MONTANA
Its Story and Biography
A HISTORY OF ABORIGINAL AND TERRITORIAL MONTANA
AND THREE DECADES OF STATEHOOD
UNDER THE EDITORIAL SUPERVISION
OF
TOM STOUT
VOLUME I
THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY
CHICAGO AND NEW YORK
1921
LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Copyright, 1921
BY
AMERICAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY
PREFACE
As the lives of the States go, Montana has had a short record, but,
like intense personalities, Montana and her people have condensed much
achievement into a brief span of activities. The "Land of the Shining
Mountains" and of Magnificent Distances commenced to be sprinkled
with a few adventuresome gold seekers during the early years of the
Civil War, albeit her diverse and wonderful territory lying along the
great range of northern travel between the Mississippi Valley and the
Pacific Coast had been traversed by such government agents as Lewis
and Clark and by faithful enthusiasts of the Catholic Church. The Jesuit
fathers and the pioneer trappers and fur traders had even planted the
seeds of industry in the valleys of the Missouri and Yellowstone before
the California of a previous generation was reproduced with all its excite-
ment and riot within the confines of what is now the State of Montana.
The old fur traders and guides of the older days led the seeker of gold
to Bannack and Virginia cities, to Helena and the Hell Gate regions of
western Montana. Mining camps and towns, with their crude business
houses sprung into life, with small cattle ranches and farms; but the
basis of the first period of progress was. laid in the gold mines. Agricul-
ture and the raising of live stock were side issues.
Then came the time of the great ranges for cattle, horses and sheep,
with the mining of gold, silver and copper as still the powerful agents
of advancement. At first such interests were removed from adequate
transportation, and the protecting forces of civil law and order were only
weakly organized. Uncle Sam attempted to tide over this critical period
with his military arm. then still weakened by the stress of the Civil war.
He did what he could, but until the railroads "got into their stride" the
potential riches of Montana were yet conjectural. To be fair to the great
commonwealth, the truth is that it is only within forty years that she
has been given a fair chance with her sisters of the West. At that.
Nature, in the forms of drought and "bad lands," has been most unkind,
so that, although ^e territory of Montana is w'thin a few thousand square
miles of that of California, the home areas which are naturally productive
are comparatively restricted. But the State and the Nation are working
together so strongly and persistently that both arid and swamp lands are
everywhere being reclaimed. The virile spirit of Montana, coupled with
the engineering and scientific solutions of irrigation, draining and farming
which are being continuously put into practice, are bound to give the
state a high and permanent standing. The schools, the newspapers, tl
iii
iv PREFACE
commercial organizations, the libraries and the churches are all co-operat-
ing in the work of both advancing and uplifting those interests which,
as a whole, make the state what it is.
The History of Montana which is here presented has endeavored to
etch this record of struggles and real achievements in such a way that its
strong lines shall be preserved, and the story not be weighted and ob-
scured with details. With this end in view, countless authorities, private
and public, officials of the State and National governments, actors in
the events treated, historians and scientists, have all been consulted and,
ofttimes, their very words have been reproduced. In fact, such treat-
ment of the context has been in line with the well considered policy of
the editor and his associates. The story of Montana has been told, as
nearly as possible, through the contributions of those best qualified to
speak and write. In this connection, the supervising editor cannot but
express his profound regret that two of his most valuable associates
should have been cut off by death from rendering to him the full extent
of their suggestions, advice and co-operation. The venerable, able and
historic characters, General Charles S. Warren, late of Butte, and ex-
United States Senator Paris Gibson, the founder of Great Falls, fought
a good fight for Montana, although they could not live to see this record
in print which now goes forth with the usual feeling of misgivings as
to the perfection of anything human. These misgivings are natural,
despite the fact that no effort has been neglected to make the history
correct and complete in the essent : aK To the many who have co-operated
in this task, hearty thanks are offered; and they are so numerous that
the mention of names would be superfluous and, it might be (by uninten-
tional omissions) unfair.
TOM STOUT.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
APPROACHES TO THE "LAND OF THE SHINING MOUNTAINS'
CHAPTER II
EXPEDITION THROUGH TRANS-MISSISSIPPI LAND..
CHAPTER III
MINOR EXPLORATIONS OF 1805-07 68
CHAPTER IV
MONTANA'S NATURAL FEATURES . . ; ' RS
CHAPTER V
PATHFINDERS OF THE MINING CAMPS ........................ '., 103
CHAPTER VI
THE FUR TRADE ERA .................... ...... . . . ; ......... . I
CHAPTER VII
STEPS LEADING TO SETTLED CONDITIONS ........................ 142
CHAPTER VIII
EXPEDITIONS OF A DECADE .............. . . ............. . ..... 163
CHAPTER IX
FIRST GOLD DISCOVERIES AND WORKINGS ....................... 184
v
vi CONTENTS
CHAPTER X
PIONEER CITIES AND TOWNS 215
CHAPTER XI
MINERAL GEOLOGY AND EARLY INDUSTRIES 226
CHAPTER XII
DAYS OF OUTLAWS, VIGILANTES AND MINERS' COURTS 242
* CHAPTER XIII
DAWN OF LAW AND ORDER '.'. 278
CHAPTER XIV
PIONEERS AND THEIR SOCIETY 316
CHAPTER XV
DECADE OF INDIAN WARFARE 340
CHAPTER XVI
MINING OF SILVER, COPPER AND COAL 371
CHAPTER XVII
THE GREAT LIVE STOCK INTERESTS 391
CHAPTER XVIII
LAST EPOCH OF TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT 404
CHAPTER XIX
BENCH AND BAR OF MONTANA 414
CHAPTER XX
FIRST DECADE OF STATEHOOD 439
CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER XXI
TWENTY YEARS MORE OF STATEHOOD. .
457
CHAPTER XXII
MONTANA'S EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM ...
CHAPTER XXIII
MODERN MEANS OF COMMUNICATION .................... ere
CHAPTER XXIV
CONSERVATION OF LANDS ..................................... 577
CHAPTER XXV
MILITARY HISTORY OF MONTANA .............................. 642
BEAVERHEAD, BIG HORN, ELAINE, BROADWATER, CARBON AND CAR-
TER COUNTIES 667
CHAPTER XXVII
CASCADE COUNTY (GREAT FALLS) 681
CHAPTER XXVIII
CHOUTEAU, CUSTER, DANIELS, DAWSON, DEER LODGE, FALLON
COUNTIES 7
CHAPTER XXIX
FERGUS, FLATHEAD AND GALLATIN COUNTIES 7 I S
CHAPTER XXX
GARFIELD, GLACIER, GOLDEN VALLEY, GRANITE, HILL, JEFFERSON,
JUDITH BASIN 734
dii CONTENTS
CHAPTER XXXI
LEWIS AND CLARK COUNTY (HELENA) 747
CHAPTER XXXII
LIBERTY, LINCOLN, MADISON, McCoNE, MEAGHER, MINERAL
COUNTIES 767
CHAPTER XXXIII
MISSOULA COUNTY ( MISSOULA) 780
CHAPTER XXXIV
MUSSELSHELL, PARK, PHILLIPS, PONDERA AND POWDER RlVER
COUNTIES 794
CHAPTER XXXV
POWELL, PRAIRIE, RAVALLI AND RICHLAND COUNTIES 806
CHAPTER XXXVI
ROOSEVELT, ROSEBUD, SANDERS AND SHERIDAN COUNTIES 815
CHAPTER XXXVII
SILVER Bow COUNTY ( BUTTE) 827
CHAPTER XXXVIII
STILLWATER, SWEET GRASS, TETON AND TOOLE COUNTIES 839
CHAPTER XXXIX
YELLOWSTONE COUNTY (BILLINGS) 850
CHAPTER XL
BIRD'S EYE VIEW OP THE STATE .861
INDEX
Abbott, A. H., I, 7-2.
Abbott, P. M., II, 362.
Abel, William M., II, 179.
Aber, William M., I, 544.
Abrahamson, John C, II, 228.
Absaraka (Home of the Crows), I, 340.
Ab-sa-ra-ka (Mrs. Carrington), I, 341,
343-
Absarokee, I, 840.
Absarokee National Forest, I, 623, 778,
Acher, John W., Ill, 965.
Acquisition claim, I, 373.
Adami, Arthur E., II, 560.
Adams, Burton S., Ill, 727.
Adams, Charles W., Ill, 1288.
Adams, E. M., II, 231.
Adams, John O., I, 654.
Adams, Sallie M., Ill, 1062.
Adams, Stephen J., Ill, 1201.
Adams, Thomas, I, 188.
Adams, Walter K., Ill, 1157.
Adams, William P., II, 36.
Adden, Herbert J., Ill, 1018.
"Affairs at Fort Benton" (Bradley), I,
124, 183, 215.
Afflerbaugh, I. R., Ill, 872.
Agawam, I, 843.
Agricultural College Hall, Bozeman
(illustration), I, 545.
Agricultural Experiment Station at
Bozeman established, I, 478.
Agricultural Experiment Station
(Northern), I, 476.
Agricultural Experiment Stations, I,
529; (branch), 529.
Agricultural Extension service, I, 520,
Agriculture: Indians wonder at sprout-
ing grain (1840), I, 149.
Aiken, Will, I, 869.
Aitken, Walter, II, 407.
Akins, Jefferson H., II, 142.
Alder Creek, I, 231.
Alder Gulch, I, 192; discovery of, 200;
Edgar's account of discovery, 201-5;
named, 203 ; Peter Ronan's account of
discovery, 205; 210; total output of,
216; 219, 220, 222; commemorate
monument at, 320; 329, 771.
Alderson, J. J., I, 851.
Alderson, William W., II, 359.
Alexander, James G., IT. 589.
Alexander, J. Newton, II, 509.
Alexander (Kalispeh'ms chief), I, 157.
Alexander, Mary, III, 1247.
Alexander, Thomas, III, 1246.
Alfalfa, Second Crop of in Valley
County (illustration), I, 401.
Alfield, Ed., I, 223.
Alger, I, 824.
Algerian (Shriner) Temple, Helena, I,
755-
Alice Mine, I, 373, 834.
Allen, Charles D., II, 300.
Allen, Clark W., II, 45.
Allen, C., I, 252.
Allen, Elbert K, II, 31.
Allen, J. F., I, 237.
Allen, Paul, I, 20.
Allen, Robert T., Sr., II, 306.
Allen, William R., Ill, 1158.
Allen, W. R., I, 471.
Allen & Millard, I, 285.
Alley, Roy S., Ill, 1205.
Allin, Charles W., II, 391.
Allin, William G., II, 605.
Allison, P., I, 213.
Allison, William, I, 222, 223.
Allison, William, Jr., I, 833.
Alma, I, 768.
Alta Mine, I, 765.
Alton, Robert D., II, 423.
Amalgamated Copper Company, I, 377.
American Fork, I, 190; (Hangtown),
191..
American Fur Company, I, 113, 121, 123,
126, 127, 129, 131, 140, 164.
"American Fur Trade of the Far West"
(Chittenden), I, 69.
American Horse (Indian Chief), I, 358.
American Horse (Sioux Chief), I, 345.
American Smelting and Refining Com-
pany, Helena, I, 381, 763.
Ames, James J., Ill, 858.
Amundson, Edon A., Ill, 1077.
Anaconda: state capital contestant, I,
441, 712.
Anaconda Copper Mining Company, I,
377. 379. 381. 713; saw mill at Bonner,
781 ; 790, 836.
Anaconda and Butte Copper and Zinc
Mines, I, 383.
Anaconda Hill, I, 836.
Anaconda Hill and vicinity, Butte (il-
lustration, I, 830.
Anaconda lead mines, I, 384.
Anaconda-Neversweat Mine, I, 375.
Anaconda Reduction Works, I, 713; (il-
lustration), 712.
Anarchism denounced (1019), I, 483.
Anderson, Andrew T., II, 591.
Anderson, Anton I., Ill, 1223.
Anderson, Elmer J., II, 604.
Anderson, Emory A., Ill, 736.
Anderson, Glenn, II, 604.
IX
INDEX
Anderson, James W., Ill, 893.
Anderson, John A., Ill, 708.
Anderson, John G., Ill, 1084.
Anderson, Marius, III, 850.
Anderson, Orville L., I, 653.
Anderson, Peter, III, 732.
Anderson, Ray, II, 220.
Anderson, Reece, I, 186, 192, 221.
Anderson, Robert B., Ill, 709.
Anderson, William W., I, 316.
Andretta, Fred C, III, 834.
Andrews, C. K., I, 868.
Andrews, J. W., Jr., I, 426.
Andrieux, Edgar M., II, 476.
Andrus, Harry E., II, 375.
Angell, Earle F., II, 616.
Angevine, Frank H., I, 335, 338.
Angevine, Fred R., II, 445.
Angstman, Jess L., II, 1438.
Annin, James T., II, 299.
Annin, Joseph B., II, 298.
Antelope, I, 826.
Apgar, H. D., Ill, 795.
Apgar, Jessie, III, 796.
Appleton, Fletcher W., II, 32.
Arbor Day, I, 465, 498.
Are these young Americans being fairly
treated? (illustration), I, 520.
Arena, Peter, III, 954.
Argenta, I, 237.
Argo, Neil D., II, 73.
Arick, R. E., I, 415.
Arkwrtght, Hartford D., Ill, 1257.
Arlee, I, 792.
Armington, I, 609.
Armitage, Thomas C., II, 230.
Armstead, I, 783.
Armstrong, Frarcis K., II. 6.
Armstrong, George, I, 703.
Armstrong, John, I, 15.
Armstrong, Ory J., Ill, 999.
Armstrong, Thomas G., II, 65.
Arnet, Nick, III, TCKX.
Arnette, Frank G., Ill, 921.
Arnett. F. B.. Ill, 854.
Arnold, George P. T., Jr., II, 285.
Arnold, Harry E., II, 33.
Arnold. Ralnh L., II, 453.
Arnold, William, I, 237.
Arnott, George, Jr., II, 771.
Asbridge, Joseph L., I. 868; II, 522.
Ashley. Tames M., I, 288; his residence
in Helena (illustration). 313; becomes
governor, 314; (portrait), 410; 868.
Ashley. William. I. 108. in. I2<">.
Ashley-Henry Discoveries of 1823, I,
109.
Aslakson, Orrar R . IT 620.
Aslakson, Thomas E.. Ill, 1308.
Aspling. Charles E.. II, 336.
AssaroVa range, I, OT,
Asselstire. George H.. II, 564.
Assinihoines. J, T, i-6.
Asteroid rla ; m, I. 371.
Astor, Tohn Tacr>b, I, 113.
AtrM^on, To'-n S., I, 2V.
Atkinson, Alfred, I, cig, 731.
AtHnson. Targes T ., TTI, 925.
AttK. Frederick F.. II, 45.
Audubon, John J., I, 124.
Augusta, I, 241, 749.
Auld, James C, II, 617.
Aune, George D., II, 87.
Austin, Claud, II, 474-
Austin, Harry H., II, 117.
Austin, James W., Sr., Ill, 877.
Austin, William Charles, II, 474.
Australian ballot system introduced, I,
485.
Autobiographical Notes (1791-1816) by
McDonald, I, 81.
Axtell, John S., I, 725; III, 1195.
Ayers, Leonard P., I, 503.
Ayers, Roy E., II, 422.
Ayres, D. E., II, 601.
Baatz, Nick, II, 575.
Babcock, Albert L., II, 241.
Babcock, Lewis C., II, 241.
Babcock, Paul, III, 801.
Babington, W. J., II, 446.
Baboon Gulch, I, 222.
Bach, Thomas C. (portrait), I, 428; 431.
Bachelors taxed, I, 489.
Bad Lands : General Sully describes, I,
293; (illustrations), 295.
Badger Creek, I, 112.
Bagg, Charles S., I, 256, 257, 282, 283,
289.
Bailey, H. V., I, 869.
Bailey, James, I, 209,
Bainville, I, 817.
Bair, Frank B., II, 367.
Pair, John G., Ill, 746.
Baird, David E., II, 512.
Baird, Frank P., II, 583.
Baker, I, 714.
Baker, Arthur G., Ill, 1431.
Baker, David A .. ITT, 1280.
Baker, Eugene M., I, 309, 345.
Baker, E. D., Ill, 1198.
Baker, George A., III. 1319.
Baker, Paul, III, 1373.
Baker Battle Fields memorial, I, 323.
"AVer's Battle" of 1872, I, 309.
Baldwin, Clement J., II, 15.
Baldy Mountain, I. 771.
Pall, Allen M., Ill, 1269.
Ball, Jennie C, III, 838.
Ball, May, III, 727.
Pall, Robert J.. Ill, 8~7.
Ballantine, I, 856.
Ballard, William E., Ill, 843.
Pallou, F. H., TT. ico.
Bally, W. H., Ill, 086.
Bancroft, Hubert Howe. I, 159.
Bannack City: early diggings, I, loo;
191, 220, 230, 250, 333, 783; of today,
671.
Bannack Legislature. I. 2^-288.
Bannack Mining and Milling Company,
I, 672.
Pannack Statutes, I, 415.
Bannack Street of Today (illustration),
I, 191.
Banks, L. B.. II. 203.
Banks and Banking: Helena Brand of
F^der? 1 Re^rve R^nk onened, I,
489; Miles City Banks, 707: Lewis-
town Banks. 720; statues of Montana's
state, private anH rational banks
(1920), 870; state banking laws, 871.
INDEX
XI
Barclay, J. Arthur, III, 1400.
Barclay, R. Proctor, II, 390.
Barker, Bud, I, 213.
Barker, Samuel, II, 516.
Barnard, William E., Ill, mo.
Barnes, Antrim E., II, 98.
Barnes, Oscar O., Ill, 962.
Barrell, Joseph, I, 14.
Barrett, Alexander H., I, 493.
Barrett, William, I, 328.
Bartles, Frederick R., II, 452
Bartley, Paris B., Ill, 682.
Bartz, George, II, 311.
Basin mining district, $6,635,000, I, 766.
Bateman, Howard W., Ill, 747.
Batens, Francis X., Ill, 1226.
Battey, R. C., II, 258.
Battle of Kildeer Mountain (Sioux
Campaign), I, 292, 293.
Battle of the Big Hole, I, 643.
Baume, Tom, I, 255.
Baxter, Ernest C., JI, 592.
Beall, William J., II, 76.
Beall, Mrs. W. J., II, 77.
Bean, Leo, II, 1302.
Bear Gulch, I, 213.
Bearmouth, I, 790.
Bear 1 aw Mountains, I, 9-1, 94, 229.
Bear Tooth Mountain in the Coal Region
(illustration), I, 101.
Beartooth National Forest, I, 624.
Beatty, James H., I, 378.
Beauharnois, Charles de, I, 5.
Beauty Spots for tourists, I, 634.
Beaver Hill, I, 848.
Beaverhead county: placer mines in
1862-68, I, 213 ; early silver mining in,
238 ; created, 281 ; number and value
of cattle (1884), 395; irrigation, 595;
natural features and industries of,
667.
Beaverhead National Forest, I, 624.
Beaverhead River, I, 230.
Beaverhead Rock, I, 50; (illustration),
49-
Beckers, Hubert, III, 858.
Beckwith, James, I, 344.
Bedford, David J., Ill, 911.
Beebe, I, 703.
Beechey, Hill, I, 253.
Been, I, 848.
Bees, I, 403.
Behrendt, Paul, II, 130.
Beidler. J. X., I, 2*3, 259, 273.
Beier, F. W., Jr., I, 869.
Beiseker, Chester J., Ill, 1065.
Belanski, Fdgar E., Ill, 1133.
Belgrade, I, 729.
Belgum, Henry S., Ill, 803.
Belknap, I, 824.
Bell, Frances, I, 282.
Bell, Frederick A., II, 130.
Bell, George H., Ill, 1127.
Bell, Henry A., I, 192, 196.
Bell, John K., Ill, 971.
Belleflenr, Irene V., II, 631.
Bellefleur, W. M., II, 631.
Belt, I, 699.
Belt range, I, 91.
Belzer, William, I, 655.
Bench and Bar: Miners Courts estab-
lished, I, 218; Sidney Edgerton at
Miners Court, 279; sketch of Chief
Justice H. L. Hosmer, 288; opening
of first District Court, 289; Idaho
code of practice adopted, 290; com-
pletion of first term of court, 291 ;
Judiciary opposes Assembly as to con-
stitutional capital, 298; Territorial
practice act, 315, 414-438; bar at close
of territorial period, 431 ; Justices of
First Supreme Court retire, 416; be-
ginning of systematic judicature, 418;
crude legal and judicial surroundings,
420; placer mining and water rights,
421 ; Henry N. Blake ascends Supreme
Bench, 423; quartz mining litigation,
424; quartz lode litigation supreme,
427 ; railroad cases, 429 ; Montana Bar
Association formed, 433; under state-
hood, 434-438; U. S. District Judges,
437; State District Judiciary, 438;
Heinze overwhelms the courts, 459;
Fair Trial Law passed, 460; legisla-
tive elevation of bar, 477; justices of
the State Supreme Court increased
from three to five, 485 ; pending codi-
fication of laws, 489.
Bender, Frank, II, 42.
Benetsee Creek, I, 184.
Bennet, Howard G., Ill, 688.
Bennett, George C., Ill, 1439.
Bennett, Jack, III, 809.
Bennett, Sidney, II, 626.
Bennett, Walter E., II, 169.
Benoit, John A., Ill, 1144.
Benson, Theodore J., II, 237.
Benton, C. H., I, 438.
Penton, Thomas A., I, 128.
Benton City, I, 215.
Benton group (geological), I, 95.
Berkin, John, II, 380.
Berkin, Tborras A., II, II.
Berkin, William, I, 286; II, to.
Bernard Pratte & Company, I, ill.
Berry, Albert C., Ill, 914.
Berthelote, Joseph T., Ill, 1132.
Bertrand, Joseph, II, 286.
Bessette, Hypolite, III, 764.
Best, Herbert F., II, 344.
Best, Judson P., II, 345.
Pest, Oly M.. II, 360.
Be% John, III. 1008.
Bibee, S. C, III, 867.
Bickford, Walter M., II, 12.
Bickle, J. Hiram, III, 1370.
B''ddle. Joseph W., I, 363.
Bielenherg, Howard Z., II, 182.
Big Bellies (Gros Venires), 1,74.
Big Pelt Mountains, I, 9.1.
Big Blackfoot country, I, 754.
Big Blackfoot River I, 227.
Big Dry Creek, 1, 32.
Big Dry River, I, 91.
Big Fork, I, 724.
Pig Hole River, I, 230.
Big Horn, I, 845.
Big Horn Canyon, I, 672.
Big Horn country, Government evacu-
ates, I, 345.
Xll
INDEX
Big Horn County, created, I, 281 ; 406,
474 ; irrigation, 595 ; description of,
672, 673, 674.
Big Horn Mountains, I, 91.
Big Horn River, I, 63, 81.
Big Horn town located, I, 195.
Big Knife River, I, 29.
Big Prickly Pear Creek, I, 190.
Big Sandy, I, 702.
Big Snowy Mountain, I, 91.
Big Timber, I, 841.
Big Timber irrigation project, I, 583.
Bigelow, Edward, II, 58.
Bigelow, Wilbur F., II, 200.
Billings, Frederick, I, 851.
Billings, incorporated, I, 409; irrigation
project, I, 581, 582; history of city, 851 ;
business houses, industries and banks,
854 ; general evidences of its prosper-
ity, 859-
Billings airport, I, 853.
Billings Chamber of Commerce, I, 857,
859-
Billings-Cody Way. I, 851.
Billings Coliseum, I, 853.
Billings Commercial Club: home of
(illustration), I, 855; sketch of, 856.
Billings Polytechnic Institute, I, 552.
Billings Street Railway Company, I, 851.
Billings twenty-five years ago (illustra~
tion), I; 852.
Billings and Central Montana Railroad,
I, 568.
Billmeyer, Daniel H., II, 71.
Biography of James Stuart (Granville
Stuart), I, 221.
Biological Station, Flathead Lake, I,
529, 535, 53.6.
Bird Tail divide, I, 91.
Birkland, Andrew C., Ill, 1404.
Birum, Albert A., Ill, 1069.
Bishop, John F., I, 316.
Bissel, G. G., I, 217, 218.
Bitter Root Mountain, I, 227.
Bitter Root National Forest, I, 624, 811.
Bitter Root River, I, 90.
Bitter Root Valley (illustration), I,
935 (illustration), 143; 144, 223, 225,
227, 791; historic associations of, 811.
Biven's Gulch, I, 231.
Bjorneby, E. G., III. 86r.
Bjorneby, George, III, 861.
Black, Robert R., Ill, 951.
Black Bear (Indian chief), I, 173, 174,
Black Chief, I, 371.
Black Href lode, I, 222.
Black Eagle Power Plant, Great Falls,
I, 680.
Black Hills (Cote Noire), I, 34.
Black Mountain Trail, I, 752.
Black Rock Zinc Mine, I, 382.
Black Tailed Deer Creek, I, 230, 231.
Blackfeet Indians (Piegans), I, 104;
fur traders attempt to win over, in;
again reconciled by Culbertson, 126;
trouble with the, I, 140; attempts to
convert the, I, 150; still warlike, I,
154; attack Hamilton-McKay party,
I, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176; reclamation
project, I, 587, 589,
Blackfeet country abandoned by fur
traders, I, 105.
Blackfeet Indian Reservation, I, 737.
Blackfeet National Forest, I, 624, 769.
Blackfeet Sun Dance (illustrations of),
I, 736.
Blackfoot Valley, I, 790.
Blackwell, George R., Ill, 958.
Blaere, Joseph, II, 269.
Blaine County; created, I, 474; irriga-
tion in, 596 ; description of, 674.
Blaine County Fair, I, 675.
Blair, Harry B., II, 196.
Blair, James F., II, 341.
Blair, John W., I, 316; III, 1296.
Blake, A. S., I, 189, 192.
Blake, Henry N., I, 216, 415, 422; sketch
of,. 423; 434; defeated for chief jus-
tice, 449J 459-
Blake, S. R., I, 219.
Blakeslee, Glenn B., II, 172.
Blakeslee, Harry D., II, 172.
Blanchet, F. N., I, 147.
Blankenhorn, Charles E., II, 141.
Blodgttt, Francis E., Ill, 895.
Blodgett, Louis D., II, 351.
Blomquist, Walter C, III, 826.
Blood, Indians, I, 140.
Bloom, Edward B., II, 189.
Blose, J. T., Ill, 1034.
Blue Joint Hay (illustration), I, 846.
Board of Administration for Farmers'
Institutes, I, 530.
Board of Education, Billings, II, 236.
Board of Examination for Nurses, I,
476.
Board of Horticulture, I. 883.
Board of Railroad Commissioners, estab-
lished, I, 464.
Boarton, L. W., I, 289.
Boatman, Robert T., II, 287.
Bodden, Jacob C., II, 199.
Boden, Henning R., II, 20.
Boden, James, III, 1243.
Bodley, Ralph E., II, 26.
Boggs, George S., Ill, 1183.
Bogue, John C., Ill, 1249.
Bohart, William O., II, 420.
Bohm, Angevine & Merry, I, 338.
Bole, James P., II, 379.
Bole, William S., II, 313.
Bellinger, John, II, 171,
Bond, John C, I, 643.
Bond, N. J., I, 282.
Bon in, I, 777.
Bonita, I, 790.
Ponner, I, 790.
Bonner, E. L., I, 500, 532.
Bonneville, B. L. E. : his explorations,
I, 113-119; and the geysers, 116; last
years of, 119.
Boorman, Benjamin J., Ill, 744.
Booth, Edwin S., Ill, 1428.
Booth, John C, III, 1448.
Booth, John H.. III. 1448.
Borough, John F., II, 534.
Borreson, Henry E., Ill, 1052.
Boschert, Frnest A., II, 76.
Posshard, Elmer, II, 341.
Boston & Colorado Smelting Company,
I, 375-
INDEX
xni
Boston & Montana Consolidated Com-
pany, I, 377, 378.
Boston & Montana mine, I, 375.
Bostwick, Ephriam, I, 192, 197.
Botkin, Alexander C., I, 405, 433.
Boulder, I, 745.
Bourquin, George M., I, 437, 438, 868.
Bouyer, Mitch, I, 349, 350.
Bowden, Malcolm, III, 1176.
Bowden, Marguerita, I, 760.
Bowdoin, I, 803.
Bower, G. C., II, 610.
Bower Brothers Ranch, II, 610.
Bowman, Alfred H., Ill, 1326.
Bowman, Carl, III, 1275.
Bowman, Charles H., I, 549.
Bowman, Dan H., Ill, 1344.
Bowman, Thomas E., Ill, 1148.
Boyer, Mary L., Ill, 1300.
Boyes, Henry O., Ill, 1264.
Boyle, Neil, III, 1265.
Boynton, C. H., I, 761.
Box Elder, I, 744.
Bozeman, J. M., I, 120, 189, 195, 221,
306; statue of (illustration), 307;
grave at Bozeman, 323, 555 ; sketch of,
730, 799, 840.
Bozeman : first house built in, I, 307 ;
state capitol contestant, 441 ; 529,
729, 732.
Bozeman Roundup, I, 732.
Brackenridge, Henry W., I, 69, 73.
Brackett, Ivory, III, 1394.
Brackett, Oscar, III, 1007.
Brackett, William S., I, 114, 118, 119,
120.
Bradbrook, L. G., II, 40.
Bradbury, John I, 69, 71, 73.
Bradford, Robert B., II, 233.
Bradford, W. M., II, 233.
Bradley, Abram. L., II, 492.
Bradley, James H. (portrait), I, 214;
304, 343, 349 ; his account of the Custer
disaster, 350; death of, 360.
Bradley, Mrs. James H., I, 216.
Bradley's, J. H. Journal, I, 104, 121,
124, 128, 151, 159, 163, 164, 310, 348,
354.
Bradshaw, William J., Ill, 1390.
Brady, I, 804.
Bramble, John K., Ill, 958.
Brandon, I, 231.
Brandon, Roswell L., Ill, m8.
Brantly, Theodore, sketch of, I, 436;
869.
Brassey, Edward, II, 205.
Brattin, Carl L., Ill, 1120.
Bratton,' William, I, 28.
Brazier, Charles R., Ill, 1059.
Breeders' Association, I, 403.
Preen, Maurice J., II, 247.
Breitenstein, Arthur J., Ill, 829.
Brenizer, I. 848.
Brennan, William H., II, 352.
Prrrnen, W. J., Ill, 822.
Brewster, George W., Ill, 1376.
Bridge, John W., Ill, 1172.
Brirlfpr. Tames, I, 108, 113, 114; famous
explorer and guide, also portrait 115;
120, 306, 340, 343, 344, 798, 840.
Bridger range, I, 91.
Bndger's Canyon, Valley of the Galla-
tm (illustration), I, 232.
Briggs, Ansell, I, 282.
Brigiit, Haden H., Ill, 1281.
Brimacombe, John, II, 492
Brink, H. F., II, 320.
Briscoe, Jack, II, 198.
Broadbrooks, Clarence E., Ill, 941
Broaddus, John, III, 1088.
Broaddus, Oscar, III, 1087.
Broaddus, William M., Ill, 1401.
Broadview, I, 856.
Broadview school, Terry District (illus-
tration), I, 859.
Broadwater, Arthur J., Ill, 818.
Broadwater, Edward T., Ill, 690.
Broadwater county; as a copper pro-
ducer, I, 384; irrigation in, 597; de-
scription of, 675.
Broadwater County High School, II,
1096.
Broadwater Hotel, I, 751.
Brockton, I, 817.
Brock way, I, 776.
Brockway, Bert G., II, 230.
Brockway, Clarence J., Ill, 967.
Brooke, Ben C., II, 618.
Brooks, Clark A., Ill, 898.
Brooks, Joseph, III, 1120.
Brophy, John A., II, 424.
Brophy, John W., II, 427.
Brophy, Patrick J., II, 424.
Brown, Arthur H., II, 563.
Brown, Bella, I, 698.
Brown, C. V., II, 276.
Brown, Frank D., I, 316, 320, 325.
Brown, Fred M., II, 407.
Brown, George, I, 256, 286.
Brown, G. W., Missouri, I, 247; hanging
of, 260.
Brown, Herbert W., III. 718,
Brown, James H., I, 419; II, 483.
Brown, Joseph T., I, 643; III, 1193.
Brown, Leonard A., Ill, 889.
Brown, Mary G., II, 1194.
Brown, Perry F., II, 152.
Brown, William A., Ill, 1205.
Browne, David G., Ill, 954.
Brownfield, William, II, 503.
Browning, I, 739.
Bruce, James L., II, 511.
Bruce, John P., I, 415.
Bryan, Charles L., II, 75.
Bnchholz, August D. F., Ill, 675.
Buck, Cyrus W., II, 608.
Buck, F. W., Ill, 853.
Buck, Horace R., I, 434; death of 435,
436.
Buck, Isaac N., I. 282.
Buck, John F., Ill, 1210.
Puck. Marion E., II, 105.
Bucksen, F. W., II, 636.
Puerpi, George J., Ill, 1340.
Buffalo, wholesale slaughter of, I, 36;
a surround, 138; 717.
BnTalo of the Plains (illustration), I,
37.
Buffalo robes replacing beaver skins, I,
121.
Buffalo Trail Highway. I, 740.
Bull, Carlton B., II, 631.
XIV
INDEX
Bull mountain coal field, I, 240, 796.
Bullard, Oilman, I, 868.
Bullard, J. Oilman, II, 619.
Bullard, Massena, I, 419.
Bullfinch, Charles, I, 14.
Bullwhacker Mining Co., I, 836.
Bunker, Eugene F., II, 557.
Bunker, Park J., Ill, 1317.
Bunney, William H., II, 376.
Buntin, John A., Ill, 1253.
Bunton, William, I, 249.
Burdick, Henry, I, 415.
Burdick, N. H., I, 760.
Bureau of Agriculture, Labor and In-
dustry: to advertise Montana, I, 468;
abolished, 476.
Burger, Norris F., II, 73.
Burke, Daniel J., II, 147.
Burke, Edward F., Ill, 692.
Burke, John J., II, 144.
Burke, Patrick E., Ill, 1075.
Burks, Fred C., Ill, 1437.
Burlington route, I, 568.
Burns, Harry, I, 289.
Burns, James P., Ill, 834.
Burns, Lowell C., Ill, 1299.
Burpee, L. J., I, 78.
Burn's, N. W., I, 335, 337-
Burton, W. C, I, 285.
Busch, Ernest C., II, 88.
Busche, William C., II, 272.
Busha, Charles T., II, 51.
Bussert, Edgar C., Til, 1239,
Butler, J-ames W., Ill, 1126.
Butler, John F., Ill, 920.
Butler, Lewis S., II, 99.
Butler, Vernon, III, 884.
Butschy & Clark, I, 254.
Butte: founding of (Warren), I, 222;
fails as a gold district, 371 ; state cap-
ital contestant, 441 ; a world famed
mining center, 828; first? smelter and
auartz worked, 829; as a city, 830;
king of copper, 834 ; copper production
in district, 835 ; mineral production of
district (1865-1915), 8?6; its intervals
of mining inactivity, 837.
Butte-Alex Scott Mining Co.. I. 836.
Butte, Anaconda & Pacific Railroad, I,
376, 568.
Butte and surroundings (illustration), I,
3R5.
Butte-Bullaklava Mining Co., I, 836.
Butte Daily Post, II, 471.
Butte-Dnluth Mining Co., I, 876.
Butte-Milwaukee Copper Company, I,
383.
Butte Mines Company, II, 1380.
Butte-New York Copper Company, I,
383.
Butte pumping plant, I, 832.
Prtte town site patent, I, 427.
Butte Window Glass Works, II, 492.
Butte & Great Falls Mining Co., I, 836.
Butte & London Mining Co., I, 836.
Butte & Superior Copper Company, I,
382, ?8*.
Butte & Snnerior Mining Co., I, 836.
Buzzetti, Charles J., II, 54.
Buzzetti and Emmett, II, 54.
Byam, Don D., I, 259.
Byam, Don L., I, 319, 320.
Bynum, I, 843.
Byrne, Frank P., II, 362.
Byrne, Fred M., II, 355.
Cabinet National Forest, I, 624, 769.
Cable, John S., II, 314.
Cain, Elmer L., Ill, 868.
Calabar, I, 703.
Calder, W. L. A., II, 17.
Calderhead, J. H., I, 463.
Calhoun, Henry J., II, 242.
Calhoun, William B., II, 318.
California Gulch, I, 231.
Callaway, James F., I, 404.
Callaway, Lew L, I, 459.
Calloway, James E., I, 419.
Calvert, George B., Ill, 672.
Cameahwait (Sacajawea's brother), I,
S7<
Camp Baker, I, 311.
Camp Cooke, I, 311.
Camp Robert B. Smith, I, 645.
Campbell, A. J., I, 453.
Campbell, Charles W., II, 268.
Campbell, Frank B., II, 566.
Campbell, Guy E., Ill, 814.
Campbell, Hugh B., II, 449.
Campbell, John L., II, 439.
Campbell, John S., Ill, 1155.
Campbell, Mabel L., II, 345.
Campbell, Ray L., Ill, 1056.
Campbell, Robert, I, 108, 120, 138.
Campbell, Samuel K., II, 653.
Campbell, Thomas F., I, 494.
Campbell, Will A., Ill, 1177.
Canton, I, 676.
Canyon Ferry, I, 749.
Capitol; corner-stone laid, I, 454; (illus-
tration), 455; wings commenced, 468;
grand stairway of (illustration), 473;
as completed, 477 (illustration), 458.
Canlice, John, I, 316.
Carbon county: as a coal producer, I,
3%: created, 452; irrigation in, 597;
description of, 676; coal mines and
first oil well, 677.
Cardell, Robert C., II, 249.
Carey, Frank, III. 842.
Carey, John J., Ill, 759.
Carey, Matt F., Ill, 1183.
Carey Land Act: biennial report of
(1919-1920), I, 581; 590.
Carey Land Act Board : replaces State
Arid Land Grant Commission, I, 460;
584.
Carleton, E. A., I, 500.
Carlson, Alfred C., II. 259.
Carlson, Kaare O., Ill, 1018.
Carlson, O. A., I, 869.
Carlton, I, 702.
Carlyle, I, 818.
Carmony, Fred A., Ill, 1088.
Carney, John, II, 374.
Carpenter, A. M. S., I, 403, 494.
Carpenter, B. Platt, sketch of, I, 409;
a 12, 4?4, 868.
Carnenter, Harry C., II. 303.
fa merger. Mvron S., II, 357.
Carr, R. E., II, 257.
INDEX
xv
Carrington, Henry B., I,! 340, 342; ex-
pedition turned back by Fetterman
Massacre, I, 343; 345, 363.
Carroll, I, 306.
Carroll, John P., II, 458.
Carroll, John V., II, 578.
Carroll, J. T., I, 869.
Carroll, William E., II, 511.
Carroll, Matthew, I, 215.
Carroll & Steele, I, 215.
Carruth, Edwin C., Ill, 705.
Carruthers, Emmet E., I, 653.
Carter, I, 702.
Carter, Alexander, I, 249.
Carter, Elizabeth, III, 785.
Carter, Thomas H., I, 433, 445; sketch
of, 447, 448; elected U. S. Senator,
451, 457-
Carter County : created, I, 482 ; irriga-
tion in, 599; description of, 679, 680.
Cartwright, Annie, III, 1203.
Cartwright, Evert, III, 1203.
Carver, Jonathan, proposes transconti-
nental waterway, I, 12.
Cascade, I, 699.
Cascade County : created, I, 41 1 ; irriga-
tion in, 598 ; natural features, 681 ;
livestock and dairy interests, 682 ; min-
ing of coal and silver, 683; Great
Falls, 684-699; origin of name, 686;
schools of, 687, 699.
Cascade County school children (illus-
tration), I, 507.
Cashmore, Alfred I, II, 555.
Caspers, H. J., Ill, 844.
Cassill, Scott K., Ill, 1222.
Castle Geyser, Yellowstone Park (illus-
tration), I, 117.
Castles, William, II, 83.
Castner, John K., Ill, 724.
Castner, Mattie, III, 725.
Casto, William H., Jr., II, 178.
Cat Creek anticline, I, 3874
Cat Creek field, i, 877.
Cat Creek oil field, I, 716.
Catholic Missions and Missionaries, I,
144-158.
Catlin, Edwin B., II, 415.
Catlin, George, I, 113, 144.
Catlin, John B., II, 467.
Cattle drives (i868-'83), I, 393, 394;
wealth by counties (1884), 394, 395;
Miles City center of range, 395 ; great
sales of, 396; progress of industry,
1885-1919, 3r6.
Cavanaugh, Miles J., II, 511.
Cave, Alfred. II, 555.
Cave, Will, II, 555-
Caven, J. B., 1.^218.
Caven, Kate Virginia, I, 220.
Cayuse Hills, I, 91.
Centerville, I, 827, 834.
Central, I, 2"2.
Chaboillez, Charles J. B., I, 74.
Chadwick, Walter F., I, 415, 433.
Chalmers, Horace, I, 252.
Chalrrers, Robert, I, 252.
Chamberlain, Arthur E., Ill, 762.
Chamberlain. D. D., I, 2m.
Chambers, George T., Ill, 979.
Champlin, James L., Ill, 773.
Chancellor of the University, I, 476.
528, 530.
Chapman, Charles F., II, 549.
Chapman, John W., II, 60.
Chapman, Robert H., I, 91.
Charbonneau, Toussaint, I, 28, 43 55
57, 61, 64, 65.
Chardon, F. A., I, 124, 126; death of,
127; 140.
Charlesworth, Arthur, III, 1294.
Charleswprth, George, III, 1150.
Charleyoix, I, 4.
Chauvin, Joseph, II, 102.
Cheadle, Edwin K., II, 197.
Cheese factories of Montana, I, 873.
Cheesman, Henry, II, 78.
Cheney, William H., II, 655.
Chessman, William A., II, 591.
Chester, I, 768.
Chestnut, Benjamin F., Ill, 819.
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy System:
joint purchase by Great Northern and
Northern Pacific, I, 566.
Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Rail-
way, I, 566; electrification of, 567;
630, 689.
Chief Joseph, pursuit of, I, 359-369;
and the Cowan Party (portraits), 361 ;
his last stand, 362, 463.
Chief Paul (Salish), I, 157.
Child Welfare division established, I,
483-
Chinook, I, 588, 674, 675.
Chinook winds, I, 76.
Chittenden, H. M., I, 69.
Choate, Isaac W., I, 489; II, 617.
Choisser, Joe E., Ill, 1003.
Chouteau, I, 843.
Chouteau, Auguste, I, 700.
Chouteau, Chas. (portrait), I, 214.
Chouteau, Pierre, I, in, 113, 120, 700.
Chouteau brothers, I, 103.
Chouteau County, I, 241 ; created, 281 ;
number and value of cattle (1884),
395; irrigation in, 599; physical fea-
tures of and general industries, 700;
transportation facilities of, 701.
Chowen, H. O., I, 698.
Chowning, Charles W., Ill, Sir.
Christensen, Andrew, III, 917.
Christenson, Harris J., Ill, 1101.
Christiansen, Charles G., Ill, 1163.
Christinson, Otto M., Ill, 1045.
Christler, Leonard J., II, 640.
Chronicle Publishing Company, II, 379.
Crysler, Walter B., II, 209.
Chumasero, William, I, 289, 291, 415,
433-
Church, Irving W., I, 696; III, 694.
Church, Ray, III, 760.
Churches of Missoula, I, 786.
Churchill, William, II, 48.
Circle, I, 776.
Clack, Philip D., Ill, 707.
Clagett, W. H., I, 4*9-
Claiborne, William C. C., I, 18.
Clancy, William, I, 377, 459-
Clapp, Charles H., I, 535; sketch ot,
534; 549; III, 991.
Clark, A. B., I, 706.
Clark, Charles E., Ill, 1351.
XVI
INDEX
Clark, George R., I, 27.
Clark, George W., Ill, 1092. :
Clark, Helen P., I, 497-
Clark, John B., Ill, 1292.
Clark, John D., Ill, 1321.
Clark, John W., II, 70.
Clark, Leon B., Ill, 1249.
Clark, Lewis C., II, 186.
Clark, William, I, 19; sketch of, 26, 40,
42; narrow escape of, and the Bird
Woman, 43; discovers the Three
Forks, 46, 54, 55, 58; honorable public
career, 67; his nine days' journey, 60,
61, 69, 73, 103, 120, 798.
Clark, William A.: on Montana's Val-
leys, I, 92, 144, 190, 236, 237, 243, 316,
321; introduces himself, 326; arrives
at Bannack, July, 1863, 328; trip to
Salt Lake Citv (November, 1863),
332; (portrait), 372, 373, 375, 376, 377,
406, 409, 439, 440, 445, 447, 449, 45* ;
U. S. Senatorship again, 454, 457, 469,
648, 754, 833, 834-
Clark City (Livingston), I, 799.
Clark and Ulm, I, 395.
Clark's (Flathead) River, I, 57, S8, 60.
Clark's Fork coal field, I, 240.
Clark's fork of the Columbia, I, 90.
Clarke, Malcolm, I, 123, 126, 128, 282,
323.
Clarke, Melvin D., Ill, 1159.
Clarke, Walter E., Ill, 1316.
Classens, William, I, 1/17.
Claxton, John K., II. 487.
Clay, George W., Ill, 968.
Clayberg, John B., I, 433, 459, 549,
Clearwater, I, 790.
Clemens, William J., Ill, 1171.
Clendennin, George, I, 304, 305, 306.
Clendennin, Richard, I, ''04.
Cleveland, George W., Ill, 1301.
Cleveland, Jack, I, 251.
Clifford, John E., II. 372.
Cline, Frank C., II, 87.
Clinton, I, 790.
Clyde Park, I, 80 r.
Coal, I, 101 ; Montana's output since
1001, 386.
Coal and lignites, I, 238.
Coates, John Q., Ill, 877.
Cobleigh, William M., II, 91.
Coburn, John, I, 427.
Cochran, Joseph, I, 851.
Code Commission, I, 411, 412.
Code of Laws (1879), I, 408; (1887),
411; (1895), 435, 451.
Codification of the Laws (1871-72), I,
419.
Codified School Laws adopted, I, 474.
Codified Statutes, 7th Session 1871-2, I,
a TO.
Coffey, George M., Jr., Ill, 749.
Coffey, George M.. Sr., Ill, 749.
Coffey, John H., Ill, 774.
Coggswell, W. R., I, 223.
Cogswell, Sherman T., Ill, 004.
Cohagen, Chandler C., II, 215.
Cole, Burton R., II, 184.
Cole, F. W., I, 412, 434.
College of Agriculture and Mechanic
Arts, I, 529, 544, 731.
College of Liberal Arts and Science
formed, I, 535.
College of Montana, I, 496.
Collett, Samuel W., II, 389.
Collier, Albert F., Ill, 1207.
Collier, Joe, III, 1200.
Collins, I, 843.
Collins, Carlos P., Ill, 1117.
Collins, John, I, 28.
Collins, John A., Ill, 1056.
Collins, John B., Ill, 1089.
Collins, Thomas M., II, 612.
Collins, Timothy E., I, 316.
Collins, W. L., II, 401.
Collins and Company, I, 223.
Colorado and Montana Smelting Com-
pany, I, 375.
Colorado smelter: first successful cop-
per plant, I, 835.
Colter, John, I, 28, 68; his remarkable
adventures, 71, 73.
Colter's "Hell Hole," I, 69.
Colton, O. C, I, 732.
Columbia Falls, I, 725.
Columbia Fur Company, I, in.
Columbia Gardens, Butte, I, 833.
Columbia River, Discovery and ex-
ploration of, I, 14.
Columbus, I, 840.
Colwell, Henry, I, 851.
Comanche, I, 856.
Combes, William M., Ill, 820.
Comer, Cloyde E.. II, 282.
Comet Mine, I, 765.
Comly, Harry B., I, 406.
Commission form of government :
adopted, I, 469; approved, 477.
Compulsory education in force (1921),
1,526.
Comstock, Henry T. P., I, 322.
Comstock, Jay M., Ill, 1348.
Confederate Gulch, I, 212, 754.
Congdon, John H., II, 357.
Conger, Everton J., I, 426, 427.
Conkey, J. C., II. 86.
Conley, Frank, II, 343.
Conley, J. V., II. 225.
Conlon, James, III, 1068.
Connelly, Frank B., II, q.
Conner, Jennie M., I, 698.
Conner, Jesse, III. 751.
Conner, John T., I, 316.
Connolly, Thomas, II, 318.
Conrad, I. 804.
Conrad, C. D., I. 727.
Conrad, George H., III. io?o.
Conrey Placer Mining Company, I, 771.
Constitutional conventions: first (1866)
and second (1884), I, 408, 409.
Continental Divide, passage of the, by
Lewis snd Clark, I. 52.
Conway, Daniel R., III. 992.
Conway, George B., Ill, ITOO.
Conynpham, Fdward F., II, 447.
Cook, Byron H.. I, 61 S-
Cook, Charles W., TI, 6*9.
Cook, George W., II, 197.
Cook, James, I, 12.
Cook, Jerry, I, 289, 415.
INDEX
xvu
Cooke, P. St. George, I, 342.
Cooke city, I, 798.
Cooke City Mining district, I, 375.
Cooke (Jay) and Company: ruined by
1873 panic, I, 560.
Cooney, Frank H., II, 166.
Cooney, Howard C., Ill, 1174.
Cooney, Tom, III, 1033.
Cooper, Charles H., I, 436, 869.
Cooper, John, I, 249.
Cooper, Ransom, III, 835.
Cooper, Thomas E., I, 211.
Cooper, Walter (illustration of winter
quarters in 1865), I, 212, 316, 547;
II, 556.
Copper mining : Rise of, I, 375 ; produc-
tion in 1899-1919, 379; sampling ores
for commercial purposes, 380, 381 ;
production in Butte district (1891-95),
835.
Coppo, John B., II, 126.
Corbally, Thomas F., II, 586.
Corbett, Hal S., I, 451.
Corbin, Harvey A., II, 317.
Corley, Roy M., II, 531.
Cornwell, Edward A., Ill, 1321.
Cornwell, Harry, III, 1322.
Cornwell, John W., Ill, 1279.
Corrington, Glenwood H., Ill, 684.
Corrupt Practice Act, I, 470.
Corvallis, I, 225, 792, 812.
Corwin, John W., II, 251.
Coryell, Charles E., IH, 810.
Cosier, Howard M., Ill, 780.
Cosner, Harry, III, 1219.
Cotton, Wendell, III, 1314.
Cottonwood (Deer Lodge), I, 222.
Couch, Thomas, II, 498.
Couch, Thomas, Jr., II, 500.
Coues, Elliott, I, 39.
Coughlin, Richard J., Ill, 1080.
Coulson (Billings), I, 851.
Council Grove, I, 223.
Counties: (see separate counties), area
and population of, 1870-1920, I, 861,
862; changes in boundaries of, 862,
863, 864; county seats and assessed
valuation of, 864, 865 ; dates and facts
as to creation, 866, 867 ; business es-
tablishments of, 874, 875.
County boards of education created, I,
464.
County Legislation : bonded indebted-
ness regulated, I, 478 ; regulating for-
mation of new counties, 479.
County Organization (Leighton) bill
passed, I, 474.
County Poor Farm, I, 547.
County Superintendents, I, 497.
County Unit law, I, 519.
Courtright, Milo, I, 282.
Cousins, Frank A., II, 213.
Cover, Thomas, I, 199, 206, 208, 219, 307,
308.
Covington, C. C. t II, 488.
Cowan, Arthur J., Ill, 940.
Cowan, Elmer L., I, 6^2.
Cowan, George W., Ill, 885.
Cowan, G. F., I, 360.
Cowan, John, I, 210.
Cowan, Thomas, I, 211.
Cowan, Winfield S., Ill, 896.
Cowles, Roy J., Ill, 1113.
Cowman, C. P., Ill, 1075
Cox, Z. T., Ill, 1108. '
Coy, Havelock G., II, 388.
Coy, Reuben E., II, 125.
Crab, John, I, 210.
Crabb, George M., II, 463.
Craig, I, 749.
Craig, James, II, 27.
Craig, James W., Ill, 1281.
Craig, Oscar J I, 532, 534, 787.
Craig, Robert A., Ill, 1204.
Craig, William T., Ill, 1413.
Craighead, Edwin B., I, 532, 535, 789;
III, 1255.
Cralle, Edward A., II, 435.
Cramer, Ben, III, 856.
Cramer, Clara, III, 856.
Crase, Frank A., II, 548.
Craven, Arthur J., I, 215.
Craven, G. W., I, 549; II, 547.
Crawford, (Hank), I, 252.
Crazy Horse (Indian chief killed), I,
359-
Creameries of Montana: established
1889-1919 (see towns and cities), I,
873.
Creel, George R., II, 191.
Cremans, J. J., Ill, 870.
Crippen, Henry C., II, 254.
Cronk, John C., Ill, 1369.
Crook, George, I, 347; his Southern In-
dian campaign, 356, 357, 358.
Croonquist, Harold S., II, 189.
Crosby, John S., sketch of, I, 408.
Crosby, J. Schuyler, I, 868.
Cross, Sherwood S., Ill, 999.
Crosson, Abe, III, 697.
Crouch, Charles D., Ill, 724.
Crouch, Samuel J., II, 273.
Crouley, James P., II, 506.
Crow Agency, I, 673.
Crow Indian Reservation, first, I, 158;
public schools thrown open in, 526;
640, 799.
Crowley, Annie E., II, 67.
Crowley, Daniel M., II, 67.
Crowley, Michael H., Ill, 994.
Crowley, Timothy E., Ill, 1442.
Crowley, William E., Ill, 995.
Crows, I, 69; Larocque's account of
(1805), 78, 83; breaking camp and
smoking regulations (1805), 85; a na-
tion of horsemen (1805), 86; and the
fur trade, 127, 129; home of, 340.
Crows-Piegan horse race, I, 170.
Crum, Paul, III, 1081.
Crum, William R., Ill, 764.
Crutcher, Lee W., II, 559.
Crutchfield, Charles M., II, 599-
Cruzatte, Peter, I, 28.
Culbertson, I, 817.
Culbertson, Alexander, I, 121, 123, 124,
126, 127, 128; sketch and death of,
I3 1 ! J3 2 , X 39) J 4 r I S I , T 58; as Indian
treaty-maker, 159; 164, 185, 186; (por-
trait), 214; 216.
Cullen, W. E., I, 419, 422, 431, 434, 758,
760.
Culver, Boyd, III, 849.
xvin
INDEX
Gumming, Bruce A., II, 103.
Cummings, H. L., II, 162.
Cummings, H. L. & Son, II, 162.
Cunningham, Arthur, III, 1192.
Cunningham, Harry R., Ill, 948.
Curley, only survivor of Curley Disaster,
I, 351-
Curley (portrait), I, 352.
Curran, John, III, 893.
Currie, Robert C, III, 686.
Currier, H. L., II, 17 '
Curry, Thomas, I, 798, 799-
Curry, William E., II, 479.
Curry Mining District, I, 799-
Curtis, Helena E., II, 31 1-
Cusick, Helena, III, 853.
Cusick, W. M., Ill, 852.
Cusker, Hank J., Ill, 817.
Custer, I, 856.
Custer, George A., I, 349, 356. 406.
Custer, J. W., I, 346.
Custer Battlefield of Today (illustra-
tion), I, 672.
Custer Battlefield Highway, I, 850.
Custer County : Number and value of
cattle (1884), I, 395; 406; irrigation
in, 5995 description of, 702; railroad
facilities of, 703; schools of, 704; an-
nual fair, 707.
Custer County Wool Growers Associa-
tion, I, 397.
Custer Disaster, first tidings of, I, 350.
Custer Memorial Monument (illustra-
tion), I, 355.
Custer National Forest, I, 624, 805.
Custer's River, I, 406.
Cut Bank, I, 738.
Cut Bank Creek : glacial fragment at, I,
98.
Cuthbert, D. H., I, 404.
Dacotah lode, I, 237.
Dahl, Oscar A., Ill, 1213.
Dahlgren, Halver, III, 971.
Dahlgren, John, III, 970.
Dailey, John, III, 889.
Daily, John R., II, 468.
Dairying in Montana, I, 400, 401, 402.
Dakota group (geological), I, 95.
Dale, Owen, I, 363.
Daley, Freeman A., II, 640.
Dallin, Frank, II, 572.
Dalton, Patrick, II, 155.
Daly, Charles, III, 1372.
Daly, Marcus, comes to Butte, I, 373,
375 ; develops Anaconda properties,
376, 377, 449, 45i, 834.
Daly (Marcus) Estate, I, 791.
Daly, William B., II, 446.
Dance, Walter B., I, 283.
Dance, W. B., I, 189.
Daniel, George H., II, 399.
Daniels, Mabel B., Ill, 881.
Daniels, Mansfield A., Ill, 881.
Daniels County : irrigation in, I, 600 ; de-
scription of, 708, 861.
Danley, Irving U., II, 353.
Darby, I, 791, 792, 812.
Darling, Mrs. D. T., Ill, 1157.
Daugherty, George M., Ill, 1335.
Daugherty, John S., I, 376.
Daughters, Freeman, I, 511.
Daut, John, III, 918.
d'Autremont, Arthur L., II, 161.
Davee, H. A., I, 502.
Davenport, Arthur J., II, 50.
Davey, Arthur J., Ill, 794.
Davey, Catherine A., Ill, 794.
Davey, John, III, 793.
Davidson, Andrew, III, 980.
Davidson, A. M., Ill, 1429.
Davies, Paul J., Ill, 1398.
Davies, William E., I, 644.
Davis, Alexander, I, 282, 289.
Davis, Andrew J., I, 322, 395, 834.
Davis, Chester C., I, 869.
Davis, Hauser and Company, I, 395.
Davis, Irwin F., Ill, 828.
Davis, John H., Ill, 1167.
Davis, John R., II, 250.
Davis, Nathaniel J., I, 218.
Davis, Selena R., Ill, 828.
Davis, Sheldon E., I, 552.
Davis, William A. (Bozeman), II, 405.
Davis, W. A., Ill, 798.
Davis, William B., Ill, 1081.
Davis-Daly Mining Co., I, 836.
Davison, Claud E., Ill, 1342.
Davitt (Michael), mine, I, 378.
Dawe, Lossie, III, 730.
Dawes, Hugh R., HI, 1414.
Dawes, Willard C., II, 317.
Dawson, Andrew, I, 131, 152; (portrait),
153, 214.
Dawson, John E., Ill, 830.
Dawson county : created, I, 281 ; estab-
lished, 312; number and value of cattle
(1884), 395; irrigation in, 600; (Glen-
dive), description of, 709.
Day, Edward C., I, 464; II, 530.
Day, Frank, II, 207.
Day, George H., II, 207.
Day, G. W., II, 468.
Day, Jasper W., II, 283.
Dayton, I, 725.
Deacon, William, I, 669.
Dean, R. H., II, 331.
Dean, Samuel, III, 824.
Dearborn, Henry, I, 45.
Dearborn, Mark D., II, 589.
Dearborn River, I, 45, 229.
Deborgia, I, 779.
Decker, Charles F., Ill, 1260.
Decker, Frederick S., Jr., II, 477.
Decker, Fred R., Ill, 1062.
Dedrick, Warren A., II, 244.
Dee, Martin, I, 459.
Deegan, James, III, 1123.
Deer Lodge (town), I, 161, 222, 807; in
1869 (illustration), 808; division point
on Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul
Railroad, 809.
Deer Lodge County : placer mines in
1862-68, I, 213 ; early silver mining in,
237 ; created, 281 ; number and value
of cattle (1884), 395, 408; irrigation
in, 600; description of, 711.
Deer Lodge lode, I, 222, 371.
Deer Lodge National Forest, I, 624, 741,
745.
INDEX
xix
Deer Lodge Valley, I, 161 ; overland trip
to (1862), 180; placer and quartz
mines, 228, 807.
Deer Lodge Valley Mining Company, I,
286.
de Graffenreid, Charles, III, 1242.
DeGroot, Arie W., II, 238.
De Hart, Jacob L., Ill, 1028.
Deibel, Randolph, III, 1235.
DeKalb, H. Leonard, II, 90.
DeLacy, Walter W., I, 200, 215, 283,
316.
DeLacy's Lake, I, 200.
Delaney, John, III, 865.
Delaware Security Company, I, 377.
De L'Isle, I, 3.
Demars, Joseph, III, 757.
De Mers, Elzeor, III, 888.
De Mers, Robert J., Ill, 866.
Dempsey, Robert, I, 222.
Dempsey's Cottonwood Ranch, I, 249.
Dennis, I, 848.
Dennison, James A., Ill, 952.
De Noielle, R. W., Ill, 751.
Denton, I, 717.
Department of Agriculture and Pub-
licity, I, 468, 476.
Department of Banking created, I, 479.
Department of Farm Loans created, I,
478.
Department of Labor and Industry, I,
476.
Deputee, George, III, 1035.
Derrick, Walter J., Ill, 843.
Desy, Irene, III, 1281.
De Smet, Peter J., I, 151 ; coming of,
146, 147, 148, 149, 150; (portrait), 214.
Devine, John H., Ill, 696.
Detwiler, George, I, 282.
De Velder, John Baptist, I, 147.
Devlin, Lawrence K., I, 869; III, 765.
De Voss, Peter, I, 150.
Dewey, James, I, 209.
DeWitt, William H., I, 431, 435.
DeWolfe, Stephen, I, 430.
Dexter, Wheeler O., Ill, 673.
Diamond City, I, 213, 676.
Dick, George K., Ill, 922.
Dickerman, A. E., I, 698.
Dignan, Thomas, III, 1013.
Dillon, I, 399; incorporated, I, 409, 669.
Dillon, Sidney, I, 407, 558.
Dills, Clinton, I, 851.
Dimmick, Bert W., II, 526.
Dimon, John, II, 361.
Dimsdale, Thomas, I, 243, 254, 256, 266.
Discovery of gold monument, I, 320,
321.
Dishno, Silas C, III, 1186.
Dittes, Ben R., I, 757, 760.
Dixon, I, 792, 824.
Dixon, Joseph M., I, 459, 461, 471 ;
sketch of and inaugural address
(1921), I, 485; 528, 868, 869; II, 2.
Dixon, William, I, 433.
Dixon, W. W., I, 419, 430; elected to
Congress (1890), I, 447; 448, 449, 548.
Dixon, Mrs, W. W., I, 540.
Dobell, J. L., Ill, 1387.
Docter, John C., II, 122.
Dodge, S. E., II, 427.
Dodson, I, 588, 893.
Dodson, Philip G., II, 316.
Doggett, Jefferson D., II, 652.
Doherty, John, III, 660.
Dolan, Aloysius, III, 830.
Dolin, John H., Ill, 1146.
Dolin, Joseph F., Ill, 1133.
Dominy, William, III, 1357.
Donahue, Dan J., I, 649.
Donaldson, Charles M., Ill, 1154.
Donaldson, George, III, 890.
Donaldson, Mattie, III, 890.
Donlan, Edward, I, 469
Donnell, R. W., I, 222.
Donnelly, Joseph P., Ill, 1085.
Donohue, Daniel J., Ill, 1434.
Donohue, M. J., II, 74.
Dooley, William D., Ill, 1136.
Dorniz, I, 841.
Dorothy, Sidney J., Ill, 891.
Dorr, Arthur C., Ill, 873.
Dorsett, Rudolph, I, 250.
Dorwin, O. G., I, 223.
Dousman, Charles J., Ill, 1388.
Douthett, Lorin F., II, 81.
Dove, Samuel E., II, 149.
Dow, James C., Ill, 1041.
Dowe, E. E., Ill, 860.
Dowlin, W. E., I, 856.
Downing, Walter O., II, 105.
Downs and Allen, I, 395.
Drainage basins, acreage by, I, 616.
Drainage enterprises, I, 618-621.
Drake, Ben F., II, 364.
Drake, C. H., Ill, 672.
Drake, James H., Ill, 1020.
Drake, James W., II, 308.
Draper, Charles H., I, 678; II, 66.
Draper, Mark I., Ill, 1419.
Drennan, James W., I, 645.
Drewyer, George, I, 28, 50, 51, 52, 59,
68.
"Drowned Men's Rapids," I, 179.
Drumlummon Mine, I, 765.
Drummond, I, 741, 790.
Dryden, James S., I, 426.
Dry fork of Maria's River, I, 99.
Dublin, I, 222.
Duffy, John H., II, 338.
Duke of Orleans commences western
explorations, I, 3.
DuLuth, Sieur Greysolon, I, 3.
Duncan, A. J., II, 645.
Duncan, John, III, 831.
Duncan, Leslie, III, 867.
Duncan, O. R., II, 74.
Duncan, Tyson D., Ill, 1014.
Duniway, Clyde A., I, 532,' 535, 788.
Dunn, John, II, 262.
Dunn, John C, II, 184.
Dupuyer, I, 804.
Durfee, David M., I, 438; II, 284.
Durston, John H., II, 471.
Dutch, Ralph E., Ill, 1600.
Dutro, David V., Ill, 978.
Dutton, I, 843.
Dwyer, John C., Ill, 910.
Dwyer, W. K., II, 396.
Eagle Nest Rock, Gardiner Canyon (il-
lustration), I. 35.
XX
INDEX
"Early History of Western Montana"
(Woody), I, 132; 224.
Early silver mills in Butte district, I,
835.
East Butte Copper Mining Company,
I, 379, 38i, 836.
East Ophir Town Company, I, 287.
East Rosebud Lake, I, 840.
Eastern Central Basin of Montana, I,
232.
Eastman, George W., II, 10.
Eastman, T. H., I, 301.
Eaton, Ashael K., I, 286.
Eaton, Ernest T., II, 266.
Eaton, Lewis T., Ill, 1079.
Eaton, Robert N., Ill, 1141.
Eberschweiler, Frederick H., Ill, 698.
Edgar, Henry, I, 199, 201, 205, 206, 208.
Edgar, Henry F., I, 316.
Edgehill, I, 848.
Edgerton, Sidney, coming of, I, 279; in-
terviews Lincoln, I, 279; leaves Mon-
tana, 281, 298, 868.
Edmonds, Herbert D., Ill, 924.
Education : consolidation of higher insti-
tutions, I, 475; retirement salary fund
created, 479; free text books pro-
vided, 482 ; vocational training intro-
duced and Junior College courses
added to high school curriculum, 482;
first schools and superintendents, 493 ;
University foundation laid, 496; foun-
dation of State system laid by en-
abling act, 498, 499; State Text Book
Commission established, 500; appor-
tionment of common school income
fund (1889-1920), 501; income from
leased lands, 502; Montana's rank
among the states, 503; enrollment and
attendance (1908-1920), 504-509; train-
ing of Montana teachers, 509; teacher
shortage, 510; county school admin-
istration, 511; high school normal
training departments, 513; salaries of
high-grade teachers, 514; health of
school children, 515; vocational work,
516; school dormitories, 517; rural
schools in city districts, 518; standard-
ization and consolidation, 519; state
school funds, 521 ; finances by coun-
ties, 524, 525, 526; school laws enacted
in 1921, 526; Montana's system of
higher, 528 ; schools of Custer county,
704; schools of Gallatin county, 729;
Bozeman schools, 731 ; schools of Lew-
is and Clark county, 750; Madison
county schools, 775 ; McCone county
schools, 777 ; Missoula county schools,
782; Missoula schools, 787; schools of
Silver Bow county, 831.
Edwards, Byrd H., Ill, 950.
Edwards, Caldwell, I, 459.
Edwards, David R., Ill, 724.
Edwards, G. B., I, 503.
Edwards, John E., Ill, 1315.
Edwards, Thomas B., II, 180.
Edwards, Thomas R., I, 415.
Egan, James S., Ill, 1231.
Egan, John, II, 511.
Ege, Ralph R., II, 274.
Egerton, Sidney, I, 415.
Eggleston, Charles H., II, 333.
Eggleston, Willis J., I, 868.
Eight-hour day for female labor, I, 482.
Eighteenth amendment : upheld by Uni-
ted States Supreme Court, I, 490.
Einsel, Charles S., Ill, 1304.
Eiselein, Alfred W., Ill, 991.
Ekalaka, I, 680.
Eliot, Charles D., II, 570.
Elk Basin Consolidated Petroleum Com-
pany, I, 877.
Elk in Montana forests (illustration),
I, 481.
Elkhorn mining district, $15,215,000, I,
766.
Elkins, William S., Ill, 1252.
Elling, Henry, I, 316.
Elling State Bank, I, 772.
Ellingson, Henry, II, 63.
Elliott, Edward C, I, 528, 869; III, 1151.
Elliott, James E., II, 61.
Elliott, John, II, 470.
Elliston, I, 809.
Elm Orlu Zinc and Copper mine, I, 383.
Elrod, M. J., I, 878.
Elwell, Charles B., Ill, 692.
Embrey, Austin M., Ill, 869.
Emerson, Charles I., II, 23.
Emerson, Frank, III, 962.
Emerson, Lydia, III, 962.
Emigrant, I, 801.
Emigrant Gulch, I, 213, 233, 798, 799.
Emigrants attacked by Indians (illus-
tration), I, 182.
Emilie (Missouri river steamboat), I,
178, 179.
Emmett, Mackzy F., II, 55.
Enabling Act : provisions of the, I, 442.
Engebritson, Edward, III, 869.
Englet, Alfred O., Ill, 1433.
JEnnis, I, 775.
Ennis, Katherine S., Ill, 1284.
Epler, George C., Ill, 1165.
Epler, John C., Ill, 1391.
Ereaux, Adolph, III, 984.
Ereaux, Ezra, III, 982.
Ereaux, Lazare, III, 936.
Erickson, Erick A., II, 124.
Erickson, Ole, III, 929.
Erickson, S. Arne, II, 279.
Eschliman, John, III, 1297.
Esgar, Charles C., II, 316.
Esselstyn, Elmer E., II, 506.
Eureka, I, 770.
Eureka Gold and Silver Mining Com-
pany, I, 286.
Evans, John M., I, 459, 471, 480.
Evans, Lewis O., II, 5.
Evans, Nathaniel P., Ill, 1161.
Evans, William C, III, 1286.
Evarts, T. C., I, 284.
Everett, T. M., I, 471.
Ewalt, Hamilton W., Ill, 1289.
Ewing, R. C., I, 282.
Expeditions of a decade (1854-64), I,
163.
Faaborg, Simon C., Ill, 1187.
Fabian, Anna, II, 127.
Fabian, Edward. II, 127.
Fabrick, J. P., II, 309.
INDEX
xxi
Failures in State (1910-19), I, 87$.
Fairfield, I, 843.
Fairview Milling Company, The, III,
1171.
Fairweather, Bill, I, 329.
Fairweather, William, I, 199, 206, 208.
Fallen, I, 810.
Fallen County: irrigation in, I, 600;
description of, 713.
Farlin, W. L., I, 371, 373, 829.
Farm Loans : delinquencies, I, 488 ; con-
dition of (1920), 581.
Farmington, I, 843.
Farnum, Abner R., Ill, 1421.
Farnum, Archie, I, 721.
Farr, Eli M., .II, 53.
Father Ravalli meeting Indians at St.
Mary's (illustration), I, 155.
Faulds, James R., II, 510.
Faulds, William, I, 282.
Faulds, Winfield S., I, 654.
Faust, Henry J., II, 131.
Featherman, H. A., II, 114.
Federal Farm Loan bonds, I, 482.
Fefferman, Sam, II, 245.
Felker, Preston R., II, 566.
Fellows, E. B., II, 297.
Felt, Stanley E., Ill, 1283.
Felton, Robert, III, 711.
Fenton, Edwin L., II, 90.
Fernald, Louise M., I, 698.
Fergus, Andrew, III, 1293.
Fergus, James, I, 200, 217, 316; and
wife (illustration), 318; 715; III,
1293.
Fergus county : as an oil producer, I,
386 ; created, 409 ; irrigation in, 601 ;
description of, 7155 development of
oil fields, 716, 717; United States Gov-
ernment experimental station, 717;
education and population, 718; water
powers and public "ways, 719.
Fergus County Argus, I, 723.
Fergus County Democrat, I, 723.
Ferguson, William J., Ill, 1430.
Ferris, Arnold D., Ill, 688.
Ferris, Joseph A., Ill, 687.
Fetterman Massacre (1866), I, 342, 344,
345-
Field, Charles, III, 1109.
Field Brothers, I, 59.
Fields, Joseph, I, 28.
Fields, Reuben, I, 28, 50.
Fields Creek, I, 50.
Fifteen Mile Creek (Rattlesnake Creek),
I, 192.
Filcher, Joe D., Ill, 1140.
Finch, George P., II, 309.
Finlay, Francois : Montana's first gold
miner, I, 184, 186. .
Firehole River, I, 118.
First bank in Montana, Virginia City
(illustration), I, 773.
First beef driven out of Montana, I, 393.
First Big Horn exploring party, I, 323.
First brewery in Montana, I, 775.
First discovery of oil in Montana, I, 387,
877.
First election, I, 219.
First gold miner of Montana, I, 184.
First postoffice in Montana, I, 219.
First railroad in Montana, I, 407.
First road law, I, 283.
First silver mining in Montana, I, 237.
First steamboat race on the upper Mis-
souri, I, 178.
First street railway in the territory, I
851.
First Texas drive to Montana, I, 393.
First Montana Infantry: commended by
Legislative Assembly, I, 454; United
States Volunteers, I, 644-48, again at
San Francisco (illustration), I, 647.
First National Bank, Dillon, I, 670.
First National Bank at Helena, I, 409.
First National Bank, Scobey, II, 54.
First Regiment Infantry, Montana Na-
tional Guard, I, 644.
Fish and game law enacted, I, 483.
Fishbeck, Frank G., Ill, 813.
Fish Creek, I, 61.
Fish hatcheries, I, 636.
Fisher, Daniel R., II, 574.
Fisher, Harvey D., II, 529.
Fisher, John W., Ill, 856.
Fisk, Andrew J., I, 298, 316.
Fisk, George R., II, 533.
Fisk, James, I, 298.
Fisk, James L., I, 183.
Fiske, E. W., I, 761.
Fitton, Harry L., II, 136.
Fitzgerald, Thomas A., II, 441.
Flanagan, Merritt, II, 467.
Flaten, Ole, III, 665.
Flathead county, I, 241 ; created, I, 422 ;
450 ; irrigation in, 601 ; description of,
723 ; population, I, 726.
Flathead county school children (illus-
tration), I, 517.
Flathead Indian Reservation, I, 161.
Flathead Indians, I, 87, 118, 142; friends
of the whites (1858), I, 167.
Flathead irrigation project: Assembly
asks Congress to aid, I, 480.
Flathead Lake (illustration), I, 160, 227,
635.
Flathead Lake Bird Reservation, I, 536.
Flathead National Forest, I, 624, 749.
Flathead (Indian) reclamation project,
I, 587, 589.
Flathead River, I, 90, 226.
Flathead Valley, I, 792.
Flather, Mrs. Henry, I, 324.
Flatt, Neil B., Ill, 1395.
Flatwillow irrigation project, I, 584.
Flaxville, I, 708.
Fleenor, Isaac N., II, 767.
Fleming, Joseph B., II, 628.
Fletcher, Gayle M., II, 328.
Flinchpaugh, I. L., II, 633.
Flint, George H., Ill, 818.
Flint Creek Valley, I, 790. .
Florence-Carlton Consolidated School
(illustration), I, 505.
Flower, Harold, III, 796.
Flowerree, I, 702.
Flowerree, Daniel A. G., II, 582.
Flowerree, William K., II, 583.
Floyd, Charles, I, 21, 28.
Floyd, Harmon H., Ill, 1188.
Fluhr, William H., Ill, 1200.
Fluss, Alonzo, III, 1368.
XX11
INDEX
Flynn, Jerry, III, 942.
Foley, John E., II, 577.
Foley, John J., Ill, 1296.
Follensby, Edmund C., II, 622.
Poor, Arlie M., Ill, 873.
Foote, L. R., I, 549-
Forbes, Charley, I, 242, 249.
Forbes, James, I, 394.
Forbes, Jessee F., II, 173.
Forbes, Thomas R., Ill, 897.
Forbis, C. J., II, 448.
Forbis, H. T., II, 453-
Ford, Lee M., IJ, 536.
Ford, Lewis C., II, 334.
Ford, Robert S., II, 535-
Ford, Samuel C, III, 1179.
Ford, Shirley S., II, 607.
Ford, William L., Ill, 1203.
Forde, Walter, III, 1266.
Forest fire : laws, I, 627 ; airplane patrol,
629.
Forest public lands, I, 621.
Forest service, I, 623 ; State and Federal
co-operation, 628.
Forestry: organization and legislation,
I, 626.
Forestry and lumbering, I, 621-30.
Forestry school established, I, 476.
Forman, Henry H., II, 190.
Forsyth, I, 821.
Forsyth, Harold F., II, 16.
Forsythe, George, III, 1169.
Fort Alexander, I, 127, 128, 129, 141.
Fort Assiniboine, I, 743.
Fort Beauharnois, I, 4.
Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, I, 640.
Fort Benton, I, 128; ruins of old (illus-
tration), 130; 139; Presbyterian mis-
sion, 158; (old) (illustration), 214,
215; (1900), 216; during ante-railroad
days, 557.
Fort Benton City, I, 701.
Fort Brule (Burnt Fort), I, 126, 139.
Fort Buford, I, 138.
Fort Cass, I, 113, 127, 141.
Fort Custer, I, 359.
Fort Ellis, I, 311.
Fort F. A. Chardon built, I, 125; burnt,
126; 140.
Fort Floyd (Fort Union) founded, I,
in.
Fort Harrison, I, 751.
Fort Philip Kearney, I, 307, 342, 343,
346.
Fort Keogh, I, 359; remount station,
702; 705, 706.
Fort LaBarge, I, 179; decline and fall
of, 181, 183.
Fort Laramie, futile Indian council at,
I, 340.
Fort Lewis, I, 126, 127; becomes Fort
Benton, 128, 139; missionary work at,
I, 151-
Fort Lisa, I, 69.
Fort Manuel, I, 69.
Fort McKenzie: built, I, 112, 113, 123;
burned, 125.
Fort Owen : established, I, 132 (old) ;
near Stevensville (illustration), 133;
167 (1858) ; 177, 227, 324.
Fort Peck (Indian) reclamation project,
I, 587; 589, 639, 815.
Fort Piegan : abandoned, I, 112.
Fort Reno, I, 307.
Fort Sarpy, I, 127, 128, 141.
Fort Shaw, I, 311.
Fort Sheridan, I, 305, 306.
Fort C. F. Smith, I, 307, 342.
Fort Tullock, I, 127.
Fort Union (Fort Floyd), I, in, 112;
120, 135; (second), 138; first steam-
boat arrives at, 138.
Fort Van Buren, I, 127, 140.
Fort William, I, 120.
Fortman, Clemens H., Ill, 1258.
Foss, Albert J., II, 462.
Foster, Luther, I, 500.
Foster, Rodney E., II, 334.
Fousek, Albert J., II, 588.
Fowell, Logan V., Ill, 734.
Fowler, I, 804.
Fowlie, George, II, 648.
Fox, Clarence S., Ill, 1126.
Fox, Dominick, II, 600.
Fox, Harry, III, 1126.
Fox, John F., Ill, 719.
Fox, J. M., I, 270.
Fox, Magdalena S., II, 600.
Fox, Maggie, III, 1438.
Fox, S. B., Ill, 1125.
Foy, John H., Ill, 854.
Foy, Nancy J., Ill, 855.
Franklin, Arad H., II, 77.
Franklin, Ira D., I, 427.
Franks, Sumner St. C., Ill, 674.
Frantz Corporation, I, 388, 877.
Franzke, Arthur A., Ill, 1362.
Frazer, I, 846.
Frazier, Robert, I, 28, 50.
Frazier, William H., Ill, 974.
Frazier creek, I, 50.
Frederick, Ole G., Ill, 1076.
Frederick, Oliver, III, 1076.
Freeborn, Harrison J., Ill, 990.
Freeman, August J., Ill, 1318.
Freeman, Henry C., I, 833.
Freeman, J. M., II, 243.
Frenchtown, I, 225.
Frenchtown Valley, I, 790, 791.
Fresno, I, 744.
Friend, Franklin, I, 339.
Friend, George, I, 339.
Fringe (Indian warrior), I, 168, 172.
Froid, I, 817.
Frush, Charles W., I, 176.
Fulkerson, Grover E., Ill, 1188.
Fuller, August, III, 970.
Fuller, George E., Ill, 882.
Fuller, Mary A., Ill, 970.
Fuller, Samuel, III, 970.
Fulsher, F. R., II, 569.
Fulton, William, III, 1306.
Fur companies : pioneer, I, 103-134.
Fur trade era, I, 135-142.
Fur traders: pioneer, I, 103-134; their
Indian wives, I, 152.
Fur trading: methods of, I, 137.
Gabb, W. W., Ill, 794.
Gabriel, Fred C., Ill, 1228.
Gaddis, Charles G., II, 597.
INDEX
xxin
Gaethke, Paul C, II, 478.
Gagnon, George L., II, 536.
Gail, William W., II, 164.
Gaines, Edward E., Ill, 1300.
Gainor, Harold G., II, 551.
Galbraith, Thomas J., I, 438.
Galbraith, William J., I, 426 (portrait),
428; 430.
Galen, Albert J. : sketch of, I, 436, 869.
Gallagher, Jack, I, 242, 249.
Gallatin City, I, 306, 336.
Gallatin county, number and value of
cattle (1884), I, 395; 411; finest rural
school (Illustration), 508; irrigation
in, 601 ; description of, 727.
Gallatin County High School, II, 400.
Gallatin National Forest, I, 624, 778.
Gallatin range, I, 91.
Gallatin river, I, 48, 61, 89, 230.
Gallatin Valley, Scenes in the (Illus-
tration), I, 728.
Gallatin way, I, 730.
Gallwey, Harry A., II, 542.
Galpin, William, I, 177.
Gait, D. A., II, 338.
Game preserves, I, 483, 637.
Gannett, I, 92.
Gannon, John, I, 443, 499.
Cans, Edward M., Ill, 1231.
Garden, Olaf, II, 219.
Gardiner, I, 633, 801.
Gardner, Mary C., I, 760.
Garfield county: as an oil producer, I,
386 ; created, 483 ; irrigation in, 602 ;
description of, 734; rural flour mill
(Illustration), 735.
Garland, Richard W., Ill, 935.
Garlow, Charles R., I, 868.
Garniell, I, 717.
Garrison, I, 790.
Carver, Frank H., II, 331.
Gary, John P., II, 408.
Gary, Martin A., II, 408.
Gaskill, Daniel M., Ill, 1104.
Gass, Patrick, I, 20, 28, 46, 50, 143.
Gass Creek, I, 46.
Gass Journal, I, 21, 27.
Gate of the Mountains, I, 747.
Gates, Albert W., II, 176.
Gates, Christopher, I, 306.
Gates of the Rocky Mountains (Illus-
tration), I, 45; 46.
Gatiss, Harry, III, 853.
Gatton, Cyrus J., I, 654.
Gaucher, Peter, I, 145.
Gazette Printing Company, II, 161.
Geary, Michael, III, 1166.
Geery, Henry T., I, 192.
Gemmell, James, I, 219.
General election law passed (1888), I,
412.
General highway law passed, I, 479.
"Geological Notes on Northern and Cen-
tral Montana" (Mortson), I, 94.
Geology of Montana, I, 93.
George, A. G. P., I, 415.
George, W. H., Ill, 800.
Georgetown Lake, I, 713.
Geraldine, I, 702.
Gerer, Oswald M., II, 561.
German: teaching of, reinstated in Uni-
versity, I, 538.
German Gulch, I, 213, 223.
Gerondale, J. J., II, 190.
Geyser, I, 699.
Giant Geyser, Yellowstone Park (Illus-
tration), I, 117.
Giant Springs, Great Falls, I, 686.
Gibbon, John, I, 309, 347 (portrait), 348,
352, 356, 360.
Gibbon Battlefield, I, 784
Gibbs, William B., Ill, 899.
Gibson, Fred L., II, 68.
Gibson, George, I, 28.
Gibson, Henry B., II, 133.
Gibson, James, II, 472.
Gibson, Jennie, II, 473.
Gibson, Paris: elected U. S. Senator, I,
457 ; coming of, to Great Falls, I, 688 ;
III, 657-
Gibson, Theodore, I, 698.
Gifford, Albert C, III, 1208.
Gifford, Edgar, II, 539.
Gildford, I, 744.
Gilham, George W., Ill, 1196.
Gilkerson, John O., Ill, 1291.
Gillette, Clarence F., Ill, 1331.
Gillette, Frederick B., 1009.
Gillette, Warren C, I, 316.
Gillie, John, I, 548.
Gillis, Malcolm, II, 599.
Gilman, I, 749.
Gilmore, Michael, III, 1345.
Gist, Duke, III, 1170.
Glacial period of Montana, I, 98, 100.
Glacier: county created, I, 451; irriga-
tion in, 602 ; description of, 737, 738.
Glacier National Park, I, 633, 634; its
lakes, I, 637.
Glade Creek, I, 60.
Glasgow, I, 588, 846.
Glass, George W., Ill, 692.
Glendenning, William, III, 739.
Glendive, sketch of, I, 710.
Glenn, Lewis D., Ill, 1131.
Click, J. S., I, 218.
Gnose, James B., II, 602.
Goble, Wade, III, 1352.
Goddard, O. Fletcher, II, 211.
Godfrey, E. S., I, 356.
Gohn, George E., Ill, 713.
Gold Creek, I, 790.
Gold discoveries and workings (first), I,
184.
Gold mining: placer, I, 234; relation of
glaciers to, 235; development of
quartz, 237.
Gold, silver and copper deposits (Clark),
L 236.
Golden Valley County: irrigation in, I,
606; description of, 739; population of,
740, 861.
Good, Henry, III, 847.
Good, Thomas, III, 1106.
Goodale, Charles W., I, 548; H, 514-
Goodall, Herbert, I, 868.
Goodfriend, Sig, II, 429.
Goodman, Edward H., Ill, 997.
Goodrich, Silas, I, 28.
Good Roads Day founded, I, 478.
Good roads movement, I, 488.
XXIV
INDEX
Good roads in Western Montana (Illus-
tration), I, 573-
Goodsill, M. Max, I, 761.
Goodwin, Phillip C., II, 519.
Gordon, Louis E., II, 151.
Gordon, William R., Ill, 997.
Gore, St. George, I, 163, 164.
Gormley, A. C., I, 461.
Gosch, Michael J., II, 206.
Goss, James R., II, 435.
Gourley, James, I, 287.
Government fish hatchery, Billings, I,
853.
Government road through Jefferson Na-
tional forest (illustration),!, 571.
Governors of Montana, I, 868.
Cowrie, Elizabeth, III, 768.
Cowrie, Peter, III, 768.
Goza, Samuel D., Ill, 1424.
Graeter, Augustus F., I, 286; II, 347.
Grafton, Francis M., II, 53.
Graham, Richard, III, 734.
Graham, William, I, 189, 209, 222, 282,
371.
Grain Grading, Inspection and Ware-
housing Commission, I, 484.
Grain inspection laboratory, I, 529.
Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone (Il-
lustration), I, 639.
Granite Creek, I, 192.
Granite County : I, 241 ; created, 442,
451 ; irrigation in, 602.
Grant, Henry I., II, 290.
Grant, James J., Ill, 783.
Grant, Jesse W., Ill, 1215.
Grant, John, I, 181, 391.
Grant, John F., I, 161, 187, 188.
Grant, Richard, Sr., I, 187.
Grant, Richard, I, 225.
Grant, Robert, I, 222.
Grantville, I, 222.
Grasshopper Diggings (Bannack City),
I, 230.
Grassi, Urbanus, I, 161.
Grass Range, I, 717.
Grass Valley, I, 791.
Gravelly Range, I, 98.
Graves, Andrew C., Ill, 1038.
Graves, William, I, 249.
Gray, Frank M., II, 403.
Gray, Henry, II, 629.
Gray, John, I, 147.
Gray, Macomb B., II, 252.
Gray, Robert, I, 14, 15.
Gray, W. H., I, 145.
Grayson, John, III, 876.
Grayson, Richard, III, 802.
Great Blackfoot Glacier, Glacier Park
(Illustration), I, 635.
Great Falls of the Missouri : Lewis finds,
I, 40 ; described by Captain Lewis, 41 ;
first white women to see the, 180.
Great Falls: state capital contestant, I,
441 ; power development at, 684 ; 686 ;
history of, 687 ; development of power
in its area, 688; 689, 690; city of, 690;
(Illustration) 691; population of, 691;
business and industries of, 692 ; trans-
portation facilities, 694; churches,
charities and fraternities, 696; city
public schools, 697; Y. M. C. A., 696;
Y. W. C. A., 697 ; public library, 698.
Great Falls coal field, I, 241.
Great Falls Commercial Club, I, 695.
Great Falls Packing Plant, I, 694.
Great Falls Reduction Works, I, 684.
Great Falls water power : development
of (also illustration), I, 630; 631.
Great Northern Railway, I, 560; electri-
fication of, 568, 588, 630.
Great St. Mary's Lakes, I, 638.
Great Western Sugar Company Plant,
Missoula, I, 784.
Greeley, Horace, I, 303.
Green, Andrew, III, 1299.
Green, Charles F., Ill, 1140.
Green, E. J., II, 637.
Green, George R., II, 291.
Green, James, III, 803.
Green, Jennie M., Ill, 1140.
Green, Melissa, III, 804.
Greenan, Philip, II, 643.
Greenback Mining Company, I, 771.
Greene, John J., II, 575.
Greene, W. H. C., Ill, 1206.
Greenfield, Charles D., I, 387, 468, 869,
878.
Greening, Charles W., Ill, 1303.
Greery, H. T., I, 196.
Gregg, W. A., Ill, 793.
Greig, Richard, III, 963.
Grein, Phil, II, 253.
Griffin, George N., II, 586.
Griffin, James, III, 879.
Griffin, Lewis M., Ill, 1103.
Griffith, Joseph, I, 219.
Grigg, Elmer R., II, 394.
Grigg, Thomas A., U, 393.
Grigsby, Melvin, I, 643.
Grimes, Henry J., II, 158.
Grimstad, O. King, II, 200.
Groene, Merle C., II, 430.
Groff, H. C, II, 531.
Groff, Lawrence S., II, 524.
Grover, George E., II, 612.
Gruber, Edward P., Ill, 994.
Gruwell, Hugh C., II, 411.
Guinn, Charles C., Ill, 1328.
Guinzy, V. F., II, 321.
Gunn, Milton S., I, 438; III, 1131.
Gunther, Joseph J., Ill, 1123.
Gussenhoven, Joseph, III, 779.
Gustafson, Richard E., Ill, 1063.
Guthard, Charles H., II, 201.
Guthrie, Andrew L., II, 237.
Guthrie, Lou, I, 758, 760.
Gutz, Walter T., Ill, 1158.
Gwinn, Hubert H., II, 450.
Gwinn, James L., Ill, 1434.
Hackley, James F., Ill, 1399.
Hadzor, James H., Ill, 717.
Hagan, D. J., I, 393.
Hagelie, Helmer, II, 354.
Hagen, Sever, III. 1412.
Hagge, Carl D., II, 153.
Hahn, George D., Ill, 1036.
Hain, Volney J., Ill, 719.
Haley, John R., II, 404.
Haley, Josephine M., I, 760.
Half Century of Conflict (Francis Park-
man), I, 7, 8.
Halgren, Warner L., II, 104.
INDEX
XXV
Halgrims, C. O., II, 167.
Hall, I, 741.
Hall, Charles H., II, 458.
Hall, DeLoss T., Ill, 1214.
Hall, Henry C, III, 1025.
Hall, Hugh, I, 28.
Hall, J. H., I, 468.
Hall & Simpson, I, 217.
Hall, W. A., II, 278.
Halloran, Patrick M., II, 304.
Halter, Charles, II, 121.
Hamblin, I, 777.
Hamilton, I, 792, 812.
Hamilton, Dick, I, 217.
Hamilton, James M., I, 548; II, 350.
Hamilton, Kosciusko, III, 977.
Hamilton, Leslie H., II, 610.
Hamilton, Robert J., Ill, 1206.
Hamilton, Robert S., Ill, 1362.
Hamilton, William T. : Scout "Sign-
Man" and investigator, I, 164-176.
Hamilton-McKay party: returns to Wal-
la Walla, I, 176.
Hamilton schools, II, 68..
Hamlin, Robert M., Ill, 1390.
Hample, Jbhn E., II, 494.
Hamrick, C. P., II, 373.
Hancock, Charles, II, 150.
Handel, Fred W., II, 464.
Handley, Robert W., Ill, 759.
Hangman's Gulch, I, 783.
Hanley, Daniel, II, 558.
Hanley, Marcus R., II, 559.
Hanley, Robert J., II, 216.
Hanna, William, II, 118.
Hanover, I, 719.
Hansen, Al, III, 1338.
Hanson, Charles M., Ill, 1057.
Hanson, Philo C., I, 514.
Harader, John A., II, 64.
Hardin, I, 673.
Hardy, Frank E., Ill, 988.
Hardy, Henry W., Ill, 661. .
Hardy, Samuel J., Ill, '1143.
Hargadine, Edward C., II, 598.
Harkness, James, I, 177.
Harkness, Margaret, I, 180.
Harlan, John M., I, 411.
Harlem, I, 588, 674.
Harlowton, I, 847.
Harmon, W. E., I, 502, 504; II, 100.
Harney, Edward W., I, 459.
Harper, George, III, 833.
Harrington, Arthur J., Ill, 1139.
Harrington, J. V., II, 609.
Harrington, Nellie, II, 610.
Harris, B. M., Ill, 1128.
Harris, William E., II, 56.
Harris Gulch, I, 231.
Harrison, I, 775.
Harrison, J. Scott, I, 869; HI, 664.
Hart, Harlon L., Ill, 669.
Hartley, Charles E., II, 59.
Hartman, C. S., I, 448, 451, 452, 465.
Hartman, J, L., II, 571.
Hartzell, Lester J., II, 537.
Harvat, John H., II, 327.
Harvey, Alexander, I, 123, 124, 126;
death of, 127, 152.
Harvey, Charles L., II, 409.
Harwood, Benjamin P., I, 657.
Harwood, Edgar N., I, 4.31, 435.
Haskell, Henri J., I, 431, 443
Hastings, Parker W., II, 348.
Hasty, John H., Ill, 1237.
Hatch, Joseph A., Ill, 938.
Hauck, Lawrence, II, 141.
Hauser, Samuel T., I, 189, 192, 193, 196,
197, 221, 284, 286; sketch of, 409;
(portrait), 410; 412; resigns as gov-
ernor, 411, 868.
Hauswirth, Simon, I, 725; III, 831.
Hauxhurst, James, I, 192.
Haverfield, Orville S., Ill, 1032.
Haviland, David J., II, 438.
Havre, I, 743.
Hawk, Joseph V., Ill, 767.
Hawkesworth, Arthur L., III, 1173.
Hawley, Herbert C., II, 632.
Hawley, Swope, I, 222.
Hayes, Martin F., I, 120.
Haywood, Guy T., Ill, 1425.
Head, Clinton, II, 169.
Healy, John J., I, 287.
Hcaly, J. Peter P., Ill, 987.
Heaney, Arthur P., II, 614.
Heath, L. W., I, 761.
Hebb, Frank M., Ill, 1097.
Heber, George F, III, 1204.
Hedge & Company, I, 220.
Hedges, Cornelius, I, 211, 316, 404, 415,
422; as superintendent of public in-
struction, 494; (portrait), 495; 497,
757, 76o.
Hedges, Daniel J., Ill, 1012.
Hedges, Harry H., Ill, 1012.
Hedges, Judd P., Ill, ion.
Hedges, Oliver G., Ill, 1012.
Hedges, Willys A., I, 757, 758, 760; II,
81.
Hedgesville, I, 848.
Hefferlin, Charles S., II, 236.
Heidel, A. W., I, 869.
Heidel, C. S., I, 581.
Heidel, E. L., II, 3 53-
Heidelman, John H., II, 406.
Heikkila, Emil, II, 29.
Heilbronner, Adolph H., II, 577.
Heinze, F. Augustus : enters Butte field,
I 376, 377; suits against the Amalga-
mated Copper Company, I, 377, 378,
457-
Heldt, F. George, I, 164.
Helena (see also Last Chance Gulch) :
altitude of, I, 92; 209; named by John
Somerville, 211, >2i2; incorporated,
312; becomes territorial capital, 315;
territorial capital contest, 422; capital
to remain at, 441 ; 751 ; sketch of, 755 ;
778.
Helena branch of the Federal Reserve
Bank of Minneapolis, I, 871.
Helena Catholic Cathedral, I, 755.
Helena Commercial Club, I, 761, 763.
Helena district : entered by Lewis and
Clark, I, 45; its mountains (illustra-
tions), 97.
Helena Free Public Library, I, 757.
Helena in 1870 (illustration), I, 756.
Helena Library Association, I, 757.
Helena National Forest, I, 624, 745, 749.
XXVI
INDEX
Helena region, typical mines in the (il-
lustration), I, 762, 764; mineral pro-
duction of the, 765, 766.
Helgeson, Henry C, III, 1288.
Heller, August, II, 637.
Hell Gate (Missoula), I, 223.
Hell Gate canyon, I, 228.
Hell Gate River, I, go, 227.
Hell Gate Ronde, I, 177, ,223.
Helm, Boone, I, 249.
Helmville, I, 790, 809.
Helsing, John O., II, 116.
Henderson, Charles S., II, 539.
Henderson, William C., Ill, 1366.
Hendrickson, Otto, III, 804.
Hennessy, John H., Ill, 862.
Hennessy, John, III, 1064.
Henry, Andrew, I, 103; abandons Three
Forks Trading Post, 104; 108.
Henry, Frank, I, 438.
Henry's Fork of Snake River, I, 105.
Henry's Lake, I, 105.
Henry's Post in 1870, I, 106.
Henter, Leo A., II, 145.
Hepner, H. Sol, II, 621.
Hepperle, Karl, III, 1355.
Herd districts created, I, 482.
Hereford, Robert, I, 185.
Heron, I, 824.
Herren, William, I, 255
Herrick, Una B., II, 349.
Herring, Presley L., Ill, 1026.
Hershey, Elmer E., II, 466.
Hewett, Arthur L., II, 212.
Hexom, Peter, III, 1021.
Hickey, Edward, I, 829; III, 1205.
Hickman, R. O., I, 443.
Hickox, Willard, II, 82.
Hier, Albert S., Ill, 902.
Higgins, Christopher P., I, 223, 282, 784.
Higgins, Francis G., I, 532.
Higgins, Frank G., I, 643.
Higgins, F. G., I, 500.
Higham, John O., II, 21.
Higher education, I, 528-552.
Highland Park School, Lewiston (illus-
tration), I, 720.
Highway Law : passed, I, 474, 475.
Highways : transcontinental, I, 570.
Highways and bridges : federal aid in
building, I, 572.
Highwood, I, 702.
Highwood Mountains, I, 91.
Hilburn, Samuel, III, 864.
Hilger, David, II, 18.
Hilger, Nicholas, describes Sioux battle
of Kildeer Mountain, I, 294-97.
Hill, Charley W., II, 192.
Hill, Harry D , III, 1224.
Hill, James J., I, 552; gives history of
Great Northern Railway, 560-66; re-
signs presidency of Great Northern
system, 566; 688.
Hill County: created, I, 474; irrigation
in, 602; description of, 742.
Hill county potatoes (illustration), I,
742.
Hillman, J. R., I, 725.
Himsl, Victor S., Ill, 1354.
Hinchilwood, J. P., Ill, 797.
Hind, Bert S., II, 38.
Hingham, I, 744.
Hinsdale, I, 588.
Hirst, John D., II, 276.
Hirst, Tom, II, 27.
History of Montana (Granville Stuart),
I, 226.
"History of Washington, Idaho and
Montana" (Bancroft), I, 159.
Hitzfeldt, Fred, III, 1259.
Hoback, Richard, I, 298.
Hobbins, James R., II, 615.
Hobensack, Isaac M., II, 84
Hobson, Simeon S., II, 567.
Hodge, Pearl D., II, 410.
Hodgskiss, William, III, 999.
Hodgson, Arthur M., Ill, 1037.
Hodgson, George T., Ill, 864.
Hodson, Alvin, III,.722.
Hodson, Dale, II, 455.
Hoeken, Adrian, I, 150, 161.
Hoecken, I, 161.
Hoenck, Richard P., II, 487.
Hofer, Bert, III, 846.
Hoff, Norbert C., Ill, 1138.
Hoffman, Charles W., I, 316.
Hogan, T. S., I, 453; II, 371.
Hogeland, Abraham, III, 1203.
Holladay, Ben, I, 556.
Holland, James, III, 707.
Holland, Robert W., II, 594.
Hollenbeck, Frank K., Ill, 1246.
Holliday, Dell H., II, 226.
Hollier, Lewis S., II, 184.
Holloway, William L., I, 436, 869; II,
644.
Holmes, Ernest S., II, 455.
Hoist,' J. H., II, 43.
Holt, Laurence A., II, 533.
Holt, Stephen A., Ill, 1273.
Holter, Anton M., I, 285, 316; II, 517.
Holter, Norman B., I, 489, 761 ; II, 518.
Holter Gulch, I, 219.
Holy Family Mission, I, 162.
Hood, Samuel L., Ill, 683.
Hooks, Frank T, III, 661.
Hootenais, I, 173.
Hopkins, David R., II, 373.
Hopkins, Patrick A., II, 588.
Hori, M. M., Ill, 866.
Horkan, George, III, 1406.
Horkan, George A., I, 471 ; III, 1392.
Horn, J. H., Ill, 860.
Horntvedt, Ludvig, III, 1075.
Horse Creek, I, 777.
Horse market at Miles City (illustra-
tion), I, 706.
Horse Plains, I, 177.
Horse Prairie Creek, I, 230, 231.
Horse raising: decline in, I, 309.
Horticulture: in Rattlesnake Valley, I,
785; in Bitter Root Valley, 791; 878;
present conditions of, 882 ; close in-
spection of fruit and orchards in Mon-
tana, 883, 884; prevalent fruit diseases
and pests in Montana, 884.
Hosmer, Hezekiah L., I, 64; 282;
reaches Virginia City, 288; sketch of,
288; first charge to grand jury, 289;
291, 298; leaves Montana, 299, 414.
Hosmer, James K., I, 27.
INDEX
XXVll
Hot Springs, Sanders County, I, 823, 824.
Hotchkiss, Arthur N., Ill, 1251.
Hotchkiss, Samuel A., Ill, 1380.
Hough, George E., Ill, 1349.
Houghlan, Samuel A., Ill, 1086.
House and Bivins, I, 219.
Houston, Elizabeth L. A., II, 360.
Hoven, Ole B., Ill, 806.
Hover, Herbert A., Ill,- 1127.
Hovey, Verne T., Ill, 659.
Howard, Doc, I, 252.
Howard, Harry H., II, 179.
Howard, O. H., 1, 359.
Howard, O. O., I, 360, 368.
Howard, Thomas P., I, 28.
Howe, Clarence D., II, 363.
Howe, John G., II, 567.
Howe, John S., Ill, 1261.
Howe, J. K., Ill, 872.
Howell, Ethan A., Ill, 1329.
Howell, H. S., I, 725.
Howell, Richard C., II, 495.
Howey, R. W., I, 496, 497.
Howland, H. N., II, 295.
Howland, John M., II, 24.
Hoyt, Mark D., Ill, 1013.
Hruza, William, II, 271.
Hubbard, Paul E., Ill, 1336.
Huber, Philip H, II, 624.
Huckins, Charles F., Ill, 930.
Hudson, Clarence W., II, 344.
Hudson, John, I, 463.
Hudson, Samuel E., Ill, 1089.
Hudson Bay Company, I, 132, 134, 140.
Huet, Charles, I, 147.
Huffaker, Wila, I, 282.
Huffer, Arthur J., II, 239.
Hughes, Barney, I, 199, 200, 206, 207,
208.
Hughes, James H., Ill, 1059.
Hughes, Roy, III, 1054.
Hughes, Samuel, III, 1059.
Hughes Brothers, III. 1059.
Hull, W. T., I, 761.
Humphreys, G O., I, 222, 223, 833.
Hunsberger, John, III, 770.
Hunt, Williams H., I, 431, 434, 435,
T 437, 438.
Hunter, A. J., I, 799.
Hunter, Bill, last of road agents to be
executed, I, 274, 275.
Hunter, Joseph C., Ill, 806.
Hunter, William, I, 249.
Hunters' Hot Springs, I, 801.
Hunting and fishing, I, 636 ; in Lewis
and Clark county, 754; in Missoula
county, 783.
Huntley, I, 856.
Huntley reclamation project, I, 587.
Huntoon, John C., II, 208.
Kurd, George E., Ill, 675.
Kurd, Walter L., II, 290.
Hurdy-Gurdy House, I, 245.
Hurley, Charles C., Ill, 943.
Hurly, John, II, 596.
Husband, William C, II, 653.
Huseth, S. O., Ill, 832.
Hutchinson, Myron W., Ill, 700.
Hutchinson, William O., II, 324.
Huxsol, Alfred W., Ill, 778.
Huyck, Claude C., II, 487.
Hydro-electric conservation, I, 630-33.
Hydro-electric plants: of Lewis and
Clark county, I, 751.
Hydro-electric water powers (illustra-
tion), I, 685.
Hymer, Elbert, II, 62.
Hysham, I, 845.
Iceberg Lake (illustration), I, 638.
Iliff, Thomas C., I, 786.
Imislund, Herbert P., II, 370.
Immaculate Conception Church, III,
742.
Imoda, C., I, 162.
In the Lumber Country (illustration),
I, 823.
Income tax bill passed, I, 489.
Independence Mining district, I, 223.
Indian Camping Ground (illustration),
I, 148.
Indian Ceremonial, Old-Time (illus-
tration), I, 819.
Indian Chiefs and Warriors (illustra-
tion), I, 56.
Indian picture of 1742 (Parkman), I, 7.
Indian reservations, I, 639.
Indian Sentinel: Flathead number of,
I, 142.
Indians : Crows, I, 85 ; 86, 87 ; Flatheads
(1805), 87; exploiting through whis-
key, 120, 140; name "Flatheads," 142;
Blackfeet still warlike, 154; Flathead
treaty of 1855, 223; Sioux battle of
Killdeer Mountain, 292; Sioux cam-
paign (1864), 292-98; Sioux again
checked (1872), 308-310; Sioux vs.
Crows, 340; 341, 342; council at Fort
Laramie (1866), 341 ; government pro-
nouncement against enemy (1866),
341; depredations of (1866), 342;
"agency" plan not a success, 345, 347;
united campaign against enemy, 347;
Drawing Rations (illustration), 346;
Crooks' southern campaign against,
356; warfare of 1876-77, 357.
Industrial Accident Board created, I,
482.
Ingham, Thomas C., II, 34.
Ingle, Chester R., II, 228.
Ingomar, I, 821.
Ingraham, Albert J., Ill, 972.
Ingraham, Philip A., Ill, 972.
Ingraham, Sarah C., Ill, 972.
Ingram, George F., Ill, 1000.
Initiative and Referendum bill popularly
approved, I, 470.
Initiative and Referendum law passed,
I, 463 ; extended, 464.
Innes, Walter B., II, 244.
Irons, Ort, III, 1046.
Irrigated Orchard near Missoula (illus-
tration), I, 781.
Irrigation: under the Cary Act, I, 581;
state works and projects, 59!-S; coun-
try surveys, 595-614; acreage by drain-
age basins, 615; farms irrigated in
state, 615; works built since 1860, 617;
irrigated lands as producers, 618;
projects in Rosebud county, 820.
Irrigation districts established, I, 464,
468.
XXV111
INDEX
Irvin, George W., II, I, 316.
Irvine, Caleb E., I, 177, 829, 833.
Irvine, W. M., Ill, 859.
Irving, Washington, I, 116, 119.
Irwin, 0. E., I, 283.
Isachsen, Albert J., Ill, 928.
Isch, John, III, 844-
Ives, George, I, 192, 196, 198, 247, 253;
trial and execution of, 255.
Jaccard, Eugene, I, 177.
Jackson, David E., I, 108, ill.
Jackson, George C., II, 422.
Jackson, Harvey F., Ill, 840.
Jackson, John W., II, 388.
Jackson, Robert G., Ill, 1363.
Jacobs, Henry, I, 406, 834.
Jacobs, John M., I, 188, 195, 306.
Jacobs, William F., Ill, 1047.
Jacobs and Bozeman cut-off, I, 195.
Jacobson, Paul, III, 671.
James, Edwin E., Ill, 797.
Jameson, C. C, II, 35.
Janssen, John W., Ill, 1270.
Jaquette, Walter P., Ill, 981.
Jeff Davis' Gulch, I, 329.
Jefferson, Thomas : checkmating Eng-
land in the West, I, 13; 15, 19, 48.
Jefferson county: placer mines in 1862-
68, I, 213 ; created, 281 ; as a copper
producer, 384; number and value of
cattle (1884), 395; irrigation in, 603;
description of, 744.
Jefferson County High School, II, 616.
Jefferson Forest, I, 777.
Jefferson National Forest, I, 624.
Jefferson (Beaverhead) River, Lewis
ascends the, I, 48, 50, 61, 89, 90, 230.
Jeffries, Garry J., Ill, 820.
Jenkins, Leonard V., Ill, 1320.
Jennings, George M., II, 447.
Jennison, Warren J., Ill, 1170.
Jensen, Chris, III, 782.
Jensen, Otto, III, 852.
Jensen, Peter C., Ill, 1411.
Jerome, C. W., Ill, 786.
Jocko River, I, 227.
Jocko Valley, I, 227, 792.
Johannes, R. J., II, 164.
Johns, Albert M., II, 386.
Johnson, Charles M., II, 562.
Johnson, E. B., I, 282.
Johnson, Edwin L., II, 41.
Johnson, Elmer, II, 529.
Johnson, Emil M., Ill, 1378.
Johnson, Francis G., II, 626.
Johnson, Fred A., Ill, 998.
Johnson, Harry M., II, 52.
Johnson, Henry H., Ill, 1056.
Johnson, J. Charles, II, 417.
Johnson, Mary C., II, 125.
Johnson, Ole C., Ill, 771.
Johnson, Pete, III, 715.
Johnson, Peter E., Ill, 1181.
Johnson, Richard E., Ill, 1446.
Johnson, Richard S., Ill, 1363.
Johnson, Roy H., Ill, 1446.
Johnson, Thomas S., Ill, 969.
Johnson, Wilford J., II, 3.
Johnson, The Abstract Man, III, 1445.
Johnston, A. P., II, 412.
Johnston, Charles C., Ill, 1445.
Johnston, James L., II, 641.
Johnston, Thomas Jr., Ill, 1396.
Johnstone, Thomas, III, 1285.
Jones, Arthur C., II, 491.
Jones, A. H., I, 771.
Jones, D. Augustus, III, 686.
Jones, Edward C., II, 195.
Jones, L. E., I, 696.
Jones, Paul, III, 1247.
Jones, T. C., first probate judge, I, 290.
Jones, Thomas R., Ill, 1022.
Jones, Robert N., Ill, 1038.
Jones, William E., Ill, 689.
Jones and Immell : killing of, by Black-
feet, I, 109, no.
Joplin, I, 768.
Jordan, I, 735.
Jordan, Arthur, II, 620.
Jordan, Erwin E., Ill, 1381.
Jordan, James H., II, 127.
Joseph Peak, I, 362.
Josselyn, Horatio S., Ill, 1334.
"Journal of Larocque" (Burpee), I, 78,
81.
Judith Basin, I, 715.
Judith Basin County: irrigation in, I,
603; 723; description of, 746; 861.
Judith Gap, I, 848.
Julian, I, 708.
Junod, Orla H., Ill, 1283.
Juttner, Charles F., II, 152.
Kaiserman, J. R., II, 281.
Kalispell, I, 724; sketch of, 726; bird's-
eye view of (illustration), 727.
Kampf, Ray L., Ill, 1341.
Kane, Edward G., Ill, 1167.
Kanouse, James E., Ill, 679.
Karnop, Jacob H., II, 654.
Kassner, O. G., II, 134.
Kastelitz, John, 'II, 181.
Kay, John M., Ill, 772.
Kearns, W. L., II, 275.
Keene, Eliot W., II, 227.
Kehoe, Thomas M., II, 306.
Keith, F. P., I, 786.
Keith, H. C., I, 727.
Keith, John M., II, 469.
Kelch, Albert E., III. 755-
Kelch, William D., Ill, 741.
Kelley, Cornelius F., I, 459; HI, 987.
Kelley, E. L., Ill, 966.
Kelley, Rufus B., II, 287.
Kelley, Thomas, III, 1053.
Kelley, Tom, III, 1180.
Kelly, Charley, L 250.
Kelly, Dan M., II, 30.
Kelly, Harry J., II, 385.
Kelly, Hugh, II, 457-
Kelly, Tames E., II, 30.
Kelly, Peter J., II, 437.
Kelly, R. A., II, 392.
Kelly, Robert B., II, 540.
Kelsey, Arthur R., Ill, 1101.
Kelsey, Frank T., Ill, 1343.
Kemmis, Walter D., Ill, 744.
Kemp, James S., Jr., II. 475.
Kempton, Berney E., Ill, 1369.
Kempton, Henry N., Ill, 1298.
Kendall, I, 717.
INDEX
XXIX
Kendrick, John, I, 14.
Kenkel, J. E., II, 607.
Kennedy, John, III, 865.
Kenney, E. A., I, 443.
Kennon, R. T., I, 329.
Kenny, E. A., I, 445.
Kenyon, Daniel C., Ill, 912.
Kercheval, F. B., I, 284.
Kerchival City, I, 304.
Kerr, John W., II, 485.
Kerrigan, John H., Ill, 738.
Kessler, Harry C., I, 644; (portrait),
645.
Kessler, Nicholas, I, 316, 761.
Ketcham, Gilbert A., II, 463.
Ketcham, Harry G., Ill, 729.
Kill-the-Deer-Butte, I, 292.
Killorn, George L., II, 330.
Kimball, Edwin L., Ill, 657.
Kindschy, Emil O., II, no.
King, Charles F., Ill, 1298.
King, Irving G., Ill, 1271.
King, James I, 757, 760.
King, Mary F., Ill, 1272.
King, Wiley, III, 1294.
King and Gilette, I, 288.
Kingmont, I, 714.
Kingsbury, Adkin W., Ill, 825.
Kinkel, George, I, 547.
Kinmonth, Charles F., II, 63.
Kinsella, John B., Ill, 712.
Kinsella, Lawrence L, III, 713.
Kinsey, I, 703.
Kinsman, (Mrs.) E. E., I, 786.
Kipp, James, I, 112.
Kirby, Charles N., II, 398.
Kirkwood, W. F., I, 419.
Kiskadden, J. H., I, 335.
Kittson, Norman W., I, 561.
Klein, George H., Ill, 1250.
Klein, Henry, I, 552.
Kleve, S. Lawrence, III, 903.
Kline, Charles F., Ill, 1105.
Kline, Henry S., Ill, 690.
Klinkhammer, Joseph H., Ill, 874.
Knapp, Daniel, III, 1332.
Knight, Albert B., I, 549.
Knight, Arthur C, II, 128.
Knight, E. W., I, 446.
Knowles, Hiram, I, 378, 420, 421 ; retires
from Supreme Bench, 426; sketch of,
437, 444-
Knott, E. B., Ill, 863.
Knudsen, William P., II, 377.
Kobelin, George J., II, 22.
Koch, Edwin, III, 1195.
Koch, Peter, I, 306, 547.
Kohrs, Conrad, I, 316, 394, 395; III, 1061.
Kohrs and Bielenberg; I, 395.
Kommers, Louis H., Ill, 827.
Kootenai National Forest, I, 624, 769.
Kootenai mines, I, 225.
Kootenais (1858), I, 172.
Kopp, John J., II, 400.
Kopsland, T., Ill, 1034.
Kraft, I, 708.
Kramer, Henry J., Ill, 1339.
Kranz, Mathias, II, 576.
Krauss, Andrew G., II, 314.
Kremer, J. Bruce, II, 419.
Kremlin, I, 744.
Kress, Ben, I, 878.
Kress, William J., II, 356.
Kroeger, Fred W., Ill, 975.
Krohne, B. Thorwald, II, 235.
Krom, S. R., II, 350.
Kronkright, Orrel H., Ill, 1046.
Krueger, Karl P., Ill, 1154.
Kutzner, C. M., II, 242
Kuykendall, E. H., II, 242
Kyle, Daniel C., Ill, 992.
Kyle, Mary A., Ill, 993.
Kyle, William L., II, 292.
La Bar, Albert A., II, 130.
LaBarge, Harkness & Company: Busi-
ness expedition of, I, 177-183.
LaBarge, John, I, 177.
LaBarge, Joseph, I, 177.
LaBarge, Madam, I, 180.
LaBarge City (Deer Lodge), I, 222.
LaBeau, Henri, I, 471.
Labiche, Francis, I, 28.
Lacy, Francis M., Ill, 1192.
Ladd, George B., II, 395.
Ladd, Jessie S., I, 698.
Ladd, William P., II, 262.
Lafrance, J. B., I, 74.
Lagoni, Peter, II, 603.
Lagoni, Sylvia, II, 604.
La Honran, I, i, 3.
Laird, I, 768.
Laist, Frederick, II, 337.
Lake McDonald, I, 637.
Lake Scenery near Helena (illustration),
I, 753-
Lake Yellowstone (illustration), I, 636.
Lamb, John A., Ill, 852.
Lamb, Wm. A., I, 869.
Lambard, Irby, II, 530.
Lambert, John K., Ill, 1393.
Lamoureux, Edward, III, 863.
La Mousse, Charles, I, 148.
La Mousse, Francis, I, 148.
La Mousse, Ignace (Big Ignace), I, 144.
Land of the Shining Mountains, I, I.
Lands : conservation of, 577-641.
Lane, Charles H., II, 109.
Lane, George (Clubfoot George), I, 249.
Lane, James E., II, 5.
Lang, Edward H., Ill, 1399.
Lang, Gregor, III, 1043.
Lang, Janet, III, 1044.
Lang, John, II, 606.
Lang, Margaret S., II, 606.
Lang, William G., Ill, 1043.
Langford, Nathaniel P., I, 119, 243; (il-
lustration), 244, 253, 283.
Lanius, Charles H., II, 633.
Lanouette, Louis P., Ill, mi.
Lanstrum, George W., I, 869; III, 736.
Lanstrum, O. M., Ill, 735.
Lantis, Horace G., Ill, 1445.
Lapage, Baptiste, I, 28.
Laredo, I, 744.
Largest gold nugget in the world, I, 752.
Larocque, Francois A., I, 73, 74; meets
Rocky Mountain Indians, 75, 80.
Larpenteur, Charles, I, 127.
Larrivee, Arthur, III, 792.
Larson, Anne K., I, 503.
Larson, Thomas O., Ill, 748.
XXX
INDEX
Lassus, Don Carlos de Haut de, I, 18,
27.
Last Chance Gulch, I, 209; named Hel-
ena, 210, 234, 288, 765.
Last Fallen County Sod School (illus-
tration), I, 714.
Laswell, James Q., Ill, 913.
Lathom, Ray A., II, 16.
Lathrop, A. G., I, 494.
Lathrop, Wm. T., I, 869.
Lauer, Charles M., II, 497.
Laurel, I, 856.
Laussat, Pierre Clement, I, 18.
Lausted, Emil R., II, 595.
Laux, Philipp, II, 158.
Lavelle, James P., II, 31.
Law School established at Missoula, I,
469.
Lawrence, A. J., I, 359.
Lawrence, Robert, I, 282.
Lawson, William L., II, 19.
Leach, James R., Ill, 1202.
Lead, Output of, 1883-1918, I, 383.
Leard, Samuel E., II, 274.
Leary, Dennis, I, 222, 372, 833.
Leary, Grace M., Ill, 1230.
Lease, Newton T., Ill, 836.
Leavitt, Erasmus D., I, 282.
Leclerc, Narcisse, I, 120.
Ledger, I, 804.
Ledyard, John, I, 21, 22.
Lee, Albert, III, 856.
Lee, Edgar, III, 984.
Lee, Harold F., Ill, 696.
Lee, Otis, II, 505.
Legal holidays for schools, I, 527.
Leggat, Rod D., I, 316.
Lehfeldt, Hermann J., Ill, 883.
Lehmicke, O. E., Ill, 860.
Leighton bill; passed, I, 475, 535.
Leinenweber, George P., Ill, 716.
Lemert, Rae J., Ill, 956.
Lemire, Joseph A., II, 509.
Lemon, Allan C, III, 1154.
Lemon, Robert H., I, 183.
Lentz, Edward O., Ill, 1395.
Lentz, Theodore, II, 461.
Lenz, Frank A., II, 160.
Leo, Willard A., Ill, 1117.
Leonard, B. A., II, 433.
Leonard, Charles R., II, 520.
Leonard, Nathan R., I, 549.
Leonard, William M., Ill, 934.
Le Sage, Frank H., II, 132.
Leslie, J. B., I, 698.
Leslie, H. P.
Leslie, Jere B., I, 411.
Leslie, Preston H.; sketch and death
of, I, 411; 868.
"Letters and Sketches," by Father De
Smet, I, 146.
Leverenz, Carl C., Ill, 791.
Lewellen, F. M., II, 95.
Lewis, Charles A., II, 397.
Lewis, Clyde E., Ill, 1416.
Lewis, E. P., I, 335.
Lewis, Frank B., II, 13.
Lewis, John E., Ill, 1002.
Lewis, Mark E., Ill, 950.
Lewis, Meriwether, I, 18, 19; Jefferson's
sketch of, 21-23; Jefferson's first in-
structions to, 23; 27; his romance, 39;
42, 46, 47, 50, 51, 54, 555 his home-
ward trip, 58; 59; severely wounded,
60; 64; death of, 65.
Lewis, Reuben, I, 103.
Lewis, Vernon E., Ill, 769.
Lewis and Clark county: placer mines
in 1862-68, I, 213 ; number and value
of cattle (1884), 395; irrigation in,
603; general description, 747; via the
U. S. Census, 750; water powers and
public ways, 751 ; picturesque excur-
sions in, 752.
Lewis and Clark Expedition in Montana
(illustration), I, 2; 19-67; reach the
mouth of the Yellowstone, 29; return
trips eastward, 58.
Lewis-Clark Journal, I, 28, 29, 69.
Lewis and Clark, heroic bronze statutes
of. Great Falls, I, 320, 323, 482.
Lewis and Clark National Forest, I, 624,
749, 804.
Lewis and Clark Rod and Gun Club,
I, 754-
Lewis River, I, 57.
Lewistown, I, 719-23.
Lewistown Chamber of Commerce, I, 720.
Lewistown Public Library, I, 721.
Lewistown of Today (illustration), I,
722.
Leyson, J. H., I, 548.
Lhotka, J. F., II, 482.
Liberty County : irrigation in, I, 604 ;
description of, 767.
Liberty Loan Campaigns in World's
War : Chairman and Chairwomen of,
I, 663-65.
Libby, I, 770.
Liddell, Moses J., I, 431.
"Life of James Stuart" (Granville
Stuart), I, 187, 209.
Lignites (coal), I, 238, 386.
Lincoln, I, 749, 790.
Lincoln, Fred T., I, 856.
Lincoln county: created, I, 451, 469; ir-
rigation in, 604; description of, 768;
scene in (illustration), 769.
Lindeberg, Charles A., Ill, 1090.
Lindemann, Leo C., Ill, 1079.
Lindsay, F. S. P., I, 761.
Lindsay, John, II, 515.
Linfield, F. W., I, 869.
Linn, Carl A., Ill, 1278.
Lisa, Manuel, I, 68, 103, 104; last years
of, 107.
Lisa (Manuel) & Company, I, 107.
Listerud, John, III, 1067.
Literary sources of information, I, 20.
Little, Mose, II, 243.
Little Belt range, I, 91.
Little Big Horn Battle, casualties at,
I, 354, 356.
Little Black Foot River, I, 167.
Little Creek Mountains, I, 32.
Little Dog (Piegan chief), I, 167, 168,
169, 170, 179.
Little Dry Creek, I, 32.
Little Face (Crow scout), I, 351, 352.
Little Missouri irrigation project, I, 584.
Little Missouri River, I, 29.
Little Rocky mountains, I, 91, 229.
INDEX
XXXI
Little St. Mary's Lakes, I, 638.
Littlewolf Mountains, I, 63.
Live Stock Commission, I, 482.
Live Stock interests, I, 391-403.
Livingston: state capital contestant, I,
441; first house erected in (illustra-
tion, 800; history of, 799; of the pres-
ent, 800.
Livingston, Frank H., Ill, 939.
Livingston, Robert R., I, 16.
Livingston, Walter W., II, 395.
Livingston-Bozeman coal field, I, 240.
Livingston Marble and Granite Com-
pany, II, 601.
Livingston Publishing Company, II, 367.
Llafet, Joseph E., II, 442.
Lloyd, Charles F., I, 643.
Lloyd, Walter E., II, 342.
Loble, Lester H., Ill, 1198.
Lockey, Richard, II, 526.
Lockhart, Charles, II, 363.
Lodge Grass, I, 673.
Lofgren, Everett E., II, 216.
Logan, Arthur C., I, 497.
Logan, Edgar W., II, 263.
Logan, Ernest A., II, 238.
Logan, James E., II, 178.
Logan, John, II, 289.
Logan, John T., Ill, 1358.
Logan, Sidney M., Ill, 1145.
Logan, William, I, 354, 360.
Lohmiller, Charles B., Ill, 925.
Lolo, I, 792.
Lolo National Forest, I, 624, 811.
Loma, I, 702.
Lombard, I, 676.
Long, G. B., II, 406.
Long, J. B., I, 696.
Long, Thomas D., I, 465.
Long Drive (Cattle), I, 393, 394.
Longest bridge in the State, I, 824.
Longley, Thomas W., II, 1410.
Lorance, Clyde H., II, 67.
Loranger, Henry E., Ill, 703.
Lord, Reuben J., II, 61.
Losekamp, John D., I, 552.
Lothair, I, 768.
Lott, John S., I, 286.
Lott, Mortimer H., I, 286, 316.
Loucks, John T., Ill, 952.
Loughran, Michael J., II, 502.
Louisiana, United States acquires, I, 16.
Loveland, Russ A., Ill, 1361.
Lovell, William Y., I, 289, 415.
Lowe, Henry P., Ill, 787.
Lowe & Powers, I, 815.
Lower Yellowstone, reclamation project,
I, 587; (illustration), 588.
Lowery, Charles R., Ill, 1055.
Lowery, Robert W., Ill, 1055.
,Lowry, Bill, I, 252.
Lowry, John A., Ill, 1441.
Lowry, Thomas J., I, 415, 422.
Lucas, Frederick D., II, 296.
Lucas lode, I, 220.
Luce, Sarah S., II, 503.
Luce, T. L., I, 218.
Luce, Thompson W., II, 503.
Lucke, Lou, III, 703.
Ludtke, P. E., Ill, 1114.
Lumber Stand of Montana, I, 625.
Lumbering in Missoula County, I, 781.
Lump Gulch mining district, $2,500,000,
I, 766.
Lund, Hartwig, III, 1248.
Lundeen, Gustav A., Ill, 785.
Lundevall, Torjus, II, 355.
Lyle, Thomas L., Ill, 1159.
Lyman, Elias F., Ill, 821.
Lynch, Neptune, III, 1300.
Lyndes, John C., Ill, 1392.
Lyon, Clyde M., II, 414.
Lyon, Frederick A., Ill, 1443.
Lyon, George D., II, 443.
Lyons, George R., II, 121.
Lyons, Haze, I, 249.
Lyons, John, I, 218.
Mabie, J. F., I, 471.
MacCallum, Charles A., II, 308.
Macdonald, John J., Ill, 1130.
MacDuffie, William J., Ill, 839.
Mace, George, III, 1405.
MacFarlane, William D., Ill, 761.
Machemer, Frank W., II, 74.
Mack, Forest M., Ill, 677.
Mackenzie, Charles, I, 74.
MacLaren, Gilbert D., II, 528.
MacMillan, Hugh A., II, 322.
MacPherson, Harry A., II, 333.
Macrum, E. A., I, 761.
Madison, Bill, I, 185.
Madison, Ed., I, 222.
Madison, Frank, I, 222, 371.
Madison, James, I, 48.
Madison county; placer mines in 1862-
69, I, 213 ; created, 281 ; number and
value of cattle (1884), 395; irrigation
in, 604; description of, 771.
Madison National Forest, I, 624.
Madison range, I, 91.
Madison River, I, 48, 61, 89, 230.
Madison State Bank, I, 772.
Madoc, I, 708.
Madsen, Jacob P., II, 248.
Magee, George W., II, 478.
Maggie (Missouri River steamboat), I,
181.
Maginnis, Martin, I, 316; sketch of,
404; 445, 447.
Magraw, Henry S., II, 520.
Magruder, Lloyd, I, 252.
Maguire, John C., II, 129.
Maher, John C, III, 836.
Mahon, Archibald W., I, 581; III, 953.
Mail and telegraph lines, first, I, 556.
Maillet, Herbert A., Ill, 1222.
Main, Clara, I, 721.
Mains, Frank, III, 1347.
Mair, John F., II, 562.
Major, Adolph A., Ill, 811.
Malloy, Dan T., II, 471.
Malone, Francis M., II, 432.
Maloney, William H., II, 397.
Malta, I, 588, 803.
Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone
Park (illustration), I, 634.
Man Afraid of His Horses (Sioux
Chief), I, 341, 343, 344, 345-
Mandan Villages : Lewis and Clark
journey to, I, 27.
Mandans, I, 74.
XXX11
INDEX
Mangan, Louis A., Ill, II35-
Manganese, properties suffer . when war
ends, I, 382.
Manhattan, I, 729.
Manitou, I, pi.
Manix, J. Clarence, III, 693.
Manley, John E., II, 330.
Manson, I, 804.
Mantle, Lee: rejected from U. S. Senate,
I, 449; elected U. S. Senator, 451;
sketch of, 456.
Manuel's Fort, I, 69.
Marbois, Barbe, I, 16.
Margetts, Leslie R., II, 484.
Margry, Pierre, I, 4.
Maria's River, romance of, I, 39; 59.
229; post at the mouth of, 138.
Maring, John C, II, 378.
Marks, Rufus, III, 1094.
Marks and Brands, I, 391.
Markuson, Nels K., Ill, 1097.
Marlow, Thomas A., I, 489.
Marlowe, Thomas N., II, 418.
Marques, Oscar, III, 796.
Marques, Scott, III, 796.
Marron, Hugh N., Ill, 875.
Marrs, Charles B., Ill, 1375-
Marrs, Fred P., II, 593-
Marsh, Charles H., II, 445-
Marsh, Cromwell, III, 857.
Marshall, Charles L., Ill, 815.
Marshall, C. S., I, 438.
Marshall, Thomas C., I, 453.
Marshall, W. R., I, 243.
Marsland, Steven, I, 249.
Marston, William J. R., Ill, 1350.
.Martin, Harry T., Ill, 926.
Martin, James L., II, 179.
Martin, Martin, III, 1278.
Martin, N. L., II, 222.
Martin, Roscoe G., II, 266.
Martine, Isaac S., Ill, 671.
Marvin, Ernest L., II, 49.
Marysville, I, 749.
Marysville mining district, $57,140,000, I,
766.
Mason, Dwight N., II, 456.
Mason, James, I, 319.
Masonry : cradle of, in Virginia City, I,
773-
Masters, Harry S., II, 389.
Mathewes, Barnard J., Ill, 1032.
Mathews, Ed, II, 552.
Mathews, O. C., I, 217.
Mathews, Thomas J., Ill, 1443.
Matkin, Judson D., Ill, 808.
Matlock, S. W., II, 232.
Matney, J. H., Ill, 685.
Matson, Howard E., II, 580.
Matteson, B. R., Ill, 1381.
Matthews, Charles A., Ill, 835.
Matthews, John A., II, 642.
Matthews, Thomas, II, 565.
Maudru, Joseph, II, 417.
Maury, Henry L., Ill, 1075.
Maxey, Robert J., I, 659.
Maxham, Frank A., Ill, 1420.
Maximilian, Prince, I, 122.
Maxson, Lewis L., Ill, 1114.
May, George, I, 419.
Mayer, Jacob A., Ill, 700.
Mayhew, Alexander E., I, 282, 289.
McAboy, Charles D., II, 489.
McAdow, Perry W., L, 219, 851.
McAdow, P. S., I, 189.
McAdow, William, I, 198.
McAfee, Harry E., Ill, 1031.
McAlister, Glenn C., II, 210.
McArthur, Neil, I, 225.
McCabe, I, 817.
McCafferty, Richard, I, 192.
McCalman, James, II, 185.
McCarten, Robert E., II, 616.
McCarthy, Eugene, III, 996.
McCarthy, P. H., II, 123.
McClammy, Quincy P., Ill, 1019.
McClarty, James, II, 429.
McClelland, Robert P., II, 416.
McClellan's (Pacific City), I, 213.
McClurg, J. E., I, 217.
McCone County : created, I, 483 ; irri-
gation in, 605 ; description of, 775.
McConnell, N. W., I, 430, 431.
McConnell, Odell W., Ill, 659.
McConochie, Stewart, II, 303.
McConville, Edward, III, 861.
McCormick, John E., Ill, 1059.
McCormick, Paul, I, 316.
McCormick, W. H., II, 2.
McCormick, Washington J., I, 282, 286,
289, 868; II, 579-
McCormick of Montana, II, 2.
McCuiston, Joshua P., Ill, 1409.
McDaniel, Myron, III, 944.
McDole, Edward I., II, 491.
McDonald, I, 134.
McDonald, Angus, I, 176, 184.
McDonald, Benjamin, III, 1404.
McDonald, E. H., I, 549.
McDonald, John D., II, 572.
McDonnell, J. L., II, 222.
McDonough, Joseph A., Ill, 685.
McDonough, Thomas J., Ill, 1426.
McDowell, Wilkin C., Ill, 1374.
McDowell, William W., II, 150.
McEnery & Packard, I, 373.
McFatridge, Arthur E., Ill, 668.
McGee, George T., Ill, 1220.
McGee, L. E., Ill, 848.
McGehee, Edward, III, 1254.
McGinley, Hugh S., Ill, 676.
McGinnis, James, I, 304.
McGrath, D. J., Ill, 1226.
McGrath, Leo J., Ill, 1172.
McGrath, Thomas P., II, 297.
McGregor, Harry J., II, 639.
McHatton, John J., I, 433, 438, 540.
Mclntire, Oliver V., II, 525.
Mclntosh, John H., II, 115.
Mclntyre, James, III, 1010.
McKay, Charles J., Ill, 1243.
McKay, Joseph R., Ill, 1269.
McKay (Scout), I, 166, 167, 171; scalps
three Blackfeet, I, 172, 173.
McKee, John W., Ill, 1310.
McKenna, Nina, I, 760.
McKenzie, Charles, I, 73.
McKenzie, George F., Ill, 1260.
McKenzie, Kenneth, I, in; inaugurates
steamboat navigation to the Yellow-
stone, 113; end of Montana career and
INDEX
XXXlll
death of, 121; 122, 135, 139, 140; last
years and death of, 141, 152.
McKenzie, Roderick, I, 73.
McKenzie, Thomas J., II, 335.
McKenzie, Thomas W., Ill, 697.
McKnight, Roy E., II, 545.
McLain, Mathew, III, 766.
McLaren, John, III, 886.
McLaughlin, Angus L., II, 188.
McLean, Samuel, I, 207, 218, 219, 281,
282, 286.
McLeary, James H., I, 427; (portrait),
428; 430.
McLemore, Clyde, III, 1365.
McLeod, Charles H., II, 469.
McLure, A. K., I, 286.
McMahon, William J., II, 498.
McMannamy, William P., Ill, 1006.
McMath, William L., I, 282, 289, 415.
McMillan, John A., II, 99.
McMullen, W. J., II, 104.
McNair, Benedict P., II, 539.
McNamara's Landing, I, 790.
McNamee, James F., Ill, 1060.
McNaughton, William W., II, 150.
M'Neal, Hugh, I, 28.
McPherson, Howard P., II, 37.
McTaggart, Archie, II, 473.
McVay, Oscar R., II, 587.
McVey, William C., Ill, 1102.
Mead, C. A., I, 761.
Meade, D. P., II, 117.
Meader, Charles T., I, 834.
Meaderville, I, 827, 834, 837.
Meagher, Thomas F., acting governor,
I, 280; 298, 299; death of, 300-303;
408, 416, 417; memorials to (illustra-
tion), 466.
Meagher County : placer mines in- 1862-
68, I, 213; number and value of cattle
(1884), 395; irrigation in, 605; de-
scription of, 777.
Meagher County School, old box-car
type (illustration), I, 512.
Medicine Lake, I, 826.
Medicine River, I, 42, 59, 62.
Melchert, Bertram P., Ill, 1414.
Meldrum, Robert, I, 129; sketch of, 130;
(portrait), 214.
Melton, J. Thomas, II, 367.
Melstone, I, 797.
Mendenhall, Henry S., II, 168.
Menetry, Joseph, I, 786.
Mengarini, Gregory, I, 147, 150, 154.
Menzemer, H. J., Ill, 762.
Meredith, James E., II, 365.
Merkle, Arthur W., II, 472.
Merkle, George W., Ill, 708.
Merrick, Joseph, III, 1174.
Merrill, Franklin T., Ill, 706. .
Merrill, T. G., I, 287.
Merriman, Nathaniel, I, 282.
Metcalf, John, II, 635.
Metcalf, Margaret E., II, 635.
Methodist missionaries, I, 145.
Metropolitan Police law, I, 464.
Mettler, Edgar W., II, 28.
Mettler, J. M., Ill, 1095.
Meyer, Carl R., II, 210.
Meyer, W. F., I, 471.
Meyerhoff, Emmett F., Ill, 1245.
Michels,. James J., Ill, 1121.
Midland Empire Fair Association, I,
853.
Milburn, George R., I, 436, 438.
Miles, Arthur W., II, 260.
Miles, G. M., I, 704, 707.
Miles, Nelson A., attempted assassina-
tion of, I, 359 ; 362, 363, 364.
Miles City : great center of range cattle,
! 395 ; 399 ; municipal light and water
systems, 703; public institutions at,
704; center of horse trade, 705;
churches and fraternities, 705; stage
lines and highways, 706.
Miles City Club, I, 705.
Miles City Hospital, I, 704.
Milk River: Lewis and Clark discover,
If 33; 229.
Milk River reclamation project, I, 587,
588.
Milk River Valley, I, 801.
Mill Creek, I, 231.
Millar, Joseph H., I, 285.
Miller, Charles H., Ill, 1238.
Miller, Curtis M., Ill, 1168.
Miller, D. J., I, 210.
Miller, Henry A., Ill, 747.
Miller, Henry B., Ill, 1402.
Miller, Joaquin, on placer deposits, I,
234; 412; on quartz mining litigation,
424.
Miller, J. K., II, 157.
Miller, John R., I, 645.
Miller, J. V., Ill, 1168.
Miller, John W., II, 416.
Miller, Leslie F., II, 1146.
Miller, Lillian G., II, 568.
Miller, Marshall E., II, 192.
Miller, Sidney, II, 620.
Miller, Thomas B., Ill, 763.
Miller, William D., Ill, 1153.
Miller, W. H. H., I, 430.
Milliken, Elizabeth D., Ill, 767.
Mills, C. C, II, 44.
Mills, Fred G., Ill, 1163.
Mills, James H., I, 497.
Mills, James S., I, 213.
Mills, William S., Ill, 848.
Mineral County: as a copper producer,
I, 384; irrigation in, 606; description
of, 778.
Mineral output of Montana, value and
qualities of (1919), I, 384.
Mineral Range, I, 90.
Miners Courts established, I, 218.
Mining, smelting and ore testing, in Hel-
ena District, I, 761.
Minnesota & Montana Improvement
Company, I, 851.
Minnick, Robert P., Ill, 972.
Minnie Healy mine, I, 377, 378.
Missoula: natural advantages (1858), I,
166; incorporated, 409; state capital
contestant, 441 ; (city of the five val-
leys), sketch of, 784; her parks, I,
785.
Missoula County: I, 190; created, 225;
281 ; number and value of cattle
(1884), 395; irrigation in, 606; of the
five valleys, 780 ; lumber, drainage and
water supply, 781 ; evolution of, 782 ;
XXXIV
INDEX
development of its valleys, 7QO;
dairying in, 792.
Missoula County High School, I, 787;
II, 463-
Missoula Creamery, I, 785.
Missoula Free Public Library, I, 785.
Missoula Light and Power Company, I,
633.
Missoula lode, I, 222.
Missoula Mills, I, 225.
Missoula National Forest, I, 624, 741,
749-
Missoula River, I, 90, 226, 227.
Missoulian Publishing Company, II, 465.
Missouri Fur Company, I, 103, 104, 108;
its expedition wiped out, 109; no.
Missouri River: its true source, the Jef-
ferson, I, 88; geological origin of, 96;
229.
Mitchell, Alonzo L., Ill, 1383.
Mitchell, David D., I, 112, 121; death
of, 123; 139.
Mitchell, Robert M., II, 604.
Mitchell, Harry B., II, 608.
Mitchell, William, I, 251.
Mo, Elmer J., II, 163.
Modern Wolf Point Schools (illustra-
tion), I, 818.
Mohn, Mathis, II, 625.
Mohrherr, John, III, 1115.
Molleur, L. F., Ill, 716.
Molt, I, 840.
Monarch, I, 699.
Monberg, Morris P., II, 270.
Mondak, I, 708, 817.
Monroe, Hugh, I, 638.
Monroe, James, I, 16.
Monroe, Joseph E., I, 551 ; II, 339.
Monroe, Mary, III, 1435.
Montague, I, 702.
Montana ("Land of the Shining Moun-
tains"), I, i; its natural features, 88-
102; comparative area and low altitude
as a Rocky Mountain State, 92; its
valleys (by William A. Clark), 93; its
geology, 94; post tertiary (glacial)
period, 96; variety and wealth of its
geological deposits, 100; its coal and
precious stones, 101 ; first election in,
190; bar, 212; its first post office and
election, 219, 220; its name and great
basins, 226-234; dawn of law and
order, I, 278-315; territory organized
and first Bannack Legislature, 281 ;
clash between assembly and judiciary,
298; memorials proposed, 324; last
epoch of territorial government, 404-
413 ; Supreme Court reports, 418, 425 ;
State Constitution of 1889, 439; appor-
tionment of state senators and repre-
sentatives (1889), 441; becomes a
state, 442 ; first state officers, 443 ; sec-
ond legislative assembly, 448; final
contest for location of state capital,
451; finances in 1920-21, 486, 488; her
system of higher education, 528; mili-
tary history of, 642-666; merchants:
increase in snet work (1900-1920),
876.
Montana Bar Association, I, 433, 435.
Montana Bridge and Ferry Company, I,
286.
Montana buffalo still ranging (illustra-
tion), I, 783.
Montana Building, Louisiana Exposition
(illustration), I, 461.
Montana Central Railway, I, 375.
Montana City, I, 190, 212; in early days
(illustration), 287; 288.
Montana Club, Helena, I, 761.
Montana coal mine (illustration), I, 240.
Montana Collegiate Institute, I, 496.
Montana Deaconess School, I, 553.
Mountain District, I, 342.
Montana Fish Hatchery, Anaconda, I,
712.
Montana Flour Mills Company (illustra-
tion), I, 693.
Montana Game and Fish Commission, I,
637-
Montana Hide and Fur Company, I, 304,
305.
Montana Horticultural Society, I, 878-
82.
Montana Infantry, First Regiment, I,
643.
Montana Irrigation Commission : cre-
ated, I, 484; report of, for 1920, 586.
Montana Mercantile Company, II, 555.
Montana Mining Association, I, 765.
Montana Ore Purchasing Company, I,
376, 377, 378.
Montana Pioneers' Society, I, 483.
Montana Power Company, I, 630; its
hydro-electric plants, 632; 689, 719,
772; plant at Thompson Falls, 8*24.
Montana Quicksilver Company, I, 287.
Montana School for Deaf and Blind and
Backward Children, I, 553.
Montana State Bureau of Mines and
'Metallurgy; established, I, 484; 831.
Montana State College, I, 500, 528.
Montana State Fair established, I, 460.
Montana State Humane Society created,
I,46o.
Montana State Industrial School, I, 479.
Montana State Normal School, I, 500,
528, 551.
Montana State Prison, Deer Lodge, I,
809.
Montana State Reform School: name
changed to Montana State Industrial
School, I, 479.
Montana State Tuberculosis Sanitarium
located, I, 470.
Montana Stock Growers' Association, I,
395-
Montana Trade Commission, I, 485.
Montana Union Railroad, I, 375.
Montana Volunteer Militia, I, 642.
Montana Wesleyan University, I, 552,
553; HI, II53-
Montana Western Railroad, I, 568.
Montana, Wyoming and Southern Rail-
road, I, 568.
Mooney, Daniel F., II, 600.
Moore, I, 717.
Moore, Charley, I, 251.
Moore, Elanson C, I, 415.
Moore, George F., Ill, 1221.
Moore, Perry J., Ill, 1220.
INDEX
XXXV
Moorman, Edward H., II, 272.
Moran, John E., Ill, 834.
Morck, Fred D., Ill, 1005.
Morgan, Edward F., Ill, 1141.
Morgan, Heber G., II, 289.
Morier, Henry, I, 218.
Morony, Mary E., I, 322.
Morrell, Fred, I, 869.
Morrill Acts of Congress, I, 546.
Morrill, Almeron D., Ill, 1141.
Morrill, Robert A., Ill, 720.
Morris, Claude F., Ill, 1004.
Morris, Jennie M., Ill, 1029.
Morrow, Bayard S., II, 402.
Morrow, Thomas M., Ill, 876.
Morse, Averill P., II, 281.
Morse, Elmer J., Ill, 717.
Morse, Frank M., II, in.
Morse, George W., I, 316; II, 280.
Morse, Sherburne, III, 689.
Morton, C. D., Ill, 858.
Morton, John O., I, 725.
Mortson, O. C., I, 94.
Mosby, I, 735.
Mosby, O. P. J., Ill, 846.
Mosby Oil fields, I, 797.
Moser, Gust, II, 570.
Mosher, Esek R., II, 344.
Moss, Preston B., II, 218.
Mother St. Joseph, III, 872.
Motor Vehicles registered, I, 575.
Mouat, Thomas H., Ill, 1382.
Mount St. Charles College, Helena, I,
553; 755; HI, 1138.
Mount Sentinel, Missoula, I, 788.
Mountain Crows, I, 141.
Movius, Arthur J., II, 193.
Movius, Rex M., Ill, 1065.
Movius, Walter R., II, 229.
Mowatt, Wilbert, III, 1067.
Moulton, Benjamin F., II, 181.
Moyer, H. D., I, 249.
Moyle, John R., II, .421.
Mueller, Oscar O., II, 89.
Muffley, Theo., I, 289.
Muffly, Thomas, I, 415.
Mullan, John, I, 158, 159, 321, 324, 555,
687, 785-
Mullan Government Road, I, 555.
Mullan Monuments, I, 320, 321.
Mullan's military road (1862), I, 180.
Mulroney, Edward C., II, 468.
Munger, Frederick R., II, 170.
Munson, Lyman E., I, 298, 414, 416,
417, 418.
Murn, Thomas M., Ill, 1343.
Murphey, John M., II, 541.
Murphy, Charles, I, 209, 222, 371.
Murphy, Charles F., II, 267.
Murphy, Franklin J., Ill, 1236.
Murphy, George J., Ill, 1241.
Murphy, James K., II, 20.
Murphy, John L., I, 419.
Murphy, Joseph R., Ill, 945.
Murphy, Patrick B., Ill, 1078.
Murphy, William L., I, 320; II, 465.
Murray, James A., I, 334.
Murray, Mathieson, III, 932.
Murray, S. G., I, 459.
Murtry, James, I, 702.
Musselshell, I, 797.
Musselshell county: as a coal producer,
I, 386; as oil producer, 386; organ-
ized, 469; county irrigation in, 606;
settlement of, 794; agriculture and live
stock raising, 795 ; coal mines and rail-
roads, 796.
Musselshell River : Lewis and Clark dis-
cover, I, 33.
Mussigbrod, James, I, 406.
Muzzy, J. E., II, 175.
Myers, I, 845.
Myers, Adolphus D., II, 109.
Myers, George W., Ill, 1422.
Myers, Guy C., II, 156.
Myers, Henry L., sketch of, I, 492; 868.
Myers, Otto K.,' II, 109.
Nagues, George B., II, 649.
Napoleon, I, 16.
Napton, Thomas L., I, 419.
National Forests, Areas and locations of,
I, 623 ; funds to support, 624.
National Guard, nucleus of, I, 642.
National Park Bank, Livingston, II,
269.
National Park-to-Park Highway, I, 571.
Navajo, I, 708.
Nealy, E. B., I, 289.
Needles, Arthur S., II, 627.
Neese, John T., Ill, 681.
Neihart, I, 699.
Neill, E. D., I, 4.
Neill, Henry, II, 204.
Nell, Henry H., II, 159.
Nelson, Clarence W., Ill, 1049.
Nelson, Cornelius S., II, 232.
Nelson, David, III, 1378.
Nelson, Franc C., Ill, 694.
Nelson, H. F., Ill, 668.
Nelson, John A., Ill, 694.
Nelson, N. L., Ill, 792.
Nelson, Soren, II, 486.
Neubert, John, III, 662.
Nevada, I, 232.
Nevin, Charles P., II, 386.
Nevin, John, III, 1444.
Nevin, W. H., Ill, 1227.
Nevins, Joseph H., Ill, 901.
New Powell County High School (illus-
tration), I, 502.
New World mining district, I, 798.
New York-Montana Testing and Engi-
neering Company, Helena, I, 763.
Newcomb, Albert S., Ill, 959.
Newell, John H., II, 151.
Newlon, Lewis E., Ill, 897.
Newman, Louis, III, 828.
Newstrom, Manning C., Ill, 1289.
Nez Perces, I, 118.
Nichols, Alice, I, 497-
Nichols, Edmund, II, 48.
Nickwall, I, 777.
Nihill, I, 848.
Nims, William P., Ill, 1185.
Nina, I, 777.
Ninth Federal Reserve District, I, 663.
Nissler, Carl C., II, 12.
Noble, Frank C., II, 332.
Nohle, Andrew F., Ill, 988.
Nolan, Cornelius B., Ill, 664.
Nolan, J. M., Ill, 1030.
XXXVI
INDEX
Nordtome, Clifford, III, 841.
Nordtome, Milford, III, 841.
Nordtome, Robert, III, 841.
Norelius, O., I, 285.
Normile, John, II, 250.
Norris, I, 771.
Norris, Edwin L., I, 464, 868; III, 674.
North, Austin, III, 1137.
North, J. A., II, 94.
North, Jo R., II, 145.
North, William P., Ill, 859.
North Butte Copper Company, I, 379.
North Butte Extension Development
Company, I, 383.
North Butte Mining Co., I, 836.
Northern Cheyenne (Tongue River) In-
dian Reservation, I, 640; 819.
Northern Idaho & Montana Power
Company, I, 632.
Northern Montana Agricultural and
Manual Training College and Agri-
cultural Experiment Station estab-
lished, I, 476.
Northern Pacific Railroad : surveys
(1853-54), I, 158; 3755 its mineral
land in dispute, 429, 430; 559; crippled
by Jay Cooke failure, 560 ; electrifica-
tion of, 568; 630, 794; hospital, Glen-
dive, 710; hospital at Missoula, 786.
Northwest Fur Company of Canada, I,
73-
Northwest Tribune Publishing Co., Ste-
vensville, III, 1381.
Northwestern basin of Montana, I, 226,
228, 229.
Noxon, I, 824.
Noyes, James M., II, 426.
Nutt, Richard S..-III, 731.
Nutting, Lucius A., II, 257.
Nutting, W. B., II, 50.
Nye, Samuel M., II, 366.
Nye, Ward H., II, 236.
^
Oakwood, Jacob F., Ill, 842.
Obergfell, Albert R., Ill, 726.
O'Boyle, James, III, 976.
O'Brien, Alfred L., II, 605.
O'Brien, Edward, II, 46.
O'Brien, Edward P., Ill, 1347.
O'Brien, George T., Ill, 1364.
O'Brien, James D., Ill, 723.
O'Brien, Joseph P., Ill, 704.
O'Brien, Michael T., II, 541.
O'Connell, Margaret F., Ill, 1323.
O'Connell, Michael J., II, 434.
O'Connell, W. H., Ill, 1323.
O'Connor, James F., II, 368.
O'Connor, Thomas F., II, 549.
O'Donnell, Charles, II, 3.
O'Donnell, Charles, II, 312.
O'Donnell, I. D., II, 383.
O'Fallon, Benjamin, I, no.
O'Flynn, Edward F., II, 484.
Ogden, Earl, II, 638.
O'Hern, Daniel L., Ill, 1091.
Oie, Gustav, III, 1073.
Oil development, I, 386-390; Golden Val-
ley county, I, 739; in state, 876, 877,
878.
Oil, gas and coal leases, I, 389.
Oil shales, I, 388.
Oka, I, 848.
O'Keefe, Davis C., I, 321.
O'Laughlin, William, III, 1336.
Old Ignace, I, 144; killed by Sioux, 145.
Old Lewistown School (illustration),
I, 501.
Oldest School in Montana, still in use
(illustration), I, 498.
O'Leary, Albert P., II, 265.
Oleson, J. P., I, 285.
Oliver, A. J., I, 557.
Oliver (A. J.) and Company, I, 219.
Oliver, John, III, 1212.
Oliver, Robert S., II, 602.
Olsen, June G., Ill, 1184.
Olson, Andrew J., Ill, 1229.
Olson, George N., II, 457.
Olson, Ole N., Ill, 1119.
O'Neil, C. D., Ill, 851.
O'Neil, Michael A., Ill, 751.
O'Neill, Charles E., II, 139.
O'Neill, Frank D., Ill, 1236.
O'Neill, John J., II, 513.
Ophir, I, 335-39; town ruined by Indian
massacre, 339.
Ophir Gulch, I, 213.
Ophir Town Company, I, 335.
Ordway, John, I, 28, 45, 58, 59.
Oregon Short Line, I, 405, 558, 559.
Oregon Steam Navigation Company, I,
556.
Oiiginal lode (Butte), I, 222.
O'Rourke, James S., II, 543.
O'Rourke, John K., II, 443.
Orr, George, I, 199.
Orr, Sample, I, 282, 415.
Orville, I, 708.
Orvis, John M., II, 441.
Osborne, John N., II, 324.
Osburn, Roy, II, 412.
Osenbrug, Jacob, II, 451.
Osgood, Lattie 'M., Ill, 1256.
Oswego, I, 846.
Osweiler, Peter J., II, 207.
Otten, Elise R., II, 121.
Otten, Herman, II, 120.
Outline of Indian Operations and con-
ferences (Carrington), I, 341; 358.
Ovando, I, 790, 809.
Owen, John, I, 132; last years of, 134;
I 59, 167, 176, 227, 282.
Oxford, I, 848.
PaTblo herd of buffalo, I, 784.
Page, Billy, I, 252.
Page, Hugh D., II, 323.
Page, James M., I, 316.
Page, John M., I, 316.
Pagenkopf, Herman C., II, 17.
Pah-sam-er-ri (Stinkwater), I, 222.
Paige, Merritt C., I, 426.
Palmer, Allen B., Ill, 725.
Palmer, Wealthy E., Ill, 726.
Pampel, Byron L., II, 195.
Pappin, Isaac, III, 826.
Paradise, I, 824.
Parent, William, III, 960.
Paris, I, 777.
Parish, Frank, I, 249.
Parish of Lewistown, II, 25.
Park City, I, 840.
INDEX
XXXVll
Park County, I, 411; irrigation in, 607;
description of, 797; mining days in,
798; created, 799.
Parker, Hazen M., II, 301.
Parker, Perry M., II, 410.
Parker, Samuel, I, 145.
Parkin, Ernest J., II, 400.
Parkins, William E., II, 358.
Parmly Billings Memorial Library, I,
852.
Parrent, J. M., I, 721.
Parrot, R. R., I, 372.
Parrot Lead, I, 372.
Parrot mines, I, 829.
Parrott, R. B., I, 289, 415.
Parsons, John M. Ill, 766.
Part-time schools, I, 527.
Patch, Ralph E., Ill, 781.
Patten, Frank C., I, 758, 760.
Patten, Truman M., Ill, 1023.
Patterson, Ernest R., II, 113.
Patterson, George D., Ill, 740.
Patterson, John E., II, 464.
Patterson, Oliver B., Ill, 678.
Patton, Clyde, III, 775.
Patton, Ulysses C., Ill, 1267.
Patton, W. H., I, 256.
Pattonhill, I, 777.
Paul, George, III, 833.
Paul, Goodwin T., Ill, 1415.
Paul, Spurgeon E., Ill, 1020.
Pauly, Peter, II, 340.
Pauwelyn, Cyril, II, 214.
Pearce, Robert, III, 1029.
Pearson, Frank M., II, 439.
Pease, Fellows D., Ill, 1050.
Pease, Sarah W., Ill, 1052.
Peays, Clara T., Ill, 948.
Peays, William H., Ill, 948.
Peck, Walter H. (Lewistown), II, 92.
Peck, Walter H., Ill, 1216.
Peckover, Frederick W., Ill, 1426.
Peeler, D. R., I, 727.
Peeso, F. E., Ill, 799.
Peet, Herbert M., II, 590.
Peltier, Joseph, III, 816.
Peltier, Lottie A., Ill, 816.
Pemberton, Calvin W., Ill, 1319.
Pemberton,, William Y., I, 256, 259, 282,
284, 289, 316, 324; sketch of, 435; II,
71.
Pence, Laverne K., II, 29.
Pender, Peter A., II, 160.
Pendroy, I, 843.
Penson, Thomas, III, 1417-
Penwell, M. W., II, 294.
Pepin, Exzelia J., Ill, 750.
Perham, Arthur, II, 576.
Perham, George B., Ill, 799.
Perham, Josiah, I, 559.
Perier, Garfield B., II, 493-
Perkins, Grover C., II, 633.
Perkins, Harry E., II, 101.
Perkins, James R., Ill, 1116.
Perm a, I, 792, 824.
Perrine, Arnold M., Ill, 740.
Perrine, James W., Ill, 740.
Perrine, Lillian M., Ill, 740.
Peterson, Amos T., II, 616.
Peterson, Axel M., II, 46.
Peterson, John E., Ill, 699.
Peterson, Peter M., Ill, 845.
Peterson, S. L., I, 503.
Petit, Eloise, I, 698.
Petrashek, Mina, I, 503.
Petrie, Donald A., Ill, 993.
Pfaus, Mrs. A., I, 721.
Pfouts, Paris S., I, 260, 286.
Phelan, William P., Ill, 742.
Philbrick, Freeman, III, 1263.
Philbrick, Newell G., Ill, 1191.
Philipsburg, I, 237, 741.
Phillips, Albert L., II, no.
Phillips, Samuel, III, 1063.
Phillips County, irrigation in, I, 607;
description of, 801.
Pickens, Joseph E., II, 374.
Pickett, H. G., I, 761.
Pickett-Journal, I, 678.
Picturesque Helena District (illustra-
tion), I, 748.
Piedalue, Joseph, II, 312.
Piegan Sun Dance (illustration), I, 169.
Piegans, I, 140.
Pierre group (geological), I, 96.
Pierre's Hole, I, 116.
Pierse, Allen, II, 558.
Pierson, George W., II, 32.
Pietila, John J., II, 225.
Pigot, Creswell T., II, 585.
Pigott, W. T., I, 435, 436.
Pilot-Butte Mining Co., I, 836.
Piney Buttes, I, 91.
Piniele, I, 680.
Pinney, George M., I, 243.
Pioneer (village), I, 189.
Pioneer City, I, 220.
Pioneer Day, I, 460, 465.
Pioneer Gulch, I, 189, 220.
Pioneer Home, I, 319.
Pioneer lawyers of Montana, I, 415.
Pizanthia, Joe (The Greaser), I, 249,
267.
Place of Skulls (Bradley's "Journal"),
I, 310.
"Place of the Bitter Root," I, 142.
Placer mining and water rights, I, 421.
Placer production in Helena Region, I,
766.
Plains, I, 824.
Plassman, Martha E., I, 278.
Platz, Albert E., II, 167.
Plentywood, I, 825.
Plevna, I, 714.
Plew, William R., II, 431.
Plume, D. J., Ill, 1141.
Plummer, F. M., Ill, 1069.
Plummer, Henry, I, 218, 242, 247, 249,
251, 252; execution of, 264, 266; 332.
Plummer, Stinson and Ray, execution of,
I, 263.
Plummer-Stinson-Ray Scaffold (illus-
tration), I, 265.
Poe, Clinton J., Ill, 1150.
Point, Nicholas, I, 147, 150, 151, 152,
161.
Polglase, Lester R., II, 476.
Pollard, Charles R., I, 427.
Polleys Lumber Company, I, 781.
Pollinger, Warren E., Ill, 1287.
Poison, I, 724.
Polytechnic Institute, Billings, I, 855.
XXXV111
INDEX
Pompey's Pillar ; named by Clark, I, 63 ;
Larocque describes, 83; reached by
Stuart expedition, 194; 856.
Pond, Robert E., II, 479.
Pondera County: created, I, 483; irriga-
tion in, 608; description of, 803.
Pontiac, I, 848.
Pony, I, 771, 775-
Poore, James A., II, 513.
Poorman, W. H., I, 459.
Pope, Joseph, II, 97.
Poplar, I, 817.
Porcupine Creek, I, 31, 32.
Porter, Frank, III, 1428.
Porter, George P., I, 869; III, 1403.
Porter, Henry, I, 829.
Porter, H. H., I, 222, 833.
Post, Mark, I, 209.
Posts and Forts along the Yellowstone,
I, 127.
Potomac, I, 790.
Potter, Anson S., I, 282, 299.
Potter, John, I, 287; II, 651.
Potts, Benjamin F., becomes governor,
death of, I, 314; 404, 408; (portrait),
410; 868.
Potts, John, I, 28.
Poultry raising, I, 402.
Powder River County : irrigation in, I,
608; description of, 804.
Powell, Curtis W., Ill, 1027.
Powell, John W., I, 190.
Powell County: irrigation in, I, 608;
description of, 806.
Power, I, 843.
Power, T. C: elected U. S. Senator
(1889), I, 446.
Power, Wilber I., II, 138.
Powers, Edward S., Ill, 1066.
Powers, T. C., I, 761.
Powers, William, III, 905.
Prairie County: irrigation in, I, 608;
description of, 809; railroads and
trails in, 810.
Prairie Elk, I, 777.
Prairie of the Knobs, I, 59.
Prairie of the Mass, I, 146.
Pratte, Chouteau & Company, I, 123.
Pray, I, 801.
Pray, Charles L., I, 463.
Pray, Charles N., I, 465, 471.
Precious stones of Montana, I, 101.
Prehistoric Mammals of Montana, I, 100.
Prentice, George D., Ill, 769.
Presbyterian missionaries, I, 145.
Press : See Newspaper Directory of
Montana, arranged by counties, towns
and cities, and giving politics, date of
establishment, and names of editor and
publisher of each newspaper in the
state, I, 886-94.
N. B. First item under Press, 25.
Prestbye, Christ, II, 628.
Prestbye, E. C., Ill, 962.
Prestbye, Martin, II, 628.
Prestbye, Matilda C., II, 628.
Preston, John F., II, 436.
Preuitt, Isom, III, 724.
Price, Benjamin L., II, 140.
Price, E. R., II, 265.
Price, Lewellyn, III, 1337.
Price, Oliver, I, 732.
Price, Pleas M., Ill, 1010.
Prickly Pear Gold and Silver Mining
Company, I, 287, 288.
Prickly Pear Valley, near Helena (illus-
tration), I, 210; 749, (illustration),
759-
Pridham, Thomas H., II, 470.
Priess, Fred A., Ill, 1424.
Prindle, J. E., I, 707.
Probost, Etienne, I, 108.
Proctor, Israel O., Ill, 699.
Proctor, Louisa K., Ill, 699.
Proctor, Merton D., Ill, 699.
Prohibition : referendum on, I, 478 ;
liquor legislation, 483; in force, 489;
Federal Constitutional amendment
ratified by States, 490; State law to
conform to Volstead' Act, 491.
Prosser, E. W., I, 761.
Prosser, Fred A., Ill, 917.
Prosser, John R., Ill, 916.
Prudhome, Gabriel, I, 148.
Pryor, I, 61, 63.
Pryor, John, I, 46.
Pryor, Nathaniel, I, 28.
Pryor Creek, I, 46, 63, 81.
Public Highways : of Fergus county, I,
719.
Public Lands of Montana, I, 577.
Public road building: co-operation of
county, state and nation in, I, 576.
Public School at Bozeman (illustration),
I, 731.
Public Service Commission : created, ab-
sorbs Board of Railroad Commission-
ers, I, 472.
Puehler, Charles, I, 696, 732.
Pugsley, Robert D., II, 449.
Pulsifer, H. B., II, 560.
Pumpkin Creek, I, 82.
Purcell, Michael F., Ill, 1112.
Purdy, A. T., II, 581.
Pyper, William B., Ill, 695.
Radersburg, I, 676.
Radersburg mining district, $3,200,000,
I, 766.
Rafferty, Daniel, II, 136.
Ragland, O. T., II, 37.
Railroads : counties authorized to sub-
scribe for, I, 315 ; enter Butte copper
district, 375; Major Martin Maginnis
as a builder of, 405 ; Utah Northern
penetrates Montana, 407; regulated
(1912), 472; 558-68; over the Montana
mountains (illustration), 564; electri-
fication of, 567; accommodating Great
Falls, 686 ; in Lewis and Clark county,
751 ; work of, in Missoula region, 789;
first Utah and Northern passenger
trains to arrive at Butte, 830; lines
accommodating Butte, 831.
Rainbow Falls at' Great Falls, I, 630;
(illustration), i, 689.
Rainbow Lode, I, 372, 373.
Rainbow Mining Co., I, 836.
Rainbow Power Plant, Great Falls, I,
689.
Rains, Robert H., II, 135.
Rainy Lake Missoula National Forest
(illustration), I, 626.
INDEX
XXXIX
Ralston, Edward L., Ill, 1175.
Ramme, Chris, III, 1256.
Ramme, Louis T., Ill, 1185.
Ramsay, George L., I, 761.
Ramsdell, Joe, I, 829.
Ram's Horn Gulch, I, 231.
Ramstad, Otto, III, 946.
Rancher, I, 845.
Randall, John B., Ill, 776.
Rankin, Carl, III, 1329.
Rankin, Jeannette : first Congresswoman
elected in U. S. ; sketch of, I, 480.
Rankin, Wellington D., I, 528, 869.
Rapelje, I, 840.
Rarus quartz lode, I, 377.
Rarey, Bert, III, 1279.
Rasch, Carl, I, 437, 438.
Rasmussen, James A., Ill, 919.
Rasmusson, Iden M., Ill, 1000.
Rathbone, Robert M., Ill, 879.
Rathert, Fred E., Ill, 930.
Rattlesnake Creek, I, 167, 230.
Ravalli, Anthony, I, 154; leaves St.
Mary's mission, I, 157, 161.
Ravalli, I, 792.
Ravalli County : I, 241 ; created, 442,
451; irrigation in, 608; description of,
810; young apple orchard (illustra-
tion), 813; resources of, 811.
Ray, Julian D., II, 293.
Ray, Ned, I, 242, 249; execution of, 264,
266.
Raymond, Winthrop, III, 1282.
Raynesford, I, 699.
Red Bluff, I, 771.
Red Cloud (Sioux Chief), I, 341, 343,
344, 345-
Red Lodge, I, 678-679; school (illustra-
tion), I, 679.
Red Rock Creek, I, 230, 231.
Red Trail, 570, 575.
Redwater, I, 777.
Redwing, Edward O., Ill, 710.
Reed, Clinton V., I, 654.
Reed, Frank S., Ill, 790.
Reed, Oliver L., Ill, 1407.
Reed Point, I, 840.
Reese, H. J., II, 34.
Reeves, I, 249, 251.
Reeves, A. I., Ill, 737.
Reiche, G. L, I, 725.
Reichel, Frank J., Ill, 1233.
Reichle, August, II, 522.
Reid, Edmund W., Ill, 821.
Reid, Frank, III, 838.
Reid, James, I, 500, 548.
Reifenrath, Charles H., Ill, 670.
Reinbold, Theodore, II, 65.
Reinoehl, Charles M., I, 503.
Reisz, George S., I, 654.
Reiter, W. H., II, 637.
Remains of Bannack's former mining
glory (illustration), I, 671.
Remington, Sumner A., Ill, 824.
Rennick, P. S., II, 528.
Reno, William E., Ill, 1379.
Resner, Andrew K., II, 508.
Revised Codes of Montana, 1907, I, 464.
Reynolds, I, 357.
Reynolds, F. B., I, 436, 696, 869; II,
217.
Reynolds, J. J., I, 356.
Reynolds, William P., II, 532.
Rhea, William F., II, 906.
Rheem, L. M., I, 761.
Rhoades, William B., Ill, 765
Rhodes, William M., Ill, 1221.
Rice, Alonzo F., II, 454.
Rice, George C, II, 465.
Rice, Robert E., Ill, 960.
Richardon, C. F., II, 581.
Richards, David D., II, 436.
Richards, Warrington, II, 448.
Richardson, Pliney S., Ill, 1234.
Richardson, William B., II, 291.
Richie, Arthur C., II, 438.
Richland County: irrigation in, I, 609;
description of, 813.
Richmond, Hunter L., II, 6.
Rickard, Campbell G., Ill, 1214.
Rickards, John E., I, 443, 446, 447, 725,
Riddell, Arthur M., II, 546.
Riddick, Carl, I, 868.
Rider, T. T., I, 544.
Ridley, Charles F., II, 100.
Riedeman, Charles B., II, 593.
Rimini, I, 749.
Rimini mining district, $6,200,000, I, 766.
Ring, David A., Ill, 937.
Ringling, John, I, 778.
Rising, Margaret B., Ill, 825.
Rising, Martin, III, 825.
Ritch, John B., II, 127.
Riverside, I, 777.
Rixon, Frederick P., II, 285.
Rixon, William P., II, 220.
Roach, Jeremiah, I, 406.
Roach, William, I, 192.
Road Agents' Band of Montana, I, 247;
personnel of, 249; 261, kill more than
one hundred people, 250; last to be
executed, 274.
Road Agents Rock (illustration), i, 248.
Roads and Ferries projected at Ophir, I,
336.
Robb, Fleming W., II, 253.
Roberts, A. J., I, 511.
Roberts, Albert, III, 1241.
Roberts, Commodore B., Ill, 691.
Roberts, Milner, I, 687.
Roberts, Thomas P., I, 88, 687.
Robertson, R. H., I, 415.
Robertson, R. W., I, 289.
Robinson, Grant, I, 723; II, 140.
Robinson, John C., I, 415.
Robison, C. W., II, 383.
Roche, John F., Ill, 1427.
Rochester, I, 771.
Rocky Ford coal field, I, 240.
Rocky Mountains : discovery of by the
Chevalier de la Verendrye, I, 9; first
view of, by Captain Lewis, 36; seen by
Larocque, 77-
Rock Mountain Fur Company, I, 108,
no.
Rocky Mountain Wagon Road Company,
I, 304.
Rodgers, Henry, I, 206, 209.
Rodgers, John H., I, 282.
Rodgers, William B., II, 523.
Roe, J. A., Ill, 1033.
xl
INDEX
Roe, John J., I, 558.
Roebuck, Sarah E., Ill, 953.
Roecher, Albert C, II, 56.
Roehl, Edward R., II, 145-
Roke, Matthew J., Ill, 1367.
Rollins, I, 725.
Romaine, Jem, I, 252.
Romeyn, Henry, account of Chief
Joseph's Capture, I, 363-369.
Romney, Miles, II, 538.
Ronan, I, 792.
Ronan, Peter, I, 205; (portrait), 206;
493-
Rood, Guy L., Ill, 733.
Rood, William E., Ill, 1054.
Roosevelt (Theodore) Memorial High-
way, I, 802.
Roosevelt County : created, I, 483 ; Cul-
bertson school (illustration), 527; irri-
gation in, 611; description of, 815;
mineral resources, 816; tractor at work
in (illustration), 816.
Roosevelt Memorial Highway (Glacier
Park to St. Paul), I, 570, 575-
Root, Fred, I, 287.
Root & Davis, I, 217.
Roper, Eglantine L., Ill, 764.
Ropes, L. S., I, 766.
Roscoe, William P., II, 221.
Rosebud, I, 821.
Rosebud County : irrigation in, I, 609 ;
description of, 817 ; formation of, 819 ;
natural wealth, 820.
Rosebud mountain, I, 91.
Rosebud Valley (illustration), I, 233.
Rosedale schools, old and new (illus-
tration), I, 523.
Rosetta, Henry, II, 191.
Ross, Alexander, III, 784.
Ross, Carl B., II, 144.
Ross, John D., Ill, 736.
Ross, Robert P., Ill, 1333.
Rothwell, Charles F., II, 421.
Rotwitt, Louis, I, 443.
Roundup : center of coal fields and oil
fields, I, 795.
Roundup Public Schools, II, 583.
Roundup Record, III, 991.
Roundup of steers and horses, I, 392.
Rowe, James H., Ill, 993.
Rowe, J. P., I, 238, 239.
Rowe, William, III, 680.
Rowley, John II, 41.
Roy, I, 717.
Royal Milling Company, I, 693.
Ruby range, I, 91.
Rudyard, I, 744.
Rue, Alfred W., Ill, 923.
Rue, Fred W., Ill, 1107.
Rue, Jasper S., Ill, 1105.
Rue, Leonard E., Ill, 1064.
Ruff, Frank, I, 223.
Rugg, Claude C., Ill, 1418.
Ruhle, Raymond L., II, 497.
Runner, F. E., II, 294.
Ruppel, John F., Ill, 841.
Ruppel, William, III, 840.
Russel, Edward C., Ill, 1361.
Russell, Charles J., Ill, 1338.
Russell, C. M., I, 320.
Russell, David H., Ill, 1307.
Russell, Harry J., II, 205.
Russell, Lillian K., Ill, 1361.
Rutherford, H. W., II, 466.
Rutter, John H., Ill, 1040.
Ryan, C. R., II, 240.
Ryan, John D., Ill, 1055.
Ryan, Michael J., Ill, 658.
Ryan, Patrick, I, 282.
Ryan, William C., II, 57.
Ryerson, Lloyd H., II, 229.
Ryniker, Walter E., II, 261.
Ryon, A. M., I, 544, 547, 548.
Sacajawea (the bird woman), I, 28, 48,
50; reunited to brother and girlhood
companion, 55 ; 62, 64 ; last years of,
65-
Sacajawea memorial, I, 783.
Sacajawea monument, Armstead, I, 672.
Sacajawea Park, Missoula, I, 785.
Saco, I, 588, 803.
Sacred Heart Mission, I, 154.
St. Ignatius, I, 792.
St. Ignatius Mission, I, 151; (new),
157, 160.
St. John's Catholic Hospital, Helena, I,
757-
St. Labre Mission, I, 162.
St. Louis : center of fur trade, I, 137.
St. Mary Parish, Helena, III, 1030.
St. Mary's Mission: founding of, I, 148;
abandoned, 154.
St. Mary's River, I, 91 ; St. Paul's Mis-
sion, I, 162.
St. Peter's Episcopal Hospital, I, 757.
St. Peter's Mission, I, 161, 162.
St. Phillip, I, 848.
St. Regis, I, 779.
St. Vincent's Academy, Helena, I, 755.
St. Xavier Mission, I, 162.
Salesville, I, 729.
Salish tribe, I, 142; Christian Sioux
missionaries to the, 144.
Saltese, I, 779.
Samson, Jemima A., Ill, 850.
Sampling Mills of Montana, I, 380.
Sampson, Horace, III, 846.
Samson, J. A., Ill, 850.
Sand Coulee, I, 241.
Sand Creek, I, 777.
Sandell, Tom, II, 364.
Sanden, Fred S., I, 760; III, 1443.
Sanders, I, 845.
Sanders, James U., I, 283, 316.
Sanders, L. P., II, 957.
Sanders, Wilbur F., I, 243, 255, 257, 259,
260, 273; coming of, 278; 281, 282,
289, 291, 300, on death of General
Meagher, 301 ; 316, 335, 421, 430, 433,
434, 435, 444; elected U. S. Senator
(1889), 446; 452; death of, 462; me-
morial to, 469; 558, 757, 760; III, 956.
Sanders County: irrigation in, I, 611;
description of, 821 ; lumbering and
agriculture in, 822.
Sandles, H. P., II, 391.
Sanner, Sydney, II, 550.
Sanvik, Ole, III, 787.
Sappington, Henry H., Ill, 807.
Sappington, Ruphema J., Ill, 807.
Sargent, Charles C., Ill, 933.
INDEX
xli
Sargent, F. E., I, 548.
Sarles, Frederick H., II, 496.
Saunders, John, I, 185, 187.
Savage, M., II, 144.
Saw Mills of Montana: established
1898-1919 (see towns and cities) I,
871-872.
Schaefer, Frank M., Ill, mi
Schaefer, Robert, II, 82.
Scheetz, George, III, 1324.
Scheuch, Frederick C., I, 533, 543.
Scheuch, Frederick G., I, 789.
Schierts, Peter, II, 623.
Schlechten, Albert, II, 308.
Schmidt, Jacob, II, 485. '
Schmidt, Margaret, II, 486.
Schmit, John P., II, 173.
Schmitz, Fred W., Ill, 678.
Schmitz, Stephen A., II, 580.
Schneider, William G., Ill, 972.
Schoening, Harry A., Ill, 770.
Schofield, John W., II, 425.
Schofield, Thomas F., Ill, 1356.
School moneys apportioned (1921), I,
527.
School month defined, I, 527.
School of Forestry, I, 532, 789.
School of Journalism, I, 532, 789.
School of Law established, I, 789.
School of Mines: location and buildings,
I, 550.
School of Pharmacy, I, 532; reorgan-
ized, 789.
Schoppe, William F., II, 414.
Schrump, August, II, 585.
Schuch, J. Harry, II, 174.
Schwachheim, Aug., Ill, 985.
Schwingel, Albert E., Ill, 832.
Science Hall, I, 534.
Scobey, I, 708.
Scott, F. P., Ill, 867.
Scott, James S., II, 625.
Scott, Percival D., II, 646.
Scott, Thomas C., Ill, 1414.
Scott, William J., Ill, 1325.
Scotty, Canadian trader, I, 175.
Scovil, John, II, 504.
Scovil, J. Ralph, II, 35.
Scovill, C. D., II, 420.
Sears, Edward, II, 154.
Sears, Henry F., II, 59.
Sebree, Howard, I, 66q.
Second Infantry Regiment, Montana
National Guard: in the miners'
trouble, I, 648; in border troubles,
649; at outbreak of World's war, 650.
Second Infantry Regiment, United
States Volunteers, I, 650; overseas at
last, 651.
Sederholm, Charles A., Ill, 823.
Seed House of Montana, II, 2.
Seel, John, III, 894.
Selby, Lloyd, I, 327, 329, 332.
Self, James M., II, 118.
Selters, J. B., II, 78.
Selway, Delos D., Ill, 1401.
Selway, John L., Ill, 1017.
Servis, Francis G., I, 423.
Sessions, H. G., I, 249.
Settergren, G. E., II, 143.
Sevenich, John M., Ill, 1132.
Severson, Clarence J., Ill 774.
Sewell, Walter J., II, 573
Shadoan, J. A., II, 40.
Shafer, Gordon O., Ill, 827.
Shanley, Thomas J. B., II, 112.
Shannon, George, I, 28.
Shannon, John C, III, 1199
Sharp, Ralph A., II, 329.
Sharpe, L. G., I, 415.
Shattuck, John E., II, 639.
Shaw, Leon, II, 161.
Shawmut, I, 848.
Shears, George, I, 249.
Sheehan, James, I, 208.
Sheep: raising of, I, 397, 399.
Sheep ranch (illustration), I, 683.
Sheffield, Edward, I, 415.
Shenefelt, Monroe P., Ill, 848.
Shephard, Harvey R., Ill, 1277.
Shepherd, I, 856.
Sheridan, I, 771, 775.
Sheridan, Ruth, II, 106.
Sheridan county: created, I, 474; irriga-
tion in, 611; description of, 824.
Sheridan, Charles L., I, 642, 650, 661,
869.
Sherman, Charles H., Ill, 949,
Sherman, Frank L., Ill, 1058.
Sherman, Nora K., Ill, 819.
Sherman, Thomas C., Ill, 1439.
Sherman, W. P., Ill, 819.
Sherrill, Albert, III, 1216.
Sherwood, J. W., I, 696.
Sheuerman, .A. A., II, 162.
Shiell, Robert G., Ill, 1291.
Shields, John, I, 28, 51, 52.
Shipley, Whitfield, II, 181.
Shipley, William H., II, 571.
Shippam, John, III, 1001.
Shippee, Irvin L., Ill, 1134.
Shirley, I, 703.
Shoaf, Harriet, III, 871.
Shober, John H., I, 316; u, 641.
Shoper, John H., I, 415, 422.
Shore, Will B., II, 269.
Shorey, B. G., II, 394.
Short, George N., II, 502.
Shorthill, Robert D., II, 72.
Shoshones (Snake Indians), Lewis in
touch with, I, 53 ; 57.
Shreveport (Missouri river steamboat),
I, 178, 179.
Sibbits, William, III, 891.
Sidney, I, 814.
Siegel, Victor, II, 553.
Sigafoos, Josiah J., Ill, 1425.
Silver Bow City, I, 223, 372.
Silver Bow county: as a copper producer,
I, 384; number and value of cattle,
(1884), 395; created, 408; irrigation
in 611 ; county and city almost co-
extensive, 827; early history of min-
ing in, 828; created, 834.
Silver Bow Creek: mines along, I, 213;
223.
Silver issue of 1896, I, 452.
Silver Lake, I, 713.
Silver mining: first in Montana, I, 237;
rise of, I, 372-375-
Silverthorn, John, I, 185, 186.
Simineo, Joseph S., II, 208.
xlii
INDEX
Simmons, A. J., I, 311.
Simmons, Hubert A., II, 69.
Simmons, Louis, I, 199.
Simmons, Otto J., II, 188.
Simms, Samuel, III, 885.
Simms, Susan, III, 886.
Simonson, Charles C, II, 277.
Simpkins, Justin C, III, 1008.
Simpson, Charles M., Ill, 1360.
Simpson, Joseph B., Ill, 1232.
Simpson, T. W., Ill, 1178.
Sioux, I, 308; checked at "The Palace
of Skulls," 308-310; 342.
Sioux National Forest, I, 624.
Sisson, Edward, II, 565.
Sisson, Edward O. : sketch of, I, 533;
789.
Sitting Bull (Sioux Chief), I, 345, 346;
again troublesome, 347; 357, 358; in
British America, 359; 362, 366.
Skelton, William, III, 1295.
Skillen, William, III, 915.
Skillman, Charles N., II, 264.
Skinner, Cyrus, I, 249.
Skinner, Harry J., II, 495.
Sklower, Emanuel, III, 961.
Sklower, Max, III, 961.
Skyltead, Olaf G., Ill, 752.
Slade, J. A., I, 269, 270, 271, 272; last
days of, Beidler's account, 273.
Slater, Peter, I, 223.
Slattery, John L., I, 868; III, 1218.
Slayton, Daniel W., Ill, 1345.
Sleight, Frederick S., Ill, 909.
Sligh, James M., II, 300.
Sloan, Mrs. M. A., I, 721.
Smart, Forrest V., Ill, 1161.
Smart, Oscar G., Ill, 1160.
Small, Nellie B., II, 493.
Smelters, concentrators and cyanide
plants of Montana : established 1889-
1919 (see towns and cities), I, 872,
873.
Smiley, George E., II, 501.
Smith, Albert K., II, 369.
Smith, Andrew J., I, 282, 758, 760.
Smith, Donald A., I, 561.
Smith, F. E., I, 721.
Smith, George H., I, 192, 196.
Smith, Glen A., II, 452.
Smith, Green Clay, succeeds Governor
Edgerton, I, 300; resigns governor-
ship, 314; 415, 868.
Smith, J. Gregory, I, 559.
Smith, Harry M., Ill, 788.
Smith, Henry E., II, 170.
Smith, Henry T., Ill, 1266.
Smith, H. P. A., I, 219.
Smith, I. C., I, 218.
Smith, James, II, 198.
Smith, James C., Ill, 1160.
Smith, Jedediah S., I, 108, in.
Smith, Lewis A., II, 516.
Smith, Napoleon B., Ill, 949.
Smith, N. B., II, 227.
Smith, Paul, III, 859.
Smith, Robert, I, 44.
Smith, Robert A., I, 454.
Smith, Robert B., I, 451; sketch of,
452; 457-
Smith, Robert E., I, 868.
Smith, Richard F., II, 1039.
Smith, Yard, II, 239.
Smith, Veva, III, 1093.
Smith, Wallace P., II, 458.
Smith, Walter S., II, 203.
Smith, William B., Jr., Ill, 1202.
Smith, William N., Ill, 666.
Smith, W. Egbert, I, 496.
Smith, W. P., II, 12.
Smith-Highes Act, I, 545.
Smith's River, I, 44.
Snake Indians, I, 28, 48, 50.
Snake (Lewis) River, I, 58.
Snell, Charles H., I, 758, 760.
Snell, George E., II, 250.
Snellbacher, J. W., II, 203.
Snidow, Thomas A., II, 218.
Snow Creek Game Preserve, I, 735.
Snow Mountains, I, 42.
Snow Storm Mine, I, 375.
Snowden, J. C., I, 732.
Snyder, Clayton E., I, 661.
Snyder, Rudolph, I, 868.
Snyder, Willard F., Ill, 1099.
Society of Montana Pioneers, I, 316-
320.
Soden, Jack E., II, 646.
Soderlind, Will J., II, 43.
Soft drinks and cereal beverages manu-
factured : see towns and cities, I, 874.
Solberg, Inga, II, 415.
Solberg, J. S., II, 60.
Soldiers' Home, Columbia Falls : classes
of inmates in, I, 484, 725.
Somers, I; 725.
Somerville, John, I, 210; names Helena,
211, 212.
Sonstelie, Carl J., I, 661.
Souders, Samuel M., II, 234.
Southmayd, LeRoy, II, 532.
South Pass : Bonneville and Bridger go
through, I, 114.
Spanish-American War, Montana in the,
I, 643-48.
Spanish Creek, Gallatin county (illus-
tration), I, 106.
Spanish Fork (Deer Lodge), I, 222.
Sparks, Franklin F., Ill, 1096.
Spear, Charles, II, 303.
Spear, J. M., I, 433.
Specht, Joseph, I, 147.
Spectacular mine, I, 379.
Speer, James W., Ill, 833.
Speer, Owen D., II, 419.
Spencer, Almon C., II, 166.
Spencer, Gideon K., Ill, 947.
Spencer, John T., II, 378.
Spion Kop, I, 609.
Spivey, Henry, I, 257.
Spogen, Dominic, III, 712.
Spooner, Armon C., Ill, 1207.
Spooner, Henry R., Ill, 701.
Spotted Tail (Indian Sioux Chief), I,
345.
Spottswood, William C., II, 326.
Sprague, J. E., I, 725.
Spratt, James G., I, 289, 415, 422.
Spread Eagle (Missouri river steam-
boat), I, 178, 179.
Spring, L. H., II, 168.
Sproule, G. B., I, 459.
INDEX
xliii
Spurling, James E., II, 370.
Square Butte, I, 702.
Stafford, W. M., I, 289.
Stage Coach, early day (illustration), I,
557-
Stage lines : overland and state, I, 556.
Stager (George N.) and Company, I,
219.
Stagg, J. P., II, 398.
Stahl, John W., Ill, 789.
Stallion Registration Board, I, 530.
Stalmann, Otto, I, 376.
Stanford, I, 723.
Stanley, David S., I, 309, 345, 346.
Stanley, Henry H., II, 607.
Stanley, Reginald, I, 210.
Stapleton, Arthur A., II, 114.
Stapleton, George W., I, 219, 336; II,
544-
Stapleton, Wash, I, 207.
Stark, Roy A., II, 409.
State Accident Insurance and Disability
Fund created, I, 465.
State Arid Land Grant Commission
created, I, 452, 453, 454.
State Athletic Commission created, I,
476.
State Board for Vocational Education,
co-operation with federal board, I,
527.
State Board of Agriculture created, I,
453-
State Board of Commissioners for the
Insane created, I, 476.
State Board of Dairy Commission Ex-
aminers, I, 530.
State Board of Education, I, 468, 475;
first meeting at Bozeman, 544.
State Board of Educational Examin-
ers, first, I, 511, 530.
State Board of Entomology created, I,
476.
State Board of Hail Insurance created,
I, 483.
State Board of Health, I, 477, 484.
State Board of Land Commissioners
created, I, 469, 577.
State Board of Poultry Husbandry, I,
403, 530.
State Board of Veterinary Medical Ex-
aminers established, I, 476.
State Bureau Mines and Metallurgy,
paper on ore sampling, I, 371, 529,
549-
State Capitol Commission, I, 452, 453.
State Capitol contest, I, 441.
State Chemist, I, 530.
State College of Agriculture and Me-
chanic Arts, I, 532.
State Constitution of 1889, I, 439.
State Dairy Commission, I, 476.
State Department of Agriculture and
Publicity: report on dairying, I, 401.
State Entomologist, I, 530.
State Fire Warden created, I, 464.
State Fish Hatchery established, I, 482.
State Grain Inspector, I, 530.
State Grain Laboratory, I, 476.
State Highway Commission : created, I,
475 ; divides state into twelve districts,
483; biennial report of, 1919-1920, 571;
functions of, 569, 570, 572; revenues
and expenditures (1920), 575.
State Highway funds authorized, I, 484.
State Highway System, I, 574.
State Historical Library, I, 324, 760.
State Industrial School for Boys' I
703, 704-
State Insane Asylum : ordered by State
I, 479-
State Institutions, I, 869.
State Lands : State Board of Land Com-
missioners custodians of, I, 577; re-
ceipts from all sources (1889-1920),
578, 579, 58o.
State Legislative Assemblies: first, I,
446; second, 448; third, 450; fourth,
45i; fifth and sixth, 453; seventh,
457; eighth, 459; ninth, 462; tenth,
463; eleventh, 465; twelfth, 469; thir-
teenth, 470 ; fourteenth, 477 ; fifteenth,
480; sixteenth, 483; seventeenth, 486;
Special Session of 1921, 491.
State Live Stock Commission, I, 477.
State Live Stock Sanitary Board, I,
464.
State Motor Vehicle Law, I, 475.
State Normal College, I, 529, 532, 669.
State Orphans' Home, I, 554, 775.
State Parole Commissioner, I, 475.
State Prison: Deer Lodge, I, 453.
State Reform School: established, I,
5oo; 553.
State School for Deaf, Dumb and
Blind: established, I, 500, 745, 746.
State School Funds, I, 521.
State School Lands, I, 498, 499.
State School of Mines : established, I,
500, 528, 529, 532, 831.
State Tax Commission: created, I, 474;
act repealed, 478.
State Text Book Commission : estab-
lished, I, 500.
State Tuberculosis Sanitarium : ordered
by State, I, 479.
State University, Missoula, I, 528, 529,
532; (illustration), 533; history of,
534, 535, 536; buildings of, 536; Col-
lege of Arts and Sciences, 537; de-
partments of, 537-43 ; Reserve Officers'
Training Corps, 538; School of Busi-
ness Administration, 538; School of
Journalism, 539 ; School of Forestry,
539; Public School Music, 540; School
of Law, 540; School of Pharmacy,
541; Library and Museum, 542; Bu-
reau of Information, 543; Honor
Scholarships and Prizes, 543; College
buildings, 546; 787-789; (illustration),
788.
State Vocational School for Girls,
Helena: established, I, 484; 757.
Staunton, Michael D., II, 584..
Steamboat trip from Fort Union to
Fort Benton (1862), I, 178.
Steamboats in Western Montana, first,
I, 556.
Steele, George, I, 215.
Steele, Lawrence W., II, 282.
Steele, William L., I, 316.
Steer feeding in Beaverhead county
(illustration), I, 668.
xliv
INDEX
Steere, E. A., I, 500.
Stennes, Odin T., Ill, 778.
Stephan, Walter H., II, 348.
Stephen, George, I, 561.
Stephens, John H., II, 124.
Stephens, W. J., I, 422.
Stephenson, Andrew P., II, 14.
Stephenson, Sam, III, 1031.
Sterling, A. M., II, 508.
Sterling, Frederick T., II, 349-
Stevens, Benjamin F., Ill, 9%
Stevens, Benjamin T., II, 654.
Stevens, Harry A., II, 247.
Stevens, Isaac I., I, 158, 159, 687.
Stevens, Jesse H., Ill, 871.
Stevens, Lawrence S., II, 137.
Stevens, Melzer N., Ill, 1230.
Stevens Government expedition (1853-
54), I, 158.
Stevenson, Albert M., Ill, 1024.
Stevenson, Lon C., Ill, 1086.
Stevenson Co-operative Creamery, I,
403-
Stevensville, I, 225, 792, 811, 812.
Stewart, Charles T., I, 869.
Stewart, David, III, 721.
Stewart, John A., Ill, 721.
Stewart, Katherine L., II, 586.
Stewart, Lon S., II, 1086.
Stewart, Samuel S., Ill, 777-
Stewart, Samuel V., sketch of, I, 472;
868; III, 878.
Stickney, Ben, Jr., I, 757.
Stiefel, Edward A., II, 270.
Stiehl, Frank J., Ill, 1129.
Stierle, Charles, III, 753.
Stiles, John M. S., II, 261.
Stillinger, C. A., Ill, 1277.
Stillwater county: created, I, 474; irri-
gation in, 611; description of, 839.
Stimpert, Adam, II, 611.
Stinkwater river, I, 222, 230, 231.
Stinson, Buck, I, 242, 249; execution of,
264, 332. .
Stivers, Daniel Gay, I, 643; II, 594.
Stockett, I, 699.
Stocking, Margaret, II, 586.
Stocking, Winfield S., II, 586.
Stoddard, Amos, I, 27.
Stoddard, Fred C, II, 23.
Stoddard, O. F., I, 452.
Stodden, William T., II, 418.
Stoebe, Herman, III, 1262.
Stoebe, Samuel, III, 1263.
Stoebe, William, III, 1263.
Stohr, August C., Ill, 1109.
Stoller, Jacob, III, 1389.
Stone, A. L., I, 321 ; II, 346.
Stone, Elbert H., Ill, 705.
Stone, Franklin L., II, 38.
Story, Nelson, Jr., I, 869; II, 85.
Story, Nelson, Sr., I, 322, 544, 547.
Story, N., I, 217.
Stout, Charles O., II, 79.
Stout, Tom: sketch of, I, 471.
Strasburger, Herman, II, 546.
Straszer, Walter C., II, 194.
Straw, I, 717.
Strevell, J. W., I, 433.
Strever, William J., II, 196.
Strickland, O. F., I, 289.
Stringham, Harry C., II, 214.
Stripp, Albert E., II, 154.
Strobel, Roger L., Ill, 1122.
Strode, Thomas P., Ill, 1233.
Strong, William G., I, 840.
Stroup, Charles E., II, 223.
Stryker, R. N., II, 321.
Stryker, William, II, 40.
Stuart, Granville, I, 5; 161, 186, 187, 199,
221, 222, 226, 282, 283, 316, 322, 395 ;
appointed State Historian ; his death,
482.
Stuart, James, I, 135; (portrait), 136;
161, 186; commences to study medi-
cine, 189; igp, 192; saves party from
Crow Indians, 193; locates Big Horn
town, 195 ; 197, 199, 209, 221, 226, 282 ;
death of, 311 ; 312; 798.
Stuart, Thomas, I, 221.
Stuart and Anderson, I, 395.
Stuart Brothers : early years of, and
coming to Montana, I, 186, 188 ; mine
in the spring of 1862, 189; 200, 213,
224, 243.
Stuart expedition : attacked by Crows, I,
195-198.
Stuart's first Yellowstone expedition, I,
192-199.
Stuart's second Yellowstone expedition,
I, 209.
Stubban, Edward, III, 887.
Stufft, W. F., Ill, 1304.
Sturgis, S. D., I, 362.
Sublette, Milton, I, 108, 120.
Sublette, William, I, 108, in, 120.
Sudar, Joseph, II, 390.
Sugar Beets for the Billings factory
(illustration), I, 857.
Sulgrove, Leslie, I, 758, 760.
Sulier, Alfred J., Ill, 1097.
Sullivan, Ambrose, III, 698.
Sullivan, Andrew J., II, 615.
Sullivan, Fred D., Ill, 758.
Sullivan, Jeremiah, III, 746.
Sullivan, Nellie C., II, 440.
Sully, Alfred, his Sioux campaign of
1864, I, 292-98.
Sumatra, I, 821.
Summer, Milton, I, 851.
Summer Schools, I, 515.
Summers, H. L., II, 92.
Summit Mountain Mining District, I,
223.
Summit Valley District, I, 222.
Sun Dance of the Piegans (illustration),
I, 169.
Sun River, I, 229; reclamation project,
587, 589.
Sun River Valley, I, 749.
Sunset, I, 790.
Superior, I, 778.
Sutherland, Elizabeth, I, 511.
Sutter, Julian A., II, 95.
Sutton, Lucian H., II, 147.
Sutton, Roy E., Ill, 1386.
Swain, Henry H., I, 528.
Swan, Lon T., II, 240.
Swan, William J., Ill, 957.
Swanberg, Hugo H., II, 440.
Swandal, Austin, II, 375.
Swaney, A. W., Ill, 1275.
Swaney, Mary A., Ill, 1276.
INDEX
xlv
Swartz, John J., Ill, 1217.
Swearingen, John R., II, 202.
Sweat, John A., Ill, 750.
Sweat, Ruth, III, 750.
Swee, John P., II, 403.
Sweeney, Bill, I, 206, 209.
Sweet, Chester W., Ill, 1433.
Sweet, S. C, II, 482.
Sweet, William T., II, 482.
Sweet, William T., Sr., II, 481.
Sweet Grass county: created, I, 452;
irrigation in, 612; description of, 840;
farming and stock raising, 841.
Sweetland, Levi H., Ill, 870.
Sweetman, Luke D., Ill, 907.
Sweetman, Richard H., Ill, 907.
Sweitzer, E. C, II, 204.
Swenson, Christian T., II, 54-
Swindlehurst, W. J., I, 489.
Swine raising, I, 400.
Switzer, J. Bertram, III, 942.
Switzer, Lew, III, 964.
Sworder, William, II, 273.
Sybert, Edward M., II, 245.
Symes, George G., I, 418, 419, 422.
Symmes, Weymouth D., II, 209.
Taber, Charles B., Ill, 1314.
Taffner, Clarence, III, 1377.
Talcott, E. H., I, 547-
Talkington, Henry C., I, 321.
Tallman, William D., II, 79.
Tanner, Franklin D., Ill, 1330.
Tattan, John W., II, 461.
Taylor, Cecil E., Ill, 973.
Taylor, Don C., II, 68.
Taylor, George H., Ill, 1039.
Taylor, Thomas T., II, 155-
Taylor, Thompson & Company, I, 219.
Taylor, William H., II, 578.
Tbalt, Nicholas, I, 254, 255.
Teachers' Institutes, I, 497.
Teachers' Retirement law, I, 511.
Telyea, Ned A., II, 199.
Templeman, John L., II, 400.
Templeton, H. A., I, 696.
Ten Haf, P. A., I, 732.
Tennis, Albert L., Ill, 1182.
Terrace, I, 777.
Territorial capital fixed, I, 422.
Territorial Judges (illustration), I, 428.
Territorial Teachers' Association, I, 497.
Terry, I, 810.
Terry, Alfred H., I, 347, 353, 356, 358,
359-
Terwilliger, Lewis, II, 234.
Teton county: created, I, 442, 451; irri-
gation in, 612; description of, 842.
Teton irrigation project, I, 584-
Teton ridge, I, 91.
Teton River, I, 229.
Thaler, Joseph A., II, 43L
Theade, August, III, H94-
Theodore Roosevelt International High-
way, I, 744-
Theony, I, 846.
Thex, Charles H., Ill, 1084.
Thien, Henry, III, 986.
Thomas, Alfred L., II, 39-
Thomas, Arthur, II, 507.
Thomas, Ernest W., Ill, 1190.
Thomas, John P., I, 316.
Thomas, M. T., I, 292.
Thomas, Owen J., II, 246.
Thomas, Robert E., Ill, 1176.
Thomas, Theodore H., II, 120.
Thompson, Carl N., Ill, 1240.
Thompson, Frank M., I, 282.
Thompson, Frederick. W., Ill, 764.
Thompson, Harry M., II, 1322.
Thompson, John, III, 790.
Thompson, John B., I, 28.
Thompson, Peter, III, 1190.
Thompson, Rufus B., II, 137.
Thompson, T. A., Ill, 1141.
Thompson, William, I, 219.
Thompson, William ^3., I, 773.
Thompson Falls, I, 824.
Thomson, George C., Ill, 837.
Thorkelson, Jacob, II, 365.
Thornton, Charles C., II, 342.
Thoroughman, Robt. P., Ill, 729.
Thoroughman, Thomas, I, 282, 289, 291,
415.
Thorson, George, III, 660.
Three Buttes, I, 229.
Three Forks, I, 729.
Three Forks Consolidated School, II,
170.
Three Forks Mill & Elevator Company,
III, 1050.
Three Forks of the Missouri, Clark
reaches the, I, 46; (illustration), 47;
89-
Three Forks Portland Cement Company,
I, 719, 720.
Three Forks Post abandoned, I, 104.
Three-thousand-mile Island, I, 52.
Thurber, Charles D., II, 307.
Thurmond, J., I, 249.
Tiegen, I, 717.
Tilly, George H., death of, I, 644-
Tilzey, Harold C., II, 139.
Timber on the State lands : regulation
of, I, 484-
Timmons, Jacob C., II, 630.
Tingley, Robert S., Ill, 667.
Tinklepaugh, Albert, II, 146.
Tinsley, Basil, III, 1197.
Tobacco Plains, I, 172; dispute as to
ownership, 175.
Tobacco Root, I, 91.
Tobinski, John J., I, 786; II, 441.
Todd, Calvin, III, 1235.
Tolle, Arthur, II, 490.
Toole, Edwin W., I, 282.
Toole, E. W., I, 421.
Toole, E. Warren, I, 430, 433, 443-
Toole, Joseph K., I, 378, 409, 4*9, 422,
431, 441, 443; sketch of, 443; (por-
trait), 444; 457, 46o, 858.
Toole county: irrigation in, I, 613;
description of, 843.
Tope, Joseph C., Ill, 131 1-
Torgrimson, Henry A., II, 295.
Toston, I, 676.
Totman, James E., II, 534-
Tourists' Park, Billings, I, 853.
Tourtlotte, Ira B., II, 597-
Town Gulch, Butte, I, 223.
Town of Poison (illustration), I, 724.
Townsend, I, 676.
Tracht, Simon J., Ill, 695.
xlvi
INDEX
Tracy, John J., II, 1138.
Tracy, Mortimer O., Ill, 1357. '
Trandum, Einar H., Ill, 1349.
Transportation : McKenzie inaugurates
steamboat navigation on the Yellow-
stone, I, 113; river, by mackinaw boat,
137; first steamboat arrives at Fort
Union, 138.
Travelers' Rest Creek, I, 58, 61.
"Travels in the Interior of America"
(Bradbury), I, 69.
Travis, James, III, 670.
Travis, Jane, III, 671.
Travona, I, 371, 373.
Treasure county: irrigation in, I, 613;
description of, 844.
Tregloan, Thomas D., II, 404.
Trepp, Michael, III, 1359.
Trevillion, Samuel J., II, 537.
Trident, I, 729.
Trinder, Charles R., Ill, 784.
Trodick, Alfred J., Ill, 702.
Trott, Charlie T., II, 192.
Trout Creek, I, 824.
Trower, J. H., II, 119.
Troy, I, 770.
Truax, Charles S., II, 423.
Truitt, L. W., Ill, 1178.
Trumper, May, I, 502; biennial report
for 1920, 503-528; 5ii, 528, 869; II,
622.
Truscott, John B., II, 157.
Trusler, Harvey S., Ill, 1268.
Tubbs, Charles C, III, 900.
Tucker, Frank F., II, 49.
Tucker, Roscoe V., Ill, 1042.
Tullock, A. J.. I, 127, 140, 141.
Tuohy, William M., II, 516.
Tuolumne Mining Co., I, 836.
Turk, John C., I, 415.
Turk, J. C., I, 289.
Turnbull, William N., II, 474.
Turner, Charles F., Ill, 1023.
Turner, Harry W., II, 542.
Tutt, G., I, 222.
Tuttle, Arthur, III, 663.
Tweedie, J. Andrew, III, 967.
Twin Bridges, I, 771, 775.
Twin Buttes Game Preserve, I, 749.
Twining, W. R., II, 636.
Two Dot, I, 848.
Tyler, Clayton H., Ill, 1156.
Tyler, Reginald G., Ill, 1164.
Tyner, Frank J., Ill, 930.
Tyson, Harry B., Ill, 946.
Ueland, Andrew, III, 902.
Ueland, Justus L., Ill, 1180.
Ueland, Rasmus R., Ill, 805.
Uehlinger, John E., Ill, 854.
Ulm, William M., Ill, 684.
Ulmer, I, 703.
Underground mines at Butte, I, 836.
Underwood, Drewyer, I, 192, 196, 197.
Union Central Pacific Railroad, I, 559.
Union Pacific System, I, 558, 559.
Unionville mining district, $4,110,000, I,
766.
United States Assay Office, Helena, I,
763.
United States Government Fish Hatch-
ery, Bridger Canyon, I, 732.
United States Gypsum Company, I, 720.
United States officials (June, 1921), I,
868.
United States Reclamation enterprises
defined, I, 590.
United States Reclamation Service :
work of the, I, 585-90.
United States Senatorial election made
popular, I, 476.
United States Senatorship : contest over
(1889), I, 445-58.
United States Volunteer Cavalry
(Rough Riders), I, 643.
University Hall, I, 534.
University of Montana: foundation laid,
I, 496, 500; under supervision of State
Board of Education, 528; origin and
scope, 529; results of unified adminis-
tration, 530; student enrollments, 532;
consolidation of, 544.
Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Park,
I, 118.
Upper Stillwater Lake, Blackfeet Na-
tional Forest (illustration), I, 622.
Upton, John, I, 209.
Utah & Northern (Union Pacific) Rail-
road, I, 375, 407; extends into Mon-
tana, 558.
Vagg, Harry A., II, 256.
Valencia, I, 848.
Valier irrigation project, I, 583.
Valiton, Ribot J., II, 149.
Valley county: alfalfa (illustration), I,
401 ; county created, 443, 451 ; irriga-
tion in, 613; description of, 845.
Valley of Sin-Yal-min, I, 157.
Van, John, III, 1248.
Vananda, I, 821.
Vanatta, Frank C., Ill, 822.
van den Broeck, Victor J., II, 26.
Vanderbilt, John, I, 192, 209.
vander Pauwert, John, III, 1384.
Van Duzen Company, I, 877.
Van Duzen Oil Company, I, 388.
Van Etten, Lee M., II, 519.
Van Laken, Peter J., II, 57.
Vannett, Alba M., Ill, 1423.
Van Vorous, Benjamin, III, 1147.
Varco, C. Earl, III, 1074.
Vaughan, A. J., I, 163, 167.
Vaughan, Patrick, I, 306.
Vaughn, L. H., II, 296.
Vaughn, Robert, I, 392.
Veach, F. L, III, 1050.
Veblen, Thorkel A., II, 433.
Verendrye, Pierre de La, I, father and
sons, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; discovers the Rocky
Mountains, 9, 10; last years of, I, u.
Verona Town Company : records, site of
Virginia City, I, 217.
Veterans' Welfare Commission, I, 488.
Vezina, William R., Ill, 1162.
Viall, John D., Ill; 1408.
Vickers, Robert, I, 773; III, 714.
Victor (Salish chief), I, 157.
Victor, I, 792, 812.
Vida, I, 777.
Vigilante Trail, I, 771.
INDEX
xlvii
"Vigilantes in Montana" (Dimsdale), I,
217, 243, 247, 261, 275.
Vigilantes of Montana, I, 242-277; or-
ganization of, 260; last work of, 275,
276, 277.
Vilas, J. C, II, 269.
Villard, Henry, I, 560.
Vincelette, Azarias G., Ill, 1385.
Virginia City: founding of (Blake), I,
216; incorporated, 220; 232, 298;
fourth and fifth Assemblies at, 312;
3335 territorial capital contest, 422;
771; of today, 772-75-
Virginia City Gas Company, I, 286.
Virginia City Water Company, I, 285,
773.
Vivion county organized, I, 469.
Vocational education, I, 545.
Vocational work, I, 516.
Vollum, Alfred T., Ill, 814.
Volstead, Andrew J., I, 490.
Volstead Act, I, 490.
Volunteer Signal Corps, Montana, I,
643, 644.
von Dachenhausen, A., II, 545.
Von Eschen, Frank, II, 228.
Waber, Julius, III, 1012.
Wachholz, John, III, 1440.
Wade, Decius S., I, 404, 412; service as
chief justice, 419; 421, 427; (portrait),
428; retires as chief justice, 430; 434.
Wade, D. S., I, 758, 760.
Wade, John, I, 581.
Wagenbreth, Charles J., Ill, 1396.
Wagnild, Otto, III, 751.
Wagoner, John (Dutch), I, 249, 263;
execution of, 268; 334.
Wait, Mrs. Guy, I, 721.
Waite, Charles W., Ill, 928.
Waite, John D., II,. 175.
Waite, William T., Ill, 1108.
Wakefield, Lawrence, III, 1435.
Walker, Annie P., Ill, 1160.
Walker, Frank C., II, 521.
Walker, Hugh C., Ill, 786.
Walker, I. N., II, 561.
Walker, James G., I, 322.
Walker, J. W., I, 869.
Walker, Leonard O., II, 183.
Walker, Nancy J., Ill, 856.
Walker, Noble M., II, 107.
Walker, Samuel C., II, 643.
Walker, Thomas J., II, 521.
Walker Brothers, I, 373-
Walkerville, I, 827, 834, 836.
Wall, Frank M., II, 595-
Wall, Nicholas, I, 183, 287, 558.
Wallace, J. D., II, 476.
Wallace, Robert B.: death of, I, 454 J
645; (portrait), 646.
Waller, Oliver P., Ill, 1166.
Wallin, Charles C., II, 84.
Wallinder, Peter, III, 693.
Walsh, J. A., I, 461, 868.
Walsh, Patrick J., Ill, 855.
Walsh, Thomas J., I, 463, 47* ', sketch
of, 491 ; 760, 868.
Walters, N. P., II, 5^5-
Walton, Ernest L., Ill, 965.
Warner, William, III, 870.
Wandell, Alexander, III, 756.
Warfield, I, 770.
Warner, Alfred C., Ill, 749.
Warren, Charles S., I, 222, 316, '320,
834, 835; II, I.
Warren, Fred R., II, 93.
Warren, Henry L., I, 419, 422.
Washoe Copper Company, I, 377.
Washoe Sampler, I, 380.
Water of the Cottonwood Groves
(Stinkwater), I, 222.
Wate Rights legislation in Montana, I,
590.
Waters, Harry J., II, 51.
Watkins, I, 777.
Watkins, Charles F., Ill, 1048.
Watkins, Charles L., I, 654.
Watkins, Cyrus D., I, 192, 196, 197.
Watson, John P., II, 428.
Watson, Robert H., II, 108.
Wear, William E., Ill, 1376.
Weaver, George H., Ill, 1156.
Weaver, James A., II, 119.
Weaver, Samuel C., II, 133.
Webb, William H., II, 475.
Webster, C. M., I, 698.
Webster, Frederick C., II, 461.
Weed, Walter H., I, 374-
Weightman, John, III, 795.
Weil, Charles A., II, 185. '
Weinrich, Frank A., Ill, 1139.
Weinschrott, John, III, 1312.
Weir, Taylor B., Ill, 739.
Weitman, Lutie, I, 698.
Welch, W. W., I, 502.
Weld, Horace A., II, 148.
Weldon, I, 777.
Weldon, James M., II, 7-
Wellcome, George P., II, 379-
Welliver, Earl M., II, 568.
Wellman, William, II, 622.
Wells, Hugh R., Ill, 1346.
Wells, Willis C, II, 62.
Welsh, Thomas W., II, 596.
Wentworth, Charles L., II, in.
Wentz, Michael R., Ill, 801.
Wernham, James L, II, 96.
Werner, William, I, 28.
Wesch, Philip, II, 85.
West, Belle H., III., 1313.
West, Charles M., Ill, 1313.
West, Sterling C., Ill, 1371.
Western Central Basin of Montana, I,
230.
Western Lumber Company, I, 781. _
"Western Missions and Missionaries"
(De Smet), I, 151.
Western Montana Fair Association, I,
786.
Western Montana Park-to-Park High-
way Route, I, 783-
Western Newspaper Union, Billings, I,
854.
Westmore, I, 7*4-
Weston, Charles J., II, 618.
Weston, D. H., I, 404-
Westover, George A., II, 375-
Westover, Robert L., Ill, 1432.
Wharton, Jesse R., II, 519.
Wheat Basin, I, 840.
r.
xlviii
INDEX
Wheat Harvest of Fergus county (illus-
tration, I, 716.
Wheatland county: created, I, 482; irri-
gation in, 614; description of, 846.
Wheatland County Wheat Farm (illus-
tration), I, 847.
Wheaton, Sherwood, I, 761.
Wheeler, Burton K., II, 7.
Wheeler, Frank O., II, 614.
Wheeler, W. F., I, 186.
Whipps, William C., II, 187.
Whipps, William O., II, 182.
Whitcomb, Harry S., Ill, 1048.
White, Arthur, III, 943.
White, A. A., Ill, 1274.
White, Benjamin F., sketch of, I, 412,
413, 669, 868; II, 315-
White, John, I, 190, 191, 250.
White, Walter B., II, 279.
White Earth River, I, 29, 30.
White Slave law passed, I, 469.
White Sulphur Springs, I, 778.
White Sulphur Springs and Yellowstone
Park Railroad, I, 568.
Whitebear Islands, I, 43, 59.
Whitefish, I, 725.
Whitehall, I, 746.
Whitehouse, Joseph, I, 28, 46.
Whitehpuse Creek, I, 46.
Whitepine, I, 824.
Whiteside bill, I, 535.
Whitetail, I, 708.
Whitford, O. B., I, 316.
Whitlach, J. W., I, 757.
Whitlash, I, 768.
Whitlatch Mine, I, 765.
Whitlock, Albert N., II, 444.
Whitman, Marcus, I, 145.
Whitney, Janet, III, 1209.
Whittinghill, J. N., II, 221.
Whitty, Patrick J., II, 572.
Whyte, Frederick W. C., II, 425.
Whyte, Jeffrey P., II, 89.
Wibaux, I, 848.
Wibaux, Pierre, I, 703.
Wibaux county: irrigation in, I, 614;
description of, 848.
Wickes-Corbin mining district, $57,915,-
ooo, I, 766.
Widdifield, Cecil J., I, 662.
Wiggins, Frank, II, 310.
Wilcox, Clyde, III, 763.
Wilcox, Paul D., II, 450.
Wilcox, Philip B., Ill, 1124.
Wild, Levi S., Ill, 1223.
Wilder, Davis E., II, 500.
Wiley, A. S., I, 397.
Wiley, Bert E., II. 621.
Wiley, H. B., I, 707.
Wilhelm, Albert C., II, 480.
Wilhelm, Charles C, II, 255.
Wilkinson, Herbert T., II, 464.
Wilkinson, James, I, 18.
Willard, Alexander, I, 28.
Willard's Creek, I, 230.
Williams, I, 804.
Williams, Captain, I, 273, 274.
Williams, Charles H. (Deer Lodge), II,
339-
Williams, Charles H. (Lewistown), III,
1290.
Williams, Daniel S., Ill, 1227.
Williams, Frank E., II, 157.
Williams, Griffith A., II, 46.
Williams, Henry, I, 343.
Williams, Henry F., I, 419.
Williams, H. J., I, 732.
Williams, James, I, 260, 286.
Williams, Joseph J., I, 415.
Williams, Julius, II, 165.
Williams, J. W., I, 511.
, Williams, Robert S., I, 698.
Williams Creek, I, 230.
Williamson, Albert E., Ill, 1339.
Willis, Charles C, II, 80.
Williston, L. P., I, 298, 414, 416.
Willow Creek, I, 729.
Wills, Maude B., Ill, 1397.
Willson, Fred F., II, 319.
Willson, L. S., I, 547-
Wilsall, I, 801.
Wilson, Charles, II, 72.
Wilson, Harry L., II, 47.
Wilson, Henry H., II, 22.
Wilson, John R., I, 316.
Wilson, Justice, L., Ill, 1082.
Wilson, M. L., I, 707.
Wilson, Robert H., I, 760.
Wilson, Roy O., II, 94.
Wiltner, William E., Ill, 710.
Wines, Josiah L., II, 538.
Winifred, I, 717.
Wininger, McClellan, II, 634.
Winkelmann, William F., Ill, 964.
Winnecook, I, 848.
Winnett, I, 717.
Winsor, Richard, I, 28.
Winston mining district, $3,560,000, I,
766.
Winter, Al G., II, 212.
Winter, Christian F., Ill, 1148.
Winter, Harold H., II, 212.
Wiper, Charles, II, 15.
Wisconsin Gulch, I, 231.
Wisdom river, I, 60, 61.
Wise, John S., Ill, 1002.
Wiser, Peter, I, 28.
Witherspoon, Thomas C., Ill, 1211.
Withington, Hal S., Ill, 1244.
Witt, William, II, 33.
Wogan, Qle C., II, 376.
Wolcott, J. Herman, II, 248.
Wolf Creek, I, 749.
Wolf mountains, I, 91.
Wolf Point, I, 817.
.Wolfskill, Joseph M., II, 177.
Wolwin, A. B., I, 836.
Women in the State University, I, 541.
Women's Self-Governing Association :
State University, I, 542.
Wood, Charles L., Ill, 1210.
Wood, George J., I, 211, 212.
Wood, J. C., I, 878, 885; III, 1152.
Wood, J. M., I, 219, 257.
Woodbridge, J. T., I, 380.
Woodburn, Burl, III, 1387.
Woodburn, William W., Ill, 1386.
Woodbury, Frederick E., Ill, 1071.
Woodbury, L. S., Ill, 1070.
Woodbury, M. Cerula, III, 1072.
Woodman, Martin L., Ill, 1415.
Woods, George M., I, 758, 760.
INDEX
xlix
Woods, Louis B., Ill, 1004.
Woods, Patrick W., Ill, 738.
Woodworth, Charles, II, 75.
Woody, Frank H., I, 132, 161, 223, 225,
316, 426, 431; (portrait), 432.
Woolfolk, Alex M., I, 415.
Woolston, Ernest, III, 1318.
Word, R. Lee, I, 436.
Word, Samuel, I, 282, 284, 289, 316, 422.
Worden, I, 856.
Worden, Frank L., I, 223; (portrait),
224; 282, 784.
Worden and Company, I, 223.
Worden & Company (Missoula), I, 225.
Work, Lester P., II, 88.
Working, S. S., II, 325.
Workman's Compensation act, I, 488.
World's War: Governor Dixon on, I,
486 ; Montana in, 650-663 ; total man
power raised, 651 ; first Montana man
to fall, 652 ; honor men from Montana,
653-663 ; Distinguished Service Cross
men, 654-663 ; Liberty Loan campaigns
in, 663; Montana's subscription to
loans and funds, 663-665; Montana's
allotments and subscriptions, 666.
Worthington, Lenord L., II, 229.
Worrell, Stephen, I, 18.
Wright, I, 848.
Wright, Al, III, 1441.
Wright, Clark, I, 496.
Wright, Edmund, II, 117.
Wright, Frank A., Ill, 1412.
Wright, Frank E., II, 299.
Wright, George, I, 302.
Wright, George A., II, 223.
Wright, George F., Ill, 1292.
Wyeth, I, 121.
Wyeth, Nathaniel J., I, 120.
Wylie, W. W., I, 497-
Wyman, Cyrus K., II, 263.
Wyola, I, 674.
Yager, Erastus (Red), I, 247; hanging
of, 260-63.
Yankee Flat, I, 328.
Yates, I, 848.
Yegen, Christian, II, 327.
Yegen, Peter, II, 327. ^
Yellow Pine Forests in Lincoln county
(illustration), I, 628.
Yellowstone county: number and value
of cattle (1884), I, 395; irrigation in,
614; description of, 850; irrigated and
non-irrigated lands of, 857 ; live stock
raising in, 858; dairy farming in, 859.
Yellowstone Lake, I, 69.
Yellowstone National Park, geysers, I,
118; 633.
Yellowstone Park memorials, I, 481.
Yellowstone River : falls and rapids of
(illustration), I, 70; naming of, 78;
geological origin of, 96.
Yellowstone Trail, I, 570, 575, 730, 783,
850.
Y-G-Bee Line, I, 778.
York (Negro), I, 28, 44.
York, James N., I, 192, 196, 198.
Young, Cleveland M., II, 361.
Young, George T., Ill, 1439.
Young, George W., II, 135.
Young, Ignace, I, 144, 145.
Young, John F., Ill, 1274.
Young, William H., Ill, 1353.
Young, William L., Ill, 927.
Young, Winfield S., Ill, 776.
Young, W. E., Ill, 1439.
Young Men's Christian Association of
Miles City, I, 704.
Young Men's Christian Association,
Bozeman, I, 732.
Young Women's Christian Association,
Missoula, I, 786.
Zachary, Robert, I, 249.
Zebinatti, Peter: death of, I, 154-
Zeidler, Leo G., II, 4.
Zeman, Joseph P., Ill, 1447-
Ziebarth, Albert W., Ill, 886.
Zimmerman, Ami, III, 1271.
Zinc, mining of, I, 382; output IQO&-
1918, 383.
History of Montana
CHAPTER I
APPROACHES TO THE "LAND OF THE SHINING
MOUNTAINS"
In the days of ancient classic lore when Rome was sending her legions
into the rocky mountains of Western Europe, the Latin authors spoke
of the strange and unexplored land as Montana the land of the moun-
tains. Thus the name became attached to the American Land of the
Mountains, although her lovers of several generations have chosen to
think of her in the .translated poetry of the Indian christening bestowed
upon the Rocky Mountains the Land of the Shining Mountains. Vague
rumors reached the whites of the New World that such poetic and grand
christening was based upon the prosaic but enticing fact of reflected
light from precious minerals and stones. The magnet was one with
that which drew the Spaniards into the interior of southern United States.
Besides the lust for precious substance, the French especially were
possessed with a religious ardor for the conversion of the natives and
an unquenchable spirit of adventure in the discovery and exploration
of unknown rivers and lands. America discovered as a continent, the
second great quest for the adventurers, geographers and royalists of
France was to trace the grand waterways at which the Indians had per-
sistently hinted, winding their splendid courses from The Mississippi
Valley to the coast of the Pacific.
LA HONTAN'S "LONG RIVER"
In 1690-1703, La Hontan, a French baron, adventurer and somewhat
romancer, explored the country around the headwaters of the Mississippi
and wrote a purported account of his travels and "adventures." In the
maps which he published, Long River appeared as a distinguishing
feature. It was outside of his immediate field of investigation and
probably drawn from rather vague information which he had obtained
from the Sioux of the upper Mississippi valley. From the fact that he
was a proven prevaricator, in many respects, most historians put down
Long River as a figment of his imagination. Others more charitable, like
Vol. I 1 1
LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION IN MONTANA
HISTORY OF MONTANA 3
the late Joaquin Miller, who wrote a history of Montana in 1894, give
him this credit : "This is unjust to La Hontan, for there is good reason
to believe that the information concerning Long river which he obtained
from the Indians referred to the Missouri, but in passing through the
many intervening tribes, it became greatly exaggerated. For instance,
the many lakes on Long River do exist in the vicinity of the headwaters
of the Missouri such as Flathead lake, Henry's lake, Jackson lake,
Yellowstone lake, Lake Pahkokee, Great Salt lake, etc., but by the
time the knowledge of them reached the Indians with whom he came
in contact, it is very natural they should locate them all on and along the
upper Missouri, and it may also be that La Hontan could but very im-
perfectly understand them, and therefore may have made these mis-
takes himself."
ENTER THE CATHOLIC PRIESTS
Among those who severely criticised La Hontan was Father Bobe, a
learned priest of Versailles, who, nevertheless, held that the Mississippi
swerved toward the west and south and was constantly urging the
French government to search for a northern interior route to the
Pacific. On the I5th of March, 1716, he wrote to De L'Isle, geographer
of the Academy of Science, at Paris: "They tell me that among the
Sioux of the Mississippi there are always Frenchmen trading; that the
course of the Mississippi is from north to west and from west to south;
that it is known that toward the source there is in the highlands a river
that leads to the western ocean. * * * For the last two years I tor-
mented exceedingly the governor-general, M. Raudot, and M. Duche, to
endeavor to discover this ocean. If I succeed, as I hope, we shall have
tidings before three years, and I shall have the pleasure and the consola-
tion of having rendered a good service to geography, to religion and to the
state."
DUKE OF ORLEANS COMMENCES WESTERN EXPLORATIONS
At this period, France was being ruled by the Duke of Orleans, as
regent, who decided to launch the great adventure in a practical way by
establishing three bases of supply for the western explorations. The
first of these was at the head of Lake Superior near the mouth of the
Kaministiguia River, where Sieur Greysolon DuLuth had founded a post
as early as 1678; a second was ordered to be built at Lac des Cristineaux
(Lake of the Woods) and a third at Lake Winnipeg. The work of
construction was under the supervision of Lieut. Robertel de la
None. These posts were not to be a charge on the French government.
Parkman says, in his "Half Century of Conflict," that "by a device
common in such cases, those who built and maintained them were to be
paid by a monopoly of the fur trade in the adjacent countries." Once
the posts were established, however, it would be incumbent upon the
government to equip, pay and direct the future explorations.*
* Historical Magazine, New York, 1859.
4 HISTORY OF MONTANA
CHARLEVOIX INVESTIGATES
During the first year, little more was accomplished than the building
of a stockade at the mouth of the Kaministiguia. Then passed three
years, when the Duke of Orleans sent Charlevoix, the learned Jesuit, to
Canada to investigate these rumors of a great western waterway to
a great Western Sea, and in this work he spent a year among the
Indians and whites of the upper lake region, making full records of
his travels and conclusions for the benefit of the French archives and
posterity.
Pierre Margry, keeper of the French archives in Paris, says of
Charlevoix's plans, formed as a result of his visit to the country of the
upper Mississippi : "The Regent, in choosing between the two plans
that Father Charlevoix presented to him at the close of his journey
for the attainment of a knowledge of the Western Sea, through an
unfortunate prudence, rejected the suggestion which, it is true, was the
most expensive and uncertain, viz., an expedition up the Missouri to its
source and beyond, and decided to establish a post among the Sioux.
The post of the Sioux was consequently established in 1727. Father
Conor, a Jesuit missionary who had gone upon the expedition, we are
told, was, however, obliged to return without being able to discover
anything that would satisfy the expectations of the Court about the
Western Sea."
The decade of attempts to establish the post at Lake Pepin, named
Fort Beauharnois (after the governor of Canada), and the mission,
St. Michael, was surcharged with disaster of flood and Indian assault, and
in 1737 its commander, Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, abandoned all attempts
to get in touch with the Sioux and advised his superiors that they should
be exterminated.
THE VERENDRYES, FATHER AND SONS
In the meantime, Pierre Gaulthier de Varenne (known afterward as
Sieur de La Verendrye), a native of a worthy French Canadian family
of Three Rivers, who had served as a brave soldier of fortune in the
War of the Spanish Succession, returned to Canada and become a
coureur de bois, had his mind full of these tales of Western rivers and a
Western Sea. Furthermore, the Indians stories were being repeatedly
enforced by testimony presented by the priests with whom he came
in contact.
In his middle age, Verendrye was so well established as a fur trader
that in 1728 he was in command of the post at Lake Nepigon, Canada,
whose waters flow into Lake Superior from the north. The most complete
account of his endeavors to explore the great western interior in search
of a transcontinental waterway, for which historic event he laid the
foundation and two of his sons enjoyed the realization, was prepared
forty-five years ago by Rev. E. D. Neill, historian and president of
Macalester College, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and to his paper were
HISTORY OF MONTANA 5
added valuable notes by Granville Stuart, the gold pioneer and long a
leader in the up-building of the Historical Society of Montana.
While stationed at Lake Nepigon, Verendrye received from the
Indians such positive assurances as to a river which flowed toward the
Sea of the West that he resolved to make an exploration. At Mackinaw,
while on his way to confer with the government of Canada upon the
subject, Father de Conor arrived from the post which had been estab-
lished among the Sioux nearly opposite Maiden Rock, Wisconsin, on
the shores of Lake Pepin. The latter is an expansion of the Mississippi
River, about midway between Minnesota and Wisconsin. "After an
interchange of views," says Dr. Neill's narrative, "the priest promised
to assist him as far as he could in obtaining a permit and outfit for the
establishment of a post among the Knisteneaux, or the Assiniboels,
from which to go farther west.
"Charles de Beauharnois, then governor of Canada, gave him a
respectful hearing, and carefully examined the map of the region west
of the great lakes, which had been drawn by Otchaga, the Indian guide of
Verendrye. Orders were soon given to fit out an expedition of fifty men.
It left Montreal in 1731, under the conduct of his sons and nephew, he
not joining the party until 1733, in consequence of the detention of
business. After establishing several posts and forts between Rainy
Lake and Lake Winnipeg, their advance was stopped in the Winnipeg
region by the exhaustion of supplies. In April, 1735, arrangements were
made for a second equipment and a fourth son joined the expedition.
"In June, 1736, while twenty-one of the expedition were camped
upon an isle in the Lake of the Woods, they were surprised by a band
of Sioux hostile to the French allies, 'the Knisteneaux, and all killed.
The island, upon this account, is called in the early maps Massacre Island.
A few days after, a party of five Canadian voyagers discovered their
dead bodies and scalped heads. Father Ouneau, the missionary, was
found upon one knee, an arrow in his head, his breast bare, his left hand
touching the ground and the right hand raised.
"Among the slaughtered was also a son of Verendrye, who had a
tomahawk in his back, and his body was adorned with garters and brace-
lets of porcupine. The father was at the fort at the Lake of the Woods
when he received the news of his son's murder, and about the satae time
heard of the death of his enterprising nephew. * * * On the 3rd of
October, 1738, they built an advance post, Fort Le Reine, on the River
Assiniboine, which they called St. Charles, and beyond was a branch
called St. Pierre. These two rivers received the baptismal name of
Verendrye, which was Pierre, and Governor Beauharnois (governor of
Canada), which was Charles. This post (Fort La Reine) became the
center of trade, and point of departure for explorations either north
or south."
At this newly established post, La Verendrye received news from
the Assiniboines (a friendly offshot of the Sioux) of the existence of
the strange Mantanes (Mandans), or White Beards, of the Dakota
family, whose villages were along the Missouri. They received that name
6 HISTORY OF MONTANA
from the fact that they became gray haired so young. The Assiniboines
also assured the leader of the expedition, which was more to his mind,
that the Mandans knew the way to the Western Sea and would furnish
him guides thither. On the i8th of October, 1738, La Verendrye, with
three of his sons and a mixed company of Indians and French Canadians,
to the number of fifty-two, started for the land of the Mandans. The
succeeding ten days took them, as is believed, to Turtle Mountain, thence
along the Assiniboine and the Mouse rivers toward their destination,
gathering friendly and helpful Indian guides on the way. On the 28th
of October, the first Mandans were seen, and La Verendrye's journal
contains their first description by white men. At the time of his visit
during the first days of* December, they occupied six villages on the
banks of the Missouri, in what is now the northwestern part of North
Dakota; and La Verendrye called the Missouri "the Great River of the
Couhatchatte Nation." While thus engaged in friendly intercourse, the
leader was robbed of all the presents which he had brought with which
to propitiate the Indians along the route of his western journey, and
was therefore obliged to retrace his way to Fort La Reine to replace
his stock of gifts which was, perhaps, the most necessary part of his
outfit. Leaving two of his men among the Mandans to learn their
language and collect information which might be of benefit to him, La
Verendrye retraced his way to Fort La Reine. It was a terrible journey,
in the dead of a bitter northern winter, and was not completed until
near the middle of February.
It was not until September, 1739, that the two men who had been
living with the Mandans returned to Fort La Reine to report to their
leader. They brought tidings of strange western tribes who had visited
the Mandans in the conduct of trade and told of a Great Salt Lake
and the Great Salt Water. La Verendrye therefore dispatched to the
Mandan villages as large a company as he could gather under his oldest
son, Pierre, with instructions to secure guides and push on to the
Western Ocean. But when La Verendrye, the younger, reached his
destination, the Indians of the farther west who professed to know of
the existence of that Western Ocean had departed from the Mandan
villages and left no trace behind them. In the summer of 1740, he
therefore did no more than to bring to Fort La Reine another bitter
disappointment to the elder man, already nearly crushed with bodily and
mental struggles.
In the year named, La Verendrye went to Montreal for the third
time to solicit aid in support of his futile attempts to open up a western
way. Instead of proffered assistance, he found hungry creditors awaiting
him. In his journal, published in Margry's collections, he further
describes the pitiful state of his affairs : "In spite of the derangement of
my affairs, the envy and jealousy of various persons impelled them to
write letters to the court insinuating that I thought of nothing but
making my fortune. If more than forty thousand livres of debt which
I have on my shoulders are an advantage, then I can flatter myself that
I am very rich. In all my misfortunes I have the consolation of seeing
HISTORY OF MONTANA 7
that M. de Beauharnois enters into my views, recognizes the uprightness
of my intentions, and does me justice in spite of opposition."
Francis Parkman, in his "Half Century of Conflict," Vol. II, p. 34,
says: "Beauharnois twice appealed to the court to give La Verendrye
some little aid, urging that he was at the end of his resources, and that
a grant of 30,00x3 francs, or 6,000 dollars, would enable him to find a
way to the Pacific. All help was refused, but La Verendrye was told
that he might let out his forts to other traders and so raise means to
pursue the discovery."
THE VERENDRYE BROTHERS START WESTWARD
Now broken in health and subdued in spirit, the father turned over
his dear enterprise to his more vigorous sons, Pierre de La Verendrye
and the Chevalier, who, with two fellow Frenchmen, again headed for the
Mandans on the Missouri, in the spring of 1742. They left the Lake of
the Woods on the 2gth of April and reached the Missouri after about
three weeks of travel. After impatiently waiting for the coming of
some western Indians, called Horse Indians by the Mandans, and passing
the spring and summer in tiresome inaction, the young Frenchmen
induced two of their red friends to guide them to the camping grounds
of the Horse tribe. These were found to be deserted. Parkman believes
the site of this camp to be west of the Little Missouri "and perhaps a
part of the Powder River Range." The locality would seem, at least,
to have been in Southeastern Montana. The time was in August, 1742,
and it was not until nearly a month later, after one of the Mandan
guides had deserted the party, that the four Frenchmen met a band of
Indians whom they called Les Beaux Hommes, or Handsome Men
believed to be the Crows. They were enemies of the Mandans, and
the remaining guide of that tribe hastily deserted. The expedition
remained some three weeks with the Handsome Men, and on October
9th continued its explorations in a southwesterly direction, still looking
for the Horse Indians.
When the four reached the village of these evident nomads, they
were told that the tribe Bows, still to the southwest, would enlighten
them as to the Western Ocean. As was customary, each tribe referred
the whites to a more distant tribe. This seemed to have been the settled
policy of the red man to lure the white farther and farther from his
own, and by the attrition of hard travel and slaughter attempt to wear
away his strength and life.
INDIAN PICTURE OF 1742
When, in October, 1742, the Frenchmen at last reached the lodges
of the long-sought Horse Indians (as stated by Parkman, who adapts
his narrative from the Chevalier's journal), they found them in the
extremity of distress and terror. Their camp resounded with howls
and wailings, and not without cause, for the Snakes or Shoshones a
'8 HISTORY OF MONTANA
formidable people living farther westward had lately destroyed most
of their tribe. The Snakes were the terror of that country. The
brothers were told that the year before they had destroyed seventeen
villages, killing warriors and old women, and carrying off the young
women and children as slaves.
Parkman, who, as he observes in a footnote, draws the particulars
of his description from "repeated observations of similar scenes," draws
a graphic picture ("Half Century of Conflict/' Vol. II, p. 48) of this
breaking-up of the camp. "The squaws," he says, "took down the lodges
and the march began over prairies dreary and brown with the withering
touch of autumn. The spectacle was such as men still young have seen
in these western lands, but which no man will see again. The vast plain
swarmed with the moving multitude. The tribes of the Missouri and
Yellowstone had by this time abundance of horses, the best of which
were used for war and hunting, and the others as beasts of burden.
These last were equipped in a peculiar manner. Several of the long
poles used to frame the tepees or lodges were secured by one end to
each side of a rude saddle, while the other end trailed on the ground.
Crossbars lashed to the poles just behind the horse kept them three or
four feet apart, and formed a firm support, on which was laid, compactly
folded the buffalo-skin covering of the lodge. On this again sat a
mother with her young family, sometimes stowed for safety in a large
open willow basket, with the occasional addition of some domestic pet
such as a tame raven, a puppy or even a small bear cub. Other horses
were laden in the same manner with wooden bowls, stone hammers and
other utensils, along with stores of dried buffalo-meat packed in cases
of rawhide whitened and painted. Many of the innumerable dogs
whose manners and appearance strongly suggested their relatives, the
wolves, to whom, however, they bore a mortal grudge were equipped
in a similar manner, with shorter poles and lighter loads. Bands of
naked boys, noisy and restless, roamed the prairie, practicing their bows
and arrows on any small animal they might find. Gay young squaws
adorned on each cheek with a spot of ochre or red clay, and arrayed in
tunic of fringed buckskin embroidered with porcupine quills were
mounted on ponies, astride like men ; while lean and tattered hags
the drudges of the tribe, unkempt and hideous scolded the lagging
horses, or screeched at the disorderly dogs, with voices not unlike the
yell of the great horned owl. Most of the warriors were on horseback,
armed with round, white shields of bull-hide, feathered lances, war-
clubs, bows and quivers filled with stone headed arrows; while a few of
the elders, wrapped in robes of buffalo hide, stalked along in groups
with a stately air, chatting, laughing and exchanging unseemly jokes."
REACH THE FRIENDLY Bow INDIANS
Finally the Verendryes reached the land of the Bow Indians (Gene
de 1'Arc) and found them preparing to take the warpath against the
powerful Snake Indians, who had already nearly exterminated the Horses.
HISTORY OF MONTANA 9
The Bow Indians, through their chief, were very courteous. They knew
nothing personally of the Western Sea, although they had heard of
the Great Water from certain Snake prisoners. Parkman quotes from
the Chevalier's Journal as follows : "Thus far we had been well received
in all the villages we had passed; but this was nothing compared with
the courteous manners of the great chief of the Bow Indians, who,
unlike the others, was not self-interested in the least, and who took
excellent care of everything belonging to us."
TRIP OF VENGEANCE AND DISCOVERY
Further, according to Parkman's "Half Century of Conflict," the
courteous and honorable chief of the Bows extended this invitation, so
vital to the definite course of this narrative and which meant so much
to the fame of the sons of La Verendrye : "Come with us. We are going
towards the mountains, where you can see the Great Water that you
are looking for."
The Great Water was not to be seen, but the vast shining piles of
the Rocky Mountains were to be first spread before the eyes of white
travellers and recorders.
The camp of the Bows was broke up, its warriors poured across the
prairie eager to attack their Snake enemies, the Frenchmen riding along
with the red warriors. Pierre and his younger brother, the Chevalier, were
near the great chief. When, on the first of January, 1743, they came
in sight of the vast mountain range, capped and shining with snow,"
a council of the chiefs and warriors was held to determine what course
to pursue. The decision of the council was that the women and children
and infirm be left behind in a place of comparative safety, while the
warriors sallied forth in a body to strike the hated Snakes.
THE CHEVALIER DISCOVERS THE ROCKIES
"Pierre and the Chevalier were invited to accompany the advancing
army. After deliberation, the elder Pierre determined to remain with
the camp, to watch over and protect the belongings of the party, and the
young Chevalier chose to proceed with the warriors, though he prudently
declined to engage in any possible combat with the foe."
The war party started on its advance January 21, 1743, and, according
to the Chevalier, who kept a journal of the expedition, reached the base
of the mountains (probably the Big Horn Range), twelve days later.
The young French leader was anxious to ascend some peak of the range
and look for the Western Sea. But although the Bows conveyed the
idea that everything must give place to vengeance upon the Snakes when
some of their scouts returned to the main body of the warriors with the
information that they had discovered a camp of the enemy, hastily
abandoned, the Bows were panic-stricken over the possibility that the
Snakes had circumvented them and wiped out their own camp of women,
children and infirm. The Indian war party was completely demoralized
10 HISTORY OF MONTANA
and even the chief abandoned the Chevalier, temporarily, to endeavor
to rally his men and keep them intact. Finally, they had all gathered
at the camp, only to find it unmolested. The chief and a few of his
faithful warriors were the last to return, as they had been searching
the desolate and storm-driven plain for their guest, the Chevalier, whom
they feared had perished. At length, the Indian chief appeared in camp,
exhausted and grief -stricken, but, the Chevalier writes, "his sorrow
turned to joy, and he could not give us attention and caresses enough."
THE HOMEWARD JOURNEY
The Frenchmen remained with the chief of the Bows during January
and February, 1743, traveling with the Indians through deep snow-drifts
in a southeasterly direction. About the first of March, they approached
the winter grounds of the Little Cherry, or Choke Cherry Indians in
what is now Western South Dakota. The Verendrye brothers at once
sent one of their men ahead to gain from that tribe any information
which might be of benefit to them in their discouraging search for the
Western Sea by an overland route. The Choke Cherries were kind to
the courier and through him invited the white men to visit them, but
conveyed no information along the line of their investigations.
On the 1 5th of March, having bidden farewell to the friendly chief of
the Bows and his immediate followers, the Verendryes, according to
their journal, arrived "among the band of the Little Cherry, who, where
we found them, were two days' march from their camp on the Missouri."
It is believed that this locality was about where Cherry Creek empties
into the Cheyenne, some fifty miles from the Missouri, and about eighty
miles West of the present capital of South Dakota, Pierre. Still travelling
East and not far from the banks of the Missouri River, the Frenchmen
erected a pile of stone, taking the precaution not to reveal to the Indians
the significance of the leaden plate which accompanied it. According
to the Chevalier's journal: "On an eminence near the fort (camp), I
placed a leaden plate engraved with the arms and inscription of the King
and some stones in shape of a pyramid in honor of the General (Beau-
harnois)."
DEATH OF SIEUR DE LA VERENDRYE
On the 2nd of April, Pierre and the Chevalier commenced their
travels toward the Northwest, which brought them to the Mandan
villages on the i8th of May. The return of the sons to the Sieur de
La Verendrye not only lightened the anxiety and depression of the
father, but appears to have improved his fortunes. The latter was
made captain of the Order of St. Louis, and the two sons were promoted
in the royal service. In 1749 the new governor, Monsieur the Marquis
de la Jonquiere, a hard man and master, had, nevertheless, commissioned
the Sieur to "look after the posts and explorations in the west," and
he had already prepared maps and memoranda of his future explorations,
HISTORY OF MONTANA n
when death called him from his unrealized ambitions, on December 6th
of the year named (1749).
About a year after the death of his father, Chevalier de la Verendrye
wrote to La Jonquiere appealing for service in the field of western ex-
plorations on the score of the sacrifices made by his father and brothers
Instead, the governor appointed one M. de Saint Pierre to head one of
the expeditions, and, by various misrepresentations to La Jonquiere, the
La Verendryes were made decidedly "persona non gratis" and rejected
from all participation in it.
LAST YEARS OF THE CHEVALIER
The condition of the family whose various members had blazed the
way to the Rocky Mountains is thus described in the Chevalier's petition
to the governor: "My returns this year amount to half, and in con-
sequence of a thousand harassments my ruin is accomplished. For
accounts contracted by father and myself I find I am indebted for more
than 20,000 francs. I remain without money or patrimony; I am
simply ensign of second grade, my elder brother has only the same rank
as myself, and my younger brother is only cadet; and this is the actual
result of all that my father, my brothers and I have done. That brother
of mine who was murdered, some years since, by the Indians, victim that
he was by the Western Sea, was not the most unfortunate one; his blood
is to us nothing worth, the sweat of our father and ourselves has availed
us naught; we are compelled to yield that which has cost us so much,
if M. de St. Pierre does not entertain a better feeling and communicate
same to M. le Mqs. de la Jonquiere."
Both expeditions sent out by La Jonquiere were failures. In 1753,
about the time that the St. Pierre fiasco was reporting to the authorities,
the Chevalier was made ensign of the first grade and four years later
became a lieutenant. In November, 1761, after Quebec had fallen to
the English, the Chevalier with other fellow officers sailed for France
in the "Auguste." One hundred persons were on board. Not far from
the North Cape of Isle Royal, on the coast of Cape Breton, at the mouth
of the St. Lawrence, the ship was wrecked and all perished (including
the Chevalier), except the captain, a colonial officer and five soldiers.
Thus died the actual white discoverer of the Rocky Mountains, although
it is still a matter of conjecture as to how far West he penetrated, or
the specific location of the leaden plate and the rough stone monument
erected somewhere in the region of the Cheyenne and Missouri rivers
to commemorate the exploration and international claim of France to
some little portion of what afterward was known as Louisiana.
THE APPROACH FROM THE PACIFIC
Verendrye and his sons had been approaching the "Land of the
Shining Mountains" through the interior of the East, and the next prog-
ress in tracing the transcontinental waterway was to be from the Pacific-
Columbia River route of the West. The Spaniards and Portuguese pushed
12 HISTORY OF MONTANA
up the Pacific coast in early historic times, and left such names on the
maps as Cape Blanco, Straits of Fuca and Oregon, but in their rush for
gold and booty found little time to record their voyages in the interest
of cartography.
Then came the more reliable northern navigators, Behring, the Dane,
and Drake, the Englishman, to approach the latitude of Montana on the
Pacific coast, "but it was left for Captain James Cook, so far as we can
say positively, to point his ships prow toward the mountains of Montana,
and break the hush of ice-bound seas as nearly urfder the beetling banks
of Montana as ocean ships have ever sailed or ever shall sail." In 1778,
while the Revolution was raging along the fringes of the Atlantic Coast,
Captain Cook was exploring the Behring region and sailing up the Oregon
(Columbia) River as far as his ocean craft would take him, and in the
following year was killed by cannibals on the island (now Hawaii)
which he had discovered among a group (the old Sandwich islands).
JONATHAN CARVER PROPOSES TRANSCONTINENTAL WATERWAY
It is said that Jonathan Carver, of Connecticut, a captain in the war
waged with England by which France lost Canada, was the first to
definitely propose the transcontinental journey by way of the Missouri
and the Oregon (Columbia) rivers. Three years after the peace of 1763,
he left Boston to visit the sources of the Mississippi and the adjacent
regions for purposes of trade, exploration and investigation as to the
country of the far West. He applied himself to the study of the Indian
languages that he might pursue all these objects, and in this work he spent
two years and seven months. After his return to Boston, in 1768, he
published an account of his travels and experiences, and he tells us :
"From the intelligence I gained from the Nandowessie Indians, whose
language I perfectly obtained during a residence of five months; and
also from the accounts I afterwards obtained from the Assinipoils, who
speak the Chippeway language and inhabit the heads of the river Bourbon
I say from these nations, together with my own observations, I have
learned that the four most capital rivers on the continent of North
America, the St. Lawrence, the river Bourbon (Mississippi) and the
Oregon, or the River of the West, have their sources in the same
neighborhood. The waters of the three former are within thirty miles
of each other, the latter, however, is rather farther west."
The want of means prevented Carver from prosecuting his design
with the government, which was to prevail upon its authorities to estab-
lish a post near the Straits of Anian, after a journey had been effected
to the Pacific coast. In 1774, he obtained the support and cooperation
of Richard Whitworth, member of the British Parliament for the town
of Stafford, of whom the projector of the enterprise says: "He (Mr.
Whitworth) designed to have pursued nearly the same route that I did;
and after having built a fort at Lake Pepin to have proceeded up a
branch of the river Messorie, till, having discovered the source of the
Oregon, or River of the West, on the other side of the lands that divide
HISTORY OF MONTANA 13
the waters which run into the Gulf of Mexico from those that fall into
the Pacific Ocean, he would have sailed down that river to the place where
it is said to empty itself, near the Straits of Anian. * * * That
the completion of this scheme," concludes Carver, "which I have had
the honor of first planning and attempting, will some time or other be
effected, I have no doubt. Those who are so fortunate in it will reap
(exclusive of the national advantages that must ensue) emoluments
beyond their most sanguine expectations. And while their spirits are
elated by their success, perhaps they may bestow some commendations
and blessings on the person that first pointed out to them the way.
These, though but a shadowy recompense for all my toil, I shall receive
with pleasure."
So that although Jonathan Carver was wild in his geographical as-
sertion that the sources of the great Canadian and American river
systems were only thirty miles apart, he was among the first, if not the
first, to urge the sending of an expedition from the Mississippi valley to
the Pacific coast by way of the Missouri and Oregon (Columbia) rivers.
But the prosecution of such a design by the government was to be
deferred until the country had secured independent right to the territory
from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi valley, as well as that vast
western domain through which poured the grand waterways to the
Pacific.
JEFFERSON CHECKMATING ENGLAND IN THE WEST
In 1783, the year of the treaty of peace with England, John Ledyard,
a Connecticut adventurer, an educated man and a British corporal of
marines under Captain Cook also a deserter from the British army
before the war closed published an account of the romantic voyages
of that world navigator. The mercurial author also incorporated not
a little practical information, quoting Captain Cook's glowing account of
the quantity of sea otter and the superior quality of their fur, in the
regions of the northwestern Pacific. And although England had lost
the war, her agents were already preparing to explore the country between
the Mississippi valley and the Pacific coast. Thomas Jefferson was then
governor of Virginia, as he had been during the Revolution, and in the
year of the Peace he suggested to Gen. George Rogers Clark, the
elder brother of Capt. William Clark, a way to checkmate this obvious
intention of English policy. Jefferson's words to Clark were: "I find
they have subscribed a very large sum of money in England for exploring
the country from the Mississippi to California. * * * They pretend
it is only to promote knowledge. I am afraid they have thoughts of colon-
izing into that quarter. * * * Some of us have been talking here in a
feeble way of making an attempt to search that country, but I doubt
whether we have enough of that kind of spirit to raise the money. How
would you like to lead such a party? * * * tho' I am afraid our
prospect is not worth asking the question."
Albeit a master mind was pondering the scheme of a Mississippi-
14 HISTORY OF MONTANA
Pacific expedition, the time was not yet ripe to bring it to fruition.
In the year following his proposition to General (not Captain) Clark,
while serving as minister to France, Jefferson met Ledyard in Paris.
The restless adventurer was then out of employment, and Jefferson,
through the influence of the Empress Catherine's representatives in
Europe, enabled Ledyard to travel through Russia to within two hundred
miles of Kamschatka, where he was turned back arid dismissed (1788).
Their design was to reach the Pacific coast of America by way of the
Russian dominions, and pass up the Oregon Missouri to the Mississippi
valley. The proposed agent of that journey died in Africa in the follow-
ing year.
DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION OF COLUMBIA WATERS
Ledyard's account of the voyages of Captain Cook, with its suggestions
to thrifty Yankee merchants, was enthusiastically discussed by Doctor
Bullfinch, his son Charles, and Joseph Barrell, the last a business man of
considerable wealth. The result was that two vessels were equipped
and an expedition fitted out to sail to the Pacific coast. They were
called the Columbia and the Washington, commanded respectively by
John Kendrick and Robert Gray. The ships sailed from Boston on
September 30, 1787, and in January, 1788, while rounding Cape Horn,
a storm separated them. In August, the Washington reached the north-
west coast near the forty-sixth degree of latitude, or about the latitude
of the Three Forks of the upper Missouri River and the Oregon
(Columbia).
At that point Captain Gray believed that he saw the mouth of a
river, but his vessel grounded, his party were attacked by the Indians, one
of them killed and another wounded ; so he had no opportunity to verify
his conclusions. On the I7th of September, 1788, the Washington
sailed into Nootka Sound, on the west coast of Vancouver Island the
rendezvous agreed upon in the event of separation, and she was joined
there a few days later by the Columbia.
Both ships wintered in the Sound and the Columbia continued there
during the summer gathering pelts. Captain Gray, on the Washington,
sailed the waters near by making explorations. He returned to Nootka,
and he and Captain Kendrick agreed that Kendrick should command
the Washington, remaining on the coast to pursue his discoveries, while
Captain Gray, on board the Columbia, should proceed to Canton, China,
with a cargo of furs representing the entire catch of both ships. This
plan was carried into effect. Gray reached Canton, disposed of his
furs, purchased a shipload of tea and returned to Boston in August,
1790. He had carried the United States flag on its first voyage around
the world.
While Captain Gray was on his voyage, Kendrick sailed to the Straits
of Fuca, traversing their entire length to the Pacific, at latitude 51 degrees.
He discovered that the neighboring lands formed an island which, how-
ever, took the name of the British commander, Vancouver, who did not
HISTORY OF MONTANA 15
make the discovery until the following year. Captain Kendrick was
killed by an accident, while the "Washington" was exchanging a salute
with a Spanish ship off the Sandwich islands.
The "Columbia," under Gray, after discharging her cargo at Boston,
was refitted by her owners and sent on a second voyage, leaving her
home port in September, 1790. She reached a point near the entrance
to the Straits of Fuca on June 5, 1791. After remaining in these waters
until the following spring, trading and exploring, Captain Gray sailed
southward in search of the river which he believed he had seen debouch-
ing into the ocean at about the forty-sixth degree of latitude. On this
cruise he met the Vancouver expedition, and notwithstanding the dis-
couraging views of the British commander as to the existence of "any
safe navigable opening, harbor or place of security for shipping, from
Cape Mendocinus to Fuca's Strait," the American captain proceeded on
his way southward.
On May n, 1792, according to the log-book of the ship, penned by
Captain Gray himself, he saw "an entrance which had a very good
appearance of a harbor." Entering, he found a bay which he named
Bulfinch's harbor, for Doctor Bulfinch, one of the sip's owners. It is now
known as Gray's harbor.
The actual discovery of the mouth of the Columbia is thus recorded:
"May ii (1792), at eight p. m., the entrance of Bulfinch's harbor bore
north, distance four miles. Sent up the main-top-gallant yard and set
all sail. At four a. m. saw the entrance of our desired port, bearing
east-south-east, distance six leagues. * * * At eight a. m., being a
little windward to the entrance of the harbor, bore away and ran in east-
north-east between the breakers, having from five to seven fathoms of
water. When we were over the bar, we found this to be a large river of
fresh water, up which we steered. Many canoes came alongside. At one
p. m. came to, with the small bower in ten fathoms black and white sand.
The entrance between the bars bore west-south-west, distance ten miles;
the north side of the river a half mile distant from the ship, the south
side of the same two and a half miles distant; a village on the north
side of the river, west by north, distant three-quarters of a mile. Vast
numbers of natives came alongside. People employed in pumping the salt
water out of water-casks, in order to fill with fresh, while the ship
floats in. So ends."
JEFFERSON SENDS Two MORE INEFFECTIVE AGENTS
The discovery of the mouth of the Columbia by Captain Gray laid a
firm international basis for the American claim to the vast extent of
country watered by it. For a dozen years afterward, until the United
States acquired the vast extent of country known as Louisiana from
France, the government, and Jefferson in particular, made no real headway
in exploring the Missouri and the newly discovered Columbia. Capt.
John Armstrong, one of those who accepted the mission, got as far as
St. Louis and turned back because of disquieting stories of hostile Indians
16 HISTORY OF MONTANA
told to him by French traders, and one of Jefferson's men, a famous
French botanist, Michaux, who had traveled in many lands of the Old
World in search of strange plants and trees, had commenced his scientific
investigations in the New World. The Frenchman started from Phila-
delphia under the auspices of the American Philosophical Society, and the
support of Washington's cabinet, of which Jefferson was then secretary of
state, on the I5th of July, 1794, but when he reached Kentucky got en-
tangled in the machinations of Citizen Genet against Spain and England in
their dealings with the United States, and the two fell together. Michaux
returned to France in 1796.
THE UNITED STATES ACQUIRES LOUISIANA
In 1800, after having been shuffled back and forth between France
and Spain, for several years, Louisiana became French territory, and
Napoleon's threatened occupation of New Orleans menaced the free
navigation of the Mississippi, as had been the case when it was under
Spanish ownership. In March, 1803, President Jefferson sent James Mon-
roe as a special envoy to France that the complications between the two
countries might be disentangled without a resort to war. Monroe was even
authorized to guarantee to France her holdings beyond the Mississippi, if
the United States could be assured an outlet to the Gulf of Mexico for the
ever-increasing products of the Mississippi valley.
While Monroe was on his way to France, Napoleon's plans had all
centered on his ambition to crush England in Europe. No outside cam-
paigns were to be considered, and a vast expenditure of money was re-
quired to carry out his consuming desire. Robert R. Livingston was the
American minister at the French Court, and while he was in no sense
superseded by Monroe, President Jefferson and his cabinet realized that
the issues involved were so momentous that they justified the addition of
Monroe's long experience in diplomatic matters to the abilities of Livings-
ton. When Monroe arrived Livingston had only asked of France, " a bit
of marsh and sand off the extreme end of West Florida, and the margin
of delta land that lies east of the main channel of the Mississippi between
Lake Pontchartrain and the river's mouth." These modest sites were to
serve for the founding of a town, or gateway, through which might pass
the American trade of the Mississippi valley.
Monroe arrived with the authorization to offer France $2,000,000
for New Orleans and the Floridas. After discussions and negotiations,
in which the chief figures were Livingston, Monroe and their friend,
Barbe Marbois, minister of the public treasury, Tallyrand, the tool of
Napoleon, threw a bomb into the proceedings by suddenly asking what the
United States would pay for the entire province of Louisiana. To cut
many corners of explanation, which are hardly apropos to a clear-cut-his-
tory of Montana, the brilliant dictator of France offered Louisiana if
taken quick to Livingston and Monroe for $15,000,000. There were no
cables by which they could consult their government, and like brave men
HISTORY OF MONTANA 17
they assumed the heavy responsibility of signing the treaty of session, in
behalf of the United States, on the 3Oth of April, 1803.
This all-important treaty was between the United States of America
and the French Republic, or more personally, as stated in the preamble,
between the president of the United States of America, and the first
consul of the French republic, "in the name of the French people." It
also specified that the treaty was made by "the president of the United
States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United
States ;" consequently Messrs. Livingston and Monroe were assuming con-
siderable responsibility.
The treaty traced the title of the very indefinite province through
the agreements between France and Spain, and stated that "the inhabitants
of the ceded territory shall be incorporated in the Union of the United
States, and be admitted as soon as possible, according to the principles
of the Federal Constitution," etc. Provision was made by the government
of France to send a commissary to Louisiana to take over that country
from Spain and transmit it to the agent of the United States. Special
mention was made of the military posts of New Orleans, all troops, either
of France or Spain, to embark from occupied territory within three
months from the ratification of the treaty. The rights of Indians, secured
by previous treaties, were secured. Equal duties were accorded Spanish,
French and American ships passing through the port of New Orleans for
a period of twelve years from the exchange of ratification of the treaty.
"It is. however, well understood," continues the article dealing with this
subject, "that the object of the above article is to favor the manufacture,
commerce, freight and navigation of France and Spain, so far as relates to
the importations that the French and Spanish shall make into the said
ports of the United States, without in any sort affecting the regulations
that the United States may make concerning the exportation of the
produce and merchandise of the United States, or any right that may have
to make such regulations."
Article 8 reads: "In future and forever, after the expiration of the
twelve years, the ships of France shall be treated upon the footing of
the most favored nations in the ports above mentioned."
When news of the daring transactions reached Washington in June,
1803, there was a storm of dissenting opinions, mostly caused by politi-
cal heats. The Republicans (Democrats) applauded it and the Federalists
(Republicans) vigorously opposed it, but it was ratified by Congress in
October. In November and December, 1803, the transfer from Spain
to France and from France to the United States was formally made at
New Orleans, and in the early part of March, 1804, similar ceremonies
occurred in St. Louis. The American transfer commissioner at St. Louis
was Capt. Amos Stoddard, an officer of the United States army there
stationed and accompanied, the greater part of the winter, by Capt.
Meriwether Lewis, who was then about to start on the history-making
expedition to the Pacific coast, via the Missouri and Columbia rivers.
The entire province had been transferred by the Spanish commission-
18 HISTORY OF MONTANA
ers to Pierre Clement Laussat, the French representative, and by him
to the American commissioners, William C. C. Claiborne, who had been
appointed governor of the new province, and Gen. James Wilkinson,
military commander. The French flag was then hauled down and Laussat
proceeded to perform the same offices at St. Louis. He ordered De
Lassus, lieutenant governor of Upper Louisiana, with headquarters in that
place, to turn his district over to Captain Stoddard.
On March 9, 1804, the American troops under command of Captain
Stoddard's adjutant, Lieut. Stephen Worrell, crossed the river and
escorted Captains Stoddard and Lewis and other prominent Americans
to the government house. From that mansion De Lassus read a pro-
clamation releasing all French inhabitants in the district from allegiance
to their mother country. After this the transfer was formally signed
by Lassus for France and Stoddard for the United States, and among
the witnesses who affixed their signatures thereto was Capt. Meri-
wether Lewis. As had been done in New Orleans, the tri-color of France
was then lowered, the Stars and Stripes were raised, and artillery salutes
and martial music proclaimed that all of Louisiana was territory of the
United States.
CHAPTER II
EXPEDITION THROUGH TRANS-MISSISSIPPI LAND
The United States having acquired a good color of title to the Oregon
country through Captain Gray's discovery of the mouth of the great
Western River and Jefferson, evidently convinced that Louisiana would
eventually become an American possession, continued his efforts to obtain
some definite knowledge of the geography and possibilities of the Trans-
Mississippi land. Previous failures in no wise dampened his ardor to
delve into the grand mysteries of that unknown country which loomed
just beyond the States. Mature men, adventurers and scientists had
failed him, and he now turned to young, eager, educated, practical and
brave young men for the consummation of the grand adventure. He
selected for this purpose, Capt. Meriwether Lewis, his private secretary
for two years and whom he greatly admired and loved, and Capt. Will-
iam Clark, a younger brother of Gen. George Rogers Clark and an
intimate friend of Lewis. When Captain Lewis was present in St. Louis,
as one of the prominent figures in the official transfer of Louisiana to the
United States, he was deep in the work, under the authority and instruc-
tions of President Jefferson, of preparing the expedition for its advance
up the Missouri to the Rockies and the great beyond.
INITIAL STEPS OF THE LEWIS-CLARK EXPEDITION
More than three months before Louisiana had been sold to the United
States that is, January 18, 1803 President Jefferson sent a confiden-
tial communication to Congress asking that $2,500 be appropriated for an
exploring party to establish friendly relations with the Indians along the
route and secure the fur-trade to the United States rather than leave
it in the hands of the English companies. He recommended the estab-
lishment of government trading posts, by which he hoped to "place
within their (the Indians') reach those things which will contribute
more to their domestic comfort than the possession of extensive and
uncultivated wilds." Jefferson doubtless felt the grandeur of the pro-
ject, but, with the wisdoip of a statesman who knew he was dealing with
a practical nation and Congress, placed the material benefits of such
an expedition and exploration foremost. Elsewhere in his message of
the date given, he adds : "An intelligent officer, with ten or twelve chosen
men, fit for the enterprise and willing to undertake it, taken from our
posts where they may be spared without inconvenience, might explore
the whole line even to the Western ocean, have conference with the natives
on the subject of commercial intercourse, get admission among them for
19
20 HISTORY OF MONTANA
\
our traders as others are admitted, agree on convenient deposits for an
interchange of articles, and return with the information acquired in the
course of two summers. Their arms and accoutrements, some instru-
ments of observation and light and cheap presents for tlie Indians would
be all the apparatus they could carry, and with the expectation of a
soldier's portion of land on their return would constitute the whole ex-
pense. Their pay would be going on whether here or there. While other
civilized nations have encountered great expense to enlarge the boundaries
of knowledge by undertaking voyages of discovery, and for other lit-
erary purposes, in various parts and directions, our nation seems to owe
to the same object, as well as to its own interests, to explore this, the
only line of easy communication across the continent, and so directly
traversing our own part of it. The interests of commerce place the
principal object within the constitutional powers and care of Congress,
and that it should incidentally advance the geographical knowledge of our
own continent cannot but be an additional gratification."
In April, 1803, while negotiations were still pending with France,
Captain Lewis was collecting his equipment at Lancaster, Harpers Ferry
and other places ; in May, before news of the treaty had reached America,
he received his first set of instructions from the President, and on the
5th of July, after the tidings had been received in Washington, the young
leader of the historic expedition then in his twenty-eight year bade
his great patron farewell.
LITERARY SOURCES OF INFORMATION
The most authentic source of information regarding the famous ex-
pedition was its history prepared, by order of the Government of the
United States, in 1814, by Paul Allen. In the preface to that edi-
tion the editor states : "It was the original design of Captain Lewis to
have been himself the editor of his own travels, and he was on his
way towards Philadelphia for that purpose when his sudden death frus-
trated these intentions. After a considerable and unavoidable delay,
the papers connected with the expedition were deposited with another
gentleman, who, in order to render the lapse of time as little injurious
as possible, proceeded immediately to collect and investigate all the
materials within his reach.
"Of the incidents of each day during the expedition a minute jour-
nal was kept by Captain Lewis or Captain Clark, and sometimes by
both, which was afterward revised and enlarged at the different periods
of leisure which occurred on the route. These were carefully perused
in conjunction wtth Captain Clark himself, who was able from his own
recollection of the journey, as well as from a constant residence in
Louisiana since his return, to supply a great mass of explanations, and
much additional information with regard to part of the route which has
been more recently explored. Besides these, recourse was had to the
manuscript journals kept by two of the sergeants (Patrick Gass and
HISTORY OF MONTANA 21
Charles Floyd), one of which, the least minute and valuable,* has already
been published. That nothing might be wanting to the accuracy of
these details, a very intelligent and active member of the party, Mr.
George Shannon, was sent to contribute whatever his memory might
add to this accumulated fund of information. * * *
"To give still further interest to the work, the editor addressed
a letter to Mr. Jefferson, requesting some authentic memoirs of Captain
Lewis. For the very curious and valuable information contained in his
answer, the public, as well as the editor himself, owe great obligations
to the politeness and knowledge of that distinguished gentleman."
JEFFERSON'S SKETCH OF MERIWETHER LEWIS
Jefferson's article is not only of deep personal interest as furnishing
the best biography of Captain Lewis, of limited compass, which has been
published, but is weighted with valuable historic matter to form a rich
background to the great expedition itself. After noting the birth of
Meriwether Lewis, "late Governor of Louisiana," near the town of
Charlotteville, Virginia, August 18, 1778, the distinguished statesman,
who writes from Monticello, sketches the distinguished Lewis family
of Virginia. His great-uncle married a sister of George Washington, and
several of his relatives were prominent in the Revolutionary war, one of
whom (his uncle and guardian, Nicholas) fought bravely as commander
of a regiment sent against the Cherokee Indians.
Meriwether Lewis lost his father at an early age and this brave,
honest, courteous and tender uncle and his widowed mother cared for
the bold, out-of-doors boy, huntsman and student. At thirteen he was
put to Latin school and after five years of schooling returned to the
home farm, but his instinct for adventure induced him to volunteer
as a militiaman in the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion of West-
ern Pennsylvania. Soon afterward he was transferred to the regular
service as a lieutenant in the line and at the age of twenty-three was
promoted to a captaincy; "and," adds Jefferson, "always attracting the
first attention where punctuality and fidelity were requisite, he was
appointed paymaster to his regiment.
JOHN LEDYARD'S MISADVENTURE
"About this time a circumstance occurred which, leading to the transac-
tion which is the subject of this book, will justify a recurrence to its
original idea. While residing in Paris (as minister to France), John
Ledyard, of Connecticut, arrived there, well known in the United States
* This low estimate of the value of the Gass Journal, made in 1814, has not
been sustained by estimates of historians subsequently made. His first edition,
published in 1807, was for seven years the only source from which any authentic
knowledge of the enterprise could be obtained, and ever since (with the issue of
1814) it has been recognized as an important supplement to the work based upon
the diaries of the great captains.
22 HISTORY OF MONTANA
for energy of body and mind. He had accompanied Captain Cook on
his voyage to the Pacific Ocean and distinguished himself on that voy-
age by his intepidity. Being of a roaming disposition, he was now
panting for some new enterprise. His immediate object at Paris was
to engage a mercantile company in the fur trade of the western coast
of America, in which, however, he failed. I then proposed to him to go
by land to Kamchatka, cross in some of the Russian vessels to Nootka
Sound, fall down into the latitude of the Missouri, and penetrate to,
and through that, to the United States. He eagerly seized the idea,
and only asked to be assured of the permission of the Russian Govern-
ment. I interested in obtaining that, M. de Simoulin, minister plenipo-
tentiary of the empress at Paris, but more especially the Baron de Grimm,
minister plenipotentiary of Saxe-Gotha, her more special agent and cor-
respondent there in matters not immediately diplomatic. Her permis-
sion was obtained, and an assurance of protection while the course of the
voyage should be through her territories.
"Ledyard set out from Paris and arrived at St. Petersburgh after the
empress had left that place to pass the winter, I think, at Moscow. His
finances not permitting him to make unnecessary stay at St. Petersburgh,
he left it with a passport from one of the ministers, and at two hundred
miles from Kamschatka, was obliged to take up his winter quarters. He
was preparing, in the spring, to resume his journey, when he was arrested
by an officer of the empress, who by this time had changed her mind
and forbidden his proceeding. He was put into a closed carriage and con-
veyed day and night, without even stopping, till they reached Poland,
where he was set down and left to himself. The fatigue of this journey
broke down his constitution, and when he returned to Paris, his bodily
strength was much impaired. His mind, however, remained firm, and he
after this undertook the journey to Egypt. I received a letter from him,
full of sanguine hopes, dated at Cairo, the fifteenth of November, 1788,
the day before he was to set out for the head of the Nile ; on which day,
however, he ended his career and life and thus failed the first attempt
to explore the western part of our northern continent."
BOTANIST FAILS AS EXPLORER
"In 1792 I proposed to the American Philosophical Society that we
should set on foot a subscription to engage some competent person to
explore that region in the opposite direction; that is, by ascending the
Missouri, crossing the Stony mountains and descending the nearest river
to the Pacific. Captain Lewis, being then stationed at Charlottesville
on the recruiting service, warmly solicitated me to obtain for him the
execution of that object. I told him it was proposed that the person en-
gaged should be attended by a single companion only, to avoid exciting
alarm among the Indians. This did not deter him ; but Mr. Andre Michaux,
a professed botanist, author of the 'Flora Boreali-Americana,' and of the
'Histoire des Chesnes d' Amerique,' offering his services, they were ac-
cepted. He received his instructions, and when he had reached Kentucky
HISTORY OF MONTANA 23
in the prosecution of his journey he was overtaken by an order from
the minister of France, then at Philadelphia, to relinquish the expedition,
and to pursue elsewhere the botanical inquiries on which he was employed
by that government and thus failed the second attempt for exploring that
region.
CAPTAIN LEWIS' REMARKABLE QUALIFICATIONS
"In 1803, the act for establishing trading houses with the Indian
tribes being about to expire, some modifications of it were recommended
to Congress by a confidential message of January i8th, and an exten-
sion of its views to the Indians on the Missouri. In order to prepare
the way, the message proposed the sending an exploring party to trace
the Missouri to its source, to cross the Highlands and follow the best
water communication which offered itself thence to the Pacific ocean.
Congress approved the proposition and voted a sum of money for carry-
ing it into execution. Captain Lewis, who had then been near two years
with me as private secretary, immediately renewed his solicitations to
have the direction of the party. I had now had opportunities of know-
ing him intimately. Of courage undaunted; possessing a firmness and
perseverance of purpose which nothing but impossibilities could divert
from its direction ; careful as a father of those committed to his charge,
yet steady in the maintenance of order and discipline; intimate with the
Indian character, customs and principles ; habituated to the hunting life ;
guarded, by exact observation of the vegetables and animals of his own
country, against losing time in the description of objects already pos-
sessed ; honest, disinterested, liberal, of sound understanding, and a fidelity
to truth so scrupulous that whatever he should report would be as cer-
tain as if seen by ourselves with all these qualifications, as if selected
and implanted in one body for his express purpose, I could have no
hesitation in confiding the enterprise to him. To fill up the measure'
desired, he wanted nothing but a greater familiarity with the technical
language of the natural sciences, and readiness in the astronomical
observations necessary for the geography of his route. To acquire these,
he repaired immediately to Philadelphia and placed himself under the
tutorage of the distinguished professors of that place, who, with a
zeal and emulation enkindled by an ardent devotion to science, communi-
cated to him freely the information requisite for the purposes of the jour-
ney. While attending, too, at Lancaster, the fabrication of the arms
with which he chose that his men should be provided, he had the benefit
of daily communication with Mr. Andrew Ellicot, whose experience in
astronomical observation and practice of it in the woods, enabled him
to apprise Captain Lewis of the wants and difficulties he would en-
counter, and of the substitutes and resources offered by a woodland and
uninhabited country."
JEFFERSON'S FIRST INSTRUCTIONS TO LEWIS
In April, 1803, a draft of his instructions was sent to Captain
Lewis, and President Jefferson signed them on the following 2Oth of
24 HISTORY OF MONTANA
June. These included a list of accouterments, instruments, etc., to be
taken by the expedition of from ten to twelve men, and assurances of
safe conduct from the ministers of France, Spain and Great Britain.
Louisiana had been ceded by Spain to France, and the protection of
Great Britain entitled Lewis and Clark, with their men, to the friendly
aid of any British traders whom they might encounter. After stating
the main object of the mission was to ascertain "the most direct and
practicable water communication across the continent for the purposes
of commerce," Jefferson entered more into details: "Beginning at the
mouth of the Missouri, you will take observations of latitude and lon-
gitude at all remarkable points on the river, and especially at the
mouths of rivers, at rapids, at islands and other places, and objects
distinguished by such natural marks and characters, of a durable kind
as that they may with certainty be recognized hereafter. The courses
of the river between these points of obsevation may be supplied by the
compass, the log-line and by time, corrected by the observations them-
selves. The variations of the needle, too, in different places should be
noted.
"The interesting points of the portage between the heads of the
Missouri and of the water offering the' best communication with the
Pacific ocean, should also be fixed by observation ; and the course of the
water to the ocean, in the same manner as that of the Missouri."
The president cautioned the leader of the expedition to take great
pains in recording his observations ; to make several copies of them, and,
as a special safeguard against their destruction make one of them "on the
cuticular membrane of the paper-birch, as less liable to injury from
damp than common paper." He defined the special objects of research
among the different Indian tribes, and the examination of the physical
features of the country was to be conducted with a view of ascertaining
the existence of vegetable products and animals not known to the "United
States;" also, mineral productions of any kind, especially "metals, lime
stone, pit-coal and saltpetre; salines and mineral waters, noting the tem-
perature of the last," and "volcanic appearances."
"Although your route will be along the channel of the Missouri,"
the instructions continue, "yet you will endeavor to inform yourself,
by inquiry, of the character and extent of the country watered by its
branches, and especially on its southern side. The North river, or Rio
Bravo, which runs into the Gulf of Mexico, and the Rio Colorado, which
runs into the Gulf of California, are understood to be the principal
streams heading opposite to the waters of the Missouri and running
southwardly. Whether the dividing grounds between the Missouri and
them are mountains or flat lands, what are their distances from the
Missouri, the character of the intermediate country and the people in-
habiting it, are worthy of particular inquiry. The northern waters of
the Missouri are less to be inquired after, because they have been ascer-
tained to a considerable degree, and are still in a course of ascertain-
ment by English traders and travelers; but if you can learn anything
certain of the most northern source of the Mississippi, and of its position
HISTORY OF MONTANA 25
relatively to the Lake of the Woods, it will be interesting to us. Some
account, too, of the path of the Canadian traders from the Mississippi,
at the mouth of the Ouisconsing, to where it strikes the Missouri, and
of the soil and rivers in its course, is desirable."
Kind treatment of the natives was urged, even to the length of
offering to receive some of their young people and educating them at
government expense. Kine-pox (vaccine) matter was to be taken, and
endeavors made to introduce it as a preventive against small-pox, the
scourge of the red race. As it was impossible to foresee how the ex-
pedition would be received by the natives, it was instructed to turn
back, if it met with extended and dangerous opposition.
"Should you reach the Pacific Ocean," instructs President Jeffer-
son, "inform yourself of the circumstances which may decide whether
the furs of those parts may not be collected as advantageously at the
head of the Missouri (convenient, as is supposed, to the waters of the"
Colorado and Oregon or Columbia) as at Nootka sound, or any other
point of that coast ; and that trade be consequently conducted through the
Missouri and United States more beneficially than by the circumnaviga-
tion now practiced."
That last part of the instructions includes advice to return to the
United States by way of Cape Horn or Cape of Good Hope, if the
overland trip should be deemed too hazardous; instructions as to meet-
ing expeditionary expenses and the appointment of a successor to head
the expedition, in the event of Captain Lewis's death.
"While these things were going on here," continues Jefferson, "the
country of Louisiana, lately ceded by Spain to France, had been the sub-
ject of negotiation at Paris between us and this last power, and had
actually been transferred to us by treaties executed at Paris on the
thirtieth of April (1803). This information, received about the first of
July, increased infinitely the interest we felt in the expedition and
lessened the apprehension of interruption from other powers. Every-
thing in this quarter being now prepared, Captain Lewis left Washington
on the fifth of July, 1803, and proceeded to Pittsburg, where other articles
had been ordered to be provided for him. The men, too, were to be
selected from the military stations on the Ohio. Delays of preparation,
difficulties of navigation down the Ohio and other untoward obstruc-
tions, retarded his arrival at Cahokia until the season was so far
advanced as to render it prudent to suspend his entering the Missouri
before the ice should break up in the succeeding spring.
"From this time his journal, now published, will give the history
of his journey to and from the Pacific ocean, until his return to St.
Louis on the 23rd of September, 1806. Never did a similar event excite
more joy through the United States. The humblest of its citizens had
taken a lively interest in the issue of this journey, and looked forward
with impatience for the information it would furnish. Their anxieties,
too, for the safety of the corps had been kept in a state of excitement
by lugubrious rumours, circulated from time to time on uncertain
authorities, and uncontradiction by letters or other direct information,
26 HISTORY OF MONTANA
from the time they had left the Mandan towns on their ascent up the
river in April of the preceding year (1805) until their actual return
to St. Louis."
ESTIMATED COST OF THE EXPEDITION
The president requested Captain Lewis to estimate the cost of the
expedition, which the latter did as follows :
Mathematical instruments $ 217
Arms and accoutrements 81
Camp equipage 255
Medicine and packing 55
Means of transportation 43
Indian presents 696
Provisions 224
Materials for making up the various articles into
portable packs 55
For the pay of hunters, guides and interpreters 300
In silver coin, to defray the expenses of the party
from Nashville to the last white settlement on the
Missouri 100
Contingencies 87
Total $2,500
These were but preliminary estimates and, as the importance of
the expedition increased during the period of delay which resulted in
Louisiana becoming American territory, it is evident that they were not
adhered to.
CAPTAIN WILLIAM CLARK
The personnel of the expedition was of prime importance, however,
Capt. William Clark,* who shared the honors of leadership with Captain
Lewis, was four years the senior of the latter, and was also a Virginian.
During his boyhood, the family moved to Louisville, Kentucky, and in
1796, after serving for eight years in the United States army he re-
signed his lieutenancy in the service on account of ill health. At one
time, Meriwether Lewis served under him. In March, 1804, after he had
been selected as Captain Lewis' assistant, he received a commission as
second lieutenant of artillery and not as captain of engineers, as he had
hoped. So that the title of "captain" is generally applied to him ; officially
he was not entitled to it. He was also Lewis' subordinate, although
* In three editions of the Lewis and Clark journals, the latter name is spelled
with an "e"; Washington Irving also gives it that spelling. On the contrary, Cap-
tain Clark himself omits the "e" in the inscription left by him on Pompey's pillar;
his brother, the general, always signed himself, Clark, as did his son, Jefferson
Clark of St. Louis. As the bearer of the name himself, as well as his near relatives,
invariably omitted the "e", it should be the duty of the historian to follow their
preferences.
HISTORY OF MONTANA 27
his official superior made him his practical equal in every way and evi-
dently they were both harmoniously working for the common cause the
laudable success of a great American expedition.
"The selection of the men for the expedition," says a modern ac-
count of the fine venture, "was a matter of importance secondary only
to the choice of the chiefs themselves. There were in all that is,
including Lewis and Clark forty-five souls. Among them were frontier
soldiers of the regular army, who volunteered to go. They had seen
service at the posts of the west. There were, besides, nine young Ken-
tuckians, two French watermen, a hunter, who also served as interpreter,
and York, the negro valet of Captain Lewis. Of these men, all but
the last named, were enlisted as privates, their services to endure through
the active life 'of the expedition. Three of them, namely, Floyd, Pryor
and Ordway, were promoted by the leaders to the rank of sergeant.
Besides the party designed for the complete journey of exploration a
corporal, six soldiers and nine watermen were taken as an escort as
far as the Mandan villages on the Missouri, to aid in transporting
stores and also to give their military aid in case of attack by hostile
savages, those most feared dwelling between the Wood River and the
Missouri."
THE JOURNEY TO THE MANDAN VILLAGES
It is far beyond the scope of this story to trace the real com-
mencement of the expedition at Pittsburg, in the summer of 1803, when
Captain Lewis was there recruiting for members and arranging for
transportation down the Ohio to the mouth of the Missouri. Dr. James
K. Hosmer, in his introduction to the "Gass Journal" (edition of 1904)
goes into many interesting details regarding this phase of the enter-
prise and the care taken by Captain Lewis in the selection of his men.
The Falls of the Ohio, Louisville, were at last reached, and at the
Point of Rock, the home of George Rogers Clark, Lewis met his yoke-
fellow, William Clark, who added to the company nine young men from
Kentucky, carefully selected from a throng of volunteers. Among them
was John Colter, whose adventures were to be the most thrilling of all
the members of the expedition. Delaying as little as possible, Clark
taking charge of the boat with its important freight, worked his way
down stream, then up to St. Louis; while Lewis, following the "Vin-
cennes trace," proceeded across country to Kaskaskia. Recruits were
picked from various frontier posts, among others John Ordway and Pat-
rick Gass, who both contributed materially to the literature of the ex-
pedition.
"During the winter of 1803-04," writes Doctor Hosmer, "the company
was well disciplined and instructed in the camp at Wood River, and on
the 9th of May took part in a memorable ceremony. Major Amos Stod-
dard crossing from Cahokia, received from Don Carlos de Haut de Lassus,
the Spanish governor, the surrender of St. Louis, the last post in the pur-
chased Louisiana. It was an occasion of solemnity. The flag of Spain
28 HISTORY OF MONTANA
being lowered, the flag of France took its place for a brief season.
Then arose the flag of the stars and stripes, its dominion henceforth
unchallenged. Confronting the Spanish infantry stood, at present, the
American line, among them the picked soldiers of Lewis and Clark, a
fine array of manhood. The new land was now completely possessed,
and the next week the Captains set forth to see what it contained."
The chief incidents developed by the voyage from St. Louis, up the
Missouri River, to Fort Mandan near the present site of Bismarck,
North Dakota a trip of sixteen hundred miles was the death of Ser-
geant Floyd, at the present site of Sioux City, Iowa, on August 20, 1804 ;
the desertion of two of the men, and the severe punishment (seventy-five
lashes with the "ramrod") and discharge of the one recaptured.
THE BIRD WOMAN AND HER HUSBAND, CHARBONNEAU
The start from St. Louis was made May 14, 1804, and the Mandan
villages and the fort were reached on the 2nd of November, of that
year. There the party were joined by Charbonneau, the French-Cana-
dian trapper and former employe of the Hudson's Bay Company, and his
wife, Sacajawea, the Bird Woman, a native of the Shoshone, or Snake
nation, and whose services as guide and advisor gave her a standing in
the expedition next to the leaders themselves. Charbonneau, who was
engaged as interpreter, was quarrelsome and unreliable; his wife, the
Bird Woman, was brave, faithful, familiar with every detail of her na-
tive land, through which the expedition was to pass, and absolutely re-
liable. On February n, 1804, she had been delivered of a son, so that
when the expedition of thirty-two members left Fort Mandan, on April 7,
1805, Sacajawea carried with her a baby of fourteen months.
The Lewis-Clark Journal launches the expedition thus: "Having
made all our arrangements, we left the fort about five o'clock in the
afternoon. The party now consisted of thirty-two persons. Besides
ourselves were Sergeants John Ordway, Nathaniel Pryor and Patrick
Gass ; the privates were William Bratton, John Colter, John Collins,
Peter Cruzatte, Robert Frazier, Reuben Fields, Joseph Fields, George
Gibson, Silas Goodrich, Hugh Hall, Thomas P. Howard, Baptiste Lapage,
Francis Labiche, Hugh M'Neal, John Potts, John Shields, George Shannon,
John B. Thompson, William Werner, Alexander Willard, Richard Winsor,
Joseph Whitehouse, Peter Wiser and Captain Clark's black servant, York.
The two interpreters were George Drewyer and Toussaint Charbonneau.
The wife of Charbonneau also accompanied us with her young child, and
we hope may be useful as an interpreter among the Snake Indians. She
was herself one of that tribe, but having been taken in war by the Min-
netarees, by whom she was sold as a slave to Charbonneau, who brought
her up and afterwards married her. One of the Mandans also embarked
with us, in order to go to the Snake Indians and obtain a peace with them
for his countrymen. All this party with the baggage was stowed in six
small canoes and two large pirogues. We left the fort with fair,
pleasant weather, though the northwest wind was high, and after making
HISTORY OF MONTANA 29
about four miles encamped on the north side of the Missouri, nearly
opposite the first Mandan village. At the same time that we took our
departure our barge, manned with seven soldiers, two Frenchmen and Mr.
Gravelines as pilot, sailed for the United States loaded with our pres-
ents and despatches."
REACH THE MOUTH OF THE YELLOWSTONE
The party proceeded up the Missouri, past the mouths of the Big
Knife, Little Missouri, White Earth and other tributaries to the mouth
of the Yellowstone, through a pleasant land of elk, deer, beaver, and
Mandans and Assiniboines. The disagreeable features of this part of
the expedition were evidently the high winds, which caused the men's*
eyes to be sore, and the cold weather. On April 25th, as the Yellow-
stone was approached, near the present boundary between North Dakota
and Montana, the temperature fell so low that the water froze on the
oars as the men rowed, which, with the high wind, forced a halt. "This
detention from the wind," notes the Journal, under that date, "and the
reports from our hunters of the crookedness of the river, induced us
to believe that we were at no great distance from the Yellowstone River.
In order, therefore, to prevent delay as much as possible, Captain Lewis
determined to go on by land in search of that river and make the neces-
sary observations, so as to be enabled to proceed on immediately after the
boats should join him; he therefore landed about eleven o'clock on the
south side, accompanied by four men ; the boats were prevented from
going until five in the afternoon, when they went on a few miles far-
ther, and encamped for the night at the distance of fourteen and a
half miles."
Captain Clark evidently writes the journal at this point, as he
says, under date of April 26, 1805 : "We continued our voyage in the
morning and by twelve o'clock encamped, at eight miles distance, at the
junction of the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers, where we were soon
joined by Captain Lewis.
"On leaving us yesterday, he pursued his route along the foot of
the hills, which he ascended at the distance of eight miles; from these
the wide plains watered by the Missouri and the Yellowstone spread
themselves before the eye, occasionally varied with the wood of the banks,
enlivened by the irregular windings of the two rivers and animated
by vast herds of buffalo, deer, elk and antelope.
"The confluence of the two rivers was concealed by the wood, but
the Yellowstone itself was only two miles distant to the south. He
therefore descended the hills and encamped on the bank of the river,
having killed as he crossed the plain four buffaloes; the deer alone
are shy and retire to the woods, but the elk, antelope and buffalo suf-
fered him to approach without alarm and often followed him quietly for
some distance. This morning he sent a man up the river to examine
it, while he proceeded down to the juncture.
"The ground on the lower side of the Yellowstone near its mouth
30 HISTORY OF MONTANA
is flat and for about a mile seems to be subject to inundation, while
that at the point of juncture, as well as that on the opposite side of
the Missouri, is at the usual height of ten or eighteen feet above the
water and therefore not overflown. There is more timber in the neigh-
borhood of this place and on the Missouri as far below as the White Earth
river, than on any other part of the Missouri on this side of the Cheyenne ;
the timber consists principally of cottonwood, with some small elm, ash
and box elder. On the sandbars and along the margin of the river grows
the small-leafed willow ; in the low grounds adjoining are scattered rose-
bushes three or four feet high, the redberry, serviceberry and redwood.
The higher plains are either immediately on the river, in which case they
are generally timbered and have an undergrowth like that of the low-
grounds, with the addition of the broad-leafed willow, gooseberry, choke
cherry, purple currant and honeysuckle; or they are between the low
grounds and the hills, and for the most part without wood or anything
except large quantities of wild hysop; this plant rises about two feet
high and, like the willow of the sandbars, is a favorite food of the buffalo,
elk, deer, grouse, porcupine, hare and rabbit. * * *
"The man who was sent up the river reported in the evening that he
had gone about eight miles, that during that distance the river winds
on both sides of a plain four or five miles wide, that the current was
gentle and much obstructed by sandbars, that at five miles he had
met with a large timbered island, three miles beyond which a creek
falls in on the southeast above a high bluff in which are several strata
of coal. The country, as far as he could discern, resembled that of
the Missouri, and in the plain he met several of the bighorn animals
but they were too shy to be obtained.
"The bed of the Yellowstone, as we observed it near the mouth,
is composed of sand and mud, without a stone of any kind. Just above
the confluence we measured the two rivers, and found the bed of the
Missouri five hundred and twenty yards wide, the water occupying only
three hundred and thirty, and the channel deep; while the Yellowstone,
including its sandbar, occupied eight hundred and fifty-eight yards with
two hundred and ninety-seven yards of water; the deepest part of the
channel is twelve feet, but the water is now falling and seems to be
nearly at summer height.
"We left the mouth of the Yellowstone (April 27th). From the
point of juncture a wood occupies the space between the two rivers,
which at the distance of a mile came within two hundred and fifty yards
of each other. There a beautiful low plain commences and widening,
as the rivers recede, extends along each of them for several miles, rising
about half a mile from the Missouri into a plain twelve feet higher
than itself. The low plain is a few inches above high water mark,
and where it joins the higher plain there is a channel of sixty or seventy
yards in width, through which a part of the Missouri, when at its
greatest height, passes into the Yellowstone. At two and a half miles
above the juncture and between the high and low plain, is a small
HISTORY OF MONTANA 31
lake two hundred yards wide, extending for a mile parallel with the
Missouri, along the edge of the upper plain.
"At the lower extremity of this lake, about four hundred yards
from the Missouri and twice that distance from the Yellowstone, is a
small lake highly eligible for a trading station; it is in the high plain
which extends back three miles in width and seven or eight miles in
length, along the Yellowstone, where it is bordered by an extensive
body of woodland and along the Missouri with less breadth, till three
miles above it is circumscribed by the hills within a space of four
yards in width. A sufficient quantity of limestone for building may
easily be procured near the junction of the rivers; it does not lie in
regular stratas, but is in large irregular masses, of a light color and
apparently of an excellent quality. Game, too, is very abundant and as
yet quite gentle. Above all, its elevation recommends it as preferable
to the land at the confluence of the rivers, which their variable channels
may render very insecure."
For several days, or until about the ist of May, 1805, wind and
weather were favorable for sailing, and the Eastern Missouri valley was
traversed until the Porcupine Creek was reached. This is a northern
tributary of the Whitewater River, which, with the Milk River, drains
quite a section of Northern Montana, and joins the Missouri River in
the southern part of what is now Valley County. All along the route,
game was very abundant, such as the black tailed deer, elk, buffalo,
antelope, brown bear and geese. At places, the beaver had committed
great ravages among the trees, "one of which, nearly three feet in
diameter, had been gnawed through by them." Captain Lewis had a
narrow escape from a wounded white bear (a grizzly, evidently, as it.
is described as yellowish brown in color). In the vicinity of Martha's
River, east of Porcupine Creek, it was noted that "there are greater
appearances of coal than we have hitherto seen, the stratas of it being
in some places six feet thick, and there are stratas of burnt earth, which
are always on the same level with those of coal."
Speaking of the antelope, the journal observes: "This fleet and
quick-sighted animal is generally the victim of its own curiosity: when
they first see the hunters, they run with great velocity; if he lies down
on the ground and lifts up his arm, his hat or his foot, the antelope
returns on a light trot to look at the object and sometimes goes and
returns two or three times, till they approach within reach of the rifle;
so, too, they sometimes leave their flock to go and look at the wolves,
who crouch down, and if the antelope be frightened at first, repeat
the same manoeuvre, and sometimes relieve each other till they decoy it
from the party, when they seize it. But generally the wolves take them
as they are crossing the rivers, for, although swift of foot, they are
not good swimmers."
On May 2nd, while nearing Porcupine Creek "one of the hunters,
in passing an old Indian camp, found several yards of scarlet cloth
suspended on the bough of a tree, as a sacrifice to the deity by the Assini-
boines, the custom of making these offerings being common among that
32 HISTORY OF MONTANA
people, as indeed among all the Indians on the Missouri." On the
following day, near their encampment, was passed "a curious collection
of bushes, about thirty feet high and ten or twelve in diameter, tied
in the form of a fascine (a faggot used in fortifications) and standing
on end in the middle of the low ground." It, also, was supposed to have
been left by the Indians as a religious offering.
Fourteen miles farther up the river the expedition reached the
mouth of the Porcupine named from the unusual number of the animal
named found near it. In the journal of the explorers, it may be con-
founded with Whitewater River, as it is described as "a bold and
beautiful stream one hundred and twelve yards wide, though the water
is only forty yards at its entrance. Captain Clark, who ascended it
several miles and passed it above where it enters the highlands, found it
continued nearly of the same width and about knee deep, and as far
as he could distinguish for twenty miles from the hills its course was
a little to the east of north. There was much timber on the low grounds ;
he found some limestone, also, on the surface of the earth in the course
of his walk, and saw a range of low mountains at a distance to the
west of north (Little Creek Mountains) whose direction was northwest,
the adjoining country being everywhere level, fertile, open and ex-
ceedingly beautiful.
"The water of this river is transparent, and is the only one that
is so of all those that fall into the Missouri ; before entering a large
sandbar through which it discharges itself, its low grounds are formed
of a stiff blue and black clay, and its banks, which are from eight to
ten feet high and seldom, if ever, overflow, are composed of the same
materials.
"From the quantity of water which this river contains, its direction
and the nature of the country through which it passes, it is not im-
probable that its sources may be near the main body of the Saskaskawan
(Saskatchewan), and as in high water it can be no doubt navigated to a
considerable distance, it may be rendered the means of intercourse with
the Athabasky country, from which the northwest company derive so
many of their valuable furs.
"A quarter of a mile beyond this river, a creek falls in on the
south, to which, on account of its distance from the mouth of the
Missouri, we gave it the name of Two-thousand Mile creek; it is a
bold stream, thirty yards wide."
Game, both small and large, was very abundant in this region, where
members of the party encountered and killed the largest brown bear they
had yet seen. Although pierced with five rirle balls through his lungs and
five others in other portions of his body, he swam half way across
the river to a sandbar and then survived twenty minutes. The animal
weighed about six hundred pounds and measured over eight and a half
feet from the nose to the extremity of the hind foot, five feet and ten
inches around the breast and three feet eleven inches around the neck.
'On May 6th, the expedition crossed and named Big Dry and Little
Dry creeks, in the present county of Garfield, which still appear on the
HISTORY OF MONTANA 33
map under those designations. The origin of the name is given in the
Lewis-Clark journal, thus: "We passed three streams on the south:
the first, at the distance of one mile and a half from our camp, was
about twenty-five yards wide, but although it contained some water in
standing pools, it discharges none. This we called Little Dry Creek,
about eight miles beyond which is Big Dry creek, fifty yards wide, without
any water; the third is six miles further, and has the bed of a large
river two hundred yards wide, yet without a drop of water; like the
other two, this stream, which we called Big Dry river, continues its
width undiminished as far as we can discern."
DISCOVER AND NAME THE MILK RIVER
Two days afterward, a light breeze from the east carried their boat,
sixteen miles, to the mouth of a river which came in from the north.
Captain Clark, on ascending a high point opposite to its entrance, dis-
covered a level and beautiful country which it watered; that its course
for twelve or fifteen miles was northwest, when it divided into two
nearly equal branches, one pursuing a direction nearly north, the other to
the west of north. Its width at the entrance to the Missouri, in the
southern part of what is now Valley County, was one hundred and fifty
yards. A few miles up stream, it was found to be of the same breadth
deep, gentle and carrying a large volume of water. Its bed was formed
of a dark, rich loam and blue clay; banks some twelve feet in height;
the low grounds near it wide and fertile and bearing much cottonwood
and willow. The river had to be named, and the expeditionary journal
of May 8, 1805, makes record: "It seems to be navigable for boats and
canoes, and this circumstance, joined to its course and the quantity of
water, which indicates that it passes through a large extent of country,
we are led to presume that it may approach the Saskashawan and afford
a communication with that river. The water has peculiar whiteness,
such as might be produced by a table spoon full of milk in a dish of tea,
and this circumstance induced us to call it Milk River."
THE MUSSELSHELL RIVER
The next river of any consequence reached by the expedition was
the Muscleshell, or Musselshell. Progress to this point had been ac-
complished by a twelve-days' journey from the Milk River district. On
May 20th, the camp was pitched at the upper point of the river's juncture
with the Missouri, from the south. "This stream," says the record,
"which we suppose to be that called by the Minnetarees the Muscleshell
river, empties into the Missouri two thousand two hundred and seventy
miles above the mouth of the latter river, and in latitude 47 o' 24"6
north. It is one hundred and ten yards wide and contains more water
than streams of that size usually do in this country; its current is by
no means rapid and there is every appearance of its being navigable by
canoes for a considerable distance; its bed is chiefly formed of coarse
Vol. 18
34 HISTORY OF MONTANA
sand and gravel, with an occasional mixture of black mud; the banks
abrupt and nearly twelve feet high, so that they are secure from being
overflowed; the water is of a greenish yellow cast and much more trans-
parent than that of the Missouri, which itself, though clearer than below,
still retains its whitish hue and a portion of its sediment. Opposite to
the point of juncture the current of the Missouri is gentle and two
hundred and twenty-two yards in width, the bed principally of mud
(the little sand remaining being wholly confined to the points) and still
too deep to use the setting pole. If this be, as we suppose, the Muscle-
shell, our Indian information is that it rises in the first chain of the
Rocky Mountains not far from the sources of the Yellowstone, whence,
in its course to this place, it waters a high, broken country, well
timbered, particularly on its borders, and interspersed with handsome
fertile plains and meadows. * t * * They also reported that the
country is broken and irregular like that near our camp; that about five
miles up a handsome river about fifty yards wide, which we named after
Charbonneau's wife, Sahcajahweah, or Birdwoman's river, discharges
itself into the Muscleshell on the north or upper side.
"Another party found at the foot of the southern hills, about four
miles from the Missouri, a fine bold spring, which in this country is
so rare that since we left the Mandans we have found only one of a
similar kind, and that was under the bluffs on the south side of the
Missouri, at some distance from it and about five miles below the
Yellowstone; with this exception, all the small fountains, of which we
have met a number, are impregnated with the salts which are so abundant
here, and with which the Missouri is itself most probably tainted though
to us who have been so much accustomed to it, the taste is not per-
ceptible."
Continuing up the Missouri River, the game became scarcer and the
country more broken, and the leaders commenced to speculate whether or
not they were not approaching the outposts of the great Rockies, or
continental divide, which was the immediate object t of their voyage.
On May 25th, they record : "The high country through which we have
passed for some days, and where we now are, we suppose to be a
continuation of what the French traders called the Cote Noire or Black
Hills. The country thus denominated consists of high, broken, irregular
hills and short chains of mountains, sometimes one hundred and twenty
miles in width, sometimes narrower, but always much higher than the
country on either side. They commence about the head of the Kansasa,
where they diverge, the first ridge going westward along the northern
shore of the Arkansaw; the second approaches the Rocky Mountains
obliquely in a course a little to the west of northwest, and after passing
the Platte above its forks and intersecting the Yellowstone near the
Bigbend, crosses the Missouri at this place, and probably swell the
country as far as the Saskashawan, though as they are represented much
smaller here than to the south they may not reach that river."
What are now known as the Black .Hills are much more circum-
scribed than the supposititious range noted in the Lewis-Clark journal.
o
a
H
36 HISTORY OF MONTANA
FIRST VIEW OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS
On the day after noting the broken appearance of the country through
which they were passing, the first view was obtained of the Rocky
Mountains. From the description, they were probably some portions
of the Belt Range of Central Montana. "It was here," says the journal,
"that, after ascending the highest summits of the hills on the north
side of the river, Captain Lewis first caught a distant view of the Rocky
Mountains, the object of all our hopes and the reward of all our
ambition. On both sides of the river and at no great distance from it,
the mountains followed its course; above these, at the distance of fifty
miles from us, an irregular range of mountains spread themselves from
west to northwest from his position. To the north of these a few elevated
points, the most remarkable of which bore north 65 west, appeared
above the horizon, and as the sun shone on the snows of their summits
he obtained a clear and satisfactory view of those mountains which
close on the Missouri the passage of the Pacific."
It is probable that the hills from which Captain Lewis thus obtained
his first ravishing view of the outskirts of the Rockies were what are
now known as Little Creek Mountains, as shortly afterward the members
of the party congratulated themselves "as having escaped from the last
ridges of the Black Mountains," and discovered and named "Bull creek."
"To further fix the locality, on the following day they came to a handsome
river, which discharges itself on the south and which we ascended to
the distance of a mile and a half. We called it Judith river; it rises
in the Rocky Mountains, in about the same place with the Muscleshell
and near the Yellowstone river."
WHOLESALE SLAUGHTER OF BUFFALO
"On the north," reads the journal of May 29, 1805, "we passed a
precipice about one hundred and twenty feet high, under which lay
scattered the fragments of at least one hundred carcasses of buffaloes,
although the water, which had washed away the lower part of the hill,
must have carried off many of the. dead. These buffaloes had been
chased down the precipice in a way very common on the Missouri, and
by which vast herds are destroyed in a moment. The mode of hunting
is to select one of the most active and fleet young men, who is disguised
by a buffalo skin round his body, the skin of the head, with the ears and
horns, fastened on his own head in such a way as to deceive the
buffalo ; thus dressed he fixes himself at a convenient distance between a
herd of buffalo and any of the river precipices, which sometimes extend
for some miles. His companions, in the meantime, get in the rear and
side of the herd, and at a given signal show themselves and advance
toward the buffalo ; they instantly take the alarm and finding the hunters
beside them, they run toward the disguised Indian or decoy, who leads
them on at full speed toward the river, when suddenly securing himself
in some crevice of the cliff which he had previously fixed on, the herd
HISTORY OF MONTANA 37
is left on the brink of the precipice. It is then in vain for the foremost to
retreat or even stop. They are pressed on by the hindmost rank, who,
seeing no danger but from the hunters, goad on those before them
till the whole are precipitated and the shore is strewn with their dead
bodies.
"Sometimes in this perilous seduction, the Indian is himself either
trodden under foot by the rapid movements of the buffalo, or missing
his footing in the cliff is urged down the precipice by the falling herd.
The Indians then select as much meat as they wish, and the rest is
abandoned to the wolves, and creates a most dreadful stench. The
wolves who had been feasting on these carcasses were very fat, and so
gentle that one of them was killed with an esponton. Above this place
EARLY INHABITANTS OF THE PLAINS
we came to for dinner at the distance of seventeen miles, opposite to a
bold running river of twenty yards wide, and falling in on the south.
From the objects we had just passed we called this stream Slaughter
river."
For several days, the party passed through a region of fantastic
sandstone cliffs and hills of freestone, and obtained another distant
view of the Rockies from some of the most considerable eminences. On
the 2nd of June a string of islands drew their attention, and at night
of that day they encamped "in a handsome low cotton wood plain on the
south," where they remained "for the purpose of making some celestial
observations during the night, and of examining in the morning a large
river" which flowed into the Missouri opposite their encampment, from
the north.
At an early hour of the following day (June 3rd), the expedition
pitched its camp in the point formed by the junction of Maria's River
with the Missouri. "It now became an interesting question," continues
38 HISTORY OF MONTANA
the journal of the perplexed explorers, "which of these two streams
is what the Minnetarees call Ahmateahza, or the Missouri, which they
described as approaching very near to the Columbia. On our right
decision much of the fate of the expedition depends; since if, after
ascending to the Rocky Mountains or beyond them, we should find that
the river we were following did not" come near the Columbia, and be
obliged to return, we should not only lose the traveling season, two
months of which hard already elapsed, but probably dishearten the men
so much as to induce them either to abandon the enterprise, or yield
us a cold obedience instead of the warm and zealous support which they
have hitherto afforded us.
"We determined, therefore, to examine well before we decided on
our future course ; and for this purpose dispatched two canoes with three
men up. each of the streams, with orders to ascertain the width, depth
and rapidity of the current, so as to judge of their comparative bodies
of water. At the same time parties were sent out by land to penetrate
the country and discover from the rising grounds, if possible, the distant
bearings of the two rivers; and all were directed to return towards
evening. While they were gone we ascended together the high grounds
in the forks of these two rivers, whence we had a very extensive prospect
of the surrounding country.
"On every side it was spread into one vast plain covered with verdure,
in which innumerable herds of buffaloes were roaming, .attended by
their enemies, the wolves ; some flocks of elks were seen, and the solitary
antelopes were scattered with their young over the face of the plain. To
the south was a range of lofty mountains, which we supposed to be a
continuation of the South Mountain, stretching themselves from southeast
to northwest (probably the Belt Range), and terminating abruptly about
southwest from us. These were partially covered with snow; but at
a great distance behind them was a more lofty ridge completely covered
with snow, which seemed to follow the same direction as the first, reaching
from west to the north of northwest (perhaps the Big Belt Mountains),
where their snowy tops were blended with the horizon.
"The direction of the rivers could not, however, be long dis-
tinguished, as they were soon lost in the extent of the plain. On our
return we continued our examination; the width of the north branch
is two hundred yards, that of the south is three hundred and seventy-two.
The north, although narrower and with a gentler current, is deeper than
the south ; its waters, too, are of the same whitish brown color, thickness
and turbidness ; they run in the same boiling and rolling manner which
has uniformly characterized the Missouri ; and its bed is composed of
some gravel, but principally mud. The south fork is deeper, but its
waters are perfectly transparent; its current is rapid, but the surface
smooth and unruffled; and its bed, too, is composed of round and flat
smooth stones like those of rivers issuing from a mountainous country.
The air and character of the north fork so much resemble those of the
Missouri that almost all the party believe that to be the true course to
be pursued. We, however, although we have given no decided opinion
HISTORY OF MONTANA 39
are inclined to think otherwise, because, although this branch does give
the colour and character to the Missouri, yet these very circumstances
induce an opinion that it rises in and runs through an open plain country,
since if it came from the mountains it would be clearer, unless, which
from the position of the country is improbable, it passed through a vast
extent of low ground after leaving them. We thought it probable that
it did not even penetrate the Rocky Mountains, but drew its sources
from the open country towards the lower and middle parts of the
Saskashawan, in a direction north of this place.
"What embarrasses us most is, that the Indians, who appeared to be
well acquainted with the geography of the country, have not mentioned
this northern river; for 'the river which scolds at all others,' as it is
termed, must be, according to their account, one of the rivers which we
have passed; and if this north fork be the Missouri, why have they not
designated the south branch, which they must also have passed in order
to reach the great falls which they mention on the Missouri?"
ROMANCE OF MARIA'S RIVER
The foregoing extracts are taken from the journal to show the care
with which the leaders examined all the evidences and the wisdom of
their general conclusion that their way to the mountains lay along the
south rather than the north fork. After examining the streams and
the neighboring country several days more, Captain Lewis became con-
vinced that the northern stream pursued a direction too far north for
their desired route to the Pacific, by way of the Columbia. On the 8th
of June, 1805, as his party came down the river, all its members, except
he himself, "were of opinion that this river was the true Missouri; but
Captain Lewis, being fully persuaded that it was neither the main stream
nor that which it would be advisable to ascend, gave it the name of
Maria's River. After travelling all day they reached the camp at five
o'clock in the afternoon, and found Captain Clark and the party very
anxious for their safety, as they had staid two days longer than had
been expected."
Elsewhere Captain Lewis states : "I determined to give it a name, and
in honour of Miss Maria W d called it Maria's River. It is true that
the hue of the waters of this turbulent and troubled stream but illy
comport with the pure celestial virtues and amiable qualifications of that
lovely fair one; but on the other hand it is a noble river; one destined
to become in my opinion an object of contention between the two great
powers of America and Great Britain, with respect to the adjustment of
the North-westwardly boundary of the former, and that it will become one
of the most interesting branches of the Missouri."
Dr. Elliott Coues, the learned editor of the 1893 edition of the journal,
adds this enlightening bit of information : "The Ulyssean young captain
is not successful in concealing the name of 'that lovely fair one'; for
<W d' spells 'Wood' without any vowels. This lady was Miss Maria
Wood, a cousin of his, afterward Mrs. M. Clarkson. There were a
40 HISTORY OF MONTANA
number of intermarriages between the Virginia Meriwethers, Lewises
and Woods ; but one such, the prospect of which Captain Lewis may have
cherished in his heart of hearts, was destined never to be."
Captain Clark's independent explorations up the valley of Maria's
River had also reconfirmed his belief that the stream mentioned was
not the one to be pursued. Furthermore, as he states in his contribution
to the journal, "the Indians had assured us, also, that the water of
the Missouri was nearly transparent at the falls ; this is the case with the
southern branch; that the falls lay a little to the south of sunset from
them ; this, too, is in favor of the southern fork, for it bears considerably
to the south of this place ; that the falls are below the Rocky Mountains,
and near the northern termination of one range of those mountains.
Now, there is a ridge of mountains which appear behind the South
mountains and terminates to the southwest of us (Little Belt Mountains),
at a sufficient distance from the unbroken chain of the Rocky Mountains
to allow spaces for several falls, indeed, we fear, for too many of them."
The observations and conclusions of Captains Lewis and Clark were
communicated to the reunited party. But every one of them were of a
contrary opinion, and much of their belief depended on Crusatte, an
experienced waterman on the Missouri, who gave it as his decided judg-
ment that the north fork was the genuine Missouri. The men therefore
said that although they would cheerfully follow their leaders wherever
they should direct, they were afraid that the south fork would soon
terminate in the Rocky Mountains and leave the expedition at a great
distance from the Columbia. That no radical error might be committed,
the leaders agreed that one of them should ascend the southern branch
by land until either the falls or the mountains should be reached, and
that the main camp should be pitched on the north side of the Missouri
near the entrance of Maria's River and await the return of the in-
vestigators.
LEWIS FINDS THE GREAT FALLS OF THE MISSOURI
On June nth, Captain Lewis, with four men, set out on this ex-
pedition up the south branch. Two days afterward, while traveling
southwardly through a country of alternate plains and river hills, from
the latter of which he could obtain views of the Rocky Mountains,
"fearful of passing the falls before reaching the mountains," the Lewis
party left the hills and proceeded across the plain. "In this direction,"
continues his narrative, "Captain Lewis had gone about two miles when
his ears were saluted with the agreeable sound of a fall of water and
as he advanced a spray, which seemed driven by a high southwest wind,
arose above the plain like a column of smoke and vanished in an instant.
Towards this point he directed his steps and the noise, increasing as he
approached, soon became too tremendous to be mistaken for anything
but the great falls of the Missouri. Having travelled seven miles after
first hearing the sound, he reached the falls about twelve o'clock. The
hills, as he approached, were difficult of access and two hundred feet
HISTORY OF MONTANA 41
high. Down these he hurried with impatience and seating himself on
some rocks under the center of the falls, enjoyed the sublime spectacle
of this stupendous object which since the creation had been lavishing its
magnificence upon the desert, unknown to civilization."
SUCCESSION OF WONDERFUL RAPIDS AND FALLS
Captain Lewis gives some wonderful descriptions of the Great Falls
and the succession of smaller falls and rapids farther up the river
and to fully enjoy them, the reader must consult the text of the Journal,
especially the edition of 1902, edited by Dr. James K. Hosmer. At this
point in the story, it reads: "The river immediately at its cascade is
three hundred yards wide and is pressed in by a perpendicular cliff
on the left, which rises to about one hundred feet and extends up the
stream for a mile; on the right the bluff is also perpendicular for three
hundred yards above the falls. For ninety or a hundred yards from the
left cliff, the water falls in one smooth, even sheet over a precipice of
at least eighty feet. The remaining part of the river precipitates itself
with a more rapid current, but being received, as it falls, by the irregu-
lar and somewhat projecting rocks below, forms a splendid prospect
of perfectly white foam, two hundred yards in length and eighty in
perpendicular elevation. This spray is dissipated into a thousand shapes,
sometimes flying up in columns of fifteen or twenty feet, which are
then oppressed by larger masses of the white foam, on all which the
sun impresses the brightest colours of the rainbow. As it rises from
the fall, it beats with fury against a ledge of rocks which extend across
the river at one hundred and fifty yards from the precipice * * *
At the distance of three hundred yards from the same ridge is a second
abutment of solid perpendicular rock about sixty feet high, projecting
at right angles from the small plain on the north for one hundred and
thirty-four yards into the river."
Captain Lewis encamped for the night under a tree near the falls
and walked along the river to find a place beyond where the canoes
might be again launched, but for three miles below found a succession
of rapids and cascades. On the following morning he sent one of his
men to Captain Clark with an account of the discovery of the falls and
resumed his course along the river toward the southwest. Five miles
above, he found a second fall. Here the river was about four hundred
yards wide, and for the distance of three hundred throws itself so
irregularly that the captain called this succession of pitches Crooked Falls.
"Above this fall," continues the narratice, "the river bends suddenly
to the northward; while viewing this place Captain Lewis heard a loud
roar above him and crossing the point of a hill for a hundred yards,
he saw one of the most beautiful objects in nature: the whole Missouri
is suddenly stopped by one shelving rock, which, without a single niche,
and with an edge as straight and regular as if formed by art, stretches
itself from one side of the river to the other for at least a quarter of
a mile. Over this it precipitates itself in an even uninterrupted sheet
42 HISTORY OF MONTANA
to the perpendicular depth of fifty feet, whence dashing against the rocky
bottom it rushes rapidly down, leaving behind it a spray of the purest
foam across the river. The scene w y hich it presented was indeed
singularly beautiful, since, without any of the wild, irregular sublimity
of the lower falls, it combined all the regular elegances which the fancy
of a painter would select to form a beautiful waterfall."
For several miles above, rapids .and cascades, or smaller waterfalls,
break the course of the river. During the day Lewis ascended a high
hill, whence he could trace the course of the Missouri to the base of the
Snow Mountains (Big Belt range) toward the southwest, as well as
note a large river flowing from the northwest and joining it about four
miles above his point of observation. After descending the hill and
wounding a buffalo, while preparing to see him fall and provide meat
for himself and men, he was attacked by a large brown bear. His rifle
was unloaded and he only escaped death by fleeing to the river, plunging
in and facing boldly about. He then continued his course toward the
western river, found that it "was a handsome stream about two hundred
yards wide, apparently deep, with a gentle current, its waters clear, and
its banks, which were formed principally of dark brown and blue clay
were about the same height as the Missouri, that is, from three to five
feet. * * * This river is no doubt that which the Indians call
Medicine River, which they mentioned as emptying into the Missouri
just above the falls." Before he returned to camp, Captain Lewis was
all but attacked by three bull buffaloes, and on the following morning,
when awaking, found a large rattlesnake on the trunk of the tree under
which he had been sleeping. All of which were taken as the usual risks
of such an adventure as his. The messenger sent to Captain Clark
returned with the information that the latter had arrived five miles
below at a rapid, which he did not think it prudent to ascend, and would
wait until Captain Lewis and his party rejoined him.
MAKING THE PORTAGE AROUND GREAT FALLS
On June i6th, the two parties were reunited by Captain Lewis joining
the main body, under Captain Clark, about five miles below the falls.
Captain Clark spent a number of days in examining the surrounding
country for some feasible portage around Great Falls and the succession
of rapids and cascades beyond. Portage Creek, so called, was finally
selected for that purpose, and to facilitate the transportation of the
canoes and the goods, rough carriages or wagons were made. "We were
very fortunate," notes the journal, "in finding, just below Portage Creek.
a cottonwood tree about twenty-two inches in diameter, and large enough
to make the carriage wheels; it was perhaps the only one of the same
size within twenty miles ; and the cottonwood, which we were obliged
to employ in the other parts of the work, is extremely soft and brittle.
The mast of the white periogue, which we mean to leave behind, supplied
us with two axletrees."
The hunters were sent out to kill buffaloes and other game, in order
HISTORY OF MONTANA 43
to collect meat to last while the transportation over the portage was being
made. He carefully examined the route and fixed stakes to mark the
definite line of the portage, having decided upon a locality about a mile
beyond the juncture of the Medicine with the Missouri as the best point
for the farther extremity of the portage. The three islands at that place
were named Whitebear Islands, from the fact that a number of the
animals were observed upon them. The portage was made with some
difficulty, as various parts of the carriage broke under the weight of
the goods and provisions, but finally the camp was selected in a small
grove of timber opposite the Whitebear Islands and various scattered
hunters were there collected before a general forward movement was
attempted. Captain Lewis was in charge of the camp near the Medicine
River and Captain Clark, the one at Portage Creek.
NARROW ESCAPE OF CAPTAIN CLARK, THE BIRD WOMAN, ET AL.
On June 28th, Captain Clark started for the other end of the portage
with a portion of the baggage, but was overtaken by a cloudburst and
was obliged to leave the heaviest articles behind. On the following day
"finding it impossible to reach the end of the portage with their present
load, in consequence of the state of the road after the rain, he sent back
nearly all his party to bring on the articles which had been left yesterday.
Having lost some notes and remarks which he had made on first
ascending the river, he determined to go up to the Whitebear Island
along its banks, in order to supply the deficiency. He left one man to
guard the baggage and went on to the falls, accompanied by his servant,
York, Charbonneau and his wife with her young child. On his arrival
there, he observed a very dark cloud rising in the west which threatened
rain, and looked around for some shelter, but could find no place
where they would be secure from being blown into the river if the wind
should prove as violent as it sometimes does in the plains. At length,
about a quarter of a mile above the falls, he found a deep ravine where
there were some shelving rocks under which he took refuge. They were
on the upper side of the ravine near the river, perfectly safe from the
rain, and therefore laid down their guns, compass and other articles
which they carried with them. The shower was at first moderate, it
then increased to a heavy rain, the effects of which they did not feel;
soon after a torrent of rain and hail descended; the rain seemed to fall
in a solid mass, and instantly collecting in the ravine came rolling down
in a dreadful current, carrying the mud and rocks and everything
that opposed it. Captain Clark fortunately saw it a moment before
it reached them, and springing up with his gun and shotpouch in his
left hand, with his right clambered up the steep bluff, pushing on the
Indian woman with- her child in her arms ; her husband, too had seized
her hand, and was pulling her up the hill, but he was so terrified at the
danger that, but for Captain Clark, himself and his wife and child would
have been lost.
"So instantaneous was the rise of the water that before Captain
44 HISTORY OF MONTANA
Clark had reached his gun and begain to ascend the bank the water was
up to his waist, and he could scarce get up faster than it rose, till it
reached the height of fifteen feet with a furious current, which, had
they waited a moment longer, would have swept them into the river just
above the great falls, down which they must inevitably have been pre-
cipitated. They reached the plain in safety and found York, who had
been separated from them just before the storm to hunt some buffalo,
and was now returning to find his master. They had been obliged to
escape so rapidly that Captain Clark lost his compass and umbrella,
Charbonneau left his gun, shotpouch and tomahawk, and the Indian
woman had just time to grasp her child before the net in which it lay at
her feet was carried down the current."
VOYAGE UP THE MISSOURI RESUMED
It was not until July 15, 1805, that the expedition was ready to proceed
up the Missouri. Much time was spent in attempting to complete a
large boat of skins, which had been prepared for the purpose at Harper's
Ferry. Its frame was of iron, thirty-six feet long, four feet and a half
beam and twenty-six inches wide at the bottom. The design was to
complete its construction with timber, but the native supply of cotton-
wood, willow and box-alder was found ill adapted for the purpose.
Neither were the builders able to obtain the necessary tar to properly
close the seams. As a substitute they formed a composition of pounded
charcoal, beeswax and buffalo tallow, and sewed the skins together with
sharp-edged, instead of pointed needle. On the 9th of July, the boat
was launched, but a heavy wind prevented its departure and on the
following morning it was found that the composition had separated
from the skins, leaving the seams exposed, and the boat and the venture
along this line had to be abandoned. To make a long, trying experience
short in the telling, the boat was taken to pieces and its various parts
worked into canoes, and at ten o'clock in the morning of July I5th they
were loaded with the expeditionary baggage, and the voyage up the
Missouri was resumed.
SMITH'S AND DEARBORN RIVERS
Smith's River, which comes into the Missouri from the south, rising
in the Little Belt Mountains and flowing through the west-central por-
tions of Cascade County, was named after Robert Smith, who was then
secretary of the navy. "At six miles" (from camp), the journal notes,
"we came to an island opposite to a bend toward the north side, and
reached, at seven and a half miles, the lower point of a woodland at the
entrance of a beautiful river, which, in honour of the Secretary of
the Navy, we called Smith's river. This stream falls into a bend on the
south side of the Missouri and is eighty yards wide. As far as we could
discern its course wound through a charming valley towards the
southeast, in which many herds of buffalo were feeding, till at the distance
of twenty-five miles, it entered the Rocky Mountains and was lost from
our view."
HISTORY OF MONTANA 45
Three days after striking and naming Smith's River, the secretary
of war^ Henry Dearborn, was honored by the explorers in the naming
of the "handsome, bold and clear stream" emptying itself from the north
and coming, as we would now describe it, from vast masses of the Con-
tinental Divide, through the Montana county of Lewis and Clark. Soon
after leaving Dearborn's river, the expedition reached a creek which was
named after Sergeant John Ordway, and on the following day, July
I9th, were entering the rocky wilds of the present Helena district. '
THE GATES OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS
For a dozen miles, or more, the flotilla of canoes had been following
the numerous bends of the Missouri, through a hot and confined valley,
AT THE GATES OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS
with the mountains in the near distance covered with patches of pine,
cedar and fir and capped with snow, when the ranges on either side
suddenly approached the river, "forming a most sublime and extraor-
dinary spectacle. For five and three quarters miles these rocks rise
perpendicularly from the water's edge to the height of nearly twelve
hundred feet. They are composed of a black granite near its base, but
from its lighter colour above, and from the fragments, we suppose the
upper part to be flint of a yellowish brown and cream colour. Nothing
can be imagined more tremendous than the frowning darkness of these
rocks, which project over the river and menace us with destruction. The
river, of one hundred and fifty yards, in width, seems to have forced its
channel down this solid mass, but so reluctantly has it given way that
during the whole distance the water is very deep, even at the edges, and
for the first three miles there is not a spot, except one of a few
yards, in which a man could stand between the water and the towering
perpendicular of the mountain. The convulsion of the passage must
46 HISTORY OF MONTANA
have been terrible, since at its outlet there are vast columns of rock
torn from the mountain which are strewed on both sides of the river,
the trophies, as it were, of the victory. Several fine springs burst out
from the chasms of the rock, and contribute to increase the water, which
has now a strong current, but very fortunately we are able to overcome
it with our oars, since it would be impossible to use either the cord or the
pole. We were obliged to go on some time after dark, not being able to
find a spot large enough to encamp on; but at length, about two miles
above a small island in the middle of the river, we met with a spojt on the
left side where we procured plenty of lightwood and pitch pine. This
extraordinary range of rocks we called the Gates of the Rocky Moun-
tains."
A short distance from the Gates, the perpendicular rocks ceased
and the hills retired from the valley of the Missouri which again broad-
ened, bounded by parallel chains of mountains. Captain Clark lead a
party along the valley lands, hunting and investigating as he went.
Before encamping for the night, the boats stopped and took aboard the
meat which his men had collected during the day's hunt, and Captain
Lewis received from his coworker an account of his investigations by
land. The bed of the river was now diversified by many islands which
were much frequented by otter and beaver. Pryor, Whitehouse and Gass
creeks were named after John Pryor, Joseph Whitehouse and Patrick
Gass, members of the expedition.
CLARK REACHES THE THREE FORKS
In the meantime, Captain Clark had continued his land travel along
the Indian road, and on July 25, 1805, "arrived at the three forks of the
Missouri. Here he found that the plains had been recently burnt on
the north side, and saw the track of a horse which seemed to have passed
about four or five days since. After breakfast he examined the rivers,
and finding that the north branch (the Jefferson) although not larger,
contained more water than the middle branch, and bore more to the
westward, he determined to ascend it. He therefore left a note informing
Captain Lewis of his intention, and then went up that stream on the
north side for about twenty-five miles. Here Charbonneau was unable
to proceed any further, and the party therefore encamped, all of them
much fatigued, their feet blistered and wounded by the prickly pear."
LEWIS AT THE THREE FORKS
Captain Lewis and his party were ascending the Missouri, while his
companion, who had been taken sick in the midst of his explorations,
was endeavoring to join him. The former reached the three forks on
the 27th. He says : "A range of high mountains partially covered with
snow is seen at a considerable distance, running from south to west,
and nearly all around us are broken ridges of country like that below
through which those united streams appear to have forced their passage.
HISTORY OF MONTANA
47
After observing the country (from a high limestone cliff, which he had
ascended), Captain Lewis descended to breakfast. We then left the
mouth of the southeast fork, which, in honour of the secretary of the
treasury we called Gallatin's River, and at the distance of half a mile
reached the confluence of the southwest and middle branches of the
Missouri. Here we found the letter from Captain Clark, and as agreed
with him that the direction of the southwest fork (the Jefferson) gave
it a decided preference over the others, we ascended that branch of the
river for a mile, and encamped in a level handsome plain on the left, hav-
ing advanced only seven miles. Here we resolved to wait the return of
THREE FORKS OF THE MISSOURI
Captain Clark, and in the meantime make the necessary celestial observa-
tions, as this seemed an essential point in the geography of the western
world, and also to recruit men and air the baggage. It was accordingly
all unloaded and stowed away on shore.
"Near the three forks we saw many collections of the mud-nests of
the small martin attached to the smooth faces of the limestone rock,
where they were sheltered by projections of the rock above it; and in
the meadows were numbers of the duck or mallard, with their young,
who are now nearly grown. The hunters returned towards evening
with six deer, three otter and a muskrat, and had seen great numbers of
antelopes, and much sign of the beaver and elk.
"During all last night Captain Clark had a high fever and chills,
accompanied with great pain. He, however, pursued his route eight
miles to the middle branch, where not finding any fresh Indian tracks,
he came down it and joined us about three o'clock, very much exhausted
48 HISTORY OF MONTANA
with fatigue and the violence of his fever. Believing himself bilious
he took a dose of Rush's pills, which we have always found sovereign
in such cases, and bathing the lower extremities in warm water.
"We are now very anxious to see the Snake Indians. After advanc-
ing for several hundred miles into this wild and mountainous country,
we may soon expect that the game will abandon us. With no information
of the route, we may be unable to find a passage across the mountains
when we reach the head of the river, at least such a one as will lead
us to the Columbia, and even were we so fortunate as to find a branch
of that river, the timber which we have hitherto seen in these mountains
does not promise us any fit to make canoes, so that our chief dependence
is on meeting some tribe from whom we may procure horses. Our
consolation is that this southwest branch can scarcely head with any
other river than the Columbia, and that if any nation of Indians can
live in the mountains we are able to endure as much as they, and have
even better means of procuring subsistence."
JEFFERSON AND MADISON RIVERS NAMED AND DESCRIBED
The entries in the journal under date of July 28, 1805, are even
of greater interest historical, geographical and personal and are given
without further comment: "On examining the two streams, it became
difficult to decide which was the larger or the real Missouri; they are
each ninety yards wide, and so perfectly similar in character and ap-
pearance that they seem to have been formed in the same mould. We
were therefore induced to discontinue the name of Missouri and gave
to the southwest branch the name of Jefferson, in honor of the president
of the United States and the projector of the enterprise, and called the
middle branch Madison, after James Madison, secretary of state. These
two, as well as Gallatin River, run with great velocity and throw out
large bodies of water. Gallatin River is, however, the most rapid of the
three and, though not quite as deep, yet navigable for a considerable
distance. Madison River, though much less rapid than the Gallatin, is
somewhat more rapid than the Jefferson; the beds of all of them are
formed of smooth pebble and gravel, and the waters are perfectly
transparent. * * * *
.
THE BIRD WOMAN IN HER HOME LAND
"Sacajawea, our Indian woman, informs us that we are encamped
on the precise spot where her countrymen, the Snake Indians, had their
huts five years ago, when the Minnetarees of Knife River first came in
sight of them, and from which they hastily retreated three miles up the
Jefferson and concealed themselves in the woods. The Minnetarees,
however, pursued and attacked them, killed four men, as many women,
and a number of boys, and made prisoners of four other boys and all the
females, of whom Sacajawea was one; she does not, however, show any
distress at these recollections, nor any joy at being restored to her
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Vol. 14
50 HISTORY OF MONTANA
country; for she seems to possess the folly or the philosophy of not
suffering her feelings to extend beyond the anxiety of having plenty
to eat and a few trinkets to wear."
Two days afterward, Captain Clark, feeling much better, and
observations having been made to fix the longitude of this important
geographical point on the western continent, the men reloaded the canoes
and the expedition moved up the Jefferson River. The Indian Bird
Woman was now on home ground and the leaders figuratively placed
themselves in her hands. For some time, she was the most important
member of the party. Soon after the start she pointed out to Captain
Lewis the place where she had been made prisoner. Her fellow country-
men, being too few to contend with the Minnetarees, had mounted their
horses and fled as soon as the attack began. The women and children
dispersed, and Sacajawea, as she was crossing the river at a shoal place,
was overtaken by her pursuers and captured.
LEWIS ASCENDS THE JEFFERSON (BEAVERHEAD)
Captain Lewis, with the Indian woman as guide and Charbonneau
as interpreter, now assumed the land travel in search of the Snake
Indians. He found and named Philosophy River. His companions were
also Sergeant Gass and Drewyer. Frazier and Fields creeks (named after
Robert Frazier and Reuben Fields) were also placed on the map of the
present Montana, along this route. Both leaders floundered around,
either along various streams or over the surrounding country, endeavor-
ing to find, beyond mistake, the true continuation of the Jefferson, and
finally decided on the middle branch. Finally, after nine days from the
commencement of its ascent, or August 8th, Sacajawea recognized a
curious projection into the river of an elevated plain as the point which
her people called Beaver Head, from a supposed resemblance to that
object. She said it was not far from the summer retreat of her country-
men, which was on a river beyond the mountains and running to the
west. She was therefore certain that the Shoshonees would be either
on the Jefferson River, or immediately west of its source, which from
the size of the stream was judged to be not far distant.
Captain Lewis, with three of his men, therefore set out to search for
the Snake Indians, or any other nation which could supply horses with
which to transport' the baggage of the expedition across the mountains
opposite the source of the Missouri. Some twenty or twenty-five miles
from Beaver Head, on the following day (August loth) he had traced
the Jefferson to a high cliff, which he christened Rattlesnake, from the
number of that reptile which he saw there. Beyond the stream forked,
and choosing the road along the one which showed the freshest tracks
of horses, he fixed a dry willow pole at that point bearing a note to
Captain Clark, recommending him to await his return at that place. On
the day mentioned, Captain Lewis and his men had travelled thirty
HISTORY OF MONTANA 51
miles, and on the following day (August nth) the former "had the
mortification to find the track which he followed yesterday soon dis-
appeared."
While he and his companions (Drewyer and Shields) were searching
for the lost trail, "Captain Lewis perceived with the greatest delight,
a man on horseback at the distance of two miles coming down the plain
toward them. On examining him with the glass, Captain Lewis saw that
he was of a different nation from any Indians we had hitherto met;
he was armed with a bow and a quiver of arrows ; mounted on an elegant
horse without a saddle, and a small string attached to the under jaw
answered as a bridle. Convinced that he was a Shoshonee, and knowing
how much of our success depended on the friendly offices of that nation,
Captain Lewis was full of anxiety to approach without alarming him,
and endeavor to convince him that he was a white man. He therefore
proceeded on towards the Indian at his usual pace. When they were
within a mile of each other, the Indian suddenly stopped Captain Lewis
immediately followed his example, took his blanket from his knapsack
and holding it with both hands at two corners threw it above his head
and unfolded it as he brought it to the ground as if in the act of spreading
it. This signal, which originates in the practice of spreading a robe or
a skin, as a seat for guests to whom they wish to show a distinguished
kindness, is the universal sign of friendship among the Indians on the
Missouri and the Rocky Mountains. As usual, Captain Lewis re-
peated this signal three times; still the Indian kept his position, and
looked with an air of suspicion on Drewyer and Shields who were now
advancing on each side. Captain Lewis was afraid to make any signal
for them to halt, lest he should increase the suspicion of the Indian,
who began to be uneasy, and they were too distant to hear his voice.
He therefore took from his pack some beads, a looking glass and a few
trinkets, which he had brought for the purpose and, leaving his gun,
advanced unarmed towards the Indian. The latter remained in the same
position till Captain Lewis came within two hundred yards of him, when
he turned his horse and began to move off slowly.
"Captain Lewis then called out to him in as loud a voice as he could,
repeating the words tabba bone f which in the Shoshonee language means
'white man'; but looking over his shoulder the Indian kept his eyes on
Drewyer and Shields, who were still advancing, without recollecting the
impropriety of doing so at such a moment, till Captain Lewis made a
signal to them to halt; this Drewyer obeyed, but Shields did not observe
it, and still went forward. Seeing Drewyer halt, the Indian turned his
horse about as if to wait for Captain Lewis, who now reached within
150 paces, repeating the words, tabba bone! and holding up the trinkets
in his hand, at the same time stripping up the sleeve of his shirt to show
the colour of his skin. The Indian suffered him to advance within 100
paces, then suddenly turned his horse and, giving him the whip, leaped
across the creek and disappeared in an instant among the willow bushes ;
with him vanished all the hopes which the sight of him had inspired of
a friendly introduction to his countrymen."
52 HISTORY OF MONTANA
Unfortunately a rain obliterated all traces of the Indian or his
red companions, Captain . Lewis and his men making every endeavor
to run them down. While thus engaged, they passed a large island
which they called Three-thousand-mile Island, "on account of its being
that distance from the mouth of the Missouri."
PASSAGE OF THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE
The lost trail and the persistent search for it resulted, on the following
day (August 12, 1805), in one of the great events of history and
geography the discovery and passage of the great continental watershed
of the United States of America. In view of the significance of the
event, its details, as recorded in the Lewis-Clark journal are of absorbing
interest. The morning of the day mentioned saw Captain Lewis and
his two comrades still endeavoring to trace the tracks of the horse
which they had lost in the mountains, on the previous day. The waters
of the Jefferson were now shallow and rapid and flowed from a cove in
the mountains, winding across a low plain which was further inter-
sected by bayous.
The story is thus told in the journal: "Captain Lewis now decided
on making the circuit along the foot of the mountains which formed the
cove, expecting by that means to find a road across them, and accordingly
sent Drewyer on one side and Shields on the other. In this way they
crossed four small rivulets near each other, on which were some bowers
or conical lodges of willow brush, which seemed to have been made
recently. From the manner in which the ground in the neighborhood
was torn up, the Indians appeared to have been gathering roots, but
Captain Lewis could not discover what particular plant they were search-
ing for, nor could he find any fresh track, till at the distance of four miles
from his camp he met a large plain Indian road which came into the
cove from the northwest, and wound along the foot of the mountains
to the southwest, approaching obliquely the main stream he had left
yesterday. Down this road he now went toward the southwest; at the
distance of five miles it crossed a large run or creek, which is a principal
branch of the main stream into which it falls, just above the high cliffs
or gates observed yesterday, and which they now saw before them. Here
they halted and breakfasted on the last of the deer, keeping a small piece
of pork in reserve against accident. They then continued through the
low bottom along the main stream, near the foot of the mountains on
the right.
"For the first five miles the valley continues towards the southwest
from two to three miles in width; then the main stream, which had
received two small branches from the left in the valley, turns abruptly
to the west through a narrow bottom between the mountains. The road
was still plain, and as it led them directly on towards the mountain the
stream gradually became smaller, till after going two miles it had so
greatly diminished in width that one of the men in a fit of enthusiasm,
with one foot on each side of the river, thanked God that he had lived
to bestride the Missouri !
HISTORY OF MONTANA 53
"As they went along, their hopes of soon seeing the waters of th'e
Columbia arose almost to painful anxiety; when, after four miles from
the last abrupt turn of the river, they reached a small gap formed by
the high mountains which recede on each side, leaving room for the
Indian road. From the foot of one of the lowest of these mountains,
which rises with a gentle ascent of about half a mile, issues the remotest
water of the Missouri. They had now reached the hidden sources of
that river, which had never yet been seen by civilized man; and as
they quenched their thirst at the chaste and icy fountain as they sat
down by the brink of that little rivulet, which yielded its distant and
modest tribute to the parent ocean they felt themselves rewarded for
all their labours and all their difficulties.
"They left reluctantly this interesting spot and, pursuing the Indian
road through the intervals of the hills, arrived at the top of a ridge,
from which they saw high mountains covered with snow, still to the west
of them. The ridge on which they stood formed the dividing line
between the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. They followed a
descent much steeper than on the eastern side, and at the distance of three
quarters of a mile reached a handsome bold creek of cold clear water
running to the westward. They stopped to taste for the first time the
waters of the Columbia."
The expedition had achieved one of its chief objects that is, to
find the gateway through the Rocky Mountains by which communication
might be obtained between the headwaters of the Missouri and the
Columbia, and a virtually continuous waterway be opened from the
Mississippi Valley to the Pacific Coast. The secondary step in the
venture was to get into touch with the Shoshonee Indians or other
interior tribe who could supply information, or guidance, which should
enable further progress toward the far western destination.
IN TOUCH WITH FRIENDLY SHOSHONES
So Captain Lewis and his two companions resumed the Indian road
which had led them through the mountains and to the headwaters of
the Salmon River, or the commencement of the Columbia River Valley.
They soon met a number of female Shoshones, whom they propitiated
with trinkets and whose cheeks were painted with bright vermillion by
the whites as an even more effective peace offering. The Indian women
conducted Captain Lewis and his men toward the camp of their nation
down the river, and after going about two miles "met a troop of nearly
sixty warriors, mounted on excellent horses riding at full speed toward
them. As they advanced Captain Lewis put down his gun, and went with
the flag about fifty paces in advance. The chief, who, with two men,
was riding in front of the main body, spoke to the women, who now
explained that the party was composed of white men, and showed
exultingly the presents they had received. The three men immediately
leaped from their horses, came up to Captain Lewis and embraced him
with great cordiality, putting their left arm over his right shoulder
54 HISTORY OF MONTANA
and clasping his back; applying, at the same time, their left cheek to
his, and frequently vociferating ah hi e! ah hi e! 'I am much pleased,
I am much rejoiced !' The whole body of warriors now came forward,
and our men received the caresses, and no small share of the grease and
paint, of their new friends. After this fraternal embrace of which the
motive was much more agreeable than the manner, Captain Lewis lighted
a pipe and offered it to the Indians, who had now seated themselves
in a circle around the party. But before they would receive this mark
of friendship they pulled off their moccasins, a custom, as we afterwards
learned, which indicates the sacred sincerity of their professions when
they smoke with a stranger, and which imprecates upon themselves the
misery of going barefoot forever if they are faithless to their words,
a penalty by no means light to those who rove over the thorny plains
of their country."
More presents were distributed this time, among the warriors
and about four miles distant Captain Lewis and his men were introduced
to their quarters in the Indian camp, which was on a level meadow on
the bank of the river. After formally smoking a pipe of peace with the
chief and his warriors, Captain Lewis explained the purposes of his
visit and distributed the remainder of the small articles he had brought
with him. The chief informed him that the stream discharged itself,
at the distance of half a day's march into another of twice its size coming
from the southwest. There were a great number of horses feeding
in every direction around the camp, which encouraged the captain to
believe that the expeditionary stores and goods could be transported
across the mountains, if necessary. On his way from the river to his
lodge, Captain Lewis met an Indian who "invited him into his bower
and gave him a small morsel of boiled antelope and a piece of fresh
salmon. This was the first salmon he had seen and perfectly satisfied
him that he was now on the waters of the Pacific."
LEWIS AND SHOSHONES JOIN CLARK
After some persuasion, the chief of the Shoshones, Cameahwait,
with eight of his warriors, was induced to accompany Captain Lewis
and his men on the return trip to the forks of the Jefferson, where
Captain Clark and the remainder of the expedition were to meet them.
Captain Lewis was obliged to resort to all sorts of stratagems in order
to allay the suspicions of the Indians that they were being led into
some kind of a trap, various articles of clothing being exchanged so
that it would be difficult for an enemy to distinguish a white from a
red man.
The i/th of August, 1805, marked the day when final preparations
were made to enter the second stage of the journey to the Pacific ;
therefore, the interesting events of that day are quoted at length from
the official journal, and thereafter the main events of the expedition
must be condensed. Under date of Saturday, August i/th, the story runs:
"Captain Lewis rose very early and despatched Drewyer and the Indian
HISTORY OF MONTANA 55
down the river in quest of the boats. Shields was sent out at the same
time to hunt, while M'Neal prepared a breakfast out of the remainder
of the meat. Drewyer had been gone about two hours, and the Indians
were all anxiously waiting for some news, when an Indian who had
straggled a short distance down the river returned with a report that
he had seen the white men, who were only a short distance below, and
were coming on. The Indians were all transported with joy and the
chief, in the warmth of his satisfaction renewed his embrace to Captain
Lewis, who was quite as much delighted as the Indians themselves.
"The report proved most agreeably true. On setting out at seven
o'clock, Captain Clark, with Charbonneau and his wife, walked on shore ;
but they had not gone more than a mile before Captain Clark saw
Sacajawea, who was with her husband 100 yards ahead, begin to dance
and show every mark of the most extravagant joy, turning round him and
pointing to several Indians, whom he now saw advancing on horseback,
sucking her fingers at the same time to indicate that they were of her
native tribe. As they advanced, Captain Clark discovered among them
Drewyer dressed like an Indian, from whom he learned the situation of
the party. While the boats were performing the circuit he went toward
the forks with the Indians, who, as they went along, sang aloud with
the greatest appearance of delight.
i' :
SACAJAWEA REUNITED TO GIRLHOOD COMPANION
"We soon drew near to the camp, and just as we approached it, a
woman made her way through the crowd towards Sacajawea, and, recog-
nizing each other, they embraced with the most tender effection. The
meeting of these two young women had in it something peculiarly touching (
not only in the ardent manner in which their feelings were expressed but
from the real interest of their situation. They had been companions
in childhood; in the war with the Minnetarees they had both been taken
prisoners in the same battle, they had shared and softened the rigours
of their captivity, till one of them had escaped from the Minnetarees,
with scarce a hope of ever seeing her friend relieved from the hands of
her enemies.
BROTHER AND SISTER ALSO REUNITED
"While Sacajawea was renewing among the women the friendships of
former days, Captain Clark went on and was received by Captain Lewis
and the chief, who, after the first embraces and salutations were over,
conducted him to a sort of circular tent or shade of willow. Here he
was. seated on a white robe, and the chief immediately tied in his hair
six small shells resembling pearls, an ornament highly valued by these
people, who procured them in the course of trade from the seacoast. The
moccasins of the whole party were then taken off, and after much
ceremony the smoking began. After this, the conference was to be
opened, and glad of an opportunity of being able to converse more in-
INDIAN CHIEFS AND WARRIORS
HISTORY OF MONTANA 57
telligibly, Sacajawea was sent for; she came into the tent, sat down and
was beginning to interpret, when in the person of Cameahwait she
recognized her brother; she instantly jumped up, and ran and embraced
him, throwing over him her blanket and weeping profusely; the chief
was himself moved, though not in the same degree. After some con-
versation between them she resumed her seat and attempted to inter-
pret for us, but her new situation seemed to overpower her, and she
was frequently interrupted by her tears. After the council was finished,
the unfortunate woman learnt that all her family were dead except two
brothers, one of whom was absent, and a son of her eldest sister, a small
boy, who was immediately adopted by her.
"The canoes arriving soon after, we formed a camp in a meadow on
the left side, a little below the forks, took out our baggage, and by
means of our sails and willow poles formed a canopy for our Indian
visitors. About four o'clock the chiefs and warriors were collected,
and after the customary ceremony of taking off the moccasins and smok-
ing a pipe, we explained to them in a long harangue the purposes of our
visit, making themselves one conspicuous object of the good wishes of
our government, on whose strength as well as its friendly disposition
we expatiated. We told them of their dependence on the will of our gov-
ernment for all future supplies of whatever was necessary either for
their comfort or defence ; that as we were soon to discover the best
route by which merchandise could be conveyed to them, and no trade
would be begun before our return, it was mutually advantageous that we
should proceed with as little delay as possible; that we were under
the necessity of requesting them to furnish us with horses to transport
our baggage across the mountains, and a guide to show us the route, but
that they should be amply remunerated for their horses, as well as for
every other service they should render us. In the meantime our first
wish was that they should immediately collect as many horses as were
necessary to transport our baggage to their village, where, at our leisure,
we could trade with them for as many horses as they could spare."
It was finally agreed that Captain Clark should set off in the morn-
ing with eleven men, furnished, besides their arms, with tools for mak-
ing canoes; that he should take Charbonneau and his wife to the camp
of the Shoshones, where he was to leave them in order to hasten the
collection of the horses ; that he was then to lead his men down the
Columbia, and if he found it navigable and the timber in sufficient quan-
tity, begin to build canoes. As soon as he had decided as to the pro-
priety of proceeding down the Columbia or across the mountains, he
was to send back one of the men with information of it to Captain
Lewis, who by that time would have brought up the whole party and the
rest of the baggage as far as the Shoshonee village.
It is impossible to give the details of the journey of the expedi-
tion, now divided under the two leaders, now reunited, but always harmo-
nious ; the discovery and naming of Lewis River by Captain Clark and
Clark River, by Captain Lewis, and the terrible sufferings of the party,
which caused all their Shoshone friends to desert them except one old
58 HISTORY OF MONTANA
man, the final entrance into the Snake ( Lewis) River, the joyful arrival
at the mouth of the Snake, where it joins the Columbia, and their cheering
sight of the Pacific Ocean, on November 16, 1805. A winter camp was
built close to the ocean, on the south bank of the Columbia.
THE RETURN TRIPS EASTWARD
On March 23, 1806, camp was broken and the loaded flotilla of
canoes started up the Columbia on the long return trip eastward. If re-
membered, the toils and hardships of the western trip were ignored.
On June 3Oth, the party had arrived at what was noted as Travelers'
Rest Creek, where it empties into Clark's (Flathead) River. There,
the leaders decided upon a separation, the party under Captain Lewis
to pursue a northerly route through Montana and that under Captain
Clark, a southerly. Specifically, as recorded in the journal entry of
July i, 1806, the plan agreed upon was as follows: "Captain Lewis, with
nine men, was to pursue the most direct route to the falls of the Mis-
souri, where three of his party were to be left to prepare carriages for
transporting baggage and canoes across the portage of eighteen miles
from Portage Creek to Whitebear Island. With the remaining six
he was to ascend Maria's River, to explore the country and ascertain
whether any branch of it reaches as far north as the latitude of fifty
degrees, after which he was to descend that river to its mouth.
"The rest of the men were to accompany Captain Clark to the head of
Jefferson river, which Sergeant Ordway and a party of nine men would
descend with the canoes and other articles deposited there. Captain
Clark's party, which would thereby be reduced to ten, would then pro-
ceed to the Yellowstone at its nearest approach to the three forks of
the Missouri. There, he was to build canoes and descend that river
with seven of his party and wait at its mouth till the rest of the
party should join him. Sergeant Pryor, with two other, was then to
take the horses by land to the Mandans. From that nation he was to go
to the British posts on the Assiniboine with a letter to Mr. Henry, to
procure his endeavors to prevail on some of the Sioux chiefs to accom-
pany him to the city of Washington."
CAPTAIN LEWIS'S HOMEWARD TRIP
All preparations being completed, "the two parties who had been
long companions now separated, with an anxious hope of soon meeting
after each had accomplished the purpose of its destination." The plan
as arranged by Lewis and Clark was carried out in all its essentials.
Captain Lewis, directed by the Indians, followed the eastern branch of
Clark's River. They also told him of a river (Cokalahishkit), "the river
of the road to buffalo," which would guide him to the dividing ground
between the headwaters of the Columbia and the Missouri along the
northern route. Pursuing this route, in about three days a rather flat
country was reached, on the western side of the mountains, which Cap-
HISTORY OF MONTANA 59
tain Lewis called "Prairie of the Knobs." Along this he traveled for a
few miles and reached a ridge, passed over the divide, and after thirty
or forty miles reached the headwaters of Medicine River, which flows
into the Missouri near the great falls. The captain 'then cut across
country to Whitebear Island, while his hunters were sent out for
game. On opening the cache, it was found that a number of bearskins
there deposited had been destroyed by the river flood as well as valuable
specimens of plants ; "but the chart of the Missouri River still remained
unhurt." Preparations were continued for transporting the preserved
articles, as the carriage wheels were in good order and the iron frame
of the boat had not materially suffered. On the i6th of July, 1806,
started with Drewyer and the two Fields, with six horses, to seek the
sources of Maria's River. He again slept under the Great Falls, which
he sketched. Two days out, the party reached the river, and traveled
up its northern side, ascending its northern branch until it entered the
mountains. On the 22nd, his journal makes the record: "And as we
have ceased to hope that any branches of Maria's river extend as far
north as the fiftieth degree of north latitude, we deem it useless to pro-
ceed farther, and rely chiefly on Milk and White Earth rivers for the
desired boundary."
While preparing to return down the river, Captain Lewis and his
party fell in with a band of thieving Gros Ventres, or Minnetarees, who,
after smoking a peace pipe and accepting the warmth of the white men's
camp fire, attempted to steal the rifles of Captain Lewis and the Field
brothers. One of the Fields, in attempting to regain them, fatally stabbed
one of the Indian thieves. The Indians afterward attempted to run off
the horses of the party, and, in the pursuit, one of the ungrateful savages
was fatally shot by Captain Lewis, who was using his pistol. The white
leader himself had a narrow escape from death as the wounded Indian
returned his fire just before expiring. In the melee, the whites captured
four of the Indians' horses and lost only one of their own. "Besides
which," continues the captain's account of the affair, "we found in the
camp four shields, two bows with quivers, and also the flag which we had
presented to them, but left the medal around the neck of the dead man, in
order that they might be informed who we were."
Captain Lewis and his men now made a dash for the mouth of
Maria's River, fearful not only for their own safety and the valuable
papers and instruments which he carried, but for Sergeant Gass and
Willard who had been left at the falls. By good fortune they met, as
well as Sergeant Ordway's party, which had spent six days in descending
the river from the mouth of the Madison to White Bear Island, and
spending another week there at the falls, in collecting the baggage, trans-
porting it over the portage and starting it down the river in the periogue
of five canoes. Gass and Willard had set out from the falls at the same
time with the horses of the main expedition.
It was more than two weeks, however, before the two leaders re-
joined their forces below the mouth of the Yellowstone, on the Mis-
souri. On the 7th of August Captain Lewis made a run of eighty-three
60 HISTORY OF MONTANA
miles down the Missouri, in order to reach the mouth of the Yellowstone.
"At four o'clock," it was noted in the journal of that date, "we reached
the mouth of the Yellowstone, where we found a note from Captain Clark
informing us of his intention of waiting for us a few miles below. We
therefore left a memorandum for our two huntsmen, whom we now sup-
posed must be behind us, and then pursued our course till night came on,
and not being able to overtake Captain Clark, we encamped."
Captain Lewis and most of his men were now over what is now the
North Dakota boundary, and it was not until the I2th of August, 1806,
at i :oo o'clock in the afternoon, at a point in the Missouri River, be-
yond the mouth of the White Earth River, in the region of the Burnt
Hills, that Lewis especially desired to "make the observation of the lati-
tude of the Burnt Hills, which is chiefly desirable," he notes, "as
being the most northern parts of the Missouri." As he did not reach
the locality until twenty minutes after noon it was too late to take
the meridian altitude, and while waiting over until the following day
to do so he was severely wounded in the thigh by one of his huntsmen
who had mistaken his hidden movements on the bank of the river for
those of elk which had been sighted. The wound was very painful and
brought on a high fever, but the journey was continued and on the fol-
lowing day, August I2th, he and his men came up with Captain Clark.
CAPTAIN CLARK'S NINE DAYS' JOURNEY
During the nine days of their separation, the journey of the Cap-
tain Clark contingent had been of interest, although not so stirring as
that of Captain Lewis. On taking leave of Lewis, July 3, 1806, with
fifteen men and fifty horses, Clark had set out through the valley of
Clark's River, along the western side of which they rode in a south-
erly direction. "Having made sixteen miles (in the morning of July
4th), we halted at an early hour for the purpose of doing honor to the
birthday of our country's independence. The festival was not very splen-
did, for it consisted of a mush made of cows and a saddle of venison, nor
had we anything to tempt us to prolong it." ,
On the 6th of July the watershed was reached which separates the
middle fork of Clark's River from the waters of Wisdom and Lewis
rivers. Reaching the other side of the mountain, they came to Glade
Creek. They found "appearances of old buffalo paths, and some old
heads of buffaloes; and as these animals have wonderful sagacity in the
choice of their routes, the coincidence of a buffalo with an Indian road
was the strongest assurance that it was the best. In the afternoon we
passed along the hillside north of the creek till in the course of six miles
we entered an extensive level plain. Here the tracks of the Indians
scattered so much that we could no longer pursue it, but Sacajawea
recognized the plain immediately. She had traveled it often during her
childhood, and informed us that it was the great resort of the Shoshones,
who came for the purpose of gathering quamash and cows, and of taking
beaver, with which the plain abounded ; and that Glade Creek was a
HISTORY OF MONTANA 61
branch of Wisdom River, and that on reaching the highest part of the
plain we should see a gap in the mountain, on the course to our canoes,
and from that gap a high point of mountain covered with snow.
"At the distance of a mile we crossed a large creek from the right
rising, as well as Fish creek, in a snowy mountain over which there is
a gap. Soon after, on ascending a rising ground, the country spreads
itself into a beautiful plain extending north and south, about fifteen
miles wide and thirty in length, and surrounded on all sides by high
points of mountains covered with snow, among which was the gap pointed
out by the squaw, bearing S. 56 E."
On the 7th, Captain Clark's party reached Wisdom River, following
it to a gap in the mountains, which led him to the west branch of the
Jefferson River. Down this the men went to the "forks," where they
had deposited their merchandise in the previous August. The lack of
tobacco had been their greatest deprivation, "and such was their eager-
ness to procure it after so long a deprivation that they scarcely took
their saddles from their horses before they ran to the cave, and were
delighted at being able to resume this fastidious indulgence." Some of
the men whose tomahawks were so constructed as to answer the purpose
of pipes, broke the handles of these instruments, and after cutting them
into small fragments, chewed them, the wood having by frequent smok-
ing become strongly impregnated with the taste of that plant.
The party led by Captain Clark had now traveled from Traveler's
Rest Creek to the head of Jefferson River, about 160 miles, and the
journal records: "It is a very excellent, and by cutting a few trees
might be rendered a good route for wagons, with the exception of about
four miles over one of the mountains which would require some levelling.
On July loth, with a white frost covering the ground and ice forming
the boats were loaded and the men divided into two bands, one to de-
scend the river with the baggage, while Clark, with the other party,
proceeded on horseback to the Rochejaume (Yellowstone). After travel-
ing about fifteen miles down the eastern side of Jefferson river, through
Service valley and over the Rattlesnake mountain into Beaverhead val-
ley, Captain Clark discovered that the canoes could advance more rapidly
than the horses; he therefore left the horses with Sergeant Pryor and
himself continued by water. Three Thousand Mile Island, Beaver Head,
Philanthrophy river, Wisdom river, Panther and Field creeks, and
other features made familiar by the outward voyage of the previous
year. The entrance of Madison river into the Missouri was reached
by Clark and the boats about an hour after Sergeant Ordway had arrived
with the horses, on Sunday, July I3th. The horses were then driven
across Madison and Gallatin rivers, and the whole party halted to dine and
unload the canoes below the mouth of the latter. Here the two parties
again separated, Ordway with nine men setting out in six canoes to de-
scend the river, while Captain Clark, with the remaining twenty and the
wife and child of Charbonneau, and fifty horses, started by land for
the Yellowstone. This was according to programme, but had Clark not
taken the precaution to take with him the faithful, astute and thoroughly
62 HISTORY OF MONTANA
posted Bird Woman, the prompt performance of his part of the pre-
arranged plan is problematical."
Late in the afternoon of the I3th, the land party set out from the
forks of the Missouri, but because of the sore feet of the horses were
obliged to travel slowly and halted for the night, after going only
four miles, on the bank of Gallatin's River. The plain beyond led to a
gap in the mountains, twenty miles distant, which the captain would
have taken, had not the Indian woman recommended one farther to the
south. Under her guidance, the main channel of the Medicine River
was reached, and finally, on the I4th, the gap in the mountains was
NEAR THE SOURCE OF THE MISSOURI
reached through the three branches of the Gallatin Pass, as well as the
great buffalo road described by the invaluable squaw.
FROM MISSOURI'S HEADWATERS TO THE YELLOWSTONE
The journal entry of Tuesday, I5th (July, 1806), is of special sig-
nificance: "After an early breakfast they pursued the buffalo road
over a low gap in the mountain to the heads of the eastern fork of Gal-
latin's river near which they had encamped last evening, and at the
distance of six miles reached the top of the dividing ridge (Bozeman
pass) which separates the waters of the Missouri and the Yellowstone;
and on descending the ridge they struck one of the streams of the latter
river. They followed its course through an open country, with high
mountains on each side, partially covered with pine and watered by sev-
eral streams, crowded as usual by beaver dams. Nine miles from the
top of the ridge they reached the Yellowstone itself, about a mile and a
half below where it issues from the Rocky mountains.
"It now appeared that the communication between the two rivers
was short and easy. From the head of the Missouri at its three forks
to this place is a distance of forty-eight miles, the greater part of which
is through a level plain ; indeed, from the forks of the eastern branch
HISTORY OF MONTANA 63
of Gallatin's river, which is here navigable for small canoes to this part
of the Yellowstone, the distance is no more than eighteen miles, with
an excellent road over a high, dry country, with hills of inconsiderable
height and no difficulty in passing. * * *
"At the distance of nine miles from the mountain a river discharges
itself into the Yellowstone from the northwest, under a high rocky
cliff. It rises from the snowy mountains in that direction; is about
thirty-five yards wide; has a bold, deep current; 'is skirted by some
cottonwood and willow trees ; and, like the Yellowstone itself, seems to
abound in beaver. They gave it the name of Shield's river, after one
of the party."
As many of the horses in the Clark party were either lamed by the
hard travel or stolen by the Indians, two canoes were built, twenty-
eight feet in length, lashed together, and on the 23rd of July all but three
of its members continued the trip down the Yellowstone. Sergeant Pryor,
with two other men, was directed to take the remaining horses to the
Mandans, and (still according to programme) "if he found that Mr.
Henry (Indian agent) was on the Assiniboin river, to go thither and de-
liver him a letter, the object of which was to prevail on the most dis-
tinguished chiefs of the Sioux to accompany him to Washington."
LAST VIEW OF THE ROCKIES
Sergeant Pryor was to join Clark where the Big Horn River entered
the Yellowstone. A wide river coming in from the south was at first
thought to be the Big Horn; "but afterwards when the Big Horn was
found the name of Clark's fork was given to this stream." Pryor's
Creek was also named along the route. Littlewolf Mountains were
passed on the way, and one of the cliffs which juts into the Yellow-
stone in that region was named by Captain Clark, Pompey's Pillar.
Just before reaching the Big Horn River, on the 26th, he shot two of
the animals from his boat which gave their name to that stream. He
states that "there are no permanent settlements near it, but the whole
country which it waters is occasionally visited by roving bands of hunt-
ers from the Crow tribe, the Paunch, a band of Crows, and the Castahana,
a small band of Snake Indians." On the morning of July 27, 1806,
"they again set out very early, and on leaving the Big Horn took a last
look at the Rocky mountains, which had been constantly in view from
the first of May."
Their course down the Yellowstone brought them through a country
crowded with buffalo, elk and wolves, and on Tuesday, August 3, 1806,
eight miles below Field's Creek, reached its junction with the Missouri.
He had traveled down its valley for a distance of more than eight hun-
dred miles. At the confluence of the two rivers he wrote the note to Cap-
tain Lewis which the latter found four days afterward. On the 8th,
Clark was joined by Sergeant Pryor and his two companions but minus
the horses which had been stolen by the Indians.
64 HISTORY OF MONTANA
HAPPILY REUNITED EXPEDITION
Under date of August 12, 1806, Clark's journal says: "The party
continued to slowly descend the river. One of the skin canoes was by
accident pierced with a small hole, and they halted for the purpose of
mending it with a piece of elk-skin and also to wait for two of the
party who were behind. Whilst there they were overjoyed at seeing
Captain Lewis's boats heave in sight about noon. But this feeling was
changed into alarm on seeing the boats reach the shore without Captain
Lewis, who they then learned had been wounded the day before, and was
then lying in the periogue. After giving to hi,s wound all the atten-
tion in our power we remained here some time, during which we were
overtaken by our two men, accompanied by Dickson and Hancock, who
wished to go with us as far as the Mandans. The whole party being now
happily reunited, we left the two skin canoes, and all embarked together
about three o'clock in the boats."
THE INVALUABLE SACAJAWEA
The "happily reunited" expedition arrived at the Mandan Village
August 14, 1806. Three days afterward Lewis and Clark parted from
Sacajawea, the faithful Indian "squaw" and guide, and Charbonneau,
her unreliable, cowardly and unworthy husband, who, however, had been
of considerable service. The wife, however, had been of far greater
service, but both preferred to remain with the Indians. Sacajawea is
thus noted in the journal : "Indeed, she has borne with a patience truly
admirable the fatigues of a long route, encumbered with the charge
of an infant, who is even now only nineteen months old. We therefore
paid Charbonneau his wages, amounting to $500.33, including the price of
a horse and a lodge purchased of him ; and soon afterward dropped down
to the village of Big White, attended on shore by all the Indian chiefs
who went to take leave of him."
UNSELFISH CO-OPERATION OF LEADERS AND MEN
In sketching the leading characters of the most famous land expedi-
tion recorded in American history, Doctor Hosmer writes : "Though the
closing weeks of summer the boats drifted rapidly down, and one day in
September, 1806, saluting the flag they had carried so far with a part-
ing volley, the Captains and their men stepped ashore at St. Louis.
Never was success more complete. From first to last all went smoothly,
not at all because the dangers and difficulties were small, but because
the skill and courage with which they were confronted were consummate.
Lewis and Clark were never found wanting, and in all the effort they
co-operated without a touch of jealousy. From first to last among the
men there was scarcely a trace of insubordination; each worked to his
full capacity, yielding to the guidance of the leaders, whose natural
ascendency they thoroughly recognized. The student of Lewis and Clark
HISTORY OF MONTANA 65
learns to respect them all the stout sergeants, Pryor, Ordway and
Patrick Gass, the latter of whom in his quaint diary supplements nobly
the record of the chiefs; the blacksmith Shields, York the negro slave
whom the Indians thought great 'medicine', the half-breed Drewyer,
past-master of woodcraft, the Frenchman, Cruzat, whose fiddle re-
sounded night after night in the desolate camps while the men danced
off their pains and fears.
LAST YEARS OF THE FAITHFUL BIRD WOMAN
"But most of all the lone woman, Sacajawea, is an object of inter-
est. Her figure in the story of Lewis and Clark is very pathetic and
engaging, and in Indian story few characters appear whose desert was
greater. A captive and a slave, she followed the trail or worked with
the men in forcing on the canoes. Her husband, Charbonneau, soon
proved to be inefficient and cowardly; but as dangers and hardships
gathered, the heart and head of the squaw showed ever new resources. It
is doubtful if the expedition could have pushed its way through without
her."
In after years, Charbonneau's name appears in the record of various
American explorers as an interpreter, and as one of small character he
fades away. His noble wife was tenderly cared for by her son, Baptiste,
and her adopted son, Bazil the orphaned son of her eldest sister, whom
she adopted in the Shoshone country, while about to return to civilization.
The latter especially thoughtful of the welfare of his mother, by adoption,
cared for her in her declining years, and was buried with the medal around
his neck which Lewis and Clark had presented to Charbonneau. Saca-
jawea lived to be one hundred years of age, and died and was buried in
1884, on the Shoshone, or Wind River reservation, in Fremont County,
Wyoming. Over her grave is a tablet which reads : "Sacajawea, guide to
Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1805-1807. Identified by Rev. John Roberts,
who officiated at her burial, April 21, 1884."
THE SAD END OF CAPTAIN LEWIS
Captains Lewis and Clark started for Washington about .five months
after they arrived in St. Louis. The sad sequel of the former's brilliant
and brief public career is thus sketched by his great patron and warm
friend, Jefferson : "It was the middle of February, 1807, before Captain
Lewis and his companion, Captain Clark, reached the city of Washing-
ton, where Congress was then in session. That body granted to the
two chiefs and their followers the donation of lands which they had
been encouraged to expect in reward of their toils and dangers. Cap-
tain Lewis was soon after appointed governor of Louisiana, and Cap-
tain Clark a general of militia, and agent of the United States for Indian
affairs in that department. A considerable time intervened before the
governor's arrival at St. Louis. He found the territory distracted by
feuds and contentions among the officers of the government and the
Vol. 15
66 HISTORY OF MONTANA
people themselves divided by these into factions and parties. He de-
termined at once to take no sides with either; but to use every endeavor
to conciliate and harmonize them. The even-handed justice he adminis-
tered to all soon established a respect for his person and authority ; and
perseverance and time wore down animosities and reunited the citizens
again into one family.
"Governor Lewis had, from early life, been subject to hypochon-
driac affections. It was a constitutional disposition in all the nearer
branches of the family of his name, and was more immediately inher-
ited by him from his father. They had not, however, been so strong as
to give uneasiness to his family. While he lived with me in Washing-
ton I observed at times sensible depressions of mind; but knowing their
constitutional source, I estimated their course by what I had seen in
the family. During his western expedition, the constant exertion which
that required of all the faculties of body and mind, suspended these
distressing affections; but after his establishment in St. Louis in
sedentary occupations they returned upon him with redoubled vigor and
began seriously to alarm his friends. He was in a paroxysm of one of
these when his affairs rendered it necessary for him to go to Washington.
He proceeded to Chickasaw Bluffs, where he arrived on the i6th of
September, 1809, with a view of continuing his journey thence by water.
"Mr. Neely, agent of the United States with the Chickasaw Indians,
arriving there two days after, found him extremely indisposed, and be-
traying at times some symptoms of a derangement of mind. The rumors
of a war with England, and apprehensions that he might lose the papers
he was bringing on, among which were the vouchers of his public accounts
and the journals and papers of his western expedition, induced him here
to change his mind, and to take his course by land through the Chick-
asaw country. Although he appeared somewhat relieved, Mr. Neely
kindly determined to accompany and watch over him. Unfortunately,
at their encampment, after having passed the Tennessee one day's jour-
ney, they lost two horses, which obliging Mr. Neely to halt for their
recovery, the governor proceeded, under a promise to wait for him at
the house of the first white inhabitant on his road. He stopped at the
house of a Mr. Grinder, who, not being at home, his wife alarmed at
the symptoms of derangement she discovered, gave him up the house
and retired to rest herself in an out-house, the governor's and Neely's
servants lodging in another. About three o'clock in the night he did
the deed* which plunged his friends into affliction and deprived his
country of one of her most valued citizens, whose valor and intelli-
gence would now have been employed in avenging the wrongs of his coun-
try, and in emulating by land the splendid deeds which have honored
her arms on the ocean. It lost, too, to the nation the benefit of receiv-
* The facts accompanying the death of Meriwether Lewis have never been
consistently stated, and his death by pistol shot at a public house of questionable
reputation Grinder's Stand, on the Natchez Trace (military road) is still open
to discussion as to whether it was through suicide or murder. Jefferson, obviously,
favors the former explanation. A monument of Tennessee marble stands at the
locality where his death occurred.
HISTORY OF MONTANA 67
ing from his own hand the narrative now offered them of his suffer-
ings and successes, in endeavoring to extend for them the boundaries of
science, and to present to their knowledge that vast and fertile country,
which their sons are destined to fill with arts, with science, with free-
dom and happiness."
GENERAL CLARK'S HONORABLE PUBLIC CAREER
After serving for six years as brigadier general of militia and
Indian agent for the territory of Louisiana, in 1813 General Clark was
made governor of Missouri. He honored that position until Missouri
became a state in 1820, and afterward became superintendent of Indian
affairs, which he held at the time of his death. Clark held other re-
sponsible public positions and died in St. Louis, generally respected and
loved, in 1838. There was probably no character better known or loved
by the Indians in the West than General Clark, who affectionately spoke
of him as the "Red-Head," and St. Louis was known by his red friends
as "Red-Head's town."
CHAPTER III
Two days after Lewis and Clark had joined each other, with their
parties, below the mouth of the Yellowstone and started for the Man-
dan country, on their way to St. Louis, John Colter, a member of the
expedition, obtained an honorable discharge from the leaders and, again
answered the call of the wilds. The journal narrates the incident, thus,
under date of August 14, 1806: "In the evening we were applied to by
one of our men, Colter, who was desirous of joining the two trappers who
had accompanied us and who now proposed an expedition up the river
(Missouri), in which they were to find traps and give him a share of
the profits. The offer was a very advantageous one, and as he had always
performed his duty and his services might be dispensed with, we agreed
that he might go, provided none of the rest would ask or expect a similar
indulgence. To this they cheerfully answered that they wished Colter
every success and would not apply for liberty to separate before we
reached St. Louis. We therefore supplied him, as did his comrades also,
with powder and lead, and a variety of articles which might be useful
to him and he left us the next day.
JOHN COLTER AGAIN CALLED TO THE WILDS
"The example of this man shows how easily men may be weaned from
the habits of a civilized life to the ruder but scarcely less fascinating
manners of the woods. This hunter has been now absent for many years
from the frontiers, and might naturally be presumed to have some anxiety,
or some curiosity at least, to return to his friends and his country ; yet
just at the moment when he is approaching the frontiers he is tempted,
by a hunting scheme, to give up those delightful prospects and go back
without the least reluctance to the solitude of the woods."
Before Colter was to return to American civilization, he was to
have adventures and wide wanderings among the grandeurs and wonders
of the Rockies which would thrill even a hardened boy of scout and
Indian literature. Where he spent the winter of 1806-07 is not recorded,
but in the spring of the latter year he built a canoe of logs and started
down the Missouri river for St. Louis. Even now he was not to lead the
q[uiet life of- a settler; for at the mouth of the Platte, he met a party
winding up the river from Missouri, under the leadership of the keen and
fearless Spanish fur trader, Manuel Lisa, and under the immediate guid-
ance of George Drewyer, Lewis and Clark's old hunter and interpreter
68
HISTORY OF MONTANA 69
and one of the mainstays of the expedition. Lisa was headed for the great
beaver country, through which the expedition had passed; Colter had
since investigated the trapping grounds at the headwaters of the Missouri
and was the man most needed to insure success to the commercial venture
of the Spanish fur trader.
FORT LISA ESTABLISHED
Colter was therefore again turned back toward the western wilds and
the re-enforced party proceeded up the Missouri to the mouth of the Yel-
lowstone, thence up that river to the mouth of the Big Horn. There
(in the spring or early summer of 1807) Lisa established the post known
variously as Fort Lisa, Fort Manuel and Manuel's Fort. He then sent
out Colter alone as a herald to announce to the neighboring Indians the
fact and object of his coming. The exact route of his wanderings in 1807
is not known, although Capt. William Clark, whom he met in 1810 and
who obtained from him a narrative of his travels, marked upon one of
the maps of the expedition "Colter's route in 1807." From this and other
reports gathered from others whom Colter met in St. Louis,* it is prob-
able that he traveled from the mouth of the Big Horn to the forks of the
Shoshone or Snake River, where he found a great tar spring, which came
to bear the name of Colter's "Hell Hole." Then journeying, in a north-
westerly direction, through what is now the Yellowstone National Park,
he reached Yellowstone Lake, forded the Yellowstone River near Twin
Falls and followed the Indian trail that led to the Valley of Clark's Fork.
Thence he returned to the forks of the Shoshone and up the Big Horn
Valley to Lisa's Fort.
The difficulties encountered in this journey and so bravely over-
come by Colter place him in the front rank of the heroic explorers of
interior America. It is believed that he met the Crows somewhere in
the Wind River region and, with a small band of them, crossed the great
Wind River Mountains by way of Union Pass and the Teton Range
through the pass by that name. The Crows were attacked by a war party
of Blackfeet and Colter was badly wounded in the leg. The Indians, with
whom he was traveling and with whom he had fought, turned back in
alarm and left the white man, wounded as he was, to shift for himself.
It was now impossible for him to think of treating with the Blackfeet
at the three forks of the Missouri, as had been the original intention,
for he had been seen by their warriors in the mountain encounter. He
therefore started for Lisa's Fort, and. wounded as he was, struck bravely
down the wooded northern slope of the Teton Mountains and across the
southern part of the present Yellowstone Park. In the words of Chit-
tendenrt "It may, with difficulty, be imagined what must have been his
astonishment when, emerging from the forests upon the shores of that
surpassingly beautiful mountain lake near the source of the Yellowstone
*John Bradbury, English botanist, and author of "Travels in the Interior of
America"; Henry W. Brackenridge, explorer and writer.
f Captain H. M. Chittenden : "American Fur Trade of the Far West."
HISTORY OF MONTANA 71
river, he found its shores steaming with innumerable boiling springs and
geysers."
COLTER'S REMARKABLE ADVENTURES
Exactly where he met with the most remarkable adventure of his
stirring carreer is not known. Neither is it known when or where he met
the Potts, who figures in the story and who incidentally appears as a
member of the Lewis and Clark party. The main facts, as related to
Bradbury, after Colter's return to St. Louis, are these : Colter and Potts
were examining their traps early one morning in a creek which they were
ascending in a canoe, when they suddenly heard a great noise resembling
the tramping of animals ; but they could not ascertain the fact, as the high,
perpendicular banks on each side of the river impeded their view. Colter
immediately pronounced it to be occasioned by Indians and advised an in-
stant retreat, but was accused of cowardice by Potts, who insisted the
noise was occasioned by buffaloes, and they proceeded on. In a few
minutes afterward, their doubts were removed by the appearance of five
or six hundred Indians on both sides of the creek, who beckoned them
to come ashore. As retreat was now impossible, Colter turned the head
of the canoe to the shore ; and at the moment of its touching an Indian
seized the rifle belonging to Potts. But Colter, who was a remarkably
strong man, immediately retook it and handed it to Potts, who remained
in the canoe and, upon receiving it, pushed off into the river. He
had scarcely quitted the shore, when an arrow was shot at him and he
cried out 'Colter, I am wounded !' Colter remonstrated with him on the
folly of attempting to escape and urged him to come ashore. Instead of
complying, he instantly leveled his rifle at an Indian and shot him dead
on the spot.
This conduct may appear to have been an act of madness, but it was
doubtless the effect of sudden, but sound enough reasoning; for if
taken alive, he must have expected to have been tortured to death, ac-
cording to the Indian custom. And, in this respect, the Indians of
that region excelled all others in the ingenuity they displayed in tor-
turing their prisoners. He was instantly pierced with arrows, so numer-
ous that, to use the language of Colter, "he was made a riddle of."
They now seized Colter, stripped him entirely naked, and began to
consult on the manner in which he should be put to death. They were
first inclined to set him up as a mark to be shot at; but the chief
interfered and, seizing him by the shoulder, asked him if he could run
fast. Colter, who had been some time among the Kee Katsa, or Crow In-
dians, had, in a considerable degree, acquired the Blackfoot language,
and was also well acquainted with Indian customs. He knew that he had
now run for his life, with the dreadful odds of five or six hundred against
him, and these armed Indians. He therefore cunningly replied that he
was a very bad runner, although, in truth, he was considered by the
hunters as remarkably swift.
The chief now commanded the party to remain stationary, and led
Colter out on the prairie three or four hundred yards, and released him,
72 HISTORY OF MONTANA
to save himself if he could. At that instant, the war-whoop sounded
in the ears of poor Colter who, urged with the hope of preserving life,
ran with a speed at which he himself was surprised. He proceeded to-
ward Jefferson's Fork, having to traverse a plain six miles in breadth,
abounding with the prickly pear, on which he every instant was tread-
ing with his naked feet. He ran nearly half way across the plain before he
ventured to look over his shoulder, when he perceived that the Indians
were very much scattered, and that he had gained ground to a considerable
distance from the main body; but one Indian, who carried a spear, was
much before all the rest, and not more than a hundred yards from him.
A faint gleam of hope now cheered the heart of Colter. He derived
confidence from the belief that escape was within the bounds of pos-
sibility. But that confidence was nearly fatal to him; for he exerted
himself to such a degree that the blood gushed from his nostrils and
soon almost covered the fore part of his body. He had now arrived
within a mile of the river, when he distinctly heard the appalling sound
of footsteps behind him, and every instant expected to feel the spear
of his pursuer. He again turned his head and saw the savage not twenty
yards from him.
Determined, if possible, to avoid the expected blow, he suddenly
stopped, turned around and spread out his arms. The Indian, surprised
at the suddenness of the action and perhaps at the bloody appearance of
Colter, also attempted to stop; but, exhausted with running, he fell
while attempting to throw his spear, which stuck in the ground and
broke in his hand. Colter instantly snatched up the pointed part, with
which he pinned him to the earth, and then continued his flight.
The foremost of the Indians, on arriving at the place, stopped
until others came up to join them, and then gave a hideous yell. Every
moment of this time was improved by Colter who, although fainting and
exhausted, succeeded in gaining the skirting of cottonwood trees on the
borders of the fork to which he ran and plunged into the river. For-
tunately for him, a little below this place was an island, against the
upper point of which a raft of drift timber had lodged. He dived
under the raft and, after several efforts, got his head above water,
among the trunks of trees covered over with smaller wood to the depth
of several feet. Scarcely had he secured himself when the Indians
arrived on the river, screeching and yelling, as Colter expressed it, "like
so many devils."
They were frequently on the raft during the day and were seen
through the chinks by Colter, who was congratulating himself on his
escape, until the idea arose that they might set the raft on fire. In
horrible suspense, he remained until night, when, hearing no more from
the Indians, he dived under the raft and swam down the river to a con-
siderable distance, when he landed and traveled all night. Although
happy in having escaped frorp the Indians, his situation was still dread-
ful. He was completely naked, under a burning sun ; the soles of his
feet were filled with the thorns of the prickly pear; he was hungry, and
had no means of killing game, although he saw abundance around him ;
HISTORY OF MONTANA 73
and was at a great distance from the nearest settlement. Almost any man
but an American hunter would have despaired under such circumstances.
The fortitude of Colter remained unshaken. After seven days of sore
travel, during which he had no other sustenance than the root known by
naturalists under the name of 'psoralea esculenta, he at length arrived
in safety at Lisa's Fort, on the Big Horn branch of the Roche Jaune,
or Yellowstone River.
. In May, 1810, Colter returned alone to St. Louis, where, for the
first time, he met Bradbury, the botanist, and Brackenridge, the exploror,
and renewed his friendship with Capt. (then General) William Clark,
who was brigadier general and Indian agent of Louisiana Territory. To
them he narrated his remarkable adventures, and it is from their pens
that history is mainly indebted for the narrative. The last view of
Colter recorded in the annals of those times was his meeting with Brad-
bury on March 18, 1811, and the final decision of the frontiersman to join
the naturalist and his party, members of the Astoria Company, in a
journey up the Missouri River. At last he yielded to the love of a
newly-wedded wife and remained with civilization, forever divorced from
the wilderness.
LAROCQUE'S EXPEDITION TO THE CROWS
While the Lewis and Clark explorations were being conducted by the
Government, in 1805-06, the Northwest Fur Company of Canada was
sending its agents into the furthermost limits of the great domain covered
by its operations, and it was but natural that Government and Trade
should cross lines. Among the prominent agents of the fur company were
the McKenzies and Francois Antoine Larocque. Charles McKenzie and
Larocque, clerks, were particularly intimate and made three expeditions
together, in 1804-06, at least two of which were in charge of the latter.
It is the second journey which is of most interest to readers of Montana
history, as it included a visit of about three months to the Crow Indians
of what is now our state with the exception of the La Verendrye ex-
plorers, the first whites to leave a record of the habits and peculiarities
of that tribe. A daily journal, written by Larocque, and which had been
obtained by Roderick McKenzie, of the Northwest Fur Company, for a'
projected work never realized, has never been recovered; "but what
purports to be an exact copy is now in the library of Laval University,
Montreal, with a number of other manuscripts bequeathed to that institu-
tion by the late Judge Baby of that city. This 'Journal of a Voyage to the
Rocky Mountains from my leaving the Assinibois River on the 2d June,
1805,' as it is entitled, is now (1910) printed for the first time, being,
so far as can be ascertained at present, a verbatim translation of the
original."
From the best information obtainable, it would appear that La-
rocque was a man of intellectual abilities and great courage, well read
in French and English. He had a brother who became even more prom-
inent in the fur trade than he himself. The author of the Journal soon
74 HISTORY OF MONTANA
left the employ of the Northwest Fur Company and located in Montreal,
where he failed as a merchant. He passed the last years of his life in
close retirement and arduous study and died, much advanced in years,
in the Grey Nunnery of St. Hyacinthe. Whatever his ambitions, the
Journal of his trip to the Rocky Mountains and the Crow Indians is the
only piece of his work which has survived, and even Lewis and Clark
anticipated his first view of the great continental divide by some six weeks.
Larocque was sent by Charles J. B. Chaboillez, a partner of the
Northwest Company in charge of the Upper Red River (Assiniboine)
Department, to ascertain whether there were any beaver in the Crow
country and, if so, to open up a fur trade with the Indians. He had en-
tered the service of the company in 1801 and for about three years was
in its employ in the region of the Saskatchewan and Red rivers, Canada.
In the autumn of 1804, he was stationed at Fort Assiniboine and, with
Charles Mackenzie, J. B. Lafrance and four voyageurs, took a trip to
the Mandans of the Missouri. Both his Journal and the first part of
Charles Mackenzie's "Missouri Indians" cover the journey to the Man-
dan country. There Mackenzie left the expedition and the recovered
Larocque Journal (or the well authenticated copy of it) is relied upon to
convey the graphic details of the trip through Southeastern Montana,
along the valley of the Yellowstone to the regions of the Big Horn River
and mountains and the 4and of the Crows.
Larocque's expedition started from Fort a la Bosse, on the Assini-
boine, Canada, on June 2, 1805. As he states, he there "prepared for
going on a voyage of discovery to the Rocky Mountains, and set of (sic)
on 2nd June with two men having each of us two horses, one of which
was laden with goods to facilitate an intercourse with the Indians we
might happen to see on our road. Mr. Charles MacKenzie and Mr. Las-
sana set out with me to go and pass the summer at the Missouri, and hav-
ing to pursue (sic) the same road we kept company as far as the
B. B.*
Larocque and his men crossed what is now the international bound-
ary at a branch of the Souris, or Mouse River, in the northwestern part
of Botineau County, North Dakota, just west of Turtle Mountain. Strik-
ing toward the southwest, the party crossed the Souris River. On ac-
count of the high water, the goods were loaded on a raft and the horses
swam over. On the loth of June, about a week out, they slept in the
Mandan plain the Coteau du Missouri, or tableland separating the
waters of the Missouri from those of the Assiniboine. The banks of the
Missouri were sighted on the following day, and the expedition arrived in
the Mandan territory on the I2th.
MANDANS AND BIG BELLIES OBSTRUCTIVE
The Mandans seem to have been disagreeably insistent to sell their
horses to the white travelers, but Larocque set them right on that point.
"I told them," he said, "that the purpose of our coming was not to pur-
* Big Bellies, called by the French Gros Ventres. The name has been applied
to tribes of both Algonquin and Sioux stock.
HISTORY OF MONTANA 75
chase horses either from them or the Rocky Mountains, that we came for
Skins and Robes, and that for that purpose one of us was to pass the
summer with them and one at the Mandans; that I and two men were
sent by the white people's Chief to smoke a pipe of peace and amity with
the Rocky Mountain Indians and to accompany them to their lands to
examine them and see if there were Beavers as is reported, and to engage
them to hunt it, that we would not purchase a horse from none, therefore
that their best plan would be to dress buffalo robes, so as to have ammuni-
tion to trade with the Rocky Mountain Indians.
"They pretend to be in fear of the surrounding nations, that is,
Assineboines, Sioux, Chetenne and Ricaras (Pawnees), so as to have
an excuse for not trading with their guns with the Rocky Mountain
Indians and likewise to prevent us. Some of those Rocky Mountain
Indians have been here already, and are gone back, but more are expected,
with whom I intend to go."
On the following day, Larocque was sent for by one of the chiefs
of the Big Bellies who, says the leader, "asked me what I intended to
do with the pipe stem I had brought. Upon my telling him that it was for
the Rocky Mountain Indians he made a long harangue to dissuade
me from going there, saying that I would be obliged to winter there
on account of the length of the way, that the Cayennes and the Ricaras
were enemies and constantly on the road and that it was probable that
we should be killed by them." Various other alarming stories were told
to discourage the further progress of the expedition.
I
MEET ROCKY MOUNTAIN INDIANS
Finally, a considerable band of Rocky Mountain Indians arrived.
"About one in the afternoon," says the leader, "the Rocky Mountain
Indians arrived. They encamped at a little distance from the village
with the warriors to the number of 645; passed through the village on
horseback with their shields and other warlike implements." When the
chiefs of the different bands had assembled, two days afterward,
Larocque made them the following presents: Two large and two small
axes; eight ivory combs, ten wampum shells, eight fire steels and flint,
four cassetete (combination of tomahawk and pipe), six masses B. C.
(Blue Canton), four f. tobacco, eight cock feathers, sixteen large knives,
twelve small knives, two pounds of vermillion, eight dozen rings, four
papers, co'd glasses, four dozen awls, one and a half pounds of blue
beads, two dozen blue beads and 1,000 balls and powder. He induced
the Crows to smoke a pipe of peace and told them the Chief of the
White People knew that "they were pitiful and had no arms to defend
themselves from their enemies, but that they should cease to be pitiful as
soon as they sliould make themselves brave hunters." He informed the
Crows that he and two men were going with them to see their lands and
that if they would behave well and "kill beavers, otters and bears, they
would have white people on the lands in a few years who would winter
with them and supply them with all their wants." They then exchanged
76 HISTORY OF MONTANA
presents and Larocque promised the chief who came to meet him that
if the Crows encouraged the white people "all their chiefs who would
behave well would get a Coat."
Camp was broken on the 29th of June and a fair start was made for
the Rocky Mountain country of the southwest, along the north bank
of the Big Knife River, which enters the Missouri from the south. On
the fourth of July, the expedition had reached the Heart River, also a
little branch of the Missouri in Western North Dakota, and on the I3th
had reached the banks of the Little Missouri. Two days later, still
traveling in a generally southwestern direction, the men encamped on its
banks about fourteen miles higher up. There the Indians killed "a few
beaver, of which I got two dressed by my men to show them how to do
it. We remained the whole day here," continued the Journal. "The
Indians tried to dance the Bull dance in imitation of the B. Belley's, but
did it very ill."
As the party left the Little Missouri and, headed still toward the
southwest, its route took them over the present line between North
Dakota and Montana into a land of beaver and buffalo, on the 26th of
July it reached the Powder River mountains and, on the following day,
the river itself, as it took its northerly course toward the Yellowstone.
In that locality herds of elks were found in the woods and beaver dams
were seen all along the river. "When we arrived here," says Larocque,
"the plains on the western side of the river were covered with buffaloes
and the bottoms full of elk and jumping deer (antelope) and bears,
which last are mostly yellow and very fierce (grizzlies). It is amazing
how very barren the ground is between this and the lesser Missouri ;
nothing can hardly be seen but those Corne de Raquettes.* Our horses
were nearly starved. There is grass in the woods but none in the plains
which by the by might (sic) with more propriety be called hills, for
though there is very little wood it is impossible to find a level spot of one
or two miles in extent except close to the river. The current in that river
is very strong and the water so muddy as to be hardly drinkable. The
Indians say it is always so, and that is the reason they call it Powder
River, from the quantity of drifting fine sand set in motion by the
coast wind t which blinds people and dirtys the water. There are very
large sand shoals along the river for several acres breadth and length,
the bed of the river is likewise sand and its course north east."
Under date of July 3Oth it is recorded: "Early this morning we set
out; the body of the people followed the river for about seventeen miles
S. W. while I with the chief and a few others went hunting. We wounded
cabrio, buffalo and the large horned animal (mountain sheep, or Big
Horn), but did not kill any, which made the chief say that some one had
thrown bad medicine on our guns and that if he could know him he would
surely die.
"The country is very hilly about the river, but it does not appear to
be so much so towards the north. About two miles above the encampment
* Probably the dogwood (Cornus).
f Probably refers to the well-known Chinook winds.
HISTORY OF MONTANA 77
a range of high hills begins on the west side of the river and continues
north for about twenty miles, when it appears to finish. The Tongu
River * is close on the other side of it. There is a parting ridge between
the two rivers.
"I ascended (sic) some very high hills on the side of which I found
plenty of shells of the Cornu anionys species t by some called snake shell,
likewise a kind of shining stone lying bare at the surface of the ground
having to all appearance been left there by the rain water washing away
the surrounding earth. They are of different size and form, of a clear
water colour and reflect with as much force as a looking glass of its size.
It is certainly those stones have given the name of shining to that
mountains.^ The hills are high, rugged and barren, mostly rocks with
beds of loose red gravel on their tops or near it which being washed down
by the rain water give the hills a reddish appearance. On many hills
a heap of calomid stone (calumet or pipestone?) among which some-
times I find pumice stone.
"When we left the encampment this morning we were stopped by a
party of their soldiers who would not allow us to proceed, as they intended
to have a general hunt, for fear that we should rise the buffaloes, but
upon promises being made by the chief whom I accompanied that he
would not hunt in the way of the camp, and partly on my account, we
were suffered to go on. We were, however, under the necessity of gliding
away unperceived to prevent jealousy."
Larocque and his expedition continued up the Tongue River, and on
August 2nd, the leader reports: "Last night some children playing at
some distance from the Camp on the river were fired at. The Camp
was alarmed (sic) and watchers were set for the night, but nothing
appeared. * * * The hills of the river are at a less distance from
one another than they were here before. The bottoms or points of the
river are not so large nor so well wooded and the grass entirely eaten up
by the Buffaloes and Elk.
"Saturday 3rd (August) We sat out at sun rise and encamped at
one in the afternoon, having pursued a South Course with fare (fair)
weather and a south east wind. We followed the River (Tongue) as
usually; its bends are very short not exceeding two miles and many not
one. The face of the country indicates our approach to the large Moun-
tains and to the heads of the River. A few Jumping (deer) or Chev-
reuils were killed today. It has been very Cold these few nights.
SAW THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS
"Sunday 4th. We did not rise the Camp till late in the evening.
In the morning we ascended (sic) the hills of the River and saw the
stone.
* The Tongue River. Indian name, Lazeka.
t Ammonite; a fossil shell related to the nautilus. Popularly known as snake
>n Says the editor of the Journal: "Larocque's statement is scarcely probable
It seems more reasonable to suppose that the name which must have first reached
European ears through Indian report had its origin in the brilliant snow-capped
peaks of the Rockies. See Thwaites' 'Rocky Mountain Explorations, Chapter II.
78 HISTORY OF MONTANA
Rocky Mountains not at a very great distance with Spy Glass, its cliffs
and hollows could be easily observed with the woods interspersed among
the Rocks."
L. J. Burpee, editor of the "Journal of Larocque," published (in
1910) "by authority of the minister of agriculture and under the direction
of the archivist" of the Canadian Government, has this commenting foot-
note : "Lewis and Clark anticipated Larocque by a few weeks in their
first view of the Rocky Mountains, but neither could claim the honor of
discovery, La Verendrye having achieved that distinction some sixty-two
years before. Larocque had, as a matter of fact, only reached the Big
Horn, an offshoot of the main range."
WITH THE CROWS IN THE BIG HORN COUNTRY
The generally southwesternly course of the expedition brought it to
the Montana streams of the Big Horn, the Indians killing many buffalo,
and quite a number of beaver, although in the supplies of the latter
Larocque was apparently disappointed. Under date of August nth,
while encamped at the foot of the Mountains, the Journal notes : "They
(the Indians) are undetermined in what course to proceed from this
place. They have sent a party of young men along the Mountains
Westerly and are to wait here until they return. They often enquire with
anxious expectation of our departure, when I intend to leave them, and
today they were more troublesome than usual. What I have seen of their
lands hitherto has not given me the satisfaction I look for (in) Beavers.
I told them that I would remain with them 20 or 30 days more. That
I wished very much to see the River aux Roches Jaunes* and the place
they usually inhabit, otherwise that I would be unable to return and
bring them their wants. They saw it was true, but to remove the ob-
jection of my not knowing their lands a few of them assembled and
draughted on a dressed skin I believe a very good map of their Country
and they showed me the place where at different season they were to be
found. The only reason I think they have in wishing my departure, is
their haste to get the goods I still have."
On the I2th of August, after a conference among the Indian leaders
and guides with the Larocque party, it was decided to proceed west along
the Tongue River and thence to the region of the Rosebud Mountains,
which separate the streams of that river from the Little Horn. On the
way, Larocque traded with the Indians, purchasing a horse, beavers, etc.,
saddle and bridle, for English flannels, powder, balls, etc. His Journal
makes note that: "The Indians Killed Buffaloes and a few Bears. The
latter they hunt for pleasure only, as they do not eat the flesh but in case
of absolute necessity. Perhaps the whole nation is employed about a
bear, whom they have caused to take refuge in a thicket. There they
plague him a long while and then Kill him ; he is seldom stripped of his
skin. * * * The Indians having hunted yesterday (August i6th),
* Yellowstone River. Riviere aux Roches Jaunes was the original French name,
probably derived from some native equivalent.
HISTORY OF MONTANA 79
we did not rise the Camp but remained here all day. There were many
bears hereabout, who are attracted by the quantity of Choak Cherries and
other fruit there is here. The Woods along the Rivers are as thickly
covered with Bears Dung as a Barn floor of that of the cattle. Large
Cherry trees are broken down by them in Great number. The Indians
kill one or two almost every day. The Tongue River here is small, being
only about 20 feet broad with two feet water in the deepest part of
the rapids. It receives many additional small streams in its way to the
River Roches Jaunes. * * *
"Sunday i8th (August). At 7 o'clock we left our encampment and
proceeded Northward ; at noon we stopped on a branch of the small Horn
River and the greatest part of the Indians went on to the small Horn
River to hunt. At half past two in the afternoon we sat off again and
crossing the River we encamped on its Borders where we found the
hunting party with their horses loaded with fresh meat. We travelled
about 15 miles this day and are farther from the mountain than yes-
terday though still Close to it.
"Monday ipth. Since we are close to the mountain many women have
deserted with their lovers to their fine tents that are across the mountain.
There are no Cattle in the mountain nor on the other side, so that they
are loth to go that way, while the desertion of their wives strongly call
them there. Harangues were twice made to rise the Camp, and counter
orders were given before the tents were thrown down. The reason of
this is that the wife of the Spotted Crow who regulates our movements
has deserted. He is for going one way while the Chief of the other bands
are for following our old course. Horses have been killed and women
wounded since I am with them on the score of jealousy. Today a Snake
Indian shot his wife dead but it seems not without reason, for it is said
it was the third time he found her and the Gallant together. The Small
Horn River runs east from the Mountain to this place. Here it makes a
bend N. by East and passing round of the wolf teeth it falls into the
large Horn river. The bed of the River here is Rocks, a continual rapid,
the water clear and cold as ice, the ground barren on the banks of the
river thinly wooded with some kind of wood as heretofore."
The record indicates that on August 22nd, Larocque was called to
a council of the Indians, at which Spotted Crow resigned his "employ-
ment of regulating the marches," and that "another old man took the
office upon himself," announcing that "he intended to pursue their old
course to the River aux Roches Jaune." The march was then resumed
northerly toward the Big Horn River and, eventually the Yellowstone.
HORRORS OF INDIAN WARFARE
At this point in the narrative, Larocque's "Journal" depicts an in-
cident illustrative of the horrors of Indian warfare. "This morning"
(August 24th), it says, "we were allarmed (sic) by the report that three
Indians had been seen on the first hill of the mountain and that three
Buffaloes were in motion and that two shots had been heard towards
80 HISTORY OF MONTANA
the large Horn River. Thirty men saddled their horses and immediately
went off to see what was the matter while all the other Kept in readiness
to follow if necessary. In a few hours some came back and told us that
they had seen 35 on foot walking on the banks of one of the branches
of the Large Horn River. In less time than the Courier Could well tell
his news no one remained in the Camp, but a few old men and women, all
the rest scampered off in pursuit. I went along with them. We did not
all Set off together nor could we all Keep together as some horses were
slower than others, but the foremost stopped galloping on a hill and con-
tinued on with a small trot as people came up. They did the dance (war
dance) when the Chief arrived. He and his band, or part of it, galloped
twice before the main body of the people who still continued their trot
intersecting the line of their course while one of his friends, I suppose
his aide-de-camp, harangued. They were all dressed in their best Cloths.
Many of them were followed by their wives who carried their arms, and
who were to deliver them at the time of Battle. There were likewise
many children, but who could Keep their saddles. Ahead of us were
some young men on different hills making signs with their robes which
way we were to go. As soon as all the chiefs were come up and had
made their harangue everyone set off the way he liked best and pursued
according to his best judgment. The Country is very hilly and full of
large Creeks whose banks are Rocks, so that the pursued had the ad-
vantage of being able to get into places where it was impossible to go
with horses & hide themselves.
"All escaped but two of the foremost who being scouts of the party
had advanced nearer to us than the others and had -not discovered us.
They were surrounded after a long race but Killed and scalped in a
twinkling. When I arrived at the dead bodies they had taken but his
scalp and the fingers of his right hand with which the outor was off. They
borrowed my hanger with which they cut off his left hand and returned it
(the knife) to me bloody as a mark of honour. Men, women and children
were thronging to see the dead Bodies and taste the Blood. Everyone
was desirous of stabbing the bodies to show what he would have done
had he met them alive, and insulted and frotted at them in the worst
language they could give. In a short time the remains of a human body
was hardly distinguishable. Every young man had a piece of flesh tied to
his gun or lance with which he rode off to the Camp singing and ex-
ultingly showing it to every young woman in his way. Some women
had whole limbs dangling from their saddles. The sight made me shudder
with horror at such Cruelties and I returned home in quite different frame
from that in which I left it.
"Sunday 25th. The Scalp dance was danced all night and the scalps
carried in procession through the day."
En route, the camp was in constant expectation of attack from enemy
Indians, the young children being often tied to the saddles and the horses
loaded with valuables during the night and early morning. "The Indians
hunted and saw Strange Indians," continued Larocque. "There was a
continual harangue by different Chiefs the whole night which with the
HISTORY OF MONTANA 81
singing and dancing of the scalp prevented any Sleep being had. We
pitched the tents on a small creek running into the large Horn River
distant about 20 miles from our last encampment."
Farther along, a few miles, one of the famous canons of the Big Horn
River was described, and the additional information given: "There is a
fall in this River 30 or 40 miles above this where presides a Manitoin or
Devil.* These Indians say it is a Man Wolf who lives in the fall and
rises out of it to devour any person or beast that go too near. They say it
is impossible to Kill him for he is ball proof. * * * The Mountain
is here a solid Rock in most places bare and naked ,in other places
Cloathed with a few Red Pine. The sides of some Coule are as smooth
and perpendicular as any wall and of an amazing height; and in some
places there are holes in those perpendicular Rocks resembling much those
niches in which statues are placed. Others like church doors & vaults,
the tout ensemble is grand and striking. Beautiful prospects are to be
had from some parts of those Rocks, but the higher places are inex-
cessible. The Large Horn River is seen winding through a level plain of
about 3 miles breadth for a great distance almost to its conflux with the
River aux Roches Jaunes."
This stage of the journey brings the time to September ist, and the
expedition was ascending the Big Horn Valley toward the Yellowstone.
Traveling in a generally northwesternly direction, it swerved from the
Big Horn Valley, in what would now be the northern part of the Crow
Indian Reservation, and at two o'clock, in the afternoon of September
loth, arrived at the Yellowstone, below what is known as Pryor's
Fork, Yellowstone County, a few miles northeast of Billings. There the
expedition camped on a large island, and three days afterward crossed
to the west side of the river and about nine miles farther up stream
encamped at a point where the Indians "usually make their fall medicine."
When the expedition arrived at the Yellowstone, a delegation of Big
Bellies arrived to see if they could trade horses. They were well re-
ceived by the other Indians and presents of different articles were made
to them. They told Larocque that they had traded during the previous
winter with Mr. McDonald (John), whom they called Crooked Arm,
because of his deformed arm. When McDonald was eighty-five years
of age, he wrote a series of interesting Autobiographical Notes (1791-
1816). Although graphically written, they are not always to be relied
upon.
DEPARTURE FROM THE CROW COUNTRY
The arrangements made with his Indian comrades and co-traders and
his final departure from the Crow country, on Saturday, September 14,
1805, are thus described in the "Journal of Larocque," the original
spelling, capitalization, etc., being generally retained : "Having now full
* Foot Note by the editor of the Journal : "Manitou, or more properly,
Windego. Scores of waterfalls have been the reputed home of this picturesque
but rather bloodthirsty spirit. In one form or another, and under varying names,
the Windego ranged almost from the Atlantic to the Pacific."
82 HISTORY OF MONTANA
filled the instructions I received from Mr. Chaboillez, which were to
examine the lands of the Crow Indians and see if there is Beaver as was
reported, and I to invite them to hunt it, I now prepared to depart. I
assembled the Chiefs in Council, and after having smoked a fw pipes,
I informed them that I was setting off, that I was well pleased with them
and their behavior toward me, and that I would return to them next
fall. I desired them to kill Beavers and Bears all winter, for that I
would come and trade with them and bring them their wants. I added
many reasons to show them that it was their interest to hunt Beavers,
and then proceeded to settle the manners of Knowing one another next
fall, and how I am to find them which is as follows: Upon my arrival
at the Island if I do not find them I am to go to the Mountain called
Amanchabe Chije & then light 4 fires on 4 successive days, and they will
Come to us (for it is very high and the fire can be seen at a great dis-
tance) in number 4 & not more. If more than four come to us we are
to act upon the offensive, for it will be other Indians. If we light less
than 3 fires, they will not come to us, but think it is enemies. They told
me that in winter they were always to be found at a Park by the foot
of the Mountain a few mile's from this or there abouts. In the spring
and fall, they are upon this River and in summer upon the Tongue and
Horses River.*"
"I have 122 Beavers 4 Bears and two otters which I traded, not so
much for their value (for they are all summer skins) as to show them
that I set some value on the Beavers and our property. The presents
I made them I thought were sufficient to gain their good will, in which
I think I succeeded.
"I never gave them anything without finding means to let them know
it was not for nothing. Had more been given, they would have thought
that goods were so common among us than to set no value upon them,
for Indians that have seen few white men will be more thankful for a
few articles given them than for a great many, as they think that little
or no value is attached to what is so liberally given. It was therefore I
purchased their Bears and likewise as a proof that there is Beaver in
those parts. Besides it saved to distribute the goods I had into the most
deserving hands, that is the less lazy.
"We departed about noon. 2 Chiefs accompanied us about 8 miles.
We stopped and smoked a parting pipe. They embrased (sic) us. We
shook hands and parted. They followed us about one mile, at a distance
gradually lessening their steps till we were almost out of sight and Crying
or pretending to Cry they then turned their backs and went home. At
parting they promised that none of their young men would follow us.
They took heaven and earth to witness to attest their sincerity in what
they told us, and they had opened their ears to my words and would do
as I desired them. They made me swear by the same that I would re-
turn; and that I told them no false words (and I certainly had no in-
* Possibly, Pumpkin Creek, the chief branch of Tongue River.
HISTORY OF MONTANA 83
tention of breaking my oath nor have I still. If I do not keep them my
word it certainly is not my fault.)"
LAROCQUE DESCRIBES POMPEY'S PILLAR
On the next day (Sunday, September 15*), the Larocque party
crossed to the south side of the Yellowstone, and near what is now
Shannon's Creek mentions a "Whitish perpendicular Rock on which is
painted with Red earth a battle between three persons on horseback and
3 on foot." The editor of Larocque's Journal believes it to be the same
remarkable rock, visited by Captain Clark in July, 1806, while he was
descending the Yellowstone on his return from the Pacific Coast. Clark
describes it as "nearly four hundred paces in circumference, two hundred
feet high, and accessible only from the northeast, the other sides being a
perpendicular cliff of a light-coloured gritty rock. The Indians have
carved the figures of animals and other objects on the sides of the rock,
and on the top are raised two piles of stones." He named this remarkable
rock Pompey's Pillar, and it is so marked on his map.
Two days afterward, the Big Horn River was crossed. The ex-
pedition passed through some rough, rocky country, as it had no guides on
the return trip. At times, also, the weather was so cold that ice formed
on the Yellowstone and other streams. The Tongue River was reached
in about a week and the Powder a day afterward, about midway between
the forks and the mouth. By the first week in October, the party arrived
at the Little Missouri in southeastern Montana, and took substantially the
same course through western and northwestern Dakota to the region of
the Assiniboine River, as it had taken in the outward trip. The last week
was windy and cold. As stated, River la Sourie Fort, on the south side
of the Assiniboine, at the mouth of the Sourie River, was reached Octo-
ber 22, 1805, and thus was concluded a journey which made known to
the world a large portion of southeastern Montana which had not before
been explored or described.
THE CROW INDIANS OF 1805
Larocque's Journal also contains, as a section separate from the con-
tinuous narrative, "A Few Observations on the Rocky Mountain Indians
with Whom I Passed' the Summer, 1805," in which the customs of the
Crow and Flathead tribes are so particularly described as to constitute
a real contribution to the aboriginal lore of that day. The author in-
troduces his dissertation by observing that: "This nation (the Rocky
Mountain Indians) known among the Sioux by the name of Crow In-
dians inhabit the eastern part of the Rocky Mountains at the head of the
River aux Roches Jaunes (which is known by the Kinistinaux and
Assiniboines by the name of the River a la Biche, from the great number
of elks with which all the country along it abounds) and its branches
and close to the head of the Missouri." On account of the ravages of
small pox for many successive years, which had continued up to about
84 HISTORY OF MONTANA
1802, the Crows of the Rocky Mountains had been reduced from 2,000
lodges or tents, to 300 tents, comprising some 2,400 persons. In 1805
they were "able to raise 600 warriors, like the Sioux and Assiniboines.
They wander about in leather tents and remain where there are buffaloes
and elks. After having remained a few days in one place so that game is
not so plentiful, as it was, they flit to another place where there are
buffaloes or deers and so on all the year around."
Continuing to' adapt this account from Larocque, it was stated that
many of the Indians who did not expose themselves to the sun were
almost as fair as white people. One of their marked peculiarities was the
early age at which many of them became gray. They were so well
supplied with horses that they were able to transport their sick and
infirm, and the result was a noticeable prevalence of cripples and
decrepid old men. As the country abounded in buffaloes and deer, the
Crows found little difficulty in providing for a plurality of wives and
large families. Unlike the Assiniboines, the Crows were sociable and
upstanding. As noted in the Journal : "When a Sauteux or Assiniboine
enter a stranger's tent, they (sic) keep down their head, or muffle it so
in their robe or blanket that it can hardly be seen. These Indians never
do it. They are bold and keep up their heads in any place, and say it is
a sign of having bad designs when one is ashamed to show his face.
* * * It is not out of bashfulness that the Sautaux hide their face
when entering a strange tent, but they esteem it polite. When they begin
to smoke, or after they have smoked a few pipes, they uncover their
face, but the custume (sic) is in general with the young men than those
of a certain age."
Like all other Indian nations, the women did most of the work. The
men would kill the buffaloes and their wives would follow and skin
the animals and dress them, while the husbands sat calmly looking on.
The women even saddled the horses, and their lords, when they retired,
did not take the trouble to remove shoes or leggings. "In flitting," adds
Larocque, "the women ride and have no loads to carry on their backs,
as is common among other nations, though it is certain had they no
horses they would be in the same predicament as their less fortunate
neighbors, for though the men are fond of their wives and use them
well, yet it is not to be supposed that they Ovould take a greater share of
work than other Indians. The women are indebted solely to their having
horses for the ease they enjoy more than their neighbours. They are
very fond of their children, but seldom or never reprimand them." In
short, the Crows were considered among the Indian aristocrats. They
squandered their food, it was so plentiful, killing an "amazing" number
of buffaloes and deer, and taking with them only the choicest cuts. They
seldom ate bear or beaver flesh; and fish, never. An old chief was
always chosen to conduct their hunts, and regulate their encampments
and feasts. The Conductor, as he was called, must consult the other
chiefs before doing anything of consequence.
HISTORY OF MONTANA 85
BREAKING CAMP
Correcting and adapting the spelling and punctuation to modern re-
quirements, Larocque's description of "Breaking Camp" under the di-
rection of the Conductor reads : "His tent is thrown down the first when
they rise the camp. He goes foremost all the way (except a few young
men who go far before as scouts) and pitches his tent the first. All the
others encamp about him. Previous to their flitting, he rides about the
camp and tells them to throw down their tents ; that they are going to
such a place and for such and such reason. Some of the soldiers go
far ahead and others remain far behind to watch and see if there be no
enemies. When buffaloes are seen on the road and they wish to hunt
they cause the people to stop and the old man harangues from one end
to the other. When all are ready the huntsmen set off and the body of
the people follow slowly."
It would seem that the young male before marriage seldom hunted,
but spent most of his time in preening himself like a peacock, and was
far more vain than the young female. "A young man," says the narrative,
"rises late in the morning, about midday he begins to dress and has not
finished until late in the evening. He then mounts his horse, on which
he has spread red and blue blankets, and, in company with his associates
he rides about the camp, with the wing of a bustard or hawk before his
face, in lieu of a fan, to keep him from the burning sun. At night, he
dismounts, courts the women, or goes to the place of rendezvous, and
at daylight comes in to sleep."
The ceremonials and regulations attending the smoking of a pipe of
tobacco, would hardly be tolerated by the impatient white man. "A pipe
is never smoked," remarks Larocque, "without the first whiffs being
offered to the rising midday and setting sun, to the earth, to the heavens,
and to these the stem is pointed to the respective place they occupy, and
a whiff is blown to the same quarter. Then a few whiffs are blown to
diverse spirits which the smoker names and to whom he mutters a few
words ; and then the pipe goes round, each person smoking four whiffs
and no more. The pipe must always go to your left hand man, as that
is the course that the sun takes. * * *
SMOKING REGULATIONS
"They are not superstitious with regard to the pipe, which is the
object of their most sacred regard. Numberless are the ceremonies at-
tended on smoking a pipe of tobacco. The regulations common to all
are these : The pipe and stem must be clean ; a coal must be drawn out
of the fire to light the pipe with ; care must be taken not to light the pipe
in the flames or ashes, and none must empty the ashes out of the pipe
but he that filled or lighted it. There being but little fire, I once lighted
the pipe in the ashes. My landlord told me a few days after that his
eyes were sore, and my lighting the pipe in the ashes was the occasion
thereof.
86 HISTORY OF MONTANA
"Some will not smoke if the pipe has touched grass ; another if there
are women in the tent; if there are guns; if shoes are seen when smoking;
if a part ot wearing apparel be thrown over the pipe ; if some one biows
in the pipe stem to clean it. Some will not allow the stem before the door.
Another must empty the ashes on cowdung brought in on purpose. An-
other, again, will not smoke unless every smoker be naked, and none but
smokers are allowed to remain in the tent. To one the pipe must be
given stem foremost, to another the reverse. Another will not take it
unless you push it as hard as you can; to some it must be given quite
slowly. In short, every man has his particular way of smoking, from
which it seems he has vowed never to swerve. * * * Some who are
ceremonious in their smoking do not smoke but with their intimates and
those that are well acquainted with their mummery; those that are less
so take care to sit next to a man that knows in what manner the pipe
is to be given to them. The women never smoke. Before the smoking
begins, he that has some peculiarity in his way of smoking tells in what
manner it is, and everyone attends to."
A NATION OF HORSEMEN
Larocque again refers to the Crows as an Indian nation of horses and
horsemen. They obtained most of their horses from the Flatheads and
traded them, at double the purchase price, to the Big Bellies and the
Mandans. "He is reckoned a poor man that has not ten horses in the
spring before the trade at the Missouri takes place, and many have thirty
or forty. Everybody rides men, women and children. The females
ride astride as the men do. A child that is too young to keep his saddle
is tied to it, and a small whip is tied to his wrist. He whips away, and
gallops or trots the whole day, if occasion requires. Their saddles are
so made as to prevent falling either backwards or forward, the hind part
reaching as high as between the shoulders and the fore part of the breast.
The women saddles are especially so. Those of the men are not quite
so high, and many use saddles such as the Canadians make in the N. W.
Country."
Being thus trained from infancy, the Crows were naturally most
expert horsemen. As warriors on horseback they were unexcelled. De-
pending upon them as they do, these Indians were very fond and careful
of their horses. They were not warlike, but courageous and fierce when
attacked. Their arms were bows and arrows, lances and guns. When
they went to war they took their medicine bags, which they opened
before beginning the attack. Shortly afterward, the warriors smoked
and then went into action. They were pronounced excellent marksmen
with the bow and arrow, and, although "poor shots" with the gun, on
account of lack of ammunition, they were becoming expert with daily
practice of late years. They were getting their guns and ammunition from
the Mandans and the Big Bellies, in exchange for horses, robes, leggins
and shirts. They likewise purchased corn, pumpkins and tobacco from
the Big Bellies, as they did not cultivate the ground.
HISTORY OF MONTANA 87
DRESSY AND CLEANLY
After describing in detail the elaborate dress of the men and the
more simple costume of the women, made of deer, elk, buffalo, wolf and
skunk skins, ornamented with porcupine quills, bear's claws, beads,
fringes, etc., variously colored, the author adds that "the boys go naked
till they are eight or ten years old, not for want of clothes, but to be
more at their ease; but the girls never. Both sexes are very cleanly,
washing and bathing every morning in the river, and in winter in the
snow. They keep their clothes clean and as white as snow, with a kind
of white earth resembling chalk, with which they daily clean their clothes.
* * * A woman never sets the kettle on the fire in the morning
without first washing her hands, and the men do not eat without the
same precaution. * * *
"They make very expressive signs with their hands to a person that
does not understand their language. They often told me long stories
without hardly opening their lips and I understood very well. They
represent a Sioux by passing the edge of their hand across their neck,
a Panis by showing large ears, a Flathead by pressing with both hands on
each side the head."
THE FLATHEADS
/
The Journal of Larocque has this to say (the text edited somewhat)
regarding the Flathead Indians, which then held the western slopes of
the Rocky Mountains: "The Flatheads inhabit the western side of the
Rocky Mountains at the heads of the rivers that have a southwesterly
course and flow into the western ocean. The ridge of mountains that
parts those waters from the Missouri can be crossed in two days and no
more mountains are found to the ocean. They come every fall to the
fort of the Missouri or thereabout to kill buffaloes, of which there are
none across that range of mountains, dress robes and dry meat with which
they returned as soon as the winter set in. They have deers of various
kinds on their lands and beaver with which they make themselves robes,
but they prefer buffaloes. They have a great many horses which they
sell for a trifle and give many for nothing."
CHAPTER IV
MONTANA'S NATURAL FEATURES
The explorations of the Lewis and Clark expedition discovered the
bold natural features of the "Land of the Shining Mountains," which
was not to be christened by the sonorous and characteristic name of the
present until more than half a century had elapsed since those able and
intrepid young men made history and geography for Jefferson and the
United States of America. They not only traced the main courses of the
mighty Missouri to their sources, but found that its great northern trib-
utary headed in the mountain ranges of the Hudson Bay divide. After
careful investigation and the wise weighing of natural data such as the
color, the volume and the current of the Milk River and its tributaries
they decided, in opposition to the opinion of the old and experienced
boatmen of their party, that they must follow the southern branches of
the main stream to the clear waters rushing from the purifying rocks
and valleys of the mountains before they could hope to reach a position
on the eastern slopes of the continental divide which should be sub-
stantially opposite the sources of any streams which would lead to a
western waterway to the Pacific. The deduction and decision of Lewis
and Clark saved the expedition from defeat, if not disaster, the Missouri
was traced to its true southern source, and the real fountain of its might,
the Jefferson fork of the river, and a few miles over an easy pass in the
continental divide were found the equally limpid and lively waters of the
great southern branch of the Columbia.
THE GREAT MISSOURI RIVER SYSTEM
The explorers of 1805 had decided from all their available data that
the Jefferson was the parent stream, and their 'conclusion was verified
scientifically and accurately nearly seventy years afterward. In 1872,
Thomas P. Roberts, under the direction of the government, examined the
upper Missouri from the Three Forks to Fort Benton for the purpose
of ascertaining its capacity for navigation by light-draught steamers.
The part of his report which is pertinent is this : "The junction of the
Gallatin, Madison and Jefferson rivers which streams from the Missouri
proper is effected in a basin or valley some fifteen or twenty miles in
diameter, with mountains in full view west, south and east, varying in
altitude from two thousand to four thousand feet above the sea. Some
presented a denuded appearance, while others were well timbered, and
though it was late in July, their highest summits and gorges were still
streaked with silvery lines of snow.
88
HISTORY OF MONTANA
89
"It is difficult to determine from which points of the compass the
three rivers debouch, though from the top of the bluffs at the exit pas-
sage of the united rivers, which almost deserves to be called a canyon,
there is a fine view of their meanderings. The courses of the streams,'
with their numerous cut-offs and sloughs, are marked by graceful belts
and lines of cotton wood and black alder, by islands clothed with the
richest verdure and by groves and jungles of the wild currant, but by
far the greater portion of this immense park is open and covered with
varieties of the rich bunch-grass, for which Montana is celebrated. The
sheen of the sparkling waters seen through openings of timber among
the islands and channels, with the soft shadowy forms of the silvery
rimmed mountains in the distance surrounding the landscape, formed in
the long twilight, a beautiful and enchanting picture.
"While here we gauged the volume of the rivers, not only to discover
which of the three was the largest or parent stream, but also to ascer-
tain how much water there was to deal with at that season of the year,
for the purpose of navigation.
"When we began the reconnoissance, the streams were about four feet
below the high-water mark, and, according to the statement of the old
ferryman, only eight inches above the lowest water-mark. It is one of
the most striking characteristics of the Upper Missouri, and the same
may be said of nearly all the Montana streams, that they never overflow
their banks to any extent, and that they are more regular and unfailing
in their discharge than streams of equal annual flowage in the United
States east of the Mississippi River. This equable flowage is due almost
entirely to the regularity of the melting of the snow in the highest regions
of the mountains, from which source their principal supply is drawn.
"We found that the Jefferson discharged 226,728 cubic feet per
minute, the Madison, 160,277, and the Gallatin, 125,480. There can,
therefore, be but little doubt that the Jefferson is the father of the
Missouri, which fact makes it, by fair inheritance, the grandfather of the
Mississippi, a distant but noble relative. Adding these figures together,
we have a total flowage of 512,408 cubic feet per minute for the Upper
Missouri at the Three Forks. Reducing their quantity to tfye lowest stage
known, there will remain over 300,000 cubic feet per minute in the
Missouri at this point, which is three times the volume of the Ohio at
Pittsburgh when at its lowest stage.
"The length of this wonderful watercourse, the Missouri, can be
best appreciated when it is considered that we were here camped two
hundred and fifty miles below the extreme heads of the Jefferson and
about the same distance above Fort Benton. Fort Benton is not less
than 2,900 miles above St. Louis, which city is still 1,200 miles above
the mouth of the river. The entire length of the river is not less than
4,600 miles, some geographies to the contrary notwithstanding, they var-
iously estimating its length to be from 4,000 to 4,300 miles.
"Returning to the Jefferson a large island at its mouth divides the
stream and in exploring it a mile above our camp we discovered where
its waters first mingle with those of the Madison. I note this particular
90 HISTORY OF MONTANA
junction because I never before saw streams unite in the same manner.
They run with swift current five or six feet deep and some two hundred
feet wide directly toward each other, and thence, at a right angle, their
united volume, agitated with the rude contact, rushes northward. The
meeting of the currents created great swirls in the water, which nearly
swamped our boat when we attempted to shoot through. A basin seems
to have been scoured out in the gravelly bottom by the action of the
stream, the depth of which we were unable to ascertain with either pole
or line."
The Jefferson River, thus admitted to be the father of the Missouri,
does not rise in the exact locality described by Captain Lewis in the
journal of the expedition, but farther to the east in the rivulets which
feed Red Rock Lake, near the extreme southern point of Montana and
not far west of the National Park. Both the Gallatin and the Madison
have their fountain heads in the park, outside the bounds of Montana,
as well as the Yellowstone, the great southern tributary of the Missouri.
Yellowstone Lake, its source, is believed to have been discovered by
John Colter, the noted adventurer of the Lewis-Clark expedition. Cap-
tain Clark explored the Yellowstone within Montana on the return trip
(1806), while Captain Lewis was investigating Maria's River, the north-
ern tributary of the Missouri.
Clark's fork of the Columbia drains most of the western or Pacific
watershed of the Rocky Mountains in western and northwestern Montana.
What Captain Lewis named Clark's Fork is now known as the Bitter
Root River, rises in the triangle formed by the mountain range by that
name and the Continental Divide, and flows along the eastern bases of
the Bitter Root Mountains. It empties into the Hellgate River, in the
vicinity of Missoula, and the two streams thus united take the name of
Missoula, which, in turn, flows into Lake Pend d'Oreille, Idaho, and
emerges as Clark's River, or the Clark's Fork of the Columbia, as now
recorded on the maps. From Montana it passes between the Bitter Root
and the Cabinet mountains in the northwestern part of the state, through
the northern corner of Idaho and joins the Columbia at 49 north, on
the boundary Jbetween the state of Washington and British Columbia.
Before leaving Montana, however, it receives a large and intricate system
of waters from the north. The backbone of this combination of rivers
and lakes is the Flathead River, the north fork of which rises just across
the international border and bounds Glacier National Park on the west.
The south fork heads in the great north-and-south Continental Divide
in Powell and Lewis and Clark counties, flows northwest between that
vast range and the Flathead Mountains, and unites with the 'north fork
and a smaller tributary stream near Columbia Falls, Fhthead County,
and thence enters Flathead Lake. The river emerges from the south-
western extremity of the lake, is reinforced by the Little Bitter Root,
the Jocko and other streams and finally reaches Clark's Fork near the
western boundary line of the state in the Mineral Range of mountains,
an outlying flank of the Bitter Root Range.
The more northerly branch of the Columbia, the Kootenai, takes a
HISTORY OF MONTANA 91
small loop out of Northwestern Montana, rising in British Columbia and
through its tributaries, the Stillwater and Yaak rivers, draining a small
portion of that part of the state. To the east of the drainage basin of
the Clark's Fork and the Kootenai is the St. Mary's River, which is a
tributary of the Saskatchewan and empties into Hudson Bay!
It is evident that Western Montana, the birthplace of the vast river
systems which mold the valleys and basins of the state, holds the key
to the topography of the country included in its bounds. That region
contains the fountain heads of the rushing waters and their commercial
powers. Mountains, valleys and basins comprise the grand natural fea-
tures of Montana.
MONTANA SYSTEMS
As to its mountains, the following is a fair summary, mainly drawn
from data furnished by Robert H. Chapman, the geologist and topog-
rapher: The main Rocky mountain mass is actually made up of two
principal ranges, generally parallel with axes in a northwesterly and
southwesterly direction, the easternmost of which is the Lewis range,
which extends but a short distance across the Canadian boundary. The
western or Livingston range, persists much farther northward. At a
point about eleven miles south of Canada it becomes the watershed of the
Continental divide, which has previously followed the ridge of the
Livingston range.
The range is rugged in contour and vast in extent, with many spurs,
buttresses and lesser ranges. Magnificent pinnacles and peaks, cloaked
with eternal snow, encrusted with glacial ice, mark its- serrated outline.
Nevertheless the mountains of Montana, though equally noble in form are
not so lofty as those of Colorado. Immediately east of the Continental
divide, at the extreme north, is the Hudson Bay divide, and the Big
Belt Mountains, which commence in the center of the state and run
parallel with the main Rocky mountain range. To the east of the Big
Belt is Bird Tail divide, and to the south the Tobacco Root, the Ruby,
the Madison, the Gallatin and the Bridger ranges. East of the Big Belt
range and also in central Montana, are the Teton ridge, the Little Belt
and Belt ranges, and to the south, in southern Montana, are the Cayuse
Hills and the Assaroka range. East of the Little Belt range, in East-
central Montana, are the Big Snowy Mountains, and just northeast of the
northern extremity of the range lie the Highwood Mountains. Still
farther to the east, in North-eastern Montana, are other minor ranges or
groups of high hills dignified with such names as Bear Paw, Little Rocky
or Little Creek mountains. The easternmost hills of any considerable
magnitude are Piney Buttes, in the triangle formed by the Missouri and
its tributary, Big Dry River. In the far southeast, the Big Horn Moun-
tains protrude into the Crow Indian Reservation from Wyoming, and
the smaller independent range formed by the Wolf and Rosebud moun-
tains, a little farther east, is almost wholly within the state boundaries.
West of the Continental divide, in the northwestern corner of Mon-
92 HISTORY OF MONTANA
tana, is the Purcell range of the Kootenai system. Farther east, beyond
the Stillwater River, is the Whitefish range, a southeastern continuance
of which brings one to the Flathead range. Parallel to the latter and
west of it, are the majestic Mission Mountains, the northern portions of
which are massed along the eastern shores of Flathead Lake. The
Bitter Root Mountains stretch as a majestic barrier to form the western
bounds of Montana, from 48 degrees, east by south to about 46 30',
where they meet the Continental divide, extending toward the northeast.
The Bitter Root Mountains form by far the larger portion of the
western side of the substantial rectangle formed by the 144,000 square
miles comprising the area of Montana. It is a grand domain nearly
three times larger than the state of New York, and only exceeded by
Texas and California in territorial extent of the commonwealths in the
Union. California only exceeds it by 12,000 square miles.
Low ALTITUDE AS A ROCKY MOUNTAIN STATE
Although virtually' half of Montana is mountainous, and it is
classified as a Rocky Mountain state, its general elevation is compar-
atively low. Professor Gannett of the United States Geological Survey
says: "The average elevation of Montana above sea level is 3,900 feet.
The average elevation of other states in this section are given as
follows : Nevada, 5,600 feet ; Wyoming, 6,400 ; Colorado, 7,000 feet. Be-
low an elevation of 4,000 feet Utah has no square miles, Colorado has
only 9,000, while Montana has 51,600. Below 3,000 feet in altitude are
40,000 square miles in Montana."
"Taking the area of the state (Montana) as a whole," says a United
States Census Bulletin, "it has been ascertained that 49 per cent, is under
5,000 feet above sea level; 21 per cent, from 5,000 to 6,000 feet; 14 per
cent, from 6,000 to 7,000 ; 9 per cent, from 7,000 to 8,000, and 7 per cent,
over 8,000 feet."
Helena, at the base of the northwest and southeast Continental divide
in Montana, has an elevation of 4,110 feet above sea level ; Salt Lake City,
4,350; Denver, 5,300, and Santa Fe, 6,840 feet.
The fact of Montana's comparatively low altitude, with mountain
passes of low and easy access, has had a beneficial effect upon her
climate and settlement. A very high altitude in a country or state limits
permanent settlement to the small class of people whose physical tem-
perament allows them to reside under such condition. The numerous
low passes in the mountains not only enabled the streams of emigrants
to pass into Montana's domains from either direction, many of them
becoming her substantial settlers, but also admits the mild currents from
the farther west and southwest, warming the valleys and modifying the
climate generally.
WILLIAM A. CLARK ON MONTANA'S VALLEYS
After noting the Coeur d'Alene, Pointed Heart, or Bitter Root moun-
tains as "a white line in the zigzag of the mountains' crest in the regions
HISTORY OF MONTANA 93
of perpetual snow, William A. Clark, in his centennial address, adds,
apropos of the "valley" feature of Montana: "Farther eastward the
main range of the Rocky Mountains rising in colossal grandeur, tends
diagonally to the northwest across the territory, while between these two
distinct ranges and far eastward from the latter, the country is diversi-
fied by a system of subordinate, transverse and parallel ranges, enclosing
the most beautiful valleys.
"These valleys, varying from one to fifteen miles in width and from
ten to two hundred miles in length, are level or gently undulating, re-
sembling prairies covered with grasses and meadows, each drained by
a main stream running through the center which, at short intervals, re-
ceives tributaries from the enclosing mountains. These form lateral
BITTER ROOT VALLEY
valleys of smaller extent. A line of willow, or alder bushes, with here
and there a clump of cottonwood trees, marks the course of every
stream and beautifies the landscape. Lying between the large valleys
there are, in many places, passes in the mountains, many of them so
low and easily accessible as to form natural highways for all vehicles. On
some of these dividing elevations are presented views of surpassing
beauty and grandeur. Below you behold the picturesque valleys; about
you, the terraced, or corrugated grassy plains; on either side, the ever-
green woodlands with their parks and rippling brooklets, stretching down
from the mountain sides, and above all and beyond the limit of vegetable
growth, the towering rock-ribbed mountains. There, in communication
with the clouds, are the great fountains which form the sources of the
Missouri and the Columbia, in many places gathering their cold and
crystal waters from the same snow girdled peaks."
THE GEOLOGICAL STORY
Montana presents a problem and a picture of deep and varied interest
when viewed from a geological standpoint; when an attempt is made
94 HISTORY OF MONTANA
to analyze the vast mountain ranges which loom and stretch through her
central and western portions, and to account for the courses and grand
vagrancies of her mighty rivers, which attempted to lose themselves in
the fastnesses of the Rockies, but could not because of the persistency
and bravery of men; to list her bewildering variety of minerals and
account for their composition and the strange forms of their deposits, and,
in general, to unseal the weird, silent lips of Nature and force her to
explain the methods by which she created a little section of what is
really but the skin of the earth.
To account for the mountain ranges of Montana and the precious
metals cast from their bowels, one must go back to the primary ages of
the fire rocks (igneous and metamorphic), and to explain the broken
and irregular strata of the vast rocky beds laid down by the waters of the
prehistoric oceans and seas, the student must imagine the outbreak of
immeasurable subterranean forces and the upheaval of the very founda-
tions of the earth.
Dr. F. V. Hayden, U. S. Geologist, did much to fix and record the
geology of Montana, in the '/os, and in 1876 the Historical Society of
Montana (Vol. I, p. 285) published an instructive and well written paper
entitled "Geological Notes on Northern and Central Montana," by O. C.
Mortson, which was of more general value than its title indicated. The
author traces the eastern boundary line of the great area of igneous rocks
as follows: Commencing, at the British line, following southwardly
along the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains to the Dearborn River,
following that stream to the Missouri River, crossing which it follows the
Great Belt Mountains for a short distance and then strikes off to the
western peaks of the Little Belt Mountains, and from there, along the
eastern side, to the Judith Gap; it then strikes southwardly along the
eastern base of the Crazy Mountains across the Yellowstone River and
by the eastern base of the Snow Mountains. The Judith, Snowy and
Highwood mountains are surrounded by stratified rocks, though connected
with the same upheaval as the other mountains. All rocks east of the
above-mentioned line are pertaining to the cretaceous periods (later than
the igneous) and in places, tertiary (still later) deposits.
The upheaval of all the mountains in Central Montana most probably
took place in the tertiary period, and attained a still higher altitude in
the post-tertiary ; again being brought to nearly their present level in
the latter part of this period. The Bearpaw Mountains are ascribed to
a later period, their upheaval having distorted the strata in their vicinity,
and later tertiary rocks being found among and in them. The origin of
these mountains is undoubtedly volcanic, the center of action being the
western peaks. One peak, which is the highest in that vicinity, is an
extinct crater, lava, tufa and volcanic sand being plentiful. The Sandy
creeks rise near this peak, and it is owing to the volcanic sand in their
beds that they derive their names. The upheaval of these mountains is
ascribed to the post-tertiary period, probably the same disturbance that
occurred in the early part of the glacial period.
All the other ranges of mountains in central and northern Montana
HISTORY OF MONTANA 95
are thought to have been formed about the same time, both from the
similar character of the rocks comprising their peaks and foothills and
from the number of dikes connecting them. These connecting ridges
are sometimes trap, but generally of granite. The elevated and distorted
strata which thus protrudes have been variously metamorphized by the
action of the igneous rocks, while in a state of fusion limestone has been
turned into marble and laminated clays into slate. A large number of
these dikes branch from the east side of the Great Belt range, crossing
diagonally Deep Creek valley and connectiong with the Little Belt range
and the Highwood Mountains. The dikes mentioned are composed of
dark granite. Other series connect the different peaks of the district.
From the igneous, or fire rocks, the geologist passes upward toward
the earth's surface through the stratified rocks of five distinct periods.
The lowest stratum examined by Mr. Mortson, which contained fossils,
was the Jurassic. A belt of the latter rocks was found to stretch from
the neighborhood of. the Black Hills, in the southeast, across the Yellow-
stone River, striking the Musselshell near the great bend, and reaching the
Missouri in the neighborhood of Little Rocky Mountain Creek and
Carroll, Deer Lodge County. Remains of the larger fossils are found in
this stratum in such quantities as to form masess of rocks in themselves.
In a later epoch of the same period, carrying sandstones and layers of
clay were found fresh water shells and abundant remains of insects,
fishes and reptiles.
The rocks of the cretaceous, or chalky period, occupy the largest area
of any stratified ones in Montana, being found even in the foothills of
the Rocky Mountains and occupying a large area north of the Missouri
River. They form a section of the great belt which stretches across the
continent from Mackenzie's River in the north to the Gulf of Mexico
in the south. Most of the rocks are of marine formation, although a few
are the results of fresh water deposits, and their composition is sandstone,
clay, marl, limestone and colored sands. The latter are exceedingly
friable, and the green variety has been profitably used as a fertilizer.
The lower beds of the cretaceous period are known as the Dakota
group, as they have been most extensively developed in the territory of
the Dakotas. In Montana, these beds may be found near the headwaters
of Sun River, in the vicinity of St. Peter and on the flanks of Highwood
and Little Belt mountains, in the present counties of Cascade and Teton.
The Dakota series is remarkable for the beds of lignite and numerous
vegetable remains found in it. The leaves of numerous genera of trees
are also found, some of which are allied to living species. Near Fort
Shaw the beds have yielded a fine building sandstone, which, though
soft when quarried, hardens by exposure to the atmosphere.
The Benton group of the cretaceous period lies over the Dakota and
is distinguishable by the character of the fossils found in the strata, being
of the fresh-water rather than the marine variety. The greatest de-
velopment of the beds is in the vicinity of Fort Benton ; hence the name,
given by Meek and Hayden, U. S. geologists. From that place to the
Great Falls the banks of the Missouri furnish splendid specimens of
96 HISTORY OF MONTANA
sections of the beds. They are also found on Highwood and Belt Moun-
tain creeks and Arrow, Teton and Maria's rivers. The thickness of the
Dakota and Benton groups may be roughly estimated at 1,200 feet.
The Pierre group, so called from the beds found at old Fort Pierre,
Dakota, are the first of the later Cretaceous beds. Outcrops of these
beds are found in the hills south of Square Butte, the reservation of Fort
Shaw on the Yellowstone, in the bad lands near Pryor's Creek and on
Milk River near the Three Buttes. On the Yellowstone, they are com-
posed of dark laminated clays, and are remarkable for the perfect preser-
vation of the fossils peculiar to the group. Proceeding northward, it
gradually merges into the Jurassic rocks.
"The cretaceous and Jurassic rocks in Montana, by their conforma-
tion and dip of strata, would justify the assertion that during these
periods a large, shallow inland sea existed in this part of Montana. From
the nature of the marine fossil shells it might have been from two hun-
dred to four hundred feet deep, and had connection with the inland sea,
which then covered such a large portion of the North American con-
tinent. The Yellowstone and Missouri rivers were not yet in existence,
as there were not yet any mountains to form the watershed." The rocks
of the tertiary period are found on the flanks of the Rocky, Belt, Bear-
paw and Big Snowy mountains and on Milk River near the British line.
"It was during this period (continuing to quote Mr. Mortson) that
probably the two great rivers of Montana began their mighty courses.
This was owing to the elevation at that time of the neighboring ranges
of mountains (except the Bearpaw), though perhaps their height was
not equal to that of the present day. The tertiary deposits on their
summits would ascribe their elevation to be late in the period.
THE POST-TERTIARY (GLACIAL) PERIOD
"To the traces of this period I have turned my principal attention.
Its (in my opinion) great influence on the deposition of placer gold, the
great denudations of the surface area, and the large deposits elsewhere,
render it an exceedingly interesting geological study. * * * The
glacial or drift period takes its name under the supposition that ice, in
the form of icebergs and glaciers, scraped ravines and canons on the
mountain sides, denuded hills and plateaus; in some places making
valleys and in others filling them up and altering river beds.
"In the early part of this epoch, Montana must have presented the
appearance of a series of large fresh-water lakes, whose shores were
the summits of the present mountain ranges. These mountains had their
flanks covered by huge glaciers, whose descent by the usual river-like
flow o glaciers would bring down large quantities of rocks, pebbles and
mud. Reaching the edge of the lakes, they would, when advanced far
enough by the superincumbent weight, break off; having been pushed
by the pressure of the ice behind, it would float off as an iceberg, and
would elsewhere deposit its hundred of tons of gravel, mud and rocks,
the same manner as the glaciers of Greenland are at the present day send-
MOUNTAINS IN THE HELENA DISTRICT
Vol. 17
98 HISTORY OF MONTANA
ing their icebergs down the eastern coast of North America. What was
the probable cause of this sub-arctic climate enveloping the land?
"Later back, we referred to the upheaval of the ranges of mountains
in the tertiary period. Now, another upheaval probably took place of
another five thousand feet or therabouts, and it would bring this icy
change quickly, and transform the smiling semi-tropical verdure of the 1
tertiary period into stern winter sterility. It was probably at this time
that the Bearpaw Mountains were thrown up. Now, by these terres-
trial changes, which were not confined to Montana alone, the flow of the
rivers would bo stopped ; the lakes would rise silently, but sure ; and the
intense cold would speedily bring this arctic climate to which I am re-
ferring.
"The intense cold would, by its action, rend the rocks in the moun-
tains, which would then fall in avalanches upon the glaciers, to be by them
carried elsewhere. The glaciers, by their slow but constant motion, and
their stupendous weight, would, by erosion, plow for themselves a bed
through the hardest rock.
GLACIAL MARKS AND MOVEMENTS
"At the headwaters of Maria's river, especially at the head of Cut
Bank Creek, a fragment of one of these glaciers still exists, covering
each side of the range down to a certain height. The existence of this
glacier is known, and probably others exist in the Rocky range, which will
be found when the topography of the country is better known.
"The proof of the other glaciers having existed, lies in the drift
groovings or scratches which occur in the bed-rock of all the mountain
gulches that I have seen in this section ; also by the numerous moraines
and erratic bowlders which are found on the great northern plateau and
on other several smaller ones.
"In central Montana, there were two great centers of glacial action
one was the Rocky mountains and its connecting ranges ; the other was
the Belt ranges.
"In the Great Belt range a large glacier commenced on the western
side, near the head of Trout and Cottonwood creeks, cutting the range
diagonally, crossing Montana and Confederate gulches and emerging into
the Missouri valley a little south of the Confederate creek. Its course
is north-northeast to south-southwest and the present altitude of its old
bed is probably over five thousand feet. In the vicinity it is known as
the Gravelly range. This glacier must have existed prior to those that
cut out Bowlder, Confederate, Montana, White's and other gulches in the
vicinity, as wherever this ancient glacier has been cut by later ravines
it has yielded large deposits of gold. Its ancient bed is now filled up
with debris, which is easily accounted for by the deposits of neighboring
denudations. In the vicinity it is called an old river-bed, but its declina-
tion is too great for that, consistent with the gold deposits ; also, the debris
is identical with the rocks contained between its two extremities. If it had
been a river, its length ought to have been greater; there ought to have
HISTORY OF MONTANA 99
been a larger amount of foreign debris and a large water-shed, to account
for its present breadth.
"Now, assuming this to have been a glacier, we should find the ice,
by its motion, scraping and grooving the bed-rock of its course, con-
tinually widening its bed by its constant pressure and friction, and thereby
denuding the rocks and quartz lodes that it passed. Naturally, gold would
be left in the striae of the bed-rock. Its carrying large amounts of debris
on its surface in the form of moraines, wherever the contour of its bed
compelled the glacier to change its course, it would naturally deposit
large amounts of debris, which now form bars.
"I stated that this glacier existed prior to the formation of the
neighboring gulches. An intelligent observation of these gulches will
convince anyone that there must have been similar causes to produce
these effects. Bowlder, in the vicinity of Confederate, has innumerable
proofs of glacial drift. There are erratic bowlders there, which could
have only been brought to their present position by ice. Indian, Beaver
and Last Chance gulches, on the opposite side of the Missouri,- have simi-
lar characteristics. I have observed personally, in these localities, the
striae on bowlders, and the parallel moraines of ancient glaciers. A per-
fect chart of these localities could be made, by minute observation, as they
existed in the glacial period. The course of the glacier would be known
by the direction of the striae on the bed-rock and bowlders; the angle of
declination would be known by the inclination of the striae on the bowlders
on the mountain sides ; and the depth would be the height between the bed-
rock arid the line of bowlders left by the glaciers on the hill sides.
"The elevated valleys in Upper Deep creek, on the east side of the
Great Belt range, have over their whole surface the marks of glacial
action. On the low mountains north of Camp Baker bowlders are on
the sides, with the striae cut on them as plain as if done by a workman,
and their surfaces finely polished, showing the friction they have under-
gone. Along the northern side of the valley large numbers of bowlders
cover one side of the hills, the bowlders on each hill being on the same
side. This shows the deposition by icebergs, which, broken off by the
parent glacier and floating on the inland sea, deposited the detritus in this
manner. All the mountains in the central and northern part of Montana
that I have seen show these indubitable signs.
"The large plateau in the north has large erratic bowlders scattered
here and there; they are not very common, but their size is exceedingly
large. The most interesting one I have seen is in a small ravine which
runs into the Dry fork of Maria's river due north of Fort Shaw. It is
about nine feet long, six feet high and probably weighs about fifteen tons.
It is composed of red granite, with a smooth, polished surface, and has
evidently been brought a long distance, as no rocks of that kind are, to my
knowledge, closer than about ninety miles. Other bowlders exist, but this
one will serve as an example of the rest.
"How long this epoch lasted, there is no telling; but, by the great
denudation which took place, it must have been of considerable length.
It was during this epoch that the numerous buttes lying east of the
100 HISTORY OF MONTANA
Rocky mountains and north of the Belt range were denuded to their
present shape. Very probably Square and Crown Buttes formed once
a continuous range of high bluffs ; and the same may be said of those east
of the Highwoods. At the close of this period, a gradual subsidence
of level raised the temperature of the climate ; the inland lakes dis-
appeared; the glaciers melted away and we arrive at what is called the
Champlain epoch."
THE GREAT MONTANA MAMMALS
"At the beginning of this epoch, most probably the rush of the re-
tiring waters cut the terraces which bound so many of our Montana
streams. The great mammals then appeared, and the huge mastodon cov-
ered the plateaus and valleys in numbers almost equaling the modern
buffalo. The American elephant existed in this locality. A portion
of a tusk pertaining to one was found on Badger creek and is now in
possession of Mr. Drew, at Fort Shaw. It is possible that the great
pliocene deposits of Wyoming and Colorado extend northward into Mon-
tana, as I have been often told of the great bone deposits which exist
in several parts of these localities. Several deposits of so-called buf-
falo bones, in the neighborhood of Sun and Maria's rivers and Badger
creek, I am inclined to ascribe to other animals; and it may be that
as Colorado and Wyoming have within the two years yielded such palaeon-
tological treasures, so Montana, by proper search and investigation, will
yield equally interesting organic remains."
VARIETY AND WEALTH OF GEOLOGICAL DEPOSITS
The wonderful diversity of Montana's geological formations accounts
for the variety of the precious deposits found within the state's limits.
The upheaval of the deep-seated fire rocks, with molten formations of
ore and precious stones; the deposits and immeasurable pressure of
great inland seas, and the resistless passage of vast glacial fields laden
with gold scourings and gigantic boulders, all made Montana a rich and
varied treasury of minerals.
Along this line, a comparatively recent publication has this to say
of Montana as a mining state : "Of the many marvels of its mineral
wealth, perhaps the greatest is the wonderful extent of the deposits.
After this comes the diversity of metals, which cover a large portion
of the known catalogue, and lastly comes the fabulous richness of the
deposits of quartz and placer diggings. The ores of Montana are easily
worked. The rocks in which auriferous and argentiferous veins occur is
limestone or granite often granite capped with slate. The presence of
lead and copper simplifies the reduction of silver. In general the char-
acter of Montana galena ores does not differ from those of Utah, Colo-
rado, Nevada and Idaho. There are lead mines in Montana but they
have not been extensively worked. The lead obtained from the silver ores
however, is considerable. Copper lodes are abundant and large and are
HISTORY OF MONTANA 101
found near Butte, at White Sulphur Springs and in the Musselshell coun-
try. Iron is found in a great number of places. Marble, building stone
fire clay, zinc and all of the minerals of which men build the substan-
tial monuments of civilization are grouped together in Montana in a re-
markable manner.
"One of the latest developed resources of the state is coal. The
presence of this product was known from the early days, but before the
country had been pierced by railroads it could not be profitably mined
and consequently there was no development of the coal fields. Now coal
mining is one of the permanent industries of the state. Along the east-
ern bases of the Rocky Mountains coal is found in almost inexhaustible
quantities. Park, Cascade, Choteau, Beaver Head and Gallatin counties
all have mines within their boundaries.*
BEAR TOOTH MOUNTAIN IN THE COAL REGION
"In addition to the precious metals and other products mentioned
above, there have been found in Montana from time to time a great many
precious stones and gems. Sapphires were discovered in a number of
localities by the early placer miners. They were collected in great num-
bers in the sluice boxes with the gold and black sand. They were found
on the bars of the Missouri in Lewis and Clark county, at Montana City
and Jefferson City on the Prickly Pear, and in other localities. These
gems were sent East and found their way into many cabinets. A few
were cut and worn by Montana miners. After many years they attracted
the attention of English experts and capitalists, and a company was
formed to work these old placers for the sapphires they contained. Some
of these gems are of the largest size and purest water, and the colors are
very brilliant. The varieties most common are the oriental emerald, the
oriental topaz, the oriental amethyst and the oriental ruby. No gem except
the diamond excels them in hardness and brilliancy. Nearly all vari-
* And now more than all, Carbon county.
102 HISTORY OF MONTANA
eties of garnets are also found in the placers and the rocks of the moun-
tains ; many very fine varieties have been taken from the places in various
parts of the state. The precious garnet, the topazolite, the melanite,
pyrenite, and others of yellow, brown,, green and red, have all been found
in the placers and rocks. Small emeralds of medium quality have been
discovered in the gravel and rocks of the mountains. Tourmalines have
also appeared in the sluice boxes of the placer mines, as well as in the
metamorphic rocks of the Rockies."
CHAPTER V
PATHFINDERS OF THE MINING CAMPS
The kings of the fur traders and the traders themselves opened
Montana for the influx of the miners. Lewis and Clark, and lesser explor-
ers, revealed the riches of the fur trade to the practical Englishmen,
Scotchmen, Frenchmen, Spaniards and Americans, and at least served as
advance agents in the introduction of the business to its original and main
source of supply, the Indians. Soon after the red and white trappers and
hunters had perceptibly drained the land of its beaver, otter and bear, and
were making awful inroads into the buffalo herds, came the day of the
miners, whose guides were usually men who had become familiar with the
land of the mountains in the prosecution of their trapping and trading
enterprises. Although they had laid no such plans for the future, destiny
made the trappers the pathfinders of the miners, and in this connection
their leaders who built the posts and the forts and sent them into the
wilds shall be described, their main enterprises noted.
COMMENCEMENT OF PERMANENT TRADE
The initial venture of that nature in Montana has already been re-
corded in the account of the expedition taken from St. Louis by Manuel
Lisa, formerly identified with the Spanish Fur Company who had cut
adrift from that organization as an independent trader. His fort, built
in 1807, at the mouth of the Big Horn, represented the first trading post,
the first commercial venture and the first building of a permanent char-
acter, to be planted within the bounds of what is now Montana.
THE MISSOURI FUR COMPANY
Not long after Lisa's return to St. Louis, in the summer of 1808,
and after a very successful season in the fur trade, was formed the
Missouri Fur Company. It was organized with a capital of $40,000,
headquarters in St. Louis, and its object was to establish a string of
trading posts along the headwaters of the Missouri. Among its twelve
members were Capt. William Clark, the agent and head of the organiza-
tion; Manuel Lisa, in some respects the leading spirit; Reuben Lewis,
only brother of Capt. Meriwether Lewis ; the Chouteau brothers, Andrew
Henry and other leaders in the fur trade, who were uncontrolled 'by the
Hudson Bay and North West companies, of Canada.
Lewis and Clark had called attention to the locality where the three
103
104 HISTORY OF MONTANA
forks of the Missouri converge as a strong trading point the key to
the Blackfoot fur trade ; and that meant much in those days. The Mis-
souri Fur Company were of the same opinion, and in 1809 Lisa, with
Henry and a party of trappers and boatsmen, ascended the Missouri and
the Yellowstone, and, through Bozeman Pass emerged at the three forks.
There they established a post as the headquarters of their proposed opera-
tions to develop a fur trade among the Indians of that region.* At that
time the Missouri Fur Company had in its employ 250 men partly Ameri-
can hunters, but mainly Creoles and Canadian voyagers, who in various
flotillas, conducted by some of the partners, were put in motion, and be-
fore the close of the year 1809 posts had been established among the
Sioux, Arickarees and Mandans, and a principal one, whose garrison com-
prised the larger part of the company's employes, "at the Three Forks
of the Missouri."
This post was in the heart of the country then possessed by the
Piegan Tribe of the Blackfeet Indians whose hostility it was hoped might
be appeased, both for the sake of their trade and because the hundreds
of small streams which rise in the adjacent mountains and unite to form
the Missouri abounded with beaver, which the company's servants were
to be employed in trapping. But the Blackfeet were in communication
with the posts of the British traders upon the Saskatchewan, from which
they obtained arms, ammunition, and all the commodities of civilization
required in their wild life, so that they were wholly independent of this
fort. Besides, in consequence of the killing of one of their number by
Captain Lewis in 1806, they had conceived the most violent hatred of
the Americans, a feeling carefully fostered by the British 'traders to
prevent competition, and they had fiercely declared that they would
rather hang the scalp of an American to their girdle than kill a buffalo
to keep from starving. Animated by such implacable and vindictive re-
sentment, they not only failed to become the customers of the fort, but set
themselves at work to effect the destruction of its garrison. . They lurked
incessantly in the vicinity of the post, sought to ambuscade the hunters,
attacked every party over whom they could gain any advantage, and
almost entirely frustrated the trapping system that had been inaugurated.
It became dangerous to go any distance from the fort except in large
parties, and in one case a party of twenty men were assailed by surprise
and nine killed. Not less than twenty of the garrison lost their lives
in the various conflicts that took place, and it was estimated that double
that number of Indians were killed.
It had been expected that three hundred packs of beaver would be
secured the first year, and but for the hostility of the Blackfeet the
expectation would probably have been realized. As it was, there were
scarcely twenty packs. With this meagre return the greater portion of
the party descended the river the next spring (1809), while the re-
* Lieut. Bradley's "Journal," Contributions Montana Historical Society, Vol. II.
HISTORY OF MONTANA 105
mainder continued to be cooped up in the fort not daring to hunt and
suffering for want of provisions. At last, finding the situation so irk-
some and unprofitable and fearing the destruction of his little band, Mr.
Henry,* the partner who had been left in charge, determined in the
fall to move over into the country of the more pacific Shoshonees and
winter upon one of the head branches of the Columbia. Crossing the
mountains with great difficulty and suffering for winter overtook them
and game was scarce he found a pleasant location, where timber was
plentiful, upon the North or Henry's Fork of Snake River, where he
established himself and built a new fort the first American establish-
ment (except the wintering house of Lewis and Clark) west of the
Rocky Mountains.
Meanwhile no tidings of Henry were received at St. Louis, and the
company, ignorant of his movements, were apprehensive that he had been
massacred. At length, no longer able to control their anxiety, early
in 1811 an expedition was set on foot to go in quest of him. It started
about the beginning of February, under the command of Mr. Lisa, in a
swift barge propelled by twenty oars and armed with a swivel mounted
at the bow, the whole number of persons on board being twenty-six.
In the meantime his isolation and the poverty of his Snake customers in-
duced Mr. Henry to recross the mountains and return to the East. Ar-
riving at the Missouri he built boats, upon which his party embarked;
and thus it happened that Lisa, sweeping in his light barge easily and
pleasantly up stream, and Henry with his little fleet dropping down with
the current, met each other at the Arickaree Village, in the neighborhood
of the present City of Bismarck, about the middle of June.
Mr. Henry's stay beyond the mountains had not been unprofitable,
and he took down with him forty packs of beaver a far better return
than could reasonably have been anticipated. "To render this account of
the operations of the company complete I will add," says Lieutenant
Bradley, "that the hostility of the Blackfeet and the consequent ruin
of their prospects in this quarter were not the only misfortune that had
been sustained by the company. The establishments among the Mandans
and Arickarees had proved unprofitable, and besides the Sioux factory
was accidentally burned, occasioning an estimated loss of fifteen thou-
sand dollars almost half the original capital of the company.
BLACKFEET COUNTRY ABANDONED
"The term of the association expired in 1811, but notwithstanding the
unforeseen difficulties and disasters that had beset its first efforts, it
was found on balancing accounts that the company had its capital of forty
thousand dollars yet intact, and, in addition, the three establishments
below the Yellowstone. A reorganization was effected, and though no
further attempt was made to trade in the Blackfeet country the busi-
ness of the company elsewhere was extensive and the profits large.
It enjoyed a deserved prosperity until the business prostration occasioned
* Henry's Lake and Henry's Fork of Snake River named after him.
106
HISTORY OF MONTANA
by the War of 1812, when it was forced to suspend operations and finally
dissolved.
"The fort built by this company at the Three Forks of the Missouri
is the establishment whose traces still remain near Gallatin City* and
which is popularly ascribed to Lewis and Clark. In 1870, the outlines of
the fort were still intact, from which it appears that it was a double stock-
ade of logs set three feet deep, enclosing an area of about 300 feet
square, situated upon the tongue of land (at that point half a mile wide)
between the Jefferson and Madison Rivers, about two miles above their
..
.
l^'^r
SPANISH CREEK, GALLATIN COUNTY
confluence, upon the south bank of a channel of the former stream now
called Jefferson slough. Since then the stream has made such inroads
upon the land that only a small portion of the fort the south-west angle
remains. It is probable that every vestige of this old relic will soon dis-
appear, except the few stumps of stockade logs that have been removed
by two or three gentlemen of antiquarian tastes. When Henry abandoned
the fort a blacksmith's anvil was left behind, which remained there for
thirty or forty years undisturbed, gazed upon only by the Indians who re-
garded it with superstition and awe. At last it disappeared and it is said
to have been found and removed by a party of white men."
* Written in 1876.
HISTORY OF MONTANA 107
RACE OF RIVAL FUR AGENTS
Not long after the Missouri Fur Company had been formed through
the energy and influence of Manuel Lisa, John Jacob Astor, who, for a
decade was to be his great rival in the fur trade, formed the Pacific Fur
Company. It was an offshoot of the North West Company and was for-
mally organized in June, 1810, all of Mr. Astor's partners, with the ex-
ception of Wilson Price Hunt, of New Jersey, being ex-members of that
organization. The great organizer of the Pacific Fur Company sent two
expeditions West one by sea and one by land. The overland expedition,
under Hunt, is the only one which concerns this history, and that only in-
cidentally. Before the articles of agreement forming the Pacific Fur
Company were signed, the expedition by land was well on its way toward
the western sea. Lisa had started out from St. Louis to seek Henry and,
having met him safe and sound, hurried up the Missouri to overtake the
Hunt party, tidings of whose destination the headwaters of that river
and the coveted fur country of the Blackfeet had reached him. Hunt's
party comprised, among others, Donald McKenzie, Pierre Dorion, a half-
breed interpreter indebted to Lisa, and the scientists, Nuttall and Brad-
bury. Lisa did not propose that Hunt should occupy "his" fur coun-
try without a fight, and Hunt was afraid that the able and wily Spaniard
would set the Sioux against him, the agent of the rival company, in case
he (Lisa) reached the land of the dreaded Indians first. The race for
Sioux-land was therefore exciting, and Lisa's river party overtook Hunt's
land expedition in what is now southern or central South Dakota. From
this meeting until the Arikaree villages near the junction of the Grand and
Missouri rivers were reached (near the boundary line of the Dakotas)
the two rival parties traveled together, each eyeing the other suspiciously.
In one particular, Lisa outmanoeuvered Hunt. It had been the intention
of the leader of the Astor company to follow the route of Lewis and
Clark to the sources of the Missouri, and thence over the divide to the
Columbia; but Lisa managed that most deterrent rumors of Blackfeet
ferocities and attacks should be carried to the interlopers. Result : The
Hunt party swerved toward the Southwest, crossed the southeastern cor-
ner of Montana into Wyoming, traveled south to the Wind River, across
country to the Snake and Columbia and down the great western river to
where Astor's sea party had founded Astoria. This trip of Hunt's blazed
the famous Oregon Trail.
THE LAST YEARS OF LISA
The failure and destruction of the posts which the Missouri Fur
Company attempted to establish from the headwaters of the river to the
Mandan villages in Dakota, with the disturbances caused by the War of
1812, caused the final dissolution of the company. Lisa then operated
the Missouri fur trade under the name of Manuel Lisa & Company for
about six years, and during that period was a real monopolist. In 1819 he
reorganized the Missouri Fur Company, with an entirely new personnel
108 HISTORY OF MONTANA
except he himself. He died in St. Louis, which had been his home since
youth, in his forty-eighth year. Lisa was born in New Orleans of Span-
ish parents, and his commanding intrepidity in all his ventures gave him
the name of the Cortez of the Rocky Mountains. Of his moral character,
the least said the better for his memory.
GENERAL ASHLEY AND THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN FUR COMPANY
It was fully a decade after the War of 1812 before the fur trade
showed decided signs of improvement, and, as in the old times, the fur
companies doing business in Montana again turned their attention to the
opening up of the trade among the enterprising but fierce Blackfeet, who
still controlled the fur country at the headwaters of the Missouri. Not
only was the Missouri Fur Company revived, but Gen. William Ashley,
an able, forceful Virginian who had long resided in St. Louis, as a mer-
chant and prominent citizen, organized the Rocky Mountain Fur Com-
pany. Associated with him were Maj. Andrew Henry, William and Mil-
ton Sublette, Jedediah S. Smith, David E. Jackson, Robert Campbell,
Etienne Provost, James Bridger and others, nearly all of whom will
later appear as leading characters in the progress of this history.
The first expedition of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company had sev-
eral experiences not unlike those of the initial venture of the Lisa's Mis-
souri Fur Company. In both cases the brunt of the disasters fell upon
Maj. Andrew Henry. The first expedition of Ashley's company started
from St. Louis on April 15, 1822, for that portentous locality, the Three
Forks of the Missouri. On the way up the river one of the keel-
boats sank with $10,000 worth of goods, and above the Mandan vil-
lages a band of Assiniboines stole the horses of the party. These heavy
losses forced the expedition to establish the Ashley-Henry Fort near the
confluence of the Yellowstone and Missouri, where winter quarters were
fixed. General Ashley then returned to St. Louis, leaving Henry in
charge of the post. In the spring of 1823, the latter continued his
journey up the Missouri, but near the Great Falls the Blackfeet attacked
his party, killed four of them and drove them away as a whole. So Henry
was again obliged to return, short of his goal.
In 1823, Ashley fitted out a second expedition and leading it him-
self started up the Missouri. He intended to purchase horses of the
Aricarees and dispatch some of his force by land to the Yellowstone.
These Indians, distinguished for their fickleness, at first seemed friendly,
but before dawn on June 2nd, attacked Ashley's force. They killed
twelve of his men and wounded fourteen, the survivors escaping to some
sheltering timber. In this desperate strait, Ashley accepted the services
of Jedediah Smith, a mere youth, to carry news of his predicament to
Henry and requesting immediate re-enforcements. After numerous es-
capes from capture and death, the boy reached Henry, and Ashley and
his men were saved. The combined parties moved to the mouth of White
River, where they built a fort and awaited the coming of troops to pro-
tect them on their journey. They also established a trading post at the
HISTORY OF MONTANA 109
mouth of the Big Horn and Yellowstone, near the site of old Fort
Manuel, and Etienne Provost, with a few men, was ordered from that
point southward to trap. On this journey, in 1823, he discovered the
South Pass.
ASHLEY-HENRY DISCOVERIES OF 1823.
As remarked by a writer of these times, commenting on the remark-
able outcome of this unimportant expedition, measured by direct results :
"The members of the Ashley-Henry party proved to be explorers as well
as trappers, for not only did Provost discover the South Pass and thus
open up the trapping districts of the Green river country, but Jim Bridger,
in his quest of furs, came upon the Great Salt Lake. This is the first
recorded instance of a white man having beheld that body of water,
though it had been visited by the Piegans and many other tribes years
before. Young Jedediah Smith, possessed of the spirit of adventure,
pushed on to the Pacific, and was the first white man to cross the Sierra
Nevada mountains."
As the Rocky Mountain Fur Company seemed at last to have obtained
momentum and overcome the obstacles of its young life, so the reorgan-
ized Missouri Fur Company, bereft of the strong sustaining hands of Lisa,
was overtaken with dire disaster, could not rally and suffered a steady
decline until its death in 1830. Its hardest blow which brought about
its eventual demise was the wiping out of the expedition sent out by the
company in the spring of 1823 to establish "friendly relations" with the
Blackfeet and secure their trade which centered at the Three Forks.
Under Messrs. Jones and Immell, it duly arrived at the site of Henry's
post and remained there until the middle of May. Meeting with no In-
dians friendly, commercially-inclined, or otherwise, they decided to re-
turn to the Yellowstone.
On the i/th of May, while following Jefferson Fork, the Jones-
Immell party fell in with a band of Blackfeet. One of the Indians
showed the leaders a note headed "Mountain Park, 1823," and at the bot-
tom it bore "1820." The paper introduced the holder as a friendly head
chief of the tribe and the owner of many furs. As it also showed the
inscription, "God save the King!" it was evidently of British manufac-
ture. Although the Blackfeet seemed .kindly disposed and favorable to
the establishment of a post at Great Falls, Jones and Immell feared the
outcome of such friendly manifestations, and on the following day
gathered their men and started rapidly for the Yellowstone. Meanwhile
the Blackfeet, re-enforced to about four hundred, followed closely be-
hind.
On the last of May, 1823, the doomed party of twenty-nine, pass-
ing into a steep and narrow defile, were ambushed by the Indians and
furiously attacked. Seven of the party were killed, including the leaders.
The best account of the sad and unfortunate affair is from Ben-
ilO HISTORY OF MONTANA
jamin O'Fallon, a widely known Indian agent and army officer and a
nephew of Gen. William Clark. To the latter, as superintendent of Indian
affairs at St. Louis, Major O'Fallon made the report under date of Fort
Atkinson, July 3, 1823. The part relating to the slaughter of the Jones-
Immell party and the capture of the equipment is as follows : "The
defeat of General Ashley by the A'Ricarees and departure of the troops
to his relief had scarcely gone to you when an express arrived announcing
the defeat by the Blackfeet Indians near the Yellowstone river, of the
Missouri Fur Company's Yellowstone or mountain expedition, com-
manded by Messrs. Jones and Immell, both of whom, with five of the men,
are among the slain. All of their property, to the amount of $15,000,
fell into the hands of the enemy. * * * The express goes on to state
'that many circumstances (of which I will be apprised in a few days)
have transpired to induce the belief that the British traders (Hudson's
Bay Company) are exciting the Indians against us, either to drive us from
that quarter, or reap, with the Indians, the fruits of our labor.' They
furnish them with the instruments of hell and a passport to heaven
the instruments of death and a passport to our bosoms.
"Immell had great experience of the Indian character, but, poor
fellow, with a British passport, at last they deceived him, and he fell a
victim to his own credulity, and his scalp, with those of his murdered
comrades, is now bleeding on its way to some of the Hudson establish-
ments. * * *
"I am at this moment interrupted by the arrival of an express from
the military expedition, with a letter from Doctor Pilcher, whom you
know is at the head of the Missouri Fur Company on this river, in which
he says: 'I have but a moment to write. I met an express from the
Mandans bringing me the very unpleasant news the flower of my busi-
ness is gone. My mountaineers have been defeated, and the chiefs of the
party both slain ; the party were attacked by three or four hundred Black-
feet Indians in a position on the Yellowstone river where nothing but de-
feat could be expected. Jones and Immell and five men were killed. The
former, it is said, fought most desperately. Jones killed two Indians, and
in drawing a pistol to kill a third he received two spears in his breast.
Immell was in front ; he killed one Indian and was cut to pieces. I think
we lose at least $15,000. I will write you more fully between this and the
Sioux.'
"Jones was a gentleman of cleverness. He was for several years a
resident of St. Louis, where he has numerous friends to deplore his loss.
Immell has been a long time on this river, first an officer in the United
States army, since an Indian trader of some distinction; in some respects
he was an extraordinary man; he was brave, uncommonly large, and of
great muscular strength ; when timely apprised of his danger, a host
within himself."
AMERICAN FUR COMPANY ESTABLISHES WESTERN DEPARTMENT
The brilliant operations of General Ashley and the Rocky Mountain
Fur Company, both in the fur trade and the field of western explora-
tions, encouraged its great rival, the American Fur Company, now ab-
HISTORY OF MONTANA m
sorbed, with several independent firms, by the personality of John Jacob
Astor, of New York, to establish a western department in St. Louis. The
strongest of the independent concerns thus absorbed was the Columbia
Fur Company, with which Kenneth McKenzie was associated as president
and vitalizing power. With the consolidation, or absorption, Mr. Mc-
Kenzie was placed in charge of the active affairs of the American Fur
Company in the field. As Ashley withdrew from the trade with a fortune,
McKenzie entered the field as its dominant figure.
The new manager assumed charge of the interests of the American
Fur Company at the height of Ashley's great success as the head of the
Rocky Mountain Fur Company, as within the four years previous to
1827 or 1828 he had brought into St. Louis over $250,000 worth of
beaver skins. The most phenomenal year in the history of the company
was after General Ashley had sold his interest in it to Jedediah Smith,
David E. Jackson and William L. Sublette.
KENNETH MCKENZIE RISES
The new manager assumed charge of the interests of the American
Fur Company at the height of the trade amassed by the Rocky Mountain
Company, as within the four years previous to 1828 it had sent into St.
Louis more than a quarter of a million dollars' worth of beaver skins.
In 1826 General Ashley had sold his interest in the Rocky Mountain
concern to Jedediah Smith, David E. Jackson and William L. Sublette,
and that year and the following, were phenomenal for catches. The pros-
pects were so alluring that McKenzie would have made the same mis-
take which had previously been disastrous to the fur traders rush to the
headwaters of the Missouri after the cream of the trade without a sub-
stantial base of supplies and chain of communications behind. Pierre
Chouteau induced him to be more cautious, his long experience as a fur
trader and member of the firm of Bernard Pratte & Company, which
had been likewise absorbed by Mr. Astor's corporation, having taught
him the fine lesson of "safety first."
FORT FLOYD, OR FORT UNION FOUNDED
In the summer of 1828, McKenzie and his first constructive party
started up the Missouri, and in September of that year built Fort Floyd
above the Mandan villages in the North Dakota of today, as permanent
headquarters of the American Fur Company. Exactly when Fort Floyd
received the name of Fort Union (the first) is not known. At all events,
not long after the headquarters of the company were fixed at that local-
ity, McKenzie effected his first friendly union with Blackfeet trappers,
hunters and warriors, and made a real advance in pushing the interests of
his company. How this was brought about is a story in itself.
MCKENZIE WOOES THE BLACKFEET
Soon after the establishment of Fort Floyd, or Union (two hundred
miles farther up the river), a man named Burger, who spoke Piegan,
the language of the Blackfeet, came to headquarters and McKenzie in-
112 HISTORY OF MONTANA
duced him to lead a party up the Missouri River, in quest of the elusive
Indians and the trade which they so nearly controlled. They set out from
the fort in dog sleds, reached the mouth of Maria's River, which they
followed to its western head in the mountains, Badger Creek. Up to that
time and locality no trace of Blackfeet, or any other Indian, had been dis-
covered, and one night the discouraged men encamped at the source of
that creek and threw the Stars and Stripes to the Rocky Mountain
breezes. As the next day dawned, a party of Piegan warriors rode
toward them, with the design (as was afterward learned) of attacking
the camp at once. The sight of the streaming flag induced one of the
old chiefs to plead with the hot-headed warriors to adopt friendly rela-
tions with the whites, and the result was that, through the spokesmanship
of Burger, a former employe of the Hudson's Bay Company, the Mc-
Kenzie men were taken to the Piegans' village and afterward to the
Indians' winter encampment on Sun River. There the white party
remained until spring, when Burger returned to old Fort Union with
100 leading Piegans. The ensuing council ended in a friendly under-
standing between McKenzie and his Indian visitors, and in the summer of
1831 McKenzie made a formal treaty of peace with the Blackfeet and the
Assiniboines, "a document," says a commentator, "more remarkable for
its rhetoric than its pacific results."
Old Fort Union was burned sometime in 1831 and its name applied to
the post built not long afterward at the mouth of the Yellowstone. Dur-
ing that autumn, McKenzie sent James Kipp, with twenty-five men and
a boat loaded with stores and Indian trading goods, up the Missouri to
take advantage of the friendly relations established with the Piegans.
Kipp then built Fort Piegan on a site between Maria's and Missouri
rivers, and it is said that within ten days from its completion he had
received the unprecedented stock of 2,400 beaver skins from the Piegan
trappers. The Bloods, attached to the British interests, soon after-
ward attacked Fort Piegan, and although Kipp and his men drove off
the besiegers, the post was abandoned, in the spring of 1832, and the
stock of furs taken to Fort Union at the mouth of the Yellowstone. Al-
though Fort Piegan was abandoned in March, 1832, the leader of the
party left three of his men behind, with tobacco and ammunition, that
the friendly Indians might not feel that they had been deserted by the
Americans.
FORT MCKENZIE BUTT.T
During that year, McKenzie sent David D. Mitchell to the Fort
Piegan country to attempt -a re-establishment of trade relations with the
Piegans, acknowledged to be the best trappers of the Blackfeet nation.
But the keel boat of the expedition with its costly cargo of supplies
and goods was wrecked, two men drowned, and all the articles destined
for the Indian trade were lost. Upon receipt of the news of the disaster,
McKenzie sent a second boat laden as the first, and Mitchell continued
his voyage to the site of Fort Piegan, only to find it charred ruins and
HISTORY OF MONTANA 113
ashes. But Mitchell was a brave, determined man after McKenzie's own
heart, and at once built another post and fort a few miles above the
mouth of Maria's and below the narrow ridge separating the Teton and
the Missouri Rivers. The structure, appropriately named Fort McKenzie,
was built of logs, two hundred feet square, and faced Maria's River.
The American Fur Company was now firmly established in the upper
Missouri country, with three principal bases of operation Fort Union,
near the junction of the Yellowstone and the Missouri; Fort McKenzie,
near the mouth of Maria's River, and Fort Cass, at the confluence of the
Big Horn and the Yellowstone.
MCKENZIE INAUGURATES STEAMBOAT NAVIGATION TO THE YELLOWSTONE
If Astor represented the financial power of the American Fur Com-
pany, McKenzie now stood for its practical development in the most pro-
ductive beaver and fur regions of America. With the swelling of that
trade to mammoth proportions, the slow and cumbersome transportation
of the thousands of bales of furs from the trapping regions of the Upper
Missouri, along the vast stretches of the river system to the ultimate
market, St. Louis, was a problem which McKenzie first attempted to
solve through steamboat navigation. After .laboring with his superiors
who controlled the finances of the company, he persuaded them to try the
doubtful experiment. Accordingly a boat was constructed for the pur-
pose in Louisville, Kentucky, and, as the "Yellowstone," made two trips
up the Missouri in 1831-32. Its last voyage was the momentous one, as
from March to June, 1832, it continued to breast the Missouri until it
reached Fort Union, near the mouth of the Yellowstone. That trip, which
demonstrated the utility of the river steamboat in the prosecution of the
spreading fur trade, caused comment on both sides of the Atlantic.
Pierre Chouteau, who was aboard the "Yellowstone" upon both occa-
sions to personally test the possibilities of steamboat navigation received
the following from John Jacob Astor, then in France: "Your voy-
age in the 'Yellowstone' attracted much attention in Europe, and has been
noted in all the papers here." A personal incident of this memorable
second trip of the "Yellowstone" was that one of its passengers was
George Catlin, the celebrated artist, author and student of Indian habits as
relates to North America.
CAPTAIN BONNEVILLE AND His EXPLORATIONS
While McKenzie was opening steamboat navigation on the Missouri,
such men as Capt. B. L. E. Bonneville and James Bridger were penetrat-
ing the masses of the Rocky Mountains and ranging over large stretches
of virgin country to the coast. They trapped, scouted, hunted and ex-
plored, and their journeys and expeditions were too extensive in their
range to classify the principals as Montana characters, albeit they touch
the territory and the state at many points The captain's greatest travels
as an explorer of the West beyond the mountains were pursued in the
114 HISTORY OF MONTANA
early '305 and are thus laid down by the principal himself to the Mon-
tana Historical Society, writing as an old man, long retired from the
strenuous activities of life : "One of my parties," he says, "was sent
through the Crow country and came round by the north and wintered
with me on Salmon river; another party was sent south and wintered
on the shores of Salt Lake; another journeyed into the Utes country,
farther south, until it met the traders and trappers from New Mexico;
another went down Salmon river to Walla Walla, on the Columbia;
another to coast around the Salt Lake ; being out of provisions, it turned
north upon Maria's (Humboldt) river, followed this river down west
to the eastern base of the California mountains, where it empties itself
into large flat lakes, thence westward, clambering for twenty-three days
among the difficult passes of this elevated range, before it reached its
western Pacific slope ; thence to Monterey on the coast, where it wintered.
In the spring, the party going south turned the southern point of these
mountains on its way to the Upper Rocky Mountains ; another party
going west down the waters of Snake river to the base of the California
range, turned southeast and on the way home kept the divide, as near
as practicable, between Maria's River and Snake ; another party going
north, round the Wind River mountains, followed the Po-po-az-ze-ah,
the Big Horn, and the Yellowstone down the Missouri.
"The large clear stream in the valley immediately west of the South
Pass was. called by the Indians and early trappers the Sis-ke-de-az-ze-ah,
afterward Green river. I was the first to take wagons through the
South Pass and first to recognize Green river as the Colorado of the
West". * * *
FAMOUS EXPEDITION THROUGH SOUTH PASS
During these eventful years in the life of Captain Bonneville, 1832-34,
he spent some time among the Nez Perces Indians of the Far West,
and all but dropped out of the United States Army and civilization.
When he took his expedition through South Pass, in 1832, perhaps the
first to accomplish this since the days of the Ashley-Henry explorations
of the '205, James Bridger was his scout, and thirty years afterward he
served in the same capacity for a government expedition which was con-
ducting two Supreme Court judges to their newly appointed posts in Utah.
The remarkable fact, also, that Jim Bridger, in 1862, led his party over
the same route pursued by him in 1832 is forcibly stated by William
S. Brackett, a member of the government party, who afterward became a
resident of Park County, Montana.* His words : "Looking back nearly
thirty-five years ago, I can recall the beauty and romance of eventful
days when I camped with James Bridger on the Sweetwater and with
him marched across the continent. I can see once more the muddy Platte,
the dark fantastic erosion of Scott's Bluffs, and I ride again with the
old scout through the broad expanse of the South Pass of the Rockies.
"It was to me a most interesting circumstance on our march to Utah
that we traveled along the trail where Captain Bonneville marched his
115
famous expedition to the Rocky mountains in 1832. Our camp fires were
>ften ht in the same places where his own once burned. Certain it is
that at Chimney Rock we camped on the very ground where the old hero
had camped. This information was given by the scout, James Bridger
who was with us. He had been with Bonneville in 1832-33."
An account more in detail of this famous expedition is given by Brack-
ett, who borrows largely from outside sources. Bonneville secured the
aid in New York of men of wealth interested in the fur trade in the West,
and was thus able to fit out his expedition, which started for the Rocky
Mountains from the frontier post of Fort Osage, on the Missouri River
JIM BRIDGER, FAMOUS EXPLORER AND GUIDE
May i, 1832. He had with him one hundred and ten men, most of whom
had been in the Indian country, and some of whom were experienced
hunters and trappers. Up to that time all western expeditions had used
mules and pack horses for transportation. Bonneville was the first man
who substituted wagons for the old method, and is said to be the first man
who ever crossed the backbone, or Great Divide, of the American con-
tinent with wagons. His train consisted of twenty wagons, some drawn
by oxen, and some by mules and horses. His usual formation for the
march was to dispose his wagons in two columns, with a strong advance
and rear guard of mounted men to protect them in case of attack by In-
dians. If subsequent travelers and emigrants had crossed the plains in
this formation there would have been fewer Indian massacres to record.
Bonneville's customary method of forming camp is interesting. His
116 HISTORY OF MONTANA
twenty wagons were disposed in a square at the distance of thirty-three
feet from each other. In every interval a mess outfit was stationed;
and each mess had its own fire where the men cooked, ate, gossiped and
slept. The horses were placed at night in the center of the square and
were always under vigilant guard.
Washington Irving, in speaking of the start of Bonneville's expedi-
tion, beautifully says: "It is not easy to do justice to the exulting feel-
ings of the worthy captain at finding himself at the head of a stout band
of hunters, trappers and woodmen, fairly launched on the broad prairies
with his face to the boundless West. The tamest inhabitant of cities,
the veriest spoiled child of civilization, feels his heart dilate and his
pulse beat high on finding himself on horseback in the glorious wilderness.
What, then, must be the excitement of one whose imagination had been
stimulated by a long residence on the frontier, and to whom the wilder-
ness was a region of romance-! * * * Their very appearance and
equipment exhibited a piebald mixture, half civilized and half savage.
Many of them looked more like Indians than white men in their garbs and
accouterments, and their, very horses were caparisoned in barbaric style
with fantastic trappings. Their march was animated and joyous. The
welkin rang with th'eir shouts and yelps as they started from Fort Osage,
quite after the manner of savages; and with boisterous jokes and light-
hearted laughter. As they passed the straggling hamlets and solitary
cabins that fringed the skirts of the frontier, they would startle their
inmates by Indian yells and war whoops, or regale them with grotesque
feats of horsemanship well suited to their half-savage appearance."
But all this hilarity disappeared as Bonneville's men entered upon the
real difficulties of their journey beyond the pale of civilization, and the
wagons were placed in double column with advance and rear guards,
as already mentioned.
The first objective point of Bonneville's expedition was Pierre's Hole,
which lies just west of the Three Tetons, in the heart of the Rocky Moun-
tains, and southwest of the Yellowstone National Park. It was in this
beautiful valley called Pierre's Hole that Bonne ville proposed to pass
some weeks, for it was there the old trappers and hunters had been used
to assemble for many years, to pas's the winter months. The expedition
reached Pierre's Hole and rested there for some time, and the life of his
men in that sheltered valley is well described in Bonneville's journal.
Pierre's Hole lies just west of Jackson's Hole. This old-time rendezvous
of the Rocky Mountain trappers is so near to the great geysers of Yel-
lowstone Park that it seems almost certain that Bonneville or some of his
men must have visited those wonders when they were resting there.
General Bonneville himself sets this question at rest in his most in-
teresting letter published in Volume I of the Contributions to the His-
torical Society of Montana. He says in that letter, written from Fort
Smith, Arkansas : "You ask me if I knew of the thermal springs and
geysers. Not personally, but my men knew about them and called their
location "The Fire Hole." I recollect the name of Alvarez as a trader.
THE GIANT GEYSER
CASTLE GEYSER
118 HISTORY OF MONTANA
I think he came to the mountains as I was leaving them. Half a century
is a long time to look back, and I do so doubting myself."
In an old Mormon newspaper "The Wasp," published at Nauvoo,
Illinois, in 1842, an unknown writer gives an accurate account of the
geysers of Yellowstone Park, which he visited with one Alvarez in 1833.
This makes the testimony of Bonneville of great value as tending to prove
that the geysers of Firehole River (or Upper Geyser Basin) in Yellow-
stone Park were visited by white men as early as the year 1833.
ALMOST ABSORBED BY THE NEZ PERCES
Commenting on Captain Bonneville's narrow escape from absorption
by the Nez Perces, Mr. Brackett writes : "It must have been some great
fascination for life in those wild mountains that induced Captain Bonne-
ville to overstay his leave of absence and fail to return to civilization until
the autumn of 1835. His leave of absence expired in October, 1833.
His name was stricken from the rolls of the army as dead or lost, in
1834, and his return was not until the following year, when after a good
deal of trouble he was reinstated in the army with his former rank.
"I cannot but think he became so enamored of the joyous and free
life he and his men were leading among the friendly Nez Perces and
Flatheads, west of the mountains and on Salmon River, that he forgot
civilization with its fretful cares and silly conventionalities, and lived
only in the enjoyment of the present, hurrying back to the crowded
eastern world only when he awoke as if from a beautiful dream. He was
one of those rare men who thoroughly understood savage races and could
control them. All who know anything of the Nez Perces know that they
are a noble and generous race of Indians, and Bonneville thoroughly ap-
preciated them as such. * * *"
There should be no doubt as to the captain's sentiments on that point,
for he has described them in his own journal, thus: "Though the pros-
pect of once more tasting the blessings of peaceful society and passing
days and nights under the calm guardianship of the laws was not without
its attraction ; yet to those of us whose whole lives had been spent in the
stirring excitement and perpetual watchfulness of adventures in the
wilderness, the change was far from promising an increase of that con-
tentment and inward satisfaction most conducive to happiness. He who,
like myself, has roved almost from boyhood among the children of the
forest, and over the unfurrowed plains and rugged heights of the western
wastes, will not be startled to learn that notwithstanding all the fascina-
tions of the world on this civilized side of the mountains, I would fain
make my bow to the splendors and gayeties of the metropolis and plunge
again amid the hardships and perils of the wilderness."
"It is not to be inferred for an instant," continues Brackett, "from
what is here narrated of Bonneville's delightful sojourn among the Nez
Perces that he lived a life of inglorious ease in the Rocky Mountains.
On the contrary later he passed through great hardships and incurred
great dangers in exploring regions west of the Rocky Mountains, about
which he brought back to civilization the first definite accounts.
HISTORY OF MONTANA 119
"For example, he visited and explored the Great Salt Lake and gave
to the world the first definite account of that inland sea. Scientists at
this day have given the lake and its ancient water lines the name of Lake
Bonneville, and by his name it ought to be known and called. His
various parties sent out in different directions to trap and trade with the
Indians opened up vast fields of enterprise to various American fur com-
panies ; and he did more than any other man to retrieve for his country
some of the lost fur trade which centered at Astoria and up to that time
had been controlled by the Hudson Bay Company.
IRVING DESCRIBES THE CAPTAIN
"It was at the house of John Jacob Astor, in New York, that Wash-
ington Irving met Captain Bonneville after the return of the latter from
the wilderness, and the two remarkable men became fast friends. Bonne-
ville gave his journals to Irving to be revised and published. Irving gives
us an .interesting picture of the great explorer as he then appeared:
'There was something in the whole appearance of the captain,' says he,
'that prepossessed me in his favor. He was of the middle size, well made
and well set ; and a military frock of foreign cut, that had seen service,
gave him a look of compactness. His countenance was frank, open and
engaging, well browned by the sun, and had something of a French ex-
pression. He had a pleasant black eye, a high forehead, and while he
kept his hat on, the look of a man in the jocund prime of his days ; but the
moment his head was uncovered a bald crown gained him credit for a
few more years than he was really entitled to. His manner was a ming-
ling of modesty and frankness. It was difficult to conceive the mild, quiet-
looking personage before us was the actual hero of the stirring scenes
he had passed through. He was a man of great bonhommie, with kind-
liness of spirit and susceptibility for the grand and beautiful'."
CAPTAIN, COLONEL AND GENERAL BONNEVILLE
The after career of the good captain and general includes more than
a quarter of a century's continuous service in the United States army. He
was reinstated in 1835 and, by successive promotions, became colonel of
the Third United States Infantry twenty years thereafter. For a time,
he was stationed at Santa Fe, New Mexico, in command of the district
which centered there, and during the early years of the Civil war was
stationed at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. Colonel Bonneville had been
retired from active service in 1861 and in 1865 was brevetted brigadier-
general, United States army, for long and meritorious services. At the
time of his death in 1878, while engaged in farming at Fort Smith, Ar-
kansas, he was eighty-three years old.
A good portrait of him was presented to Mr. Brackett by Hon.
N. P. Langford, of St. Paul, for whom Captain Bonneville once acted
as guide, and represents him when he was seventy-eight years old, in the
fatigue uniform of a brigadier-general of the regular army.
120 HISTORY OF MONTANA
JAMES BRIDGER, FAMOUS, QUAINT SCOUT
James Bridger, Captain Bonneville's scout of 1832, all-around western
pioneer, has a long and close identification with Montana. He passed
through all the experiences of beaver hunter, pioneer guide, buffalo
hunter, Indian trader, emigrant trader, founder of the first post and
refuge on the long Oregon trail (Fort Bridger), blaze of great trails into
Montana, leader of government expeditions against hostile Indians and,
with J. M. Bozeman, a kindred spirit, the stamper of his name upon the
history and geography of Montana. His friend and associate, William S.
Brackett, from whose sketch of his character extracts have already been
taken, has written this paragraph: "The testimony of scores of prom-
inent military commanders and civilians can be produced showing that
James Bridger was always to be trusted and believed in as a guide, scout,
trader arid all-around pioneer. His idle tales were told only to idle
people in idle hours. At heart, he was as truthful as he was skillful and
brave. He never betrayed any man and was never untrue to any trust,
public or private. I am always glad to look at his everlasting monument
in Montana; that grand mountain peak (Bridger range) near the city
of Bozeman, overlooking the beautiful Gallatin valley and named in honor
of him."
EXPLOITING THE INDIANS THROUGH WHISKEY
In 1832-33 occurred the disgraceful exploitation of the Indians by
rival fur companies in their struggles for trade, through the medium of
whiskey. Narcisse Leclerc, formerly with the American Fur Company;
Pierre Chouteau, still a leading member of the company ; Milton Sub-
lette and Robert Campbell, supported by General Ashley and Nathaniel
J. Wyeth, a newly arrived Yankee, were all, more or less, implicated in
the degredation of the Indians for the purpose of securing their trade.
Even Gen. William Clark, superintendent of Indian affairs, became in-
volved, as he had granted to several agents of the fur companies per-
mission to export whiskey from St. Louis into the Indian country before
he had been officially notified of the passage of the congressional act
(July 9, 1832) forbidding the use of alcohol as a medium of trade with
the Indians.
FORT WILLIAM vs. FORT UNION
In 1833, McKenzie and the American Fur Company were called upon
to meet what promised to become a serious opposition in the combination
of Messrs. Sublette, Campbell and Wyeth, who established a post near
Fort Union which they called Fort William for William Sublette. Their
venture early met will ill fortune and as their capital was limited they
were not able to compete with McKenzie, with ample means behind the
American Fur Company, who paid exhorbitant prices for his furs in order
to stamp out the trade of his rival. Whiskey, also, flowed more freely
from Fort Union than from Fort William, notwithstanding attempted
HISTORY OF MONTANA 121
government prohibition. A combined policy of "freeze-out" in the field
and absorption by the management at St. Louis finally crushed the oppo-
sition.
MCKENZIE'S UNDOING
Then McKenzie set out upon a policy which proved his undoing. He
claimed he could no longer do business with the Indians without the aid
of alcoholic spirit, and brought over to his way of thinking every member
of the American Fur Company save one. He went east in his endeavor
to obtain from the government authorities concessions by which he could
secure the "necessary" stock of liquors. As his errand proved futile,
he determined to make them on the ground. McKenzie purchased a still,
took it up the Missouri on the steamers Yellowstone and Assiniboine,
bought a quantity of corn and was soon turning out an effective brand
of "juice." In August, 1833, Wyeth and a friend arrived at Fort Union
and were nicely entertained by McKenzie, before he was aware that they
came as his commercial opponents. They were so pleased with his spirits
that, in an impulse of unwise confidence, he showed them the still of
which even his superiors in the company were ignorant. Contrariwise,
he bled his guests for some supplies which they were forced to buy, and
they straightway reported his secret still to the government authorities at
Leavenworth. The latter ordered him to dispose of his still at once and
the management of the American Fur Company so severely censured 
