
this to be the case) come near the females, and thus
are useless, so far as the perpetuation of the species is

concerned. Thus it looks as if complete partheno-
genesis was more favorable to the continuation of the
species than mixed ; and it is clear, from the graduated
series of cases we have, from the sexual state through
mixed to complete parthenogenesis, as well as from
other considerations, that the faculty of dispensing
wholly or in part with the males has been acquired.
That it is not injurious to the species may be con-
cluded ; but I am inclined to believe that, compared
with sexual broods, fewer imagos are produced from
parthenogenetic larvae ; and if that conclusion is correct
(and it is founded on many observations made on Poe-
cilosoma pulveratum and Nematus gallicola) it follows
that the species are enabled to flourish only through
the great number of eggs which are deposited, that is
to say, they have less vitality for resisting climatal
agencies, or insect or fungoid enemies. My observa-
tions, however, are not sufficiently complete to enable me
to say definitely that such is the case, but the subject
is one well worthy of the attention of entomologists.

Our present knowledge of parthenogenesis with the
saw-flies may be tabulated as follows :

. Eggs laid by virgin females yielded males with
Nematus ribesii, N pavidus, N mrtispina, N. miliaris,
N. glutinosce, N palliatus, N solids.

. Eggs laid by virgin females yielded males and
females with Nematus curtispina, Hemichroa rufa.

30 THE TRANSFORMATIONS.

3. Eggs laid by virgin females yielded females only
with Hemichroa rufa> Eriocampa ovaia, Poecilosoma
pulveratum, and Croesus varus.

4. Eggs were laid by virgin females of Phyllotoma
nemorata, Ph. vagans, Taxonus glabratits, Strongylo-
gaster cingulatus, Nematus salicivorus, but no insects
were bred from them.

2. The Transformations.

The Egg.

The egg is ovoid and longer than broad, with some-
times a curve on one side. The colour is white, occa-

sionally with a bluish tinge or slightly greenish. The

usual nidus for the egg is the leaf, but the manner in
which the eggs are deposited on it is very varied.
Very often they are scattered irregularly over the
epidermis (Nematus miliaris), or they may be placed
along the edge, the projecting part of the leaf being
used for this end by Hemichroa alni; and again, they
may be arranged along one or other of the veins as
with Nematus ribesii. Some species sink the eggs in
a hole in the epidermis, while others merely glue them
to it. A few species place them in a clump (N.
pavidus), but mostly they are separated from each
other when several are laid on the same leaf. One or
two of the leaf miners deposit only one egg on a leaf.
Many widely divergent species place their eggs in the
petiole, in which they may be either arranged in a
single or double row. And in connection with this, it
is worthy of being noted that the species having this
habit have the ovipositor very strong and broad, e.g.
Hylotoma pagana, Hemichroa rufa, Nematus luteus:
Most of the gall-making species lay their eggs in the
leaf-buds before they have expanded, and in some
instances the growth of the gall and of the leaf goes
on at the same time. *

;

THE EGG.

After the egg has been in the plant a few hours, it
swells up to more than double the size it was when
laid, while at the same time the receptacle in which it
was deposited has widened, and, it may be, blackened.
Thus, instead of being beneath the epidermis (or twig
as the case may be), it now projects out of it. The
cause of this swelling is obscure. It is certain that

when the egg was laid, a drop ("Westwood* calls it a
"drop of frothy matter") of liquid was laid in the
incision along with it, but I do not think that this
has anything to do with the swelling of the egg. Its
purpose seems rather to be to widen and keep open
the incision made for the reception of the ovum, so
that its sides may not crush it ; and probably, too, it in
some way causes moisture to flow to the incision from
the surrounding portions. According to Newport,t
on the second day after the egg was laid the incision
expanded so much that " a free space remained around
the egg equal to its own width on each side." "West-
wood J further remarks that the eggs imbibe "nutriment
in some unknown manner through their membranous
skins from the vegetable juices which surround them."
The swelling takes place before the form of the
larva can be seen in the egg, which can usually be
done on the third day. "Whether the development of
the larva is ever retarded for a much longer period is
a point about which I have no definite information.

think, however, it is very probable that with
Emphytus serotinus (which appears in the perfect state
at the end of September and October) the eggs remain
unaltered during the winter. We must either assume
that, or that the larvae appear when the leaves are
about gone, that they hibernate in a very young state
while the winter lasts, and then come out with the
young leaves in the spring.

* Intr., ii, 95. f Prize Essay, p. 23. % L. c, p. 96.

32 HABITS OP LAliViE

Habits of the Larva?.

The larv83 feed on almost all classes of phanero-
gamic plants, but having a decided preference (so far
at least as our present knowledge goes) for trees such
as Retula, Salix, Populus, Alnus, and Pinus. To these
plants they not unfrequently do great damage. Osiers
suffer severely from the attacks of species of Nematus
on the leaves ; Salix pentandra I have seen killed by .
the Cryptocampus pentandrce ; Nematus pavidus is
injurious to some of the small willows ; and N. miliaris
too often strips the leaves of S. pentandra. Various
species of Lophjrus have, on different occasions,
devastated the pine forests along with the pine-feeding
Lydai. Our cultivated plants have not escaped from
their ravages, as the attacks of Atlialia spinarum on
the turnip, Nematus ribesii on the gooseberry, and
Eriocampa adumbrata on pear and plum tree3, too often
bear testimony.

I have drawn up a list of the food-plants so far as

they are known to me. I have thought it as well to
include species not yet known to inhabit Britain, so as
to serve as a guide to the student by showing him what
he may expect to find on the various plants. The great
majority of the species, it may be added, confine them-
selves to the same food-plant ; some, however, feed
indifferently on plants belonging to the same natural
order, while one or two species attack plants of diverse
orders.

List of Food-Plants.

Celmatis Vitalba. Blennocampa croceiventris, Kl.
Clematis erecta. ? Atlialia abdominalis, F. (see

postea).

Ranunculus bulbosus. Amasis laeta, F.
Ranunculus Ficaria. ? Blen. albipes, Schr.
Ranunculus acris. Nematus Fahrei, Dbm.

LIST OF FOOD PLANTS. 33

Ranunculus repens.

Dineura despecta, KL

Blennocampa albipes, Schr.
Aquilegia vulgaris. Nematus aquilegioe, Voll.
Berberis vulgaris. Hylotoma berberidis, Schr.
Sinapis arvensis. Athalia spinarum, F. A. ancilla, Lep
S. nigra and S. alba. Allantus flavipes, Fourc.
Brassica campestris, var. Napus and Rapa. Athali*

spinarum, F. A. ancilla, Lep.
Sisymbrium officinale. A. ancilla, Lep

Baphanus sativus. A. spinarum, F.

Gar da/mine pratensis. Tenthredo sp.*
Hypericum perforatum. Tenthredo sp.
Viola palustris. Tenthredo sp. (probably Blenno-
campa) .
Tilia parvifolia and Europcea.

Eriocampa annulipes, lil.

Blennocampa Tilliae, Kalt. (mining the leaves).
Geranium robertianum. Emphytus carpini, H.
Impatiens Noli-me -tang ere. Macrophya sturmi, Kl.
Acer pseudo -plat anus and campestre. Phyllotoma

aceris, Kalt.
Sarothamnus scoparius. Tenthredo sp. (a species

very like a Taxonus larva).
Trifolium pratense and repens.

Nematus myositidis, F.

Tenthredo sp. (a true Tenthredo apparently).
Lotus corniculatus . Tenthredo sp.
Bobinia Rseudo- acacia. Nematus tibialis, Netvm.
Frunus communis^ domestica, &c.

Eriocampa adumbrata, Kl.

Cladius padi, L.

Nematus moestus, Zad.

Lyda nemoralis, F.

L. pyri, Schr.

Phylloecus compressus, Fab.

* In this list, when no particular species is mentioned, the name
" Tenthredo " is used in a wide sense to include any unknown larva
belonging to the Tenthredinides which could not be referred to its
proper genus.

VOL. I.

34 LIST OF FOOD PLANTS.

Gratcegus Oxyacantha.

Cladius padi, L.

Dineura stilata, KL

Nematus xanthopus, Zad.

E. adumbrata, KL

Tenthredo sp.

Cimbex hnmeralis, Fourc.

Trichiosoma betuleti, Kl.

Lyda punctata, F.
Pyrus communis, Aucuparia, Sfc, i

Eriocampa adumbrata, KL

Hoplocampa testudinea, KL

Nematus abbreviatns, IT.

N. posticus, Foer.

Croesus septentrionalis, L. i

Dineura testaceipes, KL D. stylata, KL

Lyda pyri, Schr. Lyda nemoralis, L. j

Trichiosoma sorbi, H. I

Rubus Idceus, fruticosus, Sfc.

Hylotoma enodis, L. H. cyanella, KL I

Cladius brullaei, Dbm. C. padi, L. I

Tenthredo sp. I

Emphytus perla, KL

Fenusa pumilio, KL

Blennocampa geniculata, H.

Phylloecus fumipennis, Evers.
Cotoneaster vulgaris. Lyda pyri, Schr.
Comarum palustre. Tenthredo, sp.
Rosa canina, eglanteria, 8fc,

Eriocampa adumbrata, KL E. caninse, Cam.

Hoplocampa brevis, KL

Blennocampa pusilla, KL

Emphytus cinctus, L. E. rufocinctus, Retz. E.
melanarius, KL E. togatus, F. E. didymus,
KL E. viennensis, Schr.

Poecilosoma candidatum, Fall.

Cladius difformis, L. C. padi, L.

Hylotoma rosarum, F. H. pagana, Pz. H. enodis,
L. H. cyanella, KL, and Amethistina, Kl.

LIST OF FOOD PLANTS. 35

Rosa canina, eglanteria, Sfc. (continued).

Lyda inanita, Vill.

Phyllcecus phtisicus, Fab.
Agrimonia Eupatoria. Fenella nigrita, West, (leaf

miner) .
Potentilla reptans. Fenella nigrita, West.
Frag aria vesca. Tenthredo sp.
Geum urbarum.

Blennocampa geniculata, H.

Fenella nigrita, W.

Fenusa pumilio, Kl.
Spircea TJlmaria.

Emphytus calceatus, Kl.

Poecilosoma excisum, Th. (?).

Blennocampa geniculata, H.

Cephu3 zanthostoma, Evers.
Alchemilla vulgaris.

Blennocampa alchemillae, Gam.

Tenthredo sp.
Ribes grossularia and rubrum.

Hylotoma-rosae ?.

Nematus ribesii, Scop. N. consobrinus, Voll. N.
appendiculatus, H.

Emphytus grossulariae, Kl.

Selandria morio, F. (?) (see postea).
JEgopodium Podagaria. Tenthredo flavicornis, F.
Bupleurum falcatum. ? Allantus flavipes, Fourc.
Laserpitium latifolium, Lin. Tarpa spissicornis, Kl.
Heracleum Sphondylium.

Tenthredo mesomela, L.

Allantus heraclei, Rudow.
Anthriscus sylvestris. ? Cladius eradiatus, H.
Pastinaca sativa. Athalia Graoslii, Dours.
Sambucus nigra and racemosa. Macrophya albicincta,

Sch. ?M. ribis, Schr.
Viburnum Opulus. Allantus 3-cinctus, F.
Lonicera Xylosteum, L. Gaprifolium.

Hoplocampa xylostei, Gir. (galls on twigs).
Tenthredo livida, L.

36 LIST OF FOOD PLANTS.

Lonicera Xylosteum, L. Cajprifolium (continued).

Allantus 3-cinctus.

Cimbex lutea, L.

Abia senea, Kl. A. fasciata, L. (also on Lonicera
tatarica) .
Symphoricarpus racemosus,

Allantus 3-cinctus.

Tenthredo livida, L.

Abia aenea, Kl.
Valeriana offici?ialis. Tenthredo sp.
Scabiosa succisa.

Abia sericea,
Tenthredo dispar, Kl.

Petasites vulgaris. Tenthredo sp.

Solidago Virgaurea. Tenthredo sp.

Achillea millefolium. Allantus sp.

Senecio nemorensis. Tenthredo sp.

Cirsium lanceolatum. Emphytus tener, Fall.

Vaccinium Vitis-idaia. Nematus vaccmiellus, G.

Vaccinium Myrtillus. Nematus quercus, H. Ne-
matus sp. (a green larva).

Lysimachia vulgaris. Poecilosoma luteolum, Kl.

Fraxinus excelsior.
Allantus 3-cinctus, F.
Pachy protasis simulans, Kl.
Tenthredo punctulata, KL
Macrophya punctum album, L.
Blennocampa nigrita, F. B. sericans, H. B.
melanopygia, Costa.

Ligustrum vulgare. Macrophya punctum, L.

Syringa vulgaris. Allantus 3-cinctus, F.

Jasminum. Allantus 3-cinctus, F.

Verbascum nigrum. \ . ,, t c,or0r>hul arise L

JScrophuLaria nodosa. k r

8. aquatica. Pachyprotasis rapae, L.
Veronica Beccabunga, officinalis^ Chamcedrys.
Tenthredo mesomela, L.

Taxonus equiseti, Fall. Athalia annulata, F.
Nepeta Glechoma. Taxonus sp.

LIST OF FOOD PLANTS. 37

Stachys erecta. Nematus fuscus, Lep.
Plantago major, media, fyc. Taxonus sp.
Polygonum Blstorta, aviculare, fyc.

Tenthredo sp.

Taxonus glabratus, Fall.
Bumex Acetosella, acutus.

Tenthredo sp.

Nematus rumicis, Fall.

Taxonus equiseti, Fall.
Euphorbia palustris. Tenthredo sp.
Urtica dioica. Tenthredo sp.
Ulmus campestrls and montana.

Cladius rufipes, Lep.
Nematus melanocephalus, H.
Fenusa ulmi, Sund.
Populus nigra, dilatata, tremula.

Cladius viminalis, Fall.

Croesus septentrionalis, L.

Nematus melanocephalus, H. N. albipennis, Hg.

N. croceus, Fall. N. conjugatus, Dim. N.

Zetterstedti, Dim. N. pavidus, L. N. com-

pressicornis, F. N. cceruleocarpus, H. N.

aurantiacus, Htg., Voll. N. umbripennis, Evers.

N. pallicercus, Voll. (Validicornis, Foer.). N.

sulphureus, Zad. N. curtispina, Th.
Cryptocampus inquilinus, C. populi (pentandrae),

Htg.
Phyllotoma ochropoda, Kl.
Fenusa hortulana, Kl.
Cimbex Amerinae. L.
Lyda sylvatica, L.
Xiphydria dromedarius, F.
Sirex fuscicornis, F.
Salix caprea, fragilis, vitellina, Sfc.
Tenthredo punctulata, Kl.
Emphytus succinctus, Kl. (?).
Phyllotoma microcephala, Kl.
Nematus pavidus, Lep. N. f ulvus, H. N. salicis,

L. N. melanocephalus, H. N. coeruleocarpus,

38 LIST OF FOOD PLANTS.

Salix, caprea, fragilis, vitellina, fyc. (continued).

H. N. histrio, Lep. N. fallax, Lep. N. Glenel-
gensis, Cam. N. validicornis, Foer. N. cad-
derensis, Ca7?i. N. glottianus Cam.

N. conjugatus, D^?b. N. melanoleucus, Htg. ]Sj.
pallescens, iT. N. miliaris, Pz. N. palliatus,
Th. N. lacteus, jTA. N. xanthogaster, Foer.
N. sulpliureus, Z. N. jugicola, Thorns. N. leu-
costictus, IT. (N. crassulus, Thorns.) N. galli-
cola, $£e. N. ischnocerus, 1%. N. herbaceaa,
(7. N. viminalis, L. N. vesicator, Br. N.
baccarum, Cam. 1ST. bellus, Zad. N. fulvipes,
.FaZL N. fraxini, H. N. salicivorus, (7am. N.
curtispina, Thorns. N. bergmanni, D&m.

Croesus septentrionalis, Zv.

Cryptocampus angustus, H. C. pentandrae, L.
C. saliceti, .FaZL

Cladius aeneus, Zad.

Oimbex vitellines, L. C. femorata, L. C. ame-
rinaa, L.

Zarsea fasciata, L.

Hylotoma enodis, L.9 nee XZ. H. ustulata, L.
H. fuscipes. Fall. H. melanochroa, 6rmeL H.
atrata, Fors. H. ciliaris, L.

Lyda sylvatica, L.

Xiphydria dromedarius, L.
Betula alba.

Emphytus succinctus, Kl. (?). E. cingullum, El.
Dineura degeeri, Kl. D. rufa, Pz.
Fenusa betulaa, Z. F. pumila, KL

Croesns septentrionalis, L. C. latipes, Vill.

Nematus betulae, H. N. betularius, H. N. dor-
satus, Cam. N. acuminatus, Th. N. fraxini,
-H". N. poecilonotus, Zad. N. dispar, Za6?.

Cryptocampus quadrum, Costa.

Cladius padi, L. Blennocampa betulae, Kl.

Cimbex femorata, L.

Trichiosoma lucorum, L.

Hylotoma ustulata, L. H. pullata, Z.

LIST OP FOOD PLANTS. 39

B etui a alba (continued).
Lyda betulaB, L.

Xipliydria annulata, Jut, X. camelus, L.
Pinicola pusilla, Dal.

Alnus.

Tenthredo viridis, L. T. picta, Kl.

Allantus arcuatus, Forster.

Poecilosoma pulveratum, Retz.

Eriocampa ovata, L.

Phyllotoma melanopyga, Kl.

Fenusa melanopoda,

Dineura alni, L.

Camponiscus luridiventris, Fall.

Croesus varus, Fill. C. septentrionalis, L.

Nematus luteus, L. N. bilineatus, Kl. N. abdo
minalis, F. N. glutinosas, Cam.

Cimbex connata, Schr. C. axillaris, L.

Lyda depressa, Schr.
Fagus sylvatica.

Nematus fagi, Zad.

Cimbex femorata, L.
Corylus Avellana.

Croesus septentrionalis, L.

Nematus togatus, Zad.
Quercus Robur, cerris.

Empkytus cerris, KL E. serotinus, Kl. E. suc«

cinctus, Kl. E. tibialis, Pz
Pkyllcecus cynos bati, L.
Blennocampa pubescens, Zad. B. lineolata, Kl

B. melanocepliala, Fab.
Eriocampa annulipes, Kl.
Fenusa pygmaaa, Kl.
Juniperus communis*
Nematus, sp.

Monoctenus juniperi, Lin. M. obscuratus, H.
Pinus9 Larix, Abies, Sfc.

Lophyrus variegatus, Htg. L. politus, Kl

elongatulus, Kl. L. rufus, Kl. L. socius, Kl,
L. pallidus, Kl. L. virens, Kl. L. hercynise, H,

40 LIST OF FOOD PLANTS.

PinuSy Larix, Abies (continued).

L. polytoma, H. L. similis, H. L. nemorum,

Fab.

L. pirri, L.

Monoctenus juniperi, L. (?)

Nematus Ericlisoni, H. N. insignis, Sax. N.
carinatus, PL. N. laricis, H. N. ambiguus,
.FaW. N. scutellatus, #. N. Saxesenii, £T. N.

nigriceps, JT. N. compressus, PL. N. abie-
tum, IT.

Lyda erythrocephala, L. L. stellata, Christ.
L. campestris, L. L. reticulata, L. L. hypo-
trophica, Htg.
Iris. Monophadnus iridis, Kali.
Convallaria multiflora. Phymatocera aterrima, Kl. I
Festuca pratensis. Dolerus gonagra, F. Dolerus

fissus, Htg.
Nematus conductus, Rathe.
Poa aquatica. Selandria sixii, Voll.
Scirpus palustris. Selandria sixii, Voll. !

Iriticum vulgare. Cephus pygmaea, L.
Juncus effusus, &c. Dolerus eglanteriae, Kl. D. ']
hasmatodes, Schr.
Selandria sixii, Voll.

Arundo Phragmites. Cephus arundinis, Giraud.
Gar ex acuta, fyc.

Nematus capreaa, Pz.
Selandria sixii, Voll.
Pteris agailina.

Tenthredo balteata, Kl.

Strongylogaster cingulatus, Fab.
Polystichum Filix-mas.

Strongylogaster delicatulus, Fall.
Str. cingulatus, F.

. fern oralis, Cam.

. mixtus, Kl. S. Sharpi, Cam.
S. maculatus, Kl.
S. filices, Kl.
Selandria analis, Thorns.

LIST OF FOOD PLANTS.

Abstract.

RanunculaceaB
Berberidacese..
CrucifersB ....
Violacea3

Tiliacese ,

Hypericaceco ..,

Aceracea3 ,

Geraniacea3 ...
Balsaminese ..

Leguminosse ..

Rosaceae

Onagracese

Gross ulariacese
Umbel] iferse ..
Caprif oliaceae. .
Valerianacese . .
Dipsacacese ..

Corupositse
VacciniaceaB
OleacesB

ScrophulariacesB
Labiatae

Primulacese . . . .
Plantaginacese .
Polygonacese ....
Eupliorbiacese .

Urticaceae

Ulmacese

Betulacese

Salicacese

CupulifersB

Coniferae

Iridaceae ..
Liliaceae ..
Juncacese
Cyperaceae
Gramineae
Filices

1
2

Co
CO

1
1

4
5

1
1

4
3
1

1
1

2
1

• •

1
1

1
7
4
9

]
1
1
1
1
6

• • •

• • t

• •

■ • ■

• •

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* There are 20 European species, but the larva? of only 14 have

been described.

42 HABITS OF LARV2E.

Unlike the perfect insects the larvae exhibit great
diversity in habits. Many live solitary, others again
are gregarions. Not a few feed exposed in the sun-
shine, while others eat only in the cool of the evening,
or at night. The great majority feed exposed, but

some are internal feeders. Thus, several species of
Nematus and one of Hoplocampa inhabit galls raised by
the parent; a Cryptocampus and Poecilosoma candi-
tatum live boring in the pith of plants; the Phyllo-
tomides are leaf miners, and Hoplocampa testudina and
H. brevis live in fruits. Different species of Lyda
roll down leaves, and keep them together with silken
threads; Nematus leucostictus, &c, reside in leaves
folded down by the imago ; Lyda inanita in a case
formed of bits of leaves fastened together, and which
it carries along with it.

Their bodies are mostly cylindrical, but those which
feed on the surface of the leaf are flat ; those which
mine leaves have them very flat, the head triangular
and the legs little developed. Some of them have a
habit of rolling up the body in a spiral, the tail being
in the centre and often upturned. They rest in this
position on the leaves, while others, if they be alarmed,
drop to the ground, and rest there motionless, rolled up
in a ball, until all danger is gone.

The head of the larva is roundish, seldom depressed
in the middle. Sometimes it can be partly retracted
into the over-arching folds of the second segment.
There is a single ocellus on either side. Between them
and the mandibles are short, often microscopic,
antenna, which have three to seven joints, the last
being the number with Lyda, which has them compara-
tively long ; and, unlike their position with the other
genera, they are placed pretty close to the eyes. The
labrum is incised in the middle, the mandibles are
short, thick, horny, and variously toothed. The
maxilla are bilobed, the two lobes being in most cases
closely united, and the inner one is provided with blunt
teeth varying from ten to twenty and upwards in

STKUCTUEE OF LARVAE. 43

number (PI. VI, fig. 3, 3). They are of a fleshy con-
sistency, save with Lophyrus, with which they are
harder and more horny. They are provided with
jointed, thickish palpi, having from three to five joints
(1. c, fig. 3, 1). The labium is thick and fleshy, and
bears short three-jointed palpi, as well as a spinneret,
which may be placed either close to the apex, or not
far from the bottom.

On the thorax are three pairs of jointed legs which
terminate in curved horny claws. There are also, on
the ventral segments, pro- or false legs, which are in
fact mere muscular protuberances. Of these there are
six to eight pairs. In the latter case there will be a
leg for every segment of the body, save the fourth,
which in no case bears appendages. They have never
the clasps found in the pro-legs of Lepidoptera.

In bearing ventral legs, and generally in their mode
of life, Saw-fly larvae have a considerable resemblance
to the caterpillars of Lepidoptera, for which they are
often mistaken. They differ, however, from them in
two important points — in having only one ocellus on
either side of the head, while lepidopterous larvae have
several ; and in having a greater number of ventral
legs, ten (or sixteen in all) being the greatest number
with Lepidoptera, while, as stated above, Saw-fly larvae
have from eighteen to twenty- two legs. They differ
too in the position of the legs, the caterpillars never
having a pair on the fifth segment, which always bears

one with the Tenthredinidce, if the abdomen has legs

at all. Lyda has no ventral legs, thereby agreeing
with the Siricldce. With most genera, the abdomen
carries on the last segment two cerci, which are espe-
cially long with Lyda, while with other species they are
differently coloured from the surrounding parts.

Mostly bare, or at least with the skin wrinkled ; in
other cases, the larvae are covered with tubercles, each
of which ends in a soft or bristly hair, which becomes
in Hoplocampa and Blennocampa converted into a large
branching spine.

44 MEANS OF DEFENCE OF LABV2E.

It lias been shown by recent researches that the
coloration of caterpillars is protective, and that the
coloration is of two kinds. On the one hand it has

been shown that larvae which are readily eaten by
insectivorous animals are always coloured to resemble
their surroundings, and that they conceal themselves as

much as possible; while on the other, it has been
proved that larvae which are inedible through possess-
ing bad secretions, &c, are brightly coloured, and are
often more or less hairy. The same law of coloration
applies to the larvae of the Tenthredinidce ; and the simi-
larity in coloration between them and the caterpillars
(especially with the edible larvae) is not unfrequently
very close. This is more particularly the case with
those which feed on narrow-leaved plants like pines
and grasses. j

The larvae possess various means of escaping from
their numerous enemies. A large number escape by
the colour of their bodies harmonising with the sur-
roundings ; thus they are not readily seen, especially
as they are inactive and solitary in habits. Those with
flat bodies feed on the underside of the leaves
{Nematus luteus, Camponiscus, &c), in which they eat
holes, and many feed only at night. They are all
green, save that the head may bear blackish, or
brownish markings, and, as a rule, the tinge of green
agrees with that of the leaf e. g. Nematus pallescejis.
Many of the larvae with cylindrical bodies are attached
to narrow-leaved plants such as grasses, pines, &c.
They also are green like the flat larvae, but they bear,
either on the back or down the sides, white or, more
rarely, pink stripes. The green larvae, which feed on
broad-leaved plants (willows, &c), eat aloug the edge
of the leaf, eating in it semicircular indentations, the
form of which they follow with the body, which is kept
closely pressed to the edge. Those larvae are never
hairy, but some of the green flat larvae bear over the
legs, or over the whole body, soft pale hairs, the object
of which seems to be to prevent the body throwing a

MEANS OF DEFENCE OF LARVAE. 45

shadow on the leaf, and thus leading to the detection
of the larvae. Obviously larvae which live on trees
cannot so readily escape by dropping to the ground as
those attached to low plants. In fact they seldom or
never drop down ; many of them too feed only at night,
but the species of Nematus can defend themselves by
whipping about the abdomen. This is a habit pos-
sessed by all those which feed on the edge of the leaf,
but it is more noticeable with gregarious species like
Croesus septentrional is. Grass and herbage-feeding
species again feed on the underside of the leaf on broad -
leaved plants, or along the edge of grasses, and they
drop to the ground at once, remaining there motion-
less rolled up in a ball until they think danger is over.
Species of Taxonus and Tenthredo afford examples of
this habit.

The active means of defence consist in ejecting
liquids from lateral pores, or from the mouth, or
in giving off odours from glands (generally abdo-
minal). The Cimbicina possess the first mentioned
peculiarity. The liquid is of an acid nature, and it can
be ejected to a considerable distance and in some
quantity, although after three or four discharges the
supply becomes exhausted for a time. Its principal
use is no doubt against ichneumons, and this, in at
least one case, is the purpose of the liquid ejected from
the mouth. The larva of Perga Lewisii, for instance,
can throw out to some distance a quantity of gummy
matter, the use of which is clearly shown by an
ichneumon having been found with its wings and legs
gummed together by it.

Larvae which give out secretions or fetid odours are
gregarious, several feeding on the same leaf, often
ranged in a row with the bodies stuck out in the air.
They have nearly always bright colours ; the ground
colour, as a rule, is some tinge of green, or even blue,
and the first and last segments are yellow or orange,
while the rest of the body is ornamented with yellow
and black spots which often end in stiff hairs. The

46 . COLORATION OF LABV-ffi.

belly, too, may bear black marks, but only in such cases
where there are glands, which the larva can exsert
at will, and when it has the habit of throwing the
abdomen over the head (as does Croesus) for the double
purpose of exposing the glands, and whipping away
ichneumous. That the larvae can drive away these
insects by means of the abdomen, I have noticed more
than once with Croesus septentrionalis.

Many greenish-coloured larvae give out odours and
secretions, but they differ in habits from those just
described. They are small larvae with flat bodies ;
they feed on the upper side of the leaf, eating only
the cuticle, so that in this way it becomes white. Now,
as these larvae are gregarious, and are not only covered
with secretions, but can also give out bad smells, they
are enabled to surround themselves with a fetid atmos-
phere, which makes their presence as effectually known
as if they had bodies of bright contrasting colours.

A priori we might expect that species which are very
closely related and similarly marked as imagines would
also resemble each other in larvae. But no conclusion
could be more astray from the actual state of the facts.
There are, indeed, some genera and groups in particular

genera in which the larvae and imagines are coloured
and marked alike in the embryonic and developed
states, such as, for instance, with Dineura (so far as
we know), but others which closely resemble each
other in the imago form are utterly dissimilar in the

one. A striking example of this is found in
Croesus. The larvae of the three British species have

ie same forms and the same habits, but as regards
coloration they are utterly distinct. This difference in
coloration is, I think, readily explainable by the larvae

of C. septentrionalis and C. latipes being more active
and more offensive, as is shown by the bad odours they

give out. C. varus, on the contrary, is not quite so
active, and does not use the ventral glands so effec-
tively, but to make up for this it is of the same green
as the alder with only a few slight black lines along the

SYxVOPSIS OF LAWM. 47

sides. Now, as is well known, the three imagos are
very similar, and were considered varieties of one
species before the larvae were known. Again, with
the luteus group of Nematus four of the larvae are flat
and green, while a fifth is cylindrical and reddish.
We find the same diversity with the dermal covering.
In Enocampa we have slimy larvae, slimeless larvae, and
one covered with a white flaky substance. Hoplocampa
has spiny larvae, smooth colourless larvae living in
fruits, and gall -living larvae. The same diversity
exists in Blennocampa. Some very distinct larvae, indeed,
produce imagos which can scarcely be distinguished
from each other, e.g. Lophyrus pini and L. similis,
Nematus cadderensis, N.fagi, and N.fulvus, and others.
Contrariwise there are similarly-marked larvae which
give issue to very different flies.

It thus becomes clear that the forms and habits of
larvae are entirely of an adaptive nature, and bear no
relationship with the habits, forms, and affinities of
the perfect insects. Each lives in a different sphere
and has a different food, has to contend against dif-
ferent enemies, and lives in entirely different sur-
roundings from the other. The lives of the flies, too,
are very uniform. Their chief business is to provide
for the continuance of the species ; when that has been
done they either die at once, or live a useless, lazy
existence for a few days, basking in the sunshine.

In his Clavis, Dahlbom has given a classification of
the Saw-fly larvae, which Westwood has reproduced
with additions in his Intr.* and Ent. Ann.f for 1862.
The following synopsis is carried out on the same lines,
but in much greater detail.

Synopsis of Larvce.

I. Larva with twenty-two legs.

A. Ejecting from lateral pores a greenish acid liquid

spinning a double cocoon.

# a

11, p. 97.

f P. 129.

48 SYNOPSIS OF LAEV.E.

Greenish larvae, without markings, covered more
or less (especially when young) with a whitish exuda-
tion. Trichiosoma, Clavellaria, Gimbex.

Not greenish, with orange and other markings.
A bia, Zarcea.

B. Not ejecting a liquid from lateral pores. Spin-
ning a simple close cocoon, not ejecting a liquid from
the mouth, often giving out a resinous exudation, often
social, never rolling themselves up into a ball, and
always attached to Coniferce or juniper. Lophyrus,
Monoctenus.

Greenish (rarely blackish or brownish) larva?
without definitely arranged spots or markings, some-
times with lines proceeding from the centre of the
back to the sides in the direction of the tail ; generally
lighter on the sides than on the back, resting with the
body rolled up into a ball, often changing colour before
pupating.

a. Pupating in stems, never with lines down the

back; generally dark green on the back and dirty
white on the sides. Emphytus, Taxomis, Poecilosoma
luteolum.

, Pupating in the earth, with or without spinning
a cocoon, sometimes with lines arranged down the
back; often ejecting from the mouth a brownish
liquid when alarmed. Tenthredo, Macrophya, Allantus.

c. Larvae for the greater part white and covered with
a whitish exudation.

i. Head reddish-yellow, feeding on oak. Emphytus

serotinus.

ii. Head not reddish, feeding on alder.

The exudation in flakes, covering all the body
spinning a cocoon — becoming pale green at last moult.
Eriocampa ovata.

The exudation powdery, not spinning a cocoon,
losing the exudation and becoming pale green before
pupating. Poecilosoma pulveratum.

. Greenish larvae without regularly arranged stripes
or spots, not resting rolled up into a ball, usually

8YN0PSI8 OP LARV.E. 49

spinning a cocoon mixed with grains of earth, usually
stout, thick-set, sluggish, and generally feeding on the
flat surface of the leaf.

a. Feeding on ferns,
i. Body bare.

Head ochreous, spinning a cocoon. Selandria
analis.

Head greenish with two blackish spots, not spinning
a cocoon. Strong ylog aster cingulatus.

ii. Body covered with short hairs, head green,
without markings. Strongylog aster delicatulus.

b. Living in the rolled down leaves of the rose.
Blennocampa pusilla.

c. Covered with a slimy secretion, eating only the
upper epidermis.

i. The secretion well developed and of a greenish
or blackish colour, feeding on fruit trees, limes,
birch, or hawthorn. Eriocampa adumbrata, E. annu-
h'pes.

ii. The secretion not well developed, and of a yel-
lowish colour, feeding on rose. Eriocampa caninm
(wthiops, West.).

d. Feeding on herbaceous plants or grasses, eating
along the edge of the leaf. Small and stumpy in shape.
Blennocampa albipes. Selandria sixii.

e. Feeding in the stems of plants. Poecilosoma
candidatum.

Feeding in the berries of gooseberries, in apples,

and plums. Hoplocampa fulvicornrs, H. testudinea.

Greenish larvae covered with branched spines.

a. Spines green. Blennocampa alchemillai, B. longi-

cornis.

b. Spines blackish. Blennocampa lineolata, B. me-
lanocerthala, Hoplocampa brevis.

4. Blackish larvae without white markings, feeding
on cruciferous plants. Athalia spinarum, A. glabri-

collis.

Black with white dots, feeding on Scuttellaria.
Athalia Scutellaria?.
vol. I.

50 SYNOPSIS OF LARViE.

. Flat larvae, with, triangular heads, and usually
with black plates on thorax, mining the leaves of
plants. Phyllotoma, Fenella, Fenusa, Dineura despecta,
Blennocampa ulmi, Kalt.

II. Larvae with not more than twenty legs.

A. Larvas with greenish- coloured bodies, without
conspicuous markings, or with white, black, or pinkish
continuous lines on back or sides.

a. Flat larvae without dorsal or lateral lines, feeding
on the upper or lower surface of the leaf.

i. Feeding on upper surface of the leaf, eating only
the upper cuticle, and giving out a nauseous smell.

Body without hairs. Dineura stilata.

Body with fine hairs. Dineura testaceipes, D. Degeeri

ii. Feeding on the lower side of the leaf, eating the
leaf through and through, and not giving out a bad
odour.

. Onisciform, very broad and flat, the head
retreating and depressed in the centre. Gamponiscus
luridiv entri s .

2. Body slender, head not retreating nor depressed
in the middle. Nematus luteus, N. bilineatusi N. abdo-
minalis.

Body cylindrical, rarely feeding on the flat sur-
face of the leaf, without distinct markings, nor with
contrasting colours.

i. Body covered with distinct tubercles each ending
in a hair, feeding on the flat surface in which they eat
large holes.

. Body entirely green, spinning a close, oval,
brownish, single cocoon in the earth. Nematus pal-
lescens.

. Body darker coloured on the back and upper half
of the sides than on the lower part, spinning a loose,
irregular, whitish, double cocoon.

Head light brown, body greenish. Cladius padi.
Head and body for the greater part black. Cladius
brullcei.

ii. Body without tubercles or hairs, feeding along

SYNOPSIS OF LARV/E. 51

the edge of the leaf, with the body kept closely pressed
to it and following its shape. Entirely green or with
dorsal or lateral lines.

. Body entirely green or green above, with the
lower part of the sides of a paler tint. Nematus rufi-
cornis, N. rumicis, N. fulvipes.

. Body with black lateral lines. Nematus crassus>
N. miliar is.

. Body with white lateral or dorsal lines. Nematus
capreo39 N. curtispina, N. myosotidis, N. histrio, N
fallax.

, Body with pink lines. N. curtispina, N. Berg-
manni.

Body with greenish tubercles. N. glutinosce.
B. Bodies marked with black, blue, yellow, or
orange, irregularly-disposed spots and lines; giving
out generally a bad smell, and feeding on the edge of
the leaf with the after part of the body stuck out in
the air. No tubercles or hairs.

a. With distinct ventral glands.

Body black with orange legs. Croesus latipes.
Body green with faint black lines. Croesus rams.
Body green with orange markings. Croesus septen-
trionalis.

b. Without distinct ventral glands.

i. Bodies greenish, marked with orange, &c. Ne-
matus fulvuSy N. cadderensis, N. pavidus, N. betulce, N
melanocephalus, N. salicis, N. conjugatus, N. lacteus9
N. maculiger, Cam.

ii. Body for the greater part reddish without any
green

Red with black marks down the back. N. quercus.

Red with white marks down the back. An un-
known Nematus on birch.

Body dirty reddish-brown. Nematus dorsatus,
N capreoe (one form), JV. acuminatus.

C. As in B, but body provided with distinct tuber-
cles, each ending in a stiff longish hair.

a. Ground colour orange, with black marks, feeding

52 SYNOPSIS OF LARV^l.

in a row in company on the underside of the leaf,
eating only the cuticle. Gladius viminalis.

Ground colour green, with yellow and black
markings, feeding on the edge of the leaf. Throwing
off the markings at the last moult ; spinning a single
cocoon. Nematus ribesii, N. consobrinus.

D. Leaf-rolling larvae ; folding down the edge of a
leaf, thus forming a covering under which they live, and
having anal segments ornamented with black markings.
Nematus crassulus, N. bijp artitus , Lep., N nigrolineatus .

E. Gall-inhabiting larvae.

a. Living in galls on leaves.

i. On willow.
. In bean-shaped galls, ranged in numbers along
each side of the midrib, and projecting from both sides
of the leaf. Nematus gallicola.

In galls longer than broad, placed in pairs one on
each side of the midrib, and projecting more on the
upper than on the lower side. Nematus ischnocerus.

In large oval galls with a considerable internal
cavity. Nematus vesicator.

2. In pea-shaped galls, attached by only a small part
of their surface to the midrib and not at all to the
blades.

Galls smooth, shining, glabrous, generally with
pink or reddish cheeks ; larva changing colour at the
last moult. N viminalis, N. herbacece.

Galls green, without red, and covered with longish
hair. N. viminalis, N. baccarum.

ii. In pea- shaped galls on Vaceinium vitis-idma. N
vacciniellus.

. In galls on twigs of willows or poplars.

i. In large irregular galls on the twigs. Crypto-
eampus pentandrai.

ii. In the pith of the young twigs. Cryjptocampus
saliceti, C. angustus.

III. "With eighteen (rarely twenty) legs. Spinning
a double cocoon, the outer elastic and reticulated.

A. The skin covered with stiff hairs, each issuing

STXOPSIS OF LARV&. 53

from a tubercle. Yellowish on the back, with the
tubercles black. Hylotoma, rosce.

Not yellow on the back, the tubercles in part yellow.
H. enodis.

B. The skin not covered with stiff hairs.

a. "Whitish, with the head and legs black, and the
skin marked with black and luteous spots. H. ber-
b e ridis .

b. Greenish.

"With white longitudinal lines, and with twenty legs.
H. ustulata.

With a yellow longitudinal line. H. coeruleipeimis.
IV. Larvae without any ventral legs, and with long
seven- to eight-jointed antennae.

A. Living socially between leaves spun together with
silken lines.

a. Green or olive green larvae. Living on Pinus
sylvestris. Lyda stellata, L. erythrocephala.

.* Reddish larvae. Lyda pyri.

B. Solitary larvae.

a. Living in folded down leaves on birch and poplar.
L. sylvatica ; on alder, L. depressa.

. Living on the rose in a case formed of pieces of
leaves. L. inanita.

There is one other point in connection with the color-
ation of the larvae which requires to be noted ; namely,
the striking change in coloration which many of them
undergo immediately before pupating. In most cases
the change is in the direction of a more obscure
generally green coloration. Of this we have a good
illustration with many species of Nematus. Other
species become brownish, or slate- coloured, while with
one or two the change of colour is towards a brighten-
ing of the tints. Along with the colour, all hairs,
spines, &c, are thrown off, so that the difference between
the two skins is often so great that very often the two
forms are taken to belong to two distinct species. The
reason of the change of dress seems to be this : "When

54 CHANGE OF COLOUR IN LARVJ3.

the larva lias become full fed, it has to go in search of
a suitable place wherein to pass the period of rest un-
disturbed ; and this cannot be had on the food plant.
Many of them pupate in pithy stems, without spinning
any cocoon, while others seek such situations because
their cocoons are thin. Hence they may have to travel
some little distance before finding a proper place — a
fact shown by finding their cocoons in stems, or under
bark, many yards distant from the food plants. Now,

when a larva descends from the food plant, it enters
on a new mode of life, comes in contact with dangers
to which it had not been accustomed to, and meets with
new enemies. Thus a more obscure coloration would
be of advantage, and that it is of use, I have observed
with Nematus viminalis, which becomes slate-coloured
before leaving the galls to pupate in the ground — the
slate-colour harmonising admirably with the sand on
the river-banks where it lives — as it does with the

dried grass, &c, found in the meadows where other
gall-making species of similar habits live. With
Cladius viminalis, again, the colour at the last moult
becomes more brilliant. In this case several larvae
live on a leaf side by side, and thus they are made
visible ; but when they become full fed they separate
to seek a hiding place, which is generally under the bark
of a growing tree, up the trunk of which they march.
The increase of brightness in the colour thus is of
advantage, as it makes the larvae more readily seen,
and seen, avoided, in the case of inedible larvae.

A few larvae, would appear to be dimorphic. The
larva of Nematus caprece is mostly green, with white
longitudinal lines, but there is a rare form of it with
the body reddish. One or two species of Cimbex appear
to have dimorphic larvae also, but the subject requires
further investigation.

When the larva has become full fed, it proceeds
to pupate. Some larvae spin no cocoon, but bore into
the pithy stems, or into holes made by beetles in
wood. Others form in the ground neatly rolled cells

THE PUPA.

of earth, but most species spin oblong silken cocoons.
The species of Selandria, &c.,mix the silk with grains
of earth. The Cimbieides spin double cocoons, an
inner one inside an outer more tenacious covering,
the inner one being separated from it by a clear
space. Some species of Nematus likewise form double
cocoons, but not all. Those of Cladius are irregular
in shape, thin, and almost transparent. The outer case
of the cocoon of Clavellaria is also of an open texture.
Cimbex and Triehiosoma spin their cocoons on the

branches of the food plants ; Nematus gallicola in

masses under chinks of bark on the food plant
Cryptocampus pentandrce in the galls ; but most species
spin them in the earth.

After being in the cocoon the larva in a short
time shortens and contracts its shape, the legs at
the same time being withdrawn into the skin as it
were. The period which elapses between the spinning
of the cocoon and becoming a pupa varies according
to the season. With the summer broods it may be
from seven to ten days, but the autumnal broods do
not change until the following spring, so that the
greater part of their larval existence is spent in this
inert condition. In exceptional cases they may even
remain two years in the cocoon before changing.

The larvae are very much preyed upon by ichneumon
dipterous flies (Taehina and its allies). The ich-
neumons belong principally to the Tryphonides, which,
indeed, would appear to be specially attached to saw-
fly larvae. Braeonidce are not often bred from them ;
the Ophionides are not uncommon, while many Chalet-
didce as well as Pimplides are reared from the gall-
making Nemati.

The Pupa

Bears a considerable resemblance to the perfect insect.
The antennae are placed along the front, the legs along
the breast, while the wings appear as pad-like struc-

56 GENERIC DISTINCTIONS.

tures. Each appendage is enveloped in a thin pellicle.
Green is the commonest colour in the pupal state.
Sometimes there are yellow or orange spots on the
abdomen, but only if these colours were present in the
larva. The pupa state does not last over twelve or
fourteen days, as a rule, and may be shorter. When
the perfect state is reached the insect does not leave
the cocoon until its wings, &c, have hardened, and
the pupal skins have been got rid of. It quits the
cocoon by cutting off one end, which is done in
Nematus, &c, by cutting out the end roughly, but
with Lojphyrus and Cimbex a neat lid is cut, which
remains attached to the cocoon by one end after the
insect has left.

Generic and Specific Distinctions.

It must be said that it is not at all an easy matter
to find characters that will differentiate clearly the
larger groups and the genera, and even if we are able
to do so with European species difficulties arise when
exotic species are taken into account. Thus, Strong y-
logaster and Selandria are tolerably distinct and well
defined if we only regard our own species, but when
we come to arrange the Central American species all
distinction between the two breaks down. Similarly,
by following too closely the alar-cell structure in
fixing the genera species otherwise dissimilar are
placed together, and removed from among species
with which they agree in other peculiarities of struc-
ture.

Peculiarities in the antennae, thorax, legs, and
abdomen appear to afford the best characters for
defining the tribes. For the sub-tribes the neuration
of the wings is of use. The genera may be defined by
peculiarities in most parts of the body, but more
especially in the (a) antennas, as regards the number
of the joints, their relative length, and their covering;
(b) the neuration of the wings, and more especially the

GENERIC AND SPECIFIC DISTINCTIONS. 57

number of the radial and cubital cellules, the number
and position of the recurrent nervures, the form of the
lanceolate cellule, the form of the neuration, and the
number of cellules in the hind wings. It will depend,
however, very much on the group as to what value
will be placed on any particular nervure or cellule.
Thus, among the Nematina the first cubital nervure
is often absent, either constantly in particular species
or groups or occasionally with certain species, but its
absence occurs in so many widely separated groups
that no generic value can be placed on it. In the
same way the posterior wings may have either one or
no median cellule in different species in a genus, and
even in different sexes of the same species. (<*) The
structure of the legs, i.e. whether they are armed with
spurs or spines, provided with patellae or not, the
nature of the trochanters, coxae, tarsi, &c. These I
consider to be the characters of most value, but other
parts of the body occasionally afford distinguishing
points. For example, the form and position of the
eyes, of the clypeus and other mouth organs, the
structure of the thorax and abdomen. In some
instances the ovipositor can be used for the same
purpose.

The larvae can be also used in classification. In
this respect they are of great value in defining the
tribes and subtribes. They do not appear to be of
much use with the genera. A few genera, indeed,
have well-marked larvae, but in most cases their forms
are too much of an adaptive nature to furnish generic
characters. Thus, with Eriocampa we have slimy
larvae, slimeless larvae, and larvae covered with a white
flaky substance. Both Hoplocamjpa and Blennocampa
have spiny larvae ; in Nematus they are of all shapes
and colours ; while no distinction can be drawn
between the larvae of Tenthredo and AUantus or even
Dolenis.

The discrimination of the species is often very diffi-
cult. Colour is the distinguishing mark which most

53 SPECIFIC DISTINCTIONS.

readily catches the eye, and undoubtedly it is a valu-
able character, always provided that other points are
not ignored, as unfortunately they too often are in
descriptive works. The body is rarely sculptured,

sometimes it is more or less pilose, but excellent
characters are to be obtained from the antennae, as to
their length, thickness, pilosity, &c. ; of the clypeus,

as to whether it is truncated or incised at the apex ;
by the form of the head and its sutures; by the
arrangement and position of the nervures in the
wings ; by the legs, as to the length of the spurs, of
the tarsal joints, and the form of the spurs. Most of
the specific characters, in fact, are slight morpho-
logical variations, which, so far as we can see, are of no
use to the species ; but in one organ we find a wonder-
ful amount of variety in structural detail. This is in
the saw, of which, indeed, it may be said that its form
affords us an almost infallible criterion of specific
distinctness. We can easily see why there should be
so much variety of form in the saw when we consider
not only how manifold are the modes of depositing the
ova, but also how different in texture, &c, are the
substances in which they are laid. And as the same
species follows always the same mode of oviposition we
can understand, also, how this organ scarcely or never
varies in structure ; for a variation, however slight in
the shape of the teeth, &c, might prevent the eggs
being sunk in the proper manner in the substance of
the leaf, and thus might lead to the death of the
embryo. Contrariwise, we find great variation in the
other specific distinctions — in colour, sculpture, &c,
because they are, so far at least as we can see, of
secondary importance to the insects, and therefore
variation has had some play.

DISTRIBUTION.

3. Distribution.

The Tenthredinidce must be regarded as inhabitants
of temperate, if not northern climates. This is more
particularly the case with the Nematina, which are
found as far north as Spitzbergen and Iceland, abound
in the northern parts of Europe, but become very
scarce towards the Mediterranean. Thus, Scotland
has about seventy species of Nematus, and Italy only
twelve, according to Costa, or a half more than what
Iceland has. The Tenthredina are more widely distri-
buted, being found commonly in the Palaearctic, Neo-
arctic, and Oriental regions. The Cimbicides are
natives of the Neoarctic and Palaearctic regions, into
which they penetrate pretty far north. Other tribes
are peculiar to the Neotropical and Australian regions.
As for the Hylotomina they are in great force in the
Neotropical, and not uncommon in the Palaearctic and
Neoarctic districts. Lyda seems to be confined to

Europe and North America, although it is likewise
found in Northern China.

A few species have a very wide range ; thus, Hylo-
toma pagana is found in America, all over Europe
into India and Japan. Many species are common to
Northern Europe and America, e.g. Hemichroa rufa,
Nematus histrio. Athalia has, for such a small genus,
a very wide range. The common turnip species (A.
spinarum) abounds all over Europe, from Lapland to
the shores of the Mediterranean, and through Asia into
Japan. Another species is found in South Africa,
which would appear to be singularly poor in Tenthre-
dinidce.

4. Collecting and Preserving.

For collecting these insects, a sweeping net and
an umbrella for holding under bushes which are beaten
into it are the most useful. They are to be sought
for along hedges, the borders of fields, in marshy places

60 COLLECTING AND PRESERVING.

for some Dolerl and Nemati, and in woods containing
oaks, birches, willows, and poplars. The sweeping
net is of most nse during the day when beating,
especially if the day be bright and warm, produces little,
for they fly away the moment the trees are touched.
If the weather be dull, however, beating may be
employed advantageously, as it can always be done in
the evening.

They may be either pinned or mounted on cardboard.
If pinned, and not set properly, the wings should be
separated in such a way that the neuration can be
easily examined. If the carding method be followed,
the insects should be mounted in such a way that the
form of the clypeus can be seen, and the hinder tarsi
should be loose, so that the form of the claws can be
conveniently seen. It is better, too, to have at least
one specimen with one wing not gummed down.

The saws are best prepared for microscopical exami-
nation as follows : — They are extracted from the
abdomen by pressing its sides, when they will project,
and be easily cut off. The pieces should then be
separated and steeped in turpentine for a day or two.
Take a sheet of thin Bristol board, cut it into pieces,
say six lines by nine, then punch in one end of this a
round or square hole, say two and a half lines across.
Next, fasten to one side of this hole a microscopic
cover glass by means of Canada balsam dissolved in
benzine. After this has dried, fill up half of the cell

thus formed with balsam, spreading it as evenly as
possible. In this arrange the parts of the saw, set the
preparation aside for a day, then fill up with balsam
until the cell overflows, and put on another cover glass.
All that now remains to be done is to keep the pre-
paration in a flat position until the balsam has dried,

after which it is labelled and a pin stuck through
the cardboard, by means of which it is placed in the
cabinet along side the insect from which the saw was
taken.

For the examination of the saw a quarter-inch

CLASSIFICATION.

objective is the best ; if lower powers are used some of
the details are apt to be overlooked. The mouth
organs and other portions of the body can be mounted
in the same way.

The larvae may be reared in the customary methods
followed by lepidopterists. Owing to so many of them
remaining over the winter as unchanged larva?, they
are not always easily reared, but no special difficulties
are met with in dealing with the summer broods,
which pass rapidly through the larval and pupal stages.

They may be preserved for the cabinet by holding
them, after being placed in a pill box which is enclosed
in a tin canister, over the flame of a paraffine lamp or
over the gas for a minute or two, when they will
become perfectly hard. If proper care be taken, fairly
satisfactory specimens may, by this plan, be obtained,
provided that only fully grown specimens, with empty
food canals, are operated upon. The preserved larvae
are perhaps kept best on pins stuck through cardboard,
another and stronger pin being stuck in this, and by it
kept in position in the cabinet.

5. Classification.

The first who attempted the classification of the
Tenthredinidce on an extensive scale was the English
naturalist, W. E. Leach (Zoological Miscellany, vol.
iii). He divided the family into nine " stirpes,"
two of which were grounded on Australian forms.

Stirpe 1 contained Cimbex, Trichiosoma, Clavellaria,
Zarcea, and Abia. Stirpes 2 and 3 were formed for
the Australian genera Perga and Pterygophorus re-
spectively. Stirpe 4 had one genus, Lophyrus, 5 two,

Ilylotoma and Gryptus ; 6 had four, Messa, Athalia,
Selandria,&TidFenusa; 7 included Allantus, Tenthredo,

Dosytheus, Dolerus, and Emphytus; 8 Goeesus and

Nematus; and 9 Tavpa and Lyda. Saint Fargeau
(Mon. Tenth.) had an arrangement of his own, but,

62 €LASSIFICATION.

as it is very artificial, it is unnecessary to allude to it
further here. The Swedish entomologist, Dahlbom
(Prod. Hyra. Sc), arranged the Swedish species in
fifteen genera, namely, Cimbex, Athalia, Hylotoma,
Cyphona, Lophyrus, Monoctenus, Cladius, Priophorus,
Nematus, Tenthredo, Dineura, Emphytus, Dolerus,
Phyllotoma, Lyda.

James Francis Stephens, in vol. vii of his ' Illus-
trations of British Entomology,' described all the
British genera and species known by him to inhabit
Britain. This work, however, was by no means a
critical one as regards the discrimination of the species,
but as he gave, in most cases, the original descriptions,
many of which were not readily obtainable, it was, on
the whole, a work of some utility to the British
Entomologist. Stephens' classification was as fol-
lows : — Cimbex with 8 British species, Trichiosoma 9,

Glavellaria 2, Zarcea 1, Alia 2, Amasis 2, Hylotoma

15, Schizocerus 2, Lophyrus 3, Cladius 1, Pristiphora
, Nematus 45, Croesus 3, Messa 1, Fenusa 3, Athalia

10, Selandria 40, Hemichroa 3, Sciapteryx 1, Allantus

47, Tenthredo 28, Dosytheus 14, Dolerus 9, Emphytus
20, Heterarthrus 1, Melicerta 1, Ta'rpa 2, and Lyda 21
species, or a total of 309 British species.

Hartig (following Klug), in his ' Blattwespen/ dis-
tributed the species into thirteen " genera," and each
genus was again divided into sub-genera, these into
" sections " and the " section " into " tribes." Each
division received a name, so that, on this arrangement,
the nomenclature of a species was rather cumbersome.
Thus the Tenthredo albipes of Linne became Tenthredo,
Allantus, Selandria, Blennocampa, Monophadnus al-
bipes. In fact, his " genera " are equivalent to the
"tribes" of recent authors; and his sections and
tribes have become genera. He arranged the genera

tribes or sub-families) thus : — Cimbex, Blastico-
toma, Hylotoma, Lophyrus, Cladius, Nematus, Lineura,
Dolerus, Emphytus, Tenthredo, Tarpa, Lyda, Xyela.

Westwood (Introd., ii, 113) introduced an improve-

CLASSIFICATION. 63

ment in the classification of the family by dividing
it into named sub-families. Of these he made four :

, Cimbicides, — Antennae short, clavate, with not
more than eight joints, larvae 22-footed, emitting
drops of viscid matter from the pores of the body
(Cimbex, Perga, Sfc).

" 2. Hylotomides. — Antennae 3-jointed, terminal
joint greatly elongated, labrum apparent, larvae with
eighteen to twenty legs, not emitting drops of viscid
matter (Hylotoma) .

" 3. Tenthredinides. — Antennae 9- to 14- jointed,
simple, filiform to the tip ; labrum apparent, saws
with parallel sides (Tenthredo, Nematus 9 Dolerus, Se-
landria, &c).

. Lydides. — Antennae multi-articulate, sometimes
strongly pectinated in the males ; posterior tibiae
often spined in the centre ; labrum minute, saws but
slightly serrated at the tip, strongly dilated and
elbowed at the base, larvae various (Lyda, Tarpa, and

Lophyrus)"

Athalia was stated to form a connecting link between
the Hylotomides and the Tenthredinides, while Cephus,
Xyela, and Blasticotoma were indicated as worthy of
elevation into sub -family rank.

C. G. Thomson (Hymen. Scand., i) has carried
out still further Westwood's idea. He grouped the
genera into seven tribes : — Cimbicina, Hylotomina,
Tenthredina, Blasticotomina , Lydina, Xyelina, and
Cephina. In thus distributing them he relied prin-
cipally on the form of the antennae, legs, and
abdomen.

Zaddach (Schr. Ges. Konig, xvi) has separated
Nematus and its allies from the Tenthredina, among
which they were included by Thomson, and formed them
into a distinct sub-family. He seems also to indicate
that Lophyrus should form a tribe, or at any rate that
it should not be united with the Tenthredina.

The fact that Nematus and its allies have, as larvae,
only twenty legs, while the Tenthredina have twenty-

64 CLASSIFICATION.

two, is an important distinction ; yet it is very diffi-
cult to find characters to separate the two divisions
in the perfect state. Hoplocampa might, for example,
be ranged with Dineura, with which it agrees in the
form of the antennae and in the position of the basal
nervure, while it differs in both of these points from
Blennocampa, &c. The only absolute distinction is
that the second cubital cellule receives both recurrent
nervures in the Nematina.

Lojphyrus appears to me to possess sufficient distinc-
tive characters to merit its being formed into a tribe.

As to the grouping of the tribes I certainly think
that the affinities of Lojphyrus are with Tarpa and
Lyda rather than with the Tenthredina. Its relation-

ship with Cladius, near to which it is more often
placed, is not very great ; the similarity of the an-
tennae in the males, so far as it goes, cannot be
regarded as of great value, being merely a sexual
character. Pterygophorus, again, unites Lopliyrus with
Hylotoma, as does also Brachytoma, and one or two
undescribed genera known to me. On the other hand,
the distance between Hylotoma and the Cimbicides is
bridged by such genera as Syzygonia and Incalla,
which again are related to Brachytoma, especially
in body form and in the formation of the trophi,
in which the number of joints is reduced, thereby
approximating with the Siricidce. In these tribes we
find spined tibiae, as in Lyda, and appendicular cellules
in the forewings, neither of which exist with the Tenthre-
dina. Besides that, Lojphyrus, Cimbex, and Hylotoma
agree with Lyda and the Viricidal in the form of the
metathorax. The only partial exception to this is
Monoctenus, which, however, differs from Cladius in the
form of the antennae, and in its larva having twenty-
two legs.

would then divide the family in the first place
into two divisions : division 1 containing the Tenth-
redina, Nematina, Hylotomina, Cimbicina, and Lojihy-
rina, all distinguished by the larvae having six or more

CLASSIFICATION. 65

ventral legs ; the second division will include the
Lydina, distinguished, inter alia, by the larvae wanting

abdominal legs. The first section I would arrange
in two series. On the one hand, Tenthredina and
Nematina a homogeneous section, on the other Cimbi-
cina, Hylotomina, and Lophyrina, three sharply cut off
groups, but having more connecting links between
themselves than with either Tenthredina or Nematina.
This arrangement may be tabulated as follows :

I. Larvae with ventral legs. Prothorax emarginate behind. Middle

lobe of mesonotum much longer than broad, not separated
from scutellum by a deep fovea. Basal nervure not received
in first cubital cellule.
a. Fore lobes of metanotum well developed, so that the cenchri

are separated from the scutellum by a comparatively wide
space.

1. Larvae with twenty-two legs. Fore wings with two

radial cellules. Second and third cubital cellules
receiving each a recurrent nervure. Lanceolate
cellule rarely petiolate. Antennae usually 9-jointed,

rarely 7 — 15.

Tenthredina.

2. Larvae with twenty legs. Fore wings with one, rarely

with two radial cellules. Second (or first when there
are only three) receiving both recurrent nervures.
Lanceolate cellule petiolate, rarely constricted. An-

tennae 9-jointed.

Nematina.

b. Fore lobes of metathorax not well developed, cenchri almost

touching scutellum.

1. Antennae clavate. Sides of abdomen acute. Larvae

with twenty-two legs, ejecting an acid liquid from
lateral pores. Cimbicina.

2. Antennae 3-jointed. Fore wings with one radial cellule,

usually appendiculate. Tibiae spined. Larvae with
eighteen to twenty legs. Hylotomina.

3. Antennae multiarticulate, serrate in ? , flabellate in d".

Larvae with twenty-two legs. Lopliyrina.

II. Larvae without ventral legs. Basal nervure received in the first

cubital cellule. Middle lobe of mesonotum not much longer
than broad, and separated from the scutellum by a deep
fovea. Pronotum subtruncate at its hind margin. Tibiae

spined.
Antennae setaceous, multiarticulate. Abdomen depressed. Tere-

bra not exserted.

Lydina.

Antennae 12-jointed, the third very much larger than any of the

others. Terebra exserted. Pinicolina*

* Blasticotoma, Kl. (not a British insect), will form another division
of this section, distinguished by its exserted ovipositor, 4-jointed

and

fir

VOL, I.

(jQ synopsis of genera.

Analytical table of the Genera.

1 (19) "Wings with one i

2 (7) Antennae with or

3 (4) Fore wings with

hinder

spine. <? with simple antennae. # Eylotoma.

i winers. nor soine on tibiae. $

4 (3) No appendicular cellule in for

antennae cleft.

5 (6) Lanceolate cellule petiolate.

6 (5) Lanceolate cellule contracted.

7 (16) Antennae 9 -jointed.

8 (11) Lanceolate cellule contracted.

9 (10) Third cubital cellule receiving the second recurrem

10 (9) Second cubital cellule receiving the second (and fir

nervure.

11 (8) Lanceolate cellule petiolate.

Schizocera
Cyphona

Cladius

Camponis

(13) Hinder tarsi broadly expanded and flattened. Crcesus.

13 (12) Hinder tarsi simple.

14 (15) Wings with three or four cubital cellules, if three the first

receiving both recurrent nervures. ^ Nematus.

15 (14) Wings with three cubital cellules, the second receiving both

Cryptocampus

recurrent nervures.

16 (7) Antennae serrate, with more than 9-joints, $ antennae flabellate.

17 (18) Lanceolate cellule divided by an oblique cross nervure.

Lophyrus.

18 (17) Lanceolate cellule contracted in the middle. Monoctenus.

19 (1) Wings

20 (47) Fore wings with three cubitf

21 (32) Antennae clavate, 5-6-jointed
(25) Antennae 5-jointed

Tibiae not spined (83)

23 (24) Posterior coxae toothed, blotch absent, body hail

24 (23) Posterior coxae not toothed, blotch present, body

Cwibex

(22) Antennae 6 -jointed

26 (27) Lanceolate cellule with a strai

27 (26) Lanceolate cellule contracted.

28 (31) First cubital cellule receiving

diverging beneath.

29 (30) Abdomen with a white band a

30 (29) Abdomen

ght cross nervure. Clavellaria

at the base. Zaraa.

nd. Abia.

31 (28) First cubital cellule receiving only one recurrent nervure, eyes

converging.

32 (33) Antennae 7-8-jointed, not cli

33 (44) Antennae 9-jointed.

34 (41) With three cubital cellules,

35 (36) Lanceolate cellule petiolate.

Amasis
Ccenoneura

Fenusa

(35) Lanceolate cellule with oblique cross nervure.

37 (38) No middle cellule in hind wings.

38 (37) One middle cellule in hind wings.

39 (40) Costa and stigma white, antennae with third and

subequal.

Harpiphoru

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 67

40 (39) Costa and stigma black or fuscous, third joint of antennae dis-

tinctly longer than fourth. Poecilosoma (in part).

41 (34) First cubital cellule receiving no recurrent nervure, two middle

cellules in posterior wings.

42 (43) Lanceolate cellule with oblique cross nervure. Dolerus.

43 (42) Lanceolate cellule petiolate. Dineiira fuscula var.

44 (33) AntennaB 10-16-jointed.

45 (46) Lanceolate cellule petiolate.

Fenella.

46 (45) Lanceolate cellule with an oblique cross nervure. Phyllotoma.

47 (83) Wings with four cubital cellules.

48 (51) Second cubital cellule receiving both recurrent nervures.

49 (50) Lanceolate cellule petiolate.

Dineura.

50 (49) Lanceolate cellule contracted. Hemichroa.

51 (48) Second cellule receiving only one nervure.

52 (53) Antennae 10-jointed, subclavate. Athalicu

53 (52) Antennae 9-jointed, mostly filiform.

54 (55) Lanceolate cellule petiolate. Blennocampci.

55 (61) Lanceolate cellule contracted.

56 (57) Antenna} short, thick, mesonotum not marked with white.

Hoplocampa.

57 (56) Antennae long, filiform, mesonotum and metanotum with white

marks. Syncerema.

58 (61) Lanceolate cellule open, without cross nervure.

59 (60) Body short, thick, costa thickened and dilated before stigma.

SelandrioL

60 (59) Body longish, cylindrical, costa not dilated. Strongylog aster.

61 (69) Lanceolate cellule with an oblique cross nervure.

62 (63) Hind wings with no middle cellule. Taxonus.

63 (64) Hind wings with one middle cellule.

61 (65) Eyes reaching to base of mandibles, abdomen black.

Eriocampa in part.

65 (64) Eyes not reaching to base of mandibles, abdomen spotted with

white. Poecilosoma.

66 (63) Hind wings with two middle cellules.

67 (68) Eyes reaching to base of mandibles. Eriocampa in part.
6S (67) Eyes not reaching to base of mandibles. Strongylog aster in part.
69 (61) Lanceolate cellule with a short perpendicular nervure or shortly

contracted.
0 (73) Posterior coxae large, reaching to fourth abdominal segment.
71 (72) Antennae setaceous, longer than abdomen, pleurae broadly

marked with white.

P achy protasis.

72 (71) Antennae short, thick, pleurae seldom marked with white.

Macrophya.

73 (70) Coxae of normal size, not reaching to fourth abdominal seg-

ment.

74 (77) Antennae shorter than the head and thorax, thickened at the

apex, never filiform or setaceous.

75 (76) Eyes reaching to the base of the mandibles. Allantus.

76 (75) Eyes not reaching to the base of the mandibles. Sciopteryx.

77 (74) Antennae longer than the head and thorax, filiform or setaceous,

seldom fusiform.

78 (79) Blotch absent, stigma white and fuscous, or entirely white,

scutellum and post-scutellum white. Tenthredopsis.

79 (78) Blotch distinct, stigma black or green ; post-scutellum not

white.

Tenthredo.

68 SUB-TEIBES OF TE^TTH1IEDIXA.

(53) Antennae multiarticulate, posterior tibiae spined
(82) Antennae with not more than eighteen joints, del

tibiae with three spines.

Tarpctr

m, postei

Lyda.

82 (81) Antennae with more than eighteen joints, nlifo

tibiae with three spines.

83 (20) Wings with three cubital cellules, antennae 12-jointed

joint very long. Pinicola

Tribe (sub-family).— TENTHREDINA.

Sub-tribes.

Tenthredinides. — Antennae 9-jointed. Wings with two radial and four
cubital cellules, the second and third receiving each a recurrent
nervure. Lanceolate cellule subcontracted, or with a perpendicular,
and more rarely with an oblique cross nervure. Basal nervure received
at a distance from the cubital. Hind wings with two middle cellules.
Mandibles acute, large, with two or three large teeth, besides the large
apical one. Calcaria as long as half of the metatarsus. Larvae ejecting
a black or brownish liquid from the mouth.

Dolerides. — Antennae 9-jointed. Wings with two radial and three
cubital cellules, the second cubital the largest, and receiving two
recurrent nervures. Basal nervure received at a distance from cubitaL
Lanceolate cellule with an oblique cross nervure. Hind wings with
two median cellules.

Selandriades. — Antennae 7- to 15-jointed. Wings with two radial
and three or four cubital cellules. Lanceolate cellule petiolate or open,
with an oblique cross nervure, or contracted. Basal nervure joined to
the cubital. Hind wings rarely with two median cellules, often with
one only or none. Spurs short. Mandibles weak, short, without
distinct teeth on the sides.

Sab-tribe — Tenthredinides.

The Tenthredinides have longish, narrow bodies, the abdomen being
longer than the head and thorax, somewhat depressed above, and, as a
rule, broadest in the middle. The antennae are either long and fili-
form or short and subfusiform at the apex ; in the latter case the third
joint is much longer than the fourth. The head is much broader than
long, concave behind, and to a less extent in front. The eyes are large
and projecting, seldom reaching to the base of the mandibles. The
clypeus is large, and generally deeply incised; labrum orbicular.
Mandibles large, curved, and toothed. Legs long, coxae of normal size,
or so large as to reach the fourth abdominal segment. Spurs at least
as^ long as half of the metatarsus, and generally longer than that.
Hinder tarsi longer than the tibiae. Patellae very well developed;
claws large, bifid.

Wings with two radial and four cubital cellules. Costal cellule
distinct, with a cross nervure. Radial nervure curved, usually received
towards the middle of the third cubital cellule. The second and third

GENERA OF THE TEXTHBEDINIDES. 69

•cubital

basal

in the costal cellule befor

parallel with the fir

with which it

never unites. Lanceolate cellule more or less subcontracted, or more
usually with a straight, and more rarely an oblique cross nervure. The
hind wings with two median cellules ; the cubital and recurrent nervures
•are widely separated.

The larvae have twenty-two legs. They are cylin-
drical, generally of uniform colour, or greenish above,
and pale ot the sides ; or, more rarely, they may be
ornamented with dots on the sides or along the back.
Many change colour before pupating, which they do in
the earth, in a cocoon or in a cell formed of earth.
They are principally attached to herbaceous plants,
comparatively few feeding on trees. As a rule they
rest rolled up in a spiral, and when alarmed eject a
brownish or blackish liquid from the mouth.

The most constant marks of distinction between this
tribe and the Selandriades consist in the position of
the basal nervure, in the spurs being always as long
as half of the metatarsus, and in the more strongly-
toothed mandibles.

The species of this sub-tribe are common in the
Palaearctic and Nearctic regions, rarer in the Oriental,
and would seem to be absent from Central and South
America, as well as from the Australian region.

Synopsis of Genera,

a. Coxa? small.

a. Antenna?

1. The third joint of antenna? considerably longer than the

fourth ; posterior wings with two median cellules in
both sexes ; blotch distinct. Tenthredo.

2. The third and fourth antennal joints sub-equal; blotch

indistinct ; posterior wing with the transverse cubital
and recurrent nervures at edge of wing in <J . Antennae

g, nhiorm

with

median

cells in both sexes. Accessory nervure in posterior

wing shortly appendiculated. Tenthredopsis .

Posterior wing with no median cellule in $t two in 9.

Lanceolate cellule contracted. Synarema.

J). Antenna? short, thickened. Accessory nervure at apex in

posterior wing slightly appendiculated. Eyes converging ;

rounded

A llantus

70 GENUS TENTHREDO

. i ^— — — — — — ^^ — o *

Apex of labrum incised

placed near the base of mandibl

Sciopter]

Coxae large, reaching to the apex of the third abdominal
Antennae loner, filiform ; thorax on the sides and breast mor

less white.

Pachyp

Antennae short, thick; thorax rarely, and if so but

marked

Genus— TENTHREDO.

Tenthredo, Section 5, Htg., Blattw., 303.
Tenthredopsis, in part, Thorns., Andre.

Wings with two marginal and four submarginal cellules.

Lanceolate cellule subcontracted, or more usually with a straight

cross nervure. Posterior wings with two median cellules in both sexes,

the radial cellule not appendiculated.
Antenna short, rarely longer than abdomen ; filiform or setaceous,

rarely thickened at the apex ; bare, except the thick, ovate, basal joint,

which is pilose, the third joint more than a third (generally) longer

than the fourth.

Legs long, claws bifid ; hinder trochanter reaching to the apex of the
second abdominal segment. In some species the $ has the hinder
tibiae and tarsi thickened and flattened.

Head long, broad, somewhat cubital.

Clypeus deeply incised, rarely truncated at apex, the apical corners
acutely pointed, sometimes projecting.

Labrum large, oval, or quadrangular at the apex.

Abdomen slightly depressed above, thickened in the middle at the
sixth segment, sharply or bluntly rounded at the apex. Blotch dis-
tinct.

Scutellum generally raised, sometimes pyramidal, rarely flat. Man-
dibles long; the apical tooth long, curved; the second blunt, widely
separated from first ; the third generally split in the middle into twa
blunt projections. Labium with the two outer lobes broad, rounded
externally, square above. Maxilla with the inner lobe bulging out
roundly at the lower (exterior) side, narrowed into a sharp, curved*
tooth -like projection at the apex ; outer lobe bluntly ovate at apex,
narrowed slightly at the sides.

In coloration the species belonging to this genus show
considerable diversity. Generally they have mixtures of
black and red, or black and yellow, with antenna either
entirely black or with the apical joints white or entirely
yellow. Mixtures of green and black are also common^
while some of the East-Indian forms are splendidly
metallic, green, or blue. With most species the wings
are hyaline, but these organs are sometimes yellowish,,
more rarely blackish or bluish.

GENUS TENTIIREDO. 71

The males, as a rule, do not differ much in colora-
tion from the females. With some species, however,
it is considerably lighter {T. zonata) ; parts which are
quite black in the female being yellowish or red in the
male. Some males have the legs lined with black (T.
atra, &c), others have the abdomen black, while it is
banded with red in the other sex.

The geographical distribution of this genus is very
wide. The species are very numerous in the Palae-
arctic, Oriental, and Nearctic regions, occurring in all
their subregions. They are absent from the Neo-
tropical, Australian, and Ethiopian regions.

The green species are temperate or northern forms,
yellowish temperate or tropical, while the blue or green
metallic species inhabits warm or tropical regions.

There are some sixty European species, and sixty-
seven (including, probably, some pertaining to Tenthre-
dopsis) are recorded from the United States and Canada
by Cresson in his " Catalogue of the Tenthredinidse and
Uroceridae of North America.' * (Trans. Am. Ent.

Soc, viii, 1880.)

Obs. — It must be confessed that the differences
between Tenthredo, as here defined, and the next genus,
are not very great. The most certain distinctions
consist in the deeply emarginated clypeus, the short,
thick antennae, having the third joint always consider-
ably longer than the fourth, the mesonotum usually
punctured, and the hinder wings having always two
distinct middle cellules.

In Tenthredopsis, as here restricted, the species have
the antennas long, thin, filiform, with the third joint
about the same length as the fourth ; the cheeks are

well developed, the eyes do not reach to the base of the

mandibles ; clypeus truncated, or if incised, only to a
very slight extent, while we have the difference,
although not a constant one, in the posterior wing of
the S. "We have, furthermore, a uniformity in the
body form and coloration. The entire body is smooth,

72 TENTHEEDO AND TENTHREDOPSIS.

•shining, the head and thorax bear white markings,
while the blotch is invisible, a character which easily
separates it from the other species placed in the genus
by Thomson.

Thomson defines the three genera thus :

d. Gense distinctse; oculi nempe mandibularum basin hand attin-

gentes.

e. Alse superiores cellula lanceolata breviter constricta.

Synarema .

ee. Alse superiores cellula lanceolata nervo transverso brevi

perpendiculari instruct® ; inferiorea cellula hume

appendiculati

Perineura.

dd. Gense nullse ; oculi nempe convergentes mandibularum

basin attingentes. Alse inferiores cellula humerali baud
appendiculata. Mesonotum punctulatum. Tenthredo.

Besides "instabilis " Thomson includes in Tenthre-
dopsis T. viridis, punctulata, scalaris, gibbosa, and late-
ralis.

- I cannot accede to this arrangement. It seems to
me that as thus constituted Tenthredopsis is a very
artificial arrangement, and that the characters derived
from the form of the cheeks and of the slightly appen-
diculated posterior wings can scarcely be regarded as
of primary importance ; indeed, the latter is a very
inconstant character, occurring in very widely sepa-
rated species. With T. scalaris, for example, the
cellule is, with most of my specimens, scarcely appen-

diculated, and in two or three specimens it is com-
pletely interstitial. Similarly, the difference between

gense nullse" and genee distinctse" is merely com-
parative, and intermediate forms exist. Undoubtedly
the gibbosa section forms a connecting link between
the " instabilis " group and Tenthredo proper, but with
the slight exceptions mentioned above, the species
agree very well with Tenthredo. The green species

placed in Tenthredopsis by Thomson have so many

affinities with olivacea, mesomela, &c, that I do not
see how they can be placed apart without violating
many affinities. Besides, as thus constituted by Thom-
son, Tenthredopsis is a very heterogeneous genus, the
two groups composing it — instabilis on the one hand,

•

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES OF TENTHREDO. 73

and viridis, &c, on the other — differ in the form of
the mouth, antennae, and in the posterior wings in the
S , while one section has the blotch, the other being
without it. But, in point of fact, there does not
appear to be any absolute distinction between the two
groups, and they can only be retained apart as a
matter of convenience.

Analytical table of Species.

1 (2) Antenna) entirely yellow.

2 (14) Antennae with the apical joints white.

Flava .

3 (10) The fifth joint black, a double white mark over hinder coxae.

4 (5) Scutellum white. Solitaria.

5 (4) Scutellum black.

6 (7) Stigma distinctly white at the base. Livida.

7 (6) Stigma not white at the base.

8 (9) Apex of abdomen black ; tegulae black. Coryli.

9 (8) Apex of abdomen red ; tegulae red. ^ Colon.

10 (11) Third joint of antennae white, a single spot over hinder coxae.

Velox.

11 (10) Fifth joint white, no white spot over coxae.

12 (13) Tegulae white, pleurae more or less rufous. Bufiventris.

13 (12) Tegulae and pleurae black. BaUeata.

14 (31) Antennae entirely black.

15 (18) Abdomen banded with red.

16 (17) Inner orbits of the eyes white ; two spots over posterior coxae.

Lachlaniana .

17 (16) Inner orbits of the eyes black ; one spot over hinder coxae.

Moniliata.

18 (15) Abdomen entirely black, legs red.

19 (24) Clypeus white, hinder legs for the greater part red.

20 (23) One or two marks over hinder coxae ; pronotum white.

21 (22) A single spot over hinder coxae, legs red. Dispar.

22 (21) A double spot over hinder coxae, legs yellowish. Scoiica.

23 (20) No white mark over coxae, pronotum black. Atra.

24 (19) Clypeus black, posterior legs entirely black. Mandibularis .

25 (28) Abdomen and legs yellowish.

26 (27) Scutellum, tegulae, and hinder tarsi for the greater part yellow.

Maculata.

27 (26) Scutellum, tegulae, and hinder tarsi for the greater part black.

Bicincta.

28 (25) Abdomen and legs green.

29 (30) Pleurae and breast green. Mesomela.

30 (29) Pleurae and breast black. Obsoleta.

31 (38) Antennae green beneath, body and legs green.

32 (33) Cheeks indistinct, accessory nervure in posterior wings inter-

stitial ; hinder tarsi with the black continuous. Olivacea.

33 (32) Cheeks distinct, accessory nervure appendiculated, tarsi annu-

lated with black.
31 (37) Pleurae without a black stripe, tarsi annulated with black.

74 TENTHBEDO FLAVA.

35 (36) Vertex slightly, sutures of mesonotum, and a row of small

dots alone the upper sides of abdomen

Punctulata.

36 (35) Vertex, mesonotum, and back of abdomen broadly black.

Viridis*

37 (34) Mesopleura with a black splash, transverse radial nervure

interstitial, posterior tarsi entirely black. Picta.

38 (31) Antennae testaceous beneath, abdomen with a reddish band.

39 (40) Sides of abdomen yellow ; third cubital cellule short ; legs

entirely red. $ with the pleurae white. ' Lateralis.

40 (39) Sides of abdomen not yellow ; legs lined with black ; third

cubital cellule long. <J with the pleurae black. Gibbosa.

Section 1. — Mesonotum punctured. Humeral cellule in
hind wing not appendiculated. Cheeks indistinct.

Antennae entirely and legs and body for the greater part yellow.
Scutellum sharply peaked ; pleurae finely tuberculate. A white
spot over posterior coxae (Species 1).

1. TENTHREDO FLAVA.

Tenthredo flava, Scop., Ent. Car., 731; Andre, Species, i, 444,

pi. xxi, fig. 2; Cat., 58*42.
poecilochroa, Schr., En., 324, 654 ; Vill., Lin. Ent., 50.
tiavicornis, Fab., E. S., ii, 113, 31 ; S. P., 31, 9 ; Fall.,

Acta, 1808, 61, 22 ; Kiug, Berl. Mag.,
viii, 189, 132; Pz., F. G., Hi, fig. 2;
Rossi, F. E., 711 ; Vill., Lin. Ent.,
73; Lep., Mon., 75, 224; Htg.,
Blattw., 311, 48 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc,
xx, 54, 31 ; Thorns., Opus., 303; Hym.

Scand., i, 271.
luteicomis, Fab., E. S., ii, 113, 32; S. P., 31, 10; Pz.,

F. G., lxiv, fig. 1 (var.) ; Evers., Bull,
Mosc, xx, 54, 32.
Allantus flavicomis , Ste., 111., vii, 64, 21.

Pale yellow ; clypeus, labrum, mandibles, and a spot over the poste-
rior coxae, white ; head, pleurae, sternum, legs at the base and the four
apical segments of the abdomen, black.

The S similarly coloured, but with a black line over the posterior

femora. Wings yellowish, infuscated at the apex.

Length 6|— 7 lines.

Ab. — a. Thorax black above.

b. Posterior only, or the whole of the femora
black (luteicomis).

According to Kaltenbach (PA., 269), the larva feeds

TENTBKEDO LIVIDA. 75

in shady places during July and the beginning of
August on Aegopodium Podagraria. It is bare, lemon-
yellow to cinnamon-brown in colour, with numerous
oblique lateral stripes proceeding down the sides from
a central darker stripe on the back, there being one
stripe on each segment ; while before the last moult
each segment bears two oblique rows of minute white
tubercles. On the vertex is a dark brown longitu-
dinal mark ; an arched line goes also from the eyes in
front, ending on the top in a trident, and behind each
eye is an elliptical brownish ring.

A variable species in so far as the relative propor-

tion of the yellow and black colour is concerned.

The only British specimens that I have seen
recorded are those mentioned by Stephen's in his

1 Illustrations.'

They are stated to have been taken near Plymouth.

The species on the Continent is tolerably common,
and occurs in Scandinavia, Germany, Hungary ,.
France, Switzerland, Italy, and Russia.

Antenna} long, compressed, a very little thickened at the apex —
the apex of 6th, the 7th and 8th white — two white marks over
posterior coxze. Pronotum black. Abdomen black or red at

ex or middle. Mesonotum and pleurae opaque, punctured

Decies 2 — 5).

2. TENTHREDO LIVIDA.

Tenthredo livida, Lin., F. St., 1557 ; S. N. ii, 925, 33 ; Fab., E. S.,

ii, 116, 46 ; Fab., S. P., 33, 21 ; Panz.,
F.G.,52,fig.6; Schr.,En.,326,657; Klug
Berl. Mag., viii, 183, 122 ; Lep., Mom, 83,
243; Htg., Blattw., 312, 55 ; Evers.,Bulh
Mosc, xx, 55, 37 ; Kalt., Pfl., 304 (lar.) ;
Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 275, 10; Cam.,
Fauna, 11, 1; Andre, Species, i, 448;
Cat., 56 * 25.

carpini, Panz., F. G., 71, fig. 19.

albicvmis, Fourc, E. P., 22 ; Geof ., H. J., ii, 282, 22.

maura, Fab., E. S., ii, 116, 44; S. P., 19 ; Lep., F.Fr.,

pi. 3, fig. 7 ; Mon., 79, 235 ; Fall., Acta
Holm., 1808, 55, 11.

76 TEKTHBEDO L1V1DA.

nthredo annularis, Schr., En., 325, 655 ; Vill., Lin. Ent., 51
f — bipunctata, KL, Berl. Mag., viii, 124 ; Htg., Blatfr

Ste

312, 53.

aterrimus, Ste., 1. c, 66, 27.
bivunctatus. Ste, 1. c, 67, 3^

Black ;

and

um, m

white ; apex of mandibles piceous ; palpi white, pilose ; mesonotum
opaque, punctured. Legs : coxae, trochanters, and femora more or less,
apex of tibiae and posterior tarsi more or less black ; part of femora,
tibiae almost wholly, and apex of tarsi, livid red ; anterior knees, tibiae,
and tarsi livid white in front. Pleurae finely punctured. Abdomen

ma fuscous, the latter livid white at the b

Wing

tinge when fresh) ; tegulae black. Sheath
reddish in the middle.

The $ has the abdomen entirely reddish-

livid

Length 5 — 6 lines.

From the succeeding species livida is distinguished
by the colour of the stigma, longer antennas, more
pubescent mesonotum and pleurae, and more pilose
head ; the legs are more marked with black, and of a
livid, not clear red ; the red on the abdomen is paler,
less distinctly and more irregularly spread over the
segments.

In coloration it varies exceedingly ; the white on
the antennas is irregularly distributed over the apical
joints ; the legs and abdomen are very often quite
black (this ah, being I believe the bipunctata of Klug),
fuscous black, or pitchy. Generally the apex (the three
apical segments) is red ; but sometimes it is black,
pitchy, or testaceous. The legs have usually the coxae,
trochanters, the whole of posterior femora, the two
anterior femora at the base, the apex of posterior tibias
and tarsi black, but occasionally they show red, and in
rarer cases are quite black. The wings have some-
times a fuscous tinge.

The larva, according to Kaltenbach, feeds during
September and October on Lvnicera racemosa and
xylosteum. It is one inch long, bare, pale yellow,

TENTHREDO CORYIJ. 77

mottled with black, and with an orange-coloured
head. Tt pupates in the earth.

The flies are very common in June and early in
July, appearing often on the flowers of the rasp. It
is found everywhere in abundance in Scotland, but
does not seem to be equally common in England,
although generally distributed there.

On the Continent it occurs in Scandinavia, Ger-
many, Hungary, Holland, France, Italy and Russia to
the Ural Mountains.

3. Tenthredo coryli.

Tentkredo coryli, Panz., F. G., lxxi, fig. 8 ; Fab., S. P., 34, 22 ;

Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 182, 120;

Lep., Mon., 78,230; Htg.. Blattw.,
313, 57; Von Siebold, S. E. Z.,
1845, 325 ; Andre, Species, i, 446 ;
Cat. 57* 30.
? biguttata, Htg., Blattw., 313, 58.

Black ; four apical segments of the antenna? more or less, two large
spots above posterior coxa?, clypens, labrum, base of mandibles and
palpi, clear white; the three middle segments of abdomen testaceous-
red. Legs pale red, coxa?, trochanters, posterior femora, the anterior
more or less, at the base and the joints of posterior tarsi annulated
with black ; anterior femora at the apex, tibiae and tarsi livid white.
Mesonotum and pleura? punctured, opaque. Wings hyaline, costa and

stigma pale fuscous.

The <J has the breast whitish-yellow the abdomen whitish yellow
beneath, with the first, second, eighth and ninth, and the base of the
others above black (teste Andre).

Length 5 — 5| lines.

The amount of black on the legs and the intensity
of the red colour on the legs and abdomen vary.

Easily known by the short, rather thick antennae,
the ninth joint of which is white throughout, and by
the red band on the middle of the abdomen.

Apparently a rare insect ; Stephens records it from
the London district. It does not occur in Scotland.

Germany, France, Holland, Switzerland, Hungary,.
Russia are the continental countries from which it has
been recorded, and it is rare everywhere.

78 TENTHREDO COLON.

. Tenthredo COLON.

PI. 1, fig. 9, larva.

Tenthredo colon, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 182, 121; Htg.,

Blattw., 312, 56; Evers., Bull.
Mosc, xx, 55, 38; Thorns., Hym.
Scand., i, 276, 12 ; Kalt.,Pfl. 251;

Voll., Tidj. Ent., xviii, 43—49, pi. 5
(lar. &c.) ; Cam., Fauna, 11, 2 ;

Andre, Species, i, 445 ; Cat., 57,*
27.

Allantus colon, Ste., 111., vii, 67, 29.

Black, sinning ; sixth, seventh, eighth, and the greater part of the
ninth joint of antennae, mouth, and two spots over posterior coxa?
white. Legs reddish, coxae, trochanters, and the posterior femora
sometimes black at the base and apex, posterior tarsi annulated with
black, anterior leers pale white in front. Abdomen black, red at the

apex (generally the three apical segments). Wings hyaline, costa pale
fuscous, stigma blackish-fuscous, tegulae red.

The $ has the seven apical abdominal segments red, all the femora
lined above with black, and the coxae below, trochanters, and extreme
base of femora whitish. In the only $ I have the two apical joints of
the antennae are white.

Length 4^ — 5 lines.

Among other differences colon may be known from
livida by the shorter, less excavated front, the antennal
joints are not so mnch produced at the apex, the sixth
being moreover quite white, and the tegulae are red-
dish. Compared with coryli it has the antennas longer,
and black at the extreme apex; the front is more
excavated, and the head more shining.

It is rather a variable species. The legs are some-
times quite red, with the base of the coxse and
trochanters white ; or the latter may be black, and a
shorter or longer black line over the femora ; the
tegulas vary from clear red to fuscous, and the number
of abdominal segments that may be red varies ; occa-
sionally, too, specimens are met with having the anal
segment blackish.

The larva has been described by Kaltenbach, and
by Yollenhoven, who has given good figures of the
larva and imago.

According to these observers the larva feeds during

TENTHREDO SOLITARIA. 79

September and October on Girccea lutetiana and on the
fuchsia. It feeds generally in the evening, devouring
the leaves, flower and fruit. The head is honey-
yellow, shortly and thinly pubescent, with a black spot
on the vertex, this spot being generally divided in
two. The body is pale brownish-yellow, marked above
with darker brown lines, proceeding from the centre
of the back to the sides in the direction of the tail,
there being also a dorsal line of the same colour.
The sides and legs are dirty white. On the second
segment is, on each side, a blackish mark. The whole
body is covered with numerous pointed, clear tubercles,
each ending in a hair. The cocoon is spun in the
earth, the imago making its appearance in May and
June.

It does not seem to be a common species in Britain.
Dr. Sharp has taken it in Scotland, at Thornhill, and
Stephens records it from the London district.

Its European distribution is wide, being found in
Sweden, Germany, Holland, Italy, Hungary, and
Eussia (Casan district).

Tenth redo solitaria.

Tenthredo solitaria, Scop., Ent. Car., 281, 738 (1763). $ .

Schv., En., 326, 658 (1781) (in part) ; Vill.,

Lin., Ent., 51.

fagi, Pz., F. G., lii, fig. 14 ; Klug, Berl. Mag., viii,

186, 126; Htg., 312, 52; Evers., Bull.

Mosc, xx, 55, 36 ; Thorns., Hym. Scand.,
i, 276, 11.

pellucida, Klug, 1. c, 187, 127, <J; Htg., 1. c, 311,

51.

maura, Andre, Species, i, 462 ; Cat., 56,* 24.

Allantus solitarius, Ste., 111., vii, 66, 26.

Black, sliining; clypeus, labrum, mandibles, the sixth (except at
extreme base), seventh, and eighth apical joints of antennae, scutellum
and two large spots over posterior coxae, white. Legs : trochanter pale,
posterior femora almost wholly black, middle black above, pitchy
beneath, anterior black behind, whitish in front ; anterior tibiae white
in front with a black line behind, middle black, for the greater part
pitchy-testaceous in front, posterior pair reddish between, except at
the apex, which is black ; anterior tarsi testaceous, whitish in iront,
posterior black. Wings hyaline, costa and stigma fuscous, the latter

80 TENTHREDO VELOX.

darker in the middle. Vertex, shining, pubescent ; pleurae anl

mesonotum almost

<? has the four middle segm
n the middle above and be

clearer white in front, while the posterior tibiae are lined with black
behind ; there is only one white spot over posterior coxae, and the wings:

are a little clouded at the apex.
Length 6| — 7 lines.

The nearest ally of solitaria is perhaps T. albi-
cornis, F. (not a British species), but the latter is
readily known from it by having the three apical
joints of antennae entirely white, the fourth being
black, the clypeus and labrum are black and the
mandibles white, the scutellum black, while the tibiae

and tarsi are testaceous. The A of albicornis has a

distinct appendicular cellule in the posterior wing.

T. solitaria seems to be confined to the southern
counties in England, and is not uncommon in June
(on flowers according to Stephens) in the London
districts, Kent, Surrey, &c. It has a wide European
distribution, being found in Scandinavia, Holland,
Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, and Russia, to
the Ural range.

Antennae short, third joint in part, and the succeeding joints -
entirely underneath, and the apical altogether white. A single
spot over posterior coxa). Pronotum, tegulse, and abdomen
black. Legs reddish, black above. Mesonotum and pleurae
opaque, finely punctured. Stigma black (Species 6).

6. Tenthredo velox.
Plate VIII, fig. 6, <?.

Tenthredo velox, Fab., S. P., 34, 24 ; Klug, Berl. Mag., viii,

185, 123 ; Lep., Mon., Ill, 323 ; Htg .,
Blattw., 312, 54; Cam., Fauna, 11,
3; E. M. M., xvi, 248; Andre,
Species, i, 449 ; Cat., 56,* 23.
ab. Nigro -lineata , Cam., Sc. Nat., iv, 11.

Allantus — Ste., 111., vii, 68, 32.

Black ; clypeus, labrum, and base of mandibles, a single spot over
posterior coxse, apex of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth beneath, and
seventh, eighth, and ninth (except at extreme apex) entirely white.
Legs red, coxse and trochanters and base of femora, apex of posterior

TENTHREDO RUFIVENTRIS. 81

tibiae and tarsi, the anterior tibiae behind, and the joints of the tarsi in
part black ; anterior tibiae and tarsi livid white in front. Wings short,
hyaline ; costa and stigma black. Vertex and abdomen shining ;
mesonotum opaqne, pnnctured ; vertex finely punctured, shortly pilose.
Mandibles brownish at apex.

The <J has the abdomen from the third segment red ; the whole of
the femora and the four anterior tibiae and tarsi are broadly lined with
black above. The antennae have all the apical joints black on the upper

side.
Length 4£ — 5 lines.

Ab. — Nig ro -line at a, Cam. All the femora and the four
anterior tibiae and tarsi broadly lined on the upper
surface with black. 9 and $ .

The amount of black on the legs and of white on

the antennas varies a good deal.

The black body, reddish legs, and single white spot

over the posterior coxae, will serve to distinguish this

species, which is tolerably common in Scotland, from

the south to Sutherlandshire, but seems not to be so

common in England, where, according to Stephens, it

has been taken in Birch Wood.

The species does not apparently inhabit Scandinavia,

but is met with in Germany, Holland, Switzerland,

and Italy.

Antennae short, fifth, sixth, and seventh joints more or less
white. Eyes and pronotum marked with white. No white mark
over posterior coxae. Pleurae finely tuberculated, pilose. Eyes

small

femora lined with black

Abdomen shining, bronzy, mostly reddish (Species 7 and

. TENTHREDO RUFIVENTRIS.

Tenthredo rufiventris, Pz., F. G., 65, fi. 5 ; Fab., Ent. S., ii,

116, 45; S. P., 33, 20; Fall.,
Acta Holm., 56, 12 ; Klug, Berl.
Mag., viii, 180, 118 ; Lep., F. Fr.,
pi. 4, fig. 3; Mon.,86,245; Htg.,
Blattw., 313, 60 ; Thorns., Hym.
Scand., i, 277, 15 ; Cam., Fauna,
11, 5; Andre, Species, i, 456;
Cat., 56,* 22.

rvjipennis, Fab., S. E., ii, 116, 45.

conspicua, KL, Berl. Mag., viii, 180, 117; Htg.,

Blattw., 313, 61 ; Andre, Species,
i, 461 ; Cat., 56,* 21.

VOL. I.

82 TENTHREDO EUFIVENTRIS.

Allanius rvfiventris, Ste., 111., vii, 65, 23.

conspicuus, Ste., 1. c, 65, 24.
laticinctus, Ste., 1. c, 65, 22.

Black ; face, mouth, inner orbits of the eyes, tegulae, a line on the
pronotum, fifth apical joint of the antennae partly, sixth and seventh
wholly white ; the two apical joints fuscous ; pleurae, breast, abdomen
for the most part and legs reddish; posterior coxae, four posterior
femora above, and anterior slightly at the base, black. Front strongly
punctured, brassy, shining, slightly pubescent; mesonotum opaque,
slightly punctured ; pleurae strongly and roughly punctured ; oreast
covered with a very short pile. Abdomen shining, smooth, brassy.

The basal segment of the abdomen is always black, but the succeed-
ing segments vary in the intensity and amount of red which they
bear ; the pleurae are sometimes quite red, often there is only a faint
splash of that colour, the same being the case with the sternum; the
white on the antennae varies in clearness, and the colour on the face
varies from white to reddish-white. The coloration of the coxae and
of the other parts of the legs varies also. The wings are almost
hyaline, but with a faint brownish tinge ; stigma pale testaceous. $
and <?.

Length 5| — 6 lines.

This is a larger species than balteata. The tegulae
are white, the head and breast not so densely pubescent,
and more deeply punctured ; the pleurse are splashed
with red; the two last joints of antenna are fuscous,
the stigma pale testaceous, and the abdomen redder
and with a more bronzy tinge.

The aberration with only the two basal segments of

the abdomen black is the T. conspicua, Kl. The 6 is
rare compared to the other sex.

A tolerably common species, appearing in woods
during the latter part of June and in July. I have
taken it in the Glasgow districts, in Perthshire, Inver-
nessshire, Ross-shire, and Sutherlandshire ; have seen
specimens from Braemar, Berwickshire, and Dumfries-
shire, also from Newcastle (Bold), Norwich (Bridg-
man), London districts, Dorsetshire, Devonshire (Par-
fitt), Gloucester, and Worcester.

On the Continent it occurs in Scandinavia, Germany,
Holland, France, and Italy.

TENTH REDO BALTEATA. '83

8. TENTHREDO BALTEATA.

Tenthredo balteata, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 181, 119 ; Htg.,

Blattw., 313, 59 ; Thorns., Hym.
Scand., i, 277, 14 ; Cam., Fauna,

11, 4 ; Brischke, Ent. Nacht.,

1880, 56 ; Andre, Species, i, 447 ;
Cat., 57* 29.
soror, Zett., I. L.
Allantus balteatus, Ste., 111., vii, 66, 25.

Black ; face with the inner orbits of the eyes, apex of fourth, the
fifth to ninth antennal joints beneath, and edge of pronotum white ;
abdomen beneath, and the second to the seventh and eighth above, with
the legs reddish. Femora lined with black above, cenchri large, dis-
tinct ; tegulae black. Wings hyaline ; costa and stigma pale fuscous,
the latter darkest. The vertex and mesonotum are opaque, punctured ;
vertex covered with a short grey pile, pleurae slightly and breast densely
pubescent ; the face is sparsely covered with long hairs.

The <? has the tegulae white, the tibiae narrowly lined with black
above, the coxae and trochanters black only at extreme base and apex,
and the third joint at the apex and the whole of the fourth antennal joint
are white on the under side.

Length 5 — 5f lines.

The white on the face is often spotted with black
dots, and the red on the abdomen is frequently very
obscure. The larva, according to Brischke, feeds on
the bracken (Pteris aquilina).

One of the commonest species of the genus. It
appears in June and early in July, and abounds from
Devonshire to Thurso. Its continental distribution
is co-extensive with that of rufiventris.

Antennae black, moderatelv long. Eyes converging. Mouth

white. Pronotum black, or lined with white ; sometimes a white
mark over posterior coxae. Abdomen entirely black, or with the
middle segments red. Legs red, the posterior marked with
black. Posterior tarsi compressed and thickened (Species 9
to 14).

84 TENTHREDO LACHLANIANA.

. TENTHREDO LACHLANIANA.

PI. VIII, fig. 1, ? ; la, antenna; 1&, bead.

Tenthredo lachlaniana, Cam., Fauna, 12, 6 ; Andre, Species, i,

453; Oat, 56,* 16.

Black; mandibles, clypeus, labrum, inner orbits of the eyes; a
triangular spot between the antennae; tegulse, edge of the prono turn,
and two spots over the posterior coxae, whitish -yellow ; third, fourth,
and fifth abdominal segments red, as are also the apices of the four
anterior femora, and the tibiae and tarsi. The thorax is opaque, head
and abdomen shining. Wings hyaline ; costa and stigma pale fuscous.

What I regard as the $ has the antennae longer, the colour of the face
is the same, only the white is wider round the eyes. The legs are red,
same a black line over the femora, and the coxae in part behind. The
breast is reddish, and there are two yellow streaks on the pleurae ; the first
going from near the tegulae to the middle coxae, the second is short and
more curved in form, and nearly joins the first at its lower end. The
scutellum has two small yellow marks behind, and the abdomen is
entirely red beneath, black on part of the first and the two last
segments.

Length 5 — 6 lines.

■

This species is no doubt confounded with moniliata,

from which, however, it may be readily known by
having the inner orbits of the eyes and the posterior
femora quite black ; the markings on the head, thorax,
and abdomen are white, not yellow, and the posterior
tarsi and apex of tibise are not marked with black. In
moniliata, too, the tegulge are reddish, in the present
species white, which has also two marks over posterior
coxse instead of one as in Klug's insect.

In one of my Scotch specimens the red abdominal
band is very obscure, and two others have only one
side of the pronotum white.

Three specimens were taken by myself at Rannoch,
in June, and another by Dr. Sharp at Braemar ; the

I took near Gloucester. I have also seen a German
specimen taken by Prof. Zeller, and Andre records
it from Finland and Switzerland.

TENTHREDO MONTLIATA. 85

10. Tentheedo MONILIATA

Tenthredo moniliata, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 205, 153; Htg.,

Blattw., 306, 27 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc,

xx, 47, 15 ; Thorns., Hym. Scand., i,

275, 9; Andre, Species, i, 458; Cat.,
55,* 10.

Black ; clypeus, labrum, palpi, mandibles, a line on pronotum and a
mark over the posterior coxae yellowish -white, the three or four middle
segments of the abdomen and legs red; the coxae, trochanters, pos-
terior femora above, the apex of posterior tibiae and the greater part ot
posterior tarsi, black ; tegulae reddish, or reddish- white. Wings hyaline,
costa and stigma fuscous. Abdomen long, cylindrical, a third longer
than head and thorax. $.

Length 6 — 6i lines.

This species shows considerable variation in the
size of the abdominal ring as well as in the quantity
of black on the femora. T. plebeja, Kl., differs from
moniliata in having the legs entirely reddish. As it

has red tegulae I suspect it is only a variety of the
latter. T. trabeata, Kl., is readily known by having
the three middle abdominal segments red above and
yellow at the sides, while tbe anterior tibise are white
in front and the hinder pair wholly white, except a
narrow ring at base and apex. The femora are, for
the greater part, black.

Thomson describes the S of moniliata as being
similar to the ? , but this is, I think, doubtful,
believe the <$ of moniliata is T.poecila (Klug), Evers.,

Bull. Mosc. xx, 48, 17. Eversmann describes moni-

liata, ? , and poecila differs from it and agrees with
the <$ of lachlaniana exactly in the same points in

which moniliata ? agrees with and differs from
lachlaniana ? ; that is to say, there is only one spot
over the hind coxse, and the mouth only is white.

Otherwise poecila differs from lachlaniana S in having
only the front femora lined with black, and there is
only one yellow line on the pleurse.

Seemingly rare. Taken by Mr. McLachlan at

Aberlady in June.

86 TENTHREDO DISFAR.

Continental distribution : Tyrol, Germany, Sweden

Kussia.

11. Tenthredo dispar.
PL XVI, fig. 1, Saw.

Tenthredo dispar, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 206, 154 j Htg.,

Blattw.,-306, 27; Evers., Bull.
Mosc, xx, 13, 47 ; Cam., P. N.
H. S., Glas., iii, 89 (la.) ; E. M.
M., xiii, 198; Cam., Fauna, 12,
8 ; Andre, Species, i, 454 ; Cat.,
55 * 8.
atra, Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 274, 1 (in part).

Allantus dispar, Ste., 111., vii, 68, 34.

Black ; clypeus, labrum, mandibles, a line on the pronotum, and a
spot over the posterior coxae white; legs red; coxae, sometimes the
trochanters, apical third of posterior tibiae and tarsi black. Tegulae
reddish, frequently black; palpi pale testaceous. Antennae scarcely
the length of abdomen, middle joints not thicker than the third and
fourth, the apical thinner. Head densely covered with short hair;
mesonotum and pleurae opaque, alutaceous. Head and abdomen
shining. Wings hyaline, apical half of costa testaceous; stigma
black.

The $ has the white band on pronotum broader, there is a white line
below the eye; the 2 — 5 abdominal segments are reddish, femora
banded with black above, and the posterior tibiae have only the basal
third reddish.

Length 5— 5| lines.

- -

There is sometimes a pale streak in front of anterior
legs ; the trochanters and base of femora are often more
or less black, and posterior tibiae nearly all black;
pronotum devoid of white, and the tegulse vary from
red (the normal colour) to black, while there may be
one or two marks over the posterior coxse.

The larva I have found in July and August feeding
on Scabiosa succisa. It has the head black, except
the face, which, with the sides, is green ; the eye spots
black, or rather they are placed in the black coloured
part of the head. The body is dark green, the folds
of the skin being marked with black, and across the
back there are darker green stripes proceeding from the

TENTHREDO SCOTICA. 87

edges to the centre, but still remaining apart ; below
the spiracles the sides are of a lighter green colour, and
the legs are similarly coloured. Across the skin there
are whitish raised dots — there being two rows of these
to each segment — and on the head are a few scattered
hairs. Length 13 — 14 lines.

When alarmed or touched in any way, it rolls itself

up into a ball, and ejects a brownish liquid from the

mouth. When full fed it becomes of a glassy light
green colour, and pupates in the earth without spinning
a cocoon (at any rate in my breeding box). It simply
formed a hole neatly smoothed on the inner side in the
earth.

Dispar I find everywhere in Scotland. The only
English locality I know is that mentioned by Stephens,
Darenth Wood, where it is said to be common. On
the Continent it is found in Scandinavia, Germany,
France, Switzerland, Hungary, and Russia.

12. Tentheedo scotioa.
PI. XVI, fig. 2, Saw.

Tenthredo scotica, Cam., E. M. M., xviii, 193 (1882).

Black ; clypeus, labrum, a line round the lower part of the
l the nronotum. two snots over the posterior cox®, the ani

fourths of the under side

part black, the

i with the coxae for the greater
extreme anex of the hinder

the tarsi, which are dull fuscous. Wings almost hyaline,
costa dull red ; stigma black. 9 •
Length 5f lines.

Similar to disjpar in size and form, but having
(apparently) the antennas and metatarsus shorter, the
head more opaque and punctured, and otherwise dif-
fering in the colour of the face and legs. The saw
also differs. Rare, taken near Dumfries in June.

88 TENTHREDO ATRA.

13. TENTHREDO ATRA.

PI. VIII, fig. 5. PL XVI, fig. 3, Saw.

Tenthredo atra, Lin., F. Sv., 1554 ; S. N., ed. xii, 924, 26 ; Geof.,

Ins., ii, 283, 24 ; Pz., F. G., 52, t. 7,
65, t. 7 ; Fab., E. S., ii, 117, 49 ; S. P.,
34, 26; Lep., Mon., 80, 237; Spin.,
Ins. Lig., i, 57; Klug, Berl. Mag.,
viii, 207, 155 ; Lep., Mon., 80, 237 ;
Htg., Blattw., 306, 25 ; Evers., Bull.
Mosc, xx, 47, 12 ; Thorns., Opus., 303,
4 ; Hym. Scand., i, 274, 7 (in part) ;

Andre, Species, i, 440 ; Cat., 55,* 2.
fuscipes, Gmel., S. N., v, 2667.

Allantus ater, Ste., 111., vii, 68, 33.

Black ; mouth white, legs reddish, apex of posterior tibiae and tarsi
black. Wings hyaline, apex of costa reddish; stigma black; tegulse
reddish.

The $ has abdomen — generally 2 — 5 segments — broadly red, and the

femora lined with black.
Length 5 — 6 lines.

Atra bears a very considerable resemblance to dispm

from the darker varieties of which it is not always
easy to separate-. Generally it may be distinguished
from dispar by the absence of white on the pronotnm
and over the posterior coxae, the wider, if not so deep,
incision in the clypens, and the apex of the posterior
tibiae not being so largely marked with black. The
has only the posterior femora lined with black, while
that of dispar has the tibiae also marked with black.

The imago is stated by Rudow (Stett., Ent. Zeit.,
xxxii, 386) to lay its eggs in the thick midrib of the
leaves of the alder, and Dours (Cat. Syn., 23) says
that the larva lives on the gooseberry and willow, but
this is probably merely a conjecture on his part.

It is stated also by Andre to feed on the alder
during July and August. He describes it as having
the body obscure green marked with black in the folds
of the skin, and there are also two rows of whitish
tubercles on each segment ; the back is marked with
splashes of a more obscure green, the sides and the

TENTHEEDO MANDIBULARS. 89

lower part are of a clearer green ; the head is black,
with the face and sides green. At the last moult the
whole body becomes of a pale vitreous green. As usual
it pupates in the earth.

Atra does not seem to be very common. I have
three Scotch examples, one from Rannoch, one from
Braemar, and another from Altnaharra, Sutherland-
shire. In England it occurs at "Worcester, Devonshire,
and Stephens mentions Darenth and Coombe Woods
as habitats, while I have a specimen from the South
of Ireland.

Its continental distribution is very general, being
found in Scandinavia, Germany, Holland, France,
Switzerland, Italy, and Russia.

Obs. — There are certain species related to atra not yet found in
Britain which may be here mentioned, the more especially as some of
them are perhaps only varieties of atra or dispar. T. procera, Kl., is a
good species. It has the same coloration as dispar, that is to say, with
white, or rather red, on pronotum and over posterior coxae ; but it may
be at once distinguished by its greater size, longer wings, and much
longer and thinner antennae. T. rufipes, Kl., is probably only a variety
of dispar, with the posterior tibiae and tarsi reddish. T. caligator
(Klug), Evers. (Bull. Mosc, xx, 47, 14), appears only to differ from atra
in its larger size, about a line over the normal size of atra.

It may be added that all the forms have frequently
the mouth spotted with brown or black, while the
amount of black on the base of the legs and tarsi and
tibise varies a good deal.

14. Tenthredo mandibulars.

Tenthredo mandibularis , Pz., F. G., xcviii, fig. 9 ; Fab., S. P.,

34, 27 ; Klug, Berl. Mag., viii,

208, 158 ; Lep., Mon., 112, 325 ;
Htg., Blattw., 305, 22 ; Andre,
Species, i, 440 ; Oat., 55,# 3.
Allantus mandibularis, Ste., 111., vii, 69, 35.

Black ; mandibles, and a spot over the posterior coxae white ; four
anterior legs red, except at base ; half shining, pleurae opaque, dis-
tinctly punctured ; antennae longer than the abdomen, the middle joints
thickened. Wings hyaline, very slightly suffused with yellow ; costa
pale reddish ; stigma black. Posterior spurs pale. ? and <J .

Length 6 lines.

90 TENTHBEDO MACULATA.

Easily known from all the other species of the
genus by the longish antennas, thickened in the
middle, and by the black posterior legs and mouth.

It is not a common species, and appears to be
confined to the southern countries. Stephens records

from Daren th Wood, and Mr. 0. W. Dale tells me
that he has it from the New Forest.

It is found in Germany, Sweden (according to Dahl-
bom, but Thomson does not mention it), Denmark,
France, and Switzerland.

Antennae black, the sixth, seventh, and eighth joints thick-
ened. Month, abdomen, and legs marked with yellow. Meso-
notum shining; scntellum raised, oval; pleurae half shining,
finely punctured in the middle, pilose. Abdomen cylindrical.

Clypeus not very deeply incised. (Species 15 and 16).

15. TENTHREDO MACULATA.

PI. VIII, fig. 2, S ; 2 a9 claws ; 2 b, face.

Tenthredo maculata, Fourc, E. P., ii, 6 ; Andre, Species, i, 459,

Cat., 57 * 36.

zonata, Pz., F. G., lxiv, fig. 2 ; Lep., Mon., 74, 222 ;

Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 133;
Htg., Blattw, 310, 47 ; Evers.,
Bull. Mosc, xx, 53, 30; Cam.,
Fauna, 13, 10.

cincta, Schaef, Icon., 56, fig. 2.

equestris, Pz., F. G., cvii, fig. 6.

succincta, Don., B. E., xiii, 17, pi. 441, fig. 2.

latizona, Lep., F. Fr., pi. 3, fig. 4 ; Mon., 74, 223.

unifasciata, Fourc, E. P., ii, 7.
Allantus zonatus, Ste., 111., vii, 64, 20.

Black ; shining, somewhat pilose, clypeus, labrum, mandibles, palpi

edge of pronotum

Legs yellow ; coxae,

femora, and apices of the tibiae and basal joint of the posterior tarsi
black. Abdomen black, fourth, fifth, and the ninth segment at its apex,
pale yellow. Wings hyaline, faintly clouded at the apex, costa and
stigma black.

The S is pale yellow, with the head (except the mouth), meso- (ex-
cept scutellum) and metathorax, a mark over the basal abdominal seg-
ment, the apical abdominal segments, and a line over the femora,

* 7 w

the apical third and that

fern or

The

Length 6—7

somewhat interrupted. The tarsi are covered
thicklv-pressed hair.

TENTHKEDO BICINCTA. 91

This insect is known from bicincta by its much
larger size, yellow scutellum, anal segment Laving
only a very small patch of yellow, the yellow posterior
tarsi, there being only a black band on the apex of the
metatarsus ; the clypeus is not so deeply notched,
patellae are much more strongly developed, antennae
are longer in proportion, and not so much thickened
at the apex, and the pubescence on the head is much

lonerer and thicker.

The coloration in the ? is tolerably constant, but

in the 3 it varies considerably, especially on the
thorax and legs ; in some individuals only the sternum
is black, while in others the pleurae are more or less
of that colour ; so also the femora may be either quite
black or with only a slight irregular black line, and
the abdomen may be entirely yellow or with a black
patch at the base and apex. The tibiae, too, vary in

the same way as the femora.

Maculata does not seem to be a very common insect.

have taken it on oak near Glasgow ; it is met with

in Darenth Wood, and some other metropolitan situa-
tions, also in Devonshire. It is found towards the
end of June and beginning of July.

Nothing definite is known about the larva, although
Dours (Cat. Syn., 24) says that it feeds on the oak.

It occurs in Germany, Hungary, France, Switzer-
land, Italy, and Eussia.

16. Tenthredo bicincta.

edo licincta, Lin., S. N., 9, 25, 31 ; Fallen, Acta Holm.,

1808, 52, 8 ; Klug, Berl. Mag., viii,
191, 134; Htg., 310, 46; Evers.,

Bull. Mosc. xx. 53. 29: Thoms

Opus, 303, 2; Hym. Scand., i, 272,2
Cam., Fauna, 13, 11 ; Andre, Spe
cies, i, 442 ; Cat., 57,* 37.
G.. lxiv. fisr. 2: Fab.. S. P.. 29. 3 : Lep.

Fab.. S

5 , fig. 3 ; Mon

semicincta, Schr., En., 331, 665
Allantus cinctus, Ste., 111., vii, 64, 19.

92 TENTHREDO BIC1NOTA.

Black ; pilose, clypeus, labrum, base of mandibles, second, third at
the side above, and the three apical abdominal segments more or less
above, yellow. Legs yellow, base of coxsb, femora, apical third of pos-
terior tibiae and the tarsi black. Wings hyaline, clouded at the extreme
apex, costa and stigma black. Pleurae opaque, pilose, front smooth,

shining.

The £ has the body beneath and the sides yellow, so also are the
ooxae and the legs underneath ; the hinder tibiae are black throughout
above.

Length 5— 5| lines.

The antennas have the five apical joints distinctly
thickened and shaped not unlike those of Allantus.
The four anterior legs have generally the coxae and
trochanters black, and the femora have a yellow line ;
but it is rather a variable species in this respect.

Possibly its nearest ally is T. trabeata, Kl. (which
is not British), which differs from it in having a broad

reddish band, white at the sides, on the middle of the
abdomen, the tegulge and a line on the pronotum
yellow ; the antennas are not thickened at the apex,
while the four anterior tibiae and tarsi have a black
line behind, and the posterior tarsi are ouly annulated
with black.

Bicincta is not uncommon in woods (frequenting
flowers, according to Stephens) at the end of May, in
June, and beginning of July. It is found near

Glasgow, in Berwickshire, Newcastle, Manchester,

Worcester, Gloucester, Devonshire, Glanvilles' Woot-

ton, in the metropolitan neighbourhood, at Dover and
Norfolk.

It is extensively spread over Europe, inhabiting
Scandinavia, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Holland,
France, Switzerland, Tyrol, and Russia.

Body for the greater part black above, green at the sides and
beneath ; legs lined with black above. Antenna? short, black,
thickened at apex. Clypeus slightly emarginated. Stigma

black. Mesonotum opaque, strongly punctured. (Species 17
and 18).

TENTHBEDO MESOMELA. 93

17. TENTHREDO MESOMELA.

Tenthredo mesomela, Lin., F. S., 1549 <? ; Fall., Acta, 1808, 98,

28 ; Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 272, 4 ;
Cam., P. N. H. S., Glas., iii, 90; E.
M. M., xii, 199 (lar.) ; Fauna, 13, 13 ;
Andre, Species, i, 460 ; Cat., 58,* 48.
viridis, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 191, 135 (nee viridis,

Lin.) ; Htg., 310, 45 ; Evers., Bull.
Mo8C, xx, 52, 28.
interrupta, Lep., Mon., 86, 249, F. Fr., pi. 4, fig. 5.
hebraica, Fourc, E. P., ii, 363.
marginata, Christ., Hym., 438.
scalaris, Thorns., Opus., 303, 3.
Allantus viridis, Ste., 111., vii, 69, 37.

Antennae black, shorter than the abdomen ; basal joint nearly three

of the second : fifth, sixth, and

ened ; ninth oblong

Head

w finely punctured, covered with a longish pale down; face from
below the antennal fovea, as well as the lower parts of the orbits of the
eyes, greenish-white ; mandibles blackish, palpi greenish ; antenna
fovea deep, oblong ; clypeus roundly emarginated. Mesonotum black,
opaque, deeply punctured ; tegulae, pronotum, pleurae, sternum, scutel-
lum, post-scutellum, and a spot behind, greenish- white ; pleurae marked
with a black oblique line ; pleural sutures black ; scutellum smooth,
shining, raised; cenchri small. Legs greenish- white ; femora and
tibiae above, posterior tarsi and apex of tibiae almost entirely, and the
joints of anterior tarsi annulated with, black ; calcaria black, pale at
the base. Wings hyaline, the apex somewhat fuscescent, costa and
stigma black. Abdomen longer than the head and thorax ; the dorsal
surface, except at the sides, black, the juncture of the segments, and
blotch, sides and belly greenish -white. Sheath projecting, hairy, its

apex black.

<? smaller ; there is only a somewhat triangular black mark on each
of the abdominal segments, and the whole of the legs are lined with
black above throughout. Sometimes the abdomen has the dorsal surface

entirely black.
Length 5 — 6 lines.

This insect has frequently been confounded with
T. viridis, from which it may be easily distinguished
by its black antennae, more strongly punctured
mesonotum, black stigma, and shorter and thicker
antennae. The same well-marked characters separate
it from the much smaller T. picta.

The larva feeds in the autumn months on various
species of Ranunculus, Heracleum, and, I think also,
on Veronica. When at rest it lies rolled up in a ball

94 TENTHREDO OBSOLETA.

on the underside of the leaf, from which it drops to
the ground on the slightest approach of danger ; and
it ejects from the mouth a dirty brownish liquid when
alarmed. It eats irregular holes in the centre of the
leaves, and more rarely along the sides. Its head is
deep shining black ; mouth parts pale ; upper parts of
the body deep black ; the lower part of the sides pale,
spotted irregularly with brown. Legs white, claws
black. The skin is covered with small white tubercles,
each ending in a short hair. When full fed it becomes
olive green. It pupates in the earth, forming a cocoon
of the earth. Length 12 lines.

The perfect insect is found everywhere, from Orkney
southwards, during June and July on the flowers of
Composites, Ranunculus, &c. It is very carnivorous.

It abounds from Scandinavia to Italy and the Ural

Mountains.

18. TENTHREDO OBSOLETA.

Tenthredo olsoleta, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 192, 135; Htg.,

Blattw., 310, 44 ; Thorns , Hym. Scand.,
i, 272, 4 ; Cam., Fauna, 13, 12 ; Evers.,
Bull. Mosc, xx, 52, 27 (? ?) ; Andre,

Species, i, 454, Cat., 58,* 46.

Black ; clypeus, labrum, two spots above antennae, tegulae, edge of
pronotum, two lines on pleurae, scutellum, two small marks behind it,
the abdomen beneath and at the sides greenish- white. Legs greenish-
white ; a line on coxae, a line over the femora, tibiae and tarsi black ; the
anterior tarsi have only the apices of the joints black. Antennae not
much longer than the head and thorax ; vertex densely covered with long
hairs ; mandibles piceous -black. Wings sub-hyaline, scarcely darkened
at the apex ; costa and stigma black, the former being pale at the ex-
treme base ; the latter paler on the lower side.

The 3 I have not seen, but it is stated by Thomson to be similarly
marked to the female.
Length 5£ lines.

Very like mesomela, but differs in having thepleurse
and sternum black, except one or two green splashes
on the former ; antennas much shorter and thicker at
the apex, the last joint being shorter in proportion to
the eighth ; wings are clearer and scarcely darker at

the apex than at the base ; the whole insect, too, is

TENTHREDO OLIVACEA. 95

shorter and of a slighter build. The part of the head
above the clypeus is black except two small green
marks above the antennae.

From T. arctica, Thorns, (which is not British), it
may be known by the completely green scutellum;
artica having also the posterior tarsi largely white
beneath, the pleurae black, and breast green behind.

Obsoleta seems to be much rarer than mesomela, but
probably it will be confounded with that species,
have only seen one or two specimens from Possil
Marsh, near Glasgow.

The only continental localities I have noted are
Lapland, Silesia, Gottengen, and Russia, if Eversmann
be correct.

Body olive-green, slightly marked with black above. Antennae
and legs lined with black on the upper side. Antennas long,
not thickened at apex. Eyes converging, not reaching to base
of mandibles. Clypeus deeply incised. Thorax smooth,
shining. (Species 19).

19. TENTHREDO OLIVACEA.

Tenthredo olivacea, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 193, 137; Htg.,

Blattw., 309, 42 ; Thorns., Hym. Scand., i,
273,6; Cam., Fauna, 13, 14; Andre,
Species, i, 459 ; Cat., 58,* 45.

Pale olive-green, antennae above, some lines on the vertex, sutures of
the mesonotum, a line in the centre of the front lobe of the same, and
at the sides in front of metanotum, one on the upper part of the legs
and the dorsum of abdomen black. Antennae as long as the abdomen,
thin ; apices of the mandibles brownish-black ; vertex slightly hairy ;
mesonotum finely punctured, and covered with a very short pile. Saw
large, projecting, extreme apex of sheath black. Wings hyaline, costa
and stigma greenish ; nervures black. The anterior tarsi only annu-
lated with black. $ and 9 .

Length 5 J — 6£ lines.

Ab. — Dorsum of abdomen without any black.

The black markings on the antennse, head, thorax,
and abdomen vary in intensity.

Easily known from the other green species of
Tenthredo by the olive-green colour. From punctulata
and scalaris it may also be readily separated by the

•

96 TENTHREDO PUNCTULATA.

black on the posterior tarsi being continuous, while
the other two species have the joints annulated.

A very common species in the north, but does not
seem to occur farther south than the midland counties
of England. In Scotland I usually capture it on birch,
and have taken it at an elevation of upwards of 2000

feet.

It is met with in the middle and south of Sweden,

in Silesia, Austria, and France.

Section 2. — Mesonotum smooth, unpunctured. Humeral
cellule in hind wings appendiculated. . Cheelcs distinct.

- S

Green, marked with black. Antenna? long, thin, lined with black
above. Clypeus deeply emarginated. Stigma green or pale.
Legs lined with black above. (Species 20 — 22).

20. TENTHREDO PUNCTULATA.

Tenthredo punctulata, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 185,139; Htg.,

Blattw., 309, 40 ; Kalt., Pfl. 431
and 582, Cam., Fauna, 13, 15.

Allantus punctulatus, Ste., 111., vii, 69, 36.

Perineum punctulata, Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 270, 11 ; Andre,

Species, i, 437, Cat., 52 * 2.

Green; antenna? on the upper side, the sutures on vertex; sutures
of the head behind ; sutures of mesonotum and pleura? ; a row of small
dots (two to each segment) along the edge of the abdomen above, the
sheath at the apex, a narrow line on upper side of femora, tibia? and
joints of the tarsi at their apices, as well as the apex of posterior tibia?
all round, black. Antenna? filiform. Wings hyaline ; costa and stigma
green. The mandibles are brown at the apex ; the vertex pilose. <J
and ?.

Length 4£ — 5^ lines.

Ab. — Apical half of the abdomen blackish above.

Easily known from viridis by the greenish abdomen
with the black lateral spots, the smaller black marks
on the head and mesonotum, less projecting front and
thinner antennae.

The larva, according to Kaltenbach, is 8 — 10"' long,
green, bare, with a yellowish head. It rests in Sep-

TENTHREDO VIRIDIS. 97

tember on and under the leaves of the ash, in which it

devours holes. Elsewhere* in his book the same
author says that Letzner found the larvse on the
Eiesengeberge at an elevation of 4000', on bushes of
Salix limosa, the leaves of which they destroyed.
They fed also on Salix aurita and S. silesiaca.

The pupa state is passed in the ground.

Punctulata is more or less abundant everywhere in
Britain.

Continental distribution : Sweden, France, Holland,
Switzerland, Germany, Italy.

21. Tenthredo VIRIDIS.

PI. VIII, fig. 4, Saw.

Tenthredo viridis, Lin., S. N., Ed. xii, 924, 27 ; Fab., S. E., ii, 113,

33.
Pz., F. G., lxiv, fig. 2 ; Don., B. E., xiii, 23, pi.

444 ; Lep. Mon., 85, 247.
scalaris, KL, Berl. Mag., viii, 194, 138 ; Htg., Blattw.,

309, 41 ; Evers., Bull.Mosc, xx, 51, 25 ;
Cam., Fauna, 13, 16; Stein, Ent.

Nacht., vi, 248 (lar.).
Perineum viridis, Thorns., Hym. Sc, i, 269, 9; Andre, Species,

i, 437, pi. xxi, fig. 4, 5, and 11 ; Cat.,

52 * 4.
Perineum scalaris, Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 269, 10.
Allantus scalaris, Ste., 111., vii, 70, 38.

Green, with a yellowish tinge ; antennae on the upper side ; an oblong-
oval mark on the vertex, surrounding the ocelli, with two small green
marks in its centre ; mesonotum, with the exception of two pairs of
green marks in front ; scutellum, a line in front of post-scutellum ; ;i
small mark behind cenchri ; abdomen broadly in the centre, a line above
the femora and tibia?, apex of tibiae, and of the joints of tarsi black.
Mandibles green, black at the apex. Wings hyaline, nervures fuscous
black, stigma and costa green.

<J similar, but with the green marks on the mesonotum wider, the
black band on the abdomen much thinner and interrupted, and antennae
longer.

Length 5£ — 6? lines.

A species very variable in coloration, especially in
the relative amount of black with which it is marked.

* Under the name of punctata, presumedly a mistake.
VOL. I.

98 TENTHEBDO VIRIDIS.

An aberration is sometimes seen with the abdomen

entirely green.

Not unlike T. picta, but much larger ; the mark on
the vertex is much smaller and distinctly separated ;
the green marks on the mesonotum are larger ; there
is a pair in front of the scutellum and behind it which
are not found in picta ; the black band on the abdomen
is narrower, there is no black on sternum, the tarsal
joints are only annulated with black ; and the radial
nervure is always received not far from the middle of
the third cellule, never interstitial.

One of our commonest species, appearing in June
and July ; often met with on Umbelliferce, which they
frequent more for the purpose of killing other insects
than to eat the pollen.

The larva is described by Stein as having a dirty
olive-green body, varied with a series of darker or

clearer spots, and bearing on each segment two trans-

verse series of tubercles ; the head is greyish-green,
obscured with black, and pilose. It lives from
August to October on the leaves of sundry willows
(Salix alba, vitellina, &c), eating from the edge of the
leaf to the midrib, and only during the night. It
pupates in the earth. Dours (Cat., 23) says that
feeds also on birch. •

Viridis is probably one of the widest distributed
species in the genus, being found all over the Pake-
arctic region including Japan.

Obs. — Thomson (1. c.) separates T. viridis, L., from T. scalaris, Klug,
by the greater extension of the black colour on the vertex, mesonotum
and dorsum of abdomen, by its shorter antenna, less developed patellae,
and by the suture of meso-pleurse being lined with black. I have never
been able to distinguish two forms, and thought at one time (as did
also van Vollenhoven) that Thomson's viridis was picta, Klug, but he
gives the same size to viridis as scalaris, while the latter is a couple of
lines larger. In the Linnean Collection viridis is represented by two
specimens, a ? picta and a <? scalaris.

TENTHREDO PICTA. 99

22. Tenthredo PICTA.

PI. VIII, fig. 7, 3 .

Tenthredo picta, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 195, 140; Htg., Blattw.,

309, 39 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 51,
24.

Perineum picta, Andre, Species, i, 435 ; Cat., 52,* 4.

Allantus picttts, Ste., 111., vii, 39, 70.

Tenthredo viridis, Cam., Fauna, 14, 17.

seesana, Rudow, S. E. Z., 1871, 388.

Pale green ; antennae a little shorter than the abdomen, black, pale
green beneath, except with the second joint which is entirely black.
Head black, face from above the antennae, inner orbits of the eyes to
near the ocelli, where it (the green mark) terminates in a club-shaped
mark on each side ; two spots above the antennae, connected with the face,
and the outer orbits of the eyes to near the top, light green ; covered
with a longish, whitish pile except on the vertex ; mandibles brownish-
red ; palpi pale green. Mesonotum black ; two pairs of spots, one behind
the other, green. Pronotum, pleurae and sternum (except a brown-black
mark on its centre) light green. Scutellum, post-scutellum and cenchri
of the same colour. Legs green, a black line over the femora, tibiae and

tarsi, and the apex of the tibia all round, black. Sometimes the tarsi
are entirely black. "Wings hyaline, iridescent, stigma green, generally
fuscous at the apex ; transverse radial nervure interstitial, or received
in the fourth cubital cellule. Abdomen black above except at the edges ,
apex, and junction of the segments, which as well as the belly, are green.
The ventral segments are irregularly spotted with black. ? and <J .
Length 3£ — 3f lines.

The larva according to Andre is greenish-yellow,
with black legs (claws ?) , and the skin covered with
brown, hair bearing tubercles. It feeds on the alder,
on the leaves of which the ? lays her eggs on the
nervures.

Easily known by its small size (for the group), black
head, and broad black band on breast.

Not very common, appearing in marshy places in
June.

I have seen specimens from Sutherlandshire, Brae-
mar, Glasgow, Worcester, Glanvilles' Wootton, and the
London districts. Stephens gives Darenth Wood and
Dover as localities.

It is found in Sweden, Germany and Russia.

Obs. — It may be noted that the green colour in the costa and stigma
is very fleeting, and hence the stigma is frequently quite white, white

100 TENTHEEDO LATERALIS.

often the dissolved green colour spreads over the neighbouring parts of
the wing.

Antennae short, pale on the underside, stigma pale at the base,
clypeus truncated at the apex. Abdomen banded with red.
Legs reddish. Hinder tarsi shorter than tibiae ; cubital and
recurrent nervures in hind wings straight. Body small.
(Species 23 and 24.)

23. Tenthredo lateralis.

Tenthredo lateralis, Fab., S. E., ii, 118, 71 ; S. P., 35, 29 ; Pz„ F.

G., lxxxviii, fig. 16 ; Lep., Mon., 79,
233 ; Fall., Acta, 1808, 100, 31 ; Kl.,
Berl. Mag., viii, 212, 167 ; Htg.,
Blattw., 304, 17 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc,
xx, 46, 10 ; Cam., Fauna, 14, 19.

Allantus — Ste., 111., vii, 71, 41.

Perineum — Thorns., Opus., 302, 6 ; Hym. Scand., i, 268,

7; Andre, Species, i, 417, Cat.,

53* 17.

Body short, black, shining, inner orbits of the eyes, tegulae, pronotum
and abdomen at the sides, yellowish-white ; the third, fifth, and part of
sixth abdominal segments above, and legs reddish. Antennae as long
as the abdomen, above black, underneath pale testaceous. Head pilose
in front. Trochanters yellowish-white ; extreme apex of posterior tibiae

and tarsi black

Wings hyal

■ma fuscous: the third cubital cellule not much longer than

second

S has the face from below the antennae, the belly, and

beneath, yellow, with a black mark on the pleurae, and the legs are lined
above with black. Sometimes, too, the orbits of the eyes are pale behind.
The third cubital cellule seems to be shorter than in the $ . I have one
specimen from Braemar with the costa and stigma yellowish-white, and
the dorsum of abdomen of the same colour, with a pale brown mark on
each segment. The line on the legs too is very narrow.
Length 3^ lines.

A common species in May and early in June, gene-
rally among herbage. I have often seen it on Veronica.

have examined specimens from Clydesdale, Man-
chester, Gloucester, Worcester, Glanvilles' Wootton,
Devonshire, London district, and Norwich. Stephens
records it from Bristol.

It abounds in Scandinavia, Germany, Holland,

France, Switzerland, Hungary, Italy, and Russia.

TENTHREDO GIBBOSA. 101

24. TENTHREDO GIBBOSA,

PI. VIII, fig. 8, ? .

Tenthredo gibbosa, Fall., Acta, 1808, 64, 26.

aucuparia, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 202, 168; Htg.,

Blattw., 304, 16.

juvenilis, Lep., F. Fr., pi. 6, fig. 5 ; Mon., 99, 279.
gibbosa, Cam., Fauna, 14, 18.

Allantus aucuparia, Ste., 111., vii, 71, 42.
Perineura gibbosa, Thorns., Opus., 302, 5.

soliiaria, Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 268, 8; Andre,

Species, i, 418 ; Cat., 53* 18.

Black, shining; pronotum and tegulse yellowish-white, the three or
four middle segments of the abdomen and legs reddish, cox®, tro-
chanters, apex of posterior femora, tibiae and tarsi black. Antennae
testaceous on the underside ; labrum and palpi white. Wings hyaline,
costa and stigma fuscous, pale at the base; the tr. radial nervure is
received near the middle of the cellule, or a very little beyond it ; the
third cubital cellule is longer than the second.

The <J has the femora lined above with black.

Length 3£ lines.

Distinguished from lateralis by the absence of the
white lateral band on the abdomen, by the legs being
black at the base, the eyes not surrounded with white ;
the third cubital cellule distinctly longer than the
second, and by the tr. radial nervure being received

near the middle of the cellule. With the S it is only
the femora that are lined with black above and the
pleurae and breast are not white.

This species is equally common with lateralis, and
makes its appearance about the same time. It is found
in Braemar, Clydesdale, Berwickshire, Worcester,
Devonshire, the new Forest, Darenth and Coombe
Woods, Norwich.

On the Continent it has been recorded from Scan-
dinavia, Germany, Holland, France, Switzerland, Italy,
Tyrol, and Hungary.

102 GENUS TENTHREDOPSIS.

Genus Tenthredopsis.

Tenthredopsis, Costa^ Fauna di Napoli, 98 (1861).

Tenthredo, Auct.

Perineum, Thorns., Andre, in part.

Wings : lanceolate cellule with a very short perpendicular nervure ;
accessory nervure in posterior wing appendiculated. In the male the
transverse nervures in the posterior wings are usually situated along
the outer edge of the wing, all being united together with the accessory
nervure, so that thus there are no middle cellules. This arrangement,
however, is not always constant, the transverse cubital especially being

seldom

filiform, the third and fourth joints subequal

Clypeus truncated at the apex, seldom incised.

The mandibles are weak, with only one short subapical tooth. The
body is longish, smooth, shining, impunctate, except very rarely on the
pleurae. On the thorax the scutellum and post-scutellum are always
white. The blotch is never present.

The species of Tenthredopsis are very similarly
marked; the ground colour differs in being black or
yellow ; but whatever it may be there are (so far as
know) some white markings on the mesonotum, and
the stigma is either of two colours, white at the apex,
black or fuscous at the base, or entirely white. When
the ground colour is black the abdomen has, as a rule,
the apex, or the middle, marked with red ; the general
colour of the legs being also red. All the species are
very variable in coloration ; so variable, indeed, that by
Klug and Hartig they were all regarded as varieties of
one species which the former author named instabilis.

The separation of the species is difficult owing to
their great uniformity in form and sculpture, and the
consequent difficulty of finding structural characters of
any importance which can be used in specific discrimi-
nation. In the form of the saw we have an excellent
character for separating the females, but it is difficult
of examination and fails us with the males. Much
remains to be done in the way of assigning the males
to their proper partners; while we are completely
ignorant of the earlier stages of all the species.

do not know if the species of Tenthredopsis occur

beyond the European subregion of the Palsearctic
region .

GENUS TENTHREDOPSIS. 103

Synopsis of species.

1 (27) Body for the greater part black.

2 (5) Abdomen red at the apex.

3 (4) Legs entirely red.

Cordata.

4 (3) Hind legs for the greater part black. Femoralis.

5 (8) Abdomen entirely black.

6 (7) Legs red.

7 (6) Legs for greater part black.

8 (20) Abdomen red in the middle.

9 (14) Pronotum and coxae entirely black.

10 (11) Posterior femora black.

11 (10) Legs red.

Microcephala.
Caliginosa.

Nigricolli8.

12 (13) Antennas short, hinder knees black, the red on abdomen not

spotted with black.

Ignobilis.

13 (12) Antennae longish, the red on abdomen spotted with black,

knees black. Nigronotata.

14 (9) Pronotum, coxae, and femora lined with white, the red on abdo-

men marked with black in the middle.

Scutellaria.

15 (16) Hinder femora black.

16 (15) Hinder femora red.

17 (18) Clypeus deeply incised, tegulae white. Ornota.

18 (17) Clypeus not deeply incised, tegulae not white, the red on abdomen

marked with black, a broad yellow line on basal segment,

tegulae black.

Flavomaculata.

19 (18) The red on abdomen not marked with black, tegulae fuscous.

20 (8) Abdomen testaceous at the sides and beneath.

Picticep8.

21 (22) Head and thorax not testaceous, a yellow line at base of abdo-

men, hinder femora black. Trtitis.

22 (21) Head more or less testaceous.

23 (24) Thorax entirely black, hinder femora black. Fulviceps.

24 (23) Thorax lined with white on pronotum or pleurae.

25 (26) Vertex for greater part black, mesopleurae and sternum dashed

with brown spots.

Lividiventris.

26 (25) Vertex for the greater part testaceous, mesopleurae with a large

Albomaculata.

white mark.

27 (1) Body for the greater part luteous.

28 (29) Head below the ocelli deep black, hinder femora for greater part

29 (28) Head below ocelli luteous.

Nigriceps.

30 (31) Mesopleurae and sternum black, coxae and base of femora black.

Saunder8i.

31 (30) Mesopleurae and sternum luteous.

32 (33) Metapleurae black. Dorsivittata.

33 (32) Metapleurae luteous.

33 (36) Coxae and sutures of meso- and metapleurae marked with black.

34 (35) Calcaria short, second recurrent nervure not interstitial.

Inornata.

35 (34) Calcaria long, second recurrent nervure interstitial. Nassata.

36 (33) Coxae and sutures of pleurae marked with yellow and white.

Sordida.

104 TENTHREDOPSIS COEDATA.

1. TENTHREDOPSIS CORD ATA.

PI. XVI, fig. 4 and 8, Saw. ; PI. VIII, fig. 9, ? .

Tenthredo cor data, Fourc, I. P., ii, 15.

dimidiata, Fab., S. P., 42, 61 ; LepM Mon., 83, 244,

F. Fr., pi. 4, fig. 2 ; Ste., 111., vii,
79,21.
instabilis, var. dimidiata, Kl., Berl. Mag,, viii, 198,

142; Htg., Blattw., 308, 37;
Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 49, 22.
coquebertii, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 202, 147.
— analis, Ste., 111., vii, 80, 22.
Perineura nassata, Thorns., Opus., 301, 1; Hym. Sc, i, 265;

Cam., Fauna, 14, 1; 51.
cordata, Andre, Species, i, 431, Cat., 54,* 36.
Tenthredopsis cordatus, Cam., Ti\, Ent. Soc, 1881, 566.

Black, smooth, shining; mouth, scutellum, two spots behind and
cenchri white ; legs and three to five apical segments of abdomen red ;
coxse, trochanters, and base of femora black ; posterior tarsi marked
with black ; the apices of the joints occasionally pale. Wings hyaline,
costa fuscous, stigma darker, white at base ; antennae pitchy beneath.

The $ has the abdomen red or testaceous red, except the two basal
segments above; the hinder femora and the tibiae black, as well as the
metatarsus, the second, third, and fourth joints of tarsi being whitish ;
the last abdominal segment rounded, emarginated in the middle, and
with two distinct depressions above.

Ab. — a. Scutellar spots black.

b. Inner orbits of eyes white.

Length 6 — 7J lines.

A tolerably common and widely distributed species.
Clydesdale, Polmont, Kinguissie, Manchester, Glou-
cester, London district, Norwich.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Russia, Germany,
Holland, France, Switzerland, Italy.

2. Tenthredopsis microcephala.

PI. XVI, fig. 5, Saw.

Tenthredo microcephala, Lep., F. Fr., pi. 4, fig. 1 ; Mon., 80, 238 ;

Ste., 111., vii, 78, 18 ; Andre,
Species, i, 439, Cat., 55,# 1.
orbitalis, Dietrich, Mitth. Schw. Ent., 1868, 354

(1868).

Tenthredopsis microcephalics, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 566.

Black, smooth, shining ; labrum, clypeus, mandibles, inner orbits of the
es, scutellum, two snots behind, and cenchri white: legs pale red; the

•

TENTHREDOPSIS FEMOBALIS. 105

apical joints of hinder tarsi more or less black ; antennae black to pitchy.
Wings hyaline, costa fuscous, extreme base paler; second recurrent
nervure interstitial, or nearly so.

$ antennae thickish, black above, fuscous beneath ; orbits of eyes, a
spot behind, and mouth white. Abdom en black, legs testaceous ; coxae,
trochanters, base of middle femora, and hinder pair entirely black;
posterior tibiae pitchy ; metatarsus of hinder legs pitchy ; other joints

white.
Length 4f — 6£ lines.

Scarcely to be distinguished from cordata except by
the form of the saw and the colour of abdomen, and

that cannot be a constant test if cordata has, as has
been reported by authors, sometimes the abdomen
entirely black. It varies like cordata in having the
orbits of the eyes and scutellar spots often black.

The species is not uncommon in the South of
England, also in Scotland, according to Stephens, but
I have never seen it there myself.

Continental distribution : France, Switzerland.

3. Tenthbedopsis femoralis.

PI. XVI, fig. 6, Saw.

Tenthredo femoralis, Stephens, 111., vii, 80, 23.
Tenthredopsis femoralis, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 566.

Black ; clypeus, labrum, mandibles, inner and outer orbits of eyes,
and scutellar spots yellowish-white; three to five apical segments of
abdomen bright red ; legs pitchy black, four anterior tibiae and
tarsi testaceous, middle joints of hinder tarsi white. Wings hyaline.

beneath . ?

Easily known from cordata by the black femora ;
is smaller, the abdomen bulges out more at the centre,
and the form of the saw is very different.

Rare ; taken in the London district, and at Dover,
in June, according to Stephens. Also at Dumfries in
June.

106 TENTHREDOPSIS CALIGINOSA.

TENTHREDOPSIS CALIGINOSA.

PI. XVI, fig. 7, Saw.

Tenthredo caliginosa, Ste., 111., vii, 78, 17.

Tenthredopsis caliginosus, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 566.

Black; labrum, clypeus, scutellar sjjots white or yellowish- white ;
ys dull testaceous ; hinder femora, middle femora to the middle, and

extreme base

hinder tarsi fuscous

much darker than anterior, sometimes pitchy. Antennae

black, pitchy beneath. Wings

$ trochanters and a thin line on base of abdomen white ; sides of
abdomen in middle faintly testaceous ; hinder tibise testaceous.

$ black ; orbits of eyes broadly, mouth, trochanters, and a faint line
on base of abdomen white ; the belly in middle and anal segment above
testaceous ; hinder femora black ; hinder tarsi pale testaceous. Antennae
bright testaceous with a fuscous line above.

Length 5 — 6 lines.

Stephens records it as " not very uncommon within
the metropolitan district in June." In Scotland
occurs in Clydesdale and Dumfries, but is rare.

In the coloration of the legs it resembles femoralis,
but it differs in having the abdomen entirely black ; the
third joint is longer compared to the fourth, and the
saw is very different. Microcephalia is larger, has the
antennae longer, the abdomen more sharply pointed.

From the darker specimens of tristis it may be easily
known by having the coxse and trochanters black,
spurs and antennae longer, third joint of antennae
much longer than fourth, and the pronotum quite
black.

5. Tenthredopsis nigronotata.

PI. XVII, fig. 9, Saw.

Tenthredopsis nigronotatus, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 566.

Black ; labrum, clypeus, mandibles, margins of eyes, a spot behind
them, and scutellar spots white; legs and third, fourth, and fifth
abdominal segments in part bright red ; coxae, trochanters, and a line
down the centre of the third, fourth, and fifth abdominal segments
above black ; hinder tarsi faintly fuscous, darker at the apices. Antennae
black, fuscous beneath. Wings hyaline; tegulse black.

Length nearly 6 lines.

TENTHKEDOPSIS IGNOBILIS, 107

Very similar in coloration to ignobilis, but larger
and stouter, antennae and spurs longer, antennal fovea
deeper, clypeus yellow and not so transverse at the
apex, and abdomen with only three red segments,
which are marked with black in the middle.

Rare ; two specimens in Shuckard's collection.

6. Tenthredopsis ignobilis.

PI. XVn, fig. 1, Saw.

Tenthredo ignobilis, King, Berl. Mag., viii, 205, 151 ? Htg.,

Blattw., 306, 29 ; Andre, Species,
i, 443 ; Cat., 55 * 11 ; Ste., 111.,
vii, 79, 19 ; non Thorns.
stigma, Lep., Mon., 76, 226 ?

Tenthredopsis ignobilis, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 567.

Black ; labram, a thin line on inner side of eyes and a spot behind,
and scutellar spots white ; the second to sixth abdominal segments and
legs bright red; coxse, trochanters, base, and apex of hinder femora
black ; hinder tarsi fuscous, the second to fourth joints paler. Antennsa
black, pale on under side ; a dull reddish splash on each of the middle
lobes of mesonotum. Wings hyaline; costa pale; stigma fuscous at
apex.

Length 4£ — 5 lines.

The second segment is usually only black on basal
half above, and the red colour sometimes extends to
the last segment. The white on the head is generally
very obscure, and the white mark behind the eyes may
be invisible. It is a broader insect than scutellaris,
and the abdomen is more inflated.

have only seen three specimens of this species,
two from Rannoch, and one from Inverness-shire.

Continental distribution : France, Germany, Switzer-
land (?)

06s. It is doubtful if this species is either ignobilis, Kl., or stigma,
Lep. The latter is quoted as a synonym of ignobilis by Hartig, but the
description will fit several species. Ignobilis is a true Tenthredo accord-
ing to Thomson, and if that be a correct determination Klug's species
has no relationship with mine, which may be regarded as a new species
and may still be called ignobilis.

108 TENTHREDOPSIS NIGRIC0LL1S.

. Tentheedopsis NIGRICOLLIS.

PI. XVII, fig. 2, Saw.; PI. XII, fig. 17, Mandible.

Tenthredo Scutellaria, Lep., Mon., 76, 225 ; Ste., 111., vii, 76, 10 ;

non Fab.
pavida, Lep., Mon., 76, 227; Ste., 111., vii, 76, 11;

non Fab.
Tenthredopsis nigricollis, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 567.

Black ; labrum and scutellar spots white ; the third to fifth or sixth
abdominal segments bright red ; legs testaceous ; coxae, trochanters,
and base of four anterior femora, and the whole of hinder femora black ;
apex of hinder tibiae- and the tarsi fuscous ; antennae black, pitchy
beneath. Wings hyaline ; tegulae black.

The $ has the middle of the abdomen obscure red, the hinder tibiae
and metatarsus black, the rest of tarsi white. The clypeus is mostly black.

Length 4^ — 5 lines.

. Similar in structure to ignobilis, but differing from
it in the darker legs, in having the red band on
abdomen narrower, and in the mesonotum being
entirely black.

A widely distributed species ; Clydesdale, Eannoch,
Lochaweside, South of England.

Continental distribution : France.

8. Tenthredopsis scutellaris.

PI. XVII, fig. 3, Saw.

Fab., S

Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 198, 142

Htg

Mosc. xx. 49, 22, var. 2 — 5.

Bull

ambigua, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 202, 146; Htg.,

Blattw., 307, 34 ; Ste., 111., vii, 76, 9.
ira brevispina, Thorns, Opus., 301, 2; Hym.Sc, i, 296, 2.
scutellaris, Cam., Fauna, 52 ; Andre, Species, i, 433 ;

Cat., 54 * 35.
Tenthredopsis scutellaris, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 567.

Black, shining ; mandibles, labrum, clypeus, orbits of eyes, a line on
pronotum, and scutellar spots yellow; the three or four middle seg-
ments of abdomen (save an interrupted black line in the centre) and
legs testaceous ; the base of front and middle femora, and the greater
part of hinder pair black ; hinder tarsi more or less fuscous ; trochanters
and a streak on coxae white. Antennas black, piceous or pitchy beneath ;
the third joint a very little longer than fourth ; clypeus slightly incised.
Wings hyaline ; tegulae pale, rarely black.

« TENTHREDOPSIS SCUTELLAMS. 109

The $ is similar in coloration, except that the red on abdomen is
more obscure, more extended, but the abdomen is often black in the
middle ; the hinder femora are testaceous, or for the greater part pitchy;
the coxae bear more white than with the 9 , and the antennae are lighter
coloured.

Length 4£— 5£ lines.

Ah. — a. Middle femora entirely, and hinder tibiae and
tarsi, except last joint, black ; middle tibiae and four
front tarsi pitchy; mandibles black; antennae with only
the apical joints pitchy beneath ; post-scutellar spots
black.

Ah. — b. Abdomen testaceous at the sides on middle

segments.

c. Orbits of the eyes black.
, Edge of pronotum and of basal segment of
abdomen yellow.

e. Eyes entirely surrounded with white; hinder
tarsi pitchy, with the third and fourth joints white.

Tegulae white.
, Abdomen without black marks on red.
. Abdomen with a broad black band on red.
May be known from nigricollis by its longer antennae,
which have the third joint not much longer than
fourth ; the clypeus is not transverse at the apex, and
it is always yellow, the antennal fovea is deeper, and
it differs otherwise in the colour of thorax and legs (at
the base). From flavomaculata the brighter coloured
varieties are not always easily separated, but, as a rule
flavomaculata may be known from it by the wider ex-
tension of the yellow (which is much brighter than in
scutellaris) on the head, thorax, and base of abdomen,
the antennae are shorter, the frontal area wider and
more circular at the top, and the head is longer and
thicker behind. The S is easily known from the
of nigricollis by the thorax being lined with white, and
the legs pale at the base.

Not uncommon on birch everywhere in Britain.
Continental distribution : Sweden, Holland, Ger-
many, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, and Portugal.

110 TENTHREDOPSIS FLAVOMACULATA.

. TENTHREDOPSIS FLAVOMACULATA.

PI. XVII, fig. 4, Saw.

Tenthredopsis flavomaculatus, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 567.

Black, shining, pilose ; labrum, clypeus, mandibles, orbits, a longish
spot behind the eyes, edge of pronotum, scntellar spots, sometimes
a few minute spots on mesonotum, a broad band on base of abdomen,
and an irregular spot on coxae bright yellow. Antennae pitchy ; edge of
second, the whole of third, fourth, fifth, and side of sixth abdominal
segment bright testaceous red. Legs bright testaceous; coxae for greater
part and base (sometimes a line above) of hinder femora black ; hinder
tarsi more or less fuscous. Wings hyaline ; costa and stigma fuscous,
the latter white at base.

The $ is similarly coloured to the ? , save that the abdomen has only
faint indications of the testaceous colour on the middle segments and

beneath

femora are entirely black, and the tibiae and
mient above bears two deep depressions, and t

on base is s
Length 4£ lines.

Very similar to picticeps, but shorter and broader ;
the antennas shorter, head wider, head and thorax
more shining, and the band on the base of abdomen
much wider. The saw is very different. Sometimes
the red abdominal segments have an indistinct black
line in the middle.

Not common. Mull, Rannoch, Devonshire (E.
Par fit t) .

10. Tenthredopsls pictioeps.
PI. XVII, fig. 5, Saw.

Tenthredopsis pidiceps, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 568.

Black ; labrum, clypeus, orbits of eyes, a line on pronotum, scutellar
spots, the third to sixth segments of abdomen all round, and legs bright
red ; coxae black, largely white behind ; trochanters white ; hinder femora
black at the base; posterior tarsi fuscous at apex. Wings hyaline;
tegulae fuscous. Antennae longish, pale beneath.

Length 5 lines.

Allied to ornata, but it has the incision in clypeus
not so deep, the eyes are marked with yellow all
round, antennae longer and thinner, with the third
joint not so long in proportion to the fourth, and the

TENTHREDOPSIS ORNATA. Ill

pleurae are scarcely punctured ; ornata, too, has the
clypeus black.
Kare. Scotland.

11. Tenthredopsis ornata.

Tenthredo ornata, Lep., P. Fr., pi. 3, fig. 5 ; Mon., 77, 228 ; Ste,,

111., vii, 12.

Perineum excisa, Thorns, Opus., 301, 3 ; Hym. Sc, i, 267, 5.

orwata, Andr6, Species, i, 427 ; Cat., 54,* 33.
Tenthredopsis omatus, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 568.

Black, smooth, shining ; mandibles, clypeus, labrum, more or less of
the orbits of the eyes, edge of pronotum, tegulae, scutellar spots
yellowish-white ; the second abdominal segments at the sides, the third,
fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh in part reddish-testaceous, with a black
dot on each in the middle. Legs reddish-testaceous ; coxae, base, and
sometimes the apex of hinder femora black; coxae and trochanters
more or less white. Antennae pitchy beneath, the third joint dis-
tinctly longer than fourth. Wings hyaline. Pleurae punctured above.
Abdomen beneath with two broad black bands along the sides.

The $ has the legs more marked with black, and the abdomen is for
the most part entirely black above.

Length 4§ — 5 lines.

Tenthredopsis dorsata, Spin., is very like this insect;
it is a broader and stouter species ; antenna are shorter
and stouter, the abdomen has only four segments red,
and the wings are fuscous.

ornata is not common in Britain ; I have only
seen a few specimens from the south of England and
from Norwich.

Continental distribution : Sweden, France, Switzer-
land, Italy, Russia.

12. Tenthredopsis tristis.
PI. XVII, fig. 6, Saw.

! Tenthredo tristis, Ste., 111., vii, 78, 15.

spreta, Lep., Mon., 78, 231 ; Ste., 111., vii, 77, 14 ?
* Tenthredopsis tristis, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 568»

Black ; labrum, clypeus, mandibles, orbits, a spot behind each eye,

a line on the pronotum, scutellar spots, and a line on basal segment

112 TENTHEEDOPSIS FULVICEPS.

of abdomen yellow. Legs testaceous; coxae, middlo femora at base,
and hinder pair entirely black ; coxae broadly marked with yellowish-
white ; trochanters white ; hinder tarsi more or less fuscous ; the third,
fourth, fifth, and sixth segments of abdomen with a triangular spot
on the side, which is occasionally extended to the ventral surface,
and, more rarely, across the junction of the segments above.

The <J has the antennae longer and pale testaceous beneath; the
mouth and orbits of the eyes broadly yellow ; the testaceous spots on
sides of abdomen narrower ; the white marks on coxae also narrower ;
the trochanters marked with black ; hinder tibiae somewhat piceous, and
tarsi fuscous. The tegulae are pale ; the fovea on anal segment is very
deep at the apex, and the depression does not reach the base of the
segment.

Length 4 — 5 lines.

This species is not unlike caliginosa, but it is readily
separated by the pale colour on pronotum and base of
legs, besides being a narrower and more slender insect,
with somewhat shorter antenna ; from lividiventris
is known by the head and pleura3 wanting the testa-
ceous colour, and the abdomen is only testaceous at
the sides, not through its entire extent.

Not common. Near London (Stephens), Clydes-
dale, Lochaweside, Aberdeen (Trail).

13. Tentheedopsis FULVICEPS.

Tenthredo fulviceps, Ste., 111., vii, 75, 8.

Tenthredopsis fulviceps, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 568.

Black; mandibles, labrum, clypeus, scutellum and scutellar spots
yellow ; orbits of eyes broadly pale testaceous ; the eyes on inner side
with a thin yellow line, and there is a broader and longer yellow mark
behind them ; the third to sixth segments of abdomen beneath and at the
sides dark reddish-testaceous. Legs dark testaceous ; coxae, trochanters,
and hinder femora black ; hinder tibiae testaceous at base, the rest of it
piceous ; hinder tarsi pale ; coxae and trochanters streaked with white ;
calcaria scarcely reaching to middle of metatarsus. The middle furrow
on vertex is scarcely indicated behind, but a little behind the ocelli is
seen as a deep groove, which is prolonged between the ocelli, while at
the base of these there is a transverse groove, so that the two furrows
form a well-marked cross; the frontal area is distinct, wide, and
shallow; antenna! fovea deep; clypeus slightly incised. Antennae
black, dark testaceous on under side, thickish, attenuated at the apex.
Wings hyaline ; tegulae black.

Length 4£ lines.

A stouter, broader insect than tristis ; antennae
thicker and shorter, abdomen broader, more inflated,

TENTHKEDOPSIS LIVIDIVENTEIS. 113

and otherwise is easily known by the broad, brown
band surrounding the eyes. From the next species it
may be recognised by the black pleurae, by the four
apical segments of abdomen being black at the sides
and beneath; and by the larger, stouter body, and
thicker antenna?.

The typical fulviceps differs from the form I have
described in having the third to sixth segments "bright
unspotted red," and the sternum pitchy. I have no
doubt of the two being identical. Stephens' single
specimen was from Bristol ; mine from the south of
England.

14. Tenthredopsis LIVIDIVENTEIS.

PI. XVII, fig. 7, Saw.

Tenthredopsis lividiventria, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 568.

Black; labrum, clypeus, mandibles, orbits of the eyes broadly, edge
of pronotum, tegulso, scutellar spots white ; an irregular splash on meso-
pleura and sternum, and the edge of abdomen above testaceous ; sides
and lower surface livid white. Legs testaceous ; coxa) black, lined at the
sides and below with livid white ; trochanters pale ; hinder femora for
the greater part black above ; apex of hinder tibia) and tarsi fuscous.
Wings hyaline ; tegulse white.

Length scarcely 4 lines.

Easily known by the livid abdomen, and by the pale
splashes on sternum and pleurae.

Not common. Mugdoch Wood, near Glasgow, early
in June.

15. Tentheedopsis albomaculata,

PI. XVII, fig. 8, Saw.

Tenthredopsis alhomaciilains, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 569*

Head, with labium, clypeus, mandibles, and orbits of eyes broadly
white, the rest dull brown, save the sutures on vertex and the space
surrounding the base of antenna?, all of which are black. Antennae
dull testaceous, darker above, especially at the apex, which is somewhat
attenuated. Thorax black ; a line on pronotum white ; mesopleura with
a broad white mark; metapleura lined with white; sternum for the
greater part dull brown ; sutures of mesonotum dull brown ; scutellar

VOL. I.

114 TENTHREDOPSIS NIGRICEPS.

black,
of

spots white. Abdomen dull testaceous, a broad black band on back
and a whitish transverse line at the base. Le
broadly lined with white at sides and below
tibiae fuscous.
Length 4 lines.

This is a slightly larger insect than lividiventris ;
the brownish colour on head and thorax is much more
extended, the marks on pleurse are larger and clear
white, antennse paler, coxse almost wholly white, and
legs reddish without any black on them.

Rare. Rannoch in June.

16. Tentiiredopsis nigriceps.
PL XVIII, fig. 1, Saw.

Tenthredopsis nigriceps, Cam., Ti\ Ent. Soc., 1881, 569.

Dark rufescent; antennae, head below the hinder ocellus, prothorax
beneath, mesopleura behind, metathorax, the greater part of the four
anterior coxse, and all the trochanters deep black; scutellum, two spots
behind, and cenchri yellow. The front tibiae are paler than the rest of
the legs ; base of the middle femora and the greater part of the posterior
femora and coxse suffused with black ; hinder knees black ; posterior
tarsi fuscous. Head and thorax covered with a close fuscous pubes-
cence ; sutures of mesonotum and parapsides black ; labrum dirty
white; palpi dark testaceous; cerci and apex of abdomen blackish.
Antennae attenuated at the apex, longer than the abdomen; the
third joint distinctly longer than fourth; spurs on hind legs not
reaching to middle of metatarsus. Wings hyaline ; costa pale, except
before stigma, where it is fuscous; tegulse deep black.

Length nearly 4f lines.

The dark rufescent colour of body, and the black
head and pleura^ readily separate this species from all
the luteous species of Tentiiredopsis.

Seemingly rare. Salen, Mull ; June.

17. Tenthredopsis Saundersi.

PL XVIII, fig. 2, Saw.

Tenthredopsis Saundersi, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 570.

Bark testaceous ; mandibles, labrum, elypeus, scutellum, and scu
tellar spots yellow ; sides and lower part of thorax (save a dark testa

TENTHREDOrSIS DORSIVITTATA. 115

ceous splash on sternum), coxa), trochanters, base of hinder femora,
middle suture of mesonotum, metanotum, base and apex of abdomen,
and a triangular mark in centre of intermediate segments, black ; hinder
tibia) almost piceous, apex of tibiae, and base and apex of tarsi blackish ;
second, third, and fourth joints white. AntennsB fuscous. Clypeus
slightly incised; lateral sutures on vertex very deep, central one
scarcely, if at all, indicated behind the ocelli, but it is very distinct,
broad, and deep between the two outer ocelli, and has a transverse
groove behind; the frontal space is not indicated, but the antennal
fovea is very deep and wide. Wings hyaline, costa testaceous. Calcaria
short, not reaching to middle of metatarsus.
Length 4 lines.

Similar to nigriceps, but differing in being smaller
and narrower, in having the lower portion of the head
the same colour as the upper, clypeus slightly incised
at the apex, mesopleurse and sternum black, spurs
shorter, and the tarsi paler,

A single specimen in Shuckard's collection.

18. Tentjiredopsis dorsivittata.

PI. XVIII, fig. 3, Saw.

Tenthredopsis dorsivittatus, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 570.

Luteous ; labruni, clypeus, orbits of the eyes, a spot behind them, a
line on pronotum, scutellar spots, and a line on basal segment of abdo-
men, bright yellow ; sutures on pleurae, metapleurae, the greater part of
metanotum and base of first abdominal segment, and a broad, usually
more or less narrowed and interrupted on middle segments, band on the
back of abdomen, with the sheath deep black ; four front coxae dark
luteous, more or less black and white ; hinder coxae black, spotted with
brown and white ; trochanters pale, a black spot beneath, hinder tarsi
with joints more or less fuscous. Wings hyaline.

Length 3| — 4A lines.

A Scotch specimen has the antennae entirely luteous*
the black band on abdomen very faintly indicated, the
tarsi scarcely fuscous, the space enclosing the ocelli
and the middle suture on mesonotum black. An
English specimen is much darker coloured, the black
band on abdomen is represented on segments three
to five by a triangular black mark on each, but
the black extends all over the upper surface of basal

116 TENTHliEDOPSIS INORNATA.

and apical segments ; the hinder tibiae and apex of
femora are fuscous, four apical joints of hinder tarsi
pale, antennas pitchy, and the metapleuras are not

altogether black.

A species intermediate between inornata and nigri-
ceps. From the former it may be known by having
the metapleurae black, coxas blacker, and (as well as
the trochanters) more distinctly marked with white,
antennas and spurs longer ; from the latter by its

longer antennas and spurs, lighter-coloured antennas,

luteous tegulas, pale trochanters, and entirely luteous

femora.

Apparently rare. I have it from Kingussie, have
a specimen from the Manchester district, and have
seen another in Shuckard's collection, while Mr.

Bridgman takes it at JNorwich.

19. Tentheedopsis inornata.
PL XVIII, tig. 4, Saw.

Tentlircdopsis inornatas, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 571.

Dark testaceous ; mandibles, clypeus, labrum, scutellum and scu-
tellar spots yellow ; back of abdomen with an interrupted black band ;
binder tarsi fuscous, apical joints of antenna) fuscous ; vertex in centre,
coxse, trochanters and hinder femora at base, and metapleurae largely
marked with black. The middle suture on vertex is absent ; there is no
distinct furrow between the ocelli, only a depressed space, frontal area
depressed, antennal fovea wide. Wings hyaline.

The S black ; labrum, clypeus, and orbits of eyes broadly, and
tegulse and edge of pronotum yellowish-white ; front coxae with a white
spot below, the rest and the posterior coxae and base of femora black ;
trochanters pale. Legs and abdomen reddish, the latter with the apex
and a band in the centre black.

Compared with nassata it is smaller, the antennae
are shorter and thicker in the middle, with the third
joint longer in proportion to the fourth ; the colour is
darker, pubescence (especially on mesonotum) is much
denser, hinder tarsi shorter in proportion to the tibiae,
and the wings shorter. Nassata, too, wants the black
on legs and pleurae, and the head projects more behind

TENTHREDOPSIS NASSATA. 117

the eyes. Sordida may be known from it by its
longer and thinner antennse, the colour of the body is
much brighter ; the antennal fovea is deeper, but the
frontal area is not so clearly indicated, the clypeus is
more transverse at the apex, the base of legs always
paler than the rest, and the pleuras marked with yellow.
Dorsivittata may be separated by the black met

thorax and coxae, by. the band on abdomen being

broader at the base and more distinct throughout,
the band in inornata being not much more than a
darkening in colour compared to the colour of the rest
of abdomen.

Apparently rare. Bishopton on birch in Juue,
Rannoch.

20. Tenthredopsis nassata

PI. XVIII, fig. 5, Saw.

S. E., ed. xii, 926, 38, <J : Fab., S

59:

116

(9); Lep., Men., 84, 246; Ste
vii, 75, 5.

G.. Heft

Mon., 85, 248 ; St. .
is, var. nassata, Kl., Berl. Mag., viii, 197, 142

Htg., Blattw., 308, 37; Evers.,

Bull. Mosc, xx, 49, 22.
Thorns., Hyin. Sc, i, 266, 3 {ex parte).
Cam., Fauna, 14. 1 ; Andre, Species, i, 433

pi. xx, fig. 3 ; Cat

Yellowish-testaceous; mouth, sometimes the inner orbits of the eyes,
scutellum, two spots behind it, and cenchri, yellowish-white. Wings
hyaline, stigma fuscous, with the basal half white ; second transverse
cubital nervure interstitial. Spurs reaching to near the
metatarsus.

<? has the head c
yellow, mesonotu

black

abdom

as in 9

gnient

The last

with, a blunt carina in the centre. The basal joints of the antenna? are
yellow, marked with black above.
Length 6 — 6^ lines.

118 TENTHREDOPSIS SORDIDA.

Ah. — a. ? . Abdomen marked with black above on
the basal segments.

Ah. — h. cT . Sutures of mesopleurge lined with black

Ah. — c. S . Sutures of mesonotum marked with

yellow

The largest of the testaceous species. Easily know

by the long spurs and interstitial second recurrent

nervure. Common in June. Clydesdale, New Gallo
way, Rannoch, Lochaweside, Mull, London district,
Norwich.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Holland, Ger-
many, France, Italy, Hungary, Russia.

21. Tenthredopsis sordida.

PL XVIII, fig. 6, Saw.

Tenthrcdo sordida, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 199, 143; Htg,,

Blattw., 308, 36; Evers., Bull.
Mosc, xx, 49, 21.

Perineum sordida, Thorns., Hym. So., i, 266, 3 (ex parte) ;

Andre, Species, i, 433, Cat., 53,# 9.

Tenthredopsis sordidus, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 572.

Luteous ; sparsely covered with a white pubescence, mandibles,
labruni, clypeus, orbits of eyes, edge of pronotum, scutellar spots, bright
yellow ; abdomen with a broad, almost continuous, black band running
down the back ; coxse pale yellow, marked with white at side ; pleurae
marked with pale yellow at the juncture of the three divisions
antennae longish, slender, the apical joints marked with fuscous colour
above, the third joint not much longer than fourth, Wings hyaline,
nervures blackish, costa testaceous, stigma fuscous, white at base.
Clypeus truncated at apex. Middle furrow on vertex distinct behind
ocelli, and prolonged between them into a deeper channel ; frontal area
not well defined; antennal tubercles large, projecting.

$ black ; mouth, orbits, tegula), pronotum, a broad band on pleura),
and the greater part of the coxa), white ; hind tibiae and femora more or
less fuscous-black; abdomen reddish-testaceous, black in the centre
above ; anal segment with two deep fovese.

Length 3f — 4£ lines.

The smallest of the yellow species. The colour is
paler than in nassata or inornata> the head has the
yellow brighter and wider round the eyes, the coxse

and trochanters pale yellow, marked with white, while
in nassata they are of the same colour as the body,

GENUS SYN^REMA. 119

and in inornata darker and marked with black. The
sutures on thorax are also pale yellow, and the back
of abdomen is, except very rarely, broadly black.
Commonly distributed in Scotland, appearing in

June.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Holland, France,

Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, Tyrol, Italy, Russia.

Genus — Syn^erema.

Synairema, Htg., Blattw., 1837, 314, <J .
Perineum, Htg., 1. c. 303, ? .

Wings : lanceolate cellule contracted in the middle. In the $ the
insverse nervures are all produced along the edge of the -wing so as
form a surrounding border. The ? has two middle cellules.
Antenna long, filiform, the third joint nearly of the same length as

the fourth

Abdomen with a large distinct blotch. Body smooth, shinin

ax with white mark

Clypctis with a deep triangular incision in the middle. Labrum
rge, rounded at the apex. Mandibles small. Eyes small, parallel,
)t touching the base of the mandibles.
Legs short. Frontal sutures and parapsides distinct.

Of this genus only three species are known, and it

is doubtful if these are all distinct. I am not awai
of any forms being known out of Europe.

From Tenthredopsis, Syncerema is readily known, by
the deeply increased clypeus, distinct blotch, and con-
tracted lanceolate cellule.

Obs. — Hartig formed the genus Perineiira for the 3 of the Ten*
thredo rubi, Pz., and for the ? he created another genus, Syncerema.
Thomson utilises the name Perineiira for the instabilis group and
some other species (as already explained), while he retains Syncerema
for rvbi. As, however, Costa formed a genus for the instabilis group,
the name Perineiira must sink. I have used Syncerema in preference,
because it has been correctly defined by Thomson, and farther, the ?
as a whole affords the most reliable characters, the same neuration
of the posterior wing in the $ being found in Tentliredopsis.

120 GENUS PAOHYPEOTASIS

SYN2EREMA eubl

PL VIII, fig. 10, S , 10 a antenna.

thredo rubi, Pz., F. G., xci, fig. 14; Klug., Berl. Mag

50, 11; Lep., Mon., Ill, 320; Ste
vii, 75, 7.

(Perineura) rubi, Htg., Blattw., 303, 16.

lividiventris. Fall.. Acta 1808. 117.

elegantula, Fall., 1. c.

Syn&rema delicatula, Htg

King, Berl. Mag., viii, 188, 129

Thorns., Opus., 300, 1 ; Hym., Scand., i, 264,

1 ; Cam., Fauna, 15, 1 ; Andre, Species,
i, 414 ; Cat., 52 * 1.

$ . Antenna) thick, nearly as long as the body, reddish, the two
basal joints black. Head black, clypeus, epistoma, labrum, mandibles
(except the tips, which are brownish), inner orbits of the eyes, broadly
in front and narrowly behind, and the sides of head behind yellowish-
white. Thorax black, shining, two spots on centre of mesonotum, the
greater part of pleura) and scutellum, a triangular spot behind and the
cenchri yellowish- white. Abdomen yellowish. Legs reddish, white at
the base. Wings hyaline, costa and stigma testaceous-white.

The ? I have never seen. According to Thomson it has the three
apical joints of antenna) white, the labrum, apex of clypeus, inner
orbits of the eyes, a transverse mark on vertex, edge of pronotum,
tegulse, posterior parapsides, scutellum, a line on the pleura and legs
sordid white ; the coxae black at the base, posterior tarsi and the femora
nearly all blackish-fuscous ; abdomen livid red in the middle and on
the belly at the apical portion of the segments. Stigma fuscous, pale
at the base.

Length nearly four lines.

Seemingly rare. I have taken in July two males at
Cadder Wilderness.

It occurs in Scandinavia, Germany, Holland, Bel-
gium, and France, but seems to be rare everywhere.

Genus — Pachyprotasis.

P achy protasis, Htg., Blattw., 295.

Wings with two radial and four cubital cellules ; lanceolate cellule
shortly contracted. Hind wing with the transverse cubital, and
recurrent nervures present. Antenna) much longer than the head
and thorax, filiform, of nearly equal thickness, fourth joint not much
shorter than the third. Eyes almost parallel, not reaching to the

teeth.

mandibles ; clypeus incised. Mandibles with three sub-apical

SYNOPSIS OF PACHYPROTASIS. 121

P achy protasis and Macrophya agree together in cer-
tain points of structure which separate them from the
other genera in the sub-family. They agree in the
large size of the hind coxae, which reach or go beyond
the third abdominal segment, in the long hind legs
and spurs, and generally in the neuration of the wings,
which have the lanceolate cellule usually shortly con-
tracted. They agree, too, in having the body (as a
rule) smooth, shining, and unpunctured, as well as
in coloration ; but they differ in three important points :
P achy protasis has the antennae long and filiform, never
fusiform nor thickened ; while the third joint is only a
little longer than the fourth ; the eyes on the inner
sides are parallel, not converging, and do not reach
to the base of the mandibles ; and the pleurae and
sternum are variegated to a large extent with white or

yellow.

The larvae, so far as is known, are green, and feed on

trees or herbaceous plants. The species are more
northern in their distribution than those of Macrophya,
but otherwise have pretty much the same geographical
range. Six, if not seven, species are European, one or
two are described from India and Japan, and the genus
also occurs in North America.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (6) Legs white

2 (5) Pleurae mai

3 (4) Head and thorax with white markings, punctured, pilose;

abdominal segment

4 (3) Head and thorax with yellowish -white markings, smooth

glabrous, unpunctured; abdominal segments broadly bor
dered with yellowish- white. Simv

5 (2) Pleurae entirely yellow ; head and thorax with yellow marki

hind tibise with a yellow ring at the apex. Anten

6 (1) Legs red and white, lined with black; pleura} mai

black.

Variegata.

122 PACHYPROTASIS KAPJJ.

1. PACHYPEOTASIS RAPvE.

PI. IX, fig. 2, Saw. ; PI. VI, figs. 1 and la, Larva.

Tenthredo rapes, Lin., S. N., ed. xii, 926, 35 ; Sclar., En., 336, 676

YiJl., Lin. Ent., 45 ; Rossi, Mant., 242 ;

Fab., E. S., ii, 114, 35; S. P., 41, 56 ;

Fall, Acta, 1808, 99, 30, 1 ; King, Berl.

Mag., viii, 127, 96 ; Ste., 111., vii, 73, 1 ;

Htg., Blattw., 296, 19; Evers., Bull.

Mosc, xx, 43, 12.
Pachyprotasis vapai% Thorns., Opus., 284, 1 ; Hym. Scand.,i, 248,

1 ; Cam., Fauna, 15, 1 ; Andre, Species,

i, 341; Cat., 43,* 5.

Head and thorax faintly punctured; head behind vertex, thorax,
and adomen above black ; orbits of the eyes, lower parts of the head, a
V-shaped mark on the mesonotum, a minute spot behind it ; scutellum,
a spot on post-scutellum, and the lower part and sides of the body
white ; pleurae and the edges of sternum largely marked with black ;
abdominal segments variegated with black. Legs white, a mark on
coxse, the apical half of all the femora and the hinder pair also at the
sides, tibia? and four anterior tarsi above, and the whole of the posterior
tarsi black. Wings hyaline, costa and stigma fuscous-black. The
tegulae are black. The $ has the antennae longer than the body.

Length 3 — 4 lines.

Some specimens have the white markings much less
and the black ones on the pleurse and sternum larger
than in others, while, again, in rare cases, the former
are much larger and the latter less, and the abdominal
segments faintly lined with white on the back.

The larva has the upper half of the body dull
greyish-brown, darker at the junction with the lower
white half; a brownish stripe is over each leg ; claws
brown. Upper part of the head faintly brownish,
varying in intensity ; a black band goes across the
middle of the face from behind the eye spots, where it
is broader and darker in tint ; over the mouth the
head is paler, almost white ; mandibles black ; a few
scattered hairs on the head. The skin is wrinkled,
almost bare ; the anal segment has a few hairs.

At the last moult the body becomes dark green, a
lighter and brighter green below the spiracles, a white
stripe is at the junction of the two colours. Head
light green, light brownish on vertex, eye spots black,

•

PACHYPROTASIS SIMULANS. 123

mouth brownish, a light brownish band over face, and a
dark oblique spot over legs; claws brown, spiracles
pale. The anal segment is whitish, and bears a few
hairs, while over it is a light blackish mark.

The larva was discovered by Mr. Fletcher feeding
on Scrophidaria aquatica and St achy s betonica. In
Clydesdale it frequents mostly Verbascum thapsus and
Pedlcularis in the autumn. It pupates in the earth.

An extremely abundant species, found everywhere in
June and the early part of July.

Its Continent distribution extends from Lapland to
the Mediterranean, and eastward to the Ural Moun-
tains and India (cf. Cameron, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1877,
88). Apparently, too, P. omega, Norton, a widely
distributed form in North America, is the same species.

2. Pachyphotasis SIMULANS.

Tenthredo simulans, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 128, 97 ; Htg.,

Blattw., 296, 20 ; Ste., 111., vii, 73,
2 (nee type).

Paclnjprotasis lavicollis, Thorns., Hyni. Scand., i, 249, 2.

simulans, Andre, Species, i, 340 ; Cat., 43,* 6.

Black, smooth, shining ; the face from the antennal fovea, inner and
outer orbits of the eyes to a little above the insertion of the antenna),
tegulae, suture of middle lobe of mesonotum, a small square spot in
front of scutellum, scutellum, two spots behind it, breast, a broad band
along the middle of mesopleura, hinder edge of metapleura going down
from the wings, sides of abdomen, belly, a broad band at the junction
of the segments on the back (the anterior spreading out so as to divide
the black portion in the middle, so that the middle of the abdomen is
yellow with longish black marks along the sides), yellowish-white.
Legs yellowish-white, a mark on upper and lower side of coxae, a broad
line over the trochanters and femora, and four anterior tibiae and tarsi,
the greater part of the posterior tibiae and tarsi, black. Hinder tibiae
variegated with white in the middle ; base of metatarsus and spurs
white. Antennae longer than the body, yellowish- white on underside.
Wings hyaline, nervures, costa, and stigma black. $ .

Length 4 lines.

Differs from rapce in the smooth, impunctate, almost
glabrous front and mesonotum, and by the greater
extension of the white on the abdomen. The o has

124 PAOHYPEOTASIS ANTENNATA.

the antennas longer and with a denser pile than in

i *ap C8 .

The larva is described by Kaltenbach (Pfl., 431). It
is 9'" long ; the head is orange-yellow, body olive green,
with small white points ; on the sides and belly the
colonr is dirty white, while on the inner side of each

segment there are two green spots, one under the other.

It feeds in September on low growing ash trees (Fraxi-
nus), eating along the edge and underside of the leaf.

Rare. I have only seen one <$ from Norwich (J. B.
Bridgman).

Continental distribution : Sweden, France, Tyrol,
Austria.

3. Pachyprotasis antenna ta.

PI. IX, fig. 1 S ; 1 a, antennae ; 1 b, leg ; 1 c and 1 d,

tropin ; 1 e9 saw.

Tenthredo antennata, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 128, 98 ; Ste., 111.,

vii, 74, 3 ; Htg., Blattw., 296, 21.
duplex, Lep., Mon., 87, 251.
Pachyprotasis antennata, Thorns., Opus., 294, 3; Hym. Scand.,

i, 250, 4; Cam., Fauna, 15, 3;

Andre, Species, i, 340, pi. xix, fig.

1 ; Cat., 43 * 3.

Vertex, head behind, thorax and abdomen above, black; abdomen
with a faint bronzy tint ; inner orbits of the eyes, lower parts of the
head, sides and under side of the thorax and abdomen, and some marks
on mesonotum (as in return), yellowish- white. Legs yellowish- white ;
a line on the upper side of the four anterior femora at the apex, and on
each side of the posterior, and a line above the tibiae and tarsi, black ;
apex of posterior tibiae and tarsi entirely black, the hinder tibiae having
a yellowish ring before the black apical part ; hinder calcariapale at the
base. Wings hyaline, costa and stigma blackish-fuscous, tegulse white
in front. Vertex faintly punctured.

The $ has the antennae pale on the lower side and as long as the
body; there is a small, oblique, black stripe on the mesosternum, and
another on the hind coxae, but these may be absent.

Length 4 — 4£ lines.

Antennata is a common but not very generally dis-
tributed species. It is not rare in the Glasgow district,

in Sutherlandshire, Rannoch, Braemar, Kingussie ;
also about London, at Grlanvilles' Wootton, Devonshire,

PACHYPROTASIS VAEIEGATA. 125

Manchester. It appears from the beginning of June to
the beginning of July.

Continental distribution : Scandinavia, Germany,
France, Holland, Tyrol.

4. Pachyprotasis variegata.

Tenthredo variegata, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 129, 99 ; Ste., 111.,

vii, 74, 4, pi. 38, fig. 3; Htg.,
Blattw., 296, 22.

Pachyprolasis variegata, Thorns., Opus., 294, 2; Hym., Scand.,

i. 249, 3; Cam., Fauna., 15, 2;
Andre, Species, i, 339 ; Cat., 43* 2.

Black, smooth, shining ; head (except behind and a large spot on
vertex), pleurae, sternum, abdomen beneath, and some spots on the
mesonotum, white ; the upper sides of the pleura;, and a large spot on
the edge of the sternum, black. Legs : all the femora and the hinder
tibiae red, four anterior tibiae and tarsi, white in front, black behind;
apex of posterior tibiae and tarsi black ; coxae and trochanters white.
There is a thin black line above the first pair of femora. The base of
the hinder tarsi and the calcaria reddish. The margins of the dorsal
abdominal segments are white, the sides and belly are faintly variegated
with black. Wings hyaline, costa and stigma fuscous. $.

Length 4 — 4£ lines.

This species is readily separated from all the other
species by the reddish legs.

It is not very common. I have taken it in Rannoch,
Kingussie, and Glen Urquhart. Stephens records it
from Darenth Wood and Devonshire.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land and France.

Genus — Mackophya.

Macrophya, Dbm., Comp., 4.

Wings with two radial and four cubital cellules, the second and third
of the latter receiving each a recurrent nervure. Lanceolate cellule with
a short transverse nervure, or shortly contracted. Transverse cubital
and recurrent nervures in hind wings present. Antenna3 short, not much
longer than the head and thorax, thickened from the fourth joint, and

sometimes fusiform ; third joint about double the length of fourth.
Legs long, hind coxa3 large, reaching to the third abdominal segment;
hind calcaria reaching beyond the middle of the metatarsus. Clypeus
deeply incised at the apex; eyes converging on the inner side, and
reaching to the base of mandibles.

The body is cylindrical, appearing shoii) and thickset owing to the

126 GENUS MACROPHYA.

great length of the legs. "With most species the lanceoh

shortly contracted, but with blanda, neglecta, and crassula,

is a very short straight cross nervure. M. sturmi, Klug, ai_

oblioue cross nervure. The form of the cellule, however, varies in the

Klug

same

M. ribis : that is to

may

be longer or shorter. Mostly there are two median cellules in the hind
wing, but in M. carinthiaca, Kl., there is only one.

The ground colour is generally black, with the legs,
thorax, and abdomen variegated with white, red, or
yellow, or all three. The sexes not unfrequently differ
in coloration, as, for instance, in hcematopus and dume-
torum, which have the four front legs yellow in the
instead of red as in the ? ; or, as in rustica, which has

the hind legs quite black in the S and black and

yellow in the $ .

The species are commoner in southern than in
northern Europe, being especially common along the
Mediterranean. Eastward they extend into Japan and
into the Oriental region as far south as southern India.
They are not uncommon in the Nearctic region, thirty-
eight species being included in Ores son's catalogue.
There are close on fifty European species.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (10) Legs black and white, abdomen marked with yellow or white.

Uustica

black

2 (3) Four anterior legs white.

3 (2) Four ai

4 (5) Stigma

5 (4) Stigma black.

6 (9) Abdomen and pronotum with white markings, scutellum faintly

punctured.

7 (8) Yertex, scutellum, and coxae with white markings, sides of

abdomen black, tegulse partly black, $ with the apex of

black beneath. Albicincta,

abdomen
8 (7) Scutellum

and abdomen mar

strongly punctured.

white, tegula) white, $ with the apex of abdomen white

beneath. Albipuncta,

9 (6) Abdomen and pronotum without white markings, scutellum

Ribis.

10 (13) Legs black, abdomen with a red band and a membranous white

spot over posterior coxse.

11 (12) Posterior coxse with a large white mark, mouth

white.

12 (11) Posterior coxa) without a

13 (10) Legs reddish.

14 (15) Abdomen with a red band

Blanda
white mark, mouth black. Neglecta

Bufipes.

MACKOI'IIVA CLAXPA. 127

15 (14) Abdomen without a red band.

16 (17) Mouth white, pronotum black. Hamatopus.

17 (16) Mouth black, pronotum yellowish-white. Punctum- album.

Lanceolate cellule with a short, straight nervure, wings hyaline,
infuscated at the apex, stigma black. Thorax strongly punc-
tured, scutellum gibbose. Clypeus and labrum convex. Ab-
domen black with a broad red band. Legs black. Transverse
medial nervure received close to basal (Species 1 and 2).

. Macrophya BLANDA.

Tenthredo blanda, Fab., E. S., ii, 119, 59 j S. P., 36, 35; Pz., F.

G., Hi, 9 ; lxv, 9 ; Klug, Berl. Mag.,
viii, 111, 76; Lep., Mon., 98, 277;
Htg., Blattw., 292, 2.

Uyu8trina, Fourc, E. P., ii, 24.

cylindrica, Fab., S. P., 32, 16; Pz., F. G., lxxi, fig. 7 ;

Spin., Ins. Lig., i, 56.

cognata, Fall., Mon., 48, 17.

lacrymosa, Lep., F. Fr., pi. 6, fig. 7; Mon., 101, 285.
Allantiis blandus, Ste., 111., vii, 63, 17.

Macrophya blanda, Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 40, 1 ; Tasch., Hym.,

14; Thorns., Opus., 295, 1; Hym.,
Scand., i, 251, 1 ; Andre, Species, i,
343; Cat., 46*38.
var. brevicorni8, Gradl, Ent. Nacht., 1878,

239.

Black, mouth at the side, apex of labrum, apex of two anterior
femora and tibia) in front, and a large spot on the posterior coxa) white ;
the third to the fifth abdominal segments red. Head and thorax
opaque, almost glabrous, strongly punctured. Wings almost hyaline,
with a faint smoky tinge at the apex ; costa and stigma sordid-fuscous ;
the lower part of the latter being paler than the upper.

The <? has the whole of the mouth, the entire anterior tarsi, femora,
and tibiae in front, basal half of hind femora beneath, and coxa) at the
apex, whitish. The red abdominal band is very much narrower and
rarely encircles the whole body.

Length 6 — 6£ lines.

Ab. — a. Abdomen entirely black.

Mr. F. Smith tells me that this is a common species
in the west of England. It is taken by Mr. Dale at
Glandules' Wootton, and according to Stephens is
common in the London districts. Norwich (Mr.
Bridgman).

It is of wide European distribution, being found in
Sweden, Prussia, South Germany, Hungary, France,
Switzerland, Italy, and Russia.

128 MACROPRYA NEGLEOTA.

2. Macro phy a neglecta.

Tenthredo neglecta, King, Berl. Mag., viii, 112, 77; Htg.,

Blattw., 292, 3.
blanda, Scbaef., Icon., vii, fig. 5; Fall., Mon., 47, 16.
— Schaefferi, Lep., F. Fi\, pi. 6, fig. 4; Mon., 98, 276.

Allantus neglectus, Ste., 111., vii, 63, 18.

Macrophya neglecta, Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 40, 2; Tasch, i

Hymen., 14; Thorns., Opus., 295, |
2 ; Hym. Scand., i, 251, 2 ; Andre,
Species, i, 367 ; Cat., 46,* 39.

Black ; the second to sixth abdominal segments red ; the anterior
femora and tibiae white in front. ? and 3 .
Length 5| — 6|.

Yery like the last species, but smaller, the mesonotum
and head scarcely so strongly punctured ; mouth black ;
the red band on the abdomen broader. There is
no mark over the posterior coxee, while the wings are
darker and the antennae, if anything, shorter.

common species in the midland and southern
counties of England.

It has the same European distribution as Wanda,
but is much commoner. Nothing is known regarding
the earlier stages of these two species.

Lanceolate cellule subcontracted; costa and stigma yellowish.
Abdomen with white markings on sides and anus. Legs with
white on tibiaa and tarsi, the rest black ; a white membranous
spot over hind coxse ; scutellum convex (Species 3).

. Macrophya 12-punctata.

Tenthrcdo Yl-ininctata , Lin., S. N., Ed., x, 558, 25 ; F. S., 1559;

Fall., Acta, 1808, 101, 32; Pz.,
F. G., Hi, fig. 8 ; Fab., E. S.,
ii, 119, 56 ; S. P., 36, 32 ; Rossi.,
F. E., 724; Spin., Ins. Lig., i,
57, 14; Klug, Berl. Mag., viii,
122, 91 ; Lep., Mon., 100, 282;
Htg., Blattw., 294, 13.
/era, Fab., S. P., 38 ; Coqueb., Icon., Tab., 3, fig. 7

Lep., Mon., 242, 82.

Allantus 12-punctatus, Ste., 111., vii, 61, 10.

ferus, Ste., 111., vii, 61, 11.

MACROPHYA 12-PUNCTATA. 129

Macrophya 12-punctata, Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 42, 10; Tascb.,

Hym.,15; Tlioms.,Opii8.,296,
6; Hym. Scand., i, 252, 3;
Andre, Species, i, 351 ; Cat.,
44,* 19.

Black, shining; vertex and mesonotum almost glabrous, punctured
labrum, clypeus, edge of pronotum, scutellum, a large spot over pos-
terior coxae, a spot on the side of the fourth, fifth, and sixth abdominal
segments, one over the anal segment, and the greater part of the tibia;
at the side, white. Tegulaj black; cenchri pale white. Wings sub-
hyaline, fuscous at the apex, nervures, costa and stigma sordid yellow.

The <? has the mouth, scutellum, abdomen and posterior tibial (except
a very narrow ring) black ; there is only a small white spot at the base
of pronotum, the costa is fuscous, stigma sordid-testaceous, and the
wings want the yellowish tinge, while the white lateral markings on
the abdomen are very faint. The mouth and posterior tibia? have,
occasionally, as much white as in the ? .

Length 4— 5£ lines.

From the succeeding species 12-punctata is easily
separated by the colour of the alar nervures, legs and
abdomen.

The larva, according to Andre, feeds on the alder in
July and August. It has a greenish-yellow body,
striated transversely ; the head smooth, green, with
brown eye spots.

Common in Dunham Park, near Manchester, Glou-
cester, Worcester, Glanvilles' Wootton, and in the
metropolitan district.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Holland, Swit-
zerland, France, Germany, Hungary, Eussia.

Wings infuscated at the apex, costa and stigma black. Legs
with white at base, and on tibia) and tarsi. Abdomen with
white markings on sides, base and apex, or quite black.
Thorax smooth, shining, or strongly punctured. Lanceolate
cellule sub-contracted, or with a short, straight nervure
(Species 4 to 6).

4. Macrophya albicincta.

Tenthredo albicincta, Schr., En.. 329. 661 : Klu

viii, 129, 94; Lep., Mon

fera, Fall., Acta Holm

Allantus albicinctvs, Ste

Mon

VOL. I.

130 MACROPHYA ALBICINCTA.

Macrophya albicincta, Tascli., Hyin., 15 ; Voll., Tidj. Ent., i (2),

189—195, pi. 7 (lar.) ; Exit., vi,
43 ; Kalt., Pfl., 298 ; Cam., E.
M. M., xiv, 265; Fauna, 15;
Andre, Species, i, 354, pi. xxx,
fig. 4; Cat., 46,* 34.
ribis Thorns., Opus., 295, 4; Hym. Scand., i, 253, 6.

Black, shining ; head and thorax covered with a pale pile, clypeus,
except at the extreme base ; the greater part of the labrum in front and
at the sides, a mark at base of mandibles, two small dots behind the
ocelli, pronotum, tegulsB in front, the greater part of the scutellum, the
apical fourth of the two anterior femora and tibia), except at the extreme
apex ; basal joint of the tarsi in front, apex of four posterior femora,
the greater part of hind tibia) in the middle, posterior trochanters, base
of femora and apex of coxa), a faint spot over anal segment, a large
oblong spot over the hind coxa}, and the blotch white.

The antenna) are somewhat longer than the abdomen, the middle
joints being thickened ; on the pleurae are scattered punctures ; they are
almost shining and faintly pilose ; the scutellum is smooth, shining,
vertex slightly contracted, sheath of saw projecting, pilose at the apex ;
palpi annulated with fuscous-white, and the hinder tarsi are quite black.
Wings hyaline at the base, smoky at the apex. The nervure in the
lanceolate cellule varies in form, it being sometimes shorter, at other
times longer contracted.

In the 3 the antenna) are longer and thicker, the joints being also
more closely compressed together ; clypeus and labrum almost wholly
white; anterior legs have more white in front ; white band on posterior
tibia3 smaller ; the anal lobes are white, and so also are the posterior
abdominal segments at the side. The scutellum is black.

Length 4—5 lines.

Ah. — a. Scutellum black ( ? ).

The amount of white on the mouth, legs, &c, varies
in intensity in both sexes.

The larva has been described by Van Vollenhoven
and Kaltenbach. The former naturalist observed the
? on the 8th of April, about half past eleven (the
thermometer being at C0° F.), flying about wildly
around an elder bush and settling occasionally on the
leaves. This specimen he caught and placed in a glass
along with a branch of elder. When in the shade
remained very quiet and even fell and lay upon its
back, bat when the glass was placed again in the

sunshine it revived; at first it moved the antenna}
violently, and then commenced to run rapidly about*
By 4 o'clock it had laid twelve eggs in little receptacles
in the leaves embedded in the lower epidermis. The

MACROrilYA ALBICINCTA. 131

egg is bean-shaped, pearly white, rather flat on one
side, the skin being very thin.

The larva has a sordid greenish-yellow head, with
a quadrate, shining black spot on the vertex, and two
large round similar spots on the sides, in which the
eyes are placed, mouth brownish; head both above
and below shortly and sparsely hirsute. In the
younger larvae the body is a sordid yellow, with three
brown-green stripes, the outer of which are darker
than the inner one ; the spiracles pale yellow ; above
them are some black lines, and below, just over the
legs, is a dark transverse line. Above the anus is a
small black spot. The three dorsal lines have the
appearance of being ribbed, the inner side of tho
numerous folds of the skin being of a pale tint. Tho
thoracic legs are pale yellow, with black lines on the
first or thickest joint. The claws are pale brown.
The ventral surface, as also the posterior legs, are pale,
without spots, and the caudal end is beset with short
white hairs.

When full fed there are two dark grey triangular
marks over each leg. The black spots over the spiracles
become larger, and the edges of the stigmata very pale
brown. Over each proleg are two oblique blackish
spots, and there is a triangular spot over the anus of
the same colour.

After the last moult the head is reddish and the
body entirely of a very pale greenish-grey colour ; the
three dorsal lines being darker than the ground colour.
The black points on the sides disappear.

During the day the larva3 remain reposing on the
underside of the leaves. In the evening they commence
to feed, eating large holes in the leaves; they do
not invariably commence to feed along the margin, but
frequently eat holes out of the middle.

The larvae are found in June and July, and spin their

cocoons in the earth, emerging from them in the winged

state in the following spring.

Tn Britain, albicincta is perhaps the commonest and

132 MACROPHYA ALBIPUNOTA.

most widely distributed of the genus, being found
almost everywhere from Sutherlandshire to the South

of England.

Continental distribution : Scandinavia, Germany,

Holland, France, Switzerland, Tyrol, Italy, Hungary.

. MACROPHYA ALBIPUNOTA.

PI. VIII, fig. 12, ? .

Tmthredo albipuncta, Fall., Acta, 1808, 104, 37.

Macropliya — Thorns., Opus., 295, 5 ; Hym. Scand., i,

254, 8; Cam., E. M. M.,
xiv, 265 ; Fauna, 15 ; Andre,
Species, i, 362 ; Cat., 46,* 35.

Black, variegated with white. Antennae scarcely longer than the
abdomen, the fourth to eighth joints thickened, third nearly double the
length of fourth. Head shining, covered with a short pile; palpi,
clypeus, and labrum clear white, clypeus deeply incised. Thorax with
a very short pubescence, tegulse, pronotum, and a narrow stripe on the
pleura) white. Abdomen roundish, not longer than the head and
thorax, the segments at the sides and a large spot over anus white.
Legs with the apex of cox^b, trochanters, and base of femora, apex of
four anterior femora and tibia) in front, posterior knees and femora,
except at the extreme base and apex, white. Wings hyaline, costa
fuscous, the stigma in the middle sordid- testaceous.

In the 3 the anterior legs bear more of the white colour, being entirely
white in front, and the posterior femora are lined with white below ;
posterior tibiae are lined throughout with a black streak ; ventral
segments below and the anal lobes white. In the only specimen of
this sex that I have seen, the transverse radial nervure is almost
interstitial.

Length 3^—4 lines.

Compared with albicincta, the present species is
smaller and has the head and thorax less pilose ; the
scutellum is black, slightly truncated and less convex ;
there are no marks on the vertex, the mouth and

tegula) are white, antennae short, and otherwise it is
readily separated by the marks on the pleurae. The
<$ is easily known by the white ventral segments.
Ab. — a. Basal joint of posterior tarsus white ( $ ).

Albijpuncta is not common. I have seen three
specimens only ; one from Rannoch, one from Muchalls,
Aberdeenshire (Trail), and another from Dairy (Sharp),
Mr. Bridgman records it from Norwich*

MACROPHYA RIBIS. 133

n the Continent it has only been recorded from
Scandinavia and Germany.

Obs. — Thomson quotes Macrophya crasstda, Kl., as a synonym of albi-
puncta, but this is a mistake, Klug's species is larger ; the markings
are yellowish, the mark on the pleurae is larger, pronotum broadly
marked with yellowish-white, the hinder tibiae are not black at the base,
the stigma is not testaceous, the second recurrent is almost interstitial,
while it is received with albipuncta near the middle of the cellule.

Thomson describes albipuncta as having the lanceolate cellule
uncontracted, but this is really a character of no value, since in
my specimens the form of this cellule is not quite the same in any of
them.

Macrophya carinthiaca, Kl., forms a section with only a single cellule
in the posterior wing.

6. Macrophya ribis.

Tenthredo ribis, Schr., En., 332, 668 ; Fab., S. P., 30, 8 ; Pz„

F. G., Hi, fig. 12 ; Spin., Ins. Lig., i,
55, 5 ; Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 126, 95 ;
Lep., Mon., 104, 293 ; Htg., Blattw.,
291, 11.
leucopus, Gmel., S. N., 2666, 118.

Allantus ribis, Ste., 111., vii, 62, 13.

Macrophya ribis, Tasch., Hym., 15 ; Kalt., Pfl., 298 (Script

ribesii); Cam., E. M. M, xiv, 265;
Andre, Species, i, 344 ; Cat., 46,* 37.
albicincta. Thorns., Opus., 296, 17 ; Hym. Scand., i,

254, 7.

Antennae stout, a little longer than the head and thorax, not tapering
much towards the apex ; black, covered with a very short microscopic
down. Head black, densely covered with a longish grey pile, punctured,
clypeus deeply notched, almost to the base ; vertex raised ; the clypeus
at the base on each side, a spot on the labrum in front, mandibles at
the sides and palpi (faintly) white. Thorax covered with a longish
scattered grey pile. Mesonotum punctured, the lobes deep, especially

scutellum, which is raised and

semi

Abdom

the head and thorax. Legs black, a narrow spot on the side of each of
the four anterior coxae, a large pyriform one on the posterior, tro-
chanters, apical fourth of four anterior femora and tibiae entirely in

more or less in the middle

lack), and a ring

coxae, trochanters, base and apex of femora, apical third of tibiae (except

at the extreme apex), and

white.

tarsus. Wings

more or less
middle of the meta-

The £ has the clypeus and labrum for the greater part white ;

almost entirely white in front, as well as the posterior

marked with white below
Length 4£ lines.

of femora. The apical part of abdomen

p *

134 MAOROPHYA RUSTIOA.

From tlie allied species, Bibis is distinguished by the
blackish clypeus (in the ? ) and pronotum, immaculate
and strongly punctured scutellum, the abdomen with-
out white markings, and its generally dull and less
shining colour. The amount of white on legs and
mouth parts varies.

Personally I know nothing about the history of

this species, and what has been written about it is

rather conflicting. Schranck describes the larva as
green with a rugose body with two minute black dots
on the vertex, and feeding on Bibis. Dours (Cat.
Syn., p. 22) states that the larva lives on the goose-
berry, and has for parasites Pygostohos sticticus, Hal.,
and Mesoleius armillatorius, Gr .=.lut eifr ous , Gr. (ac-
cording to Goureau). Kaltenbach, on the other hand,
says that it is suspected to have a similar history to
albicincta. The larva he describes as very like the
latter, the head orange-yellow with a black mark on
vertex and anus, and without any lateral markings.

In Britain ribis is confined to the South of England.
Stephens says it occurs in Darenth Wood. It is taken
at Glanvilles' Wootton by Mr. Dale, and at Norwich by
Mr. Bridgmau.

It is met with in Sweden, Holland, Germany (in
gardens according to Hartig), Prussia, France, Italy,
Switzerland.

Lanceolate cellule shortly contracted ; transverse median nervure
received close to basal. Legs yellowish-white, posterior
femora, tibise and tarsi marked with black: abdomen

mai

at base, sides, and apex; thorax strongly
punctured; wings hyaline, darkened at apex, stigma black

(Species 7)

MAOROPHYA RUSTIOA.

cdo rustica, Lin., S. N., ed. xii, 923, 16; Fab., E. S., i

118, 52 ; S. P., 30, 6 ; Schr., En., 32^
653 ; Rossi, F. E., 719 ; Klug, Ber
Mag., viii, 119, 88 ; Lep., F. Fr., pi. I
fig. 6, pi. 7, fig. 2; Mon., 94, 267
Htg., Blattw., 294, 11.

MACROPHYA H2EMATOPUS. 135

Tenthredo notata, Pz., F. G., lxiv, fig, 10.

carbonaria, Fab., E. S., ii, 120, 63 ; S. P., 307 ; Pz.,

1. c, fig. 10.
sulphur ata, Gmel., S. N. V., 2665.
Allantus rusticus, Ste., 111., vii, 60, 9.

Macrophya rustica, Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 41, 7 ; Tasch., Hym.,

15; Thorns., Opus., 295, 3; Hym.
Scand., i, 252, 4 ; Andre, Species, i,

3, 43, pi. xix, figs. 2, 6,7; Cat.,43,*5.

Black ; labruin, clypeus, and palpi partly white ; teguhe, pronotum,
a band (narrowed in the centre) on the fourth segment, a fascia on the
fifth and sixth, a smaller one lower down on the seventh, and a ring
surrounding the last segment above, four anterior legs (except base of
coxae and tarsi), apex of posterior coxa), trochanters, basal three-fourths
of femora, and a line a little below the middle of the tibia) yellow. The
apex of anterior tibia) and the tarsi are marked with black ; anterior
spurs yellow, posterior black. Wings subhy aline, the apical third
suffused with a fuscous tint, costa and stigma fuscous. The head and
thorax have a griseous pile ; clypeus is only slightly emarginate, pleura)
and mesonotuni are punctured, antenna) subclavate.

The 3 has the pronotum and abdomen immaculate ; there is a small
white spot on the outside of the posterior tibiie, the second to fourth
joints of hind tarsi are white, and the hind coxa) have more yellow
on them.

Length 5£ — 5f lines.

Ab. — a. Scutellura marked with yellow.

The thickish body and the disposition and colour of
the markings will readily serve to distinguish rustica
from the other British species.

It is a common species in the south and south-

western districts of England, and is found also in

Clydesdale although rarely.

Common in Scandinavia, Prussia, South Germany,
Holland, Hungary, France, Spain, Switzerland, Italy,
Kussia, Greece.

Legs red, hinder femora without a white band ; abdomen with
white markings. Mouth white ; clypeus deeply incised.

Lanceolate cellule contracted in the middle (Species 8 and 9).

. Macrophya h^imatopus.

Tenthredo hcematopus, Pz., F. G., lxxxi, figs. 11 and 12; Fab.,

S. P., 36, 37; Spin., Ins. Lig. i,
58 ; Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 116,
84 ; Lep., Mon., 100, 281 ; Htg.,
Blattw. , 293, 7.

ocreata, Schaeff., Icon., figs. 4 and 5.

diversipes, Schr., F. B., ii, 23, 6.

136 MACROPHYA RUFIPES.

Tenthredo corallipes (Klug), Evers., Bull. Mosc., xx, 41, 5.

Allantus hcematopus, Ste., 111., vii, 62, 15.

Macrophya hcematopus, Andre, Species, i, 347 ; Cat., 45,* 26.

Black ; apex of clypeus, labrum, mandibles, seutellum, and a spot on
the side of the fifth, a smaller one on the sixth abdominal segments,
white. Legs ferruginous-red ; coxae, posterior tarsi, the anterior at the
tips, apex of hind tibiae, and basal three fourths of the same black. Wings
hyaline, costa and stigma fuscous.

The $ has the coxae and the four anterior legs straw-yellow, and a
narrow black stripe over posterior femora.

Length 5 lines.

Ah. — a. Seutellum black.

b. Abdomen with only one white mark.

c. Abdomen without any mark.

A much larger species than Album punctum. Easily

recognised from it by the white mouth, no white

mark over posterior coxae, nor on tibiae, black prono-
tum, &c.

Seemingly a rare form. The only precise locality in
Britain known to me is Glanvilles' Wootton, Dorset.

It is more especially a southern species, occurring
in France, South Germany, Hungary, Switzerland,
Italy, Russia, and also Siberia.

9. Macrophya rufipes.

Tenthredo rufipes, Lin., S. N., ed. x, 557, 17 ; Fallen, Acta,

1808, 53, 9.
strigosa, Fab., E. S. Sup., 217, 58 ;< S. P., 36, 34;

Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 114, 80 ; Lep.,
F. Fr., pi. 6, fig. 1; Mon., 96, 271;
Htg., Blattw., 293, 5 ; Evers., Bull.
Mosc, xx, 40, 4.
dumetorum, Fourc, E. P., 28; Geof., H. I., 28;

Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 115, 81 ; Htg.,
Blattw., 293, 6.
citreipes, Lep., F. Fr., pi. 6, fig. 2 ; Mon., 96, 272.
Macrophya strigosa, Tasch., Hym., 15 ; Thorns., Opus., 296, 8.

— rufipes, Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 255, 9; Andre,

Species, i, 357, 359 ; Cat., 44,* 13.
Allantus strigosa, Ste., 111., vii, 63, 16.

Antennae subclavate, black. Head black, covered with a fuscous pile,
shining, punctured, front depressed, ocelli raised, clypeus moderately
incised; clypeus, labrum, palpi, and mandibles white. Thorax half
shining, black, with a fuscous pile, deeply and closely punctured ;
pleurae opaque, deeply punctured ; tegulae, a line on the pronotum, and

MACROPHYA PUNCTUM ALBUM. 137

scutellum white. Abdomen black, the whole of the third and fourth
segments above and at the sides reddish, a large stripe on the sixth, and
a smaller mark on the seventh at the sides and apex white. Legs : all
the coxsg except at the apex black, the four anterior and posterior at the
base straw-yellow or pale red, hind femora and tibiae reddish, posterior
tibiae with a black line near the base, hind tarsi and calcaria black.
The anterior femora have a reddish tinge. Wings byaline, smoky at
the apex, costa and stigma sordid-testaceous.

The $ wants the white fasciae on the abdomen ; anterior femora are
reddish ; coxae nearly all straw-yellow ; there is a mark of the same colour
on the middle of the breast, a small black line on the upper surface of
the posterior femora, ; the posterior tibiae as well as the tarsi are black ;
the third to the fifth abdominal segments are red all round.

Length 5 — 5 J lines.

The amount of red on tho abdomen is subject to
variation.

Bufipes is easily distinguished from its close ally,
hcematopus , by the white pronotum and coxse, blackish

hinder tibiae, red banded abdomen. The <$ is known

from the same sex in hcematopus by its having (besides
the abdominal band) the tegulae whitish, abdomen
without any white marking, and posterior tibiae entirely
black instead of only the basal half.

Bufipes is rare in this country, and is, so far as I

know, confined to the south of England. Stephens

reports it from Darenth and Coombe Woods, Devon-
shire, Dover ; and Mr. Smith tells me that it occurs
occasionally in woods in Kent.

Continental distribution : Scandinavia, near Dantzig,
South Germany, Holland, France, Italy, Switzerland
and Ural districts in Russia.

Body short, with white marking on thorax and abdomen. Mouth
black; clypeus shortly incised. Anterior legs black, white in
front ; posterior femora red, tibial black, with a broad white
band. Eyes parallel, front convex. Lanceolate cellule con-
tracted (Species 10).

10. MACEOPHYA PUNCTUM ALBUM.

PI. VIII, fig. 11.

Tenthredo pundum albwm,, Lin., S. E., ed. xii, 924, 23 ; Schr.,

En., 333, 669; Vill., E. P.,
33.

138 . MAOROPHYA PUNOTUM ALBUM.

Tenthredo punctum, Fab., S. E., ii, 119, 58 ; S. P., 36, 33 j Pz.,

F. G., xxvi, fig. 21 ; Spin., Ins.,
Lig., i, 57 ; Klug, Berl. Mag.,
viii, 117, 85 ; Lep., F. Fi\, pi. 6,
fig. 6 ; Mon., 99, 280 ; Htg., Blattw.,
293, 8.
— erythropus, Sclir., F. B., 86.

Allantus punctum, Ste., 111., vii, 62, 14.

Macrophy a punctum, Thorns., Op., 296, 10; Kalt., Pfl.,'432, 436.

album punctum, Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 256, 11 ;

Cam., Fauna, 15; Andre, Species,
i,360; Cat., 44,* 14.

Black, shining ; pronotum, scutellum, and post-scutellum yellowish-
white ; four anterior legs for the greater part in front with the tarsi, a
band on the outer apical half of posterior tibiae, a large spot over the
hind coxai, a spot on the last abdominal segment, and a number of
oblong spots on the sides white ; hind femora reddish, hind tibiae
(except the white band) and tarsi black. Wings hyaline, costa and
stigma pale fuscons.

In the $ the scutellum, abdomen, and posterior femora are black, and
there is only a thin pale band on pronotum.

Length 3} — 4 lines.

The lateral abdominal marks are often obliterated,
and the scutellum has occasionally a black dot in
centre. The scutellum and pronotum are in rare
cases quite black.

The nearest ally of this species is M. 4-maculata9
Fab. (not a British insect), which is easily separated
from it by its white mouth, black pronotum, pale pos-
terior coxse and trochanters, and reddish hind tibia?.

M. punctum album does not appear to be very com-
mon. It has been taken in Scotland by Dr. Sharp. In
England it occurs in the London districts ; Mr. Smith
says (in lit.), " scarce, but once plentiful on a hedge of
privet;" near Dover, Grlanvilles' Wootton, Devonshire.

According to the observations of Ratzburg, Saxesen,
and Kaltenbach, the totally green larva feeds on the
leaves of Ligustrum vulgare and Fraxinus, and Mr.
Bridgman finds it on the former plant at Norwich.

Its Continental distribution extends to Scandinavia,
Prussia, Pomerania, South Germany, Hungary, Hol-
land, Switzerland, France, Italy, and Spain.

GENUS ALLANTUS. 139

Genus Allantus.

Allantus, Jurine, Hymen., 54.

Htg., Blattw., 285.

Lanceolate cellule with a short perpendicular nervure. Posterior

middle cellules. Stigma mostly
lenna a little longer or shorter than the thorax : the fir

large, more than double the length and breadth of the second, the third
joint double the length of the fourth, the succeeding joints considerably
thickened, fusiform ; ninth sharply conical, narrower than the eighth.
Legs of medium length, somewhat thick, the posterior coxae not
reaching beyond the apex of the second abdominal segment ; the tibiae
and femora are of nearly equal length, the tarsi are longer than the
former. In the S the tibiae at the apex and the basal joints of the
tarsi are swollen.

broad, thick, projecting considerably behind

are

mandibles

Antennal fovea absent. Vertex thick. Mandibles with three subapical
teeth.

Clypeus incised at the apex but not very deeply ; labrum

oimded

en slightly inflated in the middle, subcylindrical, generally
marked with yellowish or whitish bands.

In coloration the Allanti are usually black, with
yellow bands on the abdomen ; yellow marks on the
mouth, pronotum, and more rarely on the pleurae,
while the legs are yellow, with the femora and tarsi
more or less black. The scutellum is black, rarely
yellow, and the same remark holds good for the
antennas. The general rule is that when the scutellum
is yellow, so also are the antennae wholly or in part,
and vice versa. The wings are generally hyaline, more
or less infuscated at the apex, or they may be entirely
black or bluish (metallic) black, or yellowish. The
stigma is always pale. The thorax is in the majority
of species roughly punctured and opaque ; more rarely
it is smooth and shining.

Most of the species are very variable in the colora-
tion, hence the specific determinations are somewhat
difficult unless other points beyond mere colour are
attended to.

The males do not differ much, if at all, from the
females in coloration and markings. When a difference
exists between the two sexes, it may be either in the

140 GENUS ALLANTUS.

being darker coloured, as in A. arcuatus, or lighter,
as in A. cingulum. The antenna do not differ in length.
The species of Allantus are mostly found in the
warmer portions of the temperate regions. Few
species are found in northern countries. They extend
all over the Palaearctic region, being especially com-
mon in the Mediterranean subregion, and are not un-
common in the Manchurian. They abound also in
the Oriental, and to a greater extent in the Nearctic.
They are found neither in the Ethiopian, Australian,
nor Neotropical regions. Fifteen species are described
from North America, and there are altogether fifty-nine
European species.

As a whole, the points of distinction between
Allantus and Tenthredo can scarcely be regarded as
very important or well defined. The most noticeable
is the form of the antennas, which are short and
clavate, while in Tenthredo as a whole they are longish
and of nearly uniform thickness. In Allantus , too,
the antennal fovea is absent. It must, however, be
said that so far as the form of the antennas is concerned
the difference in this respect between Allantus cingulum

and T. bicincta is by no means great (see p. 92).

Still the Allanti are so similarly coloured, both as
regards the body markings and in the pale stigma,
and, as a whole, are so readily known from Tenthredo

that there can be no hesitation in considering it a

distinct genus.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Antennae entirely luteons, wings yellowish, accessory nervnre in

posterior wing joined to the transverse median. Scrophularia.

2 (15) Antennae black, yellow at the base. Accessory nervure in hind

wings not joined to transverse median.

3 (14) Head and thorax deeply and distinctly punctured.

4 (9) Pleurae entirely black.

5 (8) Fore wings with a distinct blackish blotch in the radial and

cubital cellules ; scutellum black, tegulae yellow ; head dilated
behind the eyes ; parapsides indistinct.

6 (7) Fourth abdominal segment with a yellow band, stigma tes-

taceous.

3-cinctus.

ALLANTUS SCROPHULARI^). 141

7 (6) Fourth abdominal segment without a yellow band, stigma

fuscous at the apex.

4>-cinctus.

8 (5) Fore wings without a distinct blotch in fore wings, tegulae black,

scutellum marked with yellow ; the fourth and fifth segments
black beneath; parapsides distinct, head scarcely dilated

behind the eyes.
9 (4) Pleura) marked with yellow marks.

Marginellus.

10 (11) Wings yellowish ; only the hind femora marked with black ;

hind tibia? and tarsi luteous. Flavipes.

11 (10) Wings hyaline.

12 (13) Abdomen with two complete yellow bands; hind tarsi and

apex of tibiae reddish. Tegulae black. <J abdomen beneath
black ; the apical segments yellow above. Schaefferi.

13 (12) Abdomen with three complete bands; hind tarsi and apex of

tibia? black ; tegulae partly yellow. $ belly yellow ; the

apical segments black above. Arcuatw.

14- (3) Head and thorax smooth, covered with a silky pubescence.

Parapsides deep. Tegulae black, 5th (sometimes 6th) segment
yellow all round ; stigma fuscous at apex ; hind tarsi and
tibiae reddish. Cingulum.

15 (2) Antennae entirely black. Head strongly dilated behind the

eyes. Head and thorax covered with a long silky pubescence,
smooth, with scattered punctures.

16 (17) Wings yellowish, hyaline, four front legs partly yellow, pro-

notum with a yellow border ; pleurae tuberculated. Tenulus.

17 (16) Wings deep violet-black, four front legs violet-black, pronotum

without a yellow border, pleurae smooth. Vidua.

. ALLANTUS SCROPHULAltliE.

PL I, fig. 2 and 2 a, larva.

Tenthredo scrophularice, Lin., S. N., x, 556, 12; Fall., Acta

Holm., 1808, 48, 1 ; Fab., E. S.,
ii, 112, 29 ; S. P., 28, 1 ; Geof.,
H. I., 13; Schr., En., 330,
663; Pz., F. G., 89, fig. 10;
Spin., Ins. Lig., i, 53, 1 ; Reau-
mur, Mem., v, Tab., 13, figs.
12—23; Klug, Berl. Mag.,
viii, 131, 102 ; Lep-, Mon., 87,
25, 3 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx,
35, 1 ; Htg., Blattw., 286, 1.

Allantus scrophularue, Brischke, Beschr., 7, pi. 1, fig. 4 (lar.) ;

Voll., Tidj. Ent., iii, 99—103,
pi. 7 ; Zool. (8.8.), 8653 ;
Bouche, Naturg., 138 ; Kalt.,
Pfl., 460 and 462 ; Ste., 111.,
vii, 57, 1 ; Thorns., Opus.,
297, 1 ; Hym. Scand., i, 257,
1 ; Rudow, Stett., Ent. Zeits.,

1871, 87, 1; Newman, Ent.
Mag., pi. 1, figs. 2, 3; Cam.,

E. M. M., xvi, 221.

142 ALLANTUS SCR0PHULARI2E.

TentJiredo propinqua, King, Berl. Mag., viii, 132, 105 ; Htg.,

Blattw., 287, 2.

Black, covered with a close fuscous pubescence, strongly punctured,
antennae, knees, tibiae and tarsi luteous ; clypeus, labrum, tegulse, edge
of pronotum, a spot below the fore wings, scutellum, a spot behind it,
a spot over posterior coxse, the apical edge of basal segment of abdomen,
and of the fourth to the ninth whitish-yellow. Wings yellowish, the
radial and top of cubital cellules infuscated, costa and stigma yellowish.
The anterior femora have a yellow line above.

The S has the basal abdominal segment and the third and following
segments broadly lined with pale yellow all round, and all the femora
are lined with pale luteous above and in front.

Length 6 — 7 lines.

The larva feeds on Scrophularia nodosa and Ver-
bascum nigrum, in the leaves of which it eats irregular

holes in the middle, generally avoiding the nerves,
although it eats very close to them. The head is deep

black, pale at the mouth ; it is narrower than the
second segment, and has a few scattered hairs over it.
The body is of a bluish-grey velvety colour to the
spiracles, below which it is white. The legs are yel-
lowish-white, with black claws, and at the base of
each is a small black mark. Along the back, in the
centre, is a line of eleven large (compared to the
others) roundish black marks ; between this and the
spiracles are three irregular rows of smaller black
dots, the outer ones being the largest. The margins
of the spiracles are pale brown, and below each are
two small dots. The skin is in folds.

"When young it is of a pale bluish-grey colour. At
the last moult it casts off the markings, and becomes
of a uniform pale reddish-brown colour, with a some-
what darker stripe down the back. The head is of
the same colour, with a darker mark on the vertex
the eyes being surrounded with a darker ring. If any-
thing, too, the skin becomes more folded and wrinkled*

It pupates in the earth, forming an earthern cell in
which it passes the winter, emerging as a fly in early
summer. In England it is common in the midland
and southern counties, but does not, so far as I know,
occur in Scotland. Its distribution extends all over

Europe.

ALLANTUS TRICINCTUS. 143

2. ALLANTUS TRICINCTUS.

PL I, fig. 3, larva ; PL IX, fig. 4, ? .

Tenthredo tricinctus, Fab., S. P., 30, 5 ; Geof., Ins., ii, 276, 11 ;

Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 138, 108 ;
Htg., Blattw., 288, 7; Evers.,
Bull. Mo8c, xx, 38, 8.
vespiformis (Latr.), Lep., Mon., 89, 258.
rustica, De Gecr, Mem., ii, 234, pi. 34, figs. 9 — 19

(lar.).
Allantus vespiformis, Ste., 111., vii, 58, 3.

tricinctus, Voll., Tidj. Ent., i, 171—176, pi. 9 (lar. etc.) ;

Brischke, Beschr., 15, pi. iii, figs.
5 a, b, c ; Salt, Pfl., 304 ; Cam.,

Fauna, 16 ; Andre, Species, i, 388 ;
Cat., 47,* 6.

Black, almost opaque, densely covered on head and thorax with a
short grey pile ; the head and thorax being also strongly punctured,
the pleurae tuberculated, abdomen smooth, almost shining, and with a
few shallow punctures. The first joint of the antenna), the greater part
of clypeus, a line on pronotum, a broad one on the basal abdominal
segment above, one all round on the fourth and fifth, a small one on the
middle of seventh, and the whole of the eighth and ninth as well as a
spot over the posterior coxa) are yellow. TeguUe and legs reddish-
yellow, the greater part of the femora and base of coxa) black. Wings
hyaline, with a brownish band extending from the base to the apex of
the radial and the upper half of the cubital cellules. The costa and
stigma testaceous, mandibles piceous, palpi dark fuscous.

In coloration the <J is nearly similar, except that the labrum is
yellow, the base of antenna) and the posterior tarsi with apex of tibia)
blackish or fuscous. The wings, too, are, if anything, darker.

Length 5| — 6 lines.

Ab. — a. A narrow lateral yellow line on the third and
sixth segments of abdomen.

The larva is of the same form as that of Scrophula*
rice. Its ground colour is a dull grey, sometimes
with a bluish or even a pinkish hue. On the back, on
each segment except the last, is a triangular, deep
brownish or blackish spot, the narrow base of which
points towards the head ; the broad opposite end is
curved inwardly, each point ending in a curved projec-
tion ; inside of this are two small black dots. The
first of these dorsal marks is somewhat oval and
divided in the middle by the food canal, Laterally, a
stripe of a darker grey than the ground tint runs

144 ALLANTUS QUADRICINOTUS.

through, the spiracles. The head is black, with paler
mouth, and covered with a short, scattered pile. The
legs have black claws.

After the last moult it becomes of a pale ochreous
colour, with a pale brownish head. When young it
has a bluish tint, and the dorsal markings are not
clearly defined as regards their shape.

The larvse have various food plants, being found on
the snow-berry, honeysuckle, jasmine, guelder rose,
ash, and on alder, according to Rudow. During the
day they remain quiet, rolled up in a ball, and it is not
till the evening that they commence to feed. Generally
they devour holes in the centre of the leaf, but they
will also eat along the edge. They form an oval cell
in the earth in which to pass the winter. According

to Brischke they line the smooth inner side of this cell
with silk, but this is not always done in confinement.

The perfect insect appears in June. It does not
seem to be very common. Stephens records it from
Dover, Ripley, and Darenth ; Mr. Smith tells me it I
is met with in Kent and Hampshire ; Mr. Dale takes

at Grlanvilles' Wootton, and I have captured it at
Clydesdale, where the larva feeds on the guelder rose.

It is found in Scandinavia, Germany, Holland,
France, Switzerland, Italy, Tyrol, Portugal, Russia,
Siberia.

. ALLANTUS QUADRICINOTUS.

Tenthredo quadricinctus , Uddmann, Disp., 83.

Allantus 4<-cinctus, Thorns., Opus., 297, 3 ; Hymen., Sc, i, 258,

3; Cam.,E. M. M., xvi, 221 ; Andre,
Species, i, 399; Cat., 37,* 8.

Black ; head and thorax opaque, punctured , covered with a scattered

pubescence ; abdomen smooth

of antennae,

labrum, clypeus, a broad line on the pronotum, tegulse, the fifth abdo-
minal segment all round, apical half of the first and the seventh to
ninth above yellow. Legs yellow ; coxae (except at the apex), the
greater part of the posterior femora, anterior behind and slightly in
front black ; apex of tibia3 and tarsi reddish. Wings hyaline, with a
yellowish tinge, the radial and cubital cellules infuscated ; costa and
stigma testaceous, the latter fuscous at the apex. The transverse radial

ALLANTDS MARGINELLUS. 145

nervure is received a little beyond the middle of the third cubital

cellule . ? .

Length 4£ — 4$ lines.

Almost similar in body coloration to A. zona, Klug,
but differing in the roughly punctured head and thorax,
the wider yellow line on thorax, and red posterior
tarsi and apex of tibiae. From marginellus it may be
known by the yellow labrum and tegulse, half white,
half fuscous stigma, black scutellum, and by the fourth
abdominal segment wanting the yellow ring found in
marginellus (and 3-cinctus). It also wants the yellow
spot over the posterior coxae found in 3 -ductus and

marginellus.

Seemingly rare. I have seen two individuals — one
taken by the late F. Smith, and another in Shuckard's
collection, both probably from the South of England.

Continental distribution : Sweden, France.

4. Allan tus makginelll's.

Tenthredo marginella, Fab., E. S., ii, 117, 50 ; S. P

Kluff. Berl. Mae., viii. 13;

Htg

Hose, xx, 36, 3.

I. 5. fie. 5 ; Mon

47* 7.

Species, i, 401; Cat

Allantus viennensis, Ste., 111., vii, 58, 4; Cam., E. M. M., xvi, 221.
Tenthredo viennensis, Pz., F. G., lxv, fig. 5 ; Lep., F. Fr., pi. 5,

fig. 7 ; Mon., 95, 269 ; Fall., Acta,

1808, 49, 3.

Allantus marginellus, Rudow, Stett. Ent. Zeits., xxx, 89, 2;

Thorns., Opus., 293, 2; Hym.

Scand
S. E. Z.. 1848, 288

Black, half shining, covered with a scattered pubescence; head and
thorax punctured; two basal joints of antennae, cljpeus, sides of pro-
notum, two marks on scutellum (sometimes joined), a band on the
apical half of the first abdominal segment, the greater part of the fourth
and fifth above and at the sides, a stripe on the side of the sixth, the
seventh, eighth, and ninth in the middle above, and a spot over the
posterior coxa^ yellow. Legs yellow; coxae, except at apex, the greater
part of femora, black ; tibiae and tarsi fulvescent ; the tibiae at the base
yellow. Wings hyaline, clouded from the base of stigma. Tegulae black.

VOL. I.

146 ALLANTUS MARGINELLUS,

The S lias the labrum, clypeus and mandibles at the base yellow
the mark on the pronotum is smaller ; there is only a thin yellow band
on the fourth abdominal segment ; the anterior tibiae and tarsi are
yellow in front ; the hinder pair have only the knees yellow, and the
posterior tarsi are thickened and fuscous in the middle. The last
abdominal segment and the anal appendages are yellow. In one aberra-
tion the scutellum is black and the pronotum without any yellow.

Length 5£ — 6 lines.

Ah. — a. The fourth and fifth segments each with a
broad yellow band ; the posterior tibiae dull yellow to
beyond the middle; the apex of hinder tibiae and all
the tarsi fuscous (Deal, F. Smith).

Ab. — b, As in a, but the yellow more developed; a
distinct yellow mark on lower part of prothorax, and
one beneath fore wings (in Shuckard's collection).

The typical marginellus is stated to have the first,
fourth, fifth and apical segments yellow, but this is not
a constant character; indeed, Thomson describes the
first to ninth segments as yellow in the middle ; and in

some continental specimens (Germany) which I have
the five apical segments are broadly banded with that
colour. The band on the fifth segment is often absent,
or it may be divided in the middle, the sixth may be
entirely black ; the yellow on the scutellum is not
unfrequently divided in the middle, or it may be
absent ; a small yellow spot is sometimes seen on the
hinder edge of the pleurae, while the posterior tarsi
may be black, fuscous, or coloured like the tibiae.

Judging, too, from the descriptions, the S must vary
considerably.

This insect comes nearest to S-ciiietus, but is
smaller, the punctation is not so rugged; scutellum
is smoother and yellow; labrum piceous, not black;
the incision in the clypeus is deeper ; the femora bear
more black ; while, most noticeable of all, the wings
are not blackish at the apex.

It agrees with cingulv/in in having the hinder tibiae
and tarsi more or less reddish, but its labrum is fuscous
the incision in the clypeus is very much shallower, the
puncturing on head and thorax deeper, and they are

not so shining, the scutellum bears two yellow spots

ALLANTUS FLAV1PES. 147

the tarsi are marked with black, while the abdominal
bands do not go all round, but only on the back and
sides. The wings, too, are infuscated at the apex,
and the stigma is almost unicolorous, while the radial
nervure is received near the middle of the third
cubital cellule, instead of close to the third transverse
cubital nervure, as in cingulum.

According to Dours (Cat. Syn., 20), the larva feeds
on Umbelliferce.

Marginellus appears to be somewhat rare in this
country. Mr. Smith tells me that it is found in the
London district. Stephens gives Coombe "Wood and
Norfolk as localities, Mr. Dale records it from
Glanvilles' Wootton and Whittlesea Mere, and Mr.
Bignall sends it from Plymouth.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Switzer*
land, Italy, Eussia.

Allantus flavipes.

PL 1, fig. 8, Larva (after Curtis).

Tenthredo dispar, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 141, 111 ; Htg.,

Blattw., 289, 10 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc,
xx, 47, 13.
flavipes, Fourc, E. P., 26 ; Geoff., H. J., ii, 26 ; Lep.,

Mon., 132, 402.
Allantus flavipes , Curtis, B. E., pi. 764 (<?,dets. and lar.); Cam.,

E. M. M., xvi, 221 ; Andre, Species,
1, 383 ; Cat., 48* 15.
marginellus (in pt.), Rudow, S. E. Z., xxx, 137.
dispar, Kalt., PfL, 274.
rufocingulatus , Tischbein, S. E. Z., xiii, 108 (1852).

shining, covered with a scattered down ; two basal joints of

labruni, clypeus and base of mandibles, tegulae, pronotum, a

large spot on pleurae, the outer edge of the basal abdominal segment, a

sides of all the others, outer edge
pical segments wholly, and the legs

somewhat

yellow; coxae black at base; the apical joints

black; apex of fore tibiae and the tarsi fuscous-black ;* the posterior
paler. Wings yellowish; costa, stigma and nervures luteous; the
palpi are pale yellow ; tips of mandibles blackish.

The <^ has the fourth to sixth and base of seventh abdominal seg-
ments reddish ; the following and a very thin line on the^sides of the

148 ALLANTUS FLAV1PES.

first yellow ; there is a black line over the posterior femora. Other-
wise it is of the same coloration as the $ .
Length 5 — 5? lines.

The yellowish wings and legs, as well as the fact of
all the abdominal segments being broadly marked with
the same colour, the yellow posterior tarsi and the
black anterior, as well as the large yellow spot on the
pleurae, will readily enable this species to be identified.
Compared with arcuahts the body is smoother and not
nearly so strongly pnnctnred. The red and yellow
abdomen of the S makes it very conspicuous compared
to the same sex in the other British species. In both
sexes the amount of yellow on the body varies.

Two accounts have been published of the early

history of this insect. Curtis (1. c.) relates that the
perfect insect appeared in abundance at the end of
June in Battersea Fields. Wishing to obtain living
specimens he went out there, and found two females
upon the flowers of Sinapis nigra and also six larvae,
which fed on that plant as well as on S. alba. The
larvae ate the leaves, stalks and flowers. Curtis,
unfortunately, did not manage to rear these larvae, but
he had no doubt about their being those of A. flavipes.
Mr. F. Smith, too, confirms this opinion, he having
reared them himself. According to Curtis' s figure of
the larva it was of a grey colour, with ten (? eleven)
large black marks over the legs ; above each of these,
again, is a small black dot. The head is testaceous.
At the last moult the black marks were cast off,
except those on the head (which are not shown in the
figure). The pupa state was passed in the earth.

The other account is given by Kaltenbach, who says
that F. Eppelsheim bred the insect at the beginning of
June. The larvae fed up to the end of September on
the yellow flowers of Bupleumm falcatum, but not
eating the upper tender leaves. Unfortunately no
further details are given. In any case, however,
think there can be no doubt as to the correctness of
the observations of Curtis and Smith.

ALLANTUS ABCUATUS. 149

Mr. Smith tells me that flavipes is scarce in the
London district, but has once or twice been found in
plenty.

On the Continent it appears to be somewhat rare.
It inhabits Germany, France, Hungary, Russia.

6. Allantus arcuatus.
PI. IX, fig. 4 a and b9 Trophi ; fig. 5, Saw.

Tenthredo arcuatus, Forster, Cent., i, 79 ; Lep., Mon., 94, 266

(note),
marginella, Pz., F. G., lxiv, fig. 7 ; Lep., Mon., 91,

261 ; Fall., Acta, 1808, 52, 7.
flaveola (Gmel.), Lep., Mon., 90, 260.
notha, King, Berl. Mag., viii, 140, 110; Htg.,

Blattw., 289, 9; Evers., Bull.
Mcsc., xx, 37, 5.
Allantus arcuatus, Ste., 111., vii, 59, 7 ; Andre, Species, i, 376 ;

Cat., 50,* 43.
melanotics, Rudow, S. E. Z., xxx, 139.
nothus, Rudow, S. E. Z., xxx, 137, 12 ; Thorns., Opus.,

298, 4 ; Hym. Scan., i, 260, 5 ;
Cam., Fauna, 16, 1 ; E. M. M.,
xvi, 221.

Black ; bead and thorax almost opaque, covered with a close pile and
punctured ; basal joint of antennae, labrum, clypeus, tegulae, a line on
the pronotum, one or two large marks on pleurae, scutellum, the greater
part of the first abdominal segment, a thin line on most of the others,
the sides and the greater part of the belly pale yellow. Legs yellow ; coxae
at the base, femora above, apex of the hind tibiae and tarsi black ; the
anterior tibiae have a small black line behind, and the tarsi are either
yellow entirely or have a black line behind. The ventral segments are
marked at the apex with black, but in rare cases the belly is quite
yellow. Wings hyaline ; costa and stigma testaceous.

The $ has the whole of the legs lined with black behind ; the belly
and coxae clear yellow. I have never seen a specimen with the scutellum
yellow, and the yellow line on the pronotum is smaller, if not obliterated

entirely.

Length 4f — 5* lines.

A very variable species. The basal joints of the
antennas may be entirely yellow; yellow only on the
lower surface or quite black; the scutellum is often
black. The anterior tibiae and tarsi are generally
slightly marked with black behind, but as frequently
they are entirely yellow; more rarely the posterior
tibiae are lined with black behind; the trochanters

150 ALLANTUS AROUATCTS.

are sometimes spotted with black; the edges of the
abdominal segments have generally greenish- yellow
lines, bnt not rarely they are entirely black.

The greenish-yellow marks on the pleurae readily
separate this insect from the other British species,
except from fl^avijoes, which differs from it markedly in
coloration.

Eudow (1. c.) is of opinion that arcuatus, dispar

(flavipes) and Schaefferi are varieties of the same
species, which he wonld name marginelltis , Pz. He
says that the larvae* of the three species just mentioned
are coloured alike, being of a green colour, which
varies to a clearer or deeper hue. Before pupating
they are brownish, many times bearing brown spots.
He found them on Alnus, Umbelliferce, and Achillea,
but always immediately before they were preparing to
spin up, so that he was in ignorance of their precise
habits, and he seems to be even in doubt as to the
particular food plants.

With this opinion of Eudow's regarding the specific
identity of the three species we cannot agree, and
is evident that flavipes has a very different larval
history from arcuatus,

Arcuatus is one of our commonest saw-flies. It is
found everywhere in June and July, the imago fre-
quenting the flowers of Banunculacem, Umbelliferce,
and Cornpositce. It is very carnivorous, and will often

attack insects as big if not bigger than itself. The
species is equally common everywhere on the Con-
tinent.

* "Larva opaca, viridis, pruinosa, segmentum marginibus flavo-
viridis, oculis magnis brunneis ; capite viridi, crasso. In alni," 1. c,
p. 137. Andre refers this description of larva to Schaefferi.

ALLANTUS SCHAEFFERI. 151

7. Allantus Schaefferi

Tenthredo Schaefferi, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 139, 109; Htg.,

Blattw., 288, 8; Evers., Bull.

Mosc, xx, 36, 4.
Allantus Schaefferi, Cain., E. M. M., xvi, 221 ; ? Rudow, S. E. Z.,

xxx, 137 ; Andre, Species, i, 375 ;

Cat., 48, *14.

Black ; vertex and mesonotum punctured, semiopaque ; pleura) like-
wise punctured, but not so deeply as the mesonotum ; the basal joints
of the antennae, clypeus, palpi, mandibles, scutellum, the greater part
of the pronotum, a small spot on the pleura), a large mark between the
two posterior coxa), a ring on the basal abdominal segment, a small
spot on the side of the third, a ring on the hind edge of the fourth and
fifth, a spot on side of sixth, a smaller one on seventh, the apex and
the edges of all the segments beneath yellow. Labrum and tips of
mandibles reddish -testaceous. Legs yellow ; coxa) at base, trochanters
in part, and a line on femora black ; apex of posterior tibia) and the
tarsi reddish ; the joints at the apex fuscous. Wings hyaline ; costa
and stigma testaceous ; tegula) black.

The <? has the band on the fourth abdominal segment broader than
in the ? , that on the fifth is interrupted in the middle ; the yellow on
the apical segment is greater, and the anal appendages are of the same
colour; the belly is entirely black. The coxa) and trochanters are
almost entirely yellow; the four anterior femora have only a narrow
black line above, the posterior are only yellow on the under side ; the
four front tibiae and tarsi are lined with black above, except at the base
of the former, while the apical half of posterior tibia) and the tarsi are
entirely black, the tarsi being thickened and much longer than in the
$ . The wings are decidedly infuscated at the apex, and are somewhat
shorter than in the female.

Length 4* — 5 lines.

Very similar to arcuatus, but larger; the puncturing
on the mesonotum coarser and more opaque; the
yellow mark on the pleura is smaller, and the tegula3

are black.

It is not a common species, and is confined to the
South of England, where is has been taken near
Hastings by Mr. Butler, and by Mr. Bridgman at
Norwich .

Continental distribution : Germany, France, Switzer-
land, Italy, Hungary, Russia.

152 ALLANTUS CINGULUM.

8. ALLANTUS CINGULUM.

Allantus cingulum, King, Berl. Mag., viii, 135, 105; Htg.,

Blattw., 287, 4; Evers., Bull.
Mosc, xx, 37, 6 ; Rudow, S. E. Z.,
xxx, 141, 15; Cam., E. M. M.,

xvi, 221.

Black, smooth, shining, not punctn
men covered with a white silky down ;

clypeus, sides of pronotum,

the head, thorax and abdo-
basal ioints of the antennae.

abdomi

(sometimes at the apex, moi

the fifth all round, a ring on

mor

pale yellow.

apex of hinder tibia} and tarsi reddish; anterior tarsi yellowish; the
apical joints and the base of tibial black or fuscous; femora black,
except at base and apex. Tegulse black, white in front. Wings hyaline,
scarcely infuscated at the apex ; costa and stigma testaceous, the latter

fuscous at the apex.

The $ has only a narrow yellow stripe on the first abdominal seg-
ment ; the fifth, and sometimes the sixth, the belly (save at the apex)
and legs are yellow ; apex of the hinder femora, tibiae and the hinder
tarsi black. The stigma, too, is darker.

Length 5£ — 5f lines.

Ab. — a. The sixth abdominal segment yellow be-
neath and above. This is the commonest form in this
country; according to the descriptions the sixth
segment is only yellow on the upper side.

Ah. — b. Scutellum yellow, entirely or in part.

This species differs from all the other British Allanti
in having the head and mesonotum smooth, shining,
and unpunctured. In that peculiarity it agrees with
A. zona, Kl., and A. zonula, Klug, but is known from
both by having the sixth abdominal segment marked
with yellow, and the apex of hinder tibiae and tarsi
luteous, both the other species having these parts
annulated with black. Zonula is further distinguished
from it by having the head scarcely dilated behind the
eyes, four anterior legs entirely yellow, the hind
femora only black at apex, and the seventh abdominal
segment without any yellow band.

So far as I know it is not very common, and seems
to be confined to the south. Mr. Smith took it in

ALL ANT US TENULUS. 153

Bircli Wood, and I have received it from Hastings,
where it was taken by the Rev. A. N. Bloomfield.

It appears to be rare on the Continent, and has been
recorded from Germany, Switzerland, France and
Russia.

9. ALLANTUS TENULUS.

Tenthredo tenula, Scop., I. C, 725 ; Vill., I. P., 68.

Bossii, Pz., F. G., xci, fig. 15 ; Lep., Mon., 92, 264.
zonata, Fall., Acta, 1808, 51, 5.

2-fasciata, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 141, 112; Htg.,

Blattw., 289, 11 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc,
xx, 39, 10.
Allantus tenulus, Ste., 111., vii, 60, 8 ; Cam., E. M. M., xvi, 221 ;

Andre, Species, i, 372 ; Oat., 47* 2.
'2-fasciatus, Rudow, S. E. Z., xxx, 94, 8 ; Thorns., Opus.,

298, 8; Hym., Scand., i, 261, 8.

Black, almost shining, densely covered with a short grey pile ; head
and thorax finely punctured, pleurae roughly so ; a line on the pronotum,
a band on the upper surface and sides of the third and fourth abdo-
minal segments, and tibiae and tarsi yellow ; apices of all the tibiae and
of the apical tarsal joints fuscous ; a yellow band is over the apical half
of the anterior femora. Wings with a yellowish tinge, clouded at apex
from the stigma ; costa and stigma yellowish-testaceous.

The <? is similar, except that the tarsi are entirely black.

Length 5^ — 5$ lines.

Tenulus is readily known from all the other British
species of the genns by the totally black antennae and
month, less clavate antennae, legs black at the base,
&c. The head behind the eyes, too, projects more,
and the pubescence on the head and thorax is darker.
Allantus Koehlerl, KL, is a close continental ally, but it
has four of the abdominal segments yellow, and there
are two small yellow spots on the post-scutellum. In
tenulus the size of the yellow abdominal bands varies.

The larva is stated by Rudow to have the body
" toto pruinoso, pilifero," brownish-green on the upper
part, clear green on the lower. On the back are two
brownish dorsal stripes ; each segment bears two
diverging brownish strips on the sides, as well as eight
points in two rows. The head and anus are brown, the
former covered with short bristles ; eyes black. He

154 ALLANTUS VIDUUS.

says, also, that the colour varies from brown to clear
green, and the markings are subject to irregularity.
The larva feeds on Umbelliferce and alder.

Tenulus seems to be rare. Stephens says that
was taken near London in July, and Mr. Dale informs j
me that it has occurred in the Bristol district.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, Swit-
zerland, France, Italy, Tyrol, Russia and Greece.

10. Allantus viduus.
PI. IX, fig. 3, ? .

Tenthredo vidua, Rossi, F. E., 715, tab. 3, fig. 6 ; Lep., F. Fr.,

pi. 5, fig. 4; Mon., 93, 265.
sareptana, Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 39, 11.

Allantus viduus, Cam., E. M. M., xvi, 221 ; Andre, Species, i,

371; Cat., 47*1.

Deep violet-black, shining, with a few shallow punctures ; head and
thorax pilose ; the greater part of the third abdominal segment, above
and at the sides, and the posterior tibiae, except the extreme apex, white.
Wings dark violet — black, iridescent.

The $ has the posterior tibiae black.

Length 6 — 7 lines.

I have noticed the following aberrations :
Ab. — a. Anterior femora at the apex and tibia3 in
front white ; fourth segment with a white line at the
side, that on the third being narrower in the middle.

and ? . These are two specimens from Sicily,
taken by Prof. Zeller, and stuck on the same pin.

The ? has the basal joint of the posterior tarsus
white, and the tibia in the $ is white as in the ? .

Ab. — b. As in description, but anterior tibise white

in front. ? .

Ab. — c. Apex of anterior femora and tibise white in

front ; abdomen without the white ring. $ . A speci-

men which I received from Dr. F. Endow, of Perle-
berg, with the locality Greece.

In the form of the head, antennas and body gene-
rally viduus agrees with tenulus. The deep violet-
black colour distinguishes it from all the other forms.

As a British species it is known by a single speci-

GENUS SCJIOPTERYX. 155

men taken by the late Edward Newman at Darenth
"Wood, and one in Mr. 0. W. Dale's possession from
Dover.

It is purely a southern insect. The Rev. T. A.
Marshall, F.L.S., informs me that it is common in the

Pyrenees, where it flies in the sunshine. It also
inhabits France, Switzerland, Tyrol, Hungary, Italy,
Dalmatia, Greece and Russia.

Genus Soiopteryx.

Sciapteryx, Ste., 111., vii, 56 (1835).
Eniscia, Thorns., Opus., Ent., 299.
Allantus, Auct.

Wings : lanceolate cellule broad, with a short perpendicular nervure.

Antennce pilose, short, thick, scarcely longer than the thorax; the
first joint very large, with a short pedicle at the base, truncated at the
apex ; double the length and thickness of the second, third more than
double the length of the fourth ; the fifth to eighth somewhat swollen,
varying in length ; ninth conical, thinner than the others.

Clypeus with a semicircular emargination at the apex, the outer edges

sharp.

Labmm emarginated at the apex.

Head broad, thick ; front thick ; antenna) placed wide apart ; vertex
thick, its sutures scarcely visible ; frontal sutures entirely so. Eyes
small, scarcely converging, considerably removed from the base of
mandibles.

Abdomen depressed, short, thick. Blotch large.

Legs longish ; tibiae longer than the femora.

The position of the eyes separates this genus
readily from Allantus. It differs also in the body
shape and in coloration, being much shorter and
thicker, with the abdomen more depressed than in the
last-mentioned genus. Characteristic, too, is the
emarginated labrum, while the antennse are not so
thickened at the apex, being also pilose. So far as is
known the species are black, with the apical segments
of abdomen lined with white.

am not aware that Sciopteryx is found elsewhere
than in Europe and North America.

156 SCIOPTERYX COSTALIS

SdOPTERYX COSTALIS.

PL IX, fig. 6, ? .

Tenthredo costalis, Fab., E. S., ii, 109, 22.

Hylotoma costalis, Fab., S. P., 24, 15.

Tenthredo costalis, Vill., Lin. Ent., 79 ; Lep., F. Fi\, pi. 7, fig.

5; Mon., 108, 314; Klug, Berl. Mag.,
viii, 78, 65 ; Htg., Blattw., 290, 13.
fulvivenia, Schr., En., 338, 682.

Allantus costalis, Rudow, S. E. Z., xxx, 93, 7.

Sciapteryx costalis, Ste., 111., vii, 56, 1 ; Cam., Fauna, 16, 1 ;

Andre, Species, i, 408 ; Cat. 51,* 1.

Short, thick, black ; head and thorax strongly and coarsely punctured,
covered with a grey pubescence ; greyish-white are the inner orbits of
the eyes, clypeus (except the extreme apex, which is reddish-brown),
labrum, mandibles, a line along the pronotum, coxa3 in part, the greater
part of the femora and tibial in front, a thin line on the third, fourth,
and fifth abdominal segments above, the greater part of the succeeding
above, as well as the sides and belly. Tegulai, base of cost
and a spot in front of the latter ochreous-yellow ; the rest of
and stierma. with the nervures. black. "

have

Wings fuscous. The antennae

The female has only the inner orbits of the eyes in the middle, the
labrum, tibiae in front, and the apical segments of the abdomen, above
and at the sides, white; the coxae and femora are entirely black;
trochanters pale.

Length 4£ — 4f lines.

This is the only British species known of this genus,
which contains two other European forms likely to
occur here, viz. 8. consobrinus, Kl., which differs from
it in having the mouth, orbits of the eyes, costa and
stigma quite black ; the white line on the pronotum
being also smaller ; the tegulge only brownish in front,
black behind, and the wings hyaline ; and S. artica,
Thorns., which has the clypeus deeply incised in the
middle; antennae bare; head and thorax alutaceous,
and the tibiae and tarsi luteous.

Costalis does not appear to be a very common species
in Britain, although it is widely distributed. Stephens
records it from Coombe Wood, and near Bristol and
Hertford . Mr. Parfitt takes it in Devonshire, and Mr.
Dale at Leel worth, while Dr. Sharp has captured it in
Braemar and Thornhill. It is found early in the
season, early in April in England, May in Scotland.

SUB-TRIBE DOLERIDES. 157

On the Continent it has been recorded from Ger-
many, France and Switzerland.

Sub-tribe DOLERIDES

Genus Dolerus.

Dolerus, Jurine, Hymen., 56.

Wings with two radial and three cubital cellules ; the first cubital
small, the second long and receiving the two recurrent nervures.
Lanceolate cellule with an oblique cross nervure. Basal nervure
straight, received at a distance from cubital. Costa dilated before
stigma. Transverse median nervure received in middle of discoidal
cellule. Stigma black, often pale at the base. Two middle cellules in

hind ..— &

ted

not longer, if not shorter than the abdomen, the third joint a little

longer than fourth.

Legs of moderate length, patellae distinct ; claws armed with a minute
tooth; calcarea short and rather blunt; posterior tarsi shorter than

tibia>.

Head with the vertex thick ; suture not very distinct. Eyes small,

not reaching to base of mandibles. Clypeus large, incised

Mandibles

deeply. Labrum of m
three subapical teeth. See PI. XII, fig. 14.
Thorax with the sutures and parapsides distinct. Cenchri large,

oval.
Abdomen sharply contracted from sixth segment ; the blotch small,

but distinct enough. The dorsum is often keeled; cerci large. Saw
short.

The species of this genus have generally the head
and thorax more or less punctured, and covered with
longish hair. Most of the species are black, or black
with the legs more or less reddish, or more rarely
white; or the abdomen may be banded with red, in
which case the legs may be either entirely black, or
black and red. With the red-banded species the sexes
often differ very much in coloration, while they have
the antennae longer. Their bodies are generally
thickish, but are more cylindrical with the red-banded

species.

The Dolerides are chiefly vernal species, in fact, they
are amongst the earliest to appear of the Tentkre-
dinidce, and are often found on willow catkins. Not
much is known about their larvae, but so far as they

158 GENUS DOLERUS.

have been identified they do not differ in any essential
points from those of the Tenthredinides. All the
species that have been discovered feed either on

(Festuca, &c.) or on Juncus. In colonr they
are greenish, or dark coloured on back and upper part
of the sides, the lower part being white. So far as is
known they do not spin cocoons, but form cells in the
earth to pass the period of transition.

They are of wide distribution in the Palaearctic
region, they are also found in Northern China, and are

not uncommon in the Nearctic region. Nearly sixty
European species have been described, as well as
seventeen North American.

Leach formed the yellow-banded species into a
distinct genus — Dosytheus, which he separated from
Dolerus by the species (according to him) having the
third antennal joint longer than the fourth, these joints
being said to be equal with the other genus. That
peculiarity, however, is worthless, as is also the colour,
which was used by Stephens as a means of generic
distinction. The sub-tribe thus contains only one
genus.* It is most nearly related to the Tenthre-
dinides, but differs in the alar neuration and body
form, which is very uniform. Most of the species
have the head and thorax punctured and covered with
longish hair, this latter being the case with the apical
abdominal segments and the belly. The last (ninth)
abdominal segment is more developed on the dorsal
side than in the Tenthredinides*

The yellow-banded species are not difficult to
identify, but great difficulty is experienced in deter*

mining the black-bodied ones, and I am not at all

satisfied that I have succeeded in describing our
species in a clear manner. It is very difficult to find
good specific characters that do not vary ; and another
difficult task is to assign the males to their proper
partners. The best characters appear to be afforded

ds Pelmatopus (placed by Hartig as a sub-genus of Dolerus)

GENUS DOLERUS. 159

by the form of the head, by the amount of puncturing
on it and on the thorax, by the form of the thoracic
sutures, of the neuration, and of the ovipositor. As
regards punctation it cannot always be depended upon,
for it seems to vary in intensity in the same species.
By the form of the head — in wanting sutures on the
vertex — fissus, oblongus and megaptera are readily
separated from the other species. Another well-
marked group is formed by cor acinus and anthr acinus
distinguished alike by the smooth, shining, almost
impunctate body, and by the suture bounding the
middle lobe of the mesonotum being semi-circular at
the apex, while with the other species it is triangular,
and their mesonotum is punctured almost throughout.
There can be no doubt that the form of the ovipositor
can be safely relied upon in separating the species, but
it is not always easy of application. The black species
should always have their saws extended in such a way
when the insects are fresh that they can be examined
by the microscope — a procedure which will save
much trouble in naming the species afterwards. The
position of the nervures may, within certain limits, be
depended upon, but no great reliance can be placed on
the colour of the spurs, though this was a character
relied upon by Hartig for discriminating species. It
only remains to add that the form of the body is apt
to change, owing to the abdominal segments shrinking
in. This causes sometimes the abdomen to bulge out
at the sides and become depressed on the back. With
age, too, the nervures become paler.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (4) Eyes oblong, inner orbits margined ; tegulao and labrum white ;

abdominal segments in both sexes, or in <? only, marked
with white membranous spots. Parapsides not dilated
behind.

2 (3) Legs black ; the anterior knees and base of tibia) dirty white.

Palmatus.

3 (2) Legs for the greater part red. VestigialiSi

160 GENUS DOLEfiUS.

4 (1) Eyes oval, the inner orbits not margined. Abdomen without

membranous spots. Parapsides dilated behind.

5 (14) Abdomen red from the second segment; in <J red in centre;

legs black. Thorax for the greater part red with the ? ,
black with the $ .

6 (13) Thorax marked with red.

7 (8) Scutellum red ; three black marks on mesonotum. Triplicates'.

8 (7) Scutellum black.

9 (10) Base of abdomen and a large space beneath fore wings red.

Later itius.

10 (9) Base of abdomen and mesopleura black.

11 (12) Side lobes of mesonotum and tibiae reddish. Eglanterice.

12 (11) Side lobes of mesonotum and tibiae black. Anticus.

13 (6) Thorax entirely black.

Chappelli.

14 (17) Abdomen black at base and apex. Thorax entirely black.

Legs marked with red.

15 (16) Abdomen red, black at base and apex. Smooth, shining, not

carinated nor granulated ; all the tarsi black ; the tibiae in
part red. Palustris.

16 (15) Abdomen with the third, fourth, and part of second and fifth

segments red, scarcely shining, very finely granulated,
keeled in the middle; the base of four anterior femora and
anterior tibiae and tarsi entirely red. Dubius.

17 (30) Abdomen entirely black.

18 (27) Thorax entirely black; femora and tibiae more or less red.

19 (24) Posterior legs marked with red ; tegulae black.

20 (23) Cerci black ; femora for the greater part black.

21 (22) Mesonotum smooth, shining, impunctate. Gonagra.

22 (21) Mesonotum punctured, scarcely shining ; parapsides not dilated

behind.

Puncticollis.

23 (20) Cerci red ; femora for the greater part red. Liogaster.

24 (19) Hind legs entirely black.

25 (19) Tegulae red ; wings hyaline. Scoticus.

26 (25) Tegulae black ; wings fuscous at apex. Gessncri.

Sanguinicollis.
Hcematodis .

27 "(18) Thorax more or less sanguineous ; legs black.

28 (29) Mesonotum red.

29 (28) Mesonotum black.

30 (17) Head, thorax, legs and abdomen entirely black or bluish-black.

31 (34) Middle lobe of mesonotum oval or U-shaped at base.

32 (33) Transverse radial nervure interstitial. Coracinus.

33 (32) Transverse radial nervure not interstitial. Anthr acinus .

34 (31) Middle lobe of mesonotum V-shaped at base.

35 (36) Mesonotum opaque, roughly punctured all over ; cenchri large,

clear ivory-white. Fissus.

36 (35) Mesonotum shining, not punctured all over, cenchri of medium

size.

37 (42) Vertex without distinct sutures.

38 (39) Wings infuscated ; antennae distinctly thickened from third

joint, not attenuated at the apex. Tinctipennis.

39 (38) Win gs hyaline; antennae attenuated at the apex.

40 (41) Vertex and mesonotum almost glabrous, the puncturation on

lateral lobes indistinct.

Oblongus.

41 (40) Vertex and mesonotum densely pilose, the puncturation on

lateral lobes distinct.
42 (37) Vertex with distinct sutures.

Megaptera.

DOLERUS PALMATUS. 161

43 (46) Recurrent and transverse nervures, lower part of stigma and

hind spurs white.

44 (45) Transverse radial and recurrent nervures in hind wings inter-

stitial.

Varispinus.

45 (44) Transverse radial and recurrent nervures in hind wings not

interstitial.

46 (47) Lateral lobes of mesonotum almost impunctate ; mesonotum

subglabrous ; hind spurs black. Possilensis.

47 (46) Lateral lobes of mesonotum punctured; mesonotum densely

pilose ; hind spurs pale. Intermedins.

48 (43) Recurrent and transverse nervures black ; hind spurs mostly

black.

49 (50) Wings smoky at apex; cenchri fuscous. Niger.

50 (49) Wings hyaline ; cenchri white.

51 (52) Cerci red ; antennae long, filiform ; stigma pale on lower side.

Elongatus.

52 (51) Cerci black ; antennae short; vertex with a distinct bluish tinge.

JEneus.

. DOLERUS PALMATUS.

Dolerus palmatus9Klugf Berl. Mag., viii, 236; Ste., Ill, vii,

87, 6; Htg., Blattw., 235, 16;
Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 279, 1 ;
Cam., Fauna, 49 ; Andre, Species,
i, 271 ; Cat. 34* 26.

Black ; head and pleurae covered with a long grey pile ; mesonotum
very shortly pilose and pretty deeply and coarsely punctured through-
out. Vertex opaque, finely punctured ; upper part of pleurae punctured,
but not so deeply as the mesonotum. Clypeus deeply incised. Cenchri
large, clear white. Legs black, covered with a short, whitish pile ;
anterior tibiae and tarsi fuscous ; knees and anterior tibiae in front dull
white ; calcaria yellowish-white ; the tarsal joints pale at the extreme
apex. Wings hyaline ; costa and stigma fuscous ; tegulae pale fuscous.

Antennae short.

The <J has the abdominal segments marked with thin white lines at
the junction of the segments ; above there is a long thin white line on
the first, second, and third and at the apex, and a large membranous one
on the centre of the fourth and fifth, sometimes also on the sixth.

Length nearly 4 lines.

This scarce species is readily known from all the
others by the white colour on the legs.

I have seen a S taken by Dr. Sharp at Dairy, and

Stephens records it from Hertford and Darenth Wood.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France.

vol. I.

162 DOLEEUS VESTIGIALIS.

2. DOLEEUS VESTIGIALIS.

Dolerus vestigialis, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 305, 242 ; Htg.,

Blattw., 236, 22 ; Evens., BuJl.
Mosc, xx, 24, 10 ; Ste., 111., vii,
88, 9 ; Thorns., Hym. Scand., i,
280, 2; Cam., Fauna, 17, 6;
Andre, Species, i, 272 ; Cat. 34,*
28.
rujipes, Lep., F. Fr., pi. 9, fig. 5 ; Mon., 124, 367. ?

Black; abdomen shining; thorax semi-opaque; the whole of the
femora, four anterior tibiae, and hinder tibiae at the base, red ; vertex
and upper part of pleurae strongly and roughly punctured ; mesonotum
punctured, but scarcely so deeply and roughly as the pleurae ; breast
finely punctured. Antennae short, thick, attenuate at the apex; third
joint longer than fourth. Abdomen shining, smooth, the apical segments
whitish at the junction ; on the back of the second and third at the junc-
tion, are two small white marks. Tegulae black, grey, or white; labrum
rarely white ; palpi pale red. Wings whitish hyaline, costa and stigma
black. $ and $.

Length 3^ — 4 lines.

I have taken this insect (which does not seem to be
very common) at Dunham Park, Cheshire, and Mr.
Bridgman takes it at Norwich.

. Dolerus tkiplicatus

Dolerus triplicatus, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 295, 221 ; Htg.,

Blattw., 232, 4 ; Eversmann,
Bull. Mosc, xx, 23, 3 ; Thorns.,
Hyrn^ Scand., i, 286, 16;
Andre, Species, i, 263; Oat.,
32,* 3.
? — trimaculatus, Lep., Mon., 121, 358.

Dosytheus triplicatus , Ste., 111., vii, 84, 8.

Dolerus lugubris, Gim., Bull. Mosc, 1844, 125.

Yellowish-red ; antennae, head, breast and lower edge of the pleurae,
three large marks on the mesonotum, and metanotum between the
cenchri black. Head and thorax densely covered with a greyish pile ;
head deeply and coarsely punctured, the punctures on the mesonotum
are scattered and fine, on the breast deep and rather coarse ; antennae
shorter than the abdomen. Wings with a faint fuscous tinge ; tegulae
red in front, black behind. ? and <^.

Thomson describes the <$ as having the basal segment of the abdomen
black, but this is not the case with the specimen I have seen, which
does not differ materially in coloration from the ? .

Length 4| lines.

DOLERUS LATERITIUS. 163

Easily recognised from the other British species by
the three black marks on the mesonotnm.

The only British example of this insect that I have
seen was one taken by the Rev. T. A. Marshall in
England, but I do not know the exact locality ; those
in Stephens's collection were taken in the neighbour-
hood of London.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Switzerland, Russia.

. DOLEEUS LATERITIUS.
$ Dolerus lateritius, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 295, 220; Htg.,

Blattw., 232, 3; Evers., Bull.
Mo8C, xx, 23, 2 ; Thorns., Hym.
Scand., i, 287, 17 ; Andre, Species,
i, 262 ; Cat., 32,* 1 ; Cam., Fauna,

17 2.
madidus, Klug, Berl! Mag., viii, 298, 223; Htg.,

Blattw., 233, 8; Evers., Bull.
Mosc., xx, 23, 4.
Dosytlieus lateritius, Ste., 111., vii, 82, 3.

madidus, 1. c , 84, 8.

Black ; head and thorax covered with a dense greyish pile, breast
and mesonotum in the middle finely punctured and shining ; pleurae
with large but not very deep roundish punctures ; prothorax, tegulaB,
the apical half of the mesopleurae and mesonotum (save the scutellum
which is black) reddish ; abdomen dilated, smooth and shining, red-
dish-yellow ; sheath of saw black. Antennae shorter than the abdomen.
Wings almost hyaline.

The $ has the thorax quite black, antennae longer than the abdomen,
which has the second to the sixth segment banded with reddish -yellow.

Length 5— 5£ lines.

This insect is rather like 3-plicatus in form and
general coloration, but it may be easily distinguished
by observing that the mesonotum bears no black, while
the scutellum and the metanotum are black, the
opposite being the case with 3-plicatus, which has
besides the pleurae, red along their whole extent,
instead of only the anterior part.

A commonly distributed species. It has been
taken in Aberdeenshire (Trail), Clydesdale, Glanvilles'
Wootton, and in the London district.

164 DOLEKUS FULVIVENTEIS.

On the Continent it is found in Sweden, Germany,
Holland, France, Switzerland, Russia.

DOLERUS FULVIVENTEIS

PI. IX, fig. 7 ? , 9 <? .

Tenthredofulviventris, Scop., I. 0., 736; Schr., En., 337, 679;

Yill., E. P., 64.
pratensis, Fall., Acta, 1808, 64.
pedestris, Pz., F. G., lxxxii, fig. 11.
eglanterice, Fab., E. S., ii, 109, 19; Spin., Ins, Lig.,

ii, 155, 38.
germanica, Pz., F. G., lii, fig. 4 ; Fab., E. S., ii,

116, 43 ; Spin., Ins. Lig., i,

56 ; Yill., E. P., ii, 76 ; Schaef.,

Ic., t 62, fig. 89.

Hylotoma eglanterice, Fab., S. P., 25, 18.

Dolerus eglanterice, Lep., Mon., 120,356; Klug, Berl. Mag.,

viii, 291, 218; Htg., Blattw.,
232, 1 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx,
22, 1.
germanicus, Lep., Mon., 121, 359.
bajulus, Lep., Mon., 121, 357.

pratensis, Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 284, 10 ; Cam.,

Fauna, 17, 1; Andre, Species,
1, 263 ; Cat., 33,* 14.

Dosytheus eglanterice, Ste., 111., vii, 82, 1.

hyalinis, Ste., I.e., 83, 4.
fulviventris, Ste., I.e., 83, 5.
bajulas, Ste., 111., I.e., 83, 6.
xanthopus, Ste., I.e., 83, 7.

Head covered with a greyish pile, punctured, opaque, frontal sutures
invisible ; pleurae opaque, covered with a close, depressed pile, and with
deep irregular punctures ; middle lobe of the mesonotum scarcely punc-
tured, smooth, shining ; lateral lobes and scutellum with a fine puncta-
tion. Antennae shorter than abdomen, somewhat attenuated at the
apex. Head and antennae black. Thorax with the sides, breast,
scutellum and metanotum, black, the rest of the thorax and tegulae
red. Abdomen reddish, basal joint black. Legs black ; apex of
femora and tibiae more or less reddish. Wings subhyaline, with a
blackish tinge ; nervures and costa black.

Length 3 — 3f lines.

The above is a description of tlie commonest form,
but numerous varieties occur. The scutellum may be
red, a common aberration has a black mark on the
middle lobe of the mesonotum, the latter and the pro-
notum are not unfrequently marked with black. In

DOLERUS ANTICUS. 165

rare cases the apical abdominal segments are spotted
with black, while the legs may be totally black, or
have the femora and tibiae almost wholly red.

The S has the thorax wholly black, as well as the
three or four apical abdominal segments. It has
usually the posterior tibiae red, except at the extreme
apex.

An exceedingly common species, found everywhere
among horsetails in June and July. The larvae pro-
bably feed on these plants. It is a species spread
widely over Europe.

Obs. — Thomson adopts the name of pratensis , Lin., for this species, but
I have not followed him in this, not being satisfied as to the identity of
the two, especially as in the Linnean collection pratensis is represented
by Dolerus tristis, Kl.

Tenthredo abietinus, Lin., is represented in the collection by Dolerus
timidus, Kl.

6. Dolerus anticus.

Dolerus anticus, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 292,219; Htg., Blattw.,

232, 2 ; Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 287,
18 ; Andre, Species, i, 265 ; Cat., 32,*
4.
ferrugatus, Lep., F. Fr , pi. 9, fig. 1 ; Mon., 122, 361.

Dosytheus anticus, Ste., 111., vii, 82, 2.

Black ; densely covered on the head and thorax with a long, grey
pile ; vertex and mesonotum finely punctured, mesopleurae covered with
deep, roundish punctures, middle lobe of the mesonotum scarcely punc-
tured ; antennae a little longer than the abdomen, the middle joints
somewhat thickened ; prothorax, middle lobe of mesonotum, tegulae and
abdomen red ; the basal segment of abdomen and the sheath of saw
black. Wings hyaline ; nervures, costa aud stigma black.

The (£ has the antennae scarcely double the length of the head, and
the abdomen narrowly banded witli red in the middle {teste Thomson).

Length 4£ — 5 lines.

Anticus closely resembles lateritius, but is smaller,
and is more deeply punctured ; the middle lobe only of
the mesonotum is red, and scarcely any of the pleurae,
the first abdominal segment too being black, while in
lateritius it is reddish, nor is the abdomen so much
inflated as in the last mentioned species.

The only British localities I know for anticus are

166 DOLERUS PALUSTRIS.

those mentioned by Stephens — Ripley and near Here-
ford— and Worcester, where it has been taken by Mr.
Fletcher.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Switzerland.

DOLERUS ChAPPELLI.

PI. IX, fig. 8 ? .

Dolerus Chajppelli, Cameron, E. M. M., xiv, 155 ; Andre, Species,

i, 204; Cat., 33*15.

$ dull black, with a faint bluish tinge, densely covered with a pale
pubescence, deeply and coarsely punctured. Abdomen from the second
segment reddish-yellow; the sheath of the saw black. Wings sub-
hyaline ; costa. stigma and nervures black.

Length 4% lines.

The nearest ally of this insect is D. anticus, but
has the clypens more deeply incised, pubescence thicker
and closer, abdomen more sharply pointed, pleurae less
shining, and the whole of the first abdominal segment
with the tegulas, pronotum and mesonotum black.

A single specimen has been taken by Mr. Joseph
Chappell in Staffordshire.

8. Dolerus palustris.

Dolerus palustris, King, Berl. Mag., viii, 296, 222 ; Htg., Blattw.,

233, 6; Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 283, 9;
Cam., Fauna, 17, 3; Andre, Species, i, 267;
Cat., 33,* 11 ; Fitch, Proc. Ent. Soc, 1881,

xxii.
? — uliginosus, Kl., Berl. Mag., viii, 297, 223; Htg., Blattw.,

233, 7 (ab.).
Dosytheus junci, Ste., 111., vii, 84, 11.

Black ; the second and sixth at the base and apex respectively, and
the intermediate segments of the abdomen, with the knees and tibiae
(except at the apex), red ; mesonotum and breast finely punctured ;
tegulse black. Wings subhyaline, having a fuscous tinge; the basal
segments of abdomen smooth, shining. $ and $ .

Length 3£ — 4 lines.

Ab. — a. Posterior tibige black ; anterior brownish in
front, or entirely black, and the abdominal band of a

DOLERUS DUBIUS. 167

darker red, sometimes marked with black, and the
mesonotum duller (ulig inosus) .

Ab. — b. Hinder tibiae fuscous; antennae brownish

beneath.

The nearest ally of palustris is equiseti, Kl., which

differs from it in having the tegulae and the femora,

tibiae and tarsi red. From pratensis it differs, of
course, in coloration, and the puncturing, too, is
weaker. The neuration is subject to considerable
malformation in both sexes.

A very common species, found in most localities in

June.

The larva is cylindrical, the skin in folds. Head
black ; the face and the sides, a little from above the
eyes, white ; a semicircular black mark in the middle
of the face. Upper part of the body dark drab-black,
lighter on the centre of the back ; the sides from a
little above the spiracles white or greenish-white ; anal
segment white. The eyes are in the black portion of
the head, but the sides behind them are white. Legs
white ; a black mark over the thoracic. The spiracles
are blackish.

It feeds in August on Equisetum palustre and
Ivmosum, eating from the top downwards, and fre-
quently from the inside of the stem. No cocoon was
spun in my breeding cage.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France and Switzerland.

9. DOLERUS DUBIUS.

Dolerus dubius, King, Berl. Mag., viii, 299, 228 ; Htg., Blattw.,

234, 11 ; Eirers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 23, 5 ;
Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 282, 7 ; Andre,
Species, i, 266 ; Oat., 33* 9.

Dosytheus dubius, Ste., 111., vii, 85, 13.

Black; second and fifth segments of abdomen, at the base and apex
respectively, the third and fourth wholly, and the knees, apex of four
anterior femora, and tibiae and tarsi red ; apex of tarsi fuscous. An-
tennas shorter than the abdomen. Mesonotum finely and closely
punctured ; pleurae with deep, roundish punctures ; first abdominal

168 DOLERUS GESSNERI.

segment punctured; dorsum of abdomen bluntly carinated. Wings
hyaline; nervures black; stigma brownish on the lower side; tegular
black.

much narrower, sometimes

Length 5ir lines.

D. timidus, Kl., differs from the present species in
being larger, and in having all the tibiae and tarsi red,
as well as the apical half of the femora ; D. tristis,
again, is smaller, has the posterior legs black, the
anterior knees and tibiae reddish, tegulae reddish,

head narrower, and it is also a smaller and narrower
insect than dubius.

Stephens records dubius as being fonnd rarely in
July in the vicinity of London.

It is spread nearly all over the European continent ;
eastward as far as the Ural range, and southward to
the Mediterranean ; north into Sweden.

10. DoLERUS GESSNERI.

PI. XIX, figs. 3 and 3 a, Saw.

Dolerus gessneri, Andre, Species, i, 273 ; Oat., 34,* 29 ; cf . Cam.,

Tr., Ent. Soc, 1881, 574.

Black ; anterior knees and basal half of tibiae and spurs red. Wings
hyaline ; apical half more or less fuscous. Head and thorax densely
covered with a close white pile ; punctured all over ; more or less pilose
at the sides and at apex ; the segmental divisions white ; basal segment
punctured. Cenchri cream coloured. Antennae as long as the abdomen,
thickened, but not very much, from third joint, scarcely attenuated at
the apex ; third joint considerably longer than the fourth. The
scutellum has the puncturation not so distinct as the mesonotum.

Length 4f— 5 lines.

A b. — a. Fore legs entirely black.

Of the same size and almost similarly coloured as
D. niger, but is easily known by the absence of sutures
in the vertex, by the thicker antennse, more deeply
and uniformly punctured mesonotum, clearer coloured
cenchri and appendiculated accessory nervure in hind
wings. Its nearest ally is D. tinctip ennis , with which
it agrees in the general form of the saw, but that

DOLERUS SCOTICUS. 169

species, again, is smaller, has the legs always black,
the antennae shorter and more distinctly thickened
from third joint, mesonotum almost smooth and

shining, &c.

Bare. Cladich, Loch Awe in June.
Switzerland.

11. DOLERUS SCOTICUS.

PI. XIX, fig. 1, Saw.

Dolerv.8 scoticus, Cam., E. M. M., xvii, 206 (1880).

Black ; tegulae, four anterior knees and apex of tibiae reddish ; the
red on the middle legs being more obscnre than on the front pair.
Head, thorax and apex of abdomen covered with a loner white pubescence.

Head

Anten

long as the abdomen, scarcely attenuated at apex. Wings

stigma black, the latter

Length 3£ lines.

Agrees with puncticollis in the punctured meso-
notum, but the puncturing is more distinct, body
shorter, abdomen more inflated, antenna3 longer, and
the radial nervure is received further from the second
cubital.

A rare species. Taken by Dr. Sharp at Braemar in
June.

12. DOLERUS TINCTIPENN1S.

Pi! XIX, fig. 2, Saw.

Dolerus tinctipennis , Cam., Tr., Ent. Soc, 1881, 574.

Deep black, shining, covered on head and thorax with a close, white
and long pubescence; head and mesonotum punctured, the head
roughly, scutellum and middle lobe clearly, but not deeply nor closely,
the lateral lobes on inner sides faintly, and on outer scarcely at all.
Sutures on vertex scarcely visible. Antennae not much longer than
abdomen; third joint not much thinner than the following and one-
fourth longer than the fourth joint, which is a very little longer than
the fifth ; the joints from the fourth distinctly thickened; two apical a
very little thinner than the preceding, but still thicker than the third.
Cenchri large, greyish white. Base of abdomen smooth, unpunctured.
"Wings with deep black nervures and stigma; apical half in both wings
smoky brown; inner half almost hyaline; accessory nervure in hind

170 DOLERUS GONAGRA

wings shortly appendiculated ; the transverse median nervure is
received a little in front of the middle of celinle. Spurs longish ; four
anterior fuscous ; posterior deep black.
Length 3^ lines.

The deep black colour, antennae distinctly thickened
from the third joint, and black- tinted wings separate
readily this species.

Hare. London district.

13. DOLERUS GONAGRA.

PL IX, fig. 10 ? , 11 c S organs

i, Fab., E. S., ii, 117, 48 ; S. P., 34, 25 ; Pz., F.

G., lxiv, fig. 6.

Scop., I. 0., 730; Schrank, En., 328, 659;

Pz., F. G., lxv, fig. 14 ( 2 ) ; Via.

E. P., ii, 54 ; Spin., Ins. Lig., i, 56,

JL JL •

erythrogona, Schr., En., 338, 681 ; Yill., E. P., 65.

geniculate/,, Foura, I. P., ii, 313, 74.
Dolerus gonager, Kl., Berl. Mag., viii, 305, 241 ; Lep., F. Fr.,

pi. 9, fig. 6; Mon., 124, 370;
Ste., 111., vii, 88, 8 ; Htg , Blattvv.,
23G,. 21; Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx,
24, 9 ; Thorns., Hym. Scand., i,
285, 13; Kalt., Pfl., 746 (lar.);

Cam., Fauna, 17, 5 ; Andre, Species,
i, 274 ; Cat. 34,* 37.
? — femoratus, Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 24, 11.

Black, shining ; knees broadly red ; vertex and upper side of pleurae
strongly punctured ; mesonotum slightly punctured, smooth, shining.
Parapsides dilated. Abdomen with the edges of the segments white.
Antenna a little shorter than the abdomen, very slightly attenuated at
the apex. $ and ? .

Length 4 — 5 lines.

This is a larger, broader and more robust looking
insect than D. vestigialis. It has the puncturing on
the mesonotum and pleurae much less distinct, parap-

sides more dilated ; antennae, if anything, longer and
thicker at the apex ; the legs have not so much red ;
anterior tibiae are black, while in the other species they

are red ; eyes are emarginated, nor has it the white
marks on the second and third abdominal segments
observed in vestigialis.

DOLERUS PUNCTICOLLIS. 171

Kaltenbacli says (1. c.) that he bred this species out
of larvae which fed in June and July on different meadow
grasses, and especially on Festuca pratensis.

A very common species found everywhere throughout
Europe.

14. DOLERUS PUNCTICOLLIS.

Dolerus puncticollis , Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 286, 14; Cam.,

E. M. M., xvi, 249; Andre,
Species, i, 274 ; Cat., 34,* 36.

Black ; the tip of the abdomen aeneous, apical fourth of the anterior,
and the half of the posterior femora, and basal fourth of tibiae red ;
calcaria pale ; head and thorax covered with a thick griseous pubes-
cence ; the head, except two shining lines on each side behind the ocelli,
and the whole of the mesonotum deeply punctured.

Length 4£ lines, alar. exp. 9i lines.

A Scotch specimen differs from the above descrip-
tion (taken from a specimen taken near Plymouth by
Mr. Bignell) in having three-fourths of the hinder
femora red , calcaria darker, while the tip of the abdomen
wants the steel-blue tinge.

It is about the same size and has the same colora-
tion as gonagra, but it has the antennae shorter, and,

anything, thicker ; the puncturing on the head is
deeper, while it extends all over the mesonotum, besides
being much more rugged ; nor are the parapsides so
much dilated.

Besides the above two examples, it has been taken
by Mr. Bridgman at Norwich, and it would appear to
be rarer than gonagra, with which it is no doubt con-
founded. Sweden is the only continental locality from
which it has been recorded.

15. DOLERUS LIOGASTER.

Dolerus liogaster, Thorns., Hymen. Scand., i, 286, 15 ; Cam.

E. M. M., xvi, 249 ; Andre, Species,
i, 270 ; Cat., 34* 35.

Black ; femora, apex of tibiae and cerci red ; head deeply punctured
all over, mesonotum also punctured, but the puncturing is not so

172 DOLERUS H^DMATODIS.

rugged as on the head ; abdomen smooth, shining, the basal segments
almost glabrous, and with a few minute blisters on the surface. Head
and pleurse densely covered with a grey pile ; mesonotum slightly
pilose, as is also the apical segments of the abdomen. $ and <$.
Length 4£ lines.

Readily distinguished from the two preceding

species by the colour of the femora and cerci. D.

vestiglalis agrees with it in having reddish femora ;

but the eyes are oblong, cerci black, while it has also
white markings on the abdomen.

Rare, appearing end of May and early in June in
Clydesdale.

Sweden is the only continental country from which
it has been recorded.

16. DOLERUS HtEMATODJS.

PI. I, fig. 5, larva.

Tenthredo hcematodis, Schr., En., 338, 678 ; Vill., E. P., 63 ;

Rossi, M., 240.
opaca, Fab., E. S., ii, 120, 62 ; S. P., 38, 42 ; Pz., F.

G., Hi, fig. 10 ; Vill., E. P.,

83 ; Spin., Ins. Lig., i, 58, 17.
collaris, Don., B. E., xiii ; pi. 441, fig. 1.
Dolerus hcematodis, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 304, 238 ; Ste., 111.,

vii, 86, 1 ; Htg., Blattw., 235,
18; Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx,
23, 5 ; Thorns., Hym. Scand., i,
289, 21; Cam., Fauna, 17;
Voll. Tidj. Ent., xxiii, 14 ; pi.
3, a, b, c (lar.) ; Andre, Species,

i, 269 ; pi. xv, fig. 3 ; Cat., 32,*

6. .
opacus, Jur., Hymen., 58, pi. 6; Lep., F. Fr., pi. 9,

fig. 7 ; Mon., 125, 372.

ccerulescens, Htg., Blattw., 242, 36 <£.
micans, Zad., Beschr., 18.

Deep bluish-black, shining; vertex

dep

sions on each side of ocelli shining and connected by a furrow placed
behind the ocelli, the space bounded by the furrows being raised ;
mesonotum covered with a fine punctation ; pleurse deeply punctured,
as deep, if not deeper, than the vertex ; the head and thorax covered
with a fine, close, rather long white pubescence ; the abdomen has a
deeper bluish tinge than the head and thorax ; the basal segments are
smooth, shining, glabrous ; the apical half covered with a long white
pubescence. Tegulae and pronotum pale red. Antennae as long as the
abdomen ; apical joints much thinner than the others. Wings hyaline ;

DOLERUS H£)MAT0D1S. 173

costa and stigma black, the latter with the lower half occasionally
fuscous.
Length 4£ — 5 lines.*

This species is easily known by the colour of the
tegulse and pronotum. As Zaddach has remarked, the
abdomen changes its form very much when dried.

The c? wants the red colour on thorax entirely,
the antennae are slightly shorter than the body and
dull black, the head is more narrowed behind, and there
is on the eighth abdominal segment in front a short
keel.

The larva feeds on various species of Juncus, and
have also seen it on Scirpus lacustris, but possibly this
may have been accidentally. It is very like the larva
of D. jpalustris in form and coloration, having the
upper part of the body black, the sides and belly white,
with a greenish tinge, a more or less well-developed
mark over each of the thoracic legs, and the head with
more or less of the vertex and the eyes black.

It is found in June and July, and pupates in the
earth without spinning a cocoon.

It is a tolerably common form, appearing at the
end of May and June. In Scotland it has been found
near Glasgow and at Aberdeen (Trail), and in England,
in the Midland Counties, Worcester, Devonshire, Nor-
folk, and the London district.

It is found throughout all the European subregion.

Obs. — Zaddach (1. c.) is not quite sure as to ccervlescens being the $ .
He describes the J1 as having the antennae fuscous and longer than the
body, their length being, however, subject to some variation. Zaddach
says further that the $ is recognised from that of J), nigra by having
the head smaller and more elegantly formed, and distinguished also in
that the pad-like elevation projects from the round and raised vertex
on each side, and behind is limited by a furrow running parallel with
the hind border, and before through a similar low furrow, it being for
the most part smooth, shining, and bluish black.

174 DOLERUS SANGUINICOLLIS.

17. DOLERUS SANGUINICOLLIS.

Dolerus sanguinicollis , Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 305, 240 ; Htg.,

Blattw., 236, 20 ; Andre, Species,
i, 270 ; Cat., 34,* 25.

Bluish-black ; pronofrum, tegulae, middle lobe of mesonotum at the
sides, lateral ones save a small spot near the tegulae, red. Antenna?
short ; abdomen smooth, shining ; the segments bordered with white.
Tibiae and tarsi dull black. Wings brownish ; costa and stigma dull

black.

Length 3| lines.

Similar to hcematodis, but smaller, the bluish tinge
is much more decided, antennaB shorter, punctation
more distinct, and the wings darker. I have seen one
specimen in Shuckard's collection.

Continental distribution : Germany, Spain.

18. Dolerus coracinus. •
PI. XIX, fig. 4, Saw.

icinus, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 302 ; Ste., 111., vii, 87,

4; Htg., Blattw., 238, 28; Evers.,
Bull. Mosc, xx, 25, 15; Thorns.,
Hym. S(

'ens, Zad., Beschr., 16 ;

Cat., 35,

Andre, Species, i, 277, 57

head and thorax covered with

Yer

Mesonotum

smooth, shining, middle lobe (save at apex), and the posterior three-
fourths of the scutellum finely punctured, the punctures shallow and
wide apart ; the middle suture deep, semicircular at the apex. Cenchri
moderately large, cream coloured. Abdomen smooth, shining, glabrous,
slightly keeled. The apex shortly pilose. Legs covered closely with a
grey pile, calcaria black. Antennae shorter than the abdomen, some-
what thickened in the middle ; third joint a little longer than the fourth.
"Wings subhyaline, with a faint brownish tinge ; costa and stigma
blackish-fuscous, transverse radial nervure joined to the second trans-
verse cubital.
Length 4£ lines.

The <$ has the antennae as long as the body, the
greenish-blue tint of the body appears more decided ;
abdomen smooth and shining. The middle lobe of
mesonotum is more sharply pointed at the apex than in
the ? .

DOLERUS ANTHRACINUS. 1/5

Distinguished from all the other British species
(save Anthracinus) by the semicircular middle lobe of
mesonotum, and shining, brilliant, bluish-black body.
D. varispinus, which agrees with it in the neuration,
differs, inter alia, in the thicker stigma, shorter ant ennae,
longer cerci, and pale spurs.

Rare. Manchester district (Chappell). South of
England.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany.

19. DOLERUS ANTHRACINUS.

PI. XIX, fig. 5, Saw.

Dolerus anthracinus, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 302, 233 ; Htg.,

Blattw., 238, 27 ; Zad., Beschr.,
16.

Similar to Coracinus, but the body darker, the bluish tinge not bo
conspicuous, body broader compared to its length ; transverse radial
nervure received at a little distance from the second transverse cubital ;
transverse median nervure received nearer the basal, while in Coracinus
it is received in the middle of the cellule ; and the stigma is pale on
lower edge. If anything, the head is stouter ; cenchri darker, blotch
narrower at the apex.

The <$ has the antenna? a little longer than the abdomen {teste

Zaddach).
Length 4 lines.

This is apparently the anthracinus of Klug and
Zaddach, the description of the latter being taken from
original type ( S ) in the Berlin Museum. The ?
described by Klug, however, is different ; it is carbo-
narius, Zad., a species related to fissus. Hartig's
anthracinus is perhaps different, for he says that the
middle lobe of mesonotum is triangular at the apex as
in niger. Thomson's anthracinus is also different, it
apparently = oblongus, M.

Rare. A single specimen from near Manchester
(Dunham Park).

Continental distribution : Germany.

176 DOLEEUS FISSUS.

20. DOLERUS FISSUS.

PL VI, fig. 3, lar. ; PL XVIII, figs. 7 and 8, Saw.

Dolerus fissus, Htg., Blattw., 243, 37 $ ; Zad., Beschr., 24 ;

Andre, Species, i, 279, 13; Cat, 35,*

48.

Dolerus leucobasis, Htg., Blattw., 240, 31, <^ (ab.).
? — planatus, Htg., Blattw., 243, 39, $.

cenchris, Htg., Blattw., 240, 32 £ ; Evers., Bull. Mosc,

xx, 25, 16 ; Thorns., Hyra. Scand., i,
290,24; Cam., Fauna, 49.

■

Black ; covered with a short grey pile ; head thick, strongly punc-
tured ; sutures on the vertex almost invisible. Antennae scarcely as
long as the abdomen ; middle joints somewhat thickened ; third joint a
little longer than the fourth. Mesonotum strongly punctured through-
out, almost opaque ; sutures moderately deep ; cenchri large, ivory
white. Abdomen smooth, shining, almost glabrous at the base, pilose
from the fourth segment ; blotch long and narrow, segments edged
with white, sometimes quite black. Wings hyaline ; costa and stigma
black, the latter sometimes pale on the lower side.

The £ has the antennas longer than the abdomen, the abdomen
rather wide ; the two apical segments with a white membranous spot
in the middle ; the three basal segments smooth, almost glabrous, the
rest densely pilose.

Length 4? — 4f lines.

Easily known by the mesonotum being uniformly
and strongly punctured all over, and by the large
ivory-white cenchri.

The larva of fissus has been described by Zaddach
(1. c, p. 15). He says that he found it in June feeding
on grass. It was of a greyish-white colour, with the
back of a darker grey and the head yellowish. Unfor-
tunately it buried itself in the earth before a minute
description of it could be taken. I also bred it from
a larva (the same, I believe, as that figured in PI. VI,
fig. 3) which fed on Festuca.

Fissus is a common British species. I have found
it in the Glasgow districts, Perthshire, Inverness -shire
and Sutherlandshire ; while Mr. Hardy has captured

it in Berwickshire. I have seen English specimens
from Manchester, Worcester, Glandules' Wootton,
York, Norwich, and the London district.

On the Continent it has been recorded from Sweden,
Germany, France and Russia

DOLERUS OBLONGUS. 177

21. DOLERUS MEGAPTERU8.

PI. XIX, fig. 7, Saw.

Dolerus megapterus, Cam., Tr., Ent. Soc, 1881, 574.

Black ; head and thorax opaque, densely covered all over with close,
longish grey hairs, which give the part a greyish appearance ; closely
punctured all over. Antennae not much longer than the head and
thorax, short, thick, last joint distinctly thinner than eighth, third
much longer than fourth. Cenchri dull grey. Breast and pleurae
opaque, covered with a long grey pile. Abdomen smooth and shining,
basal segment with a few scattered punctures; the sides and belly
covered with a whitish pubescence, which, however, is not so long as
that on the thorax. Tibiae and tarsi densely pilose; spurs fuscous,
posterior darker. Wings almost hyaline, large; nervure and stigma
black ; transverse cubital, radial and recurrent nervures white in the
middle. Transverse median nervure received before the middle of the
cellule; accessory nervure in hind wing almost interstitial.

Length 4$ lines.

Slightly larger than fissus ; antennas shorter, thicker
and not so attenuated at the apex; puncturing on
thorax not so deep, while the pile is longer and
thicker ; head broader ; transverse median nervure is
received nearer the base than apex of the cellule, the
contrary being the case with fissus, and the cenchri
smaller and dull grey.

Hare. Manchester district.

22. DOLERUS OBLONGUS.

PI. XIX, fig. 6, Saw.

Dolerus anthr acinus , Thorns., Hym. Sc, i, 291, 25; exc. syn

non. Klug.

Black, shining ; head deeply punctured ; the middle and lateral lobes
except on the extreme outside, and scutellum finely punctured ;
abdomen smooth, shining ; basal segment with a few scattered punc-
tures ; blotch distinct. Head and thorax covered with a very slight ,
microscopic, scattered down; abdomen glabrous; cenchri brownish-
white. Calcaria long, sharp, more or less white on all the legs.

shorter than the abdomen, the apical joints a little thinner

the middle ones ; third joint distinctly

Wings

hyaline; stigma brownish on the lower side; transverse radial and

second recurrent nervur

media

before the middle of cellule ; accessory nervure in hind wing

Length 4 lines
VOL. I.

178 DOLERUS POSSILENSIS.

Not unlike varispinus, but the head is broader and :
more closely punctured ; the puncturation on the
mesonotum is pretty much the same in both species,
but the head and thorax is almost glabrous in oblongus,
the sutures on vertex are invisible, antennae longer
and thicker, and the accessory nervure in hind wings
interstitial, and, as a whole, it is a broader insect. It
comes near to D. megapterus, but that species is larger
and longer compared to the breadth, has the head and
thorax densely covered with long grey hair, so that
these parts are without gloss, while in oblongus they
are shining ; the mesonotum is more densely punctured,
and the spurs and stigma quite black. From inter*

medius it may be separated by its broader body and
head, by the deeper puncturation on middle lobe, darker
cenchri, much longer spurs and metatarsus, which is
not so much thickened at the apex, and is as long as
the two following joints.

Seemingly a northern and not very common species.
Braemar, Rannoch, Clydesdale.

Continental distribution : Sweden.

23. Dolerus possilensis, sp. n.

PI. XIX, fig. 8, Saw.

Black, head with a bluish tinge ; head covered with punctures, not
very closely pressed together ; scutellum and middle lobe of mesonotum
punctured, but not so closely nor so thickly as the head, base of
scutellum and lateral lobes almost impunctate; head and pleurae
pilose, more especially the latter. Mesonotum sparsely pilose,
almost subglabrous. Antennae shorter than the abdomen, slightly
attenuated at the apex. Cenchri greyish. Wings hyaline ; transverse

radial, second transverse cubital and recurrent nervures pale; stigma
pale on lower border ; transverse cubital and recurrent nervures in hind
wings almost interstitial; Abdomen keeled on back, smooth, shining,
impunctate, almost glabrous above, pilose at the sides, especially at the
apex. Spurs black ; anterior pale at extreme base ; posterior meta-
tarsus almost shorter than two succeeding joints, thick, especially at

apex; spurs short and thick. Sutures on vertex distinct. $.
Length nearly 4 lines.

Very similar in sculpture and clothing to oblongus,
but distinguished by the distinct sutures on vertex^

DOLEBUS VAKISPINUS. 179

more pilose pleurae, body longer compared to the
breadth, mesonotum less punctured, base of abdomen
impunctate, metatarsus shorter, that of oblongus being
longer than the two succeeding joints, besides not
being so distinctly dilated at the apex. From inter-
medins it is readily known by the more glabrous, less
punctured mesonotum, shorter and thicker spurs and
metatarsus. From varispinus the closer punctuxation
on the head and mesonotum, thicker tarsal joints
broader head and black spurs separate it.
Rare. Possil Marsh, near Glasgow.

24. DOLEEUS VARISPINUS

PI. XX, fig. 3, Saw.

Dolerus varispinus, Htg., Blattw., 239, 30; Thorns., Hymen.

Scand., i. 292, 27; Andre, Species, i,
278, 61 ; Cat., 35* 45.
brevitarsis, Htg., 1. c., 243, 38 (<$).

Deep black, shining; covered on head and thorax with short pale pube-
scence, as weU as on the sides and apical segments of the abdomen.
Abdominal segments thinly edged above and beneath with white ; the
two apical segments with much wider white borders. Head covered
with shallow scattered punctures; the space surrounding the ocelli
more shining than the rest of the head; lateral sutures wide but
shallow. Mesonotum covered all over with scattered sh alio w but wide
punctures ; those on the outer side of middle lobe being less distinct ;
cenchri dull grey. Wings hyaline; stigma dilated, black, paler on
lower side ; transverse radial nervure received close to second cubital ;
transverse nervures in anterior wings united or nearly so. Posterior

for the greater part white ; middle ones dull testaceous ; front
staceous at apex. Metatarsus dull brown at the base. ? .

Lve never seen. Thomson describes it thus: — Abdomine

dull

The $ I have never seen,
longo, dorso pubescenti-opaco, subcarinato, segmento 8° dorsali spatio

polito nullo.
Length 4 lines.

Agrees with elongatus and ceneus in the body form,
but the antennaa are shorter and thicker, stigma
broader, puncturing deeper, abdomen shorter, head
and thorax not so pilose. The saw is not unlike that
of coracinus and anthracinus, but the teeth are not so
deep, more regularly and closely indented all over from
the first tooth. The transverse radial, cubital and

180 DOLERUS INTEBMEDIUS.

second recurrent on the upper side are milk white.
The accessory nervure in hind wing is interstitial.

Seemingly rare. Three specimens taken at Norwich
by Mr. Bridgman.

25. DOLEBUS INTEBMEDIUS.

PL XX, figs. 1 and 2, Saw.

Dolerus intermedins, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc, 1881, 575.

Black, shining ; covered with a short, scattered pubescence. Head
roughly punctured ; sutures on the vertex distinct and very shining ; the
whole of the scutellum and the middle lobe punctured, the latter with
the punctures wider apart ; the lateral lobes also punctured, but not so
deeply, and more irregularly ; cenchri large, clear ivory white. Ab-
domen longer than the head and thorax, bulged out in the middle ; the
basal segment unpunctured, the following finely shagreened ; three basal
segments glabrous, the rest shortly pilose ; blotch large, distinct. An-
tennae slightly thickened in the middle, shorter than the abdomen;
third joint a little longer than the fourth ; the last sharply conical.
Spurs pale at the apex ; hinder ones reaching to the middle of meta-
tarsus, which is pale, curved at the base and thickened at the apex, and
scarcely longer than the two succeeding joints. Wings hyaline,
slightly infuscated at the extreme apex. Accessory nervure in hind
wings appendiculated ; costa, stigma and nervures black, save the
transverse nervures, which are for the most part milk white in both

wings.

The (J has the head and thorax more deeply punctured ; antennae
thicker and as long as the abdomen and half the thorax; the third

joint almost shorter than fourth.

Length 3| — & lines.

Agrees with varispinus in having the lower part of
stigma, recurrent and transverse nervures pale white,
but it is smaller and narrower ; the puncturation on
head and thorax finer and closer; cenchri large and
clear white; the transverse radial nervure is not
received close to transverse cubital and the transverse
nervures in hinder wings are wider apart. As in
varispinus the base of hinder tarsi is generally white,

but it is also black, and the spurs in some cases are
blackish, in others almost wholly white. It is smaller,

as a rule, than ceneus, but it may readily be known
from that species by the head wanting the bluish tinge,
by the pale stigma and nervures, and shorter antennae.

DOLERUS NIGER. 181

Apparently not an uncommon species in June.
Rannoch, Lochaweside, Clydesdale, Dumfriesshire,
Norwich, Hastings (Butler), Glanvilles' Wootton.

26. DOLEEUS NIGER.

PI. XX, fig. 4, Saw.

Tenthredo nigra, Linn., S. N., ed. xii, 925, 34 ; Fab., E. S., ii,

120, 64 ; S. P., 38, 44 ; Pz., F. G., Hi,

fig. 11; Rossi, Mant., 237; Schr.,
En., 336, 677 ; Vill., E. P., 44.
Dolerus niger, Kl., Berl. Mag., viii, 301, 232 ; Lep., F. Fr., pi.

9, fig. 7 ; Mon., 125, 371 ; Ste., 111.,
vii, 86, 3; Htg., Blattw., 237, 25;
Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 25, 14 ; Zad.,
Beschr., 22; Thorns., Hym. Scand.,
i, 289, 22; Cam., Fauna, 17, 8;
Andre\ Species, i, 276, 54 ; Oat., 35*
44.

Black ; covered with a long greyish pile, except on the four or five basal
segments of the abdomen, which are glabrous above. Head a little
narrower than the mesothorax ; vertex not raised, with the sutures short,
deep ; vertex almost shining, punctured, but not very deeply ; the front
of the head opaque, and more deeply punctured than the vertex ; clypeus
deeply incised. Antennas nearly as long as the abdomen ; third joint
a little longer than the fourth, moderately thick ; apical joints much
thinner than the others. Thorax shining ; middle lobes of the meso-
notum strongly punctured ; the lateral lobes not so deeply at the sides ;
pleura? opaque, strongly punctured ; parapsides dilated. Cenchri dull
fuscous ; tegula3 black. Abdomen longer than the head and thorax ;
the junction of the segments marked with a very thin white line ; the
ninth segment ending in a long hairy tuft. Sheath projecting, hairy at
the apex. Blotch distinct, much broader than long. Wings hyaline,
greyish fuscous at the apex ; the nervures, costa and stigma black.

The <$ has the antennae longer than the abdomen, the third and
fourth joints equal, the greyish pile longer and thicker than in the ? ;
the abdomen long ; the apical lobes large ; the eighth segment smooth,
glabrous.

Length 5f — 6^ lines.

The largest of the black Doleri. Readily known by
fuscous cenchri and wings, which are smoky at the
apex and sometimes throughout. Commonly distri-
buted. I have bred a black Dolerus from the larva
figured on PI. VI, fig. 2, which seems to be niger^ but

182 DOLERUS ELONGATUS.

as it is in bad condition and as it is a r? I cannot be

certain abont the species. It fed on Festuca.
Continental distribution : General.

27. DOLEETJS iENETJS. ;

PI. XX, fig. 5, Saw.

Dolerus ceneus, Htg., Blattw., 241, 31; Zad., Beschr., 20; \

Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 293, 28; j
Andre, Species, i, 275, 51 ; Cat., 34 *
38.

Deep black, with a very faint bluish tint ; head, thorax and apical
segments of the abdomen covered with a moderately long greyish ']
pile. Vertex with a faint bluish tinge, deeply punctured; the two !
visible sutures deep, short; vertex narrow behind the ocelli. An-
tenna3 about the length of the abdomen, slightly thickened in the I
middle ; apical joints somewhat thinner. Mesonotum smooth, shining ; 1
sparsely punctured on the middle lobe, at the inner sides of lateral ]
lobes and the base of scutellum ; pleurae punctured ; sternum smooth, 3
shining ; both are covered with a long grey pile. Cenchri large, white ;
sutures of mesonotum deep. Legs with the knees pale fuscous ; some- ■

times, also, the tibiae are pale in front. Abdomen longer than head I

and thorax ; basal segments are almost glabrous ; apical covered with
long, grey hair ; blotch small, narrow. Cerci black. Wings hyaline,
greyish at the apex. Nervures, costa and stigma fuscous, the latter is
sometimes greyish on the lower side. The labrum and palpi are usually
pale white, more rarely black or fuscous.

The $ ba>s the antennae longer than the body ; the third and fourth
joints subequal ; vertex distinctly narrowed behind.

Length 3£ — 3| lines.

Not uncommon in Clydesdale, the Midland Counties,
Norwich and the South of England generally.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France.

28. Dolerus elongatus.

PL XX, fig. 7.

Dolerus ceneus, var., i; Htg., Blattw., 241.

ceneus, Zad., Beschr., 20, in part.
elongatus, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 293, 29; Cam., Fauna,

18, 9; Andre, Species, i, 276 ; Oat.,
34 * 39.

Black ; covered with a longish white or griseous pile ; the vertex with
faint bluish tinge, sparsely punctured. Mesonotum smooth, shining ;

SUB-TKIBE SELANDRIADES. 183

lateral lobes and scutellum very sparsely and indistinctly
parapsides dilated; cenchri dull white; basal segment o? abdomen

cerci red. Wings hyaline; stigma pale on lower side.
Antennae longer than abdomen, filiform. The four anterior spurs

pale.

(^ has the antennae as long as the body; the puncturation

head and thorax closer ; the head narrower behind
Length 4 — 4£ lines.

Closely allied to ceneus, but it is larger, more elon-
gated, has longer antennas in both sexes, the post
costal cellule is, if anything, wider and the cerci red.
As a whole it has more of a bluish tinge than ceneus ;
in one or two of my Scotch specimens the apical
segments of abdomen are very distinctly steel blue,
these specimens, too, having the colour of the mouth,
joints of the legs and stigma darker than usual.
Thomson describes the transverse radial nervure as
interstitial, but this is the case only with one speci-
men that I have seen.

Common in Scotland, extending to the extreme

north and to the Hebrides, and occurring at an eleva-
tion of 3000 feet and upwards on mountains. It is
found also in the North of England.

Sub-tribe SELANDRIADES.

Antennae short, filiform, rarely thickened at apex; the third Joint
rarely equal to and generally longer than fourth; 7- to 15-jointed.
Wings with two radial and three or four cubital cellules ; basal nervure
received near or joined to the cubital. Lanceolate cellule petiolate,
contracted, open, or with an oblique cross nervure. Hind wings with
the transverse cubital and recurrent nervures present, or the trans-
verse cubital may be absent and the recurrent present, or both may be
absent. Legs generally short; calcaria never reaching to middle of
metatarsus ; tibiae usually longer than tarsi ; patellae distinct or, more
rarely, scarcely developed. CJypeus incised or truncated at apex.
Mandibles short and thick at the base, and with a short tooth at the
apex. Body short and plump, rarely elongated. The second and third
cubital cellules receive each a recurrent nervure.

When ther
much larger than the second

The larvae have twenty- two legs. In form they are varied, some
being longish and cylindrical like those of the Tenthredinides, while
others are short and stumpy. Green is the predominating colour, and
they are not (so far as is known) ornamented with lines or spots of
different colours. A few (Blennocampa, Hoplocampa) bear long branched

184 SUB-TKIBE SELANDRIADES.

or simple spines all over the body, while other larvse are covered with a
resinous exudation or with a white flaky substance. They either spin a
simple cocoon (usually with grains of earth mixed with the silk) or
simply bore into the stems of plants, and pupate there without the
protection of a cocoon.

As above defined the Selandriades are distinguished
from the Tenthredinides by their much smaller size,
shorter spurs, and generally by the position of the
basal nervure. They have never a perpendicular cross
nervure in the lanceolate cellule, while in those species
which have both the recurrent and transverse cubital
nervure they are received close to each other, instead
of being wide apart as in the Tenthredinides. The
genera Strongylog aster and Taxonus approach very
close to some of the Tenthredinides, but the form of
the neuration and the spurs at once separate them,
while the smaller species differ altogether in body
form, in the petiolated or contracted lanceolate cellule
and by the absence of the transverse cubital nervure
in the posterior wings. It is very doubtful if the two
groups can be kept apart when the extra European
species have been examined and compared with those
of the European fauna. Strongylog aster, Taxonus and
Poecilosoma are placed by Andre in the Tenthredinides,
but these genera agree with the Selandriades in the
short spurs and in the position of the basal nervure,
while the first-mentioned genus, which in its typical
species 8. cingulatus, comes near to the Tenthredi-
nides by its elongated body, is scarcely to be distin-
guished from the genus Selandria other than by the
latter having the costa somewhat dilated before the
stigma, and yet Selandria is placed by the French
author in the Selandriades.

I once thought that the Selandriades as defined by

Thomson might be split up into three or four groups,

but I have abandoned this idea, because on a rigid

comparison I found it impossible to get structural
characters to distinguish them. For example, the
genera Phyllotoma, Fenusa, Fenella form an apparently

well-defined section, yet some of the species of Blenno-

GENUS STR0NGYL0GA8TER. 185

campa, e.g. B. nana, can hardly be separated from

Fenus a .

From the Nematina they are clearly cut off by the

larvae having twenty-two legs (although it must be
said that Hoplocampa is a partial exception in this
respect), and by the second (or first when there are
only three) cubital cellule receiving only one of the
recurrent nervures. Secondary points of distinction
are, that the third joint of the antennas is distinctly
longer than the fourth, by the basal nervure being
united to the cubital, and by the spurs being shorter.
Hoplocampa is the connecting link between the two,

having the third and fourth joints subequal, the
basal nervure received at a distance from the cubital,
and by the transverse cubital and recurrent nervures
in the posterior wings being joined, three characteristic
features with the Nematina.

The Selandriades have a much wider geographical
range than either the Tenthredinides or the Nematina,
being found not only in the Nearctic and Palsearctic
regions, where they are abundant, but also in the Neo-
tropical, Ethiopian and Australian regions.

Genus — Strong ylog aster.

Strongylog aster, Dbm., Consp., 4.

Wings long and narrow, with two radial and four cubital cellules ;
lanceolate cellule open, rarely with an oblique cross nervure. Inferior
wings with the transverse cubital and recurrent nervures present, and
placed at a little distance from each other. Basal nervure curved;
transverse median received not far from the middle of the median
cellule ; accessory nervure in hind wing interstitial or nearly so.

Antennae short, of nearly equal thickness throughout ; the third joint
not much longer than fourth. Head large, thick set ; eyes not reaching
to base of mandibles ; clypeus incised. Body longish ; abdomen sub-
cylindrical, longer than head and thorax, sometimes punctured (filicis,
cingulatus), carinated (filicis). Legs short; claws bifid, or with a
minute apical tooth {filicis) ; tarsi shorter than tibiae. The mandibles
have a subapical tooth ; the indentation between it and the apical one
is rather deep. The head is large, usually with a thick swollen vertex
and cheeks ; the temples are margined on the lower side.

In the form of the head and in sculpture this genua

186 GENUS STR0NGYL0GASTEB.

approaches Dolerus. The species are of wide distri-
bution in the Palsearctic region, occurring all over
Europe, in Northern Siberia and Japan. Twenty species
are recorded by Oresson from North America. In
Central America both sections are not uncommon,
twenty-five species being known from that region.
Most of these are distinguished from Strongylog aster
proper by the eyes being larger and reaching to the
base of the mandibles ; the head is broad and not so
swollen and the clypeus is truncated at the apex. The
posterior metatarsus is longer than all the other joints
together, differing, in this respect from the old-world
species, which have the metatarsus shorter than the
other joints. The Central American species have pilose
antennae ; their bodies are mostly yellowish, and the
wings often bear fuscous stripes at the apex, base, or
middle, or all three.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (4) Lanceolate cellule with an oblique cross nervure. Pentagonal

area indistinct ; accessory nervure in hind wings appendicu-
lated largely. Claws with a subapical tooth. Abdomen
distinctly keeled in the middle in both sexes.

2 (3) Abdomen entirely black; tegulae and legs yellow; abdomen

impunctate.

Sharpi.

3 (2) Abdomen banded with red ; legs for the greater part black ;

tegulae black in $ , white in <$ ; abdomen punctured. Mlicis.

4 (1) Lanceolate cellule without an oblique cross nervure; claws

bifid.

5 (6) Abdomen punctured ; pentagonal area indistinct ; hind femora

and antennae short. Body semi-opaque, covered with a close
griseous pile; abdominal segments banded with yellow; stigma
testaceous, black on the upper edge. Cingulatus.

6 (5) Body smooth, shining, almost glabrous. Pentagonal* area

distinct. Antennae and hinder femora long.

7 (12) Thorax for the greater part black ; abdomen banded with red ;

stigma black or fuscous black. Antennae filiform ; transverse
median nervure received a little in front of middle of the
median cellule.

8 (11) Accessory nervure in hind wings appendiculated. Femora

testaceous. Middle of abdomen irregularly testaceous.
Mouth white.

9 (10) Legs testaceous ; hinder tibiae at apex and tarsi fuscous. Vertex

and pleurae pubescent, scarcely shining. Maculus.

10 (9) Legs pale testaceous ; coxae and basal half of tibiae pale yellow.

Vertex and pleurae shining, glabrous. Mixtus.

STRONGYLOGASTER FILICIS. 187

(8) Accessory nervure not appendiculated ; femora black ; third to

sixth abdominal segments testaceous all round. Mouth

black.

Femoralis

(7) Body for the greater part white or greenish-white, shining,

glabrous. Antennae dilated from the fifth joint ; the second
joint as long as the first, not transverse at the apex. Trans-
verse median nervure received in middle of median cellule ;
accessory nervure in hind wings appendiculated. Stigma

Delicatulw.

white

1. Strongylogaster Sharpi.

Strongylogaster Sharpi, Cam., E. M. M., xvi, 64 (1879) ; Andr6,

Species, i, 410; Cat., 51,* 10.

Black ; clypeus, palpi, tegulse, edge of pronotum, apex of the last
abdominal segment above, and legs, yellowish -white. Wings hyaline ;
costa pale, and stigma dark fuscous. The clypeus is broadly incised,
labrum fuscous, head and mesonotum slightly opaque, faintly punc-
tured, pleurae, sternum, and abdomen more shining and impunctate.
The back of abdomen is keeled in the middle ; its apex obtuse and
truncated; the saw does not project. The wing cellules are broader
than in the other species compared to the length ; the transverse
radial nervure is curved, and received before the middle of the third
cubital cellule. The antennae are shorter than the thorax and abdomen,
and of the usual form. The coxae, trochanters and knees are paler than
the rest of the legs. $ .

Length 2 J lines.

The smallest of the European species, being half a
line shorter than S. delicatulus.

Taken among ferns at Crickhope Linn, Dumfries-
shire, on 14th June.

2. Strongylogaster filiois.

Tenthredofilicis, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 216, 174 ; Htg., Blattw.,

299, 6 ? ; Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx,
45,7.
carinata, Klug, 1. c, 216, 175 ; Htg., 1. c, 7 $.
Strongylogaster filicis, Thorns., Opus., 292, 1 ; Hym. Scand.,

i, 242, 1; Bold, E. M. M„ x, 69;
Andre, Species, i, 409 ; Cat., 51,* 9.

Black ; covered with a sparse white down, abdomen reddish-brown
from the second segment, the apical segment light testaceous. Legs
light testaceous, femora luteous, coxae black, hinder tarsi fuscous.
Wings hyaline, costa and stigma black, the former light testaceous
at the base, and the latter luteous on the lower side : nervures tes-

188 STBONGYLOGASTER CINGULATUS.

taceous at base; tegulae white. The antennae are as long as the
abdomen. <£.

The ? has the tegulae black, legs black, with the posterior tibiae at
the base, and the anterior with apex of femora testaceous ; the middle
of the abdomen (segments 3 — 6) reddish -brown.

Length 4—5 lines.

A rare species. I have only seen a J taken by Mr.
James Hardy at Wooler in Northumberland.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Russia.

3. Strongylogaster CINGULATUS.

PI. XIV, fig. 7 $ , la mandible ; PI. I, fig. 4, larva.

Hylotoma cingulata, Fab., S. E., ii, 113, 29 ; S. P., 27, 29.
Tenthredo cingulata, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 215, 173; Lep.,

Mon., M4, 332 ; Ste., 111., vii,
81, 26; Htg., Blattw., 300, 8;
Ratz., F. I., iii, 133, 43 (lar.) ;
Evers., Bnll. Mosc, xx, 45, 8.
linearis, Klug, 1. c, 217, 178 ; <£ Htg., 1. c, 300, 9.
xanthocera, Ste., 1. c, 81, 27 {ah),
atricornis, 1. c, 81, 28 (ab).
Strongylogaster cingulata, Thorns., Opus., 293, 2; Hym. Scand.,

i, 242, 2; Cam., Fauna, 18, 1;

Andre, Species, i, 411 ; Cat., 51,*
2.

Black ; head and thorax coarsely punctured, the former covered with
a whitish down ; two basal j oints of antennae, the greater part of the
legs, and a band surrounding the apex of each of the abdominal segments
reddish-yellow. Tegulae, apex of the femora and base of tibiae (broadly)

whitish -yellow ; legs black at the base; the femora have usually
the ^ basal half lined with black above and beneath . Sheath black ,
projecting, curved and narrowed towards the apex, and very hairy on
the lower side. "Wings hyaline, yellowish at the apex; costa and
stigma reddish-yellow ; the latter is blackish at the base.

The $ has the antennae quite black, and the abdomen is pale reddish,
except the basal segment which is black on the upper side.

Length 4 — 5 lines.

A somewhat variable species in some points of its
coloration. Thus, the basal joints of antennao are
almost, if not entirely, black occasionally, and some-
times the third, fourth and fifth are luteous ; the
amount of black on the femora varies, and the black
on the abdomen is frequently pitchy.

The larva feeds on Pteris aquilina, and more rarely
on Polystichum filix-mas. Its body is bright, rather

STRONGYLOGASTER CINGULATUS. 189

deep green, paler below the spiracles, there oeing a
white lateral line at the junction of the two colours.
Legs whitish, with brown claws. Head brownish-
I testaceous, two oval, black, or brownish-black marks on
vertex, eye spots black, mouth brownish. The skin
is bare ; spiracles brownish, the apical half of the last
segment paler than the preceding.

They are found in June, July and August, and feed
on the flat side of the leaf on the lower side. The
pupa state appears to be passed in crevices in trees,
holes made by beetles, &c.

As parasites there have been recorded : Campoplex
transiens, Rtz. ; Cubocephalus fortipes, Gr. ; Ichneumon
Mussii, Ratz. ; Mesoleius niger, and I have also had a
Tachina from them.

This is a very common species, and is distributed
all over Britain. They are found usually on the ferns
or on the flowers of Vmbelliferce in early summer.

The males are extremely rare in comparison to the
females. I am sure I have bred and captured hundreds
of the females, but have only succeeded in getting one
male which I bred, and curiously enough, it appeared
some days after all the females in the same batch had
emerged. Mr. F. Smith told me that this is also his
experience. He has sometimes had forty or fifty
females in his net at a time, without one male among
them. In all, Mr. Smith has taken only five or six

males, and I believe that this is pretty much the
experience of most collectors. We may then, I think,
conclude that parthenogenesis plays a constant role
with this species ; a view confirmed by my having got
two virgin females to deposit fertile eggs, but the
larvae unfortunately died young, so that I do not know
whether males or females would be produced.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Switzerland, Tyrol, Russia, Spain,
Portugal.

Obs. — The North American S. multicinctus , Norton, appears to be
very closely allied to, if not a variety of, cingulatus.

190 STRONGYLOGASTER MACULUS.

4. Strongylogaster MACULUS.

Tenthredo macula, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 217, 177 ; Htg.,

Blattw., 301, 11.

Strongylogaster macula, Thorns., Op., 393, 3 ; Hym., Scand., i,

243, 4 ; Andre, Species, i, 413 ; Cat.,
51 * 7.

■

Black, scarcely shining ; covered with a short pubescence on head
and thorax ; clypeus and labrum, tegulae and a broad line on prothorax
dull yellowish- white. Abdomen irregularly banded in the middle with
dull red. Legs testaceous ; apex of tibiae and tarsi fuscous. Wings
hyaline; costa and stigma black, the former fuscous at the base; trans-
verse radial nervure received not far from the third transverse cubital ;
third cubital cellule shorter than the second. Accessory nervure in
hind wing not appendiculated.

£ has the antennae as long as the body ; posterior femora almost
entirely black.

Length 3^ lines.

In form and general coloration maculus
with, mixtus, but the colour on thorax and mouth is
more dingy, the legs want the yellow so conspicuous
in mixtus ; the head and thorax are not so shining and
more pubescent, this being especially noticeable on the
pleurae, the head broader and the antennae longer.

Rare. Clydesdale on ferns.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Tyrol.

. Strongylogaster mixtus.

PI. I, fig. 6 and 6 <x, Larva ?

Tenthredo mixtus, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 217, 176; Hartig.,

Blattw., 301, 10.
Sr on gylog aster mixtus, Cam., Fauna, 18, 2 ; Andre, Species, i,

412; Cat., 51* 3 ; Thorns., Hym.

Scand., i, 244, 5.

Black, smooth, shining, almost glabrous; labrum, clypeus, tegulse, a
broad band on the prothorax clear white ; middle three or four abdominal
segments irregularly marked with red above, the sides testaceous ;
apical segments above and all the segments beneath marked with white
at the apex. Legs pale red; apex of coxae, trochanters, femora and
basal half of tibiae yellowish-white; tarsi fuscous at the apices of the
joints. Wings hyaline ; costa at base pale ; the rest and stigma black ;
transverse radial nervure interstitial or nearly so ; accessory nervure
in hind wing appendiculated.

The $ has the antennae shorter than the body ; the base of the

STRONGYLOG ASTER FEMORALIS. 191

anterior femora and the posterior almost wholly black (teste 0. G.
Thomson).
Length 3J— 3| lines.

Not very common in Clydesdale during May and

June. What I take to be its larva is figured on PI.

, fig. 6. It is very like that of delicatulus, but
scarcely so hairy, and the head is entirely green.
Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany.

. STRONGYLOGASTER FEMORALIS.

PI. XI, fig. 2, ? .

Strongyloga8ter femoralis, Cam., E. M. M., xi, 250 ; Fauna, 18,

3; Andre, Species, i, 413;
Cat., 51,* 4.

Antenna filiform, black, shorter than the thorax and abdomen.
Head shining, smooth, black. Thorax black, shining, glabrous ; pro-
notum broadly edged with sordid white ; tegulae white ; cenchri small,
obscure white. Abdomen black, less shining than the thorax ; four
middle segments red above and beneath, but faintly edged with black
at the sides ; the apex acuminate ; cerci moderately long. Wings
hyaline ; nervures, costa and stigma black ; the transverse radial nervure
is received some distance in front of the third transverse cubital one ;
accessory nervure in hind wing not appendiculated. Legs sordid
testaceous ; the femora black, except at the apices and at the base of
the posterior pair ; the knees have a yellowish hue ; hinder tibiae darker
than the four anterior ; posterior tarsi fuscous.

The <£ has the antennae as long as the body ; the anterior femora at
the base and the posterior almost wholly fuscous -black.

Length 3f lines.

Femoralis is most nearly related to maculas, but
differs in its narrower, more cylindrical body, the head
and thorax more shining, less pubescent, in the
abdomen being distinctly banded with red, and in the
black coxae, femora and mouth; the third joint of
antennae appears to be shorter and thicker in propor-
tion to the fourth. It also differs from maculus (and
also mixtus) in the basal cellule being shorter, and in
the transverse median nervure being received not far
from the middle of the cellule, while in the other two

species it is received much nearer the apex. The
third cubital cellule, too, is distinctly longer than the

192 STRONGYLOGASTER DELICATULUS.

second ; in maculus and mixtus they are almost
equal.

Strongylogaster delicatulus.

PI. XI, fig. 3 ? ; PI. I, fig. 7, larva.

Tenthredo delicatulus, Fall., Acta, 1808.

eborina, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 196, 141 ; Htg.,

Blattw., 301, 12.
Strongylogaster delicatula, Thorns., Op., 293, 4 ; Hym., i, 244,

6; Cam., Fauna, 18, 4; Andre,

Species, i, 412 ;[ Oat. 51,# 5.
Selandria phthisica, Voll., Tidj. Ent., (2), iv, 123, pi. 3, fig. 4.
Strongylogaster viridis, Smiedeknecht, Ent. Nacht., 1881 ;

Andre, Species, i, 412 ; Cat., 51,* 6.

White (greenish when fresh), smooth, shining, glabrous ; head
(mouth excepted), a small mark in front of mesonotum, one on each
side of it, some m arks on metanotum, and a large spot on breast, black.
Antennae fuscous above from the second segment; abdomen with
fuscous marks along the sides, which are narrow at the base and become
united in the middle at the apex, where the colour is also darker.
Wings hyaline ; costa and stigma white.

The intensity of the black markings on the abdomen varies, some
having only a very faint fuscous line along the sides. The <$ has
usually only a thin fuscous line down the sides of the abdomen and a
large mark in the centre of the three last segments.

Length 2| — 3 lines.

The larva is found in July and August feeding on
the male and female ferns. It is entirely green like
the colour of the ferns. The body is covered with
tubercles from each of which projects a longish, bristle-
like hair. On the pale greenish head are two black
marks on the posterior edge of the vertex.

I do not know in what manner it pupates in a state
of nature, but in my breeding pots it bored into corks
where it passed the winter, without having spun a
cocoon.

Delicatulus is an abundant Scotch and North of
England species, but appears to be rare farther south,
if it is not absent there entirely.

On the Continent it is common in Sweden, rare in
Germany, Holland and France, which are the only
countries from which it has been recorded.

GENUS SELANDKIA. . 193

Genus — Selandria.

Selandria, Leach, Zool., M., iii, 126.

Wings with two radial and four cubital cellules. Lanceolate cellule
open. Posterior wings with the transverse cubital and recurrent ner-
vures present, and placed not far from each other. Post- costal nervure
thickened and almost joined to costal in front of stigma. Antennaj
shorter than abdomen, thickish, the third joint much longer than fourth.
Eyes generally reaching to base of mandibles. Clypeus slightly incised.
Patella) distinct. Body short, ovate, shining. For Trophi, see PI. XIII,
fig. 9.

The basal nerve is curved ; the 1st tr. cubital nervure
is sometimes absent. The colour is either black
throughout, with yellow, or black and white legs, or
the abdomen is luteous, with the legs and part of
thorax of the same colour. They are sluggish, heavy

flying insects.

The larvse are of the usual shape, but thicker com-
pared to the length than those of Taxonus or Strongy-
log aster. So far as is known at present they feed
either on grasses or ferns.

Selandria comes nearest to Strongylog aster in neura-
tion, but differs in the shorter, more thick- set body,
shorter and thicker antenna, and in the thickened sub-
costal nervure. The wings, too, are broader, and the
hinder tarsi shorter compared to the tibia?. Eriocampa

is easily separated from it by the lanceolate cellule
having an oblique cross nervure.

The species are confined to the European subregion,
the Neartic region and Central America; there are
ten species known from America, and twelve from
Europe.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (6) Abdomen luteous.

2 (5) Eyes nearly touching the base of the mandibles ,* labrum and

base of antennae black.

3 (4) Third antennal joint not much more than double the length

of fourth. Second transverse cubital nervure not inter*

stitial.

VOL. I.

Serva.

194 SELANDRIA SERVA.

4: (3) Third antennal joint more than double the length of fourth ;

second transverse cubital nervure interstitial. Sixii.

5 (2) Eyes distinctly distant from base of mandibles ; labrum and

base of antenna) luteous. Flavescens.

6 (1) Abdomen black.

7 (12) Teguhe white.

8 (9) Anal segment bordered with white ; coxae for the greater part

white. Analis.

9 (8) Anal segment and coxae black.

10 (11) Pentagonal area distinct ; temples margined behind.

11 (10) Pentagonal area indistinct ; temples not margined

12 (7) Tegulae black.

13 (14) Legs yellowish.

14 (13) Legs black and white.

Mori
Apert

SELANDRIA SERVA.

PI. XXI, fig. 1, Saw. ; PI. XII, fig. 11, Mandible.

Tenthredo serva, Fab , E. S., ii, 119, 21; Klug, Berl. Mag., viii,

47, 7; Lep., Mon., 114, 334; Htg.s

- ,53.

Klug, 111., vii, l.c, 10 ; Htg., Blattw., 282, 55.

Hylotoma serva, Fab., S. P., 26, 22.

Selandria serva, Ste., 111., vii, 45, 1 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx,

33, 17 ; Thorns., Op., 291, 1 ; Hym,
So., i, 236, 1 ; Cam., Fauna, 23, 1 ;

M. M., xlii, 198 ; Andre, Spe

t: Oat., 36* 1.

Ste., 80

dorsalis, Ste., 111., vii, 45, 2.

Yellow; head, breast, meso- and metanotum black, shining, covered
with a longish black pile. Wings (including nervures) more or less yel-
lowish at the base ; second recurrent nervure received a good piece past

second

emainder with stigma black, the latter yellowish

beneath. The mouth

The <$ has the mouth pale ; the apex of abdomen and
black, and the thorax is entirely black.

Ab. — a. <$. Pronotum

b. $ . Mouth and basal joint of antennae pale yello

Length 3 — 3| lines.

The c? is more variable than the ? . It varies

especially in the amount of black on the abdomen and
in the colour of the wings ; in some specimens they
are almost hyaline, while in others they are decidedly
blacki sh .

SELANDRIA SIXIT. 195

This is a very common species in marshy places
in June and July. It appears to be common every-
where.

Selandima Six [i.

PL XXI, fig. 2, Saw.; PL XII, fig. 1, ? ; PL II, fig.

9, Larva.

Selandria sivii, VoU., Bouwstoffen, iii, 278 (1858) ; Tidj. Ent.,

xxii, 18, pi. 4, (lar., &c.) ; Andre,
Species, i, 295 ; Cat., 36* 2.
„ grandis, Zad., Beschr., 36 ; Cam., E. M. M., xiii, 198 ;

Fauna, 23, 2.
inter stitialis, Thorns., Hyni. Sc., i, 237, 2.

>»

servo,, Stein, Ent. Nacht., vi, p. 251 (lar.).

Similar to 8. serva, but much larger, the joints of the antennae more
distinctly separated, distinctly projecting at the apices ; the third
nearly three times longer than the fourth, the second recurrent nervure
interstitial and the saw differs slightly.

Length 3£ — & lines.

The labrum is either black (as is generally the case)
or pale yellow, the thorax is entirely black (with the
exception of the limb of the pronotum, which is
yellow), or the mesonotum, metanotum, and breast only
are black ; the blotch on each side is surrounded with
black, or it may be without any black; and occa-
sionally specimens are got with a row of black dots on
the back of the abdomen in the centre.

The c? is similar to that of Serva and is subject

to the same colour variation ; it may, however, be
always known from the S of Serva by the apex of
the abdomen being broadly rounded, while in Serva it
is considerably narrowed at the point. The third
joint appears to be shorter in proportion to the fourth
than in the ? .

The larva feeds on Poa aquatica during the summer,
and spins up at the middle of July in a brownish
cocoon in the earth. Its head is clear brown, darker
on the vertex and between the eyes. The body is
clear green, with a darker line down the back, the
belly whitish, and the spiracles brown. From the

196 SELANDRIA FLAVENS.

summer brood there issues* a second generation in the
beginning of August (cf. Vollenhoven, 1. c).

The larva described by Stein under the name of Serva
(1. c.) as feeding on Gar ex acuta, Juncus effusus, &c,
Scirpus palustris, &c, if really that of Serva,
very closely with that of Sixii in every respect, and has
the same habits. Euryproctus geniculosus, Gr., is
recorded as a parasite.

A common Scotch insect, but not nearly so abundant
as Serva.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France.

SELANDMA FLAVENS.

Tenthredo flavens, King, Berl. Mag., viii, 47,8; Htg., Blattw.,

284, 54 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 33, j

18. i

jmella, Fall., Mon. J

Selandriaflavescens, Thorns., Opus., 291, 2; Hym. Sc, i, 237, 3 I

Cam., E. M. M., xiii, 198 ; Fauna, 24, |
3 ; Andre, Species, i, 293 ; Cat., 36,* 3.

Black, shining, almost glabrous ; mouth, tegulae, pronotum, abdomen,
antennae at base and legs yellow, except the coxae, which are black.
Wings yellowish-hyaline, apical half of costa and stigma black ;
nervures yellowish at base, black at the apex. The joints of antennae
distinctly separated.

Length 3 lines.

Ab. — a. Base of antennae and mouth black. j

,, „. Pronotum black.

The femora are sometimes lined with black, the j
base of abdomen is often blackish or fuscous, and the
stigma dilute fuscous. I

Easily known from the preceding species by the form i
and position of the eyes and by the less pilose body.

The <$ in the form of the body resembles Serva ;
the legs are black at the base.

Not a common species. I have taken it rarely in
marshy places in Clydesdale.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France,
Russia.

SELANDRIA ANA LIS. 197

4. Selandria STRAMINEIPES.

Tenthredo stramineipes, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 75, 61 ; Htg.,

Blattw., 282, 56 ; Evers., Bull.
Mo8c, xx, 33, 19.
albipes, Lep., Mon., 105, 299.

Selandria stramineipes, Ste., 111., vii, 49, 20 ; Thorns., Op., 291,

3 ; Hym. Sc., i, 238, 4 ; Cam.,
E. M. M., xiii, 198; Fauna,
24, 4 ; Andre, Species, i, 295 ;
Cat., 37,* 9.

Short, stout, black, shining ; labruni, tegulae and legs whitish-
yellow. "Wings subbyaline ; nervures, costa and stigma black. Head
and thorax covered with a thick pubescence. Coxae black.

The <$ has a yellowish line in iront of the tegulae, and the coxae and
trochanters are black.

Length 2| — 3 lines.

? Ah. — a. Cox99 yellowish, the extreme base only

black.
„ v. Labrum black.
A not uncommon species in May and June on ferns.
The ah. b. is the common form in Scotland.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Tyrol,
France, Russia.

5. Selandeia analis.

Selandria analis, Thorns., Hym. Sc, i, 239, 6 ; Andre, Species,

i 295 ■ Cat. 36 * 6.
cereipes, Voll., Tidj! Ent'., viii' (2)' 13—15, pi. 3, fig.

6 (lar., &c).

Black, shining ; head and thorax covered with a fuscous pubescence ;
labrum, palpi, tegulae, a thin line at base of pvonotum, legs (save the
base of coxae) and the anal segment above, white. Wings scarcely
hyaline ; accessory nervure in hind wings interstitial. Costa and stigma
black, the former testaceous at base. Pentagonal area distinct ; eyes
large, oval, not reaching to base of mandibles ; cheeks margined ; head
not projecting behind the eyes.

$ . Length 2£ lines.

The antennae are longer and thinner than in either

198 SELANDRIA TEMPORALIS.

of the two succeeding species, the legs not so stout,
calcaria shorter and the hinder tarsi longer compared
to the tibiae ; while the head does not project behind
the eyes, but is rather narrowed. The legs, too, want
the yellowish tinge so noticeable in Stramineipes.

The larva is stated by van Yollenhoven to feed on
Polystichum felix-mas during August, resting with the
body stretched out on the upper side of the leaflets.
It is 22"' long, head smaller than second segment,
brown, with black eye spots ; the upper part of the body
to near the spiracles is leaf -green like the colour of the

leaf ; below that it is paler ; the spiracles brownish.
Legs glassy white with brown claws. A cocoon is
spun in the earth of the usual form.

Rare, seemingly, in this country — Glanville's
"Wootton.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Holland.

. Selandria temporalis.

Selandria temporalis, Thorns., Op., 292, 6 ; Hym. Sc, i, 240, 9 ;

Andre, Species, i, 296: Cat.,
37 * 7.

Black, smooth, shining, covered on head and thorax with a fuscous
pubescence ; labrum, tegulse, legs (save coxa? which are black, and apex
of tarsi which is fuscous), yellowish -white. Wings subhyaline ; costa
and stigma black, the former testaceous at the base. Pentagonal area
indistinct. Temples not margined. ?

Length 2 lines.

A smaller species than Stramineipes, with the
antennap shorter, the palpi and apex of tarsi fuscous,
and easily known otherwise by the form of the temples
and the indistinct pentagonal area.

A rare species. Taken by myself near Dumfries in
June.

Continental distribution : Sweden.

SELANDRIA APERTA. 199

. Selandkia M0R10.

PI. XIII, fig. 3, ?.

Tenthredo woWo, Fab., S. B., ii, 119, 55 ; S. P., 36, 31 ; Pz.,

F. G., lxix, fig. 17 ; Fall., Acta Holm.,
1807, 208, 19; Klug, Berl. Mag.,
viii, 60 ; Htg., Blattw., 282, 57.

Selandria morio, Ste., [111., vii, 50, 23; Thorns., Op., 291, 4;

Hym. So., i, 239, 7 ; Tasch., Ent. f.
Gait, 155; Kalt., Pfl., 261; Cam.,
E. M. M., xvii, 198 ; Fauna, 24, 5 ;
Andre, Species, i, 296 ; Cat., 37* 9.

Black, shining, slightly pilose on the head and thorax. Antenna)
covered with a microscopic pile. Legs yellow, black at the base,
posterior tarsi fuscous. Wings smoky ; costa and tegulse black. The
first transverse cubital nervure very faint ; accessory nervure in hind
wings received in front of the transverse median. The pentagonal
area indistinct. ? and $.

Length 2£ lines.

Common and generally distributed.
Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France.

Obs. — I have always taken this species on birch and generally
where no Ribes was near. Nevertheless it has been stated by Bechstein
to feed on Ribes rubrum, the larva being further stated to be twenty-
footed, to have a green body covered with black tubercles and a black
head, and they are said to feed in companies in May and at the com-
mencement of June, appearing in the perfect state at the end of July
(cf. Kalt., I.e.). Kaltenbach, who quotes these observations, says that
he himself always captures the insect on low-growing willows.

tibiae white ;

8. Selandria aperta.
PI. XIII, fig. 9 ? .

Selandria aperta, Htg., Blattw., 282, 58 ; Thorns., Op., 291, 5 ;

Hym. Sc, i, 240, 8; Evers., Bull.
Mosc, xx, 33, 20 ; Cam., E. M. M.,
xiii, 198 ; Andre, Species, i, 297 ;
Cat., 37,* 10.

oing, covered with a fuscous-black pubescence. Knees and
the apical half of posterior tibia? black ; the four anterior

tibiae at the apex and tarsi fuscous. Wings slightly infuscated ; the
third cubital cellule is short, much wider at apex than base; the

accessory nervure in hind wing is received in front of the transverse
median.

Length nearly 3| lines

200 GENUS TAXONUS.

Seemingly not a common species. The only speci-
mens I have seen were taken by Mr. R. McLachlan in
the London district, and by Mr. Fletcher at Worcester.

It has a wide distribution over the Continent, being
found in Sweden, Germany, Holland, France and
Russia.

The imago appears, according to Hartig, on Sorbus
aucup aria .

Genus — T axonu s .

Taxonus, Htg., Blattw., 297.

Ermelia, Costa, Fauna di Napoli, 1860.

Wings with two radial and four sucubital cellules, the two former
equal in length, or the second longer than the first ; the third cubital
usually shorter than second, and dilated at apex. Transverse radial
nervure received near the third transverse cubital or united with it.
The second and third cubital receive each a recurrent nervure ; the
second is parallel with the basal. Lanceolate cellule with an oblique
cross nervure. Transverse median nervure usually received not far
from the middle of the median cellule. Posterior wings with the trans-
verse cubital and recurrent nervures absent, but present in one species
{agrorum) in the $ , while in the $ they (with the transverse median)
form a border round the edge of the wing. The accessory nervure is
scarcely appendiculate with some species and not at all with others.
Antennae short ; the third joint a little longer than fourth. Abdomen
depressed. Head subcubital, margined on top. Clypeus excised. Legs
longish ; tarsi as long as tibiae ; claws armed with a minute tooth ;
patellae small.

Generally the body is smooth and shining, rarely
punctured on vertex and scutellum. The body is
either entirely black or black with the abdomen
banded with red; the legs are usually red, but are
black with one species.

The genus perhaps has the greatest resemblance to
Emphytus, which it is not unlike in the form of the
head, antenna and abdomen, but differs in having
four cubital cellules. T. agrorum has the neuration of
the first section of Strong ylog aster, but the form of the
head and abdomen is different, the cross nervure in
lanceolate cellule is much more oblique, and the acces-
sory nervure in hind wing is not appendiculated.

•

TAXONUS AGBORUM. 201

The species are generally distributed over the Euro-
pean continent, but are rare outside of it, although
one species is found in Brazil. They appear in the
spring and early summer, and with the second brood
in Autumn. As for the larvae they are cylindrical,
usually green, paler at the sides. They feed on herba-
ceous plants {Polygonum, Bumex) and pass the pupa
state in stems. Nine European species are known,
six from North America and ono from Brazil.

Synopsis of Species,

1 (2) Posterior wing with two middle cellules ; in the <^ the cubital and

transverse nervures are at the edge of the wing ; third cubital

cellule as long as the second ; clypeus broadly excised, with
the edge sharp ; labrum large, narrowed at the point. Poste-
rior tibiae slightly curved; scutellum and pleura coarsely punc-
tured. # Agrorwm.

2 (1 ) Posterior wings with no middle cellules in both sexes ; third

cubital cellule shorter than the second, dilated at the apex ;
clypeus roundly margined, the edge not sharply pointed;
labrum small ; posterior tibiae straight ; scutellum and pleurae
smooth.

3 (8) Legs reddish.

4 (5) Abdomen with a red band ; tegulae white. Equiseti.

5 (4) Abdomen without a red band.

6 (7) Tegulae and pronotum black, body with a bronzy tinge. Glajbratus.

7 (6) Tegulae and edge of pronotum) white ; body without a bronzy

tinge.
8 (3) Legs black.

Fletcheri.
Glottianu8.

1. TAXONUS AGBORUM.

Plate XI, fig. 6, S , 6#, Posterior wing.

Tenthredo agrorum, Fall., Acta, 1808, 59, 18.

nitida, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 218, 179 ; Htg

298, 1.
anomala, Evers., Bui;
nitida, Ste., 111., vii. 71

Mosc

Taxonus — Tasch., Hym. Deut., 17.

agrorum, Thorns., Opus., 290, 1 ; Hym., Sc, i, 234, 1 ;

Cam., Fauna, 19, 1 ; Andre, Species, i,
336; Cat., 42,* 3.

Black, smooth, shining, covered with a close grey pubescence ; scutel-
luni and pleurae coarsely punctured; breast smooth, shining; three
middle segments of the abdomen and legs reddish ; anterior coxae, base
of femora, four anterior tibiae and tarsi behind, the apical knees, apex

202 TAX0NUS EQUISETI.

of tibiae and tarsi (except the extreme base of the joints) black ; four
anterior tibiae and tarsi pale in front, posterior trochanters white.
Wings hyaline, stigma and nervures black ; tegulae black.
Length 4| lines.

This species differs from all the other forms in the
hind wings having two middle cellules, while in the
S the nervures are at the edge of the wings. They
also diverge from them in the punctured scutellum and
pleura?, the lower part of the pronotum, too, being
ridged and projecting. It is also the largest species
in the genus.

The S has the abdomen bluntly ridged, and the red
band is smaller (as a rule) and more irregular at the
edges. In both sexes the black on the legs varies in
extent.

Agrorum does not appear to be a common species

Stephens (if his specimens were correctly identified)
records it from Birch Wood and Devonshire. I have
myself taken it on the Carron, not far from the Dornoch
Frith.

It appears to be not uncommon on the Continent,
being found in Sweden, Germany, Holland, France
and Russia.

. Taxonus equisete.
Plate XI, fig. 7, Scotch variety of ¥ .

thredo equiseti, Fall., Acta, 1808, 60, 20.

bicolor, Klug, Berl. Mag., 219, 181 ; Htg., Blattw

298, 3 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 43, 2

coxalis (Klug), Htg., Blattw., 298, 4 ; Evers., 1. c,

44,3.

sticticus, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 218, 180; Htg.

Blattw., 298, 2.

bizonata, Zett., Ins. Lapp., 344, 24.

ncolor, Ste., 111., vii, 71, 43.

icolor, Tasch., Hym. Deut., 17.

ratorum, Thorns., Opus., 290, 2.

quiseti, Thorns., Hym. So., i, 234, 2 ; Cam., E. M. M.

xi, 129, var., E. M. M., xiii, 196 (lar.)
Fauna, 19, 2 ; Andre, Species i, 337
pi. xx, fig. 3 (im.) ; Cat., 42* 6.

Hcticus, Andre, 1. c, 337 : Cat., 42 * 5.

TAXONUS EQUISETI. 203

Black, shining, covered with a fuscous pubescence; labrum, tegulae
and palpi white. Legs and two or three of the abdominal segments
red ; coxae, trochanters, extreme base of femora, black ; apex of anterior
tarsi and the whole of the posterior black. Wings hyaline, costa and
stigma black. °. and <£.

Length 3* — 3f lines.

The position of the tr. radial nervure is subject to
irregularity. It is often received near the middle of tho
third cubital cellule, and as often in the fourth cubital.

The following aberrations occur :

a. Abdomen with four segments red, and the stigma
pale at the base (the other forms have the latter
peculiarity to some extent). Sticticus, Kl.

Abdomen with three segments red. Bicolor, Kl.

c. Abdomen with two segments red. Coxalis, Kl.
Abdomen with two segments and a triangular
blotch in the segment succeeding these, red. (Scotch
variety . )

The larva of this species feeds in the summer and
autumn on Bumex acetosella, in the leaves of which
eats irregular, generally somewhat squarish, holes ;
and, as the larvaa usually are found together, the
plants infested by them get their leaves nearly all
destroyed.

The upper part of the head of the larva is fuscous,
the lower portion white and the mouth brown ; the
eyes are situated at the end of the fuscous part. Legs
white. The lower part of the body is whitish, with
the spiracles brownish; upper half green, sometimes
tinged with red on the back, probably through the
food shining through. The skin is in furrows,
obscurely marked with black.

When the larva becomes full fed the body gets

shorter and assumes a yellowish tinge. I presume
that in a state of nature they spin no cocoon, but like
those of glabratus burrow in stems, since in my breed-
ing jars they bored into corks and bramble stems pro-
vided for that purpose. Apparently there is only one
brood in the year. The perfect insect makes its
appearance in June in Scotland.

204 TAXONUS GLABRATUS.

Kaltenbach (Pfl. 519) describes a larva on Bumex
which is probably that of fiquiseti.

A common and widely- distributed species in Britain,

being fonnd from Sutherlandshire to the London

district.

On the Continent it is found in Sweden, Germany,

Holland, France and Russia,

Taxonus glabratus.

Plate II, fig. 3, Larva ; PI. XX, fig. 6, Saw.

Tenthredo glabratus, Fall., Acta, 1808, 108, 43.

agilis, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 208, 159 ; Htg., Blattw.,

298, 5 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 44, 4.
rufipes, Lep., Mon., 81, 239.
Allantus agilis, Ste., 111., vii, 72, 45.

rufipes, Ste., 111., vii, 72, 46.
Taxonus agilis, Tasch., Hym. Deut., 17 (lar.).

glabratus, Thorns., Opus., 290, 3 ; Hym. Scand., i, 235,

3 ; Cam., xi, 108 (ec), Fauna, 19, 3 ;
Andre, i, 337 ; Cat., 43 * 8.

Violet, coppery black, smooth, shining ; legs reddish, base of coxa3
and posterior tarsi fuscous or fuscous black ; wings hyaline ; stigma
and nervures black. $ and <$.

Length 3 — 3f lines.

Distinguished from all the species by its coppery
violet colour, unicolorous abdomen and black tegulse.

The larva feeds on Polygonum bistorta. Its usual
habit is to remain on the underside of the leaf, curled
up in a ring, with the anal segment slightly elevated.
In this position it eats either circular holes in the
centre of the leaf, or feeds along the edge. There are
two broods in the year : the first in June and July, the
second from August to October, and this last genera-
tion seems to be the larger of the two. I

The larva has the upper part of the head brownish-
black, this dark portion being divided in the middle by
a paler stripe (absent in some specimens), and others
have the vertex very pale fuscous, the colour of the
vertex being subject to considerable variation. Face
whitish-green, with a somewhat semicircular fuscous
or pale brown mark in the centre ; mouth deep brown,

TAX0NU8 F LETCH ERT. 205

mandibles darker ; the black eyes are placed in the
pale-coloured part of the head. Legs glassy
white, with pale brown claws. The upper part of the
body to the spiracles is dark drab-green, which has a
lighter tint when the food canal is filled ; the lower
part is white ; the skin is closely wrinkled. When
full fed the colour of the body has a yellowish tinge.

The pupa is glassy green, with the limbs white.

The larvae bore into the stems of brambles and other
plants with pithy stems in order to pass the pupal state.

A very common and universally distributed species.

Its European distribution is the same as that of
Equiseti.

As already remarked (antea, p. 30), I succeeded in
getting virgin females of T. glabratus to lay eggs, and
I am now able to add (June, 1882) that three males
were reared from these unfertilized eggs.

4. Taxonus Fletcheri.

Taxonus Fletcheri, Cameron, E. M. M., xiv, 266 (1878).

Black, shining, covered with a scattered pubescence ; labrum, edge of
pronotum and tegulaa white ; legs reddish, pale at the base, and at the
anterior tibiae in front ; apex of the tibia) and tarsi black. Wings

most hyaline ; costa an
almost interstitial. <$
Length 2 lines.

black

An easily recognised species. It is three-quarters of
a line shorter than the smallest male I have seen of
T. (jlabratus, and its body wants the coppery hue of
the last-mentioned species, while it has also the tegulas

and edge of the pronotum white.

The T. albipes of Thomson comes near to Fletcheri,

but it has the pronotum black, the body almost gla-
brous, legs yellowish- white, the four anterior tarsi and
apices of tibiae are not black, while Albipes is likewise

larger than our insect.

The only specimen known was taken by Mr. J. E.
Fletcher, of Worcester, near that place on 30th July
on alder.

206 TAXONUS GL0TT1ANUS.

5. Taxonus glottianus.

Taxonus glottianus, Cameron, E. M. M., x, 220 ; Cam.. Fauna,

19, 4 ; Andre, Species i, 335 ;
Cat., 42,* 2.

Black, half shining, very slightly pubescent on the head and thorax ;
knees, anterior tibise and base of tarsi sordid testaceous. Wings
almost smoky ; costa and stigma black, the latter pale testaceous at the
base ; in the second cubital cellule is a small horny point.

Length 3, alar exp. 6 lines.

The black legs readily separate this insect from the
other species of the genus. Apart from the generic
characters it might almost pass for Emphytus tener.

Apparently a very rare species. I have only suc-
ceeded in taking one female, which was got on 26th
May at Kenmuir Bank on the Clyde above Glasgow.

Genus — Pceoilosoma.

Pcecilostoma, Dbm., Oonsp., 5.
Empyria, Brulle Hymen, iv, 666.

Wings with two radial and four (sometimes only three) cubital
cellules. Lanceolate cellule with an oblique cross nervure. Transverse
median nervure received in middle of median cellule. Hind wings with
the recurrent nervure present, the transverse cubital absent, accessory
nervure shortly appendiculated. Antennae short, rarely longer than
abdomen, thin, attenuated at apex, rarely thick, with the joints trun-
cated at the apex. Abdomen oblong, widening out from the third seg-
ment ; blotch distinct* Eyes not reaching to base of abdomen. Clypeus
incised. Legs longish, patella) distinct ; claws bifid, or with a minute
tooth at the apex.

The ground colour of the abdomen is usually black,
rarely luteous. When not entirely luteous the seg-
ments are lined with white or luteous, and the apical
segments may be entirely luteous. The legs with one
group are luteous, with another black, marked with
white at the knees. The stigma is luteous or black, as
the legs are black or luteous. With the black species
the dorsal abdominal segments bear white markings.

The alar neuration is subject to considerable varia-
tion. With the black-legged species the first transverse

(

GENUS rCECILOSOMA. 207

cubital nervure is usually absent, either constantly in
particular species, or occasionally with certain species.
In the same way the hind wings may want the recur-
rent nervure, and when this is combined with the
absence of the first transverse cubital nervure in the
front wings, we get the neuration of Em/phytus. The
relative size of the third cubital cellule varies in the
different species, as does also the position of the
recurrent nervures.

The larvae are similar to those of Taeonus, and have
the same habits. Nine European species are known
and two North American.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Abdomen luteous. Antenna! short, thick, the joints sharply cut

off from each other and slightly produced at the apices
beneath. Wings with four cubital cellules, hind wings with
the recurrent nervure present. Head distinctly inflated
behind the eyes. Clypeus deeply incised. Antennal fovea
large {=Monostegia, Costa). Luteolivni.

2 (1) Abdomen black.

3 (8) Legs for the greater part white or luteous, the abdominal seg-

ments broadly bordered with white.

4 (5) Hind wings with the recurrent nervure absent. Antenna) not

much longer than double the length of the head, third joint
not much longer than fourth. Face and orbits of eyes white.
Clypeus broadly, but not deeply emarginated. Claws with a
minute subapical tooth. Candidatum.

5 (4) Hind wings with the recurrent nervure present. Antenna) dis-

tinctly longer than head and thorax.

6 (7) Legs entirely luteous, first transverse cubital nervure present.

Antenna) short, the third joint much longer than fourth ;
third cubital cellule long and narrow. Pulveratum.

7 (6) Femora lined with black, first transverse cubital nervure absent.

Antennae longish, attenuated at the apex ; third (second)
cubital cellule short and broad. Fletcheri.

8 (3) Abdomen and legs black ; pronotum with a white line ; abdomen

often bearing white lateral spots. Recurrent nervure in
hind wings present ; first cubital nervure often absent
(=guttatum, Fall, and impressum, KL).

9 (16) Pronotum lined with white.

10 (11) Hinder calcaria a third of the length of metatarsus, antenna)

thickish, wings infuscated, claws bifid. Guttatwm.

11 (10) Hinder calcaria not a third of the length of metatarsus ; antenna)

attenuated at the apex ; wings subhyaline.

12 (15) Posterior tibiae and tarsi not broadly white at base ; costa and

stigma black, clypeus truncated at apex.

208 PtECILOSOMA LUTEOLUM.

13 (14) Claws almost bifid, antenna) longish, in £ longer than tlie body.

Longicorne.

14 (13) Claws with, a subapical tooth. Antennas short ; in A not much

longer than abdomen.

Submuticum.

15 (12) Tibia) and tarsi broadly white, costa and stigma dull testaceous ;

clypeus deeply incised.

16 (9) Pronotum entirely black, antennse short, thick. Niaricolle.

. PgSCILOSOMA LUTEOLUM.

PI. IV, fig. 12, Larva.

Tenthredo luteola, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 9; Htg., Blattw., 281,

52 (Eriocampa).
Menostegia luteola, Costa, F. N., 1861.

Selandria luteola, Kalt., Pfl., 423, 426.

Pcecilosoma luteola, Thorns., Op., 288, 2; Hym. Sc, i, 228.
Eriocampa luteola, Andre, Species, i, 319 ; Cat., 10,* 2.

Antenna) shorter than the head and thorax, thickish, a little dilated
at the apex; first joint a fourth longer and thicker than the second;
third a quarter longer than the fourth ; remaining joints becoming
gradually shorter ; black, pale luteous beneath, and covered with a
short pile. Head black, half shining, densely covered with a short
pile ; frontal sutures invisible ; apex of clypeus and labrum luteous.
Thorax black, pilose; breast and pleura) very smooth and shining,
slightly pilose. Tegulse and pronotum luteous ; cenchri large, pale
white. Sutures of mesonotum moderately deep. Abdomen luteous, a
very little narrower than the thorax, of nearly uniform breadth, blunt
at the apex; blotch large, pale white; sheath black, projecting. Legs
luteous, the apices of the tarsi fuscous. Wings longish, with a smoky
tinge, yellowish at the base, more hyaline at the apex ; costa luteous
at the base, the apex with the stigma fuscous ; nervures yellowish at
the base, blackish at the apex ; the first radial cellule smaller than the
second, tr. radial nervure curved, received a little beyond the middle of
the third cubital cellule ; first cubital cellule a little shorter than the
second, a half wider at the base than at the apex ; second narrow, of
nearly equal width throughout, except where the recurrent nervure is
received ; third a fourth longer, more than double the width of its base
at the apex ; fourth a little longer than the first two ; the second
recurrent nervure is curved, and is received a little in front of the
middle of the cellule.

Length 3i lines.

Excisum. I

The S is unknown to me, and appears to be very

rare .

Lutecium differs from all the other species of Pcecilo-
soma in the colour of the abdomen. It resembles very
much the yellow species of Selandria in many respects,
but is best, I think (unless it be placed in a genus by

P(ECILOSOMA LUTE0LUM. 209

itself as has been done by Costa), regarded as a Poecilo-
soma, although it differs considerably from the other

; species of that genus, not only in coloration, but also
in form. From Selandria it differs in the structure
of the antennae, of the lanceolate cellule, and in the
neuration of the hind wings.

The larva feeds on Lysimachia vulgaris, and, accord-

I ing to Kaltenbach, on Anagallis arvensis, during
August and September. It is cylindrical, glabrous,
save a very short white down on the head. The head
is pale yellow, with a large black mark on the vertex,
narrow before and behind, and extending from the

back of the head till it reaches the level of the eyes,
which are black. Mouth piceous ; mandibles darker.
Body dark green to the spiracles ; below these the
colour is white. Legs white ; on the femur is a pale
fuscous line ; and there is also a fuscous line over the
ventral legs. The skin is in folds, the folds being darker
at the junction of the segments.

At the last moult the head loses the black mark ;
the colour of the body becomes paler, and assumes a
yellowish tinge, besides becoming more shining.

The larva when not eating remains curled up in a
ring on the lower side of the leaf. It does not spin a

cocoon.

Kaltenbach says that he found the larva also at
the beginning of July, and hence suspects that there
are two generations in the year.

I believe lutecium will prove to be a common species
in the south. There are specimens in Stephens's

collection, and it has been taken by Mr. Dale at
Glanvilles' Wootton, by Mr. Bridgman at Norwich, and
by Mr. Fletcher at Worcester.

It has a 'tolerably wide European distribution, being
found in Sweden, Germany, Holland, Italy and
Syria.

VOL. I.

210 PCECILOSOMA OANDIDATUM.

2. PCECILOSOMA OANDIDATUM.

Tenthredo candidata, Fall., Acta Holm., 1807, 105, 40.

repanda, King, Berl. Mag., viii, 77, 64 ; Htg., Blattw.,

279, 45.
Selandria bipunctata, Tasch., Ins. f. Gart., 160 (lar.).
Pcecilosoma candidata, Thorns., Opus., 288, 3 ; Hyrn. Scand., i,

230, 3 ; Toll., Tidj. Ent., xix, 258,

pi. x (lar. im., &c).
Eriocampa repanda, Andre, Species, i, 319 ; Oat., 40,* 3.

Black ; covered with a short pubescence ; labrum, clypeus, mandibles,
orbits of the eyes, save a small bit above the antennae, and legs pale
testaceous ; tegulse, the edge of pronotum, a spot on hinder edge of
mesopleura, and the edges of all the abdominal segments, white. The
greater part of coxae and femora black. Wings hyaline; costa and
stigma dull testaceous. Antennae not much longer than thorax, the
third joint not much longer than fourth, the rest about equal. The
second cubital cellule is not much longer than third, and receives the
recurrent nervure not far from the middle; the second recurrent is
received in the basal third of cellule; transverse median nervure is
received a little before middle of cellule. The accessory nervure in
hind wing is shortly appendiculated. $ .

Length 3£ lines.

The larva is dull yellowish- white, yellowish on the
head, except the mouth and eye spots which are darker.
It lives boring in the pith of rose branches during
the second half of May, June, and sometimes on to the i
first half of July. Towards the middle of April or com-
mencement of May the fly appears, and lays her eggs
singly in the point of the young branches. The larva
soon bores into the pith, whereby the leaves become
withered, and then damage is done to the plant. It
eats about an inch and a half into the branch, and
when it reaches maturity, bores a round hole in the
side of its habitation and drops to the ground, where
it spins a cocoon.

Apparently a rare species. The only British locality

know is Oxford where it has been taken by Prof.
Westwood. Cf. Van Vollenhoven, I.e.

t
\

rCECILOSOMA PULVERATUM. 211

3. P(ECILOSOMA PULVERATUM.

Plate II, figs. 2 and 2a, larva ; Plate XX, fig. 8, Saw.

Tenthredo pulveratum, Retz., Degeer, 304; De Geer, Mem., ii,

291, t. 34, figs. 20—25 (lar.) ;
Fall., Acta, 1808, 105, 38 ; Dbm.,
Clavis, 34, 5a

obesa, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 164; Htg., Blattw.,

302, 13 (Poecilo8oma)> Brischke,
Beschr., 5, t. i, fig. 1 (lar.).

leucozonias, Htg., Blattw., 290, 15.
Allantus leucozonias, Rudow, S. E. Z., 1871, 137.
Po3cilo8oma pulveratum, Thorns., Op., 288, 1 ; Hym. Sc, i, 229,

2; Cam., E. M. M., xv, 12;
Fauna, 19, 1; Voll., Tidj. Ent;,
xxiii, 7, pi. 2 (lar., &c.) ; Andre,
Species, i, 332, pi. xx, figs. 4, 6,

8 (lar.) ; Cat., 42* 3 ; cf. also
Bergman, "Wet. Acad. Handl,
1763, 161.

Black, shining, smooth, covered with a close greyish pubescence ;
tegulae, edge of pronotum and the abdominal segments at their junc-
ture, white. Legs and apex of abdomen reddish-ochreous. Wings
hyaline; costa and stigma sordid testaceous; nervures black at the
apex, pale at the base ; saw projecting, the sheath black ; cerci small ;
posterior tarsi fuscous ; palpi fuscous.

Ab. — a. Abdominal segments without white bands.
„ — b. Labrum white.

»>

>»

c. Anal segment black.

d. Apex of posterior femora and tibiae and tarsi fuscous.

Length 3^ — 4 lines.

The <$ of this insect has never been discovered, and

there is good reason for believing that parthenogenesis
plays a normal role with it. This is shown by the fol-

lowing observation. Early in May I found in one of
my breeding bottles two ? specimens, one dead, the
other apparently but newly emerged, and there was
no trace of a male. The living specimen was taken
out of the bottle and placed under a bell glass along
with a fresh sprig of alder. In a short time it layed a
number of eggs, most of which produced larvae, thus
showing conclusively that the insect can propagate
without having connection with the male.

The manner of oviposition was as follows : — Until

212 PCECILOSOMA PULVEEATUM.

placed in the sunshine the insect was very sluggish,
but at once on feeling the sunshine became very lively,
and flew up and down the enclosure. After a time
discovered the food plant, examined it all over, and
ultimately fixed upon a young, half -grown leaf, in
which to lay the eggs. At first it rested motionless in
the middle of the leaf, then came close to the border,
fixed the outer legs along the edge, then raised the body

so that it was a little more than the height of the
tibiaa above the surface of the leaf. In this position it
remained for about a couple of seconds, then the abdo-
men was bent down, the saw inserted into the leaf and
apparently moved up and down, but without being
entirely withdrawn out of the leaf. The saw was not
inserted straight down, but was a little bent forward,
the two sheaths remaining at right angles and not fol-
lowing tlie position of the saw. After being in the
leaf for a few seconds the saw was withdrawn, the
insect remained motionless for a second or two, and
then the abdomen was again bent down, the saw

inserted (but not I think deeply), and the egg de-
posited. During the egg-laying the antennas were a
little raised above the height of the head with a slight
curve, and remained almost rigid. The whole opera-
tion lasted about eighty or ninety seconds. Several
minutes elapsed before the next oviposition took place.
All the eggs were deposited on thick half -grown leaves,
sometimes singly, sometimes as many as three on the
same leaf. They were placed close to, but not touch-
ing any of the nerves, and on the underside of the
leaf.

Immediately after being laid they were quite invi-
sible, but by twenty-four hours they had swollen up
very much, and were easily noticed as greenish oblong
elevations. As the larva came to maturity a small
open space separated the egg from the leaf, forming a

trench, as it were, round it. With two other experi-

ments I was more successful and managed to rear
females from eggs laid by virgin females.

PCECILOSOMA FLETCHERI. 213

The larva lias a long, cylindrical body, narrowed
towards the end ; the head small, ground colour pale
green, bearing a few scattered hairs, and covered with
a very fine granular white powder. Body of the same
colour as the head, but with a deeper greenish tint ; a
white line (of the same tint as the head) goes down the
sides, and there is another on the back. The skin is in
folds and much wrinkled, and like the head is covered
with a fine powder. The eyes are black, mouth brown,
legs pale green.

At the last moult it loses the green colour, and
becomes of a dirty drab colour. Two or three of them
feed on the same leaf, resting flat on the underside, and
eating roundish holes in the leaf . According to Van
Vollenhoven they spin a cocoon, but they never did
this with me ; even when earth was supplied, they pre-
ferred to bore into the cork of the bottle which held
them, where they pupated without spinning a cocoon,
rather than burying themselves in the earth.

Commonly distributed over Scotland, the imago
appearing at the end of May and beginning of June.
Norwich (Bridgman).

Continental distribution : Scandinavia, Denmark,
Germany, Holland, France, Switzerland, Tyrol.

4. PCECILOSOMA FLETCHERI.

Plate XI, fig. 4, ? .

Pcecilosoma obtusa, Thorns., Opus., 289, 5 ; Hym. Sc, i, 231, 4

(nee, KL).
Fletcheri, Cam., Fauna, 20, 2 ; Andre, Species, i,

332, Cat. 42,* 1.

Antennae a little longer than the abdomen, almost filiform, attenuate
at the apex, slightly pilose, the third joint a very little longer than the
fourth, the rest of the joints shorter. Head black, covered with a dense
greyish pubescence, the front broadly projecting ; antennal fovea3
small ; labrum and palpi sordid white. Thorax and abdomen shining,
covered with a greyish pubescence ; tegulae and edge of pronotum
broadly white ; cenchri very large, clear white ; blotch large. Abdo-
men short, thick, dilated and obtuse at the apex, and a little projecting
above. Saw black, projecting a little. The edges of the segments are
broadly white, the anal segment of a dirty luteous colour ; the sides are

214 KECILOSOMA FLETOHERI.

marked with dirty-white splashes between the white segmental marks*
Legs covered with a grey pile ; coxse and trochanters black ; femora
obscure luteous, lined with black above and beneath ; tibiae white at the
base, the apex sordid luteous, splashed with black ; tarsi fuscous, paler
at the base; claws bifid. Wings hyaline ; costa at the base pale testa-
ceous; apex and stigma sordid luteous. The tr. radial nervure is
received a fourth of the length of the cellule from the apex ; the first
tr. cubital nervure is absent ; the second (first) ^ cellule is 'a little
longer than the third (second), narrow, and having a horny point at its
apex ; the third (second) is much broader, double the breadth of the
base at the apex ; the apical cellule is shorter than the preceding.

The $ has the femora and tibiae obscure luteous, according to
Thomson.

Length nearly 3£ lines.

Of similar form to pulveratum, but smaller ; there
are only three cubital cellules ; the second (the third in
pulv eyrttum) is shorter and much broader; the coxa}
and trochanters are quite black ; the body is mora
densely pilose, the white marks on the abdomen, too,, ;
are broader than those on the sides, being very con-
spicuous, while they are not found in pulveratum.
From Candidatum it is known by its more pilose body,
the eyes not having a white border, and otherwise is !

easily known by the structure of the posterior wings.

Seemingly a rare species. I have only seen two
British specimens, one taken by Dr. Sharp at Brae-
mar, the other by myself at Rannoch.

Thomson has doubtfully adopted the name of obtu-
sion for this insect, but it seems to me to be very dif-
ferent from the obtusum of Klug. Thus, it has the
antennas as long, if not longer than the abdomen ; in
obtusum they are only as long as the thorax ; the cly-
peus is black, in the other species white ; there is a
distinct white line on the pronotum ; the legs differ in
coloration and also the abdomen ; and, lastly, Klug's
insect is larger than pulveratum, while Fletcheri is

smaller. I can find no record of obtusum beyond the
original locality given by Klug, namely, Hungary. It
is possible that obtusum may have been founded on an
extreme variety of pulveratum, with which, indeed, the
description agrees except in one point, namely, the

description given of the colour of the legs, which are

PCECILOSOMA GUTTATUM. 215

stated to be "pech brun," wliicli scarcely applies to

any specimens of pulveratum I have seen; and, as
already stated, obtusion is said to be a quarter of a
line longer in the body, and two thirds in the wings
than pulveratum.

Continental distribution : Sweden.

5. P(ECILOSOMA GUTTATUM.

Plate XI, fig. 5, ? .

Tenthredo guttatum, Fall., Acta, Holm., 1807, 105, 39 (ex parte).

Pcecilosoma guttatum, Thorns., Opus. Ent., 289, 4 ; Hym. Scand.,

i, 231, 5; Andre, Species, i,
333 ; Cat., 42,* 4.

Black, ovate, broad, shining, covered (especiaUy the legs) with a slight

greyish down ; the apex of anterior femora, all the knees, and the tibiae
in front sordid white ; the edge of the pronotum has a thin white line ;
the tegulae are black. Antennas a little longer than the abdomen ; the
third joint is a little longer than the fourth, the fifth, sixth, and seventh
are a very little thicker, the eighth and ninth thinner. The abdominal
segments are very faintly white at the junction, with faint indications
of white between the segments in the middle. The front is smooth,
shining, the sutures are invisible, antennal fovea large, ovate, and

shallow. Wings faintly black, lighter at the apex ; the first tr. cubital
nervure is present, the tr. radial is received in the apical fourth of the
third cubital cellule ; the costa and stigma black, the latter faintly fus-
cous round the edge. The cenchri are very large, oval, white ; blotch
rather small ; the sheath projecting ; hinder calcaria as long as a third
of the basal joint of the tarsus. Claws bifid.
Length 3 — 3£ lines.

This insect is distinguished from submuticum by its
broadly ovate, short body, blackish wings, thicker and
longer antenna?, distinctly bifid claws and longer spurs,
shorter and broader third cubital cellule, and smaller
and much shallower antennal fovea. P. longicorne is
longer, less shining, the antenna? thinner and longer,
the frontal sutures distinct, and antennal fovea deeper,
and the calcaria are shorter.

It appears to be a rare species. I have only seen
one British specimen (a ? ). This was taken by Mr.
Fletcher at Worcester.

On the Continent it has only been recorded from
Sweden, but possibly it is overlooked.

216 PCECILOSOMA SUBMUTICUM.

. PCECILOSOMA LONGICOBNE.

Pcecilosoma longicorne, Thorns., Hym, Scand., i, 232, 6 ; Andre,

Species, i, 333 ; Cat., 42 * 5.

Black, shining, pilose on head and thorax, all the knees and anterior
tibiae dirty white, a line on the pronotum clear white, and the abdominal
segments as often as not are marked with longish lateral spots of a
less clear white ; all the segments lined with white at the apices.
Wings hyaline, tinged with fuscous on the apical half; costa and
stigma black. (For Saw, see Plate XXI, fig. 3.)

J similar but the antenna} are as long as the body and the legs in
front bear more white.

Length 3 — 3£ lines.

Similar to submuticum but with the body longer and
narrower, the antennaa slightly longer and noticeably
thinner with the ? , and distinctly so with the <$ , these

organs with submuticum S not being much longer
than the abdomen, the head is more pilose, the antennal
fovea if anything shorter, and the claws almost bifid.
Thomson describes the claws as " bifid " in longi-
corne, but all my specimens have one tooth shorter
than the other, but still longer than in submuticum.
I am inclined to believe that the relative length of one
of the teeth varies with different specimens. The
first cubital nervure is almost always absent, while in
submuticum it is generally present. The accessory
nervure in hind wing is much appendiculated.

Apparently a common species on Spircea ulmaria.

bred it along with the larvse of EnvpJiytus calceatus,
but did not have an opportunity of describing the larva.
But see p. 217. The imago appears during May and
June .

Clydesdale, Norwich.

Continental distribution : Sweden.

. Pcecilosoma submuticum.

Pcecilosoma submuticum, Thorns., Hym. Sc, i, 232, 7 ; Cam.,

Fauna, 20, 3; Andre,
Species, i, 333 j Oat., 42*
6.

Black, half shining, longish ; antennas as long as the abdomen, edge

PCECILOSOMA EXCISUM. 217

of pronotum, knees, and anterior tibiae white. Abdominal segments
broadly marked with longish white marks, spurs very short, claws with
a minute subapical tooth. The tr. radial nervnre is as in guttatum, but
the third cellule is as long as the second, while in guttatum it is shorter.
Cenchri small, antennal fovea large ; sheath short. $ and £.

Length 2$ — 3 lines.

This species may be known by the first tr. cubital
nervure being almost always present, the hinder tibiae
and tarsi quite black, or with only a very small white
band on the extreme base, the deep frontal fovea?,
short spurs, and claws with a small subapical tooth.
The antennal joints are more distinctly separated than
in guttatum. (For Saw, see Plate XXI, tig. 4.

Ah. — a. First tr. cubital nervure absent.

. First tr. cubital nervure absent and no

middle cellule in the hind wings,
c. Abdomen entirely black.

Pronotum black.

Nothing very definite is known regarding the larva
of this common insect. It is frequently bred from
bramble stems, but the larvae in all probability merely
retired there to pass the pupal state. I once bred
along with the Emjphytus calceatus, and hence suspect
that it is attached to Spiraa, upon which I have found
a larva similar to that of calceatus but with black
marks along the sides. (See Plate VII, fig. 1.)

Submuticum is one of the commonest species in the
genus, and is found almost everywhere in June and
late in May.

It is apparently the commonest of the black species
on the Continent, but as they are mixed in most
collections it is impossible to give the distribution with
any exactness.

8. PlECILOSOMA EXCISUM.

Pceciloscma excisum, Thorns., Hym. Sc, i, 233, 8 ; Cam., Fauna,

20; Andre, Species, i, 334, pi.
xx, fig. 2 ; Cat., 42 * 7.

Harinjjhoru8 vernalis, Diet., M T. Schw., Ent. Ges., 1868, p. 354?

Black, half shining; antennae shorter than abdomen, the edge of

218 PCECILOSOMA NIGRICOLLE.

pronotum, knees, anterior tibiae and tarsi, the basal half of posterior
and the tarsi at the base (broadly) white. Wings greyish — hyaline ;
the first tr. cubital nervure is generally absent ; the costa is sordid
testaceous ; stigma fuscous to testaceous ; the tr. radial nervure is-
received very near the apex of the third cubital cellule. The sheath
scarcely projects. Clypeus deeply emarginated ; labrum and palpi pale.
The abdominal segments are white at their juncture, rarely have they
any other white marks. Tegulae pale ; cenchri small, blotch large.
Length 3£ — 3§ lines.

Differs from all the other species of this group by
the incised clypeus, whitish tibiae and tarsi, sordid
testaceous costa, half white tegulae, deeply pilose head
and pale palpi and labrum.

Ab. — a. Tr. radial nervure interstitial, first tr.
cubital nervure present.

have a specimen intermediate as regards colour
between this insect and submuticum, having the tegs
with much less white than in the ordinary form. It
has no first transverse cubital nervure.

This is a common Scotch insect, but seems to be
rare in England. It is found in June. The S I have
never seen, although the female is abundant.

Sweden is the only Continental locality recorded.

. PCECILOSOMA KIGRICOLLE, S_p. il.

Black, pilose ; four anterior knees, anterior tibiae and basal half of
tarsi, middle tibiae in front, and base of four posterior metatarsi testa-
ceous-white. Antennae very little longer than abdomen, thickish,
scarcely tapering towards the apex ; clypeus very slightly incised ;
wings almost hyaline ; costa and stigma black, the latter large, broad
compared to its length ; the transverse radial nervure issues from the
lower side, is straight and received in the middle of the cubital cellule ;
the first transverse cubital nervure is absent, the second (or third)
cellule is wide compared to the length, and wider at the apex than base,
its basal nervure is almost straight; that at the apex curved, the
cubital nervure is scarcely angled where the second recurrent nervure
is received. The claws have a blunt tooth not far from the base. <$.

Length 2 lines.

This little species might be placed in the genus
Harpiphorus , with which it agrees in the form of the
alar neuration, especially in the transverse radial
nervure issuing from the stigma at a distance from the

GENUS EEIOCAMPA. 219

costa. It agrees, however, so closely in coloration
with the black species of Poecilosoma that it is best

included in that genus. From P. submiiticum, with
which it has perhaps the greatest resemblance, it is
easily known by its more pilose thorax and head, much
shorter and thicker antennae, more perpendicular
transverse radial nervure, slightly shorter metatarsi,
as well as by the black pronotum and much thicker

stigma.

Rare. Kier Hill, Dumfries-shire, 25th May.

Genus — Eriocampa.

Eriocampa, Htg., Blattw., 279.

Wings with two radial and four cubital cellules ; the second and third
of the latter receiving each a recurrent nervure. Lanceolate cellule
with an oblique cross nervure. Accessory nervure largely appendicu-
lated. Hind wings with both the recurrent and transverse cubital ner-
vures present, or the former only.

Eyes not reaching to the base of the mandibles. Clypeus incised or

truncated.

Antenna short, the third joint much longer than the fourth ; the
apical joints attenuated at the apex ; the middle ones thickened.

Claws bifid at apex. Patella) developed only on the apical joints of
tarsi.

Body ovate, short.

The species are small, with short, thick bodies, with
black, shining bodies and legs, the latter having the
tibiae and tarsi annulated with white at the base, or
more or less testaceous, or dull white. In only one
species is there any red. The posterior wings have
either two middle cellules, in which case the clypeus
is incised at the apex, or they have one only when the
clypeus is truncated.

Eriocampa has the small, thick-set body form of

Blennocampa, from which, however, it differs in the
form of the lanceolate cellule and of the antennae. In
the form of the lanceolate cellule and partly in the
neuration of the hinder wings it agrees with Poecilo-
soma, but that genus has the body longer and more
cylindrical, the antennae not thickened in the middle,

220 GENUS ERIOCAMPA.

nor so sharply pointed at the apex, while the eyes do
not reach the base of the mandibles. Selandria again,
is easily recognised from Brio camp a by the lanceolate
cellule wanting an oblique cross nervure, the colora-
tion pattern, too, being different in the two genera.

The larvae are covered with a white flaky powder, or
more usually by a black or olive- coloured resinous
exudation. In the latter case they are slug-like in
shape, very sluggish and more or less gregarious in
habit and feed on the upper surface of the leaf.

Ten species of the genus as here restricted have
been described from the European fauna, one from
Northern China, and six from North America, besides
the European rosce and limacina.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Thorax red in front. Vertex and cheeks margined. Vertex,

scutellum and pleurae punctured. Blotch absent. Antennae
almost elbowed in the middle and fusiform at the apex.

Ovata.

2t (1) Thorax black. Vertex and thorax unpunctured ; vertex with-
out a border ; blotch distinct.

3 (8) Clypeus incised at apex; hind wings with the transverse

cubital and recurrent nervures present.

4 (7) Legs annulated with white.

5 (6) Hinder tarsi broadly annulated with white at the base ; wings

hyaline only at the apex.

Annulipes.

6 (5) Hinder tarsi not annulated with white ; wings hyaline at base

and apex.

Varipes.

7 (4) Legs not annulated with white, the fore legs testaceous in

front ; wings with a cloud in the middle. Limacina.

8 (3) Clypeus truncated at the apex; hind wings with only the

recurrent nervure present.
.9 (10) Tibiae white at the base ; wings hyaline at base and apex ; tr.

median nervure received before middle of cellule. Cinxia.

10 (9) Fore tibiae and tarsi testaceous ; wings almost hyaline ; tr.

median nervure received almost in middle of cellule.

11 (12) Posterior tibiae and tarsi entirely black. Rosa.

12 (11) Posterior tibiae and tarsi for the greater .part testaceous.

Testaceipes.

KRIOCAMI'A OVATA. 221

. ErIOCAMPA OVATA.

PI. XII, r>. 2 ? ; PI. XXI, fig. 6, Saw.

Tenthredo ovata, Lin., F. S., 1553 ; S. N., Ed., xii, 924, 28 ; Fab.f

S. E., 320, 17 ; Reaum., Mem., iii,
318 ; De Geer, Mem., ii, 237, 5 ; t.
xxxv, figs. 1 — 11 ; Fall., Acta, 1807,
206, 14; Mon., 31, 10; Klug, BerL
Mag., viii, 62, 54 ; Lep., Mon., 109,

316; Htg., Blattw., 280, 51 ; Ratzb.,
Forstin.. iii, 132, t. 3, fig. 8 ; Evers.,
Bull., Mo8c., xx, 32, 15.

Gossypina, Retz., De Geer, 303.

hcematodes , Panz., F. G., Iii, t. 3.

leucozona, Schr., Z. B., ii, 251.
Hylotoma ovata, Fab., S. P., 27, 25.

Selandria ovata, Ste., 111., vii, 54, 40 ; Voll., Tidj. Ent., vi, 81

86, pi. 7 (lar., &c.).

Eriocampa ovata, Thorns., Op., 286, 1 ; Hym. Sc., i, 225, 3 ;

Cam., Fauna, 24-, 1 ; Bridgman, Ent.„
1878, 191 ; Andre, Species, i, 318,
pi. xviii, fig. 3; Cat., 40,* 1.

Black, anterior tibiae in front, and a thin band on the base of the
hinder pair, obscure testaceous. Thorax above from the scutellum
sanguineous. Abdomen smooth, shining, almost bare, head and thorax
covered with a sparse grey pile. Wings hyaline, a faint fascia below
the stigma ; nervures, costa and stigma black. ? .

Length 3^ — 4 lines.

The ground colour of the larva is light green, the
eye spots black, mouth brownish-black, and there is a
black spot over the vertex. A short time after its
exclusion from the egg the larva becomes dusted all
over with a whitish exudation, which on the head does
not extend below the eyes. The legs are white with

brown claws. As it gets older the white powder
develops into a white flaky material, which can be
rubbed off ; but this is cast at the last moult, when
the larva becomes of a shining green colour.

They feed on alder from July to October, eating
large holes in the leaves ; when not feeding they lie
stretched on the lower side of the leaf.

A very common and widely distributed species

The 3 is quite unknown, and it is very doubtful if it

222 ERIOCAMPA ANNULIPES.

exists. The observations referred to already (antea,
. 26) show clearly that complete parthenogenesis

occurs with it.

Its nearest ally is E. umbratica, KL, which
with it in the form of the antennas, head and nenration ;
but it has the vertex and thorax unpunctured, and

wants the red on the thorax.

European distribution : Sweden, Germany, Holland,
France, Switzerland, Tyrol, Hungary, Russia.

. ERIOCAMPA ANNULIPES.

PL II, fig. 4, 4 a, Larva,

Tenthredo annulipes, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 70, 49; Htg.,

Blattw., 279, 46 ; Evers., Bull.
Mosc, xx, 32, 14; Ratz., Forstin.,
iii, 130, 39, pi. iii, fig. 7.

Selandria annulipes, Ste., 111., vii, 51, 27 ; Voll., Tidj. Ent., ii

(2), 178—182, pi. 9 (lar., &c.) ;

Ent., vii, 167.
Eriocampa annulipes, Thorns., Opus., 286, 3 ; Hym. Sc, i, 225,

3 ; Cam., Fauna, 24, 3 ; Andre,
Species, i, 321 ; Cat., 41 * 9.

Black, shining ; head covered with a microscopic down; the anterior
tibiae in front, the posterior with a broad basal band, calcaria and the
half of the metatarsus of the posterior tarsi, white. Wings smoky,
hyaline at the apex.

The <$ has the antennas longer and more thickened towards the apex,
the third joint is thickened at the apex.

Length 2| — 3 lines.

Easily known from all the species by the smoky
wings, hyaline at the apex.

Very common, appearing in June and August. The
larva is found in July and again in August and Sep-
tember on the lower surface of the leaves of the birch,
oak, willow and lime.

The eggs are laid on the under side of the leaf
embedded in the epidermis, a hole being left when the
larva has left the egg. When young the larva is
pale, very shining, and covered with a glistening
varnish. The body is very transparent, so that the
workings of the internal organs can be seen through

EBIOOAMPA VARIPJSS. 223

the skin, while the intestinal canal appears as a black
line when it is filled with food. As the animal grows
the head becomes light brown, with darker month
parts, the eye spots likewise being visible as black
spots ; the entire head is very shining. The body is
dirty yellow (sometimes dirty white), the legs have a
yellowish hue, while the slimy substance is more
abundant than it was when the larva was young.

In its manner of feeding, pupating, &c, it agrees
with the other species. I have not noticed it in any
great abundance in Scotland, nor observed it do any
appreciable damage to trees ; but, according to Ratz-

burg, damage is done to the lime trees by a number

of the larvae feeding on a leaf, whereby it becomes
brown, curled up, and ultimately dies.

It is a species common all over Britain.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Prance,

Eussia.

3. Eriocampa varipes.

Tenthredo varipes, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 69, 49 ; Htg., Blattw.,

279, 46.
Selandria varipes, Ste., 111., vii, 51, 28.
Eriocampa crassicomis, Tishbein, S. E. Z., 1846.

varipes, Thorns., O

An
12.

p., 287, 4 ; Hym. Sc, i, 225, 4 ;

dre, Species, i, 323 ; Cat., 41*

Black ; tibiae white at the base ; anterior testaceous at the apex.
"Wings hyaline, a narrow infuscated cloud below the stigma ; the stigma

is almost testaceous beneath.

The (^ is similar, but the posterior wings have the tr. cubital and
recurrent nervures at edge of wing, and therefore without a middle

cellule.
Length 2£— 2£ lines.

Similar to the preceding, but wings clearer, only
smoky in the middle, and the tarsi are black. The

structure of the posterior neuration in the £ distin
guishes it readily.

The larva (which is similar to that of anmdijpes) has

been found by Mr. J. E. Fletcher on oak.

224 ERIOCAMPA LIMACINA.

Apparently not a common species, and confined
principally to the southern counties. It has been
found in the London' district, at Norwich, Worcester,

Dorsetshire.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Italy.

4. EBIOCAMPA LIMACINA.

PI. II, fig. 10 and 10 a, Larva.

Tenthredo limacina, Retz., De Geer, 313.

De Geer, Mem, ii, 269, pi. 38, figs.

16—25 ; Beau., Mem., v, 97, t. 12,

figs. 1 — 6.
adumbrata, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 64, 56; Htg.,

Blattw., 280, 48; Evers., Bull.

Mosc., xx; Tasch., Ent. f. Gart.,

153, figs. 38 and 39; Gorseki,

Analecta, i, 186, t. Ill, figs. 2 and

2 a.
cerasi, Bouche, Naturg., 137 ; Newman, Ent., viii,

258
Selandria adumbrata, Ste., 111., vii, 48, 14; Kalt., Pfl., 174, 207 ;

Yoll., Tidj. Ent., xxi, lar. im., pi. i.

West., Ent. Ann., 1862, p. 132; Gard. Chron,

1848, p. 524.
Eriocampa adumbrata, Thorns., Opus., 287, 5 ; Hym. Sc., i, 226,

5 ; Cam., Fauna, 24, 2.
limacina, Andre, Species, i, 322, pi. xviii, figs. 4, 5,

6 and 7 ; Cat., 41* 13.
Monostegia antipoda, Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1881, 50.

Black, shining, pilose; anterior tibiae testaceous, middle almost
fuscous. Wings hyaline, with a broad, smoky band in the middle. <$
and $ .

Length 2\ lines.

Distinguished from the foregoing species by the
darker colour of the legs, and by the transverse radial
nervure being received nearer the third transverse
cubital; from rosce by the less deeply emarginated
clypeus, and differently coloured wings ; and from
Cinxia by the black tibiae. Occasionally specimens of
both males and females are bred having only one
middle cellule in hind wings.

The eggs are laid on the underside of the leaf.
When very young the larva is white ; then it becomes

ERIOCAMPA LIMACINA. 225

of a greenish-yellow colour, but this is obscured by a
thick, black, olive-coloured resinous secretion, which
covers the body all over. It is much broader before
than behind ; the thorax and base of abdomen, too,
being higher than the rest of the abdomen ; the thorax
arching over the head to a certain extent. Its shape
is in fact not unlike a pear, and in its general appear-
ance closely resembles a slug ; hence the name given
to it of the " slug worm." The head is black, and
bears a few hairs ; the mouth yellowish ; the legs are
short and stumpy, and brownish in colour. The ventral
legs are coloured like the body. At the last moult
the slimy secretion is lost and the head becomes of the
same colour as the body ; the eye spots being black.

The larvaD feed on the upper side of the leaf usually
to the number of three or four. They eat only the
upper epidermis ; at first the leaf gets eaten in patches,
but ultimately every particle of green is devoured so
that it has the appearance of having been scorched ;
and ultimately it falls to the ground. When they
appear in great numbers (as they unfortunately too
often do) in hot weather, the noise they make in
feeding is said to resemble the falling of drops of rain
on the leaves. They are very sluggish, and their
sluggishness is only surpassed by their voracity. The
usual time for the appearance of the larvae is about the
middle of June, and from that time they are found in
more or less abundance to the end of September or
even October. The small black cocoon is spun in the
ground : when the larvoa are very numerous, the
cocoons are spun close to each other.

The damage done by these ugly brutes to fruit trees
is very often immense; especially is this the case
during very dry seasons. They are found on most
species of Pyrus, Prunus, Cerasus, Rubus and Amyg-
dalus, as well as Gratcegus, Quercus, and Betula.

Various remedies have been tried for their extermi-
nation, such as sprinkling sand, ashes, lime and
powdered hellebore, but with no great success. Good

VOL. I.

226 ERIOOAMPA OINXIA.

results, however, have been obtained in America by
showering a solution of hellebore in water over the
infected leaves from the rose of a watering pot. For
this purpose a small platform was erected on a cart,
which gave the necessary elevation ; but obviously
only the smaller trees could be reached in this way.
The solution consisted of a pound of hellebore to a

barrel of water.

As parasites there have been recorded : Erromenus
fwnatus, Brischke ; Tryphon Gorslci, Ratz. ; T. Ratze-
burgi, Gorski ; T. excavatus, Ratz. ; and T. translucens ,
Ratz.

The distribution is general throughout Britain,
Europe, and America ; while it has made its way into
New Zealand.

Obs. — Owing to Linne quoting (but erroneously) Reaumur's observa-
tions on E. limacina, that species has been very often called cerasi, but
the true cerasi, L. is very different, having the legs and scutellum yellow.
What the latter may be I cannot say for certain ; but in Linne's
collection it is represented by Lyda sylvatica, which fits the description
well, save only that Linne did not place his cerasi among the species

with multi- articulate antenna).

. Eeiocampa CINXIA.

Tcnthredo cinxia, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 69, 48 ; Htg., Blattw

Selandria cinxia. Ste

280, 49.

Eriocamjpa cinxia, Thorns., Opus., 287, 6 ; Hym. Sc, i, 226, 6

Andre, Species, i, 322 ; Cat., 41,* 11.

Black, tibia3 white at the base. Wings almost smoky, paler at the
base and apex ; the tr. radial nervure received shortly before the third
tr. cubital.

Length 2 lines.

Easily known from the preceding species by the trun-
cated clypeus, the first cubital nervure more distinct,
the second cellule narrower at the base ; from the suc-
ceeding it may be known by the tibiae being white at
the base. It is like varipes in the coloration of the

legs ; but the front tibise are not so testaceous ; it is
larger ; the radial nervure is received near the cubital ;

ERIOCAMPA ROSiE. 227

the tliird cellule is longer, and the second cubital has

a horny point.

Seemingly not a common species. Mr. Fletcher
takes it at Worcester, and Mr. Bridgman at Norwich.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France.

. ERIOCAMPA R0S2E.

PI. II, fig. 5, Larva ; PI. XII, fig 3, $ .

Selandria rosa, Harris, Cat., 1835 ; Injur. Ins., 416 ; Norton,

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, i, 257 ; Cat.,
118, 22.
aethiops, West., Gard. Chron., 1848, 524 ; Ent. Ann.,

1862, 132.
Selandria soror, Voll., Tidj. Ent., iv, 123.
Eriocampa livionensis, Gimmerthal, S. E. Z., 1844, 38.

— nitida, Tischbein, S. E. Z., 1846, 75 ; Andre, Species,

i, 320; Cat., 40* 5.
aethiops, Cam., E. M. M., xii, 192.
Eriocampa canincet Cam., E. M. M., xiv, 267.
Eriocampa soror, Andre, Species, i, 322 ; Cat., 41,* 14.

atratula, Thorns., Opus., 287, 7 ; Hym. Sc, i, 226, 7.
Athalia rosa, Tasch., Naturg., 151, 64 (cf. Cam., E. M. M., xvi,

266).

Black, shining ; the knees, the four anterior tibia) and tarsi -white ;
wings almost smoky, slightly darker at base, having a slight violet
tinge. Transverse radial nervure oblique, straight, received close to
middle of third cubital cellule.

Length If — 2 lines.

This species may be known from 22. cinxia by having
the whole of the anterior tibiae and tarsi white, instead
of only the base of the tibiae. E. testaceipes, again,
has no white on the legs, and the posterior are tes-
taceous. The wings in rosea are darker at the base,
and do not differ essentially from those of testaceipes ;
in cinxia they are different, being darker in the middle.

The larvae feed on the upper surface of the leaves
of the common rose, to which they often do great
damage in gardens, by eating the upper skin of the
leaves and thus destroying their vitality. The larva
is pale yellowish-green with the food canal appearing
as a darker stripe down the back. The head is orange.

228 ERIOCAMPA TESTACEIPES.

The eggs are laid in the midrib in May, the larvae
appearing in early summer. The small oval cocoons
are spun in the earth. A second brood appears in
France during September and October, there being also
two broods in America, where it is very destructive to

garden roses.

Common in gardens in England and Scotland,
suspect it has been introduced into America from
Europe, like the gooseberry grub Nematus ribesii.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Holland, France,
Germany.

Obs. — This common species agrees tolerably well with the description
of Tenthredo aethiops, Fab., E. S., ii, 121, 65 ; S. P., 39, 49, which
was described from an insect in the Banksian Collection; but the

England) has been either lost or destroyed. In
Europe it was first described by Westwood, who referred it to the
aethiops, Fab., but long before that it had been described in America by
Harris under the appropriate name of rosce ; I certainly think the
Harrisian name should be adopted, because there is no dispute about it,
while the Fabrician description is by no means clear, and the name has
been applied to other species. The late Prof. Zaddach informed me
that aethiops in the Fabrician Collection in Kiel is represented by a
Blennocampa. The aethiops of Klug and Hartig may possibly be the
aethiops mentioned by Zaddach. It is regarded by Thomson (Hym.
Sc., i, 213) as a variety of Blennocampa eppiphium. Pz., with the thorax
entirely black, but on the other hand, Gorski says that Klug's type of
aethiovs in the Berlin Museum is identical with E. limacina. save that

imacina

sometim

Tom several Continental entomologists, but it proved
uliginosa, Schr.

. EillOCAMPA TESTACEIPES.

Eriocampa testaceipes, Cam., E. M. M., xi, 129; Fauna, 24, 4;

Andre, Species, i, 322 ; Cat., 41,*
10.

)xse, trochanters and basal three- fourths of femora
black, the apical fourth, tibia} and tarsi yellowish-testaceous; apex of
hinder tarsi fuscous. Wings slightly longer and narrower than usual,
smoky ; costa and stigma black ; transverse radial nervure received

Length 2 lines ; alar exp. 5 lines.

Differs from rosce in having the win^s somewhat
longer and narrower, the third cnbital cellule is longer,
being distinctly longer than the second, which is

GENUS BLENNOCAMPA. 229

scarcely the case with rosce on the upper side, by the
hinder tibise being longer compared to the tibiae and
by the different coloration of the posterior legs.

I am not sure but Eriocampa dolosa, Evers. (Bull.
Mosc, xx, 33, 16), is the same species. His descrip-
tion is : — Nigra, nitida, geniculis, tibiis, tarsisquo
sordide lutescentibus ; — alis limpidis, stigmate-radioque
fuscis ?. The term- " limpidis " can scarcely be
applied to the wings of testaceipes, while Eversmann
makes no mention of the neuration of the wings (save
that there is but one middle cellule in hind wings) nor

of the form of the clypeus, so that in the meantime
prefer to retain my own name.

Taken on Gth June on alder at Kilmorack, near

Beauly.

Genus — Blennocampa.

Blennocampa, Htg., Blattw., 266.
Monophadnus, Htg., 1. c, 271.
Phymatocera, Dbm., Clavis, 4.
Pectinia (Lep.), Brulle, Hymen., iv, p. 664.

Wings with two radial and four cubital cellules; the second and
third of the latter each receiving a recurrent nervure. Lanceolate
cellule petiolate. Posterior wings with the transverse cubital nervure
always absent, but the recurrent in one section (= Monophadnus, Htg.)
is present. Antennae short and thick, or longish and filiform ; the third
joint longer than fourth, or densely pilose with the third shorter than
fourth. Body short, thick, and rather ovoid in form, the abdomen being
rarely much longer than the head and thorax.

The neuration is varied as regards the position of the nervures in the
different species. The basal nervure is straight and runs parallel
with the transverse cubital, or it is curved and not parallel. The trans-
verse median nervure is generally received before the middle of the
cellule, but sometimes is received beyond it, i.e. nearer the base of the
cellule. In B. betuleli and B. nana the first transverse cubital nervure
is absent, or at least is very faint, so that these two species have pretty
much the neuration of Fenusa, with which they agree in some other
respects.

The clypeus is, as a rule, truncated or but slightly emarginated at
the apex. The pentagonal area is rarely indicated, but the frontal
sutures are distinct. The mandibles are short and broad, and have a
tooth not far from the blunt apex ; behind the subapical tooth the

edge may be indented (see PL XII, fig. 12).

The only noteworthy peculiarity as regards the

230 GENUS BLENNOCAMPA.

secondary sexual characters is that in one group
(lineolata) the transverse median and recurrent nervures
are situated along the edge.

The larva) are short and thick compared to their
length ; in shape they are cither cylindrical or flat ; in
the latter case the body is much broader before than
behind, and is covered witli a slimy secretion. The

cylindrical larva) have either bare bodies, or bodies
covered with long or short, branched, or simple spines.
A cocoon is spun in the earth.

By some authors Blemwcampa is split up into three
genera. Blennocampa distinguished by having no
middle cellule in hind wing ; Monophadnus by having
one middle cellule; and Phymatocera (= Pectinia) by
its long pilose antenna), which have the third joint
shorter than the fourth, the reverse being the case
with the other species. I have not, however, adopted
Monophadnus and Phymatocera. From Sclandria the
structure of the lanceolate cellule and the neuration
in the hind wings readily separate it ; from Hoplocampa
the same characters distinguish it. Its affinities are
undoubtedly strongly with Fenusa, from which, apart
from its having four cubital cellules, it is very difficult
to point to any other absolute marks of distinction, and
the difficulty of doing so is further increased by the
first transverse cubital nervure in B. nana and B.
betuleti being almost obsolete at least in the middle.

The species of Blennocampa have a very wide range,
being abundant in the Palsearctic and Nearctic regions,
rarer in the Oriental and Australian, and not uncom-
mon in the Neotropical. There are more than fifty
European species, while thirty-two have been described
from North America, the greater number belonging to
the subgenus Monophadnus. The neotropical genus
Waldhcemia is very closely related to the latter, with
which it agrees in the neuration, but differs in having
the coxae very large and the antennae densely pilose,
thickened in the middle, and with the four last joints
abruptly shorter.

SYNOPSIS OF BLENNOCAMPA. 231

Synopsis of Species.

1 (8) Abdomen reddish.

2 (7) The recurrent nervure in hind wings present.

3 (4) Thorax (and legs) reddish. Melanocephalns.

4 (3) Thorax black.

5 (6) Legs reddish.

6 (5) Legs black.

7 (2) Recurrent nervure in hind wings absent. Assimilis.

8 (1) Abdomen black.

9 (10) Mesonotum red, legs black. Eppiphium.

Fuscipennis.
Nigripes.

Betuleti.

10 (9) Mesonotum black.

11 (12) Legs testaceous.

12 (11) Legs not testaceous.

13 (30) Femora black, tibia) and tarsi white.

14 (25) Tegula) and pronotum white.

15 (20) Recurrent nervure in hind wings absent.

16 (17) Wings with a fuscous fascia in middle. Nana.

17 (16) Wings hyaline throughout ; tr. radial nervure interstitial.

18 (18) Third and fourth joints of antenna) about equal ; edge of pro-

notum broadly white; base of legs white; antennae as
long as body in $ , in $ longer than body. Alchemillue.

19 (19) Third joint of antenna) distinctly longer than fourth ; edge of

pronotum scarcely white; legs black at base; antenna)
almost shorter than abdomen. Subserrata.

20 (15) Recurrent nervure in hind wing present.

21 (22) Transverse radial nervure interstitial; antenna) longer than

abdomen.

liujicruris.

22 (21) Transverse radial nervure not interstitial ; antenna) shorter than

abdomen.

23 (24) Third cubital celulle shorter than second, a suture behind the

eyes ; ^ with recurrent nervure in middle of cellule.

Bipunctata.

24 (23) Third cubital cellule longer than second ; <$ with the recurrent

nervure in hind wings at edge of wing. JAneolata.

25 (14) TegulaB and edge of pronotum black.

26 (29) Recurrent nervure in hind wings absent.

27 (28) Transverse radial nervure interstitial. Svhcana.

28 (27) Transverse radial nervure not interstitial. Pusilla.

29 (26) Recurrent nervure in hind wings present. Albipes.

30 (13) Legs almost entirely black.

31 (32) Antenna) longish, pilose, in both sexes, but especially with $ ;

third joint shorter than fourth. Aterrima.

32 (31) Antennae bare, third joint longer than fourth.

33 (36) Knees on all the legs white.

34 (35) Recurrent nervure in hind wings present; transverse radial

nervure interstitial.

Geniculata.

35 (34) Recurrent nervure in hind wings absent ; transverse radial

nervure not interstitial.
36 (33) Four hind legs entirely black.

Cinereipes.

37 (38) Recurrent nervure in hind wings absent ; a distinct horny point

in second cubital cellule. Fuliginosa^

38 (37) Recurrent nervure in hind wings present.

39 (42) Third cubital cellule shorter than second on upper side.

232 BLENNOCAMPA ATERRIMA.

40 (41) No suture behind the eyes ; abdomen a half longer than head

and thorax.

Sericans.

41 (40) A distinct suture behind the eyes; abdomen not a half longer

Sulcata.

than head and thorax.

42 (39) Third cubital cellule longer than second.

43 (44) Wings clearer at apex than at base ; a horny point in second

cubital cellule. # # Nigrita.

44s (43) Wings not clearer at base than at apex ; no horny point in second

cellule.

Micans.

Section 1. — Posterior wings, with one middle cellule.

Body, legs and wings entirely black. Antenna) longish, filiform,
the joints produced at the apices, pilose, in £ densely covered
with stiff longish hair ; third joint shorter than fourth. Wings
with the third cubital cellule much longer than second, dilated
at the apex; second transverse cubital nervure oblique, sloping
in the opposite direction from the third ; first transverse

middle

cellule; tr. radial received not very far from the third tr.
cubital. Accessory nervure in hind wings appendiculated a
little beyond the middle. Cljpeus truncated at apex. The

man

middle behind. Claws bifid (Sp

1. Blennocampa aterrima
PI. XIV, figs. 3, 3a, <? .

Tenthredo aterrima, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 81, 79 ; Htg., Blattw.,

27G, 36 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx,

31, 11.
fuliginosa, Fall., Acta Holm., 1808, 109, 45 ; Bouche,

Naturg., 136.
Phymatocera aterrima, Dbm., Consp., 8; Voll., Tidj. Ent., v,

55—59, pi. 2 ; ZooL, S. S., 9471 ;

TascL., Ent. f. Gart., 161; Kalt.

Pfl., 723.

Belandria Robinsoni, Curtis, Trans. Linn. Soc, xxi, 39 — 41.

Blennocam/pa aterrima, Thorns., Opus., 280, 7 ; Hym. Sc, i,

205, 1 ; Cam., E. M. fll, xiv, 58,
20 ; Andre, Species, i, 298, pi. xviii,
fig. 13 ; Cat., 37* 1.

Black, shining, covered with a close fuscous pubescence; apex of
fore femora and tibiae in front testaceous ; wings smoky, iridescent. $
and <$.

Length 3-£ — 4 lines.

The larva is cylindrical, thicker before than behind.

Elennocampa sebicans. 233

Head black, slightly pilose, and with a horse-shoe
shaped impression on the vertex. The ground colour

of the body is greyish- white, but it is covered with a
bluish powder. Skin much wrinkled and covered on

the upper part with black tubercles, each ending in
short black spines, which form a sort of crown ; the
middle spine is the longest. There are three rows of
the tubercles on the abdomen on each side of the
central furrow; on the fore region they are more
numerous and more irregularly arranged. The skin-
folds over the abdominal legs are also beset with black
spiues. Thoracic legs black; those on the abdomen
are short, conical, and coloured like the body.

They feed on Gonvallaria multiflora, 0. polygonata,
&c, usually feeding along the edge of the leaf, or
more rarely in the centre. When full fed they become
entirely bluish-grey, and enter the earth, where a
cocoon is spun. They appear in June and July ; the
imago in the following May.
. Found near Putney by Curtis.

Continental range : Sweden, Holland, France, Ger-
many, Italy and Russia.

Body and legs black ; knees and four anterior tibia? testaceous
in front. Antenna? shorter than thorax, thick, the third joint
about one half longer than fourth. Transverse radial nervure
received a little beyond middle of cellule, third cubital cellule
almost shorter and much wider than second ; tr. median
nervure received in front of middle of cellule. Head scarcely
dilated behind the eyes ; frontal sutures distinct ; frontal fovea
large, oval; pentagonal area not indicated; clypeus slightly in-
cised. Abdomen longish, sharply pointed at apex (Species 2).

. Blennocampa SERICANS.

Tenthredo sericans, Htg., Blattw., 275, 33.

Blennocampa sericans, Andre, Species, i, 308 ; Cat., 37,* 7.

Black ; sides of abdomen and legs covered with a grey pubescence
knees and tibia? in front whitish-testaceous. Antenna? as long as the
head and thorax, thick, bare, the third joint a quarter longer than the
fourth ; the joints not closely separated. Front smooth, with scarcely
any pubescence; the antennal fovea large; frontal sutures clearly
defined. ClypeUs slightly incised; tips of mandibles piceous. Abdomen

234 BLENNOCAMrA SEMCANS.

longer than the head and thorax, broad in the middle, sharply pointed
at the apex ; the edges of the segments are white. The breast and
pleura) are smooth and shining; the cenchri are large, white; the
blotch is distinct. The legs are covered with a long white pile ; the
anterior tarsi pale. Wings slightly fuscous throughout ; the tr. radial
nervure is received a little past the middle of the third cubital cellule ;
the second cubital cellule has a distinct horny point ; the first cubital
nervure is received near the middle of the second cubital cellule ; the
second in the basal fourth ; the third cubital cellule is nearly as long as
the fourth. °. and $.
Length 3f lines.

The long, pointed abdomen, short antennae, uniformly
coloured wings, as well as the coloration of the legs,
will serve to distinguish this species.

Hartig says that the posterior tibise in the ? are
pale, but this is not the case with the specimens I have
seen.

Blennocampa monticola, Htg., = feriata, Zaddach

(Beschr., p. 35), differs from sericans in having the

third joint of the antennse double the length of the
fourth, while in sericans it is not more than a quarter ;
in monticola the antennas are scarcely longer than the
thorax ; the legs are shining, black ; the apex of femora
and the tibise externally white, the tarsi are black, the
anterior, however, being paler than the posterior.

I have seen several English specimens of sericans,
but I do not know the precise locality where they were
taken.

Continental distribution : Germany, Holland, France*

Black, anterior knees testaceous ; wings blackish at base. An^

tenna} shorter than thorax, thick, third joint double the length
of fourth. Third cubital cellule a little longer than second,
slightly dilated at apex ; second and third transverse cubital
nervures with distinct bulla;; tr. median nervure received in
middle of cellule. Head dilated behind the eyes; frontal sutures
and fovea distinct; pentagonal area confused; clypeus trun-
cated at apex. Eyes reaching close to mandibles (Species 3);

BLENNOCAMPA NTGRTTA. 235

. Blennocampa NIGRTTA.

edo nigrita, Fab., S. P., 39, 47; Lep., Mon., 81, 241

Fall., Acta Holm., 1807, 281, 8.

igcrrimu, Kl., Bcrl. Mag., viii, 65, 83; Htg

Blattw.. 27G. 35 : Ratz.. Forstins

Kalt. 431

SelandHa brevicornis, Ste

Blennocampa nigrita, Thorns., Opus., 281, 8 ; Hym. Sc, i, 200,

6 ; Andre, Species, i, 307 ; Cat.,

37,* 2.

Deep black, densely pilose ; anterior knees an<l baial half of tibia)
whitish-testaceous. Antenna) shorter than head and thorax, the joints
short and thick, closely united towards the apex ; the third joint a
little less than double the length of the fourth. Wings fuscous at base,
hyaline at apex ; nervures black ; basal half of stigma fuscous.

The <$ has the antenna) as long as the abdomen ; the third and fourth
joints are about equal.

Length 3f lines.

The deep black, densely pilose body, with wings
fuscous at base only, serve to distinguish this species.

The larva, according to Kaltcnbach and Ratzburg,
causes damage to ash trees, upon the leaves of which

feeds. It becomes mature at the end of June;
pupates in the earth, and appears in the perfect state
early next summer.

Not a common species. Mr. Fletcher takes it at
Worcester, and it is, I believe, occasionally met with .
in the London district.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, Holland
France, Tyrol, Hungary.

Black ; knees and anterior tibiae whitish-testaceous in front.
Head projecting behind the eyes, which have a longish suture
behind them. Eyes not reaching close to mandibles ; frontal
area and sutures indistinct. Third cubital cellule shorter than
second ; transverse median nervure received close to middle of
cellule. Clypeus with a very slight emargination. Claws
simple. Sheath with a projecting point on its upper side
(Species 4).

236 BLENNOOAMPA SULCATA.

. BLENNOOAMPA SULCATA.

Blennocampa sulcata, Cam., E. M. M., xviii, 271 (1882).

Black ; covered with a silky -greyish or blackish pubescence, which
gives the legs a fuscous tint ; apical fourth of anterior femora and
tibia) in front, and the four posterior knees dull testaceous-white.
Antennae thickish, not much longer than the head and thorax; third
joint about one fourth longer than the succeeding. Head with a deep,
longish depression behind the eyes, and slightly projecting behind them ;
frontal area and sutures indistinct; clypeus very slightly incised.
Wings smoky, somewhat darker at base; transverse radial nervure
received at apical third of third cubital cellule ; transverse median a
little in front of middle of cellule ; first recurrent a little in front of
middle of second cubital cellule ; second scarcely so near the middle of
the third cubital cellule and not received at such an acute angle as the
first is ; third cubital cellule short and wide compared to the length, which
is a little shorter than second on upper side, but longer on lower; a
bulla in first transverse cubital nervure. Claws simple. Abdomen
about one-fourth longer than head and thorax ; sheath of saw projecting,
its upper side produced into a projecting rounded point, and marked
with a few longish hairs.

The £ is similar in coloration, and has the antennae a very little
longer, and the wings if anything clearer.

Length 2f lines.

This distinct species is very closely related to B.
exarmata, Thorns. (Hymen. Sc, i, 207), olim monti-

cola, Opus., 279, 3, non Hart., but that has the
antennas filiform, and the third cubital cellule elongated.
From 13. micans it may be known by the eyes not
reaching so close to the mandibles, by the indistinct
frontal sutures and area, by the deep suture behind the
eyes, while the head projects more behind, by the
shorter third cubital cellule, the transverse radial
nervure is received farther from the third transverse
cubital, and consequently the second radial cellule is
longer ; and lastly, in micans the transverse median
nervure is received in the middle of cellule, while in

sulcata it is received a piece in front of middle.

Sericans, again, is larger, has the abdomen longer

compared to the head and thorax, the middle tibise

and tarsi are distinctly obscure white in front, the

antennal fovea longer, there is no suture behind the

eye, while the sheath is not prolonged into a projecting
point at the upper part* and the saw is longer with

BLENNOCAMPA MICANS. 237

better marked indentations. As for the common
nigrita, the long third cubital and the short second
radial cellule at once separate it. B. monticola,
Htg. =feriata9 Zaddach, is also related to it, bnt may
at once be distinguished by there being no suture
behind the eyes, by the short second radial cellule, by
the third cubital cellule being double the length of
second, and by the tibiae being all more or less white

at the sides.

Taken among roses at Holgate, York, by Mr. T.

Wilson.

Continental distribution : Germany.

Black; knees and anterior tibiae testaceous. Antenna) short,

third

Trans-

verse radial nervure received not far from third tr. cubital;
third cubital cellule much longer than second, dilated, but not
very much, at apex; second tr. cubital nervure oblique, not
parallel with third which is straight; tr. median nervure
received beyond middle of cellule. Accessory nervure in hind
wings appendiculated a little beyond the middle. Frontal
sutures and pentagonal area well defined ; frontal fovea very
large. Head not dilated behind the eyes, an indistinct suture
at their middle behind (Species 5).

5. BLENNOCAMPA MICANS.

Tenthredo micans, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 65, 40 ; Htg., Blattw.,

276, 34.
Blennocampa micans, Cameron, E. M. M., xiv, 57; Andre,

Species, i, 309 ; Cat., 37,* 8.

Black, almost shining; head, sides of abdomen, and legs thickly
covered with long, closely pressed hairs. Knees and anterior tibia3
pale testaceous. Antennae a little longer than the head and thorax,
stout, thickly and closely covered with a stiff black pile, the basal joints
distinctly separated from each other, the apical more closely pressed
together ; the third joint a quarter longer than the fourth ; the fourth
a little longer than the fifth ; the ninth bluntly conical ; the antennal
furrow very large, deep, somewhat projecting; frontal suture distinct;
apex of clypeus and labrum truncated ; cenchri large, pale white ;
blotch distinct. Sheath of saw a very little projecting. Wings pale
smoky ; costa and stigma dark fuscous ; first recurrent nervure received
in the iuiddle of the second cubital cellule; second cubital nervure
slopes sharply towards the base of the wing, the third* slightly towards
the apex. Head thick, as broad as the mesothorax.

Length 2f — 3 lines.

238 BLENNOOAMPA GENIOULATA.

This species is closely allied to nigrita, but is smaller,
the wings are clearer, and not much darker at the
base than at the apex ; there is no horny point in the
second cubital cellule; the first cubital nervure is
more distinct; the frontal and antennal sutures are
deeper ; the head, legs and sides of abdomen more
densely pilose, and generally the body is more shining.
In the <$ the antennae are shorter than in the same
sex in nigrita, the joints are more distinctly separated
and not so flattened, the third joint is decidedly longer
than the fourth, while in nigrita they are equal, the
fifth being if anything longer than the fourth, while
the mesonotum in micans is densely pubescent, and
scarcely so in nigrita ; also in the latter the knees only
are testaceous ; in micans the whole of the anterior
tibiae in front are testaceous.

Seemingly rare. Dairy (Sharp), Manchester (Chap-

pell).

Continental distribution : Germany, Holland, France,

Tyrol.

Tegulae, pronotum and posterior legs except at the knees, black.
Antennse longer than abdomen, filiform. Winers smoky, third

cubital

transverse radial nervure

interstitial. Basal nervure received a little behind the middle
of cellule. Clypeus incised (Species 6).

6. BLENNOOAMPA GENIOULATA.

PI. VII, fig. 3, 3a, 36, Larva.

Tenthredo geniculata, Rtg., Blattw., 274, 31 ; E vers., Bull. Mosc.,

xx, 31, 9.
longicornis, Htg., Blattw., 275, 32 ; Evers., I.e., 31, 10.
Monophadnus geniculatus, Kalt., Pfl., 237, 242.
Blennocampa geniculata, Thorns., Op., 282, 11 ; Hym. Sc., i,

218, 21; Cam., Fauna, 26, 13;

Andre, Species, i, 308 ; Cat., 37,* 6.

Deep black, shining ; knees, tibiee in front and base of hinder tibiae,
slightly white. Antenna) filiform, thin, slightly tapering towards the
apex ; the third joint is scarcely longer than the fourth. Wings almost
fuscous ; the radial nervure nearly interstitial ; the nervures, costa and
stigma are black.

BLENNOCAMPA GENICULATA. 239

The <$ has the antennae nearly as long as the body, thicker and more
compressed than in the $ , and the knees are black.
Length 2f lines.

This species may be known from fuliginosa (its
nearest ally) by its longer antennas, interstitial tr.
radial nervure and clearly white knees.

The larva I find on Splrcva ulmaria in June and

July, while it feeds also on Geum urbanum, Rubus
ccBsms and dumetorum, according to Kaltenbach. The
head is shining, faintly pilose, greenish-yellow, the
yellowish tinge being more intense on the vertex ; the
eye spots are black and the mouth brownish. The
body is dark green, the dorsal canal somewhat darker.
On each segment are two rows of double forked
spines, one being placed somewhat in front of the other.
The spines over the anal segment and also those over
the legs are single, while those on the second segment
are four-spined. The legs are glassy, yellowish-green,

claws brown. Length 5 — 6 lines. It rests on the
underside of the leaves, eating irregular holes and not
unfrequently reducing them to a skeleton. It pupates
in the earth, and does not appear in the perfect state
till the following spring or early summer. At the last

moult the spines are cast off, and it becomes of a

uniform green colour.

A common species in early summer in Scotland. Mr.
Fletcher takes it at Worcester.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France,
Tyrol, Hungary, Russia.

Black ; knees, tibiae and tarsi white. Antenna) short, thick ;
transverse radial nervure received a little beyond middle of
cellule; third cubital cellule much longer than third; tr.
median nervure received a piece in front of middle of cellule.
Accessory nervure in hind wings longly appendiculated.
Clypeus truncated, convex (Species 7).

240 BLENNOCAMPA ALBIPES,

. BLENNOCAMPA ALBIPES.

PL II, fig. 7 and 7a, Larva; PL XXI, fig. 5, Saw.

Tenthredo albipes, GmeL, N. S., v, 2667, 126 ; Klug, Berl. Mag.,

viii, 67, 34 ; Htg., Blattw., 272, 23;
Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 31.
morio, Lep., Mon., 105, 298 (nee Fab).

Selandria albipes, Ste., 111., vii, 49, 19; Yoll., Tidj. Ent., t. xiv,

274, pi. xii, figs. 1—7 ; Kalt., Pfl., 9.

Blennoeampa albipes, Thorns., Op., 281, 10 ; Hym. Be., i, 217,

19; Cam., Fauna, 26, 12; Andre,
Species, i, 313 ; Cat., 38,* 22.

Black, shining ; knees, tibiae and tarsi white ; the apex of posterior
tibiae and joints of tarsus fuscous. Antennae as long as the abdomen,
moderately thick, a little thickened towards the apex ; the third joint
one and three quarter times longer than the fourth ; the rest a little
shorter. Wings almost hyaline; the second cubital cellule is small,

with a round horny dot ;
apex ; the radi
cubital cellule.

much

and the blotch is large. $

lined internally with black

Length 2§— 2f lines.

The colour of the legs, subhyaline wings and the
position of the marginal nervnre serve to discriminate
this common species.

The larva, according to the observations of Kalten-
bach and Vollenhoven, feeds on the leaves of Ranun-
culus rep ens and acris. It is sea green throughout,
except on the head which is pale-yellow on the face,
brownish or blackish on the vertex. When fully grown
the head is shining black. Sometimes, according to
Vollenhoven, the larva is more or less orange ; and
when very young, Kaltenbach says that it is whitish
and pilose, the head yellow, with the mouth and eye
spots black to brown. It pupates in the earth, where
it remains till the following spring.

A very common species, found all over the country.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Switzerland, Tyrol, Russia.

BLENNOCAMPA LINEOLATA. 241

Tegulae, edge of pronotum, knees, tibiae and tarsi white or testa-
ceous-white. Antennae usually shorter than abdomen, thickish,
third joint longer than fourth. Clypeus incised slightly at
apex; frontal furrows almost obsolete. Head dilated behind
the eyes, a suture behind them at the middle. Wings hyaline,
third cubital cellule shorter (bipunctata) , a little longer (rufi-
cruri8), or much longer (lineolata) than second; tr. radial
received a little beyond middle of cellule, or interstitial (rufi-

cruris) tr. median nervure received in front of middle of cellule.

Transverse nervures in hind wings in <$ at edge of wing
(lineolata). Eyes at a slight distance from base of mandibles,
but not so high up as in melanocephalus (Species 7, 8 and 9).

. BLENNOCAMPA LINEOLATA.

Plate XII, fig. 5, ? .

Tenthredo lineolata, Klug, Bcrl. Mag., viii, 76, 62.

Selandria lineolata, ZacL, Beschr., 32, fig. 14 (lar.) ; Giraud,

Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 51, i, 380—386
(as biimnctata) ; Kalt., Pfl., 664.

Blennocampa lineolata, Cam., Proc. N. H. S. Glas., iii, 109;

Fauna, 26, 9.

Black, shining, covered with a close grey pile ; abdominal segments
lined with a white pubescence ; tegula}, edge of pronotum, knees and
tibia) white ; apex of posterior tibiae and the tarsi fuscous. Antenna)
shorter than the abdomen, the third joint one and a quarter times
longer than the fourth. Wings hyaline, iridescent; the costa, stigma
and nervures black ; third cubital cellule much longer than second.

Length 2f lines.

This species may be known from alchemillm by the
antennae being shorter than the abdomen ; the radial
nervure is received near the middle of the third cubital
cellule ; the second cubital nervure runs parallel with
the third and not with the first ; the second recurrent
is received nearer the second cubital, and the first
nearer the first cubital; while there is the decided
difference in the neuration of the posterior wings

From bipunctata it is readily separated by observing
that the third cubital cellule is much longer than the
second, the opposite being the case with bipunctata,
which has it also broader compared to the length ; the
accessory nervure in hind wings is slightly longer

appendiculated. The <$ of bipunctata has the antennae
shorter, thicker, and more compressed than in lineolata,
and the femora are reddish, lined with black.

242 BLENNOCAMPA EI PUNCTATA.

The larva appears in June feeding on oak leaves.

It is green, with a yellowish dorsal line, through which
the food canal shines as a dirty dark green line. On
each side of the dorsal line stand five lines of thorns,
and next to them, on the sides, are two rows of smaller
thorns; while over each proleg are placed two black tuber-
cles, placed one behind the other, the front one bearing
a split and the posterior a single thorn. Those on the
posterior segments are green ; under these are two
green single thorns. Upon the last segment are six
single thorns arranged in a half circle. The feet have
brownish claws, and have, at their base, an irregular
brown splash. Head brown, slightly pilose, darker
above and at the sides as well as at the mouth ; the eye
spots are large and black. After the last moult the
larva appears deep green with a deep orange-yellow
back and dark green dorsal stripes ; the head is deep
green.

This is not a common species. I have seen it from
Worcester, from Perth and Thornhill.

Continental distribution : Germany, France.

. Blennocampa bipunctata.

Tenthredo bipunctata, Klug, Beii. Mag., viii, 215, 172; Htg.,

Blattw., 273, 26.

Blennocampa bipunctata, Thorns., Op., 279, 4 ; Hym. Sc, i, 208,

5 ; Cam., Proc. N. H. S. Glas., iii,
109; Fauna, 26, 10; Andre,
Species, i, 301 ; Cat., 38 * 24.

Black, shining ; tegulae, pronotum broadly, knees and tibise yellowish-
white ; the tarsi and apex of posterior tibia) fuscous. The body is
covered with a greyish pile ; blotch moderately large ; abdomen slightly
broader in the middle than at the base, narrowing again from the apex
of the fourth segment to the apex, which projects sharply above.
Wings hyaline and slightly greyish ; sometimes the tegulee are of this
colour ; third cubital cellule much shorter and wider than second. The
palpi are pale.

Length 3£ lines.

Apparently it is not common in this country,
have only seen two specimens ; one from Kingnessie
and the other from Rannoch ; the former taken on the

P.LENNOCAMPA BirUNCTATA. 243

rose and the other on alder. On the Continent it is
found in Sweden, Germany and France.

I do not know that anything for certain can be said

to be known regarding its early stages. Dours (Cat.

Syn., p. 18) says that the larva feeds on roses, but

whether this is an actual observation of his own, or
merely copied from Boisduval, I do not know. The
last-mentioned author describes the larva as feeding on
rose twigs, but the description which he gives of the
larva and its habits agrees so closely with that of

Poecilosoma candidatum that I think he must have

mistaken the latter for bipunctata, which it is not
unlike.

The synonymy of this species is rather confusing.
Andre' quotes lineolata, Zad., ? , and pubescens, Zad.,
3 , as synonymous ; but the species I have described
above is neither the one nor the other, nor possibly is
it even his b tymnet at a, for he describes the <$ as having
an open discoidal cellule. Lineolata, Zad., on the
other hand, is the same species I have described under
that name ; while, according to Zaddach, pubescens
has an open discoidal cellule, and has, judging from
his figure, the third cubital cellule longer, being as

long, if not longer, than the second. Giraud (Ann.
Soc. Ent. Fr. (5), i, 380—386) says that what Zad-
dach has described as the $ of pubescens is the <$ of

lineolata, which is, according to him, only a var. of
bipunctata ; but the latter observation is certainly incor-
rect, although he may be correct in his former state-
ment. Andre again quotes albipennis, Zad., as a syno-

nym of lineolata, Kl., Htg., non Ti&d.., because, I pre-
sume, Hartig makes lineolata a Blennocampa. If this
be really the case then lineolata, Zad., Cam., will
require a new name ; but in the absence of definite

information to the contrary (and it must be remem-
bered that practically lineolata (J is a Blennocampa,

and that my lineolata agrees perfectly with Klug's

description, where no mention is made of the neuration
of posterior wings), I prefer to retain the name. My

244 BLENNOOAMPA RUFIORURIS.

bipunctata is certainly identical with the bipunctata of
Klug, Hartig and Thomson.

10. Blennocampa ruficeubis.

Selandria ruficruris, Brulle, Exp. d. Moree, iii, 393, 873 ; Zad.,

Beschr., 35.
Blennocampa ruficruris, Andre, Species, i, 302 ; Cat., 38,# 26.

Black. Antennae filiform, thin, of nearly equal thickness, the joints
distinctly separated, truncated and enlarged at apex, the third joint
curved, a little longer than fourth. Head small, smooth, shining, covered
with a very short pale down ; sutures scarcely visible ; clypeus trun-
cated ; palpi pale at the apex. Thorax smooth, shining, scarcely pubes-
cent, the basal half of pronotum broadly, and the tegulse testaceous ;
cenchri small, white. Abdomen nearly a third longer than the head and
thorax, smooth, shining; saw largely projecting, pilose. Legs: coxse, tro-
chanters, and basal three-fourths of femora (less than three-fourths of
anterior) black, apex of femora, tibiae and tarsi brownish-testaceous ; the
apex of tibiae and the apical joints of tarsi fuscous ; spurs very short.
Wings subhyaline, costa (extreme base is pale), stigma and nervures
black ; the second cubital cellule has the upper side longer than the
upper side of the third ; the lower side is angled where it receives the
recurrent nervure, and is shorter than the lower side of the third ; the
tr. radial nervure is interstitial. In the apical part of the second cubital
cellule is a faint dot. The mesonotum (with scutellum) is faintly punc-
tured ; the pleurae are semi-opaque, pubescent.

The $ has the antennae longer than the abdomen and slightly pilose.

Length 3| lines.

Buficruris conies next to bipunctata, but it is larger,
the antennae are thinner, the joints more sharply sepa-
rated, the colour of the pronotum and tegulae is dif-
ferent ; the first recurrent nervure is received near the
middle of the cellule, and not in the basal fourth, and
the tr. radial nervure is joined to the third tr. cubital.

Seemingly a rare species. A specimen has been
taken by Mr. E . Parfitt in Devonshire, and another by
Mr. Bridgman at Norwich.

Continental distribution : Germany, Dalmatia, Morea.

Abdomen, thorax, legs and stigma, rufous; head and antenna?
black. Tr. radial nervure received a little beyond the middle
of cellule; tr. median in basal third of cellule; accessory
nervure in hind wings interstitial; second and third cubital
cellules subequal above; third much wider at apex than at
base. Antennai short, filiform ; third joint a little longer
than fourth ; frontal sutures distinct. Clypeus slightly in-
cised at apex ; patella? distinct (Species 11).

BLENNOCAMPA MELANOCEPHALUS. 245

11. BLENNOCAMPA MELANOCEPHALUS.

Plate VII, fig. 4, Segment of Larva ; Plate XII, fig.

Tenthredo melanocephalus , Fab., E. S., Supp., 216, 38, 39 ;

Coquel, Icon., i, 16, pi. 3, fig.

6 ; Panz., F. G., 64, tab. 5 ;

Klug., Berl. Mag., viii, 13 ;

Lep., Mon., 115, 338 ; Htg.,

Blattw., 271, 17.
albida, Klug., 1. c, 14; Htg., 1. c, 270, 13, £.
Hylotoma melanocephalus, Fab., S. P., 26, 20.
Selandria melanocephalus, Zaddach, Beschr., 32, fig. 15 (lav.) ;

Voll.,Tidj. Ent., viii, 79—83,

pi. 4; Kalt., Pfl., 664.
Blennocampa inquilina, Foerster, S. E. Z. ; Andre, Species, i,

305 ; Cat., 39* 40.
melanocephala , Thorns., Opus., 279, 1 ; Hym. Sc,

i, 206, 2 ; Cam., Fauna, 25, 8 ;

Andre, Species, i, 305; Cat.,

39* 39.

Reddish-testaceous, pilose, shining; head, antenna), metanotum, a
large spot on the sternum, sheath of saw, a few marks on sides and
ventral surface of the abdomen, and the legs at the base, black. Abdo-
men of a paler colour than the thorax ; cenchri large. Antenna) as
long as the abdomen, the third joint is a little longer than the fourth,
the remaining joints taper very slightly towards the apex. Wings
hyaline, nervures blackish, costa and stigma pale testaceous.

The £ has the thorax black, and the ventral segments of abdomen

pale.
Length 3 lines.

The larva is covered with black and green spines,
and feeds on the under side of oak leaves. The ground
colour is green ; the head is green, marked at the sides
and on the vertex with fuscous. The black spines are
on the back and sides, the green ones over the legs.
The former are paler at the base and apex, double
pointed, and arise from black tubercles. They are
arranged in two rows on a segment, but are not placed
exactly opposite each other, and one is placed by itself.
On the back there is a clear space in the centre. Over
each of the ventral legs are two rows of whitish-green
spines, mostly simple. The spines are more numerous
and more irregular on the thorax, and less numerous
over the last segment, on which they are partly simple,

246 BLENNOOAMPA NIGMPES.

partly bifid. There are six on the second segment, and
twelve on segments three and f onr. On the abdominal
segments there are six in each row of the black spines.
At the last monlt the spines are all thrown off and the
larva becomes entirely green. The larva appears in
May and June, and pupates in the earth, where a

cocoon is spun.

Mesochortis politus, Gr., Mesoleius formosus, Holm.,
M. armillatorius , Gr., Perilissus macropygns, Hal.,
Plectiscus tenthredinarwn, Gir., Trematopygus aprili-

nus, Gir., T. selandrivorus, Gir., Tryphon eppiphium,
Holm., and T. lateralis. Gir., have been recorded as

parasites, principally by the lamented French entomo-
logist, Girand.

Commonly distributed in England and Scotland, but

seemingly not common.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hok
land. France, Switzerland.

Abdomen luteous ; antennae, head, thorax and legs black. An-
tennae short, third joint distinctly longer than fourth. Wings
subhyaline; tr. radial received close to the middle of third
cubital cellule ; tr. median in middle of cellule ; third cubital
cellule shorter and wider than second; accessory nervure in
hind wings appendiculated. Clypeus deeply incised (Species

12).

12. Blennocampa NIGRIPES.

Tenthredo nigripes, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 26 ; Htg., Blattw.,

272,21, ?.

luridiventris, Klug., 1. c, 27 ; Htg., 1. c, 20, <$.
Blennocampa nigripes, Thorns., Opus., 279, 2 ; Hym. Sc, i, 207,

3 ; Andre, Species, i, 315 ; Cat.,
40,* 44.

Black, shining ; all the knees, the anterior tibiae in front and abdo-
men (except at base and apex) dull luteous. Wings tinged with fuscous,
costa and stigma dull black, the latter fuscous on the lower side. An-
tennae as long as the abdomen and metathorax. Saw largely pro-
jecting, black. $ and <$.

Length 2 lines.

This does not appear to be a commonly distributed

BLENNOCAMPA FUSCIPENNIS. 247

species. It is in Stephens' collection, but I do not
know the locality. Mr. Parfitt takes it in Devonshire,
and Mr. Bridgman not uncommonly near Norwich.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Tyrol,
France, Switzerland.

Obs. — There are two Continental species with the abdomen yellow
closely allied to nigripes, which may be expected to occur here. All
have the wings suffused with fuscous, and may be distinguished as

follows :

a. Legs black.

b. Legs reddish-yellow.

Nigripes.

Abdomen entirely reddish-yellow. Croceiventris, Klug.

Belly only reddish -yellow.

Apical segments and a row of spots on back black.

Spinola, Klug.

Fuscipennis, Fall.

Abdomen and legs luteous, thorax and head black. Antenna)
short, thick. Wings fuscous ; transverse radial nervure re-
ceived a little beyond the middle of third cubital cellule ; tr.
median nervure received in middle of cellule; third cubital
cellule longer than second, dilated at apex. Claws cleft. Apex
of clypeus truncated. Frontal sutures distinct. Body short,
thick, covered with a close black pile (Species 13).

13. BLENNOCAMrA FUSCIPENNIS.

Tenthrcdo fuscipennis, Fall., Mon., 29, 5.

luteiventris, Klug, Berl. Mag., 86^23; Htg., Blattw.,

271, 18; Evers.,Bull.Mosc.,30,6.
Selandria luteiventris, Ste., 111., vii, 46, 3.
Blennocampa fuscipennis, Thorns., Op., 280, 6; Hym., Sc, i,

212, 12 ; Cam., Fauna, 25, 7 ;

Andre, Species, i, 314 ; Cat., 40,*

45.

Deep black, shining, pubescent, broad, short; the apical half of the
four anterior femora, the posterior almost wholly, and the tibia3 and
abdomen, luteous ; the base and apex of the abdomen and a row of dots
along its back black. Antenna) as long as the head and thorax, thick-
ened towards the apex, the two apical joints being thicker than the pre-
ceding; the third joint is a little longer than the fourth; the apical
joints are more closely united than the basal ones. Wings fuscous, the
nervures, stigma and costa black ; the tr. radial nervure is received a
little beyond the middle of the third cubital cellule.

Length 4 — 4£ lines.

Commonly distributed, frequenting marshy places,
and generally obtainable by sweeping in June. The

248 BLENNOCAMPA EPPIPHIUM.

larva is not known, and the same may be said of

the

Continental distribution : Sweden, Holland, Ger

many, France, Switzerland, Tyrol, Russia.

Section 2. — Posterior Wings with no middle cellule.

Body and legs black, the knees paler, pronotum sometimes
reddish. Antennae shorter than abdomen, thick, not attenuated
at the apex. Transverse radial nervure received in apical
third of third cellule; tr. median nervure received close to
middle of cellule ; accessory nervure in hind wing received in
middle of cellule ; an incipient nervure at base of lanceolate
cellule. Wings smoky (Species 14 and 16).

14 BLENNOCAMPA EPPIPHIUM.

Plate XII, fig. 6, ? .

Tenthredo eppiphium, Pz., F. G., 52, t. 5 ; Klug, Berl. Mag.,

viii, 61, 32 ; Lep., Mon., 110, 317 ;

Htg., Blattw.,270, 12; Evers., Bull.

Mosc, xx, 30, 5; Fall., Acta Holm.,

1807, 207, 15.
Hylotoma eppiphium, Fab., S. P., 27, 28.
Phyllotoma eppiphium, Fallen, Mon., 33, 12.
Blennocampa aethiops, Thorns., Op., 283, 17.
Blennocampa eppiphium, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 214, 15 ; Andre,

Species, i, 310 ; Cat., 39,* 34.

Black, shining, scarcely pubescent ; knees and base of tibiae and ante-
rior tibia) (broadly) white ; prothorax and mesonotum (except scutel-
lum) blood red ; breast black. Antennae thick, a little longer than head
and thorax; attenuate towards the apex, the third joint a half longer
than the fourth, the rest a little shorter. Wings fuscous ; the tr. radial
nervure is received a little beyond the middle of the third cubital
cellule.

Length 21 lines.

This little species may be known from fuliginosa by
its smaller size, shorter antennse, much longer third
cubital cellule, distinct pentagonal area, and by the
blood-red coloration of thorax ; from cinereipes it may
be also known by the last-mentioned peculiarity ;
has also a narrower, more rounded body, while the
scutellum is punctured. The <$ is very rare.

BLENNOCAMPA OINEREIPES. 249

This seems to be a southern species. It is not un-
common, according to Stephens, in the London dis-
tricts. I have taken it in Gloucestershire.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Italy, Russia.

Accessory nervure in hind wings received in apical third of
cellule ; second cubital cellule with a large black horny point.
Pentagonal area indistinct. Clypeus truncated (Species 15).

15. BLENNOCAMPA FULIGINOSA.

Tenthredo fuliginosa, Schr., En., 334, 670; Klug, Berl. Mag.,

viii,64,37; Htg., Blattw., 268, 6.
trichocera, Lep., Mon., 81, 241.
Blennocampa fuliginosa, Thorns., Op., 284, 18 ; Hym. Sc, i, 215,

16 ; Cam., Fauna, 25, 6 ; Andre,
Species, i, 310 ; Cat., 38,* 10.

Deep black, shining, very slightly pubescent ; knees and anterior
tibiae in front brownish-testaceous ; mandibles piceous. Wings faintly
fuscous. Antennas a little longer than the head and thorax, thickened
towards the apex ; the third joint is a little longer than the fourth. In
front of the scutellum are two deep punctures.

Length 4£ lines.

The less pilose body and more uniformly-coloured
wings readily separate this species from nigrita, while
the piceous mandibles and a large, conspicuous, oblong
horny point in the second cubital cellule form also
distinguishing characteristics.

I believe this is not a common species in the north,
but is tolerably abundant in the south.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Hungary.

16. BLENNOCAMPA OINEREIPES.

Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 67, 43; Htg.,

Blattw., 269, 8; Evers., Bull.
Mosc. xx. 30. 3.

Sclandria cincreipes, Ste., 111., vii

Thorns., Opus., 284, 21; Hym. Sc.,i,219,

24;

Cam., Fauna, 25, 5 ; Andr
;ies, i, 309; Cat., 38 * 11.

250 BLENNOOAMPA SUBSEKRATA.

Deep black, shining ; knees and tibia) broadly white at the apex, ante

rior tibiae greyish at the apex. Antennae

pressed

middle ioints sharply divided, the apical ones more com

Win

smokv : tr. radial nervure is received in front of third tr. cubital

vure

Abdomen short, broad, dilated in the middle

white ; terebra slightly projecting. J and <§.
Length 2 — 2£ lines.

A species distinguished by its deep, black, short
oval body, thickish antennae, and the broad white ring
at base of tibiae. At the base of the lanceolate cellule
is a curled-up impression of a nervure, which likewise
forms a distinctive peculiarity.

It is not uncommon among herbage in May, and
appears to have a wide distribution.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Italy, Hungary, Russia.

?gula? and extreme base of pronotum white; apex of femora,
tibia? and tarsi, white. Antennae longer than abdomen, thin,
the third joint longer than fourth. Wings hyaline, third
cubital cellule longer than second, dilated at apex ; transverse
radial cellule interstitial or received in fourth cubital cellule
(Species 17 and 18).

17. Blennocampa subseerata.

Blennocampa subserrata, Thorns., Opus., 285, 22; Hym. Sc.,

220, 25 ; Cam., Proc. N. H. S.
Glas., iii, 129 ; Andre, Spe-
cies, i, 311 ; Oat., 38* 14.

Black, shining; head pubescent; tegula?, extreme edge of pronotum,
extreme edge of femora, knees, tibia? and tarsi, white ; apex of posterior
tibia? and apical joints of tarsi (the posterior from second joint), black,
Antenna? attenuated at apex, a little longer than the abdomen, the
joints a little produced beneath at the apices, the third a very little
longer than the fourth. Wings hyaline ; tr. radial nervure interstitial
the second cubital cellule has a small horny point at the apex ; the
costa fuscous. The saw projects considerably.

Length 3 lines.

Rare. Worcester.

Continental distribution : Sweden.

BLENNOCAMPA ALCHEMILL^. 251

18. Blennooampa ALCHEMILL^.

Plate XII, fig 7, ? .

Blennocampa alchemilla, Cam., Proc. N. H. Glas., iii, 107

Fauna, 26, 11 ; Andre, Spe-
cies, i, 302, 39, 29.

Black ; antennae filiform, longer than tlie abdomen ; the first joint
globular, much longer than the second, the third and fourth nearly
equal, the remaining joints nearly equal. Head a little narrower than
the thorax, smooth, shining, covered with a fine grey pile; frontal
sutures distinct. Tegulae and basal edge of pronotum white ; scutellum
Hat, very smooth and shining ; cenchri small, dull white. Abdomen a

very little longer than the head and thorax, saw projecting

apex ; sides of abdomen covered with a white pile. Legs : base of coxa),
femora for the greater part, extreme apex of posterior tibiae and apical
joints of tarsi black ; apex of coxae, trochanters, knees, tibiae and base of
tarsi, white. Wings clear hyaline ; costa at base, and base of stigma pale
testaceous ; apex of stigma and nervures, black. The tr. radial nervure
is interstitial or received in the fourth cubital cellule ; the second recur-
rent nervure is received a very little in the front of cellule ; the second
cubital cellule is longer and thinner than third, and is angled where it
receives the recurrent nervure ; the third cellule is wider at apex than
at base; the second tr. cubital nervure is bent slightly downwards in
the direction of the base of the wing ; the third is curved in the middle,
and runs in the direction of the apex of the wing.

The $ has the antennae a little longer than the body, covered with a
short stiff pile, the joints thicker and more flattened than in the $ , their
general appearance being as in Priopliorits (Cladius); genital parts

pale testaceous.
Length 2^ — 2£ lines.

This species may possibly be identical with B. uncta,
Klug, but Hartig (Blattw., 269) describes the antenna?

in the S (the only sex he describes) as " etwas kurzer
als der Hinterleib ;" and Thomson (Hym. Sc, i, 219)
as " longis, abdomine fere longioribus " in both sexes ;
whereas our species has them longer than the abdomen

in both sexes (in the S as long as the entire body).

The only other species with which it can be confounded
with (belonging to the same section of the genus) is
B. subserrata, which, however, has the third antennal
joint distinctly longer than the fourth, the legs black
at the base, the pronotum but very slightly marked
with white, cubital cellules broader, &c.

I bred this species from a green spiny larva which
fed on Alchemilla vulgaris 9 as described by Degeer

252 BLENNOOAMPA SUBOANA.

(Mem., ii, 245, 9, t. 35, figs. 19—23) and Reaumur (Mem.,
v, 94, 95, pi. 12, figs. 13, 14), who, however, had not been
able to rear it. It is of the usual form, about four lines
long, entirely green, with white forked spines. The
head is of a darker green with a yellowish tinge ; the
eyes black. At the last moult the spines are thrown off,
and it becomes of a pale green colour. The pupa state
is passed in the earth, the imago emerging in June.

A common species in June. I have taken it on Ben
Clibrich, Sutherlandshire, on Alchemilla alpina. It is
widely distributed in England.

Tegulse and pronotum black ; apex of femora, tibiae and tarsi,
white. Antenna) longish, the joints clearly separated, third
joint longer than fourth. Wings almost hyaline, transverse
radial nervure interstitial or nearly so ; third cubital cellule
not much longer than second, considerably widened at apex.
Clypeus slightly incised; frontal fovea) distinct (Species 19
and 20).

19. BLENNOOAMPA SUBOANA.

Blennocampa subcana, Zaddach, Beschr., 34; Cameron, E. M.

M., xiv, 56; Fauna, 25, 4;
Andre, Species, i, 312 ; Cat.,
38,* 19.

Black, shining ; knees slightly, and posterior tibia) white ; anterior
tibiae white in front, black behind ; apex of posterior tibiae and all the
tarsi deep fuscous. Head covered with a grey pile; clypeus slightly
emarginated at apex ; antennae as long as the abdomen, a little attenuate
at apex, the joints distinctly separated from each other, and slightly
produced at the apex beneath, the third joint a little longer than the
fourth, the last longer and thinner than the eighth. Wings clear
hyaline, tr. radial nervure interstitial. Tegulae black. Saw largely
projecting. Cenchri large, clear white.

The $ has the antennae nearly as long as the abdomen and half the
thorax, the joints more distinctly separated than in the ? ; and the
tibiae are more or less suffused with fuscous.

Length 3 lines.

Subcana is most nearly related to pusilla, from which
is readily distinguished by its much greater size,
stouter form, longer and stouter antennae, the joints
being more sharply divided, the more obscure colour of

BLENNOOAMPA PUSILLA. 253

the legs, black tarsi, and generally more deeply colonred
costa and stigma. From Clnerelpes it is known by
its longer and less oblong body, lighter coloured tibiae,
clearer wings, interstitial tr. radial nervure, and more
projecting saw.

In some males the tibiae are nearly quite black.

A very commonly distributed species, appearing in
May among herbage.

On the Continent it has been recorded from Prussia,
and I have seen French examples.

20. Blennocampa pusilla.

PI. Ill, fig. 1, Larva, la, rolled leaf.

Tenthrcdo pusilla, Klug, Bcrl. Mag., viii, 62 ; Htg., Blattw.,

267, 2.
Selandria pusilla, Ste., 111., vii, 52, 32; Voll., Tidj. Ent., iv, 79

83, pi. 3 (lar., &c.) ; Kalt., Pfl., 221.
Blennocampa pusilla, Thorns., Opus., 285, 23 ; Hyni. Sc, i,

220, 26 ; Cam., Fauna, 25, 3 ; Andre,

Species, i, 312 ; Cat., 38,* 20.

Black, shining; knees, tibia) and tarsi yellowish-white; the apex of
posterior tibia) and tarsi fuscous ; tegulae black ; antenna) a little
longer than the abdomen, the joints distinctly separated ; the third
nearly as long as the fourth ; the two basal joints large, the first
oval, the second cylindrical ; clypeus truncated at apex. Wings fuscous,
almost iridescent; the tr. radial nervure is received immediately in
front of third tr. cubital, being almost interstitial ; stigma large, black ;
costa black. The terebra projects largely, the apex is sub- acuminate.
? and <$.

Length 2 — 2} lines.

The larva lives in rolled down leaves of Iiosa canina,
the rolling down of the two sides of the leaf being
done by itself, but aided by the incision made by the
? when laying the eggs, the whole leaf being thereby
deformed and converted into a complete cylinder, under
the cover of which it lives, but not permanently, as it
changes its abode when it no longer affords it nourish-
ment. In this way I have seen the foliage of whole
bushes distorted and the vitality of the plant impaired.

The larva is somewhat short and stumpy. Its head
is narrower than the second segment, smooth, shining,

254 ELENNOCAMPA NANA.

hairless, fuscous, pale brown, or even white to the
middle of the face, below which the colour is white ;
the mouth is fuscous. The entire body is green ; over
the feet the skin is much wrinkled ; the junction of
the segments is white. The legs are green with darker
claws ; the abdominal legs are greenish- white ; the anal
ones are well-developed and on walking are slightly
raised. Those in front of them are not well developed,
or they are hid by the overhanging folds of the body.
On the back are short spiny hairs. Length 3 — 4 lines.
They are found in June and July, pupate in the earth,
and appear the following May and June.

This is one of the commonest species in the genus.
I have seen specimens from all parts of the country.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Switzerland, Tyrol, Hungary, Russia.

Abdomen black, legs testaceous or white. Antennae longish,
filiform, the joints of nearly equal thickness from the third ;
wings with the first transverse cubital nervure very faint ; the
transverse radial nervure interstitial (betuleti) or nearly so
(nana) ; the median nervure received in middle of cellule (betu-
leti) or nearer the base (nana). Claws bifid. Pentagonal area
distinct. Eyes greenish (Species 21 and 22).

In the absence of the 1st tr. cubital nervure, or at least in
having it very faint, this section approaches Fenusa, as it does
also in the distinct pentagonal area. In colour, too, the resem-
blance is very great ; betuleti, for example, is identical with
Fenusa betulce : and nana approaches F. vvamcea.

21. Blennocampa nana.

Tenthredo nana, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, p. 72 ; Htg., Blattw.,

266, 1; Thorns., Opusc., 285, 24;
Hym. Scand., i, 212, 11; Cam., Fauna,
25, 2; Andre, Species, i, 302; Cat.,
39,* 28.

Oblong, black, shining, glabrous. Antenna filiform longer than

abdomen, the third ioint much

clear white. Saw

Tegulse,

semi

curved ; apex of abdomen truncated ; blotch oblong. Wings
hyaline, with a large fuscous blotch in the middle of the anterior;
stigma large, fuscous ; stigma pale ; tr. radial nervure received a little
in front of cubital.

Length 2 — 2£ lines.

TiT.RNNOCAMPA BETULETI. 255

The colour and the broad band in the wings readily

distinguish this pretty species.

It does not appear to bo very common. I havo
seen it from the Glasgow district, Kinguessie, Braemar

(Sharp), and it has been recorded by Mr. McLachlan
from Rannoch.

My specimens have always been taken on birch in

June and July. I believe the S is quite unknown.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Franco,
Russia.

22. Blennooampa betuleti.

Tcnthrcdo betuleti, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 57; Htg., Blattw.,

267, 4.
Selandria betuleti, Ste., 111., vii, 50, 21.
Blennocam/pa betuleti, Thorns., Op., 283, 15 ; Hym. Scand., i,

211, 10; Andre, Species, i, 316;

Cat, 39* 31.

Black; head and thorax covered with a thick griseous pile; legs
testaceous ; coxae, trochanters, and base of femora, black ; the apex of
hinder tibiae and the greater part of the tarsal joints fuscous. Antennae
filiform, longer than the abdomen, shortly pilose, the third joint a little
longer than fourth. Wings highly iridescent, with a faintly brownish
tinge ; costa and stigma dull black. The tr. radial nervure is received
near the third cubital ; the first tr. cubital is faint ; tegulae black. The
saw is short, pilose at apex.

Length 2 lines.

There is no British species with which betuleti can be
readily confounded, but it has a wonderful resemblance
to Femisa betulce, which, however (exclusive of the
generic distinctions), may be known from the Blenno-
campa by its deeper coloured wings, pale tegulse, and
much more distinct branchial fork at base of lanceolate

cellule.

Betuleti is a rare species. Stephens records it from
Darenth Wood, and Mr. Fletcher bred it at Worcester
from a larva which fed externally on birch ; this being
all that is known of its larval life.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Tyrol.

256 ELENNOOAMPA ASS1MILIS.

Abdomen and legs luteous. Antennae long, filiform, last four
joints abruptly shorter than the others. Transverse radial
nervure received a little past the middle of the third cubital
cellule ; third cubital cellule one fourth longer than second ;
at the base of lanceolate cellule is a distinct branchial nervure.
Wings subhyaline. Claws bifid. Apex of clypeus truncated
(Species 23).

23. Blennocampa assimilis.

Tcnthredo assimilis, Fall., Acta, 1807.

hijalina, Kl., Berl. Mag., viii, 58, 25 ; Htg., Blattw.,

270,15.

Belandria hyaline Ste., 111., vii, 46, 4.
Blennocampa assimilis, Thorns., Opus., 282, 12; Hym. Sc, i,

217, 18 ; Cam., Fauna, 25, 1 ; Andre,
Species, i, 317 ; Cat., 40,* 46.

Black, shining, covered with a short pile ; legs and abdomen from
the second segment yellow ; apex of abdomen, saw and posterior tarsi,
black, apical joints of anterior tarsi fuscous. Antenna? a little longer
than the head and thorax. Wings hyaline, with a faint smoky tinge ;
nervures black. At the base of the lanceolate cellule there is a short,
turned up commencement of a nervure. Palpi yellowish.

The <$ is similar, but the antennae are thicker and the apex of the
abdomen is not black.

Length 2 — 2^ lines.

This is a widely distributed species, the imago
appearing in June. According to Dours (Cat. Syn.,
18) the larva feeds on Sorhus aucuparia and Primus
paclus, but this requires verification.

In Scotland it has been taken in Clydesdale and in

Dumfries -shire ; Mr. Fletcher takes it at Worcester
and Mr. Dale in Dorsetshire, while it has likewise been
taken in the London districts.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Tyrol, Hungary.

Obs. — Mr. H. T. Stainton sent me a mined leaf of Tilia Europcea
which was not known to him as being caused by a Lepidopteron. It is
very probably that of Blennocampa tilia, Kalt. (Pfl. 78), a species
closely related, if not identical with, if one might judge from the
description, B. assimilis. According to Kaltenbach the mine com-
mences at the border of the leaf, which is followed for about 1", but is
gradually extended until the whole half side of the leaf is occupied by
it. Sometimes there are two larvae on the same leaf, each occupying a
half. The larva is from 3 — 4'" long, white, clear, bare and slimy ; the
food canal appears as abroad greenish stripe. The body is of equa.

GENUS HOPLOCAMPA. 257

breadth, the sides with swollen knotched projections. The head is
brown, the eyes black ; the mouth of a darker brown than the head.
The legs are white. The pupa state is passed in the earth.

The imago is shining black, the abdomen reddish-yellow, save the two
basal segments; the legs yellow ; the wings a little clouded.

At least that is the way I read the description : " Glanzend schwarz,
Beine, Schenkelringe und Hiif ten gelb ; " but Andre (Species, p. 317)
reads it " feet black, coxae and trochanters yellow." If that is the right
translation* clearly the word " Beine " should have been left out, but as
it is I can only make it mean that the legs with the coxae and trochanters
are yellow, it being a common thing to mention the colour of the coxae
and trochanters, as they are, as a rule, differently coloured from the rest
of the legs when these are light coloured — white, yellow, or red.

Genus — Hoploc ampa .

Hoplocampa, Htg., Blattw., 276.

Wing with two radial and four cubital cellules. Lanceolate cellule
contracted. Hind wings with the recurrent and transverse nervures
present. Antennae short, third — ninth joints almost equal. Eyes
oblong, not reaching to the base of mandibles. Clypeus incised. Legs
of moderate length, the patellae small, but distinct; claws with a
minute subapical tooth. Cerci long. The subcostal cellule is wide
and its cross nervure distinct. The basal nervure is received on the
costa a good piece in front of the cubital nervure, and does not run
parallel with the transverse cubital. The transverse median is received
in the middle of the cellule, and has a distinct " bulla " or clear spot at
its lower end; there being also a similar clear space at the upper end
of the first recurrent nervure. Accessory nervure in front wings
received not far from the end of the 2nd tr. median nervure ; in hind
wings it is longly appendiculated. In hind wings the recurrent and
transverse cubital nervures are almost united.

The species are pale yellow or ferruginous. They
are small in size, smooth and shining, seldom or never
punctured. The larvae have from six to seven pairs of
ventral legs. They are, as a rule, whitish or yellow
in colour, and live either in fruits or in galls. One
species (H. brevis), however, is green and bears forked
spines and lives in the rolled down leaves of the rose.

Hoplocampa forms a connecting link between the
Selandriades and the Nematina, it having almost the
neuration of the latter, save as regards the position
of the recurrent nervures.

In the position of the basal nervure and in the form
of the antennae it differs from the Selandriades, while

258 HOPLOCAMPA TESTUDINEA.

some at least of the larvae differ from them, and
agree with the Nematldes in having only twenty feet.

The genns wonld appear to be confined to Enrope
and North America. Ten species have been recorded
from the former and five from the latter region.

•

Synopsis of Species.

1 (8) Body yellow on the underside.

2 (3) Meso-metanotum and dorsum of abdomen black. Testudinea.

3 (2) Mesonotum and abdomen for the greater part yellow.

4 (5) Mesonotum reddish, punctured; wings with a fuscous cloud.

5 (4) Mesonotum unpunctured ; wings unclouded.

Ferruginea.

6 (7) Yellow; base of abdomen black; wings hyaline ; stigma yellow ;

$ dorsum of abdomen black. Cratcegi.

7 (6) Pallid-testaceous, without black ; wings lacteous, stigma white.

<$ immaculate. Alpina.

8 (1) Body more or less black on underside.

9 (12) Pleura) testaceous or luteous.

10 (11) Pale testaceous ; antennae testaceous. Gallicola.

11 (10) Luteous ; antennae black. Pectoralis.

12 (9) Pleura black.

13 (14) Belly testaceous ; antennae and collar black. Chrysorrhcea.

14 (13) Belly black ; antennae and edge of collar testaceous.

Bwdilicornis .

1. HOPLOCAMPA TESTUDINEA.

Tenthredo testudinea, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 60, 30; Htg.,

Blattw., 277, 37.

Selandria testudinea, Ste., III., vii, 47, 10 ; West., Gard. Chron.,

1848, 851; Ent. Ann., 1862,
134.

Hoplocampa testudinea, Thorns., Opus., 277, 1 ; Hym. Scand., i,

200, 1 ; Kalt., Pfl., 201 ; Tasch.,
Ent. f. Gart., 157 ; Andre,

Species, i, 327 ; Oat., 41* 8.

Reddish-yellow, a large spot on the vertex, meso- and metanotum
and abdomen above with the sheath black; the middle joints of
antennae fuscous above. Wings hyaline ; stigma and nervures at base
blackish ; apex of stigma yellow. The vertex and mesonotum are finely

punctured, almost shining.
Length 3£ lines.

The largest of the species of Hoplocampa. It is
most nearly related to H. brevis, Klug, which, however,
is smaller by a line ; the mesonotum is spotted with

HOPLOCAMPA FERRUGINEA. 259

red ; sheath pale, the nervures paler and the antennae
shorter.

According to Westwood the ? oviposits in the
apple bloom. The larva then takes to the young
apples, inside of which it lives. When the apples
become as big as walnuts they fall to the ground,
carrying the grubs along with them, which then creep
out, and enter the ground where they pupate, this
taking place at the end of June and beginning of July.
A similar account has been given by Dr. Ebrard de
Bourg and Delacour de Beauvais (cf. Kaltenbach, 1. c).

This may be (and no doubt is) a common species in

gardens, but I have only seen Stephens' specimens
(from Hertford) and a specimen taken by Mr. Joseph
Chappell in the Manchester distinct. Westwood' s
observations were made at Hammersmith.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France,
Holland.

. HOPLOCAMPA FERRUGINEA.

Tenthredo ferruginea,Pz., F. G., 90, fig. 9; Lep., Mon., 115, 337.
Hylotoma ferruginea. Fab., S. P., 27, 24.

Tenthredo brunnea, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 16 ; Htg., Blattw.,

277, 38.
. 8 elandria ferruginea, Ste., 111., vii, 47, 7.

B op lo camp a ferruginea, Thorns., Opus., 277, 2 ; Hym. Scand., i,

201, 3 ; Andre, Species, i, 325, pi.
xviii, fig. 1 (im.) ; Cat., 41,* 1.

Reddish ; the posterior edges of mesonotum and metanotum black ;

tibiae and tarsi pale. Wings yellowish, with a broad brownish band in the

middle ; stigma blackish at base ; the apex and nervures reddish -yellow.

The vertex and mesonotum finely punctured; mandibles piceous.

The £ bears three black marks on the mesonotum, and a smaller
one on the vertex.

Length 2| — 2£ lines.

The puncturing on the mesonotum is much closer
and deeper than in the succeeding species ; the colour
of the body is redder, the body less shining, and the
brownish blotch in the wings affords another good
mark of separation.

260 HOPLOCAMPA GALLICOLA.

Not a common species. On roses in Jnne. Nor-
folk. Darenth (Stephens). Thornhill.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Switzerland, Tyrol.

3. HOPLOCAMPA PECTORALIS.

Plate XII, fig. 9.

Hoplocampa pect oralis, Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 202, 6; Cam.,

Fauna, 27, 3 ; Andre, Species,
i,326; Oat., 41*7.

Antennae about the size of the head and thorax, black, the second
basal joint luteous beneath. Head black, shining ; labrum, clypeus
and two spots above the antennae, reddish-yellow; thorax shining,
black ; pronotum, pleurae and sternum, except a black spot in its
centre, luteous. Abdomen reddish-yellow, the base marked with black ;
sheath black. Legs pale reddish -yellow, the apex of posterior tibiae,
and the tarsal joints marked with fuscous. Wings hyaline, the ner-
vures pale luteous, costa and nervures at apex fuscous ; base of stigma

fuscous. $ .

Length 2| lines.

Not common. Clydesdale- London district (Marsh),
St. Albans (Marshall), Worcester.
Continental distribution : Gothland.

4. HOPLOCAMPA GALLICOLA.

Hoplocampa gallicola., Cam., E. M. M., xiv, 156 ; Andre, Species,

i, 324.

Antennae a little longer than the abdomen, fuscous, paler on the
underside, the base of the first joint entirely testaceous, the third a
very little longer than the fourth, the rest of equal length and thickness,
the ninth conical at the apex. Head globular in front, the face below
the antennae pale white ; the apices of the mandibles piceous ; vertex
faintly punctured. Thorax black ; mesonotum smooth, shining ; the
edge of the pronotum, pleurae and sternum, pale testaceous. Legs pale
testaceous, the apex of the posterior tibiae and the tarsi fuscous. Wings
hyaline, the nervures and costa pale fuscous ; tegulae and stigma pale
testaceous ; tr. radial nervure received in the apical fourth of the third
cubital cellule : the first cubital cellule is nearly square, about half the
length of the lower part of the second, which is itself a little shorter
than the third on its lower side, and considerably shorter on the upper.

nervure, the second a little in front of the third.
Length 2 lines.

om the first

HOPLOCAMPA CRAT^GI. 261

Keadily known from the other black species by the
testaceous pleura?.

The only specimen I have seen was taken by Mr.
Ed. Parfitt in Devonshire. Mr. Parfitt believes that
it was bred from pea-shaped, woolly-haired galls found
on a species of willow. There is nothing anomalous in
a Hoplocampa being a gallmaker, for Giraud has
described* a species (27. xylostei) which forms galls on

the young branches of Lonicera xylosteum, but I am
inclined to believe that a mistake has been made in the
labelling of Mr. Parfitt' s species, for the galls which
that gentleman sent me as being those of the Hoplo-
campa were undoubtedly those of a Nematus.

5. HOPLOCAMPA CRAT2EGI.

Tenthredo cratcegi, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 54, 18; Htg., Blattw.,

278,41.
Hoplocampa cratcegi, Thorns., Opus., 277, 3 ; Hym. Scand., i,

201, 4; Andre, Species, i, 326; Cat.,

41* 5.

Pale reddis h -yellow ; antennae from the second segment, posterior
tarsi and the greater part of posterior tibiae, fuscous ; a small mark on
front of mesonotum, a larger one on either side, the metanotum and base
of abdomen black. Wings hyaline, costa, stigma and nervures pale
reddish-yellow.

The <$ has the metanotum and the greater part of the dorsum of
abdomen black, while the legs are entirely yellowish.

Length 2£ lines.

The antennae in this species and in alpina are longer
than in ferruginea, while the colour is paler, the meso-
notum is smooth and shining, and the stigma is uni-
colorous. Cratcegi is of a redder tint than alpina, the
colour not being so deluted ; the mesonotum shows a
trace of puncturing; the mesonotum is always distinctly
marked with black, as is also the base of the abdo-
men, the wings more iridescent, the nervures distinctly
traced, while the antennae and posterior tarsi and
apical half of tibiae are distinctly fuscous. Occasion-

* Yerh. z. b. Ges. Wien., xiii, 1297, pi. 22.

262 HOPLOCAMPA ALPINA.

ally tlie marks on the mesonotum become confluent.
The ocelli are placed in a minute brownish splash.

H. plagiata Klug. (1. c, p. 60), would seem to re-

semble this species (cratcegi) closely, if it be not
actually identical with it. From Hartig's descriptions
the differences between the two would seem to be that
the colour in jplagiata is darker, the stigma reddish-
yellow (cratcegi has the wings clear with " blassem

Mahl"), the antennae brown, while it is half a line
larger.

Not common. Boxhill, on flowers of hawthorn
(Marshall). Norfolk, Norwich.

Continental distribution : Scandinavia, Germany,
Holland, France.

6. HOPLOCAMPA ALPINA.

? 8 elandria pallida, Newman, Ent. Mag., iv, 262.
Tenthredo alpina, Zett., Ins. Lapp., 339, 4.

Hoplocampa alpina, Thorns., Opus., 278, 4 ; Hym. Sc, i, 202, 5 ;

Andre, Species, i, 326 ; Cat., 41,* 6.
crataigi, Cam., Fauna, 26, 1.

Pale testaceous ; wings with nervures and costa milk white ; an-
tennae, posterior tarsi, abdomen at apex, one or two marks on mesonotum,

sometimes fuscous ; tibiae, tarsi and tcgulae paler than the rest of the
body.

The $ has the tarsi and antennae devoid of the fuscous tint.
Length 2£ lines.

The body is narrower than in the preceding species,
the antennae longer and thinner, the wings if anything
larger in proportion, and the saw shorter. The ocelli
are not enclosed in a black or brownish spot, the marks
on the mesonotum are generally obsolete, while as
often as not the antennae are entirely pale yellow. The

differs from that of cratcegi in the body being
entirely of one colour.

Not common, but commonly distributed, appearing
early in June on Pyrus aucujparia. Scotland, at Brae-
mar, Altnaharra, Sutherlandshire, and in Clydesdale.

have also seen English specimens in Mr. Marshall's
collection, bearing the name of H. pallida, Newm., but

HOPLOCAMPA RUTILICORNIS. 263

the description given by Newman is very vagne and

laconic.

Scandinavia, Lapland.

HOPLOCAMPA CHRYSORRHCEA

PI. XIV, fig.

Tenthredo chrysorrhoea, King, Berl. Mag., viii, 60, 31; Htg.,

Blattw., 278, 43; Andre,

Species, i, 324; Cat., 41,* 1.
Black, shining; apex of abdomen acuminate; legs long, slender;

mouth, belly and legrs reddish
black; tegulae

black

apex. "Wings hyaline ; costa and stigma pale testaceous ; nervures
blackish. The tr. radial nervure is received at the apical fourth of
third cubital cellule ; second recurrent at basal fourth.
Length 1£ line.

Distinguished from rutilicomis by its larger size,
more pointed abdomen, longer and entirely blackish
antennae, yellowish belly and black posterior tarsi.

Not at all a common species. It has been taken in
the London district by Mr. J. G. Marsh.

Continental distribution : Pommerania, Holland,

Algeria.

8. HOPLOCAMPA RUTILICORNIS.

Tenthredo rutilicomis, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 54, 19; Htg.,

Blattw., 278, 42.

floplocampa rutilicomis, Thorns., Opus, 278, 6 ; Hym. Scand.,

i, 204, 8 ; Cam., Fauna, 27, 2 ;
Andre, Species, i, 328 ; Cat., 42,*
11.

Black ; antennse, labrum and clypeus, a spot on pronotum, tegulae,
apex of abdomen and legs pale red. Wings very
vures, costa and stigma pale yellow. The body is
covered with a sparse fuscous pubescence.

smooth

middle ioints sometimes fuscous above, and

pronotum may want the reddish mark
ength nearly 1± line.

The smallest species in the genus. The d has the
three apical segments of abdomen reddish.

264 GENUS HARPIPHORUS.

Very rare. Dairy. Galloway. Dr. Sharp. Hartig
says it appears on Prunus spinosa.

Continental distribution : Scandinavia, Germany,

France, Tyrol.

Genus — Haepiphorus.

Harjpiphorus, Htg., Blattw., 253.

Wings with two radial and three cubital cellules ; the first and second
of the latter receiving each a recurrent nervure. Lanceolate cellule
with an oblique cross nervure. Hind wings with only the recurrent
nervure present. Antennae filiform, nine-jointed ; the second joint
longer than the first; the third not much longer than the fourth ; the
three last abruptly shorter than the preceding. Legs moderately long ;
claws bifid. Clypeus slightly incised. The basal nervure is joined to
the cubital, a little piece from its origin, and runs parallel with the
transverse cubital ; the transverse median nervure is received a little
piece up from the middle of the cellule ; the accessory is appendiculated
in hind wing. The subcostal cellule is large. The head has the cheeks
bordered, the sutures on the vertex distinct, and there are three oval
foveas above the antennae. Mandibles short and bifid at the apex. The
eyes do not reach to the base of the mandibles.

The body is small, glabrous and shining. Except
in having one discoidal cellule in posterior wings,
JELarpiphorus does not exhibit any tangible differences
from Emphytus as a whole- In body-form and in the

structure of the antennae, it approaches Hoplocampa.
The genus Aneugmenus, Htg.* (type Tenthredo coronatus,
Klug), differs from Ilarpiphorus in having no oblique
cross nervure in lanceolate cellule, and in having two
discoidal cellules in the posterior wings. Aneugmenus,
however, I suspect must be referred to Selandria, some
of the species of which have the first transverse cubital
nervure pellucid or entirely absent, e.g., S. temporalis
(which agrees not badly with the description of

Goronatus) and E. morio.

Six European species have been referred to Harpi-
phorus, but one or two belong in all probability to
Poecilosoma, e.g. H. vernalis, of which one or two of

# Stephens records Aneugmenus coronatus from Dover and Daienth,
but in error, for no such species (supposing the species to be other
than a Selandria) exists in his collection.

HAKPIPHORUS LEPIDUS. 2C5

the species as already noted want either occasionally
or permanently the first transverse cubital nervure.
In America Harpiphorus is more numerously repre-
sented than Emphytus, there being eleven species to
six of Emphytus.

. HaRPIPHORUS LEPIDUS.

PI. XIII, fig. 4. ? 4 a, Antenna.

Emphytus lepidusy Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 277, 191 ; Htg.,

Blattw., 253, 25.

Fenu8a Ianthe, Newman, Ent. Mag., iv, 261.

Asticta Ianthe, Newman, Ent. Mag., v, 484.

Harpiphorus lepidus, Thorns., Opus., 276, i ; Hym. Sc, i, 198,

1; Andre, Species, i, 242, pi.
xvii, fig. 1 (?) ; Cat., 29* 1.

Antennae as long as the abdomen and metath
black above, testaceous beneath. Head black, the part below the
antennae, a small spot above them, and a band surrounding the upper
part of the eyes, dull white. Thorax black, pronotum, the tegulse and
a broad band extending from them to near the scutellum, white.

Abdomen

stigma yellowish -white.

black. Wings

Legs white, the coxae and
tlv infuscated : costa and

(j similar, but with the white markings more extended.
Length 2 lines.

Nothing definite appears to be known regarding the
life history of this species. Kaltenbach (Pfl., 222,
quoting Kirchner) says that the larva lives in the pith
of the rose ; Dours, on the other hand (Cat. Syn. 17),
says that it lives under the dead leaves of oak. It has
been bred in this country from the empty galls of
Cynips Kollari (cf. Fitch, Ent. xiii, 1880, 252) so that
it would appear to be attached to oak. H. lepidus has
been found in the London district, at Glanvilles'
Wootton, Dorset, and near Manchester (Mr. Joseph
Chappell) .

Continental distribution : Scandinavia, Holland,
Germany, France.

266 GENUS EMPHYTUS

Genus — Emphytus.

Emphytus, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 278 ; Htg., Blattw., 245.

Wings

middle

the recurrent nervure close to the first transverse cubital. Basal ner-
vure parallel with the recurrent, interstitial, or received not far from the
transverse median, which is oblique, and not received in the middle of
median cellule. Lanceolate cellule, with an oblique cross nervure.

Hind

filiform : the third joint not much

longer than fourth if that. Head cubital, large; eyes projecting;

labrum

Legs
Man-

dibles short, broad, with one subapical tooth.

The body is long, cylindrical, with the abdomen cylindrical or slightly
depressed. Thorax oblong, with the sutures deep, the scutellum rounded
or triangular in front and generally punctured behind ; cenchri mode-
rately large or small.

The abdomen is rarely entirely black, more often it is banded with
red or white, entirely yellow, or marked with coloured fasciae. The legs
are banded with white, or may be three coloured. With some species
the antennae are annulated with white.

The larva3 are long and cylindrical, generally
greenish on the back, lighter at the sides ; more rarely
they are covered with a white powder. They rest
with the body curled up into a ball, the tail turned up
in the centre, when not feeding. They do not spin a
cocoon, so far as is known. Most of the species bore
into stems to pass into the pupa state. Rosaceous
plants are what they feed principally upon, although a
few are attached to oak.

The genus is characteristic of the Palaearctic and
Nearctic Regions. Species are also found in Japan,
and one is known from Central America. Thirty-one
European species have been described, and six from
North America.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Transverse median and second recurrent nervure interstitial ;

transverse median nervure in hind wings united with acces-
sory. Antennae short, slightly compressed at the apex, the
fifth to eighth produced beneath at the apices, the third
longer than fourth. Olypeus deeply and broadly incised.

SYNOPSIS OF EMPHYTUS. 267

Abdomen white at the base and apex and on the fifth seg-
ment. Togatus.

2 (1) Transverse median nervure not interstitial.

3 (18) Transverse median nervure received in the basal third of median

cellule; the third and fifth joints of antennae scarcely, if so
long as fourth; second cubital cellule much longer than
broad.

4 (13) Antennae shorter than half the body, stout, the three last joints

abruptly shorter and produced beneath at the apices ; trans-
verse median nervure received a little beyond the middle of
median cellule.

5 (12) Second recurrent nervure not interstitial ; abdomen with the

fifth segment white or red in ? .

6 (9) Tegulae white ; fifth segment white in ? .

7 (8) Mouth, edge of ponotum and coxae, black. Cinctus.

8 (7) Mouth, edge of pronotum and coxae, white. Cingulatus.

9 (6) Tegulae black.
10 (11) Femora black, white at the base. Rufocinctus.

11 (10) Femora red, black at base.

Calceatu8.

12 (5) Second recurrent nervure interstitial; abdomen without a

coloured band.

Melanarius.

13 (4) Antennae much longer than half the body, filiform, the third,

fourth and fifth joints nearly equal in length, the third, if
anything, thinner than the fourth ; transverse median ner-
vure received not far from basal, and second recurrent from
first transverse cubital.

14 (17) Abdomen black, antennae white at the apex with ? .

15 (16) Apex of hinder femora and tibiae black, and basal half of

hinder tibiae white ; transverse median nervure in hind wing
interstitial. Tibialis.

16 (15) Apex of hinder femora and the whole of hinder tibiae red; acces-
sory nervure in hinder wing received a good piece in front of

transverse median.

Filiformis.

17 (14) Abdomen and legs yellow; antennae entirely black in both

sexes. Serotinus.

18 (3) Transverse median nervure received in the middle of median

cellule ; second cubital cellule not much longer than broad,
about the same length as the second transverse cubital
nervure. Antennae short, the third joint distinctly longer
than fourth, which is of the same length as the fifth ; the
remaining joints shorter. Clypeus incised, but not deeply.
Claws with a minute subapical tooth.

19 (24) Abdomen entirely black.

20 (23) Legs in part white.

21 (22) Scutellum opaque, punctured ; hinder femora slightly black at

apex ; tarsi faintly fuscous at apex. Grossularia.

22 (21) Scutellum smooth, shining, all the femora broadly marked with

black, and apex of hinder tibiae and tarsi fuscous black.

Carpini.

23 (20) Legs black for the greater part. Tener.

24 (19) Abdomen white beneath, and with reddish marks above; legs

more or less yellowish-white.

Perla

268 EMPHYTUS TOGATUS.

. EMPHYTUS TOGATUS.

Plate VII, figs. 2, 2 a, 2 b, Larva ; Plate XI, fig. 8, ? .

Tenthredo togata, Pz., F. G., lxxxii, fig. 12.

Emphytus succinctus, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 279, 293 ; Ste., 111.,

vii, 89, 1 ; Htg., Blattw., 247, 1 ;

Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 26, 1 ;

Thorns., Opus., 273, 1 ; Hym.,

Scand., i, 88, 1; Kalt., Pfl., 582,

607 ; Andre, Species, i, 252 ;

Cat., 31,* 16; var. Steini, 1. c,

579.
Dolerus togatus, Lep., Mon., 116, 340.

Black, shining, covered with a slight fuscous pile. Antennae a little
shorter than the abdomen, the apex of the fourth and all the succeeding
joints reddish-testaceous ; the last four joints are much shorter than the
others ; the basal joint is more than double the length of the second, the
third and fourth nearly equal. Head with the frontal sutures distinct ;
the vertex is slightly raised ; the front does not project ; labrum red-
dish. Thorax considerably lengthened and narrowed in front ; tegulae
and cenchri white. Abdomen narrow at the base and sharply pointed
at the apex ; a spot at its junction with the metathorax in front of the
blotch (which is also white), a thin band on the fifth segment and a spot
at the apex, white. Saw long, half projecting. Legs : coxae, femora
and posterior tibiae at the apex, black ; trochanters and tibiae white, the
apex of tibiae and tarsi reddish. The mesonotum is very finely punc-
tured. Wings hyaline ; stigma at the base sordid testaceous ; the two
radial and upper part of the two first cubital cellules black ; costa
fuscous black. $ and <^.

Length 4^ — 5 lines.

A species easily known from all others by the inter-

stitial median and second recurrent nervures, and by
the clouded apex of anterior wings

The larva has been recorded to feed on birch and
willow. Messrs. Fletcher and Fitch have bred it from
oak on which the larva feeds in August. For speci-
mens of the larva I am indebted to the former gentle-

man.

The larva has the upper half of the body dark olive
greeo, greyish white at the sides. The skin is wrinkled,
the top of the wrinkles bearing short black tubercles
like short spines. The legs white, with brown claws.
The upper part of the head is usually more or less
black ; generally there is a lighter spot at the back,
and the black portion divided in two by a light band,

EMPHYTUS CINCTUS. 269

but this may be absent. The face is pale, the mouth
brownish. At the last moult the head loses the black
colour, becoming entirely white.

Its habits are similar to the other species.

It is not uncommon in the London districts, at
Worcester, Norwich, Bristol, Devonshire and Paisley.

It has a wide Continental distribution, being found
in Sweden, Holland, Germany, France, Italy and
Russia.

2. Emphytus cinctus.

Plate VI, fig. 4, Larva.

Tenthredo cincta, Lin., S. N., ii, 925.

togata, Zett., Ins. Lapp., 342, 16.

Emphytus cinctus, Klug, Berl. Mag., 279; Ste., 111., vii, 89,

4; Htg., Blattw., 248, 3; Bouche,
Naturg., 139 (lar.); Westwood, G.
Cbr., 1856, No. 25, 421; Vollenhoven,
Tidj. Ent., viii, 73-77, pi. 3 (lar., im.,

&c); Thorns., Op., 274, 6; Hym.,
Sc, i, 189, 2; Kalt., Pfl., 222;
Brischke, Beschr., 16, pi. iii, fig. 6 ;
Evers., Bull. Mo8c, xx, 26, 2; Cam.,
Fauna, 20, 1 ; Andre, Species, i, 251 ;
Cat., 31 * 17.
Dolerus cinctus, Lep., Mon., 117, 342,

Antennae black, the apical joints produced on the underside at their
apices and a little attenuate; the ninth is much shorter than the
eighth and very sharply pointed ; the third is a little shorter than the
fourth. Head black, shining, covered with a fuscous down, the front
projecting ; pentagonal area not distinct ; palpi fuscous, labrum and

apex of clypeus sometimes pale white, generally black ; clypeus slightly
emarginated ; the head is nearly as broad as the mesothorax and con-
siderably emarginated behind. Thorax black, shining, almost glabrous,
semi-globular, narrowed in front ; sutures of mesonotum deep ; cenchri
white; scutellum rounded, finely punctured, and with two foveaB in
front. Abdomen a little longer than the head and thorax, the apex
acuminate, blotch small but distinct, the fifth segment with a white
band which does not, however, reach all round ; the sheath curved,
hairy, a little projecting. Legs black, the posterior coxae at apex, tro-
chanters, base of femora and apex of all the tibiae white; the rest of
tibiae and tarsi reddish, apex of tarsi fuscous; calcaria short. Wings
hyaline, costa and base of stigma fuscous ; the apical part of the stigma
black ; the radial nervure curved, received a little beyond the middle of
the second cellule ; the second recurrent is received a very little beyond
the first cubital, almost interstitial.

270 EMPHYTUS CINGULATUS.

<£ smaller, with no white band on abdomen, the base of tibiae with no

white, and the antennae thicker.
Length 4 — 4^ lines.

The larva feeds on the common rose, the leaves of

which it eats along the edges, and, when at rest,
remains curled up in a ball on the underside of the
leaf. The body is stout, cylindrical, but thicker on the
thoracic region than towards the tail. The head is
light brownish, yellow, or light fuscous ; a broad
brownish-black band goes from the back of the head
to the middle ; the eyes black, and mouth dark brown.
The upper part of the body is dark green ; the sides
greyish- white. The skin is wrinkled and beset with
small, shining white tubercles. Legs white, with, a
black-greyish mark over each of them, and white-
brown claws.

The larvae appear from July to October. The eggs
are laid on the underside of the leaves, several being
laid on the same leaf. As a rule, the larvae pupate in
the rose branches.

Gryptus emphytorum, Boie, is its parasite.

Commonly distributed, especially in gardens.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, Holland,
France, Switzerland, Tyrol, Hungary, Russia and
Eastern Siberia.

. EMPHYTUS CINGULATUS.

Tenfhredo togata, Fab., S. P., 32, 15, ; nee Panz.
Dolerus cingulatus, Lep., Mon., 117, 243.

Emphyius cingulatus, Ste., 111., vii, 89, 2 ; Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc,

1881, 564.
togatug, Klug, Berl. Mag., 280, 195 ; Ste., 111., vii,

90, 5 ; Htg., Blattw., 348, 4 (?).
neglectus, Zad., Beschr., 27.

Black, smooth, shining ; palpi, base of mandibles, labrum and clypeus,
tegulae, a broad line on basal half of pronotnm, the fifth abdominal seg-
ment, the coxae (except the extreme base which is black), trochanters,
basal half of four anterior femora, the basal third of hinder femora and
the base of all the tibiae, white ; the rest of the legs pale red, save a thin
line on the four front femora, the apical three-fourths of hinder femora,
which are black, and the tarsi and apex of hinder tibiae which are fuscous.

EMPHYTUS MELANARIUS. 271

Antennae nearly as long as the abdomen, the third joint slightly shorter
than fourth. Wings clear hyaline, costa fuscous, stigma black, pale at
the base ; second recurrent nervure received close to first transverse

cubital. $ .

The <$ similar, but antennae thicker, the abdomen wants the white

band, and the four front femora are lined with black over the apical half.
Length 3£ lines.

Very similar to cinctus, but smaller and more slen-
derly built, the wings clearer, the antennae longer and
thinner, the mouth, thorax and legs marked with white,
and the tarsi fuscous. The hinder tarsi, too, are longer
compared to the tibiae, while the blotch is much larger
and more distinct, being shaped like a triangle. In
cinctus it is broader, but not nearly so long nor so wide
in the middle.

Tenthredo togata, Fab., is usually regarded as iden-

tical with cinctus, but I believe it to be the present
species, with which the description agrees tolerably
well, especially with the words "ore albo," "margine
ante alas albo," which do not fit cinctus, and are parti-
cularly characteristic of cingulatus, while the other
terms used by Fabricius, " Segmento primo macula
magna dorsali," are quite descriptive of the large
blotch, and not applicable to the abdomen of cinctus ;
the same may be said (although to a less degree) of the
description of the legs, " pallidi femoribus maculis
nigris." There can be no doubt about its being the
cingulatus of Lepelletier and Stephens, only the former
has a var. " ore humerisque nigris," which probably
belongs to cinctus.

Rare compared to cinctus: Darenth, Glanvilles*
Wootton.

Continental distribution : Germany, France.

4. EMPHYTUS MELANARIUS.

Bmphytus mclanarius, Klug, Berl. Mag., 282, 200 ; Ste., 111.,

vii, 90, 6 ; Htg., Blattw., 249, 8
Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, .192, 6 ;
Kalt., Pfl., 222 (lar.); Andre,
Species, i, 247 ; Cat., 30,* 7.
didymus, Thorns., Opus., 274, 4.

272 EMPHYTUS RUFOCINCTUS.

Black, shining; legs red, the extreme apex of posterior coxae and
trochanters white ; coxae and basal half of four anterior femora, with
the apex of posterior tibiae, posterior knees and tarsi, black. Wings
hyaline, costa white at base ; recurrent nervure interstitial or nearly
so. Tegulae black ; palpi fuscous ; anterior tibiae paler at base.

Length 4 lines.

The larva is stated by Kirchner to feed on the rose,
and Gampoplex cerojphagus , Grav., is recorded as a
parasite.

" Rare : found at Darenth Wood in July " (Stephens).

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France,

Tyrol.

. Emphytus rufocinctus. ]

Tenthredo rufocincta, Retz., Degeer, 305.

Emphytus rufocinctus, Klug, Berl. Mag., 286, 210 ; Ste., 111., vii,

91, 10; Htg., Blattw., 251,18;
Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 28, 10 ; •
Thorns., Op., 274, 8 ; Hym., Sc,
i, 192, 7 ; Kalt., Pfl., 222 ; Cam.,
Fauna, 20, 2 ; Andre, Species, i,
255; Cat., 31* 22, cf. also,
Goed., Ins., iii, pi. 7; Reaum.,
Mem., v, pi. 12, figs. 19—21 ; De
Geer, Mem., ii, 467, pi. 35, figs.
14—18.

Black, shining. Antennae as long as the abdomen, the third joint a
very little shorter than the fourth, the four apical joints much shorter
than the others, the apices produced on the underside. Tegulae black ;
blotch large. Abdomen linear, not much broader in the middle than at
base or apex, which is not pointed, the fourth to seventh segments
banded with red, sheath large, broad, curved. Legs : four anterior
coxae, trochanters and all the femora, black ; apex of posterior coxae,
trochanters and apex of femora, white ; tibiae and tarsi reddish ; the
posterior tarsi fuscous. Wings hyaline, costa and stigma black. $

and <$'

Length 4£ — 5£ lines.

Easily known by its elongated body, with the abdo-
men broadly banded with red, the reddish legs with
black femora and white posterior trochanters, &c.

The red band on the abdomen varies in size. Some-
times there are four red segments, in some specimens
only two. I have also seen specimens having the ante-
rior trochanters white.

EMrHYTUS CALCEATUS. 273

The larva feeds on the common rose and on Rubus-
idceus during August and September. The larva3
which I have had did not bore into pith although that
was supplied, but pupated in the earth where they
made a cell, the sides of which were neatly smoothed,

and perhaps agglutinated together, at least, the cell

held together when separated from the surrounding
earth. The other authors who have described its

transformations have also given this as its mode of
pupation, but as they would not have supplied it with
stems, the larvse may have adapted themselves merely
to the altered circumstances. It has the upper part
of the body dark greyish-green, in some cases greyish-
black, lighter in the centre of the back ; the sides, from
a little above the spiracles, white. The skin is beset
closely with little white tubercles arranged in irregular
rows. Head pale orange ; eye spots black, mouth pale
brown. The upper part of the body varies in the
intensity of the colour.

Tnjphon extirpator ius, Gr., and Masicera media,
Goureau, are its parasites.

E. rufocinctus is not, I think, very common. I have
taken it in Clydesdale, Rannoch, Braemar and Bonar
Bridge. In England it has been taken in Worcester-
shire, Devonshire, Bristol and the London district.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Italy, Russia.

EmPHYTTJS CALCEATUS.

PI. II, fig. 1, Larva.

Emphytus calceatus, Klug, Berl. Mag., 213, 288 ; Ste., HI., vii,

91, 11; Htg., Blattw., 252, 20;
Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 193, 8;
Cam., E. M. M., xiii, 199; Fauna,
21, 3 ; Andr6, Species, i, 256 ;
Cat., 32,* 25.

Dolerus vicinus. Let>., Mon

Black, half shining; mesonotum almost opaque, the third joint of
antennae a very little longer than fourth, the two middle segments of

VOL. I.

274 EMPHYTUS CALCEATUS.

abdomen (fourth and fifth), sometimes part of sixth, reddish-orange.

Legs of the same colour ; coxae, trochanters and base of femora (broadly)

black ; apex of anterior and the greater part of the posterior tarsi

fuscous. Mandibles piceous ; tegulae black. Abdomen longish, cylin«

drical. Blotch invisible. Wings hyaline, a little darker in the centre,

nervures and stigma black ; costa fuscous. ? and <$.
Length 4 — 4£ lines.

Var. — a. Abdomen without a red band; posterior
trochanters white.

Ab. — b. Posterior trochanters pale; the second cellule

as broad at the apex as it is long (in what may be
called the type the second cellule is much longer than
it is broad at the apex).

The sixth segment is sometimes, wholly or in part,
red. Em. coxalis, Kl., seems to be an aberration,
with the trochanters white and the fifth and sixth
segments red.

Easily known from E. rufoeinctus by its smaller
size, shorter antennae, more obscure, almost opaque
mesonotum, red femora, &c.

The larva feeds in June, July, and the early part of
August on the leaves of Spircea ulmaria. Its head is
deep black, with the oral region paler. The upper
part of the body is slaty-black, often with a greenish
tinge, the rest of the body with the legs whitish. The
skin is wrinkled and furrowed and bears a few hairs.
The spiracles are darker than the sides.

In its habits, manner of feeding and pupation it
does not differ from the other Emphyti.

E. caleeatus is a common and widely distributed
Scotch species, but appears to be rarer in England.
Stephens records it from Darenth and Birch Woods,

from Dover and Bristol, and Mr. Dale takes it at
Glanvilles* Wootton, and Mr. Bridgman at Norwich.

It seems to be not very common on the Continent,
although having a tolerably wide distribution. Sweden,
Germany, Holland and France are given as habitats.

EMPHYTUS TIBIALIS. 2/5

Emphytus TIBIALIS.

PI. XIII, fig. 2 ? .

Tenthreclo tibialis, Pz., F. G., 62, 11, 147, 12; Fall., Mon., 41,

14.

Emphytus tibialis, Klug, Berl. Mag., 282, 209 ; Ste., 111., vii,

91, 9 ; Htg., Blattw., 251, 17 ; Voll.,
Tidj. Ent., ii, 143—146, pi. 3; Zool.
S. S., 8409 (lar.) ; Thorns., Opus, 273,
2 ; Hym. Scand., i, 149, 9 ; Cam.,

Fauna, 21, 4 ; Andre, Species, i ; Oat.,
30,* 2.

Black ; antenna? from the sixth joint to the apex of the ninth and
the basal half of tibiae white ; femora red, black at base and extreme
apex ; apical half of anterior, four posterior tarsi and apical half of
posterior tibiae, black ; apical half of four anterior tibiae reddish-tes-
taceous. Cenchri and blotch white. Tegulae varying from black to
testaceous. Wings hyaline ; costa testaceous ; stigma black. $
and $.

Length 4 — 5 lines.

A very variable species. The tegulaa vary from
black to testaceous almost to yellow ; the femora are
entirely reddish or broadly marked with black at base
and apex. The number of joints of antennas that are
white vary also ; sometimes the four apical are white,
or the ninth may be black, or the eighth and ninth
are black, or part of these two and rarely the whole of
the apical one are black; the anterior tarsi (usually
the first pair are black at the apex, and the second
pair quite black) are pale testaceous.

Readily known by the colour of the antennas and
legs.

The larva has been described and figured by Yan

Vollenhoven. It feeds on the oak in early summer,
resting curled up on the upper side of the leaves. It
has the segments much wrinkled ; the colour is dark
olive on the back and pale grey on the rest of the body.
Along the back is a pale longitudinal line, and the
ground colour above the legs is marked with darker
ill-defined spots. The head is on the upper surface
clear shining black, and bears some minute shining
projecting hairs. The oral region is pale with dark

276 EMPHYTUS FILIFORMIS.

brown trophi. The legs are obscure glassy grey, the
thoracic bearing a somewhat curved brown spot, pro-
longed towards the ends ; the claws are brown ; over
each of the legs is an olive- coloured spot.

After the last moult the colour is much paler, the
back brownish-green, the under side of a browner hue,
and the head obscure brown.

How and when the eggs are laid I do not know ;
the insect never appears in the spring, at least, that
is my experience ; I have always taken it late in autumn,
even as late as the second week in October. Never-
theless, Stephens says that it occurs in June and July,
the time when the larvae are found.

It is not un common in the west of Scotland. In
England it has been found near Worcester, Bristol,
the London district, Glanvilles' Wootton, Devonshire
and Norwich.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France.

8. EMPHYTUS FILIFORMIS.

Emphytus jiliformis , King, Berl. Mag., viii, 285, 223; Ste., 111.,

vii, 90, 8; Htg., Blattw., 251, 15 ;

Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 28, 7;

Andre, Species, i, 246 ; Cat., 30* 4,

apicalis, Klug, 1. c, 285, 208; Htg., 1. c, 251, 16.
Klugii, Thorns., Hym., i, 194, 10.

Black, covered with a short down. Tegulas yellow. Legs yellowish,
apical half of anterior tarsi, posterior tarsi wholly, apex of posterior
tibiae broadly and the coxse, black ; tibice pale at the base ; the four
apical joints of antennaB and cenchri white. Wings hyaline, costa fus-
cous, stigma darker ; the nervures are pale at the base.

£. Antennse quite black.

Length 4 — 4^ lines.

Easily distinguished from all the preceding species
by the colour of the legs and pilose head, and from
the next species {serotinus) by the black abdomen.

This is, I believe, not a common species anywhere.
I only know of Stephens' specimens which were taken
in Darenth Wood in June and July.

EMPHYTUS SEROTINUS. 277

It occurs in Sweden, Silesia, Holland, France and
Russia.

. Emphytos serotinus.
Plate III, fig. 12, Larva

Emphytus serotinus, King, Berl. Mag., viii, 288, 215; Ste., 111.,

vii, 252, 22 ; Htg., Blattw., 252, 22 ;

Voll., Tidj. Ent. (2), v, 61—63, pi.
2 (lar.); Kalt, Pfl., 664 ; Thorns.,
Opus., 273, 3; Hym. Sc, i, 195,
11; Cam., Fauna, 21, 5; Andre,
Species, i, 258, pi. xvi, figs. 9, 10 ;
Cat., 32* 28.
Dolerus abdominalis, Lep., F. Fr., pi. 8, fig. 3 ; Mon., 118, 245,

Black, shining, very slightly pubescent ; palp

mar

abdomen

base), leg3 (except at base and apex ol posterior tibias and the
the sheath, which are all black) yellow. Wings hyaline, cost
stigma black ; nervures pale at the base ; tegulce and posterior calcaria
vellow : base oftibise Dale yellow: blotch and cenchri white.

? andr?

Length 4 — 5

Easily known by its shining body, yellow legs and
abdomen and black antennae. E. cistus, Klug. (from
Austria), differs in having the antennae white at the
base. E. cerus (recorded by Stephens from Devon-
shire, 111., vii, 92, but probably in error) has a testa-
ceous line on each side of the eyes and the pleurae
yellow.

The larvae are common in June on the oaks, feeding
on the young growing leaves in the usual Em/phytus
fashion. The bare cylindrical body has a light-green
ground colour, but this is obscured by a white powder
which covers the body all over ; the head is also
covered with pow^der, it is dark grey above and pale
yellow below the eyes, the eye spots being black. At
the last moult the powder is lost ; the body becomes
yellowish-green and very shining, the head clear yellow,
darker on the vertex. With me they pupated in the
ground without spinning a cocoon, and yielded the
imagos in September and October. The eggs must be
laid then, and remain probably unbatched till May, for

2/8 EMPHYTUS CARPINI.

liave found newly emerged larvae on the budding
leaves then.

This is a common species in all probability, but
seems to be rare in collections, a fact no doubt owing
to the imago appearing late in the autumn (end of Sep-

tember and beginning of October : I have taken it
even on October 17th), when little collecting is done.
It is generally distributed over Scotland ; from Eng-
land I have seen specimens from "Worcester, Hereford
(Chapman), the London district and Devonshire.

European distribution : Sweden, Germany, Holland,
France.

10. EMPHYTUS CARPINI.

Em/phytus carpini, Htg., Blattw., 250, 11 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc,

xx, 27, 4; Kalt., Pfl., 81 (lar.) ;
Thorns., Opus., 275, 12; Hym.,
Scand., i, 196, 13; Andre, Species, i,
248; Cat., 30* 8; Cam., Fauna,
21,6.

Black, shining ; tegulaa and legs for the greater part white ; femora I
black, except at the extreme base and apex and sometimes beneath ; \
coxae at base, apex of posterior tibiaa broadly and hinder tarsi black ; the
four anterior tarsi fuscous. Scutellum smooth, impunctate ; vertex
and front shining, but faintly punctured. Wings subhyaline or hya-
line; costa fuscous; stigma and nervures black ; the tr. radial nervure
is received very near the second tr. cubital.

Length 2f — 3 lines.

Of similar size and form to grossularice, but the coxae
are more broadly black at the base, all the femora are
almost entirely black, the apex of the hinder tibiae and I
tarsi black ; anterior tarsi, and sometimes the apex of 1
tibiae, fuscous ; the vertex is punctured, the scutellum
smooth, shining; labrum generally black, and the tr.
radial nervure is generally received near the second tr.
cubital. The labrum is rarely pale. Another distin-
guishing point between them is that in Carpini the
last antennal joint is not longer than the eighth, while
this is the case in grossularice or nearly so.

As in the preceding species the amount of black on

the legs varies.

EMPHTTUS GROSSULARI.E. 279

Kaltenbacli has described the larvoo. They feed in
shady places on Geranium robertianum. There are two
generations, the one in July, August and September
feeding on the radical leaves, the second in October
and November on the other leaves, which they eat to
the thick nerves ; they feed resting on the lower side.
The young larva is pale, dirty olive-green above, the

head blackish, the vertex and mouth paler or brown.

When fully grown they are 6 — 7'" in length, round,
slim, beset with a few white, small, pointed spines,
which are arranged crosswise on each segment, those
on the back being the most distinct. The head is
shining black, the vertex somewhat hairy, the oral
region brownish. The upper part of the body is olive-
green to greyish-black ; the underside, legs and the
lower half of the sides, whitish ; the three last abdo-
minal segments are mostly clearer, especially with
young specimens.

Dours (Cat. Syn., p. 17) says that the larva feeds on
Sorhus aucuparia, on which plant the imago was taken

by Hartig. I have myself beaten the flies out of the
same plant, and also out of hawthorn in June.

Carpini is a common and generally distributed

Scotch insect. I have seen many English examples,
but do not know the precise localities. Norwich
(Bridgman). A Braemar specimen in my collection
has the tegulae black.

European distribution : Sweden, Lapland, Germany,
France, Russia.

11. Emphttus geossularle,

Emphytus grossularia, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 283, 202 ; Htg,,

Blattw., 249, 10; Thorns.,
Opus., 275, 11 ; Hym. Scand.,
i, 195, 12; Kalt., Pfl., 261;
Tasch.,Ent. Gart., 164; Andre,
Species, i, 250 ; Cat., 31,* 13.

Black ; legs white, posterior femora at the extreme apex and the
posterior tarsi pale fuscous. Antenna3 short, a little shorter than the

280 EMrHYTUS TENEE.

abdomen, thickish, the third joint nearly a quarter longer than the
fourth, the four apical joints become abruptly shorter. Head faintly
punctured, as broad as the thorax, densely pilose ; labrum whitish ;
thorax smooth, shining, slightly pubescent; scutellum almost opaque,
punctured ; cenchri small. Abdomen longer than the head and thorax ;
the segmental divisions distinct, sometimes pale ; a fourth of the sheath
projects ; pilose. Legs whitish -yellow, the posterior femora above, at
the sides, and sometimes beneath, black or fuscous black ; extreme base
of coxa3 and apex of posterior tibiae and tarsi more or less fuscous.
Wings hyaline or subhyaline; nervures blackish; tr. radial nervure
received a little past the middle of the second cellule ; the second
recurrent is received a fourth in front of the cubital. Tegulae clear
whitish -yellow. Costa fuscous at base.
Length 2f — 3£ lines.

The amount of black on the legs varies. The labrum
is as often black as white.

The larva is stated by Bouche (see Hartig, I.e.) and
other authors to feed on Bibes grossularia, and by the
first-mentioned author also on willows. It is greyish-
green with the three first and three last segments
pomeranzen gelb ; " and over the body are three
rows of black tubercles, each ending in a bristle. The
head is black. It is said by Bouche to pupate in the
ground .

It appears to be not uncommon in many places

in the south of England. I have never seen it in
Scotland.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France,
Russia.

Obs. — Em. gilvipes, Klug, is probably a variety of grossularice.

12. EmPHYTUS TENEE.

Tenthredo tenera, Fall., Acta, 1808, 29, 109.

Emphytus patellahis, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 263, 203 ; Ste.,

111., vii, 93, 17 ; Htg., Blattw.,
250, 12; Evers., Bull. Mosc,
xx, 27, 5 ; Stein., Ent. Naclit.,
vi, 247.

Emjohytus tcner, Thorns., Opus., 275, 13; Hym. Sc, i, 196, 14;

Cam., Fauna, 21, 7 ; Andre,

Species, i, 246, and 578 ; Cat.,

30 * 5.

Black ; knees faintly, anterior tibiae and tarsi obscure testaceous.
Head obscure, covered with a short black down, punctured ; mesonotum

EMPHYTUS PERIA. 281

shining, scutellum opaque at the base. Wing3 subhyaline ; tr. radial
nervure is almost interstitial ; the second recurrent is received very near
the middle of the cellule; tegulae black. The antennas are short, thick,
the joints distinctly separated, a little produced at the apices on the
underside. $ and £.
Length 2£ — 3 lines.

Readily distinguished from all the species by its
black legs, almost opaque head, short thick antennae,
and interstitial nervure.

The larva, according to Stein, has a bluish-green
body, clear lilac beneath and on the sides. The head
is clear brown, darker on the vertex, and with black
eyespots. Stein found the larvae in the pith of
Cirsium lanceolatum, but it is not known if they fed
on that plant.

Very common all over Scotland in June ; apparently
not very abundant in the south. Norwich (Bridgman).

European distribution : Sweden, Germany, France,
Russia.

13. Emphytds perl a

PI. XI, fig. 9 c? .

Emphytu8 perla, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 289, 217 ; Ste., 111., vii,

89, 3 ; Htg., Blattw., 252, 24 ; Bouchc.

Naturg. 140 (lar.), Kalt., Pfl., 237 ;
Thorns., Hym. Scand, i, 197, 15;
Cam., Fauna, 21, 8 ; Andre, Species,

i, 257 ; Cat., 32,* 26.
Emphytus Bohemani, Thorns., Opus., 275, 10.

Black, covered with a grey pubescence, mouth, tegulae, a broad line

on the pronotum, a broad irregular band on the pleurae, belly, coxae

and trochanters, white ; femora and four anterior tibia3 and tarsi

yellowish-white; the femora with a reddish tinge; the four hind

tibiae and tarsi lined with fuscous ; blotch large, white. Abdomen

above reddish, the two basal segments black; along the sides are four

triangular black marks, their pointed ends facing the centre. Head a

little punctured. Wings hyaline, costa, nervures and stigma fuscous ;

the radial nervure is received a little beyond the second cubital or
interstitial.

Length 2£ — 3 lines.

Bouche is the only author who has described the
larva. He says that it closely resembles the larva of

282 GENUS PHYLLOTOMA.

E. cinctus, but it wants the pale black stripe, and over
the legs there is only one row, but of larger black
spots. It is also smaller and more slender.

It lives on Bubus idceus, in the stems of which it
bores to pass the pupal state, boring into the pith to a
depth of from one to a foot and a half.

Bouche bred Ichneumon bitubercidatus from it.

In Britain E. perla appears to be rare. I have
taken it at Bannoch. Mr. Bridgman takes it at Nor-
wich, Mr. Dale at Glanvilles* Wootton, Stephens records
it from Hertford, and Mr. T. Wilson has captured it

York

Genus — Phyllotoma.

Phyllotoma, Fall., Mon. Tenth. Suec., 1829.
Heterarthus, Ste., 111., vii, 94.

Wings with two radial and three cubital cellules, the first and second

of the latter receiving each a recurrent nervure ; the second cubital as

long, if not longer, than the first; transverse radial, and recurrent

nervures received not far from middle of cellules ; transverse basal

nervure in part received in front of stigma ; transverse median usually

beyond the middle. Lanceolate cellule with an oblique cross nervure ;

there are no median cellules in hind wings ; the accessory nervure is

longly appendiculated. Stigma large.

Antenna filiform, ten to fifteen -join ted, the third joint longer than
fourth.

Head broad compared to length, concave behind, the front slightly
projecting, but retreating between the antennas and the eyes, which
are prominent, oval, and placed at a distance from the mandibles.
Clypeus truncated. Mandibles weak, sharply pointed at the apex, a
slight indentation in the middle. Palpi long, maxillary with the first
joint small, second more than double its length, but a little shorter
than the third, the fourth is the longest, the sixth a little longer than
the fifth. Labial palpi have the first joint a little shorter than the
second, the three succeeding of nearly equal length, the last thinner.

The legs are longish, especially the hinder pair ; the tarsi have no
patellae, the claws bifid, somewhat dilated at the base.

The abdomen is broad, scarcely rounded on the back ; the blotch is
distinct ; the saw short and broad.

The head and thorax are black, usually more or less
marked with white; the abdomen is either black
entirely or black marked at the sides with white, or
may be entirely luteous. The legs are white or pale
yellow, with the species having the abdomen black;

LARVA OF PHYLLOTOMA. 283

those with it luteous have pale yellow legs. The
wings are rarely hyaline, they are more usually smoky
throughout or in part.

The larvae are very similar in form and coloration.
They are depressed, flattish, broader before than
behind ; the head is small, sharply pointed in front,
almost triangular, and capable of being withdrawn to
a certain extent into the folds of the second segment.
The legs are short, squat and knob-like, the abdominal
are very slightly developed. The colour is white, the
back appearing greenish when the food canal is filled.
The head is brown, darker at the sides, around the
mouth it is reddish-brown; eye spots black; man-
dibles brown. On the back of the second segment is
a dark brown plate, rounded at the sides and divided
in the middle. On the same segment beneath is a
horse- shoe or dumbbell- shaped black plate, narrow at
the base, spreading out on both sides at the apex,
the next two or three segments, also on the underside,
there is, on each in the centre, a round brown dot. At
the last moult these markings are cast off ; the head
is then very pale brown with darker mandibles.

In habits the larvae of the various species are as
similar as are they in form and coloration. The
female lays her eggs on the top or sides of a leaf.
When the larva escapes from the egg it eats its way
into the parenchyma, and soon eats an irregular
roundish blotch between the lower and upper epidermis,
which become so transparent that the creature inside
can be readily seen by holding the leaf to the light.
There may be only one larva in a leaf or several ; in
the latter case the blotches, at first distinct, become
in course of time united. The larvae are very cleanly
in their habits, insomuch as they open the leaf at the
edge and expell the " fass " through this opening.
When full fed they spin, attached to the sides of the
mine inside the leaf, a round, flat cocoon, usually dark
brown in colour, in which they become pupae. There
are usually two generations in the year.

284 PHYLLOTOMA NEMORATA.

A very distinct genus of small extent (there being
only seven species known) and confined to Europe.

Synopsis of Species.

Abdomen black.

Antennas ten to eleven-jointed, body oblong, half depressed

beneath

white. Wing

Legs

Wings with a smoky fascia in the middle, sides of abdomen

max

Nemorat

Wings without a fascia; abdomen without distinct white

Aceris.

twelve to thirteen-iointed. Abdomen entirely black.

Antennas twelve to thir
or white underneath.
Wings sm

b the base

Ochropoda

Abdomen luteous ; wings nearly smoky throughout ; 1 ^

body scarcely depressed.
Antennas ten to twelve- join ted, black at the base ; pronotum and

tegulas black.
Antennae fourteen to fifteen-jointed
and tesrulas black.

Vag

Micr

PHYLLOTOMA NEMORATA.

PI. XIII, figs. 6, 6 a, $ ; PI. IV, fig. 3, Mine.

Tenthredo nemorata, Fall., Acta Holm., 1808, 47, 23.

Druida parviceps, Newman, Ent. Mag., iv, 261 ; 1. c, v, 484 ;

Healy, Ent., No. 62, 208.

Phyllotoma tenella, Zad., Beschr., 28, pi. 1, fig. 17 ; Toll., Tidj.

Ent., xviii, 39—42, pi. 4.

Phyllotoma nemorafa, Thorns., Hym. So., i, 176, 1 ; Cam., Proc,

N. H. Glas., ii, 317 ; Fauna,
23, 1 ; Tr. Ent. Soc, 1880,
77 ; Andre, Species, i,- 235 ;
Cat., 28,* 1.

Black, shining. Antennee shorter than the abdomen, ten to eleven-
jointed, fuscous beneath ; inner orbits of the eyes and face yellowish -
white ; a black line above theepistoma; mandibles piceous, palpi white.
Pronotum and tegulae white ; cenchri large, dull white. Abdomen with
the sides marked with white, usually oblong dots. Legs white ; base of
coxae and femora black. Wings hyaline at the apex, a little infuscated
at the base and with a large smoke-coloured fascia extending from the
stigma to the bottom of the wing.

Length 2 — 2| lines.

The S is unknown. I have got virgin females
to lay fertile eggs, and in one experiment bred two

females (April, 1 882)

PHYLLOTOMA OCHROPODA. 285

The egg is deposited near the edge or tip of a birch
leaf, in which the larva lives afterwards as a solitary
miner. There are two broods in a year, the first in
June and July ; the other later on in the autumn, the
larvae being found as late as October.

It is a commonly distributed species, occurring from
the London district to the north of Scotland.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land.

2. Phyllotoma aceeis.

Phyllotoma aceris, Kalt., Pfl., 91 ; McLachlan, E. M. MM iv,

104 ; Healy, 1. c, 107 ; Cam., Proc.
N. H. S. Glas., ii, 318; Andre,
Species, i, 236 ; Cat., 29,* 5.

Black, shining. Antennae ten to twelve-jointed, fuscous testaceous at
the apex. Wings half smoky ; pronotum lined with white ; tegulaa
obscure white ; abdomen black, except that the edges of the segments
are sometimes faintly white, but there are no distinct dots. Legs
white, femora for the greater part black.

Length 1£ — If lines.

The A I have never seen. The face has more black

on it than in nemorata, there being no white above the

antennae.

The larva mines the leaves of the maple in June and
July. It is common in the London district, and pro-
bably elsewhere. At Brussels in 1877 it appeared in
great abundance, so much so that considerable damage
was done to the trees, nearly every leaf, even those
growing fifty feet up the trees, being mined by the
larvae, which curiously enough only appeared in that
district for the first time in that year. Cf . McLachlan,
E. M. M., xiv, 120.

Continental distribution : Germany, Belgium.

3. Phyllotoma ochropoda.
Plate XIII, fig. 5, S .

Emphytus ochropodus, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 182; Htg.f

Blattw., 255, 1.
Heterarthrus ochropodus, Ste., 111., vii, 94.

286 PHYLLOTOMA VAGANS.

Phyllotoma ochropoda, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 177, 2 ; Cam.,

Proc. N. H. S. Glas., ii, 318 ;

Andre, Species, i, 235; Oat.,
28 * 3.

Black, shining; inner orbits of the eyes, labrum, clypeus partly,
palpi and trochanters, white. Legs pale yellow, verging to testaceous ;
coxae and base of femora black. Wings dark smoky, apex hyaline.

The £ has the antennas thirteen -jointed, thicker and longer than in
the $ ; the two basal joints are white, the others dull brown ; the face
has a greater amount of white than in the $ ; the pronotum, pleurae
and tegulae are clear white ; the base of coxae, trochanters, extreme base
of femora and the under side of abdomen white. Wings almost hyaline,
with a faint cloud in the middle.

Length 2£ lines.

From nemorata and aceris, ochropoda may be known
by the colour of the legs, the black tegulae and prono-
tum (in the ? ), and the greater number of joints in
the antennae.

The larva mines the leaves of the aspen (Populus
tremula) in the autumn.

Apparently a rare species. Worcester.
Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany.

4. Phyllotoma vagans.

Plate VI, fig. 5, Larva.

Hylotoma vagans, Fall., Acta. Holm., 1808, 47, 24.
Emphytus melanopy gv s , Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 275, 185 ; Htg.,

Blattw., 256, 4.

amaurus, Klug, 1. c, 186 ; Htg., 1. c, 265, 5.

Phyllotorria melanopyga, Kalt., Pfl., 620; VolL, Tidj. Ent., i

(2nd Ser.), 196—201, pi. 8 ;
Ent., No. 102, 70—74.

„ inicrocephala, Healy, Ent., No. 60, 177.

„ vagans, Thorns., Hym. Sc, i, 178, 3 ; Cam., Proc.

N.H. S. Glas., ii, 319; Fauna,
23, 2; Andre, Species, i, 236,
pi. xiv, figs. 5 and 6; Cat.,
29,* 6.

Antennae about the length of the abdomen, ten to twelve- jointed,
black, pilose, the two basal joints of nearly equal size, the first having a
short pedicle at the base, the third double the length of the fourth,
which is longer than the second basal ; the remaining joints to the
penultimate become a little shorter, the last is conical, thinner and
longer than the preceding. Head not much narrower than the thorax,
much broader than long ; eyes projecting, front depressed ; frontal and
vertical sutures distinct ; clypeus notched ; labrum semicircular, slightly
pubescent. The colour of the head is black, save the inner orbits of the

PHYLLOTOMA MICBOCEPHALA. 287

eyes and sometimes the labrum and clypeus and the space between the
antennae, which are dirty yellow. Legs yellowish, tarsi darker. Abdo-
men luteons, the apex black above. Wings smoky, tegulaB black. The
<$ has one more joint in the antennae than the ? ; they are also testa-
ceous beneath, and the abdomen has the dorsal surface black.
Length If — 2£ lines.

This species is very variable in coloration, some

specimens having the head and abdomen almost

entirely black. I have one <$ from Clydesdale which
is half the usual size ; the wings are almost hyaline,
and the basal half of the femora and the hinder tarsi
are black.

The larva mines the leaves of the alder, in which it
lives alone or in company with two or three others. Two
broods are met with, the autumnal one being the most
numerous. It is an abundant species everywhere.
Carrvpojplex cerophagus, Gr., and Chrysocharis albipes,
Gir., are given by Griraud as parasites.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France,
Russia.

5. PflYLLOTOMA MICBOCEPHALA.

Plate III, figs. 10 and 10a, Lar.; Plate II, fig. 6 b,

Cocoon.

Emphytus microcepludus, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 275, 184 ; Htg

Blattw., 255, 3.

Phyllotoma micro cephala , Kalt.. Pfl., 581 ; Thorns., Hym. Sc, :

179, 4; Cam., Fauna, 23,3
Andre, Species, i, 237 ; Cat
29 * 7.

Healy, Ent., iv, 176—178

Black, shining. Antennae fourteen -join ted, two basal joints dull
white ; a line round the inner orbits of the eyes, labrum, clypeus, some-
times the epistoma, mandibles at the base and palpi, white or yellowish
white. Tegulae and edge of pronotum white. Abdomen^ luteous, apex
more or less black, sheath of saw hairy, more or less projecting. Legs
pale luteous. Wings smoky, apex almost hyaline.

_. Antennae fifteen-jointed, black, testaceous beneath; sides of
thorax more or less yellowish-white, face with more white than in the
? , and the dorsal surface of the abdomen is more or less black.
Length 2— 2| lines.

Microcephala is easily known from vagans by having
the antennae fourteen- jointed (in ? ), with the scape
pale, the pronotum and tegulaB white, wings clearer at

288 GENUS FENELLA.

the apex than at the base, and the apex of the sheath
hairy, while it is bare in the alder miner.

The larva mines the leaves of various willows.
Common and generally distributed.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France.

Genus — Fenella.

Fenella, Westwood, Intr., ii, Append., 54.

Wings with two radial and three cubital cellules, the first longer than
the second, the first and second receiving each a recurrent nervure.
Lanceolate cellule petiolate. Posterior wings with no middle cellule.

Antennce ten to fourteen-jointed, the third longer than the fourth.

Eyes reaching to the base of the mandibles, which are short and thick.

The sutures on the vertex and front are deep, the
palpi are short, six-jointed, the clypeus truncated.
The basal nervure is curved; the abdomen is short,
thick, not much longer than the head and thorax. The
transverse radial nervure is either interstitial or
received in the third cubital cellule. The body is deep
black, pilose on the head and antennse ; the tibige and
tarsi are usually lighter coloured than the femora. The
wiugs are more or less smoky.

The larvae are similar in form and habits to those of
Fennsa, only they are not attached to trees.

Four European species are known. The genus
would appear to be confined to Europe.

Synopsis of Sjtecies.

1 (2) Wings smoky, posterior tarsi and tibiae black; antennae ten-jointed.

Westwoodi.

2 (1) Wings snbhyaline, tibia? and tarsi white; antennae eleven to twelve-

jointed.

Nigrita

1. Fenella nigrita.

Fenella .nigrita, West., Int., ii, Synop., 54 ; Thorns., Op., 27,

2 ; Hym. Sc., i, 280, 1 ; Cam., P. S. N.
H. G., iii, 15 ; Andre, Species, i, 233,
pi. xiv, fig. 2 ( 2 ) ; Cat., 28,* 1.

FENELLA WESTWOODI. 289

Fenusa pygmaa, Healy, Ent., v, 300 (1. h.) ; Kalt, Pfl., 225, 227.
Phyllotoma tormentillce, Healy, Ent., iv, 135.
Fenella tormentillce, Andre, Species, i, 233 ; Cat., 28,* 2.
Melinia minutissima, Costa, Fauna di Napoli, 41, pi. lxvi.

Black ; mouth and antennae underneath fuscous ; knees, tibia3 and
tarsi, white ; trochanters pale fuscous. Wings hyaline, slightly infus-
cated, iridescent ; costa and stigma pale fuscous ; tegulaa black, trans-
verse radial nervure received a little beyond the second tr. cubital
nervure.

Length li line.

The larva mines the leaves of Agrimonia Eupatoria
and Potentilla rep tans, forming small brownish blotches,
each leaf sometimes containing, according to Healy,
fourteen larvae, but the number is generally much less.
There are two broods in the year, the first in early
summer, from which the imagos appear at the end of
June : the second in the autumn.

The larva is white. The head light brown, with
darker mouth parts and black eye spots. Beneath, on
the second segment, is a large black mark occupying
nearly its whole extent ; on each of the three following
segments is an irregularly- shaped black mark. Above,
on the second segment, there are two large marks,
somewhat square in shape but rounded off at the outer
corner, and like the other marks black. Legs encircled
with brown. When the food canal is filled the body
has a greenish tinge, the canal appearing as a broad
green stripe. The pupa stage is passed in the ground.

F. nigrlta would appear to be common in the London
district, but I know of no other habitat, although it is
no doubt of wide distribution.

Continental distribution : Scandinavia, Germany,
France, Italy.

. Fenella Westwoodi, sp. n.

Black ; knees, anterior tibiae and tarsi sordid testaceous ; wings
smoky, the apex a little clearer. Antennae ten-jointed, pilose, the third
joint scarcely a half longer than the fourth which is a very little shorter
than the fifth, two last joints subequal, the apical conical. Sutures on
vertex deep, curved, the central portion of vertex behind the ocelli raised
and separated from them by a suture. The transverse radial nervure is

VOL. I.

290 GENUS FENUSA.

received a piece beyond the second cubital nervure, and in the third
cubital cellule ; the transverse median nervnre is received beyond the
middle of the cellule.
Length If line.

Differs from nigrita in being larger, in having longer
antennae, in having the wings much darker, in the
transverse radial nervure being received at a greater
distance from the second transverse cubital, in the
transverse median nervure being received beyond the
middle of the cellule and in the darker legs. F. moni-
licomis, Thorns., agrees with it in coloration, but it has
fourteen-j ointed antennae, and the transverse radial
nervure is interstitial. It is very like Fenusa melano-
poda in the coloration of the body, legs and wings,
and in the neuration of the latter, but it is a little
larger, has the antennae a little longer and ten-jointed,
while the third joint is not double the length of the
fourth. It, in fact, forms a connecting link to Fenusa.

Rare. Bishopton, on Birch.

Genus — Fenusa.

■

Fenusa, Leach, Z. M., iii, 126.

Antenna nine to ten-jointed, short, thick, more rarely longish, third
joint longer than fourth.

Wings with two radial and three cubital cellules, the first and second
of the latter receiving each a recurrent nervure. Basal nervure curved
as is the first recurrent ; lanceolate cellule petiolate ; posterior wings
with no middle cellules ; accessory nervures longly appendiculated.

Body short, thick. Feet without patellae.

The head has usually the sutures on the vertex
distinct. The vertex behind the ocelli raised and
bounded by a furrow in front. The clypeus is trun-
cated at the apex. The eyes reach to the base of the
mandibles. The palpi are, I consider, six-jointed but
between the third and fourth joints is a short con-
striction which Hartig regards as the representative
of a joint. The basal joint is not much longer than
the second which is scarcely half the length of the
third; the last three do not differ much in length.

GENU3 FENUSA. 291

The labial palpi are short ; the first is scarcely shorter
than the third ; the second is nearly three times longer
than the third ; the last is nearly as long as the pre-
ceding three. The mandibles are short, thick, the
apical tooth distinct, and there is a blunt subapical

one.

The larvae are similar in form and habits to those
of Phyllotoma, only no cocoon is spun in the mine.

The body colour is black ; the legs are also usually
black, •relieved with white, or they may be testaceous
entirely. The wings are never hyaline; they being
more or less smoky. The stigma is large and projects
a little from the costa ; it is usually fuscous.

This is a genus of small extent ; the three cubital
cellules place it alongside Phyllotoma and Fenella,

with which the species agree in the form and habits

of the larvae ; but undoubtedly it has strong affinity
with one section of Blennocampa as already pointed
out (p. 230). The difference in the number of joints
in the antennae readily distinguishes it from Phyllotoma
and Heptamelus ; but it is not so easily distinguished
from Fenella ; in fact, the only distinction seems to be
that Fenella has more than nine joints in the antennae
(the number in Fenusa being nine).

The genus is confined to the Palaearctic and Nearctic
regions. Eight European and two North American
species have been described.

Obs. — The genus Kaliosyphinga, Tischbein (S. E. Z., vii, p. 79, 1846),
is no doubt identical with Fenusa. In most of the species of Fenusa,
but especially with pumila and melanopoda (with either of which the
description of K. Dohrnii, so far as it goes, agrees), there is at the base
of the lanceolate cellule an upturned nervure or spurious nervure (for it
is much fainter than the regular nervures), which is joined or nearly
joined to the anal nervure, thus giving the appearance of their being a
contracted lanceolate cellule, which is the only distinction (the posses-
sion of a contracted in opposition to the petiolate lanceolate cellule of
Fenusa) between Kaliosyphinga and Fenusa.

The Genus Messa, Leach} (Z. M., iii, 126), is said to be founded on
Fenusa hortulana, but in error, for Messa is stated to have one radial
and four cubital cellules. It was probably founded on a small Nematus.
Stephens' type is a Blennoeampa .

292 FEN USA MELANOPODA.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (4) Tegulaa white, legs for the greater part white.

2 (3) Pronotum and pleurae black.

3 (2) Pronotum and pleurae white.

4 (1) Teguls6 black.

5 (8) Legs testaceous, antennae longish.

6 (7) Transverse radial nervure received in middle of second cubital

cellule; frontal sutures invisible. Pumilio.

7 (6) Transverse radial nervure nearly interstitial ; frontal sutures

Pygmoea.
Hortulana.

deep.

Betulce ,

8 (9) Legs white, antenna longish. # Albipes.

9 (8) Legs for the greater part black. Antennae short.

10 (13) Transverse radial nervure received beyond second transverse

cubital in third cubital cellule.

11 (12) Antennae not thickened towards the apex, third joint more than

double the length of fourth. Melanopoda.

12 (11) Antennae perceptibly thickened towards the apex; third joint

not more than double the length of fourth. Pumila.

13 (10) Transverse radial nervure received before the apex of the

second cubital cellule, nearly touching the second transverse
cubital. Ulmi.

■

Section 1. — Frontal sutures distinct. Transverse basal

nervure touching costal. Transverse radial nervure
received in the third cubital cellule or nearly joined
to the third cubital. Legs mostly for the greater
part blacky seldom testaceous. Antennae mostly
short.

1. Fenusa melanopoda.

PL II, figs. 6 and 6 a, Larva.

Fenusa nigricans, Thorns., Hym. So., i, 184, 1.

Phcenusa melanopoda, Cam., P. N. H. S. Glas., iii, 6; Fauna,

22, 1 ; Andre, Species, i, 231 ;

Cat., 28,* 10.

Glossy -black ; antenna3 shortly pilose, a little curved, as long, if not
longer, than the thorax ; the first joint large, globose, with a pedicle
at the base ; the second nearly as long as the first, not so globose ;
third more than double the length of the fourth ; the rest to the eighth
getting a little shorter ; ninth conical, thinner and longer than the
eighth. Head scarcely narrower than the thorax, smooth, covered with
a fuscous -black pubescence ; sutures distinct, moderately deep ; labrum
and mandibles piceous; palpi fuscous. Thorax shining, smooth,
scarcely pubescent; sutures very distinct; cenchri obscure. Breast
smooth, shining. Legs : all the knees, and four anterior tibiae and tarsi

FEXUSA PUMILA. 293

obscure yellowish-white, verging into testaceous ; tarsi slightly darker ;
spurs short. Abdomen short, apex truncated obliquely; sheaths of
saw glabrous, a little projecting ; blotch broad. Wings blackish, with
deep black costa, stigma and nervures; costa dilated towards the
stigma ; first radial cellule much broader and longer than the second ;
first cubital longer than the second, which is twice wider at the apex than
at the base, and angled where it receives the second recurrent nervure.
Transverse radial nervure curved, received a good piece past the second
transverse cubital ; first recurrent received in the middle of the first
cubital cellule ; the second about a fourth of the length of the cellule
from the first transverse cubital nervure.
Length If line.

The larva mines the leaves of the common alder.
The head is black, as are also the legs for the greater
part. Above, on the second segment, is a broad,
black plate, divided in the middle. Below, on the same
segment, is a large black plate, which is small and
truncated at the base, but spreads and curls out at
the apex, retreating again in the middle, the sides being
curved ; on the third and fourth segment is a small,
black, round dot. At the last moult the markings
are cast off. The larvae are found from July to Sep-
tember, or even October, there being apparently two
broods in the year. Common and generally dis-
tributed.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France.

Obs. — Thomson adopts the name of Nigricans, Klug, for this species,
but the description of the latter is very ambiguous : " Brownish -black ;
antennae as long as the abdomen; labrum and tips of mandibles
testaceous ; legs pale testaceous, with dusky trochanters ; wing scales
yellowish ; wings hyaline, with nervures and stigma brownish." Length
2 lines. Hab. Sweden (Hartig, Blattw., 259). Thomson himself thinks
that the nigricans, Klug, may have been a Blennocampa with only
three cubital cellules, but we have no evidence of this, so I believe it
best to re-name the present species.

. FEXUSA PUMILA.

Tenthredo pumila, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 120, 190; Htg.,

Blattw., 259, 3.

pygmcea, Zett., I. L., 340, 11.
Fenusa pumila, Ste., 111., vii, 41 ; Thorns., Opus., 272, 2 ; Hym.

Sc, i, 186, 2 ; Cam., P. N. H. S.
Glas., iii, 8, 2; Fauna, 22, 2;
Andre, Species, i, 231, pi. xiv, fig.
10; Cat, 28,* 9.

294 FENUSA PUMILA.

Fenusa fidiginosa, Healy, Ent., iii, 225.

Apliadnurus tantellus, Costa, Fauna di Napoli, 41, pi. lxvi, fig. 6.

Black, shining; knees, tibiae and tarsi pale testaceous. Antennas
short, slightly thickened towards the apex ; the third joint not more
than double the length of the fourth.

The <$ similar, but with thicker antennae, sometimes paler on the
under side than above, and with the hinder tibiae suffused with black.

Length li line.

Smaller than the preceding ; the head scarcely so
pilose, the wings of a lighter tint; posterior tibiaa
rarely black, tarsi paler ; antennse shorter, thickened
towards the apex, the third joint not more than double
the length of the fourth ; the joints more globose, not
so sharply cut off from one another ; and the frontal
sutures scarcely so deep.

The larva, when young, has the body white, with a
greenish tinge on the back, caused by the food shining
through the food canal ; the head pale brown. On the
ventral surface of the second segment is a black dumb-
bell shaped mark, and in the centre of the third and
fourth is a round black dot. The feet are encircled
with black ; the abdominal ones entirely white.
Before the third moult the head is darker coloured ;
on the dorsal surface of the second segment is an
oblong, black mark, usually divided in two by a pale
line in the centre. On the ventral surface of the second
segment is an irregular black plate ; and on the third,
fourth, fifth and sixth there is, in the centre, a black
dot, these dots being, however, frequently absent from
the two last mentioned segments. At the last moult
the body loses the markings, and becomes of a yellowish-
white colour, with a pale brown head. Length about
5 lines.

It lives on the leaves of the birch, preferring, as Mr.
Healy has remarked, a variety with woolly leaves.
There are usually from four to ten in a single leaf
each mine being at first separate, but in course of time
they become united. There are two broods ; the first in
June and July, the second in August to October. The
pupa state is passed in the earth without the protection
of a cocoon. The pupa is white.

■

FENUSA ULMI. 295

Common in birch woods in May and June, and again
in the autumn.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France,
Italy, Russia.

., Fenusa ulmi.

Fenusa ulmi, Sundeval, Forhandl. red de Skand. Naturforsk.,

Christiania, 1847, 240, 241 ; Healy,
Ent., v, 297 ; Kalt., Pfl., 539; Cam.,
P. N. H. S. Glas., iii, 9, 3 ; Fauna,
22, 3 ; Andre, Species, i, 230 ; Cat.,
28* 8.
media, Thorns., Hym. Sc, i, 186, 3.

Black, shining. Antenna? short, stout, covered with a stiff pile ; two
first joints together equal in length to the third, which is twice longer
than the fourth, the remaining joints to the eighth shorter, the ninth
joint conical, longer than the preceding. Head a little narrower than
the thorax, scarcely pubescent, shining, smooth, sutures moderately
distinct; labruin and mandibles piceous; palpi dark testaceous.

Thorax shining, smooth, glabrous; tegulae black. Abdomen short,

conical, thick, smooth, semi- truncated at the apex; blotch large,
sheaths of saw exserted. Legs : femora, coxae and trochanters black ;
apical half of the two anterior femora, knees, tibiae and tarsi, dark
testaceous. Wings faintly smoky ; first radial cellule a little smaller
than the second, second cubital cellule more than double the width of
the base at the apex, angled where it receives the recurrent nervure.

(J similar, but with thicker and longer antennae, the joints from the
fourth being perceptibly thicker than the basal ones.

Length lj line.

Ab. Four posterior tibiae and tarsi black.

Ulmi is not nnlike the two preceding species, but
has the frontal sutures less distinct, the wings a good
deal clearer, and otherwise is easily separated by the
position of the transverse radial nervure which almost
touches the second transverse cubital.

The larva is white, with the head pale brown, darker
at the sides ; mouth reddish-brown ; legs encircled
with brown. Beneath, on the second segment, is a
black oblong plate, sometimes with a dot on either
side ; there is a small, black, central dot on each of
the following segments, but the dots are often absent

on the posterior segments. When full fed it is
yellowish- white. Length 5 lines.

296 FENUSA HORTULANA.

It mines the leaves of Ulmus montana and V.
campestris, several larvse living on the same leaf. Mr.
Healy says there is bnt one brood in England, namely,
in May and June ; but as I have captured the flies in
August there is probably an autumnal as well as a
spring brood.

Brischke (Schr. ges. Konig., xi, 71) records Perilissns
pictilis, Holmgr., as a parasite.

Common in England and Scotland.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France,
Russia.

4. Fenusa hortulana.

Tenthredo hortulana, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 187 ; Htg., Blattw.,

258, 1.
Fenusa hortulana, Cam., Proc. N. H. S. Glasg., iii, 96 ; Andre,

Species, i, 231; Cat., 27,* 1;

Fletcher, E. M. M., xviii, 127.

Antennae a little longer than the head and thorax, black above, pale
testaceous beneath ; the joints distinctly separated, slightly projecting
at the apices beneath ; pilose ; the third joint more than double the
length of the fourth. Head smooth, shining, covered with a short pile ;
the sutures distinct ; antennal fovea large but shallow ; apex of clypeus
semi-truncated ; labrum large, rounded at the apex ; labrum and
clypeus white; mandibles brownish at the tips; eyes lead coloured
thorax, tegulse, pronotum and pleurae broadly whitish-testaceous ; the
pronotum whiter than the sides of the breast ; sternum and the lower
fourth of the sides black. Abdomen short and broad; the ventral seg-
ments a little whitish at their junction ; sheath of saw projecting, hairy
and curved. Legs whitish-testaceous ; the base of coxaa black. Wings
almost hyaline ; costa and stigma fuscous ; second cubital cellule not
much longer than first, and a very little longer than third, but
much narrower at the apex than the third ; transverse radial nervure
nearly interstitial ; second recurrent received a little in front of the
middle of the second cubital cellule. The cenchri are obscure; the
blotch is very small.

Length If line.

The larva has been found by Mr. J. E. Fletcher to
blotch the leaves of Populus nigra in July.

Seemingly a rare insect. South of England, Wor-
cester.

Continental distribution : Germany, France (?).

FEN USA PYGM^A

Section 2. — Frontal sutures indistinct. Transverse

basal nervure not touching costal. Legs for the
greater part white or testaceous. Transverse radial
nervure received usually before the third transverse
cubital. Antennae longish.

5. Fenusa pygm£a.

Tenthredo pygmcea, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 121 ; Zett., I. L., 340,

11, £ ; Htg., Blattw., 259, 4.

Fenusa pygmcea, Ste., III., vii, 41, 3; Thorns., Opus., 272, 3;

Hym. Sc, i, 186, 4; Cam., P. N.
H. S. Glas., iii, 10, 4 ; Fauna, 22,
4; Andre, Species, i, 229; Cat.,
27* 5.

Black ; antennae nearly as long as the abdomen ; the two first joints
large, the third scarcely double the length of the fourth, the rest
gradually, but slightly, decreasing in length; covered with a stiff
microscopic down. Head very smooth, shining, with a faint scattered
down ; tegulae white ; face covered with a sparse scattered pubescence ;
frontal sutures invisible ; eyes greenish. Abdomen a little longer than
the head and thorax ; apex rounded ; saw largely exserted. Legs : coxae,
trochanters and the greater part of the femora black ; knees, tibiae and
tarsi clear white. Wings half smoky, clearer at the apex; first radial
cellule a little shorter than the second; first cubital cellule shorter
than second, which is double the width at the apex that it is at the
base, and angled where it receives the recurrent nervure. Radial
nervure received about a fourth of the length of the second cellule in
front of the second transverse cubital nervure.

The <J is unknown to me.

Length 1£ line.

Pygmcea closely resembles albipes, but differs from it
in the black femora, white tegulae, shorter antennae, and
longer second cubital cellule. From kortulana, with
which it agrees in the white tegulae, it is easily separated
by the black pleurae, longer antennae, and black femora.

•Larva white. Head light brown, darker at the
sides ; eye spots black ; mouth reddish-brown. On
the second ventral segment is a large black plate
occupying the whole segment, except a small portion
at the edges and apex ; on the third there is, across the
centre, a large black band, and on the fourth there is

a small, somewhat spindle-shaped, black band. The
back of the second segment is black, except at the
edges ; sometimes this black portion is divided down

298 FENUSA ALBIPES.

the centre by a faint white line. Length about

lines.

It blotches the leaves of the oak in the autumn, one,

two, or three living in a single leaf.

Gryptocentrits incisulus, Ruthe, is recorded by

Brischke as its parasite.

Apparently not common. Occurs in the London
district and Norwich ; in Scotland it has been taken
in Clydesdale and at New Galloway.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany.

6. FENUSA ALBIPES.

Plate XIII, figs. 7, 7 a, ? .

Phcenusa albipes, Cam., E. M. M., xii, 131 (1875) ; P. N. H. S.

Glas., iii, 11, 5 ; Andre, Species, i,
. 232 ; Oat., 27,* 2.
Fenusa albipes, Cam., Fauna, 22, 5.

Black, shining, covered sparsely with a very short pile, only visible in
certain lights. Antennee a little longer than the body, slightly pilose ;
the third joint longer than the fourth. Legs entirely white ; posterior
tarsi and tips of anterior faintly fuscous. Wings smoky ; costa, ner-
vures and stigma black; transverse radial nervure received a little
past the middle of the second cubital cellule. Sheath largely

exserted. ? .
Length 1J line.

Very rare. Taken in Cadder Wilderness on 20th
August on a rose bush.

. Fenusa pumilio.

Fenusa pumilio, Htg., Blattw., 259, 5 ; Thorns., Hym. Sc, i,

187, 5 ; Cam., Fauna, 22, 6.
rubi, Boie, S. E. Z., 1848, 340.

pumila, Waeles, Zool. (1856), 5074 ; West., Ent. Ann.

(1862), 129 ; Healy, Ent., v, 211, 212.
Phcenusa pumilio, Cam., P. N. H. S. Glas., iii, 11, 6 ; Andre,

Species, i, 231, pi. xiv, fig. 3 ; Cat., 27,*
7.

Black, shining, scarcely pubescent. Antennge longer than the abdo-
men, moderately thick, pale fuscous beneath and covered with a short
pile. Head narrower than the thorax, very smooth, shining, glabrous ;
labrum piceous, palpi testaceous. Thorax smooth, shining, covered

FENUSA PUMILIO. 299

with a microscopic pile ; tegulae black. Abdomen about the length of
the head and thorax ; apex more or less truncated, sheath hairy ; blotch
very large. Legs whitish-testaceous ; base of coxaB black ; apex of coxae,
trochanters and basal half of femora more or less obscured with black
or fuscous ; apex of tarsi fuscous. Wings smoky, hyaline at the apex ;
nervures deep black, stigma large ; first radial cellule triangular,
smaller than the second ; transverse radial nervure received a little past
the middle of the second cubital cellule ; first cubital cellule nearly
double the length of second, and having near its apex a conspicuous,
round, black horny point ; second not much longer than broad, angled
where the recurrent nervure is received.

The $ is similar in coloration ; the antennae are a good deal thicker
and slightly compressed, the third joint scarcely longer than the fourth
(in the $ it is perceptibly longer), and the femora have usually more
black on them.

Length If line.

Differs from betulce in its shorter antennae, perfectly
smooth head, the smoky wings hyaline at the apex and
in the position of the transverse radial nervure. From
the descriptions of Hartig and Thomson it seems to
vary considerably in coloration. The former author

describes it as having the mouth, antennas, abdomen
and legs dark brown, with the knees, tibiae and tarsi
pale brownish-yellow, while Thomson states that the
antennas are fuscous beneath, and the palpi, knees,
tibiae and tarsi, whitish-testaceous. A British specimen
in my collection has a brownish splash across the
mesonotum.

Common and generally distributed.

The larva is dirty white ; the head pale brown,
darker at the sides; mouth dark brown; eye spots black;
the thoracic legs are banded with brown, the abdo-
minal marked posteriorly with a semicircular black
mark, and the anal pair are surrounded with black.
On the back the second segment is black or brownish-
black, and sometimes on the third and fourth there is
a narrow band ; beneath the second segment is dark
brown ; there is an irregular band on the third and
fourth, and on the fifth and sixth a round dot, but
these are frequently absent. At the last moult the
markings are cast off. Length from 9 to 10 lines.

The larvae mine the leaves of Rubus fructicosus and
B, idcens, to the latter of which they often do such

300 FEN USA BETUM.

great injury that the bushes do not produce a proper
supply of fruit for two or three years. The first brood
occurs in July and August, a second is met with from
September to the end of October. Zaddach mentions
that they mine the leaves of Geum urbanum, and Kal-
tenbach (Pfl., 512) that " the larva lives in the green,
hard, projecting leaf -galls on Salix aurita" where
passes the winter, emerging as a fly in July. This
last observation is no doubt erroneous.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France,
Italy, Russia.

. FENUSA BETUL2E.

Fenusa betula, Zaddach, Beschr., 29; Cam., P. N. H. S. Glas.,

iii, 13 ; Fauna, 23, 7 ; Andre, Species,

i, 232 ; Cat, 27* 3.
Phyllotoma mellita, Newman, Healy, Ent., v, 1 — 7.

Black, shining; covered with a fuscous pile, especially on the head
and thorax. Antennas longer than the head and thorax ; the joints
thicker at the apex than at the base, distinctly separated from one
another ; the first with a conspicuous petiole at the base, and truncated
at the apex ; third longer than the fourth ; the rest shorter ; the ninth
conical, thinner, and longer than eighth. Head scarcely narrower than
the thorax ; face densely covered with a fuscous pubescence ; sutures in
the vertex distinct; frontal foveas large and moderately deep; the
central round, the lateral longer and thinner ; labrum testaceous ; palpi
fuscous. Thorax black, shining; tegulse testaceous. Abdomen
shining, as long as the head and thorax, covered with a fuscous pile,
which is shorter than that on the head and thorax ; apex truncate ; the
blotch invisible, saw projecting, sheath very hairy. Wings faintly
fulvous -coloured, if anything clearer at the apex; first radial cellule
longer than the second ; transverse radial nervure nearly if not quite
interstitial ; second cubital cellule not much shorter than the first, the
sides above straight, not curved, in length not much longer than broad ;
at the lower end of the first cubital cellule is a small black dot. Legs
yellowish-testaceous, coxae, trochanters, and base of femora black;
hinder tarsi fuscous. ? .

Length 2 lines. \

Larva white; head pale brown, darker at the sides,
mouth reddish-brown; eye spots black. The second
segment above bears a shield-like black plate ; beneath
there is a large black plate on the same segment, and
on each of the third fourth, fifth and sixth is a small
dot ; along the sides are a number of black dots ; a

GENUS HEPTAMELUS. 301

large one on the second, three on the third, and four
on the others, the last being smaller than those in front.
The thoracic legs are banded with black; the abdo-
minal have above a small black band ; and the anal
two are broadly marked with the same colour. The
penultimate segment sometimes bears in the centre two
small black dots. . The number of dots varies a good
deal, they are often absent from the fifth, sixth, and
penultimate, and along the sides some individuals have
more and others less than usual. When full-fed the
markings are cast off.

The pupa is yellowish- white.

The larvae live gregariously — often to the number of
seven or eight in a single leaf — in the leaves of the
birch, appearing first in June and again in the autumn.

Brischke (Schr. ges. Konig.,xi, 71) records as para-
sites PeriUssns macrophygus, Holm., P. sulcatus, Holm.,
and P. verticalis, Brischke.

Common from Sutherlandshire to the south of
England.

Continental distribution : Germany, France.

Genus — Heptamelus.

Melicerta, Steph., 111., vii, 94 (?).

Heptamelus, Haliday, Nat. Hist. Rev., 1855, 60.

Ccenoneura, Thorns., Opusc. Ent., 270.

Antenna seven to eight-jointed, densely pilose, somewhat thickened
towards the apex, second joint not transverse, double the length of
first; third a half longer than fourth; last longer than preceding,
conical at apex.

Wings with two radial and three or four cubital cellules, of which the
second and third receive each a recurrent nervure. Lanceolate cellule
with an oblique cross nervure. Posterior wings with two middle
cellules.

The transverse basal nervure is curved and is received
a good piece before the cubital, and is nearly joined
to the transverse median, which again is joined to the
oblique nervure in lanceolate cellule. The first trans-
verse cubital nervure is represented by a mere stump at

302 GENUS HEPTAMELUS.

either end ; the second cubital cellule is a little longer
than the fourth ; the third is smaller than either, is
narrow at the base, wider and angled where the trans-

verse radial and second recurrent nervures are received,
namely, a little before the middle of the cellule, and
nearly opposite each other ; the apex is wider than the
base, but is not dilated. In the transverse radial and in
the two transverse cubital nervures, is a bulla which
occupies the greater part of the nervures ; there is a \
small one at apex of first recurrent, and which extends ;
to more than half of the third cubital cellule along the
cubital nervure, and a larger one is on the second
recurrent. The accessory nervure in hind wings is
longly appendiculated. The recurrent and transverse
cubital nervures are received close to each other, almost
united.

The sutures on the vertex are deep, but do not reach
to the back of the head. The ocelli form a triangle
and the lower one is situated in a deep depression.
Below each of the antennas is a deep, but not very
large fovea. The clypeus is small and shortly incised.
The palpi are long, the labial four and the maxillary
six-jointed. The first joint of the latter is small, the
second much longer, and a little longer than the third,
which is about the same length as the fourth ; the
fifth is shorter than the fourth ; the sixth is nearly as
long as the second. The mandibles are short, thick,
the apical joint acute, and there is a short, sharply
projecting subapical tooth, which is clearly separated
on either end. The sutures on the mesonotum (includ-
ing that in centre of middle lobe) are deep; the
scutellum is widest in the middle, the base being more

angled and narrower than the apex ; the sutures

bounding it are deep and wide. The legs have the
calcaria of moderate length; the claws are almost
bifid; the metatarsus is as long as the succeeding
joints together ; the tarsi are a little longer than the
tibias ; the patellse are absent. The sheath of the saw
largely projects.

HEPTAMELUS OCHROLEUCrS. 303

The larva is unknown.

This is a very distinct genus, easily distinguished
from every other. Its affinities appear to me to be
with the Phyllotomides on the one hand and Athalia
on the other, although it is very distinct from
both.

It is only known from Europe.

Heptamelus ochroleucus.

PL XIII, figs. 8, ? , 8 a, Antenna ; PL XVIII, fig.

Saw.

Melicerta ochroleucvx, Ste., 111., vii, 94 (?).

Heptamelus ochroleucus, Haliday, Nat. Hist. Rev., 1855, ii, 60,

pi. ii, fig. 1.
Ccenoneura Dahlbomi, Thorns., Opus., 271, 1 ; Hym. Sc., i,

182; Cam., E. M. M.,

xi, 108, <$ ; Fauna, 22 ;

Andre, Species, i, 238 (pi.

xv, fig. IP); Cat., 29,* 1.

Black or fuscous black ; head, thorax, antennai and costa covered
with, long pale hairs; the two basal joints of antennae testaceous
legs pale testaceous, the apex of posterior tibia} and tarsi fuscous.
Wings hyaline ; costa testaceous ; stigma fuscous-black, pale at the
base ; tegulai white. $ .

Ab. ? . Antennas black, a small spot on mesonotum and sternum
dull reddish ; the middle of abdomen above the lower part of the sides
and belly dull reddish.

(£. Mouth pale; two basal joints of antenna? pale testaceous, the
rest fuscous. Pro- and mesonotum, the metapleurae and sternum red-
dish ; abdomen pale testaceous with black or fuscous-black transverse
bands above, metanotum and base of abdomen black. Wings with
nervures, costa and stigma reddish-yellow.

Length 21— 2$ lines.

The two varieties of the ° are about equally com-
mon, but the first does not appear to have eight-
jointed antennae as it has in Sweden ; the eighth joint,
however, is somewhat longer and more sharply pointed,
the point being constricted giving the appearance of
two joints. The quantity of red on the thorax and
abdomen of the second variety varies, as do the black
abdominal bands on the

Common in two or three places in Clydesdale.
North Yorkshire (Marshall). County Down, Blarney

304 GENUS ATHALIA.

(Cork), Kerry (Haliday). It seems to be attached to
birch, and appears in June, July and August.

Sweden is the only Continental country from which
it has been recorded.

Genus — Athalia

4
I

-••

Athalia, Leach, Z. M., hi, 126.

Wings with, two radial and four cubital cellules, all angled where the
recurrent or transverse nervures are received. Basal nervure jointed
to cubital; transverse median received not far from

obi

Posterior wings with

two middle cellules ; the recurrent and transverse cubital nervures

received close to each other ;

append

of the nervures.

ma thick ; there is no costal cellule owing to the thickness

distinctly thickened from

almost clavate, ten to eleven-jointed, the third joint double the length
of fourth .

Head without sutures; eyes large, oblong, converging; clypeus trun-
cated at the apex ; labrum large, somewhat triangular. Mandibles
large, with a subapical tooth.

The body is short, broad, the wings large, broad.
The feet are stout, with simple claws, and spines which
are not one-third of the length of the metatarsus. The
tarsi longer than the tibiae, and with the patellae of
moderate size. The abdomen is not much, if longer
than the head and thorax ; the blotch is distinct.

The ground colour is luteous, with the head, an-
tennas and thorax more or less black ; usually the
tibiae have the apices of the joints black. The wings
have a yellowish tinge, or are hyaline ; the stigma and
costa are black.

The larvae are cylindrical, thick compared to their
length, bare or ornamented with tubercles. The
ground colour is black or slate, sometimes marked with
white dots; the skin is more or less wrinkled. A

single cocoon is spun in the earth. Their food plants

are Gruciferce, Scrophularice, and possibly Clematis.

This genus is apparently confined to the old world,
where it has a very wide range, not only occurring all
over the Palaearctic region, but also in the Oriental

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES. 305

and Ethiopian as far south as the Cape. Two of the
species have also an extensive distribution, namely, A.
spinarum, which is found almost everywhere in Europe,
\ in Japan and India, and A. rosce, which extends south
to the west coast of Africa.

It is a most distinct and natural genus, not readily
confounded with any other, and having, it may be,
however, only superficial resemblances to widely
different groups. The antennae, for instance, resem-
ble those of Allantus, except that they have more
than nine joints. In coloration it mimics some of
the Hylotomce, e.g. H. rosce. In the position of the
basal nervure, in the shortness of the spurs, and in the
form and habits of the larvae it agrees with the Selan-
driades, while the number of joints in the antennas
would seem to ally it to the Phyllotomides, and the
angled cubital cellules and general arrangement of the
nervures agree best with Heptamelus. From the
paucity of species and their wide distribution, as well
as from their want of very nearly related forms, it
would seem as if the genus was a very old one.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Mesonotum smooth, shining, glabrous, breast, pleurae and

underside of the antennas luteous. Ancilla.

2 (1) Mesonotum densely pubescent.

3 (10) Abdomen entirely luteous, clypeus small, mouth white.

4 (9) Tarsi annulated with black.

5 (6) Middle lobe of mesonotum and underside of thorax luteous.

6 (5) Middle lobe of mesonotum black.

Sjpinarum.

7 (8) Scutellum luteous in $ ; sternum luteous, tarsal joints luteous

at the base ; third joint of antennas more than double the

length of fourth.

Scutellariae.
8 (7) Scutellum black in ?; sternum black, base of tarsal joints white;

third joint of antennae not more than double the length of

fourth.

Rosce.

9 (4) Tibiae partly and tarsi entirely black. Lugens.

10 (2) Abdomen with the basal segment black, clypeus broad, luteous.

Annulata.

VOL. I.

306 ATHALIA ANCILLA.

1. Athalia ancilla.

a, Lep., Mon., 22, 63 ; Ste., 111., vii, 43, 5.

xollis, Thorns., Opus., 268,5(1870); Hym. Scand.,

i, 171, 1 ; Cam., Proc. N. H. S.

Glas., iii, 129 ; Fauna, 16, 1 ;

Andre, Species, i, 285 ; Cat., 36,*
6.
Cam., Sc. Nat., ii, 197—199 (lar.).

Phyllotoma annulata, Fall., Mon., 28, 3.

Tenthredo liberta, Klug, Germar's Beise nach Dalmatien, 257,

333.

Smooth, shining, glabrous, reddish-luteous. Head, antennas, meso- and
metanotum, the apex of posterior tibiae and the tarsal joints at the apex
(the four anterior slightly), with the apex of sheath, black. Mouth and
palpi white ; the antennae from the second joint are pale testaceous on ;
the underside. Wings hyaline, yellowish at the base ; the nervures and
costa at the base are yellowish, for the rest black ; stigma black ; tegulae I
luteous; blotch large, clear white. ? and <$.

Length 3£ — 4 lines. |

Larva. Head small, partly retracted into the second
segment, deep shining black and covered with a short

pile. Legs black ; the abdominal ones with the tips !
white and the anal (which are small) entirely so. The
upper part of the body is lead coloured ; below the
spiracles it is pale white. The skin is much wrinkled
and folded, and beset with small tubercles. At the
last moult the mouth is whitish, and the body becomes
of a pale slate colour. Length 6 to 7 lines.

The pupa is pale white.

The larva is of the same habits as its better known

congener Spinarum, and affects like it cruciferous
plants, Erysimum , Sisymbrium, &c, and, as will be
seen from the description, does not differ materially
from it. I have met with full-fed larvse at the end of
July, and from some collected then have reared the
perfect insects at the beginning of September, but
others belonging to the same batch did not change till
the following spring. Having only once found the

larvse I cannot say whether they are double brooded
or not, nor if they are injurious to turnips.

Glabricollis is not an uncommon insect (commoner,
I should say, than spinarum) in June. I have taken it

ATHALIA SPINARUM. 307

in Clydesdale, Dumfriesshire, Rannoch and Sutherland-
shire ; have seen specimens from Berwickshire, Aber-
deen, and in England it has occurred in the London
district, Glanvilles' Wootton, Norwich, Gloucester,
Worcester and Manchester.

On the Continent it has been recorded from Sweden,
Lapland, France and Dalmatia, and no doubt it is
very generally distributed over the north and north-
west. I have seen a good many German specimens.

2. ATHALIA SPINARUM.

Plate XIV, fig. 2, ? ; Plate III, fig. 11, Lar.

Tenthredo spinarum, Fab., S. E., ii, 110, 20 ; Klug, Berl. Mag.,

viii, 127, 1 ; Zett., I. L., 339, 3.
centifolite, Pz., F. G., 49, 18.
colibri, Cbr. B., 434, pi. 50, fig. 1.

Hylotoma spinarum. Fab., S. P., 26, 21.

Phyllotoma spinarum, Fall., Mon. Tenth., 27, 1.

Athalia spinarum, Leach, Z. M., Ill, 126; Dbm., Prod., 62, 9;

Clavis, 16 (lar.) ; Yarrell, Proc. Z. S.,
ii, 67; Ste., 111., vii, 42,1; Curtis,
B. E., 617 (details); Farm., Ins.,
37, pi. B (lar., &c.) ; West., Int., iif
102 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 34,
1 ; Voll., Tidj. Ent., 109, 111, pi. 9

(im., lar., &c.) ; Zool. S. S., 9067 ;
Tasch., Ent. Gfirt, 150, 63, figs. 36
and 37 (im. and lar.); Newport
Prize Essay ; Fraunf. Verh. z. b.
Ges., 1866, 839; Thorns., Hym.
Scand., i, 173, 2 ; Kalt., Pfl., 32,

36, 41 ; Andre, Species, i, 287, pi.

xvii, figs. 2, 4 and 5 ; Cat., 36,* 5.
spinarum, var. Orientalis, Cam., Tr. Ent. Soc 1877,90.
centifolice, Lep., Mon., 24, 71 ; Ste., 111., vii, 42, 2.

Luteous, covered above with a dense whitish pubescence. Antennae,
head (except the mouth, which is white and covered with a whitish
pubescence), the mesonotum at the sides, metanotum, apex of tibiae and
the joints of the tarsi at the apex, black. In front of the mesonotum
the black colour forms a triangle, the base being in front, and there is a
faint luteous spot in the centre of the metanotum. The scutellum is
luteous. Sheath of saw black at the apex and very hairy. Wings hya-
line, with a fuscous tinge at the apex and yellowish at the base ; ner-
vures (except at the base, where they are yellowish), costa and stigma
deep black, the latter is luteous at the extreme base; tegulae luteous ;
palpi pale testaceous ; the upper edge of the pleurae below the wings is
black ; the mandibles piceous ; the blotch is large, pale yellow.

308 ATHALIA SPINARUM.

The <$ has the two basal joints of the antennas entirely, and the other
joints beneath, pale luteous ; the face below and surrounding the
antennas and the inner edge of the eyes white.

In the ? the antennas are often pale luteous or brownish on the

underside.

Length 3 — 4 lines.

Readily known from the other species of the group
by the yellow markings on the mesonotum.

The eggs are oval, whitish and semitransparent.
They are laid along the leaf margin on the underside
embedded in the epidermis. About 250 to 300 are
deposited by a single ? . According to Newport
sometimes only one egg may be laid on a leaf, but not
unfrequently as many as eight, ten, fifteen, or even
twenty, according to Curtis; when a number is de-
posited on the same leaf they are arranged along the
margin at irregular intervals. The same excellent
observer says that when only a few eggs are laid on
the leaf they are generally placed on the leaflet at the
base of the leaf and seldom at the apex. The fly does
not deposit her eggs indifferently on all the leaves of
the plant, but usually on the second set, " or four leaves
after the cotyledonous leaves,' ' and never on the coty-
ledonous leaves themselves. Neither are they laid on
the inner or youngest leaves, which have their surfaces
rougher than the outer ones.

According to most observers the eggs are invariably
laid in the hottest part of the day and when the sun
is shining.

When first laid the egg is scarcely visible, there
being no trace of it apparent beyond a slight elevation
of the cuticle, and this is often so slight that it is only
by extracting the egg itself that its presence becomes
apparent. "Within twenty-four hours the elevation has
increased while the egg has become more opaque. By
the second day it has still further increased, and the
depression in which the egg is situated widens so that
a free space equal to its own width surrounds it on
both sides. This continues to expand and the egg
becomes still more opaque, and the future larva is seen

ATHALIA SPINARUM. 309

curled up in a semicircular form inside. On the fifth
day it escapes.

This is about its normal rate of progress if the
weather be warm, but if, on the other hand, it be wet
and cold, the development is retarded considerably,
taking six, seven, or even twelve days, according to the

temperature. If the weather be very unfavorable many
of them are destroyed.

When developed, the larva eats its way through the
shell, and then through the part of the leaf which
encircles the eggs. It eats at first the upper epidermis,
the portions eaten out being noticeable as little brown
patches, which are " partial perforation of the leaf
covered with the round cuticle of the upper surface."
When it quits the egg it is about half a line long, and
of a whitish colour with a black head. According to
Newport it does not eat the egg shell which remains
in the cavity. In three days it is double its original
length. At this period, according to the same author,
if it has to descend to the ground to search for a more
suitable leaf or for any other reason, it aids its descent
by means of a silken thread which it attaches to the
leaf and drops down by its aid. When older it does
not possess this faculty. It moults for the first time
on the fifth day after leaving the egg. In all it moults
three times, each at an interval of from five to seven
days before it becomes fully fed and is ready to form its
cocoon.

After leaving the egg the larva is white with two
black dots on the head; but soon the body becomes
darker and the head quite black. When the larva is
about fully grown the head is narrower than the second
segment, shining black, and covered with a few short
hairs. Each of the body segments is divided into
several folds, and smooth and shining, without any
hairs. The upper part to the spiracles is black, on
each side is a longitudinal slate-coloured spot ; then a
row of black, mostly double oblong spots. The legs
are slate-coloured ; the abdominal legs are black

310 ATHALIA SPINARTJM.

splashed witli grey ; they are almost hid by the over-
hanging folds of the body.

The pupa is greyish- white.

The cocoon is oval and is formed of grains of earth
closely agglutinated together. Externally it is rough ;
internally smooth and shining.

The larva eats night and day, and seems to delight
in the hottest sunshine, in which it basks curled up on
the upper surface of the leaf. It lives as a larva about
nineteen days.

There are usually three broods in the year ; the first
appears in early summer, the second at the end of
July and beginning of August ; these become developed
at the middle of September, and give issue to another
brood which feed on sometimes to the end of
October.

Although the larva is principally known from the
ravages it commits on the turnip, yet it also feeds on
other cruciferous plants such as Sinapis arvensis,
Barbarea and Sisymbrium. Indeed, Sinapis is pro-
bably the natural food plant, and according to Newport
it prefers it even to the white turnip. The last-
mentioned author has found them on Sinapis in great
abundance, feeding upon the leaves and flowers.
Newport says also, that if there be any charlock in the
same field with the turnip, the larva will attack the
former plant first ; and if there be plenty of the weed
they will stick to it and leave the turnips alone.

The flies make their appearance in May, then in
July, August and September with the second and third
broods. According to Curtis they live from twelve
to fourteen days. They fly in the sunshine and fre-
quent flowers, showing a preference for roses, accord-
ing to some authorities. Hence the species was named
Centifolice by Panzer. When touched or alarmed
they tuck the antennae and legs close to the body and
drop to the earth, where they remain motionless until
the danger has passed away. During cloudy weather

they remain seated on the underside of the leaves,

ATHALIA SPINARUM. 311

frequently four or five being seen on the same
leaf. Curtis says that they are preyed upon by
swallows.

Newport remarks that the flies proceed in flights
across the fields or district in which they may be
located. Thus, he once noticed them very busily
ovipositing in a field. On the second day there were
scarcely any left on that part of the field where they
were first observed; they were then at work in the
middle. By the third day they had proceeded still
further, and on the fourth they had reached the
opposite end of the field from which they started. It
is suggested by Newport that the whole of the eggs
are not laid in one day, but may take three or four — a
very likely supposition considering that each female
lays about two hundred and fifty.

The larva of this Athalia is known to farmers by
the name of the " black palmer," " black canker,"
" black slug," or " nigger." The first published
account of its ravages in Britain is contained in a
paper by W. Marshall in the ' Transactions of the
Royal Society' for 1783. According to this writer
the larva had committed very great ravages in the
year before that, and he mentions also that it had been
equally injurious in 1760. Yarrell says that it was
abundant again in 1818, while from 1833 and onwards
it did very great damage.

There seems to be some reason for believing that
the insect may have originally come over from the
Continent, for Marshall says that they first made their
appearance on the eastern coast; they were observed
to alight in clouds and were found afterwards heaped
up on the shore in some places to a depth of two
inches. They abound during warm and dry sum-
mers ; cold and wet ones checking their spread very
effectively.

Various remedies have been recommended for
checking the ravages of the larvae. Spreading quick-
lime and the refuse of gas works has been used, and in

312 ATHALIA SPINARUM.

some cases, with benefit, especially if before they are
applied the turnips be dragged over by a rope so that
the larvae may fall to the earth. It has also been
found very beneficial to turn a flock of ducks into the
fields; these birds eat the larvae readily and have in some
cases saved the crops ; but, on the other hand, feeding
on the larvae tends to injure the ducks, as they suffer
much from diarrhoea and become very emaciated. It
has been suggested by Newport that if when the flies
have appeared and are about to lay their eggs, the
turnips be well watered daily or twice daily with sea
water, or with water mixed with salt, this will tend
to destroy the eggs.

The larvae are preyed upon by a thread-worm,
Mermis albicans, a Dipteron, Meigenia bisignata, and by
the Hymenoptera, Bassus aihalia&perda, Curtis, Try-
phon succinctus, Gr. ; Tryphon marginellus, Gr. ; Peri-

lissus lutescens, Holmg. (teste Brischke) ; Mesoleius
armillatorius , Gr. ; M. ciliatus, Holmg. ; Tryphon
br achy acanthus, Gr. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Er., 1878) ;
Perilampus splendidus, P. violaceus.

The species appears to be generally distributed over
England, being, however, apparently rare in the north.
It does not seem to have been very injurious of late
years, a fact no doubt owing to the system of rotation
of crops. In Scotland it has not, so far as I can learn,
been ever very injurious. Mr. James Hardy tells us
that a black Athalia larva was once rather destructive
in Berwickshire, but it was got rid of by an application
of quick lime. It is more than possible that damage
attributed to Spinarum may in reality have been caused
by the very similar larva of A. glabricollis .

Spinarum is found all over the Palaearctic region,
extending eastward into Japan. The Japanese speci-
mens have the black on the thorax broadly divided in
the middle. In India a form occurs differing from the
European variety in having the costa at the base, the
basal joints of the antennas and the epistoma luteous ;
the thorax is black only behind the scutellum ; there is

ATHALIA SCUTELLARIA. 313

also a yellowish mark on the metanotum and the wings
are not yellowish = var. Orientalis, Cam.

_. ATHALIA SCUTELLARIA.

Plate III, fig. 9, Larva.

Athalia Scutellariae, Cam., E. M. M., xvii, 66 (1880) ; Andre,

Species, i, 581 (Suppl.).

Luteous, pilose ; the head (except the apex of clypeus and the labrum,
which are white), meso- and metanotum (except the apex of middle lobe
of mesonotum and the greater part of the scutellum, which are luteous)
and the upper half (in some cases only the third) of pleura, black. Legs
luteous, the apices of the four posterior tibiae and the joints of all the
tarsi broadly annulated with black. Antennae black, eleven -jointed,
testaceous on the under side. Wiugs hyaline, nervures, costa (save at
extreme base, where they are testaceous) and stigma black. $ similar,
but with the mesonotum entirely black.

Length 2 — 2i lines.

Allied to A. rosce, but distinguished by its smaller
size, more pilose body, luteous sternum and scutellum
in the ? , by the third cubital cellule being shorter in
proportion to the second and at the same time wider
at the base, by the third joint of the antennae being
more than double the length of the fourth, which is not
the case with rosce, while the tarsal joints at the base
are of the same colour as the rest of the legs, and not
whitish as in the commoner species.

The larva is of a deep velvety black colour. On the
sides at the top are twelve white tubercles which are
longer than broad; over the legs there is a row of
larger and more oval tubercles of the same colour,
while above these on the abdomen there is a row of
smaller white tubercles situated above the space sepa-
rating the larger ones below them, this middle row of
tubercles being of the same shape as those on the top.
The head is deep black and covered with a moderately
long pile ; the legs are fuscous-black, the abdominal
ones white or dirty-white. The skin is rough and of
a velvety texture.

The larvae feed on Scutellarice galericulata in the

314 ATHALIA KOStE.

autumn, and spin in the earth cocoons of silk mixed
with grains of sand. The imagos appear at the end
of June.

The only locality I know of is Gloucester, where the
larvae were found by Mr. Allan Harker, who obligingly
sent them to me.

Athalia eos^:.

Tenthredo rosa* Lin., F. Sc. Ed., ii, 1555 (1776) ; S. N. (xii), 925,

30 ; Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 128, 2 ; Htg.,
Blattw., 284, 2 ; Zett., Ins. Lap., 338, 2.

Phyllotoma rosce, Fall , Mon., 28, 2.

Hylotoma annulata, Fall., Acta, 1807, 205, 13.

Athalia bicolor, Lep., Mon., 23, 69.

rosce, Ste., 111., vii, 43, 7 ; Dbm., Prod., 64, 10, pi. 1, figs.

36—43 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc, xx, 34, 2 ;
Thorns., Opus., 267, 2; Hym. Sc, i,
173, 3; Cam., P. N. H. S. Glas., iii,
130, 207 ; Fauna, 16, 3 ; Andre, Species,
i, 289 ; Cat., 36,* 8.
cordata, Lep., Mon., 22, 64 (?) ; Ste., 42, 3.

lineolata, Lep., 22, 65 (?) ; Ste., 43, 4.
Blanchardi, Brulle, Hym., iv, 663, pi. 46, fig. 6.

Antennae, head and thorax black; mouth white; tegulae, pro thorax
and abdomen reddish-yellow. Legs pale reddish-testaceous, paler at
the base ; the apex of the tibiae and the joints of the tarsi annulated
with black; apex of sheath black. Wings yellowish-hyaline, costa luteous
at base, the rest of it with the stigma black. ? and <£.

Length 2^ — 3^ lines.

The pleurae and sternum are frequently marked to a
greater or less extent with yellow patches. There may
be only a small yellow spot on either the one or the
other of these parts, or both may be almost entirely
yellow, the black being visible only in obscure splashes.
With this light- coloured form the under surface of the
antennae is generally yellowish, so that it has a general
resemblance to A. glabricollis.

With the dark form the anterior legs have the black
annulations very distinct, but all gradiations are found

* In the Linnean Collection Rosce is represented by ancilla and
spinarum, Bosce auct. not being in the collection at all. As a whole, the
Linnean description agrees best with ancilla.

ATHALIA LUGENS. 315

until in the light variety the black has disappeared
entirely.

A. toscb is an exceedingly common species, and is
found everywhere in Britain in June and July. It is
very fond of frequenting flowers, and appears to have
a special fancy for those of Ajuga reptans. This latter
circumstance was first pointed out to me by Mr. James
Hardy, and I have since verified it myself. According
to J. Scheffler (quoted by Taschenberg, Ent. Gart., p.
152), the larva feeds on Sedum album, but no details
are given.

The species has a very wide Palajarctic range, and
it is found also on the west coast of Africa. The spe-
cimen from the latter locality (in the British Museum)
has the breast and pleurae quite black, and the wings
yellower than is usual with northern specimens, but
otherwise does not differ.

Athalia lugens.

Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 128, 3 ; Htg

Athalia

285, 3.

pi. 13, fig. 2 ; Mon., 23, 68 ;
Ste., 111., vii, 44, 10 (?) ; Bouche, S.
E. Z., xii, 290 ; Kalt., Pfl., 3.
ens, Ste., 111., vii, 44, 9 ; Dbm., Prod., 66, 11 ; Thorns.,

Op., 267, 3; Hym. Scand., i, 174, 4
Cam., P. N. H. S. Glas , 111, 131
Fauna, 16, 4 ; Andre, Species, i, 286
Cat., 35* 1.

Antennae, head, pronotum in front, meso- and metanotum and base
of abdomen, black ; tibiae and tarsi fuscous-black ; the edge of pronotum,
pleurae, sternum, tegulse, abdomen and coxae, femora and anterior tibiae
behind, luteous. Wings blackish ; nervures, costa and stigma deep
black ; the costa paler at the extreme base. Apex of sheath black.

The $ has the mouth white ; the two basal joints of antennae beneath
are pale testaceous ; the tibiae are broadly luteous at the base, and the
tarsal joints more or less pale at the base, especially with the anterior

pair

Length 2\ — 3 lines.

The only information we have of the early stages of
this insect is that given by Bouche (1. c). He states
that the $ bores into the young branches and leaf-

316 ATHALIA ANNUL ATA.

buds of Clematis erecta, and deposits her eggs therein.
In course of time the larvae cause a bladder-like swell-
ing, wherein the brown-headed creatures live until
they are about half fed, a period extending from four-
teen to twenty days ; after this they become external
feeders, become of a brownish-green colour, and devour
the leaves for fourteen to twenty days more, when,
reaching maturity, they drop to the earth, where they
pass the winter.

If these observations refer to lug ens, it is certain
that it must have some other food plant besides Cle-
matis, since the saw-fly is found in districts where the
plant is not native, nor occurs at all. The matter
stands in need of re-investigation.

Lugens is a not uncommon species in Britain. It
has been found in Clydesdale, the midland counties,
Worcester, Gloucester, Glanvilles* Wootton, Devon-
shire and the London districts.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France.

6. Athalta annulata.

Tenthredo annulata, Fab., S. E., ii, 110, 22; Klug, Berl. Mag.,

viii, 89, 4 ; Htg., Blattw., 285, 4.

Athalia annulata, Ste., 111., vii, 44, 8 ; Dbm., Prod., 66, 12, pi. 2,

fig. 44 (lar.) ; Lep., Mon., 24, 70 ;
Thorns., Opus., 267, 4; Hym.,
Scand., i, 174, 4; Cam., P. N. H.
S. Glas., Ill, 131; Evers., Bull.
Mosc, xx, 34, 3; Kalt., Pfl., 471 ;
Andre, Species, i, 286 ; Cat., 36,* 7.

Hylotoma annulata, Fab., S. P., 23, 26.

Reddish-luteous. Thorax covered with a dense silky pubescence ;
scutellum almost glabrous; the antennae, meso- and metathorax, the
upper part of the first abdominal segment, sheath, the base of coxae,
apex of posterior tibiae and tarsi, more or less black ; mouth pale red.
Wings hyaline, the basal half yellowish ; costa luteous at the base, the
rest with the stigma and the nervures at the apex black. $ and £.

Length 3 — 3 J lines.

This species differs from all the others in the reddish

colour of the mouth. Some of the forms of rosoe

ATHALIA ANNULATA. 317

resemble it, but the above peculiarity, the black first
abdominal segment, the coxae black at the base, with
the almost black posterior tarsi, readily separate the
two. Most of the English specimens that I have seen
have the base of the posterior tarsal joints luteous, the
middle joints are blackish at the tips from the second
joint, and the anterior faintly fuscous at the apex.
According to some of the describers the posterior tarsi

are entirely black, but I have never seen a specimen

with them entirely of one colour. I have seen some
Continental specimens with scarcely any black, the
apical joints being only faintly fuscous.

Kaltenbach relates (1. c.) that he found the larva of
annulata in July, and again in September and October
on Veronica beccabunga, the leaves of which it eats on

the underside. He describes the larva as being dull
black, whitish at the sides, and as spinning a cocoon in
the earth. A larva answering to this description
have found myself on Veronica in Clydesdale, but
unfortunately did not succeed in rearing it.

Dahlbom, on the other hand, says that he received
from Drewsen its larva, which according to him fed on
the turnip. It is stated to have been of a glaucous
colour and beset with distinct tubercles, which are well
shown in Dahlbom* s figure which was taken from a
specimen preserved in spirit.

Annulata is the rarest of the British species of
Athalia. I have seen a specimen from Worcester and
a few from G-lanvilles' Wootton. The perfect insect
is stated by Kaltenbach to frequent in summer the
flowers of Heracleum.

It has a wide European distribution, being found in

Sweden, Germany, Holland, France, Hungary and
Russia.

EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE REFERENCES TO
SERIALS AND TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETIES.

Am. Nat. — The American Naturalist (Salem).
Ann. Ent. Belg. — Anuales de la Societe Entomologique de
Belgique (Brussels).

Ann. JIus. H. N. — Annales du Musee d'Histoire Naturelle
(20 vols., Paris, 1802-13).
Ann. N. H. — Aunals and Magazine of Natural History (London).
Ann. Sci. Nat. — Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris).

Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. — Annales de la Societe Entomologique de
France (Paris, 1832, et seq).

Arch.f. Nat. — Archiv fur Naturgeschichte (Berlin).
Arch. Ver. Mecklenb. — Archiv des Vereins der Freunde der
Naturgeschichte in Mecklenburg.

Berl. Mag. — Magazin der Gesselschaft naturforschender Freunde
zu Berlin (Berlin, 1807, et seq).

B. E. Z. — Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift (Berlin, 1857,

et seq).

Bull. Ent. Ital. — Bullettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana
(Florence).

Bull. Mosc. — Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de

Moscow, 1847, et seq.

Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. — Bulletin des Seances de la Societe Entomolo-
gique de France (Paris).

G. B. Ent. Belg. — Comptes rendus des Stances de la Societe
Entomologique de Belgique (Brussels).

G. B. Ver. Begensb. — Correspondenz-Blatt des Zoologisch-
mineralogischen Vereins in Regensburg (Ratisbon).

C. B. Ver. Bheinl. — Correspondenz-Blatt des Naturhistorischen
Vereins der preussischen Rheinlande und Westphalens (Bonn).

Canad. Ent. — The Canadian Entomologist (Montreal).

E. M. M. — The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine (London,

1864, et seq).

Enc. Mtth. — Encyclopedic Methodique (10 vols., Paris, 1789
1825).

Ent. — The Entomologist (London).

320 EXPLANATION OP ABBREVIATIONS.

Ent. Ann. — The Entomologist's Annual (London, 1856 — 1874).

Tint. Mag — The Entomological Magazine (5 vols., London,

1833—38).

Ent. Nachr. — Entomologische Nachrichten (Katter ; Pntbus,

1876,0**0?).

Ent. Tidskr. — Entomologisk Tidskrift po foran Staltande a£

Entomologiska Foreningen i Stockholm (Stockholm).

Deutsche E. Z. — Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (Berlin).
Feuill. Nat. — Feuilles des jeunes Naturalistes (Mulhausen).

Germ. Zeit. — G-ermar's Zeitschrift fur die Entomologie (5 vols.,
Leipzig, 1839—44).

Guer. Mag. Zool. — Guerin-Meneville's Revue et Magasin de
Zoologie, d'Anatomie comparee et de Palaeontologie (Paris, 1831,

et seq).

J. B. Ver. Zwichan. — Jahresbericht des Vereins fur Naturkunde
zu Zwickan.

J. B. Zool. Sect. Westf. Ver. — Jahresbericht der Zoologischen
Section fur das Etatjahr 1877 — 78 des westfalischen Provinzial-
vereins fur Wissenschaft und Kunst.

Lin. Ent. — Linnsea Entomologica ; published by the Entomolo-
gical Society of Stettin (16 vols., Berlin and Leipsic, 1846-66).

Loud. Mag. — Loudon's Magazine of Natural History (9 vols.,
London, 1829—36).

M T Munch. Ent. Ver. — Mittheilungen des Miinchener Entomo-
logischen Vereins (Munich).

M T 8chw. Ent. Ges. — Mittheilungen der Schweizerischen
Entomologischen Gessellschaft (S chaff hausen).

Nat. Hist. Bev. — The Natural History Review; a Quarterly

Journal of Science (Dublin and London).

Ofv. — Ofversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiena

Forhandlingar (Stockholm, 1845, et seq.).

Broc. Amer. Ent. Soc— The Proceedings of the American Ento-
mological Society (Philadelphia).

Broc. Lin. Soc. — Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean

Society of London (1857, et seq.).

Broc. N. H. 8. Glas. — Proceedings of the Natural History
Society of Glasgow (1868, et seq.).

Bep. E. Soc. Ont. — Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario.

B. Z. — Revue et Magasin de Zoologie pure et appliquee (Paris).

8. B. z. b. Wien. — Sitzungsberichte der Zoologisch-botanischen
G-esellschaft in Wien (Vienna).

8. E. Z. — Stettiner entomologische Zeitung (Stettin, 1840, et seq.).

8chr. ges. Danz. — Neueste Schriften der Naturforscher der
Gesellschaft zu Danzig.

8chr. ges. Kbnig. — Schriften der K. physikalisch-okonomischen
Gesellschaft in Preussen (Konigsberg).

8cot. Nat. — The Scottish Naturalist (Perth and Edinburgh).

8v. A K. Handl. — Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens
Handlingar (Stockholm, 1780, et seq.).

EXPLANATION OP ABBREVIATIONS. 321

Term, fuzetek. — Termeszetrajzi fuzetek : az allat-noveny-azvany-
es foldtan Korebol (Peste).

Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc. — Transactions of the American Entomo-
logical Society (Philadelphia).

Tr. Ent. Soc — The Transactions of the Entomological Society
of London (1834, et seq.).

Tr. Lin. Soc — The Transactions of the Linnean Society of
London (1791, et seq.).

Verh. pr. Rheinl. — Verhandlungen des uaturhistorischen Vereins
der preussischen Rheinlande und Westphalens (Bonn, 1844, et
seq.).

Verh. Wien z.-b. Ver., and Verh. z.-b. Oes. — Verhandiungen des
zoologisch-botanischen Vereins in Wien; afterwards Kaiserlich-
Konigliche zoologische-botanische Gesellschaft (Vienna, 1852, et
seq.).

Wiener Ent. Zeit. — The Wiener Entomologische Zeitung
(Vienna) .

Z. ges Naturw. — Zeitschrift fur die gesammten Naturwissen-

schaften (Berlin).

Zool. — The Zoologist (London, 1843, et seq.),
Zool. Ant. — Zoologischer Anzeiger (Leipzig).
Z. wiss. Zool. — Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie (Leipzig).

ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES, SEPARATE

WORKS, Ac.

Andre" , Species. — Andre (Ed.). Species des Hymenopteres
d'Europe et d'Algerie (Beaune, 1879, et seq.).

Bouche, Naturg. — Bouche (P. F.). Naturgeschichte der Insecten,
besonders in Hinsicht ihrer ersten Zustande als Larven und
Puppen (Berlin, 1834).

Brischke '^Abbild. — Brischke (C. G. A.). Abbildungen und Be-
schreibungen der Blattwespen Larven (Berlin, 1855).

Br. and Zad. — Brischke (C. G. A.) and Zaddach (G.). See

Serials, ante.

BrulU, Exp. Mor. — Brulle* (A.) (the Entomological portion of).
Expedition scientifique de Moree (Paris, 1832).

Brulle, St. Farg. Hym. — Brulle (A.). St. Fargeau's Histoire
Naturelle des Insectes ; Hymenopteres (vol. iv, by Brulle, Paris,
1816).

Cam. — Cameron (Peter). See Serials, ante.

Cam., Fauna. — Cameron (Peter). The Fauna of Scotland, with
special reference to Clydesdale and the Western District. Hymen-
optera (Glasgow, 1876).

Cam., Cat. — Cameron (Peter). A Catalogue of the British Ten-
thredinidae (Glasgow, 1876).

VOL. I.

322 EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS.

Christy Hym. — Christ (J. L.). Naturgeschichte, Klassification
unci Nomenclatur der Insecten von Bienen, Wespen, und Arneisen-
geschlecht (Fraakfort-on-Maine, 1971).

Costa, Fauna. — Costa (A.). Fauna di regno di Napoli (Naples,
1861).

Cur. t B. E. — Curtis (John). British Entomology (16 vols.,
London, 1823-40).

Cur., Farm. Ins. — Curtis (John). Farm Insects; being the
Natural History and Economy of the Insects Injurious to the Field
Crops of Great Britain and Ireland (London, 1860).

Dalm., An. Ent. — Dalman (J. W.). Analecta Entomologica
(Stockholm, 1823).

Dbm., Clavis. — Dahlbom (A. Or.). Clavis Novi Hymenopterorum
Systematis adjecta Synopsi Larvarum ejusdem ordinis Scandina-
vicarum Eruciformium (Lund, 1835).

Dbm., Consp. — Conspectus Tenthredinidum, Siricidum et Orys-
sinorum Scandinavian (Lund, 1835).

Dbm., Onych. — Dahlbom (A. Gr.). Onychia och Callaspidia, Tvenne
for Skandinaviens Fauna Nya Insekt-Slagten, Norande till Gallaple-
Steklarnes naturliga grupp (Lund, 1842).

Dbm., Prod. — Prodromus Hymenopterologiaa Scandinavicae (Lund,

1836)

Dbm., Skand. Hym. F. — Skandinavisk Hymenopter-Fauna (Lund
1846).

De Geer, Mem. — Degeer (C). Memoires pour servir a l'histoir*
des Insectes (Holm, 1752 — 78)

Don., B. I. — Donovan (E). The Natural History of British
Insects (16 vols., London, 1792—1813).

Dours, Cat. — Dours (A.). Catalogue Synonymique des Hymeno-
petres de France (Amiens, 1873).

Fc. — Economy.

Evers. — Eversmann (Ed.). See Serials, ante.

Fab., E. S. — Fabricius (I. C). Entomologica Systematica
vols., Copenhagen 1792 — 94; Supplement, 1798).

Fab., If. I. — Fabricius. Mantissa Insectorum (2 vols., Copen-
hagen, 1787).

Fab., S. E. — Fabricius. Systema Entomologian (Flensburg and
Leipsic, 1775).

Fab., S. I. — Fabricius. Species Insectorum (2 vols., Hamburg and
Kiel, 1781).

Fab., S. P. — Fabricius. Systema Piezatorum (Brunswick, 1804).
Fall., Mon. — Fallen (C. F.). Monographica Tenthredinetarum
Suecise; (Lund, 1829).

Fallen, Specim. Hym. — Fallen (C. F.). Specimen novum Hymeno-
ptera disponendi methodum exhibens (Lund, 1813).

Fonsc. — Fonscolombe (E. L. J. H. B. de, Baron). See Serials, ante.

Forst., Nov. Spp. Ins. — Forster (J. E.). Novsb species Insec-
torum, Centuria la (London, 1781).

Forst. — Forster (Arnold). See Serials, ante.

EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS. 323

Fourc., E. P. — Fourcroy (A. F.). Entomologia Parisiensis
(2 vols., Paris, 1785).

Frisch, Bexchr. — Frisch (J. L.). Beschreibung von allerlei
Insecten in Deutschland (Berlin, 1720—38).

Geo/., H. I.— Geoffroy (E. L.). Histoire abregee des Insectes
qui se trouvent aux environs de Paris (2 vols., Paris, 1762).

Gim. — G-immerthal (B. A.). See Serials, ante.

Gir. — Giraud (J.). See Serials, ante.

Gmel, S. iV. — Graelin (I. F.). Caroli a Linne Systema Naturae,
ed. xiii (10 vols., Leipsic, 1788—93).

Sal. — Haliday (A. H.). See Serials, ante.

Harris, Inj. Ins. — Insects Injurious to Vegetation.

Htg. — Hartig (T.). See -Serials, ante.

Htg., Blattw. — Hartig (T.). Die Familie der Blattwespen und
Holzwespen nebst einer allgemeinen Eiuleitung zur Naturgeschichte
der Hymenopteren (Berlin, 1837).

Illig., Bossi, F. F. — Illiger (I. C. "W.). Fauna Etrusca, sistens

Insecta qu» in provinces Florentia et Pisana praBsertiin collegit
P. Rossius, Iterum edita, et annotatis perpetuis aucta (2 vols.,
Helmstedt, 1807).
Im. — Imago.

Jurine, Hym. — Jurine (L.). Nouvelle Methode de classer les
Hymenopteres et les Dipteres (Geneva and Paris, 1807).

Kalt.y Pfl. — Kaltenbach (J. H.). Die Pflanzenfeinde aus der
Klasse der Insecten (Stuttgart, 1874).

Karsch (F.) — See Serials, ante.

Kirhy, Fauna. — Kirby (Wm.). Fauna Boreali Americana.

Kirby, Int. — Kirby (W.) and Spence (W.). An Introduction to
Entomology (4 vols., London, ed. v, 1828).

Kirchner, Cat. — Kirchner (Herp.). Catalogus Hymenopterorum
Europaa (Vienna, 1867).

Fl— Klug (J. C. F.). See Serials, ante.

Fl.,Jahrb. — Jahrbiicher der Insecten Kunde (Berlin, 1834).

j£7., Fnt. Mon. — Entomologische Monographien (Berlin, 1824).

Fl.f Sir. — Monographia Siricum Germanise atque generum illis
adnumeratorum (Berlin, 1803).

Lar. — Larva.

Latr., Gen. Crust, et Ins. — Latreille (P. A.). Genera Crustace-
orum et Insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias
disposita (4 vols., Paris and Strasburg, 1806

Latr., N. H. — Latreille (P. A.). Histoire Katurelle generale et
particuliere des Crustaces et des Insectes (14 vols., Paris, 1802

Lep., F. Fr. — Id. Faune francaise ou histoire naturelle des
animaux, qui se trouvent en France (Paris, 1823). An incomplete
work.

Lep., Mon. — St. Fargeau (A. L. M. Le Peletier, Comte de).
Monographia Tenth redinidarum, Synonimia extricata (Paris, 1823).

Lich.yCyn. — Lichtenstein (Jules). Les Cynipides, la generation

324 EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS.

alternante chez les Cynipides, par Dr. H. Adler de Schleswig, traduit
et anuote par J. Lichtenstein, suivi de la classification des Cynipides
d'apres le Dr. Gr. Mayr de Vienne (Montpellier).

Lin., F. S. — Linne (C. von). Fauna Suecica, ed. ii (Stockholm,

1761).

Lin. S. N. — Linne (C. von). Systema Nature, ed, xii (Stockholm,

1766—68).

Malpighi, Opera. — Malpighi (M.) Opera omnia, Ace. Opera

posthuma. 2 vols. (Lugd. B. 1687—1700).

Mayr, Cynipiden-g alien. — Mayr (Gr. L.). Die europaischen

cynipiden-gallen mit Ausschluss der auf Eichen vorkommenden

Arten (Wien, 1876).

Mayr, Ficheng alien. — Mayr. (GriistavL.). Die mitteleuropaischen
Eichengallen in Wort und Bild (Wien, 1871).

Mayr, Genera. — Die Genera der gallenbewohnenden Cynipiden

(Wien, 1881).

Newport Prize Essay. — Newport (Gr.). Observations on the
Anatomy, Habits, and Economy of Athalia centifolice, the Sawfly of
the Tnruip, and on the means which have been adopted for the pre-
vention of its Ravages. The Prize Essay of the Entomological Society
and Agricultural Association of Saffron Walden for the year 1837.

Nort., Cat. — Norton (E.), Catalogue o£ the described Tenthre-
dinidae and Uroceridae of North America (separate pagination).

Panz., F. G. — Panze (Gr. W. F.). Faunae Insectorum Germanicae
initia (109 pts., Nuremberg, 1792—1810).

Newm. — Newman (Ed.). See Serials, ante.

JSfeivm., Ent. — Newman's Entomologist (London, 1840 — 42).

Ratzburg, Forst. Ins. — Ratzburg (J. T. C). Die Forstinsecten,
oder Abbildung und Beschreibung der in den Waldern Preussens
und den Nachbarstaaten als schadlich oder niitzlich bekannt gewor-
denen Insecten. Dritter Theil. Die Ader. Zwei. — Halbnetz. und
Geradfliigler. (Berlin, 1844).

Beau., Mem. — Reaumur (R. A. E. de). Memoires pour servir a
riiistoire des Insectes (7 vols., Paris, 1734 — 43).

Reinh. — Reinhard (H.). See Serials, ante.

Retz., de Geer. — Retzius (A. J.). Caroli de Geer genera et
species Insectorum (Lipsiae, 1783).

Roesul, Ins. JBelust. — Roesul (A. J. von Rosenhof). Monatlich
herausgegebene Insectenbelustigungen (Nuremberg, 1746).

Rossi, F. F. — Rossi (P.). Eauna Etrusca, sistens Insecta quae in
provinces Florentina et Piscina praesertim collegit (Leghorn, 1790).

Rossi, Mant. — Ro^si (P). Mantissa Insectorum, ex hibens specie
nuper in Etruria collectas, adjectis Faunae Etruscae illustrationibus
et emendationibus (Pisa, 1792 — 94).

Rudow (F.) — See Serials, ante.

Rudow Fji. — Die Pflanzengallen Norddeutschlands und ihre
Erzeuger (Neubrandenburg, 1875).

Siebold, Beitr. — Siebold (C. Th. E. von). Beitrage zur Partheno-
genesis der Arthropoden (Leipzig, 1871).

EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS. 325

Shuck., JBurm. Man. — Shuekard (W. E.). Burmeister's Manual
of Entomology, translated from the last German edition (London,
1836).

Schaeff., F. G. — Herri ch-Schaeffer (G-. A. W.). Fortsetzung von
Panzer, Faunae Insectorum Germaniee initia (Regensburg, 1829
41).

Schenck (A.) Beitrage. — Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Nassauischen
Cynipiden (Gallwespen) und ihrer Gallen, nebst einer Naturge-
schichte der Gallen und Cynipiden im Allgemeinen (Wiesbaden,
1865).

Schlecht. Jnsecten. — D. H. R. von Schlechtendal und O. Wiinsch.
Die Insecten (Leipzig, 1879).

Schlechtendal (D. H. B.). — See Serials, ante.

Schr., En. — Schrank (F. von P.). Enumeratio insectorum
Austriae indigenarum (Ausberg, 1781).

Scop., Ent. Car. — Scopoli (J. A.). Entomologia Carniolica
(Vienna, 1763).

Spin., Ins. Lig. — Spinola (Marquis M.). Insectorum Liguriae
species novae aut rariores (2 vols., Genoa, 1806 — 8).

Ste., 111. — Stephens (James Francis). Illustrations of British
Entomology ; Mandibulata (vol. vii, 1835, and Supplement, 1841).

S. v. Toll. — Vollenhoven (S. C. Snellen, van). See Serials, ante.

Tasch., Ent. Gdrt. — Taschenberg Eutomologie fur Gartner und

Gartenfreunde (Leipzig, 1871).

Tasch., Hym. — Taschenberg (E. H.). Die Hymenopteren Deutsch-
lands nach ihren Gattungen und theilweise uacn ihren Arten
(Leipzig, 1866).

Tasch., Naturg. wirb. Thiere. — Taschenberg (E. H.). Naturge-
Fchichte der in Deutschland, Preussen und Posen den Culturpflanzen
schadlichen wirbellosen Thiere (Leipzig, 1869).

Thorns., Hym. Sc. — Thomson (C. G.). Hymenoptera Scandinaviae

(Lund, 1871, et seq.).

Thorns. — Thomson (C. G.). See Serials, ante.

Thorns., Opusc. Ent. — Thomson (C. G.). Opuscula Entomologica

(Lund, 1869, et seq.).

Tr. — Transverse.

Tschek. — Tschek (C). See Serials, ante.

Walk. — Walker (F.). See Serials, ante.

Wachtl. — See Serials, ante.

West. — Westwood (John Obadiah). See Serials, ante.

West., Int. — Westwood (J. 0.). An Introduction to the Modern
Classification of Insects (2 vols, London, 1839 — 40).

Zad., Beschr. — Zaddach (Gustav.). Beschreibung neuer oder
wenig bekannter Blattwespen aus dem Gebiete der Preussischen
Fauna (Konigsberg, 1859).

Zett., J. H. — Zetterstedt (J. W.). Insecta Lapponica descripta
(Leipsic, 1840).

INDEX TO VOL.

Synonyms are printed in italics. Generic names^in large type.

Abdomen, 14
Abia, larva of, 48

aenea, 36

fasciata, 36
Accessory nervure, 12
Allantus, 139

agilis, 204

albicinctns , 129

arcuatus, 141, 149, pi. ix, figs.
4 a and 4 6, and fig. 5

ater9 88

aterrimus, 76

aucuparice, 101

balteatus, 83

bieolor, 202

bifasciatus, 153

bipunctatus, 76

blandus, 127

cinctus, 91

cingulum, 141, 152

coZon, 78

conspicuus, 82

costalis, 156

decipiens9 145

dispar, 86, 147

duodecempunctatus, 128

/mis, 128

flavicomis, 75

flavipes, 141, 147, pi. i, fig. 8

hcematopus, 136

Koehleri, 153

lateralis, 100

latidnctu89 82

lividus, 76

mandibulars , 89

marginellus, 141, 145

Allantus

ginellus, 145, pt. 147

melanot
neglectus, l!
nitida, 201
nothus, 149
pictus, 99

144

,138
punctulatus, 96

quadricinctus, 141,
ri&is, 133

rufipes, 204
rujiventris, 82
rufocingulatus , 147
rusticus, 135
scalaris, 97
Schaefferi, 141, 151
scrophulariae, 140, 141, pi. i

figs. 2 and 2 a
8olitarius, 79

strigosa, 136
tenulus, 141, 153

tricinctus, 140, 143, pi. i, fig. 3
pi. ix, fig. 4

vespiformis, 143
viduus, 141, 154
viennensis, 145
viridis, 93
zonatus, 90
Anal appendages (male), 18

Aneugmenus, 264

coronatus, 264
Antennae, 3

tantellus, 294

Ianthe, 265

328

INDEX TO VOL. I.

Athalia, 304

abdominalis, 315
ancilla, 305, 306
annulata, 305, 316
bicolor, 314
Blanchardi, 314
centifolice, 307
cordata, 314
glabricollis , 306

Graeslii, 35
hasmatopus, 23
lineolata, 314

lugens, 305, 315

Scutellariae, 305, 313, pi. iii,

fig. 9
spinarum, 305, 307, pi. xiv,

fig. 2 ; pi. iii, fig. 11

var. orientalis, 313

rosse, 305, 314
rosce, Boisd., 227
rosce, Cam., 306
Blasticotoma, 65

Blennocampa, 229

aethiops, 248

albipennis, 243

albipes, 231, 240, pi. ii, figs.

7 and 7 a
alcliemillse, 231, 251, pi. xii,

assimilis, 231, 256
betuleti, 231, 255
bipunctata, 231, 242
cinereipes, 231, 249

247

248, pi. xii,

fig. 6
feriata, 234
fuliginosa, 231, 249
fuscipennis, 231, 247
geniculata, 231, 238, pi. vii,

figs. 3, 3 a, 3 &
inquilina, 245
lineolata, 231, 241, pi. xii,

fig. 5
melanocephalu s,

micans, 232, 237
monticola, 234, 22
nana, 231, 254
nigripes, 231, 246

Blennocampa

nigrita, 232, 235
pubescens, 243
pusilla, 231, 253, pi. iii, fig. 1
ruficruris, 231, 244

sericans, 232, 233
spinolae, 247
subcana, 231, 252
subserrata, 231, 250
sulcata, 232, 236

tilise, 256
uncta, 251
Blotch, 15

Bullae, 14

Camponiscus luridiventris, 39,

Cellules, 11

Cephid^, 2

Cephus arundinis, 40

pygmaea, 40
xanthostoma, 35

Cerci, 15

Cimbicina, 65

ClMBEX

amerinae, 37, 38

axillaris, 39

connata, 39

f emorata, 38

humeralis, 34
Cenchri, 7
Cladius

aeneus, 38

brullaei, 34

fig

difformis, 34, pi. xv, fig. 1 <J , 2 ?
eradiatus, 35

Saw

larva of, 50, pi. v, figs. 4

rufipes, 37

viminalis, 37

fig. 5?

52, pi. v, fig

Classification, 61

Cocoons, 55
Ccenoneura

Dahlbomi, 303
Collecting and preserving, 59
Colour in sawflies, 19

INDEX TO VOL. I.

329

Crcesus

latipes, 38

varus, par

Cryptocampus

angustus, 38

galls of, 52

inquilinus, 37

pentandrae, 38

galls of, 52
injurious, 32

uli, 37

drum. 38

fig

5
25,

;eti, 38

galls of, 52

Dimorphic larvae, 54; man

pi. vi, fig. 12

Dineura

despecta

of, 50
xiv. fi

r u fa, 38

pi. iii, fig. 7 ?

pl. xiv, fig. 5
testaceipes, 34; lar., pl. iv,

fig.i

verna, parthenogenesis in, 26
virididorsata (Degeeri), 38, pl.
xxi, fig. 7

Distribution, 59
Dolerus, 157

277

82, pl. xx, fig. 5
160. 175. i)L xix

fig. 5

160, 165
164

brevitar

cenchris, 176

Cbappelli, 160,1
ductus, 269
cingulatus, 270

ccerulescens, 172

fig. 4
dubius, 160, 167
ealanteria. 160. '.

174, pl.

Dolerus

elongatus, 161, 18

fig. 7

femoratu8, 170
ferrugatus, 165
fissus, 160, 176, pl.

pl. xviii, fig. 7
fulviventris.

gs. 7

160, 164, pl. ix,

germamcus, 164
gessneri, 160, 168, pl. xix, fig. 3
gonagra, 160, 170, pl. ix, tigs. 10
and 11

baematodis, 160. 172. d1. i. fier. 5

intermedius, 161, 180,
xx, figs. 1, 2

lateritius, 160, 163
leucobasia. 176

o * —

lugubris, 162
madidus. 16 i

171

fig. 7

177, pl. xix,

micans. 172

xix

nitens

177

opacu8, 172
palmatus, 159, 161
palustris, 160, 166
planatus, 176

fig. 8

161. 178

xix,

pratensis, 164

puncticollis, 160, 171
rufipes, 162

fig. 2

nil is

trimaculatus

tristis, 165
uliginosus, 166
vanspinus, 161

162

fig. 3

pl.

vicinus, 273

159

Dosytl

165

bajulus, 164
dubius. 167

KJB

fulvivent

330

INDEX TO VOL. T.

Dosytheus

hyalinis, 164
junci, 166
lateritius, 163
inadidus, 163
triplicatus, 162
xanthopus, 164

Druida

parviceps, 284

Eggs of sawflies, I

Emphytus, 266

amaurus, 286
apicalis, 276
Bohemanni. 2

267, 278

eerris, 39
cerus, 277

267, 269, pi. vi, fig

267

Eriocampa

,wm

267

cistus, 277
coxalis, 274
didymus, 271
filiformis, 267, 276
gilvipes, 280
grossularise,

Rlugii, 276
lepiduSy 265

melanarius, 267, 271

melanopygus, 286

microcephalus, 287
neglectus, 270
perla, 267, 281, pi. xi
ochropodus, 285
patellatus, 280
rufocinctus, 267, 272

serotinus, 267, 277

fig. 12
succinctus, 268
tener, 267, 280
tibialis, 267, 275, pi. xiii

fig. 9

111

fig. 2

267, 268, pi. vii, fig

2 ; pi. xi, fig. 8

togatus, Kl., 270
viennensis, 34
Eniscia, 155

Eriocampa, 219

annulipes, 220, 222
fig. 4

atratula, 227
canincB, 227
cinxia, 220, 226
crassicornis, 223

dolosa, 229

limacina, 220, 224, pi. ii, fig.

10
livionensis, 227
luteola, 208
nitida, 227
ovata, 220, 221, pi. xii, fig. 2 ;

pi. xxi, fig. 6

rosae, 220, 227, pi. ii, fig. 5;

pi. xii, fig. 3
soror, 227

testaceipes, 220, 228
varipes, 220, 223

Ermelia, 200

Fenella, 288

nigrita, 288
tormentillce, 289

Westwoodi, 288, 289
Fenusa, 290

albipes, 292, 298, pi. xiii, figs

7,7 a

befculje, 292, 300
fuliginosa, 294

hortulana, 292, 296
Ianthe, 265
intermedia, 295
melanopoda, 292, pi. ii, figs

6 and 6 a
mellita, 300
nigricans, 292, 293
pumila, 292, 293
pumila, 298
pumilio, 292, 298
pygmsea, 292, 297
pygmaa, Healy, 289

Zett., 293
rubi, 298

ulmi, 292, 295

Generic distinctions, 56

Habits of larvae, 32

of sawflies, 22

INDEX TO VOL. I.

331

Harpiphorus

vernalis, 264
Head,
Hemichroa

alni, partheno
lar., pi. xxi,

fig

esis in, 25
8

parthenogenesis in, 28 ;

lar., pi. iii,

fig. 8

Heptamelus

Dahlbomi

303, pi. xiii, figs

xv in

Heterarthrus

Hylotoma

pagana, 34
pullata, 38
rosse, larva of, 53
rosarum, 34?
serva, 194
8pinarumf 307
us tu lata, 38

larva of, 53

vagans, 286

285

HOLONOTA, 1

Hoplocampa, 257

aloina. 258, 26

brevis

263

261

w — — ~ ^ o 7 *

cratagi, 262
ferruginea, 258, 259
fulvicornis, larva of, 49
gallicola, 258, 260
pectoralis, 258, 260, pi. xii,

fig. 9
plagiata, 262
rutilicornis, 258, 263
testudinea, 258
Hypopygial valves, 15

Hylotomina, 65
Hylotoma

Kaliosyphinga, 291

Dohrnii, 291
Kessler on parthenogenesis, 26

Labium, 5

Lanceolate cellule, 13
Legs, 8

Lophyrina, 65
lophyrus

elongatus, 39

hercyniae, 39

injurious, 32

larva of, 48

nemorum, 40

pallidu8, 40

pini, 40

amethistina, 34
atrata, 38

Fall., 314

316

polynotoma, 40
ruf us, 39
similis, 40
socius, 39

berberidis

larva of, 53

ciliaris, 38

188

costalis, 156
cyanella, 34
eglanteria, 164

enodis, 34

L., 38

larva of, 53
eppiphium, 248
ferruginea, 259

fuscipes, 38
melanocephalus, 245

melanochroa, 38

larva of, 53

virens, 40
Lydina, 65
Lyda

dep

larva of. 53

rythrocephala, 40

larva

liypot

35,53

nemoralis

pyri, 33, 34
— larva of, 53
reticulata, 40
stellata, 40

larva of, 53
sylvatica, 37, 38

larva of, 53

332

INDEX TO VOL. I.

129

albicincta, 133

albipimcta, 126, 131, pi. viii,

fig. 12
blanda, 126, 127

var. brevicornis, 127

carinthiaca, 133

crassula, 133
duodecempunctata, 126, 128

haeinatopus, 126, 135
punctual album, 126, 137, pi.

viii, fig. 11
punctum, 138
quadrimaculata, 138
neglecta, 126, 128
ribis, 133
ribis, 126, 130
rufipes, 126, 136
rustica, 126, 134
strigosa, 136
sturmi, 126
Male anal appendages, 18

Mandibles, 4
Maxilla, 4
Melicerta

ochroleucuSj 303

Melinia

minutissima, 289

Messa, 291

hortulana, 291

Monoctenus, larva of, 48

juniperi, 39

obscuratus, 39
Monophadnus, 229

geniculatus, 238
iridis, 40
Monostegia luteola, 208

Nem

Nematina, 65
Nematus

abbreviates, 34
abdominalis, 39

— larva of, 50, pi. vi, fig. 9
abietum, 40
acuminatus, larva of, 38, 51

— scarcity of males, 25

albipennis, 37
ambiguus, 40
appendiculatus, 35
aquilegiae, 33

— galls of, 52
bellus, 38
Bergmanni, 38

larva of, 51
betulse, 38

larva of, 51
betularius, 38
bilineatus, 39

larva of, 50
bipartitus, larva of, 52
cadderensis, larva of, 51, pi. iv,

fig. 10
capreas, larva of, 40, pi. iii,

fig. 2

var. of larva, 51, 54
carinatus, 40

fig. 6

37 ; lar., pi

compressicornis, 37
compressus, 40
conductus, 40 ; lar.,
conjugatus, 37

larva of, 51
consobrinus, 35

fig. 8

crassulus, larva of, 52
crassus, larva of, 51
croceus, 37
curtisnina. 37

fig

. — — 7 _ 7 ^_ , f-j

parthenogenesis in, 26

dispar, 38
dorsatus, lar

iv, fig. 11
Erich soni, 40

fagi, 39

Dbm

fallax, 38

larva of, 51, pi. iv, fig. 9
males of. 26

f raxini, 38
fulvipes, 38

of. 51

fulvus, 37

larva of, 51
fuscus, 37
gallicola, 52 ; lar. gall , pi. iii,

fig. 8

— parthenoge
glenelgensis, 38
glottianus, 38

INDEX TO VOL. I.

333

Nematus

glutinosas, 39

larva of, 51, pi. vii, fig. 10

parthenogenesis in, 27
herbaceae, 38

larva of, 52
ischnocerus, 38

larva of, 52, pi. v, figs. 5
and 10
jugicola, 38
his trio, 38

larva of, 51
imperfectus, Zad., pi. xiv, fig. 9
insignis, 40
lacteus, 38

larva of, 51, pi. vi, fig. 8
laricis, 40
leucostictus, 38; lar., pi. v,

fig. 3
luteus, 39

larva of, 50
maculiger, larva of, 51
melanocephalus, 37

larva of, 51
melanoleucus, 38
miliaris, 38

larva of, 51, pi. vi, fig. 10

parthenogenesis in, 26
moestus, 33

myositidis, 33
myosotidis, larva of, 51
nigriceps, 40

nigrolineatus, larva of, 52, pi.
vii, fig. 11

pallescens, 38

larva of, 50
palliatus, 38; lar., pi. iv, fig.
13 ; pi. vi, fig. 6

parthenogenesis in, 29
pallicercus, 37
pallidiventris, 26
pavidus, 37, 51

parthenogenesis in, 29
poecilonotus, 38
posticus, 34
quercns, 36

larva of, 51

scarcity of males, 25

Nematus

ribesii, larva of, 52, pi. vii, fig. 7

parthenogenesis in, 26

ruficornis, larva of, 51

runiicis, larva of, 51

salicis, 37

larva of, 51, pi. vii, fig. 9
parthenogenesis in, 29

salicivorus, 38; lar., pi. vii,

fig. 8

Saxesenii, 40
scutellatus, 40
sulphureus, 37
tibialis, 33
togatus, 39
umbripennis, 37
vacciniellus, 36

larva of, 52
validicomis, 37
vesicator, larva of, 52, pi. v,

.fie-8.

viminalis, 38

larva of, 52, pi. v, figs. 7
and 9
xanthogaster, 38
xanthopus, 34
Zetterstedti, 37

Nervures, 10

ORY88IDJE, 2

Ovipositor, 16

Pactlostica, 9
Pachtlota, 8
Pachyprotasis, 120

antennata, 121, 124, pi.
fiff. 1

omega, 121, 1!
rapse, 121, 12
pi. vi, fig. 1
simulans, 121, 123

variegata, 121, 125
Parasites, 340
Parthenogenesis, 25
Patellae, 8
Pectinia, 229
Perqa, 3

Per

Lewisii, 23

brevispina, 10$
excisa, 111
gibbosa, 101
lateralis, 100
nassata, 117
ornata, 111
picta, 99
imnctulata, 96
scalaris, 97

334

INDEX TO VOL. I.

Perineura ecutellaris, 103

solitaria, 101

sordida, 117, 118

viridis, 97
Petioliventris, 2

PlNICOLA, 8

pusilla, 39

PlNICOLINA, 65

Phyllcecus

compressus, 33
cynosbati, 39
fumipennis, 34
phtisicus, 35

Phyllotoma, 282

aceris, 284, 285
annulata, 306
eppiphium, 248
melanopyga, Kl.f 286

Healy, 287
microcephala, 284, 287, pi. ii,
fig. 6 ; pi. iii, figs. 10, 10 a

Healy, 286
nemorata, 284, pi. xiii, fig. 6 ;

pi. iv, fig. 3
ochropoda, 284, 285, pi. xiii,

fig. 5

rosae, 314
spiiiarum, 307
tenella, 284
tormentillte, 289
vagans, 284, 286, pi. vi, fig. 5
Phymatocera, 229

aterrima, 232

Pcecilosoma, 206

candidatum, 207, 210

excisum, 208, 217

Fletcheri, 207, 213, pi. xi,

fig. 4
guttatum, 207, 215
impressum, 207
longicorne, 208, 216
luteolum, 207, 208, pi. iv, fig.

12, lar.
nigricolle, 208, 218
obtusa, 213
pulveratum, 207, 211, pi. ii,

fig. 2; pi. xx, fig. 8
repanda, 210
submuticum, 208, 216, pi. vii,

fig. i

POMPHOLYX, 9

Preserving, 59
Pupa, 55

SCIOPTERYX, 155

costalis, 156, pi. ix, fig. 6

consobrinus, 156

arctica, 156
Secondary sexual characters, 20
Selandria, 193

aethiops, 227
adumbrata, 224
albipes, 240

analis, 194, 197

annulipes, 222

aperta, 194, 199, pi. xiii, fig. 9 (

atra, 224

betuleti, 255

bipunctata, 210

brevicomis, 235 \

cereipes, 197 J

cinereipes, 249

cinxia, 226

dorsalis, 194

ferruginea, 259

flavens, 194, 196

flavescens, 196

grandis, 195

hyalina, 256

inter stitialis, 195

lineolata, 241

luteiventris, 247

luteola, 208

melanocephalus, 245

Morio, 194, 198, pi. xiii, fig. 3

ovata, 221

pallida, 262

phthisica, 192

pusilla, 253

Robinsoni, 232

rosa, 227

rujicruris, 244

serva, 193, 194, pi. xxi, fig. 1

Sixii, 194, 195, pi. xxi, fig. 2 ;

pi. ii, fig. 9 ; pi. xii, fig 1
soda, 194
soror, 227

stramineipes, 194, 197
temporalis, 194, 198
testudinea, 258
varipes, 223

Selandkjades, 183

Sessiliventris, 2

Siebold on parthenogenesis, 26

Sirex fuscicornis, 37

Siricid,e, 2

Specific distinctions, 56

INDEX TO VOL. I.

335

Spiracles, 19

Strongylogaster, 185

cingulatus, 186, 188, pi

_ Pi
delicatulus,

192

fenioralis, 187, 191, pi. xi, fig. S

filicis, 186, 187

maculus, 186, 190

niixtus, 186, 190, pi. i, figs. 6

6a
multicinctus, Norton, 189
Sharpi, 186, 187
viridis, 192

Syn^rema, 119

delicatula, 120

rubi, 120, pi. viii, fig. 10

Tenthredo

arctica, 95
arcuatus, 150
as&imilis, 256
aterrima, 232

Tarpa spissicornis, 35

Taxonus,200

agilis, 20-4

agrorum, 201, pi. xi, fig. 6, 6

bicolor, 202
coxalis, 203

201. 202, pi. xi. fig. 7

Fletcheri, 201, 205

glabratus, 201, 204,

fig. 3

parthenogenesis in, 30

glottianus, 201, 206

nitida, 201
pratorum, 202

ii,

202

165

224

aethiops, 228
agilis, 204
agrorum, 201
albirincta, 129
albicornis, 75
albida, 245
albipes, 197, 240
albipuncta, 132
alpina, 261
ambigua, 108
analis, 104
annularis, 76
cmnulata, 317
anomala, 201
antennata, 124

atra, 73, 88, pi. xvi, fig. 3
atra, 86
atricornis, 188
aucuparue, 101
balteata, 73, 83
betuletiy 255
bicincta, 73, 91
bicolor, 202
bifasciata, 153

biguttata, 77

bipunctata, 76, 242

bizonata, 202

blanda, Fab., 127

Schaef., 128
cali gator, 89

caliginosa, 106
carbonaria, 135
carinata, 187
car pint, 75
centifolice, 307
cerasi, 224

chrysorrhoea, 263

cmcta, 90, 269

Pz., 91

anereipes, 249
cingulata, 188
cinxia, 226
citreipes, 136
coZifcri, 307
collaris, 172
colon, 78, pi. i, flg. 9
conspicua, 81
coquebertii, 104
corallipes, 136
cordata, 104
coryli, 77
costalis, 156
coxalis, 202
crassa, 170
cratagi, 261
cylindrica, 127
delicatula, Kl., 120
delicatulus, 192
dimidiata, 104

dispar, 73, 87, pi. xvi, fig. 1
dispar, 147
diversipes, 135
dumetorum, 136

duodecempunctata, 128
duplex, 124

33G

INDEX TO VOL. I.

Tenthredo

eborina, 192

eglanterice, 164
elegantula, 120

eppiphium, 248
equestris, 90
equiseti, 202
erythrogona, 170
erythropus, 138

femoralis, 105
/era, 128, 129

ferruginea, 258
filicis, 187
flava, 74
fiavens, 196
fiaveola, 149

flavicornis, 35
flavicornis, 75

flavipes, 147
fuliginosa, 232

Sclir.,248
fulvenia, 156
fulviceps, 112
fulviventris, 164
fuscipennis, 247
fuscipes, 88
geniculates, 170, 238
germanica, 164

gibbosa, 74, 101
glabratus, 204
gonagra, 170
gossypina, 221
hebraica, 93
hcematodis, 172
hcematopus, 135
hyalina, 256
ignobilis, 107
instabilis, 104
— var. f , 108

var. nassata, 117
interrupta, 93
juvenilis, 101

Lacklaniana, 73, 84,

fig.i

lacrymosa, 127
lateralis, 74, 100
latizona, 90
leucopus, 133
leucozona, 221
Zt&erta, 306
ligustrina, 127
linearis, 188
lineolata, 241
livida, 73, 75

vm,

Tenthredo

lividiventris, 120
longicornis, 238
luctuosa, 129
lug ens, 315

luridiventris, 246
luteicornis, 75

luteiventris, 247
luteola, 208
macula, 190
maculata. 73, 90,

mai
mar

melanocephalus, 245
melanorrhcea , 117
mesomela, 73, 93
micans, 237
microcephala, 104
mixtus, 190
moniliata, 73, 85

morio, 198
nana, 254

nassata, 117
neglecta, 128
nemorata, 284
nigerrima, 235
nigra, 181
nigripeS) 246
nigrita, 235
nitida, 201
notata, 135
notha, 149

obsoleta, 73, 94
ocreata, 135
olivacea, 73, 95
opaca, 172
orbitalis, 104
ornata, 111
pavida, 108
pedestris, 164
pellucida, 79

picta,^ 74, 99, pi. viii, fig. 7
plebeja, 85

pcecila, 85

pratensis, 164
procera, 89
propinqua, 142
puella, 196

punctum, 138
pusilla, 253

INDEX TO VOL. I.

337

Tenthredo

quadricinctus , 144
rapes, 122
ribis, 133
rostz, 314
Rossii, 153
rubif 120
rufipennis, 81
rufipes, 89
ru/£pe*, 136, 204

rufiventris, 73, 81
rufocincta, 272
rustled, 134, 143
rutilicornis, 263
scvreptana, 154
scalaris, Klug., 97

Thorns., 93
Schaefferi, 128, 151
scotica, 73, 87, pi. xvi, fig. 2
scrophularup, 141
scutellaris, Fab., 108

Lep., 108
seesana, 99
semicincta, 91
8ericans, 233
serva, 194
simulans, 123
tocia, 194

solitaria, 73, 79

Fall., 101
sordida. 118
soror, 83
spinarum, 307
spreta, 111

sticticus, 202
stigma ?, 107
stramineipes, 197
strigosa, 136
8uccincta, 90
succinctus, 145
sidphvrata, 135
tenera, 280
tenula, 153
testudinea, 258
tibialis, 275
£i/i#, 117
togata, Fab., 270

Pz., 268

Zett., 269
trabeata, 85, 92
trichocera, 249
tricinctus, 143
tristis, 111
ragra, 91
veZoa, pi. viii, fig. 6

VOL. 1.

Tenthredo

ve8piform*8, 1
vidua, 154
viennensis, 14
viridis, 74, 97
viridis, 93

Cam.,
ifaseiata

188

zonata

Tenthredopsis, 102

albomaculata, 103, 113, pi.

xvii, fig. 8
caliginosa, 103, 106, pi. xvi,

% 7

cordata, 103, 104, pi. xvi, fig.

4 ; pi. viii, fig. 9

dorsata, 111

dorsivittata, 103, 115, pi. xviii,

fig. 3

femoralis, 103
fig. 6

xvi,

flavomaculata, 103, 110, pi.

xvii,

103. 113

xvii, fig. 4
fulviceps, 103, 112
ignobilis, 103, 107

. fig. 1

inornata, 103, 116, pi. xviii,

fig. 4
lividive

fig. 7

microcepbala, 103, 104, pi.
xvi, fig. 5

microcephalics, 104

nassata, 103, 117, pi. xviii,

fig. 5

nignce]

fig. i

nigrico

fig. 2

103. 114

XV1U,

103. 108

nigronotata, 103, 106, pi. xvii,

fig. 9
ornata, 103, 111
picticeps, 103, 110, pi. xvii,

fig. 5

Saundersi, 103, 114, pi. xviii,
fig. 2

scutellaris,

fig. 3
sordida, 103, 118, pi. xviii,

fig. 6
tristis, 103, 111, pi. xvii, fig. 6

103. 108

Thorax, 6

Trichiosoma

betuleti, 34

388

Trichiosoma

fighting, 24

lucorum, 24
sorbi, 34
vitelline, 38

INDEX TO VOL. I.

Wings, 9

Xiphidria annulata, 39

camelus, 39
droinedarius, 37, 38

Zarsea, larva of, 48

INDEX TO PLANT NAMES.*

Acer campestre, 33, 285

pseudo-platanus, 33
Achillea millefolium, 36
-ZEgopodium Podagraria, 35, 75
Agrimonia Eupatoria, 35, 289
Ajuga reptans, 315
Alchemilla alpina, 35, 252

• vulgaris, 35, 251
Alnus glutinosa, 39, 88, 99, 129,

212 221
Amy gdahis, 225, 287, 293
Anagallis arvensis, 209
Anthriscus sylvestris, 35
Aquilegia vulgaris, 33
Arundo Phragmites, 40
Barbarea, 310
Berberis vulgaris, 33

Betula alba, 38, 225, 255, 285, 293,

301
Brassica campestris, 33
Bupleurum falcatum, 35, 148
Cardamine pratensis, 33
Car ex acuta, 40, 196
Cerasus, 225
Circsea lutetiana, 79
Circium lanceolatum, 36, 281
Clematis erecta, 32, 316

Yitalba, 32

Comarum palustre, 34
Convallaria multiflora, 40, 233
Corylus Avellana, 39
Cotoneaster vulgaris, 34
Crata3gus Oxyacantha, 34, 225

;

Equisetum, 165, 167

Erysimum, 306

Eucalyptus, 23

Euphorbia paiustris, 37

Fagus sylvatica, 39

Festuca pratensis, 40, 171, 176,

182
Fragaria vesca, 35
Fraxinus excelsior, 36, 124, 138,

144, 235
Fuchsia, 79

Heracleum Sphondylium, 35, 93
Hypericum perforatum, 33
Geranium Robertianum, 33, 279
Geum urbanum, 35, 239, 300
Impatiens Noli-me-tangere, 33
Iris, 40

Jasminum, 36, 144
Juncus effusus, 40, 173, 196
Juniperus communis, 39
Laserpitium latifolium, 35
Ligustrum vulgare, 36, 138
Lonicera caprifolium, 35, 76, 144

tatarica, 36

Xylosteum, 35, 76
Lotus corniculatus, 33
Lysimachia vulgaris, 36, 209
Nepeta Glechoma, 36
Pastinaca sativa, 35
Pedicularis, 123
Petasites vulgaris, 36
Pinus Larix, 39

sylvestris, 39

* The Index contains the names of a few plants not mentioned in the
list at p. 32.

INDEX TO VOL. I.

339

Plantago major, 37

media, 37
Poa aquatica, 40, 195
Polygonum Aviculare, 37

bistorta, 37, 204
Polystichum filix-nias, 40, 188,

192, 198
Populus dilatata, 37

nigra, 37, 396

tremula, 37, 286
Potentilla reptans, 35, 289
Primus communis, 33

domestica, 33, 259
Pteris aquilina, 40, 83, 188
Pyrus communis, 34

Aucuparia, 34, 279
Quercus Oerris, 39

Robur, 39, 91, 222, 223, 242,
245, 265,268,276,277,298
Ranunculus acris, 33, 93, 240

bulbosus, 32

Ficaria, 32

repens, 33, 240
Raphanus sativus, 33
Ribes Grossularia, 35, 280

rubrum, 35, 199
Robinia Pseudo-acacia, 33
Rosa canina, 34, 210, 228, 253,

269, 270, 272, 273

Eglanteria, 34
Rubus csesius, 239

fructicosus, 34, 299

Idseus, 23, 34, 273
Rumex acetosella, 37, 203

acutus, 37
Salix alba, 93

aurita, 97, 287, 300
Caprea, 37
fragilis, 37
limosa, 97
silesiaca, 97
vitellina, 37, 98

Sambucus nigra, 35, 130

racemosa, 35
Sarotbamnus scoparius, 33
Scabiosa succisa, 36, 86
Scirpus palustris, 40, 173, 196
Scrophularia aquatica, 36, 12:

nodosa, 36, 142
Scutellaria galericulata, 313
Senecio nemorensis, 36
Sinapis arvensis, 33, 310

alba, 33, 148

nigra, 33, 148
Sisymbrium officinale, 33, 306,
Solidaeo Vireraurea. 36

Sor

vulgaris, 36

paria)

Pyn

Spiraea ulmaria, 35, 216, 217

274
Stachys Betonica, 123

erecta, 36
Symphoricarpus racemosa
Syringa vulgaris, 36
Tilia europaea, 33, 222, 256

parvifolia, 33
Trifolium pratense, 33

repens, 33
Triticum vulgaris, 40
Ulmu8 camnestris. 37. 296

montana, 37, 396

Yaccinium MyrtillusJ

Vitis-idaea, 36

Valeriana officinalis,

Verbascum nigrum, i

thapsus, 123

Veronica Beccabung

Chamaedrys, 36
officinalis, 36, 93

Viola

num Onulus, 35. 144

340

INDEX TO VOL. I.

INDEX TO NAMES OF PARASITES.

Bassus atlialiaeperda, 312
Campoplex cerophagus, 272, 287

transiens, 189
Chrysocharis albipes, 287
Oyptocentrus incisulus, 298
Cryptus emphytorum, 270
Cubocephalus fortipes, 189
Erromenus fumatus, 226
Euryproctus geniculosus, 196
Ichneumon Mussii, 189
Meigenia bisignata, 312
Mermis albicans, 312
Mesochorus politus, 246

Mesoleius armillatorius, 134, 246,

312
ciliatus, 312
formosus, 246
luteifrons, 134
niger, 189

Perilampus splendidus, 312

Perilampus violaceus, 312
Perilissus lutescens, 312

macropygus, 246, 301

pictilis, 296

sulcatus, 301

verticalis, 301
Plecticus tenthredinarum, 246
Pygostolus sticticus, 134
Tachina, 189
Trematopygus aprilinus, 246

selandrivorus, 246
Tryphon brachyacanthus, 312

eppiphium, 246

excavatus, 226

Gorski, 226

lateralis, 246

marginalis, 312

Ratzburgi, 226

succinctus, 312
translucens, 226

•

rRINTEi> B\ J. E. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE

•

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

moult
Kg

PLATE

Larva of Tenthredo mesomela.
Larva of Allantus scropkularice

last

Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Fig. 6

of ditto.

Kg.

ment of abdomen.

Larva of Allantus 3-cinctus.
Larva of Strongylog aster cingulatus
Larva of Dolerus hcematodis.
Larva

of Strongylog aster mixtus

head

Larva of Strongylog aster delicatulus ; 7 a, seg-

Fig.
Fig.

hoven).

Allantus Jlavipes (after Curtis).

Larva of Tenthredo colon (after Van Vollen-

Pliyto. Hymen. 1 Plate 1

■* •

A-r

» s

I I

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-7

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PLATE II.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Larva of Emphytus calceatus.

Larva of Poecilosoma pulveratum ; 2 a, id., last

moult.

Fig. 3. — Larva of Taxonus glabratus ; 3 a, head of ditto.

Fig. 4. — Larva of Eriocampa annulipes, last moult;
4 a, younger.

Fig.

Larva of Eriocampa rosce.

Fig. 6. — Larva of Fenusa melanopoda ; 6 a, under side ;

6 b, cocoon of Phyllotoma microcephala.

Fig.

Larva of Blennocampa albipes ; 7 a, head of

ditto (after Van Vollenhoven).

Fig. 8.

Larva of Macrophya albicincta ;

head

(after Van Vollenhoven).

Fig. 9. — Larva of Selandria Siwii (after Van Vollen-
hoven).

Fig. 10. — Larva of Eriocampa limacina ; 10 a, enlarged,
last moult.

Pliyto.Hymeia. 1 .Platte

3 cu

n :

4- a.

•

3 JL

•

J~.J.h:> i ig (LtL. cloL -r-doCL.

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PLATE III.

Fig. 1. — Larva of Blennocampa pusilla ; 1 a, rolled
down leaf of rose.

Fig. 2. — Larva of Nematus caprece.

Fig. 3. — Larva of Hemichroa rufa.
Fig. 4. — Larva of Dineura virididorsata (Degeeri, Kl.).
Fig. 5 (1 a and 1 b). — Larva of Eriocampa ovata ; 1 b,
last moult.

Fig. 7. — Larva of Dineura stilata.

Fig. 8. — Gall of Nematus gallicola.
Fig. 9. — Larva of Athalia Scutellaria.
Figs. 10 and 10 a. — Larva of Phyllotoma microcepkala.
Fig. 11. — Larva of Athalia spinarum.
Fig. 12. — Larva of Emphytm serotinus (after Van
Vollenhoven).

Pliyto.Hyr- . -. n.i.Pla t

70 *

■

~ ■

■

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PLATE IV.

Fig. 1 . — Larva of Dineura testaceipes.

Fig. 2. — Larva of Camponiscus luridiventris.

Fig. 3. — Mine of Phyllotoma nemorata.

Fig. 4. — Larva of Crcesus varus.

Fig. 5. — Larva of Crcesus septentrionalis.

Fig. 6. — Larva of Nematus, sp. (on birch). 6 at en-
larged segment.

Fig. 7. — Larva of

Fig. 8. — Larva of Nematus conductus.

Fig. 9. — Larva of Nematus fallax .
Fig. 10. — Larva of Nematus cadderensis ; 10 a, segment
of abdomen.

Fig. 11. — Larva of Nematus dorsatus.
Fig. 12. — Larva of Poecilosoma lutecium.
Fig. 13. — Larva of Nematus palliatus.

Pliyto. Hymeii. i . PI ate 4^

v* v*11 v* *

•

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■

PLATE V.

Fig. 1. — Larva of Cladius brullai ; 1 a> head ; 1 5, seg-
ment of abdomen.

Fig. 2. — Larva of Cladius viminalis.

Fig. 3. — Larva of Nematus leucostictus ; 3 a, head ;

3 5, last segments.

Fig. 4. — Larva of Cladius padi ; 4 a, head.

Fig. 5. — Gall of Nematus iscknocerus, upper side ;
5 <2, lower side.

Fig. 6. — Larva of Cladius padi variety.

Fig. 7. — Gall of Nematus viminalis.

Fig. 8. — Gall of Nematus vesicator.
Fig. 9. — Gall of Nematus viminalis on Salisc aurita ;
9 a, section of gall.

Fig. 10. — Gall of Nematus ischnocerus.

Ptyt

"HI

a., 1 6 t)

„ * ft

•'.

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A' 2

£ •» !• •! *• §

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PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. — Larva of Pachyprotasis rapa ; 1 a, last moult ;
1 b, head.

Fig. 2. — Larva of Dolerus niger ? (see p. 181).
Fig. 3. — Larva of Dolerus jissus ; 3 a, maxilla of ditto.
1, palpus; 2, outer lobe; 3, inner lobe.
Fig. 4. — Larva of Emphytus cinctus.

Fig. 5. — Larva of Phyttotoma vayans.

Fig. 6. — Larva of Nematus pattiatus.

Fig. 7. — Larva of Nematus curtispina.

Fig. 8. — Larva of Nematus lacteus.

Fig. 9. — Larva of Nematus abdominalis.
Fig. 10. — Head of larva Nematus miliaris ; 10 a, last
segment of ditto.

Fig. 11. — Leg of larva of Tenthredo, sp.

Fig. 1 2. — Mandible of larva of Dineura virididorsata.

Ph y to . Hyi i\e n. i. PI a f. e 6

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PIATE VII.

Fig. 1. — Larva of Pcecilosoma submuticum (see p. 217)
Fig. 2. — Larva of Emphytus togatus ; 2 a, last moult
2 b and 2 c, head.

Fig. 3. — Larva of Blennocampa geniculata ; 3 a, spine ;
3 b, head.

Fig. 4. — Segment of larva of Blennocampa melano-

cephalus.

Fig. 5. — Larva of Nematus consobrinus ; 5 a9 apical
segments (after Van Vollenhoven).

Fig. 6. — Larva of Nematus coeruleocarpus on poplar
leaf ; 6 a, segment of abdomen.

Fig. 7. — Larva of Nematus ribesii ; 7 a, pupa; 7 b,

eggs-

Fig. 8. — Segment of abdomen of larva of Nematus

salicivorus ; 8 a, head ; 8 b, anal segment.

Fig. 9. — Larva of Nematus salicis (after Brischke).

Fig. 10. — Segment of larva of Nematus glutinosce ; 10 a,
anal segment ; 10 5, head.

Pig. 11. — Anal segment of larva of Nematus nigro-
lineatus ; 11a, head.

Phyto. Hymen, i. Plate 7

»<?

*T,

2°

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PLATE VIII.

Kg. 1. — Tenthredo Lachlaniana ? ; 1 a, id., antennae ;
1 b9 head from the front.

Fig. 2. — Tenthredo maculata S ; 2 at id., claws ; 2 bt
head in front.

Fig. 3. — Tenthredo zonata ; outer spur of tibiae
Fig. 4. — Saw of Tenthredo viridis.

Fig. 5. — Saw of Tenthredo atra.

Fig. 6. — Tenthredo velox

Fig. 7. — Tenthredo picta

Fig. 8. — Tenthredo gibbosa %

Fig. 9. — Tenthredopsis cor data.

Fig. 10. — Synarerna rubi $ ; 10 a, id., antennae.

Fig. 11. — Macrophya punctum album.

Fig. 12. — Macrophya albipuncta ; 12 a, id., antennae

DWto. Hymen, i. Plat

E A Smith. deLetlilh

Mint err. bro* Ln.p

PLATE IX.

Fig. 1. — Pachyprotasis antennata ? ; 1 a, antenna ;
1 bt leg ; 1 ct maxilla ; 1 d, labium ; 1 e, Saw.

Fig. 2. — P achy protasis rapes, Saw.

Fig. 3. — Allantus viduus ? .

Fig. 4. — Allantus 3-cinctus ; 4 d, antenna. 4 a, labium
of, and 4 6, maxilla of A, arcuatus.

Fig. 5. — Saw of Allantus arcuatus.

Fig. 6. — Sciopteryx costalis ? ; 6 a> antenna ; 6 b9 head

from the side ; 6 cy head from front.

Fig. 7. — Dolerus fulviventris ? ; 7 a, head from front.

Fig. 8. — Dolerus Ckappelli.

Fig. 9. — Dolerus fulviventris.

Fig. 10. — Dolerus gonagra ; 11 a, maxilla; 11

labium.

Fig. 11. — Dolerus hcematodis ; 11 c, S genital organs
of D. gonagra.

Phvto.Kvmen. i. Plat

■E.A Smith d*l erluk

Mir.U»rn_i3ro* i

imp

PLATE X.

Fig. 1. — Hylotoma; 17, pronotum ; 18, middle lobe of mesonotum;
19, 20, lateral lobes of mesonotum ; 21, scutellum ; 22, cenchri ; 23,
spines on tibiae ; 24, spurs on tibiae (calcaria).

Anterior wings, — Cellules (left side): 1, radial; 2, appendicular;
3, 4, 5, 6, cubital ; 7, humeral ; 8, 1st discoidal ; 9, 2nd discoidal ;
12, 3rd discoidal; 10, 1st posterior; 13, 2nd posterior; 11,
median ; 14, 15, lanceolate ; 16, costal.
Posterior wings. — 4, appendicular ; 3, radial ; 5, 6, cubital ; 1

costal; 7,8 discoidal; 9, 11, posterior.
Nervures — Anterior wing. — a, costal ; 6, subcostal ; c, median ;

d, anal; e, accessory; /, inferior; o, radial; p, cubital; mn9

recurrent; g (dotted line), position of transverse radial when

present (it is absent in Hylotoma); ijh, transverse cubital

nervures.
Posterior wing, — a, costal ; b, subcostal ; c, cubital ; d, anal ;

e, tr. median (= tr. discoidal) ; /, recurrent ; g, transverse

cubital ; e (bis), accessory.

Fig. 2. — Labium of Zarcea.

Fig. 3. — Maxilla of Zaraea ; 1, inner lobe; 2, outer; 3, stipes;

4, cardo ; 6, palpus.

Fig. 4. — Abdomen of Cimbex from under side.

Fig. 5. — Ovipositor of Trichiosoma (the pieces separated) ; 1, " tri-
angular " plate ; 5, " oblong " plate ; 4, basal attachment of support ;
3, apical attachment ; 2, attachment of saw to " triangular " plate.

Fig. 5 a. — Ovipositor of Trichiosoma from lower side in natural posi-
tion ; 1, sheath of saw ; 2, cerci ; 3, hypopygial valves = quadrangular

plates of Kr&pelin ; 4<, triangular plate ; 6, oblong plate.

Fig. 6. — Tarsus of Cimbex ; 1, patella.

Fig, 7. — Head of Clavellaria; 1, clypeus; 2, labrum; 4, eyes; 3,
ocelli; 5, mandibles.

Fig. 8. — Coxa and trochanter (1) of Trichiosoma.

Fig. 9. — Mandible of Zar&a.

Fig. 10.— Mandible of Hylotoma.

Fig. 11. — Mandible of Cladius.

Fig. 12. — Open lanceolate cellule ; 12 a, lanceolate cellule with oblique
cross nervure ; 12 &, subcontracted cellule ; 12 c, with perpendicular
cross nervure ; 12 d, petiolated ; 12 e, contracted.

Fig. 13. — Appendiculated accessory nervure in hind wing ; 13 a,
interstitial accessory nervure in hind wing.

Fig. 14. — Larva of Trichiosoma vitelline ; 14 a, head.

Fig. 15. — Young larva of T. vitelline.

Phyto. Hymen, i. Plate 10

1Z e

o a.

I'd '■

15-

J. J. King AjU. aa »ui*

W.. • *

v..-

1 - » 'Ml «' ^

14°.

c -

]

PLATE XL

Fig. 1. — Athalia Scutellaria ; 1 c, antenna; 1 a

maxilla ; Id, labium of Athalia rosa.
Fig. 2 . — Str ongylog aster femoralis.
Fig. 3. — Str ongylog aster delicatulus ; a, anal cellule.
Fig. 4. — Pcecilosoma Fletcheri.
Fig. 5. — Pcecilosoma guttatum.
Fig. 6. — Taxonus agrorum <$ ; 6 a, posterior wing

of <?.

Fig. 7. — Taxonus equiseti, Scotch var.

Fig. 8. — Emphytus togatus ; 8 a, maxilla ; 8 b, labium ;

8 c, claws ; 8 d, saw ; 8 e, antenna ; 8/, head in front.
Fig. 9. — Emphytus perla.

PhvLo. i /men. i. Plate 11.

ei"

A. Smith del etiilk

Mmt*»rji Hro*imp

•

(

PLATE XII.

Fig. 1. — Selandria Sixii ; la, antenna.

Fig. 2. — Eriocampa ovata ; 2 a, head.
Fig. 3. — Eriocampa rosce ; 3 a, antenna.
Fig. 4. — Dineura fuscula ; 4 a, antenna.
Fig. 5. — Blennocampa lineolata.

Fig. 6. — Blennocampa eppiphium.
Fig. 7. — Blennocampa alchemillcB.
Fig. 8. — Blennocampa melanocephalus.

Fig. 9. — Hoplocampa pectoralis.

Fig. 10. — Clypeus and labium of Selandria serva

Fig. 11. — Mandible of Selandria serva.

Fig. 12. — Mandible of Blennocampa f us tip ennis.

Fig. 13. — Mandible of Allantus arcuatus.

Fig. 14. — Mandible of Dolerus.

Fig. 15. — Labrum of Tenthredo livida.

Fig. 16. — Mandible of Tenthredo livida.

Fig. 17. — Mandible of Tenfhredopsis nigricollis.

Phyto. Hymen, i. Plate 1?.

14-.

(

15. {

•'^

16.

■ ^

V Q

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•

PLATE XJ1I.

Fig. 1. — Emphytus calceatus.

Fig. 2. — Emphytus tibialis.

Fig. 3. — Selandria morio ; 3 a, antenna.

Fig. 4. — llarpiphorus lepidus ; 4 a, antenna.

Fig. 5. — Phyllotoma ochropoda S •

Fig. 6. — Phyllotoma nemorata; 6 a, antenna ; 6 b, head.

Fig. 7. — Fenusa albipes ; 7 a, antenna.

Fig. 8. — Heptamelus ockroleucus ; 8 a, antenna ; 8 bt
head ; 8 c, claw.

Fig. 9. — Selandria aperta ; 9 a, mandible ; 9 b9 labium ;
9 c, maxilla of S. serva.

Fig. 10. — Antenna of FeneUa nigrita.

Phyto. Hv men. i. Plate 13

K. A. Smith del ethih

M^nt/-Y*n FH>*r>* i

*n* .

PLATE XIV.

Fig. 1. — Hoplocampa chrysorrhcea.

Fig. 2. — Athalia spinarum.

Fig. 3. — Blennocampa aterrima ; 3 a, antenna.

Fig. 4. — Dineura opaca; 4 a, mandible.

Fig. 5. — Dineura stilata ; 5 a, cerci.

Fig. 6. — Croesus septentrionalis ; 6a, antenna; 6b,
saw; 6 c, mandible; 6 d, maxilla; 6 e, labium; 6/,
head ; 6 g, claw ; 6 h, tarsus.

Fig. 7. — Strongylog aster cingulatus & ; 7 a, mandible.

Fig. 8. — Hemichroa aini.

Fig. 9. — Nematus imperfecta s.

Phyto. Hymen, i. Plate 14.

•

T? »-»

* J

PLATE XV.

Fig. 1. — Cladius difformis $ ; bt transverse basal ner-
vure ; c, transverse median ; 1 a9 antenna.

Fig. 2. — Cladius difformis ; 2 a, antenna.

Fig. 3. — Cladius viminalis S ; 3<z, antenna; 3 6, face.
Fig. 4. — Antenna of Cladius padi $ .

Fig. 5. — Cladius padi ? ; 5 a, antenna.

Fig. 6. — Internal process in mesosternum of Dolerus.

Fig. 7. — Prosternum of Dolerus.

Fig. 8. — Simple claw of Cimbew.

Fig. 9. — Claw with a tooth {Dolerus).

Fig. 10.— Bifid (Tentkredo).

Fig. 11. — Thorax of Tentkredo; 1, 2, 3, coxae; a,

pronotum ; 6, episternum ; c, mesonotum ; y, meso-

sternum ; n, epimera ; d9 mesophragma (lateral view) ;
j, from above ; /, metanotum ; i9 metasternum ; 1 a, inter-
mediate segment.

Fig. 12. — Metathorax of Tenthredopsis ; d, posterior
wings ; u} intermediate segment ; d, stigma ; ct coxa.

Fig. 13. — Ditto from above ; a, cenchri ; ^intermediate
segment.

Fig. 14. — <£ genital organs of Trichiosoma ; 2, penis ;
a, from the side ; 1, double-jointed valve.

Phyto. Hymen. 1. Plate 15.

■i

11.

a, Y

}

t£

^•Mntern lith.

(

■

PLATE XVI.

Fig. 1. — Saw of Tenthredo dispar.

Fig. 2. — Saw of Tenthredo scotica.

Fig. 3. — Saw of Tenthredo atra.

Fig. 4. — Saw of Tenthredopsis cor data.

Fig. 5. — Saw of Tenthredopsis microcephalia

Fig. 6. — Saw of Tenthredopsis femoralis.

Fig. 7. — Saw of Tenthredopsis calig

Fig. 8. — Saw of Tenthredopsis cordata. Aberration
(Figs. 4 and 8 are the two parts of the same saw).

Except when otherwise noted the saws are magnified
X 200.

•

Phyto Hymen. i. Plate 16.

/£•

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WestNwt-an &C°i*m>

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PLATE XVII.

Fig. 1. — Saw of Tenthredopsis ignobilis.

Fig. 2.- — Saw of Tenthredopsis nigricollis.

Fig. 3. — Saw of Tenthredopsis scutettaris.
Fig. 4. — Saw of Tenthredopsis flavomaculata

Fig. 5. — Saw of Tenthredopsis picticeps .

Fig. 6. — Saw of Tenthredopsis tristis.

Fig. 7. — Saw of Tenthredopsis lividiventris.
Fig. 8. — Saw of Tenthredopsis albomaculata ,
Fig. 9. — Saw of Tenthredopsis nigronotata.
Fig. 10. — Saw of Camponiscus luridiventris.

PKyto.Hym.e21. i. Plate 17.

^.Pwrhias dsl. an noU

West Nev/m<xn X C? i**\p.

PLATE XVIII.

Yig, 1. — Saw of Tenthredopsis nigriceps.
Yig. 2. — Saw of Tenthredopsis Saundersi.
Fig. 3. — Saw of Tenthredopsis dorsivittata
Fig. 4. — Saw of Tenthredopsis inornata.

Fig. 5. — Saw of Tenthredopsis nassata
Fig. 6. — Saw of Tenthredopsis sordida

Fig. 7. — Saw of Dolerusjl

pig. 8. — Saw of Dolerus fissus at base

Yig. 9. — Saw of Heptamelus ochroleucus

Fhyto Hymen, i. PI ate 18 .

VAS^lS*-^

W. Purities did cwt not

W«#t Newwuwi & C? u^i

cess.

PLATE XIX.

Fig. 1 . — Saw of Dolerus scoticus.

Fig. 2. — Saw of Dolerus tinctipennis. X 80.

Fig. 3.— Saw of Dolerus Gessneri ; 3 a, transverse pro-

Fig. 4. — Saw of Dolerus cor acinus.
Fig. 5. — Saw of Dolerus anthr acinus.

Fig. 6. — Saw of Dolerus oblongus.
Fig. 7. — Saw of Dolerus meg apterus .
Fig. 8. — Saw of Dolerus possilensis.

Fhyto.Hymen. i. Plate 19.

WRH(U« M«<t n<A*

r~t iV«n-»«vi »*. & C? i/K./

PLATE XX.

Fjg# i, — Saw of Dolems intermedins

Fig. 2. — Saw of Dolerus intermedins

t •

Fig# 3, — Saw of Dolerus varispmus
Fig. 4. — Saw of Dolerus niger.
pig# 5.— Saw of Dolerus aneus.
pig# 6. — Saw of Taxonns glabratus.
Fig# 7# — Saw of Dolerus elongatus.
pig] g. — Saw of Poecilosoma pulveratum

Pliyto Hymen 1. PI ate

^■XK^

VAJ

V Purkt** cUL. <xJl *u*t

W+St N+\YmJb» <£ l'? unfr

■

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PLATE XXI.

Fig. 1. — Saw of Selandria

Fig. 2. — Saw of Selandria Sixii

Fig. 3. — Saw of Pcecilosoma long

Fig. 4. — Saw of Pcecilosoma submuticum
Fig. 5. — Saw of Blennocampa albip

Yig. 6. — Saw of Eriocampa ovata. X 100.
Fig. 7. — Saw of Dineura virididorsata. X 100

Fig. 8. — Saw of Hernichroa alni. X 80

Fig. 9. — Saw of Cladius padi. X 100

i
I

Phy+o. Hymen, i. Plate 21

WJ*urki*s S»J m<t r**t

Azst Newrnccn ^ Cv tmp.

. j

■

HAY SOCIETY.

INSTITUTED 1844

FOR THE PUBLICATION OF WORKS ON

NATURAL HISTORY.

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION ONE GUINEA.

COUNCIL, OFFICERS, LOCAL SECRETARIES,

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TOGETHER WITH THB

TITLES OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY,

CORRECTED TO JULY, 1882.

Co until anir 0 iters

lag

otittir

Elected 23rd June, 1882.

|)ttsib*tti.

Sib JOHN LUBBOCK, Babt., M.P., F.R.S

(Tomictl.

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fatnsnxtx.

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ttrctsrg.

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Birmingham Old Library, Birmingham.
Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society, Birmingham.
Blatch, W. G., Esq., Small Heath, Birmingham.
Blomefield, Rev. L., F.Z.S., 19, Belmont, Bath.
Bloomfield, Rev. E. N., M.A., Guestling, near Hastings.
Boston Public Library, U.S., Boston.
Boswell, Dr. J. T., Balmuto, Kirkcaldy, N.B.
Brady, H. B., Esq., F.L.S., Hillfield, Gateshead.
Braikenridge, Miss, Claremont, Clevedon, Bristol.
Braithwaite, Dr. R., F.L.S., The Ferns, Clapham rise, S.W.
Brevoort, Dr. J. Carson, New York.
Brighton and Sussex Natural History Society, Brighton.
Bristol Microscopical Society, Bristol.

Brockholes, Mrs. J. Fitzherbert, Clifton hill, Garstang, Lancashire.
Brodrick, W., Esq., Little hill, Chudleigh, South Devon.
Brook-Ter., Geo., Esq., Fernbrook, Huddersfield.
Broome, C. E., Esq., M.A., F.L.S., Elmshurst, Batheaston, Bath.
Browell, E. M., Esq., Buckingham Palace, S.W.
Browne, Dr. Henry, Woodheys, Heaton Mersey, Manchester.
Browne, Rev. T. H., F.G.S., The Cedars, High Wycombe, Bucks.
Buckton, G. B., Esq., F.R.S., Weycombe, Haslemere, Surrey.
Burn, Dr. W. B., Ecclesbourne, Bedford hill road, Balham, S.W.
Burton, John, Esq., Lee terrace, Blackheath, S.E.
Bury District Co-operative Provision Society (Limited), Marke street,

Bury, Lancashire.
Busk, Professor George, F.R.S., F.L.S., 32, Harley street, Cavendish

square, W.
Byerley, I., Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, Seacombe, Cheshire.

Cambridge University Library.
Cambridge University Museum of Zoology.
Cambridge, Downing College.
Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College.
Cambridge, St. Catharine's College.
Cambridge, Sidney-Sussex College.
Cambridge, Trinity College.

Campbell, F. M., Esq., Rose hill, Hoddesdon.

Carpenter, Dr. A., High street, Croydon, S.

Carpenter, Dr. W. B., F.R.S., 56, Regent's park road, N.W

Cartwright, Rev. A. R., Havyatt Lodge, Langford, Bristol.

Carus, Dr. Victor, Leipsic.

Cash, W., Esq., Elmfield terrace, Savile park, Halifax.

Chapman, E., Esq., Frewen Hall, Oxford.

Cheltenham Permanent Library, Cheltenham.

Chicago Library, Chicago.

Christiania, University of.

Church, Dr. W. S., 130, Harley Street, W.

Clark, J. A., Esq., 1 1, Duncan place, London fields, Hackney, E.

Cleland, Professor, 2, The College, Glasgow.

Clermont, Lord, Ravensdale park, Newry, Ireland.

Cluncksuch, M. K., Esq., Paris.

Collings, Rev. W. T., M.A., F.L.S., Hirzel House, Guernsey.

Colman, Jeremiah J., Esq., M.P., Carrow House, Norwich.

Cooke, Benjamin, Esq., 103, Windsor Road, Southport.

Cooper, Colonel E. H., 42, Portman square, W.

Cooper, Sir Daniel, Bart., 6, De Vere gardens, Kensington Palace, W.

Coppin, John, Esq., Kingfield House, by Corbridge-on-Tyne, R.S.O.

Cork, Queen's College, Cork.

Cornwall, Royal Institution of, Truro.

Craven, Alfred E., Esq., 65, St. George's road, S.W.

Cresswell, Rev. R., Teignmouth, Devon.

Croft, R. Benyon, Esq., R.N., F.L.S.,, Farnham Hall, Ware, Herts.

Crowley, Philip, Esq., Wadden House, Croydon, S.

Cruickshank, Alexander, Esq., 12, Rose street, Aberdeen.

Cunningham, Professor R. 0., Local Secretary , Queen's College, Belfast

Darwin, F., Esq., Down, Kent.

Dawson, Professor J. W., F.R.S., F.G.S., M'Gill College, Montreal

Deane, Jas., Esq., F.L.S., 17, The Pavement, Claphara, S.W.
Devon and Exeter Institution, Exeter.
Devonshire, Duke of, F.R.S., 78, Piccadilly, W.
Dickinson, ~Wm., Esq., 3, Whitehall place, S.W.
Dickson, Professor Alexander, 11, Royal circus, Edinburgh.
Dohrn, Dr. Anton, Naples.

Douglas, J. W., Esq., Long Room, Custom House, E.C.
Douglas, Rev. R. C, Manaton Rectory, Moreton Hampstead, Exeter.
Douglas, W. D. R., Esq., Orchardton, Castle Douglas, N.B.
Drewitt, D. 0., Esq., Jarrow Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Drosier, Dr. W. H., Cambridge.
Dublin, National Library.
Dublin, Royal Irish Academy.
Dublin, Royal College of Surgeons.
Dublin, Trinity College.
Dublin, Hon. Society of King's Inn.
Ducie, Earl of, F.R.S., F.G.S., 16, Portman square, W.
Dunning, J. W., Esq., M.A., F.L.S., 12, Old square, Lincoln's

Inn, W.C.

East Kent Natural History Society, Canterbury.
Edgeworth, M. P., Esq., F.L.S., 6, Notham gardens, Oxford.
Edinburgh College of Physicians.
Edinburgh, Library of University of.
Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art.
Edinburgh, Royal Society of.

Edinburgh Royal Physical Society, 40, Castle street, Edinburgh.
Elliot, Sir W., F.L.S., Hawick, Roxburgshire.

Elphinstone, H. W., Esq., F.L.S., 2, Stone Buildings, Lincoln's Inn,

W.C.

England, Royal College of Surgeons of, Lincoln's-inn-fields, W.C.
England, Bank of, Library, London, E.C.

Enniskillen, the Earl of, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S., 65, Eaton place, S.W.
Ethering, Dr. von, Leipzig.

Ferguson, W., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Kinmundy House, near Mintlaw,

Aberdeenshire.
Ffarington, Miss M. H., Worden Hall, near Preston.

■

Fitch, Fred., Esq., F.R.G.S., Hadleigh House, Highbury New Park, N
Flower, J., Esq., M.A., F.Z.S., Fairfield road, Croydon, S.
Flower, W. H., Esq., F.R.S., Royal College of Surgeons, W.C.
Foran, J. C, Esq., Marsh field House, Terminus road, Eastbourne.
Ford, J., Esq., The Uplands, Tettenhall, Wolverhampton.
Foster, C, Esq., Thorpe, Norwich.
Fowler, Rev. W. W., Repton.
Friedlander & Son, Messrs., Berlin.
Fuller, Rev. A., Pallant, near Chichester.

Gal ton, Capt. Douglas, F.R.S., F.L.S., 12, Chester street, Grosvenor

place, S.W.
Gatty, C. H., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Felbridge Park, East Grinstead,

Sussex.
Geological Society, London, W.
Geological Survey of India, Calcutta.

George, Frederick, Esq., 10, Finchley road, St. John's wood, N.W.
Gerold and Sons, Messrs., Vienna.
Gibson, G. S., Esq., F.L.S., Saffron Walden, Essex.
Glasgow Philosophical Society, Glasgow.
Glasgow University, Glasgow.
Godman, F. D., Esq., F.L.S., 10, Chandos street, Cavendish square,

W.
Goode, J. F., Esq., 3, Regent place, Birmingham.
Gordon, Rev. George, LL.D., Manse of Birnie, by Elgin, N.B.
Gottingen, University of, Gottingen.
Graham, W., Esq., F.R.M.S., Ludgate hill, Birmingham.

Green, R. Y., Esq., Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Grieve, Dr. J., care of \V. L. Buchanan Esq., St. Vincent street,

Glasgow.
Grut, Ferdinand, Esq., 9, King street, Southwark, S.E.
Gunther. Dr., F.R.S.. British Museum. W.C.

Hackney Microscopical and Natural History Society, per A. J. Clark,

Esq., Treasurer, 48, Broadway, London fields, Hackney, E.
Haeckel, Professor, Jena, Prussia.
Hailstone, Edward, Esq., F.S.A., Walton Hall, Wakefield.

"■

Haines, J. P. Wilton, Esq., King street, Gloucester.

Hamilton, Dr. E., F.L.S., F.G.S., 9, Portugal street, Grosvenor square,

W.
Hancock, John, Esq., Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Harford, F., Esq., Ocean Marine Insurance Company, 2, Old Broad

street, E.C.

Harmer, Sidney F., Esq., B.Sc, King's College, Cambridge.

Harper, P. H., Esq., 30, Cambridge street, Hyde Park, W.

Harris, Edw., Esq., F.G.S., Rydal Villa, Longton Grove, Upper

Sydenham.

Harris, Dr. F., F.L.S., 24, Cavendish square, W.

Harvey, Dr. J. R., 7, Upper Merrion street, Dublin.

Harvard College, Cambridge, U.S.

Hawkins, Dr. B. L., Woburn, Beds.

Hayek, Herr Gustav Edler von, Vienna.

Hepburn, Sir T. B., Bart., Smeaton, Preston Kirk, N.B.

Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club, Watford.

Hicks, Dr. John B., F.R.S., 24, George street, Hanover square, W.

Hicks, Dr. J. Sibley, 2, Erskine Street, Liverpool.

Hillier, J. T., Esq., 4, Chapel place, Ramsgate.

Hilton, James, Esq., 60, Montagu square, W.

Hoest, Dr., Copenhagen.

Holdsworth, E. W. H., Esq., F.L.S., 84, Clifton hill, Abbey road, N.W.

Hooker, Sir J., C.B., M.D., F.R.S., Kew, W.

Hope, A. J. B., Esq., M.P., 1, Connaught place, W.

Hopkinson, John, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Wansford House, Watford.

Houghton, Rev. W., F.L.S., Preston Rectory, Wellington, Salop.

Hovenden, F., Esq., Glenlea, Thurlow Park, Dulwich, S.E.

Howden, Dr. J. C, Sunnyside, Montrose.

Huddersfield Literary and Scientific Society.

Huddersfield Naturalists' Society.

Hudson, R., Esq., E.R.S., F.G.S., Clapham common, S.W.

Hughes, W. R., Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, Wood House, Hands-
wood, Birmingham.

Hull Subscription Library.

Humphry, Professor, F.R.S., Cambridge.

Hunt, John, Esq., Milton of Campsie, Glasgow.

Hutchinson, R., Esq., 29, Chester street, Edinburgh.

Huxley, Professor T. H., F.B.S., Museum Practical Geology, Jermyn

street, S.W.

Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Jenner, Charles, Esq., Easter Duddingsten Lodge, Portobello, Edin-

burgh.

Jordon, Dr. R. C. R., 35, Harborne road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

Kenderdine, F., Esq., Momingside, Old TrafFord, Manchester
Kilmarnock Library, Kilmarnock.

Kitson, J., Esq., Elmete Hall, Leeds.

Lancaster Amicable Book Society, Lancaster.

Lawson, Professor, F.L.S., Local Secretary, The Botanic Gardens,

Ox f 6 r d .
Lee, Henry, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., 43, Holland street, Blackfriars road,

S.E. ; and Ethelbert House, Margate.
Leeds Philosopical and Literary Society, Leeds.

Leicester, Alfred, Esq., 13, Adelaide terrace, Waterloo, near Liverpool.
Leicester Free Library, Town Hall, Leicester.
Leipzig, University of, Leipzig.

Lendy, Major A. F., F.L.S., F.G.S., Sunbury House, Sunbury.
Lindsay, Charles, Esq., Ridge Park, Lanark, N.B.
Linnean Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.
Lister, Arthur, Esq., F.L.S., Leytonstone.
Liverpool Athenaeum, Liverpool.
Liverpool Royal Institution, Liverpool.
Liverpool Library, Lyceum, Liverpool.
Liverpool Medical Institution, Liverpool.
Liverpool Microscopical Society.
Liverpool Free Library, Liverpool.
Lobley, J. Logan, Esq., F.G.S., New Athenaeum Club, Pall Mall,

S.W.
London Institution, Finsbury circus, E.C.
London Library, 12, St. James's square, S.W.
Loven, Professor, Stockholm.
Lubbock, Sir J., Bart., M.P., F.L.S., R.S., 15, Lombard street, E.C.

McGill, H. J., Esq., Aldenham Grammar School, Elstree, Herts.
Mcintosh, W. C, M.D., F.L.S., Perth County Asylum, Murthly, N.B.
M'Lachlan, R., Esq., F.R.S., 39, Limes grove, Lewisham, S.E.
Maclagan, Professor Douglas, M.D., F.R.S.E., 28, Heriot row, Edin-
burgh.
Madras Government Museum, Madras.

Major, Charles, Esq., Red Lion Wharf, 69, Upper Thames street, E.C.
Manchester Free Public Library, Manchester.
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester.
Manners, Geo., Esq., F.L.S., F.S.A., Dingwall road, Croydon.
Mansell-Pleydall, J., Esq., Whatcombe, Blandford.
Martin, G. M., Esq., Southbank, Compton, Wolverhampton.
Mason, P. B., Esq., Burton-on-Trent.

Mathews, W., Esq., M.A., F.G.S., 15, Waterloo street, Birmingham.
Medlycott, W. C, Esq., Ven House, Sherborne, Dorsetshire.
Meiklejohn, Dr. J. W. S., Royal Victoria yard, Deptford, S.E.
Mennell, H. T., Esq., F.L.S., 10, St. Dunstan's buildings, Idol lane,

E.C.

Microscopical Society, Royal, King's College, Strand, London.

Millar, Dr. John, F.L.S., F.G.S., Bethnall House, Cambridge road, N.E.

Millett, F. W., Esq., 13, Milner square, Islington.

Mitchell Library, the, Glasgow.

Mivart, Prof. St. George J., F.R.S., 71, Seymour street, Hyde park, W.

Morris, J. W., Esq., F.L.S., Belmont, Bath.

Moseley, Sir T., Rolleston Hall, Burton-on-Trent.

Munich Royal Library, Munich.

Murray, J., Esq., 3, Clarendon crescent, Edinburgh.

Museum of Economic Geology, London, S.W.

Natal Microscopical Society.

Naylor, John, Esq., Bank, King street, Liverpool.

Naylor, M. E., Esq., Wakefield.

Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle.

Newman, J. P., Esq., 54, Hatton garden, E.C.

Noble, Capt. Jesmond, Dene House, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Noble, Wilson, Esq., Queensbury place, S.W.

Norfolk and Norwich Literary Institution, Norwich.

Norman, Rev. A. Merle, M.A., F.L.S , Burnmoor Rectory, Fencehouses,

Durham.

Nottingham Free Library.
Nottingham High School.
Nottingham Literary and Philosophical Society, Nottingham

Owens College, Manchester.
Oxford Magdalen College.

Paisley Philosophical Society, Paisley.

Parke, Geo. H., Esq., Infield Lodge, Barrow-in-Furness.

Parker, W. K., Esq., F.R.S., 36, Claverton street, S.W.

Pascoe, F. P., Esq., F.L.S., 1, Burlington road, Westbourne Park, W.
Peck, R. Holmau, Esq., B.A., F.L.S., Elmfield, Penge lane, S.E.

Peckover, Algernon, Esq., F.L.S., Wisbeach.

Peel Park Library, Salford, Lancashire.

Penny, Rev. C. W., "Wellington College, Wokingham.

Penzance Public Library, Penzance.

Perthshire Society of Natural Science, per J. Coates, Esq., Pitcullei

House, Perth.
Phend, J. S., Esq., LL.D., F.S.A., 5, Carlton terrace, Oakley street, S.W
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
Plymouth Institution, Athenaeum, Plymouth.

Power, H., Esq., 37a, Great Cumberland place, Hyde Park, W.

Preston Free Public Library.

Pumphrey, C, Esq., Southfield, King's Norton, near Birmingham.

Pye-Smith, Dr. P. H., 54, Harley street, Cavendish square.

Quekett Club, University College.

Radclifife Library, Oxford.

Ramsay, Sir Andrew C, F.R.S., Museum of Economic Geology, S.W,

Rashleigh, J., Esq., 3, Cumberland terrace, Regent's park, N.W.

Reader, Thomas, Esq., 39, Paternoster row, E.C.

Reading Microscopical Society, 110, Oxford street, Reading.

Rigby, Samuel, Esq., Bruche Hall, near Warrington.

Ripon, Marquis of, F.R.S., F.L.S., 1, Carlton gardens, S.W.

Robinson, Isaac, Esq., The Wash, Hertford.

Roper, F. C. S., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Palgrave House, Eastbourne.

Rothery, H. C, Esq., M.A., F.L.S,, 94, Gloucester terrace, Hyde Park, W.

Royal Institution, Albemarle street, W.

Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, 53, Berners street, W.

Royal Society, Burlington House, Loudon, W.

Rowe, J. B., Esq., Mulgrove, Plymouth.

Ry lands, T. G., Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, High Fields, Thelwall,

near Warrington.

Salter, Dr. S. J. A., F.R.S., Treasurer, Basingfield, near Basingstoke,

Hants.
Salvin, Osbert, Esq., F.L.S., 10, Chandos street, Cavendish square.
Samson and Wallin, Messrs., London.
Sanders, Alfred, Esq., F.L.S. , Milton, Sittingbourne, Kent.
Sanford, W. A., Esq., F.G.S., Nynehead Court, near Wellington,

Somersetshire.

Scientific Club, 7, Savile row, W.

Sclater, P. L., Esq., M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S., R.S., 11, Hanover square, W.

Scott, Dr. Wm., Lissenderry, Aughuacloy, Ireland.

Sharp, I., Esq., F.G.S., Culverden hill, Tunbridge Wells.

Sharpus, F. W., Esq., 30, Compton road, Islington, N.

Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society, Sheffield.

Sion College Library, London Wall, E.C.

Slack, H. I., Esq., F.G.S., Ashdown Cottage, Forest row, Sussex.

Sladen, Rev. E. H. M., The Gore, Bournemouth.
Slatter, Rev. John, The Vicarage, Streatley, Reading.
Slatter, T. J., Esq., F.G.S., Evesham.
Sloper, G. E., Esq., Devizes.

Smart, Robert B., Esq., 176, Waterloo place, Oxford road, Manchester.
Smith, Basil Woodd, Esq., F.R.A.S., Branch hill, Hampstead, N.W.
Smith, Capt. R., Frankfort Avenue, Rathgar, Dublin.
Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Taunton.
Sotheran, Messrs., 136, Strand, W.C.
South London Microscopical Club.
Southport Free Library.

Spicer, Messrs., Brothers, 19, New Bridge street, Blackfriars, E.C.
St. Andrew's University Library, St. Andrew's.
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Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., Warberry House, Bishopsdown Park, Tun-
bridge Wells.

Steele, Dr. "W. E., Local Secretary y 15, Hatch street, Dublin.
Stephenson, J. W., Esq., Equitable Assurance Office, Mansion-house

street, E.C.
Stewart, C, Esq., F.L.S., St. Thomas's Hospital, Newington, S.W.
Stockholm Royal Academy, Stockholm.
Stowell, Rev. H. A., Breadsall Rectory, near Derby.
Strasbourgh University Library.

Stroud Natural History and Philosophical Society, Stroud.
Stubbins, J. Esq., Chester College, Old lane, Halifax.
Sunderland Subscription Library, Sunderland.
Swain, E., Esq., 34, Elsham road, Addison road, Kensington, N.
Swanston, W., Esq., F.G.S., 50, King street, Belfast.

Toronto, University of, Canada.

Torquay Natural History Society, Torquay.

Townsend, F., Esq., M.A., Honington Hall, Shipston-on-Stour.

Trail, Prof. W. H., M.B., Local Secretary, King's College, Old Aber-
deen.

Tristram, Rev. Canon H. B., LL.D., F.R.S., The College, Durham.

Trubner & Co., Messrs., London.

Turner, Professor W., F.R.S.E., Anatomical Museum, University of

Edinburgh.

Tyler, Captain Charles, F.L.S., F.G.S., 317, Holloway road, Hollo-
way, N.

University College, London.
Upsala, University of, Sweden.

Vass, M., Leipzig.

Vicars, John, Esq., sen., Seel street, Liverpool.

Vicary, William, Esq., The Priory, Colleton crescent, Exeter.

Vinen, Dr. E. Hart, F.L.S., 17, Chepstow villas West, Bayswater, W

Wakefield Mechanics' Institution, Wakefield.

Walker, Alfred 0., Esq., Chester.

Warden, Dr. Charles, 272, Hagley road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

Warrington Museum and Library, Warrington.

Warwickshire Natural History Society, Warwick.

Washington Library of Congress, U.S.

Watkinson Library, Harford, Con., U.S.A.

Webster, Rev. W. H., Westfield, Battle, Sussex.

Weir, J. J., Esq., 6, Haddo villas, Biackheath, S.E.

Wells, J. R., Esq., 20, Fitzroy street, Fitzroy square, W.C.

West Kent Natural History Society, Lewisham, S.E.

White, A., Esq.,F.L.S., West Drayton.

White, Dr. F. B., F.L.S., 2, Athol place, Perth.

Wills, A. W., Esq., F.C.S., Wylde Green, Erdington, Birmingham.

Wilson, Dr. E., Westal, Cheltenham.

Wiltshire, Rev. Professor T., M.A., F.L.S., G.S., Secretary, 25,

Granville park, Lewisham, London, S.E.
Wollaston, G. H., Esq., 4, College road, Clifton, near Bristol.
Woodd, B. T., Esq., Conyngham Hall, Knaresborough, Yorkshire.
Wright, Professor E. P., F.L.S., Trinity College, Dublin.

Yale College, New Haven, U.S.

Yeoman, T. P., Esq., 4, St. Hildas terrace, Whitby

York Philosophical Society, York.

Zoological Society, 11, Hanover square, W

•

LIST OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES

OP THB

RAY SOCIETY.

FROM THEIR COMMENCEMENT, IN 1844, TO

AUGUST, 1882.

LIST OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES ISSUED

BY THE RAY SOCIETY.

For the First Year, 1844.

I. Reports on the Progress of Zoology and Botany. Trans-
lated by H. E. Strickland, Jun., M.A., F.R.S., E. Lan-
kester, M.D., F.R.S., and W. B. Macdonald, B.A. 8vo.

IT. Memorials of John Ray: consisting of the Life of John

Ray, by Derham ; the Biographical Notice of Ray, by
Baron Cuvier and M. Dupetit Thouars, in the ' Biographie
Universelle ; ' Life of Ray, by Sir J. E. Smith : the Itine-
raries of Ray, with Notes, by Messrs. Babington and
Yarrell. Edited by E. Lankester, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo.

III. A Monograph of the British Nudi branchiate Mollusca.

By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part I. Ten Plates.
Imp. 4to.

For the Second Year, 1845.

I. Steenstrup on the Alternation of Generations. Translated

from the German, by George Busk, F.R.S. Three Plates.

8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.

By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part II. Thirteen
Plates. Imp. 4to.

20 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

III. Reports and Papers on Botany, consisting of Translations

from the German. Translated by W. B. Macdonald, B.A. ;
G. Busk, F.R.S.; A. Henfrey, F.R.S.; and J. Hudson,
B.M. Seven Plates. 8vo.

For the Third Year, 1846.

I. Meyen's Geography of Plants. Translated from the German

by Miss Margaret Johnston. 8vo.

II. Burmeister on the Organization of Trilobites. Translated

from the German, and edited by Professors T. Bell and

E. Forbes. Six Plates. Imp. 4to.

III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.

By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part III. Eleven
Plates. Imp. 4to.

For the Fourth Year, 1847.

I. Oken's Elements of Physio-philosophy. Translated from

the German by Alfred Tulk. 8vo.

II. Reports on the Progress of Zoology. Translated from the

German by Messrs. Geo. Busk, A. H. Haliday, and A.
Tulk. 8vo.

III. A Synopsis of the British Naked-eyed Pulmograde Medusae.

By Professor E. Forbes, F.R.S. Thirteen Plates. Imp.
4to.

For the Fifth Year, 1848.

I. Bibliographia Zoologise et Geologiae. By Professor Agassiz.

Vol. I. 8vo.

ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. 21

II. Letters of John Ray. Edited by E. Lankester, M.D.,

F.R.S. Two Plates. 8vo.

III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.

By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part IV. Twelve Plates.
Imp. 4to.

For the Sixth Year, 1849.

I. Reports and Papers on Vegetable Physiology and Botanical

Geography. Edited by A. Henfrey, F.R.S. Three Plates.

8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Entomostracous Crustacea.

By W. Baird, M.D., F.R.S. Thirty-six Plates. 8vo.

For the Seventh Year, 1850.

I. Bibliographia Zoologise et Geologise. By Professor Agassiz

Vol. II. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca

By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part V. Fifteen Plates
Imp. 4to.

For the Eighth Year, 1851.

I. A Monograph of the British Angiocarpous Lichens. By the

Rev. W. A Leighton, M.A. Thirty Plates. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the Family Cirripedia. By C. Darwin,

M.A.. F.R.S. Vol.1. Ten Plates. 8vo.

22 LTST OP ANNUAL VOLUMES

For the Ninth Year, 1852.

I. Bibliographia Zoologise et Geologise. By Professor Agassiz.

Vol. III. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.

By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part VI. Twelve
Plates. Imp. 4to.

For the Tenth Year, 1853.

I. A Monograph of the Family Cirripedia. By C. Darwin,

M.A., F.R.S. Vol.11. Thirty Plates. 8vo. '

II. A Volume of Botanical and Physiological Memoirs, in-

cluding Braun on Rejuvenescence in Nature. Six Plates.
8vo.

For the Eleventh Year, 1854.

Bibliographia Zoologiae et Geologiae. By Professor Agassiz.

Vol. IV. 8vo. (Completing the work.)

For the Twelfth Year, 1855.

A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. By

Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part VII. Nine Plates.
Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)

For the Thirteenth Year, 1856.

A Monograph of the British Fresh-water Polyzoa. By Pro-
fessor Allman, F.R.S. Eleven Plates. Imp. 4to.

■

ISSUED BY THE BAY SOCIETY. 23

For the Fourteenth Year, 1857.

A Monograph of the Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain

By Professor Williamson, F.R.S. Seven Plates. Imp. 4to

For the Fifteenth Year, 1858.

The Oceanic Hydrozoa. By Professor Huxley, F.R.S. Twelve

Plates. Imp. 4to.

For the Sixteenth Year, 1859.

A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. By

John Blackwall, F.L.S. Part I. Twelve Plates. Imp.
4to.

For the Seventeenth Year, 1860.

An Introduction to the Study of the Foraminifera. By W. B.

Carpenter, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c, assisted by W. K.
Parker, F.R.S., and T. Rupert Jones, F.G.S. Twenty-
two Plates. Imp. 4to.

For the Eighteenth Year, 1861.

On the Germination, Development, and Fructification of the

Higher Cryptogamia, and on the Fructification of the
Coniferse. By Dr. Wilhelm Hofmeister. Translated by
Frederick Currey, M.A., F.R.S., Sec. L.S. Sixty-five
Plates. 8vo.

24 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

For the Nineteenth Year, 1862.

■

A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. By

John BlackwaJl, F.L.S. Part II. Seventeen Plates.
Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)

For the Twentieth Year, 1863.

The Reptiles of British India. By Albert C. L. G. Gunther,

M.D., F.R.S. Twenty-six Plates. Imp. 4to.

For the Twenty-first Year, 1864.

A Monograph of the British Spongiadse. By J. S. Bowerbank,

LL.D., F.R.S. Vol. I. Thirty-seven Plates. 8vo.

For the Twenty-second Year, 1865.

I. The British Hemiptera Heteroptera. By Messrs. J. W.

Douglas and John Scott. Twenty-one Plates. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. By J. S. Bower-

bank, LL.D., F.R.S. Vol. II. 8vo.

For the Twenty-third Year, 1S66.

I. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,

D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. I, containing Geographico-botanical,
and Structural, and Physiological Memoirs. Edited
J. J. Bennett, F.R.S. 8vo.

(

ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. 25

II. Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea. By Professors Eschricht,

Reinhardt, and Lilljeborg. Edited by W. H. Flower,
F.R.S. Six Plates. Imp. 4to.

III. Nitzch's Pterylography, translated from the German.

Edited by P. L. Sclater, F.R.S. Ten Plates. Imp. 4to.

For the Twenty-fourth Year, 1867.

I. A Monograph on the Structure and Development of the

Shoulder-girdle. By W. K. Parker, F.R.S. Thirty Plates.
Imp. I to.

II. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,

D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. II. 8vo.

For the Twenty-fifth Year, 1868.

I. Vegetable Teratology. By M. T. Masters, M.D., F.L.S.

8vo.

II. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,

D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. III. Thirty-eight Plates. Imp. 4to.
(Completing the work.)

For the Twenty-sixth Year, 1869.

A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids

By J. Allman, M.D., F.R.S. Part I. Twelve Plates
Imp. 4to.

For the Twenty-seventh Year, 1870.

A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids

By J. Allman, M.D., F.R.S. Part II. Eleven Plates

Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)

26 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

For the Twenty-eighth Year, 1871.

A Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura. By Sir J

Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S. Seventy-eight Plates. 8vo

■

For the Twenty-ninth Year, 1872.

A Monograph of the British Annelids. By W. C. M'clntosh,

M.D., F.R.S.E. Part I. Ten Plates. Imp. 4to.

For the Thirtieth Year, 1873.

A Monograph of the British Annelids. By W. C. M'clntosh,

M.D., F.R.S.E. Part I. continued. Thirteen Plates. 1
Imp. 4to.

For the Thirty-first Year, 1874. j

A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. By J. S. Bowerbank, j

LL.D., F.R.S. Vol. III. Ninety-two Plates. 8vo.

For the Thirty-second Year, 1875.

A Monograph of the British Aphides. By G. B. Buckton,

F.R.S. Vol. I. Forty-two Plates. 8vo.

For the Thirty-third Year, 1876

A Monograph of the British Copepoda. By G. S. Brady,

M.D., F.L.S. Vol. I. Thirty-six Plates. 8vo.

ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. 27

For the Thirty-fourth Year, 1877.

A Monograph of the British Aphides. By G. B. Buck ton,

F.R.S. Vol. II. Fifty Plates. 8vo.

For the Thirty-fifth Year, 1878.

A Monograph of the British Copepoda. By G. S. Brady,

M.D., F.L.S. Vol. II. Forty-nine Plates. 8vo.

For the Thirty-sixth Year, 1879.

I. A Monograph of the British Copepoda. By G. S. Brady,

M.D., F.L.S. Vol. III. Eleven Plates. 8vo. (Com-
pleting the work.)

II. A Monograph of the British Spongiadse. By the late

J. S. Bowerbank, LL.D., F.R.S. Edited, with additions,
by Rev. A. M. Norman, M.A., F.L.S. Vol. IV. Seven-
teen Plates. 8vo. (Completing the work.)

For the Thirty-seventh Year, 1880.

A Monograph of the British Aphides. By G. B. Buckton,

F.R.S. Vol. III. Twenty-eight Plates. 8vo.

For the Thirty-eighth Year, 1881.

A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymenoptera

By P. Cameron. Vol. I. Twenty-one Plates. 8vo.

PRINTED BY J. E. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.

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A monograph of the
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Hymenoptera .

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