Full text of "A monograph of oriental cicadidae"

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MONOGKAPH

ORIENTAL GIGADIDM

W. L. DISTANT

FELLOW OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIF.TIES OF LONDON, BELGIUM, FKAKCE, AND STOCKHOLM ;
AUTHOR OF 'RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,' 'A NATURALIST IN THE TRANSVAAL,' 4c.

WITH FIFTEEN PLATES, AND WOODCUTS.

fcj? rtfcr of ttjt

of tfjc

Entrfan dftlngeu
Calcutta*

Landor despised Entomology, yet, in the same breath, said, "the sublime was in a grain of dust." EMEBSON, 'English Tru

LONDON : FEINTED BY WEST, NEWMAN & CO.
AND SOLD BY

LONDON : H. S. KING & CO., 65, COKNHILL : AND E. W. JANSON, 85, LITTLE RUSSELL ST., BLOOMSBUKY.

CALCUTTA : AT THE INDIAN MUSEUM ; AND THACKER, SPINK & CO.

BERLIN: R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN.

1889 1892.

tlje Ittcmartr of

E, T. ATKINSON, B.A.,

ACCOUNTANT-GENERAL, OF 11ENOAL ;

I'ltKSIllEXT OF THE BOARD OF TKUSTKES OF THE INDIAN MUSEOM, OAI.CCTTA J

AUTHOR OF MANY PAPKHS OX IXIIIAN 1U1YXC1IOTA;

AND

promoter of tltc Jhtbliciittoit of this ^H

I DEDICATE THE SAME.

PREFACE.

AT the request and by the liberal enterprise of the Trustees of the Indian Museum-
much influenced by my late friend Mr. E. T. Atkinson I have in the following pages
attempted the monographic revision and description of the Oriental species of the
Homopterous Family Cicadidse.

The limits of the fauna thus studied have already been denned at page 2, and over
this large area our knowledge of such a little-collected family as the Cicadidae must necessarily
be fragmentary and of a very unequal character. Nevertheless I have been able to study a
very great deal of the material which already exists. The fine collection of these insects
belonging to the Indian Museum at Calcutta has passed through rny hands, and I have
examined all the specimens in the collection of the late Mr. E. T. Atkinson. I have also
had submitted to me for identification the whole of the Oriental species in the Brussels
Museum;*- the Celebesian specimens collected by Dr. Meyer, and now in the Dresden
Museum; the very fine material in the Genoa Museum,! including the collection made by
Fea in Tenasserim and Upper Burma, by Beccari in several islands of the Malayan Archipelago,
and by D'Albertis in New Guinea ; the rich Cicadan possessions in the Leyden Museum, J
including the captures made in Java and Sumatra by Hagen, Van Lansberg, and the Sumatran
Expedition, have been placed at my disposal to aid this work ; and I have also had a loan of
the private collections of the late Dr. Signoret, Mr. F. Moore, and Mr. F. Pascoe. I have
naturally had ready access to the British Museum, without which nothing could have been
attempted in the unravelling of the types made by the late F. Walker, and our national
collection is not only rich in Indian species, but contains nearly all the Cicadan results of
Mr. Wallace's memorable visit to the Malayan Archipelago. My own collection includes the
captures made by Dr. Leith in Bombay, A. W. Chennell in Assam, G. T. Hampson in the
Neelgiri Hills, myself in the Malay Peninsula, H. 0. Forbes in Java and Sumatra, Carl Bock
in Sumatra and Borneo, Baron Von Hugel in Java, W. Doherty in Assam, Burma, Perak,
Borneo, and the eastern islands of the Archipelago, J. Whitehead on the Kica Balu Mt..
Capt. Bingham in Burma, Geo. Lewis and H. J. S. Pryer in Japan, W. B. Pryer in North

* For which I was indebted to M. Preudhomme de Borre.

f Through the kindness of the Marquis Doria and Dr. Gestro.

I I cannot help recording, and with scientific appreciation and gratitude, tlje facilities I have been afforded by
Continental Museums, to improve this and other works I have been engaged on, by the loan of specimens, always cheerfully
and readily granted. I cannot give Continental workers the assurance of similar assistance from our National Institution, for
by the rules of the British Museum, a specimen once deposited there never leaves the portals of ita zealously-guarded doors.

By the good offices of Dr. C. Eitsema.

vi PREFACE.

Borneo, and part of the collection made by A. E. Pratt in China.* I have also been allowed
to see most of Still's Philippine and Indian types in the Stockholm Museum. f

Referring to my own unpublished Catalogue, about 82 genera, and 720]: species of
Cicadidae are now known to Science, and of these I have been able to include 34 genera
and 268 species in this fauna, a doubtless insufficient number for many parts of the area,
especially for China and New Guinea, though we may consider our knowledge of the genera
and species found in Continental India as much more satisfactory.

Of the life-histories of these interesting insects we can only glean scattered records.
At page 1, reference has been made to most of the published information respecting the
structural details of the wonderful sound-producing organs of the males. The volume of
sound emitted by these organs has impressed travellers and naturalists in all parts of the
world, and we meet with many references to it in zoological literature and in works of travel
and adventure. The time of day when the males give forth their shrill and unmelodious
sounds probably varies with different species and in different localities. In Nicaragua, Belt
" found them loudest towards sunset, keeping up their shrill music until it is taken up by
night-vocal crickets and locusts." In Australia, " during rain, these insects are silent ; but
re-commence their clamour on the re-appearance of fine weather." || In South Brazil, Bigg-
Wither, referring to a dominant species, states that he does not remember ever hearing " its
shrill whistle excepting during the three months of September, October, and November. "IT
In the Transvaal, according to my own experience, Platypleura divisa has an equally restricted
time of appearance and song, commencing in November, after the arrival of the rains. In the
North of Italy, Swinton noticed that the males of Cicada plebeja and Tibicen hcematodes " sing on
the summit of brushwood at an elevation varying from ten to twelve feet," while Tettigia orni
" will ascend the poplar trunks to a much greater height" for the same purpose.** In Brazil,
Mr. Jones describes a species as making a noise equal to the whistle of a locomotive. " Indeed
so remarkable is the resemblance that once or twice since I have returned to England I have
suddenly been recalled to the tropical groves by the sound of an extra shrill railway whistle at
a distance." ft Perhaps the most picturesque description of this sound is given by Prof. McCoy,
referring to an Australian species, Psaltoda mcerens. It is described as producing " almost a
deafening sound from the numbers of the individuals in the hottest days, and the loudness of
their noise ; which beginning with a prolonged high-toned whir like that of a knife-grinder, or
the letter R loudly prolonged in a high pitch, continued 'for a minute or two, breaks into a
series of diminuendo 'squawks,' like that of a frightened duck in a farm-yard, loud enough to be
heard some hundred yards off, and stunning our ears with the shrilling and squalling. This
kept up with ' damnable iteration,' as Falstaff says, by hundreds of individuals all day long,
would tax the patience of a saint, if such existed in Australia." ||

The Cicadan song is clearly of a sexual nature, the sound-producing organs being only

* Presented to me by Mr. J. H. Leech, the promoter of the expedition. f By the favour of Dr. C. Aurivillius.

I This does not include the whole of Walker's descriptions, and leaves a few yet undetermined to be of synonymic or
specific value. The tabulation, however, may be taken as approximately correct.

'The Naturalist in Nicaragua,' p. 312. || Bennett, 'Wanderings in New South Wales,' vol. i. p. 237.

IT ' Pioneering in South Brazil,' vol. i. p. 297. ' Insect Variety,' p. 222.

ft 'Yorkshire Naturalist' (2), ix. pp. 129-30 (1884). JJ 'Prodromus Zoology Victoria,' v. pp. 53, 54 (Dec., 1880).

PREFACE. vii

developed in the male sex. A recent writer has affirmed that the song of the Cicada is
appreciated by other orders of insects. According to this observer wliose name is not
mentioned by the narrator in Natal, when a species is singing its loudest, it is often
surrounded by numbers of a lace-wing fly" (Nothochrysa gigantea).* The song is suspended
when the insect is alarmed, as in the Transvaal, where, when a tree has almost vibrated with
the screeching noise, I have produced complete silence by standing amidst its branches.

We know nothing of the mental concepts of these beautiful insects. The writer is not a
Cartesian, and does not estimate even the Cicaclidag as living automata. The "life-histories"
of insects may include their embryological stages, with an exhaustive knowledge of tin ir
structure, their classification in zoological sequence, their geographical distribution, the
protective or mimetic resemblances by which they often survive the terrors of a struggle for
existence, their duration and habits of life, their food and times of appearance, and yet, little
as this knowledge can be said to exist regarding many insects, the veil is no more lifted which
hides their probably limited thoughts and feelings, than those of the inhabitants of a
Kafir kraal are known to the vulture soaring above them. The psychology of insects is
practically undreamed in the philosophy of entomologists. If, as has been truly remarked, with
ears sufficiently attuned and capable, we might hear the roar of the atoms which environ us,
how much more might we long to have a sympathetic insight into the ideas, fears, and
concepts of the living mass of creatures of which we form so small a part.f I have recently
hazarded the opinion, though upon very limited observation, that at least a species of African
Platijpkura may pair for life in the mature development. J If reason and intelligence are, and
must be, allowed to ants, termites, bees, and even wasps and spiders, surely it is only our
ignorance that prevents the recognition of some form of the same qualities in the Cicadidae.
Although Entomology has made such strides, and so many thousands of insects are now fully
described, catalogued, and often figured, yet to their inner lives we are "strangers yet."

The Cicadidae appear to be one of the most non-protected family of insects, and are the
victims of most predacious creatures. The instances that can be quoted probably only give
an idea of the way their numbers are thinned by numerous enemies, while the list of those
enemies is at present very incompletely known. They probably largely fall a prey to birds.
In Nicaragua, Belt has described how during April, when the Cicadas are particularly plentiful,

* ' Nature Notes,' August, 1891.

t Dr. Mivart has lately re-affirmed his belief that the psychical powers of brutes are limited to sense perception , and
give no evidence of the possession of the higher faculties of ideation and conception ('Essays and Criticisms') ; but the proof
is absent, and though reasonable the statement does not carry more conviction than some theological propositions. On the
other hand, Count Goblet d'Alviella truly remarks, when discussing the question of ' Religion in Animals ' : " A century ago
such a question would only have provoked a smile ; but now that we have accustomed ourselves to search in the lowest strata
of animal life for the antecedents of physiological and intellectual characteristics which only receive their full expression in the
best-endowed representatives of human culture, it is no longer possible to dismiss the question of the religion of animals in this
summary style. Animals share the philosophic fate of savages. They are alternately exalted and humbled, according to the
exigencies of the current theory as to the position of man in nature " (Hibbert Lectures, 1891, p. 49). Westermarck, in his
great work, ' The History of Human Marriage,' goes back to the precursors of man in his study of the origin of that institution,
and a course he forcibly affirms (p. 9) is " the only one which can lead to the truth, but a path which is open to him alone who
regards organic nature as one continued chain, the last and most perfect link of which is man."

I ' Naturalist in the Transvaal,' p. 67.

A few of the following notes I published in my description of the Central American Cicadidoe in the ' Biologia
Central! Americana.'

viii PREFACE.

"individuals are often seen whose bulky bodies have been bitten off from the thorax by some
bird; and the large and graceful Swallow-tailed Kite at that time feeds on nothing else.
I have seen these Kites sweeping round in circles over the tree-tops, and every now and then
catching insects off the leaves, so that on shooting them I have found their crops filled with
Cicadidaa."* In "New Zealand, Melampsalta cingulata is destroyed in enormous quantities by
the " ordinary house sparrow," and Mr. Hudson, who records the fact, also remarks that he
does not think the species can, from this cause, " long remain abundant in the neighbourhood
of our larger towns." t The same thing has occurred in North America, where Tibicen
K,'i>tnnili'ciin was also attacked by Passer domesticus, "and so ravenously and persistently does
this bird pursue its food, that the ground is strewn by the wings of the unfortunate Cicada
wherever these have been at all numerous." I

They are not spared by other insects. The eggs of an European species are stated by
Reaumur to be attacked by the larvae of an ichneumon. In South-East Africa the perfect
insects are devoured by Mantidae. Mrs. Monteiro found " a large green Mantis holding an
unfortunate Cicada, from which it had already bitten one eye, and part of the head ; the poor
thing a male . . . . making its loud stridulating noise all the time." || In the Transvaal, as
I have elsewhere recorded, 1 found a species of Platypleura (P. divisa) was captured and eaten
by spiders. " On once hearing a particularly loud chorus from a peach-tree, I visited the same
to capture specimens, and found that spiders had industriously spread their webs between the
branches, and remains of the Platyphurce were suspended in a more or less devoured condition." 1F
In the neighbourhood of Candahar a writer who records a wonderful congregation of Cicadidae,
also states, "The only enemies they appeared to have were some large dragon-flies, which
pounced upon them and carried off what appeared to be double their own weight." Hornets
swell the list of insect-foes. Herr Schluter, in Texas, saw a Cicada of "exceptional size"
attacked by a hornet, killed, and actually carried away by its much smaller destroyer. ft
They are also subject to fungoid growths. Mr. Peck describes a fungus developed on the
abdomen of Tibicen septemdecim, which, though not immediately fatal to the insect, manifestly
incapacitates it for propagation. J J

The peculiarities in the geographical distribution of the species described in this volume
are best understood by a reference to the following systematic list, in which the range of all
the species is comparatively scheduled. It will thus be seen that in the extreme west of our
region the genus Cicadatm just enters as a Palaearctic representative, whilst in the most
eastern portion of our area the genera Prasia and Acrilla are allied to the distinctly Australian
genera Cystosoma and Chlorocysta. This helps to prove the Cicadan homogeneity of our faunistic
area, which embraces all the known species of the genera Polyneura, Angamiana, Tacua,
Graptopsaltria, Toscna, Leptopsaltria, Dundubia, Pomponia, Psithyristria, Cryptotympana,
Talainga, Graptotettix, Huechys, Sderoptera, Mogannia, Kamulata, Eustia, Karenia,
Calcayninns, Terpnosia, Prasia, Bceturia, and Acrilla. Thus, according to present knowledge,

* 'Naturalist in Nicaragua,' p. 230. f Trans. New Zealand Instit. vol. xxiii. p. 50 (1890).

I Eilcy, ' Science,' v. p. 521 (1885). Quoted by Westwood, ' Modern Classif. Ins.' vol. ii. p. 425.

|| ' Delagoa Bay,' p. 188. IT Distant, ' Naturalist in the Transvaal,' p. 67.

LA. S. Beng. vol. ix. p. 441 (1840). ft Biichner, 'Mind in Animals,' Mrs. Besant's Translat. p. 297.

JI ' Annual Report on the New York Museum of Natural History for 1878.'

PREFACE. ix

twenty-five out of our thirty-four genera are wholly restricted to the fauna; whilst we may
almost say the same of three other genera, Cosmopsaltria, Gymnotympana, and Lcmbeja. In
many cases, therefore, this is a generic as well as a faunistic monograph, but it is not likely to
possess that exhaustive character with many of the above genera, when the Cicadidae of the
Pacific Islands are better known. Our western limit being on the border of the Palaearctic
region proves a moderately sharp faunistic divisor ; but in the east we artificially closed the
Malayan Archipelago at New Guinea, and this is certainly not a line of faunistic cleavage. In
the Cicadidte, Japan does not exhibit a Palaearctic facies, but has true Oriental affinities ; of
China our knowledge is so limited and so partial that nothing can with confidence be said
on the subject.

In preparing a monograph of a group of exotic insects, the writer becomes aware as the
more thoroughly he strives to do his work, of the initial character of such undertakings.*
Collectors, no doubt, will largely add to the number of species to be included in this fauna,
and also show a wider distribution of the species already enumerated. Fresh observations on
the habits of these insects must necessarily accumulate with time. The permanence of the
classification here adopted and pursued is neither claimed nor expected. In fact, it would be
taking a very pessimist view of the future progress of Entomology, if our present artificial
and arbitrary classificatory systems were anticipated to survive the exigencies of museum
arrangement, and our present limited knowledge. Embryological conditions, considered on
evolutionary principles, must be the guide in framing our future natural systems, showing the
sequence of Families, Genera, and Species ; the embryology of the Cicadidae is at present
practically- unknown. The monographist of to-day can only prepare the material to be dealt
with in a future biological era by students trained on wider principles, and living in a
philosophical conception of life less narrow than that now so generally popular. It is only
about thirty years since the publication of the ' Origin of Species ; ' judging from what has
already taken place, what may not be expected at the end of another similar period ? I thus
feel that, though I found our knowledge of the Cicadidaa in a somewhat chaotic condition,
I only leave it in artificial order, and may, metaphorically, exclaim, "Order reigns in Warsaw."
I will only add if I may do so without presumption to those who use this monograph, that
he who criticises does well ; he who corrects does better ; and he who adds to our knowledge
does better still.

I must again bear witness to the faithful work of my artist, Mr. Horace Knight, who
has illustrated this publication, .as he did my ' Rhopalocera Malayana.' I think the
entomological artist does not always receive his proper value. How often he makes possible
a bad description !

* It was one of the sayings of the late well-known British zoologist, Fredk. Bond, "that a naturalist ought to have
three lives seventy years to collect, seventy to study his collection, and seventy to impart hia knowledge to others."
' Entomologist,' vol. xxii. p. 266.

PURLEY, SURREY,

August, 1892.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF GENERA AND SPECIES DESCRIBED IN THIS MONOGRAPH, SHOWING
OUR PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SAME.

Subfam. CICADINjE.

Tab.
vii.

& Fig.
20

)

viii.

19,

, nicobarica

, fulvigera

viii

, semusta

, liilpa

, andaniana

, atnnis

-'1

<?A

1'latypleura rcpanda

,, nobilis

9,5

9,0,

,, badia ;

Polyneura ducalis

9,8.

Ant,'amiana setherea

T;icua speciosa

9 10

30,

Graplopsaltria colorata

Tosena mearesiana ....

fasciata

1 2

as.

melanoptera

34.

monti vaga . . .

depicta

36.

dives

sibylla

38.

splendida

39.
40.

Leptopsaltria (jiiadrituberculata
mascula

viii.

6
1

49,.

,, albistigma

48.

,, nebulinea

44.

4,5.

,, andamanensis ...
,, tuberosa

,, pryeri

48.

,, tigroides

49.
fiO.

,, albiguttata
,, carmente

Iviii.
.**

.11.

,19.

,, guttularis

.13.

,, morrisi

54.

Dnndubia rnannifera

17 10

Var

xii.

Page
5

.5 9
r-
w W

CONTINENTAL *

1 .3

03 '

a J

*2 <y o

s t, ^

^ Cfl JH
oil eg -

33 5

H 3 U O

INSULAR *

s *- s

a .3 3 'I 9

a i o e. ?> o r n M

If g If HI I s

... Arn

...

. .

...

100

24 154

... Fenang

...

29 154

31, 154

...00

.. ...

... ...

Andaman Islands

...

Sulu Islands

ini

...

.....

n o

000

00000 Sinkep Island

* The way in which the terms " Continental" and " Insular" are understood in this work, has been already explained in a footnote to page 24.

t In these Islands are included Gilolo, Ceram, Bouru, Batchian, Morty, Obi, Ke, Timor-laut, Amboyna, Ternate, Tidore, Kaiua, and Banda (Walla

' -Malay Archipelago,' chap, xxvii.).

65.

56.'
67.
58.

60.
61.
62.

63.

64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
71a
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.

103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.

113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.

12l".
122.
123.

125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.

Tab.
vi.
xii.
is.
iv.
viii.
vi.
iv.
viii.
iv.

( V.

} iv.
iv.
v. '

V.
V.
XV.

vii.
iv.

xii.
vi.
vi.
iv.
viii.
vi.

iv.

XV.
V.

iv.
iv.

iv.
iv.
vi.
iv.
xii.
vii.
vii.
vii.
ix.
vi.

iv.
vi.

vii.

xi.

viii.
vii.
vii.

X.
X.
V.

viii.
xii.
ix.
vii.

XV.
X.

vii.
vii.
vi.
vii.

xiii.

vii.
vii.
ix.
ix.
xiii.
ix.
xiii.
ix.

& Fig.
6
9
1
4
3
7
1
4
14

fll

11
10
9
6
3
20
8
15
8
12
15
16
2
5
9
15
7
11
9
17
21
4
8
6
2
16
12
17
5
14
1
4
6
3
3
5
3
1
16
7
16
12
1
5
3
14
2
13
10
21
15
10
22
8
18
11
4
20
13
8
9
19
17
14
4
7
11
9
7

Page
40
40
41
41
41
42
42
43
44

45
45
46
46
47
101
47
48
48
49
49
50
50
51
51
52
52
53
54
54
102
55
55
56
56
57
57
58
58
59
59
60
60
60
61
61
62
62
63
63
64
64
65
65
66
66
66
67
67
68
4 (fig. 1), 6
70, 154
102
70
71
71
72
72, 102, 15
72
73
73
74
74
75
75
76
76
77
77

CONTINENTAL

<s . m

ai 1
/it %

1 1 i 1 i

M H S . O
... . .

INSULAR

M g g

tfijflm i

ot2^nSoSiz;i-5 o

000 Nias Island, Sumba

iva

...00

i, nagarasingna...

Cochin China .

...

. .

... ...

) radha

, tavoyana

, tripurasura

Corea

...

, doryca

.. ...

... Am & Salwatty Islands

Corea . . .

Duke

, operculissima...

, silhetana

lutulenta

...

Waigiou

, chlorogaster ...
, gemina

Santa Cruz Islands

Goram

...

, junctivitta
, obtecta

... Aru, Salwatty, &

, pi^afettas

[of York Islands

. ... o

Pomponia imperatoria

fusca

.... o

...

japonensis

grsecina

...

singularis

ransonneti ...

pumila ....

viridimaculata . . .

solitaria .

." Narkondam Island

... Engano

translucida

Sulu Islands

bindusara

.. ..

132.
133.
134.

135.
130.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.

143.

144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
1GO.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
17:!.
174.

175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
I!).',.
I'.W.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.

Tab. & Fig.

Pomponia kama vi. 12

pallidiventris vi. 14

viridi-cincta Woodcut, fig. %

Tab. & Fig.

expansa vi. 13

,, maoulaticollis vi. 11

obnuhila vi. 10

Psithyristria specularis Woodcut, fig. 3

crassmervis ..

nodinervis

tenuinervis ..
simplicinervis

XI.

xiii.

xi.

xi.
x.

xi.

xiii.

xi.

xi.
x.

xiii.
xiii.

Cryptotympana fumipennis ...

accipiter

diomedea

epitbesia

aquila

mandarina ...

pustulata

corvus

intermedia ...

acuta

demissitja

recta

facialis

sinensis

insularis

limborgi

exalbida

tondana

immaculata

Cicada leecbi xiii.

bihamata xii.

sinensis xiii.

coronata xii.

ochracea :.. xii.

tagalica vi.

pontianaka v.

germana vii.

polyhymnia xii.

viridis xii.

,, elopurina xii.

,, flarnmata xiii.

semperi

Subfam. TIBICENIN.E.

Gseana maculata iii.

stellata iii.

sulphurea iii.

hageni jx.

,, festiva iii.

atkinsoni ix.

octonotata iii.

tenebriscosa iii.

delinenda iii.

Talainga bingbami xiii.

Graptotettix guttatus iii.

thoracicus

Huechys sanguinea iii.

incarnata iii.

phBenicura iii.

vidua iii.

,, fiisca iii.

pingenda iii.

celebensis iii.

,, thoracica ....: iii.

lutulenta xiv.

dobertyi xiv.

chryselectra xiv.

hsematica xiv.

Scieroptera splendidula xiv.

crocea xiv.

,, fumigata xiv.

Mogannia viridis xiv.

fulva xiv.

,, obliqua xiv.

doria; xiv.

sesioides xiv.

,, hebes xiv.

Tab. & Fig.

4
10
3
5
9
7
10
11
1
8
11
10
11
6
2
7
12
13

2
8
3

13
8
7
2
4

19
5

17
15
22

8
18
10
12
14
16

4
21

2
4
6
9
7
1
8
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Page
78
78
79

79
80
81

82
82
83
83
83

84
84
85
85
85
86
86
87
88
88
89
89
90
90
91
91
92
93
93
94
95
95
95
96
96
97
97
97
98
98
99
99

104
105
105
106
106
107
107
108
108
109
110
110
111
112
113
113
114
114
115
115
115
116
116
116
117
118
118
119
119
119
120
120
121

.* a

HH PQ

...

CONTINENTAL

1 1

J 1
8 * i-l

!? a >*

| -3 .|

H 3 O O

INSULAR

| 3 | I

II4I11II1

...

. ...

Siam

... o

... ...

Corea

... ...

...

000 Timor

...

Siam

Andaman Islands

...

Formosa

. .

... Sum Islands

... ...

o o

00 I' Sumbawa

...

00 Sulu Islands

...

... ...

...

. o

1-omiosii

Tab. i

k Fig.

Page

208. Mogannia nasalis

XIV.

121

209. cyanea

XIV.

121

210. effects

XIV.

122

211. funebris

XIV.

17 var.

122

212. conica

XIV.

122

213. Gymnotympana stridens*

IX.

124

214. Kamalata pantherina

Vlll.

124

215. Bustia dentivitta

Vlll.

125

216. ,, tigrina

XIV.

126

217. Karenia ravida

Xll.

126

218. calatata

Sill.

127

219. Tibicen casyapse

XIV.

128

220. reticulatus

XIV.

128

221. ,, lacteipennis

6 l
10 J

129

222. subvittatus

Xll.

129

223. , nanns

XIV.

130

224. , tener

VI.

130

225. , maculicollis

XIV.

131

226. , apicalis

Xll.

131

227. , nubifurca

XIV.

131

226. , ferrarius

132

229. ,, pusillus

132

230. Emathia segrota

xii.

133

231. Cicadatra querula

xii.

134

232. rugipennis

xii.

135

233. xantes

XV.

135

234. striata

XV.

135

235. acberi

XV.

136

236. Calcagninus picturatns

Vlll.

136

237. ,, nilgirensis

Vlll.

137

238. Terpnosia nigricosta

XV.

138

239. pryen

XV.

139

240. stipata

XV.

139

241. psecas

Vll.

140

242. ,, maculipes

XV.

140

243. clio

IX.

141

244. ,, andersoni

IX.

141

245. madhava

IX.

141

246. collina

Vll.

142

247. Melampsalta literata

XV.

143

XV.

143

249. ,, pellosoma

XV.

143

250. exsequata

XV.

144

251. ,, laevifrons

144

252. Prasia faticina

Vll.

145

253. princeps

X1U.

145

254. ,, hariola

Vll.

146

255. ,, fatiloqua

VI.

146

256. foliata

XV.

146

257. Lembeja maculosa

Vll.

147

258. ,, paradoxa

148

259. BKturia conviva

XIV.

148

260. ,, exhausta

XV.

149

261. obtusa

XV.

149

262. ,, beccarii

XIV.

149

263. innotabilis

XV.

150

264. subnotata

XV.

150

265. stigma

XV.

150

266. bicolorata

XIV.

150

l(n. ? sandaracata

Vll.

151

268. Acrilla adipata

XV.

151

CONTINENTAL

& <0

3 s
a 1 "3

55 U3

os a 2 2* * n
~ n c Q

1 i 1 i 1 i

INSU1

C3
I

=5 a -1

fl i3 O< g o ^

11 ill 111!

... ...

Siam & Cambodia .

...

f Persia, Turkestan, |
\ & Afghanistan J

...

. .

...

... ... ...

...

Mysol

Timor, Aru, & Duke of
[York Island

Mysol

* Gymnotympana strepitans, tab. viii., fig. 9, page 124 (note) ; locality, Woodlark Island.

ORIENTAL CICADID^E.

Class INSECTA.

Order RHYNCHOTA.

Suborder HOMOPTEEA.

Fam. CICADID^E.

Stridul antes, Latreille, Fam. Nat. du Regne Anim. p. 426 (1825) ; Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 458 (1848).

Striilulantia, Burmeister, Handb. ii. 1, pp. 102, 170 (1885) ; Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 1 (1866).

Cicadida, Westwood, Intr. Mod. Class. Ins. ii. p. 420 (1840) ; Arcan. Entomol. i. p. 91 (1848) ; Distant, Biol.

Centr. Am. Ebynch. Horn. p. 1 (1881).
Cicadaria, Packard (nee Latreille), Guide Study Ins. 5th edit. p. 588 (1876).

The principal characters of this family of Homoptera are as follows : Ocelli three in number and
placed on the disk of the vertex of head ; antennae short, inserted close to the eyes and composed of seven
joints. The head is short, broad, and transverse, terminating beneath in an elongated rostrum composed
of three joints. The thorax is large ; the pronotum short and transverse, with two oblique longitudinal
discal furrows on each side; the mesonotum* is very large and terminates behind in a small basal
cruciform elevation.! The abdomen consists of six segments and an anal segmental appendage. The
anterior femora are incrassated and more or less spinose beneath. The tegmina are generally hyaline,
sometimes opaque ; the venation usually distinct and furcate in ramification, but sometimes reticulate. J

The sound-producing or stridulatiug organs of the male have been studied and described
by Reaumur,]] Goureau and Solier,1f Duges,** Landois,tt Mayer, \\ and Carlet. Mr. Jno. C.
Galtou has also given an excellent resume of the same,|||| especially as regards the work of
Carlet. Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan has recently contributed a short but very succinct description
of "the sound-producing apparatus of the Cicadas, "1T1T which Mr. Middlemiss, writing from
the North- West Himalaya, has supplemented by further particulars.***

This sound-producing apparatus is covered beneath by two flaps, which, as pointed out by
Westwood, are " in fact, the dilated sides of the metasternum" ttt ; these are often incorrectly

:; This has been considered as a scutellum by Stal and some other writers, but I am supported iu my view l.y
Burnaeister and Westwood.

t The metathoracic cross of Mr. Uhler (see fig. 1, 5, p. 4). J As in Polyneura ducalis, Westw.

Dr. Bennett found that the natives of New South Wales were acquainted with the fact that the males alone produced
the sound. They said, in their peculiar English, " Old woman Galang galang no got, no make a noise," implying that the
females do not possess these musical instruments. ' Wanderings in New South Wales,' vol. i. p. 237.

|| 'Memoires,' torn. v. pi. xvii. (1740). 11 Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, torn. vi. (1837).

** 'Traite de Physiologic couaparee,' torn. ii. (1838). ff Zeitschr. fur wisaenoh. Zool. bd. xvii. s. 105 (IsiiT'.

H ' Zeitschr. fur wissench. Zool. bd. xxviii. s. 79 (1877).

'Ann. des Sciences Naturelles,' ser. 6, Zool. torn. v. & ' Comptes Kendus de 1'Acad. des Sciences' (1876).
Illl ' Popular Science Review,' new ser. vol. i. p. 353, pi. x.
1T1f ' Nature,' vol. xxxiii. p. 868 (1886). *** Ibid. p. 583 (1886).

f ft ' Modern Classification of Insects,' vol. ii. p. 422.

2 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

described as "drums," but are really covering-flaps, or as they are generally called "opercula,"
in agreement with Stal and other writers. These opercula, in many genera, are by their length
and structure most important factors in specific differentiation. The real drums or " tympana"
are either seen above on each side near the base of the abdomen as in the Tibicenince, or
covered by the dilated or expanded lateral areas of the basal abdominal segment,* as in the
Cicadince.

The females are provided with a remarkably developed ovipositor, by which they are
enabled to pierce the branches of trees and there deposit their eggs. According to Westwood,
the female deposits from five to seven hundred eggs, t but we have the statement of
Dr. Hildreth that in North America the stock of eggs possessed by the female of Tibicen
septemdecem " amounted to about one thousand." I

It may be here stated that it is proposed in this work to fully describe and figure all the
species known or recorded from Continental India and Ceylon, the islands in the Bay of
Bengal, Burma, Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, the length and breadth of the Malayan
Archipelago, including, but not extending eastward of, New Guinea ; and Eastern Asia including
China and Japan. It will be thus evident that this area, in a zoo-geographical sense, is a very
arbitrary one, including the whole of the Oriental Kegion of Wallace, or the Indian Region
of Sclater, entering the Australian Region at New Guinea, and embracing the Japanese
Subregion of the Palearctic realm. The Monograph thus embraces literally Oriental Cicadidas,
and many genera can thus be more exhaustively treated than if a smaller, though more
accurate, zoo-geographical region had limited our descriptive work.

As regards the habits and life peculiarities of the Cicadidce, we lack much precise
information. References to these sound-producing insects are naturally found in most books
of travel written by authors to whom Nature has, at least, some kind of interest, but even in
these the recorded facts can only be applied to the members, or rather some individuals,
of the group || belonging to a special locality, as specific, or even generic, distinctions can
scarcely be expected to be recognised. Some attempt will be made to collate a number of these
observations, and opportunity will be sought to diffuse them throughout the work in a more or
less geographical manner as opportunities arise.

The general impressions of Cicadan music are naturally varied. Darwin, when at

::: I follow Stal in considering this as the basal segment of the abdomen, though Mr. Woodworth, in a recent " Synopsis
of North American Cicadidte," describes the "second abdominal segment of the male" as being expanded. 'Psyche,'
vol. v. p. 67 (1888).

t ' Modern Classification of Insects,' vol. ii. p. 425.

I Sillim. Amer. Journ. 1830, p. 49. As Darwin has admirably put it, "the real importance of a large number of
eggs or seeds is to make up for much destruction at some period of life ; and this period in the great majority of cases is an
early one." ' Origin of Species.'

ii Address delivered to Biol. Sect. Brit. Association, Bristol (1875).

|| Even this is not always the case. Thus we frequently find, in books of travel, references to grasshoppers, when
cicadas are evidently the insects intended. But perhaps the "reductio ad absurdum," in this respect, is reached by an
anecdote given in that still charming narrative of Capt. Cook: "One of the seamen who had been rambling in the woods
told us at his return that he verily believed he had seen the devil ; we naturally enquired in what form he had appeared, and
his answer was in so singular a style that I shall set down his own words : ' He was,' says John, ' as large as a one-gallon
keg, and very like it ; he had horns and wings, yet he crept so slowly through the grass, that if I had not been afeard, I mi,'ht
have touched him.' This formidable apparition we afterwards discovered to have been a bat." ' The Voyages of Capt. .las.
Cook,' vol. i. p. 284. Our modern poets are now even changing the English name ; thus, in Mr. Allingham's ' Flower Pieces
and other Poems,' just published, and in which some earlier-published poems have received a new editing, " Cicada drunk with
drops of dew," has become a tettix, and we read "OTettix," and " O my Tettix," where formerly appeared, "Cicada," and
" dear Cicada." But, oh, mirabile dictu t a reviewer of these poems defends the name " Cicada" against " Tettix," as though
less onomatopoeic, being more pleasant, and long since " the English way of naming this grasshopper."

ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 8

Botofogo Bay, thought the "ceaseless shrill cry," when softened by distance, "not
unpleasant";* in the Himalayas, Mr. Middlemiss describes the "deafening roar" from the
rhododendron-trees, like the "whirr of large machinery;"! and Dr. Hildreth states that the
"countless multitude" of Tibicen septemdecem, Linn., filled woodlands and orchards with a
"continual singing or scream," from sunrise till evening, so loud that in a calm morning
"the sound was heard a full mile." J Nor must we omit the testimony of Virgil, whose
utterances, once more made classic in the pages of Kirby and Spence, describe the Italian
species " as bursting the very shrubs with their noise" " Et cantu querulae rumpent arbusta
cicada;" (Georg. iii. 328). [|

As regards the classification of the Cicadidte, we are, as in many other groups of Rhynchota,
much indebted to the work of the late Dr.Stal,1T and there can be little doubt that his proposed
classification, according to our present knowledge, is a sound one, and is and will be generally
followed, if not entirely adopted by most students of the family. In fact, without the
" Illative Sense," as propounded by Cardinal Newman, it is difficult to frame a very different one,
and with some modifications, and supplemental proposals, it is adopted here.

It appears that two divisions or subfamilies can be well differentiated :

Male. Tympana entirely or in great part covered by the dilated or expanded lateral areas of

the basal abdominal segment.** - - - - ' CICADIN^;.

Male. Tympana entirely or in greater part uncovered. - TIBICENINJE.

Subfam.^CICADIN^.

In this subfamily I include thirteen genera, and from these I have been obliged to
eliminate many species hitherto thus generically treated, and to incorporate some which seem
to have been unnecessarily divorced. The following synopsis will, however, best explain the
generic views here followed. In the differentiation of the species, good structural characters
can generally be found. These, as a rule, exist in the length and shape of the opercula,
and where they are unduly developed the greatest specific distinction occurs, as is the case with
other organisms, as pointed out by Darwin. ft These specific differentiations in opercula
reach their maximum in the genera DunduUa and Cosmopsaltria, and the structure of the face,
or in some cases the length of the rostrum, are also important factors in the discrimination of
the species. Colour differences alone, without coincident structural departure, are treated as
varietal and not specific differences.

Before proceeding further, it will probably be well to explain the nomenclature here used
to represent the different anatomical divisions and other specialized forms of structure which
are principally used in the diagnosis of genera and species; in other words, that portion

* ' Voyage of the Beagle,' 10th edit. p. 29. f ' Nature,' vol. xxxiii. p. 583 (1886).

I Sillim. Amer. Journ. 1830, p. 48. Ivirby & Spence, ' Introd. to Entoniol.' 7th ed. p. 500.

|| Libanius, in his funeral oration upon the Emperor Julian, with the lofty rhetoric used on those occasions, exclaimed,
" Whenever a cessation of business occurred, after breakfasting just sufficient to support "life, he was not beaten by the cigale,
but throwing himself upon piles of books, he sung away." 'Julian the Emperor,' King's translat. p. 176.

*\ Hern. Afr. vol. iv. p. 1 (1866). ** See fig. 1, 5a, p. 4.

ff As in the opercular valves of sessile Cirripedes (rock barnacles), but these not only show specific distinction,
sometimes " wholly unlike in shape," but vary in the individuals of the same species (' Origin of Species,' 6th edit. p. 120).

ORIENTAL CICAD1DJE.

of the subject which was well separated by Burmeister under the name of "Partial
Orisinology."

Front of head.
Vertex of head.
Pronotum.
Mesonotum.
Cruciform elevation.

Abdominal coverings to
tympana.

Abdomen.

Face, on underside of head.

Opercula.

Costal membrane.

Basal cell.

Costal area.

Costal vein.

Radial vein.

Radial area.

Ulnar areas.

Apical areas.

Postcostal area.

Fig. 1. General structure of Pomponia imperatoria.

SYNOPSIS OF GENEKA.

1. Lateral margins of the pronotum ampliated and more or less angularly produced.
a. Tegmina with eight apical areas.

b. Expanse of head, including eyes, broader than mesonotum.
bb. Expanse of head, including eyes, not broader than mesonotum.
aa. Tegmina with the venation dense and furcate, the apical areas numerous, but
small and irregularly formed. -

2. Lateral margins of the pronotum convex, but not angularly produced.

A. Tegmina and wings more or less opaquely coloured.

c. Lateral margins of the pronotum somewhat convex but even.
d. Head, including eyes, equal in width to anterior lateral margins of pronotum.
dd. Head, including eyes, narrower than anterior lateral margins of pronotum.
cc. Lateral margins of the pronotum anteriorly subampliated and somewhat toothed.
AA. Tegmina and wings either totally or partially hyaline.

B. Lateral margins of the pronotum more or less distinctly toothed.

c. Second and third ventral segments in male with distinct lateral tubercles
ee. Ventral' segments without tubercles.

/. Opercula long, generally reaching beyond middle of abdomen.

g. Head with the front large and convex, about twice as broad at base

as anterior margins of the lobes of vertex.
h. Eostrum scarcely reaching the posterior coxae.
gg. Head with the front not twice as broad at base as anterior margins

of the lobes of vertex.

hh. Rostrum reaching, sometimes slightly passing, the posterior coxse.
ff. Opercula long, at least reaching centre and, sometimes apex, of abdomen.
fff. Opercula short and transverse.

i. Interior ulnar area normal.

ii. Interior ulnar area broad and beyond base distinctly ampliated.
BB. Lateral margins of the pronotum not toothed.

/, . Metasternum elevated at middle and furnished with a posterior

process turning backwards. -

kk. Metasternum not, or very slightly, elevated, but not provided
with posterior process. ...

PCECILOPSALTRIA.
PLATYPLEUKA.

POLYNEURA.

TACUA.

GRAPTOPSALTRIA.

TOSENA.

LEPTOPSALTRIA.

DUNDUBIA.

COSMOPSALTRIA.

POMPONIA.
PSITHYRISTRIA.

CICADA.

ORIENTAL

Genus PCECILOPSALTRIA.

Pcecilopsfiltria, Still, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 2 (1866); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 211 (1885); ibid.
vol. Iv. p. 148 (1886).

Body robust, somewhat short. Head broad, truncate anteriorly, including eyes broader than the
base of the mesonotum ; ocelli about twice and sometimes thrice the distance from eyes as from each
other; face moderately convex, not prominent above. Pronotum with the lateral margins ampliated, or
horizontally and laminately expanded, obtusely or acutely angulated near centre. Anterior femora not
distinctly spined. Metasternum elevated, the elevated portion centrally sulcated and somewhat sinuately
truncated. Tympana practically covered ; opercula short, broad, their apices more or less convexly
rounded. Tegmina with the basal cell or area broad, irregular, with four or sometimes five angles ; ulnar
veins widely separated at their bases ; interior ulnar area somewhat broadened at apex.

This genus has a wide distribution ; it is found in tropical and subtropical Africa,
throughout the Oriental region and enters the Palearctic fauna at China. Of twenty-five
species at present known to the writer or otherwise recorded, no less than twenty-one are
found in our fauna, and are here enumerated, nineteen only being figured, as two have proved
to the present time unprocurable.

Many of the species show considerable dissimilarity to each other in coloration, structure,
and general appearance ; specific variation itself exists only to a moderate degree, and is
principally confined to the markings of the tegmina and wings.

A. Tegmina and wings clear and unspotted.

a. Pronotal angles very prominent and acute.

1. Pcecilopsaltria bufo. (Tab. VIII., fig. 20, a, b.)

Oxypleura bufo, Walker, List. Horn. i. p. 27, n. 9 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 216, n. 15 (1885K
Platypleura (Oxypleura) bufo, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 195, n. 44 (1874).
Ptatyphura bufo, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 149, n. 10 (1886).

This species is only known to the writer by Walker's type in the collection of the British
Museum. That specimen is here figured, and Walker's original description, slightly
remodelled in sequence, is reproduced.*

" Body tawny ; head and chest very broad ; head much narrower than the fore-chest,t adorned with
two black irregular bands, the hinder one passing over the region of the eyelets ; face very slightly convex :
mouth t tawny, with a black tip, reaching the hind border of the drums ; eyes not prominent; feelers!!
black : fore-chest broadest in the middle ; scutcheon II adorned with a blackish mark in the middle ; furrows
blackish; hind-scutcheon** pale tawny, ferruginous, much widened, and forming a very projecting right
angle on each side: scutcheon of the middle-chest tt ferruginous; hind border very slightly excavated:
abdomen ferruginous, shorter and narrower than the chest, Jt tawny at the tip and beneath ; opercula^
tawny, partly pitchy, close ; drums tawny, rather large, nearly meeting, less than half the length of the
abdomen, their disks darker : legs tawny ; tips of the claws black ; fore-thighs armed with two extremely

* A comparison is also attempted of the structural terms used by Walker and those followed in this work,

f Prosternum. J Rostrum.

Opercula. The rostrum considerably passes the posterior margin of the opercula.

|| Antennae. V, Pronotum. * Posterior margin of pronotum.

ft Mesonotum. {J Sternum. Tympanal coverings.

6 ORIENTAL CICADID^E.

short and blunt tawny teeth ; wings with an exceedingly slight tawny tinge, tawny towards the base, bright
tawny along the fore border ; veins tawny, darker towards the tips ; cross veins darker.

Second marginal areolet * nearly as long as the first ; first cross vein very slightly curved, slanting,
forming a very obtuse angle, parted from the second by more than four times its length ; second slightly
curved, very slanting, forming a very obtuse angle, nearly twice the length of the first; third nearly
straight, very slanting, forming a slightly acute angle ; fourth nearly straight, slanting, forming a very
slightly acute angle, a little shorter than the third ; fifth curved, forming a slightly acute angle."

Long. excl. tegm. <? . 29 millim. Exp. tegm. 86 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 19 millim.

Hab. EAST INDIA (sic) ; (Brit Mus.).

Nothing can be more unsatisfactory than such a habitat as "East India," and the proper
locality of the species is still to be discovered.

aa. Pronotal angles moderately prominent and acute.

2. Pcecilopsaltria canescens. (Tab. VIIL, fig. 18, a, b.)

<>.cypleura canescens, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. x. p. 88 (1867).
Platypleura (Oxypleura) canescens, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 197, n. 50 (1874).
Platypleura (Oxypleura) aeutipennis, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 195, n. 45 (1874).

Head and pronotum ochraceous ; a spot at anterior angles of front, a transverse fascia between eyes
widened at area of ocelli, a small spot between ocelli and eyes, lateral margins of the pronotum and the
inner edge of the posterior margin (broken at centre) black. Mesonotum dark castaneous, with the following
black markings : a central fascia widened in front of cruciform elevation, two obconical spots on anterior
margin and a longitudinal fascia on each lateral area. Abdomen castaneous, somewhat thickly clothed with
greyish pile. Body beneath and legs ochraceous ; a transverse fascia between eyes, central sulcation to face,
margins of the laterally dilated prosternum, a small spot at bases of opercula, and a spot at bases of
posterior (and sometimes also of intermediate) tibiae, black.

Tegmina pale hyaline ; the costal membrane and basal cell ochraceous, the venation brownish-ochraceous ;
the transverse veins at bases of third, fifth, and seventh apical areas, and the apices of the longitudinal
veins to apical areas, slightly infuscated. Wings hyaline, the venation ochraceous or brownish-ochraceous.

The face is very strongly transversely striate, and its central sulcation is very broad. The rostrum
just passes the posterior coxae and reaches the central connecting angles of the opercula, which are broad
and short, not extending beyond the base of the abdomen.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 82 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 14 millim.

Hab. SUMATRA (V. Lansberg Leyden Mus.). BANDA (Wallace Brit. Mus.). TIMOR LAUT (Forbes
coll. Dist.). ARU ISLANDS (Wallace Brit. Mus. ; Beccari Genoa Mus.).

The form described by Mr. Butler as P. (0.) aeutipennis, is a slight variety, but I
possess a specimen from Timor-Laut which is quite intermediate between that form and the
typical P. canescens, Walk. This species has evidently a wider distribution in the Malayan
Archipelago than our present collections enable us to describe.

3. Pcecilopsaltria calypso. (Tab. X., fig. 3, a, 6.)

Oxypleura calypso, Kirby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 558.

This species is only known to the writer by the type in the British Museum (which
is here figured), and Mr. Kirby's description, which is here reproduced :

" Male. Black, with testaceous markings. Head black ; front of vertex with a wide testaceous stripe
on each side, extending from the inside of the eye to the striated portion of the face. Longitudinal

* Apical area.

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 7

sulcation broad, rather deep, black, surmounted by a trapezifortn ochreous spot ; the transverse striations,
except the upper ones, are marked with ochreous, ending in a continuous ochreous stripe, not striated, on
each side of the extremity of the longitudinal sulcation. Sides of face clothed with thick yellowish -grey
hair ; labrum with a longitudinal testaceous stripe, expanded above and below ; proboscis testaceous, black
towards the extremity, and reaching as far as the hinder trochanters ; antennae black. Pronotum
testaceous, entirely so behind ; a dumbbell-shaped black mark in front of this, extending to the front edge,
and the central sutures blackish ; sides not greatly expanded, with irregular black markings, and clothed
with grey hair ; mesonotum black, with two short thick tawny stripes on each side, not reaching the
front edge, and a spear-shaped tawny mark, filled with black in the middle, directed forwards ; scutellum
with the hinder half and lateral ridges testaceous. Abdomen black ; sutures narrowly edged with
testaceous, especially on the sides ; segment 7 with two testaceous dots in the middle and a larger spot on
each side. Sternum mostly black, clothed with greyish hair ; legs testaceous ; coxse, four front femora,
and tarsi streaked with black above ; opercula testaceous, extending nearly to the end of the first segment
of the abdomen. Abdomen beneath testaceous ; basal segment entirely black, the following segments
triangularly blackish on each side at the base, the last two lateral lobes spotted with black. Tegulae and
wings hyaline, with brown nervures; costal nervures and inner marginal nervures testaceous."

Long. excl. tegm. 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 76 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 13 millim.*

Hab. CHRISTMAS ISLAND (Lister Brit Mus.).

B. Tegmina and wings clear, but more or less spotted.

4. Pcecilopsaltria polita. (Tab. I., fig. 16, a, 6.)

Oxypleura polita; Walker, List Horn. i. p. 29, n. 11 (1850).
Platypleura (Ojeypleura) polita, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 196, n. 46 (1874).

Head, pronotum, and mesonotum tawny-ochraceous ; head with some black spots on front and a
broken transverse black fascia between the eyes ; pronotum with two black discal spots, the anterior one
longitudinal, the posterior one transverse ; mesonotum with four black spots on anterior margin, the
two central ones smallest, a central longitudinal line not reaching anterior margin, and a small spot in
front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation ; abdomen black, tyinpanal coverings, lateral
posterior margins of the first segment, posterior margins of the second, third, and fourth segments, and
a large spot on each side of the apical segment ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, and opercula
ochraceous ; a spot on each side of anterior margin and the central sulcation to face, a transverse spot
between face and eyes, and the interior area of opercula black ; abdomen beneath dark castaneous.
Tegmina pale hyaline, costal membrane and venation brownish-ochraceous, transverse vein at base of
second ulnar area, and the transverse veins at bases of apical areas faintly infuscated, faint fuscous
spots on lower margins of second and third ulnar areas, and a small double series near the apices of the
longitudinal veins to apical areas.

The pronotum is considerably and angularly produced on each side, the rostrum passes the posterior
coxse, and extends to near the inner angles of the opercula.

Var. a. Tegmina with all the fuscous markings darkened and enlarged, and with the addition of the
basal cell, a spot in centre and at apex of radial area, and a spot near base of fourth ulnar area, also pale
fuscous.

Long. excl. tegm. 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 70 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 12 to 12 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA ; Karwar, Canara, Trevandrum (Calc. Mus. and coll. Dist.).

The varietal form described above was collected at Trevandrum. The species is
evidently a continental one, and its habitat is now for the first time published, as Walker
had no knowledge of the locality from which the British Museum specimen was derived.

* I have taken these dimensions from the figure, as Mr. Kirby has appended none to his diagnosis.

8 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

5. Pcecilopsaltria cervina. (Tab. V., fig. 12, a, 6.)

Platyplftira cervina, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 16, n. 22 (1850) ; Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1866, p. 172 ; Atkins.

J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, n. 16 (1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 149, n. 1 (1886).
Piatypleitra stnnninea, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 17, n. 28 (1850).
Platypleura (O.ri/pleiira) cerrimi, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 198, n. 52 (1874).

The following is Walker's description of this species :

"2. Body pale buff: head nearly as broad as the fore-chest; face very slightly convex; mouth
pale buff, with a black tip extending to the hind hips : eyes not prominent : feelers pitchy, buff at the
base : fore-chest of equal breadth from the fore border to the hind border ; hind-scutcheon widened, and
nearly straight on each side ; hind border of the scutcheon of the middle chest very slightly excavated ;
abdomen obconical, a little longer than the chest: drums very small, far apart; legs pale buff; claws
black, tawny towards the base ; fore thighs armed with small teeth ; hind shanks beset with buff spines
whose tips are black ; wings whitish ; veins yellow ; fore- wings buff along the fore border ; cross-veins
clouded with brown ; a row of brown dots on the tips of the longitudinal veins of the marginal areolets.

" Second marginal areolet much longer than the first ; first cross-vein slightly curved, slanting,
forming an obtuse angle, parted from the second by nearly thrice its length ; second slightly curved,
slanting, forming a very obtuse angle, about twice the length of the first ; third very slightly curved,
slanting, forming an acute angle ; fourth slightly curved, slanting, forming an acute angle, much shorter
than the third ; fifth curved, forming a very slightly acute angle."

Long. excl. tegm. $ . 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 50 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 9 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA ; North Bengal (Miss Campbell, Brit. Mus. ; and Calc. Mus.)

This appears to be a very rare species, or at all events is very seldom found in collections ;
it is probably quite confined to Continental India, and even there its distribution may be
considerably localised. The male specimen figured is in the possession of the Calcutta
Museum.

C. Wings always more or lest opaque.

D. Tegmina opaquely spotted or banded.

6. Pcecilopsaltria basi-viridis. (Tab. IX., fig. 6, a, b.)

Platypleura basi-viridis, Walker, List. Hoin. i. p. 18, n. 24 (1850) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 188, n. 19 (1874).

Head and thorax above brownish-ochraceous ; the posterior margins of pro- and meso-notums
stramineous ; head with a large spot on each side of front, and a transverse fascia between the eyes,
enclosing ocelli and connected with base, black; pronotum with a central discal angulated spot, two
transverse spots on centre of posterior margin, a somewhat oblique spot behind eyes, the lateral margins
and the furrows black: mesonotum with four obconical spots on the anterior margin, the central ones shortest,
a large spear-shaped central spot not reaching anterior margin, on each side of this a small rounded
spot, a spot on the centre of anterior margin and the anterior angles of the cruciform elevation, black ;
abdomen blackish, the tympanal coverings and the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Body
beneath dull ochraceous ; central sulcation and anterior margin of face, excluding centre, a large spot
between face and eyes, apex of rostrum and apices of the tarsi black.

Tegmina hyaline, the venation brownish, costal membrane brownish with two blackish spots ; basal
cell brownish with a darker spot, a curved fascia crossing near base, followed by a more waved macular
fascia, a dark and outwardly concave maculav fascia crossing beyond end of radial area, an oblique fascia
situate on the transverse veins at bases of apical areas, and extending from post-costal area to about
half the breadth of tegmina, and a double series of small obscure spots on apices of longitudinal veins to

ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 9

apical areas dark brownish ; wings ochraceous, margins broadly especially at apex dark brownish, with
a pale marginal whitish spot at apex and centre of posterior margin.

Long. excl. tegm. <? , 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 52 to 55 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 10 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Karwar (Gale. MusA

This is another of those species described by Walker, to which, at the time, no locality
could be given ; but a specimen recently forwarded to me by Mr. Atkinson, which had been
captured at Karwar, enables the species to be added to our fauna.

7. Pcecilopsaltria basialba. (Tab. VIII., fig. 19, a, b.)

Oxypleura basialba, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 26, u. 8 (1850).

Platy pleura basialba, Butl. Cist. Eut. i. p. 191, n. 32 (1874) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 147, n. 7 (1886).

This species being only known to the writer by the typical specimen in the British
Museum, the usual plan of giving the original description is followed :

" Body yellow, clothed with white hairs, covered beneath with white powder ; forehead adorned with
a black band in front and behind, and with a stripe of short black bands on each side ; cheeks also with
slender black bands ; eyes tawny ; eyelets red ; feelers tawny, with black bands and tips ; fore-chest
adorned with seven small black marks ; middle-chest adorned with three black stripes, the side pair
oblique, the middle one straight, widened o"n each side by the fore border, and having a small black spot on
each side near the hind border ; abdomen black ; druma, tip and hind borders of the segments
yellow; legs yellow, clothed with short white hairs; tips of the claws black; hind-shanks beset with
tawny spines; fore thighs armed beneath with two small teeth; wings colourless, white at the base
above, brown at the base beneath ; from this brown hue a short tawny stripe proceeds along the hind
border, and communicates with an oblique brown band which crosses the wing near its base ; hind-wings
colourless, dark brown with a whitish outline for near half the surface from the base, which is tawny ;
flaps dark brown ; veins tawny, pitchy at the tips of the fore-wings.

" Second marginal areolet as long as the first ; first cross-vein nearly straight, very slanting,
forming an extremely obtuse angle, parted from the second by full five times its length ; second very
slightly curved, very slanting, forming an extremely obtuse angle, a little more than twice the length of
the first ; third very slightly curved, slanting, forming an acute angle ; fourth curved, upright, forming a
slightly acute angle."

Long. excl. tegm. 21 millim. Exp. tegm. 62 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 11 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA ; North Bengal (Miss Campbell Brit. Mus.).

This appears to be either a very rare or a very local species.

8. Pcecilopsaltria subrufa. (Tab. L, fig. 1, a, b.)

Oxypleura subrufa, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 25, n. 7 (1850).

Platypleura subrufa, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 192, n. 36 (1874) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 216, n. 14 (1885) ;
ibid. Iv. p. 148, n. 9 (1886).

Head brownish -ochraceous; lateral and basal margin of front, anterior lateral margins of vertex
and a transverse fascia between the eyes black ; pronotum brownish-ochraceous, the posterior and lateral
margins stramineous, edges of the dilated lateral margins and a small obscure central discal spot black ;
mesonotum pale castaneous, with four obconical black spots on anterior margin, the central two shortest,
a central black elongate discal spot, and a small rounded black spot in front of each anterior angle of the

10 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

basal cruciform elevation ; abdomen black, with the posterior segmental margins narrowly castaneous ;
head beneath, rostrum, sternum, opercula and legs ochraceous ; head with the central sulcation and a
large spot on each side of anterior margin of face and a broad fascia between face and eyes black ;
abdomen beneath castaneous, with the posterior segmental margins paler.

Tegmina with about basal third opaque, remainder hyaline ; base, a subbasal oblique fascia and
a shorter transverse fascia at about centre brownish, the space between base and the subbasal fascia
obscure creamy white, the costal membrane ochraceous, its anterior edge minutely spotted with brown,
venation brownish-ochraceous, the apical margins of the ulnar areas infuscated, and some elongate spots
on the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas of the same colour ; wings dark brownish with
a central obscure creamy fascia not reaching posterior margin, the apical margin and a spot on posterior
margin creamy white.

The transverse striations of the face are coarse and profound, the rostrum reaches the interior angles
of the opercula, which have their posterior and lateral margins oblique.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 75 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 14 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA no locality (coll. Dist.). CEYLON; Colombo (Calc. Mus.).

This is another scarce species in collections. Walker's type is unlocalised. I possess
a specimen simply labelled "India," and the Indian Museum contains an example from
Colombo. The Cicadidce of Ceylon have still to be collected.*

9. Poecilopsaltria octoguttata. (Tab. L, fig. 5, a, b.)

Tettigonia 8-guttata, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 615, 22-23 (1798) ; Syst. Khyng. p. 39, 33 (1803).
Tettigonia octoguttata, Coqueb. 111. Icon. Ins. i. p. 34, t. 9, f. 1 (1799).

Oxypleura sanguiflua, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 24, n. 6 (1850); Ins. Saund. Horn. p. 2 (1858).
Pcecilopsaltria octoyuttata, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 168, n. 1 (1866).

Platypleura octoguttata, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 192, n. 35 (1874) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 216, n. 18,
(1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 148, n. 8 (1886).

Head and eyes ochraceous ; front, a transverse fascia between the eyes, and a spot behind the eyes
black ; pronotum castaneous, the posterior and lateral margins ochraceous, two spots on anterior edge of
posterior margin and the area of the lateral margins black ; mesonotum ochraceous, with five large black
spots, four obconical on anterior margin the central two shortest and one large discal, narrowed and pointed
anteriorly and widened and dilated posteriorly, and a black spot on each side of the cruciform elevation.
Abdomen blackish, clothed with greyish pile ; tympanal coverings anteriorly dull ochraceous. Head
beneath, sternum, legs and opercula dull ochraceous ; a transverse fascia between the eyes containing
a small ochraceous spot at centre and each side of face central sulcation and posterior margins of face,
some sternal spots, basal margins of opercula and apex of rostrum black ; tibiae more or less castaneous ;
abdomen beneath black.

Tegmina with about basal half opaque, remainder hyaline, costal membrane ochraceous, with two
dark brown spots, venation ochraceous, a basal patch, a broad transverse fascia at about one-third from
base, a waved fascia united to the previous fascia at apex of radial area and apex of lower ulnar area,
which is again united to a narrow waved fascia at bases of first five apical areas, and a double series of
small spots near apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas, dark chocolate-brown ; between these basal
fasciae are a narrow transverse fascia, and a spot near apex of radial area, which are creamy opaque-white ;
wings dark chocolate-brown with basal sanguineous rays, and the outer margin not extending to anal
angle pale white hyaline.

* One wishes that an entomologist could be sent to this island with instructions somewhat similar to those given
by Prof. Ward to Mr. Hornaday " Plunder Ceylon. Bake the island over as with a fine-toothed comb ; catch everything you
can in three months' time, and send me the best of it." Hornaday, W. J., ' Two Years in the Jungle,' p. 248.

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 11

Far. a. Wings with a subcostal ochraceous patch.

Far. b. Wings ochraceous, the outer area only chocolate-brown, and the sanguineous rays entirely
absent.

Long. excl. tegm. $ . 24 to 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 73 to 80 millim. ; exp. pronot. angl. 14 millim.

flab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Panjab Wazeerabad* (Hearsay Brit. Mus.) ; North Bengal (Campbell
Brit. Mus.) ; Naini Tal (Stock. Mus.) ; Eajpootana Mount Aboo (Calc. Mus.) ; Jodhpoor (Calc. Mus.) ;
Sambalpoor (Calc. Mus.) ; Karachi (Calc. Mus.) ; Bombay (Leith coll. Dist.) ; Karwar (coll. Dist.) ;
Coimbatore (Walhouse Brit. Mus.) ; Neelgiri Hills Southern Slopes (Hampson coll. Dist.) ; Shivarai
Hills (Bidie & Morris coll. Dist.). CEYLON (Calc. Mus.).

This is decidedly the most abundant and widely spread species of Pcecilopsaltria in
Continental India, to which and Ceylon it appears to be confined. Besides the distinct
varieties recorded above, even typical examples vary much in the shape and extent of the
chocolate-brown markings to the tegmina.

10. Poecilopsaltria hampsoni. (Tab. L, fig. 8, a, b.)

Pcecitojisaltria Hampsoni, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xx. p. 226 (1887).

2 . Head luteous ; front with a number of black linear markings ; vertex with a transverse, narrow,
black fascia between the eyes, and with a central black spot containing the ocelli. Pronotum greenish-
ochraceous, the disk with the following black markings : a central I-shaped spot, on each side of which are
some oblique linear markings ; the lateral dilated margins are black, and the anterior margin is narrowly
and the posterior margin broadly dull reddish ochraceous. Mesonotum greenish-ochraceous, with the
following black spots : four obconical from anterior margin, of which the central two are smallest ;
and a large, oblong, discal spot, with a small partly rounded spot on each side of it ; the basal cruciform
elevation dull reddish ochraceous. Abdomen above black. Head beneath, with the face black, marked
with luteous transverse Hues ; sternum somewhat ochraceously pilose ; abdomen beneath black, the
segmental margins ochraceous, the anal appendage of the same colour; legs castaneous, streaked or
spotted with piceous and luteous. Eostrum black, the basal portion luteous.

Tegmina pale hyaline, with the venation brown, the costal membrane greenish, the basal third
somewhat opaque, with darker transverse markings and small basal black markings ; a double irregular
series of dark brown spots cross the tegmina at about centre, a dark brown fascia at bases of upper apical
areas, a few small subapical spots and some small marginal spots of the same colour. Wings brownish-
ochraceous, paler at apex than at base and very pale across centre, with a white marginal spot near anal
angle ; the venation brown.

The rostrum reaches the basal abdominal segment ; the lateral margins of the pronotum are
distinctly angulated ; the face is robustly gibbous, with a profound central longitudinal sulcation ; the
posterior tibiae have three distinct spines on each side of apical half.

Long. excl. tegm. $ . 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 70 millim.; exp. pronot. angl. 13 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Neelgiri Hills, northern slopes, 3500 & 5000 feet (Hampson coll. Dist.).

We are indebted to the exertions of Mr. G. F. Hampson for the discovery of this very
interesting species. It was first captured in the month of May, and although a fair series of
specimens were collected, they all belonged to the female sex, and the male is consequently
still desiderated.

* For the spelling of Indian localities I follow G. Smith's ' Student's Geography of India.'

12 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

11. Poecilopsaltria coelebs. (Tab. I., fig. 12, a, b.)

Platypleura calebs, Still, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend. ser. 8, vol. i. p. 578 (1868) ; Butl. Cist. Entom. vol. i. p. 188,
n. 28 (1874) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 218, n. 7 (1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 146 (1886).

Head ochraceous; front, excluding a central spot, margins of vertex between front and eyes, and
a transverse fascia between the eyes black ; pronotum pale castaneous, the posterior and lateral margins
ochraceous ; mesonotum castaneous, with four large obconical black spots on anterior margin, the central
two smallest, a central discal elongate black spot and a small black spot in front of each anterior angle of
the basal cruciform elevation; abdomen black, the tympanal coverings, and the posterior segmental
margins ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs, rostrum and opercula ochraceous ; a transverse fascia
between the eyes enclosing a pale spot on face inner margins of eyes, posterior margin of face and apex
of rostrum black : abdomen beneath castaneous, with the posterior segmental margins and the apex
ochraceous.

Tegmina with about the basal half creamy opaque, shaded with pale fuscous, and more or less outwardly
denned by an indistinct curved pale fuscous fascia, remaining area hyaline, costal membrane and venation
dark ochraceous, the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fourth, fifth and seventh apical
areas slightly infuscated ; wings stramineous for about two-thirds their area from base, this coloration
outwardly margined with fuscous, remaining area pale hyaline, the venation dark ochraceous.

The rostrum extends a little beyond the inner angles of the opercula, which are somewhat well
separated.

Long. excl. tegm. 22 to 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 64 to 68 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 11 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Dekhan (coll. Dist.). CHINA: Chusan (Calc. Mus.).

Three specimens are contained in the British Museum, but they are only labelled " East
India." The species is probably widely distributed, but appears to be scarce in collections.

12. Poecilopsaltria nicobarica. (Tab. I., fig. 3, a, 6.)

Platypleura nicobarica, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. iv. vol. xix. p. 811 (1877) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng.
vol. liii. p. 213, 11. 5 (1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 147, n. 6 (1886).

? . Head and pronotum brownish-ochraceous ; anterior margin of front, a broad fascia between the
eyes and the edges of the lateral dilated margins of the pronotum black ; mesonotum with four obconical
black spots on anterior margin, the central two shortest, a central narrow lanceolate spot and a small
spot in front of each anterior angle of the cruciform elevation, black ; abdomen blackish, the posterior
segmental margins ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs and rostrum ochraceous ; a narrow fascia
between the eyes extending across anterior margin of face, central sulcation and posterior margin of face,
black ; abdomen beneath very dark castaneous, the posterior segmental margins ochraceous.

Tegmina with about the basal half ochraceous and opaque, with two spots on costal membrane,
a spot in basal cell, and two in radial area dark brownish ; remaining area of tegmina pale hyaline ;
a pale brown fascia not quite crossing tegmina a little beyond the opaque area, an oblique brownish fascia
extending across the apices of the upper three ulnar areas, and an irregular double series of brown spots
near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas ; wings ochraceous, the outer margins and a
transverse discal fascia near apex dark brownish, a spot on outer margin a little before inner angle
creamy white.

Far. a. (Tab. I., fig. 17.)

Platyi/leura distincta, Atkinson, J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 288 (1885).

Differing from typical examples by the somewhat smaller and less intense black markings on the upper
side of head and thorax, and by the wings having the subapical discal fascia fused with the outer margin.

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 18

Long. excl. tegm. 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 7G millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 14 to 15 millim,
Hab. NICOBAR ISLANDS (Brit. Mus. Gale. Mus. coll. Dist.).

We have no record as to the precise island, or islands, of the Nicobar group from which
the specimens alluded to above have been derived. The species is allied to the following,
P.fulvigera, Walk., but differs structurally by the width of the pronotal angles.

According to my note-book, I once saw a specimen received from the Andaman Islands,
but without more precise information it is unsafe to add that very probable habitat.

13. Pcecilopsaltria fulvigera. (Tab. I., fig. 2, a, b, var.)

Platypleurafuhirjera, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 9, n. 14 (1850); Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 185, n. 9 (1874) ; Waterh.

Aid Went. Ins. t. 152, f. 6.
Pacilopsaltrlafuh-igera, Still, Berl. Ent. Zeitscbr. x. p. 169 (1866) ; Ofv. Vet-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 707, 1.

2 . Head and pronotum ochraceous ; some linear markings on front, a broken narrow fascia between
eyes, and the edges of the lateral dilated pronotal margins, black ; mesonotum pale castaneous, with four
black obconical spots on anterior margin, of which the two central ones are smallest, a narrow lanceolate
discal spot (not seen on specimen figured), and a small black spot in front of each anterior angle of the
basal cruciform elevation ; abdomen black, the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Head beneath,
sternum, legs and rostrum ochraceous; a narrow fascia between eyes containing a small pale spot on
anterior margin of face, inner margin of eyes and apex of rostrum black ; abdomen blackish, with the
posterior segmental margins and the anal appendage ochraceous.

Tegmina with the basal half ochraceous and opaque, with a spot at base followed by a transverse
fascia and a few scattered spots, and a spot on costal membrane, dark brownish ; remaining area pale
hyaline, with the venation, a broad transverse fascia at end of opaque basal area and a short oblique fascia
on apices of first and second ulnar areas dark brownish ; the transverse vein at apex of third ulnar area
infuscated, and some minute brownish spots near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas ;
wings ochraceous, the inner posterior margin and a short discal fascia near apex dark brownish.

Var. a. Wings having the subapical discal fascia fused with the outer margin, as in the specimen
figured.

Long. excl. tegm. 2 . 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 68 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 18 millim.

Hab. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS (Brit. Mus. Stock. Mus.) ; Manilla (coll. Sign.). CELEBES (Meyer
Dresden Mus.).

This species, which, as already pointed out, is allied to the preceding species, P. nicobarica,
also varies in the same way as that species by the sometimes fused dark markings of the wings.
The Philippine Islands are evidently the head-quarters of the species.*

14. Pcecilopsaltria sphinx. (Tab. VIIL, fig. 16, a, b, c.)

Platypleura sphinx, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 18, n. 18 (1850) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 188, n. 20 (1874) ; Atkius.
J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 218, n. 6 (1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 145, n. 8 (1886).

This species is only known to the writer by the types in the British Museum ; the original
description is therefore here given :

" Body pale tawny, tinged with white, clothed with short, whitish hairs ; head narrower than the
fore-chest ; crown adorned with two brown bands ; face very slightly convex ; mouth tawny, with a brown

* A considerable number of Cicadidce are recorded from these islands, Stal, by the aid of Semper's collection, having
enumerated or described twenty-eight species, which does not include some others described by Walker. At Zamboanga, Lord
Geo. Campbell describes the woods as " alive with the thrilling buzz of large Cicadas, rejoicing in their new skins, while the old
ones were still sticking under leaves and on the trunks of trees. You thought you had caught a Cicada asleep, but it was only
his empty outside."' Log-letters from the Challenger,' 1st edit. p. 238.

14 ORIENTAL CICADID^E.

tip, reaching the hind-hips ; eyes not prominent ; feelers dark tawny ; fore-chest broadest in the middle ;
hind-scutcheon much widened, and almost angular on each side ; scutcheon of the middle-chest adorned
with four obconical dark brown marks, the outer pair long, the inner pair short and pointing towards two
dots of the same colour ; hind border very slightly excavated ; abdomen obconical, a little longer than the
chest ; opercula close ; drums of moderate size, nearly meeting, less than half the length of the abdomen ;
legs pale tawny ; tips of the shanks darker ; claws pitchy, tawny at the base ; fore-thighs armed with
tawny teeth, which hardly rise above the surface ; hind shanks beset with tawny spines whose tips are
pitchy; fore wings whitish, brownish-tawny towards the base, and having elsewhere some irregular pale
brown marks, which, here and there, include white spots; veins yellow; hind-wings brown, mostly
yellowish-white towards the base, and having a large yellowish-white spot in the disk, white at the tips,
and adorned with a white spot on the hind border, which elsewhere is brown ; flaps yellowish-white with
broad brown borders.

"Second marginal areolet as long as the first; first cross-vein nearly straight, slightly slanting,
forming a very slightly obtuse angle, parted from the second by about five times its length ; second nearly
straight, very slanting, forming a very obtuse angle, much more than twice the length of the first ; third
nearly straight, very slanting, forming a very acute angle ; fourth slightly curved, slanting, forming a
slightly acute angle, a little more than half the length of the third ; fifth curved, forming a slightly acute
angle. In the left wing of an insect of this species the third cross-vein is not more than half the length
of that in the other wing."*

Long. excl. tegm. $ 16 rnillim. Exp. tegm. 46 milliin. Exp. pronot. angl. 8 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : North Bengal (Campbell, Warwick Brit. Mus.).

A female specimen of this species contained in the collection of the British Museum is
here figured, and fig. 16, b, exhibits the under surface of the abdomen showing opercula
of a male specimen in the same collection.

Tegmina nearly altogether opaque.
15. Poecilopsaltria semusta. (Tab. L, fig. 10, a, b.)

Paettoptatiria semusta, Distant, Anu. & Mag. Nat, Hist. ser. 5, vol. xx. p. 227 (1887).

$ . Body dull ochraceous ; head with the front and a broad fascia between the eyes black, the last
containing the ocelli and two small ochraceous spots ; pronotum with two central, discal, somewhat
triangular, black spots, the lowermost largest and broadest, on each side of which are three narrow,
oblique, black fasciae, or furrows, the lateral ampliated margins somewhat darker outwardly. Mesonotum
with a large, black, central spot on anterior margin connected with the black margin of the basal cruciform
elevation ; on each side of this central spot is a large, black, obconical spot, which nearly crosses the disk ;
abdomen above dull castaneous, the segmental margins ochraceous. Head beneath with a broad black
fascia between the eyes ; face ochraceous, the upper portion black, enclosing an ochraceous spot, the central
snh-ation and transverse striations bright castaneous ; body beneath ochraceous, with darker shadings ;
legs more or less tinged with castaneous; abdomen beneath as above; opercula brownish ochraceous,
with the margins paler ; rostrum ochraceous, with the apex pitchy.

Tegmina brownish, with the following creamy markings : a short, macular, transverse fascia near
base ; a broad, irregular, transverse, macular fascia near centre ; between the fascia and apex are two spots
near post-costal area, each divided by a vein, and an outer irregular series of submarginal spots ; at the
bases of apical areas the transverse veins are shaded with dark castaneous. Wings brownish, some basal
streaks and central macular markings ochraceous ; marginal fringe very pale ochraceous.

The rostrum about reaches the apex of the basal abdominal segment ; the opercula are angularly
rounded, do not overlap, and are well separated from each other ; the face has a central, deep and broad,

* The description of these areolets is valueless. They are not altogether constant in form, and, if they were, afford
little clue to the identification of species.

ORIENTAL C1CADIDM. 15

longitudinal sulcation extending through its lower two-thirds, and it is also transversely striated to that
extent.

Long. excl. tegm. 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 55 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 10 millim.

Hab. CHINA: Chusan (Calc. Mus.).

I have only seen one specimen of this well-marked and interesting species.

16. Poecilopsaltria westwoodi. (Tab. L, fig. 18, a, i.)

Platyplcui-H U','!<tiroodii, Still, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ser. 3, vol. i. p. 571 (1868) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 186,
n. 13 (1874).

I do not possess this species, and the following is Stal's description :

" Eemote sericea, pallide olivaceo-virescens vel flavescens, macula media fasciaque utrimque lateral!
verticis, macula vel fascia lata genarum, maculis nonnullis minutis thoracis, maculis quattuor basalibus,
duabus discoidalibus minoribus pone medium maculaque sublaterali oblongo-obtriangulari sctitelli, fasciis
basalibus segmentorum abdominis, dorsalibus latis, ventralibus angustis, tarsis anterioribus totis basique
tarsorum pbsticorum, vitta exteriore tibiarum anticarum nee non alis nigro-fuscis aut nigris, harum
fascia latissima irregular! media, limbum posteriorem baud attingente, limboque testaceo-flavescentibus ;
tegminibus fuscescentibus, fascia obliqua prope basin sordide testaceo-flavescente, macula subcostali longe
ante medium maculaque discoidali pallide testaceo-flavescentibus, pellucidis, maculis nonnullis majusculis
pone medium in seriem transversam subcontinuam dispositis, macula subcostali prope apicem, maculisque
quattuor marginis apicalis vitreis, anastomosibus obscurius fusco-marginatis, areis apicalibus apice et
prope apicem ad venas longitudinales maculis parvis geminis obscure fuscis notatis 2 .

" PI. phalcenoidi, Walk.,* a qua PL interim, Walk.,* baud distingui potest, quoad formam thoracis
affmis, aliter picta ; differt prseterea statura minus crassa, capite proportionaliter latiore, ocellis plus duplo
longius ab oculis quam inter se remotis, frontis sulco longitudinali minus profundo, costa basin versus
minus dilatata, maculis vitreis tegminum multo paucioribus et minoribus, genitalibus feminse magis
productis, metasternique basi inter pedes intermedios magis producta."

Long. excl. tegm. 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 78 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 15 millim.

Hab. CEYLON (Hope Coll., Oxford Calc. Mus.).

The male specimen here figured is in the collection of the Calcutta Museum. It is
another of those rare species in Museums, which rather show the want of interest felt in these
insects by collectors than the scarcity of the species itself.

17. Poecilopsaltria hilpa. (Tab. L, fig. C, a, 6.)

Platypleura hilpa, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 6, n. 10 (1850) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 185, n. 6 (1874) ; Atkins.

J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 149, n. 12 (1885).

Platy pleura fenestrata, Uhler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilad. p. 282 (1861).
Pcecilopsalti-ia hilpa, Still, Berl. Ent. Zeitscbr. x. p. 169 (1866).

Head and pronotum dark ochraceous ; a curved fascia on front, a spot above insertion of antennae,
and a transverse fascia between eyes, black ; pronotum with a central discal longitudinal fascia, widened
posteriorly, black, the extreme lateral margins also more or less infuscated ; mesonotum with four
obconical spots on anterior margin, the central two shortest, a central longitudinal lanceolate spot, and a
small spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, black ; abdomen black, the
posterior segmental margins a little paler, the tympanal coverings ochraceous ; head beneath, sternum,
opercula, legs and rostrum ochraceous ; a subquadrate black spot with its centre ochraceous on anterior
margin of head between eyes and face ; face black, its anterior margin ochraceous, the edges of the

* = Platypleura repanda, Linn.

16 ORIENTAL CICADIDJE.

transverse striations castaneous, posterior margins of face, dfsk of mesosternum and basal margins of
opercula blackish ; abdomen beneath very dark castaneous, greyishly pilose, the posterior segmental
margins pale castaneous.

Tegmina nearly totally opaque, pale brownish, the costal membrane and venation ochraceous ; basal
area and an ill-defined transverse or macular fascia crossing centre, pale creamy ochraceous, a transverse
fascia at about one-third from apex and the marginal fringe creamy-white ; a double series sometimes
connected of small pale brownish spots near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas. Wings
pale ochraceous, outer margins, excluding anal area, and an oblique discal fascia connected with the
marginal fascia dark brownish, a marginal spot near anal area pale creamy-white.

The opercula meet at inner angles, but by a malformation they do not do so in the specimen figured
(fig. 6, 6) ; the rostrum just passes the posterior coxae.

Long. excl. tegrn. 20 to 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 60 to 63 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 10 millim.

Hab. CHINA (Churchill coll. Dist.) ; Hong Kong (Bowring Brit. Mus.) ; Chusan (Gale. Mus.).

This species seems clearly located in China, though I possess a specimen labelled
" India," to which habitat I bestow no credence whatever. In a little-worked family like the
Cicadidce, I have frequently acquired specimens with most erroneous locality labels, and the
only surprise is that the older authors were not in this way more frequently led astray.

18. Pcecilopsaltria ciliaris. (Tab. I., fig. 4, a, I.)

Cicada, ciliaris, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 436, n. 12 (1758) ; Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 155, n. 2 (1764) ; Syst.

Nat. ed. xii. 1, 2, p. 706, n. 8 (1767) ; Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 757, n. 52 (1790) ; Germ, in Thon. Ent.

Arch. ii. 2, p. 2, n. 18 (1880); Germ. Silb. Rev. Ent. ii. p. 78, b (1834).

Cicada ocellata, DeGeer, Meni. iii. p. 220, n. 16, t. 33, f. 2, 3 (1778) ; Oliv. Enc. Me"th. v. p. 751, n. 21 (1790).
Cicada varia, Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 756, n. 44 (1790).
Tettigonia marmorata, Fabr. Syst. Ehyng. p. 88, n. 24 (1803).
Cicada marmorata, Germ, in Thon. Areli. ii. 2, p. 2, n. 17 (1880).

Platypleura arcuata, Walk. Ins. Saund. Horn. p. 1 (1858) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 184, n. 4 (1874).
Platypleura catocaloides, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 82, n. 1 (1867) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 184,

n. 8 (1874).
Platypleura ciliaris, Stal, Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 3, n. 2 (1869) ; Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 707, n. 1 ; Butl. (part),

Cist. Ent. i. p. 185, n. 7 (1874); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 144, n. 2 (1886).
Platypleura varia, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 184, n. 5 (1874); (excl. habitat).
Stoll, Cig. fig. 147.

Body above greenish-ochraceous ; margins of front, area of ocelli, a central longitudinal fascia, two
short curved discal fasciae and the oblique furrows to pronotum, black ; mesonotum with four, sometimes
six, obconical spots to anterior margin, the central two small, the outer two sometimes broken, thus forming
four spots (as in specimen figured), a central lanceolate spot and a small spot in front of each anterior angle
of the basal cruciform elevation, black ; posterior segmental margins and the anal appendage black. Body
beneath greenish-ochraceous, sometimes dark castaneous ; a spot at base of face, margins of apex of face,
apices of the rostrum and tarsi, black.

Tegmina greenish- or brownish-ochraceous, opaque, and greyishly pilose ; two spots on costal
membrane, an oblique transverse fascia near base, two converging fasciae near apex and a double or fused
series of small spots near apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas dark brownish. Wings ochraceous,
the outer margins, an oblique discal fascia near apex (sometimes connected with base), and sometimes the
margins of the anal area chocolate-brown.

The opercula in the male very slightly overlap at their inner angles ; the rostrum reaches, but does
not pass the posterior coxae.

ORIENTAL CICADID&. 17

Long. excl. tegm. 21 to 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 62 to 70 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 11 to 12 millim.

Hab. COCHIN CHINA (coll. Dist.). PHILIPPINE ISLES (Semper Stock. Mus.) ; Ternate (V. Lansberg
LeydenMus.). MOLUCCAS: Amboyna (Wallace Brit. Mua. ; Beccari Genoa Mus. ; Hoedt Leyden Mus. ;
Forbes coll. Dist.) ; Ceram (Bruss. Mus. ; Wallace Brit. Mus.).

This species is closely allied to the preceding, P. hilpa, from which it differs by the much
darker and more opaque tegmina, but the structural differences are very slight, and I fully
expect a long series of specimens from other localities will prove both to be but varietal
forms of one species. Typical P. hilpa is found in China, and typical P. ciliaris in the
Moluccas, whilst my specimen, derived from Cochin China, is both intermediate in locality
and somewhat intermediate in appearance.

Mr. Butler, in his "Monographic list" of the species of Platypleura, has fallen into obscurity
over this species, for he keeps the P. catocaloides, Walk., and P. arcuata, Walk., as distinct
species, though he states that the last is probably only a "local form" of the first. But as
P. arcuata was described nine years before P. catocaloides, in classification the position should
be reversed. Again, Mr. Butler has applied the name P. ciliaris, Linn., to an African species,
apparently in ignorance that Stal, five years previously, had, in his ' Hemiptera Fabriciana,'
identified and localised it as above.

19. Poecilopsaltria andamana. (Tab. I., fig. 9, a, b.)

Platypleura andamana, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 174 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 214,

n. 8 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 146, n. 5 (1886).
Platijpleura roepstorjfii, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 214, u. 9 (1885).

Tawny, pubescent ; a spot on each side of front, and a transverse fascia between the eyes, black ;
eyes dark shining castaneous ; pronotum with two very small foveate pitchy spots placed close together
near centre of posterior margin ; mesonotum with two large obconical spots on anterior margin, and
having between them on disk a narrow lanceolate longitudinal spot, a small spot in front of each anterior
angle of the basal cruciform elevation, and an obscure fasciate spot on each side of the central obconical
spots, black ; abdomen blackish, the posterior segmental margins oehraceous and strongly and palely
pilose ; body beneath and legs brownish oehraceous.

Tegmina brown, opaque, with pale semi-opaque markings, especially on the apical half; basal third
thickly covered with pale pubescence, and containing five dark brown spots, situate two in the radial area,
one at base of third, and two in fourth ulnar area ; remainder of tegmina less pubescent, with a number
of greyish-white spots, of which the most prominent are a transverse series crossing tegmina at end of
apical area, and another waved series commencing about middle of upper ulnar area, where they are very
distinct beneath, the apical areas greyish-white ; a double row of small brown spots on and near the apices
of the longitudinal veins to the apical areas ; a dull whitish spot on inner angle of outer margin, which is
very prominent beneath. Wings very pale castaneous, with a dark brown outer margin, and some suffused
dark brown discal streaks.

Long. excl. tegm. 22 to 24|- millim. Exp. tegm. 76i to 84 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 14 millim.

Hab. ANDAMAN ISLANDS (Calc. Mus., Stock. Mus., coll. Dist.).

The figure is taken from a male specimen in the collection of the Calcutta Museum, the
original description being that of the female sex only. It is a somewhat difficult species to
accurately describe, but it is very distinct and easily recognised. According to present
knowledge, it is quite confined to the Andaman Islands.

18 ORIENTAL CICADIDM,

Two species now remain to be enumerated, which are only known to the writer by the
descriptions of the same, and in one case by a very indifferent figure.

20. Poecilopsaltria affinis.

Tettiyonia affinis, Fabricius, Syst. Eliyng. p. 87, n. 22 (1808).

Cicada affinis, Germ, in Thon. Ent. Arch. ii. 2, p. 1, n. 6 (1880) ; Silb. Eev. Ent. ii. p. 79, d (1884).
Platypteura affinit, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 8, 7 (1850).

Pcecilopsaltria affinis, Stal, Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 4, n. 1 (1869) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 211, n. 2 (1885) ;
ibid. IT. p. 148, n. 1 (1886).

The following is Stal's description, derived from an examination of the type :

" Pallide olivaceo-flavescens vel virescens ; loris, margine excepto, clypeo, carina excepta, maculis
parvis duabus apicalibus lineisque duabus transversis versus basin frontis, fascia genarum, macula ocellos
includente, maculis duabus ad oculos lineaque transversa interdum oblitterata verticis, linea latiuscula
intramarginali laterali thoracis, maculis quattuor basalibus, mediis majusculis, vitta obliqua laterali
angusta, posterius abbreviata, maculisque tribus parvis posterioribus scutelli, limbo basali segmentorum
dorsi abdominis maculaque laterali segmentorum quattuor ultimorum ventris nigris ; tegminibus opacis,
flavo-albidis, fusco-nebulosis, macula media arese radialis maculaque medium arearum ulnarium primae et
secundffi occupante pallidioribus, areis apicalibus, exceptis area tota octava et partibus basali et apicali
arese primes, vitreis, decoloribus, venis ulnaribus apice et prope apicem utrimque macula parva fusca
notatis ; alis lutescentibus, vitta angusta parteque apicali extus late, intus angustius obscure fuscis, hac
parte ad venas, limbo enervi areaque anali dilute lutescentibus.

"Caput obtusum, fronte leviter convexa; parte verticis apicali laterali, inter frontem et oculos
jacente ; froutis parte subbasali latitudine subsequali ; clypeo apice sinuato-truncato. Ocelli ab oculis quam
inter se plus duplo longius remoti. Thorax lateribus valde angulato-dilatatus, angulis suberectis, apice imo
rotundatis. Latera area ulnaris interioris pone medium subparallela. Metasternum elevatum, medio
longitrorsum irnpressum, antice sinuatum. Limbus enervis tegminum et alarum sque latus.

" Long. corp. 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 77 millim.

" Patria : INDIA ORIENTALIS (Mus. Lund.)."

21. Pcecilopsaltria capitata.

Cicada capitata, Olivier, Enc. Meth. v. p. 754, 84, t. 112, f. 10 (1790).
Stoll, Cig. p. 76, t. 19, f. 103.

It is quite possible that Olivier only described this species from Stoll's figure :

" Elle a un pouce de longeur, depuis la tete jusqu'a 1'anus, et trois et demi de largeur, lorsque les
ailes sont etendues. Elle est noiratre. La tete est verdatre, tres-large ; les yeux sont gris ; les petits yeux
lisses sont rouges. Le corcelet est brun anterieurement. Les elytres et les ailes sont transparentes, avec
un peu de gris ; les elytres ont deux bandes noiratres, transversales ; la plus pres de 1'extremite des elytres
part de leur bord exterieur, et n'atteint pas le bord interne : on voit pres de 1'exterieur de petites taches ou
quelques traits noiratres. L'abdomen est conique et pointu. Les pattes sont brunes."

Measurements taken from Stoll's figure :

Long. excl. tegm. 82 millim. Exp. tegm. 100 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 17 millim.
Hab. " Ceylon."

I have not reproduced Stoll's figure, as it is evidently of an imperfect nature, and Olivier's
figure is merely a copy of that of Stoll. It is clearly allied to the P. subrufa, Walk.

ORIENTAL CICADIDtf;. 19

Genus PLATYPLEURA.

Platypleura, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 466 (1848) ; Still, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. pp. 2 & 9 (1806) ; Atkins.

J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 144 (1886).
Ojypleura, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 469 (1848).

General characters of Pcecilopsaltria, but distinguished from that genus by having the head, including
eyes, not or scarcely broader than the base of the mesonotum.

This genus has a wide and almost conterminous distribution with that of Pacilopsaltria.
It is found in tropical and subtropical Africa, where it is most abundant and largely represented,
exists more sparingly in the Oriental region, and enters the Pala3arctic fauna at Japan. My
catalogue of this genus enumerates thirty-four species, but of these five only are found in this
fauna, thus being in marked contradistinction to the preceding genus, as Platypleura is focussed
in the Ethiopian, as Pcecilopsaltria was shown to be in the Oriental region. Here we have two
genera closely allied, but separated by the relative widths of the head and mesonotum. In Africa
the more contracted head is in the ascendancy, and Platypleura is the dominant genus, whilst in
the Oriental region the positions are reversed, and Pcecilopsaltria, with the widened head, reigns
supreme. Such facts find their place in the ever-increasing evidence for what is usually called
the "Darwinian theory," and although their bearing or explanation is not at once seen, they
become part and parcel of the great "case" which is now being so widely recognised by
naturalists and students of all orders and of diverse views.

A. Wings, excluding margin, opaque.

1. Platypleura repanda. (Tab. I., fig. 7, a, b.)

Cicada repanda, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 707, n. 17 (1767) ; Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 159, n. 6 (1764) ; Gmel. ed.

Syst. Nat. i. 8, p. 2097, n. 17 (1782) ; Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 754, n. 86 (1790) ; Germ. Thon. Arcb. ii.

p. 220 (1880); Silb. Eev. Ent. ii. p. 78 (1884).
Tettitjonia repanda, Pabr. Sp. Ins. ii. p. 821, n. 16 (1781) ; Mant. Ins. ii. p. 267, n. 20 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iv.

p. 28, 24 (1794) ; Syst. Bbyng. p. 41, n. 89 (1803).
Fidicina? repanda, Walk, (part), List Horn. i. p. 90, n. 22 (1850).
Platypleura phaleenoides, Walk. List. Horn. i. p. 4, n. 9 (1850) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 186, n. 11 (1874) ; Stal,

Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 480; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 211, n. 8 (1885).
Platypleura interna, Walk. List Horn. iv. p. 1119, n. 80 (1852).
Platypleura repanda, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 150, n. 14 (1886) ; Dist. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a,

vol. vi. p. 453 (1888).

Head, pronotum, and mesonotum greenish-ochraceous, with the following black markings : head
with a spot on each side of base of front, a narrow transverse waved fascia between eyes, and some spots
on disk of vertex ; pronotum with a central longitudinal fascia, widened posteriorly, some curved fasciae
behind eyes, and the anterior portion of the dilated lateral margins ; mesonotum with four obconical spots
on anterior margin the central ones shortest a lanceolate central discal spot and a small spot in front of
each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen blackish, clothed with yellowish pile, and the
posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Head and sternum beneath thickly clothed with yellowish pile ; the
longitudinal sulcation, and some of the transverse striations to face, black ; legs pale castaneous, femora
with a dark spot at base and apex ; opercula black, the outer margin narrowly ochraceous ; abdomen
beneath black, clothed with yellowish pile.

20 ORIENTAL CICADID&.

Tegmina with basal half opaque, greenish-ochraceous ; two fuscous spots on costal membrane, two in
radial area enclosing a semihyaline spot, a spot of the same colour beneath apex of radial area enclosing
two very small semihyaline spots and a large irregular transverse fuscous fascia crossing tegmina beyond
radial area, enclosing two semihyaline spots situate in the third and fourth ulnar areas, and another
similar spot situate in the lower apical area; remaining area of tegmina hyaline, with the venation
greenish-ochraceous, and a large fuscous subapical fasciate spot extending across the apices of the first, second
and third ulnar areas, stretching outwardly across the third and fourth apical areas and then continued to
apex, and a double series of small fuscous irregular- shaped spots on and near the apices of the longitudinal
veins to apical areas. Wings opaque, ochraceous, the apical area and apex of anal area dark castaneous,
outer margin pale hyaline.

The rostrum just passes the inner angles of the opercula, which slightly overlap and are outwardly
convex.*

Long. excl. tegm. 21 to 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 68 to 78 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Kashmeer Valley (Leech coll. Dist.) ; North Bengal (Campbell Brit.
Mus.) ; Sikkim (Calc. Mus. and coll. Dist.) ; Darjeeling (Gale. Mus. ; Stock. Mus. ; coll. Dist.) ; Himalaya
(sic) (Dohrn Leyden Mus.) ; Assam (Warwick Brit. Mus.) ; Sylhet (Stainsforth Brit. Mus.) ; Seebsagar
(Calc. Mus.). BURMA: Kakhien Hills (Fea Genoa Mus.).

Far. a. (Tab. I., fig. 11, a, b.)

Platypleura assamensis, Atkinson, J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 212, n. 4 (1884).

Body less robust and smaller in size than is usual in typical specimens, markings of the tegmina
much paler in hue.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Darjeeling (Stock. Mus.). ASSAM : Seebsager and Naga Hills (Calc. Mus.) ;
Khasi Hills (Chennell coll. Dist.!.

This species has always been found in every collection of Cicadidce examined by the
writer that has been derived from the North-Eastern Provinces of Continental India, to which
and Burma, its head-quarters at least appear to be confined.- The variety, \ assamensis,
Atkins., has also been found in most of the collections where the species was represented by
a fair number of specimens.

2. Platypleura kaempferi.| (Tab. I., fig. 14, a, b.)

Tettu/onia kampferi, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iv. p. 23, n. 25 (1794) ; Syst. Ehyng. p. 41, n. 40 (1803).

Cicada kampferi, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 117, n. 34 (1850).

Platypleura ktr,ipferi, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 189, n. 27 (1874).

Platypleura hyalino-limbitta, Sign. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6), t. 1, p. xlii (1881) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv.

p. 150, n. 13 (1886).
Platypleura J'uscani/ttlis, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 189, n. 29 (1874).

Head, pronotum, and mesonotum dull ochraceous ; head with the following black markings : a narrow
transverse fascia on front, a transverse fascia between eyes, forming a spot at area of ocelli, continued on
inner margin of eyes, two small discal spots, and a fasciate spot at anterior lateral angles of vertex;
pronotum with a central longitudinal fascia widened anteriorly and posteriorly, the oblique furrows and the
lateral dilated margins black ; mesonotum with four obconical spots on anterior margin (the central ones

* I havejfelt it superfluous to describe very fully in words the structural differential characters of the face, rostrum, and
opercula, having given diagrams of the same, which are more useful and explanatory.

f In treating other entomologists' " species " as " varieties," I am, of course, in the absence of breeding experiments,
expressing my own views alone, on the basis of reasons already given (antea, p. 3). The value of these specific discussions
has long since been exposed by Darwin.

\ Named after E. Ksempfer, physician, naturalist, and zoological traveller. He travelled in Persia and various parts of
India ; but is best known by his ' History of Japan,' which was translated from the original High Dutch by Scheuchzer, and
published in two folio volumes in 1728. Ksernpfer was born in 1051 and died in 1713.

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 21

shortest), a lanceolate discal spot much widened posteriorly and a spot in front of each anterior angle
of the basal cruciform elevation, black. Abdomen black, the tympanal coverings and posterior segmental
margins dull ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, and legs dull ochraceous; central sulcation and
posterior margins to face ; a fascia between eyes and face, some obscure sternal spots, and a spot at base
of opercula, black ; abdomen beneath blackish, with the posterior segmental margins ochraceous.

Tegmina with about the basal half opaque and creamy ochraceous, costal membrane with two fuscous
spots, and the following fuscous fasciae : one basal, one oblique, passing through centre of radial area and
terminating at apex of lower ulnar area, and a broad, waved, and irregular fascia commencing at apex of
radial area and united with the preceding fascia at apes of lower ulnar area ; between the second and third
fasciae are some small fuscous spots and a semihyaline spot near end of radial area, and a similar spot in
lower apical area, remainder of tegmina hyaline, with a broad subapical fuscous fascia extending to apex of
third ulnar area, an apical fuscous spot and some irregular small fuscous spots on the apices of longitudinal
veins to apical areas. Wings dark fuscous, with the outer margins pale hyaline.

The opercula are pale fuscous, with their outer margins ochraceous, overlapping at centre, outwardly
convex, but somewhat oblique at their lateral margins ; the face is considerably compressed, with the
central sulcation broad and somewhat deep.

Long. excl. tegm. 21 to 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 65 to 73 millim.

Hab. CHINA (coll. Sign.) ; Shantung (coll. Dist.) ; Shanghai (Fortune Brit. Mus.) ; Chusan (Calc.
Mus.). JAPAN (Bligh Brit. Mus.; Lewis coll. Dist.) ; Yokohama (Genoa Mus.).

This species appears to be quite confined to China and Japan. Mr. Butler has described,
under the name of P.fuscangulis, a specimen which seems to be but a slight variety of
P. faempferi, and he has given it the habitat of " Sarawak (Wallace)." I think it more than
probable that a mistake has been made with this habitat, and I have refrained from adding it
to the localities given above.

B. Wings partly hyaline.
3. Platypleura nobilis. (Tab. I., fig. 13, a, b.)

Cicada nobilis, Germar, Thon. Arch. ii. 2, p. 9 (1830) ; Silberm, Eev. Ent. ii. pt. 11, p. 82, n. 60 (1884).
Cicada hemij>tera, Guer. Voy." Belang. Ind. p. 500 (1834).
Platypleura semihidda , Walk. List Horn. i. p. 20, n. 27 (1850).

Platypleura rjemina, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 21, n. 28 (1850) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 191, n. 81 (1874).
Platypleura nobilis, Stul, 6"fv. Vet. Ak. Furh. 1862, p. 479 ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 191, n. 80 (1874) ; Atkins.
J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 215, n. 11 (1885).

Head, pronotum, and mesonotum brownish, or greenish-ochraceous ; head with the area of the ocelli,
the inner margin of the eyes, and a short fascia between the ocelli and the eyes, black ; pronoturn with a
rounded black linear fascia behind the eyes and a somewhat triangular spot on inner edge of posterior
margin black, the lateral dilated angles infuscated ; mesonotum with four obconical spots on anterior
margin, the central ones shortest, a lanceolate central spot and a small spot in front of each anterior angle
of the basal cruciform elevation, black ; abdomen greenish- or brownish-ochraceous, the two basal segments,
an obscure central longitudinal fascia, the basal segmental margins, and in the female generally the anal
segment, black. Body beneath ochraceous ; central sulcation to face, inner margin of eyes, some small
and obscure sternal spots, nietasternum at base of opercula, lateral margins of abdomen and apex of
rostrum, black.

Tegmina with about basal half opaque and very pale ereamy-ochraceous, two spots on costal mem-
brane, the basal cell, three spots in radial area the smallest at base and apex, the largest a little before
centre a large spot on claval area, and a broad oblique fascia commencing at end of radial area and
widened inwardly between third and fourth ulnar areas where it encloses a pale spot fuscous ; remaining

22 ORIENTAL CICADID&.

area of tegmina pale hyaline, with an oblique fuscous fascia much waved and angulated near apex and a
series of small fuscous spots on and near apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas ; wings dark fuscous,
with the outer margins, or nearly the apical third, pale hyaline ; abdominal area pale hyaline, slightly
infuscated.

The rostrum is long, reaching considerably beyond the posterior coxae and to near the posterior
margin of the overlapping interior angles of the opercula.

Var. a. Wings with the fuscous area containing a distinct oblique ochraceous ray.

Long. excl. tegm. 15 to 17 millim. Exp. tegm. 50 to GO millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Garo Hills (Chennell coll. Dist.) ; Samagooting (Calc. Mus.) ; Munjpoor
(Calc. Mus.). SUMATBA (V. Langsberg Bruss. Mus; Hagen Leyden Mus.). JAVA (V. Lansberg Bruss.
Mus.; Hagen Leyden Mus.).

The var. a described above appears to be a purely continental race, and I have been unable
to trace an example in the large collections from Java and Sumatra which have passed through
my hands. P. nobilis varies in size, and in the intensity of markings to the tegmina ; in some
specimens also the basal opaque coloration to the tegmina is of a pale brownish-green hue.

Walker gave as locality for the example he described under the name of P. cjemina (supra),
" Cape Good Hope," which has been copied by Butler, but is clearly erroneous.

4. Platypleura insignis. (Tab. I., fig. 15.)

Platypleura insignis, Distant, J. A. S. Beng. vol. xlviii. p. 39, t. 2, f. 2 |_1879) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii.
p. 216, n. 12 (1885).

Body testaceous, thickly covered with griseous pubescence. Pronotum and mesonotum not differing
in structure and markings from P. .nobilis, Germ., but more pubescent ; sternum and abdomen above and
beneath also resembling that species ; rostrum with the apex pitchy and extending to a little beyond posterior
coxa ; legs pale ochraceous, anterior and intermediate tarsi with the base, apex and claws pitchy.

Tegmina pale hyaline, with the venation, costal membrane, costal afea, radial area (excepting almost
apical half) and a large basal patch transversely terminating from near the apex of the radial vein to the
apex of the lower ulnar area, fulvous covered with griseous pubescence ; the radial area is hyaline from about
its centre (where it is darkest in colour) to near the apex, which is narrowly fulvous and has a subconical
fuscous spot on its outer border. A double series of small spots situate on and near the apices of the
longitudinal veins to apical areas, and an irregular series of spots situate at the apices of the ulnar areas,
black. Wings pale hyaline, with the venation fulvous and with a large black basal patch.

Allied to P. nolilis, Germ., but the tegmina and wings are very distinct, the dark opaque portions
being much less in each than in that species ; the rostrum is also shorter in length, and the opercula do
not so much overlap as in P. nobilis.

Long. excl. tegm. 15 millim. Exp. tegm. 45 millim.

Hab. UPPER TENASSEKIM* (Limborg Calc. Mus.).

The typical specimen described ten years ago, and now contained in the Calcutta Museum,
is the only example of this species I have yet seen.

: = We possess little information as to the Gicadidce of Tenasserim. What we have comes from the pen of the late
Eev. F. Mason, who wrote : " One of the first objects that attracts the attention of an observer in some localities of the Karen
jungles, is a clay tube several inches high, raised over a shaft sunk two or three feet in the ground, over which may be often
seen a Karen, bending and inserting the extremities of a long branch of a thorny rattan, which after a few twists is withdrawn,
bringing with it a grub that is deemed a great luxury."

" The natives have a distinct name for the grub, and seem to be ignorant that it is the larva of the Cicada. This I was
enabled to verify on one occasion by observing the exuviae of many of their pupae adhering by claws to the serrated bark of
trees, with rents in their backs, out of which the perfect insect had escaped. The Karens, it may be observed, are no more
barbarous in their taste than the civilized Greeks, for Aristotle testifies that they were an article of diet, both in their larva
and perfect state, and one species is still eaten by American Indians. The most common species is small, and often flies into
dwelling-houses." ' Tenasserim ; or, Notes on the Fauna, Flora, &c., of British Burma and Pegu,' p. 385 (1852).

ORIENTAL C 1C A DID M. 28

5. Platypleura badia. (Tab. VII., fig. 15, a, b.)

Platypleura badia, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 458, t. iv. f. 6, a, b (1888).

? . Allied to P. insignis, Dist., but differing by the opaque markings to the tegmina being fulvous-
brown ; the wings have the opaque coloration extending further from the base, where it is simply pale
fulvous, and the body is fulvous-brown.

The species, however, is structurally separated by the length of the rostrum, which reaches the base
of the anal segment.

Long. excl. tegm. 16 millim. Exp. tegm. 48 millim.

Hab. TENASSERIM : Houngdarau Valley (Fea Genoa Mus.).

Genus POLYNEURA.

Pohjneura, Westwood, Arcan. Ent. vol. i. p. 92 (1842) ; Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 460, 856 (1848) ;
Stal, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 3 (1866).

Body robust and moderately elongate. Head including eyes about equal in width to the mesonotum
at base ; ocelli farther apart from eyes than from each other ; face moderately convex, slightly prominent
above. Pronotum with the lateral margins moderately ampliated and somewhat laminately expanded,
obscurely and obtusely toothed near centre. Anterior femora distinctly and robustly spined. Meso- and
metasternums sulcated. Tympana covered ; opercula short, and broad. Tegmina with the venation dense
and furcate, reticulate towards apex, ulnar and apical areas numerous and ill defined.

This genus is still represented by a solitary species, and its area of distribution is confined
to Continental India and Burma.

1. Polyneura ducalis. (Tab. II., fig. 7, a, b.)

Pohjneura ducalis, Westwood, Arcan. Ent. vol. i. p. 92, t. 24, f. 2 (1842) ; Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem.
p. 460, n. 1 (1843) ; Walk. List Horn. i. p. 2 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 211, n. 1 (1886).

Body above and beneath black ; eyes, the anterior lateral margins of vertex, and the anterior and
posterior margins of pronotum, ochraceous ; femora reddish, their bases and apices and the tibia and
tarsi black (coxse in some specimens also reddish).

Tegmina brownish-ochraceous, the venation, costal membrane, and claval margin ochraceous ; the
tegmina are also darker in hue for a little more than basal third. Wings ochraceous, in some specimens
(as in the one here figured) irrorated with paler ochraceous, and the tegmina, as in the same figure,
sometimes with a short transverse discal ochraceous fascia.

The rostrum about reaches the posterior coxa; the opercula are short, not extending beyond the
basal segment of the abdomen, their lateral margins oblique, their posterior margins convex and their
inner angles overlapping.

Long. excl. tegm. 35 to 37 millim. Exp. tegm. 100 to 110 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA ; Nepal (Hardwicke Hope Mus. Oxford and Brit. Mus. ; North-Western
Province, Kanikhet (Calc. Mus. and coll. Dist.) ; Sikkim and Assam (Gale. Mus.) ; Darjeeling (Stock. Mus.
and coll. Dist.). BURMA: Eangoon (coll. Dist.).

The specimen here figured is a female, which has proved to be the dominant sex in all
the examples of the species which have passed through my hands; the females are also, from
my measurements, larger than the males.

ORIENTAL CICAD1D.E.

Genus TACUA.

Tacua, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 461, 859 (1848) ; Still, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 8 (1866) ; Atkins.
J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 150 (1886).

Body very robust and somewhat long. Head broad, truncate anteriorly, including eyes as broad as
anterior lateral margins of pronotum ; ocelli a little farther apart from eyes than from each other ; face
broad and convex, but somewhat compressed. Pronotum with the lateral margins convex, but not promi-
nently ampliated or laminately expanded. Anterior femora distinctly and robustly spined. Metasternum
centrally and longitudinally sulcated. Tympana covered; opercula long, extending a little beyond the
middle of abdomen, their margins subparallel and slightly overlapping at centre. Tegmina opaque ;
apical areas eight, interior ulnar area somewhat widened at apex ; wings excluding margins opaque.

This genus is only represented by one large and very handsome species, and its
distribution is focussed in the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, and excepting a specimen
received from the island of Penang, I have no knowledge of it from any other habitat.
It certainly appears to be an insular and not a continental * genus. As in the genus Tosena,
its species varies in an albinic manner.

1. Tacua speciosa. (Tab. II., fig. 9, a, b, and fig. 10, a, b, var.)

Tettigonia speciosa, Illiger, Wied. Zool. Arch. ii. p. 145, n. 88, t. 2 (1800) ; Fabr. Syst. Rhyng. p. 33, n. 1 (1803).
Cicada indica, Donov. Ins. Ind. Hem. t. 2, f. 3 (18003).
Cicada specios/i, Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. iii. p. 165, n. 1 ; Hem. t. 9 (1840).

Tacua speciosa, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 462, n. 1 (1848) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217,
n. 17 (1885); ibid. Iv. p. 151, n. 15 (1886).

Body above black ; eyes, anterior pronotal margin (narrowly), posterior margin of pronotum, posterior
margin of the third, and the whole of the fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal segments, ochraceous ; basal
cruciform elevation red, with its anterior angles black ; body beneath black ; lateral areas and margins to
prosternum, a spot at lateral margins of third abdominal segment, and the lateral margins of the fourth,
fifth and sixth abdominal segments, ochraceous.

Tegmina black, costal membrane and venation dull reddish, outer margin narrowly creamy-white ;
wings black, the outer margin (excluding anal area) creamy-white.

Var. a. Tegmina and wings greyish -brown, the black coloration only observable at margins of
the veins.

Long. excl. tegm. 47 to 57 millim. Exp. tegm. 150 to 180 millim.

Hab. PENANG (coll. Dist.). SUMATRA (coll. Dist.; V. Langsberg Bruss. Mus., Leyden Mus.).
JAVA (Amy. & Serv.). BORNEO : Sarawak (Beccari Genoa Mus,) ; Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead coll. Dist.).

According to Donovan, a single specimen of this species was found in Bengal by
Mr. Fichtel, and deposited in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, but that habitat I consider
liable to the greatest doubt. It may possibly be found in the Malay Peninsula, as a specimen
has been received from the adjoining island of Penang, but I have hitherto seen no examples
from the mainland, nor did I meet with the species myself when residing in that country.

The pale-coloured variety is found with the normal form of the species, and I have quite
recently received both, collected at the same time, from Kina Balu Mountain in Borneo.

* The words "insular" and "continental," as here used, represent strictly subdivisions only of the "continental"
area, bounded by the thousand-fathom line as generally understood in zoo-geographical distribution. Sumatra, Java, and
Borneo thus form part of that " continental area," but in this work the areas have to be more finely drawn, and the cicadan
fauna of these islands are compared with those of the surrounding continental lands.

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 25

Genus GRAPTOPSALTRIA.

G-raptopsaltria, Stul, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 8 (1866).

Body robust, attenuated posteriorly. Head, including eyes, narrower than the anterior lateral
margins of the pronotum ; ocelli wider apart from eyes than from each other ; rostrum extending to about
posterior coxae. Pronotum with the lateral margins irregularly convex, not prominently ampliated or
laminately expanded. Anterior femora robustly spined. Tympana practically covered; opercula short,
broad, not extending beyond basal segment of abdomen. Tegmina opaque. Apical areas eight ; transverse
vein at the base of the second apical area much curved ; interior ulnar area not distinctly widened at apex.
Wings opaque ; apical areas six.

This genus, represented according to present knowledge by one species, is known only
from Japan, which thus contains an example of the opaquely coloured species having the
tympana covered, and found in other portions of our fauna, in the genera Tacua and Tosena.

1. Graptopsaltria colorata. (Tab. II., fig. 8, a, b.)

Gmptopsaltria colorata, Still, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 169 (1866).

Head black ; apex and base of front, anterior lateral margins, a small spot behind eyes, and two large
discal spots to vertex castaneous ; ocelli and eyes ochraceous. Pronotum castaneous, the anterior and
posterior margins, and two narrow central longitudinal fasciae, blackish ; extreme lateral margins cas-
taneous. Mesonotum black, with two faint obconical spots at centre of anterior margin ; in some specimens
there are a few small castaneous spots ; cruciform elevation castaneous, with its centre and apical angles
black. Abdomen above black. Body beneath ochraceous, mottled with dark castaneous and blackish ;
opercula dull ochraceous ; inner margin of eyes and margin of face blackish.

Tegmina dark ochraceous, mottled with castaneous ; a narrow angulated linear fascia, commencing
at apex of radial area and terminating at apex of inner ulnar area, and the apical area (irregularly)
fuscous, a series of small pale submarginal spots near apices of apical areas. Wings dark, warm
ochraceous, the outer margin and a subapical fascia castaneous, a small pale spot near apex of lower
apical area.

Long. excl. tegm. 30 to 37 millim. Exp. tegm. 92 to 118 millim.

Hab. JAPAN (Stockh. Mus. Brit. Mus. ; Lewis coll. Dist.).

The females of this species in all the specimens I have examined have been invariably
larger than the males. It does not appear to vary in markings or coloration, as a fine
series passed through my hands, collected by Mr. George Lewis, in his Japanese entomological
expeditions.

Genus TOSENA.

Tosena, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des H<5m. p. 462, 860 (1843); Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 8 (1866); Atkins.
J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 151 (1886).

Body robust and long. Head broad, including eyes, about equal in width to that of mesonotum at
base ; ocelli twice the distance from eyes as from each other ; face convex, slightly prominent above.
Pronotum with the lateral margins more or less ampliated, or laminately^ expanded, and more or less
distinctly toothed. Anterior femora distinctly spined. Metasternum elevated. Tympana covered;
opercula short and broad. Tegmina usually altogether opaque ; apical areas eight ; interior ulnar area
somewhat widened at apex ; wings opaque.

26 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

Tosena is one of the most conspicuous genera of the Cicadidce, and its species are all
included in this fauna. The north-eastern districts of Continental India are its head-quarters,
for here are focussed some of the largest and handsomest of its species ; it is also well
represented in Burma, and from thence its distribution is extended throughout the Malay
Peninsula to the south, and apparently northward as far as some portions of China. In the
Malayan Archipelago it is not uncommon in Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, and as I have seen
representatives from Amboyna, it probably exists in other intervening islands, of which,
however, we have at present no precise information.

As in Tacua, albinic variation is not unfrequent.

a. Tegmina uniformly black ; icings reddish ochraceous.

1. Tosena mearesiana.* (Tab. II., fig. 3, a, b.)

Cicada Mearesiana, Westwood, Arc. Ent. vol. i. p. 98, n. xv. t. 25, f. 1 (1842).

Tosena Mearesiana, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 468 (1843) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, n. 19
(1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 151, n. 17 (1886).

Body and legs black or dark fuscous; ocelli and eyes pale castaneous; posterior margin of pro-
notum, posterior margin of mesonotum (excluding cruciform elevation), posterior lateral margins of
metanotum, a small spot on each side of face, and a large spot on posterior lateral margins of prosternum,
ochraceous.

Tegmina black, opaque. Wings reddish-ochraceous ; tbe venation, posterior margin, and anal area
dark fuscous.

Tbe rostrum extends to between the inner angles of the opercula, -which are short, broad, and well
separated.

Long. excl. tegm. S , 53 to 58 millim. ; 2 , 40 to 43 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 132 to 142 millim. ;
2 130 to 133 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Himalaya (sic. Westw.) ; Sikkim (Calc. Mus. coll. Disk).

According to present knowledge, this species appears to be confined to the neighbourhood
of Sikkim. The females are much smaller than the males, and have their tegmina rather
paler in hue.

b. Tegmina black or dark fuscous, crossed by an oblique whitish fascia.

c. Wings more or less black.

2. Tosena fasciata. (Tab. II., figs. 1 & 2, a, b.)

Tettigonia fasdata, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 265, n. 2 (1787*) ; Ent. Syst. iv. p. 17, n. 2 (1794) ; Syst. Ehyng.
p. 84, n. 3 (1808).

Cicada fasciata, Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 747, n. 2, 1. 109, f. 1 (1790) ; Germ, in Thon. Arch. ii. p. 2, n. 11 (1830) ;
Silb. Eev. Ent. ii. p. 75, n. 49 (1834) ; Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. iii. p. 165, n. 2 (1840).

Tosena fasciata, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 462, n. 1 (1843).

Stoll, Cig. fig. 16.

Head and thorax above black ; an oblique spot near each anterior lateral angle of vertex of head,
ocelli, eyes, two small spots on anterior margin of pronotum, posterior margin of pronotum, posterior
margin of mesonotum, a spot on each side of cruciform elevation, and the posterior margins of metanotum,
ochraceous. Abdomen ochraceous, tha basal segment, tympanal coverings, and a central discal spot on
the second and third segments, black. Head beneath, rostrum, sternum, legs, opercula, and basal segment

* Named after Mr. Meares, by whom it was first Bent home.

ORIENTAL C 1C A DID. E. 27

of abdomen black ; apices of coxae, apices of femora, extreme bases of tibite, rostrum near base, central
portions of sternum, and tbe abdomen, ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings blackish, the venation brownish-ochraceous ; tegmina with the base narrowly
brownish-ochraceous and crossed by a narrow creamy fascia, commencing beneath and near the apex of
radial area and terminating on posterior margin beneath the lower apical area.

Far. a. Wings with some obscure pale submarginal rays as in the specimen figured (Tab. II., fig. 1).

Far. b. Wings with the venation black and concolorous.

Far. c. Tegmina with the transverse creamy fascia much widened.

Far. d. Mesonotum with two central ochraceous spots (Tab. II., fig. 2).

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 53 to 58 millim. ; 2 , 41 to 44 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 125 to 140 millim. ;
S , 128 to 132 millim.

Hab. SUMATRA (Bruss. Mus. ; coll. Dist.). JAVA (V. Lansberg Bruss. Mus. ; Forbes coll. Dist.).
BORNEO : Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead coll. Dist.) ; South-East District (Doherty coll. Dist.). AMBOYNA
(Bruss. Mus.).

I possess a specimen labelled " China," but do not care to attach much importance to
that habitat without further corroboration. T.fasciata, according to present knowledge, is a
purely insular form, and is replaced on the mainland by the following race ? or species ?
T. melanoptera.

In some specimens the posterior margin of the pronotum is green, and not ochraceous,
but this colour difference does not constitute a distinct variety, as it is observed co-existent
with the other aberrations already described under vars. a, b, c.

3. Tosena melanoptera. (Tab. II., fig. 5, a, b.}

Cicada (T.) melanoptera, White, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. p. 881 (1846).

Tosena melanoptera, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, n. 18 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 151, n. 16 (1886);
Dist. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2 a, vol. vi. p. 454, n. 3 (1888).

Allied to T.fasciata, but tegmina and wings darker in hue, the transverse creamy fascia to tegmina
much less oblique ; pronotum without the small ochraceous spots at anterior margin, and the abdomen
beneath more or less blackened, but prominently so near base and apex.

Far. a. Legs black, with the apices of the femora ochraceous.

Far. b. Legs uniformly black.

Far. c. Tosena albata. (Tab. II., fig. 4, a, b.)

Tosena albata, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1878, p. 175 ; Waterh. Aid Ident. Ins. t. 147, f. 2 (1884) ; Atkins.
J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, n. 20 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 152, n. 18 (1886).

Tegmina with five longitudinal greyish fasciae, one occupying radial area, and the others divided by ulnar
veins, two of which amalgamate with the transverse fascia, and five irregular greyish fascise situate in the
apical areas. Wings with nine greyish ray-like fascise situate on outer margin, the one at anal area
largest; two-thirds of the outer margin narrowly edged with greyish. Apices of the femora not ochraceous.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 58 to 62 millim. ; ? , 43 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 140 to 155 millim. ; ? , 180
millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : N.W.Himalaya (coll. Dist.) ; Sikkim(Calc.Mus.); Darjeeling (Stockh. Mus.;
Elwes coll. Dist.) ; N. Khasi Hills (Chennell coll. Dist.) ; Sylhet (Stainforth Brit. Mus.) ; Seebsagar
(Calc. Mus.). BURMA : Bhamo (Fea Genoa Mus.).

This species ? or race ? seems to be only separable from T.fasciata by colour differences,
the usual structural characters used in differentiation, such as the shape of the opercula, &c.,
.being apparently identical in both T. fascia ta and T. melanoptera. The internal structure of the

28 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

anal organs might prove of diagnostic value, but too much value may be placed on the
constancy of such characters.*

T. melanoptera, however, is only found on the mainland, whilst T. fasciata is as rigidly
confined to the Malayan Islands the distribution and close affinity of the two species ? being
exactly parallelled in Khopalocera by Papilios agenor and memnon, of which the first (as I have
previously pointed outf) is the continental and the second the insular species.

4. Tosena montivaga, n. sp. (Tab. XIII., fig. 6, a, b.)

3- . Head and thorax above black ; head with the eyes and the lateral margins and anterior angles
of vertex, and two small spots on anterior margin of pronotum ochraceous ; lateral and posterior margins
of pronotum, lateral margins and a large basal patch to mesonotum pale greenish inclining to ochraceous,
the basal patch contains two small black spots ; abdomen above black, its apical area covered with greyish
pile. Body beneath and legs black; face, eyes, a spot connecting face and eyes, lateral margins of
prosternum, apices of femora, and a spot on coxae, ochraceous.

Tegmina black, the costal membrane and venation pale greenish, and with a narrow oblique whitish
fascia crossing tegmina beyond radial area. Wings black.

? . Differing from the male in having the transverse fascia to tegmina broader, the basal patch
to mesonotum ochraceous (this is probably only varietal, or the result of discoloration), and the abdomen
uniformly black, not greyish, at apex.

In this species the lateral margins of the pronotum are not distinctly toothed, the rostrum passes the
inner angles of the opercula, which are short and transverse, with their posterior margins oblique.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 51 millim. ; 2 , 41 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 130 millim. ; ? , 128 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Naga Hills (coll. Dist.).

This handsome and distinct species is allied to T. fasciata and T. melanoptera, from both of
which it differs by the black abdomen, the pale basal patch t6 the mesonotum, the green
costal membrane to the tegmina, and the narrow oblique pale fascia to same. The opercula
are also different in shape, being shorter, broader, more nearly meeting at inner angles, and
with their posterior margins obliquely straight.

5. Tosena depicta. (Tab. III., fig. 11, a, b.)

Tosena depicta, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ii. p. 823 (1888).

Head and thorax above black ; head with a spot at apex of front and a spot at each anterior angle
of vertex, two central spots on anterior margin of pronotum, the posterior margin of pronotum, four spots
in transverse series on mesonotum, and the posterior margin of mesonotum ochraceous ; the centre of basal
cruciform elevation black. Abdomen above reddish ochraceous, with a central, longitudinal, narrow,
dorsal, fuscous fascia. Head beneath, sternum, a lateral fascia to opercula, and legs black ; a spot at
base and one on each side of base of face ; coxae, apices of femora and tibiae, tarsi (excluding base) and
rostrum (excluding apex) ochraceous. Body beneath ochraceous, the basal segment blackish.

Tegmina dark olivaceous, the costal membrane and the venation reddish ochraceous, and with a trans-
verse and slightly oblique greyish-white fascia near centre, not extending above the base of the second ulnar
area ; posterior basal margin narrowly reddish ochraceous. Wings black, the basal area reddish ochraceous,
with its posterior margin black.

* See Mr. Beddard's account of some remarkable variations in the internal organs of a species of earthworm (Perionyx
excavatus), as quoted in Wallace's ' Darwinism,' p. 66.

t ' Bhop. Malayana,' p. 342, note.

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 29

The rostrum reaches the apex of the basal abdominal segment, and the tegmina have their apices
considerably attenuated.

Long. excl. tegm. 36 millim. Exp. tegm. 90 millim.

Hab. BORNEO:* South-East District (Doherty coll. Dist.).

This species has probably a wider distribution, as Prof. Westwood informs me ho has
apparently the same insect from Sumatra and Malacca.

cc. Wings red, with the apex black.
6. Tosena dives. (Tab. III., fig. 10, a, b.)

Cicada dives, Westwood, Arc. Ent. vol. i. p. 98, t. 25, f. 2 (1842).

Tosena dives, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des He"m. p. 464 (1848).

Huechys transversa, Walk. List Horn. Suppl. p. 40 (1858) ; Stal, Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1868, p. 483 ; Atkins.

J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 219, n. 26 (1885).
Gaiana dives, Atkins. J. A. S.Beng. vol. liii. p. 221, n. 84 (1885).

Body and legs black ; eyes ochraceous, apex of face castaneous. Tegmina blackish ; the venation, costal
membrane, and a transverse fascia, commencing at apex of radial area and terminating on posterior margin
at lower apical area, reddish ochraceous. Wings pale reddish, with about the apical third black.

The face is very globose, and the rostrum extends to between the inner angles of the opercula.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 24 to 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 66 to 73 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA (Stevens Brit. Mus.) : Sikkim (Calc. Mus. and coll. Dist.) ; Darjeeling
(Stockh. Mus.) ; Sylhet (Stainforth Hope. Coll., Oxford).

This species, according to present knowledge, has a very limited distribution.

d. Basal areas of loth tegmina and wings more or less ochraceous.

7. Tosena sibylla. (Tab. IX., fig. 9, a, I.)

Gaana sibylla, Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. i. p. 576 (1863); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol.lv. p. 156,
n. 26 (1886).

* The best and fullest information we have concerning the Cicadidce of Borneo is from the pen of Mr. Cuthbert
Collingwood, who informs us : " There are several species in Labuan and Pulo Daat, which make the woods resound. One
of the most extraordinary of these singing insects utters a sound by no means unmusical. Just as the sun goes down, a loud,
ringing whistle strikes up among the fern, or in some spot near the house, sometimes apparently almost in the verandah,
which I can best compare to one smartly rubbing on very sounding musical glass, and keeping up for a long time a very loud
and uninterrupted musical note. You may search in vain for the origin of the ringing sound, though it appears to spring from
the very spot on which you may be standing, for a quiet approach will not disturb the insect, which, sitting in the mouth of
its hole in the ground, whistles its monotonous and loud song, which is probably intensified by reverberation in the cavity.
This insect seems to affect the neighbourhood of houses, and can only be seen by a patient and, withal, fortunate watcher.

"But there are two or three species of Cicadas which are no whit inferior in noisy powers to the insect just mentioned
(which I have been assured was a locust), though their notes have a different character. One of these makes a simple chirp,
all night long, like our crickets. But there are two others which I will designate respectively the scissor-grindcr and the
saw-wlietter. I shall never forget the first time of hearing the scissor-grinder in the jungle at Pappan when approaching the
island in a boat, the noise being distinctly audible for at least a quarter of an hour before we reached the shore, and when there
the resounding whir-r-i whir-r-r whir-r-r of the insect awakening the echoes of the forest was truly astonishing. After
continuing this deafening sound for some time, it winds up with a protracted whiz-z-z-z which dies away just like the scissor-
grinder's wheel when the treddle stops. Another which I heard at Coal-point closely resembled the whetting^ of a saw, but
was not so common as the last ; and a third always began with a sort of warbling note, like a person blowing in water with
a bird-whistle, very loud and somewhat melodious withal. These sing all day, even during the hottest hours.

"The Cicadas are, however, very difficult to detect by the sight. They often sing high up in the trees, and I should
still be doubtful of the' real nature of the songsters had I not once or twice, when peering curiously up into the tree, seen
a Cicada quit its retreat and fly from among the leaves simultaneously with the discontinuance of the sound. But when in
a bush near at hand, the ringing sound is of a peculiarly deceptive and ventriloquous nature. The noise they make is so loud
that it thrills through the ears in a manner perfectly deafening. You approach the bush from which it appears to issue, and
you even appear to have reached the very spot in which the animal is concealed, but nothing daunted, the insect continues its
screeching, and you may peer about and look for a glimpse of it in vain. Your proximity does not disturb it, for it seems to
think that it is quite safe in its concealment, and even thrusting a stick into the bush will not dislodge it, nor in all cases even
stop the noise. At the same time one cannot be absolutely certain that it is really in that particular bush, for the mere
intensity of the sound is not sufficient to fix its exact locality, though the thrill it sends through the ears proves it must be very
near." ' Kambles of a Naturalist on the Shores and Waters of the China Seas,' pp. 175 7.

30 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

This species being only known to the writer by the type in the British Museum (of which
a figure is here given), the original description is also copied :

" Nigra ; tegminibus a basi vix ad medium subolivaceo-flavis ; alis ultra medium lutescentibus $ .

" Statura G. maculates. Frons valde tumida. Thorax antice capite nonnihil angustior, lateribus ab
apice ad medium parallelis, dein subito ampliatis. Tegmina costa et vena subcostali per totam longi-
tudinem sat distantibus, venis ulnaribus basi sat distantibus, areis apicalibus longissimis, pritna, quarta et
sexta aequilongis. Opercula subtriangularia, apice rotundata.

" Long. 42, exp. tegm., 112 mill."

Hab. MALAY PENINSULA : Tringanu (Brit. Mus.) ; Jelebu (Baffles Mus. Singapore).

Stal described this species from an unset specimen. I have to thank the authorities of
the Zoological Department of the British Museum for having the tegmina and wings expanded,
thus exhibiting the tympanal coverings, which show it to belong to the genus Tosena, and not
to Gceana.

e. Tegmina and wings partly hyaline, wings broadly greenish at base.
8. Tosena splendida. (Tab. II., fig. 6, a, b, var.)

Tosena splendida, Distant, Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xv. p. 76 (1878) ; Waterh. Aid Ident. Ins. 1. 147, f. 1 (1884) ;
Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, a. 21 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 152, n. 19 (1886).

Body above black ; front with a reddish spot at each basal angle ; eyes, two small spots on vertex,
four large spots to pronotum (two on disk and one at each posterior lateral angle) and two spots on disk
of mesonotum,* luteous. Body beneath and legs black; lateral margins of the face, a wide central
annulation to femora, and a central discal series of subtriangular spots, sanguineous.

Tegmina and wings where not obscured by darker markings pale hyaline, exhibiting varied opaline
lustre, which in some lights is found to be ornamented with close and regular series of transverse
darker striae ; tegmina at base (narrowly) and costal membrane shining blackish ; venation bright luteous
and for two-thirds from base broadly margined with shining blackish, and a series of shining blackish
marginal spots on the apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas largest and somewhat fused at apex ;
claval area pale greenish. Wings pale greenish for nearly two-thirds their area from base ; remaining
apical area shining blackish, enclosing a submarginal series of pale opaline spots, of which the largest
are subapical.

Far. a. Typical, as described above (Waterh. Aid Ident. Ins. t. 147, f. 1).

Far. b. Supra (Tab. II., fig. 6).

In this variety all the markings are paler and more sombre in hue, the mesonotal spots practically
absent, and the dark fuscous markings to tegmina and wings, not shining blackish.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 45 to 47 millim. ; ? , 44 millim. Exp. tegm. $ & ? , 122 to 127 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Naga Hills, 2000 to 6000 ft. (Chennell coll. Dist.) ; Khasi Hills, 4500
to 6000 ft. (Chennell coll. Dist.) ; Lushai Country (Calc. Mus.). BUKMA : Akyab (coll. Dist.).

When first diagnosing this species, with only one of each sex before me, I was disposed
to consider that the sexes usually differed in the manner there described. I have, however,
since received other specimens, which prove the dark coloration to be the normal form of the
species.

* The specimen figured was somewhat faded, but the colorist has altogether ignored these spots.

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 81

Genus LEPTOPSALTRIA.

Leptopsaltria, Stul, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 5 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 227 (1885) ; ibid. vol. lv.
p. 157 (1886).

Body moderately long and robust. Head somewhat narrowed anteriorly, including eyes about equal
in breadth to the anterior margin of the mesonotum ; ocelli not quite twice the distance from eyes as from
each other ; front somewhat conical and subprominent. Pronotum with the lateral margins moderately
ampliated and more or less distinctly toothed. Gense* internally near the apex at the base of the lores,*
furnished with a tubercle or tumescence. Anterior femora distinctly and robustly spined. Eostrum extending
beyond the posterior coxas. Tympana covered ; opercula short. Second and third abdominal segments in
the male furnished with a well-developed tubercle near each lateral margin. Tegmina with the interior
ulnar area not, or slightly, narrowed at apex.

This genus of Cicadidce, with covered tympana and clear tegmina, is easily recognised in
the male sex, by the character of the lateral tubercles to the second and third abdominal
segments. In the Tibicenince we have a similar genus, separated by the tympana being
practically uncovered, for which I propose the generic name Calcagninus. t

The distribution of the genus is conterminate with the faunistic area embraced by this
monograph, and every known species is thus included.

a. Opercula with the posterior margins obliquely straight, the lateral margins usually oblique, sometimes
slightly convex.

1. Leptopsaltria quadrituberculata. (Tab. VIII., fig. 6, a, b.)

Cicada quadrituberculata, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 297 (1847).

DunduUa quadrituberculata, Walk., List Horn. i. p. 78, n. 40 (1850); Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. ser. 4,

vol. iv. p. 60 (1864).
Leptopsaltria quadrituberculata, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 170 (1866) ; Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 710, n. 1.

S . Body above ochraceous. Head with the lateral striations to front, a series of linear marks on
vertex, and the area of the ocelli black ; eyes castaneous ; ocelli red. Pronotum with two central black
lines, the posterior and inner lateral margins also black, and an irregular black spot on posterior margin
near each lateral angle. Mesonotum with five black linear spots, the central one straight and crossing
disk, the others situate two on each side, shorter and oblique, and with four small rounded black spots near
base. Abdomen pale castaneous, sparingly clothed with greyish pile, the segrnental margins pale blackish ;
lateral margins of the tympanal coverings also blackish. Body beneath, rostrum and legs ochraceous ;
apices of face and gense, a fascia between eyes and face, a broad annulation at apices of anterior femora,
anterior tibiae excluding apices, anterior halves excluding apices of intermediate tibiae, anterior tarsi
excluding base, apex of rostrum, margins of opercula, abdominal tubercles, and apex of abdomen, black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; the first with the costal membrane and venation ochraceous with
blackish shadings, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated ; wings
with the venation ochraceous, more or less infuscated.

''' The terms "gense" and "lores" may be described in the words of Burmeister: " The sides of the head, from the
eyes downwards to the mouth, are called cheeks (genie). We again distinguish in them the anterior portion, extending as far
as the articulation of the mandibles and maxillae, or the commencement of the mouth, by the name of reins or lora."
c .Manual Entomology,' Shuckard's translation, p. 51).

t The author quoted by Burton, in his ' Anatomy of Melancholy,' as an authority for the power of music on the insect
world, "bees .... though they be flying away, when they hear any tingling sound will tarry behind."

32 ORIENTAL CICADID^E.

The rostrum reaches the inner angles of the opercula, which are widely separated, their apical margins
oblique, their lateral margins slightly convex.

Long. excl. tegm. 41 millim. Exp. tegm. 110 millim.

Hab. JAVA (coll. Sign., coll. Dist.). PHILIPPINE ISLES (Stockh. Mus. Bruss. Mus.). CHINA (Bowring
Brit. Mus.).

This is the largest species of the genus at present known to science.

2. Leptopsaltria mascula. (Tab. X., fig. 1, a, b.)

Leptopsaltria mascula, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 420 (1889).

c? . Head, pronotum, and mesonotum greenish ochraceous ; head with the margins of front,
anterior margins of vertex, inner margins of eyes, and the area of the ocelli black ; pronotum and
mesonotum with the following black markings : pronotum with two central longitudinal fasciae, widened
anteriorly and rounded and united posteriorly, the incisures, a large spot on lateral margins and three spots
on posterior margin, the central one smallest and linear ; mesonotum with five fasciae, one central, widened
and somewhat cordate posteriorly, an abbreviated one on each side, followed by another completely
crossing disk, and two small spots in front of the cruciform elevation. Abdomen castaneous, the segmental
margins pitchy and a spot of the same colour at base. Head and thorax beneath, legs and opercula
greenish ochraceous, face with black striae, head spotted with black, apices of the tibiae and tarsi blackish.
Abdomen beneath castaneous, with the tubercles and apex black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous ; tegmina with the apex slightly
infuscated, a small black and ochraceous spot at base of upper ulnar area and the transverse veina
at bases of second and third apical areas darkly infuscated.

The rostrum reaches the posterior coxae ; the opercula are angulated, the outer and posterior margins
nearly straight.

Long. excl. tegm. <? , 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 78 millim.

Hab. BORNEO : Kina Balu Mtn. (Whitehead coll. Dist.).

3. Leptopsaltria samia. (Tab. VIII., fig. 11, a, I.)

DundvMa samia, Walker. List Horn. i. p. 77, n. 89 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 225, n. 47 (1888).

The following is Walker's original description :

"Body green, tinged here and there with tawny : head much narrower than the fore-chest, pitchy
about the eyelets, and with a pitchy streak on each side along the eye; mouth tawny, with a black
tip reaching beyond the hind-hips ; eyes prominent ; feelers tawny ; scutcheon of the fore-chest
adorned with a pale streak which is slightly widened in front and behind ; a pitchy spot on each
side; hind-scutcheon narrow in the middle, slightly angular and much widened at the base of each
fore-wing, slightly excavated on each side; scutcheon of the middle-chest ferruginous, adorned with
some green marks, of these there is a large angular spot in the middle, on each side a forked
mark, behind which there is a curved mark, and nearer each side a slight streak ; hind border
slightly excavated ; abdomen obconical, tawny, darker at the tip, longer than the chest, paler beneath ;
opercula tawny, small ; drums pale green, small, far apart : legs tawny ; tips of the claws black ;
fore-thighs armed with three teeth, two of moderate size, one very small ; wings colourless ; fore border
green, tawny beyond the brand ; veins green, adorned with a few black bands, tawny towards the tips ;
cross-veins clouded with pale brown ; a row of pale brown spots near the tips of the longitudinal veins of
the marginal areolets ; fore-flaps brown ; hind-flaps brown between the middle veins and the fore border."

Long. excl. tegm. 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 76 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : North India (sic) (Warwick Brit. Mus.) ; Sikkim (coll. Dist.).

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 88

I have thought it best to reproduce the original description of this species, as the Sikkim
specimen in my collection, and which is here figured, has the markings of the mesonotum
faint and somewhat obliterated.

It is closely allied to the preceding species, L. mascula, from which it structurally differs
by the opercula, which are wider apart and have their posterior margins more oblique, the face
is also less strongly striated. The abdomen beneath has the apex more broadly black, and the
tegmina have a complete series of small fuscous marginal spots at the apices of the longitudinal
veins to apical areas.

4. Leptopsaltria albistigma. (Tab. X., fig. 15, a, b.)

Dundubia albistiyma, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 58, n. 18, (1850).

This species is only known to the writer by the specimens in the British Museum, one
of which is here figured, and therefore the original description as far as necessary is
reproduced :

" Body 'tawny, somewhat ferruginous, covered with white down ; head a little narrower than the
fore-chest ; some black marks on each side of the crown ; space about the eyelets also black ; face very
convex, adorned in front with a broad black stripe, on each side of which there are black bands ; mouth
tawny with a black tip, reaching the hind-hips ; eyes prominent ; feelers black ; scutcheon of the fore-chest
adorned in front with two triangular black spots ; hind scutcheon angular and slightly notched and armed
with a very short tooth on each side ; scutcheon of the middle-chest adorned with five black stripes, the inner
pair short, but succeeded by two black dots, the outer pair broad ; hind border very slightly excavated ;
abdomen slightly obconical, larger than the chest, adorned on the hind border of each segment with a
pitchy band which is widened on each side into a triangular spot ; four tubercles on the under side ;
opercula dull tawny ; drums small, tinged with green, a little apart, not more than one-third of the length
of the abdomen ; legs tawny ; claws black, tawny at the base ; fore-thighs armed with three black teeth,
one very short, two very long; wings colourless, greyish at the base; cross-veins from the first to the
fourth clouded with brown ; brands whitish ; veins tawny ; cross-veins and a few parts of the longitudinal
veins black; flaps greyish at the base."

Long. excl. tegm. 80 millim. Exp. tegm. 86 millim.

Hab. CHINA (G. T. Lay Brit. Mus.).

5. Leptopsaltria nebulinea. (Tab. VIII., fig. 17, a, b.)

Dundubia nebulinea, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x, p. 84, n. 10 (1867).

Walker describes the female sex only as follows :

" Testaceous, partly greenish about the sides of the thorax. Head with a transverse black mark on
each side of the front ; orbits of the ocelli black ; face with transverse piceous streaks along each side.
Prothorax with a black line along the fore border ; the two usual black lines very incomplete ; fore border
and hind border of the postscutellum black. Mesothorax with two slightly curved piceous lines, which are
united behind, where they form a deep curve. Abdomen with a piceous line along the fore border of each
segment ; tomentum shining, cinereous. Fore tibiae and anterior tarsi piceous. Wings pellucid ; veins
ochraceous, partly black; stigma bright yellow; first, second, and third transverse veins clouded with
dark brown ; a pale brown fusiform dot on each of the seven marginal veins ; a still paler diffuse brown
streak in each of the marginal areolets."

In the male the opercula are situate wide apart, their lateral margins slightly convex, their posterior
margins obliquely straight.

Long. excl. tegm. 22 to 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 60 to 74 millim.

84 ORIENTAL C1CADIDM.

Hab. SUMATRA (Wallace Brit. Mus.). BORNEO: Sarawak (Genoa Mus.); South-East Eegion
(Doherty coll. Dist.).

Walker described the species from a single female specimen only, but my collection now
contains three males which differ very widely in size. The markings are, however, generally
constant.

6. Leptopsaltria andamanensis. (Tab. X., fig. 12, a, fc.)

Leptopsaltria andamanensis, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 870 (1888).

Body above reddish ochraceous, ocelli reddish. Pronotum with the centre of the anterior margin
and the whole of the posterior margin (widest at centre) blackish. Mesonotum with two linear,
blackish, obconical spots at anterior margin and a greenish fascia near each lateral margin. Abdomen
with the segmental margins darker. Body beneath ochraceous, the abdominal tubercles blackish. Legs
mutilated.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous. Tegmina with the costal membrane brownish
ochraceous, a small costal fuscous and ochraceous spot at base of upper ulnar area, the transverse veins at
the bases of second, third, and fifth apical areas infuscated, and a series of small fuscous marginal spots
situated on the apices of the longitudinal veins of apical areas.

The rostrum has the apex piceous and just passing the posterior coxae.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 21 millim. Exp. tegm. 58 millim.

Hab. ANDAMAN ISLANDS (J. Wood-Mason Calc. Mus.).

b. Opercula with their apical margins more or less convex.

7. Leptopsaltria tuberosa. (Tab. VIII., fig. 7, a, b.)

Cicada tuberosa, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 299 (1847).
Dundubia tuberosa, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 78, n. 41 (1850).
Leptopsaltria tuberosa, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 10, p. 170 (1866).

Body above brownish ochraceous ; head with some lateral curved fasciae to front, some oblique fasciae
to vertex, area of ocelli, and basal margin blackish ; pronotum with two central blackish longitudinal lines,
the anterior margin, the edge of lateral margin, and a spot near each lateral area blackish, posterior
margin greenish or ochraceous; mesonotum with the following blackish markings: a narrow central
longitudinal fascia, on each side of which is a short curved fascia ; these are followed by a short triangular
spot on anterior margin, and then a broad oblique fascia on each lateral area unites with a large triangular
spot in front of the basal cruciform elevation, and a fascia on each lateral margin uniting with the preceding
fascia at base. Abdomen with the segmental margins blackish. Body beneath and legs ochraceous ;
abdominal tubercles blackish.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation brownish ; tegmina with the costal membrane
brownish, a blackish spot at base of upper ulnar area, the transverse veins at the bases of second, third,
fifth and seventh apical areas infuscated, and a submarginal series of small fuscous spots placed near the
apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas.

Opercula small, situate wide apart, their apices broadly convex.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 27 to 82 millim. ; 2 , 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 72 to 79 millim. ; 2 *, 84 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Sikkim (Calc. Mus., coll. Dist.) ; Khasi Hills (Calc. Mus.). JAVA (coll.
Sign., coll Dist.). JAPAN: Yokohama (Bruss. Mus.).

This is not only a distinct, but evidently a widely distributed species, and its localities
will be largely increased when the Cicadidce of Eastern Asia are more sought after by
collectors.

One specimen only.

ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 85

8. Leptopsaltria pryeri.* (Tab. VIII., fig. 12, a, fc.)

Leptopsaltria pryeri, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 688.

Body above brownish-ochraceous ; head with the frontal margin, the area of the ocelli and the
posterior margin (narrowly) blackish ; pronotum with an obscure central longitudinal sulcation, the edges
of which are very slightly raised and darkened, commencing on anterior margin, but not extending
through more than half the pronotal length, lateral and posterior margins ochraceous ; mesonotum with
two obscure obconical spots on anterior margin, the edges of which are blackish ; abdomen beneath and
legs pale brownish-ochraceous ; opercula inwardly and narrowly margined with blackish, abdominal
tubercles dark castaneous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline with a pale ochraceous tinge, venation brownish-ocbraceous ;
tegmina with the costal membrane brownish-ochraceous; a small dark costal spot at base of upper ulnar
area; the transverse veins at the bases of second, third and fifth apical areas infuscated, and a sub-
marginal series of small pale fuscous spots placed near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas.

The opercula are situate closer together than in the preceding species, L. tuberosa, and are alsa less
convex, and have their apices more convexly angulated.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 82 millim.

Hab. BORNEO: Sandakant (Pryer coll. Dist.).

9. Leptopsaltria tigrina. (Tab. X., fig. 6, a,, b.)

Dundubia tiijrina, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 69, n. 81 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 224, n. 45 (1885).

Head and thorax above ochraceous ; abdomen brownish ochraceous. Head with the frontal margins,
the area of the ocelli, inner margin of eyes, and an angulated fascia on each lateral area of vertex black ;
pronotum with the anterior margin, two central longitudinal fasciae, and a semicircular lineate spot on
each lateral area, black ; mesonotum with a central longitudinal fascia, on each side of which is a shorter
curved fascia, followed by a small costal spot, a broken irregular fascia on each lateral area, and a small
spot in front of each anterior angle of the cruciform elevation, black; abdomen with the segmental
margins black. Thorax beneath, legs and opercula greenish ochraceous ; abdomen beneath pale"
ochraceous, the tubercles, a spot near base and the apex black ; a transverse spot between face and eyes,
a small spot at apex of face, and the apex of the rostrum black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, venation brownish-ochraceous, becoming fuscous towards apical
areas ; tegmina with the costal membrane brownish-ochraceous ; a small pale ochraceous submarginal
spot near base of upper ulnar area, the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas broadly
infuscated, and some small faint fuscous marginal spots near apex.

The opercula are small, wide apart, with their apices convexly angulated, and their inner margins not
distinctly convex as in the two preceding species.

Long. excl. tegm. <? , 24 to 27 millim. Exp. tegm. 68 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Malabar (Brit. Mus.) ; Trivandrum in Travankor (H. S. Fergusson coll.
Dist.). MALAY PENINSULA : Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).

10. Leptopsaltria tigroides. (Tab. XII., fig. 18, a, b.)

Duiid\ilii(( tiijroides, Walker, Ins. Saund. Horn. p. 5 (1858).

tiijroides, Dist. J. A. S. Beng. vol. xlviii. p. 88 (1879) ; Atkins, ibid. vol. liii. p. 229, n. 68 (1885).

: Named after my friend Mr. W. B. Pryer, to whom I am indebted for the above and many other fine species belonging
to different orders of insects from Northern Borneo.

f British Nortli Borneo is evidently rich in the family Cicadlda;, for besides information acquired from Mr. Pryer.
Mr. Guillemard, in his account of the zoological features of that province, describes " the ceaseless and ear-piercing u-lnrr r
of thousands of cicadas." ('The Cruise of the Marchesa,' vol. ii. p. 90).

86 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

A typical male specimen in the British Museum is here figured, and as this is the writer's
only knowledge of the species, Walker's original description of a female is here given :

" Female. Green, partly testaceous. Head with minute black marks in front and on each side, and
with a large black spot on the vertex. Prothorax with six black stripes ; the inner pair dilated at each
end ; the middle pair oblique ; the third pair marginal ; a curved brown discal streak on each side between
the first and second pairs. Mesothorax with five black stripes, which are slightly dilated hindward ;
inner pair shortened hindward ; outer pair curved outward hindward ; two black dots on the hind border.
Abdomen with a black lanceolate mark on each of the first and second segments, with black dots along
each side, and with a black subapical band. Wings vitreous. Fore wings with the costa green, luteous
beyond the middle ; stigma black, with a pale band ; veins green, partly black ; first and second transverse
veins very slightly clouded with brown ; first parted by more than twice its length from the second."

Long, excl.-tegm. 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 60 millim.

Hab. "Hindostan,"* sic (Brit. Mus.).

Walker describes this species as closely resembling D. tigrina, " but may be distinguished
by the outward curve of the exterior stripes on the mesothorax, by the spots and band of the
abdomen, and by the first transverse vein of the fore wing, which is slightly oblique outward,
whereas that of D. tigrina is very oblique inward."

L. tigroides and L. tigrina are, however, structurally distinct by the shape of the opercula,
which in the first named species are small and very convex ; the surface and markings of the
face are also distinct.

c. Opercula with their apices obtusely angulated, the apical margins straight or slightly concave.
11. Leptopsaltria albiguttata. (Tab. VIII., fig. 8, a, b, & Tab-. X., fig. 4, a, b.)

Dundubia albiyutta, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. vol. i. p. 83, n. 4 (1856).

Pale ochraceous, with the following black markings : head with linear fasciffi on anterior margins
of front, a spot on anterior lateral angle of vertex, a curved line in front of eyes, and the area of the ocelli ;
pronotum with the anterior margin and extreme posterior margins, two irregular central longitudinal
lines, on each side of which is an angulated linear spot, a somewhat rounded linear spot on each lateral
area, and a small spot on each lateral margin ; mesonotum with a central longitudinal line, on each side
of which is a short curved linear fascia, again followed by a longitudinal series of three small spots and
a spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, posterior segmental margins, some
short transverse fasciae on upper half of face, two small spots between face and eyes, four small spots
near base of rostrum, apex of rostrum, anterior femoral spines, and some small spots to sternum.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous, becoming pale fuscous towards apical
areas ; tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous, and the transverse veins at the bases of the second
and third apical areas narrowly infuscated.

Opercula small, the inner angles obtusely acute, the inner apical margins concavely sinuate, their
apices narrowed and convexly rounded, the outer margins oblique.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 23 to 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 67 to 69 millim.

Hab. MALAY PENINSULA : Perak (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Wallace, Brit. Mus.). SUMATRA : Western
Region (V. Lansberg Bruss. Mus.) ; Tapanoeli (V. Lansberg Leyden Mus.) ; Koetoer and Mceara Laboe
(Sum. Exped. Leyden Mus.). JAVA (coll. Dist.).

* The vague use of the words " India " and " Hindostan," in Zoology, recall to mind the equally uncertain value of the
first-named word in some of the traditions of the fourth century, which attributed to Christianity certain very remote
conquests. As Benan writes, " The use of the word India was extremely vague ; whoever had embarked at Clysina and made
the voyage of the Bed Sea was reported to have been in India." (' Marcus Aurelius,' Eng. edit.).

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. :!7

This is a very pale coloured species, constant in markings, and a somewhat common
insect (if the species of this family can ever be styled ahundant)* in the localities where it has
been collected.

12. Leptopsaltria carmente. (Tab. VIII., fig. 2, a, b.)

Dundiibia carmente, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 71, n. 88 (1860).

Leptopsaltria nigrescent, Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 50 (1889).

Brownish-ochraceous, with the following black markings : head with the area of the ocelli, the
inner margins of the eyes, a spot near bases of antennae, a spot on each side of front, and a central
transverse linear line at base ; pronotum with two central lines united at base, and the incisures ;
mesonotum with two central obconical spots at anterior margin, a sublateral fascia on each side, and
a spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation ; the posterior margins of the
abdominal segments, the margins of the eyes beneath, the apex of the face, the disk of the sternum, the
inner halves of the opercula, the abdominal tubercles, and the disk of abdomen also black.

Tegmina pale hyaline, the basal venation brownish, the apical venation fuscous. Wings pale hyaline.

The rostrum passes the posterior coxae, the opercula are concave externally, oblique internally,
the apices narrowed and angularly rounded.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 20 millim. Exp. tegm. 56 to 63 millim.

Hab. JAVA (Brit. Mus., Bruss. Mus., coll. Sign., coll. Dist. ; V. Lansberg Leyden Mus.). BORNEO :
Sarawak (Genoa Mus.).

The black fasciate markings to the opercula renders this species very distinct.

13. Leptopsaltria barbosae,t n. sp. (Tab. V., fig. 14, a, b,)

Very closely allied in size, colour, and markings to L. carmente, Walk., but differing in colour, size,
and shape of the opercula, which in L. barbosa are shorter, less attenuated posteriorly, not concavely
sinuate outwardly, the apices broader and more rounded, I and the inner and apical margins only shaded
with blackish.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 60 millim.

Hab. SULU ISLANDS: Jolo (coll. Dist.).

14. Leptopsaltria guttularis. (Tab. XII., fig. 20, a, b.)

Cicada guttularis, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 29 (1858).

Leptopsaltria guttularis, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 10, p. 170 (1866) ; Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 710, n. 2 ; Atkins.
J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 227, n. 61 (1885).

This species is only known to me by the female typical specimen in the British Museum,
and by a corresponding female specimen in my own collection. Walker's original description
(with some abbreviation) is therefore given :

" Testaceous, varied with green ; under side mostly pale green. Head with a black four-forked mark
about the ocelli, and with two black transverse streaks on each side; face with black streaks on the
furrows, and with three on each side. Prothorax with a black band in front, and with two black stripes

* "They generally rest high upon the trees, and though daily and hourly heard, are seldom seen or captured" (Wallace,
' Travels on the Amazons,' new ed. p. 38).

\ Named after Barbosa, to whom, according to Crawford, we are indebted for the first authentic notice of one of the
chief islands of the Sulu group. (Descr. Diet. Ind. Islds. pp. 407-8).

J Unfortunately rendered too angulate in the figure (Tab. V., fig. 14, b).

38 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

which approximate in the middle ; three blackish streaks on each side, where there is an acute angle in
front. Mesothorax with a black middle stripe, and with five black streaks on each side. Pectus with four
black spots. Abdomen partly black beneath towards the tip. Wings vitreous ; veins testaceous, black
towards the tips. Fore wings with a whitish stigma : tips and transverse veins, and tips of the marginal
veins clouded with brown."

Long. excl. tegm. ? , 19 millim. Exp. tegm. 60 millim.

Hab. BUKMA (Brit.fMus.). BORNEO: Sarawak (coll.Dist.) ; Philippine Islands (Semper Stockh.Mus.).

I include this species ? with considerable hesitation. Walker described it from a
single female specimen, a most unsatisfactory proceeding, and I have only seen another
specimen, and that of the same sex. Stal, who had visited the British Museum and inspected
Walker's types, apparently had no reticence in identifying some Philippine specimens as
L. guttularis, and, having male examples, writes, " L. tuberosce, Sign., simillima, divergit
operculis obtusioribus, apice multo minus oblique truncatis, parte apicali exteriore obtusiore,-
minus longe producta, tuberculisque ventris apud marem majoribus nigris, lobum tumidum
simulantibus." The female type, to my view, is closely allied to L. albiguttata, Walk., and
may possibly yet prove to be simply that species.

Genus DUNDUBIA.

Dundubia, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 470, 371 (1843) ; Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 5 (1866) ; Atkins.
J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 223 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 157 (1886).

Body robust, long. Head somewhat triangularly elongate, including the eyes rather narrower than
base of pronotum at lateral angles ; ocelli a little farther apart from eyes than from each other ; front large,
globular, and convex, about twice as broad at base as the anterior lateral margins of the vertex. Pronotum
,with the margins not prominently ampliated, but distinctly toothed. Anterior femora spined. Tympana
covered ; opercula long and extending beyond the middle of the abdomen. Kostrum scarcely reaching the
posterior coxae. Tegmina hyaline, the basal cell twice as long as broad ; interior ulnar area with the
apex not or very slightly ampliated.

The absence of the tubercle or tumescence to the gense and of the tubercles to the second and third
abdominal segments of the male, together with the presence of the long opercula and the large, globular
and convex front and face, sufficiently distinguish Dundubia from the preceding genus, Leptopsaltria.

This genus is a small one, though, owing to the number of species described uniformly
by Walker under the generic name Dundubia, it would appear to be the largest genus of
the Oriental Cicadidce.

In geographical distribution, Dundubia is strictly confined to our faunistic area, and is
focussed in the Indo-Malayan region ; it is doubtful whether it extends so far eastward as New
Guinea, but our collections from that large island are still too small to enable us to speak
positively as to its absence. Its distribution, however, throughout the Malayan Archipelago
is in no way equal to that of the following and allied genus Cosmopsaltria.

Another feature in the general appearance of the species of this genus is the unspotted
tegmina, no species of which the writer is cognisant having the transverse veins at the bases
of the upper apical areas infuscated.

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 89

a. Opercula oblong, their apices rounded.
1. Dundubia mannifera. (Tab. IV., figs. 17, a, b, and small var. 10, a, i>.)

Cicada mimnifem, Linnams, Mus. Ad. Fried, p. 84 (1754), excl. syn.

Tettigunia vayinata, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 266 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iv. p. 18, n. 7 (1794) ; Syst. Rhyng. p. 85,

n. 10 (1803).

Cicada vaginata, Gmel. Ed. Syst. Nat. i. pt. 4, p. 2099 (1782) ; Oliv. Enc. Me"th. v. p. 748, n. 10 (1790).
Cicada virescens, Oliv. Enc. Metb. v. p. 747, n. 5 (1790).
Dundubia virescens, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 64, n. 25 (1850).

Dundubia vaginata, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 471, n. 1 (1843) ; Walk. List Horn. i. p. 47, n. 4 (1850).
Dundubia nii/rimacula, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 63, n. 28 (1850).
Dundubia sobria. Walk. List Horn. i. p. 63, n. 24 (1850).
Dundubia mannifera, Stul, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 170, n. 1 (1866) ; Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 707, n. 1 ;

Dist. J. A. S. Beng. vol. xlviii. p. 88 (1879) ; Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 455, n. 11 (1888) ;

Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 223, n. 89 (1885).

Fidicina confinis, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 92, n. 21 (1867).
Stoll, Gig. fig. 35.

Var.

Dundubia immacula, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 50, n. 10 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 225, n. 52 (1885).

Green, pale ochraceous, or green and dark ocbraceous ; abdomen above with some small lateral black
spots, which are most distinct in the paler coloured specimens.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation and the costal membrane of tegmina pale brownish
or ochraceous.

Eostrum just passing the intermediate coxae ; opercula about reaching the penultimate segment of
the abdomen, concavely sinuate on each side near base and then convexly ampliated, especially on inner
margins, their apices narrowed and obtusely rounded.

Long. excl. tegm.* $ , 38 to 45 millim. ; ? , 27 to 35 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 95 to 115 millim. ;
? , 78 to 95 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkim and Naga Hills (Calc. Mus.) ; Assam (Warwick Brit. Mus.) ;
Seebsagar (Calc. Mus.). BURMA: Bharno (Genoa Mus.) ; Moulmein (Calc. Mus.). TENASSERIM (Limborg
Calc. Mus.) ; Myitta-in-the-Valley (Doherty coll. Dist.). MALAY PENINSULA : Penang (Walker) ; Province
Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Johore (Calc. Mus.) ; Sinkep Isld. (coll. Dist.). SUMATRA (Ludeking, V. Hasselt, and
V. Lansberg Leyden Mus.; Bock coll. Dist.). JAVA (Bruss. Mus. ; Piepers and V. Lansberg Leydcn
Mus.) ; Bantam (coll. Dist.) ; Kederi (Baron Von Hugel coll. Dist.). BORNEO: Pontianak (Bruss. Mus.) ;
Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead coll. Dist.). CELEBES (Meyer Dresden Mus.). PHILIPPINE ISLES (Semper
Stockh. Mus.) ; Palawan (coll. Dist.). CHINA : Hong Kong (Bowring Brit. Mus.).

This appears to be the commonest and most widely-spread species of the Eastern
Cicadidce, scarcely any collection of these insects made in the above localities is without it, and
I found it a somewhat abundant species in the Malay Peninsula when collecting there some
years ago. It is variable in hue, but is easily recognised, especially by the length and shape
of the opercula.

Var. a. (Tab. XII., fig. 1, a, b.)

Cephaloxys Terpsichore, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 239, n. 10 (1850).

DuTuliibia terpsichore, Stal, O'ifv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 483.

Mogannia terpsichore, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 233, n. 94 (1885).

* The dimensions of the small variety (Tab. IV., fig. 10, a, b) are not given, as the specimen is undoubtedly abnormal.

40 ORIENTAL CICADIDJE.

Closely resembling typical D. mannifera, but differing by the somewhat shorter opercula, a slight bronzy
tinge to the apices of the tegmina in the male, and by the central mesonotal spots being outwardly
margined with black.

Long. excl. tegm. $ & 2 , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 85 to 92 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: North Khasi Hills, 1500 to 3000 feet (Chennell coll. Dist.). MALAY
PENINSULA : Perak (coll. Dist.).

The female, typical and only specimen in the British Museum, is smaller than the above
dimensions given of two specimens in my own collection. After careful comparison and
consideration, I incline to the view, that this specific creation of Walker is but another varietal
form of D. mannifera.*

2. Dundubia rufivena. (Tab. VI., fig. 6, a, b.)

Dundubia rufirena, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 59, n. 19 (1850).

This species is closely allied to D. mannifera, Linn., but differs by its constantly smaller size and by
the different shape of the opercula, which are much more concavely narrowed near base and then convexly
widened on each side.

Long. excl. tegm. $ & 2 , 24 to 31 millim. Exp. tegm. 61 to 81 millim.

Hab. MALAY PENINSULA: Penang (Biggs coll. Dist.); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). SUMATRA
(Bruss. Mus. ; Ludeking LeydenMus.; Beccari Genoa Mus.)- NIAS ISLD. (coll. Dist.). JAVA (Dresden
Mus., Bruss. Mus. ; V. Eyndh & Piepers Leyden Mus.) ; Kederi (Baron Von Hiigel coll. Dist.). SUMBAWA
(V. Lansberg Leyden Mus.). BORNEO : Sarawak (Beccari Genoa Mus.) ; Elopura (Pryer coll. Dist.) ;
South-East District (Doherty coll. Dist.). MOLUCCAS: Amboyna (Bruss. Mus.).

This species, like D. mannifera, varies in hue from pale green to dark ochraceous, but
unlike that species, I have been unable to trace its distribution to Continental India.

2 a. Dundubia mellea, n. sp. ? or D. rufivena, var. ? (Tab. XII., fig. 9, a, b.)

$ . Head, pronotum and mesonotum brownish-ochraceous, ocelli pale ochraceous, eyes pale
castaneous ; front with some obscure black lateral striae ; mesonotum with two short faint central
obconical spots, and a larger obconical spot on each lateral area; base of cruciform elevation dark
castaneous ; abdomen above and beneath and the opercula golden-yellow, margins of the opercula more
or less shaded with black; head beneath, sternum and legs dull ochraceous, tibiae and tarsi pale
castaneous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the first with the costal membrane and basal portion of the
venation bright ochraceous, remaining venation darker ; wings with the venation ochraceous, in some
portions infuscated.

The rostrum extends to about the intermediate coxae ; the opercula are somewhat short, concave on
each side near base and rounded at apices, which about reach the base of the fifth abdominal segment ;
anterior femora and posterior tibiaa spined.

Var. a. Head, pronotum, and mesonotum pale greenish, the abdomen ochraceous.

Long. excl. tegm. 33 millim. Exp. tegm. 80 millim.

Hab. BORNEO: Western District (Brit. Mus.). ELOPURA: Pryer (coll. Dist.).

I was at first inclined to consider this form, from its very distinctive coloration, as an
undescribed species, but have since found other specimens from Northern Borneo, of so inter-

* This question of varieties and species still remains in a very open condition, as Mr. Bouverie-Pusey has stated it :
" One school made varieties lesser species, the other made species (not to say higher divisions) only better marked varieties. "-
(' Permanence and Evolution,' p. 5).

ORIENTAL CICADID&. 41

mediate a character that I have preferred keeping it for the present as a subspecies or simple
variety of D. rufivena. Should the last supposition prove correct, we have in D. nificena
a species which not only varies in colour, but also much more largely in size.

3. Dundubia locusta. (Tab. IX., fig. 1, a, 6.)

Cephaloxys locusta, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 286, n. 7 (1850).
Mogannia locusta, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 288, n. 91 (1885).

Body brownish-ochraceous ; ocelli red; eyes fuscous; posterior and lateral margins of pronotum
paler in hue ; inesonotum with two obscure obconical spots on anterior margin, their outer edges black,
and a small dark spot near each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation ; lateral margins of the
abdomen above paler in hue and ornamented with a segmental series of black spots. Body beneath paler
in hue ; the head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation and the costal membrane of the first ochraceous.

The opercula extend to about half the length of the abdomen, are concavely constricted on each side
near base, and are then convexly rounded and moderately ampliated, the apex broadly rounded. The
body is somewhat elongated and the head narrowed.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 84 millim. ; 2 , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 83 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA (Wooler Brit. Mus.) ; Bombay (Leith coll. Dist.).

The narrowed head a character which probably induced Walker to place the species in
the genus Cephaloxys will easily separate D. locusta from the other species of Dundubia, and
the elongated body is also another distinctive character.

This species seems to have a limited distribution, as four specimens, two males and two
females, collected by Dr. Leith at Bombay, and now in my own collection, are the only examples
I have seen, excepting the type in the British Museum.

4. Dundubia rafflesii.* (Tab. IV., fig. 4, a, b.)

Dundubia rafflesii, Distant, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 188.

Head and body above ochraceous, moderately and palely pilose. Eyes pale brown, mottled with
fuscous, ocelli bright castaneous ; posterior and lateral margins of pronotum greenish-ocbraceous ;
mesonotum with two central pale and subobsolete obconical spots situate at anterior margin, with an
obscure pale fuscous oblique streak on each side. Body beneath and legs ochraceous ; opercula reaching
the third abdominal segment, slender, concavely constricted on each side near base, and then again
convexly widened to apex, which is rounded; rostrum about reaching posterior coxae, with its apex
narrowly fuscous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; veins and costal membrane of tegmina ochraceous.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 80 millim. Exp. tegm. 73 millim.

Hab. JAVA (coll. Dist.).

This species is allied to D. rufivena, Walk., but differs by its much more slender opercula,
which are not perceptibly broader at the apex than at the base, being quite the reverse of
what obtains in D. rufivena.

5. Dundubia emanatura. (Tab. VIII., fig. 3, a, b.)

Dundubia emanatura, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 51 (1889).

Pronotum above either greenish or ochraceous. Abdomen ochraceous. Head with a narrow,
reticulated, linear, transverse, black fascia between the eyes enclosing the ocelli and a black spot at

* The name of Sir Stamford Baffles is indelibly connected with two great zoological enterprises. He followed and
fostered the study of Natural History in the East, especially in Java, and may be said to have created the great
Zoological Society of London.

42 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

anterior lateral angles of vertex ; eyes brownish ; pronotum with a narrow, black, lateral marginal fascia ;
body beneath and legs ochraceous, apices of posterior tibiae infuscated.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation pale greenish ochraceous.

The rostrum reaches the intermediate coxae ; the opercula are very narrow, slightly curved outwardly,
concave on each side near base, the apex broadly convex and extending to about half the length of
the abdomen.

2 . Abdomen with a lateral marginal black fascia on each side.

Long. excl. tegm. 3-, 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 72 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Karwar (Atkinson Calc. Mus.) ; Neelgiri Hills, southern slopes,
3000 feet (Hampson coll. Dist.).

D. ernanatura is another distinctly-marked species, the black lateral margin to the pronotum
and the narrow opercula being good differential characters.

This does not appear to be an abundant species. For some time I possessed only a
female specimen sent me, by my good friend Mr. Hampson, from the Neelgiri Hills, but
eventually I also obtained the loan of a single male specimen, collected at Karwar, belonging
to Mr. Atkinson, and was thus enabled to describe it.

6. Dundubia ? aerata. (Tab. VI., fig. 7, a, b.)

Dundubia eerata, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 292 (1888).

Body above resembling D. mannifera, Linn., but much larger ; beneath with the opercula small,
narrow, concavely sinuated towards the middle, their apices obtusely rounded and reaching the third
abdominal segment (rostrum mutilated).*

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, their apical areas (especially those of tegmina) suffused with
bronzy brown.

Long. excl. tegm. 50 millim. Exp. tegm. 120 millim.

Hab. BORNEO : Elopura (Pryer coll. Dist.).

This is the largest species of the genus ? at present known to science, and a distinctive colour
peculiarity is the bronzy suffusion on the apical areas of the wings and tegmina, especially on
the last.

I am indebted to Mr. W. B. Pryer for a single male specimen.

b. Opercula narrow and elongate, their apices acutely pointed.

7. Dundubia intemerata. (Tab. IV., fig. 1, a, b.)

Dundubia intemerata, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. i. p. 84, n. 5 (1856) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng.
vol. liii. p. 224, n. 42 (1885).

Body above green, ochraceous, or with the abdomen alone ochraceous. Ocelli red, eyes dark
castaneous or fuscous. Rostrum, coxae, tarsi and apices of tibiae ochraceous ; apex of rostrum and
the tarsal claws black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; extreme bases, venation and costal membrane of the first
greenish-ochraceous.

The opercula are elongate and narrow, their apices acutely pointed, and their outer margins strongly
and concavely sinuate.

In this species the rostrum about reaches the posterior coxae, thus nearly affording a character
belonging to the succeeding genus Cosmopsaltria, but the structure of the head, combined with the
unspotted tegmina, locate its position in the genus Dundubia.

* Possessing but one specimen of this species, I have been compelled to anticipate the length of the rostrum, in order
tir place it in either the genera Dundubia or Cosmopsaltria, to which it undoubtedly belongs. From other characters, I have
thought it to belong to the first-named genus, but more specimens are necessary for exact generic determination.

ORIENTAL CICADID&. 43

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 28 to 80 millim. ; $ , 26 to 28 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 78 to 85 millim. ;
2 , 74 to 78 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Seebsagar (Gale. Mus.) ; Assam, Margherita (Doherty coll. Dist.) ; Khasi
Hills (Chennell coll. Dist.). TENASSEBIM : Myitta in the Valley (Doherty coll. Dist.). MALAY PENINSULA :
Malacca (Wallace Brit. Mus.).

This species is most variable in coloration, resembling in that respect D. mannifera,
but the extraordinary shape of the opercula a perfectly constant character renders its
identity at once discernible.

Genus CO SHOPS ALTRIA.

Cosmopsaltria, Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 5 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 226, n. 58 (1885).
Sub.-gen. Platylomia, Cosmopsaltria, and Diceropyga, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Fork 1870, p. 708 note.

Closely allied to Dundubia, but with the rostrum always reaching and sometimes passing the posterior
coxae ; the head also generally has the front not twice as broad at the base as the anterior margins of the
lobes of vertex. Opercula long, reaching centre and sometimes the apex of the abdomen.

This is a most unsatisfactory genus to define, and may be taken as a good example of the
artificiality of some generic creations, though serving a useful purpose in classification.

The length of the rostrum is really the only universal character separating Cosmopsaltria
from Dundubia, though many of its species have, in the shape of the head, a good distinctive
characteristic. A number of its species have also unspotted tegmina, a feature of Dundubia,
though more diverge considerably from this character. It might therefore be more strictly
accurate to treat Cosmopsaltria as a subgenus or section of Dundubia; but as the former already
contains an exceedingly large number of species, I have preferred, for the purposes of more
easy identification, an object of the present monograph, to retain the two generic
creations as distinct. For the above reasons I have been compelled to transfer several species
I described under Dundubia to this genus.

Stal proposed (supra) three subgenera of Cosmopsaltria, but the study of a large number of
species has shown that these must be considerably increased in number to be of any value,
and I have found them capable of being somewhat clearly reduced to sections by other
characters than those on which Stal relied.

Cosmopsaltria is distributed throughout our faunistic area, and is also found in the
Australian and parts of the Pacific Regions.

A. Head with the front globosely produced as in Dundubia.

a. Opercula more or less constricted on each side near base and with their apices rounded.
b. Tegmina unspotted.

1. Cosmopsaltria amicta. (Tab. VIII., fig. 4, a, b.)

Dundubia amicta, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 51 (1889).

Body above brownish-ochraceous. Head with striae to front and two central longitudinal lines, a broad
oblique fascia on each side of vertex between eyes and ocelli, and the area of v the ocelli black. Pronotum
with two central longitudinal black lines, anterior margin and the inner edge of the posterior margin
black ; posterior and lateral margins paler in hue, the last crossed by an oblique black fascia emerging
from behind the eyes. Mesonotum with five black fasciae, one central and longitudinal, two short and

44 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

directed obliquely inwardly, and one (largest) on each lateral area, but not reaching anterior margin,
a black spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Body beneath and legs
brownish-ochraceous, femora more or less streaked with black ; the tibiae, tarsi, apex of rostrum, a spot
between face and eyes and the apical margin of face black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous.

The opercula extend to about half the length of the abdomen, are concavely constricted on each side
near base and then convexly widened, with their apices rounded.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 48 millim. Exp. tegm. 115 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Karwar (Calc. Mus.).

2. Cosmopsaltria nagarasingna.* (Tab. IV., fig. 14, a, fc.)

Dunduiria nagarasingna, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 685 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 225,
n. 51 (1885).

$ . Body above castaneous. Head with centre of front and an oblique fascia on each side of ocelli
ochraceous. Pronotum with a central fascia and the lateral and posterior margins ochraceous. Mesonotum
with two anterior central obconical spots denoted by black margins ; margins of basal cruciform elevation
ochraceous. Abdomen with the basal half sparingly clothed with greyish pile, the apical half much more
densely so, and with a broad lateral fascia of greyish pile on each side. Body beneath, with the sternum,
legs and opercula, pale ochraceous ; abdomen pale castaneous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; costal membrane of tegmina ochraceous.

Head broad, including eyes subequal in width to base of pronotum, and wider than mesonotum ; the
face is very tumid, the centre longitudinally sulcated for half the length, and sides transversely striated ;
rostrum reaching apex of posterior coxa? ; opercula long, reaching base of last abdominal segment,
narrowest and with the edges concave from base to commencement of second abdominal segment, from
which they are somewhat suddenly widened with the edges convex ; apex somewhat narrower and rounded.
Anterior femora with two long ochraceous spines ; posterior tibiae with two long black spines, somewhat
close together on inner margin near apex, and two much wider apart on outer margin.

Long. excl. tegm. 34 to 38 millim. Exp. tegm. 88 to 95 millim.

Hab. BURMA (Bingham coll. Dist.); N.W. Districts (coll. Dist.). TENASSEEIM: Myitta in the Valley
(Doherty coll. Dist.). COCHIN CHINA (coll. Signoret).

3. Cosmopsaltria larus. (Tab. 5, fig. 1, a, b, and car. Tab. IV., f. 13.)

Dundubia larus, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 7 (1858).

Cicada" The Knife-Grinder," Emerson Tennent, Nat. Hist. Ceylon, p. 432, fig. (1861).

Head and thorax above greenish-ochraceous ; abdomen pale castaneous. Head with the lateral areas
of face, the area of the ocelli, an angulated fascia in front of eyes, and two small spots on posterior margin
near eyes, black. Pronotum with two central, longitudinal, angulated and connected black linear fasciae,
on each side of which is a short curved discal fascia, the incisures and the edges of lateral margins also
black. Mesonotum with five black fasciae, one central and longitudinal, two short and angulated, and the
outer two longer, but very irregularly shaped and angularly curved ; a black spot in front of each anterior
angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen with some central black discal spots. Head beneath,
sternum, legs and opercula ochraceous or greenish-ochraceous ; apices of anterior femora, bases and apices
of anterior and intermediate tibiae, bases of posterior tibiae and anterior and intermediate tarsi black.
Abdomen beneath pale castaneous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous or greenish, in some places black.

* Nagarasingna, the first conquering Burmese king, who is said to have subdued Arracan. (Rev. F. Mason,
' Tenasserim,' p. 450).

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 45

The opercula are long, about reaching the penultimate segment of the abdomen, concavely constricted
on each side near base, and with their apices narrowly rounded.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 32 to 88 millim. Exp. tegm. 84 to 100 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Bombay (Leith coll. Dist.) ; Neelgiri Hills, Koonoor 6000 ft. (Hampson
coll. Dist.). CEYLON (Templeton Brit. Mus.).

There can be no doubt that this is the species figured by the late Sir J. Emerson Tennent,
in his ' Natural History of Ceylon,' and named by him " The Knife-grinder," and which he
describes as " resting high up on the bark of a tree, make the forest re-echo with a long-sustain <<!
noise so curiously resembling that of a cutler's wheel that the creature producing it has acquired
the highly appropiate name of the ' Knife-grinder.' " *

4. Cosmopsaltria bocki.f (Tab. IV., fig. 11, a, b.)

Dundubia bocki, Distant, Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xix. p. 159 (1882).

Head and thorax above dull ochraceous or olivaceous : abdomen, above and beneath, castaneous.
Head with the area of the ocelli black ; eyes castaneous, speckled with ochraceous. Pronotum with two
small black spots at centre of anterior margin, the lateral and posterior margins somewhat paler, the last
inwardly and outwardly narrowly edged with black. Mesonotum with two central, contiguous, obconical
spots, their bases situate on anterior margin, the outer margins very pale and bordered outwardly at
base and inwardly broadest at apex with black ; four sub-basal black spots situated one on each side
of the anterior angles of the basal cruciform elevation, which is somewhat paler. Tympana ochraceous.
Head beneath, rostrum, sternum, legs, and opercula ochraceous ; apex of rostrum black ; anterior tibiae,
bases, apices, and a subapical annulation to intermediate and posterior tibiae, fuscous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; tegmina with the veins and costal membrane dull ochraceous, and
the claval area inwardly margined with dark fuscous ; wings with most of the veins dull ochraceous,
a few being fuscous.

The body is elongate ; the face is prominent and globose, transversely wrinkled and with a deep and
broad central longitudinal sulcation ; the opercula are long, about reaching the penultimate abdominal
segment, concavely constricted on each side near base, and then broadened and convexly rounded, the apex
being broad and rounded.

Long. excl. tegm. <? , 44 millim. Exp. tegm. 123 millim.

Hab. SUMATRA (Bock coll. Dist.).

5. Cosmopsaltria similis. (Tab. V., fig. 10, a, 6.)

Dundubia similis, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 292 (1888).

Head and thorax above pale greenish ; abdomen pale castaneous. Head with the area of the ocelli
somewhat blackish ; eyes castaneous, mottled with fuscous, posterior margin very narrowly ochraceous.
Mesonotum with a central black longitudinal linear fascia, on each side of which is a short oblique black
fascia, which is crossed and partly obliterated by a narrow curved ochraceous fascia ; a black spot near
each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen above with a short, broad oblique fascia of
greyish-white pile on each side at base. Head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula pale greenish or
greenish-ochraceous. Abdomen beneath pale dull castaneous ; apex of rostrum black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation greenish-ochraceous, in some places black; costal

membrane of the tegmina greenish.

* ' Natural History of Ceylon,' p. 432.

t Named after Carl Bock, author of ' The Head Hunters of Borneo,' &c., and by whom this species was captured.

46 ORIENTAL CICADIDJE.

The opercula do not reach the penultimate abdominal segment, are only moderately constricted on
each side near base, and have their apices broadly but obtusely rounded.
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 50 millim. Exp. tegm. 122 millim.
Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkirn (Calc. Mus. ; coll. Dist.) ; Assam (Calc. Mus.).

C. similis is closely allied in general appearance and markings to C. radha, Dist.,
a species which, from the totally different structure of the opercula, I place in another section
of the genus.

6. Cosmopsaltria oopaga.* (Tab. V., fig. 9, a, I.)

Cosmopsaltria oopaga, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 640; Atkins. J. A. S.Beng. vol. liii. p. 227,
n. 58 (1885).

Head dull ochraceous. Posterior lateral margins of front black ; two basal ocelli surrounded with
black, which extends to posterior margin. Pro- and meso-notum pale olivaceous ; the first with a central
longitudinal ochraceous fascia, bordered with black, which is widest anteriorly, and rounded, with the black
lines continuous posteriorly. Mesonotum with two obconical spots, bordered with black on anterior
margin, followed by a small black spot and an anterior lateral fascia ; a curved basal fascia and a small
spot on each frontal side of cruciform elevation of the same colour. Abdomen dull ochraceous, inclining to
olivaceous, with the lateral sides sparingly covered with greyish pubescence, and with an indistinct lateral
segmental row of fuscous spots. Underside of body pale ochraceous or olivaceous.

Tegrnina and wings pale hyaline.

The body is broad and somewhat depressed, the abdomen narrowing at apex. The head, including
eyes, is narrower than base of pronotum, and but little wider than mesonotum. The rostrum about
reaches the apex of the first abdominal segment. The opercula, which almost reach the apex of the fourth
abdominal segment, are situated on the lateral sides of abdomen, and are much wider apart at base than
at apex ; they are concavely narrowed on each side near base, and are then widened and convex on each
side to apex, which is broad and rounded, the extreme apex being on outer margin. The face is globose,
with a curved black fascia at base, and a central longitudinal sulcatipn ; it is profoundly transversely
striated, the interstices being very broad.

Long. excl. tegm. 39 millim. Exp. tegm. 96 millim.

Hab. BURMA (coll. Dist.).

I have unfortunately no more precise locality for this species.

7. Cosmopsaltria andersoni.f (Tab. V., fig. 6, a, b.)

Cosmopsaltria andersoni, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. ii. p. 170 (1883).

Head olivaceous. Lateral margins of front, area of ocelli, and a small spot on each side of
same black. Pro- and mesonotum olivaceous, the first with a central longitudinal ochraceous fascia,
bordered with black, widest anteriorly, and compressed about centre, and with a small curved black line
behind the eyes ; mesonotum with two obconical spots bordered with black on anterior margin, on each
side of which is a small discal black streak and a long curved black spot on each side of base near anterior
angles of cruciform elevation, which are also black. Abdomen dull dark ochraceous. Underside of body
pale ochraceous ; annulation to anterior femora near their apices, upper surfaces and apices of anterior

L Shin Oopaga, or Oopagoh ; by the Burmese a universally honoured payah-nge, or lesser divinity, who for having
carried off the clothes of a bather in a previous existence is condemned to live at the bottom of the river in a kyee-pya-that,
a brazen spire, where he zealously keeps the sacred days, and will remain in those quarters till Areemadehya, the next Buddha,
shall come. Then he will bo set free, and entering the thenga will become a yahauda, and attain Neh'ban (cf. Capt. Forbes,
' Brit. Burma,' p. 194). (Shway Yoe, ' The Burinan, his Life and Notions,' vol. i. p. 272).

t Named after Dr. John Anderson, late Superintendent of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, to whose zoological enterprise
in Mergui and its Archipelago, we are indebted for the knowledge of this species.

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 47

tibias, bases and apices of intermediate and posterior tibiae, tarsi, apex of rostrum, and apical portion of
the last abdominal segment black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the first with the costal membrane and basal portion of venation
ochraceous, remaining portion of venation more or less shaded and marked with black or olivaceous and
with a black claval streak ; wings with the veins black or ochraceous, and outer claval margin and an
inner claval streak fuscous.

The body is broad and somewhat depressed, the abdomen above moderately pilose. The head,
including outer margins of eyes, is subequal in width or a very little narrower than base of pronotum.
The rostrum about reaches the centre of first abdominal segment. The opercula are long, strongly
compressed and concave near base, and then widened and convex on each side, but narrowing at their
apices, which reach the base of the last abdominal segment. The face is swollen and tumid, with a narrow
central longitudinal sulcation and strong transverse striations, the interstices of which are very broad.

Long. excl. tegm. 32 rnillim. Exp. tegm. 88 millim.

Hab. TENASSERIM : Mergui (Anderson coll. Dist.).

This species is allied to C. oopaga, Dist., from which its smaller size and greater length of
opercula at onoe distinguish it.

8. Cosmopsaltria jacoona. (Tab. V., fig. 3, a, b.)

Cosmopsaltria jacoona, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 295 (1888).

Allied to C. oopaga, Dist., and very similar above in colour and markings. Differs from that species
by the size and shape of the opercula, which are longer, reaching the penultimate abdominal segment,
narrower, and with their apices somewhat angularly rounded.

Long. excl. tegm. 37 millim. Exp. tegrn. 98 millim.

Hab. MALAY PENINSULA: Johore (Calc. Mus.). BORNEO (coll. Dist.).

bb. Tegmina with the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas infuscated.

9. Cosmopsaltria majuscula. (Tab. VII., fig. 8, a, b.)

Dundubia majuscula, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2 a, vol. vi. p. 621 (1888).

Body above warm-ochraceous. Head with the front, excepting base and apex, the area of the
ocelli, and a larger spot on inner margin of eyes, dark castaneous ; eyes ochraceous, with their inner
area olivaceous. Pronotum with a broad central longitudinal castaneous fascia and a small castaneous
spot near anterior lateral margin. Mesonotum with five blackish fasciae, the central one very slender and
joining a triangular fascia in front of basal cruciform elevation, on each side of the central fascia is a short
and broader one, and the lateral fasciae are long, broad and slightly curved. Abdomen above ochraceous.
Body beneath ochraceous ; the face blackish, with a central ochraceous spot near anterior margin, and a
black marginal spot between eyes and face ; legs pale castaneous, the inner margins of anterior femora
blackish, anterior and intermediate tibiae and tarsi somewhat darker castaneous, the posterior tarsi
ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous, but becoming fuscous towards apical
areas ; the tegmina with the costal margin fuscous beyond base of upper ulnar area, and the transverse
veins at bases of second and third apical areas infuscated.

The body is long and broad ; the rostrum reaches the posterior coxae ; the* opercula are slender and
placed widely apart, concave on each side beyond base, but very slightly so outwardly, the apices rounded
and reaching the fourth abdominal segment.

48 ORIENTAL CICAD1DM.

Long. excl. tegm. <? , 52 millim. Exp. tegm. 132 millim.
Hab. CELEBES:* Menado (A. A. Bruijn Genoa Mus.).

10. Cosmopsaltria latilinea. (Tab. IV., fig. 15, a, b.)

Dundubia latilinea, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 85, n. 12 (1867).
Cosmopsaltria padda, Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xx. p. 229 (1887).

Head olivaceous ; front with the margins and a central fascia black ; vertex with three black fasciae,
one on each side behind the eyes, and one central containing the ocelli and a small angulated black
marginal spot near bases of antennae ; eyes dull castaneous. Pronotum olivaceous-green, with a central
longitudinal ochraceous fascia margined with black, a black submarginal fascia, and the extreme margin
ochraceous. Mesonotuin olivaceous-green, with five longitudinal black fasciae all more or less margined
with ochraceous, situate one central and longest extending right across disk and attenuated anteriorly ; on
each side of this is a shorter fascia extending from anterior margin to about centre, followed again by a
long and broader fascia a little before each lateral margin ; a small black spot in front of the anterior
angles of the cruciform elevation, which is also more or less olivaceous. Abdomen above piceous, more or
less clothed with fine greyish pilosity, the tympana and some lateral shadings olivaceous. Head beneath
and sternum olivaceous, frontal margin between the eyes black ; sternum more or less greyishly pilose ;
legs olivaceous, an apical annulation to anterior femora, the under surfaces of intermediate and posterior
femora, more than apical half of anterior tibiae, and about apical third of intermediate and posterior tibiae
and the tarsi black. Opercula olivaceous, the inner margin and about apical two-thirds (not quite reaching
outer margin) black. Abdomen beneath piceous, more or less greyish pilose.

Tegmina pale hyaline, narrowly olivaceous at extreme base, the venation alternately brownish
olivaceous and piceous, the costal membrane olivaceous, two subapical piceous spots situate on the
transverse veins at bases of the two upper apical areas, and some minute submarginal piceous spots.
Wings pale hyaline, narrowly olivaceous at extreme base, the costal margin ochraceous for about half
its length.

The opercula about, or almost, reach the base of the last abdominal segment, are concavely narrowed
near base, and ampliated and rounded towards apex; the face is narrowly sulcated for about half its
length, and possesses strong transverse ridges ; the anterior femora are armed with three spines beneath,
one near centre, two near apex, the apical one smallest.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 34 to 38 millim. Exp. tegm. 94 to 103 millim.

Hab. MALAY PENINSULA: Penang (Brit. Mus. ; Eev. L. C. Biggs coll. Dist.).

10 a. Cosmopsaltria lauta (0. latilinea, var. ?). (Tab. V., fig. 8, a, b.)
Cosmopsaltria lauta, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 293 (1888).

Head and thorax above ochraceous, with the following black markings : Head with a central
fascia to front, vertex with a central double fascia and a sinuated fascia behind each eye ; pronotum with
a central double fascia united at base, a large sublateral spot on each side, and a spot beneath on basal
margin ; mesonotum with a central longitudinal fascia, on each side of which is a short and somewhat
oblique fascia, followed by a small spot on anterior margin and a broad, sublateral, irregular fascia, and
a spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen purplish red, the
posterior segmental margins ochraceous, excepting those near apex, which are piceous, and with a central

The Cicadidce of Celebes have still to be collected, for though the islands have been visited by several excellent
naturalists, the insects described in this monograph have not greatly engaged their attention. That they exist in numbers
may be gathered from the remark of Dr. A. Adams, that " In the forests of Celebes " is heard " the eternal ringing song of
the shrill Cicada." (' Notes on Nat. Hist. ; Voy. H.M.S. Samarang,' vol. ii. p. 268).

The Central Continent of the island has not yet seen the face of the white man, and by far the greater part of the
four peninsulas is almost unknown and undescribed; in fact, the only parts which are thoroughly explored and utilised by
Europeans are not much larger in area than the Isle of Wight and the Isle of Man." (Sydney J. Hickson, ' A Naturalist in
North Celebes,' p. 3).

ORIENTAL C 1C AD ID M. 49

discal piceous spot near base. Head beneath with the anterior margin black and a central piceous spot
near apex of face. Opercula ochraceous, with apices and inner margins broadly black ; apex of abdomen
beneath black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation more or less fuscous ; tegmina with the costal
membrane castaneous, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated.

The face is convex, with a central longitudinal incision, which neither reaches base nor apex. The
opercula are long and broad, concavely sinuated on their outer margins near base, and with their apices
obtusely rounded and about reaching the apical abdominal segment. Rostrum mutilated.

Long. excl. tegm. 35 millim. Exp. tegm. 102 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Borneo, Pontianak (Bruss. Mus.) ; South-East District (Doherty
coll. Dist.).

C. lauta and C. latilinea are very closely allied, and they are evidently local races of one
species. The principal and most constant colour differences are found on the opercula, which
in C. latilinea are much more broadly suffused with black than in G. lauta.*

11. Cosmopsaltria montivaga. (Tab. XII., fig. 12, a, b.)

Cosmopsaltria montivaya, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 421 (1889).

Allied to C. lauta, Dist., but differing by its larger size, broader and more robust body, the absence
of the sublateral fascia to the pronotum, and the presence of an oblique black pronotal spot behind the
eyes ; the markings of the mesonotum are smaller, and the sublateral fascia curved and not extending to
the anterior margin.

Opercula broader at base, less concave internally, much more narrowly black at apex and inner
margin, and crossed at centre by a transverse dark castaneous fascia.

Long. 40 millim. Exp. tegm. 120 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Borneo, Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead coll. Dist.).

This species (at present) is only known to the writer by a single male specimen collected
on the Kina Balu Mountain. It is probable, however, that it will be found to have a much
less restricted habitat, f

12. Cosmopsaltria inermis. (Tab. VI., fig. 15, a, b.)

C. (Cosmopsaltria) inermis, Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 708, n. 3.

Through the kindness of Dr. Aurivillius, of the Stockholm Museum, I am enabled to
figure a typical specimen of Stal's species, and I therefore append a copy of the original
description :

" Pallide olivaceo-flavescens vel virescens ; macula irregulari ocellos includente, macula angulorum
interiorum jugorum, fasciola obliqua leviter curvata ad marginem anticum jugorum prope oculos

* The Dundulia duarum, Walk. (Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. i. p. 141 : 1857), recorded from Borneo, appears to be
also closely allied to these two species or races, excepting that the opercula are recorded as " extending to the tip of the
abdomen." This, however, is only a matter of conjecture, as the type is not in the collection of the British Museum. As
many of these specimens belonged to the late Mr. W. Wilson Saunders, I applied to his son for assistance ; but he informed
me that all his father's Homoptera went to the British Museum, and that he knew of nowhere else to look for them. I also
sought help from Prof. Westwood ; but he wrote to me that the Hope Museum at Oxford possessed no types or other individuals
of Walker's species described from Malacca and Borneo. We must therefore treat this species as not existent. Dr. St;d
(' Journal of Entomology,' vol. i. p. 477) proposed that all Walker's Catalogues should be considered as non-existent ; but,
apart from the quality of Walker's entomological work, which no one can altogether either praise or defend, I have always
concluded that where his types exist, his species are recognisable, but where they cannot be found his species should be ignored.
The D. duarum, Walk., therefore to the writer is an unrecognisable species.

f A very curious distribution was observed in another species of the Honiopterous family Cercopida; contained in this
collection. In the year 1878 I described from a single specimen coUected at Taoo, in Tenasserim, at an elevation between
3000 and 5000 ft., a very extraordinary species of Cosmoscarta (C. masoni, Dist.). From that time to the year 181 I never
saw another specimen until I observed a second solitary example in the collection made on the Kina Balu Mountain in
Borneo by Mr. Whitehead.

50 ORIENTAL CICATiIDM.

incipiente, oblique introrsum et retrorsum ducta, interstitiis rugorum basalium frontis, fascia eubbasali
genarum, vittis duabus mediis impressionibusque disci thoracis, vittis angustis quinque maculisque parvis
duabus pone medium scutelli, tibiis apice tarsisque anterioribus nigris ; tegminibus alisque levissime
infuscatis, venis olivaceo-flavescentibus, pone medium fuscis, macula anastomosium omnium maculaque
prope apicem ramorum ulnarium fuscis."

",?&?. Long. 2981, lat. 1011 ; exp. tegm. 8694 mill."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (Semper Stockh. Mus.) ; Palawan (coll. Dist.).

I have not copied Stal's structural diagnosis, as the figures here given sufficiently explain
the same.

13. Cosmopsaltria fuliginosa. (Tab. VI., fig. 16, a, b.)

Dundubia fuli</inosa, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 60, n. 21 (1850) ; Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Porh. 1862, p. 480.

Dundubia melpomene, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 76, n. 38 (1850).

C. (Cosmopsaltria) fuliginosa, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Fork 1870, p. 708, n. 2.

Body above dull greenish-ochraceous ; head with the margins to face, the lateral striations of front,
the area of the ocelli, and a curved discal fascia midway between eyes and front, black ; pronotum with
two central linear fascia and the furrows black; mesonotum with five black linear fasciae, the central
one longest with a shorter one on each side extending from the anterior margin to about centre of disk,
the outermost pair commencing at some distance from the anterior margin and almost reaching the
posterior margin, a small spot on anterior margin between the two outermost fasciae and a spot on and
another in front of the anterior angles of the basal cruciform elevation, also black. Abdomen pale dull
castaneous, the tympanal coverings greenish ; the eyes brownish-ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum,
legs and opercula greenish-ochraceous ; a fascia between face and eyes, the upper striations to face and a
spot at apex of same, a spot at apices of anterior femora, a spot at bases of tibiae and the apices of same,
and the anterior and intermediate tibise and a broad fascia at apices of opercula, black ; abdomen beneath
pale castaneous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation brownish-ochraceous ; tegmina with the costal membrane
greenish-ochraceous, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated.

The body above is more or less sparingly pilose ; the opercula extend to the penultimate abdominal
segment.

Long excl. tegm. $ , 31 millim. Exp. tegm. 83 millini.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (Bruss. Mus. & coll. Dist. ; Cumming Brit. Mus. ;
Semper Stockh. Mus.) ; Cebu (Dresd. Mus.).

This species is closely allied to C. inermis, Stal, but differs by its somewhat smaller size,
the different length and shape of the opercula, &c.

14. Cosmopsaltria vibrans. (Tab. IV., fig. 2, a, fc.)

Dundubia vibrans, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 54, n. 14 (1850) ; Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forli. 1862, p. 480 ; Atkins.

J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 224, n. 48 (1885).
Dundubia lateralis, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 61, n. 22 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 224, n. 41 (1885).

Head and thorax above ocbraceous ; head with the lateral striations and a spot at apex of front, area
of the ocelli, a curved macular fascia between eyes and front, and the posterior margins of the eyes, black ;
pronotum with two central longitudinal fasciae which are angulated and meet posteriorly, the furrows and
three small spots on each lateral margin, black; mesonotum with seven black fascise, the central one
longest, straight and completely crossing disk, on each side of this a shorter and inwardly-directed fascia,
followed by a very short one situate on anterior margin, and a long, wide, irregularly-broken fascia on
each lateral margin and a black spot near the apex of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation ;

ORIENTAL CICADID&. 51

abdomen pale castaneous, the segmental incisures narrowly edged with ochraceous and black, and with
some obscure blackish and irregular transverse discal fasciae and a lateral series of small black stigmatal
spots ; tympanal coverings dull ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula ochraceous ; the
transverse striations to face, a fascia between eyes and face, apex of rostrum, apices of tibiae and the
margins of opercula widened at apex, black ; abdomen beneath pale castaneous, with some black
discal spots.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation pale fuscous, tegmina with the costal membrane
ochraceous and the transverse veins at the apices of the second and third apical areas infuscated.

The abdomen is more or less pilose ; the opercula extend only to the third abdominal segment.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 35 38 millim. Exp. tegm. 85 90 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Assam Margherita (Doherty coll. Dist.) ; Naga Hills (Chennell coll.
Dist.); Sylhet (Stainforth Brit. Mus.). MALAY PENINSULA : Malacca (coll. Sign.).

This appears to be a moderately scarce species in collections, and two pairs of the sexes
are all that I have as yet been able to acquire, though I am indebted to both Messrs. Chennell
and Doherty for extensive collections made in Assam.

15. Cosmopsaltria meyeri.* (Tab. VIII., fig. 5, a, b.)

Cosmopsaltria meyeri, Distant, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 189, t. 25, fig. 2, a, b.

Body above castaneous. Head with the vertex and front nearly completely suffused with blackish ;
ocelli and eyes yellowish. Pronotum with a central black longitudinal fascia, the posterior and lateral
margins obscure ochraceous. Mesonotum with two large contiguous black obconical spots on anterior
margin, a large lateral subconical black fascia on each side, and a triangular black fascia in front of the
cruciform elevation, the apex of which is produced between the central obconical spots, and which also
possesses posteriorly a central and angulated base. Abdomen very dark castaneous. Body beneath and
legs dark castaneous ; sternum and base of abdomen thickly and palely pilose ; opercula ochraceous,
extending to the fourth abdominal segment, concavely constricted beyond base and then slightly and
convexly rounded to apex, apical portion distinctly narrower than base (rostrum mutilated).

Tegmina and wings hyaline, t the first slightly infuscated, with the costal membrane, basal area, and
venation brownish or fuscous, the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas infuscated,
and two very small submarginal fuscous spots at apices of the longitudinal veins enclosing the first and
second apical areas ; wings with anterior claval margin and a basal streak pale fuscous.

The face is very convexly tumid, with a narrow central discal sulcation, and with the transverse
striations becoming more profound from base to apex ; the anterior femora are armed with two strong spines,
one near base and one near apex ; between the last and apex is a small and somewhat rudimentary spine.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 50 millim. Exp. tegm. 132 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Celebes (Meyer Dresden Mus.).

Only one specimen of this species has been seen by the writer.

bbb. Tegmina more or less spotted.

16. Cosmopsaltria nigra. (Tab. VI., fig. 9, a, b.)

Cosmopsaltria nigra, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 292 (1888).
Dundubia spinosa, Walk, (nee Pabr.), List Horn. i. p. 47, n. 8 (1850).

$ . Body above and beneath with the legs blackish ; eyes and ocelli dark fuscous-brown. Tegmina
and wings smoky hyaline, the venation fuscous, the tegmina with the transverse veins at the bases

* Named after Dr. A. B. Meyer, director of the Zoological and Ethnographical Museum of Dresden and well-known
naturalist, whose journeys in the Malayan Archipelago, especially in Celebes and New Guinea, have done much in increasing
our knowledge of the Zoology and Anthropology of those islands.

f In the process of lithography the hue of the tegmina and wings has been rendered too dark in the figure here given.

52 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

of the second and third apical areas, and the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas,
infuscated.

The rostrum about reaches the apices of the posterior coxae ; the opercula are concavely sinuated
a little before centre, their apices convexly rounded and almost reaching apex of fourth abdominal
segment.

Long. excl. tegm. 44 ruillim. Exp. tegm. 110 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (Brit. Mus.).

This species was erroneously identified by Walker as Dundubia spinosa, Fabr. (the type of
which, however, is contained in the Banksian collection), and remains under that name in the
Museum Catalogue. The habitat is derived from one of those specimens, my own being
without a locality.

17. Cosmopsaltria flavida. (Tab. V., fig. 15, a, b.)

Cicada Jiavida, Guerin, Voy. Ind. Orient. Belanger, Ins. p. 498, t. 8, f. 1 (1884) ; Walk. List Horn. i. p. 118,

n. 40 (1850).
Cosmopsaltria flarida, Stul, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 171 (1866); Atkins. J.A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 227,

n. 60 (1885).
C. (Platylomia) flavida, Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 708, note.

? . Head and thorax above dark ochraceous ; head with the area of the ocelli and a spot on each
Bide of vertex near front dark fuscous ; eyes dark castaneous ; pronotum with two short longitudinal
central linear fascije (not quite reaching centre of disk) and the edges of posterior margin, black;
mesonotum with a narrow central linear longitudinal fascia, on each side of which are two short but
broader curved fasciae, the inner pair longest, and a transverse series of four small basal spots, black ;
abdomen castaneous. Head beneath, sternum, legs and rostrum ochraceous ; apices of the tibiae and tarsi
and apex of the rostrum black ; abdomen beneath as above.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous ; tegmina with the transverse veins at the
bases of the second, third, fifth and seventh apical areas more or less infuscated, and a marginal series of
small fuscous spots at the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas, the discal portion of the venation
ornamented in a few places with black ; costal membrane reddish-ochraceous.

Long. excl. tegm. ? , 50 millim. Exp. tegm. 150 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Sumatra (Guerin) ; Java (Bruss. Mus.).

The description here given is taken from an unlocalised female specimen in my own
collection, but a male specimen belonging to the collection of the Brussels Museum is figured,
and the structure of the opercula is thus shown. Stal, by an error (unusual with that
excellent worker and describer), wrote * that the Dundubia saturata, Walk. an Indian species of
Cosmopsaltria described further on p. 54 was a synonym of C. Jiavida, This lead that careful
writer, Mr. Atkinson, to record it as reported from Sikkim. t Guerin's species, however,
appears to be strictly confined to the islands of Sumatra and Java, and is certainly not found
in Continental India.

18. Cosmopsaltria spinosa. (Tab. IV., fig. 7, a, b.)

Tettvjonia xjrinosH, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 266, 6 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iv. p. 17, 6 (1794) ; Syst. Bhyng.

p. 84, 8 (1803).

Cicada sjrinosa, Oliv. Enc. Me"th. v. p. 748, n. 8 (1790).
Cosmopsaltria .ifhiusa, Stil, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 171 (1866) ; Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 708, n. 1 ; Dist.

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 193 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 227, n. 59 (1885).
Cosmopsaltna abdulla, Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 639 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 226, n. 57 (1885).

* Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 171. t J- A. S. Beng. liii. p. 227, n. 60.

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 53

Body above castaneous, more or less covered with greyish pubescence and pilosity. Head with tin-
vertex somewhat sparingly pilose, and the area of the ocelli a little infuscated. Pronotum sparingly
pubescent, with a central hourglass-shaped concolorous fascia. Mesonotum with two central and somewhat
obsolete obovate spots on anterior margin. Body beneath pale castaneous, the opercula ochraceous ;
anterior and intermediate femora with the bases and apices fuscous, the central portion pale ochraceous ;
anterior tibiae castaneous, with the tarsi pitchy ; intermediate tibiae pale castaneous, with the base narrowly
and the apex broadly piceous ; posterior legs pale castaneous, apices of femora and the bases and apices
of tibiae dark castaneous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline; tegmina with the costal membrane and the basal cell pale
castaneous, claval area pitchy, the transverse veins at the second, third and fifth apical areas infuscated,
and a submarginal series of small fuscous spots at apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas ; wings
with anterior claval margin and a curved basal streak, dark castaneous.

The opercula reach the base of the fourth abdominal segment, their outer margins are deeply
narrowed and concave near base, and then are somewhat convex and slightly directed outwardly to apex,
which is moderately broad and rounded.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 46 millim. Exp. tegm. 116 to 122 millim.

Hab. MALAY PENINSULA: Penang, Singapore (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Sign.). SUMATRA (Banksian
Coll.) ; Indrapoura (Leyden Mus.). BORNEO : Elopura (Pryer coll. Dist.) ; Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead
coll. Dist.). PHILIPPINE ISLES (Semper Stockh. Mus.).

This is a variable species in the markings of the tegmina ; in some specimens the

transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fourth, fifth and seventh apical areas are

infuscated, and in others the marginal spots are also almost absent. The greyish pubescence
is also often rubbed and obsolete.

19. Cosmopsaltria umbrata. (Tab. V., fig. 11, a, I.)

Cosmopsaltria innlintta, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 293 (1888) ; Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa,
ser. 2 a, vol. vi. p. 456 (1888).

$ . Head and thorax above obscure olivaceous. Head with the lateral margins to front, the area
of the ocelli, and some irregular spots on each lateral area of the vertex black; eyes ochraceous.
Pronotura with two irregular central black fascias, ampliated at base and apex, and with two at each
lateral margin, the posterior margin with its edge narrowly black and a black spot near lateral angles.
Mesonotum with two central blackish obconical spots, between which a narrow black fascia extends to
base, and a black spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen above
largely suffused with dull black shadings. Body beneath olivaceous; a central fascia to face, anterior
margin between face and eyes, inner margins and apices of femora, and the tibiae more or less blackish.
Opercula olivaceous, their apices and a spot near base blackish. Abdomen beneath olivaceous, largely
suffused with black shadings.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous ; tegmina with the base and costal membrane
fuscous, the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fifth, and seventh apical areas and the
apices of the longitudinal veins of apical areas infuscated.

The rostrum has the apex pitchy and just passing the posterior coxaa ; the opercula are somewhat
narrowed, concavely sinuated on each side near base, and narrowed towards apices, which are obtusely
angulated and reach the fourth abdominal segment.

Long. excl. tegm. 46 millim. Exp. tegm. 120 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkim (coll. Dist.) ; Naga Hills (Calc. Mus.). BURMA: Bhamo (Fea
Genoa Mus.) .

54 ORIENTAL CICADID&.

I have now examined a moderately large series of specimens belonging to this species,
and have found no variation in markings or coloration.

aa. Opercula constricted at base, but with their apices obtusely angulated.
c. Tegmina unspotted.

20. Cosmopsaltria radha. (Tab. IV., fig. 9, a, Z>.)

Dundubia radha, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 684 ; Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2 a, vol. vi. p. 455 (1888) ;
Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 225, n. 49 (1885).

$ . Body above pale castaneous. Head with the area of the ocelli black. Pronotum with the lateral
and posterior margins, and a very narrow anterior margin, ochraceous ; the last is inwardly margined with
two small transverse linear black spots, and the posterior margin has also a very narrow discal inner
border of the same colour. Mesonotum with a large central obconical spot on anterior margin, with a very
indistinct central line, and with the lateral borders black, outwardly margined with ochraceous ; five
indistinct black basal spots, three within the anterior angles of the cruciform elevation, and one on each
side of the same. Abdomen rather darker in colour, with the segmental sutures pitchy. Underside of the
body concolorous ; opercula dull ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; tegmina with the costal membrane and claval area dull ochraceous ;
wings with the base narrowly of the same colour.

The body is very elongated ; the head, including eyes, a little narrower than base of pronotum ; the
face is prominently convex, faintly longitudinally sulcated, and transversely striated ; the rostrum reaches
the middle of the posterior coxae ; the opercula are very long, reaching the penultimate abdominal segment ;
they are suddenly narrowed on first abdominal segment, and then gradually widened and rounded on each
side, the maximum width being at junction of second and third abdominal segments, from whence they
are gradually narrowed to apex, which is obtusely rounded.

Long. excl. tegm. 53 millim. Exp. tegm. 124 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Madras Presidency (coll. Dist.) ; Sikki'm and Assam (Gale. Mus.) ; Naga
Hills (Doherty coll. Dist.). BUEMA: Teinzo (Fea Genoa Mus.).

cc. Tegmina spotted.

21. Cosmopsaltria saturata. (Tab. V., fig. 17, a, I.)

DunduUa saturata, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 6 (1858).
Dundubia obtecta, Walker (nee Fabr.), List Horn. i. p. 47, n. 3 (1850).

As this is a somewhat variable species, the original description is given :

" Male and Female. Ferruginous-tawny. Head with two interrupted black bands. Prothorax with
-eight irregular black stripes ; the middle pair curved and dilated hindward. Mesothorax with a black line,
and with four broader black stripes, which are more or less excavated ; the inner pair shorter than the
outer pair, and joining the line; the outer pair joining two black hind spots. Abdomen with whitish
tomentum on each side towards the base. Wings with a slight testaceous tinge, ferruginous-tawny at the
base ; veins tawny, partly black. Fore wings with a brown streak at tip of each of the marginal veins ;
transverse veins clouded with brown ; first transverse vein longer and more oblique than the second, from
which it is parted by more than twice its length. Male. Opercula tawny, about two-thirds of the length
of the abdomen, much acuminated towards the tips."

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 40 to 45 millim. Exp. tegm. 106 to 130 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Nepal (Hardwicke Brit. Mus.) ; Eanikhet (coll. Dist.) ; Sikkini (Hooker
Brit. Mus. ; Calc. Mus. ; coll. Dist.) ; Assam (Calc. Mus.) ; Sylhet (coll. Sign.).

ORIENTAL C1CADIDM. 65

Var. a. Smaller in size, the opercula reaching the apex of the abdomen.
Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Naga Hills (Doherty coll. Dist.).

Var. b. Opercula not reaching the apex of abdomen, but with their apices much less angularly
produced.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Naga Hills (Doherty coll. Dist.).

As previously stated (antea, p. 52), Stal erroneously placed this species as a synonym of
C.flavida, Guer. Walker, however, had previously created the greatest confusion in the
identification of his own species, having firstly identified it as the C. oltecta, Fabr., a species
to which it has no similarity, and subsequently described another specimen as a new species
under the name of saturata, which is necessarily adopted here.

This is a most variable species, not only as regards the tinting of the tegmina, which are
usually clear and not shaded on the basal half, but, what is much more unusual, and even
unique in the genus, as far as the knowledge of the writer at present extends, the opercula
varying in length and in the amount of the angular attenuation of their apices. The species,
however, cannot easily be mistaken, as beyond the variations just enumerated, the general
characters are of the most uniform and consistent nature.*

aaa. Opercula not constricted at base, their apices obtusely angulated.
d. Tegmina unspotted.

22. Cosmopsaltria tavoyana. (Tab. V., fig. 4, a, I.)

Dundubia tavoyana, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 292 (1888).

Above resembling in size, general hue, and markings D. tripurasura, Dist., but differing
remarkably from that species by the size and shape of the opercula, which have their apices somewhat
acutely pointed and reaching the penultimate abdominal segment, their lateral margins being concave
near base, convex about centre, and somewhat profoundly concave towards the apices ; their colour is also
pale olivaceous-green.

Long. excl. tegm. 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 80 millim.

Hab. BURMA (Bingham coll. Dist.). TENASSERIM : Tavoy (Gale. Mus.).

23. Cosmopsaltria tripurasura. (Tab. IV., fig. 8, a, b.)

Dundubia tripurasura, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 685; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 225,
n. 51 (1885).

S . Head, pronotum and mesonotum ochraceous. Head : front with a triangular black spot near
base, and transverse black striae which do not meet in the centre; vertex with two large oblique and
irregular black fasciae on disk, and a large irregular black spot on inner margin of eyes. Pronotum with
two central longitudinal black fasciae, and three oblique black striae on each side, the outer one submarginal
and somewhat rounded. Mesonotum with a large central clavate spot, of which the apex terminates on
anterior margin, bordered on each side by a subconical spot, followed by a small triangular one, and
a wide submarginal fascia, black. Abdomen dull sanguineous, with a series of discal segmental black
fasciae (these are much larger in some specimens and subconfluent), and a lateral segmental row of
irregular black spots. Body beneath with the sternum ochraceous, covered with greyish pubescence.
Abdomen dull sanguineous ; opercula pale sanguineous ; legs ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline.

Front very prominent and convex ; head, including eyes, narrower than base of pronotum, subequal
to mesonotum in width. Opercula subtriangular, well separated at base, gradually becoming more

* This species was probably included in "the great Cicadas" which Sir J. Hooker described "as everywhere lighting on
the ground, where they uttered a short, sharp, creaking sound, and anon disappeared us if by magic." 'Himalayan Journals,'
vol. i. p. 143.

56 ORIENTAL CICADID&.

divergent, and narrowing to apex, which is obtuse, and reaches the fourth abdominal segment. Anterior
femora armed with three spines ; two moderately large and ochraceous, apical one small and black.
Posterior tibiae with three black spines on inner side near apex, and two smaller and wider apart on
outer margin.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 83 millim. Exp. tegm. 85 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkini (Calc. Mus. & coll. Dist.) ; Assam, North Khasi Hills, 1500 to
8000ft. (Chennell* coll. Dist.).

cc. Teamina with the transverse rains at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscatctl.

24. Cosmopsaltria durga.f (Tab. IV., fig. 6, a, b.)

Cosmopsaltria dunja, Distant, Trans, Erit. Soc. 1881, p. C87; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 226, n. 56 (1885).

$ . Head, pronotum, and mesonotum dull ochraceous. Head with the following black markings :
an irregular spot on front ; a large central fascia on vertex, reaching from anterior to posterior margins,
produced on each side in front, and enclosing ocelli ; a curved fascia a little before inner margin of eyes,
and a subtriangular spot on apex of lateral margin. Pronotum with the anterior margin (narrow),
a central longitudinal fascia, bordered with black on each side, and a biangulated fascia on each lateral
margin, pale ochraceous ; two narrow oblique fasciae on each side, a narrow longitudinal fascia on each
side of disk, inner posterior, and inner and outer lateral margins, black. Mesonotum with a clavate
central longitudinal fascia, bounded on each side by a shorter, broader, and much angulated one, followed
by an elongated spot, and by a sublateral broad fascia, broken near anterior margin, two rounded spots
near base, and two smaller ones on anterior branches of cruciform elevation at base. Abdomen pale
castaneous, disk piceous, gradually widening from base to apex, where it is wholly black. Under side
body ochraceous and unspotted ; a black spot on inner margin of eyes, anterior tibiae and tarsi, apices
of intermediate tibiae and tarsi, and apex of rostrum, piceous. Opercula pale greenish.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas, infuscated.

Face broadly sulcated in centre, and transversely striated (many of the striae black) ; rostrum passing
posterior coxae, and reaching inner angles of opercula. Opercula reaching the third abdominal segment,
their outer margins subparallel with lateral abdominal margins, hipped and widest (but not meeting)
near bases of posterior femora, from thence diverging and gradually narrowing to apex, which is obtusely
angulated. Anterior femora with two long and prominent teeth, and a shorter one near apex. Posterior
tibiae with three inner and two outer long marginal spines. Abdomen broad, apex obtuse.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 33 millim. Exp. tegm. 98 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Assam, North Khasi Hills, 1500 to 3000 ft. (Chennell coll. Dist.) ; Naga
Hills (Calc. Mus.).

25. Cosmopsaltria opalifera. (Tab. V., fig. 2, a, I.)

DunduUa opalifera, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 56, n. 16 (1850).

Head and thorax above olivaceous ; head with the lateral striations to and a spot near base of front,
the area of the ocelli, and a large irregular lateral fascia in front of eyes, black ; pronotum with two
central black fasciae in somewhat hourglass-shape, the furrows, a spot near each lateral angle of
posterior margin, and the extreme lateral margin, black ; mesonotum with five large black fasciate spots,
of which two are obconical with their bases on the anterior margin, one large central and subtriangular,

" ;: Mr. A. W. Chennell, in the year 1878, probably brought home the finest collection of insects principally Coleoptera
and Rhynchota which had till then been made on the North-Eastern Frontier of India. This collection had been made by
himself, and chiefly on the North Khasi, the Eastern Garo, and the Naga Hills. I described and enumerated the Heteroptera
(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1879); the Coleoptera were examined by Mr. Bates, and found a home in his rich collection.
Mr. Chennell, shortly after his return to India, met with an accident, which ultimately caused his death ; but he should be
always remembered as an enthusiastic and assiduous collector in Entomology.

f A form of the two-fold female nature of Siva (Bhairvi Durgii) a malignant being delighting in blood. (Monier
Williams).

ORIENTAL CICADID^E. 57

and one somewhat broken occupying each lateral area ; abdomen above blackish,* the tympanal coverings
ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs, and opercula ochraceous ; apices of anterior femora, the apices
of the tibiae and tarsi, the transverse striations and longitudinal sulcation to face, and the margins of the
opercula black ; abdomen beneath castaneous, the apex pitchy.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation brownish ; tegmina with the costal membrane
brownish-ochraceous, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated.

The opercula are short, narrowed and angulated at apices, and reach the third abdominal segment.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 82 millim.

Hab. COREA (Belcher t Brit. Mus.). JAPAN (Fryer coll. Dist.) ; Yokohama (Brass. Mus.) ; Tokio
(Lewis coll. Dist.) ; Southern Isld. (Leech coll. Dist.).

This appears to be a somewhat abundant species in Japan ; each of the collections made
by Messrs. Lewis, Pryer, and Leech contained it, and in fair series.

26. Cosmopsaltria microdon. (Tab. IV., fig. 16, a, b.)

Dundulria microdon, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 55, n. 15 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 224, n. 40 (1885).

Closely allied to C. opalifera, Walk., but larger; the opercula are much longer, and extend to the
penultimate segment of the abdomen ; they are also less concavely sinuate and more gradually narrowed
towards apex. The body is relatively much more robust.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 90 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : " North India," sic (Wallich Brit. Mus.) ; Sikkim (coll. Dist.).

27. Cosmopsaltria nicomache. (Tab. IV., fig. 12, a, b.)

Dundubia nicomache, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 67, n, 80 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 224, n. 44 (1885).
Cicada delineata, Walk. Ins. Saund., Horn. p. 17 (1858).

As a female is here figured, Walker's description of that sex is also given as follows :

" Black, testaceous beneath. Head testaceous about the eyes, and with two irregular testaceous
stripes. Front testaceous, with transverse black streaks. Prothorax with six various black stripes ; sutures
partly black; margin testaceous, with three black spots on each side. Mesothorax with six irregular
testaceous stripes, and with a testaceous spot and a testaceous dot on each side in front between the
intermediate and exterior pair of stripes. Abdomen with a testaceous band on the hind border of each
segment ; under side mostly testaceous. Legs testaceous ; femora and tibiae with black stripes. Wings
vitreous; veins black, testaceous towards the base; first transverse vein upright, slightly curved, parted
by more than thrice its length from the second, which is slightly oblique ; third and fourth oblique."

$ . Male with the opercula ochraceous, broad and long, their outer margins parallel with the lateral
margins of the abdomen, their inner margins straight, parallel and contiguous for a short distance, and
then gradually and convexly oblique to apices, which are broad, rounded, and extend to the upper margin
of the penultimate segment of the abdomen.

Long. excl. tegm. <? , 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 78 to 80 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : North India, sic (Warwick Brit. Mus.) ; Sikkim (Calc. Mus. & coll. Dist.) ;
Upper Assam, Margherita (Doherty coll. Dist.) ; Naga Hills (coll. Dist.).

This appears to be a somewhat abundant species in the hilly region to which it is
apparently confined.

* By some mischance the figure in printing has failed to maintain its dark coloration.

f This insect was evidently discovered and captured during the surveying voyage of H.M.S. ' Samarang,' commanded by
Capt. Sir Edwd. Belcher, with Dr. A. Adams on board as Naturalist.

68 ORIENTAL CICAD1VM.

28. Cosmopsaltria minahassae.* (Tab. VI., fig. 17, ,/>.)

Cosmopsaltria minahassce, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 294 (1888).
Dundiiliia ilnryca, Walk, (nee Boisd.), List Horn. i. p. 47 (1850).

$ . Body above pale obscure olivaceous, more or less covered with pale ochraceous pile. Head with
the front anteriorly striated and with two apical, black, central spots ; vertex with some scattered black
spots, the ocelli reddish. Pronotum with a central, longitudinal, ochraceous fascia, bordered with black
and with an irregularly rounded black linear spot near each lateral margin. Mesonotum with seven
black spots, three central and two near each lateral margin, and a black spot in front of anterior angles
of cruciform elevation. Tympana with grey pilosity ; abdomen above also much shaded with greyish pile.
Body beneath greyish, with an olivaceous tinge ; apical portion of the face black ; apices of the femora and
tibiae and the tarsi dark fuscous ; apical abdominal segment infuscated, anal appendage with a central
fuscous fascia.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, venation brownish, ochraceous at the base of upper ulnar area, and
the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas broadly infuscated.

The opercula are pale olivaceous, somewhat gradually narrowing towards apices, which are obtusely
angulated and reaching the apex of the fourth abdominal segment ; rostrum reaching the second abdominal
segment, its apex fuscous.

Long. excl. tegm. 35 millim. Exp. tegm. 100 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN AECHIPELAGO: Celebes, Menado (coll. Dist.) ; Ceram (Brit. Mus.).

A specimen of this species from Ceram was identified by Mr. Walker as Dundubia doryca,
Boisd., and thus catalogued by him.

aaaa. Opercula short.

29. Cosmopsaltria sita. (Tab. IV., fig. 5, a, 6.)

Cosmopsaltria sita, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 686 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 226, n. 55 (1885).

$ . Head : front with a central fascia furcate anteriorly, and an oblique spot on each side at the
base ; vertex with a large triangular spot enclosing ocelli, and an irregular longitudinal fascia near inner
margin of eyes, black. Pronotum with two central longitudinal fasciae joined and rounded near posterior
margin, widened and angulated near anterior margin ; on each side of these is a small discal waved line,
and two oblique fasciae near lateral margins (the outer one submarginal and rounded), black. Mesonotum
with a central longitudinal fascia ; on each side of this a clavate, smaller and suboblique fascia, followed
by two linear spots on anterior margin, and a discal waved irregular fascia on each side. Abdomen with
the segments (excluding first) more or less piceous at base, and with a lateral segmental row of piceous
spots. Body beneath ochraceous and unicolorous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; tegmina with the venation of basal half ochraceous, and apical
half fuscous ; transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas broadly infuscated ; transverse
veins at bases of first and second ulnar areas fuscous, ochraceous at junction.

The head, including eyes, is considerably narrower than base of pronotum ; the face is only moderately
convex, sulcated from beyond the middle, the sides distinctly striated (the face has also an oblong spot bordered
with black at base, and the upper striations are also of that colour). The opercula reach the third abdominal
segment ; they are moderately truncate outwardly, widened and angulated inwardly (but not meeting) on first
abdominal segment, and then diverging and narrowing to apex, which is obtuse and rounded ; the inner margin
is slightly convex. Kostrum reaching a little beyond posterior coxae. Anterior femora with two strong spines.

Long. excl. tegm. 24 millim. Exp. tegm. 73 millim.

Hah. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Bombay Province (coll. Dist.) ; Karwar (Calc. Mus. & coll. Dist.).

* "The word Minahassa means a country that has been formed by the binding together of a number of territories into
one. The principal word in it is derived from ' asa,' meaning ' one ' ; the verb ' mahasa ' signifies ' to join into one,' whilst
the prefix ' ni ' turns the word into a substantive." S. J. Hickson, ' A Naturalist in North Celebes,' p. 205.

ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 59

30. Cosmopsaltria diminuta. (Tab. XII., fig. 14, a, b.)

Dundubia diminuta, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 74, n. 86 (1850) ; ibid. iv. tab. 1, f. 1 (1852).

Head and thorax above dark ochraceous ; head much suffused with dark fuscous, eyes castaneous ;
pronotum with two central longitudinal black linear fasciae, on each side of which is a small black spot,
and a black patch occupying each lateral area; meaonotum with two central obconical black spots on
anterior margin, between which is a central black longitudinal lino, a large spot occupying each lateral
area, and a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, black. Abdomen
above ochraceous, much suffused with black on disk, the apex and some lateral marginal spots also black.
Body beneath, opercula and legs ochraceous ; face with the lateral striations black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous ; tegmina with the transverse veins at the
bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated, and in some specimens some faint and small fuscous
marginal spots at apices of the longitudinal veins to the upper apical areas.

Opercula small, their inner margins oblique, their apices broadly rounded and reaching the third
abdominal segment.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 19 to 20 millim. Exp. tegm. 50 to 55 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Bombay Province, Karwar (Calc. Mus. & coll. Dist.).

This is another species now localised for the first time, as Walker's type was without
a habitat.

B. Head broad, the front not prominently produced.

e. Opercula broad, more or less constricted on each side near base, their apices broadly rounded.
f. Tegmina with the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas infuscated.

31. Cosmopsaltria doryca. (Tab. VII., fig. 1, a, b.)

Cicada doryca, Boisduval, Voy. Astrol. ii. p. 609, 1, Hem. t. 10, f. 3 (1882).
Cosmopsaltria doryca, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 170 (1866).

Body above brownish-ochraceous ; head with the ocelli narrowly margined with black ; prouotum
with two central longitudinal black linear fascias, rounded and united posteriorly, the outer sutures also
black ; mesonotum with five black fasciae, consisting of one central straight and crossing disk, on each side
of this a shorter curved fascia, and a longer slightly waved fascia on each lateral area, a black spot on
apices of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation and a similarly coloured spot on anterior
margin between the two outer fasciae ; abdomen above with a central black spot at base, followed by
a central linear spot on the following segment, and a black spot at base of each tympanal covering, lateral
margins more or less greyishly pilose. Body beneath ochraceous ; apices of the tibiae, anterior and
intermediate tarsi, apex of the rostrum, and the inner and apical margins of the opercula, black ; abdomen
beneath brownish-ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation brownish-ochraceous; tegmina with the costal membrane
ochraceous and the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated.

The opercula are broad, concavely sinuate on each side near base, and then more or less convexly
rounded to apices, which are broad and obtusely rounded, and extend to the anterior margin of the fifth
abdominal segment.

Long. excl. tegm. <? , 35 millim. Exp. tegm. 105 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : New Guinea, Amberbaki (coll. Dist.) ; Mansinam and Awek Jobi
(Bruijn* Genoa Mus.) ; Dorey (Voy. de L'Astrolabe).

* " Negociant a, Ternate" " En 1875-76, le navire a, vapeur de 1'Etat Soerabaja, commando par le capitaine-lientenant
P. Swaan, fit un voyage tres important a la Nouvelle-Guinee. Ce navire avait a son bord le resident de Ternate, A. J.
Langeveldt van Hemert, deux princes de Tidore, le celebre naturaliste O. Beccari et M. Bruijn." Prince Roland Bonaparte,
' Les derniers Voyages des Neerlandais a la Nouvelle-Guinee,' p. 3 (1885).

60 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

This species is at present only recorded from the north-western coast of the island of
New Guinea. Boisduval only figured the underside, and that by comparison will be found
to be but moderately accurate.

ff. Tegmina more or less spotted.

32. Cosmopsaltria lata. (Tab. VII., fig. 4, a, b.)

Diindubia lata, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 87, n. 14 (1867).

The following is Walker's description :

"Male. Testaceous, broad. Head black between the ocelli, and with a transverse black mark on
the face next the front. Prothorax with a narrow abbreviated black band on the fore border, and with
two black points on the hind border of the scutellum. Mesothorax with five slender black stripes ; middle
stripe fusiform towards the hind border ; inner pair widely interrupted, consisting of a clavate streak in
front, and of a dot near the hind border ; outer pair widely interrupted, forming a point on the fore border
and a posterior streak ; a little lanceolate black streak on the fore border between the inner pair of stripes
and the outer pair. Abdomen piceous, tawny beneath. Ventral opercula white-bordered, full half the
length of the abdomen, with two broad bands; first band brown; second blackish. Wings pellucid;
transverse veins, from the first to the fourth, clouded with dark brown ; vein along the apical hind part
of the second discoidal areolet clouded with dark brown ; a fusiform dark brown spot on each of the seven
marginal veins ; veins pale ochraceous, with a few black marks."

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 37 millim. Exp. tegm. 115 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Timor (Forbes coll. Dist.) ; Bouru (Wallace Brit. Mus.).

33. Cosmopsaltria capitata. (Tab. VII., fig. 6, a, b.)

Cosmopsaltria capitata, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2 a, vol. vi. p. 523 (1888).

$ . Body above olivaceous-brown. Head with the anterior margins darker, the ocelli red. Pronotum
with the anterior margin, two contiguous central longitudinal lines from which two oblique lines radiate
from about centre on each side, an irregular spot, an oblique line on apical area, and the inner border of
posterior margin castaneous ; the lateral angles of posterior margin ochraceous. Mesonotum with three
slender and obscure central fasciae forming two fused obconical spots. Abdomen above olivaceous-brown,
the tympanal coverings ochraceous. Body beneath paler, the face with the lateral striations castaneous,
the anterior and intermediate tibiae and tarsi castaneous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous and ochraceous ; tegmina with a black and
ochraceous costal spot at base of upper ulnar area, the transverse veins at bases of second, third, fifth and
seventh apical areas infuscated, and a marginal row of fuscous spots situate on the apices of the
longitudinal veins to apical areas.

The head is considerably produced in front of the eyes ; the rostrum just passes the posterior coxae ;
the opercula are short, broad, nearly meeting, slightly concave outwardly, and their apices are broad,
somewhat obliquely convex, and about reaching the base of the fourth abdominal segment ; they are also
pale obscure ochraceous and unicolorous.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 35 millim. Exp. tegm. 116 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Aru Islds. (Rosenberg Leyden Mus.) ; Wokan (Beccari Genoa Mus.) ;
Salwatty Isld., Kulo-kaddi (D'Albertis Genoa Mus.). NEW GUINEA: Dorey (Beccari Genoa Mus.).

ee. Opercula constricted at base, but very much broader at apex than at base.

34. Cosmopsaltria serva. (Tab. IX., fig. 3, b.)

I'nndubia serva, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 60, n. 20 (1850).

The headless type of this species is alone known to the writer ; it is here figured, and the
original description of Walker is reproduced :

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 61

" Head wanting ; body brownish -tawny ; fore-chest broadest near the base of the fore-wings ; scutcheon
adorned with two black stripes, furrows blackish; hind-scutcheon tawny, with a black hind border,
widened, slightly angular and armed with a moderate sized tooth on each side ; scutcheon of the middle-
chest adorned with five black stripes ; the side pairs oblique, the inner pair short, the outer pair much
interrupted ; hind border tawny, very slightly excavated ; breast tawny ; abdomen obconical, much longer
than the chest, tawny beneath ; opercula blackish ; drums tawny, very large, more than half the length of
the abdomen, narrow at the base, slightly overlapping towards their tips ; legs tawny ; fore-shanks, feet,
and tips of the other shanks darker ; tips of the claws black ; fore-thighs armed with three black teeth,
of these two are long, and one is very small ; wings colourless ; veins black, tawny towards the base and
along the fore border."

" Length of the body 12 lines ; of the wings 36 lines."

Hab. COREA (Belcher Brit. Mus.).

35. Cosmopsaltria spathulata. (Tab. VI., fig. 3, a, 6.)

C. (Cosmopsaltria) spathulata, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forli. 1870, p. 709, n. 4.

A typical specimen belonging to the Stockholm Museum is here figured, and therefore
Stal's original description is also given :

" Remote griseo-sericea, olivacea-flavescens, in ferrugineum leviter vergens, scutello dorsoque
abdominis obscurioribus, limbo thoracis pallescente ; maculis eapitis, vittis duabus mediis ad limbum
posticum abbreviatis thoracis, vittis angustis tribus, lateralibus ante medium, media pone medium
abbreviata, maculisque parvis duabus posterioribus scutelli nigris ; tegminibus alisque sordide vitreis,
immaculatis, venis olivaceo-flavescentibus, pone medium fuscis."

" $ , 2 . 'Long. 2628, lat. 9J 10, exp. tegm. 7880 mill."

Hab. PHILIPPINE ISLES (Semper Stockh. Mus.).

As the species is here figured it is unnecessary to give Stal's structural diagnosis, the
principal features being carefully pourtrayed.

36. Cosmopsaltria operculissima. (Tab. V., fig. 5, a, b.)

Cosmopsaltria operculissima, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 641.

3 . Body above castaneous. Head with lateral margins of front, lateral margins of vertex, area of
ocelli, and an irregular spot between ocelli and eyes, black. Pronotum with two central, longitudinal,
slightly curved, black fasciae, concave externally, a small curved fascia on each side of disk, and the
oblique striae also black. Mesonotum very dark castaneous, with two obconical spots on anterior margin,
denoted by black margins, and with some very indistinct darker shadings on lateral sides of disk.
Cruciform elevation at base pale castaneous. Abdomen somewhat darker on disk and near lateral
margins. Body beneath much paler, and clothed with ochraceous pubescence ; face castaneous, with the
centre black ; opercula ochraceous, with a broad subapical fuscous band, both above and below.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; veins, costal membrane, basal area, and claval margin of tegmina,
castaneous.

Abdomen very short, less than length from front of head to base of mesonotum; head broad,
including eyes, equal to width of pronotum at base ; opercula very large, about reaching apex of abdomen,
and abutting on each side of apical lateral margins ; they are narrow, and situated wide apart at base,
narrowed and concave on each side about basal abdominal segment, and then broadly widened and convex
on each side, particularly so inwardly, where they considerably overlap on disk of abdomen. Apices
broad, and somewhat angularly rounded. Face with a broad central sulcation, and the sides strongly and
transversely striated. Piostrum about reaching posterior coxae.

62 ORIENTAL CICADID^E.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 24 millim. Exp. tegm. 78 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : BOKNEO: Sandakan (Pryer coll. Dist.).

The peculiar structure of the opercula which allies this and the two preceding species,
has in C. operculissima reaching its maximum development. It is, however, more than
probable that other allied species remain to be discovered.

eee. Opercula slightly constricted at base, narrowed towards apex.

37. Cosmopsaltria mongolica. (Tab. IV., fig. 3, a, b.)

Cosmopsaltria mongolica, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 638.

Body above ochraceous ; head with the black markings as in C. durga ; pronotum with two central
longitudinal fasciae placed close together, narrowed, rounded, and meeting on posterior margin, more
separated and widened on anterior margin, and on each side of these a curved fascia followed by two
oblique ones. Mesonotum marked and spotted as in C. durga. Abdomen with a series of transverse,
irregular, dull castaneous discal fasciae, becoming confluent, and occupying the whole of apex, and a
lateral segmental series of irregular- shaped spots of the same colour. Body beneath pale ochraceous,
a large spot on inner margin of eyes, apical margins of face and apex of rostrum, piceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline.

Face not prominently convex, with the disk sulcated and the margins strongly striated. Eostrum
passing posterior coxse, about reaching inner angles of opercula; opercula reaching third abdominal
segment, with the outer margins parallel with lateral margins of abdomen for half their length, then
becoming convex, and again narrowed to apex, widened inwardly, but not meeting at apex of first
abdominal segment, and then narrowed and divergent to apex, which is broad and rounded. Posterior
tibiae with two long spines on inner and outer margins.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 31 millim. Exp. tegm. 82 millim.

CHINA: Northern district? (coll. Dist.).

38. Cosmopsaltria silhetana. (Tab. VI., fig. 1, a, b.)

Cosmopsaltria silhetana, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 295 (1888).

Body above shining brownish olivaceous. Head with two central black spots on front and with an
irregular black fascia across vertex, widening at area of ocelli, and the posterior margin of the eyes black.
Pronotum with two central black fasciae, the oblique incisures black, the basal margin greenish.
Mesonotum with the following black markings : a central longitudinal fascia, on each side of which is a
slightly oblique obconical spot ; these are each followed by a very much smaller spot, and again by a short,
broad, irregular spot, all starting from anterior margin ; two long discal spots and a small rounded spot
in front of each anterior angle of basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen above with the disk much shaded
with dark shining fuscous ; posterior segmental margins greenish. Body beneath very pale olivaceous,
with a greyish tinge ; face with the apex and a central fascia black ; apex of rostrum, apices of the tibiae,
anterior tarsi, and bases and apices of intermediate and posterior tibiss fuscous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, venation brownish ; costal membrane and base of upper ulnar
area ochraceous ; transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas infuscated.

The rostrum reaches the apex of the posterior coxes ; the opercula gradually narrow towards apices,
which are obtusely angulated and reach the fourth abdominal segment.

Long. excl. tegm. 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 72 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Sylhet (coll. Dist.).

ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 68

39. Cosmopsaltria opercularis. (Tab. V., fig. 16, a, b.)

DunduMa opercularis, Walker, Ins. Saund., Horn. p. 7 (1858).

As the specimens of this species now contained in my collection have been preserved in
spirit, and thus lost their original coloration, I give Walker's original description :

" Male. Green, varied with testaceous. Head with a black band, which is interrupted and contains
two spots on each side ; front with the usual black streaks. Prothorax with some black marks on each
side, and with a testaceous black-bordered stripe. Mesothorax with a black stripe, which is dilated
hindwards, and has a black dot on each side ; two incomplete and irregular lateral black stripes.
Abdomen testaceous, with a row of black spots along each side ; dorsal opercula large, conical ; ventral
opercula elongate-conical, two-thirds of the length of the abdomen. Wings vitreous, their tips very
slightly tinged with pale brown; veins green or testaceous, black towards the tips. Fore wings with
a whitish stigma; first and second transverse veins clouded with black; first curved, almost upright,
parted by more than twice its length from the second, which is oblique ; third and fourth hardly
undulating." -

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 24 to 32 millim. Exp. tegm. 66 to 90 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Celebes (Brit. Mus. ; Meyer Dresd. Mus. & coll. Dist.).

This species not only varies greatly in size, but also appears to be strictly confined
to Celebes.

40. Cosmopsaltria lutulenta. (Tab. VII., fig. 7, a, b.)

Cosnwpsaltriq lutulenta, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. ser. 2 a, vol. vi. p. 522 (1888).

Body above dark brownish. Head with the margins of the ocelli, the posterior margins of eyes
and a spot on margin of vertex at each side of front, black. Pronotum with two black central marginal
spots both on anterior and posterior margins, the incisures also somewhat blackish. Mesonotum with five
black fasciae ; the central one slender and longitudinal, followed on each side by a short and inwardly
curved fascia, the lateral fasciae long, broad and broken ; between the two last fascite is a short marginal
spot and a rounded spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, black. Body
beneath pale brownish, the abdomen excluding anal appendage darker brown.

Tegrnina and wings obscure hyaline, the venation fuscous, the tegmina with the transverse veins at
the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated.

The face is long and somewhat compressed, the transverse striations somewhat blackish ; the rostrum
reaches the posterior coxae ; the opercula are well separated, concavely sinuate near base, narrowed to, and
rounded at, apices, which reach the base of the fifth abdominal segment. The third apical area of the
tegmina is long and has its base at about centre of upper ulnar area.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 80 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: New Guinea, Salwatty (D'Albertis Genoa Mus.).

This is one of the few species captured by Signor D'Albertis during his stay at the island
of Salwatty,* and at present our knowledge of the New Guinea Cicadidw is quite confined to
those found in its North -We stern Regions. I have seen no specimens of the family captured
by this naturalist during his explorations of the Fly River.

* It is more than probable that the insect fauna of Salwatty is still very little known, as Signor D'Albertis had bad
health during his visit. " It is hardly a fortnight since we disembarked on this island with our four servants, and to-day all
of us, with the exception of Beccari, have been attacked by fever." (D'Albertis, ' New Guinea," vol. i. p. 44).

64 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

41. Cosmopsaltria impar. (Tab. X., fig. 16, a, b.)

Dundulda impar. Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 86, n. 18 (1867).

This species is only known to the writer by the typical specimen in the British Museum,
a figure of which, with the original description, is here given :

" Male. Green. Head and thorax more or less testaceous. Head with a black ringlet about each
of the ocelli, and with two elongated black dots on each side of the front ; face with a middle abbreviated
black line, and with transverse black points along each side. Prothorax with two black lines as in
D. latilinea, but the lines are much interrupted; a black point on each, point; sutures partly black.
Mesothorax with five black stripes ; middle stripe entire ; inner pair composed of a streak and a hinder
spot, the streak dilated at its hind end and slightly curved ; outer pair interrupted near the fore border,
much excavated in the middle ; a lanceolate black spot on the fore border between the inner pair and the
outer. Abdomen tawny ; hind borders of the segments green ; a large black spot at the base ; underside
with interrupted piceous bands ; an entire hinder black band. Ventral opercula full two-thirds of the
length of the abdomen. Anterior tarsi with piceous tips. Wings pellucid ; veins ochraceous, varied with
black ; first and second transverse veins with elongated blackish spots."

" Var. />. Lines of the prothorax entire."

"Female. Testaceous. Middle stripe of the mesothorax sometimes interrupted; outer pair very
much interrupted. Abdomen with black points along each side above and beneath ; a black lanceolate
spot on each side near the tip; underside with a black middle spot near the tip."

" Length of the body 11 12 lines, of the wings 3638 lines."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Waigiou (Wallace* Brit. Mus.).

42. Cosmopsaltria insularis. (Tab. IX., fig. 12, a, b.)

Dundulia insularis, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 8 (1858).

" Male. Testaceous. Head with black transverse streaks on each side of the face, and with a black
band on the vertex. Prothorax with two black stripes, which are dilated in front and behind, and with six
black lateral streaks ; sides edged with black, denticulate in the middle. Mesothorax with a black stripe,
which is widened hindward, and accompanied by a black dot on each side ; four lateral streaks, the inner
pair short. Abdomen with black transverse marks near the base, and with a row of black dots on each
side. Wings vitreous ; veins testaceous, black towards the tips. Fore wiugs with the first and second
transverse veins oblique, shaded with black, parted from each other by a little more than their joint
length ; third and fourth very oblique, of equal length."

" Length of the body 11 lines ; of the wings 28 lines."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Celebes (Pfeifferf Brit. Mus.).

I only know this species from the type specimen (which is here figured) now contained
in the collection of the British Museum.

* Mr. Wallace stayed at this island from July to September, 1860, and during that limited period, " For near a
month we had wet weather, the sun either not appearing at all, or only for an hour or two ahout noon " (Wallace, ' Malay
Archipelago'). This again clearly shows the difficulties under which adventurous naturalists labour, and the results of their
visits afford samples only of these insular faunas.

f Madame Ida Pfeiffer, who collected the specimen which founded this species, closed her visits to the Sunda Islands
by a short stay at Celebes about the year 1853. It has been well said of this accomplished traveller: "If we compare the
results of Ida Pfeiffer's undertakings with the limited means at her disposal for carrying out her plans, her achievements
appear marvellous. She traversed nearly 150,000 miles by sea and 20,000 miles by land ; and the funds for these travels were
obtained entirely by wise economy and by the energy with which she kept the goal continually before her eyes."

ORIENTAL CICADIDJS. 65

f. Body much elongated.

43. Cosmopsaltria albostriata. (Tab. VIII., fig. 1, , /;.)

Cosmopsaltria allwstnatii , Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ii. p. 824 (1888).

$ . Head and thorax above ochraceous ; head with the anterior margin of front, the area of the ocelli,
a small central spot on anterior and posterior margins of pronotum, and a small spot behind each eye,
black ; mesonotum with two obconical linear basal spots, which have a broken linear fascia on each side,
and a spot near apex of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, black. Abdomen above pale
castaneous, with the posterior segmental margins ochraceous, and with two dorsal sublateral white fasciae
extending from base to about two-thirds of the abdominal length. Body beneath and legs ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous, inclining to fuscous ; tegmina with the
costal membrane ochraceous and the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas
very narrowly infuscated.

The opercula are short and somewhat broad, concave a little beyond base, with their apices broadly
rounded and about reaching the apex of the second abdominal segment.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 80 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (coll. Dist.).

This species has the elongated and posteriorly attenuated abdomen, so strongly
represented in some of the Polynesian and Australian species of the genus, such as C. distans,
Walk., and C. stuarti, Dist.

g. Opercula not or only slightly constricted on each side at base.
h. Opercula long, extending to, or near, apex of abdomen.

44. Cosmopsaltria chlorogaster. (Tab. VII., fig. 5, a, b.)

Cicada chlorogaster, Boisduval, Voy. Astrol. ii. p. 614, n. 5 ; Hem. t. 10, f. 4 (1882).
Dundubia chlorogaster, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 47, n. 5 (1850).
Cosmopsaltria chlorogaster, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 171 (1866).
Dundubia maculosa, Walk. List Horn., Suppl. p. 9 (1858).

Body above ochraceous, with the following black markings, viz. : head with the margin of front and
a broad irregular fascia between the eyes ; pronotum with two central longitudinal linear fasciae, expanded
and united posteriorly, and a short linear fascia near each lateral margin; mesonotum with a central
longitudinal fascia, with a shorter and inwardly curved one on each side, followed by a subobsolete
obconical spot and a spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation ; abdomen with
transverse segmental fasciae and a spot at each lateral margin of the second segment. Body beneath, legs
and opercula ochraceous, apices of the tibiae, and the tarsi blackish ; a black fascia between eyes crossing
the anterior margin of face.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous, and with the
transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas, infuscated.

Opercula reaching the apex of the abdomen, broad, with their apices obtusely rounded.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 85 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Celebes (Pfeiffer Brit. Mus.) ; Menado (Bruijn Genoa Mus.).
SANTA CRUZ ISLANDS : Vanikoro (Voy. Astrol.).

There can be little doubt that though this species is shown to have such an extended
range, it will ultimately be proved to have a more connected and continuous distribution than
the above recorded habitats would imply. There can be no question about its presence in

66 ORIENTAL C1CADIDM.

Celebes, and we may confidently expect it to be received from New Guinea when further
collections of Cicadidce are made in that island.

45. Cosmopsaltria gemina. (Tab. VII., fig. 3, a, b).

Cosmopsaltria gemina, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2 a, vol. vi. p. 522 (1888).

Allied to C. chlorogastcr, Boiscl., but differing by the longer and more brownish-olivaceous body ;
the vertex of the head with an anterior transverse black fascia enclosing ocelli, the front more produced
anteriorly, the tegmina with the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third and fifth apical areas
infuscated, the opercula relatively shorter to the length of the body, about reaching the base of the anal
segment and more concavely sinuate on the outer margins.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 80 millim. Exp. tegm. 94 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN PENINSULA : Celebes, Gorontalo (Eosenberg Leyden Mus.) ; Goram (D'Albertis
Genoa Mus.).

hh. Opercula not extending to or near apex of abdomen.

46. Cosmopsaltria recedens. (Tab. X., fig. 14, a, b.)

Dundubia recedens, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 85, n. 11 (1867).

This is another of those species only known to the writer by the typical specimen in the
British Museum.

" Male, Testaceous, slightly tinged with green. Head black about the ocelli ; a transverse black
dot on each side in front ; face with a short black middle stripe and with transverse black streaks along
each side. Prothorax with two black lines, which diverge from each other towards the fore border and
towards the hind border ; a black curved streak on each side in the disk ; sutures black. Mesothorax
black ; four stripes and hind part testaceous. Abdomen black ; hind borders of the segments more or less
tawny ; underside white at the tip. Ventral opercula green, about two-thirds of the length of the abdomen.
Femora and fore tibiae striped with black ; anterior tarsi black. Wings pellucid ; veins black, testaceous
or green towards the base; stigma pale testaceous; first and second transverse veins clouded with
blackish."

" Length of the body 11 lines ; of the wings 34 lines."

Hab. MALAYAN AECHIPELAGO : New Guinea : (Wallace Brit. Mus.).

47. Cosmopsaltria junctivitta. (Tab. X., fig. 2, a, b.)

Dundubia junctivitta, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 89, n. 16 (1867).

" Male. Testaceous. Head with a broad transverse black line, which is broadest about the ocelli ;
a black angular line on the front ; face with a middle black line, which is abbreviated towards the front,
and with black transverse streaks along each side. Prothorax with two black lines, which diverge from
each other, and are dilated towards the fore border and towards the hind border ; a piceous lunule on each
side in the disk ; a piceous stripe on each side ; sutures mostly black. Mesothorax black ; two testaceous
stripes, each of which is narrow and lanceolate in front and contains a black spot near its hind end ; hind
part testaceous, with a black mark on each side. Abdomen with shining cinereous tomentum, and with
five lines of piceous spots; middle spot at the base black, large, lanceolate. Ventral opercula about
two-thirds the length of the abdomen. Tibise piceous towards the tips ; tarsi piceous. Wings pellucid ;
veins ochraceous, partly black ; an elongated blackish dot on the first transverse vein, and another on the
second ; a very small elongated blackish dot on each of the seven marginal veins."

" Length of the body 12 lines ; of the wings 40 lines."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Ternate (Wallace Brit. Mus.).

ORIENTAL ClCADIDjE. 67

48. Cosmopsaltria obtecta. (Tab. V., fig. 13, a, b.)

Tettit/finia obtecta, Fabricius, Syst. Khyng. p. 85, n. 11 (1808).

Cicada obtecta, Germ, in Them. Ent. Arch. ii. 2, p. 5, n. 58 (1880).

Cosmopsaltria obtecta, Still, Berl. Ent. Zeits. x. p. 171 (1866) ; Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 4, n. 1 (1869).

C. (Diceropyya) obtecta, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Fiirh. 1870, p. 708, mte.

Dundubia bicandata, Walk. List Horn., Suppl. p. 9 (1858).

Cosmopsaltria bitaudata, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeits. x. p. 171 (1866).

C. (Diceropyya) bicaudata, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Fork 1870, p. 708, note.

Dundubia sulapicalis, Walk. Jovfrn. Linn. Soc., Zool. x. p. 87, n. 15 (1867).

Head, pronotum, mesonotum, and tympanal coverings greenish-ochraceous. Abdomen above ochra-
ceous. Head with the anterior margins of front, a narrow undulating fascia between eyes, a submarginal
stripe to vertex, and a spot at anterior angles of vertex, black ; eyes fuscous. Pronotum with two central
longitudinal fasciae united posteriorly on each side of these a discal linear spot, and the furrows, and
a curved spot on lateral margins, black. Mesonotum with a central longitudinal fascia, which has on each
side a shorter fascia connected at about centre, a submarginal linear fascia and a spot at anterior angles
of basal cruciform elevation black. Abdomen with a basal and some more obscure discal blackish spots.
Head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula greenish-ochraceous, abdomen beneath ochraceous ; some lateral
spots to face, a spot between face and eyes, a spot on each side of apex of face, longitudinal streaks to
femora, subapical annulations to tibis, the tarsi and apex of rostrum dark fuscous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation alternately brownish and ochraceous ; tegmina with
the costal membrane ochraceous, transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fifth, and seventh
apical areas infuscated, the fifth and seventh only slightly infuscated, and a series of small marginal
fuscous spots situate on the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas.

The opercula are well separated with their outer margins nearly straight.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 24 to 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 82 to 85 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Amboina (Forbes coll. Dist.) ; Ceram (Pfeiffer and Wallace Brit.
Mus.) ; Batchian (Wallace Brit. Mus.) ; Ternate (Wallace Brit. Mus. ; V. Lansberg Leyden Mus. ;
Beccari Genoa Mus.) ; Gilolo (Wallace Brit. Mus ; Beccari Genoa Mus.) ; Aru (Wallace Brit. Mus. ;
Beccari Genoa Mus.). NEW GUINEA: Salwatty (Genoa Mus.) ; South -East District (coll. Dist.). DUKE
OF YORK ISLAND (coll. Dist.).

The proper identification of this species has hitherto been much obscured, owing to
Walker having erroneously catalogued it as representing an Indian species, C. saturata, Walk.
(antea, p. 54), and Mr. Atkinson, thus misled, refers to C. obtecta, in his excellent Catalogue,
as from Sikkim and Assam.*

I am indebted to the kindness of Prof. K. Brandt, of the Kiel Museum, for an examination
of a typical specimen of Fabricius's species.

49. Cosmopsaltria pigafettae. (Tab. VIII., fig. 10, o, b.)

Cosmopsaltria pigafetta, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 871 (1888).

Body above brownish ochraceous; head with the whole frontal margin and a transverse fascia
between the eyes black. Pronotum with two central, longitudinal, linear fasciae, on each side of which are
two or three oblique, short, linear spots, and a broader fascia on each lateral margin black. Mesonotum
with five linear fasciae ; the central crossing disk, on each side of this a shorter and curved fascia, and
a broken fascia on each lateral area, black. Abdomen pilose, with some black spots at base. Body

* J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 220 (1885).

68 ORIENTAL CICADID&.

beneath brownish ochraceous ; face with a central black fascia, not reaching anterior margin, and a
transverse series of black linear spots on each lateral margin ; some scattered spots on head, apex of the
rostrum, some femoral streaks, the tarsi, and a transverse fascia at base of abdomen, black. Wings pale
hyaline, the venation greenish or fuscous, the first with a small ochraceous costal spot at base of upper
ulnar area, the transverse veins at bases of second, third, fifth, and seventh apical areas infuscated, and
a marginal series of small fuscous spots, situate on the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas.

The rostrum reaches the posterior coxas ; the opercula are ovate and extend to the third abdominal
segment.

Long. excl. tegrn. $ , 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 84 millirn.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Ternate (coll. Dist.) ; Bouro (Brussels Mus.).

50. Cosmopsaltria phaeophila. (Tab. XII., fig. 21, a, 6.)

Dundttbia phaophila, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 52, n. 12 (1850).

I have only been able to examine a female specimen of this species, so am unable to
locate it sectionally in the genus. The following is Walker's description :

" Body brownish-tawny ; head a little narrower than the fore-chest ; black about the eyelets, adorned
with two black spots on each side; face very convex, adorned with black bands on each side; mouth
tawny with a black tip, reaching the hind-hips : feelers black : eyes prominent ; fore-chest broadest near the
base of the fore-wings ; scutcheon adorned with two black stripes ; hind- scutcheon tawny, slightly widened
and rounded near the base of each fore-wing, not notched but armed with a very small tooth on each side :
scutcheon of the middle-chest armed with five black stripes and with two black dots, the latter near the
hind border; the outer pair of stripes are in front, the inner pah- behind; hind border very slightly
excavated ; abdomen obconical, a little longer than the chest ; opercula tawny, drums tawny, with broad
black bands, obconical, very large, slightly concave in the middle of the outer border, extending near to the
tip of the abdomen : legs tawny ; tips of the claws black ; tips of the four hinder-shanks black ; fore-thighs
armed with three teeth, one very small ; spines of the hind-shanks black ; fore-feet pitchy : wings tinged
with pale brown, which is most prevalent at the tips; first and second cross veins clouded with dark-
brown ; veins black, tawny towards the base ; flaps brown towards the base.

" Length of the body 15 lines; of the wings 46 lines."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Borneo (coll. Dist.). COREA (Belcher Brit. Mus.).

Genus POMPONIA.

Pomponia, Stal, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 6 (1866).

Subgen. Pomponia, Stal, 6'fv. Vet.-Ak. Porh. 1870, p. 710.

Subgen. Oncotympana, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 710.

Body variable, either long or very short and convex. Head, including eyes, about equal in width
to anterior margin of mesonotum ; ocelli much farther apart from eyes than from each other ; face convex,
slightly prominent above. Pronotum with the lateral margins moderately ampliated and sinuated.
Anterior femora distinctly spined. Tympana covered ; opercula short and transverse. Tegmina hyaline,
with the basal cell longer than broad ; apical areas eight ; interior ulnar area sometimes widened at apex.

This genus is allied to Dundubia and Cosmopsaltria, from both of which it is at once
distinguished by the short and transverse opercula. It is also divisable, as pointed out by

ORIENTAL C1CADIDJE. 69

Stal, into two distinct sections or subgenera, distinguished principally by the shape and
length of the abdomen.

The geographical distribution of Pomponia is strictly confined to the limits of our
fauna.

A. Abdomen long ; tympanal coverings of ordinary development only.
a. Tegmina considerably spotted.

1. Pomponia imperatoria. (Tab. IX., fig. 15, a, I.)

Cicada imperatoria, Westwood, Arcan. Ent. vol. i. p. 13, t. 51 (1842).

Dundubia imperatoria, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 47, n. 1 (1850).

Pomponia imperatoria, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 171 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 229, n. 67 (1885).

Cicada adusta, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 102, n. 1 (1850).

Body above brownish-ochraceous, in some specimens castaneous. Head with a central longitudinal
spot to front, the area of the ocelli, a transverse spot behind eyes, and a spot at anterior angles of vertex,
black. Pronotum with two central longitudinal linear fasciae not extending beyond centre a central spot
at the posterior margin and the furrows black ; posterior margin greenish, with two black spots on each
side. Mesonotum with two obconical central spots, from the junction of which a longitudinal fascia extends
to posterior margin, four spots in transverse series at base, a spot on each lateral discal area, and
sometimes some small spots at anterior margin black. Abdomen with the posterior margins of the
abdominal segments narrowly black. Body beneath and legs brownish-ochraceous ; transverse striations
and apex of face, anterior tibia, bases and apical thirds of intermediate tibiae, anterior and intermediate
tarsi and apex of rostrum, black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous. Tegmina with the costal membrane and
basal cell brownish or ochraceous, the claval area ochraceous or sanguineous ; the transverse veins at the
bases of the second, third, fifth, and seventh apical areas infuscated and a series of fuscous marginal spots
at the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas. Wings with the base of claval area ochraceous or
sanguineous ; outer margin of claval area ochraceous.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 46 to 68 millim. ; ?, 41 to 60 millim. Exp. tegrn. $ , 137 to 180 millim. ;
? , 145 to 216 millim.

Hab. MALAY PENINSULA : Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Townsend & Doherty coll. Dist.).
JAVA (Argent Brit. Mus.). BORNEO : Pontianak (Bruss. Mus.) ; Sarawak (Genoa Mus.) ; Sandakan (Fryer
coll. Dist.) ; Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead coll. Dist.).

This is a most variable species, both as regards size and markings. The largest specimen
I have yet seen is a female in my own collection from Perak, whose tegniina reach an
expansion of 216 millim. In some of the smaller specimens the body is darker, and the
markings to same and the spotting of the tegmina very indistinct. There almost seem to be
two races of this species, one very much smaller and somewhat less prominently marked
than the other.

As I have elsewhere recorded, I captured this fine species myself, not unfrequently, when
sojourning in the Malay Peninsula. It often frequented the dining-room, and on holding it
between the fingers its stridulation caused a thrill through the nerves of the arm.*

* It is probably this species described by Mr. Helms in Borneo : " A green creature,' with transparent wings a couple
of inches long, sent forth piercing sounds which may be heard a mile away. It begins with a strong trumpet-note, which has
been likened to the sharpening of a steel knife on a grindstone, biit infinitely more penetrating. This note is very prolonged,
and is followed rapidly by others, gradually getting fainter, at last dying away, when it begins anew with the first note, and so
continues, filling the stillness of the night with its noisy trumpeting." L. V. Helms, 'Pioneering in the Far East,' p. 141-2.

70 ORIENTAL CICADID.E.

-2. Pomponia fusca. (Tab. VII., fig. 10, a, I.)

Cicada fusca, Oliv. Enc. Muth. v. p. 749, n. 14, t. Ill, f. 3 (1790).

Dundubia fusca, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 64, n. 26 (1850).

Pomponia fusca, Still, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 171 (1866) ; Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 710, n. 1.

DunduMa linearis, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 48, n. 8 (1850) ; Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 480.

Dundubia cinctimanus, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 49, n. 9 (1850).

Dundubia ramifera, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 58, n. 18 (1850).

Dundubia urania, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 64, n. 27 (1850).

Pomponia linearis, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 171 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 228, n. 62 (1885).

Stoll, Gig. fig. 86.

Head, pronotum, and mesonotum greenish-ochraceous. Head with the anterior margins of front, an
irregular central fascia to vertex enclosing the ocelli, a large spot on inner side of eyes, and the anterior
lateral angle of vertex, dark olivaceous. Pronotuni with a broad central longitudinal fascia, two large
oblique spots on each lateral area, and a spot on the lateral margin, brownish-olivaceous. Mesonotum
with seven brownish-olivaceous spots ; situate two central and obconical, between which is an arrow-shaped
discal spot, a small spot on each side of the two central ones, and a long spot on each lateral area, two
small spots of the same colour in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen
pale castaneous with ochraceous pilosity. Head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula pale greenish ; upper
and apical areas of face, a spot between face and eyes, posterior margins of eyes, anterior tibiae, apices of
intermediate tibiae, a spot near apices of femora, apices of anterior and intermediate tarsi, apex of
rostrum, and a triangular spot between the intermediate and posterior coxae, dark fuscous. Abdomen
beneath dark ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; tegmina with the costal membrane greenish, transverse veins at the
bases of the second, third, fourth, fifth, seventh and eighth apical areas infuscated, and a marginal series
of small fuscous spots situate at the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas ; the venation is
otherwise ochraceous, sometimes replaced by black ; basal cell and claval margin brownish-ochraceous.
Wings with the venation brownish-ochraceous ; claval margin darker in hue.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 35 to 50 millim. Exp. tegm. 87 to 125 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Assam, Margherita (Doherty coll. Dist.) ; Sylhet (Sowerby & Stainforth
Brit. Mus.) ; Cachar (Judge coll. Dist.) ; Naga Hills and Seebsagar (Gale. Mus.) ; Neelgiri Hills, North
Slopes (Hampson coll. Dist.). MALAY PENINSULA : Perak (Calc. Mus.). JAVA (coll. Sign.). PHILIPPINE
ISLES (Semper Stoekh. Mus.). JAPAN (Pryer coll. Dist.).

This is another variable species, both in size and markings, the tegmina in some
specimens being much less strongly spotted than in others.

3. Pomponia graecina. (Tab. X., fig. 8, a, b.)

Pomponia gracina, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ii. p. 421 (1889).

$ . Allied to P. fusca, Oliv., but differing by having the two central fasciae of the pronotum much
more diverted anteriorly, the two central obconical spots on the mesonotum much more contiguous, and
all the tegminal macular markings on the transverse veins at bases of apical areas and at the apices
of the longitudinal veins of the apical areas larger and more infuscated. The female rudimentary
opercula, as compared with those of the same sex of P. fusca, are convex and rounded externally and
not moderately angulated.

Long. excl. tegm. 2 , 31 millim. Exp. tegm. 110 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN AKCHIPELAGO: Borneo, Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead coll. Dist.).

ORIENTAL CJC. I I'll >/];. 71

4. Pomponia lactea. (Tab. VII., fig. 18, a, b.)

l.?I>t<>i>*altri lactea, Distant, Aim. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xx. p. 229 (1887).

Head and pronotum ochraceous ; head with the front, the area of the ocelli, and a transverse streak
in front of eyes reddish-ochraceous. Pronotum with the whole disk reddish ochraceous, with an indistinct,
central, longitudinal fascia, on each side of which are two oblique excavated lines ; the margins pale
ochraceous. Mesonotum obscure ochraceous, with two obscure and mostly castaneous, central, obconical
spots, on each side of which is a curved broken fascia of the same colour, and a large spot in front of the
cruciform basal elevation. Abdomen above ochraceous, with a broad, central, castaneous fascia, which
is notched and channelled outwardly ; stigmata also castaneous. Body beneath and legs ochraceous ;
apices of the femora, bases and apices of the tibia, the tarsi, a spot on apical segment of abdomen, and
apex of the rostrum, castaneous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, with a strong milky-white suffusion or reflexion. Tegmina with
the veins alternately ochraceous and castaneous ; the costal membrane and a small costal spot at base
of upper ulnar area ochraceous ; transverse veins at bases of apical areas more or less infuscated, and
a marginal row of pale fuscous spots placed on the apices of the veins. Wings with the venation dark
castaneous and unspotted.

Long. excl. tegrn. $ , 80 millim. Exp. tegm. 80 millim.

Hab. MALAY PENINSULA : Perak (Doherty coll. Dist.). MALAYAN ABCHIPELAGO : Sumatra (Forbes
coll. Dist.).

The body is long and gradually tapering towards apex ; the lateral margins of the
pronotum are concavely sinuate, not angulated. The face is broad and tumid, the central
sulcation small and only distinct on apical half; the transverse ridges prominent. The
rostrum extends a little beyond posterior cox. The opercula are small, only reaching the
basal segment of the abdomen ; they are outwardly oblique, broadly convex at apices, and
again obliquely directed inwardly and upwardly.

5. Pomponia picta. (Tab. VII., fig. 11, a, b.)

Dundubia picta, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 90, n. 17 (18G7).

" Female. Ferruginous. Head blackish about the eyes ; two irregular green stripes ; a green stripe
in front, interrupted on the face, which is piceous and has transverse tawny streaks along each side.
Prothorax with a very broad green stripe, which is contracted in the middle, and contains two black
stripes ; these stripes are contracted near the fore border and near the hind border, where they are much
dilated ; an oblique irregular green stripe on each side ; postscutellum green. Mesothorax with a blackish
dot on each side on the fore border, between two green streaks; two green patches on the hind border.
Abdomen with four piceous stripes, of which the inner pair are very broad. Ventral opercula green.
Legs green ; fore femora and posterior tibije with piceous bands ; middle femora striped with piceous ;
posterior tibiae piceous at each end ; anterior tarsi piceous. Wings pellucid ; a zigzag oblique dark-brown
streak, which includes the first, second, and third transverse veins; fourth and fifth transverse veins
clouded with dark brown, as are also the veins at the base of the sixth marginal areolet ; a dark brown
dot on each side of the third discoidal areolet ; an elongated brown dot on each of the marginal veins ;
veins black, with pale green bands ; costa pale green."

" Length of the body 17 lines, of the wings 40 lines."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Sumatra (Wallace Brit. Mus. ; Beccari Genoa Mus. ; Ludeking
Leyden Mus.).

72 ORIENTAL CICADID&.

6. Pomponia singularis. (Tab. VI., fig. 4, a, b.)

l>undu!nii singultiris, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 7 (1858); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 225,
n. 48 (1885).

" Male. Testaceous, slender, partly green, very pale beneath. Head black between the ocelli, and
with a black dot on each side in front. Prothorax with two black dots by the border, which is narrow
behind, but much dilated on the hind part of each side ; the latter is notched in the middle. Mesothorax
with an oblique green stripe on each side. Abdomen with four rows of triangular brown spots. Opercula
small. Wings vitreous, with testaceous streaks between the transverse marginal veinlets and the border ;
veins green or testaceous. Fore wings narrow, with the transverse veins and the forks of the longitudinal
veins clouded with testaceous ; a testaceous spot at the tip of each marginal vein communicating with
a slight testaceous streak on each marginal areolet ; a testaceous dot on the hind side of the third
discoidal areolet, with distinct indications of two transverse veins, the one joining the fifth transverse
vein, the other ending on the front areolet near the base of the second discoidal areolet ; a few minute
testaceous dots on some of the marginal and discoidal veins; first transverse vein straight, very
oblique, but not in the usual direction, parted by much more than its length from the second, which
is much curved and almost upright ; third and fourth oblique, slightly curved ; third a little shorter
than the fourth."

" Length of the body 9 lines ; of the wings 80 lines."

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Hindostan (sic) (Stevens Brit. Mus.) ; Darjeeling (Stockh. Mus.).

7. Pomponia ransonetti. (Tab. VII., fig. 20, , b.)

Pomponia ransonetti, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 872 (1888).

Head and thorax above ochraceous ; head with two converging black lines in front, and the anterior
area of vertex (enclosing ocelli), the hinder margin of eyes, and a s.mall spot at same region, black.
'Pronotum with a broad, central, double, longitudinal fascia, on each side of which are two curved linear
spots and a large oblique, semioval, linear spot on each lateral area, black. Mesonotum with a central
longitudinal fascia broadening at base into a large crescentic spot in front of basal cruciform elevation ;
on each side of this fascia, starting from anterior margin, is a short curved fascia followed by a spot and
again by a long, broad, and slightly curved fascia and a small oblique spot on each lateral margin black.
Anterior angles of basal cruciform elevation black. Abdomen above brownish-ochraceous and pilose, the
segmental margins narrowly piceous. Head beneath, sternum, and legs ochraceous ; an oval fascia on
face, a transverse spot on each side, posterior margin of head, a transverse spot on mesosternum, apices
of the femora, and bases of the tibias, black. Abdomen beneath brownish-ochraceous, its base and
apex piceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, with a pale creamy bluish reflexion, venation castaneous or
fuscous ; tegmina with a small ochraceous costal spot at base of upper ulnar area, transverse veins
at bases of second, third, fifth, and seventh apical areas infuscated, and a marginal series of fuscous
spots situated on the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas.

The rostrum reaches the posterior coxae ; the opercula are small and widely separated.

Long. excl. tegm. S , 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 95 millim.

Hab. CEYLON: Colombo (Calc. Mus.).

8. Pomponia evanescens. (Tab. X., fig. 13, a, b.)

Dundubia evanescens, Walker, Iris. Saund., Horn. p. 6 (1858).

ORIENTAL CICADID&. 78

"Male. Pale testaceous, slender. Head with a black band, and with the usual black marks in front.
Prothorax with two approximate black stripes, and with two black spots on each side. Mesothorax with
nine black stripes, which are more or less abbreviated hindward, where there are two black dots. Abdomen
with six stripes of black spots ; the second pair of stripes incomplete. Opercula nearly half the length of
the abdomen."

"Wings quite vitreous; veins pale testaceous. Fore wings with the marginal veins clouded by brown
stripes, which successively decrease in length ; first and second transverse veins clouded with brown,
very oblique ; first much longer than the second, from which it is parted by much more than twice its
length ; third and fourth transverse veinlets oppositely oblique, slightly curved or undulating. Hind winga
very slightly clouded with brown along the transverse marginal veinlets."

" Length of the body 10 11 lines ; of the wings 24 26 lines."

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA (Brit. Mus.).

This species is only known to the writer by the typical specimen contained in the
collection of the British Museum. That specimen is here figured, and Walker's original
description is reproduced. The only locality recorded is simply " Hindostan."

9. Pomponia pumila, n. sp. (Tab. XIIL, fig. 8, a, b.)

$ . Body above brownish-ochraceous. Head with a spot on each side of front, some linear marks at
area of ocelli, an inner fascia to eyes, and a marginal spot near base of front, blackish. Pronotum
with two central longitudinal fascise and the incisures blackish. Mesonotum with a central longitudinal
fascia, on each side of which is a short oblique fascia on disk, a submarginal fascia, and a spot in
front of the anterior angles of the basal cruciform elevation, blackish. Abdomen with the marginal
incisures and the margins of the tympanal coverings blackish. Body beneath ochraceous ; apex of face,
margins, and some discal spots to sternum, base and apex of abdomen, and a large spot on outer basal
margins of opercula, blackish.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous. Tegmina with the transverse veins at
the bases of the first, second and third apical areas obscurely infuscated and with a pale, waved, fuscous
outer submarginal fascia.

The abdomen is robust and somewhat compressed above ; the opercula are small, wide apart ; the face
is centrally and longitudinally raised and levigate, the lateral transverse striations being very profound.

Long. excl. tegm. 15 millim. Exp. tegm. 41 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN AECHIPELAGO : Borneo ; Elopura (Pryer coll. Dist.).

A single specimen of this small species was captured by my friend Mr. W. B. Pryer in
March, 1884, and has thus remained some years undescribed. It is the smallest species of
the genus with which I am acquainted.

aa. Tegmina with the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas, and the apex, infuscated.
10. Pomponia viridimaculata. (Tab. X., fig. 9, a, I.)

Pomponia riridimaculata, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 421 (1889).

$ . Body above castaneous ; ocelli, eyes, and posterior margin of pronotum ochraceous ; mesonotum
very dark eastaneous, with two obscure contiguous obconical spots at anterior margin ; face, anterior
margins of head beneath, and legs, blackish ; apices of the femora ochraceous ; posterior tibite castaneous,
their bases and apices blackish.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation brownish ochraceous ; tegmina with the costal
membrane pale castaneous, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas, and the
apex of the longitudinal vein defining the upper apical area, broadly and darkly infuscated, and a distinct

74 ORIENTAL CICADID^E.

bright green basal streak ; wings with the inner claval margin green, with a fuscous streak, the outer
claval margin fuscous.

Body elongate, the face very robust and rounded ; the rostrum reaching the posterior coxae ; opercula
short, obliquely rounded outwardly, obliquely straight inwardly.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 52 to 55 millim. Exp. tegm. 135 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ABCHIPELAGO : Borneo, Kina Balu Mt.* (Whitehead coll. Dist.).

aaa. Tegmina ivith only the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas infuscated.

11. Pomponia scitula. (Tab. VII., fig. 19, a, b.)

Pomponia scitula, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 456 (1888).

$ . Head and pronotum ochraceous or olivaceous. Head with the striations to front and a spot at
base of same ; inner margins of eyes, lateral margins of vertex and area of the ocelli black. Pronotum
with two central sinuated longitudinal linear fasciae, two oblique linear fasciae on each lateral area, and the
lateral margins and edges of posterior margin black. Mesonotum with five longitudinal black fasciae, the
central crossing disk, on each side of which is a shorter one and a broad one on each lateral area ; between
the two outermost on each side is a short black spot, and a spot of the same colour is situate in front of
each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen above blackish, the posterior segmental
margins and a short basal lateral fascia on each side ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs, and
opercula ochraceous. Abdomen beneath brownish-ochraceous, the base narrowly and tbe apex broadly
blackish. Inner area of eyes beneath and the striations to face blackish.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; the first with the costal membrane and basal area of venation
ochraceous, remaining venation fuscous, and the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third
apical areas infuscated ; venation of wings as in tegmina, ochraceous at base and beyond fuscous.

The rostrum about reaches the posterior coxae ; the opercula are small, wide apart and obtusely
angulated, and the face is robust and tumid.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 65 millim.

Hab. -CONTINENTAL INDIA : Upper Assam, Margherita (Doherty coll. Dist.). BURMA: Teinzo (Fea
Genoa Mus.). TENASSEKIM: Meetan (Fea Genoa Mus.).

12. Pomponia solitaria. (Tab. VII., fig. 17, a, b.)

Pomponia solitaria, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 295 (1888).

S . Body above ochraceous. Head with the eyes dark fuscous ; front with two central black spots on
anterior margin and two small rounded black spots at base ; vertex with the area of the ocelli which are
red a curved line before each eye, and a spot near each anterior lateral angle, black. Pronotum with two
central black lines, united at base, and a black spot on each lateral margin. Mesonotum with the following
black markings : viz. three central lines, the central one extending across disk, followed by a shorter line
on each side, and again by an irregular line which reaches nearly across disk, and a black spot in front
of each anterior angle of basal cruciform elevation.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the first with the costal membrane and venation ochraceous, the
transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas infuscated ; venation of wings generally
ochraceous.

The rostrum reaches the apices of the posterior coxae ; the opercula are small, not reaching the apex
of the basal segment of the abdomen.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 75 millim.

Hab. NARKONDAM ISLAND (Calc. Mus.).

* Kina Balu Mountain is, judging from Mr. Whitehead's collections, a prolific entomological locality, and particularly
rich in Homoptera. I have already remarked on the large number of "lantern flies" Fulgoridce found on this limited area
(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 419). These eastern insular mountains have generally a great wealth in insect-life,
i\s has been pointed out by Mr. Moseley on the summits of the volcanoes of Gunong Api in Banda, and on the one belonging
to Ternate (A Naturalist on the 'Challenger,' p. 384), and by Mr. Hickson on the Huang Volcano in the Celebesian group of
islands (A Naturalist in Celebes, p. 46).

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 75

This species was probably secured by the Hume Expedition of 1873, which visited this
little-known island on the return from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and of which a good
account has been given by Mr. V. Ball.*

13. Pomponia promiscua. (Tab. IX., fig. 14, a, b.)

Pomponia promiscua, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xx. p. 280 (1887).

$ . Body' above greenish-ochraceous. Head with two small fuscous spots at apex of front and two
wider apart at base of front, the ocelli also surrounded with fuscous ; the head is mottled with very pale
ochraceous, and the eyes are dark castaneous. Pronotum with the margins pale ochraceous, an indistinct
central fascia margined with ochraceous, with an obscure castaneous spot on each side, and four oblique
incisions on disk, two on each side of central fascia. Mesonotum with two obscure central obconical spots
margined with greenish, the lateral margins and the basal cruciform elevation of the same colour. Abdomen
with the stigmata and the segmental margins castaneous. Body beneath ochraceous ; apex of the rostrum,
basal and apical annulations to tibiae, apices of the tarsi, and penultimate abdominal segment castaneous.

Tegmina pale hyaline, with talc-like reflexions ; venation alternately ochraceous and fuscous ; costal
membrane and a small costal spot at base of upper ulnar area ochraceous, basal claval area greyish
opaque ; transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas slightly infuscated. Wings as tegmina,
but unspotted.

The body is moderately robust ; the abdomen broad, narrowed at apex. The lateral margins of the
pronotum are slightly sinuated. The face is broad and tumid, with a central and very obscure levigate
carina, but not sulcated ; transverse ridges not extending to apex. Rostrum just passing the posterior
coxae. Opercula small, obliquely rounded, not reaching the basal segment of the abdomen.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 65 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Sumatra (Forbes coll. Dist.). ENGANO^ (Doherty coll. Dist.).

This species was originally obtained by Mr. Forbes during his natural-history expedition
to Sumatra, and the date of its capture was indicated as the month of March. It is probable.
that the colour is, or often is, green, and not ochraceous, during life.

14. Pomponia thalia. (Tab. IX., fig. 4, a, b).

Dundubia thalia, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 72, n. 84 (1850).
Pomponia thalia, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 171 (1866).

Body above ochraceous ; head, pronotum, and mesonotum greenish-ochraceous. Head with some
linear streaks on each side of front, the area of the ocelli with a curved linear streak on each side and the
inner margins of eyes, black. Pronotum with two central longitudinal black linear fasciae, united anteriorly
and posteriorly, ampliated and angulated near anterior margin, and compressed and attenuated towards
posterior margin, the lateral incisures also black. Mesonotum with seven linear black fasciae, the central
longest and straight, with a short and inwardly curved one on each side, again followed by a longer
and posteriorly outwardly curved fascia, beyond which is a submarginal fascia (these last were very faint in
the specimen figured), and a black spot at apices of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation.
Abdomen with a faint, obsolete, central fascia, which is only clearly visible on the two basal segments.
Body beneath and legs pale ochraceous, with the following black markings : face with a central
longitudinal fascia, a transverse line between eyes and face, and the bases of the posterior tibia*.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous and fuscous. Tegmina with an ochraceous
and black spot at inner angle of upper ulnar area, and with the transverse veins at bases of second and
third apical areas infuscated.

' Jungle Life in India,' pp. 403406. f An island off the western coast of Sumatra.

:i: < '

76 ORIENTAL CICADID&.

The face is tuinid and transversely striated ; the rostrum extends to the posterior coxae ; the
opercula are short, but widely separated , with their posterior margins moderately convex.
Long. excl. tegin. $ , 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 61 millim.
Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkim (coll. Dist.) ; Darjeeling (Stockh. Mus.).

This species appears to be confined to Continental India. The typical specimens in the
British Museum are unlocalised.

15. Pomponia translucida, n. sp. (Tab. XIII., fig. 7, a, b.)

$ . Head, pronotum, and mesonotum ochraceous ; eyes fuscous, ocelli shining ochraceous. Abdomen
above pale greenish, the disk infuscated ; beneath talc-like with a very pale greenish tinge, and with the
segmental margins fuscous. Head beneath, sternum, and legs ochraceous. Kostrum with the apex black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous. Tegmina with the transverse veins
at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated.

The body is moderately robust, the abdomen narrowed and constricted posteriorly. The rostrum
extends to the posterior coxae. The opercula are small, well divided, outwardly oblique, and slightly
sinuate, their apices moderately convex.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 28 millim. Bxp. tegm. 70 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Sulu Islands ; Jolo (coll. Dist.).

The colour markings of this species alone render its determination easy. The absence
of black markings to the pronotum and mesonotum, the talc-like appearance of the abdomen
beneath, and the greenish base of the abdomen above in contrast with the ochraceous anterior
portion of the body, apart from structural peculiarities, afford good specific characters.

16. Pomponia bindusara. (Tab. IX., fig. 11, a, b.)

Pomponia bindusara, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 642 ; Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2n, vol. vi. p. 450
(1888) ; Atkins, J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 228, n. 63 (1885).

$ . Body above pale ochraceous ; head with lateral margins of front bordered with black striae, and
with two contiguous black spots on disk ; two oblique striae on lateral margins of vertex, and area of ocelli
black. Pronotum with two central longitudinal fasciae, narrowed, joined, and rounded on posterior margin,
widely divergent and terminating on anterior margin, a small curved fascia on each side of disk, and
oblique striae also black. Mesonotum with a central fascia, a shorter and more oblique one on each side,
followed by an elongate spot on anterior margin, and a long, somewhat broken, submarginal fascia, black ;
two rounded spots in front of cruciform elevation, and two smaller ones on anterior branches of the same,
also black. Abdomen somewhat thickly covered with pale pubescence, with a series of discal segmental
markings, two large spots near lateral margins of third and fourth segments, and a lateral segmental row
of small spots, black. Underside of body pale ochraceous. Apical disk of abdomen black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas, slightly
infuscated.

Face convex. Apical two-thirds with a narrow central sulcation, transversely striated, the striae
black near centre. Kostrum slightly passing posterior coxae, its apex black. Opercula small ; posterior
margins obtusely angulated, and reaching base of first abdominal segment, widened and obtusely angulated,
but not meeting inwardly. Posterior tibiae with three inner and two outer marginal spines. Anterior
femora with two long and prominent spines.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 80 millim. Exp. tegm. 87 millim.

Hab. BURMA (Gale. Mus.); Teinzo (Fea Genoa Mus.). UPPER TENASSEKIM (coll. Dist.).

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 77

b. Tcgmina clear and, unspotted.

17. Pomponia dohertyi, n. sp. (Tab. XIII., fig. 9, a, I.)

Head, pronotum and mesonotum dark ochraceous; abdomen pale castaneous. Head with the eyes
fuscous, the area of the ocelli and anterior margins of vertex infuscated. Pronotum with a subobsolete
central fascia, with a dark spot at base and apex, a short discal fuscous streak on each side ; the
furrows and outer margins also infuscated. Mesonotum with two small central obconical spots, and some
subobsolete fasciae on each side, and with two small blackish spots situate near the anterior angles of the
basal cruciform elevation, the centre of which is dark fuscous. Body beneath and legs dark ochraceous ;
apex of rostrum and tarsal claws fuscous ; apical area of abdomen castaneous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline and unspotted, with a slight bronzy tinge; the venation dark
oehraceous.

The body is somewhat elongate ; the opercula tumid, convexly rounded and well separated ; rostrum
not quite reaching the posterior coxae.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 27 millim. Exp. tegm. 75 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Upper Assam ; Margherita (Doherty coll. Dist.).

I have named this species after its discoverer, Mr. Wm. Doherty, to whom we are
indebted for the knowledge of many hitherto unknown Cicadidce.

B. Abdomen long; tympanal coverings largely developed.

18. Pomponia nigristigma. (Tab. IX., fig. 7, a, b.)

Dundubia niyi-istiymii , Walker, List Horn. i. p. 57, n. 17 (1850).

" Body dull tawny ; head much narrower than the fore-chest ; crown adorned with two black bands,
which are arranged in an elliptical form ; face convex : mouth tawny with a black tip, reaching the
hind-hips ; eyes prominent ; feelers black ; fore-chest broadest near the base of the fore-wings ; scutcheon
adorned with two black stripes, which are widened in front and with two black reversed C-shaped marks ;
furrows black ; hind-scutcheon narrow in the middle, much widened and slightly angular by the base of
each fore-wing, armed with two teeth on each side ; scutcheon of the middle-chest adorned with four black
stripes and on the hind border with four black dots ; middle stripes broad in front, united behind ; hind
border very slightly excavated ; abdomen obconical, much longer than the chest ; hind borders of the
segments adorned with black bands whose outlines are very irregular ; disk beneath and tip black ;
opercula* dull tawny, large, nearly meeting on the back; drums tawny, small, not extending beyond the
base of the abdomen ; legs tawny ; fore-shanks, fore-feet and tips of the shanks and of the feet black ;
claws black towards the tips ; fore-thighs armed with two rather long black teeth."

. " Wings very slightly tinged with brown ; veins black, tawny along the fore border, with the
exception of the brand, which is black ; cross veins clouded with brown ; a row of very small brown spots
on the tips of the longitudinal veins of the marginal areolets ; flaps brown at the base."

" Length of the body 10 lines ; of the wings 28 lines."

Hab. MALAYAN AECHIPELAGO: Philippine Isles (Cuming Brit. Mus.).

I only know this species by the typical specimen in the British Museum, which is here
figured, and Walker's original description (with some irrelevant details omitted) reproduced.
P. nigristigma represents a distinct section of the genus.

- ; Tympanal coverings as understood in this Monograph.

78 ORIENTAL CICADID^E.

C. Abdomen short and robust ; tympanal coverings largely developed.

19. Pomponia kama. (Tab. VI., fig. 12, a, b.)

Pomponia kama, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 648 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 228, n. 65 (1885).

$ . Head, pronotum and mesonotum greenish. Head with the lateral sides of the front black ; vertex
with two transverse lines on lateral margins, somewhat connected inwardly by a short oblique fascia and
area of ocelli, from which proceed two narrow fasciae to posterior margin, black. Pronotum with a central
black clavate fascia, of which the centre is ochraceous, widest and much angulated at anterior margin,
narrowest and somewhat acutely pointed on posterior margin ; an arcuated narrow fascia on each side of
disk ; oblique striae pale fuscous ; lateral submarginal striae black, and an oblique fuscous spot on lateral
margins; posterior margin narrowly edged with black. Mesonotum with two large obconical spots
margined with black, and a large /\ fascia in front of anterior angles of basal cruciform elevation.
Tympanal coverings pale greenish, fuscous anteriorly, and bright cretaceous white near lateral margins.
Abdomen castaneous ; lateral margins of basal segment bright cretaceous-white. Body beneath with the
head, sternum, and opercula greenish; abdomen castaneous. Legs greenish; apices of tibiae and tarsi
and the tarsal claws black.

Tegmina pale fuscous hyaline ; anastomoses and apices of lateral veins at margin broadly infuscated,
and a blackish spot near termination of radial vein. Wings pale hyaline.

Face broad and convex, the centre blackish, and with a central longitudinal impression, and transverse
striations. Eostrum with the apex black, and just passing posterior coxae. Opercula very short, not
reaching base of first abdominal segment. Abdomen beneath deeply sulcated at lateral margins ; the disk
somewhat gibbous. Head, including eyes, narrower than base of pronotum, about equal to base of
mesonotum.

Long. excl. tegm. S , 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 66 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : North India, Darjeeling (coll. Dist. Calc. Mus.). MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO :
Java (coll. Sign.).

20. Pomponia pallidiventris. (Tab. VI., fig. 14, a, b.)

P. (Oncotympana) pallidiventris, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 710, n. 2, Tab. VIII., fig. 21.

" Pallide olivaceo-flavescens ; regione ocellorum, margine imo laterali verticis ad oculos, clypeo dorso
apicem versus, vittis duabus angustis valde appropinquatis mediis vittisque indeterminatis tribus lateralibus
disci thoracis, vitta media subpercurrente, rnaculis duabus oblongo-obtriangularibus anticis et vitta laterali
prope illas, posterius abbreviata, scutelli, macula media segmentorum dorsalium duorum basalium
segmentisque dorsalibus reliquis abdominis, femoribus anticis basin versus et apice, tibiis omnibus basi,
anterioribus etiam apice, articulo ultimo tarsorum anteriorum, spina subbasali femorum anticorum apiceque
rostri nigricantibus; tegminibus alisque vitreis, venis tegminum ante medium olivaceo-flavescentibus, hie
illic nigris, pone medium nigricantibus, vena apicem areolse basilis terminante nigra."

" <? . Segmento primo abdominis segmento secundo vix latiore, lobis tympana tegentibus olivaceo-
virescentibus ; operculis transversis, distantibus posterius oblique rotundatis."

" P. expanses, Walk., affinis, minor, capite angustiore, vertice oculis tantum dimidio latiore, fronte
a supero visa latiore, jugis angustioribus, segmento basali abdominis maris utrimque minus inflato, venire
olivaceo-flavescente, pictura capitis et ceteris differt. Caput scutello paullo angustius ; fronte a supero visa
antice apice jugorum fere duplo latiore, obtuse rotundata, ab infero visa modice convexa, supra medium
rugis transversis medio interruptis instructa. Thorax limbo postico angusto, marginibus lateralibus
antrorsum convergentibus, levissime dilatatis, medio sinuatis, ante sinum in dentem parvum prominulis.
Tegmina venis ulnaribus basi paullo distantibus, prima fere in medio inter aream basalem et stigma
fureata, area ulnari interiore angustiuscula, apice oblique truncata, marginibus lateralibus parallelis ; area
apicali octava saltern triple longiore quarn medio latiore, paullo ante medium latissima et hinc anastomosin

ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 79

quartam emittente. Abdomen capite, thorace scutelloque simul sumtis paullo brevius. Femora
antica spinis cluabus majusculis et una minuta armata. Latera thoracis interdum fusco-maculata.
Anastomoses tres primae fusco-maculatse. Margo apicalis segmentorum dorsalium nigrorum abdominis
olivaceo-flavescens."

" $ . Long. 18, lat. 7, exp. tegm. 63 mill."

Hab. MALAYAN AKCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (Semper Stockh. Mus.).

I ain indebted to Dr. Aurivillius, of the Stockholm Museum, for the loan of a typical
specimen of this species, which is here figured. I have also considered it best to reproduce
the careful and exhaustive original description of the late Dr. Stal.

21. Pomponia viridi-cincta.

P. (Oncotympana) viridi-cincta, Stal, 6fv. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1870, p. 711, n. 8,
Tab. VIII., fig. 22.

" Dilute subolivaceo-virescens ; vertice ante medium, jugis, margine
apicali excepto, fascia subbasali maculaque apicali frontis, fascia basali
genarum, loris, basi excepta, lateribus maculaque media clypei, vitta im-
Fig. 2. Tegminum of Pomponia pressionibusque thoracis, maculis tribus a basi ad medium extensis, retror-
viridi-dncta. Bum angustatis, maculisque quattuor in seriem transversam mediam positis

scutelli, abdomine, vittis femorum anticorum, tibiis anticis, annulo-
subbasali apiceque tibiarum posteriorum, nee non tarsis anticis nigris ;

segmentis abdominis dorsalibus posterius olivaceis, anguste viridi-marginatis ; tegminibus alisque vitreis,
venis olivaceo-flavescentibus, pone medium fuscis, macula anastomosium maculaque ad apicem ramorum
ulnarium fuscis."

" $ . Lobis tympana tegentibus convexiusculis, pallide subolivaceo-virescentibus, intus et postice fusco
limbatis ; operculis parvis, reniformibus, distantibus, apice obtuse rotundatis, pallidis, extus basin versus
anguste nigro-marginatis."

" P. pallidirentri valde affinis, minor, vertice nonnihil latiore, oculis circiter duplo latiore, thoracis
marginibus lateralibus inermibus, abdomine nonnihil graciliore et longiore, costa apice subincrassata et
infuscata, area ulnari interiore apicem versus sensim subampliata, apice minus oblique truncata et angulo
apicali minus obtuso instructa, area apicali prima breviore, area apicali secunda angulo basali exteriore
obtuso, angulo interiore acuto, area apicali octava lateribus ultra medium parallelis, anastomosi quarta
minus obliqua, longius pone medium areas octavte sita divergit Segmenta intermedia ventris apice
viridi-limbata."

" Long. 17, lat. 6J, exp. tegm. 51 mill."

Hab. MALAYAN AKCHIPELAGO: Philippine Isles (Semper Stockh. Mus.).

This species is quite unknown to the writer, but the figure given of one of the
tegmina, combined with the differential characters as compared with P. paUidid'ntris, leave
little difficulty as to its determination.

22. Pomponia expansa. (Tab. VI., fig. 13, a, I.)

Ctirincta i.i-jiansa, Walker, Ins. Saund., Homopt. p. 26 (1858).

Pomponia expansa, Still, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 171 (I860) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 176, n. 60 (1886).

Head, pronotum, and mesonoturn greenish-ochraceous ; head with the lateral strias to front, the area
of the ocelli, an oblique broken fascia between ocelli and outer margin, and a spot at the inner margin of
eyes, black. Pronotum with two central longitudinal fasciae, ampliated and angulated anteriorly, and
rounded posteriorly, a central spot on each side of disk, the furrows and a spot on lateral margin, black.

80 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

Mesonotuin with two large obeonical spots starting from centre of anterior margin and connected by a
central longitudinal fascia with the basal cruciform elevation, where it is broadened into a transverse fascia
between its anterior angles ; the central obeonical spots are followed by a small spot and again by a long,
curved, and posteriorly widened fascia, black ; two parallel linear black spots on disk of basal cruciform
elevation, and a black spot on each side of same. Abdomen greenish-ochraceous, much shaded with black,
the apical third and the tynipanal coverings almost wholly black. Body beneath with the head, sternum
and legs greenish-ochraceous, the opercula and abdomen black ; the abdomen with a marginal ochraceous
fascia at apex of opercula ; transverse strife to face, a line between face and eyes, inner margins of eyes,
outer margins of prosternum, a central line to and the apex of, rostrum, spots to coxae and trochanters,
linear streaks to femora, and the apices of tibiae, black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, .the venation alternately ochraceous ,and fuscous; tegmina with a
small ochraceous spot at inner angle of upper ulnar area ; the transverse veins at the bases of second,
third, fifth and seventh apical areas infuscated, and a marginal series of small fuscous spots placed near
the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas; the costal membrane pale greenish.

The opercula are moderately large, convex and overlapping at centre ; the rostrum extends beyoiid
the posterior coxre ; the face has no trace of a central longitudinal sulcation.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 88 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA (Brit. Mus.) : Eastern Himalaya Mts. (coll. Dist.) ; Sikkim (Calc. Mus.).

According to the writer's present knowledge, this species seeins quite confined to the
North-Eastern area of Continental India.

23. Pomponia maculaticollis. (Tab. VI., fig. 11, a, b.)

Cicada maculaticollis, Motschulsky, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxix. p. 185 (1866).

Head, pronotum, and mesonotum greenish-ochraceous. Head with the transverse striae to front, the
area of the ocelli, a larger spot at inner margins of eyes, posterior margins of eyes, and a transverse linear
spot at anterior angles of vertex, black. Pronotum with two central linear fasciae, sinuated and ampliated
' anteriorly and posteriorly, a discal spot on each side, the furrows, two transverse spots on outer margin,
and the extreme lateral and posterior margins, black. Mesonotum with two central obeonical spots,
followed by some irregular markings on anterior margin, a large spot on each side of disk, a small rounded
spot at anterior angles of basal cruciform elevation and two central lines on disk of same, black. Abdomen
greenish-ochraceous, the tympanal coverings and more than basal halves of segments, black. Body
beneath and legs greenish-ochraceous ; transverse strife to face, inner area of eyes, central line to and apex
of rostrum, femoral streaks, bases and apices of tibiae, outer and posterior margins of opercula, and basal
halves of abdominal segments, black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, veins ochraceous and fuscous. Tegmina with a small ochraceous
spot at inner angle of upper ulnar area ; the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fifth and
seventh apical areas infuscated, and a series of small fuscous marginal spots situate near the apices of the
longitudinal veins to apical areas.

The opercula are broad, convex and overlapping ; the face has a faint central longitudinal sulcation,
and the rostrum extends to the posterior 00x33.

Var. a. Differing from typical specimens by having the abdomen above ornamented by a transverse
fascia of white pile situate immediately behind the tympana and widened at the lateral margins ; the
abdomen beneath is also more or less thickly covered with white pilosity. The opercula in this variety
are also totally black.

Var. b. In this variety the ground colour is ochraceous, and not greenish-ochraceous ; the black
markings to the head, pronotum and mesonotum are also much larger and more or less confluent ; the

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 81

tympanal coverings are ochraceous, sometimes with black shadings ; the opercula are wholly ochraceous,
and the fuscous markings to the tegmina much fainter in hue.

Hab. CHINA : Chia Kou Ho, 1700 feet (Pratt coll. Dist.) ; Shantung (coll. Dist.). JAPAN (coll.
Sign.) ; Yokohama (Bruss. Mus.) ; Tokei (coll. Dist.).

Vars. a. and b. are from China ; car. a. was sent home by Mr. Pratt from Chia Kou Ho,
and I am indebted to Mr. J. H. Leech for the possession of the same ; var. b. I received some
years ago from Shantung, in North China, and also a single Japanese specimen from the
collection of the late Mr. H. J. S. Pryer. Most of the specimens I have either examined or
received from Japan, exhibit the typical appearance here described.

24. Pomponia obnubila. (Tab. VI., fig. 10, a, b.)

Pomponia obnubiln, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 29C (1888).

Allied to P. maculaticollis, Motsch., but differing from that species by the darker and more obscure
hue of the body, the distinctly pale fuscous tegmina and wings, and by the length of the rostrum, which
considerably passes the posterior coxae and terminates on the overlapping opercula.

The head is also much narrower than in P. maculaticollis, and the opercula are unicolorous and more
broadly and regularly convex posteriorly.

Long. excl. tegm. 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 110 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Simla (Gale. Mus.).

Genus PSITHYRISTRIA.

Psithyristriti, Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 712.

This genus is quite unknown to the writer, and S foil's descriptions and figures of both
genus and species can therefore alone be reproduced.

" Corpus oblongum. Caput disco thoracis nonnihil angustius, parviusculum ; vertice oculis circiter
duplo latiore ; fronte modice tunescente, -in parte faciali rugis transversis medio interruptis instructs,
parte basali faciei circiter dimidio angustiore, a supero visa ante juga leviter prominula et jugis nonnihil
latiore ; clypeo apice imo anguste rotundato tectiformi ; facie apice angulurn acutum formante. Ocelli
in triangulum aequilaterum dispositi, posteriores ab oculis quam inter se circiter duplo longins reinoti.
Rostrum basin coxarum posticarum nonnihil superans. Thorax postice quarn antice multo latius, antice
capite paullo latius, marginibus lateralibus carinatis, inermibus, pone medium nonnihil sinuatis ; limbo
postico angustiusculo. Abdomen maris capite, thorace scutelloque simul sumtis longius, abdomen fcminae
partibus illis corporis longitucline subasquale ; segmento dorsali primo maris utrimque pone tympana
in lobum, tympana tota baud tegentem, ampliato, segmento dorsali ultimo maris apice utrimque
in spinam producto et media lobo acute triangular!, ssepe segre distinguendo, instructo ; segmento ventrali
ultimo maris obovato ; segmento dorsali ultimo ferninae apice in dentem acutum prominulo ; segmento
ventrali ultimo feminffi apice versus medium sensim paullo producto et medio sinu parvo angulato
instructo. Opercula parva, brevia, oblique transversa, subreniforiuia, posterius obtuse rotundata,
distantia. Tegmina vitrea, nitida ; costa simplici, baud dilatata; costa venaque radiali contiguis ; areola
basali basin versus ampliata, venam unicam ulnarem emittente ; areis apicalibus octo, octava basin versus
angustata, apice vel pone medium latissima ; area ulnari interiore lata, ultra medium sensim ampliata.
Alae areis apicalibus sex elongatis. Pedes mediocres ; femoribus anticis subtus spiiiis duabus niagnis, una
nutante subbasali, altera erecta fere media, et interdum ante hanc denticulo obsoletissirno armatis ; tarsis,
prasertim anticis longiusculis."

" Genus structura tegminum maxime insigne, optime forte prope Pomponiam locandum."

ORIENTAL CICADID&.

Fig. 3. Psithyristria specularis.

This genus, according to present knowledge, appears to be quite confined to the
Philippine Islands. My collection is poor from that habitat, and although I have a fair
number of Cicadidae from the neighbouring islands, I am without a representative ol Psithyristria,
neither have I met with a single example in the other collections I have been enabled to
examine. Stal has described five species, all discovered by Carl Semper during his sojourn
in the Philippine Islands.*

a. Angulo basali area ulnaris quarts subobtuso; arr/i npictili ortiini nn/nintn, basi ipsa paullo ampliata.

1. Psithyristria specularis.

Psitliyristriit speculnris, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forb. 1870,
p. 712, n. 1, Tab. VIII., fig. 16.

" Pallide olivaceo-virescens, parce griseo pilosa ;
fascia verticis ocellos includente, antice bisinuata,
macula apicali jugoruin, marginibus arearum thoracis,
maculis duabus magnis obtriangularibus a basi ultra
medium extensis maculisque duabus minutis pone
medium disci scutelli, rnaculis in series duas medias
positis, lateribus apiceque dorsi abdoniinis, macula
apicali alteraque anguli basilis anterioris areolse
basalis, macula anastomoses cirgente rnaculaque
apicem ramorum ulnarium tegminum includente

fuscis ; venis tegminum alarumque olivaceo-virescentibus ; lateribus fuscis dorsi abdoruinis maculis
pallidis notatis."

" $ . Long. 23, lat. 8, exp. tegm. 77 mill."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (Semper Stockh. Mus.).

"Magnitudine majore structuraque tegminum a sequentibus divergens."

" aa. Annulo basali area ulnaris quarta acuto; area apicali octavo, minus angusta, a basi apicem versus

sensim ampliata."

' b. Venis aream ulnarem tcrtiam apice terminantibus incrassatis vel medio nodosis, lineam rarfnin
formantibus, area venam unicam emittente."

2. Psithyristria crassinervis.

Psithi/ristrid crassinei-vis, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Fiirh. 1870, p. 718, u. 2, Tab. VIII.,

fig. 17.

" Pallide olivaceo-virescens, superne fusco-picta ; tegminibus alisque vitreis,
venis olivaceis, hie illic virescentibus, anastomosibus maculisque subapicalibus
fuscis ; anastomosi prima recurrente, angulo basali exteriore areee apicalis
Fig. 4. Tegminum of Psithyristria secundie igitur obtuso, angulo basali interiore acuto ; venis aream ulnarem

tertiam postice terminantibus incrassatis ; arese ulnari octava basi quam
apice fere dimidio angustiore; areola basali lata."
" $ . Long. 22, exp. tegm. 61 mill."
Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (Semper Stockh. Mus.).

* Several genera of terrestrial mollusca are also peculiar to the Philippines, as Chlorcea, Helicarion, and Bhysota.
See Semper, ' Natural Conditons of Existence, aa they affect Animal Life,' pp. 284 5.

ORIENTAL C1CAD1DM.

3. Psithyristria nodinervis.

Psitliyrixtrin ii^lhun-ix. Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 718, n. 8, Tab.
VIII., fig. 18.

" Pallide olivaceo-flavescens, superne fusco-picta ; tegminibus alisque
vitvtiis, macnlis subapicalibus obsoletis fuscescentibus ; anastomosi prima
excurrente ; angulo basali exteriore areas apicalis secundae acuto, angulo
basali interiore obtuso ; venis aream ulnarem tertiam postice claudentibus pj g 5 . Tegminum of pithyrutrin
simul sumtis versus medium sensim incrassatis, medio maxime tumidis ;
area apicali octava basi quam apice nonnibil angustiore."

' Long. 18, exp. tegm. 50 mill."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Philippine Isles (Semper Stockh. Mus.).

" Praecedenti valde similis, structura tegminum distincta."

" bb. Venis aream ulnarem tertiam postice terminantibus hand incrassatis,
bisfractis, area venas duos emittente."

4. Psithyristria tenuinervis.

Prithi/rixti-M frnninervis, Stiil, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 718, n. 4, Tab.
VIII., fig. 19.

" Olivaceo-flavescens, superne fusco-picta ; tegminibus alisque vitreis,
anastomosi prima fusco-marginata, rnaculis subapicalibus fuscis ; angulo
basali exteriore arese apicalis secundaa acuto, interiore obtuso ; area apicali
octava oblonga, apicem versus sensim. leviter ampliata."

" $ . Long. 16, exp. tegm. 49 mill."

Hab. MALAY ARCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (Semper Stockh. Mus.).

" Praecedentibus sirnillima, structura tegminum divergens."

5. Psithyristria simplicinervis.

I'xithyristria simplicinervis, Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 718, n. 5, Tab.
VIII., fig. 20.

" Olivaceo-flavescens, superne fusco-picta ; tegminibus alisque vitreis,
illiri sordidis, anastomosibus exterioribus apiceque ramorum ulnarium fusco-
maculatis ; angulo basali exteriore areas apicalis secundse acuto, iuteriore

obtuso ; area apicali octava minus longa, angulo apicali exteriore obtuso."

T ii Af\ -ii !>

$ . Long. 14, exp. tegm. 40 null.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Philippine Isles (Semper Stockh. Mus.).
" Prsecedentibus maxime affinis, structura tegminum divergens."

^. r>. Tegminum of

Fig. 7. Tegminum of i j .iitiii/ri.-tna
tiamUeinenit.

Genus CRYPTOTYMPANA.

, Still, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 4, i. p. 613 (1861) ; Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 6 (1800).

Body long and robust. Head broad, more or less transversely truncate between the eyes, and
including the eyes a little broader than the base of the mesonoturn ; ocelli about twice the distance from
eyes as from each other; face slightly prominent above, moderately tumid and convex beneath. Pronotum
with the lateral margins slightly ampliated, but not angulated or toothed. Anterior femora distinctly and
strongly spined. Metasternum moderately elevated at middle, and furnished with a posterior pro.
turning backwards. Tympana covered. Opercula varying in length and pattern, sometimes moderately

84 ORIENTAL C 1C A DID. I..

short, or in other species nearly as long as the abdomen, and in shape either convex, rectangular or more
or less acutely angulated. Tegniina with the basal cell longer, but not twice as long as broad.

The geographical distribution of this genus is comprised by the limits of the fauna
treated in this monograph which thus includes all the recorded species.

< 'r/ijitn/i/iiipaiia is a very distinct genus in the Oriental Cicadidae, the large size of its
species and their usually sombre coloration at once attracting attention, while the metasternal
process is an unfailing generic characteristic.

Its nearest ally is the American genus Fidicina, in which Walker placed the species he
described.

a. Tegmina and icings infiwatcd.

b. Opercula with their apices /nnjidated.

1. Cryptotympana fumipennis. (Tab. XI., fig. 4, a, b.)

Fidicina fumipennis, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 17 (1858).

< 'ri/ptoti/in/>anii j'umipennu, Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 488.

$ . Body above black ; eyes, ocelli, a central longitudinal fascia to pronotiun and posterior margin
of same dark ochraceous. Body beneath black ; opercula very dark castaneous, in some specimens with
their outer margins ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings infuscated. Tegmina with a small basal black patch, the basal third and costal
area brownish-ochraceous, the outer margin and venation dark fuscous ; the transverse veins at the bases
of the second and third apical areas infuscated. Wings with about basal half brownish-ochraceous, inner
and outer margins broadly dark fuscous, and with a blackish basal patch.

The opercula are nearly half as long as the abdomen, sinuate externally, slightly overlapping at their
inner basal margins, and inwardly concavely narrowed to apices, which are angulated.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 51 millim. Exp. tegm. 135 millim.

Hab. SIAM (Bowring Brit. Mus.). MALAY ARCHIPELAGO: Sumatra (coll. Dist. & Brit. Mus.).

2. Cryptotympana accipiter. (Tab. XIII., fig. 10, a, l>.)

Fidicina accipiter, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 83, n. 8 (1850).
Cryptotympanti nceipiter, Stul, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 483.

"Body black, short, broad, shining, partly clothed with tawny hairs; head as broad as the fore-
chest ; face slightly convex, not at all prominent ; mouth black, reaching the middle-hips ; eyes not
prominent ; feelers black ; scutcheon of the fore-chest furrowed, having on each side a tawny spot, which
is different in size and shape from that of C. aquila; sides very slightly convex in front and behind,
slightly notched in the middle part ; scutcheon of the middle-chest adorned with a dark tawny spot on each
side of the excavation, which is very slight ; abdomen obconical, a little longer than the chest, dark tawny
011 each side towards the base, and thence to the tip clothed with deep tawny down excepting a stripe
along the middle ; under side tawny ; opercula large, black, close, tawny on each side ; drums tawny,
large, more than half the length of the abdomen, irregularly triangular, narrow, pointed, and slightly
curved towards the tips, adorned with innumerable pale ringlets ; a short black horn at the tip of the
abdomen ; legs black ; four hinder thighs dark tawny beneath ; fore wings armed with two long black teeth."

" Wings brown, adorned with purplish and copper lustre, blackish brown mottled with pale brown on
more than one-third of the length from the base of the fore wings, and on more than two-thirds of the
hind wings ; brands dark brown ; veins along the fore borders of the fore wings clouded with dark brown
to the tips ; veins tawny, black towards the tips of the fore wings ; flaps pale brown, adorned with
numerous parallel streaks, black at the base, dark brown along the fore border."

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 85

" Length of the body 21 lines ; of the wings 57 lines."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Philippine Isles (Cuming Brit. Mus.).

The typical specimen in the British Museum is the only knowledge of this species
possessed by the writer. That specimen is here figured, and the original description
reproduced.

bb. Opercula very long, their apices very broad and somewhat convex.

3. Cryptotympana diomedea. (Tab. XI., fig. 3, a, b.)

Fidicina diomedea, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 18 (1858).
Cryptotympana diomedea, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 483.

$ . Body above dark castaneous ; head with the front, the area of the ocelli, and a spot behind eyes,
black. Pronotum with the furrows black and four small central basal spots of the same colour, situate
two near the anterior edge of the posterior margin, and the other two on its hinder edge. Mesonotum
with four obconical spots starting from anterior margin, the two outermost largest, between the two
central is a discal lanceolate spot, and a spot near each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation,
black. Abdomen almost black. Body beneath and legs pale castaneous, with a central blackish fascia
to face.

Tegmina and wings palely infuscated, the venation pale castaneous; tegmina with the costal
membrane and the basal cell castaneous, a small irregular basal blackish patch and the transverse veins
at the bases of the second and third apical areas darkly infuscated.

The body is very robust ; the opercula reaching the apical segment of the abdomen do not overlap,
have their inner and outer margins almost parallel and their apices moderately convex, their inner and
apical margins are also clothed with pale long hairs.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 48 milliin. Exp. tegm. 148 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Sumatra (Forbes & Bock coll. Dist.).

I have now been able to describe and figure a male specimen of this species for the
first time, and also to fix its habitat, as Walker's description was only of an unlocalised
female form.

aa. Tegmina only faintly infuscated.

bbb. Opercula long, gradually narrowing to apices.

4. Cryptotympana epithesia. (Tab. XI., fig. 5, a, b.)

Cryptotympana epithesia, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ii. p. 825 (1888).

$ . Allied to C. diomedea, Walk., from which it differs by its smaller size and more hyaline tegmina
and wings, but principally by the totally different structure of the opercula, which in the male of C. epithesia
are narrowed posteriorly and are obliquely wide apart at apices, which about reach the penultimate
segment of the abdomen.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 44 millim. Exp. tegm. 134 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Borneo (coll. Dist.).

B. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline. Tegmina with basal third and costal area black or fuscous.

5. Cryptotympana aquila. (Tab. XI., fig. 9, a, b.)

Fidii-inn aquila, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 84, n. 9 (1850). ,

Cryptot>jin]>imu nquila (an var. F. accipitris .'), Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 488.

<? . Body above black ; eyes ochraceous ; ocelli luteous. Pronotum with some indistinct discal
markings and the posterior margin pale castaneous. Mesonotum with a central triangular linear fascia, on

86 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

each side of which is an irregular and inwardly notched fascia, and the basal cruciform elevation, pale
castaneoua. Abdomen black, the lateral margins fringed with pale castaneous pile. Body beneath very
pale castaneous ; the face, anterior margin of head between face and eyes, and basal abdominal patch,
black. Anterior legs black, the femera streaked with pale castaneous ; intermediate legs with the femora
black streaked with pale castaneous, the tibiae pale castaneous with their bases and apices black ; posterior
legs pale castaneous, the bases and apices of femora and tibiae black.

Tegmina and wing pale hyaline ; tegmina with the venation and the costal membrane pale
castaneous, the extreme basal margin of the last black ; basal third (excluding venation) and the subcostal
area to apex, blackish ; wings with about basal half obliquely black.

The body is robust, but moderately elongate ; the opercula do not overlap at their basal margins,
and at a short distance from base become widely divergent and narrowed to apices, their outer margins
slightly concavely sinuate and in length they extend a little beyond the middle of the abdomen.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 40 to 45 millim. Exp. tegm. 115 to 120 millim.

Hab. MALAY PENINSULA: Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Doherty coll. Dist.). MALAYAN
ARCHIPELAGO: Sumatra (Ludeking Leyden Mus. ; Forbes coll. Dist.) ; Preanger & Sumedang (Bruss.
Mus.). Borneo, Elopura (Pryer coll. Dist.) ; Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead coll. Dist.). COREA (Belcher
Brit. Mus.).

6. Cryptotympana mandarina, n. sp. (Tab. XI., fig. 7, a, b.)

Fididna operculata, Carreno (M.S. ??) ; Walk. List Horn. i. p. 90, n. 19 (1850).

$ . Body above black ; eyes fuscous ; anal segment of the abdomen with an ochraceous spot on each
side. Body beneath and legs black ; a spot at anterior margin of face, two marginal spots between face
and eyes, lateral margins of face, femoral streaks, posterior tibiae (excluding bases and apices), margins
of opercula, segmental margins (excluding disk), and apex of terminal segment, dark ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membrane castaneous,
its extreme costal edge blackish, the post-costal area blackish ; basal cell black ; about basal third of
tegmina and the subcostal area to apex pale castaneous. Wings with about basal half irregularly very
dark castaneous.

The opercula extend to about half the length of the abdomen, slightly overlap at basal margin,
somewhat concavely and obliquely sinuate at outer margins, and inwardly beyond base widely divergent to
apices, which are narrowly and obtusely convex.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 40 millim. Exp. tegm. 115 millim.

Hab. CHINA (coll. Dist.)

Mr. Atkinson* states that "the Indian Museum possesses a specimen" of C. operculata,
Carreno, but this is probably erroneous, as he writes that the species was recorded from
N. India, though Walker perhaps the greatest obscurantist who has yet appeared in
entomology gave no locality to the specimens he identified under Carreno's name, without
any reference to the place or manner of their description.

C. Tegmina with about basal third alone black.

7. Cryptotympana pustulata. (Tab. XI., fig. 10, a, b.)

Tettiyonia pustulata, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 266, n. 11 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iv. p. 20, n. 15 (1794) ; Syst.

Rhyng. p. 87, n. 21 (1808).
Tettigmia atrata, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 267, n. 22 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iv. p. 24, n. 28 (1794) ; Syst. Rhyng.

p. 42, n. 44 (1803).

* J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 231 (1885).

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 87

Cicada atrata, Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 755, n. 40 (1790).

Cicada nitjra, Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 750, n. 17 (1790).

Cicada pustulata, Oliv. Enc. Me"th. v. p. 750, n. 18 (1790) ; Walk. List Horn. i. p. 118, n. 89 (1850).

Cicada atra, Sign. Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 406, n. 1, tab. 10, fig. 1.

Fidicina atrata, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 89, n. 16 (1850).

Fidicina bubo, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 82, n. 7 (1850).

Cryptotympana bubo, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 488.

Cryptotympana atrata, Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. Pr. se'r. 4, vol. i. p. 618 (1861).

Cryptotympana nigra, Stal, Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 6, n. 1 (1869) ; Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 714, n. 1.

Stoll, Cig. fig. 118.

$ . Body above black ; eyes ochraceous ; mesonotum with two obscure central linear pale castaneous
obconical spots, the cruciform elevation also castaneous. Body beneath black ; head with the central
sulcation, apex and lateral margins of face, the outer and posterior margins of opercula, margins of
abdominal segments, and some scattered sternal spots, ochraceous. Legs ochraceous, femoral streaks and
bases and apices of tibiae black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous and fuscous ; tegmina with the costal
membrane ochraceous, its extreme basal costal edge black, the post-costal area black; less than basal
third of tegmina (excluding venation) black ; basal cell black, with an ochraeeous spot. Wings with less
than basal half black.

Body robust, but moderately elongate ; opercula not half the length of the body, their outer margins
oblique and slightly convex, their inner margins strongly oblique to apices, which are broadly and
obtusely angulated.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 44 millim. Exp. tegm. 125 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ABCHIPELAGO: Philippine Isles (Semper Stockh. Mus.). CHINA (Gale. Mus., Bruss.
Mus., coll. Sign., and coll. Dist.) ; Hong Kong (Bowring Brit. Mus.). JAPAN (coll. Dist.).

Considerable confusion has hitherto existed in the synonymy of this species. The late
Dr. Stal was the first in his endeavour to clear its position, and in his ' Heiniptera Fabriciana '
he placed the species under the name of C. nigra, Oliv., with the Tett. pustulata, Fabr., as a
synonym. This was owing to his not going behind the 'Entomologia Systematica, &c.,'
of Fabricius, bearing the date 1794, but as the species was described in the ' Mantissa
Insectorum, &c.,' of 1787, it clearly has priority over Olivier's description. Stal also correctly
writes " T. pustulates America meridionalem incorrecte citat Fabricius."

Under the name of Cicada atra, the late Dr. Signoret recorded this species as from Java,*
a locality that at present must be accepted with some doubt.

D. Tegmina with less than basal fourth opaque and blackish.
8. Cryptotympana corvus. (Tab. X., fig. 11, a, I.)

Fidicina corvus, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 86, n. 11 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 231, n. 82 (1885).
Cryptotympana corvus, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 488.
Fidicina invariants, Walk. Ins. Saund., Horn. p. 11 (1858).

$ . Body above black ; eyes ochraceous ; lateral margins of the abdomen fringed with ochraceous
pile. Body beneath black; a spot at basal margin of face, anterior femora (excluding bases and apices),
intermediate and posterior femora and tibiae (excluding bases and apices), opercula (excluding basal margins
or some basal streaks), and a broad sublateral fascia on each side of abdomen, ochraeeous.

* Eev. & Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 407.

88 ORIENTAL CICADID&.

Tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation ochraeeoua and fuscous. Tegmina with the costal
membrane ochraceous, its costal edge blackish ; postcostal area blackish ; basal cell and less than one-
fourth of tegmina at base (excluding venation) blackish. Wings with rather less than basal third blackish.

The opercula are about half as long as the abdomen, their outer margins oblique inwardly, their
inner margins outwardly and slightly concavely oblique to apices, which are obtusely angulated ; basal
margins slightly overlapping.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 45 to 47 millim. Exp. tegm. 117 to 130 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkim (coll. Dist. & Calc. Mus.) ; Darjeeling (Stockh. Mus.) ; Assam
(Gale. Mus.) ; Sylhet (Sowerby Brit. Mus.) ; Naga Hills (Doherty coll. Dist.) ; Neelgiri Hills, southern
slopes (Hampson coll. Dist.).

F. Tegmina with the dark opaque coloration, scarcely extending beyond basal cell.
9. Cryptotympana intermedia. (Tab. XI., fig. 1, a, b.)

Cicada intermedia, Signoret, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 407, t. 10, f. 2.

Cryptotympami intermedia, Stal, Ann. Soo. Ent. Fr. ser. 4, i. p. 613 (1861) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii.

p. 281, n. 80 (1885).
Fidicina immaculata, Walk. (nee. Oliv.), List Horn. i. p. 90, n. 21 (1850).

cT . Body above black or very dark castaneous ; eyes ochraceous. Mesonotum with two obscure
central obconical spots and the basal cruciform elevation castaneous ; tympanal coverings dark castaneous.
Body beneath black, somewhat thickly clothed with griseous pile ; femoral and tibial streaks, posterior
tibiae (excluding bases and apices), and the opercula, ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation ochraceous ; tegmina with the costal membrane and
postcostal area ochraceous, extreme basal costal edge blackish ; basal cell and basal patch (excluding
venation) ochraceous. Wings with about basal fifth dark castaneous.

The opercula are about half as long as the abdomen, centrally overlapping on their basal halves and
then oblique to apices, which are obtusely angulated, outer margins slightly oblique and reflexed.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 44 millim. Exp. tegm. 127 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : " North East District " (coll. Dist.) ; North Bengal (Miss Campbell
Brit. Mus.). CEYLON (coll. Dist.). MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Java (Sign.).

10. Cryptotympana acuta. (Tab. XI., fig. 8, a, 6.)

Cicada acuta, Signoret, Eev. & Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 409, n. 4, t. 10, f. 8a.

Cicada vicina, Sign. Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 410, n. 5, t. 10, f. 4.

Fidicina nivifera, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 80, n. 4 (1850) ; ib. iv. t. 1, f. 2 (1852).

Fidicina acuta, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 81, n. 5 (1850).

Fidicina bicolor, Walk. List Horn. iv. p. 1121, n. 85 (1852).

< ri/jtotympana acuta, Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. se"r. 4, i. p. 613 (1861) ; Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Fiirk. 1862, p. 483.

Cryptotympana vicina, Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 4, i. p. 613 (1861); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 230,

n. 78 (1885).
Fidicina timorica, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. x. p. 91, n. 19 (1867).

Body above dark castaneous or black; eyes and ocelli ochraceous. Pronotum with some obscure
and subobsolete darker markings. Mesonotum with two central dark obconical spots, on each side of
which is a longer dark fascia and a curved fascia in front of the anterior angles of the basal cruciform
elevation, black. Abdomen with a large lateral greyish-white fascia on each side occupying three basal
segments behind the tympana. Body beneath dark castaneous ; the sternum thickly clothed with greyish-
pile ; the opercula ochraceous, apical segment of the abdomen and anal appendage excepting a dark
central spot to each ochraceous.

ORIENTAL CICADIDJS. 89

Tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation ochraceous and fuscous. Tegmina with the costal
membrane ochraceous, the postcostal area blackish; the base, as far as extremity of basal cell (excluding
venation), irregularly blackish; transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas infuse: 1
(in the specimen figured the upper apical area is practically wanting), and a pale fuscous outer marginal
fascia. Wings with less than basal third (excluding venation) blackish.

Opercula more than half the length of the body, overlapping at their basal margins, the outer
margins slightly concavely sinuate, the inner margins concavely and obliquely sinuate to apices, which
are subacutely angulated.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 36 to 43 millim. Exp. tegm. 102 to 130 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: "Bhutan Duars"* (Gale. Mus.). MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Java (coll.
Sign. ; Argent Brit. Mus.) ; Kederi (von Hugel coll. Dist.) ; Borneo, Sandakan (Fryer coll. Dist.) ;
Philippine Isles (Semper Stockh. Mus.); Palawan (coll. Dist.); Timor (Wallace Brit. M

I have examined a typical specimen of C. vicina, Sign., which was kindly forwarded to
me by my late friend Dr. Signoret, and I found it impossible to separate it from the figure
of C. acuta given by the same author. The opercula of C. vicina shown by another figure are
apparently not correctly pourtrayed, if the specimen forwarded to me as typical could be
relied on, which coming from its describer should surely be the case. Under these
circumstances I have felt no hesitation in placing C. vicina, Sign., as a synonym of C. nciiln,
Sign. Dr. Signoret's figure of C. acuta is also much more brightly coloured than any specimen
that has come under my observation.

11. Cryptotympana demissitia, n. sp. (Tab. XIII., fig. 11, a, 6.)

$ . Body above very dark castaneous, abdomen almost black ; eyes ochraceous ; pronotum with the
posterior and lateral margins paler; mesonotum with six obscure obconical spots on anterior margin, the
two central plainest, and a curved fascia between anterior angles of the basal cruciform elevation black.
Body beneath dull, dark ochraceous ; sternum thickly clothed with ochraceous pile ; face, space between
face and eyes, the anterior tibiae and the rostrum blackish ; intermediate tibiae with the bases and apices
blackish.

Tegmina and wings hyaline with a very slight fuscous tinge, the venation dark, dull ochraceous ;
tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous, the postcostal area blackish, the transverse veins at the
bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated ; the base as far as extremity of basal cell (excluding
venation) blackish. Wings with the base very narrowly blackish.

Opercula very long, extending to the apical segment of the abdomen, slender, divergent, with
their apices subacute.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 42 millim. Exp. tegm. 115 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Sumatra (coll. Dist.).

The great length and peculiar structure of the opercula render this species very distinct.

12. Cryptotympana recta. (Tab. X., fig. 10, a, b.)

Fidicina recta, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 79, n. 3 (1850).

Cryptotiju>ana recta, Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 488 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 230, u. 77 (1885).

$ . Body above black, sparingly clothed with ochraceous pile ; eyes castaneous ; mesonotum with
two very obscure and subobsolete central obconical spots ; body beneath black, the sternum thickly clothed
with greyish pile ; legs blackish, intermediate tibiae and posterior femora and tibiae castaneous, streaked
with black ; opercula ochraceous ; abdomen with a broad lateral fascia of ochraceous pile on each side.

* This locality is given on the authority of Mr. Atkinson (J. A. S. Beug. vol. liii. p. 230. 1885).

2 A

90 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

Tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation ochraceous or fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membrane
ochraceous, its extreme basal costal edge black ; postcostal area black ; transverse veins at the bases of
the second and third apical areas darkly infuscated ; base of tegmina scarcely or only slightly passing
basal cell (excluding venation) black; wings with less than basal third black.

The opercnla are about half the length of the abdomen, with their outer margins concavely sinuate,
their inner basal margins overlapping, and from thence concavely and obliquely divergent to the apices,
which are subacute.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 41 millim. Exp. tegm. 110 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sylhet (Sowerby Brit. Mus.) ; North Khasi Hills (Chennell coll. Dist.) ;
Neelgiri Hills, South Slopes (Hampson coll. Dist.).

This species has considerable resemblance to C. corvus, Walk., also found in the same
locality. C. recta, however, is smaller, the costal membrane of the tegmina has only its
extreme basal edge black, and the basal black patch to the tegmina and wings is somewhat
smaller than in C. corvus ; the colour of the legs, the shape and absence of black markings
to the opercula are also different.

13. Cryptotympana facialis. (Tab. XI., fig. 11, a, 6.)

Cicada fadalis, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 80 (1858).

Cryptotympana facialis, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 483.

Fidicina nigrofuscata, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxix. p. 185 (1866).

$ . Body above black, sparingly and finely pilose ; tympana castaneous, basal abdominal segment
narrowly margined with greyish-white pile, especially at the lateral margins ; eyes dull obscure ochraceous.
Body beneath thickly clothed with greyish-white pile ; head, prosternum, lateral margins and a broad
central fascia to abdomen, dull olivaceous ; anterior and intermediate legs dull olivaceous streaked with
ochraceous, posterior legs ochraceous, femoral streaks and apices of tibiae olivaceous ; opercula bright
ochraceous ; face with a central longitudinal fascia and the margins of head between face and eyes dull
ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation olivaceous and fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membrane
olivaceous, the postcostal area blackish; transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical
areas slightly infuscated ; base of tegmina not extending beyond basal cell (excluding venation) blackish ;
vein beneath lower ulnar area reddish ochraceous ; wings with less than basal half blackish.

The opercula are about half the length of the body, subovate, overlapping at their central basal
margins, and their apices broadly and convexly rounded.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 45 to 49 millim. Exp. tegm. 120 to 124 millim.

Hab. SIAM (Bowring Brit. Mus.). CHINA: Shantung (coll. Dist.). JAPAN (Pryer coll. Dist.) ;
Eyukyu (coll. Dist.).

14. Cryptotympana sinensis. (Tab. XI., fig. 6, a, b.)

i ri/jitoti/mpana siiifnsis, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xx. p. 415 (1887).

3 . Head ochraceous ; front with the margins (but not meeting at apex) broadly castaneous ; eyes
olivaceous ; ocelli reddish-ochraceous, with their surrounding area castaneous. Pronotum castaneous,
the margins and a central fascia, which is much widened and ampliated at base, ochraceous. Mesonotum
ochraceous, with two large obconical castaneous spots near each lateral margin and two large, central,
very obscure obconical spots, which are only visible by their slightly darker margins ; basal cruciform
elevation pale olivaceous. Abdomen above ochraceous, the posterior segmental margins castaneous.
Body beneath and legs ochraceous ; face with the lateral carinae castaneous ; apices of the tibiaa and tarsi
castaneous.

ORIENTAL CICADID^E. '.)!

Tegmina pale hyaline, the venation ocbraceous, the costal membrane pale greenish, and the basal
third of the tegminal area tinged with pale ochraceous. Wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous,
and the base narrowly tinged with pale ochraceous.

The face is tumid, the lateral carinaa robust and slightly waved ; the rostrum extends to the
intermediate coxae ; the opcrcula are somewhat short, with their lateral margins slightly concave and
their posterior margins oblique, they overlap at the centre, and their apices extend to about the second
abdominal segment.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 40 millim. Exp. tegm. 118 millim.

Hab. CHINA : Shantung (coll. Dist.).

15. Cryptotympana insularis. (Tab. XL, fig. 2, , 6.)

Cryptotympana insularis, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. v. vol. xx. p. 416 (1887).

Head, pronotum, and mesonotum dark olivaceous ; eyes ochraceous, front with some basal black
carinae on each side of lateral margins ; ocelli shining ochraceous. Pronotum with a pale central longitudinal
impression with some short transverse carinaa at base, and with two oblique linear incisions on each lateral
half. Mesonotum with two dark central obconical spots starting from anterior margin, and on each side
of these spots is a smaller and more obscure spot ; a dark castaneous spot in front of the basal cruciform
elevation, which is pale olivaceous. Abdomen above dark shining brownish olivaceous, the segments
more or less clothed with pale pilosity. Body beneath olivaceous ; face with a central, longitudinal,
levigate, ochraceous fascia, which is somewhat obliterated near centre ; rostrum pitchy and almost reaching
the posterior coxae ; abdomen beneath brownish ochraceous ; legs with the anterior femora dark ochraeous,
their apices and the anterior tibiaa and tarsi pitchy; intermediate and posterior femora brownish, the
trochanters pitchy, the tibiae ochraceous, their apices and the tarsi pitchy, the posterior tarsi with a
central ochraceous, annulation.

Tegmina pale hyaline, with a very slight fuscous tinge ; venation and the costal membrane olivaceous,
the first more brownish on basal half, and the transverse veins at the apices of the two upper ulnar areas
infuscated. Wings resembling tegmina, both narrowly very dark fuscous at base.

The body is short and broad, giving the species much the appearance of the American genus
Fidicina. The opercula slightly overlap at the centre, and are obtusely and broadly angulated at the
apices, which do not pass the broad basal segment of the abdomen. Anterior femora armed beneath with
two strong spines, one near base and one near apex,

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 36 millim. Exp. tegm. 115 millim.

Hab. ANDAMAN ISLES : Port Blair (Meldola coll. Dist.).

This is one of the insects secured by my friend Prof. Meldola during the " British
Eclipse Expedition," of which he was a member.*

16. Cryptotympana limborgi.f (Tab. X., fig. 7, a, b.)

Cryptotympana limborr/i, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 296 (1888) ; Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa,

ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 457 (1888).
(.'ryptotympana recta, Dist. (nee. Walk.), J.A. S. Beng. vol. xlviii. p. 40, 1. 11, fig. 4 (1879).

$ . Body above olivaceous-brown. Head with the lateral striations to front and a transverse fascia
between the eyes black. Pronotum with two central, oblique, discal, black fasciae ; the posterior margin

: We have during the last few years had a very considerable accession to our knowledge of the Natural History of these
islands. Commencing with Mankind, we have the exhaustive and excellent ethnological treatises by Mr. K. II. Man (Journ.
Anthrop. Instit. vols. xi. p. 2G8, xii. p. 69, and xiv. p. 253). The ornithology has been well studied, at and since the time of the
Hume expedition, and the Khopalocera have been enumerated and described by Mr. Moore (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 580), and
Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Niceville (J.A. S. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 2'23, and vol. 1. p. 243).

f Named after its discoverer, Mr. Ossian Limborg, who made a collecting expedition in the district east of Moulmein,
Tenasserim Provinces.

92 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

olivaceous, with its inner border and the anterior margin narrowly black. Mesonotum with two central,
obconical, black fasciae on anterior margin, between which is a very narrow and indistinct dark line ; on
each side of the obconical spots is a smaller spot and a short oblique, discal, black fasciate line on each side
near base. Abdominal segmental margins and inner area of tympana blackish ; abdomen laterally clothed
with greyish pile. Body beneath olivaceous-brown ; anterior tibiae and tarsi, apices of intermediate and
posterior tibioa and the tarsi blackish. Opercula olivaceous, with their inner margins blackish ; abdomen
beneath dark castaneous, the lateral margins broadly covered with ochraceous pile.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, their bases blackish, the venation ochraceous or fuscous ; tegmina
with the costal membrane olivaceous, the postcostal area blackish ; transverse veins at the bases of
second and third apical areas infuscated.

The opercula are short and suboval, their inner margins straight at base and then obliquely deflected
to apices, which do not extend beyond the basal abdominal segment ; their outer margins are slightly
oblique and convexly deflected at apices.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 32 millim. Exp. tegm. 95 millim.

Hab. TENASSEEIM (Limborg Gale. Mus.) ; Myitta (Doherty coll. Dist.).

When describing the Bhynchota collected by Mr. Limborg in Upper Tenasserim the
typical female, Crijtotympana recta, Walk., was alone known to me, and I then opined that the
species I afterwards described as C. limlon/i might prove to be the male of C. recta. But when
both sexes of Walker's species had been received, further doubt was impossible.

Species Imoivn to the writer by the female sex only.

17. Cryptotympana exalbida, n. sp. (Tab. XIII., fig. 12, a, b.)

S . Head, pronotum and mesonotum castaneous. Abdomen black. Front of the head, with the
lateral striations black, vertex black ; eyes ochraceous. Pronotum with two central black fasciae anteriorly
widened, a transverse linear mark at front of anterior margin, hinder edge of posterior margin and a
short central transverse fascia to same, black ; anterior half of lateral margins white. Mesonotum with two
central obconical spots, on each side of which is a longer spot and with a lateral fascia, black ; a black
triangular spot in front of basal cruciform elevation with a slender prolongation extending to anterior
margin. Abdomen sparingly clothed with fine griseous pile. Body beneath black ; sternum thickly clothed
with griseous pile and a lateral fascia of grey pile on each side of abdomen ; face castaneous, the transverse
striations and the longitudinal sulcation, black ; space between face and eyes, and spots to coxae, black ;
legs castaneous, anterior and intermediate tibiae and tarsi black, intermediate tibiae with a sub-basal
castaneous annulation, apex of posterior tibiae and base of posterior tarsi, black ; anal appendage with an
ochraceous spot on each side.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous and fuscous ; tegmina with the costal
membrane ochraceous, the postcostal area blackish ; basal cell ochraceous, with its upper half black ;
extreme base of tegmina and a broad short streak on base of inner margin, black. Wings narrowly black
at base.

The face is convexly tumid and the rostrum only just passes the intermediate coxae.

Long. excl. tegm. 2 , 32 millim. Exp. tegm. 95 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Neelgiri Hills, northern slopes, 3500 feet (Hampson coll. Dist.).

I am indebted to Mr. G. F. Hampson for four female specimens of this species, which
I have hitherto refrained from describing, with the desire of firstly acquiring a male example.

ORIENTAL CICADID&. \r.i

Having, however, now described the genus, it becomes necessary to incorporate this sp.
which is very distinct, even in the female sex, by its small size, and by the iclm,' lateral
margins to the pronotum.

18. Cryptotympana tondana. (Tab. XIII., fig. 13, a, b.)

Fidicina tondana, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 92, n. 20 (18G7).

" Female. Green, very stout. Head nearly us broad as the thorax ; an irregular and much excavated
black band between the eyes ; some transverse black streaks on each side in front, the intermediate space
tawny and longitudinally striated ; some black dots near the hind border, which is also black. First
segment of the prothorax mostly black-bordered, with a black stripe which does not extend to the hind
border, and is between two irregular black stripes ; these are united on the hind border and are much
recurved ; hind segment with a black triangular spot, which rests on the fore border. Mesothorax with
four large obconical black spots, which rest on the fore border, the outer pair much longer than the inner
pair. Abdomen black above. Legs piceous ; knees green ; fore femora much incrassated."

"Wings hyaline, slightly cinereous; veins black."

" Length of the body 16 lines ; of the wings 60 lines."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Celebes, Tondano (Wallace Brit. Mus.).

This species is only known to the writer by the female typical specimen contained in the
National Collection ; the usual course of figuring that specimen and reproducing the original
description is therefore again followed.

ies unknown to the writer.

19. Cryptotympana immaculata.

Cicada immaculata, Olivier, Enc. Meth. v. p. 752, n. 29, t. 112, f. 7 (1790); Sign. Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1849,

p. 410, n. 6.
Cryptotympana immaculata, Still, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. scr. 4, vol. i. p. 613 ( 1861) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beug. vol. liii.

p. 231, n. 79 (1885).

This species seems to be most nearly allied to C. inti'micdio, Sign., but differs by the clear
and unspotted tegmina and wings. It was recorded as from Java ; Mr. Atkinson included it
in his list of Indian Homoptera through an erroneous identification by Walker.

Genus CICADA.*

Cicada, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 704 (1766); Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 473, u. 874 (1843);

Still, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. ser. 4, vol. i. p. 614 (1861) ; Hem. Afr. iv. p. 6 (1866) ; Dist. Biol. Centr.

Am. Ehynch. Horn. p. 6 (1881).

Subgen. Chremisticn , StAl, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 714.
Subgen. Macrotristria, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 714.
Subgen. Diceroprocta, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 714.

* "The word 'Cicada' has been derived from ciccum, a thin skin, and also from cito, quickly, and carfrrc. t.
a compound suggestive of their being short-lived; while aditv, to sing, is stated to signify intrinsically a *oun-l produced by
motion of a pellicle. A Cicada in ancient days was the emblem of music among the Egyptians and Greeks, and according to
Polybius, its effigy was struck on the coins of races who claimed superiority in that art, as the Messenians in A: cadia, and
Locrians in Italy" (A. H. Swinton, ' Insect Variety,' p. 24).

2 B

34 ORIENTAL CICADID&.

Body robust and moderately long. Head broad with the front only moderately produced, including
eyes about as broad as the pronoturn at its posterior margin ; ocelli about twice the distance from eyes as
from each other; face moderately convex and tumid. Pronotum with the lateral margins moderately
ampliated, but neither toothed nor spined. Anterior femora distinctly and moderately spined. Metasternum
not or very slightly elevated, but not provided with a posterior process as in Cryptotympana. Tympana
covered ; opercula of variable length, generally short, but sometimes about two-thirds the length of the
abdomen, their apices broadly convex. Tegmina with the basal cell generally longer than broad ; apical
areas eight, interior ulnar area slightly widened at apex.

This genus has an almost world-wide distribution. In America it is well represented in
both the Nearctic and Neotropical regions ; in the warmest parts of Europe it is not uncommon,
and its name frequently forms the theme for song among the classical poets of antiquity ; the
Ethiopian region possesses few species of Cicada ; hut in Asia it again becomes a somewhat
dominant genus, and it is also found in Australia. I have described a fine species from the
Fiji Islands,* and we may probably conclude that it is not generally absent from Polynesia.

A. Tegmina spotted.

a. Opercula extending to two-thirds or half the length of the abdomen.

b. Abdomen ornamented ivith longitudinal series of whitish pilose spots.

1. Cicada leechi.f (Tab. XIII., fig. 2, a, 6.)

Cicada leechi, Distant, 'Entomologist,' vol. xxiii. p. 90 (1890).

$ . Head black ; the eyes, apex and base of front, and a triangular spot on anterior margin of vertex
greenish-ochraceous. Pronotum castaneous ; the anterior, posterior and lateral margins, a narrow central
longitudinal fascia, and two small basal spots ochraceous ; these ochraceous margins and spots more or
less edged with black, the posterior margin crossed by three black bands one central and one near each
lateral angle. Mesonotum black, with two broken linear ochraceous obconical basal spots, the lateral
margins and the basal cruciform elevation excluding centre and apices also ochraceous. Abdomen
black, with two slightly oblique white macular fasciae on each lateral area ; outer margins of the tyrnpanal
coverings ochraceous. Body beneath, legs and opercula dull ochraceous, the sternum greyishly pilose ;
the lateral striations to face, the outer margins of coxae, inner margins of anterior and intermediate femora,
and the extreme apices of tibise and tarsi black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation pitchy ; tegmina with the costal membrane pale
greenish, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas broadly infuscated, and
those at the bases of the fifth and seventh areas narrowly infuscated ; the bases of the wings narrowly
pale greenish.

The opercula are long, about extending to two-thirds the length of the abdomen, overlapping
internally, their outer margins moderately concave, their inner margins slightly convex, their apices
angularly rounded.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 38 millim. Exp. tegm. 105 to 110 millim.

Hab. CHINA: Wa Shan and Chia Kou Ho (Pratt coll. Dist.).

Besides the bright and peculiar markings of this species, the unusual length of the
opercula affords a very distinctive character for specific differentiation.

* Cicada, Jturuduadua, Dist. Trans. Ent. Soe. 1881, p. 645 ; aud in Waterhouse, ' Aid ident. Ins.' tab. 100.
t Named after Mr. J. H. Leech, to whose initiative the Chinese zoological explorations of Mr. Pratt are due, and to
whose kindness I ani indebted for the Cicadidce thus collected.

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 95

bb. Abdomen not ornamented with longitudinal series of spots.

2. Cicada bihamata. (Tab. XII., fig. 8, a, b.)

Cic/nla bih// mata, Motschulsky, Jjitudes Entomol. 1861, p. 24.

$ . Head black ; a spot at base of front, the anterior marginal angles of vertex, and a spot a little
before posterior margin of eyes, ochraceous ; ocelli and eyes dull ochraceous. Pronotum castaneous, its
margins ochraceous ; a central black fascia containing a lanceolate ochraceous spot and with a wide basal
spot of the same colour ; lateral margins inwardly and posterior margin inwardly and outwardly black,
the posterior marginal angle and an oblique spot just before it also black. Mesonotum black, with two
discal angulated ochraceous fasciae united at anterior margin ; the lateral margins and the lateral sides
and angles of the basal cruciform elevation ochraceous. Abdomen above blackish castaneous ; apical
segments centrally marked with ochraceous. Body beneath blackish, a spot on anterior margin of face,
a marginal spot between face and eyes, lateral margins of the prosternum, legs, opercula and segmental
margins, ochraceous ; legs with some blackish markings.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline. Tegmina with the venation ochraceous and fuscous ; basal cell
almost sometimes partly black; transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fourth, fifth and
seventh apical.areas infuscated ; base of claval area ochraceous. Wings with the base narrowly ochraceous.

The opercula about half, or a little more than half, the length of the abdomen, are divergent,
with their apices broad, and convexly rounded, their outer margins concavely sinuate and black at
outer basal margin.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 33 millim. Exp. tegm. 88 millim.

Hab. JAPAN (Pryer & Lewis coll. Dist.) ; Tokoe (coll. Dist.).

aa. Opercula short.

c. Abdomen ornamented ivith longitudinal series of whitish pilose spots.

3. Cicada sinensis. (Tab. XIII., fig. 3, a, b.)

Cicada sinensis, Distant, 'Entomologist,' vol. xxiii. p. 90 (1890).

$ . Head and pronotum greenish ochraceous ; head with a broad black fascia between the eyes ;
pronotum with two short narrow discal black fasciae near anterior margin and a black band across the
posterior margin near each lateral area. Mesonotum castaneous, with a central tri-lanceolate greenish -
ochraceous spot with the surrounding area black, a lateral black fascia on each side outwardly margined
with greenish-ochraceous, the centre and apices of the basal cruciform elevation black. Abdomen black,
with two longitudinal and slightly oblique macular white fasciae on each lateral area ; outer margins
of the tympanal coverings ochraceous. Body beneath pale ochraceous, thickly clothed with greyish pile ;
legs greenish-ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation greenish inwardly, fuscous outwardly ; tegmina with
the costal membrane ochraceous and its outer margin pale sanguineous, the transverse veins at the bases
of the second and third apical areas infuscated ; extreme bases of the tegmina and wings pale sanguineous.

The opercula are short, not extending beyond the basal segment of the abdomen, convexly rounded
externally, and slightly overlapping at their inner margins.

Long. excl. tegm. $ and ? , 29 to 32 millim. Exp. tegni. 80 to 85 millim.

Hab. CHINA : Chia Kou Ho (Pratt coll. Dist.).

B. Tegmina clear and unspotted.

a. Opercula about half the length of the abdomen.

4. Cicada coronata. (Tab. XII., fig. 11, a, b.)

Cicada coronata, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 52 (1889).

$ . Body above ochraceous ; anterior margin of front, a broad transverse fascia at base of head,
extending between and behind the eyes, a narrow fascia near lateral margins of pronotum, and a small

96 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

central transverse linear spot at base of same, four obconical spots at anterior margin of pronotum (the
central pair smallest), an irregular spot in front of cruciform elevation, and anterior margins of abdominal
segments, black. Body beneath and legs ochraceous ; opercula ochraceous, with the lateral margins
greyish and with a black spot at inner apical angles ; abdomen beneath with the anterior segmental
margins, the apical segment, and apex of abdominal appendage, black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous and fuscous ; tegmina with the costal
membrane ochraceous, the postcostal area fuscous.

The opercula are long and overlapping at inner margins, their outer margins slightly concavely
sinuate, their apices convexly rounded ; the rostrum reaches the posterior coxae.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 74 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Sumatra (Van Lansberg Leyden Mus.).

5. Cicada ochracea. (Tab. XII., fig. 13, a, b.)

FididiiK ochracea, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 99, n. 32 (1850) ; Stal, 6'fv. Vet.-Ak. Fdrb. 1862, p. 481.
Cicada j.rnfera, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 115, n. 21 (1850).
Dundubia. fasciceps. Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1854, p. 242.
Cicada fuscipes, Still, Berl. Eat. Zeit. 18CG, p. 171.*

$ . Body above warm ochraceous ; anterior margin of head black. Body beneath and legs much
paler than above.

. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous.

Opercula about half the length of the abdomen, their inner margins overlapping, their apices convexly
rounded ; rostrum not quite reaching the posterior coxse.

Long. excl. tegm. g , 25 to 27 millim. Exp. tegm. 70 to 75 millim.

Hab. CHINA (Stockh., Calc. and Brit. Mus.). FORMOSA (coll. Dist.).

This is a very distinct and easily recognised species of Cicada ; the uniform ochraceous
colour of the body, and the deep black anterior margin of the head, render specific doubt
impossible.

6. Cicada tagalica. (Tab. VI., fig. 8, a, b.)

Cicada (Chremistica) tagalica, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 714, n. 2.

" Dilute olivacea; fascia lata verticem fere totum occupante, fronte inter rugas, basi vittaque media
exceptis, fascia genarum, loris, basi excepta, lateribus clypei, rostro apicem versus, vittis sex, lateralibus
obliquis, disci antici thoracis, maculis quattuor oblongo-obtriangularibus anterioribus, lateralibus ultra
medium extensis, lituraque litteram T reversam (x) simulante discoidali scutelli, dorso abdominis, apice
coxarum posteriorum, vitta trochanterum, fernoribus anticis subtus, tibiis apice superne, tibiis anterioribus
interdum fere totis, tarsis totis vel basi et apice nigris; tegminibus alisque vitreis, interdum obsolete
subinfuscatis, veuis olivaceis, apicem versus obscurioribus, vena postcostali, raro ulnari, postcostali,
interdum etiam costa posterius nigris ; segmento dorsali anali maris olivaceo-flavescente."

$ . Operculis distincte nonnihil longioribus quam latioribus, retrorsum sensim distincte angustatis,
apice subsemicirculariter rotundatis, prope basin contiguis, haud tamen valvantibus, dein sensirn divaricatis,
olivaceo-flavescentibus, intus ssepius nigricantibus."

"Long. 29, lat. 12, exp. tegm. 90 mill."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Philippine Isles (Semper Stockh. Mus.).

I am indebted to Dr. Aurivillius for the opportunity of figuring this species, and I have
thought it best to reproduce the principal part of Stal's original description.

* Stal here refers to Dundiilia fuscipes, Stal, which is evidently a misprint for Dundubia ; fasciceps, Still.

ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 97

aa. Opercula not half the length of the abdomen.

7. Cicada pontianaka. (Tab. V., fig. 7, a, b.)

Cicada pontianaka, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 298 (1888).

Head and thorax above dark ochraceous. Head with the front laterally striated with black ;
vertex with the area of the ocelli and the lateral areas black. Pronotum with two short, central, black
fascia at base, which widen anteriorly to behind the eyes ; the posterior margin olivaceous. Mesonotum
with two central obconical spots, between which is a central spot widened at base and a curved spot on
each lateral area, all black. Abdomen above dark castaneous, shaded with pitchy suffusions and sparingly
and palely pilose. Body beneath ochraceous ; femora and tibiae tinged with castaneous, excluding apices
of femora and bases of tibiae ; opercula pale castaneous, the margins palely pilose. Abdomen beneath dark
castaneous, the margins palely pilose.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation dark brownish ; tegmina with the apical area shaded
with bronzy reflexions; the costal membrane castareous, excepting apical half, which is black; base
greenish, transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas narrowly infuscated.

The face is somewhat flat and deeply transversely striate, excepting a central, longitudinal, levigate
line ; the rostrum just passes the intermediate coxae ; the opercula do not extend beyond the basal
abdominal segment, have their lateral margins somewhat straight, their inner margins very slightly
overlapping, and their apices somewhat broadly rounded.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 82 millim. Exp. tegm. 97 millim.

Hab. MALAY PENINSULA : Perak (Doherty coll. Dist.). MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Sumatra (Leyden
Mus. ; Bock coll. Dist.). JAVA (Piepers Leyden Mus.). BORNEO: Pontianak (Bruss. Mus.) ; Kina Balu
Mt. (Whitehead coll. Dist.). SULU Islands : Jolo (coll. Dist.).

The females of this species seem to be universally much smaller than the males.

8. Cicada germana. (Tab. VII., fig. 2, a, 6.)

Cicada ijennana, Distant, Ann. Mns. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 467, t. iv. f. 8, a, 6(1888).

Allied to C. pontianaka, Dist., but differing by the much paler coloration, the abdomen above
testaceous blackish at base, and with a somewhat obscure narrow central longitudinal dark fascia;
tegmina and wings pale hyaline with bluish reflexions, the first with the costal membrane greenish, and
the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas not infuscated as in C. pontianaka.

This species also differs from C. pontianaka by the rostrum only reaching the intermediate coxae
and by the more tumid and less strongly striated face.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 80 millim. Exp. tegm. 85 millim.

Hab. BURMA: Teinzo (Fea Genoa Mus.).

9. Cicada polyhymnia. (Tab. XII., fig. 4, a, b.)

Fidichia jwtylii/mnia, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 94 (1850).

" Body ferruginous ; head nearly as broad as the fore-chest, adorned with two irregular and
interrupted black bands, one on the crown, the other on the face, which is rather prominent and very
convex ; mouth tawny with a black tip, reaching the hind-hips ; eyes prominent ; feelers black : fore-chest
a little narrower before than behind ; furrows, sides and hind border of the scutcheon blackish ; hind-
scutcheon pale ferruginous, nearly as broad in the middle as on each side, where it forms two obtuse
angles ; scutcheon of the middle-chest adorned with three very broad obconical pitchy stripes ; hind border
very slightly excavated : abdomen obconical, pitchy, longer than the chest ; hind borders of the segments
ferruginous : opercula close, pitchy ; drums tawny, large, meeting beneath, less than half the length of the

38 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

abdomen: legs tawny; feet and fore-shanks pitchy; claws black; fore-thighs armed with three pitchy
teeth, two of which are large and one extremely small."

" Wings tinged with tawny ; fore border ferruginous as far as the brand, pitchy from thence to the
tip ; veins black, ferruginous at the base ; primitive areolet, fore membrane, flaps at the base and along
part of the hind border tawny."

"Length of the body 14 lines; of the wings 42 lines."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Philippine Islands (Cuming Brit. Mus.).

The type of this species contained in the collection of the British Museum is alone
known to the writer, and is here figured.

13. Cicada viridis. (Tab. XII., fig. 19, a, b.)

Tettigonia viridis, Fabricius, Syst. Ehyng. p. 89, n. 28 (1808), excl. syn.*

Cicada blmacidata, Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 756, n. 46 (1790) ; Germ. Thon. Ent. Arch. ii. p. 7, n. 84 (1880) ;

Germ. Silb. Kev. Ent. ii. p. 61, n. 13 (1834) ; Still, Berl. Eat. Zeit. x. p. 171 (1866).
Cicada atrovirens, Guer. Voy. Coq. Ins. p. 182 (1880).

Cicada viridis, Still, Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 6, n. 1 (1869) ; Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ix. p. 325 (1892).
Cicada (Chremistica) viridis, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 714, n. 1.
Dundubia mixta, Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. xxiv. p. 128 (1891).

$ . Body above dark castaneous. Head with the base and striations to front, a broad fascia between
yes, widened at ocelli, hinder margins of eyes, and anterior angles of vertex black. Pronotum with two
central fasciae outwardly angulated anteriorly and posteriorly, and the furrows, black ; lateral and posterior
margins dull, dark ochraceous. Mesonotum with a large semi-lanceolate spot, its base in front of cruciform
elevation and gradually narrowed to anterior margin, on each side of this two obconical spots (the
innermost smallest, the outermost broken), and the posterior lateral margins black. Abdomen with discal
transverse segmental black fasciae, and with a large greyish-white tomentose spot on each side of the second
segment. Head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula pale ochraceous ; abdomen pale castaneous, the
margins of the abdominal segments narrowly pale ochraceous; rostrum (excluding base), anterior tibiae
and tarsi, the apices of the intermediate tibiae, and a transverse fascia at base of abdomen, black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation greenish and fuscous ; tegmina with the costal
membrane greenish, the postcostal area blackish, basal cell nearly totally pale greenish, a small basal spot
and the inner margin to clavus, black.

The opercula are very small, overlapping at centre, and not passing the basal abdominal segment.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 80 to 85 millim.

Hab. CEYLON (Green Brit. Mus.). MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Java (Guer.) ; Philippine Isles (Semper
Stockh. Mus.).

This species has a superficial resemblance to the Australian Psaltoda harrisi, Leach.

Species known at present by the female sex only.
11. Cicada elopurina. (Tab. XII., fig. 5, a, I.)

Cicada elopurina, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 297 (1888).

S . Body above castaneous. Head with a fascia across front, a spot near base of antennae, the area
of the ocelli, and a spot behind the eyes black. Pronotum with two central black fasciae, the posterior
margin more or less olivaceous. Mesonotum with two central, incurved, black spots starting from anterior
margin, between which is a black fascia crossing the whole of disk ; beyond the central incurved spots is a

* <

'Patria Americam meridionalein ineorrecti citat Fabricius." Stal (Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 5).

ORIENTAL CICADIDjE. 90

small spot on each side and a sublateral and somewhat indistinct black fascia ; a black spot in front of
each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen above with the posterior segmental margins
black. Body beneath thickly clothed with greyish pile ; face with a central black fascia.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation very dark olivaceous or brown; tegmina with the
costal membrane olivaceous.

Long. excl. tegm. ? , 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 82 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Borneo, Elopura (Fryer coll. Dist.).

12. Cicada flammata, n. sp. (Tab. XIII., fig. 15, a, b.)

2 . Head, mesonotum and abdomen black, the pronotum reddish-ochraceous. Head with a spot at
base and apex of front, a spot at anterior angles of vertex and a spot behind eyes reddish-ochraceous ;
eyes ochraceous. Pronotum with two slender central black fasciae, narrowed, angulated and joined
posteriorly ; inner edge of lateral and posterior margins, outer edge of posterior margin and edge at
lateral angles, black. Mesonotum with two central obconical spots, the margins of which are reddish-
ochraceous; the cruciform elevation (excepting centre and angular apices) also reddish-ochraceous.
Abdomen with faint traces of a double longitudinal series of white pilose spots. Body beneath dark
castaneous, the sternum thickly clothed with greyish-white pile ; space between eyes and face black,
enclosing an ochraceous spot on anterior margin ; legs ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation ochraceous and fuscous. Tegmina with the base not
extending beyond basal cell ochraceous, a black linear streak extending along inner edge of costal
membrane, which is ochraceous ; transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas, and
sometimes the interior of the upper apical area, infuscated ; wings with the base narrowly ochraceous, and
with an inner and an outer claval ochraceous streak.

Long. excl. tegm. 2 , 40 millim. Exp. tegm. 120 millim.

Hab. JAPAN: Yesso and Tokoe (coll. Dist.).

One mutilated male and two female specimens of this species have been examined, the
male, unfortunately, with its opercula extracted, and consequently the females alone have
been described.

C. flammata is allied to C. leechi, Dist., and C. bihamata, Motsch.

Species only known to the writer by description.
13. Cicada semperi.

- Cicadit (fhrmiistica) semperi, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak.Forh. 1870, p. 715, n. 3.

" Superne croceo nigroque variegata, subtus olivaceo-flavescens, dorso abdominis nigro, griseo
eericeo, in dorso et lateribus segmentorum intermediorum griseo-ferrugineo-sericeo ; tegminibus alisque
vitreis, venis olivaceo-flavescentibus, apicem versus fuscis, areola basali extus olivaceo-flavescente."

" ? . Long. 39, lat. 17, exp. tegm. 138 mill."

" Prascedentibus (C. tagalica, Stal) multo major, thorace anterius latiore, ibidem capiti sequali differt.
aput nigrum, lituris nonnullis verticis prope ocellos, maculis duabus magnis apicalibus jugorum, basi
vittaque media percurrente frontis, apice genarum, basi lororum vittaque clypei croceis ; rugis transversis
medio interruptis calloque oblongo subbasali laevi distinctis. Thorax ante 1 angulos laterales paullo
angustatus, lateribus anterius parallelis, impressione laterali anteriore distinctissima; croceus vittis
impressionum margineque omni disci nigris. Scutellum croceum, maculis obtriangolaribua e basi emissis
quattuor lituraque niagna discoidali litteram T reversam (j,) simulante nigris, maculis lateralibus
ferrugineo-vittatis. Pedes posteriores ferrugiuei, femoribus subtus uigricantibus. Femora antica olivaceo-

100 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

flavescentia, subtus nigra, utrimque nigro-vittata, spinis duabus magnis denticuloque subapicali armata.
Tibiae anticae et tarsi nigri, tarsi posteriores prope apicem ferruginei. Kamus primus ulnaris aequae longe
a basi venae ulnaris ipsius ac a ramo ulnari secundo remotus. Arese ulnaris interior apicem versus
sensim distincte nonnihil ampliata. Segmentum ventrale primum in medio, margo apicalis segmentorum
intermediorum in medio maculseque discoidales segnienti sexti nigrae."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (Semper Stockh. Mus.).

APPENDIX TO THE SUBFAMILY CICADIN^.

The following undescribed species of Cicadinae have been received since this work was
commenced, and are here included :

Genus ANGAMIANA.

Angamiana, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. v. p. 234 (1890).

Body robust and elongate, broad and somewhat flattened. Head small, including eyes much narrower
than pronotum, and narrower than base of mesonotum ; ocelli much wider apart from eyes than from
each other; face convex, slightly prominent above. Pronotum with the lateral and posterior margins
very broad, the lateral margins strongly ampliated and obscurely angulated. Anterior femora distinctly
and robustly spined. Tympana covered ; opercula broad, obtusely angulated, not reaching the middle of
the abdomen. Tegmina with the apical third more or less reticulately veined, the apical areas numerous,
generally twelve or thirteen in number.

This genus, founded on specimens recently collected by Mr. William Doherty in the
Naga Hills, is allied to Polyneura, from which it differs by the much narrower head, the
semihyaline and not opaque tegmina, and the different reticulation in the venation of same ;
the pronotal margins and the size of the opercula, are also distinctive characters. Its natural
position in the Cicadince is between Polyncura and the Australian genus Cyclochila.

1. Angamiana aetherea. (Tab. XIII., fig. 1, a, I.)

Angamiana atherea, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. 5, p. 235 (1890).

Body black ; eyes castaneous ; anterior, lateral, and posterior margins of pronotum (the first
narrowly), and an abbreviated, central, narrow, longitudinal fascia to same, posterior margin of metanotum,
head beneath (excluding face), sternum and opercula pale greenish-ochraceous ; legs and rostrum black.
Body more or less clothed with greyish pile, especially at the lateral margins of the mesonotum and the
base and segmental margins of the abdomen.

Tegmina semihyaline and of a pale shining bronzy hue, the venation darker and either ochraceous or
greenish, the costal membrane pale greenish ; the extreme base and the veins enclosing the postcostal area
black ; the veins enclosing the two uppermost apical areas, the terminal vein of the lower ulnar area, and
the outer margin dark bronzy. Wings pale bluish-green, becoming pale bronzy towards apex, the outer
margin dark bronzy.

The opercula are broad and divergent, their outer margins convex, their inner margins oblique,
their apices obtusely angulated and not reaching the middle of the abdomen. The rostrum about reaches
the posterior coxae.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 46 ; 2 , 40 to 42 millim. Exp. tegm. $ & ? , 124 to 132 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Naga Hills (Doherty coll. Dist.).

ORIENTAL CICAVIVM. 101

Genus LEPTOPSALTRIA (ante, p. 31).

15. Leptopsaltria morrisi, n. sp.

<? . Body above ochraceous. Head with the margins of front excepting apex anterior angles of
vertex, and reticulated markings covering the whole disk of vertex, which enclose ocelli, form an irregularly
hollow circular spot before the eyes, and emit two longitudinal central lines from ocelli to base, black.
Pronotum with two central longitudinal linear fasciae widened anteriorly and angulated posteriorly and
the furrows blackish. Mesonotum with a central longitudinal fascia, on each side of which anteriorly is a
short oblique fascia, a large and wide irregularly-curved submarginal fascia, the anterior angles of the
cruciform elevation, and a spot in front of each of the same, black. Abdomen, with the posterior margins
of the segments, the last segment and anal appendage both above and beneath and an obscure
marginal row of spots on each side, blackish. Body beneath and legs very pale ochraceous ; an oblique
fascia between face and eyes, transverse linear fasciae to face, broken by a longitudinal line at centre, a
spot on each side of base of rostrum, under surface and spines of anterior femora, sternal spots, a
transverse central fascia at base of abdomen and abdominal tubercles, black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous and black ; the first, with costal membrane
and a spot at costal basal angle of upper ulnar area, pale ochraceous ; the transverse veins at bases of
second and third apical areas infuscated, and a series of very faint fuscous marginal spots at apices of
longitudinal veins to apical areas.

The rostrum reaches the latitude of the first pair of abdominal tubercles ; the opercula are very wide
apart, small, and somewhat irregularly rectangular in shape.

Long. excl. tegrn. $ , 19 millim. Exp. tegrn. 55 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Madras Province, Shivarai Hills (A. W. Morris coll. Dist.].

This distinct species is easily recognised by the abdominal markings.

Genus COSMOPSALTRIA (ante, p. 43).

51. Cosmopsaltria feae.

$ . Body above brownish ochraceous and moderately pilose. Head with a central spot at apex of
front, and the anterior angles of the vertex ochraceous. Pronotum with the anterior margin, narrowly,
a narrow central longitudinal fascia, and the posterior and lateral margins, broadly ochraceous ; extreme
hinder margin narrowly black. Mesonotum with two obscure obconical spots at anterior margin, outwardly
and narrowly margined with blackish, and a large obscure marginal fascia on each side pale castaneous ; the
cruciform elevation ochraceous. Body beneath and legs pale ochraceous ; the face brownish ochraceous ;
the anterior and intermediate tibiae and tarsi black, the tibiae streaked with ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous and blackish, mostly blackish ; tegmina
with the costal membrane ochraceous, with a central black line ; postcostal area ochraceous ; extreme base
narrowly ochraceous ; venation of basal cell black at posterior margin, remainder ochraceous.

Opercula almost reaching the apex of abdomen, moderately convex on each side and at apex, concave
on each side near base.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 45 millim. Exp. tegm. 122 millim.

Hab. BURMA : Carin, Asciuii Ghecu, 1400 1500 m. (Fea Genoa Mus.). >

This species is allied to C. jacoona, Dist. (ante, p. 47, t. v. f. 3, a, b), from which it
principally differs by the length of the opercula with their broader and more convex apices ;

the markings of the head and pronotum are also different.

2 D

102 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

52. Cosmopsaltria ficulnea, n. sp.

$ . Head, pronotum and mesonotum ochraeoous, tinged with greenish; abdomen pale castaneous;
upper surface finely pilose. Pronotum, with a narrow anterior margin and two angulated spots on posterior
margin, castaneous ; extreme hinder margin narrowly blackish ; anterior area of lateral margins
castaneous. Mesonotum with a large, central, castaneous angulated spot, commencing at cruciform
elevation and extending to anterior margin, two obconical spots on anterior margin, and the lateral areas,
olivaceous ; cruciform elevation ochraceous, with a white tomentose spot on each side. Abdomen with two
discal white tornentose spots on the third abdominal segment ; the hind margins of the first three segments
blackish, margins of remaining segments finely ochraceously pilose ; tympana pale olivaceous. Body
beneath and legs pale ochraceous, the tibiae and tarsi somewhat darker in hue ; lateral margins of abdomen
somewhat whitely tomentose.

Tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation ochraceous and fuscous ; tegmina with the basal cell and
costal membrane ochraceous ; the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fourth, fifth and
seventh apical areas somewhat broadly infuscated ; a marginal row of fuscous spots situate on the apices
of the longitudinal veins to apical areas ; and a somewhat indistinct, pale fuscous, linear, longitudinal
fascia to the apical areas ; lower basal area pale fuscous.

The opercula are broad, concave near base, and then broadly and outwardly lobately convex, the
apices narrowed, angulated and curved outwardly, extending to near posterior margin of the fourth
abdominal segment, their inner margins somewhat regularly convex.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 54 millim. Exp. tegm. 184 millim.

Hab. BURMA: Carin Ghecu, 1300 to 1400 m. (Fea Genoa Mus.) ; Karen Hills (Doherty
coll. Dist.)

This fine species is most nearly allied to C. saturata (ante, p. 54, t. v. f. 17, a, 6), from
which it structurally differs by the opercula being more outwardly convex and forming a
distinct lobe before apex ; the body is also much longer, and the markings of the pronotum
totally different.

Genus POMPONIA (ante, p. 68).

25. Pomponia japonensis, n. sp.

$ . Very closely resembling P. fusca (ante, p. 70, t. vii. f. 10, a, I), but differing by the opercula
being widely divided, and not meeting as in Olivier's species ; the rostrum also only reaches the posterior
coxse, and does not extend to the basal segment of the abdomen as in P. fusca.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 36 millim. Exp. tegm. 88 to 92 millim.

Hab. JAPAN : (Pryer coll. Dist.) ; Tokoe (coll. Dist.).

Since writing the description of P. fusca (ante, p. 70), where Japan was included as a habitat
of the species, I have obtained a fair series from that locality, and find them all constant in
the characters described above, which I had previously overlooked. P. fusca evidently belongs
to Continental India, the Malay Peninsula, and Malayan Archipelago, but in Japan is replaced
by P. japonensis.

SYNONYMY.
7. Pomponia ransonetti (ante, p. 72, t. vii. f. 20, a, b).

Pomponia Greeni, Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. xxiv. p. 129 (1891).

Mr. Kirby was evidently unacquainted with my species, when he re-described it as above,
under another name.

ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

103

Subfam. TIBICENIN^E.

In this subfamily I am now able to include twenty Oriental genera, but more doubtless
remain to be discovered in the particularly rich Cicadan fauna here studied. In the following
Synopsis of Genera the salient characters have been sought ; but all such " keys " are imperfect,
and Nature does not readily lend herself to such a method of interpretation. The Synopsis is
therefore only a contribution "pour servir," and is strictly limited to the genera under consider-
ation ; if a larger field were examined the analytical treatment would have to be altered.

In the sequence of genera it must also be remembered that the method here pursued is
artificial, and in no sense guided by those evolutionary principles which alone give reason to
classification. But this is not the choice of the writer, who has only dried mature specific
forms before him, and can but endeavour to produce some kind of order out of the chaos of a
large but neglected family of insects.

SYNOPSIS OF GENEEA.

1. Tegmina and wings opaquely coloured. ......

2. Tegmina more or less opaquely coloured ; wings more or less transparent, sometimes

pale hyaline.

a. Apical areas to tegmina numerous, venation reticulate.
aa. Generally ten, sometimes only nine, apical areas to tegmina.
aaa. Generally eight, sometimes nine and even ten, apical areas to tegmina.
I. Head normal, not conically produced in front,
c. Head with the face longitudinally sulcated.
cc. Head with the face not sulcated.
bb. Head conically produced in front. -

3. Tegmina and wings almost completely hyaline.

d. Opercula large, convex and inflated, projecting beyond the lateral margins of

the abdomen.
dd. Opercula of ordinary structure.

c. Head rectangularly produced in front of inner margin of the eyes.
ee. Head convexly and globosely produced in front of inner margin of the eyes
eee. Head not rectangularly or convexly produced in front of inner margin of

the eyes.

/. Basal cruciform elevation to mesonotum much narrowed
ff. Basal cruciform elevation to mesonotum of ordinary structure.

g. Ulnar veins to tegmina well separated and distant at their origin from

end of basal cell.

h. Tympanal coverings practically absent.
hh. Tympanal coverings rudimentary.

i. Basal cell of tegmina short, not twice as broad as long. -
ii. Basal cell of tegmina about twice as broad as long.

k. Interior ulnar area of tegmina a little wider at apex than at base.
kk. Interior ulnar area of tegmina not wider at apex than at base.
I. Second and third ventral segments in male with lateral tubercles.
II. Second and third ventral segments in male without tubercles.
gg. Ulnar veins to tegmina united at their origin from end of basal cell. -
m. Abdomen more or less inflated in the male sex.

ggg. Ulnar veins to tegmina well separated and distant at their origin from

end of basal cell.
n. Eight apical areas to tegmina.
o. Head conically produced in front.

p. Venation of tegmina normal.

pp. Tegmina with an additional transverse rudimentary vein.
oo. Head not conically produced in front.
nn. Eleven apical areas to tegmina.

GJEANA.

TALAINGA.
GBAPTOTETTIX.

HUECHYS.

SciEROPTERA.
MOGANNIA.

GYMNOTYMPANA.

KAMALATA.
RUSTIA.

- KABENIA.

TIBICEN.
EMATHIA.

ClCADATBA.

CALCAONTSTJS.

TERPNOSIA.

MELAMPSALTA.

PRASIA.
LEMBEJA.*
BJETURIA.
ACHILLA.

* I substitute this name for Perissoneura, Dist. (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 189), a generic title which has been since shown
to be preoccupied in Trichoptera by McLachlan (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1871, vol. xi. p. 119).

104 ORIEX T. 1 L CICA DIVM.

Genus GCEANA.

Gaana, Amyot & Serville, Hist, de Hem. p. 468, n. 862 (1848) ; Stal, Hem. Afr., iv. p. 4 (1866) ; Atkins.
J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 156 (1886).

Body long and moderately slender in the males, much shorter in the females. Head broad, including
eyes, about equal in width to that of mesonotum at base ; ocelli about twice the distance from eyes as from
each other ; face somewhat globosely convex, slightly prominent above. Pronotum with the lateral margins
neither distinctly ampliated nor toothed. Anterior femora distinctly spined. Tympana considerably
exposed, the tympanal covering incomplete and rudimentary. Tegmina opaque, their outer margins
convexly rounded ; apical areas, eight ; interior ulnar area a little wider at apex than at base ; wings
opaque.

Gceana has considerable resemblance to the genus Tosena, but, apart from the exposed
tympana which locates it in the Tibiceninae, it also differs from Tosena by the non-ampliated
and non-spined lateral margins to the pronotnm, the more slender body, and the convexly
rounded outer margins of the tegmina.

Like Tosena, this genus has also all its species included in our fauna, and although,
according to present knowledge, they are focussed in Continental India and Burma, others
doubtless remain to be discovered in the Malayan Archipelago.

Gceana is a very variable genus, as the descriptions of the following species will show.

1. Gaeana maculata. (Tab. III., figs. 17, a, b.)

Cicada maculata, Drury, Ins. ii. p. 69, t. 87, f. 1 (1773) ; Oliv. Enc. Me"th. vol. v. p. 750, n. 20, t. 112, f. 4

(1790) ; Germ. Thon. Archiv. ii. 2, p. 12 (1830) ; Silb. Eev. Ent. ii. p. 74, n. 48 (1834) ; Blanch.

Hist. Nat. Ins. iii. p. 165, n. 5, Hern. t. 10, f. 3 (1840).
Tettigonia maculata, Fabr. Syst. Ent. App. p. 831 (1775) ; Sp. Ins. ii. p. 319, n. 8 (1781) ; Mant. Ins. ii. p. 260,

n. 12 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iv. p. 20, n. 12 (1794) ; Syst. Ehyng. p. 37, n. 18 (1803).
Gaana maculata, Amy. et Serv, Hist des Hem. p. 464, n. 1 (1843) ; Walk. List Horn. i. p. 253, n. 1 (1850) ;

Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 222, n. 37 (1885).

Body above black ; head with a spot between ocelli and eyes, mesonotum with four discal spots, and a
spot on lateral margins, a spot on each side of basal cruciform elevation, and the apical segmental margin
of the abdomen, ochraceous. Body beneath and legs black ; a spot on each side of face, two small spots
on each side of mesosternum, and a small spot near posterior coxse, ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings blackish ; tegmina greyish brown towards apex, with five ochraceous spots
arranged transversely, two near base and three about centre ; wings with a broad transverse subbasal
patch, followed by two contiguous spots near costal margin, ochraceous ; and a series of submarginal
greyish brown spots in the apical areas.

The rostrum reaches the posterior coxse ; the opercula are small, and situate widely apart.

Long. excl. tegm. $ 35, 2 83 millim. Exp. tegm. S and 2 , 90 to 102 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkim ; Naga Hills, Khasi Hills, Samagooting, and Dhansiri Valley
(Calc. Mus.). CHINA (Bruss. Mus. ; Fenton coll. Dist.).

Far. a.

Differs from the typical form by having the ochraceous markings to the tegmina and wings
replaced by pale greenish, the upper basal spot of tegmina absent, the lower spot replaced by two smal lei-
ones ; both tegmina and wings with a submarginal series of small whitish spots, and a small one of the
same colour in each of the two upper ulnar areas.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Assam; Naga Hills (Chennell coll. Dist.).

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 105

Far. censors. (Tab. III., figs. 20, a, I.)

Gaana, consors, White, MS.*

Gasana maculata, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 483.

Differs from the typical form of the species by the wings having a much larger basal patch of either
ochraceous or pale greenish ; submarginal series of whitish spots to both tegmina and wings as in var. a ;
both basal spots to tegmina present as in typical forms.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkim (Gale. Mas.) ; Assam ; Naga and Kasi Hills (Calc. Mus. ; Chennell
coll. Dist.) ; Margherita (Doherty coll. Dist.). BURMA : Carin Ghecu (Fea Genoa Mus.).

This variable species is always constant in the macular markings to the head and
pronotum.

2. Gseana stellata. (Tab. III., figs. 15, a, I.)

Hrtechys stellata, Walker, Ins. Saund. Horn. p. 27 (1858) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 164, n. 22 (1886).

$ . Body marked as in G. maculata ; but with the abdominal segments beneath somewhat broadly
margined with ochraceous.

Tegmina pale brownish-ochraceous, pale fuscous towards apex, base including basal cell blackish ;
a transverse series of three large whitish spots at about centre, inwardly margined with a blackish
suffusion ; a marginal series of small whitish spots in apical areas, and a similar spot in each of the three
upper ulnar areas. Wings blackish, paler between the veins, with a pale spot at inner basal margin, a
small discal ochraceous streak, a series of four or five submarginal whitish spots situate in the apical
areas, and with the anal area somewhat greyish margined with fuscous.

The rostrum reaches the posterior coxae.

Long. excl. tegm. S , 38 millim. Exp. tegm. 98 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Assam ; Khasi Hills (Chennell coll. Dist.).

Var. a.

2 . Tegmina with the ochraceous markings replaced by a hue of dark cinnamon, and the fuscous
shadings nearly black. Wings jet-black, with the pale markings as in typical form.
Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Assam; Margherita (Doherty coll. Dist.).

It is quite possible that G. stellata may prove to be another extreme variety of G. maculata,
but in the absence of intermediate forms I have treated it here as a distinct species.

3. Gaeana sulphurea. (Tab. III., figs. 22, a, b.)

Cicada sulphiirea, Hope, in Eoyle's Illust. Bot. Himal. Introd. p. liv. ; t. 10, f. 2 (1889).
Cicada pulchella, Westw. Arc. Ent. ii. p. 83, t. 57, f. 1 (1842).
Gaana sulphurea, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 223, n. 38 (1885).

S Body above black; lateral margins of vertex of head, continued to between eyes, pronotum
(excluding the fissures, margins, and a central hour-glass-shaped fascia), four linear spots to mesonotuni
(sometimes united in pairs), and the margins of anal appendage, reddish-ochraceous. Body beneath and
legs black ; a fascia on each side of face, sternal streaks, a spot at base of tegmina, posterior segmental
margins, obliterated centrally, and the anal appendage, ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings sulphureous ; tegmina with the inner margin of costal membrane, a curved and
inwardly angulated fascia crossing centre, and the whole apical area, including the upper ulnar area,
blackish ; costal membrane ochraceous, postcostal area blackish ; wings with the apical area broadly, and
. narrowing to anal angle blackish.

* Walker (List. Horn. i. p. 253) referred to this name as published in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. This may have been
intended, but was not carried out, and Gceana consors, White, is a MS. name only.

2 E

106 ORIENTAL C1CADIDM.

Face with a narrow but distinct central sulcation ; the rostrum reaching the posterior coxse.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 35 to 87 millim. Exp. tegm. 85 to 92 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkim (Calc. Mus.) ; Nepal (coll. Dist.) ; Darjeeling (Stockh. Mus.).

This is a moderately scarce species, and it seems almost confined to the province of

4. Gseana hageni. (Tab. IX., figs. 8, a, b.)

Gaana hageni, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 50 (1889).

$ . Body olivaceous-brown. Head with the lateral margins of front, pronotum with two oblique,
irregular, linear spots on each lateral area, and a small central spot at base, blackish. Mesonotum with
two central, obconical, castaneous spots at anterior margin.

Tegmina pale greenish ; the costal membrane, a somewhat broad apical margin irregularly waved
internally, a rounded spot at base of third apical area, and the apical half of inner margin (narrowly),
dark brownish. Wings pale bluish-green, the apical and outer margins not reaching base narrowly dark
brownish.

Eostrum not quite reaching the posterior coxze. Face large and tumid, the transverse striations
coarse and prominent, central sulcation only prominent at about centre.

Far. a.

Tegmina with two dark brownish spots, one at base of third apical area, and another, smaller, at
base of fifth apical area.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 82 millim. Exp. tegm. 82 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Sumatra, Tandjong Morawa, Serdang (Dr. B. Hagen Leyden Mus.
and coll. Dist.).

The tympanal coverings in this species are somewhat larger than with other members of
the genus ; the tympana, however, are still exposed, and the other characters are strictly those
of Gceana.

5. Gaeana festiva. (Tab. III., figs. 18, a, b.)

Tettigonia f estiva, Fabricius, Syet. Bhyng. p. 41, n. 41 (1803).

Cicada tluilassina, Guer. & Perch, Gen. des Ins. Hem. t. 2 (1834) ; Guer. Voy. Coq. Ins. p. 183 (1838).
Gceana consobrina, White, MS.*

Cicada Percheronii, Gu6r. Ic. regne An. Ins. p. 855 (1838).

Gaiana festiva, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 170, n. 1 (1866) ; Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 5, n. 1 (1869) ; Atkins. J. A. S.
Beng. vol. liii. p. 222, n. 30 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 157, n. 28 (1886).

$ . Body above black ; ocelli, eyes and a broad fascia behind them reddish-ochraceous ; margins of
pronotum and four discal fasciae to mesonotum of which the two central ones are angulated and connected
with the anterior angle at the basal cruciform elevation greenish-ochraceous. Body beneath and legs
black ; apical half of face and a spot between face and eyes reddish-ochraceous.

Tegmina greenish-ochraceous ; the radial area, a transverse fascia crossing centre from apex of radial
area, near which is a large triangular spot, apex and outer and inner margins, and two small spots
near base, blackish. The black area at apex is more or less broken, sometimes including a small greenish-
ochraceous spot. Wings pale bluish-green ; the apex broadly black containing a pale bluish spot and
the margin continued more narrowly black to anal angle.

The face is coarsely transversely striate, and broadly sulcated at base.

Long. excl. tegm. <? , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 77 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkim (Calc. Mus. and coll. Dist.) ; Darjeeling (Stockh. Mus.).
MALAYAN AKCHiPELAgo : Sumatra, Loeboe gedang (Sumatr. Exped. Leyd. Mus.).

* Not in Proc. Zool. Soo. 1850, as recorded by Walker (List Horn. i. p. 254), but a MS. name only.

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 107

Far. a.

Pronotum with a distinct central pale longitudinal fascia.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Amboina, Suyckerbuyk (Bruss. Mus.).

Far. b. (Tab. III., figs. 19, a, 6.)

Tegmina and wings with the black coloration much increased ; tegmina only exhibiting three
irregular and angulated greenish spots (sometimes a small subapical one) ; wings with more than the
apical half black, enclosing three pale bluish spots.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Assam, south of the Brahmapootra (Chennell coll. Dist.).

This species has apparently a very wide distribution ; and the locality, Amboina, is the
most eastern record of any species of the genus with which I am acquainted.

6. Gaeana atkinsoni.* (Tab. IX., figs. 10, a, b.)

Ga;ana atkinsoni, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 49 (1889).

$ . Head and thorax above black ; eyes and a transverse fascia between them, posterior margin of
pronotum, two linear obconical spots on disk of anterior margin of mesonotum with its lateral margins,
and the cruciform elevation, ochraceous ; abdomen above and below ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum
and legs black ; apical half of face, a transverse spot between face and eyes, and disk and margins of
sternum, ochraceous. Opercula black, their base and outer margin ochraceous.

Tegmina black ; the venation, a narrow, oblique, transverse fascia near base, and a straight and wider
transverse fascia near centre completely crossing the tegmina, ochraceous ; two subapical spots and a
similar spot in the sixth apical area reddish -ochraceous. Wings bright carmine-red ; apical and outer
margins and a subapical transverse fasciate spot black.

The rostrum reaches the posterior coxae, the anterior femora are armed with two strong spines, and
the body is large and robust.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 35 millim. Exp. tegm. 85 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Karwar (coll. Atkinson and coll. Dist.).

To the present time I have no knowledge of G. atkinsoni from any other locality than the
above, nor have I seen a specimen in any other of the numerous Indian collections I have
been able to examine.

7. Gaeana octonotata. (Tab. III., figs. 12, a, b.)

Cicada 8-notata, Westwood, Are. Ent. ii. p. 34, t. 57, f. 2 (1843).

Gasana octonotata, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 221, n. 33 (1885) ; ibid. vol. Iv. p. 156, n. 27 (1886).
. Huechys picta, Walk. Ins. Saund. Horn. p. 28 (1858); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 155, n. 28 (1886).

$ . Head, pronotum and mesonotum blackish ; head with the basal margin of front, basal margin of
vertex, and the eyes, dull dark ochraceous ; basal margin and a transverse basal spot to pronotum, the
lateral margins and two central angulated fascia to mesonotum, connected posteriorly with the cruciform
elevation, and the anterior and posterior angles of the cruciform elevation, dull dark ochraceous. Abdomen
redclish-ochraceous, with a central black longitudinal fascia. Head beneath, sternum and legs blackish ;
margins of face and abdomen beneath ochraceous ; base, a lateral series of spots, and base of sixth
abdominal segment, blackish.

Tegmina dark, shining fuscous ; the costal membrane, postcostal area and Venation ochraceous ; and
with four pale ochraceous spots, situate one near base, two at centre, and one near costal apex. Wings
sanguineous, with the apical and outer margins not extending to anal area fuscous.

* Named after my late entomological friend and correspondent Mr. E. T. Atkinson, who first forwarded me specimens of
the species, and whose subsequent death is much lamented as a great loss to Indian entomological science.

108 ORIENTAL CICADID^E.

The face has no central sulcation, but is strongly transversely striate.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 25 to 27 millim. Exp. tegm. 60 to 64 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Assam (coll. Sign.*) ; Sikkim (Calc. Mus. and coll. Dist.).

Var. a.

Basal spot to tegmina obliterated.
Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Assam, Margherita (Doherty coll. Dist.). BURMA (Bingham coll. Dist.).

Var. b. (Tab. III., figs. 13, a, 6.)

Basal spot to tegmina obliterated, and the two central spots replaced by a narrow transverse fascia.

Hab. UPPER BURMA (coll. Dist.).

8. Gaeana tenebriscosa. (Tab. III., figs. 14, a, 6.)

Oaana tenebriscosa. Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2n, vol. vi. p. 454, t. iv. fig. 2, a, b (1888).

$ . Head and pronotum ochraceous. Head with the anterior margin and a basal spot to front, and
a broad fascia across vertex between the eyes, black ; ocelli reddish ; eyes brownish-ochraceous. Pronotum
with a broad central longitudinal fascia which is widened and angulated anteriorly and posteriorly, followed
on each side by two spots, an oblique fascia, a patch at lateral margins, and a spot on each side of posterior
margin, black. Mesonotum and abdomen black, the first crossed by two discal ochraceous fasciae, and the
anterior angles of the basal cruciform elevation also ochraceous. Body beneath and legs black ; margins of
the face and under surface of the femora reddish-ochraceous ; a few obscure sternal spots ochraceous.

Tegmina dark bronzy-brown ; the costal membrane, the venation, a costal spot at base of upper ulnar
area, beneath which are two discal spots, and a subapical spot, ochraceous. Wings bluish-black tinged with
carmine ; bases of both wings and tegmina narrowly carmine-red.

The rostrum about reaches the posterior coxae ; the face is broad, tumid and with a central sulcation
near apex.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 54 millim.

Hab. BURMA : Teinzo on the Moolay Eiver (Fea Genoa Mus.).

Var. a. Tegmina possessing the lower discal spot only, the others obliterated.
Hab. BURMA (Bingham coll. Dist.).

9. Gaeana delinenda. (Tab. III., figs. 16, a, b.)

Gteana delinenda, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 291 (1888).
Huechys octonotata, Walk, (nee Westw.) List Horn. i. p. 258, n. 10 (1851).

<? . Body above brownish-ochraceous. Head with the apex of front and a transverse fascia in front of
eyes, including area of ocelli, black. Pronotum with a central hour-glass-shaped fascia, and two large
oblique spots on each side, black. Mesonotum with a central fascia (somewhat similar to that on pronotum)
and a large spot on each lateral margin black; basal cruciform elevation blackish, its anterior angles
ochraceous. Abdomen with the posterior segmental margins blackish. Body beneath and legs brownish-
ochraceous; disk of face and a spot before eyes blackish.

Tegmina pale brownish-ochraceous ; wings reddish-brown, with about basal third carmine-red.

Long. excl. tegm. <? , 19 millim. Exp. tegm. 47 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Cochin (coll. Dist.) ; Sylhet Brit. Mus.).

By a strange oversight Walker placed this species in the British Museum collection under
the name of Huechys octonotata, Westw., and actually re-described that species under the name
of H. picta (Ins. Saund. Horn. p. 28).

* The late Dr. Signoret's collection of RJiynckota is now contained in the magnificent Hofmuseum at Vienna.

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 100

Genus TALAINGA.

Talainga, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. v. p. 166 (1890).

? . Body somewhat elongate, the abdomen cylindrical. Head with the front globose and prominent,
including outer margins of eyes, about as broad as base of mesonotum ; ocelli about twice as far apart from
eyes as from each other. Pronotum with the lateral margins ampliated at posterior lateral margins.
Anterior femora robustly spined. Tegmina talc-like, semi-opaque, the whole apical area with the venation
reticulate and forming a mass of small cell-like areas ; in some specimens the ulnar areas are also crossed
by transverse veins ; interior ulnar area about the same width at apex as at base ; basal cell about twice a
long as broad. Wings with the outer margin deeply sinuate near abdominal area ; apical areas six, in
some specimens broken up by transverse veins into a more numerous and reticulated series.

This diagnosis is founded on two female specimens, the structure of the abdomen
implying that the tympana are uncovered in the male sex, and thus locating the genus in
the Tibicenince.

Talainga is allied to Gceana, from which it is at once distinguished by the reticulated
tegmina, &c.

1. Talainga binghami. (Tab. XIII., figs. 4, a, 6.)

Talainga Binghami, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. v. p. 167 (1890).

? . Body and legs black ; eyes ochraceous, their posterior margins pale sanguineous ; pronotum with
the lateral margins and a curved spot on lateral areas behind the eyes pale sanguineous, posterior margin
excepting extreme centre narrowly ochraceous. Abdomen above with the marginal segments more or
less greyishly pilose.

Tegmina talc-like, semi-opaque, very pale ochraceous, the venation black and margined with the same
colour, the whole apical area being thus composed of numerous small, black-margined, cellular areas ; the
costal membrane ochraceous, the basal cell shaded with black. "Wings pale bluish-green, the venation
more or less concolorous, excepting that deliminating the more or less reticulated apical areas ; posterior
margin blackish from apex to the sinuation near abdominal area.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 23 to 26 rnillim. Exp. tegm. 70 to 77 millim.

Hab. BUKMA: Karen Hills (Bingham coll. Dist.).

This beautiful genus is a great acquisition to our knowledge of the Eastern Cianlidce. The
type of coloration resembles that of Tosena splendida, Dist., which is also found in Burma, a
country that has produced some of the handsomest insects to be found in the whole family.
Burma is still likely to contain many Cicadan novelties.

Genus GRAPTOTETTIX.

Graptotettix, Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 4 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 221 (1885) ; ibid. vol. Iv.
p. 156 (1886).

Body moderately long and robust. Head, including eyes, narrower than the base of mesonotum ;
ocelli about equally wide apart from eyes as from each other ; rostrum extending to about the intermediate'
coxse. Pronotum a little narrower in front than behind, the posterior lateral angles ampliated, rounded,
and somewhat posteriorly produced. Anterior femora robustly spined. Tympana completely exposed and

110 ORIENTAL CICADID^E.

uncovered ; opercula short, broad, and basal. Tegmina more or less opaque ; apical areas usually ten,
sometimes only nine ; basal cell much longer than broad. Wings more or less transparent.

This genus is variable in the number of the apical cells to the tegmina, which were
described by Stal as amounting to ten, but in some specimens of G. guttatus in my own
collection there are only nine.

1. Graptotettix guttatus. (Tab. III., figs. 21, a, b.)

<'!> ,,MMif <jMtatus, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 170 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 221, n. 32 (1885).

Head, pronotum and mesonoturn black ; front of head, ocelli, and two large oblique spots sometimes
fused on each lateral area of the pronotum, bright ochraceous ; mesonotum with two small central
obconical spots and two much larger lateral spots very obscurely ochraceous. Abdomen above dull
castaneous, in some specimens, as the female here figured, illuminated with ochraceous. Head beneath,
sternum and legs black ; face bright ochraceous ; opercula and abdomen castaneous.

Tegmina opaquely pale fuscous ; the venation, costal membrane and postcostal area brownish-
ochraceous ; the base narrowly blackish. Wings bronzy, shining, and semi-opaque.

Long. excl. tegm. <? , 30 millim. ; 2 , 27 millim. Exp. tegm. $ and 2 , 70 to 73 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Sikkim (Calc. Mus.) ; Naga Hills (coll. Dist.). CHINA* (coll. Signoret).

Var. a. Tegmina with pale streaks in the apical areas; abdomen ochraceous.
Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Naga Hills (coll. Dist.).

This species, as above remarked, also varies in the number of the apical cells to the
tegmina, which in some cases are only nine.

2. Graptotettix thoracicus.

(ri-ii/itotettix thoracica, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ix. p. 315 (1892).

$ . Head, pronotum and mesonotum bright pale ochraceous ; abdomen pale sanguineous. Eyes
fuscous. Pronotum with the posterior, lateral, and anterior (as far as behind eyes only) margins
castaneous and with two narrow, jet-black central, discal, curved fasciae. Mesonotum with four pale
castaneous obconical fascite, the central pair smallest. Abdomen above ochraceous near base. Body
beneath and legs sanguineous ; head beneath, anterior coxae and lateral margins of sternum ochraceous ;
spots on coxae black. (In the specimen described the apex of one posterior femur and its tibia is almost
black ; the other posterior leg is uniformly sanguineous.)

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, more or less completely tinged with castaneous (in the specimen
described more so on one tegmina and wing than on the other), the venation ochraceous or castaneous.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 75 millim.

Hab. BURMA: Momeit (Doherty coll. Dist.).

This species is distinguished from G. guttatus, Stal, by the totally different colour and
markings of the pronotum and the colour of the head ; the front of the head is also more
angulated, and the face more angularly tumid.

* This habitat must be taken conditionally. My late friend Dr. Sigaoret submitted a specimen thus localised to me for
identification; but some of his specimens had erroneous habitats, and a late visit to the Museum at Vienna has confirmed that
opinion.

ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. Ill

Genus HUECHYS.

Huechys, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 464, n. 863 (1848) ; Stul, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 4 (1866) ; Atkins.
J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 153 (1886).

Body of moderate size, somewhat slender. Head, including eyes, about equal in width to base of
mesonotum. Ocelli about equally wide apart from eyes as from each other ; rostrum extending to or a
little beyond the intermediate coxas. Pronotum with the lateral margins more or less convex, narrower in
front than behind, the posterior lateral angles in some species distinctly posteriorly produced. Anterior
femora prominently spinous. Tympana completely exposed and uncovered. Opercula small. Face more
or less longitudinally sulcated. Tegmina more or less opaquely coloured ; apical areas eight (sometimes
nine or ten) ; basal cell much longer than broad. Wings either transparent or infuscated and partly
opaque.

This genus is strictly confined to the limits of our fauna, and some of its species are not
only widely distributed, but also very variable in their coloration. The rule holds throughout
the Cicadidse that all melanic species vary towards albinism, and Huecliys is no exception to
the rule. Guided by this experience, I have been able to group as varieties many forms which
were incomprehensible under distinct specific names.

a. Pronotum concolorous, almost invariably non-fasciated.

1. Huechys sanguinea. (Tab. III., figs. 2, a, I.)

Cicada sany ilium, DeGeer, Mem. iii. p. 221, n. 18, t. 33, f. 17 (1773) ; Gmel. Ed. Syst. Nat. i. 3, p. 2098, n. 81
(1782). '

Tettigonia sanguinolenta, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 681, n. 15 (1775) ; Sp. Ins. ii. p. 321, n. 19 (1781) ; Mant. Ins. ii.

p. 267, n. 24 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iv. p. 25, n. 30 (1794) ; Syst. Ehyng. p. 42, n. 46 (1803).
Cicada sawjuinolenta, Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 756, n. 45 (1790) ; Germ. Thon. Arch. ii. p. 2, n. 25 (1830) ; Silb.

Rev. Ent. ii. p. 75, n. 50 (1834) ; Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. iii. p. 165, n. 6 (1840-1) ; Guer. Mag. Zool.

1838, p. 76, n. 2, t. 237, f. 1.
Huechys sniujuinea, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 465, n. 1 (1843) ; Dist. J. A. S. Beng. vol. xlviii. p. 38

(1879) ; Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2 a, vol. vi. p. 454 (1888) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 218,

n. 23 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 154, n. 21 (1886).

Body and legs black ; front and face to head, two large spots to mesonotum sometimes fused and
covering the whole disk and the abdomen, sanguineous ; base of abdomen narrowly black.

Tegmina black, opaque ; wings shining fuscous, sometimes almost black, interior of anal area
always paler.

Eostrum passing the intermediate coxae ; face moderately compressed, and very coarsely striate.

Long. excl. tegrn. $ and 2 , 17 to 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 43 to 65 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Sikkim (Gale. Mus. and coll. Dist.); Assam (Chennell coll. Dist.);
Calcutta (Stockh. and Calc. Mus.). BURMA: Eaugoon, Kakhien Hills (Fea Genoa Mus.). TENASSERIM:
Thagata (Fea Genoa Mus.). MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO, SUMATRA: Solok, Silago, Eawas, Sidjoen djoeng,
Loeboe gedang (Sumtr. Exped. Leyd. Mus.) ; Ajer Mantcior (Beccari Genoa Mus.). SUMBAWA (Van
Lansberg Leyd. Mus.). BORNEO: Lambas (Van Lansberg Leyd. Mus.). TIMOR LAUT (Leyd. Mus.).
CHINA* (Bruss. Mus.; Norris coll. Dist.).

* According to Dr. Fumouze, " Hj Huechys sanguined, la Cicada sang uinolenta d'Olivier, est un insecte fort common
dans certaines provinces de la Chine, oii on le recolte pour les besoins de la modecine. Au dire des auteurs qui out etudi la
matiere medieale chinoise, cet insecte passerait en Chine pour jouir de proprieties curatives et serait surtout employe dans le
traitement de la rage. Sa valeur en tant que medicament anti-rabique est bien douteuse ; mais son action sur les organes
genito-urinaires parait etre certaine, et c'est ce qui m'a engage u rechercher si I'Huechys sanguined, ne renfermerait pas un
principe actif particulier ou seinblable a celui que contient la Cantharide. Ce que je peux dire des a present, c'est que, par

112 ORIENTAL CICAVIDM.

Var. a. philaemata. (Tab. III., figs. 5, , b.)

Tfttiifonia philamata, Fabr. Syst. Rhyng. p. 42, n. 47 (1808).

Cicada philamata, Germ. Thon. Arch. ii. p. 2, n. 26 (1880) ; Silb. Rev. Ent. ii. p. 75, n. 52 (1884) ; Burni.

Handb. Ent. ii. 1, p. 180, n. 2 (1835).
Huechys philasmata, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 465, n. 2 (1843) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 218.

n. 22 (1885) ; ibid., vol. Iv. p. 153, n. 20 (1886).
Stoll. Gig. f. 62.

Differs from the typical form of the species by having the tegmina fuscous, not black, and by the
wings being paler .fuscous and more hyaline.

Hab. BURMA : Carin Ghecu and Catcin Cauri (Fea Genoa Mus.). CHINA (Bruss. Mus.).

Var, b.

Tegmina black, with greyish-white streaks in the apical areas, and sometimes also in ulnar areas.
Wings blackish, with greyish-white streaks.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Assam (Chennell coll. Dist.). MALAYAN AECHIPELAGO, SUMATRA (coll.
Dist.).

Var. c. testacea.

Tettigonia testacea, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 267, n. 28 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iv. p. 24, n. 29 (1794) ; Syst. Rhyng.

p. 42, n. 45 (1803).
Cicada testacea, Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 756, n. 48 (1790); Gmel. Ed. Syst. Nat. i. 8, p. 2098, n. 82 (1782) ;

Germ. Thon. Arch. ii. p. 8, n. 27 (1830) ; Guer. Mag. Zool. 1838, p. 78, n. 6.
Huechys testacea, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 219, n. 24 (1885).
Stoll. Gig. fig. 41, c.

Mesonotum unspotted, uniformly black. Tegmina more or less streaked with greyish-white.
Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Calcutta (coll. Dist.).

I do not possess, nor have I seen, a single specimen of H. sanguinea from the island of
Java,* where it is apparently replaced by the following species.

2. Huechys incarnata. (Tab. III., figs. 4, a, b.)

Huechys incarnata, Germar, Silb. Rev. Ent. ii. p. 75, n. 51 (1834).

Cicada sanguinolenta, Brull. Hist. Nat. Hem. ii. t. 5, f. 2 (1835) ; Guer. Mag. de Zool. 1838, p. 77, n. 3.

Cicada German, Guer. Mag. de Zool. 1838, p. 78, n. 4, t. 237, f. 2.

Huechys incarnata, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 465, n. 3 (1848).

Body and legs black ; front and face to head, two large spots on mesonotum, and the abdomen,
sanguineous ; anterior margin to and a small spot at base of front, a central fascia to face narrowing
towards apex and extreme base of abdomen, black.

Tegmina greyish-white, with the venation, basal cell, costal membrane, and postcostal area, dark
fuscous. Wings fuscous, streaked with greyish-white.

The rostrum reaches the intermediate coxae ; the face is somewhat compressed and very coarsely
striate.

les precedes employes pour extraire la cantharidine de la Cantharide, je n'ai obtenu aucun resultat ; peiit-etre serai-je plus
heureux par la suite. Mes premieres recherches n'ont pas ete cependant completement infruotueuses, car je suis parvenu a
extraire de I'Huechys sanguinea la matiore qui donne aux tdguments abdorninaux de cet insecte leur niagnifique couleur jaune-
orange. Cette matiere, que j'appellerai le rouge d'Huechys, est d'une couleur exactement serablable a celle de 1'abdomen de
1'animal, comme vous pouvez le constater an moyen de 1'echantillon que je fais passer sous vos yeux. 'L'Huechys sanguinea
renferme aussi, mais en plus petite quantite, une autre matiere colorante jaune tres hygrometrique." Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr.
1888, pp. xxii., xxiii.

* Walker records a specimen from Java presented by himself to the British Museum (List Horn. i. p. 251, 1850), but this
author was so often incorrect as to render it unsafe to make any fresh conclusion on his information alone.

ORIENTAL CICADIDJZ. US

Long. excl. tegm. $ and $ , 19 to 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 48 to 65 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO, SUMATRA: Tapanoeli (Van Lansberg Leyd. Mus.). JAVA (Piepers*
Leyd. Mus.); Kederi (Von Hiigel coll. Dist.); Pekalonga, Samarang (Van Lansberg Bruss. Mus.);
Buitenzorg (Ferrari Genoa Mus.). AMBOINA : Suyckerbuyk (Bruss. Mus.).

Var. a.

? . Head and mesonotum totally black ; abdomen with a central dorsal blackish fascia ; wings
very dark sinning fuscous.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO, JAVA : Tengar Mts. (coll. Dist.).

This is an insular species, is very common in Java, but not found on the adjacent
continent. For the variety described above I am indebted to Dr. Bergroth of Finland.

3. Huechys phcenicura. (Tab. III., figs. G, a, b.)

Cicada phcenicura, Germar, Silb. Eev. Ent. ii. p. 76, n. 58 (1834).

Huechys phcmicura, Stal, 6ft. Vet.-Ak. Forli. 1870, p. 707, n. 1 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 219, n. 25
(1885).

Huechys su/usa, Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 0, vol. i. p. 291 (1888).

S . Body and legs black ; front and face to head, two large spots to mesonotum and the abdomen
sanguineous ; base of abdomen narrowly black.

Tegmina blackish, greyish-white beyond the ulnar areas; lower apical area margined with blackish,
upper ulnar area sometimes greyish-white. Wings very pale fuscous, the base and venation blackish.

The rostrum slightly passes the intermediate coxae ; the face is moderately compressed, but less
strongly striate than in the two preceding species.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 21 millim. Exp. tegm. 53 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Java (coll. Dist.). PHILIPPINE ISLES (Semper Stockh. Mus.).

According to Mr. Atkinson this species is " reported from India, Sikkim,"t but at present
it seems extremely doubtful that it is found on the Continent at all. I certainly have seen it
in none of the many collections examined from India, Burma, Tenasserirn, or the Malay
Peninsula, and it is probably an insular species. I have a specimen labelled " Java," and it is
undoubtedly found in the Philippines. It is at present very rare in collections.

4. Huechys vidua. (Tab. III., figs. 9, a, b.)

Cicada (Huechys) vidua, White, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. p. 332 (1846).

2 . Body and legs black ; front and face to head and two large spots to mesonotum bright pale
shining ochraceous ; lateral areas of anal appendage and disk of abdomen beneath sanguineous.

Tegmina dull, opaque, black ; wings pale hyaline with bluish reflexions, the venation blackish, and
the apical, outer and inner margins narrowly pale fuscous.

The face is prominently longitudinally sulcate, and the transverse striations are profound and broadly
separated.

The rostrum reaches the intermediate coxae.

Long. excl. tegm. ? , 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 53 millim.

Hab. MALAY PENINSULA : Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) .

"Attached to a Javanese specimen thus labelled, in the Leyden Museum, is a ticket, stating, "according to Mr. Piepers,
this species attac ks butterflies on the wing." This information requires much, corroboration.
t J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 219 (1885).

114 ORIENTAL CICAD1DM.

/'(jr. a.

The late Mr. Adam White wrote, " In one specimen in the Museum (a female) are two or
three lighter streaks on the elytra not far from the posterior margin."

The proper habitat of this species was quite unknown to its describer, who gave it as
"New Holland ?" I, however, captured a single specimen myself when in the Malay Peninsula
in 1868, and, beyond the unlocalised specimens in the British Museum, have not seen another
example.

5. Huechys fusca, n. sp. (Tab. III., figs. 7, a, b.)

$ . Body and legs black ; front and face to head, and two large spots on mesonotum, either orange or
pale yellow ; abdomen dark orange-yellow, narrowly black at base ; face sometimes with a small black spot
at base.

Tegniina pale fuscous; the venation, basal cell and costal membrane blackish. Wings very pale
fuscous, semi-hyaline.

The rostrum reaches the intermediate coxae ; the striations to the face are coarse and profound.

Long. excl. tegm. $ and $ , 16 to 20 inillim. Exp. tegm. 45 to 54 millim.

Hab. MALAY PENINSULA: Perak (Doherty coll. Dist.). MALAY ARCHIPELAGO, SUMATRA (coll. Dist.).
BORNEO: Sarawak (Beccari Genoa Mus.) ; Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead coll. Dist.). SULU ISLES: Jolo
(coll. Dist.). PHILIPPINE ISLES : Palawan (coll. Dist.).

Far. a.

Altogether duller in hue ; the abdomen testaceous, with the posterior segmental margins orange-
yellow; tegmina darker and more opaque.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Borneo, Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead coll. Dist.).

In this difficult genus, where variation reigns supreme, and differential characters of a
structural nature are so seldom to be found, H. fusca may be superficially recognised by the
yellow face and front, yellow spots to mesonotum, colour of the abdomen, and fuscous
teginina. The pronotum is also without any fasciate markings.

6. Huechys pingenda. (Tab. III., figs. 1, a, b.)

Huechys pingenda , Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 619 (1888).

$ . Head and thorax above black ; the front of the head, the ocelli, and two large spots situate on
the basal margins of the mesonotum bright ochraceous. Abdomen above dull reddish, the base and
dorsal area dull pitchy-black. Head and thorax beneath, the legs, rostrum, and opercula, pitchy-black ;
the face excluding basal margin bright ochraceous. Abdomen beneath dull reddish, with transverse
pitchy segmental fasciae and the apical half of anal appendage black.

Tegmina opaque milky-white, slightly suffused with pale fuscous on the apical area ; the venation,
costal membrane, greater portion of basal cell, and a very small basal patch, pitchy black. Wings pale
smoky hyaline, the venation pitchy.

The face is robust, laterally compressed, the transverse striations distinct on basal half, and the
longitudinal sulcation broadening towards apex ; the rostrum reaches the intermediate coxaa.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 24 millim. Exp. tegm. 58 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Sumatra, Mt. Singalang (0. Beccari Genoa Mus. and coll. Dist.).

The more robust body also distinguishes this and the following species.

ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 115

7. Huechys celebensis. (Tab. III., figs. 8, a, b.)

relt'bensis, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 619 (1888).

$ . Closely allied to II. pingenda, Dist., but differing by the much darker hue of the tegmina and by
the greater length of the second apical area to same, which has its base much nearer to the base of first area
than in II. pingenda ; a waved fuscous line or pseudo-vein also crosses tegmina from base of second ulnar
area to base of lower apical area ; the wings are bronzy-brown, with the venation black. The abdomen
above is pitchy-black, with the segments! margins and a dorsal line dull reddish ; the abdomen beneath is
pale dull reddish, with an obscure central series of dull pitchy spots.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 60 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO, S.E. Celebes : Eandari (0. Beccari^Genoa Mus. and coll. Dist.).

b. Pronotum with a distinct central fascia.

8. Huechys thoracica. (Tab. III., figs. 3, , 6.)

Huechys thoracica, Distant, J. A. S. Beng. vol. xlviii. p. 39, t. 11, f. 3 (1879) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii.
p. 219, n. 27 (1885).

? . Body and legs black ; front and face to head, a central hour-glass-shaped fascia to pronotum, a
central and two lateral spots to mesonotum, abdomen, and sternum, sanguineous ; margins of front, a
broad basal fascia to face, and some sternal spots, black.

Tegniina pale fuscous and semi-opaque ; wings semi-hyaline, slightly tinged with fuscous, the
venation dark fuscous.

The rostrum just passes the intermediate coxae.; the face is large, somewhat compressed, and very
coarsely striate.

Long. excl. tegm. ? , 17 to 20 millim. Exp. tegm. 39 to 50 millim.

Hab. BURMA : Karen Hills and Euby Mines (Doherty coll. Dist.). TENASSERIM (Limborg Gale.
Mus.) ; Myitta (Doherty coll. Dist.).

This is both a well-marked and apparently constant species.

9. Huechys lutulenta, n. sp. (Tab. XIV., figs. 1, a, fe.)

2 . Head and thorax above and beneath dull ochraceous ; vertical area of head, a central hour-
glass-shaped fascia, and the margins of pronotum, castaneous ; mesouoturn with two small obconical
spots on anterior margin, with a smaller and more obscure spot on each side, the cruciform elevation,
excluding apices, three spots in front of same, the central one largest, and a spot on each side,
castaneous. Abdomen brownish-ochraceous ; legs castaneous.

Tegmina pale uniform brownish, opaque ; basal cell and a spot beneath it fuscous ; wings pale
hyaline, sometimes with violaceous reflexions, and with a basal fuscous streak on inner margin.

Rostrum reaching the intermediate coxse ; face large, somewhat compressed, coarsely striate, and
longitudinally sulcated for about half its length.

Long. excl. tegm. 2 , 17 to 21 millim. Exp. tegm. 46 to 48 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Borneo, Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead coll. Dist.).

I possess two female specimens of this distinctly marked and coloured species.

116 OEIKM'AL CICADID.-E.

10. Huechys dohertyi, n. sp. (Tab. XIV., figs. 2, a, b.)

Head, thorax and abdomen dull ochraceous ; base of face, anterior margin of front and whole vertex
of head, black. Pronotum with a central hour-glass-shaped fascia, the fissures and the margins black.
Mesonotum with four central obconical spots, the two central spots smallest, the cruciform elevation, and
a central angulated spot in front of same, blackish. Abdomen, both above and beneath, with a more or
less distinct marginal series of blackish spots, blackish segmental fasciffi, and two blackish central
longitudinal fasciae to anal appendage. Legs black.

Tegmina pale brownish ; the venation, costal membrane and postcostal area darker in hue. Wings
pale hyaline ; the venation and a basal streak on inner margin fuscous.

The rostrum reaches the intermediate coxae; the face is more or less longitudinally sulcated for its
whole length, and coarsely transversely striate.

Long. excl. tegm. $ and 2 , 18 to 21 millirn. Exp. tegm. 48 to 52 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: S.E. Borneo (coll. Dist.).

Var. a.

Tegmina with obscure greyish-white streaks in all the areas.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : S.E. Borneo (Doherty coll. Dist.).

Apart from the very distinct colour markings, this species may be distinguished from the
preceding by the more longitudinally sulcated face.

11. Huechys chryselectra. (Tab. XIV., figs. 3, a, b.)

Huechys ckrysekctra, Distant, Ami. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 520 (1888).

$ . Head and thorax above ochraceous ; vertex of head somewhat darker in hue ; a large black spot on
each lateral area of the pronoturn. Abdomen above pale castaneous, the segmental margins very narrowly
ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs, and opercula, dull ochraceous ; head, excluding face and the
coxae, castaneous. Abdomen beneath as above.

Tegmina pale brown and opaque, the venation concolorous ; wings very pale brownish and semi-
hyaline.

The face has the central sulcation very distinct, but not extending beyond two-thirds of its length.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 44 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Borneo. SARAWAK (Doria and Beccari Genoa Mus.).

12. Huechys hsematica. (Tab. XIV., figs. 4, a, b.)

Huechys hamatim, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 454, t. iv. f. 5, a, b (1888).

? . Body above sanguineous; pronotum with a large oblique black spot on each lateral area; eyes
dull ochraceous. Body beneath sanguineous ; legs castaneous.

Tegmina pale greyish-brown, with darker suffusions along the venation ; base narrowly sanguineous.
Wings pale bluish-grey, with darker suffusions along the venation ; base narrowly sanguineous.

The rostrum reaches the posterior coxte ; the face is much compressed, with a slight narrow central
longitudinal sulcation.

Long. excl. tegm. ? , 20 millim. Exp. tegm. 45 millim.

Hab. TENASSERIJI : Mt. Mooleyit, 600-1200 m. (Fea Genoa Mus.).

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 117

Genus SCIEROPTEKA.

8deroptern, Still, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 4 (1866); Atkins. J. A. 8. Beng. vol. liii. p. 220 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv.
p. 155 (1886).

General character of Huechys, but differing from that genus by not having the face longitudinally
sulcated.

Scieroptera is quite confined to our faunistic area, and is distributed throughout
Continental India, Burma, Tenasserim, and onwards through the Malayan Archipelago.

1. Scieroptera splendidula. (Tab. XIV., figs. 6, a, b.)

Tettigonia splendidula, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 681 (1775); Sp. Ins. ii. p. 821, n. 20 (1781); Mant. Ins. ii.

p. 267, n. 25 (1787) ; Syst. Ehyng. p. 42, n. 49 (1803).
Cicada splendidula, Gmel. Ed. Syst. Nat. i. 3, p. 2098, n. 83 (1782) ; Oliv. Enc. Me"th. v. p. 766, n. 47 (1790) ;

Germ. Thon. Arch. ii. p. 45, n. 102 (1830) ; Guer. Mag. Zool. p. 79, n. 9 (1838) ; Westw. in Donov. Ins.

China, t. 16, f. 4 (1842).
Scieroptera splendidula, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 169 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 220, n. 80

(1885) ; ibid. vol. Iv. p. 155, n. 25 (1886) ; Dist. Ann. Mas. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 455 (1888).

Body black ; margins and a central fascia to pronotum, margins and a central fascia to mesonotum,
ochraceous ; cruciform elevation ochraceous, its central area blackish ; lateral margins of sternum
ochraceous. Abdomen and femora excluding apices reddish-ochraceous ; abdomen frequently with a
central dorsal longitudinal black macular fascia.

Tegmina very dark fuscous ; wings hyaline, slightly tinged with ochraceous.

Long. excl. tegm. $ and 2 , 12 to 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 35 to 44 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Margherita in Assam (Doherty coll. Dist.). TENASSERIM (coll. Dist.)-
MALAYAN AECHIPELAGO, SUMATRA (Bock coll. Dist.). CHINA (Westwood).

Far. a, cuprea.

Huechys cuprea, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. x. p. 95 (1867).

Costal membrane of the tegmina ochraceous.

Long. excl. tegm. 15 to 20 millim. Exp. tegm. 32 to 53 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Sikkim and Khasi Hills (coll. Dist.). BURMA: Momeit (Doherty coll.
Dist.) MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO, BORNEO : Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead coll. Dist.). CELEBES : Minahassa
(coll. Dist.) ; Tondano (Brit. Mus.).

Far. b, trabeata.

Cicada trabeata, Germ. Thon. Archiv. ii. p. 3 (1830) ; Guer. Mag. Zool. p. 78, n. 7 (1888).
Huechys trabeata, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 219, n. 28 (1885).

Tegmina paler than in var. a ; ground colour of pronotum purplish in place of black ; front of head
marked with purplish.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO, JAVA (Forbes coll. Dist.).

Far. c.

Tegmina as in var. a, but legs and face uniformly ochraceous.
Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : " North India " (sic) (coll. Diet.).

118 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

Far. d.

As var. c, but the tibia and tarsi blackish ; head with the margins of front and the lateral areas of
vertex ochraceous.

Hab. BUEMA : Momeit (Doherty coll. Disk).

This is a most variable species, of wide distribution. It is probable that none of the
varieties are of a truly local character ; the only one that appears to be so (according to
present knowledge) is the Javan traheata, Germ.

2. Scieroptera crocea. (Tab. XIV., figs. 6, a, &.)

Cicada crocea, Guenn, Voy. Favorite, v. p. 159, t. 45, f. 8 (1829) ; Voy. Coquille, Zool. ii. p. 182 (1830) ; Mag.

Zool. Ins. p. 79, n. 8, t. 237, f. 8 (1839).
Scieroptera crocea, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 169 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 220, n. 29 (1885) ;

ibid. vol. Iv. p. 155, n. 24 (1886).

Closely allied to the preceding species, S. splendidula, of which it may probably prove but another
variety. Differs by the tegmina being semi-hyaline, and very pale ochraceous, with the venation darker
ochraceous. The face is black, with the margins ochraceous.

Long, excl. tegm. $ and 2 , 15 to 20 millim. Exp. tegm. 40 to 57 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Bombay (Leith coll. Dist.). MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO, SUMATRA (Ludeking
Leyd. Mus.), Toba-reis, Tandjong, Morawa, Serdang (Hagen Leyd. Mus.), Soekadam, Lampong (Van
Hasselt Leyd. Mus.). JAVA: (Van Lansberg Leyd. Mus.). BORNEO : Sarawak (Genoa Mus.).

Var. a.

Face altogether pale castaneous ; legs ochraceous.
Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO, JAVA (coll. Dist.).

3. Scieroptera fumigata. (Tab. XIV., fig. 7.)

Huechys fumigata, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1854, p. 244 (1854).

Scieroptera fumigata, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 169 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 220, n. 31 (1885).

Of this species I have figured a typical specimen in the Stockholm Museum, and append
a copy of the original description of Stal.

" Capite, thorace scutelloque nigris horum marginibus lateralibus, rnaculisque 2 oblongis, flavis,
hemelytris fusco-vinaceis, costa nervisque dilute flavo-testaceis ; alis dilute vinaceo-hyalinis ; abdomine
femoribusque testaceis, illo dorso nigricante tibiisque tarsisque nigro-piceis.

" Long corp. 12 ; exp. tegm. 28 mill."

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : " Ind. Orient." (sic.) (Stockh. Mus.), North Bengal (coll. Dist.), Margherita
in Assam (Doherty coll. Dist.).

Genus MOGANNIA.

Mogannia, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 467, n. 866 (1843) ; Stal, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 5 (1866).
Cephaloxys, Sign. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 294 (1847).

Body short, broad, robust. Head, including eyes, a little broader than long, and narrower than the
base of mesonotum, the front conically produced ; ocelli about the same distance from the eyes as from

ORIENTAL CICADID^E. 119

each other; face oblique or obliquely convex. Pronotum narrower in front than behind, the lateral
margins non-ampliated and slightly oblique, the posterior lateral angles moderately reflexed and lobately
rounded. Anterior femora spined or dentate. Tympana more or less completely exposed ; opercula
small, usually obliquely convex, and not quite covering the cavities. Tegmina with their basal halves
usually more or less brilliantly coloured, sometimes opaque ; the costal margin, before the centre, suberect ;
the basal cell long ; apical areas eight in number, the first longer than the second.

This genus is again confined to the limits of our faunistic area, and hence all the described
species are here enumerated. They somewhat resemble in appearance several of the smaller
Sphingidae.*

1. Mogannia viridis. (Tab. XIV., figs. 8, a, b.)

Cephaloxys riridis, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 294 (1847); Stal, 6'fv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1863,

p. 483.
Cephaloxtjs rostrata, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 233, n. 4 (1850).

Body above pale green, inclining to ochraceous, or, in some specimens, reddish-ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation olivaceous or ochraceous (usually resembling the hue
of the body) ; tegmina slightly suffused -with greenish or ochraceous at base, the costal membrane generally
reddish-ochraceous.

The face is obliquely concave, the base being prominently and conically produced ; the rostrum about
reaches the intermediate coxae ; the opercula are slender and oblique ; the anterior femora beneath have
two small but distinct spines near apex.

Long. excl. tegm. $ and ? , 15 to 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 45 to 47 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Mungpoo in Bengal (coll. Dist.) : Naga Hills and Margherita in Assam
(Doherty coll. Dist.). BURMA: Momeit (Doherty coll. Dist.). MALAY PENINSULA : Perak (Doherty coll.
Dist.). MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO, JAVA (coll. Sign, and Brit. Mus.).

Of eleven specimens of this species now in my collection, only one belongs to the
female sex.

2. Mogannia fulva. (Tab. XIV., figs. 9, a, b.)

Cepkaloxtjsfulva, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. x. p. 94, n. 29 (1867).

Closely allied to M. viridis, Sign., but differing by the front of the head, which is much less produced
than in that species ; the face is also wider, more compressed, and much less obliquely concave than in
M. viridis. The opercula are more slender and wider apart.

The colour of the specimen before me and of that described by Walker is ochraceous, but probably
fresh specimens are of a greenish hue.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 16 millim. Exp. tegm. 4'2 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO, NEW GUINEA (coll. Dist.; Wallace Brit. Mus.).

3. Mogannia obliqua. (Tab. XIV., figs. 10, a, I.)

M!iannia obliqua, Walker, List Horn. Suppl. p. 39 (1858) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 232, n. 87(1885) ;
Dist. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 455, n. 8 (1888).

2 . Head and pronotum above pale greenish or greenish-ochraceous ; head with the apex of front and
the basal area blackish. Pronotum with a central triangular blackish fascia. Mesonotum with a broad

It was evidently species of this genus that were described in the late Dr. Stoliczka's collection as " might at a glance
be mistaken for moths." (V. Ball, 'Jungle Life in India,' p. 338).

120 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

central fascia constricted near the middle, black. Abdomen above ochraceous, sometimes greenish. Abdomen
beneath more or less suffused with blackish. Legs castaneous, with the coxae and femora streaked with
blackish, or legs dark castaneous, with the intermediate and posterior tibiae and tarsi pale greenish.

Tegmina pale hyaline, the costal membrane pale castaneous ; an oblique transverse fuscous fascia
from end of radial area to apex of lower ulnar area, where it is more or less irregularly continued along
inner margin to base ; basal cell and base slightly suffused with pale brilliant ochraceous or greenish.
Wings pale hyaline ; extreme base and lower basal margin of tegmina sanguineous.

The face is obliquely concave ; the rostrum just reaches the intermediate coxae ; the anterior femora
in the female are not distinctly spined.

Long. excl. tegm. 2 , 15 to 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 45 to 50 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkim (Calc. Mus.) ; Assam (Chennell coll. Dist.) ; Naga Hills and
Margherita (Doherty coll. Dist.) ; Mungpoo in Bengal (coll. Dist.). BURMA : Momeit (Doherty coll. Dist.) ;
Eangoon and Charin Cheba (Fea Genoa Mus.). MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO, JAVA (Brit. Mus.).

Of thirteen species now in rny own collection all belong to the female sex, and I am
unable to figure or describe the opercula of the male.

4. Mogannia doriae. (Tab. XIV., figs. 11, a, I.)

Moijannia doria, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 520 (1888).

2 . Body above shining brownish-ochraceous. Head with the anterior margins pitchy, the basal area
castaneous. Pronotum with the anterior and posterior margins very pale ochraceous, and with a large
castaneous patch on each lateral area. Mesonotum pale ochraceous, with two central and contiguous
obconical pitchy spots at anterior margin, from which a similarly coloured linear fascia extends to base,
where it is widened in front of the basal cruciform elevation, and with a wide castaneous fascia, narrowed
posteriorly, on each lateral area. Abdomen above brownish-ochraceous, -with two pale pilose spots on each
side near base, and the margin of the penultimate segment also palely pilose. Body beneath brownish-
ochraceous ; the face, anterior femora and tibiae, intermediate and posterior femora, rostrum, and meso- and
metasternums, castaneous ; intermediate and posterior tibias and tarsi pale ochraceous. Abdomen beneath
as above.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; the first with the basal third of venation ochraceous, remaining
two-thirds fuscous ; the costal membrane castaneous ; wings with the venation fuscous, ochraceous at
basal area.

The rostrum reaches the intermediate coxae ; the face is extremely pointed and conical at base.

Long. excl. tegm. ? , 14 millim. Exp. tegm. 40 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO, BORNEO, SARAWAK: (Doria and Beccari Genoa Mus.).

5. Mogannia sesioides. (Tab. XIV., figs. 12, a, b.)

Mogannia sesioides, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. x. p. 95, n. 30 (1867).

Body above brownish-ochraceous ; mesonotum either totally ochraceous, or with the lateral margins
and basal cruciform elevation ochraceous ; posterior margin of pronotum and posterior segmental margins
ochraceous. Body beneath, and intermediate and posterior legs, pale ochraceous ; face, lateral margins of
sternum, and anterior legs, pale castaneous. (Lateral margins of abdomen in a female specimen now
before me reddish-ochraceous, with fuscous spots.)

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; tegmina with the costal membrane and postcostal area castaneous ;
basal third pale ochraceous, with a narrow darker outer margin.

ORIENTAL CICAD1D&. 121

The front is long, slender, and very conically produced, and the face is very obliquely concave ; the
rostrum reaches the intermediate coxaa; the opercula are small, with their apices not very wide apart.

Long. excl. tegm. $ and 2 , 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 36 to 40 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO, SUMATRA (coll. Dist. ; Wallace Brit. Mus.) ; Taju tanam (Beccari
Genoa Mus.) ; Fort de Kock, Alahan pandjang (Sumatr. Exped. Leyden Mus.) ; Tapanveli (Van Lansberg
Leyden Mus.). JAVA (V. Eyndh Leyden Mus.).

This small and distinct species appears to be very common in the island of Sumatra.

6. Mogannia hebes. (Tab. XIV., figs. 13, a, 6.)

Cephnlo.njx hebes, Walker, List Horn. Suppl. p. 88 (1858).
Moijannia hebes, Stal, Ofv. Vet. -Alt. Forh. 1863, p. 483.
Mogannia spurcata, Walk. Ins. Saund. Horn. p. 27 (1858).

Body above greenish-ochraceous ; pronotum with two large fuscous spots on disk sometimes almost
obsolete ; mesonotum with four fuscous obconical spots, the central pair smallest ; body beneath and legs
pale greenish-ochraceous.

Tegrnina and wings pale hyaline ; tegmina with the veins greenish or ochraceous, the basal third
more or less irregularly suffused with brilliant greenish-ochraceous.

Front moderately and conically produced, its apex obtuse ; face oblique, scarcely concave ; rostrum
slightly passing the intermediate coxae.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 15 millim. Exp. tegm. 36 millim.

Hab. CHINA (Fortune Brit. Mus.). FORMOSA (coll. Dist.).

7. Mogannia nasalis. (Tab. XIV., figs. 14, a, b.)

5 Mogannia nasalis, White, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. p. 332 (1846).
Mogannia chinensis, Stal, Ofv., Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1865, p. 155, n. 3.

Body and legs pale castaneous and pilose ; the eyes, posterior margin to pronotum, basal cruciform
elevation to mesonotum, and the legs, somewhat paler in hue ; extreme bases of the tibiae, bases and apices
of the tarsi, and coxal spots, blackish.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; tegmina, with the venation and costal membrane, ochraceous ; a
broad, obliquely transverse, ochraceous fascia crosses end of radial area to inner margin ; the fascia is
widened posteriorly, and more or less margined with fuscous ; basal cell and extreme base ochraceous ;
wings with the venation fuscous.

Front strongly conically produced, the face obliquely concave ; rostrum reaching the intermediate

COX83.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 15 millim. Exp. tegm. 40 millim.
Hab. CHINA (coll. Dist.) ; Hong Kong (Bowring Brit. Mus.).

8. Mogannia cyanea. (Tab. XIV., figs. 15, a, ft.)

Mogannia cyanea, Walker, List Horn. Suppl. p. 40 (1858).

Body and legs bright shining indigo-blue; eyes and the intermediate and^ posterior coxal margin dull
ochraceous.

Tegmina pale hyaline, basal half shining ochraceous ; a spot at end of radial area and the venation
of apical portion fuscous ; wings pale hyaline, the base narrowly ochraceous, the venation more or less
ochraceous.

122 ORIENTAL CICADID^E.

The head is very strongly pilose, with the front prominently and conically produced, the face
moderately obliquely concave. The rostrum about reaches the intermediate coxae.

Long. excl. tegm. 16 millim. Exp. tegm. 40 to 44 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Naga Hills and Margherita in Assam (Doherty coll. Dist.). BURMA:
Ruby Mines (Doherty coll. Dist.). NORTH CHINA (Fortune Brit. Mus.).

9. Mogannia effecta. (Tab. XIV., figs. 16, a, b.)

Moyannia effecta (Walk. MS.), Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ix. p. 816 (1892).

Body and legs very dark bluish-black ; tegmina with the basal half bluish-black, this colour broadly
margined at base, costal area, claval area, and just before its extremity, with sanguineous.

Var. a.

The black area of tegmina streaked with pale fuscous, and the sanguineous margin to same very dull
on costal area and almost absent on claval area.

Var. b.

The venation in black area of tegmina sanguineous and concolorous with the surrounding margins.
Long. excl. tegm. 17 to 19 millim. Exp. tegm. 42 to 48 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Sikkim (Calc. Mus.); Naga Hills and Darjeeling (coll. Dist.). MALAYAN
ARCHIPELAGO, SUMATRA: Tandjong, Morawa, Serdang (Hagen Leyden Mus.).

This is a common North-Indian species, and of a very distinct pattern and coloration of
tegmina.

10. Mogannia funebris.

Mogannin funebris, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1865, p. 155, n. 2; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol.liii. p. 232, n. 89
(1885).

" /Enescente-nigra, fusco-pilosula ; tegminibus alisque vitreis, illis ante medium nigris, areola basali
asciaque ad apicem partis nigne sordide lutescentibus."
" 2 . Long. 19 millim. Exp. tegm. 46 millim."
Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sylhet (Stockh. Mus.).

Var. a. (Tab. XIV., figs. 17, a, 6.)

Dist. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 455, t. iv. fig. 1, a, b (1888).

Agreeing generally with Still's description, but without the luteous fascia " ad apicem partis nigrae."
Hab. BURMA: Bhamo (Fea Genoa Mus.).

11. Mogannia conica. (Tab. XIV., figs. 18, a, I.)

Cicailn i-ntiicii, Germar, Tlion. Arch. ii. 2, p. 39, n. 20 (1830).
Cepl'' /, Sign. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 2, v. p. 295, n. 11 (1847).

Mogannin nriculu, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 250, n. 5 (1850) ; Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 717, n. 1.
Mogannia m-.tu, Walk. List Horn. Suppl. p. 39 (1858) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 232, n. 86 (1885).
Miif/annia venutissima, Stul, Ofv. Vet.-Ak, Forh. 1865, p. 154, n. 1 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 232,
n. 88 (1885).

$ . Body and legs black ; above with a more or less denned and broken, longitudinal, dull ochraceouw
fascia, extending from front of head to apex of abdomen, and generally forming a more or less distinct
hour-glass-shaped fascia on pronotum in some specimens this fascia is very indistinct. Face and disk of
abdomen beneath brownish-ochraceous ; margins of coxae and trochahters pale ochraceous.

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 123

Tegmina pale hyaline ; the basal half fuscous and semi-opaque, extending from the end of radial
area to a little beyond apex of interior ulnar area ; costal membrane and base narrowly sanguineous ;
wings hyaline, with their base narrowly sanguineous.

Long. excl. tegm. ? , 15 millim. Exp. tegm. 40 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Hindostan, sic (Brit. Mus.). MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO, SUMATRA : Tandjong,
Morawa, Serdang (Hagen Leyden Mus.). PHILIPPINE ISLES (Cuming Brit. Mus. ; Semper Stockh. Mus.).

Var. a, ignifera.

Miii/iiiinia ii/nij'era, Walk. List Horn, i. p. 249, n. 4 (1850) ; ibid. iv. t. 2, f. 5 (1852).

Body and legs brownish-ochraceous ; basal opaque coloration of tegmina pale ochraceous, margined
with fuscous near costal margin.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO, JAVA (Argent Brit. Mus. ; Forbes coll. Dist.).

Var. b, indicans.

Moyannia indicans, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 249, n. 3 (1850); Dist. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2<i, vol. vi.

p. 455 (1888) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 232, n. 90 (1885).
Mogannia histrionica, Uhler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Soc. Philad. 1862, p. 283.

Body black or brownish ; tegmina with the basal opaque portion containing a transverse, curved,
ochraceous or reddish fascia a little before its apex.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Khasi Hills (Chennell coll. Dist.) ; Margherita in Assam (Doherty coll.
Dist.). TENASSEKIM : Thagata (Fea Genoa Mus.). CHINA: Hong Kong (Bowring Brit. Mus.).

Var. c, illustrata.

Mogannia illustrata, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Heni. p. 467, n. 1, t. 9, f. 4 (1843).

Tegmina with the opaque basal area outwardly margined with fuscous, and with an apical
ochraceous spot.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Java (Amy. & Serv.).

Var. d.

The opaque coloration to tegmina uniformly reddish-ochraceous, occupying nearly the whole of lower
apical area, and outwardly margined with fuscous ; lateral and posterior margins of pronotum also
ochraceous.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Sumatra (coll. Dist.).

Genus GYMNOTYMPAXA.

Gymnotympana, Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 4, vol. i. p. 619 (1861).

" Corpus valde oblongum. Caput angustuin, thoracis antico baud vel vix latius, fronte dimulium
faciei occupante. Ocelli ab oculis baud vel paulo latius quam inter se distantes. Thorax marginibus
lateralibus obtusis, postice subito ampliatis, limbo postico angustissiino. Tegmiua areolis apicalibus octo,
areola basali venas duas basi sat approximatas emittente; areola ad suturam clavi apicem versus
angustiore ; areola apicali prima secunda longiore. Tympana supra tota detecta, plicata. Opercula sat
magna, convexa, basi late affixa. Femora antica subtus trispinosa."

Stal's original description of this very rare genus is here given/ Only two species are
known, both of which are found in the eastern islands of the Malayan Archipelago, and by
the kind courtesy of Dr. Aurivillius, of the Stockholm Museum, I have been afforded an
opportunity of figuring typical specimens of both of them. Of these species only one occurs

124 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

in our fauna as here restricted ; but as the second is found only just to the east of New
Guinea, and may be also found on that island, I have figured it, and added the description in a
footnote.*

1. Gymnotympana stridens. (Tab. IX., figs. 16, , b.)

Cicada striJms, Still, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1861, p. 152.

Gymnotympana xti-iilrns, Stal, Ann. Soc. But. Pr. ser. 4, vol. i. p. 619 (1861).

Dtmiluhiii siijn{ficntii, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. x. p. 91, n. 18 (1867).

" Pallide griseo-flavescens, vittis quinque thoracis, femoribus anticis, apicibus tibiarnm tarsorumque
nee non abdomine fusco, hoc vacuo, fasciis vitreis utrimque ornato ; operculis pallidis, extus infuscatis ;
tegminibus sordide hyalinis, fusco-venosis ; thorace obsolete fusco-vittato, vittis duabus mediis
abbreviatis."

" c? . Long. 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 50 millim."

" <? . Abdomine segmento secundo dorsali tympana libera relinquente; operculis apicem versus
sensim angustatis, convexiusculis, apice rotundatis, thorace circiter dimidio longioribus, sensim diver-
gentibus."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO, BATCHIAN (Stockh. Mus. ; Wallace Brit. Mus.). MORTY (Wallace
Brit. Mus.).

Genus KAMALATA.

Kamalata, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 52 (1889).

Body very robust ; the abdomen broad and moderately inflated, its lateral margins distinctly keeled
beneath ; the opercula are short, as in the genus Pomponia ; the rostrum in the typical species here
described about reaches the posterior coxae, its second joint somewhat cgmpressed laterally and dilated and
deeply grooved above ; anterior femora robust, and spined beneath at apex. Tegmina short, broad, about
as long as the body ; apical areas eight in number, first longer than the second, basal ulnar area very
slightly ampliated anteriorly.

The principal characteristic of Kamalata is found in the vertex of the head, which is laminately
produced on each side in front of the inner margin of the eyes in somewhat rectangular processes.

My whole knowledge of this genus is derived from a specimen contained in the Leyden
Museum, and which is here figured.

1. Kamalata pantherina. (Tab. VIII., figs. 9, a, b.)

Kamalata pantherina, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 52 (1889).

Body above and beneath dark chocolate-brown ; head with a longitudinal fascia to front, the margins
and a transverse fascia to the ampliations in front of eyes, and a transverse spot at anterior margin of

* Gymnotympana strepitans. (Tab. IX., figs. 17, a, b.)

Cicada strepitans, Still, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1861, p. 151.

Gymnoiympana strepitans, Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 4, vol. i. p. 619 (1861).

"Pallide snbolivaceo-flavescens ; vittis sex thoracis, mediis duabus angustissimis, operculis apicem versus segmentoque
dorsali apicali abdominis fuscis, hoc posterius pallido-quadrivittato ; vittis quattuor scutelli fuscis pallido-conspersis,_rnediis
abbreviatis ; tegminibus sordide hyalinis testaceo-venosis ; abdomine superne maculis pallidioribus adsperso."

"$. Long. 23, exp. tegm. 60 millim."

"$. Operculis valde convexis, ultra medium valde approximatis, extus recta, intus medio rotundatis, dein apicem
versus oblique subtruncatis, thorace duplo longioribus. Abdomine pellucido, segmento dorsali secundo simplici, tympana
libera relinquente."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Woodlark Isl. (Stockh. Mus.).

ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 125

vertex, behind which are two outwardly curved lineate spots ochraceouB, eyes Inteous; pronotum with a
central black hour-glass-shaped fascia somewhat margined and streaked with ochraceous, the posterior
margin also ochraceous ; mesonotum with two longitudinal waved linear fascia), between which near
anterior margin are two oblique spots, and the cruciform elevation, ochraceous ; abdominal segmental
margins ochraceous ; apices of the femora luteous, anterior and posterior tibiro annulated at base,
and the intermediate tibia? both at base and apex with fuscous.

Tegmina pale greenish -ochraceous-hyaline, the venation brown ish-ochraceous ; a large pale fuscous
spot at bases of second, third, fourth, fifth, and seventh apical areas, some small spots at bases of sixth
and eighth apical areas, two very small spots on the margins of third ulnar area, and a series of large
marginal spots at the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas. Wings pale hyaline, the venation
brownish-ochraceous.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 34 millim. Exp. tegm. 75 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ABCHIPELAGO : Sumatra (Leyden Mus.).

Genus RUSTIA.

Rustia, Still, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 8 (I860).

Body moderately long and slender. Head broad, including eyes about as wide as the anterior margin
of the mesonotum ; the vertical angles globosely produced in front of the anterior margin of the eyes,
which are somewhat pedunculate ; ocelli situate much farther apart from eyes than from each other.
Pronotum with the lateral margins moderately convexly sinuate, the posterior angles somewhat lobately
recurved. Anterior femora distinctly and prominently spined. Tympana almost totally uncovered and
exposed. Opercula very small, not covering the cavities. Tegmina and wings hyaline ; tegmina with the
basal cell much longer than broad, apical areas eight in number, interior ulnar area of irregular shape
and much wider at apex than at base ; wings with five apical areas.

Paistia is a genus of small species, which according to present knowledge are confined to-
India and South-eastern Continental Asia.

1. Rustia dentivitta. (Tab. VIII., figs. 14, a, I.)

Cicada dentivitta, Walker, Journ. Ent. vol. i. p. 804 (1862).
Rustia pedunculate, Stfil, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1866, p. 383.

S Body and legs brownish-ochraceous ; head with a fascia on each side of front, two central
longitudinal spots to vertex, a spot on inner margin of eyes, and the anterior angles of vertex, black ;
pronotum with two central longitudinal fascite, on each side of which is an oblique fascia and the sublateral
margin, black. Mesonotum with two centrally united obconical spots, and a curved fascia on each lateral
area, black ; abdomen with a faint central longitudinal fascia, and the apex above and beneath, more or
less blackish.

Tegmina and wings hyaline ; tegmina with the venation, costal membrane, and a series of large
marginal spots sometimes united on the longitudinal veins to apical areas, fuscous.

Rostrum reaching the posterior coxae ; the face moderately tumid, with strong transverse striations,
but with no trace of a longitudinal sulcation.

Long. excl. tegm. 3 and $ , 12 to 14 millim. Exp. tegm. 32 to 40 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Margherita in Assam (Doherty coll. Dist.). BURMA: Eangoon (coll.
Dist.l. SIAM (coll. Pascoe). CAMBODIA (Stockh. Mus.).

126 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

Far. a, amussitata. (Tab. XII., figs. 16, a, fc.)

Tibicen amussitattus. Disk. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 873 (1888) ; Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a,
vol. vi. p. 892 (1888).

Tegmina almost unspotted, or with only faint traces of the marginal spots ; sometimes with a single
apical spot.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Karwar and Darjeeling (coll. Dist.) ; Naga Hills (Doherty coll. Dist.).
BURMA (Bingham coll. Dist.).

2. Rustia tigrina. (Tab. XIV., figs. 19, a, b.)

Tibicen tigiinus, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ii. p. 325 (1888).

Ochraceous ; a transverse fascia between the eyes, a broad marginal fascia to pro- and mesonotum, a
spot on each side of basal cruciform elevation, and two longitudinal dorsal fasciae on abdomen, dark
castaneous or blackish. Body beneath and legs ochraceous ; apex of abdomen spotted with black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the first with the costal membrane and basal area of venation
ochraceous, remaining venation and an apical spot fuscous ; wings with the venation fuscous.

The rostrum just passes the intermediate coxae ; the anterior femora are armed beneath with four
spines two central long and prominent, one short and obscure near base, and one short placed just in
front of the apical longest spine.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 13 millim. Exp. tegm. 31 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Kulluur (coll. Atkins, and coll. Dist.).

Genus KARENIA.

Karenia, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 457 (1888).

Head depressed, rounded, somewhat narrower than the anterior margin of the pronotum. Pronotum
more than twice as broad as long, widened posteriorly, the lateral margins ampliated and obscurely
toothed. Mesonotum somewhat large, the cruciform basal elevation elongated. Abdomen short and
robust, about equal in length to that of pro- and mesonotum combined. Anterior femora strongly toothed
beneath. Kostrum slightly passing the posterior coxae. Opercula small and widely separated.

Tegmina with the basal ulnar area slightly ampliated anteriorly, the base distinctly narrower than
apex ; apical areas eight.

The principal characteristics of this genus are the following : viz. the tympana are altogether
uncovered and exposed ; the lateral areas of the basal cruciform elevation to mesosternum are much
narrowed, their margins oblique ; the basal cell of tegmina is about twice as long as broad with the
ulnar veins emitted at its extreme apex.

Karenia has a superficial resemblance to the Tropical American genus Pachijsaltria, Stfd.
Two species are at present alone recorded, both being found in our faunistic area.

1. Karenia ravida. (Tab. XII., figs. 6, a, I.)

Knivnia ravida, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 458 (1888).

3 . Head, pronotum and mesonotum olivaceous. Head with a curved spot near the base of the antennai,
the area of the ocelli, and a lineate spot on each side of the same, black. Pronotum with two central
obconical spots starting from anterior margin, between which is a very indistinct central longitudinal line

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 127

and a somewhat effaced triangular fascia crossing each side of disk, blackish. A black spot in front of
each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, the posterior margin of which is also black. Abdomen
above olivaceous, much shaded with black. Body beneath olivaceous ; a spot at base of each antenna,
apices of anterior femora, bases of intermediate and posterior tibiae, the anterior and intermediate tarsi,
and the apex of the abdomen, black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation brownish-olivaceous; the first with the transverse
veins at the bases of the second, third, fifth, seventh, and eighth apical areas infuscated, and a marginal
series of fuscous spots placed on the longitudinal veins of the apical areas.

Long. excl. tegm. 27 millim. Exp. tegm. 87 millim.

Hab. BURMA: Kakhien Hills (Fea Genoa Mus. and coll. Diet.).

2. Karenia caelatata. (Tab. XIII., figs. 5, , b.)

Karenia calatata, Distant, ' Entomologist,' vol. xxiii. p. 91 (1890).

$ . Head, pronotum and mesonotum pale greenish, sparingly pilose ; head with the area of the
ocelli, and a spot on each side of base of front, black ; eyes brownish-ochraeeous. Pronotum with two
central discal curved fasciae, which are united posteriorly, and a spot on the lateral margins, black.
Mesonotum with two central obconical spots at anterior margin, on each side of which is a larger angulated
spot, and a rounded spot at each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, black (these spots are
more or less effaced in the typical specimen described) ; base of the cruciform elevation, a small spot on
each side of it, and a spot on each side of the basal margin of the metanotum, black. Abdomen ochraceous,
strongly pilose, with three irregular longitudinal fuscous fasciae, the central one broadest, those on the
lateral areas much angulated and macular. Body beneath and legs greenish-ochraceous ; a spot at base of
antennae, posterior margin of face, a spot near bases and apices of femora, bases of tibiae, tarsal claws, and
the base and apex of abdomen, more or less black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation more or less fuscous ; tegmina with the costal
membrane greenish, its extreme margin black, the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third,
fourth, fifth and seventh apical areas broadly infuscated, and a series of fuscous marginal spots
placed on the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas ; extreme bases of the tegmina and wings
ochraceous.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 100 millim.

Hab. CHINA: Chia Kou Ho, 1700 feet (Pratt -coll. Disk).

Genus TIBICEN.

Tilicen, Latreille, Fam. Nat. p. 426 (1825) ; Still, Hem. Afr. iv. pp. 8 and 25 (1806) ; Dist. Biol. Centr. Am.

Bhynch. Horn. p. 18 (1883).

Subgen. Abricta, Still, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 26 (1866) ; Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zeit. xxxv. p. Ill (1890).
Subgen. Abroma, Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 27 (1866) ; Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zeit. xxxv. p. Ill (1890).
Subgen. Quintilia. Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 28 (1866); Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zeit. xxxv. pp. Ill and 116 (1890).
Subgen. Nelcynda, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 716.

This genus is of a very variable nature, if the subgenera enumerated above are to be
considered only in that limited sense. Karsch (supra) has with considerable reason treated
them as distinct genera ; but as the species in this fauna are not numerous, I have adhered
generally to Stal's arrangement, and therefore give the generic diagnosis as enunciated by him,
which embraces the different subgeneric divisions.

128 ORIENTAL CICADID^E.

" Corpus oblongum. Caput latitudine varians, thoracis antico raro latius ; fronte leviter vel modice
convexa, baud plus quam dimidium latitudinis faciei occupante, sulco longitudinali instructa;* clypeo
apice subacuminato vel leviter truncate. Eostrum breve vel mediocre. Ocelli a basi capitis remoti.
Thorax lateribus raro paullo explanatis, srepissime convexis, postice ampliatus. Tegmina margine costali
baud vel basin versus leviter dilatato, venis nlnaribus ssepissime admodum distantibus, numquam contains,
areis apicalibus octo, prima quam secunda longius antrorsum extensa. Tympana tota detecta. Margo
anticus partis postic^ segment! dorsalis primi abdorninis in lobum baud ampliatus rectus. Segrnenturn
ventrale ultimurn feminarum profunde lateque emarginatum. Opercula parva aut mediocria, baud
valvantia, raro contigua. Femora antica subtus spinosa."

Tibicen, as thus freely understood, has a world-wide distribution, but its typical forms are
found in the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions, and only just enter the Indian section of the
Oriental region.

A. Head, including outer margins of eyes, much narrower than base of mesonotum.

a. Wings with six apical areas.

1. Tibicen casyapae.f (Tab. XIV., figs. 20, a, fc.)

Tibicen casyapte, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 374 (1888).

? . Head black ; margins of front, ocelli, and a small central basal spot, dull reddish ; eyes
ochraceous. Pronotum dull reddish, the margins and two central longitudinal lines black. Mesonotum
black; two central " antler "- shaped fasciae, the lateral margins, and the basal cruciform elevation, dull
reddish, the anterior angles of the last black. Abdomen above black. Body beneath black, somewhat
greyishly pilose ; face red, its central longitudinal sulcation black; rostrum black; legs reddish, the femora
streaked with black beneath.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, their bases dull reddish, the venation blackish ; the costal membrane
of tegmina ochraceous.

The face is large, but laterally compressed and strongly striated, with a profound central longitudinal
sulcation. The rostrum about reaches the intermediate coxse ; the legs are robust, and the anterior femora
have a strong spine beneath at apex and a similar spine near base.

Long. excl. tegm. 2 , 35 niillim. Exp. tegm. 90 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Kashmeer Valley, 6300 feet (Leech coll. Dist.).

2. Tibicen reticulatus. (Tab. XIV., figs. 21, a, b.)

Tibicen reticitliitus, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 374 (1888).

? . Head black ; apex of front, anterior lateral margins of vertex, and a narrow central longitudinal
line, dull reddish ; eyes brownish-ochraceous. Pronotum black, the margins and two large contiguous
spots on each side of disk dull reddish. Mesonotum black ; the margins, the basal cruciform elevation,
and two irregular subobconical spots on anterior margin, dull reddish. Abdomen black. Body beneath
and legs black, somewhat greyishly pilose ; margins of the face, under surfaces and apices of femora, tibiaa
and tarsi, excluding bases and extreme apices, spots and markings on sternum and abdominal segmental
margins, dull reddish.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation blackish, their bases narrowly reddish, outwardly
shaded with black ; costal membrane to tegmina dull reddish.

* Except in the subgenus Nclcynda as subsequently defined by Still.

f According to tradition, the valley of Kashmeer was drained and colonised by Casyapa, about 2,066 years before the
commencement of the Christian era (Hamilton ' East India Gazetteer ').

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 129

The face is laterally much compressed and moderately striated ; the rostrum about reaches the
intermediate coxae ; the legs are robust, and the anterior femora have a strong spine both at base and apex.

The tegmina in the specimen figured have a small additional cell at base of the second apical area,
caused by the presence of a short abnormal transverse vein.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 29 millim. Exp. tegm. 70 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Gilgeet (coll. Dist. and coll. Atkinson).

3. Tibicen lacteipennis. (Tab. X., figs. 5, a, b; Tab. XII., figs. 10, a, b.)

Cephaloxys lacteipennis, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 237, n. 8 (1850).

Moi/annia lacteipennis, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 238, n. 92 (1885).

This species, being only known to the writer by the typical female specimen contained in
the British Museum, here figured, Walker's original description is also given.

" Body luteous, clothed with pale hairs : head black, small, much narrower than the thorax ; a small
tawny spot at the base of each feeler ; face very prominent, adorned on each side with a large tawny spot :
mouth black, tawny at the base : eyes not prominent : feelers black : fore-chest much narrower in front
than behind ; sides rounded at the base of the fore-wings, then slightly concave, and again slightly convex
and minutely notched towards the fore border ; furrows of the scutcheon black ; hind-scutcheon broad, a
black band along its fore border ; scutcheon of the middle-chest adorned with four black obconical slightly
excavated marks ; middle pair not more than half the length of the side pair, between the former there
is a black stripe increasing in breadth from the fore border to the middle, where it ceases ; hind border very
slightly excavated : abdomen black, obconical, a little broader and longer than the chest ; hind borders of
the segments tawny; a tawny spot on each side near the tip, which is also tawny: opercula tawny, small,
open ; their furrows hoary ; drums extremely small : legs luteous ; a pitchy spot at the tip of each shank ;
tips of the claws black; fore thighs armed with two stout teeth, which are partly black at the base : wings
and flaps white, opake, luteous at the base ; veins black, tawny towards the base and near the brand, an
additional cross-vein near the tip of the sixth discoidal areolet of the left wing of the specimen described."

" Length of the body 17 lines ; of the wings 46 lines."

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: "North India" (sic) (Stevens Brit. Mus.).

B. Head, including outer margins of eyes, about or nearly equal in width to base of mesonottnii.

b. Wings with six apical areas.

4. *Tibicen subvittatus. (Tab. XII., figs. 17, a, b.)

Cicada subvitta, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 222, n. 17G (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 230, n. 78(1885).
Tibicen subvitta, Stal, Ofv. "Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 485.
Cicada strigosa, Walk. Ins. Saund. Horn. p. 19 (1858).

$ . Body above blackish ; head with the eyes, a small spot on vertical margins, a spot at base, and
the ocelli, ochraceous ; pronotum with the anterior and posterior margins narrowly, a central longi-
tudinal fascia, and the fissures, ochraceous ; mesonotum with very faint linear outlines of two central
obconieal spots, and the apices of the cruciform elevation, ochraceous ; margins of the abdominal
segments, and basal area of last abdominal segment, castaneous. Body beneath, with the lateral margins
of the face, sternal spots, opercula, and disk of abdomen, ochraceous ; legs considerably spotted and
marked with ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation mostly fuscous. Tegmina with the outer edge of
costal membrane, the basal cell, and claval area, ochraceous ; apex of basal cell blackish ; a short fuscous

130 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

fascia crosses apex of radial area, and is continued by macular indications to apex of interior ulnar area,
transverse veins at bases of the apical areas infuscated, and a small fuscous apical spot. Wings with the
bases of the apical areas infuscated, a marginal spot preceding lower apical area and basal streaks fuscous ;
extreme base ochraceous.

In the male the apex of the abdomen has three distinct spines.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 16 millim. Exp. tegm. 45 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Sikkim (Calc. Mus.) ; N.W. Himalaya (coll. Dist.)-

bb. Wings ^vithjive apical areas.
5. Tibicen nanus. (Tab. XIV., figs. 22, a, b.)

i 'i.;ni,i nana, Walker, List Horn. i. p. '202, n. 154 (1850).
Tibicen mnui, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 485.

"Body tawny : head hardly narrower than the fore-chest ; crown ferruginous, pitchy on each side ; face
convex, not prominent, adorned in front with two pitchy stripes : mouth dark tawny with a black tip,
reaching the middle hips : feelers tawny, very stout : eyes prominent : fore-chest ferruginous, very little
narrower in front than behind ; its sides slightly convex ; hind-scutcheon very narrow ; a very large
triangular black mark on each side of the scutcheon whose hind border is hardly excavated : abdomen
obconical, tapering quickly along the whole length, much longer than the chest : opercula small ; drums of
moderate size, rather less than one-third of the length of the abdomen : legs tawny ; claws black ; fore-
thighs armed with three tawny teeth : wings and flaps colourless ; veins tawny, black along the hind
borders of the fore-wings."

"Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 14 lines."

Hab. CHINA (Lay Brit. Mus.).

My knowledge of the above species is limited to the typical specimen in the British
Museum, now figured, and to Walker's description, which is here reproduced.

bbb. Wings with four apical areas.
(). Tibicen tener. (Tab. VI., figs. 5, a, I.)

Tibicen (Nelcymln) tener, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 716, n. 2.

" Flavescente-ferrugineus vel olivaceus, subtus peclibusque pallidior ; loris, verticis macula minuta
pone ocellum anticum, rnaculis duabus ad ocellos laterales maculaque minuta angulorum basalium, vel
macula magna spatium totum inter ocellos et oculos occupante, impressionibus disci thoracis, maculis
duabus basalibus mediis vittaque laterali posterius abbreviata scutelli, interdum etiana margine basali
segmentorum dorsaliurn abdominis vittaque ventris nigris ; tegrninibus alisque vitreis, venis flavo-ferrugineis,
apicem versus nigris, costa rufo-ferruginea vel olivacea."

" $ , 2 . Long. 1012, exp. tegm. 25-31 mill."

" <? . Operculis angustissimis, elongatis, leviter curvatis, sensim subangustatis ; segmento dorsali
ultimo apice medio acute dentato-producto, angulis posticis in processum, basi latum, dein subito superne
profunde sinuatum et pone sinum gracilem, productis ; segmento ventrali penultimo aique longo ac lato,
postice rotundato, segmento ultimo obovato, segmento penultimo fere duplo longiore."

" 2 . Segmento dorsali ultimo apice in dentem producto, vittis duabus postice abbreviatis nigris
ornato; segmento ventrali ultimo apice latissime profundeque angulato-emarginato."

" Satura fere Thaphura misellce* cui baud dissimilis. Ocelli in triangulum subobtusangulurn dispositi,
postici ab oculis quam inter se vix longius remoti. Thorax variat maculis duabus magnis nigris.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (Semper Stockh. Mus.).

The figure here given is taken from a female typical specimen in the Stockholm. Museum.

* A Neotropical species.

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 181

C. Head, including outer margins of eyes, distinctly broader than lase of mesonotum.

c. Wings with six ajrical areas.

1. Tibicen maculicollis. (Tab. XIV., figs. 23, a, I.)

Cicada maculicollis, Gnerin, Voy. Coq. Zool. p. 183 (1830) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 280, n. 76(1885).

Body above pale fuscous or castaneous ; anterior margins of front and vertex of head, a central hour-
glass-shaped fascia to pronotum, four obconical spots to mesonotum, the central pair shortest, fuscous or
dark castaneous. Body beneath and legs pale castaneous ; the face darker, the interior margins of eyes
broadly greyishly tomentose.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; tegmina with the costal membrane pale castaneous.

Opercula small and lobately directed inwardly ; the rostrum reaches the posterior coxae.

Long. excl. tegm. $ and ? , 20 millim. Exp. tegm. 55 to 56 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Bengal (Guer.). MALAY PENINSULA: Perak (Doherty coll. Dist.).

This species is very variable in coloration, some specimens having the abdomen olivaceous
in hue, and in others the distinctive markings of the pronotum are not well pronounced.

Stal (Hem. Afr. iv. p. 27) recites T. maculicollis as a synonym of Tibicen Irunneus, Fabr., a
species found in the island of Mauritius. This is incorrect, and the two species belong to
different subgenera as defined by Stal himself; T. brunneus belonging to the s.g. Abricta, and
T. maculicollis to the s.g. Abroma.

8. Tibicen apicalis. (Tab. XII., figs. 15, a, b.)

Cicada apicalis, Germar, Thon. Ent. Arch. ii. p. 8, n. 96 (1830) ; Silb. Rev. Ent. ii. p. 63, n. 21 (1834); Walk.

List Horn. i. p. 161, n. 103 (1850).

Cicada semicincta, Walk. List Honi. i. p. 142, n. 80 (1850) ; Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Fcirli. 1862, p. 481.
Tibicen tipi<:nlis, Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 4, vol. i. p. 618 (1861) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 231,

n. 83 (1885).

$ . Head above black, with a castaneous spot on front, the eyes ochraceous, the ocelli reddish.
Pronotum castaneous, with the margins and a central hour-glass-shaped fascia black. Mesonotum with
three obconical spots, the central one shortest and broadest. Abdomen blackish, darkest on basal disk,
with a greyish white tomentose spot on the lateral margins of both the first and second abdominal
segments, and a similarly coloured basal margin to the sixth and sometimes also to the fifth abdominal
segments. Body beneath blackish, the legs pale ochraceous, the femora more or less castaneous above,
lateral areas of the sternum ochraceous and greyishly tomentose, margins of the opercula and lateral areas
of the abdomen pale castaneous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation mostly fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membrane
ochraceous, and with a small apical fuscous spot.

Long. excl. tegm. 3 , 17 millim. Exp. tegm. 48 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Bombay (Calc. Mus.) ; Karwar (coll. Dist.).

cc. Wini/s ic ith Jive apical areas.

9. Tibicen nubifurca. (Tab. XIV., figs. 24, a, b.)

Cicada nubifurca, Walker, List Horn. Suppl. p. 28 (1858).

TOricm nnb(ni,-ca, Stul, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 485 ; Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat.' Hist. ser. 6, vol. is. p. 325

(1892).
Cicad iiiiinilis, Kirby, Journ. Lin. Soc. Zool. vol. xxiv. p. 181, t. v. f. 1 (1891).

2 . Head and thorax above castaneous, ochraceously pilose ; pronotum with a central longitudinal
fascia and the lateral margins obscurely ochraceous; mesonotum with two small, obscure, central

182 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

ochraceously margined spots ; abdomen ochraceous, palely pilose. Body beneath and legs pale ochraceous ;
face (excluding margins), rostrum (excluding base), and shadings to femora, pale fuscous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membrane pale
ochraceous ; a spot at apex of radial area, a spot at base of third apical area, and sometimes an apical
spot, fuscous.

Long. excl. tegm. 9 , 14 millim. Exp. tegm. 40 millim.

Hab. CEYLON (Templeton Brit. Mus. ; Green Brit Mus. and coll. Dist.).

Species only knoum to the writer by descriptions.

10. Tibicen ferrarius.

Tibicen (Abroma) ferrarius, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 716, n. 1.

" Ferrugineus, parce griseo-sericeus, vertice scutelloque nigro-signatis ; tegminibus alisque sordide
vitreis, venis sordide flavescente-ferrugineis, apicem versus pallescentibus ; dorso abdominis vittaque ventris
nigris."

" $ . Long. 20, lat. 7, exp. tegm. 59 mill."

" 3 . Operculis segmentoque ventrali primo pallide subferrugineo-flavescentibus, illis totis
distantibus, apicem versus sensim tamen nonnihil conv ergentibus, a basi ad apicem sensim nonnihil
ampliatis, apice obtuse rotundatis."

" T. (Abroma) apicali, Germ., maxime affinis, operculis nonnihil longioribus, apice obtusius rotundatis,
tegminibus apice immaculatis, area ulnari interiore latiore, apice obtusiore, angulo ejusdem apicali
exteriore minus obtuso, fronteque paullo minus tumida differt. Fascia inter ocellos et oculos maculaque
anterior verticis, angulus apicalis interior jugorum lora et clypeus nigra. Thorax macula anteriore,
maculis duabus discoidalis, impressionibus, lateralibus et postica nigris. Scutellum maculis quattuor
obtriangularibus normalibus lateribusque nodi apicalis nigris. Alse area anali leviter infuscata, basin et
apicem versus obscuriore. Femora nigro vittata."

Hab. MALAYAN AKCHIPELAGO: Philippine Isles (Semper Stockh. Mus.).

11. Tibicen pusillus.

Tettiijonia pusilla, Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng. p. 44, n. 59 (1803).
Tibicen pusUlus, Stal, Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 8, n. 2 (1869).

The following is the full diagnosis of Stal, who examined the Fabrician type.

" Gracilis, pallide testaceo-flavescens, parce albido-sericeus ; capite, impressionibus obliquis vittaque
angusta laterali intramarginali thoracis, maculis duabus contiguis obovatis basalibus, vitta obliqua laterali,
posterius abbbreviata, fascia angusta interrupta posteriore maculisque duabus parvis ante fasciam positis
scutelli nigricantibus ; basi lateribusque frontis, macula clypei, basi verticis et macula minuta apicali
jugorum pallide testaceo-flavescentibus, vitta media limboque postico thoracis pallidis; segmentis dorsalibus
abdominis, excepto limbo apicali, in fusco-testaceum vergentibus, margine basali nigricante ; vitta coxarum
anticarum, femoribus anticis subtus, femoribus posterioribus, parte superiore apiceque exceptis, nee non
apice tarsorum fusco-testaceis ; costa venaque radiali pallide flavescentibus, ilia extus fusca."

" $ . Long. 12, lat. thor. 4, exp. tegm. 84 mill.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Amboina (Mus. Fabricii).

ORIENTAL CICADID^E. 183

Genus EMATHIA.

Kmnthia, Stal, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 8 (18C6) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Hii. p. 229 (1885).

Body robust. Head, including outer margins of eyes, narrower than base of mesonotum; ocelli
wider apart from eyes than from each other ; front broad and prominent. Pronotum with the lateral
margins straight, but ampliated at the posterior angles. Tympanal coverings rudimentary, the tympana
practically exposed. Opercula small, not extending beyond basal segment of abdomen. Rostrum almost
reaching the posterior coxae. Tegmina with the basal cell not quite twice as broad as long ; the interior
ulnar area about equally broad at base and apex ; first and second apical areas equal in length ; apical
areas eight in number. Wings with six apical areas.

This genus, closely allied to Tibicen, was founded by Stal for the reception of a single
species at present only known from a restricted area of Continental India.

1. Emathia aegrota. (Tab. XII., figs. 3, a, I.)

Emathin agrota, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1866, p. 172, n. 1 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 229, n. 69 (1885).
Tibicen aurengzebe, Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 646; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 231, n. 88
(1885).

$ . Body above dull dark ochraceous. Head with the front margined anteriorly by two narrow black
striae ; ocelli narrowly margined with black; eyes pale ochraceous. Pronotum with a central longitudinal
sulcation, bordered with a small fuscous spot on each side at anterior margin, and starting from a wide,
transverse, and somewhat raised base, on the centre of which is a fuscous spot ; fissures narrowly fuscous ;
lateral anterior and posterior margins much paler. Mesonotum with two short obconical central fuscous
spots, and a large sublateral and somewhat broken fascia of the same colour on each side. Abdomen with
the posterior segmental margins narrowly and obscurely paler. Body beneath concolorous ; centre of face,
metasternum, disk and apex of abdomen, fuscous. Legs concolorous ; femora streaked with fuscous ;
bases and apices of tibiae, and apical joints of tarsi, also fuscous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; tegmina with the costal membrane and basal half of venation
ochraceous, remainder fuscous ; transverse veina at bases of second and third apical areas, apical
transverse vein to radial area, and apical vein to interior ulnar area, more or less infuscated, and with a
small subapical fuscous spot. Wings with the base of upper apical area and the apex of abdominal area
infuscated.

Face with the base much elevated, distinctly longitudinally sulcated, and strongly transversely
striate. Rostrum about reaching posterior coxaa, with its apex pitchy ; opercula slender, curved inwardly,
but widely separated at base and apex.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 48 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Bombay (Stockh. Mus.) ; Khandala (coll. Dist.).

A typical specimen, kindly forwarded by Dr. Aurivillius, has enabled me to discrimiuate
this genus, and to see that the species I had described as Tibicen aurengzebe was really the ty]>-
of the same.

Genus CICADATRA.

Cicadatra, Amyot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. t. v. p. 153 or 349 (1847) ; Kolenat. Melet. Entomol. p. 9 (1857) ; Bull.
Soc. Nat. Mosc. vol. xxx. p. 407 (1857).

Body robust. Head, including eyes, much narrower than base of mesonotum ; ocelli wider apart
from eyes than from each other. Pronotum broader than long, the posterior angles of the lateral margins

134 ORIENTAL CICAD1DM.

ampliated. Tympanal coverings rudimentary, the tympana practically uncovered. Opercula small.
Tegmina moderately short and broad ; the basal cell twice as broad as long ; the interior ulnar area a little
broader at apex than at base ; apical areas eight in number. Wings with six apical areas.

This is a Palaearctic genus just entering the Oriental region by North-western India.
Five species can now be enumerated, but doubtless others remain to be discovered.

a. Tegmina and wings spotted.
1. Cicadatra querula. (Tab. XII., figs. 2, a, b.)

Cicada querula, Pallas, Reise durch versch. Provinz. Buss. Reichs, t. ii. p. 729, n. 83 (1773) ; Linn. ed. xiii.

Ginel. p. 2100, n. 95 (1782); Goeze, Ent. Beytr. ii. p. 151, n. 17 (1778); Hagen, Stett. Ent. Zeit.

1856, p. 33, n. 5.

Cicadatra querula var. paliuri, Kolenat. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. vol. xxx. p. 412, t. vi. f. 5 (1857).
Cicada stcveni, Still, 6fv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1854, p. 248.
Cicadatra querula, Kolenat,. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. vol. xxx. p. 410, n. 4 (1857) ; Still, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 4,

vol. i. p. 617 (1861).

Cephaloxys quadrimacula, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 238, n. 9 (1850).
Cicadatra quadrimacula, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 485.
Mogannia, quadrimacula, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 233, n. 93 (1885).
Cicada nigroswjnata, MS. (Mus. Vienn.).
Stoll. Gig. fig. 6.

$ and $ . Head and thorax above ochraceous or reddish-ochraeeous. Head with the front, and a
large broken transverse fascia between the eyes, black. Pronotum with two central longitudinal fasciae,
irregular in width, the fissures, and a submarginal lateral fascia, black. Mesonotum with four obconical
spots, the central pair shortest and sometimes fused, a lanceolate spot in front of the cruciform
elevation, and a spot on each side of same, black. Abdomen sometimes ochraceous with a discal series of
black spots, or altogether black with the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Head beneath,
sternum, legs, and opercula, oehraceous ; the face, sternal spots, shadings to femora, tibiae and tarsi
(irregular in quantity), black ; abdomen beneath ochraceous, in some specimens black with the posterior
segmental margins ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, somewhat talc-like in appearance, the venation excepting
sometimes towards apices ochraceous ; tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous, the transverse
veins at the bases of the first, second and third apical areas sometimes only the second and third very
darkly infuscated ; a small costal spot at end of radial area, and the upper margin of basal cell, dark
fuscous. Wings with the transverse veins at the bases of the first, second and third apical areas
sometimes only the first and second -broadly and very darkly infuscated.

The rostrum has its apex black, and about reaches the posterior coxae ; the face is distinctly sulcated
for its whole length, and is coarsely transversely striate.

Long. excl. tegm. $ and S , 19 to 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 50 to 65 millim.

Hab. Palaearctic Region.* PERSIA (coll. Dist.). TURKESTAN : Tashkend (coll. Dist.). AFGHANISTAN
(Ind. Bound. Com. coll. Dist.). Oriental Region. CONTINENTAL INDIA: North India (sic) (Stevens
Brit. Mus.).

This well-known Palaearctic species evidently just enters our fauna at the north-western
frontier of India. It was found not uncommon on the borders of Afghanistan by the Indian
Boundary Commission.

* Habitat circa mare Caspicum ad fluvium Wolaa, Terek, Cyrum, in Russia meridionalis adjacentibus i>rovinciit cis et
transcaucasicis, in Sibirise adjacentibus (Orenburg). Kolenati, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. t. xxx. p. 411 (1857).

ORIENTAL CIGADIDM. 185

2. Cicadatra rugipennis. (Tab. XII., figs. 7, a, I.)

Cicada rui/i/iriuiix, Walker, Ins. Saund. Horn. p. 17 (1858).

"Male. Luteous-testaceous, stout. Prothorax much broader behind than in front; sides straight;
sutures strongly marked. Abdomen with a blackish band on the fore border of each segment. Wings
white, rather broad, very stout and very rugulose. Fore wings slightly convex in front ; costa and veins
reddish, the latter black towards the tips ; first, second and third transverse veins and most part of the
intermediate veins clouded with black ; first and second transverse veins oblique, nearly equal, parted from
each other by rather more than their length ; third and fourth oblique in the contrary direction. Hind
wings with a short angular black band in front at two-thirds of the length."

" Length of the body 14 lines ; of the wings 40 lines."

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Hindostan (sic) (Brit. Mus.).

The specimen figured is that of the unique type in the British Museum.

b. Tegmina alone spotted.

3. Cicadatra xantes. (Tab. XV., figs. 1, a, b.)

Cicada xantes, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 198, n. 149 (1850).
Cicadatra xantes, Stal, 6'fv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 485.

$ . Body above ochraceous, rather thickly and shortly pilose. Head with the face castaneous, and
with a black spot near inner margins of the eyes. Pronotum with two central longitudinal black fasciae
on disk, a small black central spot at base, and the fissures also blackish. Mesonotum with four obconical
black spots, the central pair shortest. Abdomen very thickly greyishly pilose. Body beneath and legs
ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline and somewhat talc-like in appearance, the venation ochraceous ;
tegmina with the costal membrane and extreme base ochraceous, the transverse veins at the bases of the
second and third apical areas palely infuscated.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 17 millim. Exp. tegm. 50 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : North India (sic) (Warwick Brit. Mus.) ; "Ind. Orient." (sic) (coll. Dist.).

I have only seen two specimens of this species, one in the British Museum, the other
belonging to my own collection. Both also, have no definite habitat, with the exception of
being undoubtedly from Continental India.

4. Cicadatra striata. (Tab. XV., figs. 2, a, b.)

Cicada striata, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 206, n. 158 (1850) ; Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 482 (1850).
Cicada ancea, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 207, n. 160 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 229, n. 71 (1885).
Cicadatra striata, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 485.
rinnh.tni n<?a, Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 485.
Cicudti milii-i-ituKii, Walk. Ins. Saund. Horn. p. 18 (1858).

$ . Head blackish, a spot at anterior angles of vertex, and a smaller one behind each eye, ochraceous.
Pronotum dull ochraceous, a pale central longitudinal fascia margined on each side with blackish, the
sublateral and subposterior margins and the fissures blackish. Mesonotum ochraceous, with four obconical
black spots, the central pair of which are smallest, a large black spot in front of the basal cruciform
elevation, and a similarly coloured spot on each side of same. Abdomen blackish, the posterior segmental
margins castaneous. Head beneath blackish ; sternum, legs and opercula ochraceous ; coxae spotted with
blackish. Abdomen beneath pale castaneous, its apex ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, with their extreme bases reddish-ochraceous ; tegmina with the
venation and costal membrane mostly fuscous, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third
apical areas infuscated ; wings with the venation mostly ochraceous.

Long. excl. tegm. S , 16 millim. Exp. tegm. 45 millim.

186 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

? . Head totally blackish ; mesonotum also nearly totally black, the spots having coalesced ;
abdomen above darker than in the other sex, with the pale segmental margins narrower.
Long. excl. tegm. ? , 19 millim. Exp. tegm. 48 millim.
Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Quetta (coll. Dist.) ; North Bengal (Miss Campbell Brit. Mus.).

c. Tegmina and wings unspotted.

5. Cicadatra acberi.* (Tab. XV., figs. 3, a, ft.)

Tibicen acberi, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 878 (1888).

$ . Head black, the ocelli red, the eyes brownish-ochraceous. Pronotum black, with a central longitudinal
fascia and the hind margin yellow, and two large discal reddish spots. Mesonotum black, with two faint
yellowish central fasciae extending a short distance from anterior margin. Abdomen black, the lateral
areas and apex more or less reddish. Face, sternum and femora yellow ; central longitudinal fascia to
face, head beneath (excluding face), apices of femora, the tibiae and tarsi, black. Abdomen beneath dull
reddish.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation blackish or olivaceous ; costal membrane to tegmina
olivaceous.

The face is moderately broad and strongly striated laterally ; the rostrum has the apex pitchy and
about reaching the intermediate coxae. The opercula are yellowish, short, and broad, obliquely rounded,
and not meeting at centre.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 72 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Kashmeer Valley, 6300 feet (Leech coll. Dist.).

Genus CALCAGNINUS.

Calcagninus, Distant, ante, p. 81.

Body moderately long and robust. Head, including eyes, about equal in breadth to the base of
mesonotum ; ocelli not quite twice the distance from eyes as from each other ; front broad and convexly
rounded. Pronotum with the lateral margins sometimes slightly ampliated and more or less distinctly
toothed, or nearly straight with the posterior angles only ampliated. Anterior femora distinctly spined.
Eostrum in the male reaching the posterior coxae. Tympanal coverings rudimentary ; the tympana practically
exposed and uncovered. Second and third abdominal segments in the male furnished beneath with a well-
developed tubercle near each lateral margin. Tegmina with the interior ulnar area scarcely narrowed at
apex ; apical areas eight in number. Wings with six apical areas.

Calcagninus, by the tuberculated under surface of the abdomen, resembles superficially the
genus Leptopsaltria, belonging to the subfam. Cicadince. It is, however, at once seen to be not
even included in the deadline, by the uncovered and exposed tympana. Only two small
species are at present known, for both of which we are indebted to the entomological enterprise
of Mr. G. F. Hampson, during his residence in the Neelgiri Hills.

a. Lateral margins of the pronotum straight, not ampliated.
1. Calcagninus picturatus. (Tab. VIIL, figs. 13, a, b.)

Leptopsaltria picturata, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 870 (1888).

$ . Body above brownish-ochraceous ; head, excluding base, much suffused with piceous, the ocelli red,
the eyes castaneous. Pronotum with a central, longitudinal, fuscous fascia, the margins of which are black,

* Acber or Akbar, the conqueror of Kashmeer in 1585.

" One of that saintly murderous brood,
To carnage and the Koran given." Lalla Rookh.

ORIENTAL CICADIDjE. 1:;7

ampliated anteriorly and notched and narrowed posteriorly ; and an oblique piceous fascia near each lateral
margin. Mesonotum with a central, longitudinal, linear fascia, on each side of which is a curved, linear,
discal fascia extending to anterior margin ; a broad fascia on each lateral area, and a spot at each anterior
angle of the cruciform basal elevation, piceous. Abdomen sparingly greyishly pilose, with a double discal
series and more continuous lateral marginal series of piceous spots ; base of anal segment also piceous.
Body beneath ochraceous ; bases of anterior femora, bases and apices of the tibiae, apices of the tarsi,
abdominal tubercles, and anal segment of the abdomen, piceous ; anal appendage luteous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous ; the tegmina with a small costal ochraceous
and fuscous spot at base of the upper ulnar area, and the transverse veins at the bases of the first, second,
and third apical areas, infuscated.

The rostrum has the apex piceous and just passing the posterior coxae, and the face is depressed and
somewhat flattened.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 15 millim. Exp. tegm. 44 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Neelgiri Hills, northern slopes, 5000 feet (Hampson coll. Dist.).

b. Lateral margins of the pronotum moderately ampliated and toothed.
'2. Calcagninus nilgirensis. (Tab. VIII., figs. 15, a, b.)

Leptopsaltria nilgirensis, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist ser. 5, vol. xx. p. 228 (1887).

Body above olivaceous-green. Head with the front broadly margined with black; the vertex with a
streak behind the eyes, some irregular markings in front, and the area of the ocelli, black. Pronotum with
the following black markings : two central fasciae, rounded and joined posteriorly, and laterally curved
and produced on each side anteriorly ; on each side of these fasciae are three discal irregular spots, and a
large semicircular spot near each lateral margin. Mesonotum with the following black markings : a central
longitudinal line with a shorter curved and outwardly convex line on each side, followed by a small spot
on anterior margin and by a sublateral curved and broken fascia, and a spot in front of each anterior angle
of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen above with the segmental margins narrowly black, and with
two black spots at base and a smaller spot at apex of anal appendage. Body beneath pale olivaceous-
green ; anterior margin and two central fasciae joined posteriorly to face, some irregular spots on cheeks,
segmental margins, and the apex of anal appendage, black. Legs olivaceous-green ; apices of the femora,
tibiae, and tarsi, more or less pitchy. Rostrum olivaceous, with the apex black. Abdominal tubercles in
the male varying in hue.

Tegmina pale hyaline, with violaceous reflexions, the venation alternately black and ochraceous, a
few obscure black markings at base; the costal membrane ochraceous ; an ochraceous spot at base of upper
ulnar area, and the transverse veins at bases of the three upper apical areas (in the female) broadly
infuscated. In the male the third and fifth transverse veins are usually spotted, and there is frequently a
submarginal series of small fuscous spots.* Wings with the venation similar to tegmina, but spotless.

The lateral margins of the pronotum are biangulated, the face is large and tumid, the rostrum in the
female sex distinctly passes the posterior coxae.

Long. excl. tegm. $ and ? , 16 to 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 50 to 57 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Neelgiri Hills, northern slopes, 5000 feet (Hampson coll. Dist.).

The females differ from the males, by the much shorter body and the greater expanse of
the tegmina. In both sexes the ochraceous coloration is often olivaceous.

* In some specimens the tegmina are only very faintly and obscurely spotted.

138 ORIENTAL C1CAD1DM.

Genus TERPNOSIA.

Terpnosia, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ix. p. 325 (1892).

Body moderately long and robust. Head, including eyes, almost equal in width to base of mesonotum ;
ocelli wider apart from the eyes than from each other ; front broad and convexly rounded. Pronotum
widening posteriorly ; the lateral margins moderately ampliated, their posterior angles lobately rounded.
Anterior femora robustly and distinctly spined. Tympanal coverings rudimentary, the tympana practically
exposed and uncovered. Opercula short and transverse. Tegmina and wings hyaline. Tegmina with the
basal cell longer than broad ; apical areas eight in number ; interior ulnar area not wider at apex than at
base. Wings with six apical areas.

This genus differs from Calcagninus by the non-tuberculated abdomen, and has a great
resemblance to the genus Pomponia in the subfam. Cicadince, from which, of course, it is
distinguished by the uncovered tympana.

Terpnosia is widely distributed, being (according to present knowledge) found in Ceylon,
Continental India, Tenasserim, the Malayan Archipelago, and Japan.

a. Tegmina more or less spotted.
1. Terpnosia nigricosta. (Tab. XV., figs. 4, a, ft.)

Cicada nigricosta, Motschulsky, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxix. p. 184 (1866).

$ . Head ochraceous ; marginal striations to front and the whole of vertex excluding two small
spots near eyes and two basal spots black. Pronotum blackish ; the lateral and posterior margins, a
central longitudinal fascia, and some discal macular markings, ochraceous ; extreme edges of posterior and
lateral margins, with three marginal spots near each lateral angle and a central basal marginal spot, black.
Mesonotum ochraceous, with a large central fused spot, an irregular fascia on each lateral area, and a large
spot in front of the basal cruciform elevation, black. Abdomen pale castaneous, with greyish tomentose
lateral markings ; the base, narrowly, the apical segment and anal appendage, and a lateral series of
segmental spots, blackish. Body beneath ochraceous ; a central fascia and transverse striations to face,
sternal spots, opercula, femora, anterior tibiae, excluding under surface and apex, base and abroad central
annulation to the intermediate tibias, base of posterior tibiae, base and apex of anterior and intermediate
tarsi, and the margins of the apical segment, black or blackish.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation mostly fuscous ; tegrnina with the costal membrane
ochraceous, its outer edge black ; the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fifth, seventh and
eighth apical areas infuscated ; a series of small marginal spots on the longitudinal veins to apical areas, a
spot on venation at base of upper ulnar area and the same at apex and anterior margin of basal cell, and
a claval streak, black.

The rostrum reaches the posterior coxae ; the face is very obscurely sulcated and somewhat strongly
transversely striate.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 30 to 31 millim. ; ? , 23 to 26 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 77 to 80 millim. ;
$ , 72 to 88 millim.

Hab. JAPAN: Nikko, Chiuzenji (Lewis coll. Dist.).

Mr. Geo. Lewis procured a nice series of this species during his entomological journey in
Japan, with which he has kindly enriched my collection.

ORIENTAL CICADIDAS. 13!)

2. Terpnosia pryeri,* n. sp. (Tab. XV., figs. 5, a, b.)

<? . Head black, thickly greyishly pilose with two ochraceous spots on posterior margin. Pronotum
ochraceous, thickly pilose with two central longitudinal fasciae, a curved linear spot on each side of disk,
the fissures, and the inner lateral and posterior margins, black ; a fuscous spot on lateral margins at
posterior angles, and a small central black spot on posterior margin. Mesonotum dark ochraceous, with
four obconical black spots, the central pair shortest, a central lanceolate black spot extending from the
cruciform elevation to near anterior margin, and a very small spot on anterior margin between the outer
obconical spots. Abdomen pale castaneous, the posterior segmental margins widest at centre black.
Body beneath ochraceous, thickly pilose ; striations to face and sometimes facial disk, apices and sometimes
under surface of femora, bases of tibiae, apices of tarsi, sternal spots and extreme base of abdomen,
black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous or fuscous ; tegmina with the costal
membrane ochraceous; the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fifth and seventh apical
areas infuscated.

The rostrum reaches the posterior coxae ; the face is obscurely sulcate and striate.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 27 millim. ; 2 , 22 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 67 millim. ; ? , 64 millim.

Hab. JAPAN: Gifu (Pryer coll. Dist.).

This species is allied to the preceding, T. nigricosta, from which it differs by its smaller
size, the colour and shape best explained by figure t of the opercula, the fasciated abdomen,
and relative lengths of the first and second apical areas to tegmina, the first in T. pryeri
being about twice the length of the second.

3. Terpnosia stipata. (Tab. XV., figs. 6, a, b.)

Dundubia stipata, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 51, n. 11 (1850).
Dundubia clonia, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 66, n. 29 (1850).
Dundubia chlonia, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1868, p. 480.

$ . Body above greenish-ochraceous ; head with the margins of front and apical angles of vertex
fuscous ; the area of the ocelli, an oblique fascia on each side, and a small spot at inner margins of eyes,
black. Pronotum with two central fasciae united posteriorly, the fissures, a spot on lateral margins, extreme
edge of posterior margin and a spot on each side of same, black. (The discal coloration of the pronotum
in the specimen described is brownish-ochraceous.) Mesonotum with a central linear fascia with a shorter
one on each side, followed by a small obconical spot and a sinuated sublateral fascia, black ; two small
spots in front of the cruciform elevation and the angles of same black. Abdomen with the posterior segmental
margins, a broad central dorsal fascia, and a macular lateral fascia, very dark fuscous ; extreme apex
greyish -white. Body beneath and legs pale greenish ; the abdomen beneath talc-like and semi-transparent ;
a few sternal spots, the anterior femoral spines, and the tarsi, more or less fuscous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous or ochraceous ; tegmina with the costal
membrane ochraceous ; the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third and fifth apical areas
infuscated, and a marginal series of small fuscous spots situate on the longitudinal veins to apical
areas.

Face globose, centrally sulcated except at base, where there is a slight callosity ; lateral striations
profound ; rostrum slightly passing the posterior coxae.

Long. excl. tegm. <? , 33 millim. ; ? , 22 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 80 niillim. ; 2 , 70 millim.

Hab. CEYLON (Brit. Mus.) ; Eitagala, 2500 feet (Green coll. Dist.).

;;: Named after its late discoverer, Mr. H. J. S. Pryer, who made his residence in Japan memorable to naturalists, and of
whom it was said, " It is no exaggeration to state that he had become the authority, fdt-.ile princeps, on all questions connected
with the birds, butterflies, and moths, whilst at the same time he had acquired a most extensive knowledge and store of facts
in connection with all other branches of the Zoology of Japan." (Japan Weekly Mail.)

t Tab. XV., fig. 5, b.

140 ORIENTAL CICADI1 >./;.

4. Terpnosia psecas. (Tab. VII., figs. 21, a, b.)

Dundubiii psecas, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 05, n. 28 (1850).

Pomponia flf<jnx, Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. xxiv. p. 180 (1891).

Terpnosia psecas, Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ix. p. 325 (1892).

The specimen, in my own collection and which is here figured, being somewhat faded in
markings and coloration, I have thought it best to reproduce Walker's description.

"Body tawny: head much narrower than the fore- chest; crown adorned with some black marks
above the eyelets and with two tawny marks on each side ; face very convex ; mouth tawny with a black
tip, reaching a little beyond the hind-hips : eyes rather prominent : feelers tawny : scutcheon of the fore-
chest adorned with two black stripes, which are widened into triangles in front and behind ; fore border
partly blackish ; sides ferruginous with pitchy borders ; hind-scutcheon rather narrow in the middle, much
widened at the base of each fore-wing, much excavated on each side : scutcheon of the middle-chest
adorned with four ferruginous stripes ; a large tawny spot on each of the inner pair, which are succeeded
by two ferruginous spots ; outer pair much longer than the inner pair, much excavated, their tips widened
to each side ; hind border slightly excavated : abdomen obconical, as long as the chest, adorned near the
base with interrupted pitchy bands on the hind borders of the segments : oviduct ferruginous : legs tawny;
a pitchy band near the tip of each shank ; fore thighs adorned with some pitchy marks, armed with three
tawny teeth, one oblique and of moderate size, the second and third small : wings colourless ; fore border
and veins tawny, the latter with some pitchy bands, which are chiefly on the forks : cross veins clouded
with brown ; a row of oval brown spots on the tips of the longitudinal veins of the marginal areolets."

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 26 niillim. Exp. tegm. 77 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkim (coll. Dist.) ; Ceylon (Green Brit. Mus.). MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO :
Java (Argent Brit. Mus.).

5. Terpnosia maculipes. (Tab. XV., figs. 7, a, I.)

Dunditbia maniH/n's, Walker, List Horn, i. p. 70, n. 82 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 224, n. 46
(1885).

Body above dull ochraceous. Head with marginal lines to front, linear spots at anterior angles of
vertex; area of the ocelli, and a small spot between ocelli and eyes, black. Pronotum with two central
linear fasciae united posteriorly and the fissures black. Mesonotum with a central longitudinal fascia,
on each side of which is a short curved fascia, followed by a series of three irregular spots, and a small
spot in front of the anterior angles of the basal cruciform elevation, black. Abdomen pilose, with the
rudimentary tympanal coverings, narrow basal segmental margins and lateral marginal spots, blackish.
Body beneath and legs ochraceous ; coxal spots, spots near bases and apices of femora, spines to anterior
femora, subbasal and subapical annulations to anterior and intermediate tibise, apices of tarsi, apex of
rostrum, and striations to face, dark castaneous or fuscous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous or ochraceous ; tegmina with the costal
membrane ochraceous ; the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fifth and seventh apical
areas palely infuscated ; a series of small pale fuscous marginal spots situate on the longitudinal veins to
apical areas, and a fuscous spot at basal angle of upper ulnar area.

The opercula are larger than in the preceding species, almost meeting centrally and then obliquely
divergent, their apices reaching the second abdominal segment.

Long. excl. tegm. S , 28 millirn. Exp. tegm. 77 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA : " North Bengal " (Miss Campbell Brit. Mus.).

The specimen, in my own. collection, which is here figured and described, has no precise
locality affixed to it.

ORIENTAL C 1C A DID M. 141

6. Terpnosia clio. (Tab. IX., figs. 5, a, I.)

Dimdubia clio, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 78, n. 85 (1850).

<? . Head and thorax above greenish-ochraceous. Head with two central apical spots to front, a
spot at anterior angles of vertex, and the area of the ocelli, black. Pronotum with two central linear
fasciae almost united posteriorly and the fissures black. Mesonotum with a lanceolate central longitudinal
spot, a short curved fasciate line on each side, followed by two irregular spots, and a small spot in front of
the interior angles of the basal cruciform elevation, black. Abdomen ochraceous, the posterior segmental
margins green, the lateral margins pale ochraceous, and the margins of the rudimentary tympanal coverings,
blackish. Legs, sternum and opercula greenish-ochraceous ; striations to face, a spot between face and
eyes, basal and apical annulations to anterior and intermediate femora and tibiae, apices of the tarsi,
apex of the rostrum, and a basal fascia to the opercula, dark castaneous or pitchy. Abdomen beneath pale
ochraceous ; the base, apical segment and anal appendage, black.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous or fuscous. Tegmina with the costal
membrane greenish ; the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third and fifth apical areas infuscated,
and a black spot at basal angle of the upper ulnar area.

The opercula are short and obliquely rounded, and the rostrum reaches the posterior coxae.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 19 millim. Exp. tegm. 50 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Sikkim (coll. Dist.).

The specimens on which Walker founded the species were unlocalised, but I have received
it from Sikkim.

7. Terpnosia andersoni, n. sp. (Tab. IX., figs. 13, a, b.)

$ . Closely allied to the preceding species, but differing by the absence of the lanceolate central fascia
to the mesonotum ; by the presence of an oblique submarginal, linear, broken fuscous fascia to the upper
surface of the abdomen ; but principally by the shape. of the opercula, which are subquadrate and without
the basal black fascia.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 19 millim. Exp. tegm. 52 millim.

Hab. CHINA : W. Yunnan (Anderson coll. Dist.).

I am indebted to my friend Mr. Fredk. Moore for a specimen of this species acquired by
Dr. Anderson during the W. Yunnan expedition.

b. Tegmina unspotted.

8. Terpnosia madhava. (Tab. IX., figs. 2, a, b.)

Pompoma madhava, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 644 ; Atkins. J. A. S.Beng. vol. liii. p. 229, n. 66(1885).

$ . Body above pale greenish ; abdomen with a lateral row of three large oblong spots, only denoted
by their darker green margins, and occupying the lateral sides of the second, third and fourth segments ;
segmental incisures narrowly dark greenish ; abdominal apex somewhat greyishly tomentose. Ocelli red ;
eyes fuscous. Mesonotum with two very faint obconical spots. Body beneath pale greenish ; legs and
rostrum pale ochraceous.

Tegminar and wings pale hyaline ; the first with the costal membrane and veins pale greenish.

The face is broad and convex, with a broad central longitudinal impression and strong transverse
striations ; the opercula are small, scarcely reaching the basal segment of the abdomen ; the third and
fourth abdominal segments beneath are rounded, produced, and pointed anteriorly ; the rostrum reaches
the posterior coxae.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 55 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Assam (coll. Dist.). 2o

142 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

9. Terpnosia collina. (Tab. VII., figs. 12, a, b.)

Pomponia collina, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 871 (1888).

$ . Body above ochraceous-brown ; head with the margin of the front and the vertex much suffused
with blackish. Pronotum with two central longitudinal fascia, which are most widely separated at anterior
margin ; on each side of disk is a curved linear spot, and a large, oblique, semi-oval, linear spot on each
lateral area, black. Mesonotum with five black fasciae ; the central fascia crossing disk and widened
anteriorly and posteriorly, one on each side of this short and curved, and one on each lateral area crossing
the whole of disk, and a spot in front of the anterior angles of basal cruciform elevation, black. Abdomen
with the segmental margins somewhat broadly black. Body beneath ochraceous ; head, excluding face,
blackish ; bases of tibiae, the tarsi, and basal segment of the abdomen, fuscous ; apical segment of the
abdomen somewhat infuscated.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous or ochraceous ; the first with the costal
membrane ochraceous.

The face is moderately tumid and not centrally and longitudinally sulcated ; the rostrum reaches the
posterior coxae; the opercula are small, wide apart, and somewhat angulated.

Long. excl. tegm. <? , 16 to 17 millim. Exp. tegm. 47 to 54 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Khasi Hills (Gale. Mus. and coll. Dist.). BURMA : Ruby Mines (Doherty
coll. Dist.).

Genus MELAMPSALTA.

MelampsaWi, Amyot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2), v. p. 155 (1817) ; Kolenat. Mel. Eat. vii. p. 27 (1857) ; Bull. Soc.

Imp. Nat. Mosc. xxx. p. 425 (1857) ; Stal, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 42 (1866) ; Karsch, Berl. Eat. Zeitschr.

xxxv. pp. 112 and 123 (1890).
Cicadetta, Amy. Aun. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2), v. p. 156 (1847) ; Kolenat. Mel. Ent. vii. p. 19 (1857) ; Bull. Soc.

Imp. Nat. Mosc. xxx. p. 417 (1857).
Tettigetta, Amy. Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr. (2), v. p. 156 (1817) ; Kolenat. Mel. Ent. vii. p. 24 (1857) ; Bull. Soc.

Imp. Nat. Mosc. xxx. p. 422 (1857).

Stal* has so clearly defined this genus, as above understood, that it is as well to use
his diagnosis.

" Caput thoracis antico latitudinae sub.B^uale ; vertice oculis circiter duplo latiore ; fronte leviter vel
modice convexa, sulco longitudinal! rnsdio plus minus distincto iustructa. Thorax postice quam antice
latior, marginibus lateralibus obtusis, raro paullo explauatis. Tegrnina venis ulnaribus basi contiguis vel
basin versus in unam conjunctis, areis apicalibus osto, areola basali quadrangular!. Segmentum ventrale
ultimum feminarum apice profundissirne lateque emarginaturu. Tympana superne tota detecta. Opercula
parva vel mediocria. Femora antica subtus spinis tribus vel quattuor armata."

A character by which Melampsalta can be readily discriminated from the other genera of
Oriental Tibiceninae here enumerated, is found in the tegmina by the united bases of the ulnar
veins at the end of the basal cell.

Melampsalta has probably a world-wide distribution, at least wherever the Oicadidae are
found ; but it reaches its maximum of representation in Australia and New Zealand, where it
is certainly the dominant genus. It is poorly represented in this fauna.

:: Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 42 (1866).

ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 148

1. Melampsalta literata. (Tab. XV., figs. 8, a, />.)

Cicadetta literata, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 875 (1888):

2 . Head and pronotum dull blackish, somewhat palely pilose, both crossed by a narrow, obscure,
longitudinal, ochraceous line ; ocelli red, eyes black and shining. Mesonotuin shining black, with the
lateral margins and a large, discal, " letter H "-shaped spot ochraceous. Abdomen above dull blackish,
the posterior segmental margins narrowly and obscurely dull reddish. Body beneath ochraceoua, the
sternum much shaded with dull blackish. Abdomen with a central longitudinal row of blackish spots ;
legs ochraceous, femora and tibiae streaked with blackish.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation olivaceous or fuscous.

The rostrum does not extend beyond the intermediate coxae, and the face is laterally and coarsely
striated.

Long. excl. tegm. 2 , 12 millim. Exp. tegm. 87 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Kashmeer Valley, 6300 feet (Leech Coll. Dist.).

2. Melampsalta continuata. (Tab. XV., figs. 9, a, ft.)

Cicadetta continuata. Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 875 (1888).

2 . Head and thorax above dull blackish, sparingly covered with short grey pilosity. Head with the
anterior margin, the ocelli, and a central, linear, longitudinal fascia continued across the pronotum, where
it is widened, dull ochraceous, the pronotal margins of the same colour. Mesonotum with two longitudinal
discal fasciae, the lateral margins and basal cruciform elevation dull ochraceous, the last with its centre
blackish. Abdomen above pale castaneous, greyishly pilose, the posterior segmental margins paler in hue,
and with an obscure, central, narrow, longitudinal, blackish fascia. Body beneath and legs dull reddish-
ochraeeous ; head beneath and the discal area of face blackish.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, their bases narrowly reddish-ochraceous, the venation more or less
olivaceous.

The rostrum about reaches the intermediate coxae, and the face is very broad and tumid.
Long. excl. tegm. $ , 15 to 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 38 to 45 millim.
Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Quetta* (colls. Atkins, and Dist.).

3. Melampsalta pellosoma. (Tab. XV., figs. 10, a, b.)

Cicada peUosoma, Uhler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1862, p. 288.

3 . Head above black, the anterior margins of the vertex and a spot behind the ocelli pale
ochraceous ; eyes brownish ; ocelli red. Pronotum black, the margins and a central fascia widened
anteriorly and posteriorly pale ochraceous. Mesonotum ochraceous, with four obconical black spots, the
central pair shortest and palest in hue. Abdomen ochraceous, with a pale fuscous central longitudinal
fascia. Body beneath and legs pale ochraceous ; the face excluding margins and a spot at !base
blackish ; coxae and legs streaked and spotted with castaneous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline and talc-like, the venation ochraceous.

2 . Paler in hue than the male ; head with the whole base ochraceous ; pronotum with a central
hour-glass-shaped ochraceous fascia ; mesonotum with the obconical spots very faint or semi-obliterated.
Long. excj. tegm. $ and 2 , 15 millim. Exp. tegm. 37 millim.
Hab. CHINA: Hong Kong (Uhler) ; Shantung (coll. Dist.).

* We know little about the entomology of the outlying districts of North-western India, especially as to the family
Cicadidtr, which is probably well represented. A writer in the 'Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal' (vol. ix. p. 441,
1840) describes how, on his march with the army of the Indus, from Kandahar towards Kabul, he observed a remarkable
congregation of Cicadidce, composed of more than one species. " The branches of the tamvrisk were covered with them, as
hardly to be able to distinguish a particle of green, and their noise all day was unceasing ; the jewassee bushe s being at the
same time covered with the empty scales of the pupue. Our tents and tent-ropes as soon as pitched were cov ered by these
insects ; in fact, everything looked yellow."

144 ORIENTAL CICADID.K.

4. Melampsalta exaequata, n. sp. (Tab. XV., figs. 11, a, b.)

J . Body above dull ocbraceous and finely pilose. Head excluding anterior margins of vertex and
a spot at base black. Pronotum with a central small rounded black spot at base. Mesonotum with a
large obconical black spot on eacb lateral area, and two very small spots in front of tbe basal cruciform
elevation. Abdomen with the base narrowly fuscous, and with two, more or less distinct, central
longitudinal fuscous fasciae. Body beneath and legs ochraceous, with a broad fuscous fascia extending
from face to apex of abdomen. Face fuscous, with the lateral margins ochraceous. Apices of the femora,
tibiae and tarsi fuscous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous or ochraceous.

Long. excl. tegm. ? , 14 millim. Exp. tegm. 37 millim.

Hab. CONTINENTAL INDIA: Naga Hills (Doherty coll. Dist.).

Species known to the writer by description only.
5. Melampsalta laevifrons.

Melampsalta lavifrons, Stal, OfV. Vet.-Ak. F6rh. 1870, p. 717, n. 1.

" Fronte laevi, sulco longitudinal! rugisque transversis destituta ; thorace anterius capiteque aeque
latis, illius lateribus parallelis, inermibus, postice ampliatis ; tegminibus alisque vitreis, venis nigris, basin
versus flavo-ferrugineis, spatio inter venam postcostalem et ramum ulnarem postcostalem ferrugineo, opaco,
a basi versus medium sensim ampliato, pone medium angusto, sensim angustato."

" $ . Long. 14, exp. tegm. 39 mill."

" $ . Operculis pallide flavescentibus, basi nigris, fere aeque longis ac latis, apice rotund nti.-,

'distantibus, spatio inter opercula tertiarn partem latitudinis operculorum efficiente ; segmento dorsali

ultimo apice acuminate, angulis posticis in lobum sensim angustatum, breviusculum productis ; segmento

ventrali penultimo triangulari, subsequilatero, apice rotundato, segmento ultimo obovato, mediocri, segmento

penultimo vix longiore."

" Fronte laevi insignis et ab omnibus mihi cognitis congenericis divergens. Quoad structuram
tegminum directionem venarum et formam arearum M. Mnemce Walk, similis, sed spatio inter venam post-
costalem et ramum ulnarem postcostalem ante medium latiore, pone medium sensim magis angustato.
Caput nigrum, macula triangulari basali verticis apice jugorum, frontis parte sursum vergente margini-
busque lateralibus, vitta media vel lineis duabus mediis clypei sordide flavescentibus. Rostrum flavo-
i'errugineum, apice nigrum. Thorax ferruginous, impressionibus disci nigris, limbo postico et laterali nee
non vitta media posterius abbreviata, antice posticeque nigro-marginata, flavescentibus. Scutellum flavo-
ferrugineum, maculis duabus basalibus mediis subobtriangularibus, vitta laterali retrorsum angustata,
posterius abbreviata, nee non litura media, formam signi JQ fere referente nigris. Abdomen rufum vel
ferrugineo-rufum, segmento primo supra subtusque nee non limbo basali utrimque abbreviate segmentorum
dorsalium nigris, segmento dorsali primo postice maculis duabus transversis rufis. Pedes ferrugineo-
flavescentes, femoribus anticis nigro-vittatis et subtus spinis tribus magnis nigris armatis, spina sub-
apicali ipsa antice spinula armata."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (Semper Stockh. Mus.).

ORIKXTM. CICADIh.l. \ .-,

Genus PRASIA.

Pnixia, Still, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend. ser. 8, vol. i. p. 574 (1868).

As all the specimens of this genus in my own collection are of the female sex, and Stil's
description was founded on female specimens in the British Museum, I have thought it best to
give the original generic diagnosis.

" Caput pnrvum, thoracis antico baud latius, vertice angusto; fronte compressa, valde prominente,
basin versus angustata. Antennarum articulus primus elongatup. Thorax postice quam antice latior,
margine antico utrimque leviter elevato, subrecto, limbo postico angusto, angulis basalibus retrorsum leviter
productis. Tegmina vix marginata, areolis apicalibus octo, venis ulnaribus basi distantibus, anastomosibus
duabus exterioribus opposite obliquis. Aloe angustissime marginatse, areolis apicalibus sex."

" Cystosomati* affine genus."

To the above description may be added the male characteristic of having the abdomen
considerably dilated.

Prasia is a genus, according to present knowledge, quite confined to the Malayan
Archipelago. Its species are rare in collections, and those of the male sex are particularly
scarce.

1. Prasia faticina. (Tab. VII., figs. 14, a, b.)

Pi-asia faticind, Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ser. 3, vol. i. p. 574 (1868).

" Pallidissime subolivaceo-flavescens ; tcgminibus alisque sordide hyalinis, illorum margine costali
ultra medium albido ; tborace antrorsum sensim angustato. $ ."

Long. 28, exp. tegm. 80 mill.

"Vertex oculo transverse nonnihil latior. Ocelli postici inter se et ab oculis jeqtie longe distai
Thorax ab apice retrorsum sensim ampliatus, postice quam antice circiter duplo latior, marginibus
lateralibus, rugae crassiusculse instar, prominulis.. Tegmina abdomine duplo longiora, areis apicalibus
quarta, quinta, sexta et septima longissimis, tertia prima et octava nonnihil longiore, secunda omnium
brevissima, area basali interna apice sat acuta. Femora antica subtus trispinosa, spina subapicali
miuutissima, subbasali nutante, reliquis majore."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Celebes (Brit. Mus. ; Beccari Genoa Mus.).

The female type in the British Museum, and another Celebesian specimen of the same sex
belongiug to the Genoa Museum, constitute my sole knowledge of this spcrirs.

2. Prasia princeps. (Tab. XIII., figs. 14, a, I.)

Prasia prince/is, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ii. p. 325 (1888).

$ . Pale olivaceous-green. Head with the eyes and the apex of the front infuscated ; the ocelli and
the lateral margins of the pronotum more or less ochraceous ; anterior tibiae and tarsi brownish.

Tegmina very pale ochraceous or olivaceous and subhyaline ; the costal membrane and the venation
ochraceous. Wings pale hyaline.

Long. excl. tegm. 5 , 28 millim. Exp. tegin. 90 millim.

* Cystosoma is an Australian genus, in which the abdomen of the male sex is much inflated.

146 ORIENTAL CICADID.E.

This species is allied to P. fatidni, Stal, but differs by its much greater size and distinct coloration,
and also by the different arrangement of the venation to the tegmina, most notably in the size and shape
of the apical areas.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: North-east Celebes (coll. Dist.).

3. Prasia hariola. (Tab. VII., figs. 16, a, I.)

I'ninin Hariola Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud. ser. 3, vol. i. p. 574 (1868).

" Griseo-straminea ; tegminibus alisque sordide hyalinis, illoruminargine costali ultra medium albido;
thorace utrimque distincte sinuato. ? ."

" Long. 21, exp. tegm. 60 millim."

" Prsecedenti* similis, minor, forma thoracis mox distinguenda. Vertex oculo transverso paullo latior.
Ocelli postici inter se quam ad oculos paullo magis approximati. Thorax margine antico subelevato,
lateribns obtusissimis, fere ab apice ad medium parallelis, dein postice subito ampliatis. Tegmina areolis
apicalibus prima, tertia, quarta, quinta et sexta longissimis. Femora antica subtus apicem versus
bispinosa (spina tertia subbasali kesa?)."t

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Mysol (coll. Stfil.) ; New Guinea (D'Albertis Genoa Mus.).

4. Prasia fatiloqua. (Tab. VI., figs. 2, a, b.)

Pnixia fntiloqua, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 718, n. 1.

This species is only known to me by a typical male specimen kindly lent for illustration
by Dr. Aurivillius, of the Stockholm Museum, and I append Stal's original description.

" Pallide olivaceo-virescens/ tegminibus sub-concoloribus, pellucidis ; scutello postice medio sub-
ampliato, metanoto medio pone apicem scutelli prominulo et medio rugoso-elevato."

" S Long. 19, exp. tegm. 60 mill."

" $ . Abdomine inflato, operculis nullis ; segmento dorsali ultimo angulis apicalibus in processurn
subcurvum productis; segmento ventrali penultimo transverso, postering rotundato et medio subtrunoato ;
segmento ultimo obovato mediocri."

" P. hariola simillima, ocellis minoribus, vertice latiore, oculis fere duplo latiore, fronte basi latiore,
scutello basi medio nonnihil producto et subdepresso, areis apicalibus plurimis tegminum brevioribus,
area ulnari interiors (quinta) apicem versus sensim nonnihil ampliata anastomosibusque curvatis differt."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (Semper Stockh. Mus.).

5. Prasia foliata. (Tab. XV., figs. 12, a, b.)

f.'i'/ihaloxys J'oliat/t, Walker, List Horn. Suppl. p. 87 (1858).
Pr<ixia joliatn, Stul, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1802, p. 483.

"Male, Testaceous. Head with the front porrect, triangular, acute. Prothorax much broader than
the head ; border narrow behind, broader on each side. Abdomen broader than the thorax. Fore wings
testaceous, somewhat opaque, slightly convex in front ; first transverse vein slightly undulating, very
oblique, but not in the usual direction ; second very oblique, much curved, twice the length of the first,
from which it is parted by full its own length ; third oblique, curved ; fourth nearly straight, very slightly
oblique. Hind wings vitreous."

" Length of the body 8 lines ; of the wings 20 lines."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Celebes (Mad. Pfoiffer Brit. Mus.) ; Sangir (Doherty coll. Dist.).

The figure is taken from Walker's type in the British Museum.

I'.faticina.

| I did not detect a third subbasal anterior femoral spine in the female specimen from New Guinea which passed through
my hands.

ORIENTAL CICADI !>.]:. 117

Genus LEM13EJA.

Lembeja, Distant, ante, p. 108 (1892).

rfi-issniit'itni, Dist. (nom. preocc.) Proo. Zool. Soo. 1883, p. 189.

2 . Head triangular, the front prominently and subacutely produced ; the vertex with the lateral
margins slightly convex behind the eyes and prominently produced in front of the eyes. Pronotum at
posterior angles about twice as broad as anterior margin ; the posterior angles ampliated, deflexed to base
of tegmina, and broadly rounded at apices. Abdomen above distinctly and longitudinally raised and
carinate. Face very prominent, strongly compressed and wedge-shaped, concavely narrowing on its apical
half. Rostrum reaching the intermediate coxte. Tegmina elongate ; the costa very slightly depressed
immediately beyond base, and then slightly raised and convex from about the apex of upper ulnar area ;
the interior ulnar area with the apex slightly but distinctly broader than base ; the space between the
apices of the postcostal vein and the postcostal ulnar ramus ampliated, and the costal margin very finely
hirsute ; apical areas eight, the eighth broadest and shortest ; an additional curved and rudimentary vein
connecting the base of the second and the apex of the fifth ulnar areas ; this vein is distinct and perfect
for a short distance from the base of the second and into the third ulnar areas, after which it is Hub-
obsolete ; basal area almost twice as long as broad.

$ . Abdomen inflated ; tegmina shorter than in female ; tympana totally uncovered ; opercula
rudimentary.

Since I founded this genus on a Celebesian species, two other species have been described
by Dr. Karsch, one from Port Moresby in New Guinea, and the other from Thursday Island in
Torres Straits. These habitats at present constitute our knowledge of the geographical
distribution of Lcmbeja, and two of the three species are included in our restricted fauna.

1. Lembeja maculosa. (Tab. VII., figs. 13, , ft.)

1'i'i-isxnni-ui-a in/icnluKii, Distant, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 190, t. 25, figs. 3, a, b, 5; Karsch, Ent.rNachricht
xvi. p. laO (1890).

2. Pale ochraceous or greenish; ocelli castaneous; mesonotum with two central obconical dark
spots, the bases of which rest on anterior margin ; on each side of these is a much longer and more
acutely pointed spot, and a small round spot in front of each anterior branch of the cruciform basal
elevation, which is marked by two central darker lines ; abdomen above sparingly pilose, the apical
segmental margins paler. Body beneath and legs pale ochraceous or greenish ; femora near apices, tibias
n^-ir bases and at apices, and apices of tarsi, fuscous. Rostrum with the apex pitchy.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the first minutely spotted along all the veins and more or l.-ss
across its apical half.

Long. excl. tegm. 2, 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 56 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Celebes (Meyer Dresden Mas.); Kandari (Beccari Genoa Mus.).

The male specimen figured was obtained by Dr. Beccari, and is >iu the Genoa Museum.
The female specimen on which the description is based formed part of the Celebesian collection
of Dr. Meyer, and is contained in the Museum at Dresden.

148 <>i;ii-:.\T.ii, r/r. i ///).<.

kiioion to the writer //// ikxcription only.

2. Lembeja paradoxa.

/V/-/xi)i<w</ jiariiil<i.i-/i, Karscb, Ent. Nacbricht. xvi. p. 192 (1890).

" Gelbbraun, unregelmiissig dunkelfleckig ; die Deckfliigel hyalin, beim $ schwiicker, beim ? dicbter
und dunkler braun betnpft, die Adern gelblicb, beim $ schwach, beim 2 deutlich dunkel fleckig ; Hinter-
fliigel glashell mit gelben Adern ; beide Eliigelpaare am freien Ende zugespitzt, die Spitze selbst stumpf,
der Hinterrand der Decken nach der Spitze zu gerundet, nicht gebuchtet."

" Korperlange des $ 19 mill., des 2 18,8 ; Deckenliinge des $ 24,5 mill., des 2 25 mill., hochste
Deckenbreite beim $ 9,8 mill., beim 2 9 ; Deckenspannung beim 2 54,6 mill."

" Nach 9 iibereinstimmenden $ $ und 1 einzelnen 2 ."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : New Guinea, Port Moresby (Dr. 0. Finscb Berlin Mus).

Genus B^ETURIA.

Btaturia, Still, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 9 (1866); Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 172 (1866).

Body robust. Abdomen distinctly inflated in tbe male sex. Head including eyes narrower than the
base of the niesonotum ; ocelli about as wide apart from eyes as from each other ; eyes large, oblique, and
prominent ; front broad and obtusely convex. Pronotum with the lateral margins non-ampliated, the
posterior lateral angles arnpliated and rounded. Metanotum distinctly produced and visible. Tympanal
coverings absent, the tympana entirely exposed and uncovered. Anterier femora robust and strongly
spined. Opercula short, somewhat rudimentary, not covering the sonorous cavities. Tegmina and wings
hyaline; tegmina with eight apical areas, the seventh area longer than the eighth; interior ulnar area
with the base and apex about equally broad, its anterior margin slightly convex ; basal cell considerably
longer than broad.

The Malayan Archipelago is clearly the head-quarters of this genus, which is also probably
largely represented throughout the Pacific region.

1. Baeturia conviva. (Tab. XIV., fig. 25, a, I.)

Cicada conviva, Stul, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1861, p. 152; Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1863, p. 483.

Tibicen conviva, Still, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. iv. vol. i. p. 618 (1861).

Baturia conviva, Still, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 172 (1866).

Cicada quadrifula, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 93, n. 26 (1807).

Cicnda parattela , Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 94, n. 27 (1867).

3 Body and legs pale ochraceous ; eyes brownish-ochraceous ; pronotum with four subobsolete
obconical pale castaneous spots, the central pair shortest (these spots in some specimens are altogether
wanting) ; abdomen above with either a well denned or subobsolete series of central and lateral fuscous
spots ; abdomen beneath with the posterior segmental margins darker ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation, costal membrane, and post-costal area of tegmina
ochraceous.

The rostrum reaches the intermediate cox ; the face has a very distinct central longitudinal sulcation
and coarse transverse striations.

Long. excl. tegm. 3 , 15 to 18 millim. ; 2 , 1C rnillim. Exp. tegm. $ , 40 to 47 millim. ; 2 , 47 millim.

ORIKXTAL CICADIDM. 149

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Timor (coll. Dist.) ; Bouro (Bruss. Mus.) ; Amboina (Beccari Genoa
Mus. & coll. Dist.); Suyckerbuyk (Bruss. Mus.) ; Ceram (Brit. Mus.) ; Batchian (Stockli. Mas. & coll.
Dist.) ; Ternate (coll. Sign.) ; Aru (Beccari Genoa Mus.) ; New Guinea (coll. Dist.) ; Duke of York Island
(coll. Dist.).

By the good offices of Dr. Aurivillius, I have been able to examine a typical specimen of
this species, and find it not conspecific with Ji. exhausta, Guer., as opined by St;il.

2. Bseturia exhausta. (Tab. XV., figs. 13, , 6.)

Cicatlii f.i'/Kni.'itd, Guerin, Voy. Coquille, Ins. p. 181, t. 10, f. G (1830).
Cicuiln lnisti/irinii.1, Walk. List Horn., Suppl. p. 30 (1858).
Dundubin parabola, Walk. Ins. Saund., Horn. p. 6 (1858).
Cephtttoa-ys * dilectus, Stal, MS. (in Brit. Mus.).

<? . Body and legs pale ochraceous (probably greenish in freshly caught specimens).

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous ; the venation of the tegmina sometimes
more or less marked with dark fuscous and becoming fuscous at the apical areas.

Closely allied to the preceding species, but larger, and also distinguished by the base of the third
apical area to the tegmina being situate a little before the base of the first area, whilst in B. i-onrica the
bases of these areas are opposite to one another.

Long. excl. tegm. 3 , 21 to 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 52 to 60 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Bouro (Guerin & coll. Dist.) ; Ceram (Mad. Pfeiffer & Wallace Brit.
Mus.); Amboina (Wallace Brit. Mas.); New Guinea (coll. Dist.).

3. Baeturia obtusa. (Tab. XV., figs. 14, , 6.)

olitiiKii, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 37 (1858).

3 . Body above green ; body beneath and legs pale green ; abdomen, disk of sternum, anterior tibiae
and all the tarsi, ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation pale greenish ; tegmina with the post-costal area more
or less ochraceous.

Long. excl. tegm. 3 , 14 millim. Exp. tegm. 33 millim.

Hab. MALAY PENINSULA: Penang (coll. Dist.). MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Sumatra (Forbes coll.
Dist.). JAVA (Brit. Mus.).

4. Baeturia beccarii. (Tab. XIV., figs. 27, a, l>.)

Baturia beccarii, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 524 (1888).
- famulus, Stal, MS. (in Brit. Mus.).

Closely allied to the preceding species, B. obtusa, Walk., but differing by its larger size, by the
longitudinal veins to the radial areas of the tegmina being continuous and nearly straight, not obliquely
angulated as in B. obtusa, and by having the upper margin of the lower ulnar area slightly convex.

Long. excl. tegm. <? , 11 millim. Exp. tegm. $ & 2 , 40 to 45 millim.

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Sumatra, Mt. Singalang (Beccari Genoa Mus.) ; S.E. Borneo (coll.
Dist.) ; New Guinea (coll. Dist.).

* This was probably arranged under the genus Cephaloxys by Walker, as it is not reasonable to suppose that Stal
would have been in ignorance of his own genus Bceturia.

1 50 OKIE N TA L CICA DIDjE.

Species known at present by the female sex only.

5. Baeturia innotabilis. (Tab. XV., figs. 15, a, b.)

Cicada innotabilis, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soo., Zool. vol. x. p. 93, n. 23 (1867).

"Female. Testaceous. Ocelli encircled with black. Face with transverse black lines along each
side. Prothorax with the sutures of the segments mostly black. Mesothorax piceous, with seven green
stripes ; middle stripe and inner pair much abbreviated hindward. Fore tibiae with two stout acute spines.
Wings pellucid ; veins black, tawny towards the base ; costa tawny."

" Length of the body 10 lines ; of the wings 27 lines."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Morty (Wallace Brit. Mus.)-; Batchian (Doherty coll. Dist.).

This species is only known to the writer by the female type in the British Museum,
which is here figured, and by two female specimens from Batchiau in my own collection ;
Walker's original description is reproduced above.

6. Baeturia subnotata. (Tab. XV., figs. 1G, a, b.)

Cicada KiiliiititatH, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 93, n. 24 (1867).

" Female. Testaceous. Head with a black point on each side between the eyes ; face with a black
stripe. Prothorax with four lanceolate black marks on each side of the sutures, the fourth or most
exterior pair larger than the others. Mesothorax with a transverse black dot on each side near the hind
border. Abdomen with a row of short transverse brown streaks on each side. Wings pellucid ; costa and
veins of the fore wings red ; hind wings with black veins."

"Length of the body 11 lines; of the wings 27 lines."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Batchian (Wallace Brit. Mus.).

The female type specimen in the British Museum is here figured.

7. Baeturia stigma. (Tab. XV., figs. 17, a, b.)

Cicada stiijma, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 93, n. 25 (1867).

"Female. Brown, testaceous beneath. Head dingy testaceous in front. Prothorax dingy testaceous
about the sutures and about the hind border. Mesothorax testaceous about the hind border. Legs
testaceous ; femora and tibiae striped with brown ; fore femora with three spines. Wings pellucid ; veins
testaceous ; costa of the fore wings with a brown streak at rather beyond two-thirds of the length."

" Length of the body 7 lines ; of the wings 20 lines."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Gilolo (Wallace Brit. Mus.) ; Batchian (Doherty coll. Dist.).

8. Baeturia bicolorata. (Tab. XIV., figs. 26, a, b.)

i:,itn/-i,i l,iri,l,-(it.n, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ix. p. 316 (1892).

Head, pronotum, and mesonotum pale greenish ; abdomen warm ochraceous, its apex green. Eyes
pale fuscous. Head beneath, sternum, and legs pale greenish ; abdomen beneath ochraceous. Tarsi
ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation greenish or ochraceous ; costal membrane of tegmina
and the extreme bases of tegmina and wings pale greenish.

Rostrum reaching the posterior coxae, with its apex black ; anterior femora with three distinct spines.

Long. excl. tegm. ? , 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 65 millim.

Hab. NEW GUINEA: Fly River (Austr. Mus., Sydney, & coll. Dist.).

A Bceturia of striking bicoloration, of which at present I have only seen two female
examples.

ORIENTAL CICAD1DM. 151

Species doubtfully placed in the Genus.
9. Baeturia ? sandaracata. (Tab. VII., figs. 9, , />.)

HiHiiritt mimlaracata, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ., Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 458, t. iv. f. 4, a, b (1888).

$ . Body above, sternum, and legs pale testaceous ; abdomen beneath ochraceous.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation and the costal membrane of the first pale testaceous.

The rostrum reaches the intermediate coxse.

Long. excl. tegm. $ , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 72 millim.

Hab. -BURMA : Teinzo (Fea Genoa Mus.).

This species, which is the largest of the genus yet known to the writer, differs in some
subgeneric respects from the other species. Thus the seventh apical area of the tegmina is
about equal in length to, and not longer than, the eighth area, and the opercula are sufficiently
large to cover the sonorous cavities.

B. sandaracata will probably form the type of a new genus, but at present I have left it
in Bceturia. I have only seen one specimen.

Genus ACHILLA.
Acrilln, Still, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ser. iii. vol. i. p. 575 (1863).

" Caput parvum, thoracis antico paullo angustius, vertice angusto ; fronte plus quam diinidium
latitudinis faciei occupante, paullo prominente. Antennarum articulus primus brevis. Rostrum coxas
intermedias baud superans. Thorax lateribus hand dilatatis. Tegmina non nisi apice angustissime
marginata, abdorninis apicem baud superantia, venis ulnaribus basi di.stantibus, areolis apicalibus
undecim, areola discoidali venas longitudiiiales sex postice emittente. Ate anguste marginatse, areolis
apicalibus septem. Abdomen maris valde inflatum, tympanis detectis, operculis minutis brevissimis.
Pedes mediocres, fernoribus auticis incrassatis, trispinosis."
" Chlorocystce * affine genus."

1. Acrilla adipata. (Tab. XV., figs. 18, a, b.)

Acrilla adiputa, Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ser. iii. vol. i. p. 575 (1868).

" Pallide sordide straminea ; tegminibus alisque sordide hyalinis, stramineo-venosis. <? ."

" Long. 32, exp. tegm. 60 mill."

" Vertex oculo transverse vix duplo latior, ocellis posticis inter se et ab oculis seque longe remotia.
Thorax lateribus obtusissimis, medio et apice raque latus, ante medium utrimque levissime rotundatus,
postice subito ampliatus, impressionibus sat profunclis, limbo postico angusto. Tegmina costa venaque
subcostali contiguis, ilia baud dilatata ; areola basal i interiore versus medium levissime ampliata; areolis
apicalibus prima, sexta, septima, octava et nona valde elongatis."

Hab. MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Mysol (Wallace! Brit. Mus.).

'' Chlorocysta is an Australian genus.

f The collections at Mysol were actually made by Mr. Wallace's assistant, Charles Allen, Mr. Wallace himself being
prevented by untoward circumstances from reaching that island.

152 OA7/-..V7ML C1CADIDJE.

SPECIES KNOWN TO THE WRITER ONLY BY DESCRIPTION, AND UNABLE TO BE

GENERICALLY IDENTIFIED.

1. Tettigonia conspurcata.

Tettii/onia i-onspinratu, Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 298 (1777) ; Sp. Ins. ii. p. 820, n. 13 (1781) ; Mant. Ins. ii.
p. 267, n. 17 (1787); Ent. Syst. iv. p. 22, n. 20 (1794); Syst. Bhyng. p. 89, n. 80 (1803).

" T. atra elytris basi flavo maculatis, ano flavo."
" Habitat in India. Dr. Fothergill."

This species was quite unknown to Stal, who, in his ' Hemiptera Fabriciana,' vol. ii.
p. 11(5, only enumerates the name, and makes no attempt at generic identification.

2. Cicada ferruginea.

<.'u'<i<l,ij,rni ; iin,'<i, Olivier, Enc. Metb. v. p. 750, n. 19, t. 112, f. 1 (1790).
Stoll, Gig. f. 86.

Olivier evidently only reproduced Stoll's figure and description, but he supplied the
'species with a distinctive name. The following is Stoll's description :

" La Cir/ale Clianteusc couleur dc Eouille."

" Cette grande Cigale a le dessous du corps & les pattes de couleur de Rouille avec des nuances
brunes, ainsi qu'elle se montre, par le dessus, dans la representation. Les Etuis & les Ailes son fences,
mais leurs borcls inferieurs clairs transparens."

Hab. "Elle vient des Indes Orientales."

3. Cicada vacua.

Cicada vacua, Olivier, Enc. Metli. v. p. 757, t. 118, f. 10 (1790;.
Stoll, Gig. fig. 58.

The same remarks apply as to the preceding species, and the following is Stoll's
description :

" La Cigale vuide."

" La Tete, le Corps & les Pattes sont noir minime ou de couleur fauve; 1'Abdomen est vuide & comme
transparent, son dernier anneau est garni de duvet blanc; les Etuis & les Ailes sont transparens comrne
du verre."

Hab. " Elle vient du Japon."

4. Cicada clara.

Cicada clara, Motscbulsky, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxix. p. 184 (1886).

" Statura et color C. orni sed thorace dorso magis nigro. Elongata, attenuata, opaca, fusco-testaceo,
capite thoraceque nigris, subtestaceo pictis, hoc lateribus viridi maculatis, pectore atro, pedibus nigris
testaceo annulatis ; c? , abdomiuis segniento penultimo subtus trapezoidale, ultimo attenuate, tympanis
transversis femoribus anticis bidentatis."

" <? . Long. corp. 12} 1. ; lat. 5 1. ; exp. alar. 31 1."

Hab. JAPAN.

ORIENTAL, CICADIDM. 153

SPECIES DESCRIBED BY WALKER, OP WHICH THE TYPES ABE APPARENTLY
NON-EXISTENT AND THE DESCRIPTIONS INSUFFICIENT.

I have already had occasion (ante, p. .49) to refer to the difficulty which appertains to the
identification of Walker's species, without reference can be made to the types in the British
Museum or elsewhere. The descriptions are often of a misleading nature, being too frequently
based on unimportant characters, with an utter absence of generic apprehension, so that at
present, without the whole collection is carefully gone through, one cannot tell whether a
specimen bears a Walkerian name or not. This is almost equivalent to the case of an
ornithologist who, seeking a name for a Shrike, should have to search through the whole
order Passeres before he was certain that his species had not been described. I believe in
the family Cicadidce I have made the study of this unnecessary problem, and the following
described species ?, of which the types either do not exist, or have been incorporated
without notice with other species of which they were synonyms, may be considered as
non-existent and unworthy of further notice :

1. Cephaloxys unicolor, Walker, List Horn. iv. p. 1132 (1852). Recorded as from Java.

2. Dundubia guttigera, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. i. p. 83 (1856). Recorded

as from Malacca.

3. Cicada virguncula, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. i. p. 84 (1856). Recorded as

from' Malacca.

4. Dundubia decem, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. ii. p. 141 (1857). Recorded

as from Borneo.

5. Dundubia duarum, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. ii. p. 141 (1857). Recorded

as from Borneo.

SPECIES WEONGLY ASCRIBED TO THIS FAUNA.
1. Tibicen auratus.

Cicada aurata, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 215, n. 168 (1850) ; Atkins., J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 280, n. 72 (1885).
Tibicen? auratus, Atkins., J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 178, n. 64 (1886).

Hab. TASMANIA .

Walker added no habitat to his description of this species, but simply stated " From
Dr. Hooker's collection." This misled Mr. Atkinson, who, in his " Notes on Indian
Rhynchota," enumerated the species, and stated "Reported from Assam."

On referring to the "Record Book" at the British Museum, I found the specimens on
which the species was founded clearly recorded " Purchased at Hooker's sale from Van
Dieman's Land." I have a Tasmanian specimen in my own collection.

154 ORIENTAL CICADIDM.

APPENDIX.

Tacua speciosa (ante, p. 24).

To the synonymy add Tettigonia gigantea, Weber, Observat. Entomol. p. 113 (1801).

Tosena sibylla (ante, p. 29).

Additional Hab. MALAY PENINSULA: Perak (Doherty coll. Dist.).

Leptopsaltria quadrituberculata (ante, p. 31).

Additional Hab. MALAY PENINSULA: Perak (Doherty coll. Dist.).

Pomponia fusca (ante, p. 70).

Omit the Hab. "Japan" (see ante, p. 102).

Leptopsaltria morrisi (ante, p. 101).

Since figured. (Tab. XV., figs. 19, a, b.)

Cosmopsaltria feae (ante, p. 101).

Since figured. (Tab. XV., figs. 20, a, b.)

Cosmopsaltria ficulnea (ante, p. 102).

Since figured. (Tab. XV., figs. 21, a, b.)

Pomponia japonensis (ante, p. 102).

Since figured. (Tab. XV., figs. 22, a, b.)

ERRATA.

For Pomponia ransonetti, ante, pp. 72 and 102, read P. ransonneti ; and as regards
the "Exp. tegin." of same, for 95 ruillim. read 59 rnillirn. The name and dimensions were
correctly given in my original description, but the above misprints of the same unfortunately
escaped attention in this volume.

INDEX

Abricta, 127
Abroma, 127
Aerilla, 103, 151

adipata, 151
Adams, on the sons of the Cicada

in Celebes, iinli 1 , 48
Allen, assistant to Mr. Wallace and

collector at the island of My-

sol, note, 151
Allingham, recent substitution in

poetry of the word "Tettix"

for " Cicada," note, 2
Andaman Islands, our knowledge of

their Natural History, note, 91
Anderson, Jno., Dr., 40
Angamiana, 100

ajtherea, 100
Attacked and devoured by many

enemies, vii

Bjeturia, 148
beccarii, 149
bicolprata, 150
conviva, 148
exhausta, 149
innotabilis, 150
obtusa, 149
? sandaracata, 151
stigma, lull
subnotata, 150
Ball, on species collected by Dr.

Stoliczka, note, 119
Barbosa, first authentic di scriber

of the Sulu Islands, note, 37
Beddard, on variation of internal

organs, note, 28

Belt, on habits of Cicadidre in
Nicaragua, vi ; on Cicadidre
devoured by birds in Nicara-
gua, vii

Bennett, Dr., on sound produced

by the males in N. S. Wales,

note, 1 ; on habits of Cicadidse

in Australia, vi

Bigg- Wither, on habits of Cicadidte

in Brazil, vi
Bock, Carl, note, 45
Bond, I 1 '., on time required to study

n collection, ix
Brandt, Prof. It., 67
Bruijn, " Negociant a Ternate,"

note, 59

Burmeister, on the terms " gencc "
and " lores," note, 31

Calcagninus, 31, 103, 13G
nilgircnsis', 1H7
picturatus, 136

Campbell, Lord Geo., on thrilling
notes of Cicadas at Zambo-
anga, note, 13
Carineta expnnna, 79'
Carlet, on sound-producing organs,

Casyapa, who early drained and
colonised the valley of Kash-
meer, note., 128

Cejil '" ftus, 149

foliata, 140

eneric and specific names not adopted in this Monograph are printed in italics.

Cephaloxys fulva, 119

Cicada nana, 130

Collingwood, on habits of Cicadidn

liebes, 121

nit/m, 87

in ISorneo, note, 29

hemelytra, 122
lacteipennis, 129

trigricotta, 138

nigrosignata, 134

Cook, Capt., misleading description
of an animal by a seaman.

locusta, 41

nobilis, 21

note, 2

obtusa, 149

mibifurca, 131

Cosmopsaltria, 4, 43

<liifidrimacula, 134

obtecta, 67

abdulla, 52

rostrata, 119

ocellata, 16

albostriata, 05

tcrpsichtrre, 39

ochracea, 96

amicta, 43

unicolor, 153

8-notata, 107

andersoni, 46

riridix, 119

parallela, 148

iiifnini,itii, 67

Chennell, A. W., 56

pellosoma, 143

bocki, 45

Chremistica, 93

percheronii, 106

capitata, 60

Cicada, 4, 93

philiemata, 112

chlorogaster, 65

Cicada " TAe tfm/e Grinder,"

phomicura, 113

diminuta, 59

polyhymnia, 97

doryca, 59

Cicada acuta, 88

pontianaka, 97

durga, 56

adusta, 69

pulchella, 105

feje, 101

o^ni's, 18

pustulata, 87

ficulnea, 102

anaea, 135

quadrifida, 148

flavida, 52

apicalis, Germ., 131

quadrituberculata, 31

fuliginosa, 50

apicalis, Kirb., 131

querula, 134

gemina, 66

atra, 87

repanda, 19

impar, 64

atrata, 87

rugipennis, 135

inermis, 49

atrovirens, 98

sanguinea, 111

insularis, 64

bihamata, 95

sanguinolenta, 111, 112

jacoona, 47

bimaculata, 98

semicincta, 131

junctivitta, 66

capitata, 18

semperi, 99

larus, 44

chlorogaster, 65

sinensis, 95

lata, 60

ciliaris, 16

.speciosa, 24

latilinea, 48

cfara, 152

spinosa, 52

lauta, 48

conica, 122

splendidula, 117

lutulenta, 63

continuata, 143

steveni, 134

majuscula, 47

eonviva, 148

stigma, 150

meyeri, 51

coronata, 95

strepitans, note, 124

microdon, 57

crocea, 118

striata, 135

minahassae, 58

dclineata, 57

stridens, 124

mongolica, 62

dentivitta, 125

strigosa, 129

montivaga, 49

dices, 29

subnotata, 150

nagarasingna, 44

doryca, 59

subvenosa, 135

nicomache, 57

elopurina, 98

subvitta, 129

ni^'ra, 51

('.rlitiusta, 149

sulphurea, 105

obtecta, 67

facialis, 90

tagalica, 96

oopaga, 46

fasciata, 26

testacea, 112

opalifera, 56

ferrifera, 96

thalassina, 106

opercularis, 63

ferruginea, 152

trabeata, 117

opercuhssirna, 61

flammata, 99

tuberosa, 34

;.'/</, 48

flavida, 52

vacua, 152

pha'ophila, 68

/usca, 70

vaginata, 39

pigafetta', 07

fuscipes, 96

varia, 18

i.iilha, 54

germana, 97

ri'-ina, 88

recedms, Hii

germari, 112

(lliicchys) vidua, 113

saturata, 54

guttularis, 37

rirguncula, 153

serva, 60

hastipennis, 149

rirescenn, 39

silhetana, 62

Itcinqitera, 21

viridis, 98

i-iinilis, 45

iiiniinculata, 93

.1 a ///cs, 135

aita, .'is

imperatoria, 69

<'i<;i<lriic, 1

uilata, 61

'", 24

Cicadatra, 103, 133

spinosa, 52

innotabilis, 150

acberi, 136

tavoyana, 55

intermedia, 88

qiiailrinxifiila, 134

tnpurasura, ">.">

l-ii'inpferi, 20

querula, 134

umbrata. "'i!

leechi, 94

.//(I, var. paliuri, 134

vibru

lit.Tiitu, 143

I'L'nnis, 135

Cryptotympana, 4, 83

iiini-ulata, 104

striata, 135

ipiter, 84

mai'itltitimllin, 80

ncut

: if(Mis, 131

.'.7fii, 142

aqoi

iwiimifera, 39

Ciciidinie, 3 ; synopsis of genera, 4

atro

iiii'iiri'ainiia, 26

Classification, on present, ix

/-u6o, 87

(r.) melanoptera, 27

Collections examined, v

corvus, 87

156

INDEX.

Cryptotympana demissitia, 89
diomedea, 85
epithesia, 85
exalbida, 92
facialis, 90
fumipennis, 84
immaculata, 93
insular!?, 91
intermedia, 88
livnborgi, 91
mandarina, 86
nigra, 87
pustulata, 86
recta, 89
recta, 91
sinensis, 90
tondana, 93
n, 88

D'Albertis, experience on the Isle
of Salwatty, note, 63

Darwin, C., on importance of a
large number of eggs to sur-
vival of a species, note, 2 ; on
shrill cry of Cicadas at Boto-
fogo Bay, 3

Diceroprocta, 93

Dietropyga, 43

Distant, on habits of a species in
the Transvaal, vi, vii ; pro-
bably pair in a mature stage,
vii ; devoured by spiders in
the Transvaal, viii

Doria, Marquis, v

Duges, on sound-producing organs,

Dundubia, 4, 38
1 terata, 42
albigutta, 36
albixtifima, 33
iniiirt'i, 43
bicaudata, 67
bocki, 45
carmente, 37
chlonia, 139
chlorogaster, 65
cinctimanus, 70
clio, 141
cluiiia, 139
decem, 153
diminuta, 59
dorijca, 58

diianim, note, 4!(, 153
emanatura, 41
fasciceps, 96
fuliginota, 50
J sea, 70
yuttigera, 153
iiiiiniifiilii, 39
iiiijiiu; 04
imperatoria, 69
butiiarit, 64
intemerata, 42
junctivitta, 66
lata, 60
lams, 44
lateralis, 50

iiitniin'ti, 48

liiu'iirix, 70
locusta, 41
maculipes, 140
maculom, 65
majuscula, 47
mannifera, 39
mellea, 40
melpomene, 50
microdon, 57

?Hl.T(rt, 98

tiaiiaraningna, 44
nebnlinea, 33
nicomache, 57

Dundubia nigrimacula, 39
nigristigma, 77

lilitfrtii. ~i I

apalifera, ufi
operculuris. (>:!
parabola, 149
phaopliila, 68
ptcte, 71
yi.Mvi/x, 140
ijuadritnbcrculata, 31
radha, 54
rafBesii, 41
rami/ero, 70
receden*, CiC>
rufivena, 40
samia, 33
saturata, 54
serva, 60
xii/nificata, 124
timuii, i">
xiniiuliirix, 72
sobria, 39
xi>inoxa, 51
stipata, 139
tubapiealu, 67
tavoyana, 55
terpxicliore, 39
tlialia, 75
tigrina, 35
liiiroidc*, 35
tripurasura, 55
tuierosa, 34
vaginata, 39
ribrans, 50
virescens, 39
mania, 70
Durga, note, 50

Eaten as food, note, 22
Eggs, number and deposition, 2
Emathia; 103, 133
a'grota, 133

Fauna, limits of, as studied in

this monograph, 2
Fidiciini (ti-fipiti'r, 84

acuto, 88

aquila, 85

a)-afa, 87

bicolor, 88

6u6o, 87

confinis, 39

eorvm, 87

diomedea, 85

fiimipeiniix, 84

immaeiiliita., 88

invariant, 87

nigriii'tixcata, 00

mm/era, 88

ochracea, 96

opercnlnta, 86

polyhtimnia, 97

recta, 89

? repunda, 19

timorica, 88

tondana, 93

Fumouze, on the chemical pro-
perties of a secretion obtained
from Huechys sanguinea, note,
111112

Gamna, 103, 104
atkinsoni, 107
consobrina, 106
censors, 105
delinenda, 108
Ke, 29
festiva, 106
hageni, 106
maculata, 104
octonotata, 107

Guana Sibylla, 29
stellate, 105
sulphurea, 105
tenebriscosa, 108
Galton, J. C., on sound-producing

organs, 1
Genera and species of Cicadidse,

approximate number, vi
Geographical distribution, viii
Gestro, Dr., v

Goblet d'Alviella, Comte, on intel-
lectual characteristics of ani-
mals, note, vii

Goreau and Solier, on sound-pro-
ducing organs, 1
Graptopsaltria, 4, 25

colorata, 35
Graptotettix, 103, 109
guttatus, 110
thoracicus, 110

Guillemard, on noise made by
Cicadas in North Borneo,
note, 35

Gymnotympana, 103, 123
stridens, 124
strepitans, note, 134

Habits, song, &c., records of, in:
Africa :

Delagoa Bay, viii
Natal, vii
Transvaal, vi
America North, viii
Texas, viii
Nicaragua, vi, vii
America South :
Brazil, vi

Amazons, 37
Eio de Janeiro, 3
Asia:

Afghanistan, viii, 143
Ceylon, 45
Himalayas, 3, 55
Tenasserim, 22
Malayan Archipelago :
Borneo, 29, 35, 69
Celebes, 48
Philippines, 13
Australia, vi
Europe : Italy, vi
New Zealand, viii
Hampson, G. F., his entomological
enterprise on the Neelgiri
Hills, 136
Helms, on song of a species in

Borneo, note, 6'J

Hickson, on the small area of
Celebes explored by Euro-
peans, note, 48

Hildreth, Dr., on number of eggs

possessed by female, 2 ; on

sound produced by Tibicen

septemdecem, 3

Hooker, Sir J., on Cicadas in

Himalayan region, note, 55
Hornaday, his collecting instruc-
tions from Professor Ward,
note, 10

Hudson, on a species destroyed by
sparrows in New Zealand, viii
Huechys, 103, 111
celebensis, 115
chryselectra, 116
cuprea, 117
dohertyi, lit;
fumigata, 118
fusca, 114
hematica, 116
incarnata, 112
lutulenta, 115
octunotata, 108

Hiiecln/s philtemata, 112

phcenicura, 113

picta, 107

pingenda, 114

sanguinea, 111 ; chemical pro-
perties of secretion obtained
from abdomen, note, 111 112

itettata, 105

xiijl'uxn, 113

testacea, 112

thoracica, 115

trabeata, 117

tramverxa, 29

vidua, 113
Hume Expedition of 1873, 75

" Insular" compared with "Con-
tinental " areas as understood
in this Monograph, note, 24

Jones, on habits of a species in
Brazil, vi

Ksempfer, E., biographical notice,

note, 20
Kamalata, 103, 124

pantherina, 124
Karenia, 103, 126
cffilatata, 127
ravida, 126
Eina Balu Mt., species almost

peculiar to, note, 49
Knight, Horace, ix
Kolenati, on distribution of Cica-
datra querula, note, 134

Landois, on sound-producing

organs, 1
Leech, J. H., 94
Lembeja, 103, 147

maculosa, 147

paradoxa, 148
Leptopsaltria, 4, 31

albiguttata, 36

albistigma, 33

anclamanensis, 34

barbo&Ee, 37

carmente, 37

guttularis, 37

liii-tfa, 71

mascula, 32

morrisi, 101

nebulinea, 33

niiirt'xrfiis, 37

H/////;YH*/X, 137

pirtiirata, 136

pryeri, 35

quadrituberculata, 31

samia, 33

tigi'ina, 35

tigroides, 35

tuberosa, 34

Lewis, Geo., Entomological jour-
neys in Japan, 138
Libanius, comparison of Emperor

Julian to a Cigale, note, 3
Limborg, Ossian, 91

McCoy, Prof., on habits of a species
in Australia, vi

Macrotristria, 93

Mason, Rev. F., on the larva of a
Cicada used for food in Tenas-
serim, note, 22

Mayer, on sound-producing organs,

Melampsalta, 103, 142
continuata, 143
exaequata, 144
Lvvifrons, 144
literata, 143

INDEX.

157

Melampsalta pellosoma, 143
Mental concepts of Cicadidaj, our

ignorance of, vii
Meyer, Dr. A. B., 51
Middlemiss, on sound-producing
organs, 1 ; on deafening roar
of males in the Himalayas, 3
Minahassa, its meaning and deri-
vation, note, 68

Mivart, Dr., on supposed limited
psychical powers of brutes,
note, vii
Mogannia, 103, 118

avicula, 122

chinensii, 121

conica, 122

cyanea, 121

dorise, 120

effeeta, 122

fulva, 119

funebris, 122

hebes, 121

liistrionica, 123

ignifera, lv!3

illustrata, 123

iiidicans, 123

lacteipennis, 129

locusta, 41

nasalis, 121

obliqua, 119

quadrimacula, 134

recta, 122

sesioides, 120

spitrcata, 121

terpsichorc, 39

remitissimu, 122

viridis, 119

Monteiro, Mrs., on species attacked
by a Mantis in S. E. Africa, viii
Morgan, Lloyd, Prof., on sound-
producing organs, 1

Nagarasingna, early Burmese king,

note, 44
Nelcynda, 127
Newman, Cardin., on " Illative

Sense," 3

Oncotympana, 68

Oopaga Shin, a Burmese lesser

Divinity, note, 46
Orismology, Partial, 4
I i.i i/pleura basialba, 9

Intfo, 5

calt/pso, 6

canescens, (>

polita, 7

samjuijlua, 10

subrufa, 9

Peck, on fungoid growth on the
abdomen of a species in North
America, viii
Perisioneura, 147

maculosa, 147

paradox a, 148
Pfeiffer, Ida, Mad., C4
Platy loin in, 43
Platypleura, 4, 19

(Oxypleura) ticittipennis, 6

afflnls, in

andamana, 17

arcuata, 10

assamensis, 20

badia, '2.".

basin I In i, ',)

Imsi-riridis, 8

liiijii, r>

(Oxypleura) bufo, 5

(Oxyplewa) canescens, 6

catoculoides, 16

Platypleura cenina, 8
(Oxypleura) cervina, 8
ciliaris, 16
ccclebs, 12
distincta, 12
fenentrata, 15
fulvigera, 13
fiiscangiilis, 20
gemina, 21
liilpa, 15

Ityalino-limbata, 20
insignis, 22
interna, 19
kiempferi, 20
nicobarica, 12
nobilis, 21
octoguttata, 10
pha'ltenoidet, 19
(Oxypleura) polita, 7
repanda, 19
roepstorffii, 17
semilucida, 21
sphinx, 13
straminea, 8
subruj'a, 9
varia, 16
icestwoodii, 15
Pcecilopsaltria, 4, 5
affinis, 18
andamana, 17

basialba,

basi-viridis, 8

bufo, 5

calypso, 6

canescens, 6

capitata, 18

cervina, 8

ciliaris, 16

ccelebs, 12

fulvigera, 13

hampsoni, 11

hilpa, 15

nicobarica, 12

octoguttata, 10

polita, 7 .

semusta, 14

sphinx, 13

subrufa, 9

westwoodi, 15
Polyneura, 4, 23

ducalis, 23
Pomponia, 4, 68

bindusara, 76

collina, 142

dohertyi, 77

elegans, 140

evanescens, 72

expansa, 79

fusca, 70

graccina, 70

green!, 102

imperatoria, 4, 69

japonensis, 102

kama, 78

lactea, 71

Hiiriirix, 70

maculaticollis, 80

inadliara, 141

nij,'ristigma, 77

obnubila, 81

pallidiventns, 78

picta, 71

promiscua, 75

pumila, 73

ransonneti, 72, 102, 154

ramonetti, 72, 102

scitula, 74

singularis, 72

solitaria, 74

thalia. 75

tigroides, 35

Pomponia translucida, 76

viridi-cincta, 79

viridimaculata, 73
Prasia, 103, 145

faticina, 145

fatiloqua, 146

foliata, I Mi

hariola, 146

princeps, 145
Pryer, H. J. S., whilom zoologist of

Japan, 139
Pryer, W. B., of North Borneo,

note, 35

Preudhomme de Borre, Mon., v
Psithyristria, 4, 81

crassinervis, 82

nodinervis, 83

simplicinervis, 83

specularis, 82

tenuinervis, 83

Pusey-Bouverie, on "species" and
" varieties," note, 40

Quintilia, 127

Baffles, Sir Stamford, his zoological

enterprise, note, 41
Beaumur, on sound-producing

organs, 1 ; on species attacked

in the egg-stage by the larvse

of an ichneumon, viii
Benan, on vague use of the word

" India," note, 36
Biley, Prof., on a species destroyed

by the sparrow in North

America, viii
Bitsema, Dr. C., v
Bustia, 103, 125
Bustia dentivitta, 125
pediinciilata, 125
tigrina, 126

Semper, Karl, his collection of
Cicadidaa in the Philippine Is-
lands, note, 13; on genera
of Mollusca peculiar to the
Philippines, note, 82
Schlfl ter, on species destroyed by

hornets in Texas, viii
1 Scieroptera, 103, 117
crocea, 118
fumigata, 118
splendidula, 117
Signoret, V., Dr., destination of his

collection, note, 108
Smith, G., Dr., on spelling of In-
dian localities, note, 11
Sound-producing or stridulating

organs, 1
Stal, on tympanal coverings, note,

2 ; on classification, 3
Stridulantes, 1
I Stridulantia, 1
Structural nomenclature, 4
Swinton, on derivation of the word
"Cicada," Ac., note, 93; on
habits of Cicadidm in Italy, vi

Tacua, 4, 24

speciosa, 24, 154
Talainga, 103, 109

binghami, 109
Tennent, Sir J. Emerson, on habits

of a species in Ceylon, 45
Terpnosia, 103, 138

andersoni, 141

clio, 141

collina, 142

maculipes, 140

madhava, 141

nigricosta, 138

Terpnosia pryeri, 189

psecas, 140

Btipata, 139
Tettigettii, 142
Tettigonia affinit, 18

atrata, 86

connpuTCata, 152
fcuciata, 26
fettiva, 106

gigantea, 154

ktcmpferi, 20

maculata, 104

marmarata, 16

obtecta, 67

octoguttata, 10

9-guttata, 10

philaemata, 112

punilla, 132

puxtulutii, 86

repanda, 19

sanguinolenta, 111

speciosa, 24

spinosa, 52

splendidula, 117

testacea, 112

nriiiiiiitn. 39

viridis, 98
Tibicen, 103, 127
TibiceninsD, 3, 103
Tibicen acberi, 136

iiiiiiis.-<itittti?, 126

apicalis, 131

auratus, 153

aurengzebe, 133

casyapae, 128

conviva, 148

ferrarius, 132

lacteipennis, 129

maculicollis, 131

nana, 130

nanus, 130

nubifurca, 131

pusillus, 132

reticulatus, 128

subvitta, 129

subvittatus, 129

tener, 130

tigrinus, 126
Tosena, 4, 25

albata, 27

depicta, 28

dives, 2!)

fasciata, 26

mearesiana, 26

melanoptera, 27

montivaga, 28

sibylla, 29

splendida, 30

Virgil, on sounds produced by

Italian species, 3
Volcanic Islands, summits rich in

insect life, note, 74

Walker, F., some species described
by him to be considered as
non-existent, 153

Wallace, experience of the Isle of
Waigiou, note, 64 ; on habits
of Cioadidie on the Amazons,
note, 37

Westermarck, on sociological in-
stitutions in the animal world,
note, vii

Westwood, Prof., on sound-pro-
ducing organs, 1 ; on number
of eggs deposited by the
female, 2

Wood worth, on tympanal cover-
ings, note, '2

2 3

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

TAB. I.

1. Poecilopsaltria subrufa

2. fulvigera

3. nicobarica

4. ,, oiliaris

5. ,, octoguttata

6. hilpa

7. Platypleura repanda

8. Foecilopsaltria hampsoni

9. ,, andamana

10. semusta

11. Platypleura repanda var. assa-

inensis

12. Poecilopsaltria ccvlebs

13. Platypleura nobilis

14. kn'inpferi

15. insignis

16. Poeoilopsaltria polita

17. nicobarica car.

distincta

18. ,, westwoodii

TAB. II.

1. Tosena fasciata

2. var.

3. mearesiana

4. ,, melanopteravar. albata

5. ,, melanoptera

6. ,, splendida

7. Polyneura ducalis

8. Graptopsaltria colorata

9. Tacua speciosa

10. ,, ,, var.

TAB. III.

1. Huechys pingenda

2. ,, sanguinea

3. thoracica
4/ ,, incarnata

5. ,, pliilivmata

6. phcenicura

7. fusca

8. celebensis

9. ,, vidua

10. Tosena dives

11. depicta

12. Gieana octonotata

13. ,, ,, var.

14. ,, tenebriscosa

15. stellata
10. delinenda

17. maculata

18. festiva

19. /"/.

20. ,, maculata var. consors

21. Graptotettix guttatus

22. Ciiuaua sulphurea

TAB. IV.

1. Dundubia intemerata

2. Cosmopsaltria vibrans

3. mougolica

4. Dundubia ralllesii

5. Cosmopsaltria sita

6. ,, durga

7. ,, spinosa

8. tripurasura

9. ,, radha

10. Dundubia mannifera

11. Cosmopsaltria bocki

12. nicomache

13. ,, larus var.

14. nuj-arasingna

15. ,, latilinea

16. microdon

17. Dundubia mannifera

1. Cosmopsaltria larus

2. opalifera

3. ,, jacoona

4. tavoyana

5. operculissima

6. andevsoni

7. Cicada pontianaka

8. Cosmopsaltria lauta

9. popaga

10. similis

11. ,, umbrata

12. Poecilopsaltria cervina

13. Cosmopsaltria obtecta

14. Leptopsaltria barbosie

15. Cosmopsaltria flavida

16. opercularis

17. saturata

TAB. VI.

1. Cosmopsaltria silhetana

2. Prasia fatiloqua

3. Cosmopsaltria spathulata

4. Pomponia singularis

5. Tibicen tener

6. Dundubia rufivena

7. ? strata

8. Cicada tagalica

9. Cosmopsaltria nigra

10. Pomponia obnubila

11. maculaticollis

12. ,, kama

13. ,, expansa

14. pallidiventris

15. Cosmopsaltria inermis

16. fuliginosa

17. rninahassae

TAB. VII.

1. Cosmopsaltria doryca

2. Cicada germana

3. Cosmopsaltria gemina

4. lata

5. chlorogaster

6. capitata

7. lutulenta

8. majuscula

9. Bieturia ? sandaracata

10. Pomponia fusca

11. pieta

12. Terpnosia collina

13. Lembeja maculosa

14. Prasia faticina

15. Platypleura badia

16. Prasia huriola

17. Pomponia solitaria

18. ,, lactca

19. ,, scitula

20. ,, ransonneti

21. Terpnosia psecas

TAB. VIII.

1. Cosmopsaltria albostriata

2. Leptopsaltria carmente

3. Dundubia emanatura

4. Cosmopsaltria amicta

5. meyeri [lata

6. Leptopsaltria quadritubercu-

7. tuberosa

8. albiguttata

9. Kamalata pantherina

10. Cosmopsaltria pigafettea

11. Leptopsaltria saiuia

12. ,, pryeri

13. Calcagninus picturata

14. Bustia dcutivitta

FIG.

15. Calcagninus nilgirensia

16. Pcecilopsaltria sphinx

17. Leptopsaltria nebulinea

18. Poecilopsaltria canescens

19. ,, basialba

20. bufo

TAB. IX.

1. Dundubia locusta

'2. Terpnosia madhava

3. Cosmopsaltria serva

4. Pomponia thalia

5. Terpnosia clio

6. Pcecilopsaltria basi-viridis

7. Pomponia nigristigma

8. Gteana hageni

9. Tosena sibylla

10. Gseana atkinsoni

11. Pomponia bindusara

12. Cosmopsaltria insularis

13. Terpnosia andersoni

14. Pomponia promiscua

15. ,, imperatoria
10. Gymnotympana stridens
17. strepitans

TAB. X.

1. Leptopsaltria mascula

2. Cosmopsaltria junctivitta

3. Poecilopsaltria calypso

4. Leptopsaltria albiguttata

5. Tibicen lacteipennis

6. Leptopsaltria tigrina

7. Cryptotympana limborgi

8. Pomponia grtecina

9. viridimaculata

10. Cryptotympana recta

11. ,, corvus

12. Leptopsaltria andamanensis

13. Pomponia evanescens

14. Cosmopsaltria recedens

15. Leptopsaltria albistigma

16. Cosmopsaltria impar

TAB. XI.
1. Cryptotympana intermedia

9.
10.
11.

insularis

diomedea

fumipennis

epithesia

sinensis

mandarina

acuta

aquila

pustulata

facialis

TAB. XII.

1. Dundubia mannifera var. terp-

2. Cicadatra qiiitrula L s ' c ' lore

3. Emathia a>grota

4. Cicada polyhymnia

5. elopurina

6. Karenia ravida

7. Cicadatra rugipennis

8. Cicada bihamata

9. Dundubia mellea

10. Tibicen lacteipennis

11. Cicada coronata

12. Cosmopsaltria montivaga

13. Cicada ochracea

14. Cosmopsaltria diminuta

15. Tibicen apicalis [sitata

16. llustia dentivitta var. amus-

17. Tibicen subvittatus

FIO.

18. Leptopsaltria tigroides

19. Cicada viridis

20. Leptopsaltria guttularis

21. Cosmopsaltria phseophila

TAB. XIII.

1. Angamiana fetherea

2. Cicada leechi

3. sinensis

4. Talainga binghami

5. Earenia caalatata

6. Tosena montivaga

7. Pomponia translucida

8. pumila

9. dohertyi

10. Cryptotympana accipiter

11. ,, demisitia

12. exalbida

13. tondana

14. Prasia princeps

15. Cicada flammata

TAB. XIV.

1. Huechys lutulenta

2. dohertyi

3. chryselectra

4. hiematica

5. Scieroptera splendidula

6. crocea

8. Mogannia viridis

fumigata

fulva

obliqua

dorite

sesioides

hebes

nasalis

cyanea

effecta

funebris var.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

19. Bustia tigrina

20. Tibicen casyapoe

21. , reticulatus

22. , nanus

23. , maculicollis

24. , nubifurca

25. Bse uria conviva

26. , bicolorata

27. , beccarii

TAB. XV.

1. Cicadatra xantes

2. , striata

3. , acberi

4. Terpnosia nigrioosta

5. pryeri

6. stipata

7. maeulipes

8. Melampsalta literata

9. , continuata

10. , pellosoma

11. , exiequata

12. Prasia foliata

13. Bieturia exhatista

14. obtusa

15. ,, innotabilis
Hi. ,, subnotata

17. stigma

18. Acrilla adipata

1'J. Leptopsaltria morrisi

20. Cosmopsaltria fe

21. ficulnea

22. Pomponia japonensis

ORIENTAL CICA1

TAB I

*cKnig.it J

,
Hor~ J

. ilW,

Vfct,N*wm*n 4Cc "1
Hoi-.C* Kn-. 8 M }

ORIENTAL CICADIDjG

.v.tiT*....

'NTAl. CK'

ENTAL CICADIH(E

Vkajl-

;.
Kmg:

ORIENTAL, CICADIDvE.

TAB DC

ORIENTAL CICAi

ORIENTAL, CICADIDjE
1

ORIENTAL, CICADIDyE

.V*uun \
Horace Km 9 kt/

... :.:

/
Horace

ORIENTAL CICADIDA 1 .

TAB MV

ORIENTAL, CICADIDjE.

TAB. XV.

Wevr, Newman ft Co I

Ho*, KiugU /"

rH O

O
O ooCJ

C\J

p4|

(0
O

4 c

to -

K U

- O
P-*

r-i *<

Hi o

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
LIBRARY

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