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QE
729
B65
,1921
pt.2
ENT

THE CARBONIFEROUS
INSECTS.

PAGES 81—156; PLATES V— X.
Tillp-pag'p aud Index.

Ipalaeontoorapbtcal Society

A MONOORAPH

OF THE

FOSSIL INSECTS

OP THE

BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

HERBERT BOLTOX, M.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.G.S.,

DIRECTOR OF THE BRISTOL MUSEUM.

PART II.

PAGES 81—15(5; PLATES V— X ;
TITLE-PAGE AND INDEX.

LONDON:

FEINTED FOE THE PAL^ONTOaEAPHIC AL SOCIETY.

JULY, 1922.

PIUNTED ET ADLAKD AND KON ANU WEST NEWMAN, LTD., LONDON AND DORKING.

THK

PALjEONTOGRAPHlCAL SOCIETY.

INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVH.

VOLUME FOE 1920.

LONDON:

MDCCCCXXII.

MONOGRAPH OF THE FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE
BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

ORDER OF BINDING AND DATES OF PUBLICATION.

PARTS AND PAGES

PLATES

ISSUED IN VOL.
FOR TEAK

PUBLISHED

General Title and Index

1920

July, 1922

1—80

I— IV

1H19

July, 1921

81—156

V— X

1920

July, 1922

A MONOdKAPH

FOSSIL INSECTS

BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

HERBERT BOLTON, M.Sc., F.R.S.K., F.G.S.,

DIRECTOR OF THE BRISTOL MUSEUM.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE P A L7EONTOGR AP HIC AL SOCIETY.

1921—1922.

l'KINTK)> BY ADLAKJJ AND SON AN I' \V KST N K\VM AN, LTI>., LONDON AND DORK I N

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

INTRODUCTION .........

HABITS AND MODE OF OCCUR-

RENCE OF FOSSIL INSECTS ...
CONDITIONS OF LARVAL INSECT

LIFE

FOOD OF COAL MEASURE INSECTS
CLASSIFICATION ......

FAUNAL ASSOCIATION...
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS ......

Order PAL.EODICTYOPTERA ...

Family DICTYONEURIDJE
Dictyoneura

higgiusii

Family ORTHOCOSTID/E
Orthocosta

PAOK

Family PTERONIUIID^E
Pterouidia ...

plicatula

Family HYPEKMBGETHID.*
Hyperiuegethes

riorthumbriae
Family CRYPTOVENIID^E
Cryptoveuia

moyseyi

Family MECYNOPTERIDJE
Mecyuoptera

tuberculata
INCERT.E SEDIS
Pakeoinantis

macroptera

Family LITHOMANTID.*
Lithomantis

carbonarius ...
Lithosialis ...

brongniarti
Pruvostia ...

spectabilis

Family BREYERIID^E...
Breyevia

wood ward iaua .

Id
11
18
24
24
24
25
25

27
29
30
30

82
32
34
35
35
36
36
37
40
40

42
43
45
46
48
48
50
50
50

Order PALJEODICTYOPTERA (r»nf.)
Family SPILAPTERID* ...
Spilaptera ...

sutcliffei

Family LAMPROPTILITI.*,
Boitoniella , ..

tenuitegminata

Family BKODIID/E

priscotincta

juvenis
furcata ... ...

" Pterouepionites " ...

jolmsnni
ainbigua
lepus
Family ^NIGMATODIDVE

j?Enigmatodes ...

(?) regularis

Pseudofouquea ... ...

cambrensis
INCERT.K SEDIS...
Archeoptilus

iugens ...
Order MIXOTERMITOIDEA ...

Cleroneura ... ...

(r) ovata ...
Order PROTORTHOPTERA ...

jEdceophasma ... ...

anglica

Family COSELIIDJE ...
Coselia

palmiformis

Family (EDISCHIID.E ...
Genentomum ...

(?) subacutum
Xeroptera ... ... ...

ol'tusata
Scaloeoptera

recta ...

Order PROTOBLATTOIDEA ...
Ptenodera

.PAGE

:,:;

6ii

7()

• 88
88
90

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Order PROTOBLATTOIDEA (con/.}

Ptenodera dubius
I.vcERTjE SEDIS...

Plesioidischia sp.
Order BLATTOIDEA ...

Family ARCHIMYLACRID.+;
Aphthoroblattina ...

johnsoni
eggintoni
Archimylacris

hastata
woodwardi
incisa

(Schizoblatta)
vata

SP.

sp. .
Phyloblatta

sulcat a

trausversalis ...
(Archimylacridffi) kirkbyi
BLATTOIDS INCERT.-E SEDIS
h'amily MYLACRID.K
Hemimylacris

i)l it usa
convexa

obo-

PAGE

100

103

106

Kt7

109
112
113
113
113
L15
118
119
L20
121
122
123

Order BLATTOIDEA (cunt.)

Family MYLACRID.K (font.)
Phylomylai-ris

mantidioides
Snoniylacris

deanensis
stock!
burri . .
Ortlioniylacris

lauceolata . . .
LARVAI, BLATTOIDS

(Blattoidea) peaclii
Leptoblattina exilis
Order PROTODONATA

Family MEGANEUBID*
.Mi'L;aneura ...
Boltonites ...

radstockensis . . .
INCERTA: SEDIS..
Tilly ardia ...

multiplicata
ADDENDUM

Archimylacris

pringlei

BIBLIOGRAPHY .
INDEX

I'AUK

124
125
128

128
130

lol

| '.'>'.'>

133
184
134

136
139
139
140
140
140
144
144
145
146
146
146
148
1 54

LIST OF TEXT-FIGURES.

FIG.

1. Orthoeosta i

2. Pteronidia ^

3. Hypermegethes inn-lliiinibrise

4. Cryptovenia ///•///.<.///

5. Meeynoptera fuJi^ri-nlut,!

6. Ditto

7. Palseomantis niin'i-njitera

8. Ditto

9. Lithomantis carbonarius

10. Litliintitilia lii-tinytiiarti ...

11. Pruvostia spectabUis

12. Breyeria woodwardiana...

13. Ditto

14. Spilaptera smffliji'i-i

15. Br:>,lin jirixi-nfi'iii'tii

16. Ditto

17. Ditto, fin-mil jnr, nig

18. Ditto

19. Brodin I'lii-fn/ii ...

20. " Pteronepionites ' julinsoni

21. ^Enigmatodes (.') i-i'i/itlarin

22. Pseudofouquea i-nmlirensis

23. Archaeoptilus ii,

PAGE
28

30
32
36
37
37
41
U
43
47
48
51
51
54
59
62
64
65
66
68
71
73
75

FIG

24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.

dEdceophosma anglica ...

Cuiti'liii jnil niii-'uniiist ...

X' l'nji/fl-,1 ,,litllst:lfil

iliibiiist ...

Plesioidischia sp.
Aphthoroblattina johngorii ...

Ditto

Aphthoroblattina eggintoni
An-liinylacris luiftntn ...
Archimylacris woodwardi ...

Archimylaeris (Schizoblatta) obovafa

l'/i//l:,!i/,itf:i fi-iuigversalis
Heiuiiiuiliii-ris obtusa ...
Phylomylacris inmitidioides
Soomylacris deanensig ...
Soomylacris at nek! ...

Soomylacris burri
Orthomylacris laneeolata
Bottonites radstockensis ...
Tillyardia mxltipUcata ...

PAGE

92
97
97
101
Iu4
106
110
114
116
122
125
129
131
132
134
141
145

PREFACE.

This monograph owes its existence to the friendly encouragement of Dr.
A. Smith Woodward, F.R.S., Keeper, and of Dr. F. A. Bather, F.R.S., Deputy-
Keeper of the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History),
and to these gentlemen I am indebted for the loan of the undescribed Coal Measure
fossil insects in their charge, and for much helpful assistance in other ways.

Others to whom my thanks are due are the Director of the National Museum,
Washington, U.S.A.: Dr. F. L. Kitchin, of the Museum of the Geological Survey;
Mr. G W. Lee, of the Scottish Geological Survey; Dr. J. A. Clubb, of the Derby
and Mayer Museums, Liverpool; Dr. W. B. Hoyle, of the National Museum of
Wales, Cardiff ; Prof. W. S. Boulton, of the Birmingham University ; Dr. W. M.
Tattersall, of the Manchester Museum, Victoria University ; Mr. L. Gill, M.Sc., of
the Hancock Museum, Newcastle; Mr. 11. Y. Simpson, of the Kilmarnock
Museum ; and Messrs. Eltringham, S. Priest, W. Egginton, and D. Davies.

To Mr. W. J. Tutcher I am deeply indebted for his ready assistance in
photographing all the various specimens submitted for examination. His remark-
able skill has been always at my service, and by means of it I have been able to
determine many details of structure which otherwise would have remained
obscure.

I am indebted to the Royal Society for several grants towards the cost of the
work.

H. BOLTOX.

COSELIA PALMIFORMIS. 81

Family CoSGLinu-:, nova.

A group of large-winged insects in which the principal veins are openly
spaced ; the radial sector joined by an outer branch of the median, and the median
sending a strong inward commissure to the cubitus.

The family shows relationships with the (Edischiida?, Omaliidse, and Cacurgidae.

Genus COSELIA, novum.

iri'in'rii- Characters. — Costa and subcosta feeble, intercostal area very wide ;
radius straight; radial sector arising near middle of wing. Cubitns S-shaped,
its branches occupying most of the inner margin of the wing. Interstitial
neuration of transverse nervures uniting in some areas to form an open
mesh work.

Coselia pahniformis, sp. nov. Plate V, fig. '•} ; Text-figure '.!•">.

'/'///»('. — Basal half of a left \ving in counterpart in an ironstone nodule ; British
.Museum (Johnson Collection, no. T. 158'.*:1,).

Horizon and fjuniliti/. — Middle Coal Measures (binds between the "Brooch"
and "Thick" coals); Coseley, near Dudley, Staffs.

frjiffijir Characters. — Subcosta united to radius basally, giving off numerous
branches, united by irregular cross-nervures, to the outer margin. Radius strong,
divergent from subcosta. Radial sector diverging from . the radius. Median
steadily divergent from radius and radial sector, and giving off an inner branch in
the first third of the wing to the main stem of the cubitus. Beyond the middle of
the wing, the median sending off several outer branches, the first uniting with the
radial sector. Cubitus with its divisions extending over the greater portion of the
inner margin of the wing. First anal vein strongly curved, the next thrice forked.

l>i'.-<i-i-i/iti<>ii. — This species is represented by a little over the basal half of
a left wing, 54 mm. long and '20 mm. wide, showing the under surface only. The
outer or costal margin is convex and very thin. The costal area very wide at its
base (6 mm.) and diminishing towards the wing-apex.

The subcosta is a feeble vein, apparently united basally to the radius, and
passing outwards in a straight line towards the distal end of the outer margin,
or into the outer part of the wing-apex. It gives off numerous branches to the
outer margin, the branches being disposed regularly, and inclining apically in
their course. They are joined by a few irregular cross-nervures, most of which
are at right-angles to the branches of the subcosta.

The radius arises with an inward curve near the point at which the subcosta
is given off, diverging from it and following a straight line to the wing-apex.
11

FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

The r;i<li;il sector avisos near the middle of the wing, and at a distance of
:'.S mm. from the wing-base. The angle which il makes with the radius is
t'aivlv la rye, and the enclosed urea must have been very wide in the outer halt
of the wing.

The median arises close to the radius, and then bends inwards as it passes
to the inner half of the winy-apex. Its divergence from the radius is more than
double that of the radius from the subcosta. Povtions of two outwardly directed
branches are shown, the first joining the radial sector; only the base of the
second is preserved : it follows a course parallel with the first branch. About
21 mm. from the base the median gives off a strong inward branch passing
obliquely to the cubitns and fusing with it. The cubitus is S-shaped. being
convex outwardly to the junction with the commissural vein from the median,
and concave iuwardlv afterwards. Owing to this inward inflexion, that part

Fin. !'.">. — l.'usi'lin juilnii/in-iiii!.. <_;rii ot sp. imv . ; din i;Tain of 1>asal portion of left win ;•;. showing- tin-
general i-liavaetfr of tin- venation, three-lialvos natural size. — MieMle Coal Measures: Coseley.
Stall'or.lslmv. Johnson ( 'olleetion, Hrit. Mus. (no 1. l.'.MCt).

of the cubital area Iving bevond the junction with the median is extremely wide.
The cubitus gives off four inwardly directed branches at wide intervals, the first
branch having a wide forking in the first third of its length. The branches
of the median must have occupied the greater part of the inner margin of
the wing.

The cubitus gives off six inward branches, the first arising very low down,
and the remaining five at regular intervals, the first being given off a little way
bevond the junction with the commissural vein. The first and fourth of these
branches fork into two widely separated twigs.

The first anal vein is simple, and has a broad convex outward sweep down to
the inner margin; the second anal vein gives off three branches on its inner side.
Other anal veins mav have been present, but the wing-st met lire is missing at
this point .

\\ ith the except ion of the subcosta and radius, all the main veins are widely
spaced, and no branches arc given off, except the tirst median, m the basal third
of I he w ing.

The interstitial neural ion is well marked, and of unusual character. That

COSBLIA PALMIFORM1S.

of the intercostal area has been already described; that between the subcosta
and radius, between the radius and radial sector, and between the radial sector
and the median, consists of a few irregular cross-nervnres, one or two of which
unite. In the median-cubital area the cross-nervures are joined up by longitudinal
branches following a zig-zag course. A similar neuration is seen between the
inner branches of the cubit us, while the anal area is crossed by irregular
cross-iKTVures occasionally uniting, as in the fore-part of the wing.

Affinities. — The general characters agree most closely with those of the
Caeurgida?, a family of insects which Handlirsch has described from ironstone
nodules found in and around Mazon Creek, Illinois, U.S.A. It comprises insects
which possess well-marked characters, but which, as a whole, Handlirsch is
unable to assign with certainty to the Protorthoptera, or to the Protoblattoidea
(Handlirsch, 'Amer. Journ. Sci.' [4], vol. xxxi. 1<>11, p. 323).

The wing of Gacurgus x/>il<>i>t<'i'ii$, Handlirsch, has the same wide costal area;
the radial sector arises far out, and the median gives off a commissural vein
to the cubitns. The central portions of the median and cubital areas are also
very wide, and the anal veins have the same strong inward curve.

The interstitial neuration is much similar, but the formation of a meshwork
lias not proceeded so far in the British specimen as in ( 'in-itniiix spilopteruz, where
it is present between all the main veins, except the costal and subcostal. In the
British specimen the meshwork is chiefly developed in the median and cubital
arras. Areolas are present in the wings of both species.

The differences between the wings of the two species are, however, important,
In Gacurgus y/iiln^tri'nx. the first branch of the median does not unite with the
radial sector, nor does it approach it very closely, whereas in the British wing,
the first outer branch must have united with the radial sector. The median
also branches again further out, the median in C. xpifopti'nix having one outer
branch only. Lithosiali* liriiiii/nim-ti (Mantel!) shows less affinity to the wing,
but possesses the wide costal area, the same irregular and ramified interstitial
neuration, but a more complex median and simpler cubitns. The commissural
vein is also wanting.

One other form with which a comparison needs to be made is Oin<ili,<
macroptera,, Van Beneden and Coemans. This species was obtained from the
\Vestphalian (Middle Upper Coal Measures) of Hainault, Belgium. In its wing
the costal area is wide, and crossed by oblique branches from the subcosta ; the
median sends an outer branch to join the radial sector, but there is no union
of the median and cubitns. The interstitial neuration is not mesh-like.

These wings are so similar that there seems no doubt they are closely
related, but the relationship of the British specimen is closest with the genus

84 FOSSIL INSECTS OF TI1K BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

Family <Ki>isciiin>:i-:, Handlirsch.

!9nr>. Handlirseh, Pn>r. U.S. National Museum. vol. xxix, p. "lie,. and Die Ko.-,silen Inseki.-n. ].. 14:2.
1919. Handlirsdi. Revision der Palao/..isrljen lusekten. p. 39.

IJ;i(li;il sector coalescing with the main stem of the median, and branching as if
a part of (lie latter vein.

Haiidlirsch regards the family as closelv related to the Sthenaropodidse.

Goims GENENTOMUM, Seudder.

1885. lii-in-iiliniiiiiii, Sriiddfi-, Mem. Host. Sue. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 3-j;i.
1893. 'AV/sr'/M, liron-mart, Famie Kntom. Terr. Prim. , p. 559.

Generic Characters. — Wings aliout three times as long a^ \\ide ; principal veins
and their branches well spaced, and united by a series of straight and well-
defined nervures. Apex of wing obtuse.

Considerable doubt exists as to the true relationship of this genus. Scudder
referring it to the Homothetidas, Hrauer considei-ing it to have affinity with the
Sialidaj, while Brongniart placed it with the (Mdischiida'.

Genentomum (?) subacutum, Bolton. Plate V, fig. 4.

1911. Genentomum snil>in:/itnn>, Boltou, Quart. Journ. C4eol. 8oe., vol. l\vii. p. 33-1, ]>l. \\vii,
tiu-s. 18, 19.

'l'i/jii'. — Two small wing-fragments. '.I mm. in length, and <> mm. in bivadth;
Bristol Museum (no. ('. (.>7l').

ll»ri::<ni a ml L/ifnl // //. — Ijower Coal Measures (<i-'57 feet below the Bedininstei1
(Ireal Vein, and 1:57 feet abo\'e the Ashton (ireat A'ein); South Liberty Colliery,
Bristol.

Description. — One wing is partly superposed on the other, and the lower is aUo
partially concealed by shale. The upper wing is represented by a portion of the
distal inner portion, and bv the wing-apex which is bluntlv rounded. The outer
margin is broken away, and the original si/e and shape of the wings cannot be
determined.

The manner in which the wing-fragments are exposed on the shale renders
systematic analysis of the neiiration impossible. All the veins are narrow and Mink
in the wing-membrane, while the interstitial neuratiou consists of transverse
iKTvnres arranged at right -angles, and dividing up the various areas into ipiad-
rangles. \\ here forking of the principal veins takes place, the resultant branches
first diverge rapidly, and then pass outwards in parallel line's and at right-angles
in the margin.

XEROPTERA OBTUSATA.

The lower wing-fragment shows a, well-defined outer margin, evidently bounded
by the costal vein. This margin is regularly and broadly convex, and shows signs
of passing proximally into a straight or incurved line. The apex of the wing is
narrow and bluntly rounded. The principal veins exposed appear to be portions
of the radius, radial sector, and the distal branches of the median.

.(liiitifii.'x. — Fragmentary though these wings are, they nevertheless present
features of unusual interest, as they are wholly unlike the blattoid wings found in
the South Wales Coalfield, and are as yet the only insect-wings found in the
Lower Coal Measures of the Bristol district.

The resemblance in venation and structure to locust id wings is remarkably
close. There are the thin, sharply defined branch veins, and the division of the
interspaces into rectangular areas by straight transverse nervures ; and the
texture is quite filmy, apart from the incised veins, as in Locustidse.

Genus XEROPTERA, novum.

Generic Charactei's. — Wings more than three times as long as wide. Outer
margin feeblv convex. Subcosta ending far out. Radius reaching almost or to
the wing-apex. Radial sector united by commissure to median. Median large,
forming two main, e<|ual-si/,ed branches. Cubitus simple. Interstitial neuration
of numerous straight cross-nerviuvs.

Xeroptera obtusata, sp. nov. I'late V, tig. 5 ; Text-figure 12(>.

T///II'. — A right fore-wing in counterpart in nodule; British Museum (Johnson
Collection, no. I. 1558).

l-'i... L'ii. Xeroptera "'</»-."/», gi'ii. d sp. M.I\-,; 'liagnim of venation uf \\inir. thm'-luilvrs natural
size. — Middle Coal Measure Co <•!<•). Stalf<>nl.-liiiv Johnson Collection, Brit. Mus. (no. 1. l.v>si
Lettering as in Text-figure 16, p. •'-

Horizon and Loc'ality. — Middle Coal Measures (binds between the "Brooch"
and "Thick " coals); Coseley, near Dudley, Staffs.

Description,. — The wing is not complete, the whole of the outer margin being
missing, or hidden by the matrix ; the apex is raggedly torn, and much of the

sii FOSSIL IXSKCTS OK TIIK IJHITISII COAL MKASTRKS.

inner margin is missing. So far as preserved it is 41
greatest breadth.

The fore-wing lies on a hind-wing which is partly traceable, and both have
been cruni|il(Ml together, some of the veins of the hind-wing showing through
the fore-wing. This renders the unravelling of the venation difficult, while
the fragmentary condition of the stems of the main veins in the basal part
of the wing hinders the definite determination of their course, and their relation
to one another.

A small portion of the distallv outer or costal margin has been uncovered
sufficient to show that it was slightly convex. Close to the margin is a trace of
the subcostal vein, proving that it continued well towards the wing-apex, if it did
not reach the latter.

The outer part of the wing has been torn away along the area separating the
subcosta and. radius, and the latter vein is seen to traverse the whole length of the
wing, but whether it joined the outer margin distallv or came out on the wing-
apex is not discernible.

The basal half of the radius is confused with the basal portions of the median
and cubitus veins, owing to the crumpling which the wing has undergone. The
radial sector arises in the basal half of the wing and diverges from the radius, a
wide area separating the two. Soon after its origin it receives a branch from the
median, and immediately afterwards gives off the first of three inwardly directed
branches, the middle one soon dividing into two e<|iial twigs, while the first branch
forks on the margin. These divisions of the radius and the radial sector occupy
the whole of the outer part of the wing-apex. The first branch of the radial
sector probably represents the union of two twigs of the radius and median, and
the small marginal fork mav also represent their separation.

The median vein is incomplete basally. and appears to be large and much
divided. Apparently it separates early into two main branches, the first dividing
into two almost equal twigs, which again fork, the outer branch of each fork going
forwards as an oblique commissure and joining the vein next in front. This is a
somewhat unusual feature. The course of the outer twig after its juncture with
the stem of (lie radial sector we have already traced. The outer twig of the
second branch of the median, after fusing with the inner t\\iu' of the first branch.
is probably continued by the inner of the two later divisions formed by that I wig.
The third branch of the median passes obliquely inwards, giving off an outer twig
which forks twice, ami, be\ond the middle of the wing, yives off outer and inner
branches from one point, afterwards forking twice before it reaches the inner
margin of the \\ing. The whole structure ends m fourteen divisions on the distal
hall ol the inner margin, and occupies a considerable area ol ihe \\hole wing. ll
is possible that this complex of branching veins ivpre.M'iits the median and cubitus
combined, but I do not think it likely. If such be the case, the first branch given

XBEOPTBRA OBTTJSATA. 87

off from the main stem is the median with four ultimate divisions, plus a branch to
the radial sector, all the rest forming a much-divided cubitus with miter branches.

It' this interpretation is correct, the next veins in the series are anal. I'nfor-
tunatelv, these are far too broken and uncertain in character to supplv any
evidence on the point. The first vein has a bold sweep from the base of the
wing well outwards towards the middle of the inner margin, and seems to divide
into a wide fork before reaching it. The second vein is simple, and may also fork,
but low down, although it is impossible to say whether or no the forked appear-
ance is due to a fold of the crumpled wing. If the two veins present are anal,
then the anal area is very large, and the divisions of the cubitus are directed so as
to lie almost wholly in tin- distal half of the wing. This appears nnlikely. The
divisions of the cubitus are usually simple, or but once forked, and usually directed
inwards, ending normally on the middle of the wing-margin. The vein is united
to the undoubted median stem and has a similar mode of branching, while its
position on the margin is in the distal half. I see no reason, therefore, to regard
this vein as a cubitus. The next vein, with its bold semicircular sweep to the
margin, has the character of a cubitus, and so T regard it.

The second more incomplete vein may also be a cubital vein or the first anal.
The interstitial nenration consists of a numerous series of straight cross-nervures.

The wing is thin and membranous.

Affinities. — The salient features of this wing include the union of the median
with the radial sector and of one branch of the median with another, the con-
siderable branching of the median and its extension on to the inner margin, the
reduced cubitus, a small anal area and the long spathulate shape of the wing.

These general characters belong in varying degrees to a group of families,
among which may be instanced the (Edischiida?, Sthenaropodida?, Spanioclerida?,
and (leraridaa. The genus ll<'<-</iiri-<'lin has the same development of the median,
and in S. superba, a fusion of an outer branch of the median with the radial
sector; but the wing is widest across the anal region, and the cubitus has a
correspondingly increased development.

With Schuchertiella and (I'Turnx the relationship is perhaps closer, as in these
genera the median is large and much divided, and the cubitus correspondingly
reduced. Material differences debar a reference of the specimen to any of these
families. I would assign it a position close to (Edischiida?, in which the outer
margin is nearly straight, the wing-apex rounded, and the median and radial
sector united. Dr. Tillyarcl has suggested to me that the wing be compared with
his archetype wing of. the Panorpoid complex. There certainly appears to be a
relationship, but this wing is specialised bej'ond the archetype, and too fragmentary
for definite conclusions to be drawn from it. It cannot be referred to GEdischiida?,
however, because in that genus the subcosta is longer, the cubitus shorter, and
with fewer twigs. I have therefore formed for it the new genus X< ,

FOSSIL INSECTS OF THF BRITISH COAL MKASFTiKS.

Genus SCALJEOPTERA, novum.

Large wings, lid nun. or more in length. Costa marginal and slightly curved.
Snbcosta widely separated from margin and giving off straight, oblique and widely-
sc|)aTiit('d branches to the margin. liadins parallel with tin.1 snlicosta, and giving
off the radial sector in the basal half of the wing. ]\Iedian with few divisions.
Cubitiis long, with few divisions. Wing feebly plicate. Interstitial neiiration
forming a fine, close reticulation.

Scalaeoptera recta, sp. nov. Flate VI, tig. 1 ; Text-figure -7.

'/'///"'. — Basal half of left \\ inn1 in counterpart, having a length of L?(.i nun., and
a width of 11 mm.; British .Museum (no. I. 1:>>N7S).

llnrh.iDi mill Lfn'ulif//. — JMiddle Coal Measures (binds between the "Brooch"
and "Thick " coals); Coseley, near Dudley, Staffs.

Description. — The inner maryin of the wing is lost or concealed in the matrix.

FiQ.27.—Scalseoptera recin, gen. et sp. nov. ; <li;i'4r;iin of Hit' li.isal half . if wing, twice natural size

JlicMli' O.;,1 Measures; ( Vscli-y. stiilWilsliiiv Brit. Mus. (no. I. i:!S7si.

while the anal area, and possibly a parr of the cubital area, is missing. A portion
of the nodule containing the distal half of the wing is lost. The total length
of the win.n' could not have been less than <><) mm., and judging from its apparent
relationships, may have been more.

The surface of the wing is slightly plicated, two low ridges bearing the radius
and principal branch of the cubit us, while the snlicosta and the median are deeply
sunk. Its membranous portion is strongly coriaceous, with stout cross-nervmvs
at wide intervals. The outer margin and the principal veins are feeblv spinnlose.
as best seen on the radius and radial sector. The outer margin is feeblv convex,
the fairly straighl course of the margin, and of ;dl the principal veins, pointing
to the wln^- being much longer than wide; a view also borne out. as we shall see

later, by its possible relationships.

The silbcosta is widel\ removed from the margin, parallel with it, and yivinn'
off a series of stout branches passing olilnpielv outwards to the margin. Of the^e
divisions, one onlv is clearlv forked.

Two portions of the radius are present, a short basal port ion, and a second
pieer lurther out. The vein is separated from the snbco.Ma bv an interval less

SCAL^EOPTERA RECTA. 89

llinn half that separating I lie sulicosta and the margin. It lies also on a ridge
which increases in strength distally. The radins and subcosta are parallel. The
actual point of origin of the radial sector is not shown, but can be determined
within narrow limits. It arises almost in the basal fourth of the wing, and so far
as its course can lie traced, diverges from the radius.

The median diverges along its whole course from the radins, and gives off
on its outer side two branches, which remain undivided to the broken edge of
the nodule. The first branch arises in line with the origin of the radial sector,
and at an acute angle which soon enlarges, so that the interval separating it from
the radial sector is less than half that separating them at their origin.

The cubitns divides into two nearly equal branches very low down in the base
of the wing, the second branch sending off a short division against the broken
edge of the nodule.

The stem of the median, and the two branches of the cnbitus. have a parallel
course, like the outer margin, subcosta and radius, the widening interval between
the two groups of veins being occupied by the radial sector, and the two outer
branches of the median. The direction of the subcosta, radius, radial sector, and
first branch of the median, indicates that they traversed almost the whole length
of the wing and ended on the wing-apex. The main stem of the median and
the branches of the cubitns would reach the distal half of the inner margin.
There are no traces of anal veins.

Affinities. — The extreme width of the intercostal area, the marked divergence
of the costa, subcosta and radius from the median and cubit us, are features not
readily recognisable among other known fossil insects. The few widely-spaced
cross-nervures are not wholly peculiar to the specimen. Similarly, the spinulose
principal veins are paralleled by those of Broil in [irixi'nti mi,/ and Archaeoptilus
iiif/t'ii*. \ have not seen so marked a coriaceous texture in any British fossil
insect. The length of the wing-fragment before branching of the principal veins
occurs, implies a long and relatively narrow wing. Such a wing-form is seen in
the Palreodictyoptera and in the Protorthoptera, The wing differs from that of
Jirodin prim.'ofixcta in its much greater size, in the presence of a well-developed
series of cross-nervures, and in the coriaceous surface of the wing-membrane.
The direction of the radial sector and the divisions of the median vein are unlike
those in RrmJin, where these veins curve steadily from their points of origin
inwards to the wing-margin.

O O

Two groups of insects described by Ilandlirsch ('Amer. Journ. Sci.' [4],
vol. xxxi, 1'Jll), from the Pennsylvania!! Series of the Carboniferous of blazon
Creek, 111., under the family names of Spanioderida' and <!erarida>, appeal' to
resemble most nearly the wings we are considering. The wings in these families
are long and narrow, and obtusely rounded at the apex, and the principal veins,
especially in the Spanioderida', pass straight out for the whole, or the greater
12

90 FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

part, of their length. Their costal area is also broader than the subcostal-radial
area, and in both families the interstitial nenration consists of straight cross-
nervnres, except in the costal area, where they are oblique, as in this specimen.

These resemblances, however, are not sufficient to justify the inclusion of the
new wing among the Geraridre, because they are accompanied by equally or more
important differences, such as the spinulose character of the principal veins, the
great development of the intercostal area, the marked divergence of the stems
of the radius and the median, the coriaceous wing-membrane and the much fewer
cross-nervures. The wing, too, possesses quite a leathery texture, while the
cross-nervnres are broad and flat, forming conspicuous details of the surface.

With our present knowledge, it is only possible to infer that the wing is
related to the Geraridre and Spanioderid;e, that it is a Protorthopteroid, and that
it still retains traces of its Palseodictyopteroid ancestry.

Order PROTOBLATTOIDEA, Handlirsch.

The Protoblattoids have a well-rounded head, a prothorax showing little or no
expansion, and the wings intermediate in type between those of Palasodictyopteroids
and Blattoids. The anal areas of the fore-wings or tegmina1 are well marked out,
and crossed by arcuate or oblique veins reaching the inner margin, while those of
the hind-wings are enlarged and marked off from the rest of the wing by an anal
fold. The body is more slender than in the majority of Blattoids.

The members of this order form a connecting link between the Palaeodictyoptera
and the Blattseformes. In manv respects there is a close resemblance between the
members of the order and those of the Protorthoptera, and the two may have
arisen from nearly related stocks.

Genus PTENODERA, novum.

Generic Characters. — Subcosta reaching1 almost to the wing-apex. Radial
sector twice furcate; median well divided, with its minor divisions crowded on the
inner half of the wing-apex.

I have formed this genus to include a win^-fra^ment of unusual character in
which the principal veins are long, and directed towards the wing-apex with few
divisions, and the interstitial neurat inn consists of straight cross-nervures. The
specimen shows thai the brandling of the principal veins is much similar to that of
Polyetes among the Protoblattoidea, and to that of S/nniimli'i'ii scltuclierti, Hand!..
ammiL!' the I'rnt nil hopt era. in this respect support iniy I'rnvost. \\lio has estab ished

1 The thickened ri^i.l foiv-win^s of Bkitloi.ls uiv usually termed " li-iniiina."

PTENODERA DUBIUS. 91

a sub-order, Archiblattides, to receive many of the insects classed as Protorthoptera
by Handlirsch.

The wing- is apparently related also to Scalseoptera recto, Bolton, and as the
latter shows no trace of the formation of an anal lobe, I class this genus with the
Protorthoptera rather than with the Protoblattoidea. The Protoblattoidea
probably arose from a Protorthopteroid stock.

Ptenodera dubius, sp. nov. Plate VI, fig. "2; Text-figure 28.

- — Distal half of a left wing, on the split surface of one half of an ironstone
nodule; British Museum (Johnson Collection, no. T. 1559).

Horizon <nul Localiti/. — Middle Coal Measures (binds between the "Brooch"
and " Thick " coals) ; Coseley, near Dudley, Staffs.

FIG. 28. — Ptenodera dubius, gen. et sp. nov.; diagram of apical portion of WIIIL;-. twice- natural size. —
Middle Coal Measures ; Coseley, Staffordshire. Johnson Collection, Brit. Mas. (no. T. l.V.'.n

Description. — The ironstone nodule has been broken across, and that portion
which contained the basal half of the wing has been lost. The distal portion of
wing remaining is 27 mm. long, with a width of 16 mm. across the widest part.
The -width of the basal half of the wing was probably greater.

The distal half of the wing is thin and membranous, and a little wrinkled.
The principal veins are well shown, but the interstitial nervures are only clearly
visible when the nodule is immersed in water.

The costa is marginal and gradually curves into a well-rounded wing-apex.
The subcosta is widely spaced from the costal margin basally, and gradually
approaches it as it passes out towards the wing-apex, which it does not reach. It
gives off to the wing-margin a series of oblique divisions, several of which fork.

The radius is simple, and passes straight to the wing-apex. Somewhat widely
separated from the radius is the radial sector, which must therefore have been
given off low down in the base of the wing. It divides into two equal branches,
each of which is again equally divided, so that it ends on the middle of the wing-
apex in four divisions.

The median vein is large and well branched. The nodule has been broken

Hi' FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

across just beyond the point of division of the two main branches. The outer
branch remains undivided until near the margin, where it forks twice, ending on
the inner side of the wing-apex in three divisions. The inner branch forks into
two equal twigs, the outer breaking up twice by equal forking into four divisions,
while the inner twig forks once. Most of the divisions of the inner branch of the
median end on the distal portion of the inner wing-margin.

Two incomplete branches of the eubitus are present, but the character of the
vein cannot be determined. No traces of the anal veins are shown.

The principal veins and their main branches arc well spaced, and follow the
same general direction without being truly parallel. The interstitial neuration
consists of fine straight cross-nervures.

Ajjinilii'K. — The general character of the veins other than the subcosta is seen
in several Palseodictyopteroid genera such as Eubleptus, but in none that I know
are these characters accompanied by a similar type of subcosta. In the oblique,
forked divisions of the latter, and the manner in which thev are given off, as well
as in the course of the subcosta itself, the wing most resembles that of the Proto-
blattoids, and to this group I would assign it.

INCERTJi SEDIS.

Genus PLESIOIDISCHIA, Handlirsch.
1906. Plesioidischia, Hainllirsch, Die Fussilon Inscktrn, ]>. 346.

Plesioidischia sp. Plate VI, rig. 3; Text-figure l^'.i.

Ti/}>t'.—A fragment of a right wing, Id mm. long and Id mm. wide;
Manchester Museum (no. L. 400.")).

ll»ri::ini nut] Lnca/ifi/. — Middle Coal Measures (binds between "Brooch" and
" Thick " coals) ; Tipton, Staffs. '

Km. L'IP. rii'fiiniliscluii sji; diii^i-iiiii "I' vc'iml ii'ii "f wiutf-fragment, tlirrc- lialvrs nalm'al ize, Mi. Mir
('...•il MI-.ISMIV.- ; Tipton, Staffordshire. Manchester MM emu (no, I. I'.NP.'O.

Description. — The wing-fragment lies on the irregular surface of a small
i roust i me nodule, the outer costal margin and costal area on one hall ol
the nodule, and the middle portion of the wing on the oilier. The liase

BLATTOIDKA. <»3

and apex of the wing are missing, or still concealed in the matrix. Few definite
factors are presented for determination, and the following description is the
best we can give.

The outer margin of the wing is formed by the costa, and seems to be
curved basally and straight distallv. The costal area is widest at the base,
and gradually narrows by the approach of the subcosta, which doubtless reached
the outer margin far out. The costal area is crossed by a few stout straight
branches of the subcosta. The subcosta passes straight from the base to the
distal portion of the wing-margin.

The radius is close to and parallel with the subcosta. It gives off two
inward diverging branches, the first uniting with the median, but giving off a
secondary branch before it reaches the latter. The median gradually diverges
from the radius. It gives off two well-marked inner branches, and then bends
forwards to join the first branch of the radius. The point of union of the two
branches gives origin to a backward twig parallel with the secondary branch
of the radius, and with the two inner branches of the median.

The cubitus is represented by a long oblique vein going down to the inner
margin. It gives off near its base an outer branch, which curves inwards
parallel with the main stem, and reaches the wing-margin much beyond it.
The wing appears to have broken along the level of a succeeding vein, but
whether this was also a cubital or an anal vein it is impossible to determine.

The interstitial neuration consists of a series of stout strong cross-nervures.
The texture of the wing seems to have been membranous.

AtJiiiitii'x. — The chief features of the wing are the strong parallelism of|the
veins, the numerous and strong cross-nervures, and the unusual mode of union
of the radius and median. This assemblage of characters serves to place the
specimen in the Protorthoptera, but it is not referable to any known genus, and
is too incomplete to justify a new genus for its reception. The nearest approach
appears to be Progenentomum c< trim nix, Handl., in which the subcosta reaches
the middle of the wing, the radial sector unites with the median, and the interstitial
neuration is of straight cross-nervures.

Order BLATTOIDEA.

The most numerous and varied insects found in the Coal Measures are the
Blattoids, the recorded forms being classified in several families, embracing nearly
100 genera and -1-00 species. The early history of their study is dealt with by
8. H. Scndder ('.Mem. Bost, Soc, Nat, Hist,,' vol. iii, pt, 1, no. :>, 1S7(.>), and need
not be repeated here.

Notwithstanding the abundance of specimens and forms known, they are
insufficient for a satisfactory classification of the group, and do not provide the

04 FOSSIL IXSKCTS OF THE BRITISH COAl. MKASTRKS.

stages in the life-history of any species. Handlirsch lias recorded the occurrence
of several egg-cases of Blattoids from the Carboniferous (' I 'roc. U.S. National
Museum,' vol. xxix, p. 7I<>, I'.Hlii). Larval forms have been described li\
Scudder, Handlirsch, Woodward, and cspeciallv by Sellards ('Ainer. Journ.
Sci.' [4], vol. xviii, p. llo, 11)04), but in all eases the remains are too incomplete
for satisfactory study.

The Coal Measure Blattoids show unmistakably that the race had a much
earlier ancestry, as they depart widely from the L'aheodictyopteroid type, and
have attained a high degree of specialisation. The eggs were enclosed in capsules
(Ootheca) much as in modern cockroaches, and the development was by a
progressive metamorphosis, in which the rudimentarv wings were formed at
a relatively early stage, and increased in complexity of structure and six,*'
at successive ecdyses. It would also appear that the rudimentary wings were
attached to the thorax by broad bases, and that the formation of an articular
joint was not developed until the adult stage was reached. The elements of the
thorax were as well developed in Coal Measure times as they are to-day, both in
structure and function, while the legs, as seen in examples from Commentry
(Allier), France, were long, spiny, or covered with stiff hairs, and well adapted
for walking or running.

The wings display a remarkable diversity of neuration. The fore-wings are
invariably modified by the formation of chitin into stout, horny structures, usually
termed "tegmina," which served to protect the more delicate membranous hind-
wings concealed beneath them. The costa is always marginal.

The hind-wings are not well known. When found, they are thin, membranous,
larger than the tegmina, and folded beneath them. The enlargement of
the wing has taken place over the inner half, the costal ami radial areas being
reduced, and the anal area not marked off from the rest of the wing by a furrow,
as is seen in the fore-wings or tegmina. The wide variation in the neuration
of the tegmina furnishes the only satisfactory data for classification. Assuming,
as \ve must, that the Blattoids were derived from the I'aheodiclyoptera. the
simplest form of Blattoid must be that in which the wing-neiiratioii most nearly
approximates to the latter type. This principle is the basis of llandlirseli's
classification.

Modification of the wing-membrane for Might in the ease of the hind-wings
has brought about, or been accompanied bv, a narrowing of I lie costal and
radial areas, a reduction in the strength and extent of these veins, and an
increased development of the median and cubital areas, coupled with an increased
growili of the wing-membrane mwardlv. The hind-wing is, therefore, a much
more asymmetrical structure than the fore-wing or legmen.

The abdomen is broad, somewhat flattened and well-segmented, but no positive
evidence is known of an imagination of the terminal segments to carry the

BLATTOIDBA. 95

egg-capsule. Cerci are present, and Sellards has identified lung ovipositors,
though this identification is not accepted by Handlirsch.

The habits of Carboniferous Blattoids can only be inferred from those of living-
forms. I have previously (p. 11) drawn attention to the occurrence of Blattoid
wings among the leaves of CorJuiti** bearing numerous shells of the small annelid,
Spirorbis iJttsilhis, and suggested that the Blattoids frequented decaying vegetation
to feed on the N/»/'/v//7i/'x and similar organisms.

The tegmina of 'r/ii//nun/l<irrix mantidioides occur among masses of the spat
("Aneylns riiif-ii"1) of Aiiflinn'oiiii/a i>hiHip*ii in coal shales of the Durham Coalfield.
Most of the other Blattoid remains from the Coal Measures of this country have
been found in sedimentary deposits in which Ustracods also occur. Apart from
these facts, the general faimal associations of fossil insects to which I drew attention
on pp. 18 — 24 are, I think, of great importance, as furnishing definite clues to habits.
The same Arthropod-association still persists, and the lagunal and marshy phases
of the Coal Measures would furnish a fitting and desirable environment for the
whole series.

l''ltxx!jii_-<itioii. — The classification of the Carboniferous Blattoids is difficult,
owing to lack of material. The known British forms are few in number, and
have been found in several coalfields at horizons which cannot be correlated with
each other or placed in a regular sequence.

Scnddor's classification does not sufficiently take into account the relationship
which undoubtedly exists between the Blattoids and the Palteodictyoptera, and it
is based mainly on a knowledge of living forms. For this reason, probably, the
Mylacrida? are placed as the first tribe in his group " Palseoblattariae," in
preference to the Archimylacridae, in Avhich a Palreodictyopteroid relationship is
more clearly evident.

Handlirsch's classification gives greater attention to the ancestral type, and is
also based on an examination of more numerous specimens than were accessible to
Scudder. It is far from satisfactory, and will certainly be much modified when
the collection of several thousand Blattoid remains from Connnentry is fully
worked out by Prof. Meunier, whose results are not yet published. Lameere's
general classification ('Bull. Alus. Hist. Naturelle,' 1017, no. 1 ) is too uncertain
to justify adoption.

Dr. P. Pruvost, who has given several years to a close study of the fossil
Blattoids of the French and Belgian Coalfields, has modified Handlirsch's classifica-
tion, and in his latest memoir (1020) he classifies the Blattoidea of Northern
France as follows :

BLATTOIDEA.

Family ARCHIMYLA.CRIDJE.

Geiiera ActlitMatta, Manoblatta, Afrlihui/Jacria, Atemfillttttit, PJiyloblatta, '//•(/
Arclissotiphe, TSurroigilhittn, and MesltoMatta.

'.)<; FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

Family MYT..U'KID.T:.

Genera Heminiylacris, Phylomylacris, Trilopltomylacris, Soomylacris, Lithomylacrls, Orthoinylacris,
Stenomylacris.

Family POROBLATTINID^,.

G-enus Pri-iiui'ililnttn.

This classification seems to accord most nearly with recent discoveries, and is
therefore adopted here.

Kamily ABCHIMYLACRID.S, Handlirsch.

I5ody slender in primitive forms, broadened out in more specialised types.
Cerci well developed and jointed. Legs slender and armed with spines. Antenna'
slender. Pronoturn snbcircular. Snbcosta distinct, with pectinate or equallv
spaced branches. Radius \vell branched, with or without radial sector. Median
of one or two main branches. Radius, radial sector and median with outward
brandies only. Cubitus inwardly curved, and with inward branches. Anal
furrow present. Anal area large, extending beyond the basal third of the wino-.
Interstitial neuration of straight nervures. or an irregular reticulation, or the two
combined.

The greater number of Palaeozoic Pdattoids belong to this family, which is
united to the Palaeodictyoptera by transitional forms.

Genus APHTHOROBLATTINA, Handlirsch.

1906. AjiJi//ini-ii!ilnl/iini, Handlirsrli. Proc. U.S. National Museum, vol. xxix. \>. 710, and I>ie Fossileii
Insekteu, p. IS:!.

Generic < '//^/v/r/r/v--. — Tegiiiiua two-and-a-half times as long as wide, with
convex outer margin. Costal area narrow and strap-shaped. Snbcosta extending
over two-thirds the wing-length. Radius giving off radial sector near middle of
wing, and sending a few simple Branches to the apex. Radial sector forking into
four or six branches. Median small, with few branches directed inwardly.
Cubitus giving off 7 — ^ branches alono- its whole length, and extending well out

O O O ' ' ^

towards the wing-apex. Anal area small.

Aphthoroblattina johnsoni (Woodward). I'late YLligs. t,5; Text-fignres 30, 31 .

1-t/tiltltillinti jiiliiixniii. \V 01 id ward, (Iml. Mai:. '•'' • vol. iv. p. ">:!. |>l. il, li^s. 1 c. 1 I'.
HUH;. Aphthoroblaltina, Handlirsch, l>ir Kossilm lns.-lj<'ii, ].. is:!.

I'. — The pronotum and tegmina in an inverted position with traces o| hind-
wings on a small ironstone nodule, in counterpart: British Museum (Johnson
Collection, no. I. K»i;7).

APHTIIOROBLATTIXA .KWNSOM.

'.•7

:!!// inn! //«(•/(/////.— -Middle Coal Measures (binds bet ween the "Brooch"
and " Thick " coals) ; Coseley, Staffs.

S/irrijii- I '/Kii'nrh'i'x. — Tegmina slightly convex ami expanded towards the apex,
alxiut two-and-a-quarter times as long as wide. Apex broadly nmmled. Costal
area occupying three-fourths of the outer margin of the wing. Subcostal vein
weak. Radius almost straight and giving off the radial sector about the middle of
its length. Radial sector doubly furcate. Median vein widely spaced across the
middle of the wing. Cubital vein reaching the inner angle of the wing-apex,
giving off outer and inner branches. Anal area large, and crossed by a few small
anal veins. Hind-wings thin, larger than the tegmina, and with strong veins.

Description. — The elucidation of the neuration of the wings of the type
specimen is difficult, owing to the venation of the hind-wings being impressed

Pio. 30.

FIG. 31.

FIG. 30. — Aphthoroblattina johnsoni ( Woodward) : diagram of venation of the two fore-wings ',f tin-
type-specimen, twice natural size. — Middle Coal Measures (binds between " Hrooch " and " Thick"
coals); Coseley, Staffordshire. Johnson Collection, Brit. Mus. (no. I. 1067).

FIG. 31. — Aphthoroblattina johnsoni i Woodward) ; diagram of venation of the fore-wings of a normal
example of the type-series, twice natural size. — Same horizon and locality as Fig. 30.
W. Egginton's Collection, "no. 2."

on that of the tegmina. The veins of the hind-wings are stronger than the
distal portions of those veins of the tegmina which they overlie. It is probably
owing to these factors that the original figures of the type are incorrect.

In both tegmina, as indicated by Dr. Woodward, the median and cubitus are
shown as united, whereas this union takes place in the left wing only. Neither
of the figures gives an adequate indication of the presence of the hind-wings.
In the larger figure the radius and cnbitns are represented by a single vein,
which is also incorrect. Allusion has already been made to the wings lying on
the smaller portion of the nodule in an inverted position. This is demonstrated
by the pronotum, which dips under the mesonotum into the matrix, and by the
deep impressions of the veins of the hind-wings crossing over, and not under,
the veins of the tegmina. The veins of the tegmina are also in relief, instead
of being sunken as they normally are on the dorsal surface.
13

98 FOSSIL TXSLTTS OF TTTK BRITISH COAL M K.\sr UES.

The pronotnm li:is ;i diameter of I :'> iiini.. :MK| S nun. of its length is exposed.
The sides curve evcnlv backwards, and show no si»-n of flattening, so that its

. i* o •*

general shape is semicircular. The hinder border is hidden, and disposed at
an tingle to the surface-plane of the \vmgs. The presence of a sunken, central,
pyrit'orm area on the inner surface of the proiiotum probably marks the position
occupied by the head of the insect. The downward inclination of the front
margin of the pronotum, and the elevation of the hinder border, is a t'reipieiit
feature in the Coal Measure Blattoids.

During life a small gap interposed between the pro- and mesonotinn, and
this became tilled up by sediment on burial in sufficient (piantitv to cause the
pronotum to be lifted from the body of the insect by that half of the nodule
which carries the wing-impressions. This inclined position of the pronotnm is so
common that it appears to have been normal.

The mesonotal area is covered by the anal areas of the tegmina, and its
character cannot be determined.

The venation of the right tegmen differs considerably from that of the left.
The under surface of the latter is the more nearly perfect, and the venation is more
distinct. The costal margins of the tegmina form two broad arcs, sharply bent
inwards at the base, and distally merging into the wing-apex. The left subcosta
is widely separated from the margin, giving off three oblique branches which
fork, the first twice, before reaching the margin. Beyond these branches,
the left costa curves inwards and unites with the main stem of the radius tit the
disttd third of the wing. The right costa is more normal, and does not unite with
the radius. It gives off six outward branches, of which only the lirst is forked.

The left radius, after a slight basal curve, passes straight out to the apex,
giving off four forward branches, the first forked. This first forked branch
appears to be the continuation of the subcosta. The radius of the right tegmen
gives off two simple outer branches only.

There is a wide difference between the radial sectors of the two tegmina.
That of the left divides in the middle of its length into two equal branches, which
in turn fork, the outermost twig forking again, so that the radial sector ends on
the margin in five divisions. The right radial sector forks once onlv beyond the
middle of its length, and ends on the margin in only two divisions.

The median in each tegmen is a comparatively simple vein, that of the left
being united with the cnbitus in the basal Fourth, and separating from it at tin
acute tingle. Beyond the middle of the wing it gives oil' a, single forked branch
on its outer side. These divisions of the median, with the first branch of the
radial sector, occupy the inner hall ol the apex. The median of the right tegmen
is well separated from the CubituS along its whole length, and passes in a bold
curve to the inner hall of the apex, giving off four simple outer branches.

Apart from its union with the stem of the median, the cubitus of the left

APHTHOKOBLATTINA JOHNSON F. <»'.)

teamen agrees fairly well with its fellow. Both veins curve inwards, and reach
the junction of the inner margin with the apex, and both give off 6 — 7 branches
inwardly, the first branch in each case forking.

Which forward branches were given off on the outward side of the cubitus in
the left teginen cannot be made out. but faint furrows on the right tegmen seem
to indicate that three simple outer veins were present.

The anal area is long and acutely ovate, extending over nearly a third of the
inner margin. Six anal veins are present, the distal one with a strong fork.

The interstitial neuration consists of stout, straight nervures, not always well
shown. The inner margin is nearly straight.

The veins of the hind-wings arc very fragmentary. They are much thinner
than those of the tegniina, and have left a much slighter impress. They appear
to consist of a straight costa, separated by a very narrow area from an equally
straight subcosta, below which can be made out a portion of the radius, radial
sector, and median.

All the veins are widely spaced, and the breadth of the hind-wings must have
been about double that of the tegmina.

The dissimilarity between the neuration of the left and right tegmina in tin-
type-specimen suggests a wide varietal range among Coal Measure Blattoids, a
feature which needs to be taken into account in the definition of species.

The presence of these abnormalities in the type-specimen somewhat militates
against its value for reference, and I therefore add other details from a second
example which I received from Mr. W. Egginton. The specific characters given
above have been drawn up from this specimen, which lies in a small ironstone
nodule, marked " No. 2." having a length of -to mm. and a breadth of 38 mm.
The Blattoid has a total length of oo'5 mm., and a maximum breadth across the
tegmina of 24111111. The inner margins of the tegmina overlap, evidently in their
position of rest during life.

The pronotum, apparently in natural position, lies a little out of the horizontal,
the front margin dipping downwards, and the hinder margin upwards and a little
forwards, so that a slight gap occurs between it and the wings. This feature we
have already alluded to, and in this ease the pronotum has been carried away as
usual, but the wings remain, so that the wing-impressions with the pronotum are
on the upper surface of one half of the nodule, the other half carrying the
pronotal impression and the wings.

The pronotum is 12mm. wide and broadly rounded, only a little more than
half being visible. It shows a central raised area, oval in outline, and defined
from the margins by lateral grooves. The meso- and meta-notal segments show as
a low. fiat, elongated, heart-shaped region overlain by the anal areas of the tegmina.

Both tegmina are still attached high up on the sides of the body. So far as
can be determined through the substance of the tegmina. the hind-wings are

100 FOSSIL IXSKCTS OF TIIK BRITISH COAL MKASTHMS.

attached nearer the middle line, and alnio>t mi tlie upper surface. All four wings
are present, tin- teamen of the right side being perfect, while that nn thiv lett has
lost a portion of the inner part of the apex. The right legmen is ll") nun. long, and
12 mm. wide at its broadest part.

The costal margin is broadly arcuate, and merges into a well-rounded apex.
The siibeosta is feeble, and gives off 7 — 10 very oblique branches, each breaking up
into numerous twigs before reaching the margin. The intercostal area is wide and
strap-shaped, and occupies the greater part ol the outer margin.

The radius is well separated from the subcosta at its base, and diverges a little
from it along its course. It gives off the radial sector before the middle of the
wing is reached, and then passes forward undivided until near the end of the sub-
costa, where it gives off four or more short oblique branches forward.

The radial sector diverges strongly from the radius, ami, like the latter, remains
undivided for the greater part of its length. In the last third it gives off two,
possibly three, outer twigs, which fork before reaching the margin. The inter-
radial area at the point where the first branch arises is very wide.

The median arises close to the radius, but soon bends stroiiglv towards the
inner side of the apex. It gives off three outer parallel branches, the first of
which forks.

The cubitus is a powerful and lar^e vein, well apart from the median at its
origin, and passing above the middle of the wing in its proximal third, beyond
which it curves inwards to the end of the inner margin. It gives off six simple
branches and ends in a feeble fork, while two strong branches arise on the outer
side and pass to the apex.

The anal area, is large, occupying one-third of the margin, and containing six
anal veins, the first, second and third forking.

The inner margin is almost straight. The interstitial ueuration consists of
numerous raised cross-nervures, best seen in the anal and cubital areas. In the
radial and median areas the cross-nervures unite laterally and occasionally fork.

Portions of the hind-wings are present, but only the distal branching of the
radial sector, median and cubitus is shown beyond the broken end of the lett
legmen. The course of the radius and median is t raceable across t he surface of
the legmen of each side.

The wing-membrane is so tlnn as to be scarcely discernible.

Aphthoroblattina eggintoui, sp. nov. Plate \'l. fig. 6; Text-tig

i1. — Prmiotiim, teyimiia and portions ol hind-wings King on the surfaces of
a split irons! one nodule ; " No. I " in the ( 'oiled ion ol Mr. \\ . Eggilll on.

I li'i'i::nii ii ml TjOCCllitll. — Middle ('oal Measures (binds between the " Urooch
and " Thick " coals) ; Coseley. near Dudley, Staffs.

APHTHOROBLATTINA EGGINTONT.

101

<s';«r/>Y C'/iaracft'i-fi. — Costal margin convex. Cubitus long, strap-shaped, and
extending almost the whole length of the outer margin. Radial sector \vith few
simple branches. Median vein forking three times, and ending in middle and
inner side of the wing-apex. Cubitus extending the whole length of the inner
margin, with no evident outer branches, and feeble forking.

I >,<.-<• ri [it itn/. — The specimen is contained in a small greyish-brown nodule,
48 nun. long and 35 mm. wide, and lies with the dorsal surface of the wings and
the impression of the pronotum on one half of the nodule, and the wing-impressions
and pronotum on the other half. The remains are in good condition, and show a
small portion of the head, the pronotum and mesonotum, almost the whole, of the
left tegmen, and the basal two-thirds of the right tegmen, while a portion of
the left hind-\ving is disclosed over that area from which the fragment of the

FIG. 32. — AplttlwrnMiittin'1 r<i'jnil"ni,sp.iiov.; diagram of venation of fore « iniv.^iiid portion of left hind-
\viny, twice natural size. — Middle Coal Measures (binds lictwi'di ' lii-ooch " mid " Thick " uoal.-o ;
C'oseley, Staffordshire. W. E^ginton's Collection, "no. 1."

tegmen is missing. That both hind-wings are present is indicated by their
principal veins showing in feeble fashion through the tegmina.

The head is small, not more than '•} mm. of its length being visible, and not all
of this would be seen were the front margin of the pronotum intact. The latter
has been broken away in the middle line, and allows a portion of the head to
become visible. The hinder part of the head is well rounded and narrowed, the
front being wide, and having a forward and downward slope. It is finely
tuberculated. A small aperture in the middle of the head may be due to a loss
of matrix.

The pronotum is attached to that half of the nodule which contains the
wing-impressions, and the hinder border is still covered with the matrix. Its
whole contour cannot be seen, and only the inner surface is exposed. It is semi-
circular, with a well-defined margin, 12 mm. wide, and 8 mm. long from front to

1<>2 FOSSIL IXSF.CTS OF THK BRITISH TOAL MEASURES.

back. The central area has a deep median furrow, and is marked oft from the
lateral halves by two ridges (representing the furrows on the dorsal surface).
These ridges converge anteriorly and almost meet. The inner surface is slightly
concave, and indented by three faint furrows on each side, parallel with which are
traces of tine st rial ions.

The mesonotum is -I'o mm. long, and much wider anteriorly than posteriorly.
It is convex, and the hinder border has a raised rounded edge. It is strongly
chitinous, much more so than the metanotum, which is crushed down beneath the
anal areas of the tegmina, only a little of the hinder portion of the left side
showing at one point where the anal areas of the wings have been broken away.
The right tegmen lies in the position of rest, its inner margin being in line with
the axial line of the bodv. The left tegmen was rotated outwards to a slight
degree before entombment — a feature which, combined with the breaking away of
its distal third, has enabled the left hind-wing to be better shown. The right
tegmen has a length of oo mm. and a breadth of I '.\ mm.

The costal margin is moderately thickened, convex, and merges gradually into
the wing-apex, the latter bluntly rounded.

The subcostal vein is thin, and encloses a long strap-shaped area, crossed by
0 — ]<> oblique branches, most of them forking twice before reaching the margin.

The radius is a strong vein, nearly parallel with the subcosta, and ending on
the outer margin in four small branches, the second only forking. The radial
sector arises just before the middle of the wing, diverging but slightly from the
radius. It gives off three short outward branches to the apex.

The main stem of the median passes along the middle line of the wing for some
distance, and curves inwards to the distal end of the inner margin. The first
outward branch arises a little beyond the middle of the wing, and forks into two
equal-sized twigs; the remaining two branches remain undivided to the broken
edge of the wing. The median and its subdivisions occupy the centre and inner
half of the wing-apex.

In the left tegmen the second branch of the median forks. The ciibitus is
strongly convex in the proximal two-thirds, and bends forwards in the distal
third and inwards again to the inner margin. It gives off six inward branches,
the fourth and fifth forking before reaching the margin. The anal veins are eight
in number, three being verv small and short. The first forks twice, and the
second once. The inner margin is almost straight. The inters! it ial neuration is
made up of straight nervures. The surface of the tegmina is chitinous.

The hind-wings appear not only to have been covered by (he tegmina. when
they \\ere in a position of rest on the bodv, but to have stretched a little beyond
I hem like a frm <_!'e.

The left hind-wing is thin and membranous, and marked by numerous veins,
tin-' bases .-till hidden under the legmen. A little of the distal portion of the

ARCHIMYLACRIS HASTATA. 103

costal margin is shown, passing into a very broad and expanded apex. The
subcosta reaches nearly to the end of the costal margin, and gives off numerous
oblique and forked branches Immediately behind the sulicosta is a stout vein
with two outer branches, both forking. This vein seems to be the radius. Tts
basal extension under the legmen can be traced by a raised line. Behind the
radius are two stout veins, each of which forks into equal-sized twigs some
distance from the margin. Their position justifies the inference that they unite
proximally and join the radius, in which case they must belong to the radial
sector. The median is a doubly forked vein. The remainder of the wing is
either bent under, or folded upon itself, and further details cannot be made out.

Affinities. — The species differs from Aphtlioroblattinajolinsom in several important
details. The radial sector arises further out, and instead of forking twice, gives
off three simple forward veins. The median forks three times, the proximal
branch forking again before reaching the wing-apex. In J. julnixniii there are two
branches, both of which fork. The cubit us vein differs considerably owing to the
fact that the main stem divides at the outer third into two branches of equal
strength, the outer immediately forking again into two equal twigs, while the
inner gives off a small inner twig. No definite outer branches are distinguishable.
A strong anal furrow is present, and the first anal vein on both sides divides into
three twigs, the remaining 5 — G anal veins being undivided.

Genus ARCHIMYLACRIS, Scudder.
1868. Arrli'ninjltK-r'm, Sciultler. in Duwson's Acadian Geology, ed. 2, p. 388.

Generic Characters. — Tegmina twice as long as wide, with convex outer margin.
Inner margin concave. Radial sector arising in basal half of wing. Anal veins

O O O

few, anal area large. Neuration of abundant stout straight cross-nervures.

Archimylacris hastata, Bolton. Plate VII, fig. 1; Text-figure 08.

1911. Archimylacris (Etoblattina) Imatufa, Boltou, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. Ixvii, p. lilo, pi. ix,
figs. 1_3.

'/'///"'• — '^ue greater part of a left tegmen and its counterpart, showing the
upper surface; Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street (nos. 24501 and 24502).

llm-i-uii niul Locality.— Upper Coal Measures (Gellideg Level of the Mynyd-
dislwyn Vein) ; near Maes-y-cwmmer, Monmouthshire.

tfjierijir I 'h« rnrli'i-*. — Wing broadly elliptical. Costal margin convex; costal
area broad at base and stretching beyond the middle of the wing. Subcosta
with numerous branches, all oblique. Radius forking twice, and ending near

104 FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH f'OAL A

apex of wing. Median branching further out than the radius. Cubitns
reaching margin in distal third of winy. Anal veins numerous. Inner margin
aliiinst straight.

[)excription. — A portion ot the base of the wing and a considerable part of the
apical and inner margin are missing, lint the length preserved is :'>:'>•)• nnn. and its
breadth is 1 <K> nun.

The wing is strongly outlined, especially along the outer margin, partlv owing
to a broad concave depression which runs almost the whole length of the subcostal

and radial areas, causing the anterior margin tc

reflexed dorsallv. The inner

margin is preserved only along a portion of the anal border, and the inner two-
thirds of the wing-apex are also missing. Sufficient is left of the apex to show
that it must have been bluntly rounded.

ffl

FIG. 3M. — ArcMmylacris hmstntn. I!<.lt<>n; diagram of venation of left fore-wing, tlirfe times natural
size. --Upper Coal Measures (Grellideg Level of the M\iiy<l<lislwyn Vein); near Maes'-y-cwmmer,
Monmouthshire. Mus. Praet. Gool. (nos. 2-J.50], 24502). Lettering of veins. — I. costa ; II. sub-
eosta ; III. radius ; IV. median; V. cubitus : VI. anal.

The subcostal vein passes out obliquely from the point of attachment and
reaches into the distal third of the wing. Tt gives off 0 — 10 very oblique branches,
the basal three forking twice, the next two undivided, and the last branch but one
forked. The subcostal area is broad basally. and terminates in an acute angle
distal ly.

The actual origin of the principal veins is lost, and the radius appears at its
origin therefore to be widely removed from the subeosta. It follows a parallel
course to the origin of the first anterior branch, and afterwards diverges, so thai
it finally ends on the apex of the wing near the middle line. The first branch is
important, forking three times in its course and ending in six divisions. The
second branch forks only once.

The subeosta and radius toget her occupv a little less than hall I he \\ hole wing-
area. Dr. I'rnvost supposes that a comnussiiral branch unites the radial sector
and the median in this species (l'.H'.>. 'Alcmoires pour servir a 1'Bxplication de la
Carle (ieologique Detaillee de la I'Yance.' p. 1-M), but I cannot perceive this.

The median vein [irises in actual contact with the stem of the radius, or is

ARCHIMYLACRIS HASTATA. 105

united with it, rapidly diverging to the distal part of the inner margin. Four
branches are given off on the outer side, the first forking before the broken edge
of the wing is reached. The remaining three probably forked also on the missing
part of the wing-apex. The subdivisions of the median occupy the inner half of
the wing-apex, and the apex itself.

The regularity of arrangement of the minor veins is a marked Feature of this
wing, and lends colour to our supposition.

The cubitus gradually diverges from the median along the whole of its course.
Ten branches are given off on the inner side, the first only forking.

The anal area is sharply marked off from the rest of the wing by a deep anal
groove, the anal area being elevated and somewhat convex in outline. Ten to
eleven anal veins can be distinguished, the marginal ones being very short and
feeble.

The interstitial neuration consists of close, strong, transverse nervures so
numerous as to give the wing-surface a finely corrugated appearance.

The tegmina were apparently of great strength, the unusual development of the
transverse nervures adding to the rigidity, while the presence of an oblique ridge
served to support and strengthen the radius, median and cubitus at their base, and
a similar ridge gave support to the whole of the anal area.

Affinities. — In 1911 (Inc. eif.) I gave reasons for regarding this species as an
Archimylacrid, comparing it with .1. spectabilis, Goldfuss, and J. rnnixfn. More
recently, Dr. Pruvost ('Ann. Soc. Greol. Nord,' vol. xli, p. 335, pi. ix, figs. 4 — 4 n,
T.I12) has expressed the opinion that it is so nearly like A. lelf/ica, Handlirsch, and
a specimen he has himself described from the roof of the Alfred Vein, Lievin,
Northern France, as to be referable to that species. An examination of the figures
published by Handlirsch and Pruvost does not support this view. Afi-liiiiu/lacrtx
belyica was founded by Handlirsch ('Mem. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg.,' vol. iii,
p. lj!, pi. iv, figs. 17 — 18, 1'.MJli) on a wing in the Brussels Museum, from the West-
phalian or Middle Upper Carboniferous of Jemappes, Belgium. It was afterwards
transferred by him to a new genus, Pareltlioblattit ('Die Fossilen Insekten,' p. 184,
pi. xviii, fig. 54, 1!»0(3). This new genus is not accepted by Pruvost, who considers
that it is founded chiefly on the pectinate character of the first branch of the radius.
He therefore replaces the species in the genus Archimylacris, and refers his own
specimen to the same genus and species. With this conclusion I cannot agree.
Handlirsch's species is characterised not only by the pectinate character of the
first branch of the radius, hut (and much mure important) by the presence of a
meshwork of interstitial neuration between the radius, median and cubitus. This
latter feature clearly separates not only the French specimen from Handlirsch's
genus Parelthoblatta, and therefore from P. behjica, but the British specimen also ;
for in both the interstitial neuration consists wholly of a close series of straight
cross-nervures, with not the slightest trace of the development of a network.
14

] 0(5

FOSSIL TXSKCTS OK TIIK MIUTISH COAL MEASURES.

A. liitxlittn is closely allied to the French species, but the divisions of the main
veins are fewer and of a more simple nature. I see no reason to remove the
British species from the genus Archimylqcris, and would refer the French example
also to the same genus. This view is now accepted by I'nivost (In,-, elf., p. ].">8).

Archimylacris woodward!, Bolton. Plate VII, fig-. 2; Text-figure :U.

1910. ArrJilmi/Iiicris (Etoblattlna) u-uwJ irt< nl i , Bolton, Geol. Mag. [5], vol. vii, pp. 147 — 1M, pi. xv,
figs. 1 — 1 «.

Tijpi'. — A left tegmen or fore-wing, IS mm. long and 10 mm. wide; collection
of Mr. I). Davies, F.G.S.

Horizon inn! Lurnliti/. — (V>al .Measures (a ten-foot shale overlying the Xo. -
Rhondda Seam, base of the Pennant Scries] ; ( 'lydach Vale. South \Vales.

/' ( 'Inii-iii'fi',:-!. — Wing short and broad. Apex well rounded and merging

Fio. 34. — Archimylacris woodooardi, Bolton ; diagram of wing-venation of left fore-wiiif*. three times
natural size.— Base of Pennant Series imof ,,f ton-t'<".t slink overlying the No. -' KliomLla Senin) ;
<'lyilacli Vale, South Wales. 1'avi'l Davies Collection.

into costal border. Anal area convex. Interstitial neuration of abundant stout
cross-nervures, occasionally uniting laterally.

Description. — -The tegmen, which is short, broad and strongly chitinous, lies
with the convex dorsal surface uppermost. The well-rounded outer margin of the
wing merges into the equally well-rounded apex. The inner margin is nearlv
straight, a slight hollowing only of the' middle portion being shown. Notwith-
standing its small si/e, the details of the wing art1 very clear, the veins and the
interstitial neuration being well shown. The basal portions of the main veins are
elevated above the surface, the rest of their length and also their divisions being
sunk below I he general level.

The subcostal vein is weak, and sunk along its whole course. It is widelv
separated from the costal margin, following a parallel course to beyond the middle
of the wiiiu1, where it bends outward and joins the margin. The subcosla gives
off a numerous scries of forked and simple divisions to the costal margin.

The radius arises close to the subcosla and median, diverging from the former
in the middle of its length, ami approaching it again by the lirsi of the four outer

ARCHIMYLACRIS INCISA. 107

branches which it gives off. The first two branches of the radius are forked,
the rest undivided. The radius with its divisions occupies the distal third of the
wing-margin. At the junction of the basal and middle thirds of the wing,
the radius gives off a strong radial sector which diverges from it, giving off two
outer branches, the first forking twice into four twigs. The radial sector occupies
the outer half of the wing-apex.

The median curves regularly inwards along its whole course, reaching the inner
end of the wing-apex, and giving off three outer branches, of which the first is
forked. With its subdivisions it occupies a much less area than any other main
vein.

The cubitus follows a course nearly parallel with the median, and gives off nine
inward branches. With its subdivisions, it occupies almost the whole of the distal
two-thirds of the inner margin.

The anal area is strongly convex, and crossed by at least five anal veins, the
third being forked.

The interstitial neuration is well developed in the neighbourhood of the
subcosta, and consists of a close-set series of straight cross-nervures. These are
in relief, and in places seem to unite laterally, and to cross the main veins.

.\tfrnities. — The wing is typically Archimylacrid. At the time of its discovery
in 1910 I was unable to show that it possessed a close relation to any known
species, but more recently Dr. Pruvost has recorded a very similar example, A.
ntrc/iaticn, Pruv., from the Coal Measures of Bruay, Northern France.

The presence of a well-defined radial sector is a Palaeodictyopteroid feature
which most Blattoids have lost, and stamps the species as primitive. It is
therefore interesting to find that Pruvost draws special attention to the fact that
.1. iiti'i-lintlL-it, Pruv., is the oldest Archimylacrid of the Northern French Coal
Measures, being found in the lower portion of the Formation of Bruay, over the
vein Ernestine at Lens, in a shale containing seeds and drifted plant-remains.

Archimylacris incisa, sp. nov. Plate VII, fig. ;'.

Ti//n\ — Pronotum, mesouotum, and the basal portions of the tegmina in an
ironstone nodule; British Museum (Johnson Collection, no. I. 15900).

H»ri:.<ni nn.d Luailih/. — Middle Coal Measures (binds between the "Brooch"
and " Thick " coals) ; Coseley, near Dudley. Staffs.

Ny«r///V Cli<n-ft<-tcrx. — Wing robust. Principal veins widely spaced. Interstitial
neuration of stout cross-nervures, which unite in a meshwork in the wide areas.

l><:«-r!i>fi<nt. — These Blattoid remains are 21 mm. long. The pronotum lies
with its underside uppermost on that portion of the nodule which also bears the
impressions of the under surfaces of the tegmina, while the impression of the
underside of the pronotum and the fragments of the tegmina upside down occur

108 FOSSFL IXSKCTS OF TI1K BRITISH COAL .M KASl' It US.

on the other half, The hinder margin of the pronotum is still hidden in the
matrix, and the impressions of the under-surfaces of the wings would need to be
destroyed to expose it.

The pronotum is semicircular in outline, so far as cau be determined. The
inner surface is marked out into two lateral areas which join in front of, and
behind, the central area, the latter being hollow, probably to lodge the head of the
insect during life. The central hollow of the pronotum is crossed in front and
behind by close-set parallel wrinkles, while a suture-like crack traverses the whole
structure in the middle line. Posteriorly to the central hollow, the lateral halves
have separated and become wrinkled up against each other.

The condition of the pronotum shows that it was convex, the central hollow of
the inner surface marking off an area which was more convex than the sides, and
separated from them by grooves which bent round and joined behind the central
more elevated area. The central area is thinner than the sides and infolded.

Lying behind, and partially overhung by the hind border of the pronotum, is a
heart-shaped structure, irregularly indented, owing its superficial appearance to
the overlap of the anal areas of the wings on it. On one side of this structure
can lie seen what appears to be part of a stout segment, having a thickened anterior
border, and a convex surface bearing a few low tubercles. The central indented
structure occupies the position of the mesonotum, and the lateral stouter segment
may be a part of it, or of the metanotum which has been pushed forward.

The base of the left tegmen is in actual articulation with what I suppose to be
the mesonotum. As the tegrnina lie with their under surface uppermost, the
impressions on the opposite half of the nodule are also of the same surface.

The fragment of the left tegmen is largest, and in the best condition, but not
more than a third of it is present. The tissue is thickly chitmoiis, much more so
than that of the pronotum.

The costal margin is convex, and the costal area strap-shaped and wide. Seen
From the underside it appears smooth, a few diagonal wrinkles alone crossing the
surface. \Ve may therefore infer that the divisions of the subcosta are weakly
incised on the upper surface.

The subcostal vein is more convex in direction than the margin, the costal area
being \\ iilrsi at 1 he base.

The radius arises close lo the snlicosla, and gradually diverges from it. ll
shows no divisions in the basal portions preserved.

The median vein arises even closer to the radius 1 han does I he latter to the sub-
cost a, and bends in \\ an Is in a convex curve for some distance, afterwards Hal ten in g
and becoming parallel with the radius.

The cubitns arises closer to the anal furrow than to the median, lint bends out-
wards in a bold sweep away from it, becoming almost parallel with the median.
It gives off three inward branches in the [tart preserved, the tirst low down near

ARCHIMYLACRIS (SCHIZOBLATTA) OBOVATA. 100

the base, and the remaining two at wide intervals further out. The course of the
main stem is such as to indicate that it reached the distal portion of the inner
margin, so that the wing-apex was wholly occupied by the divisions of the radius
and the median.

The anal veins seen are five in number, the first forking twice and the rest
single. They probably occupied the proximal third of the inner wing-margin.

The articulation of the tegmen to the mesonotum seems to have been strengthened
by the formation of three ridges, two formed by the deepening of the bases of the
subcosta and radius, and a third by a similar thickening just inside the anal furrow,
which in this specimen coincides with the line of the first branch of the cubitus.

The basal part of the subcostal area shows a deep hollow; this feature is seen
in several of the British Blattoids, and favours the assumption that while the point
of attachment lay immediately behind, the frontal part of the mesonotum developed
an area which served as a fulcrum for the tegmina.

The right tegmen is represented only by the base of the costal border and sub-
costa, short portions of the radius, median, a part of the cubitus with two proximal
branches, and the inner anal vein dividing into three.

The interstitial neuration consists of strong cross-nervures, frequently uniting
laterally, and on the broader areas forming a slight open meshwork.

Alii iiifies. — Fragmentary though the wing is, it yet shows many of the features
of A. venusta, Sccl., having the same wide costal area, the same relation of subcosta,
radius and median so far as these can be traced, and the cubitus beginning to branch
low down before the radius and median show any trace of branching. The inter-
stitial neuration in both consists of straight cross-nervures occasionally uniting
laterally.

This wing is more robust than that of A. vcnuxta, Sccl., and the anal veins are
more oblique in direction. The whole of the main veins and those of the anal area
are more widely spaced. In its robust character the wing approaches A. acadica,
Scd., but in that species the interstitial neuration does not unite laterally.

Archimylacris (Schizoblatta) obovata, Bolton. Plate VII, fig. 4; Text-figure 35.

1H11. Arcliimylacris (Schiaoblatta) obovata, Bolton, Quart. Journ. G-eol. Soc., vol. Ixvii, p. 157. pi. vii.
figs. 4 — 6.

T;/II<\ — The distal two-thirds of a left tegmen, having a length of 2o mm. and a
greatest breadth of 10mm.; Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street (nos.
2450(3 and 24507).

Horizon and Lomlit;/. — Base of the Upper Coal Measures (Gwernau Level of
the Mynyddislwyn Vein) ; Maes-y-cwmmer, Monmouthshire.

»s'/«r///V Gharacter-s. — Costal border moderately convex, and passing into a

110 FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

subacute apex. Costal area narrow and strap-shaped. Subcosta extending just
beyond the middle of the wing. Radius large, inueli divided, and occupying the
distal portion of the outer margin, and the outer halt' of the apical margin and
apex. Median a small vein with few divisions ending on the inner apical margin.
Cubitus occupying the whole of the inner margin beyond the anal veins. Surface
covered with a close series of oblique wrinkles.

Description.- — \\lien I first described this specimen in 1'Jll, 1 was of opinion
that the length of the complete wing was not more than -•> mm. With a larger
knowledge of the structure and form of the Hlattoid tegmen I should now
estimate the length at nearer o-jinm., the complete structure being a little over
two-and-a-half times as long as broad.

The costal border is broadly convex, more so in the distal than in the proximal
half.

The subcostal area is narrow, the subcosta being a delicate vein, sending a
number of forked and simple branches obliquely to the costal margin. Probably
half of the subcosta is missing, though three branches of it are present. One

•

. 35 —Archimylacris (Schieoblatia) nl,nr,iln, Holtim ; 'lia^rani of venation of left fore-wing, three
times natural size. — Upper ( 'oa I Mea.-mv> (i\venian Level of the Mynyddislwyn Vein); Maes-y-
cwimiuT, Monmonth^lm-e. Mus. Trad. (ieol. (n,,.-. L'l.'.nr,. L'l.'.iC Numbering of veins as in
Text -ii-iu-o :::{, p. lu-t.

remains single, the next gives off a simple basal twig, and forks just before
reaching the margin, while the outer branch is undivided.

The radius is much the largest of the principal veins, and is widely separated
from the subcosta over the middle portion of its length. He fore reaching t lie-
middle of the wing it divides into two diverging branches, each of which fork,-,
and afterwards gives off a series of smaller veins, eleven i

the distal outer margin, and the outer half of the1 wing-apex.

The median vein is not complete, and seems to consist of a main stem, giving
oil a long branch in the basal third of the wing, a second branch in the middle,
and a final branch in the outer third. The first branch onlv divides, so that the
median ends on the inner apical margin in live divisions.

The remaining marginal veins are probably wholly cubital. They are live in
number, one only forking.

ARCHIMYLACR1S (SCHIZOBLATTA) OBOVATA. Ill

There is no trace of the anal portion of the wing, or of the remainder of the
cubitns.

The Aving is thick, coriaceous in texture, and convex dorsallv. The whole
surface is covered by a dense series of irregular oblique wrinkles. In some places
a close-set series starts out from the sides of a Arein, and dies out in the interspace.
In other places sets of wrinkles are interrupted by smooth interspaces, this
arrangement occurring at haphazard. There are a feAV cases in which the
Avrinkles unite.

Affinities. — There can be no doubt as to this specimen representing an
Archimylacrid. Dr. Ilandlirsch, who makes Archimylacris the type of a family,
Archimylacridte (' Proc. U.S. National Museum,' vol. xxix, p. 722, 1906), has also
founded a new genus, Schizoblatta, and with the type-species of this genus the
specimen here described is in close agreement.

The points to which I attach importance are the following: In both, the
subcostal area extends for a short distance beyond the middle line, the veins in
each case passing out obliquely to the margin. A very Avide interval separates the
stem of the snbcosta from that of the radius in the middle of their length, and this
area is narrow-ed distally in each case by the approach of the marginal veins.
The radius is a large and much branched ATein, and separates into tAvo main
divisions, Avhich fork at the same level and reach the apical point of the Aving—
in this specimen just beyond it. The median is relatively small, while the
cubitus has feAV branches, passing obliquely out, like those of the snbcosta, to the
margin.

The anal area in the type, tfcliizolilaftn nJutttcea, is long, attaining nearly half
the length of the wing. In the specimen here described this part is missing, as is
also a part of the cubitus. The missing portion of the inner margin extends
beyond the middle of its length, and knowing how frequently the anal vein
determines the line of fracture, this extended broken area becomes significant.

Dr. Handlirsch' s definition of the genus Schizoblatta is as follows: "Front Aving
elliptical, about two and two-fifth times as long as broad. Costal area extending
about three-fifths the length of the wing, with about nine or ten normal veins; not
expanded at the base. Radius divided into two principal stems, the superior of
which separates into six branches and the inferior into eight, the majoritv of the
latter ending in the apical border. The median likewise divides into two main
stems, the anterior of which forms five branches, and the posterior four, all of which
fuse in the apical margin. The eight branches of the gently vaulted cnbitus take
up the entire inner border. The anal area attains nearly half the length of the
wing. Cross-veins area not to be distinguished, but instead there is a fine-grained
leathery structure " (Joe. cit.}.

If the genus is to be maintained apart from that of Ar<-]ihii//l<n-rix, 1 would base
the characters on the obliquity of the marginal veins of the subcosta and cubitus,

U-2 FOSSIL INSISTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

the presenco of a wide interval between the former and the radius, and the wide
area occupied by the latter.

The division of the radius into two unequal branches, with its symmetrical
double bifurcation, is also, I venture to think, a feature of primary importance.

In the wide divergence of the radius and median, this species agrees with
Scudder's genus Spiloblattina ; but in this case the veins do not converge again to
enclose an elongated or oval area.

Archimylacris, sp. indet. Plate VII, fig. •">.

1911. Archimylacrie, sp inilct., UolUni. (^duirt. Journ. Geol. Six-., vol. Ixvii, p. !<>:>, pi. x, HL;. :l

TI/JH_>. — A fragmentary wing, lacking the apex and the base ; Museum of
Practical Geology, .lermyn Street (no. 24o03).

llni'i:;on a iid Locality. — Base of Upper Coal Measures (Grellideg Level of the
Mynyddislwyn Vein) ; near Maes-y-cwmmer, Monmouthshire.

Description. — The specimen is much too fragmentary for any attempt at specific
determination. A portion of the distal margin is present, with three branches of
the subcosta. These are succeeded by eight straight veins, two at least forking,
which belong to the radius and median series. These are followed by an equal
number of veins partially hidden by the surface of the integument, which is much
wrinkled over this area. These, I assume, are parts of the cnbitus vein. The
wrinkling of the integument over the cubital area is very marked.

The special interest of this wing-fragment is in its association with portions of
a leaf of ' 'orilniles. Scudder and others have commented on the general association
of the wings of Blattoids with leaves of (_'t»-<lititi'x. but have not. so far as 1 am
aware, drawn attention to a feature which is well shown by this leaf, namelv, pits
on its surface. I have repeatedly found such depressions on the leaves of ('oriliiitt'*
in the Lancashire Coalfield, and in many cases seen the hollows occupied by the
shells of S/iii'in-l'ix /iKxillitx. The shallow pits on the Cordaites-leai associated with
this fragmentary wing show faint traces of a spiral, similar to the impression
of ,^/iii-ni'liix, and such shells were. 1 think, once attached to it. While the
Carboniferous Pdattoids may have Keen wholly phytophagous, we are led by our
knowledge of t lie living Blattids, especially by t lie common cockroach ( I'lTi/il'iiit'l'i
orientalis), to assume the contrary, and to regard them as more likely to have been
omnivorous, in which case the association of Blattoid remains with the leaves of
I 'm'lliiili'x bearing the sedentary Spvrovbis is easily understood. The association
:ilso lends support to the beliel that the Blattoids were semi-aqiiat ic in habit, or
lived in marshes and >wamps m which dccaved veivel at ion Formed a home for
Spii'orbis.

PHYLOBLATTA SULOATA. 11:5

Archimylacris, sp. indet. Plate VII, fig-, (i.

I'.'ll. ArcJnmylaeris, sp. iu<let., Bolton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vul. Ixvii, p. 15 2, pi. vii. fi^. -2.

Type. — Impression of basal portion of left tegmen ; Museum of Practical
Geology, Jermyn Street (no. 24508).

Horizon ami Lni-nlifi/. — Base of Upper Coal Measures (Mynyddislwyn Vein,
Gellideg Level) ; near Maes-y-cwmmer, Monmouthshire.

Genus PHYLOBLATTA, Handlirsch.

1900. Phylnblattu, Handlirsch, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. xxix, p. 738.

CUuirdeter*. — Tegmina elliptical, two-and-a-quarter to two-and-a-half
times as long as wide ; costal area strap-shaped, rarely wide, and extending usually
to three-fifths or two-thirds the length of the wing; not expanded basally. Radius
with numerous branches, all of which reach the outer margin. Median with outer
branches only, reaching wing-apex. Cubitus large, much branched, and occupying
distal two-thirds of inner mai'gin. Anal area large with numerous veins. Inter-
stitial neuration rugose leathery or much cross-wrinkled.

Phyloblatta sulcata (Bolton). Plate VIII, fig. 1 ; Text-figure 36.

1911. Gerablattina (AplMoroUattina) sulcafa, Bolton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. Ixvii, p. 1(55,
pi. viii, figs. 1 — 3.

Ti//)f. — Greater part of tegmen and its counterpart impression showing the
under surface only; Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street (nos. 2450 I-
and 24505).

Ifnri::i>n <m<l Lorn! it//. — Base of the Upper Coal Measures (Gweruau Level of
the Mynyddislwyn Vein) ; near Maes-y-cwmmer, Monmouthshire.

Sperijic <~'li<ir«i-t<>rx. — Costal area broad ; subcosta strap-shaped, and extending
far out. Eadius with six branches, occupying outer half of wing-apex. Median
with few divisions and occupying a small area of the wing. Cubitus united with
median at the base. Anal furrow well developed. Anal veins 5 — 8.

Description. — The specimen comprises the greater part of a right tegmen,
showing the under surface, the counterpart impression being on a second piece of
black shale. An irregular narrow fringe of the wing-membrane has been lost
along the outer and inner margins, and the inner half of the wing-apex is also
missing. The length of the fragment is 35 mm., and the greatest width Hi mm.,
the perfect wing being probably about 45 mm. long, and 22—23 mm. wide. If this
estimate is correct, the wing is short. Tegmina are usually at least two-and-a-half
15

114 FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

times as long as wide. The structure is well preserved, and the principal veins
and their subdivisions are in relief.

The costal margin is thickened, strongly convex, and well rounded at the base.
The costal area is unusually broad and strap-shaped, extending over two-thirds ol
the costal margin. The basal portion of the costal area is smooth, and not crossed
by branches of the subcosta.

The subcosta is thin, elevated basally, and somewhat crenulated, doubtless
owing to post-mortem change or pressure. The subcosta is parallel with the
costal margin over more than one-half the length of the wing, and gives off six
oblique branches to the margin. Three of these branches are forked.

The radius passes out to the apex of the wing, giving off six outer branches,
the first forking once, ami the second twice before reaching the margin. The

Fn:. 3(>. — Phyloblatl" sxlmln ( l!olt»n ) : din^rum of the venation, and restored outline of fore-win^, two-
and-a-half times natural size. — Upper Coal Measures (Gwernau Level of the Jl ynyildishvyn Vein) ;
near Mats-y-c\vmmer, Monmouthshire. Mus. Pi-act. Geol. (nos. L'l'iiU, :.'ir>(>5>. Numbering of
veins as in Text-figure 33, p. 101.

remaining branches are undivided. The radius and subcosta together occupy a
little less than half the total wing-area.

The median vein is convex outwards in its basal half, and then bends inwards
to the junction of the inner and apical margins. It gives off three long, outward,
undivided branches, all of which are parallel with the main stem of the radius.
Basally, the median curves sharply inwards and unites with the cubitus. the two
veins having a very short common stem.

The cubitus is the largest and most, important vein in the wing, although but
faintly outlined at the base, where iis union with the median is nevertheless quite
clear. It gives off seven inwardly directed branches, the third only forking. On
ils outward side two branches are given off.

The anal furrow is represented by a strong ridge, and is therefore a well-
marked OTOOVC on the dorsal surface of the \\ m<j'. The anal area is lari>'e,

O O 3

extending at least one-third the length of the inner margin, and crossed by five

PHYLOBLATTA TRANSVERSALTS. 115

anal veins, the first and second only being forked. The whole of the anal area is
not shown, and 3 — 4 veins may be missing.

The interstitial neuration consists of a close series of transverse nervures or
wrinkles, it is impossible to say which. They are best seen in the anal and
cubital areas.

.[ijhill'u's. — The union of the stems of the median and cubitus veins, the
occupation of the greater part of the inner half of the wing by the median, whose
branches take up the whole of the inner margin outside the anal area, and the
strong parallelism of the branches of the principal veins, are well-marked features
which in the main agree most, I think, with Phi/loMattn. Its- resemblance to
GvraUittt'ma is also marked, and it is well to remember that Handlirsch has
referred several species originally placed in the latter genus to Phyloblatta. This
question of the generic relationship is a good example of the difficulty of allocating
species to genera whose characters are not wholly known.

Phyloblatta transversalis, Bolton. Plate VIII, tig. 2; Text-figure 37.

1917. PhyUoblatta transversalis, Boltcm, Proc. Birmingham Nat. Hist. Phil. Soe., vol. xiv, pp. 100—
103, pi. vii, figs. 1, '2.

7'//y>r.— Remains of two Blattoids, consisting of the tegmina, two pronota, and
portions of the hind-wings, in a split nodule of ironstone, GO mm. long, and 45 mm.
broad; Geological Museum, University of Birmingham.

Hoi'i::»n it ml Local it;/. — Coal Measures ; Staffordshire.

The nodules were collected by Dr. Blake and agree in all respects with those
found at Tipton and Coseley. Staffordshire, in the binds between the " Brooch "
and " Thick " coals of the Middle Coal Measures.

N/«r/>V Characti't-x. — Radius relatively simple with five branches, radial sector
large and evenly forked ; median vein small, with three outer branches; cubitus
vein long with seven inward branches ; anal area small with few anal veins.

Di'serijjfioii: — The remains of three insects are shown on the split surfaces of
two small ironstone nodules. The larger nodule contains the remains of two
Blattoid tegmina, two pronota, and fragments of hind-wings. One tegmen is
almost complete, while of the other more than half is shown, the distal end having
been lost in splitting the nodule.

The tegmina lie with the under surfaces uppermost, the impression of the
underside being preserved on the larger portion of the nodule. As both are from
the left side, it follows that they belong to two insects — a conclusion confirmed by
the presence of a pronotum in close association with each. In the case of the
more nearly complete tegmen, the pronotum lies a little apart, and upside down,
like the tegmen, while the pronotum of the more incomplete wing lies on the basal

11 d FOSSIL IXSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

portion of the teg-men itself, and lias the dorsal surface uppermost. Traces of
hind-wings are present, lying on a .slightly lower plane than the tegmina, and
showing- only the underside.

As the two tegmina are specifically identical, the more nearly complete example
has been taken as the type and is here described in detail.

The tegmen has a length of 32mm., and, as a small part of the apex is missing-,
its total length must have been about 3-jinm. The width is uniform over the
basal half of the wing, and averages 11'5 mm.

The costal margin forms a strong convex curve, in this respect contrasting with
tlie inner margin, which is nearly straight. The wing-apex is directed backwards
owing- to the great convexity of the costal margin. The whole wing has a broad
semilunate appearance.

The subcosta is a feeble vein, not easily discernible; its outwardly -directed
twigs pass out obliquely, and are twice or thrice forked. Like the main stem, they
arc faintly impressed, and cannot be traced up to the costal margin. Eight twigs
can be determined. The subcostal area is strap-shaped, and extends beyond the
middle of the wing.

FIQ. 87. — Phyliiblatld I i-diixri'i-fmlin, Bolton ; diagram of venation of left fore-wing of type-specimen,
t\\iee natural size. — Middle Coal Measures; Staffordshire. Geol. Mas. Univ. liiriiiiii.urliani.

The radius is a strong vein, and shows an inner sub-division which has all the
characters of a radial sector. Basally, it seems joined to the median, but it is an
apparent junction only, the wing-base being pressed in upon itself, and bringing
the two close to one another. After giving off the inner (radial sector) branch,
the radius gives off five outer branches which reach the distal third of the outer
margin. The first of these branches seems to break up into three twigs, but the
structure of the wing is not clear at this point. The radial sector, which arises in
the basal half of the wing, forks at the distal third into two equal branches. 1 1n-
outer forking twice into four divisions, and the inner forking once. The radius
and radial sector occupy the whole of the outer half of the wing-apex.

The median vein diverges from the radius along its whole course, and reaches
the distal end ol the inner margin, giving off three outer branches in the distal
half ol the wing. These pass straight to the apex, the first forking twice, and
the second once, the third remaining undivided to the broken edge of the wing.
The branches ol i he median occupy I he whole of the inner half of the \\ ing-
apex.

PHYLOBLATTA TRANSVERSALIS. 117

The cnbitus remains above the middle line of the wing in the basal third,
curving imvards and flattening in the outer two-thirds of the wing, and giving off
seven inward branches, the second alone forking low down near the margin.

The anal area is small, and crossed by six oblique anal veins, the first and third
of which fork.

The interstitial neuration consists of a close-set series of straight cross-nervures
which unite laterally as they cross the wider areas.

The pronotum in close apposition with this wing has its inner surface upper-
most. This shows a central shallow concave area, bounded by two lateral ridges,
which die away as they approach the hinder border. The general outline is
broadly circular.

The second tegmen is much less exposed than the first, and has its apex buried
under the second pronotum. So far as its structure can be determined, it agrees
with the wing already described.

The second pronotum has been crushed, the anterior border being turned round
upon the base of the wing, and partly broken away. The posterior margin is
almost straight, and that of the anterior well rounded.

Traces of two hind-wings are shown, one a little in advance of the more nearly
complete wing, and partly underlying it, and the other underlying the costal and
radial areas of the second incomplete wing. The first hind-wing shows a portion
of the distal extremity, with a series of incomplete veins, probably belonging to
the radius, median, and cubitus; the remains of the second hind-wing probably
consist of the distal radial twigs only.

.y. — The distinguishing features of the tegmina are essentially those of
unless we except the interstitial neuration. This is composed of
straight cross-nervures, which unite laterally across the wide areas between the
main stems of the radius, median, and cubitus, but not producing anywhere a
meshwork such as is usually seen in the Phyloblattids.

Handlirsch doubts the presence of a cross-neuration in the genus I'lii/ldlilattn
(' Proc. U.S. National Museum,' vol. xxix, p. 7-31, HJOli), but there seems no reason
why it should not be present in the more archaic members of the genus, as they
all have an Archimylacrid ancestry, in which a cross-neuration is a dominant
feature.

The species is closely allied to a form figured as <l<',-<ilil<i/tiint sp. by Brongniart
(' Insectes Fossiles des Temps Primaires,' pi. xlvi, fig. 7. IS'.*:!), and repeated by
Handlirsch ('Die Fossilen Insekten,' pi. xxx, fig. 35, p. 290, 190li) under the name
of Blattoidea, sp. Handlirsch regards Brongniart's specimen as belonging either to
the Spiloblattinidae or to the Archimylacridae. Unfortunately the interstitial
neuration is not shown. If, as in these specimens, Brongniart's species possesses a
cross-nenration, or one in which the nervures unite laterally, it must be referred
to Phyloblatta.

118 FOSSIL TXSKCTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

(Archimylacridae) kirkbyi (Woodward). Plate VIII, fig. o.

1887. LUliiiiiti/liH'i'i* I'irklnji, Woodward, (.it-ol. \I;ig :>n, vol. iv, p. 55, pi. ii. figs. 4« — 4/<.
1887. / Hrriuntiililiiftiiiit 1,-irklii/!. Si'inlcU-r, I'ror. Cost. Soc. Nat. Hist.. vol. xxiii, p. 357.
lf>06. (Ari-liinti//<irri<l:i') l;ifl;liji. Hamllirscli, Die Fossilen Insekteii, p. 'JMS, pi. xxiv, fig. o7.

'/'///"'• — 'je^ "'ing' (tegmen) ; formerly in the collection of the late Mr. .lames
Kirkby.

ll«ri::<>n and fjornlthj. — Upper Coal Measures (lied \'o. :>'>) ; near Meitliil, coast
of Fifesbire.

Description. — Our knowledge of this wing depends on the description and
figures published by Dr. H. Woodward. His description is as follows: "Outline
of wing pointed-ovate, slightly flattened on its superior border; length of wing
15 nun., breadth M mm. The 'mediastinal' [subcostal] vein occupies rather more
than a fourth of the entire area of the wing ; it extends to about two-thirds of the
length, where it unites with the superior margin of the wing ; it branches six
times; one of these branches has three forks. The 'scapular' [radius] vein
extends nearly to the extremity of the wing; it remains single for over one-fourth
of its length, and then branches into three veins, the middle one of which is again
forked. The ' externo-median ' [median] vein continues parallel to the scapular
vein for a slightly longer distance before it branches at the extremity of the wing
into three inferior veins, two of which are again forked. The 'interno-median'
[cubitus] vein occupies about one-fourth the entire area of the wing; it gives off
three almost equidistant branches, none of which appear to be forked. The anal
vein is nearly straight, and has three other almost parallel oblique simple veins
occupying the anal area."

.(ijhiitii'x. — Neither Woodward's figures nor the later modified drawing-
published bv Ilandlirsch are very helpful in enabling us to identify the genus.
Handlirsch has reversed the figure given by Woodward, and shows three veins
which may belong to the subcosta. a radius with three forward branches, and a
well-divided median ending on the wing-apex in nine outer branches. Woodwards
" inediiist inal " becomes the cubitus, and no anal veins are shown. This seems a
more reasonable interpretation of the wing.

Woodward's comparison of the wing with Lithomi/kicriis pittstonianum, Scd., is
unfortunate, as in that species the radius is a large, much-branched vein, occupying
nearly half the outer margin, while' the radius (scapular) in A.ldrlcbyi, Woodw., has
three divisions only as shown by him. alt hough it is a more branched structure
when the I'lLi'ure is reversed and the veins reconsidered, as bv I landhrsch.

In the absence of the type-specimen, it is not possible to do more than reler
the species to the !annl\ A rch I m\ laeruhe.

BLATTOIDS TXCERT.E SEDTS. 11«»

BLATTOIDS INCERT.E SEDIS.

Remains of Blattoids have been found at four horizons and in four localities in
the Kent Coalfield. They were obtained from small cores, the edges of which had
cut through the wings, and rendered them so fragmentary as to be useless for the
determination of genera or species. They serve, however, to indicate that the Kent
Coal Measures may eventually prove to be as rich in fossil insect-remains as the Coal
Measures of the Pas-de-Calais. The depths of the cores given with the original
description of these fossils were found afterwards to have been reckoned from a
private datum, while the depths now given have been corrected to Ordnance
datum.

Phyloblatta (?), sp. Plate VIII, fig. 1,

1912. PhyUoblatta (?), sp., Boltou, Quart. Journ. (}.MI!. Soe., vol. Ixviii, p. :<21, pi. xxxiii, figs. 3, 4. 5.
1915. PlujlloUi.it tn (V), sp., Bolton, Trans. lust Miu. But;., vol. xlix, p. 45.

Specimen. — Impression of a Blattoid wing, 5 mm. long and 2'5 mm. wide;
Museum of the Kent Coal Concessions Company, Dover.

The impression is that of the middle part of the margin of a tegmen. This
may be a part of the outer margin, as I formerly supposed, but I now think it
more likely to belong to the inner margin, and to show branches of the median and
cubitus veins.

Hori::nn nml Locality. — Shales at a depth of 1967 ft. in the Maydensole boring,
Kent Coalfield.

Phyloblatta (?), sp.

1912. PJiyUoblatta (:). sp., Bolton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. Ixviii, p. 321, pi. xxxiii, figs. 8, 9.
1915. PJiyllobluftii (r), sp., Bolton, Trans. Inst. Miu. Eny., vol. xlix, p. (.',.

. — Impression of part of a Blattoid wing, Ij mm. long and '•'> mm. wide ;
Museum of the Kent Coal Concessions Company, Dover.

The fragment appears to belong to the proximal part of the wing, and shows a
long vein giving off six branches.

Lying more inward are the remains of a short forked vein.

Horizon ami LiH'filit//. — Shales at a depth of 'J-54 feet in the Ripple boring,
Kent Coalfield.

BLATTOID WINU-FKAGMKXT. Plate VIII, tig. 5.

1912. "Blattoid," Boltou, Quart. Joum. G-eol. Soe., vol. Ixviii, p. :!•_'!. pi. xxxiii, ti--s. C, 7.
1915. " r.lattoM,'' Boltou, Trans. lust, Min. Eu^., vol. xlix, p. 45.

Specimen. — Impression of a wing-fragment :> mm. long and l2'25 mm. wide;
Museum of the Kent Coal Concessions Company, Dover.

120 FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

The fragment shows a little of a well-curved margin and three veins, one with
a small fork on the wing-margin. The curvature indicates that the fragment
belongs to the apical end of the wing.

IJorhni n ml Lornlili/. — Black shale at a depth of '21 so feet in the Barfreston
boring, Kent Coalfield.

BLATTOIH WINO-FKAHMEXT. Plate VIII, fig. <>.

H>1.~>. " Blattoi.l." Bolton. Trans. lust. Miu. En--., vi.l. xlix. \<\>. 4-V IT,. ],]. ix, li-\ 24.

. — Distal portion of a teginen, including the whole of the wing-apex;
Museum of the Kent Coal Concessions Company, Dover.

Portions of the subcosta, radius, and median veins can be determined. The
subcosta is represented by a little of the main stem which sends off four simple
branches to the outer margin. The radius divides low down into two branches,
the outer dividing again into two nearly equal twigs, which pass out to the outer
margin of the wing. The inner branch divides into four twigs, all reaching the
apical margin. The cubitus is represented by a long vein, giving off a series of
eight to nine inward branches.

Hai'i::ou ami fjocalitij. — Shales at a depth of 2424 feet in the Stonehall boring,
Kent Coalfield.

Family MYijACBiD^:, Scudder.

1879. Scudiler, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iii. pt. 1, no. 8. p. 40.
1906. Hiimllirscl), Die Fossilen Insektm, p. 258.

Fore-wings variable in shape, but generally broad and short, nearly always
widest at the base. Costal area more or less triangular. Subcosta with branches
arising in a radial manner. Radius sending numerous branches outwardly, in-
dividing into two widely dividing branches. The median either gives on" its
branches seriallv, or forms two compound main branches. Cnbitus with a variable
number of inward branches. Anal area large, with the anal veins usually ending
on the inner margin ( 1 landlirsch ).

Scudder established this family for a numerous series of North American
Pdattoids, all of which are characterised by the subcostal area being- \\idened out
basallv, and the subcostal vein and its branches reduced from the strap-shaped
form seen in A rchim\ lacrids to a shorter structure, in which the branches arise
inainlv from the root of the vein, and radiate in fan-fashion into the subcostal area.

The humeral portion of the subcostal area is usually smooth, and destitute of
subcostal branches, or where I lie-e are present , they are short and do not reach the
margin. Owing to the enlarge lit of the subcostal area, the point of attachment

HEMBIYLACRIS. 121

of the wing becomes central, instead of being in front of the wing-axis as in
the Archimylacridas. The principal veins and their branches sho\v a greater
tendency to pass straight outwards to the wing-margin than in the Archimylacrid;e,
while the pronotnm has become broader and shorter, and assumes more of a
reniform appearance.

The wing-surface is leathery and coriaceous, and often cross-wrinkled. Pruvost
states that the interstitial nenratimi is composed of a fine network of nervures,
which is more correct, the thickened wrinkled condition being a later development.
The body is broad and flat.

Handlirsch regards the Mylacrida? as an early, extremely developed, lateral
branch of the Blattoid series, and thus still retaining rather primitive characters,
best seen in the median vein. Handlirsch adds (I'.tOO, ' Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,'
vol. xxix, p. 760): "Perhaps they owe their origin to an adaptation to their
environment, for it is remarkable how similar many of them are to certain leaves
of ferns, with which they are generally found (a fact to which Scndcler had already
drawn attention). Probably they lived under de<-idn<uis fern-Fronds, and by their
similarity to the pinna? were protected from their enemies."

Prnvost (1920) considers that the Mylacridse may constitute a well individualised
phyletic series which sprang late from the Archimylacrid stock. He divides the
family Mylarrid;e into two divisions, Heinimylacridian and .Mylacriclian, the former,
as typified in J'lii/lnii/i/ldi-rix and Ht'iiiinu/l<i<-rix, being really intermediate forms
lying between the true Archimylacrids and the true Mylacrids (Mylacridians), and
more nearly descended from the first. Prnvost also points out that Handlirsch has
placed Ai><>i>lttlic</i)i<t (the IJ^iiiiiiii/liicriK of Haxony) with the Archimylacridie, and
the American members of the Hemimylacris among the Mylacrida?. lie is some-
what uncertain whether to place the Hemimylacridians with the Archimylacridae
or with the Mylacrida?, but decides in favour of the latter, suggesting that both the
Hemimylacridians and the Mylacridians are of polyphyletic origin.

Genus HEMIMYLACRIS, Handlirsch.

I[i'iiiiini/hii-ris, Handlirsch, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. xxix, ]>. 767.

- Characters. — Wings twice as long as wide. Costal area broad, in one
species almost triangular, in another somewhat strap-shaped. Radius with four
outer branches, the first dividing into two or three twigs. Median with three
branches directed inwards. Cubitus with 4 — 5 branches which do not occupy the
whole of the free inner margin. Anal area two-fifths the length of the wing, and
more than twice as long as wide.

Handlirsch remarks that this genus may be classed almost as well with the
Archimylacrida? as with the Mylacridse, thus agreeing with Pruvost.
10

122 FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.
Hemimylacris obtusa, Bolton. Plate VIII, fig. 7 ; Text- figure 38.

1911. Hemimylacris oliii/xu, Bolton, Quart. Jourii. Geol. Sue., veil. Ixvii, ji. Io4, pi. x. fi^s. 4, -r>.

. — A stout right tegmen, lying on a surface of fireclay full of Stigmarian
rootlets, and distorted by pressure ; Museum of Practical (Jeologv, .lermvn Street
(no. 24510).

Horizon and Lornlih/. — 1'pper Coal Measures (Four- Toot Seam of Swansea);
Gladys Colliery, one mile east-south-east of IVnller-gaer Cliurcli, (ila.ni.

S/n'i-iJit- ChdLTacteTS . — Costal margin convex; subcostal vein dividing bv
repeated forking into five twigs; costal area triangular. Radius with a radial
sector, the latter much divided. Median with a few forked inward branches.
Cubitus large, with four branches, the second twice forked. Anal area wide, and
crossed by numerous veins, the first giving off a simple branch, and then dividing
twice by equal forking. Inner margin almost straight.

FIG. 38. — Hi'mimi/liii'i-it uliliisii, lioltoii; diagram of rig-lit fore-win"; with apex restored, three times
natural size. — Up]"1]' I'ual Measures (four-foot Seam »t Swansea); Gladys Colliery, near Penller-
<_jacr Cliurcli, I i laiiiur^anshii-c. Mus. Tract. Gc.,1. (no L'-tolOj. Nimilii-nn^ of veins as in Text
%urc 33, p. 104.

Description. — A short rounded right teginen, 23 mm. long and 14 mm. wide,
broken across the basal third along the anal furrow, and the apex missing.

The subcostal area is broadlv triangular, the subcostal vein sunken, and
passing out obliquely, giving off a basal branch which forks into two equal twigs,
the most distal twig forking again. A single undivided branch is given off near
the end of the subcosta.

The radius gives off a strong radial sector, and afterwards sends outwardly
three simple branches. The radial sector sends four branches to the margin, t In-
first forking twice, and the fourth once, the second and third being simple.

Tin.- median vein appears to give off the stem of the cubit us near its base, but
this appearance is probablv due to t he crumpling of t he legmen. The first of I lie
three inward branches of the median arises further out than any of the division>
of the radius or cubit us. 'I' he first branch divides into three t wigs, and 1 lie second
Forks on the broken edge of (he wing. All the branches pass straight out towards
the wing-apex.

HEMIMYLACRIS CONVBXA. 123

The cubitus is convex in its basal half, and straightens out clistally, giving off
t'ou i- inward branches, the second dividing into three, and the fourth forking.
The divisions of the cubitus occupy the distal half of the inner margin.

The anal area is large, and marked off from the rest of the wing by a deep
anal furrow. The first anal vein breaks up into five divisions, by a triple forking,
and the second forks twice. The third anal vein forks near its base, and the
remaining o — 4 veins appear simple. The anal veins end on the margin in at least
fourteen twigs.

The interstitial neuration cannot be determined.

A [Unities. — The mode of branching of the subcostal vein, the presence of a
decided radial sector and the character of the first anal vein, are features which
would justify the inclusion of this species in the genus tinoiiii/lirris, were it not for
the fact that the median is not divided into two equal brunches. There is a close
correspondence between this species and H. mniijii-nfn, Handl., and I therefore
retain it in the genus Hemimylaciis, although, as I have stated elsewhere, I am
inclined to merge the two genera into one, as marking a transitional group between
the Archimylacridae and the Mylacridie.

Hemimylacris convexa, Bolton. Plate VIII, fig. 8.

liUl. Hemimylacris conrexa, Bolton, Qn;irt. Journ. G-eol. Soe., vol. Ixvii, p. 156, pi. vii, fig. 3.

Type. — Proximal half of a tegmen lying on an irregular surface of black shale;
Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street (no. 24512).

Horizon iiinJ Lonilit//. — Pennant Series (Shales associated with the Graigola
Seam); Clydach Merthyr Colliery, Clydach Valley (Swansea Vale), Crlam.

Specific Characters. — Costal area triangular. Radius with a well-defined radial
sector, the two occupying most of the outer margin and the outer half of the
wing-apex. Median small. Cubitus arcuated and ending on the middle of the
inner margin, and outer third of the apex. Anal veins few.

l><'x<-rit>tw-n. — Only the proximal half of the tegmen is shown, and this does not
exceed 10 mm. in length. The subcostal area is much crushed and broken, and
but two branches of the subcostal vein can be seen on it.

The radius arises in the middle of the base, and at once divides, evidently
giving off a radial sector. The radius shows two marginal veins, while the radial
sector sends off a long branch towards the wing-apex, the branch forking near the
broken edge of the wing.

The median vein is represented by a portion of the main stem, which forks

twice.

The cubitus has an arcuated stem bifurcating twice into four branches. Three

anal veins can be distinguished.

1:21. FOSSIL IXSFCTS OF T1IK BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

s. — The fragment;) IT and crumpled condition of this wing makes its
elucidation difficult and unsatisfactory. The chief features distinguishable are the
almost equal costal and anal areas, the presence of a radial sector, and the origin
of several anal veins arising from one stem. Few though these characters be, they
are sufficient to refer the specimen to the Mylacridge, and to the genus Hemimylacris.

Genus PHYLOMYLACRIS, Pruvost.

1919. Phylomylacris, Pruvost, Fauiie Coutineiit. Terr. Houill. N. France (Mi'ni. Explic. Carte Gi'ol.
France), p. 19'J.

Generic Characters, — Tegnnna semi-ovate, with rounded apex. Surface coria-
ceous, with a line close mesh work of interstitial nervures giving a shagreen-like
appearance. Wing-attachment in middle of wing. Costal area triangular. Sub-
costal branching, partly pectinated and partly radial, extending beyond the middle
of the wing, lladius well developed. Median with numerous branches. Cubit us
large and well branched. Anal area large, convex, and crossed by numerous
anal veins.

Pruvost has formed this genus to include certain Ulattoids found in recent
years at Lens and Lievin in northern France. They possess a superficial
resemblance to the type-species of T'r////;///"o'/X \. In-rux, Scd., but their
differences arc nevertheless so marked as to justify the formation of a new genus.
Pruvost in the work in question placed Goldenberg's Blattidium mantidioid.es in
the genus . I /v/oW/yjA,', having at the time only the original drawings of Kirkby
to rely on. After borrowing the type-specimen, I came to the conclusion that
Goldenberg's species must be referred to a new genus, in which I also placed
Necymylacris rilli'ii, 1'ruv., .V. Injiffri, Pruv., and X. i//nl<>ni, IVuv. To this new
genus 1 proposed to attach the name of my French friend, Dr. I'. I'ruvost, and
intimated my intention to him, at the same lime sending my manuscript. 1 received
a reply and the proof-sheets of his new work, in which it appeared that he also had
recognised that the three1 species previously referred to Necymylacris must be
placed in a new genus, to which he had already given the name of Phylomylacris.
Our conclusions were identical as to the generic value of his species, and as his
work antedates my own, I am unable to attach his name to the new genus, but
must adopt the generic name of /'/////»//////</<•/•/* for tin' Kritish species.

Had Dr. Pruvosl received my photographs and drawings earlier, he would not
have referred //. inantidwides lo the genus Arcliseotijjhe, but to Phyloinylacris, &&

lie based the characters of the latter on the same details of structure .'is I had
determined for the genus in which /.'. iiHiitliiUoiilrx should be placed. The fact
that we arrived at the same conclusion, and by the selection of the same structures,
has been a sal isl'act ion to hot h.

PHYLOMYLACRIS MANTIDIOIDES. 125

Phylomylacris mantidioides (Goldeuberg). Plate IX, fig. 1 ; Text-figure 39.

1867. Bhittti or Rlattlii,!. Kirkby, Geol. May., vol. iv, p. 088, pi. xvii, figs. 6, 7.

1877. BMtidium iiiiuititli'ii<l>:<, t!»l.li>ul>t>ri;-, Fauna Saraepont. Foss., vol. ii, p. '20.

1879. Etobluttiiui mantidioides, .Seudder, Mem. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist,, vol. iii, p. 72, pi. iii, ti-. <">.

1906. (An-hiiinjIni-riJ.-f) mantidioides, Han.llirsel), Die Fossileu Insekteu. p. 2:i7, pi. xxiv, tiy. '27.

I'.HO. Arrlitrntipltr ,>initli<lini,l,'*. Pruvost., Faune Continent. Terr. Houill. N. France, p. 170.

y,/^.— Basal half of left tegnien in nodule; Kirkby Collection, Hancock
Museum, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

H<>ri::on and LucalUij. — Upper Coal Measures (zone of Anthrac-omya phillipsii) ;
South Hylton, opposite Claxheugli on the Wear, Durham.

Xynr/>V Characters. — Surface of wing coriaceous. Costal margin convex;
subcosta feeble, with few simple branches passing obliquely to the margin. Costal
area acutely pyriform. Radius much divided, and occupying outer half of wing-
apex Median with numerous divisions, and passing to inner half of wing-apex.

FIG. 39. — Phylomylacris >iiiniliijii>i<li's (Ucildi'iilior^) ; diagram of venation of typi', a loft fore-win;?,
three-and-a-half times natural size. — rpper Coal .Measures (zone of Aiilliriii-i'iini" I'lullijixii) ; South
Hylton, opposite Claxheugh on the Wear, Durham. Hancock Mus., Newcastle ou-Tyue (Kirkliy
Coll.).

Cubitns large, extending to the distal end of the inner margin, and giving off five
or more inner branches, the first and third dividing. Anal area tumid, anal furrow
well defined. Anal veins 0 — 10 in number, the first forking twice, and also sending
three weak branches forward. Inner margin convex, but less so than costal margin.

Description. — The surface of the nodule surrounding the wing-fragment is
covered with the " spat " or young fry of a species of mollusc to which Kirkby
gave the name of Aitnjliis rinli, but which I have since shown to be the young fry
of Anthracomya phillipsii ('Trans, hist. Mining Engin.,' vol. xlix, p. f)7-r>, 1915);
also Trechmann and Woolacott (' Geol. Mag.' [6], vol. vi, p. 207, I'.tlO).

The wing-fragment, measuring 1'3'5 mm. long and 8mm. wide, is in excellent
condition, and lies with the dorsal surface uppermost. The whole of the venation
is well marked. Kirkby's original figure is not correct, and his errors have been
repeated by Scudder and Groldenberg. Goldenberg did not describe the species he
named, and Scudder, to whom we owe the first detailed account, was hindered by
the faulty drawing, and does not seem to have seen the specimen. Handlirscb
removed the species from Etol>l<itliu<i, regarding the specimen as an indeterminable

126 FOSSIL 1XSKCTS OF TITK BRITISH COAL MKASFUES.

form of the Arclrimylacridse. Re-examination of the type-specimen shows errors
in the earlier descriptions and figure, and I uo\v re-describe and re-figure the type,
placing it in the new genus established l>y I'ruvost.

The wing is a stout structure, with a coriaceous surface which has enabled it to
be perfectly preserved. The costal margin is well rounded inwardly at the base,
and flattens over the middle of the wing. Assuming that it agreed with wings ot
a I'hylomylacrid type, the margin would gradually merge distally into a broadly
rounded apex.

The subcostal vein is the weakest of the whole series, and passes obliquely
outwards, reaching the margin about the middle of the wing. It gives off five
undivided branches which are oblique in direction, and fail to reach the margin.

The costal area is broad basallv, and ends in an acute angle against the margin.
It may be best described as pyriform.

The radius is a powerful vein, giving origin, in the inner third of the wing, to
what seems to be a well-marked radial sector, and dividing into two equal branches
a little further out. The outer of the two distal branches divides by twice forking
into three twigs, which may have reached the middle of the outer margin. The
inner of the two branches forks once only.

A wide area separates the radius from the subcosta over the greater part of its
length, the widest interval being at the point where the radius divides into two
main branches. The branch (? radial sector), of which but few divisions are
shown on the wing-fragment, diverges inwardly from the main stem of the radius
into the middle of the wing, giving off two branches, the first forking close to the
broken edge of the nodule. Krom its position the ultimate divisions must have
ended upon the outer half of the Aving-apex. and the distal part of the outer

AV ing- margin.

The various divisions of the radius are so divergent that thev enclose a con-
siderable portion of the whole wing, while they are equally well spaced out from
the subcosta in front, and the median behind. The bast' of the radius stands up
in relief, and owing to a little enfolding of the wing, overhangs the bases of the
median and cubitus, but does not unite with them.

The median vein arises close to the radius, and like the latter, bends inwards
at the base in a strong curve, which is continued until the direction is obliquely
inward, when it becomes straightened.

At the summit of the basal curve the median sends off a short oblique vein
inwards to the cubitus. This vein is a distinct commissure, and not an enlarged
Interstitial nerviire. The significance of this eonimissural vein is not yet fully
understood. I'ruvost has recorded a similar structure in species of the genus
Archimylacris (<>/>. »•//., p. L 51), and mentions that Scudder and llandbrsch have
also indicated iis occurrence in other forms. ll is not, however, present in
Archimylacris iruuilinirtli, IJolton, and . I. l/itxl<i/n, IJolton.

PHYLOMYLACRIS MANTIDIOIDBS. 127

The median remains undivided in the proximal third of the wing, and then
forks, the inner of the resultant veins again dividing on the broken edge. The
areas on either side of the main stem of the median are, like those of the radius,
well spaced.

The cnbitus vein is less curved basally than the median and radius, well
separated from the latter, and passing obliquely towards the distal end of the
inner margin of the wing. It gives off six inward branches, the first arising near
the base, and margins the anal furrow. The second branch gives off two irregular
twigs which do not reach the margin, and the fourth is forked. The rest are
undivided.

The whole of the anal area is remarkably well developed. It stands out as a
tumid mass, marked off from the rest of the wing by the first branch of the
cnbitus, and with all the anal veins in high relief.

A broad area interposes between the first anal vein and the anal furrow, and
upon this run out a few small and wavy veins which die out on the membrane.
The first well-defined vein has a short stem dividing at once into two equal
branches, which continue to the margin. The inner of these two branches either
forks again, or has received the larger and distal portion of the next vein, the
basal part being joined to the third vein, and forming an enclosed area. The
next vein forks, and also the sixth, the remainder being closely packed together,
and rapidly diminishing in strength and length as they crowd down upon the
margin.

The interstitial neuration consists of a well-defined meshwork which shows a
tendency to a longitudinal arrangement in the direction of the wing-margin.

Affinities. — The incorrect figure published by Kirkby has been a source of
confusion, and probably accounts for Goldenberg's reference of the species to
Blattidium, Scudder. At the time when he so referred it, Scudder had become
familiar with the distinctive characters of wings of this type, and had created a
new genus Necymylacris to receive them ('Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,' vol. iii,
p. 52, 1879). We can only account therefore for his reference of the wing to
Etoblattina on the score of the faulty drawing, as he does not, seem to have seen
the wing. The later drawing by Handlirsch is wrong in almost every detail, and
his reference of the wing to the Archimylacridre was the only one possible under
the circumstances.

Scudder's genus Xeci/ini/lnri-tx was founded, not upon N. htcmntti, as Hand-
lirsch assumes (a fragment only of that wing being known), but upon .V. ///re*.
Handlirsch's later name of I<Jiiiii<it-]>h<iblutt<i ('Die Fossilen Insekten,' p. 195, 1900)
is rightly reduced by Pruvost ('Ann. Soc. Geol. Nord,' vol. xli, p. 3oO, 1912) to
the position of a synonym.

The figures of the three new species published by L'ruvost in that paper are
admirably reproduced, and as they show a complex of raised nervnres in nearly

128 FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

all tlie areas of the wings, such as is seen in the British specimen, and as the
species agree among themselves while differing- from the type of Scudder's genus
NecymyJncris, I considered them to represent a ne\v genus, as already mentioned.
In X. lii'rim Scudder plainly shows an interstitial neuration of closely-packed
transverse uervures, which he describes as "a minute tracery of nearly straight,
very closely approximated, excessively delicate, scarcely impressed, cross-lines."

Apart from this difference, there is a close relationship between AVr//m///<rr/7.v
and Pruvost's Phi/lomylacris. Regarding, as 1 do, the character of the interstitial
neuration, especially when well developed, as one of more than specific importance,
I consider that Pliylomylacris is a valid genus.

Genus SOOMYLACRIS, Ilandlirsch.
1900. tfiiuiiii/hicri*. H;m<llirsch. Die Fossileu Insekten, p. 200.

Geiicrir CJii'irnrtfrx. — Wings short and wide, being two to two-and-a-half times
as long as wide. Costal area broadly triangular, the subdivisions of the subcosta
arising from a central point, the inner branches only reaching the costal margin
after a very oblique course. Radius with distinct radial sector. Median dividing-
low down into two main branches, while the cubitus is long, with simple or forked
branches. Anal area large, nearly as long as the subcostal area, strongly convex,
and crossed by numerous anal veins, the first usually thrice divided, both the
subcostal and anal areas extending nearly to the middle of the wing.

Soomylacris deanensis (Scudder). Plate IX, fig. '2; Text-figure •!•<>.

1895. Et»1>hi1t!n« ilt'iiiiriHti*. SJrinMtT (in purl). I'.ull. U.S. <.}*><>]. Surv., no. 1'21., p. :U. pi. xii, tig. 1.

189(3. Eliililnttina ili'iuii'imix, Scudilcr, Geol. Mag. [4|, vol. iii, ]i. 1'J. fin1. ].

1900. Kiiuiui/liii'ri* ileaiif/tsiti, HanJlirsi-h, Die Fossileii Insekten, p. l!00, pi. xxvii, fig. 15.

Type. — Right tegmen, lower view, lacking apical portion; U.S. National
Museum, 'Washington (hacoe Collection, no. 11. l2i:J2/s Nat. Mus. no. :',Si)'.lO).

lliii-i::uit inn/ Locality. — Coal Measures; Foxe's Bridge, Forest of Dean,
Gloucestershire.

Description. — Scudder described and figured two specimens from the Forest of
l)ean under the name of Etoblattina <1<'inn'itxi*, but the second is dealt with in this
monograph under the new specific name of X<innii//<n-rix xtor/.-i (see p. 1 •"><•).

The type tegmen of N. deanensis has a length of 'J-~> mm., and a maximum
breadth of l:>> mm. across the ;mal area. Scudder gives (he length as .'IS mm., but
the wing has lost a second portion of the apical end since he figured the specimen.
Tin; anal area is broken, and has become slightly displaced along the line of the
anal furrow, but to so slight an extent as not to hinder measurement.

SOOMYLACRIS DBANBNSIS. 129

The costal margin is strongly convex basally, becoming almost straight over
the middle of the wing, in this respect differing from N. s/or/.-i, which is increasingly
convex in the middle of the wing — a fact noted by Scudder. The inner margin is
more nearly straight, and the wing narrows as the apex is reached, the maximum
width being across the anal area.

The subcosta is made up of three main branches, the first forking into two equal
twigs, the second forking twice into three twigs, and the third forking three times
into four twigs. The subcostal area is very wide basally, and terminates in an
acuminate angle beyond the junction of the first and second thirds of the wing.

The radius is a powerful vein dividing low clown into two main branches, the
outer breaking up into four twigs by a trifid forking, while the inner branch forks
into two, and each of these into two again, the two twigs of the inner secondary
fork each dividing into two. The radius thus ends on the broken edge of the wing-

in ten twigs.

FIG. 40. — Soomylacris deanensis (Scudder) ; din gram of venation of riglil legmen (tin- diagram reversed),
twice natural size. — Coal Measures ; Poxe's Bridge, Forest of Dean, trios. U.S. National Museum,
Washington (Laooe Coll., no. H. 2132 b ; Nat. Mus. no. 38090).

The median vein forks into two main branches at about the end of the proximal
third of the wing. The outer branch divides into two equal twigs, the inner
forking again further out. The inner branch forks once only on that portion of
the wing which is now preserved, although Scudder has figured it as breaking up
into six ultimate twigs by repeated forking of the innermost of the two branches
now seen. Scudder shows twelve twigs of the median ending on the inner half of
the wing-apex, while the actual specimen now shows only five. Scudder is wrong-
in showing a twig coining off inwardly from the first main division of the median,
and dying out in the wing-membrane. The appearance is due to a slight furrow
on the impression. This furrow can be traced across the branches of the adjoining
cubitus.

The cubitus, like the median, is sigmoidally curved, and gives off five inward
branches, and ends upon the distal end of the inner margin in a small fork. The
second and third branches of the cubitus fork twice, and end on the margin in
three twigs each.

Unlike the rest of the wing, which is flatly convex, the anal area is well
rounded, and must have projected somewhat above the general surface. It is
17

130 FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

crossed by six anal veins, the first being a large structure breaking up into four
brandies, and more widely separated from the anal furrow proximally than is its
outer branch distally. The second vein is simple. The third forks twice, and ends
in three twigs. The fourth and fifth fork once each. Traces of two more anal
veins are seen on the margin.

The interstitial neuration can only be distinguished clearly in the anal area,
and consists of irregular cross-nervures which cross the main veins and unite
laterally to form a meshwork, which is not, however, of a strictly reticulate
character.

Soomylacris stocki, sp. nov. Plate IX, fig. '•}; Text-figure 41.

1895. Etoblattimi ilfaiirintix, St-utldcr (in part), Bull. U.S. G-eol. Surv., 110. 124, p. 34, pi. xii, fig. 3.

1896. Etolliiltina Jeaiienstf. Scudder, G-eol. Mag. [4], vol. iii, p. 12, fig. 2.

1906. Soomylacris <leanens!s, Haiullirsch, Die Fossileii lusekten, p. 260, pi. xxvii, fig. 16.

Horizon, and Locality. — Coal Measures; Crump Meadow, Forest of Dean,
Gloucestershire.

Type. — Fragments of two tegmina; U.S. National Museum, Washington (Lacoe
Collection, no. H. 2132c; Nat, Mus. no. :?80(.H>).

Description. — The fragment of a left tegmen has lost much of its base and apex,
while the greater part of the anal area is obscured by the anal area of the
presumably opposite right tegmen. It lies with the under-surface uppermost, the
anal area of the second tegmen being right side uppermost. Feeble traces of what
appear to be a hind-wing can be distinguished through the fragment of tegmen,
and project a little beyond its margin at one point. The specimens are on a dark
grey shale in which occur numerous remains of Neuropteris, Aiiiiidiirln, etc.

The outer margin is seen on the displaced shoulder of the wing, and on the
portion of the outer half of the wing that remains. It is more convex than in
N. ili'iuiciixix, and the shoulder bends inwards almost at a right-angle, that of
N. i/,'fii/f'nxix being regularly rounded.

The subcosta is represented by the bases of three stout veins which spring
from the same point, all showing forking, and by two straight veins running out
on the costal margin on the fragment. These two seem to be the terminals of the
innermost forking seen on the shoulder of the wing. The intercostal area is
broader than that of N. deanensis. The base of the radius is missing, and the
union of the two twigs into which the outer branch divides is missing. Kach of
these twigs forks again half-way between its origin and the margin.

Tin; inner branch of the radius divides by twice forking, and the inner of the
resultant twigs forks again, so that the radius ends on the margin in at least nine
t w igs.

SOOMYLACRIS BURRI. 131

The median forks equally twice, the inner of the four twigs again forking twice
into three.

The cubitus is a simpler structure than that of N. flcunensix. It consists of a
sigmoidally curved main stem giving off five inward branches, the first and third
only forking. The cubitus, therefore, ends on the inner margin in eight twigs,
that of S. deanensis in eleven.

The anal area of the right tegmen is superficially much like that of S. deanensis,
but the first anal vein gives off three branches in place of two, the innermost
forking. In /S'. deanensis the middle branch forks. The second vein forks twice,
that of S. deanensis being undivided ; the third forks once into two twigs, that of
S. deanensis having three ; the fourth forks once, the fifth is undivided, and the
sixth forks twice into three twigs. Traces of a seventh vein are present. Portions
of the anal area are shown near the inner margin, and above the outer edge of the
anal area of the right wing, but they are too fragmentary to determine the course
of the veins.

FIG. 41. — Soomylacris storiii, sp. nov. ; diagram of venation of two tegmina, twice natural size. — Coal
Measures; Crump Meadow, Forest of Dean, Glos. U.S. National Museum, Washington (Lacoe
Coll., no. H. 2132 c; Nat. Mus. no. 38090).

The inner margin is almost straight, and owing to the greater convexity of the
outer margin, the wing appears to have been narrower apically than N. deanensis.

The interstitial neuration is similar to that of N. deanensis. Traces of possibly
one of the hind- wings can be seen underneath the costal margin and under the
outer twigs of the radius. The wing is closely related to that of S. deanensis, but
the differences, especially in the cubitus, are sufficient to distinguish the two.

Soomylacris burri, Bolton. Plate IX, fig. -t ; Text-figure 42.

1012. Soomylacris (Etoblattiita) bnrri, Bolton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. Ixviii, p. 318, pi. xxxiii,
figs. 1, 2.

Ti/pe. — Left tegmen ; Museum of the Kent Coal Concessions Co., Dover.

Horizon and Locality. — Coal Measures (dark shale from a depth of I '208 feet) ;
Barfreston Boring, Kent.

Specific Characters. — Subcosta with few divisions. Radius with well-marked
radial sector, which is well developed and much divided. Median with two main

1*2 FOSSIL LXSKCTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

divisions. Cubitus large, with six simple branches. Anal area very wide basally,
and with 4 — G veins. Tegmen tapering along both nun-gins to the apex.

Iti'm-rijiHun. — The teg-men lies with the under surface uppermost, lacking only
a small portion of the wing-apex. It is short and broad, measuring 1 I- mm. long
and S nun. wide. The dorsal surface is convex, the exposed under surface being
concave.

The costal margin is rounded, especially in the basal portion of the subcostal
area. Distally the margin curves into the wing-apex, which is bluntly rounded.
The inner margin curves outwards in its distal half, so that the wing is widest
basally, and narrows into the wing-apex."

The subcosta is a strong vein with few branches, the first two being simple,
and passing out obliquely. A forked branch arises further out, and near the
margin of the wing a single simple branch. The costal area is broad basally, and
well rounded.

The radius is a large, much-divided vein, occupying, with the subcosta, the
outer half of the wing. It is short, and gives off a radial sector in the basal

Flo.4:2.— Soomylacris liun-i, lloltoii; diagram of venation of left ten-men, four limes natural size. —
Coal Measures (dark shale from a depth of rjus ft.); Barfreston Boring, Kent. Mus. Kent Coal
Concessions Co., Dover.

fourth, afterwards passing out obliquely to the outer margin, and giving off four
outward branches, the first irregular in its course, and with two feeble twigs
which do not reach the margin, the second and third forking well out, and the
fourth small and undivided. The radial sector passes straight to the wing apex,
giving off six strong branches, the first, second, and fourth forking, the ivM
remaining undivided.

The median is convexly curved basallv, and bent inwards to the inner margin.
It gives off a strong forward triple-divided branch in the basal Fourth, and further
out a second branch, which forks three times into four branches. The eight
divisions of the median end on the distal third of the inner margin and part of the
apex.

The ciibitiis describes a regular sigmnidal curve, and gives off at regular
intervals a series of six inwardly directed branches, all of which are undivided.

The anal area is very wide basally, and crossed bv l< li veins, the first forking
twice, the second once, the third undivided, and the fourth forked. Traces of two

ORTHOMYLACRIS LANCEOLATA. 133

very small anal veins are also seen in the curve of the wing-margin. The anal
area is strongly convex between the anal furrow and the first anal vein.

The interstitial neuration of the anal area appears to consist of straight cross-
nervures. Over the rest of the wing the interstitial neuration cannot be made out.

Affinities. — When first describing this species, I regarded it as closely allied to
forms which Handlirsch has placed in his genus Hemimylacris. There can be no
doubt, from what has been already said, that a close relationship exists. Pruvost
(up. df., pp. 2:22 — -1) has recorded two species of Soomylacris from the Lens and
Lievin Coalfields of Northern France, S. lievinensis, Pruv., and S. .iff. deanensisj
The occurrence of these British species may serve to indicate the Westphalian
affinities of the Kent and Forest of Dean Coalfields.

Genus ORTHOMYLACRIS, Handlirsch.
1906. Orthomijlacri*, Haudlirsch, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. xxix, p. 768.

Generic Chin-iicfer*. — Tegmina two to two-and-a-half times as long as wide,
with a sub-cordate outline. Costal area extending from one-half to two-thirds the
length of the tegmen. Radius extending to the tegmen-apex, and giving off a
large number of outward branches. Median with few veins, directed towards the
apex and the inner margin. Cubitus never reaching the apical margin, and with
few branches. Anal area at least twice as long as high. Structure leathery, and
with cross-wrinkles.

Orthomylacris lanceolata, Bolton. Plate IX, fig. 5 ; Text-figure 43.

1911. Orthomylacris lanceolata, Bolton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. Ixvii, p. 167, pi. x, figs. 1, 2.

Type. — Left tegmen; Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street (no. 24-511).

ll<iri::<nt ami /,<«•<//////. — Coal Measures (shales associated with the Graigola Seam,
Pennant Series);' Clydach Merthyr Colliery, Clydach Valley, Swansea Vale, Glam.

Spedjic Characters. — Tegmen long, and uniformly tapering to the apex.
Upper surface regularly convex. Subcostal area broadly triangular, with oblique
branches. Radius much branched. Median unbranched in basal half, with three
outer branches. Cubitus divided into two main branches, the outer forking into
two equal twigs, and the inner giving off three inward twigs, the first only forking.
Outer and inner margins convex.

Description. — The tegmen, which measures 23mm. long and 10 mm. wide, lies
with the dorsal surface uppermost, and is gently rounded along its length, a slight
flattening only being visible over the middle of the outer margin. The uniform
tapering of the two margins to the apex produces an elongate form of tegmen of
an unusual type among Blattoids. The base of the tegmen is lost, and the costal
area appears therefore to occupy nearly half the outer margin.

1!U FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

The subcosta is thin, sunk in the tegminal structure, and gives off three forked
branches which pass in straight oblique lines to the margin.

The radius is a large vein, with four branches, the first three doubly-forked
and the last undivided. The main stem of the radius is convex in the basal part
of its length, and concave in the outer half. The branches pass out very obliquely
and extend on to the apical margin.

The median divides about the middle of the tegmen, on a level with the third
branch of the radius. It gives off three branches, the first forking twice into four
equal twigs, the second of the series forking again near the margin. The inner
pair of twigs nnite in the middle of their length, and separate again further out,
so that a lenticular "cell" is produced. The second branch is undivided. The
third branch divides into a long outer twig which bends forwards towards the
apex, and a smaller and weaker twig which goes straight out to the inner margin.
There is, as a result of this separation, a wide part of the inner margin destitute
of veins.

FIG. 43. — ()i thi imijli trris lanrfo/afa, Bolton ; diagram of venation of left tegmen, three times natural
size.— Coal Measures (shales associated with the Graigola Seam, Pennant Series); Clydach
Merthyr Colliery, Clydaeh Valley, Swansea Vale, Gliim. Mus. Pract. Geol. (no. 24511). Number-
ing of veins as in Text-figure 33, p. 104.

The cubitus arises close to the median, and at once divides into two main
branches, the outer being forked once only, and the inner giving off a forked
branch succeeded by two which are undivided.

The anal area has broken away along the line of the anal furrow. It is shorter
than the subcostal area.

The interstitial neuration cannot be determined with certainty. The surface
near the apex is marked by cross-wrinkles, but 1 cannot affirm that this is a part
of the neuration.

LARVAL BLATTOIDS.
(Blattoidea) peachi (Woodward). Plate IX, fig. 6.

1887. Ktiililiittiini jicnrliii. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3], vol. iv, p. -too, pi. xii, fit;. 1.
1906. (Hlnlliiiili-ii) jii;ii-liu. llauillirsrli. Die Kossileii lusekten, p. 178, pi. xviii, tig. -<!.

TI//IC. — Upper surface of head, proiiotuin, rudimentary wings, and broad seg-
mented abdomen, in nodule of line grey sandstone ; Kilmariiock Museum.

(BLATTOTDEA) PEACHT. 135

Horizon and Locnliti/. — Coal Pleasures (" grey sandy shale with nodules of
impure clay and ii'onstone " at 91 ft. 0 in. below the surface); Greenhill Pit,
Kilmarnock.

Description. — The length of the insect is 23 mm. and its width across the fore-
wings 15 mm. The pronotum is 12 nun. wide, and 5 mm. long. The abdomen is
12 mm. long and diminishes in width from before backwards. The coarse
character of the stone has obliterated or failed to preserve all the finer detail of
the specimen, but the insect still retains the gently convex dorsal surface which it
doubtless had during life.

The very small head, not well defined, is apparently divided into two small
anterior and two larger posterior areas by shallow longitudinal and transverse
grooves. No appendages are visible. A raised V-shaped portion of the matrix in
front of the head may indicate that it formerly extended beyond the line of the
pronotum. The two anterior plates covering the head are notched in a small V on
the middle outer edge.

The pronotum is nearly two-and-a-half times as wide as long, with rounded
latero-posterior angles and almost straight posterior border. The front border
forms a semicircle, recessed in the middle, and enclosing the head-shield termed by
Dr. Henry Woodward an " epicranial plate."

Two pairs of rudimentary wings are present, the first pair articulating well
forward, as if attached to the mesonotum under the hinder margin of the pronotum ;
the hinder pair being joined to the metanotuin nearer the middle line. The wings
are about 10 mm. long and 5 mm. wide, with blunt apical angles. The front pair
of wings have begun to take on the character of tegmina, being stouter than the
inner pair.

The venation of the wings is but faintly indicated. Woodward has stated
that the " mediastinal " vein and the veins of the anal and intermedian area are
seen in all four wings. In present nomenclature this means that the subcosta
and the cubitus are present, with some traces of the anal veins.

This seems hardly to be the case. The left hind-wing has the veins best
marked, and all that can be said is, that there are indications of a few short, thick
veins passing from near the attachment of the wing towards the inner margin, and
crossing the middle of the wing. The condition is much like that figured by
Comstock and Needham (' Amer. Nat.' [4], vol. xxxii, p. 773, fig. 56, 1898) in the
hind-wing of the nymph of a cockroach, except that the veins in the Kilmarnock
specimen spread fanwise, instead of keeping in close order down to the wing-apex.
The veins present will therefore agree best with the radius, median and cubit'.is.
The vein which I consider the radius is nearly parallel with the outer margin and
better defined than the rest.

The length of the mesonotum and metanotum together is (J mm. Neither is
well seen owing to the overlap of the wing-bases.

136 FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

The abdomen is in excellent preservation, and lias several features of interest.
It is 12 mm. in length, diminishing- from a breadth of ]0 mm. across the body and
expanded epimera to o'-j mm. across the ninth segment. The central axis of the
abdomen is more convex than the lateral epimera, and the middle line is slightly
ridged. The abdomen forms about one-third of the total breadth, being- 1. mm.
wide in the first segment, diminishing to l'-5 mm. on the ninth segment. The tenth
segment is missing.

The epimera are broad, with slightly thickened posterior edges. From the
posterior dorsal margins of the first to fourth segments arise thin plate-like
expansions. These pass back over the succeeding two segments, showing ragged
edges, as if they had a greater extension during life, and had since been partially
torn away. The precise relation of these structures to the segments is not quite
clear. On the right side of the first, second and third segments, these processes
seem to emerge from beneath the hinder edges of the terga. If they do not, but
are continuous with the hinder edge, they are yet distinct from the latter, as the
suture-line between the adjacent terga can be traced outwards along the front edge
of the epimera, and if the two are united this furrow may have functioned as a
joint.

The undeveloped wings, scarcely wider than the pronotum, and the broad
epimera of the abdomen, clearly indicate the larval condition of the specimen.
It must be more advanced towards the adult stage than l.r/>f<>l/lntli>i<t f.i'ilix,
Woodw., from the Coal Measures of Coseley. Staffordshire, as it differs considerably
in the greater breadth of the abdomen and the development of the epimera.

In size (Slattoidea) pctic/ii is two-thirds the length of such an adult form as
Aphthoroblattina j<>/iiis<>ni (Woodw.), and as size is fairly well correlated with
development in Blattoids, we may assume that the insect had not fully reached
the nymph stage. This conclusion seems to be also confirmed by comparison with
the wing-length of L. <silix, where the wings are double the length of the
pronotum.

The absence of determinable details in the wings prevents any successful
attempt to assign the specimen to a position in any accepted classification. The
most that can be said is. that the great breadth of the pronotum, as contrasted
with the length, would seem to indicate a relationship with the Mvlacridse.

Leptoblattina exilis, Woodwai-d. Plate IX, figs. 7, <s.

1SH7. Lriil/ili/iilliiiii I'.i'i/in, Woodward, Odd. AIii^'. [ :! . vol. iv, ]). iki, jd. ii, fi^'s. '2, 3.
I'.HM;. ( lihillniili a) '.M//S, llaiidlii-si-li, l>ic Possilen Insekton, p. 17'!. pi. xvii, lij^s. Iti. 17.

'I' i/l"'. Nearly perfect larval blattoid in an ironstone nodule; IJritish Museum,
Johnson ( 'ollect ion (no. I <>(',.")).

LEPTOBLATTINA EXILIS. 137

Horizon, and Locality. — Middle Coal Measures (binds between the "Brooch"
and " Thick " coals) ; Coseley, Staffs.

Description. — The type-specimen and a second (no. 10(5(5), described at the same
time, show an almost complete pronotum, two pairs of rudimentary wings, and a
long jointed abdomen. Dr. Henry Woodward recognises a portion of the head
projecting in front of the pronotum in each, but of this I am doubtful. He also
describes the head as follows : " The head is very small, and somewhat bluntly
pyramidal in form, and measures 2 mm. in breadth at its base, where it disappears
beneath the pronotum, and is 2 mm. in length. There is a suture visible down the
centre which divides the two epicranial plates, at the sides of which the eves
would be seen ; in front of the epicranium a small projection no doubt represents
the clypeus with the labrum at its extremity."

In the type-specimen (PI. IX, fig. 7) the pronotum, 7'5 mm. long and (.l mm.
wide, is well rounded in front and on the sides, the margin of the latter passing
by blunt rounded angles into an almost straight hinder border. The surface is
marked out into the usual central raised area, bordered by slight grooves which
deepen backwards, and curve inwards. The lateral portions are flattened.

The dorsal part of the mesonotum is partially exposed, its anterior edge being-
hidden beneath the pronotum. The front pair of wings is attached to the
mesonotum so far forward as to touch the hinder edge of the pronotum. The
surface of the mesonotum was originally rounded, and judging from its present
condition, somewhat thin. It is now slightly puckered by folding.

The metanotum is similar in character to the mesonotum, but a little more
robust, and has the second pair of wings still articulated near the front margin.

The abdomen is long, the segments immediately following the body being
flattened by pressure, and their boundaries not clearly discernible. Behind follow
at least five well-marked segments which decrease in diameter backwards. The
last three show lateral epimera with the points turned backwards. Traces of
what appear to be cerci follow the last segment. These seem to be curved
inwards at their tips, and widely spaced, but their definition is unsatisfactory.
The length of the aJodomen behind the metanotum is 14mm., and the last segment
is not more than 2 mm. wide, the first of the six segments being double that
diameter.

The wings are short, stout structures, those of the right side being perfect, and
those of the left side incomplete. The right tegmen has a length of 11 mm., and
the hind-wing a length of 10 mm. The venation, as in all larval wings, is very
obscure, and can be best studied on the impression of the wings. It consists of a
stout vein passing from the point of articulation of the wing outwards towards the
wing-apex, and keeping close and parallel with the outer margin. From this vein
a series of fine branches spreads fan-wise towards the inner margin of the wing,
and seems to reach it. \Voudward has recognised a mediastinal (subcostal) vein
18

138 FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

and an anal vein. An examination of a good cast of the specimen by oblique light
shows that there are a strong outer vein parallel with the outer margin, and at
least two others with short, thick stems breaking up into a fan-like series of
oblique veins which spread out towards the inner margin. From the researches
of Messrs. Comstock and Needham (18'.»9, 'American Naturalist' [4], vol. xxxiii,
pp. 573-582, fig. 74), these veins seem recognisable as the radius, median and
anal. 1 am unable to distinguish any detached limb such as that mentioned by
Woodward.

The second example (PL IX, fig. 8) differs from the first in several small
details. It lies on an inclined surface, and the abdomen has been dislocated and
twisted over to the right, so that it is in a different plane from the rest of the insect.
The small " head " described by Woodward can be seen projecting from the
middle of the frontal margin of the pronotum, which is a little broken away. It
consists of a wedge-shaped structure, which narrows forwards, broad at its base
and slightly swollen. It is divided into an anterior centrally placed plate of
quadrangular outline, the hinder angle joining a sunken line (suture?) dividing the
two basal plates, which Woodward terms " epicranial." Too little is seen of the
anterior central plate for description, or for its recognition as a labrum.

The pronotum is raised in the centre and hollowed on the sides, while the
hinder margin is partially broken away. It overhangs the bases of the first pair
of wings. A ridge runs down the median line of the pronotum, the sides of the
latter being less rotund than in the first specimen, and the whole pronotum is
more sub-pyramidal in form.

The first pair of wings is still in place, and about 11 mm. in length, allowing
for the basal part hidden under the hinder margin of the pronotum. The wings
stand out at a low angle from the body, leaving the mesonotum and metanotum
exposed. Both are partially crushed and crumpled, and the characters cannot be
made out. The left wing is the better marked of the two.

The outer margin of the wing of the first pair is stout, and raised above the
general level. Two stout ridges rise from the middle of the base and pass along
the wing, the second ridge being the strongest, and traceable over two-thirds of
the length, while the first ridge does not extend beyond the basal fourth. The
first ridge occupies the place of the subcostal vein, and dies out in the direction of
the outer margin, but with no evident branches. The second and larger ridge has
all the appearance of a radius, is parallel with the outer margin, and can be seen
to send off four branches to the middle of the wing-apex, and the inner half of it.
The anal area is more slightly ridged, but with no discernible divisions.

The hind-wings have a straighter outer margin than the fore-wings, and are
more membranous. Very little is seen of the left hind-wing. The outer margin
of the right hind-wing seems to lie folded back on itself, and the radius vein is the
lii'st distinguishable. It is more branched than its fellow of the fore-wing, giving

MEGANEURID^E. 139

off at least five branches, the fourth being forked. These branches reach a portion
of the outer side, and apex of the wing', and the whole of the inner side of the
apical margin. More inward is seen the distal half of another vein which may be
the median. It separates into two branches which reach the distal part of the
inner margin. The anal area is hidden by being folded in against the body.

The wings appear too small and of too rigid a type to have been serviceable
for flight, and the elongated abdomen could not have been supported by such
rudimentary wings. The size and condition of the hind-wings shows that the
great increase in width over that of the tegmina in the adult form is a com-
paratively late development, and probably synchronised with the shortening np of
the abdomen.

The proximal segments of the abdomen are obscure, but beyond the dislocation
can be seen four well-rounded segments, followed by the crushed terminal segment
and indications of one of the cerci.

Affinities. — The generic name attached to these specimens by Dr. Woodward is
of doubtful value, since in the present state of our knowledge it is impossible to
assign larva? to the adult forms of which they are the immature representatives.
The only adult forms known from the same beds are Archimylacris johnsoni,
A. eggintoni and A.

Order PROTODONATA (Brongniart), Handlirsch.
1906. Handlirsch, Die Fossileu Insekteu, p. 304.

Large insects with slender bodies similar to those of the Odonata. Wings
large, outspread in the condition of rest, and only capable of an up and down
movement in one place. Wing-nenration specialised by the union of several
longitudinal veins into accessory or interpolated sectors. Cross-nervures well
developed in a regular order. Head large, with large eyes and powerful jaws ;
thorax much as in the Odonata. Legs strong and similar. Antennas short.
Abdomen long.

Family MKGANEURIIXE, Handlirsch.

1906. Handlirsch, Die Fossileu Insekteu, p. 306.

Wings Protodonate in character, with a pre-costal marginal area destitute of
veins. Costa almost straight; snbcosta simple, and uniting with the costa far out-
Radius simple, and followed by a series of accessory veins which represent the
radial sector, these all curving towards the distal inner margin. Median

140 FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

apparently united to the radius at the base, and dividing about the middle of the
wing into two widely divergent branches, between which are developed a numerous
series of accessory veins. Cubitus (in the type species) consisting of a single
undivided vein on the outer side, and of an inner branch which is much subdivided.
Anal vein reaching middle of inner margin, and giving off many strongly recurved
branches. Inner margin broadly convex. Interstitial neural ion consisting of
numerous series of straight cross-nervures. Wings membranous.

This family was formed for a small group of insects of enormous size, discovered
at Commentry and described by Brongniart.

Genus MEGANEURA, Brongniart.

1885. Meijanenni, Bnmgnmrt, Bull. Sue. Amis Sci. Nat. Eoueu [3], aim. xxi, p. ('id.

(li'itfrir L'httracterx. — Gigantic insects with long narrow fore-wings and broader
hind-wings. Precostal area extending to the middle of the outer margin. Costa
almost straight, powerful, and joined far out by the subcosta. Radius a single
strong vein, followed by a radial sector arising from the radius in the fore-wing,
and in the hind-wing from the outer branch of the median. Median united with
the radius at the base, having a simple outer 1 (ranch and a much divided inner
branch. Many of the branches of the latter accessory. Cubitus with outer and
inner branches dividing at the base of the wing, and curved in an S-shape. The
inner branch well divided, the outer feebly so. Anal veins numerous, strongly
curved to the inner margin.

Genus BOLTONITES, Ilandlirsch.
1919. Boltonites, Handlirsch, Revision tier Paliiozoischcn Insfldcii, ]>. lil.

Ui'iii'rii" <'li<tr<i<-fi'i-H. — Pre-costal field very small ; cubitus and anal veins much
as in Gilsiniiti, titmni, Meunier. "The bridge clearly preserved." Bv this I
understand that Handlirsch alludes to the transverse vein which I described as an
" oblique inward branch of (he cubit us joining on to the anal." Cubitus and anal
with few branches.

Boltonites radstockensis (liolion). 1'late X, fig. 1 ; Text-figure 14.

1914. MnjHHi'iirn nir/*/.i.-/,v;/s/s, Bolton, Quart. Joiirn. Ge<>l. Soc., v..l. l\x, p. I I'.i, pis. xviii. \ix.
1919. Boltonites nn/x/i/r/vM.--/*, Handlirsch, Revision <lcr I 'aliio/nisi-lim Insrklcn. p. ill

ii- Characters. — Outer wing-margin thickened, coriaceous and tubercular.
Outer and inner wing-margins sj>inu]ose. Cubital-anal vein present. Arcola-

BOLTONITBS RADSTOCKENSIS. 141

(? aborted spiracles) in anal area. Length of wing when complete about 190 mm.
or seven and a half inches.

Type. — Proximal third of wing, in dark shale with plant-remains ; Sedgwick
Museum, Cambridge.

Horhon and Locality. — Upper Coal Measures ; Tyning Colliery, Radstock,
Somersetshire. Precise horizon uncertain.

Description. — The fragment consists of the proximal portion only of a wing,
64 nun. long and 40 mm. in greatest width, and appears to have formed about
one-third of the whole. The wing has also been broken along the middle, and a
portion lost, due apparently to the shale breaking irregularly, and leaving an
uneven surface. The outer and inner parts of the wing-fragment still retain their
normal position relatively to each other, but a portion of the inner part of the
base is missing.

The outer part of the specimen consists of two veins, the costa and sub-costa.
The inner portion shows the cubital and anal veins. The veins missing are there-
fore the radius and median.

FIG. 44. — Boltnnilrf rmlatnckcnsis (Koltou) -, restoration of right winy, based on that of Mi';;""' "i-"
moiii/i, Bn>M<_;-t . mil' -half natural size. Upper Coal Measures (precise horizon uncertain) ; Tyning
Colliery, Radstock, Somerset. Seclgwick Museum, Cambridge.

The outer wing-margin consists, not of a free alar expansion, as is usual in the
Protodonata, but of a coriaceous and tuberculated mass, which is well marked off
from the costa along its whole length. This thickened mass apparently represents
the free alar development seen in other members of the group.

That other veins existed in the middle area of the wing is proved by the
remains of three short portions of a vein, lying in the middle of the interspace.
Not until these fragmentary vein-structures had been perceived, and the type of
Meganeura monyi studied in the Museum at the Jardin des Plautes, Paris, could its
relationship with the Protodonata be confirmed. The direct comparison of the
two wings also showed that the Radstock specimen had the same parallelism of
the principal veins, the co-existence of similar cross-veins, and the same distinctive
character of the anal area as M. •ntunyi.

The basal portion of the outer margin of the Radstock wing is swollen into an
elongated mass, which thins out distally, and probably did not extend beyond the
proximal third of the wing. It can be traced for a length of 20 mm., and near
the articulation is covered with numerous low, smooth-topped tubercles, arranged

142 FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

irregularly. The more median part of the costal margin appears as a flat, straight,
knife-like edge, crossed by a series of fine striations.

The thickened pre-costal portion of the outer margin forms a rigid bar,
enormously strengthening the wing for flight. The costa is distinct, and passes
directly to the wing-apex, as a broad, strap-shaped vein, broadest at its point of
origin, and slowly diminishing in width to the tip of the wing.

The subcosta has an apparent union at its base with the costa, but this is due
to a slight backward displacement of the latter. Some distance beyond the
thickened margin, the costa bears, at regular intervals, a series of low spines,
projecting freely forwards, and gradually inclining towards the wing-apex. A
few scattered tubercles, and a faint ridge, are seen along the middle of the vein,
and eventually die out. The distal part of the costa is straight, and is joined to
the subcosta by a series of transverse branches which are well marked. Of these
branches, eleven are still whole, and portions of nine others can be made out. It
would therefore seem that the whole of the costal area was covered by a parallel
system of straight cross-branches with no intervening network.

The subcosta arises in close contact with the costa, diverging rapidly until the
two are about o — 6 mm. apart. Once this distance has been attained, they remain
nearly parallel for some distance. There are indications that the two come
together some distance beyond the broken edge of the wing-fragment.

The costa and subcosta are nowhere more than 5 — 6 mm. apart, in the main
but 4 mm., the interval narrowing to the broken edge of the wing. While the
subcosta has the same flat, strap-shaped character as the costa, it is more delicate,
and a narrower vein. A few tubercles are disposed along the median line of its
length.

The radius and median veins being lost, except for the trivial pieces already
noted, they cannot be compared with those of Meganeura. In the French species
of this genus a complex of parallel veins arises from one or two roots between the
subcosta and the cubitus. In the case of M. mninji, this complex arises from a
strong radius and a weak median. In M. sclysii it would appear that the radius
and median are united at their base. In the restoration of the Radstock wing it
will be seen that the vein-fragments appear as parts of the median vein, the radius
being wholly lost.

The cubitus is separated from the outer part of the wing by the interval
formerly occupied by the radius and median. This interval is variable in width,
owing to the strong curvature of the cubitus. This is a large flattened vein,
strongly flcxuous, and finally curving inwards to reach the middle of the inner
margin. The Itase of the vein lias been broken away and lost, but its course iua\
be indicated by a faint groove which curves forward towards the base of the
subcosta. The outer inward curve of the cubitus is the greater, so that the
interval between the radius and the subcosta becomes increasingly wide, thus

BOLTONITES RADSTOCKENSIS. 143

agreeing exactly with what obtains in the same part of the wing in Meganeiirn
moni/i. It is an indication of the rapid inward curvature which takes place a little
further out, and of the presence in the complete wing of the wide distal area
occupied by the many branches of the radius and the median.

Close to the basal broken end of the cubitus a strong oblique inward vein is
given off, which reaches the anal vein, and fuses with it. At the time when I first
described this wing I wrote as follows : " It has the appearance of an important
commissure between the cubitus and the anal, or of a posterior branch of the
former which has fused with the latter." Since then, Dr. II. J. Tillyard has
published the results of his studies on recent dragon-flies (' The Biology of
Dragon-flies,' Cambridge University Press, 1917), in which he notes our discovery
of this oblique vein. He recognises it as an anal-cubital vein which he had
previously (' Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W.,' vol. xxxix, pp. 163—216, 1914)
described as indicating the point where the true anal vein divei^ges from the
cubitus. He concludes (op. fit., p. oO-J) : " Hence it would appear that Cu (cubitus)
and A (anal) were fused basally as in all recent forms. Thus the gap between
Protodonata and Odonata is being gradually lessened until to-day we may almost
certainly see in the Meganeuridas the giant relatives of the direct ancestors of
some at least of our recent families."

Beyond this anal-cubitus vein the cubitus is joined to the anal by a system of
parallel slightly curved branches, similar in character to those which unite the
sub-costa and the costa. No fewer than twenty-five of these branches can be
distinguished. Basally to the anal-cubital vein are two transverse branches, a little
more curved than the rest. As in the costa and sub-costa, a median line of
tubercular ornament is present.

The anal vein is strongly marked, and its course is much similar to that of the
cubitus, but the second inward flexure is less marked, so that the two veins are
closer together in the middle of their length, and more widely separated basally.
The anal gives origin, along the whole length of its hinder margin, to a series of
branches, which arise at slightly increasing intervals, being closest basally, and
most widely separated between the twelfth and thirteenth branches, beyond which
the interspaces narrow again to the fifteenth branch. The basal branches pass in
straight or slightly oblique lines inwards to the wing-margin. Further out they
become curved, with the convexity outwards. The twelfth branch is a strong and
important vein, sweeping in a powerful double curve distally, and inwardly to the
wing-margin. It corresponds in position to Brongniart's " vein X." Beyond it
are the remains of three feebler branches, which bend in simple curves to the
margin .

The spaces between the anal branches are divided up into a series of quad-
rangular areas or cellules, by a great series of secondary branches, arising at
right-angles. The twelfth dorsal branch stands out from the rest by reason of its

144 FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

robust character and sweeping curve, and gives off, on its inner side, a series of
twigs, which divide and separate so widely that first a double and then a treble
series of cellules are enclosed between them. On its distal side it intercepts five
branches arising from the inner border of the main stem of the anal, the enclosed
quadrangular areas being increasingly elongated antero-posteriorly up to the
eighteenth branch, the course of that branch to the margin being uninterrupted.
The integument in many of the quadrangular areas or cellules is marked by a
slight central elevation, which, under high magnification, presents the appearance
of a circular thickened lip, with a central depression or perforation. These
structures have no regularity of arrangement, but are most numerous on each side
of the twelfth branch of the anal. The integument within the cellules is, in some
instances, obliquely wrinkled. These structures appear to resemble aborted
spiracles.

The inner margin of the wing is sharply sloped forwards from the broken edge
onwards to the point of attachment, and is well-defined and spinous along the
whole or the greater part of its length. The spines are low, directed distally, and
in character somewhat like those on the outer margin of the wing. They are not
so clearly shown, however, and they may not be truly marginal, as it is a matter
of doubt whether the integument stretches a little outside them. I incline to the
latter view. The ventral surface of the wing seems to be uppermost, in which
case the wing-fragment is the proximal portion of a right wing.

Affinities. — The general characters of the wing-fragment are those typical of
the genus Mi'i/mifiii'ii, and it cannot be confused with the genus I'/i r/dinjnu. It is,
however, unlike M. 'inmuji, in which the development of marginal spines has not
been recorded, and the tuberculation so characteristic of the Radstock wing is not
shown in that species. M. moiii/i is a wider and longer wing, and does not possess
the areolse seen in the quadrangular cellules of this species.

Considered as a Meganeurid wing, the Radstock specimen is no primitive
structure, but highly specialised, an anal cubitns connection is present, the costal
border has become thickened and tuberculated, and a secondary development of
spinules and tuberculations has arisen.

IXCERT^E SEDIS.

Genus TILLYARDIA,

Generic < 'A/owr/iT*. — Wings elongated, five times as long as wide. Subcosta
short ; radius simple, radial sector forming an accessory vein with several divisions.
Median vein with 1'ew branches. Culiitus with two main branches, the inner much

TILLYARDIA MULTIPLICATA. 145

divided. Accessory sectors present. Interstitial neuration forming a regular
series of straight cross-nervures.

I refer to this genus a highly specialised wing from the Scottish Coal Measures,
which is unlike any other Carboniferous wing that I know. It is at once suggestive
of the Palasodictyoptera and of the Protodonata, but belongs, I believe, to the
latter Order. Where shown, the neuration of the wing is clear, and the absence
of the outer part of the base, and the central portion of the wing, renders it
difficult to determine the actual course of certain veins and their true nature.

I have much pleasure in naming this genus after Dr. R. J. Tillyard, whose
researches on the venation of the wings of nymphs of recent insects have helped
to interpret the older fossil forms.

Tillyardia multiplicata, sp. nov. Plate X, fig. 2; Text-figure 45.

Ti/p<'. — Greater part of the impression of the under surface of a right wing;
Museum of Geological Survey of Scotland, Edinburgh (no. T. 4098?').

Fio. 45. — Tillyardia multiiilicatu, sp. nov.; diagram of venation of right wing, enlarged
one-and-a-half times. Upper Coal Measures; Barony Pit, Auchinleck, Ayrshire. Museum of
Geological Survey of Scotland, Edinburgh (no. T. 4O98 b).

Horizon and Locality. — Upper Coal Measures; Barony Pit, Auchinleck, Ayrshire.

Specific Characters. — As above.

Description. — The wing lies on the irregular surface of a soft purple sandstone,
is imperfect, and has been badly rubbed, so that the junctions of some of the veins
have been obscured. The whole of the base of the wing is missing, and the
middle portion of the impression of the wing has also been destroyed. It is
67 mm. long and 13 mm. wide.

The outer margin appears to have been almost straight over the greater part
of its length, inclining gently into the wing-apex, the latter joining the inner
margin in a blunt right-angle. By analogy with the Protodonata, the outer
margin was extended outwardly in its basal half, and the subcostal area was
widened out. This feature is seen in Paralogus seschnoides, Scd., with which the
wing has much in common. No trace of an undoubted subcostal vein is dis-
tinguishable. It must therefore have been short, and joined to the outer margin
in the basal half. The radius is a long vein, parallel with the outer margin, and
19

140 FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

reaching the Aving-apex, curving inwards as it docs so. The junctions of the
branches of the radial sector are destroyed. ItAvould sei'iu to have begun between
the radius and the median as an accessory vein, rather than as an offshoot of the
radius. Its branches occupy the outer half of the wing-apex. The median is a
large and important vein, dividing near the base into two branches. The outer
branch is undivided until close to the distal did of the outer margin, where it gives
•off an outer and two inner twigs. The inner branch of the median gives off five
simple inner twigs, and an outer one which forks close to the margin. The cubitus
is represented by two veins, an outer vein which remains undivided and an inner
which gives off at least five twigs. It is possible that the vein which I thus describe
as the cubitus is reallv part of a cubito-anal, but as the basal part is missing the
•exact conditions cannot be determined. The inner margin of the wing is nearly
straight.

Affinities. — The wing-structure, so far as it can be made out, is much like that
of Vnrnli'ijHx ,v.vr////f//,/,<x, Scd., and l'r<>iit<j r'uni <ni<lvuii/!, Brong., and of these it
more nearly accords with Ihe latter in its great length as contrasted with the
breadth. The plication of the wing is unusually well developed, and is a feature
best seen in P. <r>r////n/V/'x. The presence of accessory sectors is again a feature
seen in ]'rt-itii</r!<>n. The general wing-structure, therefore, has certain characters
of both genera, and where it departs from the one it approaches the other.

ADDENDUM.
Archimylacris pringlei, Bolton. 1'late X, tig. '.\.

\'.i'2\. Ari'liiiiii/liH-rix jii-im/lti, Bolton, Quart. Jo urn. Gt-ol. Soc., vol. Ixxvii, pp. 2'i — 29. pi. i, figs. 1 — '2.
text-fig. 1.

'/'///<<'. — The basal two-thirds of a fore-wing, and counterpart impression, partly
obscured by plant remains ; Museum of Practical (ieologv, .Jeriuyn Street (nos.
30Z25, :'.U7i'G).

ll<ii-i::ini mill Lm-ni'itij. — Keele (iroup. Upper Division of the Coal Measures;
from rocks between the surface level and 1)7 feet in borehole at Slang Lane,
Wellington, Shropshire.

S/H-rij!,- Characters. — Wing twice to two-and-a-half times as long as wide,
costal margin flattened ; subcostal area strap-shaped and very wide, crossed by
numerous parallel branches of the subcusta. Kadius dividing beyond middle of
wing. Median parallel with radius. Cubitus curving to inner margin, with
widely separated inward branches. Anal area long.
\ ^ Description. — The wing-fragment has a length of IS mm. The costal margin

ADDENDUM.

147

is flatly convex over the greater part of its length, and well rounded at the base
of the wing. The snbcosta is parallel to and widely spaced from the outer margin,
to which it sends eight or nine branches, two of which are forked, and one, the
most distal, is not fnlly developed. The radius is not complete, and has but a
slight divergence from the subcosta. It gives off the radial sector at a point
between the seventh and eighth branches of the subcosta. The radial sector goes
ont to the wing-apex, sending its branches forward to the outer margin. The
median diverges a little more from the radius than the Litter from the snbcosta.
Portions of three inner branches are present. The cubitus is a convex vein
passing well out to the distal end of the inner margin of the wing, and giving off
a series of widely separated inward branches, of which four are present on the
wing-fragment preserved. Owing to the forward displacement of the anal portion
of the wing, the first branch of the cubitus passes under the first anal vein. The
second shows a simple fork, and the remaining two veins end undivided on the
line of fracture. Portions of six anal veins are present, the first obscure and
the rest parallel. The interstitial neuration consists of a compact series of close-
set transverse nervures, which in the basal areas between the radius, median, and
cubitus unite laterally and irregularly until they form a coarse irregular meshwork.
Affinities. — The widely spaced subcosta and the character of the interstitial
neuration of the wing show a close relationship to that of two forms of Archinti/-
lacri* (A. ili'xnWiji and A. Irn'rliei) recorded from the Coal Measures of Lievin,
Northern France, but, as the accompanying tabulated comparison will showr, the
wing is nevertheless specifically distinct from either.

Observations. — The presence of this fossil Blattoid in the Keele Group of the
Upper Division of the Coal Measures of Shropshire, and its specific relation to
forms known only from the Westphalian Series of Lievin, Northern France, is a
matter of considerable interest, especially as Dr. Prnvost, of Lille, had previously
drawn attention to the fact, that the fauna at the top of the Coal Measures in
Great Britain (Keele Group, Newcastle-under-Lyme Group, Etruria Group) does
not notably differ from the fauna at the top of the Westphalian in Northern
France.

A. pringlei, Bolton.
Costal Area :

Strap-shaped, widely spaced
from wing-margin.

Subcostal Vein :

Numerous divisions, mostly
forking.

19§

TABULATED COMPARISON.
A. ilenaillyi, Leriche.

Strap-shaped, widflv
from wing-margin.

Numerous divisions, mostly
forking.

A. I* rt<-/it'i, Pruvost.

Outer third oblique to wing-
margin.

Few divisions, much branched.

148 FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

A. /'I'lin/lei, Bolton. A. (Iran/lli/l. Lericlie. .1. Ifrlrlifi, Pruvost.
Bad ius Vein:

Few branches. Badial sector Seven branches. Radial Twelve branches. Badial

arising opposite outer fourth of sector arising opposite outer sector arising opposite middle

subcosta. third of subcosta. of subcosta.

Badial Sector :

Branching not known.

Eight branches.

Seven to eight branches

Median Vein :

Branches beyond origin of Branches opposite first fork Branches much beyond origin

radial sector.

Cubitus Vein :

First branch simple, second
forked.

Anal Veins :
Undivided.

>f radial sector.

First branch simple, second
and third forked.

First vein only forked.

.if radial sector.

First 1 irancli dividing into
four, second simple, third and
fourth branched.

First anal forking twice.

Interstitial ueiiration :

Transverse nervures, except Transverse nervures. except Transverse nervures, except in

in (he median basal part of the in the median I iasal part of the the median liasal part of the

wing, where it is reticulate. wing, where it is reticulate, wing, where it is reticulate.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

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en Angleterre a Coalbrookdale dans lc Shropshire, dans un Terrain
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"Insect Remains from the Midland and South- Kastern Coal Measures,"
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BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 10

BOLTON, H. "On the Occurrence of a Giant Dragonfly in the Radstock Coal
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E, A. PRECDHOMME nn. "Note sur ties Empreintes d'Insectes fossiles decou-
vertes dans les schistes houillers des environs de Mons," ' Comptes-rendus
Soc. Entoin. Belg.' [2], vol. xii, pp. 4 — 8, 1875.

" Complement de la note sur des Empreintes d'Insectes fossiles," ildd. [2],
vol. xiii, pp. 7 — 11, 1875. (In this complementary note, de Borre replaces
the generic name Pachytylopsis by Brcyuria.)

" Ansichten iiber die palaeozoi'schen Insekten und deren Deutung,"
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BBAUEK, F.

' Ann.

1886.
BK.ODIE, 1*. B. " Fossil Insects in the Carboniferous Rocks," ' Geol. Mag.,' vol. iv,

pp. 2S5, 286, 1867.

- " The Distribution and Correlation of Fossil Insects, and the Supposed

Occurrence of Lepidoptera and Arachnidre in British and Foreign Strata,
chiefly in the Secondary Rocks," 'Ann. Rep. Warwick. Nat. and Arclueul.
Field Club,' pp. 12—28, 1873; also pp. 16—38, 1874.

- "On the Character, Variety and Distribution of the Fossil Insects in the

Palaeozoic (Primary), Mesozoic (Secondary), and Cainozoic (Tertiary)
Periods, with an account of the more Recent Discoveries in this Branch
of Palaeontology up to the Present Day," ibid., pp. 1—22 (1889), 1890.
BEONGNIART, C. J. E. ' Recherches pour servir a 1'histoire des Insectes Fossiles.
Les Hymenopteres fossiles,' fasc. 1, p. 22, Paris, 1881.

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France,' pp. 236 — 237, 1884.

- " Sur la Decouverte d'une Empreinte d'Insecte dans les gres siluriens de

Junjues (Calvados)," ' Comptes rentlus Acad. Sci.,' vol. xcix, pp. 1164—
I ir,:,, 1885.

- " Les Insectes Fossiles des Terrains Primaires. Coup d'ouil rapide sur la

faune entomologicpae des terrains paleozoiques," ' Bull. Soc. Amis Sci.
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150 FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY. 153

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154

INDEX.

NOTK. — The roman and arable numerals following a semicolon refer to the plates and figures
illustrating those species which are recognised and described.

Edoeo hasma

PAGE

Boltonites

PArtE

140

auglica
^Enigmatodes

danielsi

78 ; V, -2
71
39, 72

radstockensis
Breyeria

horiiiensis

... 140; X, 1

re1 ''iilaris

71 ; IV, 7

lachlani

5-2

woodwardiana

-o

9(3

Breveriidop

eggintoni

100; VI, 6

Brodia

ii dinsoni

90 • VI, 4, 5

fasciata

sulcata

Apo pappus

113
53

furcate

llehlllosa

60 ; III, 7, 8
59

Arcliieopl ilus

nympha

ingens

74 ; IV, 9

petiolata

lucasi

pictipennis

A rchfeot iphe mantid ii udes
Archiblattides

1-25
91

priscotincta ...
scudderi

59 ; III, 5, 0 ; IV, 1-3

A rchiniylacndse

Brodiida?

( Arcliim y lacridoe) k irk by i
A rcliim \ lacris

US; VIII, 3

103

Oacurgus spilopterus

acadica

109

( Hassification

atrebatica
belgica

107

... 105

Colour bands

01
53

hastate

incisa
— obovatii

. 103; VII, 1
... 107; VII, 3
... 109; VFI, 4

Cordaites

Corvdalis bnuigniarti
Coselia

11, 112

45, 40
81

pringlei
spectabilis

140; X, 3

105

palmiformis ...
Coseliidffi

81 ; V, 3

vemista

... 105

Crvptovenia

— woodwardi

BDl

MO; VII, 2

, 112 113- VII. 5, 0

movseyi
CryptoveniidsB

35; II. 1

At hymodictya
parva

Dictyoneura

Becquerelia

53, 55

higginsii
— libelluloides

•25 ; I, 1

... '27

superba

1 Hctyoneuridffi

... 24

l!latt idium inaiit idioides
Blattoid wing-fra°'inents

119 1-20 • VIII, 5, 0

1 Hat toidea

I'! 1 ii t el he

( Blattoidea) exilis

130

Etoblattina deanensis

128, 130

134- IX C

haatata

... 103

Boltoniella

iohnsoui

teiiuitegminuta

... 50; 111,4

mautidioides

125

INDEX.

155

Etoblattina peaehii ...
woodward!
Eubleptus ...

Fauna! Association ...

Food of Coal Measure Insects

Fou<[uea

cambrensis . . .

I'A'.I;

134

106

18
10

tieiieiitomum

subacutum
Gerablattiua sulcata
Gerarus
Geroneura

ovata.

wilsoni

Graphiptilus ...
< Jryllacris brongniarti

Habits of Fossil Insects

Hadroneura

Hemeristia occidentalis

Hemimylacris

couvexa

obtusa

ramificata

Herniatoblattiua kirkbyi

Hotnaloneura...

Hypermegetlies

northuuibrise
schucherti ...

Hypermegethidse

Introduction ...

Larval Blattoids
Larval Insect Life ...
Laiueereites ...

curvipeuuis
Lamproptilia ...

grandeuryi

stirrupi

teuuitegmmata
Lamproptilidse
Leptolilattiua exilis ...
Lithomantidse
Lithoniantis ...

carbouarius

... 84

84; V.4

113

... 87
76

77; V, 1

'78

45, 46

123 ; VIII, 8

122 ; VIII, 7

123

... 118

... 53

... 32

32 ; I, 4

... 134
7

53,56
57

136; IX, 7, 8

... 42

.. 43; II, 4

Lit homy lacris kirkbyi

pittstoniauum
Litlmsialis

brongniarti

Meeynoptera ...

spleudida
tuberculata
Mecyuopteridse

nionyi

radstockensis

selvsii

Meganeuridse...
Megaptiloidea

brodiei

Megasecopteridse
Metryia aniilis
Mixotermes luganensis
Mixotermitoidea
Mode of Occurrence ...
Mylacridae

Necvnivlacris

lieros ..
lacoaua
latittei
villeti ..

PAGE
118
118

45
46; III. 1

... 36

... 39

37: II, 2

... 36

140

141

140

142

L39

... 76

120

127
124

... 127
127
124
124

OEdischia
CEdisehiidse ...
Omalia inacroptera ...
Orthoeosta

spleudens
Orthocostidse . . .
Orthomylacris

lauceolata

Palaeodictyoptera
Palaeodictyopteron

higgiusii
Palseoniantis

macroptera
Palseoptilus ...
Paralogus
Parelthoblatta

belgica

84
84
83
27
I, 2
27

... 133
133; IX, 5

... 24

... 25

.. 25

... 40

40 ; II, 3

... 53

... 144

... 105

105

IM)KX.

Phyloblatta

Phyloiiiylacris
Plesioidischia

Protepliemeridse

Protoblattoidea,

Protodonata

Protogryllac

Protopliasmi

Protorthoptera

Pruvostia

Pseudofouquea

Ptenodera

dubius
Pteronepionites

Pteronidia

pli-
Pteronidiidse

Scalaeoptera

PAGE

113

Schizoblatta alutacea

111

ulcata ...

113;

VIII. 1

obnvata ...

109

ransversalis

115;

VIII

Schucbertiella

pp.

119;

VIII

, 4

Sherbornielhi ...

124

higginsii

mantidioides

125

; IX

, 1

Soomylacris

128

burri

131 ; IX, 4

sp.

; VI

, O

deanensis

... 128; IX. 2

"legaus . . .

lieviiiensis

... 133

um carlxmis

stock!

130; IX, :i

da^

Spilaptera

libelluloides

139

iiackardi ...

is brongniarti

sutcliffei . . .

54; III, 3

dumasii

venusta

•a

Spilapteridse ...

...

Spiloblattina ..

112

ctabilis

; III

Spiloptvlus

Spirorbis pusillus

11. 112

cambrensis

; IV

, 8

Stenodictva lobata ...

37, 54

Stobbsia

)ius

; VI

woodwardiana

ambigua

; IV

, 5

lotlllSOlll

• IV

, 4

Tillvardia

144

lepus

... 69

' -1- 1
; IV

, 6

multiplicata

145 ; X, 2

Titanodictya

:atula ... 3o : I

, 3

jucunda

Xeroptera

ecta

; VI

, 1

obtusata . . .

85 ; V, 5

AllLARll ANM. SON A.M. WKST .\K\VM\N, I,TI>., IMl'K.. LONDON AND DOKKINC1.

I 'LATE V.

ici. PAGE.

1. Geroneura (/) ornfn, sp. nov. ; impression of upper surface of apex of
left wing. X H. ^Middle Coal Measures (binds between " Brooch"
and "Thick " Coals) ; British Museum (Madeley Coll.), no. I. 2<M55. 77.

2/1. dUdoeopJiasma ninjln-n, Scndder; almost complete left wing. X 1.
Middle Coal Measures; Ravenhead Railway Cutting, near St. Helens,
Lancashire. Liverpool Museum. 78.

"II >. Ditto; impression of same. X 1. 78.

3<i. Cost'lld: p< dm, if or mis, gen. et sp. nov.; basal half of left wing. X 1-^.
Middle Coal Measures (binds between "Brooch" and "Thick"
Coals): Coseley, Staffordshire. British Museum (Johnson Coll.),
no. I. ]."),S'.)H. 81.

• \ l>. Ditto; impression of same showing the intercostal area. X 1 !,. 81.

4d: Genentomum (?} subacittum, Bolton ; apical parts of two wings, x •)?, .
Lower Coal Measures (I.io7 feet below the Bedminster Great A^ein) ;
South Liberty Colliery, Bristol, Somerset. Bristol Museum, no.
C. 972. 84.

4 h. Ditto; impression of same. X 3|. S|.

5 a. Xi'i-dfifi'i-d alifitxdfit, gen. et sp. nov.; gi'eater part of right fore-wing

lacking the outer margin. x -. Middle Coal Measures (binds
between the " Brooch " and " Thick" Coals) ; Coseley, Staffordshire.
British Museum (-Johnson Coll.), no I. l-"»58. 85.

-ri />. Ditto; impression of same, x 2. s;,.

PALXEONTOGRAPMICAL SOCIETY, I92O

Bolton . Insects of Coal Measures.

:E v.

l.GERONEURA? 2. .^DCEOPHASMA. 3.COSELIA.
4.GENENTOMUM. 5.XEROPTERA.

J.WTutcher, photo "London Stereoscopic Co. imp.

PLATE VI.

FIG. PAOE.

1 a. Scalasoptera recta, sp. nov.; basal half of left -wing. X 2. Middle Coal

Measures (hinds between the "Brooch" and "Thick" Coals);

Coseley, nr. Dudley, Staffordshire. British Museum, no. 1. 1:5878. 88.
1 b. Ditto; impression of the same wing-fragment. X 2. 88.

2. rtt'inii/i'i'ii ilnb'uiK, sp. nov. ; distal half of left wing. x o. Middle Coal

Measures (hinds between the "Brooch" and "Thick" Coals);

Coseley, nr. Dudley, Staffordshire. British Museum (Johnson Coll.),

no. I. 1. j-V.1. id.

or/. Plesioidischia , sp. ; fragment of right wing. X 1^. Middle Coal

Measures (binds lietween the "Brooch" and "Thick" Coals);

Tipton, Staffordshire. Manchester Museum, no. L. 4(.)0o. 92.

o /;. Portion of costal border of same wing borne on opposite half of nodule.

X 11. 92.

4. A}>/iflt<irol>I<iffiii« joluixoiii (Woodward); type specimen. X \ \. Middle

Coal .Measures (binds between the " Brooch " and " Thick " Coals) ;

Coseley, Staffordshire. British Museum (Johnson Coll.), no. I. 1067. 96.
5 «. Ditto, x -. Middle Coal Measures (binds between the " Brooch "

and " Thick " Coals) ; Coseley, Staffordshire. Mr. W. Egginton's

Collection, no. 2. 99.

•') /'. Ditto ; impression. X 2. 99.

6<;. Aplithoroblattina eggintoni,[sp. nov.; pronotum, portions of tegmina, and

the distal portion of left hind-wing showing beyond broken edge of

tegnien. X 2. Middle Coal Measures (binds between " Brooch "

and " Thick " Coals) ; Coseley, Staffordshire. Mr. W. Bgginton's 100.

Collection, no. 1.
6^. Ditto; counterpart, x 2. 100.

PALXEONTOGRAPH ICAL SOCIETY, I92O

Bolton . Insects of Coal Measures.

E VI.

l.SCAL^EOPTERA. 2. PTENODERA. 3. PLES IOIDISCHIA.
4-6. APHTHOROBLATTINA.

PLATE VII.

Fio. PAGE.

la. Arclihinjlin-ris /m^t/ifn, Bolton ; greater part of left fore-wing. X 2J.
Base of Upper Coal Measures (Gellicleg Level of Mynyddislwyn
Vein) ; near Maes-y-cwnuner, Monmouthshire. Mus. Pract. Geol.,
no. 2451*1. 103.

1 I. Ditto ; counterpart of left wing, x 2f. Mus. Pract, Geol., no. 24502. 103.

2 Archimi/litcris ir<><nlir«r<li, Bolton ; left fore-wing. X ;!.l. Base of

Pennant Series (10 feet shale overlying the No. 2 Rhondda seam) ;
Clydach Vale, South Wales. Mr. D. Davies' Coll. ]<>(}.

3 «. Arrltiiiit/l/it'i'ix 7//c/w, sp. nov. ; impression of the under surface of the

pronotum, and of the remnants of the fore-wings. X 3. Middle
Coal Measures (binds between the "Brooch" and "Thick " Coals);
Cost-ley, nr. Dudley, Staffordshire. British Museum (Johnson
Coll.), no. I. 15900. 107.

31. Ditto; counterpart. X 3. 107.

4 a, Arclnimjlucris obovata, Bolton; portion of left fore-wing, x 3. Upper

Coal Measures (Grvvernau Level of the Mynyddislwyn Vein); Maes-y-
cwmmer, Monmouthshire. Mus. Pract. Geol., no. 2450C>. 109.

4 1>. Ditto; impression — less incomplete than the broken wing, x 3. Mus.

Pract. Geol., no. 24507. 109.

5. ArcJiimylacris, sp. indet. ; fragmentary fore-wing, showing the middle
third only, the rest being concealed under a leaf of Cunlnifi'*, the
latter bearing pits in which N^//v</-/-/.s /nixilliix (Martin) had
established themselves. Much enlarged. Base of Upper Coal
Measures (Gellideg Level of Mynyddislwyn Vein) ; near Maes-y-
cwmmer, Monmouthshire. Mus. Pract, Geol., no. 24503. 112.

(i. Archimylacns, sp. indet.; impression of the basal portion of a left
fore- wing, and of a broken pronotum. Much enlarged. Base of
I'pper Coal Measures (Gellideg Level of Mynyddislwyn Vein) ; near
Maes-y-cwmmer, Monmouthshire. Mus. Pract. Geol., no. 24508. 113.

PAL/EONTOGRAPH ICAL SOCIETY, I92O

Bolton . Insects of Coal Measures.

PLATE Vll.

1-6. ARCHIMYLACRIS.

. J W. TutcKer. photo

London Stereoscopic Co. imp.

PLATE VIII.

FIG. PAGE.

1 a. I'hi/loliliitttt xitli-ntii (Bolton) ; greater part of a right fore-wing. X 3.

Upper Coal Measures (Gwernau Level of the Mynyddislwyn Vein) ;

near Maes-y-cwmmer, Monmouthshire. Mus.Pract. Geol., no. 24504. 113.
1 l>. Ditto; counterpart. X 3. 113.

2. PJti/lnlildtfii ti-<nixri'i-x<tli>i, Bolton; remains of t\vo Blattoids, consisting

of the tegmina, pronota, and portions of the hind-wings. Natural
size. CoalMeasui'es; Staffordshire. Geological Museum, University,
Birmingham. 115.

3. (Archimylacri(la') /,•//•/, />///' (Woodward) ; reproduction of Woodward's

figure of a single left wing. X 5. Upper Coal Measures (bed
no. 33) ; Meithil, coast of Fifeshire. Present whereabouts of
specimen unknown; formerly in the possession of Mr. James
Kirkbv. 118.

4 n. Plii/ldlildtfn (':) sp. ; portion of Blattoid wing. X 4A. Coal Measures

(shales at a depth of li>67 feet) ; Maydensole boring, Kent.
Museum of the Kent Coals Concession Co., Dover. 111).

4b. Ditto; impression, x 4\. 119.

5 a. I'ht/lolildttit (?) sp. ; portion of Blattoid wing. X 4~2. Coal Measures

(at depth of 2180 feet) ; Barfreston boring, Kent. Museum of the
Kent Coal Concessions Co., Dover. 119.

5 1>. Ditto; outline of wing-fragment. X 4^. ll!>.

6. Blattoid wing-fragment. X 4. Found in a core from a depth of

2424 feet at the Stonehall boring, Kent. Museum of the Kent Coal
Concessions Co., Dover. 120.

7. Ilt'ni'ini /ilitrris ulititxn, Bolton ; right fore-wing, x 2^. Base of Upper

Coal Measures (Four-foot Heam of Swansea) ; Gladys Colliery, one
mile E.S.E. of Penller-gaer Church, Glamorganshire. Mus. Pract.
Geol., no. 24010. 122.

8. Hemimylacris convexa, Bolton; basal half of a fore-wing, x o-^. Coal

Measures (shales associated with the Graigola Seam, Pennant
Series) ; Clydach Merthyr Colliery, Clydach Valley, Swansea Vale,
Glamorganshire. 1 2o.

PAL/EONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, I92O

Bolton . Insects of Coal Measures.

PLATE Vlll.

It.'l

2.M

1. 2.4-. 5. PHYLOBLATTA. 3. ARCHIMYLACRIDAE .
6.BLATTOID WING FRAGMENT. 7. 8. HE MIMYLACRI S.

W. Tutcher, pKoto London Stereoscopic Co imp

PLATE IX.

FIG. PAGE.

1. Phylomylacris nini/litlioiih's (Goldenberg) ; basal portion of a left fore-

wing, x 4i|. Upper Coal Measures (zone of Anthracomya
/>billi].>sii); South Hylton, opposite Claxheugh on the Wear, Durham.
Hancock Museum, Newcastle-on-Tyne (Kirkby Coll.). 125.

2. Soomylacris deamnsis (Scudder) ; a right fore-wing, showing the under

surface. X lg. Found by Mr. F. Stock in Coal Measures at
Foxe's Bridge, Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire. U.S. National
Museum, Washington, U.C. (Lacoe Coll., no. H. 21326; Nat, Mus.,
no. 38090). 128.

3. Soomylacris stoclci, sp. nov. ; fragmentary remains of a fore-wing, partly

overlaid by the remains of a second. X 2^. Found by Mr. F.
Stock in Coal Measures at Crump Meadow, Forest of Dean,
Gloucestershire. U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. (Lacoe
Coll., no. H. 2132 c; Nat. Mus., no. 38090). 130.

4. Soomtjlacris burri, Bolton ; almost complete fore-wing. X 4i. Coal

Measures (in dark shale from a depth of 1208 feet) ; Barfreston
Boring, Kent. Museum of the Kent Coal Concessions Co., Dover. 131.

5. Orthomylacris lanceolata, Bolton; left fore-wing, with the base missing.

X 2i. Coal measures (shales associated with the Graigola Seam,
Pennant Series) ; Clydach Merthyr Colliery, Clydach Valley,
Swansea Vale, Glamorganshire. Mus. Pract. Geol., no. 24-">ll. 133.

6. (Blattoidea) pcuchi (Woodward) ; complete upper surface of insect,

showing the head, pronotum, larval wings, and the segments of the
abdomen. X 2.1. Coal Measures (grey sandy shale with nodules
of impure clay and ironstone, at 91 feet 6 inches below the surface);
Greenhill Pit, Kilmarnock. Kilmarnock Museum. 134.

7. Leptoblattina cxilin, Woodward ; co-type of almost complete insect, seen

from the upper surface. X 2. Middle Coal Measures (binds
between the " Brooch " and " Thick " Coals) ; Coseley, Stafford-
shire. British Museum (Johnson Coll.), no. 10i>.">. ]3<i.

8. Ditto; a second co-type, with the enlarged epimera well seen on the

left side of the abdomen. X 2. British Museum (Johnson Coll.),

no. 1066. 136.

PAL/EONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, I92O

Bolton . Insects of Coal Measures.

PLA1

1. PHYLOMYLACRIS. 2-4. S O OMYLACRI S . 5. O RTHOMYLAC RI S.
6. ( BLATTOIDEA.) 7. 8. LEPTOB LATTINA.

J.W. TutcKer, photo

London Stereoscopic Co imp

PLATE X.

Fic». PAGE.

\<t. lioltoniti'ft riiilstiH'kaisi.s (Bolton) ; basal portion of the wing, x 2.
Upper Coal Measures ; Tyning Colliery, Radstock, Somersetshire.
Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. 140.

M>. Ditto; proximal portion of costa and subcosta, showing the tubercular
anterior edge, and the backward slipping of the costa over the sub-
costa. X 4. 1 -Id.

](•. Ditto; distal portion of the costa and subcosta, showing the spinous
anterior border of the former, the cross-branches uniting the two
veins, and a median line of tubercular ornament on the subcosta.
X 4. 140.

!</. Ditto; proximal portion of the inner margin, showing the development

of stout submarginal spines. X 4. 140.

If. Ditto; more distal portion of the inner margin, showing the submarginal

spines, x 4. 140.

2. Tillyardia multiplicata, gen. et sp. nov. ; impression of the under

surface of right wing. X li. Upper Coal Measures; Barony Pit,
Auchinleck, Ayrshire. Mus. Geol. Surv. Scot., no. T. 4098 b. 145.

3. Archimylacris pringlei, Bolton; basal two-thirds of fore-wing. X 4.

Upper Coal Measures (Keele Group) ; Slang Lane, Wellington,
Shropshire. Mus. Pract. Geol., no. 30725. 146.

PAL/EONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, I92O

Bolton , Insects of Coal Measures.

PLAT-. X.

la.

la-e. BOLTONITES. 2. TILLYARDIA.
3. ARCHIMYLACRIS.

J W. Tutcher , photo

London Stereoscopic Co - imp

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